vpmenterts termes, nuthtnteteaeaeedaeaee ee ot errors nes eniyeieet Rarennagrpepone NY srevesanesvershareunmnayrieinreoe menses wit sehanns ee nr neat semen . ese edesbvereehtes ree ns bal _— Tap rertemonatnreomteetent nts sree a Traces scoters Soreeea wpe ner tence ge teinaaen onto te rageese Co ties erates etna pemenne sree Swcsplsmeaseerets 2s - “en e oe a0 beret oe bm Me wtePenloees Ieagtincieorsiee ST ae [SS = Ra ay Secor III Soeara! Soa erage sae abana eee PR Nerreerleae es cerees . : ssecsomsnicentsnested bapeirn rn hall ee) Seite Neen enmemnens y Scteretenceneret 7 = Seay : name ses nes one 2 ae ioe beh somretebasbateroastnts sa saasyaborionnepocaeete eprovtateneataresate’ = trata ratbneteesa RECORDS of the INDIAN MUSEUM (A JOURNAL OF INDIAN ZOOLOGY) Z> Vol. XXII, 1921. EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR, ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Ealcutta: PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR, ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA 1921 = irs v2qnoogs _ ita oy Warde To damues ® AY . an - =n « es om v; : =. me 7 of : es « sige A > — — A] abe itr RS 10. Mie VIII. IX. XIII. CONTENTS. Part I. Published 29th April, 1921. . Materials for a generic Revision of the Freshwater Gas- tropod Molluses of the Indian Empire, No. 3.—The freshwater genera of Hydrobiidae a Materials for generic Revision of the Freshwater Gas- tropod Molluses of the Indian Pee No. 4.—The Indian Ampullariidae Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum, I.—On a new genus of Fish closely resembling Psilorhynchus, Mc- Clelland . Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum, IT.—On a new species of Nemachilus from the Nilgiri Mills . Notes on Cryptostome Beetles . Un Linguatulide nouveau Parasite d’un Batracien . Notes on the occasional absence of the paired fins in freshwater fishes, with some observations on the two Apodal Genera Channa, Gronow and Apua, Blyth Report on a collection of Bryozoa from the Bay of Bengal and other Eastern Seas Part II. Published 22nd August, 1921. The Indian species of the genus T'ricula, Benson . A new species of Termitaphis (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) from India . Alist of the Dragonflies recorded from the Indian Empire with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Part IV. . On an Anisozygopterous Larva from the Himalayas (Order Odonata) Phayrea isabellina, Theobald, re-described Page. 67 i Contents. XIV. Notes on Lamellibranchs in the Indian Museum, No. 3 XY. The Indian Molluses of the Estuarine Subfamily Steno- thyrinae os Sic ne 506 XVI. Notes on Lamellibranchs in the Indian Museum, No. ADL ie XVII. Remarks on the Indian species of Dendrophis and Den- drelaphis ee a 00 Part III. Published 20th October, 1921. XVIII. Notes on a small collection of Pentastomids from the Indian Museum, Calcutta XIX. Fish and Fisheries of Manipur with some observations on those of the Naga Hills ... XX. The Banded Pond-Snail of India (Vivipara bengalensis) XXI. The genus Temnotaia (Viviparidae) Part IV. Published 14th December, 1921. XXII. Notes on Stomatopoda XXIII. The Fauna of an Island in the Chilka Lake— Introduction Birds a0¢ Reptiles and Batrachia Cicindelid Beetles Carabidae Butterflies Moths abc Wasps and Bees Dipterous Insects Neuropteroid Insects Spiders and Scorpions XXIV. Some Indian Spiders of the Subfamily Tetragnathinae XXV. Report on a collection of Sumatran Molluses from Fresh and Brackish water “XXVI. Two new species of Ragmus from South India Contents. iii Page. XXVII. On some Cavernicolous Dermaptera and Orthoptera from Assam moe aa. was ae 511 XXVIII. The Aquatic and Amphibious Molluses of Manipur... 529 Part V. Published 30th December, 1921. XXIX. Indian Cyprinoid fishes belonging to the genus Garra, with notes on related species from other countries 633 XXX. Notes on some Leeches in the collection of the Indian Museum roe ae See ar 689 XXXI. Records of some Indian Cicindelidae am 3 721 XXXII. Remarks on a specimen of Calamaria javanica ae 729 XXXITI. On some new and rare species of Fish from the Eastern Himalayas ene 38¢ 50¢ “de 731 XXXIV. Oligochaeta from Manipur, the Laccadive Islands, Mysore, and other parts of India ea doc 745 APPENDIX. List of Literature referring to Indian Zoology (excluding Insecta) received in Caleutta during the year 1921. pp. imxv aii esa tunisia iene on aay bi x, eee 4 a ary ih Gal feo! TURE ATA ty sositho tt nelle Kies Praag ass : . re tae Juttiny ae wis), ° Te’ wae oa "his Ty ae VY vient “ive leven ity ER eeetged iyo heating ef Bes enbily 2 sFE $i PHT nk Mead 419) bate Ae iv dyitwad wlth tiie eli od ab eh ain needotavt ; LA : on rt; ad et ae ecm yvas ig : pee =. 74 = ey vba aang on ell ae qeemenyt i? rides seeS ZF on nek \y meet yb feats atm iy ee adiomtty;. ~ i - Li de P 7 a) | 7 retell ab sais ail Fie ere ‘tenn roms De pe ray WE ; " af vaerehenllt, my : Loe teat linda VY pz raion ait ‘ advrntol oregon all say! unit ‘niger eA VERA MAT ae an! o Oar et oy widnat Tey ating ‘tle 1 : op rr ele A a6 i gal PO well @ _ Pte 0b, thot )shvaert sitell Viegorlyepeetypare eh 2 tant \ pode Caan hye it seta atin A icigives token, é ; ‘ a) i * +" Fi 7 ' ~s uae = is r wh ‘: - i ! | ae || ; bel hore ete iia meee hii) ey) Ae as Ny ee NP eal jee, JN 26m eee a he ame a ee! 7 LIST OF PLATES. Follow page Plates I—III (Mollusca) ae sks oe aE 292 Plates IV—-VHUI (Mollusca) S0 oe 56 632 Plates [X—XII (Fish and fishing nets, ete.) a see 214 Plate XIII (Dragonfly larva) nA a ne 108 Plate XIV (Mollusca) ei nes a sss 508 Plate XV (Mollusca) Bs as Sas Sco 120 Plate XVI (Mollusca) Sts ses st on 136 Plates XVII—XIX (Spiders and their burrows, etc.) Se 422 Plate XX (Mollusca) se = ste ae 150 Plate XXI—-XXIII (Orthoptera) Pe ve ie 528 Plates XXIV—XXVI (Fish) ... ia te ow. 688 Plate XX VII (Heteroptera) ... 506 500 ae 510 Plate XXVIII (Oligochaeta) ei eh ds 768 Plate XXIX (Fish) Ey rr S. an ee es | ae ee a =. = Barratt 0 el =. sce Maret AN = avopiotha tid LLY <0 wnt tS Bude ott yaaa fran Sei ae kerr tcggg EARRE 7 a oe alealady R A ‘sy “eapotanl vlaike Scie wmilaallV ak tice aaa a ; ae bs wi ee de j J (eaten) NER, ASE Pr lll) PEA Oe eS eee =) ayo Hh) ry, ’ - = a y & P ¢ LIST OF AUTHORS. Amry-up-Din, The Aquatic and Amphibious Molluscs of Manipur. (Jn collaboration with N. Annandale and B. Prashad) ANDREWES, H. E. The Carabidae of Barkuda Island ... ANNANDALE, N., D. Sc. Materials for a generic Revision of the Freshwater Gastropod Molluses of the Indian Empire. No. 3.—The Freshwater genera of Hydrobiidae. (In collaboration with B. Prashad) Materials for a generic Revision of the Freshwater Gastropod Molluscs of the Indian Empire. No. 4—The Indian Ampullariidae. (In collaboration with B. Prashad) The Indian Molluses of the Estuarine Subfamily Stenothy- rinae (In collaboration with B. Prashad) The Banded Pond-Snail of India (Vivipara bengalensis) (In collaboration with R. B. Seymour Sewell) ; The genus Z'emnotaia (Viviparidae) The Fauna of an Island in the Chilka Lake— Introduction Birds Reptiles un Heese a Cicindelid Beetles. (In collaboration with C. ies Butterflies. (In collaboration with C. Dover) The Aquatic and Amphibious Molluses of Manipur. (J col- laboration with B. Prashad and Amin-ud-Din) BALuarD, E., B. A. Two new species of Ragmus from South India . CHoparD, L., D. Sc. On some Cavernicolous Dermaptera and Orthoptera from Assam ‘Cuopra, B., M. Se. Notes on Stomatopoda. (In collaboration with S. Kemp) ... Dover, C. The Cicindelid Beetles of Barkuda Island. oF collaboration with N. Annandale) The Butterflies of Barkuda Taide (In ee wit ith N. Annandale) sis sac . 297 viil List of Authors. Dover, C.—contd. The Moths of Barkuda Island The Wasps and Bees of Barkuda Island The Dipterous Insects of Barkuda Island The Neuropteroid Insects of Barkuda Island Records of some Indian Cicindelidae. (Jn collaboration w ith S. Ribeiro) GEDOoELST, L. Un Linguatulide nouveau Parasite d’un Batracien GraveELy, F. H., D. Se. The Spiders and Scorpions of Barkuda Island ... Some Indian Spiders of the Subfamily Tetragnathinae Herr, Mary L., B. Sc. Notes on a small collection of Pentastomids from the Indian Museum, Calcutta Hora, 8. L., M. Se. Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum, I—On a new genus of fish closely resembling Psilorhynchus, McClelland Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum, II.—Ona new species of Nemachilus from the Nilgiri Hills Notes on the occasional absence of the paired fins in Fresh- water Fishes, with some observations on the two Apodal Genera Channa, Gronow and Apua, Blyth Fish and Fisheries of Manipura with some observations on those of the Naga Hills Indian Cyprinoid Fishes belonging to the genus nee with notes on related species from other countries On some new and rare species of Fish from 7 Eastern eae layas KapurakI, T. Notes on some Leeches in the collection of the Indian Museum Kump, S., Sc. D. Notes on Stomatopoda. (Jn collaboration with B. Chopra) Larwiaw, F. F., M. A. A List of the Dragonflies recorded from the Indian Empire with special reference to the collection of the Indian Mu- seum. Part IV Mavtix, S. Notes on Cryptostome Beetles ave ves nee 163 13 19 75 23 List of Authors. ix Page. Prasad, B., D. Se. Materials for a generic revision of the Freshwater Gastropod Molluses of the Indian Empire, No. 3—The Freshwater genera of aes (In collaboration with N. An- nandale) ... i me : 1 Materials for a generic revision of the F Wrectiveater Gieaoned Molluses of the Indian Empire, No. 4.—The Indian Ampul- lariidae. (In collaboration with N. Annandale) ba @ The Indian species of the genus 7'’ricula, Benson om 67 Notes on Lamellibranchs in the Indian Museum, No.3 _... 111 The Indian Molluses of the Estuarine Subfamily Te nae. (In collaboration with N. Annandale) 121 Notes on Lamellibranchs in the Indian Museum, No. 4, 5 137 Report on a collection of Sumatran Molluses from Fresh and Brackish water see 461 The Aquatic and Amphibious Mclicecs of Mi’ (In col- laboration with N. Annandale and Amin-ud-Din) He 529 RisBerro, 8. Records of some Indian Cicindelidae. (In collaboration with C. Dover) ... wee sa sh ts 721 Rospertson, Arice., Ph. D Report on a ae of Bryozoa from the Bay of Bengal and other Eastern Seas os ioe at 33 SEWELL, R. B. Srymour., B. 4., I. M.S. The Banded Pond-Snail of India (Vivipara bengalensis.) (In collaboration with N. Annandale) ee ee 215 SrtvestrIi, F. A new species of Termitaphis (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) from India iss sg sie a3 or 71 StepHenson, J., M. B., D. Sc., I. M.S. Oitechaat from Manone the Laccadive eo ae and other parts of India 666 : 745 Tinttyvarp, R. J., M. A., D. Se. On an Anisozygopterous Larva from the Himalayas (Order Odonata) ... ae ae see oe 93 Watt, F., C. M.G., I. M.S. Phayrea isabellina, Theobald, re-described Bs a 109 Remarks on the Indian species of Dendrophis and Dendr a phis ae | *. 3 + aa sear vay, Liem las hy eee oa hal or ; Mee ai rT Tif da oo 7 Wiht gabe ae iaine Pres | eae up) re aa Mir sault : eM. 3 p 7 Pill ll BA ‘i tov : Clank Pokal arharns ie oom je y a . —_ ae INDEX, [V.B.—An asterisk (*) preceding a line denotes a new variety or subspecies ; a dagger ({) indicates a new species ; a double dagger ({) a new genus or sub- genus ; synonyms are printed in italics. ] A Page. Abacetus Ae 345 antiquus ae oe 344 raflexus oA 344 tAborichthys elongatus 735 kempi bee 735, 736 Abramis blicca cos wee 31 Acanthagyna basiguitata =a 90 hyalina 605 s 90 Acanthoclisis 397 edax ae vee 397 horridus Ses 316, 397 Acanthodon 403 tbarkudensis 399, 400, 401, 402, 403 constructor 400, 401, 403 erassus 400 opifex 400 Acanthophthalmus 32, 170, 198 pangia 32, 167, 170, 175, 197, 198, 199 Acanthopterigii 204 Acridiidae oes oe 316 Acridotheres tristis ... 314, 324 Acropyga acutiventris op: 319 Acrostoma 260, 485, 559, 625 curvicosta bs 464 curvicosta prestoniana 464 episcopalis ae 464 hugeli 559, 560 indragirica 464 papillosa : 464 stricticosta “05 464 sumatrensis 464 suplicata O09 464 variabile 208, 485, 486 variabile binodulifera 464, 487, 488 464, 487, 488 464, 488 variabile infracostata variabile menkeana variabile pseudospinosa 464, 488 variabile sumatreusis 464, 486. 487 variabilis 559, 560, 562, 619, 621, i 622, 625 variabilis binodulifera ee 561 *variabilis laevis 559, 560, 561 variabilis pseudospinosa 560 variabilis semilaevigata 560, 561 variabilis spinata oes 561 *variabilis subspinata 560, 561 varicosa Per = 486 verbecki a aes 464 zollingeri “te 464 Aculeatae ace 465 Adelonychia nigrostriata aes 403 Adeonella Fee Are 43 distoma nee see 53 japonica cat «. 35, 59 ymarginata 4 35, 59, 60 platalea a5 +. 35,59 Adiposia ... a as 198 Page. Aegialitis alexandrina 327 Aelosoma 5 an 748 Aeschna ... 75, 77, 81, 82, 87, 89 coluberculus as x0 88 erythromelas... 87, 88, 89 mixta ooh ene 88 ornithocephala ... 82, 87, 88 petalura Be oe 97, 89 Aeschninae bes con 75 Aetea truncata 34, 35 Agamidae 160 Ageneiogarra 636 Agrionidae 537 Alcedo ispida no 330 Aleyonidium mytili ... cen, D5 O2 Alectryonia 465, 501, 502 Aleurodidae aa 318 Allocotasia aurata ... 388, 394 Alocinma 2, 5, 539, 540, 543, 620 sistanica on on 5 travancorica 543 Alocosternaliae ae cta ote) WU tetrastacta owe eB (Tetremytarsa) tetrastacta 336. 337 triguttata noe Ren ice umbropolita roe UB} undulata 336, 724 undulata dubia 724 vigintiguttata 725 viridicincta oe 723 viridilabris =o Re 123 Cicindelidae ae 317, 721 Cicindelinae 335, 336 Cirrhina ... 643, "645, 646, 648, 682 latia ... Reo) HER mrigala 1.644, 646, 647, 682 Clarias batrachus 166, 168, 173, 178, 212 Claupanodon chanpole RF 188 Clea S35 ee 496, 497 bocki ... ah 464, 497 Cliona : oe 502 Clithon ... 465, 500 * Clivina be 341 attenuata oe6 340 lobata ono 340 mordax aes 340 Clubiana ... 208 eee RAT Clubiondae aes 416 Clypeolum é 465 Cobitidae ... 6 168, 175, 195 Cobitis zonalternans ... 0 199 Coccidae ... 318 Coelioxys capitatus 3582, 389 fuscipennis 382, 389 Coenoptichus pulchellus soy IEE Coleolissus ons we 342 Coleoptera ox soe GI / Collembola ae oe) = culls Collyrinae = coer WORD) Collyris brevipennis ... ben) Colotis amata mee .. 369 colais albina a ro ee) Coluber malanoleucus “cc 26 Columba intermedia ... BS) 327 Comsodiscus picturatus cer HY Conosia irrorata wae 319, 393 Contradens cy wey 4503 dimotus aes poe, Aes dimotus lugens 465, 503 hageni aoe 465, 504 laticeps oo: a. = 465 verbecki oes 465, 504 Copsychus saularis... we O24 Coptodera transversa v. 346 Coptotermes bos oot 71 heimi ... , 74 Corbicula 112, 115, ‘116, 146, 147, 504, 602, 612, 616, 623, 624 Page. Corbicula agrensis ve G13 angulifera 466, 505 dayakorum 505 ducalis 466 fluminalis 612 gibba 466 gustairana 466 lacustris 466 largillierti pe GiLz moltkeana 466, 504 moussoni .. 466 occidens 612, 613, 620, 624, 625 pullata 466, 505 quilonica Seu striatella O12, 613, 620, 624 subradiata . 612, 613, 620, 624 subrostrata 5 466 sulcata 466 tobae nos 74.00 trapezoidea 466, 504 tumida 466 Corbiculidae ces, WED Corinnomma 417, 418 Corvus macrorhynchus 314, 323 splendens 314, 323, 324 Cosmodiscus picturatus 345 platynotus 345 rubripictus 345 rubropictus 500 345 Craspedophorus bifasciatus 341 Cribrilina punctata ... . 34, 52 radiata ... 34, 52 Crisia 35, 48, 44, 62 Croce filipennis 200 398 Crocodilia ... 315 Crocodilus palustris 164, 331 Crocopus phoenicopterus 326 Crossochilus latia 167, 170, 174, 183, 170, 643, 646, ‘648, 682 211, 644, 646, 647, 682, 743 latius ... 183 Crotolaria juncea 3 . 509 striata "318, 372, 381, 390 Crustacea ... > 320, 537 Ctenizidae ... 399 Ctenostomata 62 Culex concolor 393 sitiens 393 Culicidae 393, Culicinae ... ae ote OO Culicoides peregrinus ... 319, 393 Cultellus 506 attenuatus org AN javanicus 466, 506 Cultellus (Ph>rella) j javanicus 506 Cuphus coc 466 Cupularia caniriensis ... - 35, 61 Curetis bulis 360, 372 phaedrus cede | MOSS thetis ... 360, 372 thetys ... Se 372 Cyclosa albisternis 413 insulana 413 spirifera 413 Cyclostomata 62 Cyclotropis 464 Cydia pseudonictis 379 Cyprinidae "168, 169, 173, 182 xvl Page. Cyprininae . 13 Cyprinoidea -- 646 Cyprinus : 188, 634 carpio eos . 692 chagunio “1 185 devario acs Bar | US godyari 636, 637 gotyla ... 634, 653 lamta 634, 636, 637 sucatio iam Cyprinus (Cabdio) cotio cao) keh) Cyprinus (Garra) lamta 634, 660 Cyrena 111, 113, 137, 504 bengalensis <00 137, 138, 141 ceylonica 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144 cochinensis “0 ae KG) corbiculiformis ssoppells cyprinoides 111, 114 eximia ise 40) galatheae .-- 137, 188, 144, 145 impressa 137, 138, 140 patima Pent eos} proxima 137, 138, 141 siamica 138, 139 sinuosa 137 sumatrana Bed) HH!) sumatrensis 139, 465 504 tennentii eae 137, 138, 142 Cyrenidae ... ed 612, 620, 623, 624 Cyreniidae 465, 504 Cyrtophora aslo cicatrosa », 405, 410, 413, 419 citricola nee w. 405 Cystobranchus oon sande O92 yanoculatus 690, 692 fasciatus 692 mamillatus 692, 693 respirans 692, 693 vividus 692 D Dactylispa asoka 23 bindusara 23 harsha 23 kamarupa 23 krishna ae aco 23 kunala 23 lohita 23 parbatya 23 peregrina 23 pitapada 23 sadonensis 23 variabilis 23 Damarchus 417 assamensis .. 403 yexcavatus 400, 402, 403 oatesi ssa c408 Danaida chrysippus 360 limniace 360 plexippus 360 Danainae ... 354 Danais chrysippus 350, 351, 352, 354, 355, 359, 360 limniace : 359, 360, 370 plexippus .. 854, 355, 359, 360 Danio ; ce erbS: Page. Danio aequipinnatus 166, 167, 175, 193, 743, 744 dangila 167, 175, 193 naganensis 166, 167, 175 rerio ... Se leo) 7Danio (Brachydanio) acuticephala 167, 175, 193, 194, 195 Datura 336 Decapoda ... : 537 Deiopeia pulchella 320, 377 Dendrelaphis 151, 159 caudolineolatus 161 biloreatus 159 subocularis eee 5!) tristis... 151, 159, "160, ees 332, 351 Dendroaeschna oes ati ate Dendrocitta rufa a BED) Dendrocyena fulva 330 javanica 329 Dendrophis eae 751 bifrenalis 158, 161 caudolineolatus 151, 152, 161 effrenis ace 152 gorei ... 151, 153, 161 grandoculis 156 pictus 151, 153, "154, 157, ‘160, 161 pictus andamanensis 155 pictus cyanochloris "153, 155 proarchus 151, 157, 161 subocularis sity) 59 Dermaptera 511 Dero 752 Derocrania ‘longesulcata 722 Desmogaster 3 «. = 748 Dicrurus ater oma A seh) Dictyna_... os 405 viridissima 405 Dictynidae ase “405, 406 Diestrammena 511, 516, 517, 520 annandalei 518, 520 apicalis ) 1921. ] N. ANNANDALE & B. PrasHApD: Gastropods. Genus Tricula, Benson (1843). 43. Tricula, Benson, Calcutta Fourn. Nat. Hist., p. 467. 51. Bithinella (in part), Moquin-Tandon, Fourn. Conciyliol. i, p. 239 (footnote). 1892. Bithinella (in part), Kobelt in Rossmassler’s con. Land- w. Stisswass. Moll. (2), V, p. 36. We can find no generic difference between the shell of the Himalayan species on which Benson founded his genus Tvicula, and those assigned by most recent authors to Bithinella. Some of the figures published by Kobelt are very like the shells of T. mon- tana, the type-species, and we have been able to examine a con- siderable number of European specimens. There is nothing, more- over, in Benson’s brief description of the animal to contradict this view. T. montana is the only described Indian species that can be assigned to this genus, but we have a second from the Central Provinces as yet undescribed. Nevill’s Bithinella miliacea is not a Tricula. It is, however, an inhabitant of brackish water and need not be discussed here. Subfamily BITHYNIINAE. The great majority of the Indian genera and species belong to this subfamily, in which (except in Ammicola) the operculum is thick and calcareous, the male organ has a lateral appendage, the foot is simple (as it is in all Indian genera of the family) and the central tooth of the radula is provided with several basal denti- culations. Genus Bithynia, Leach (1818). 1920. Bithynia (in part), Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. XIX, p. 41. In the recent notes on the Indian species of the genus Bithy- nia by one of us, certain characters in the mouth of the shell were overlooked. These, as Mr. A. §. Kennard suggests in a letter, call for reconsideration of the generic position of cerameopoma and other true Indian species. For these the new name Digoniostoma has recently been proposed. There can be no doubt, however, that the Kashmir forms assigned provisionally to B. tentaculata (Linné) and B. troscheli (Paasch) have been placed in the correct genus. In Bithynia the lip of the shell is sharp and not at all thickened and the columellar margin is narrow and ridge-like. The type-species is Helix tentaculatus, Linné. Genus Hydrobioides, Nevill (1884). 1885. Hydrobioides (subgenus of Bithynia), Nevill, Hand-List Moll. Ind. Mus. il, p. 42. 1918. Hydrobioides, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. XIV, p. 117- 1920. Hydrobioides, id., ibid., XIX, p. 44. 4 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, Fully formed shells of this genus are easily distinguished from those of Bithynia by their thickened lip and much broader and flatter columellar margin. The channel leading from the umbilicus is also practically absent. The type-species is Fairbankia? (an Bithynia?) turrita, Blan- ford, a form with a very narrow elongate shell. The genus is Burmese. Mr. Kennard tells us that he has seen a fossil (tertiary) species from the Loess of Lei Chung, west of Shun Le-fu, N. China. Genus Paranerita, Annandale (1920). 1920. Paranerita (sudgenus of Hydrobioides), Annandale, op. cit., p. 45. The structure of the animal and operculum in P. physcus, the only known species, is too close to that of Hydrobioides to permit of its expulsion from the Bithyniinae, but that of the shell is perhaps too different to allow its retention in the genus. P. physcus is only known from the Shan Plateau in Upper Burma. Genus Digoniostoma, Annandale (1920). 1920. Bithynia (in part), Annandale, of. cit., p. 41. 1920. Digoniostoma, Annandale, /nd. Fourn. Med. Res. (in the press). The shell of this genus differs from that of the true Bithynia in the structure of the mouth. The lip is somewhat thickened, though usually less so than in Hydvobioides, and more or less lami- nate. Itis produced and angulate at the inner lower extremity. The columellar callus is broad and stout and as a rule distinctly laminate, but not so flat asin Hydvobioides. Otherwise the two genera are closely related. The type-species is Paludina cerameopoma, Benson, a common and widely distributed Indian mollusc. — Genus Amnicola, Gould and Haldeman (1841). This genus is American and is distinguished from the other Bithyniine genera by its horny, spiral operculum and by the pre- sence of only a single denticulation on each side of the base of the central tooth of the radula. Hutton’s Paludina parvula' must be assigned to it provisionally as he says, ‘‘Operculum horny,” and Hanley and Theobald? say that the shell is that of an Amnicola; but the species needs further investigation. It was found near Chaman, which is now on the Northern Afghan frontier of Balu- chistan, and is not represented in the collection of the Indian Museum. Mr. G. C. Robson has kindly informed us that the oper- cula are no longer present in the two specimens figured by Hanley and Theobald, originally from Hanley’s collection, and now pre- served in the British Museum. 1 Fourn. As. Soc. Bengal, XVIII, p. 655, pl. ii (1849). 2 Conch. Ind., p. 61, pl. cli, figs. 8, 9 (1876). 192I.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Gastropods, 5 The type-species of the genus is A. forata, Say, from Massa- chusetts, United States of America. Subgenus Alocinma, Annandale and Prashad (1919). 1919. Alocinma (subgenus of Ammnicola), Annandale and Prashad, Rec. Ind. Mus. XVIII, pp. 23, 24. 1920. Alocinma, Annandale, zbid., XIX, p. 43. This subgenus was recently established for A. sistanica and its Indian and Mesopotamian allies. Its distinguishing characters are noted in the two papers cited above. The type-species of Alocinma is A. sistanica, Annandale and Prashad. Genus Sataria, Annandale (1920). 1920. Satavia, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. XIX, pp. 45, 46. The genus Satavia was recently established for the species described by Blanford as Bithynia everzardi from Mahableshwar in the Satara district and from Khandalla in the Poona district of the Bombay Presidency. The shell is almost trochiform, ornamented with spiral incised lines, and is shallowly but openly umbilicate. The operculum is calcareous and externally marked with strong concentric ridges. The radula resembles that of Bithynia, but has blunter denticulations and there is a quadrate process on the disc of the central tooth. S. everzardi is the only known species of the genus. Subfamily LITHOGLYPHINAE. The shells of this subfamily are among the very few fresh- water forms that have the main axis of the spire not quite in the same straight line as that of the body-whorl. This, with their globose outline and plate-like columellar callus, gives them an almost neritiniform appearance. ‘The true diagnostic features of the subfamily are, however, to be found in the structure of the operculum (see key) and possibly in that of the male organ, about which there is some conflict of evidence ; their shell-characters are closely analogous to those of the genus Paranerita, which we see no reason to separate from the Bithyniinae. Genus Lithoglyphus, Miihlfeldt (1821). 1821. Lithoglyphus, Muhlfeldt in Sturm’s Fauna (fide Kobelt). 1892. Lithoglyphus, Kobelt, op. cit., p. 28. Lithoglyphus martabanensis, the only species known from the Indian Empire, seems to be, so far as can be judged from the shell only, a normal species of the genus, to which the Chinese L. lili- putanus, Gredler, certainly belongs. ; The type-species of the genus is L. eburneus, Mag. v. Mihl- eldt. 6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XXII, 1921.] Subfamily MYSORELLINAE., Genus Mysorella, Godwin-Austen (1919). 1919. JMMysorella, Godwin-Austen, Rec. Ind. Mus. XVI, p. 431. 1920. Mysorella, Annandale, Rec. Jnd. Mus. XIX, p. 46. In the second paper cited above, one of us has recently dis- cussed the relationships of the genus and the subfamily and we have nothing to add to this account. The genotype is Paludina costigera var. curta, Nevill. There are two local races of the only known species, the typical form from the plains of the southern part of the Madras Presidency and Ceylon, and the variety or subspecies cuvta from the Mysore Plateau. It is possible that the latter will ultimately be regarded as a distinct species. ET ~~ _ II. MATERIALS FOR A GENERIC REVISION Of DHE ERE SE WANE RGAS ROL OD WEO I AW SCS OI SAVIO, IWIN; ID)IC I Is] EMPIRE. No. 4. THE INDIAN AMPULLARIIDAE, By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Director, and B. PRASHAD, D.Sc., Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. The Indian species of this family present great difficulties to the systematist. A large number of species have been described, but between many of them annectant forms occur and some of them exhibit considerable individual variability. Hitherto all have been placed in a single genus, which has been variously called Ampullaria, Pila and Pachylabra, but recently one of us has expressed the belief! that Reeve’s Ampullaria nux was prob- ably worthy of generic distinction. Unfortunately very little is yet known of the anatomy of this species, but both the shell- characters and those of the radula certainly offer conspicuous differences from those of Swainson’s Ampullaria globosa (the type- species of both Pila, Bolten and Pachylabya, Swainson) and its allies. Indeed the only difficulty in the way of granting generic rank to A. nux lay in the existence of the form referred to by Nevill? as ‘‘ Ampullavia nux, var. (? n. sp.)’? As we have been able to examine the radula of this form and find that it belongs to the normal Pachylabra-type, while that of A. mux shows distinct differences, we now feel justified in regarding the latter as the genotype of a new genus, for which we propose the name Turbint- cola in reference to its habits. We describe this genus here and also the apparently intermediate form, which we regard as an undescribed species, calling it after Nevill, Pachylabra nevilliana. Genus Pachylabra, Swainson. The sheil is dextral,? large or very large, moderately thick, with a short globose spire and itself subspherical or broadly but irregularly ovoid. Its mouth is large but not greatly expanded, with a complete or almost complete but not very prominent peri- stome, and with the outer lip as a rule slightly thickened. The columellar callus is never expanded or incrassate. The sculpture ! Annandale, Fourn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 1V, p. 2 (1920). 2 Nevill, Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus. 11, p. 4 (1885). 8 Abnormal sinistral shells occur very rarely. 8 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, is never prominent and the surface of the shell always has a smooth appearance. The periostracum is of some olivaceous tint, often with dark spiral bands. The interior of the shell is pale but still more frequently with dark spiral bands. The operculum is thick and testaceous with an outer horny layer, more or less flame-shaped in outline. It exhibits no trace of spiral sculpture, but bears on the internal surface a large elongate sculptured scar. Its nacre is polished but not iridescent. PPP = Fic. 1.— Radular teeth of Ampullaridae, x 50. A. Pachylabra globosa. B. Pachylabra nevilliana. C. Turbinicola nux. The vadula.—Owing to the poor figures published by Troschel ! and Fischer? great confusion has been caused as to the exact struc- ture of the radular teeth of Pachylabra. One of us has recently (Joc. cit.) figured the radular teeth of some of the Siamese species. We now figure those of P. globosa, the type-species of the genus. Without giving a detailed description we may note hae the marginal teeth have three denticulations, of these the middle one is the jeter and best dev ak and is ‘always sharply pee ! Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, 1, p. 88, a vi, fig. 5 (1856—1863). * Fischer, Man. Conchyliol. p. 736, fig. 505 (1887). 1921.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Gastropods. 9 while the outer one is usually much reduced and may even be absent. The lateral teeth have five cusps, of these the third or central one is the largest and the innermost cusp is very much reduced. Soft parts.—The right epipodial lobe is prominent and well developed. The inhalent siphon, which is formed by the left epipodial lobe, has, when contracted, the form of a prominent fold, forming part of a circle, but with its extremities widely separated. When expanded it is funnel-shaped and much broader than long. Type-spectes.—A mpullaria globosa, Swainson. Geographical Range and Habitat.—The genus is found all over the Oriental Region except in mountainous country. No recent species are known from the Punjab, but sub-fossil remains have been found in the Salt Range. At present no characters are known by which African species can be distinguished from Asiatic forms. The species are found in ponds, rice-fields and backwater swamps in which there is abundant submerged vegetation of a succulent kind. Turbinicola, gen. nov. The shell is dextral, comparatively small, regularly ovate and less globose than in Pachylabra. Its mouth is relatively high and narrow. ‘The outer lip is thin, the peristome is complete and the callus of the columellar region is, though narrow, flat and porcel- laneous. The umbilicus is closed. The operculum is precisely like that of Pachylabra. The rvadula has the following peculiarities : the lateral cusps of all the teeth are reduced, while the main cusp is extremely large and broad forming a scoop-like organ, more particularly on the laterals and the marginals. Only two cusps remain on the laterals and marginals and the inner cusp is vestigial, while the outer is expanded and obliquely truncate. We figure the radular teeth of the type-species, with that of P. nevilliana for comparison. The soft parts have not been studied in detail, but it has been noted that the foot is short, broad and rounded behind and with the antero-lateral angles but slightly produced. Type-species.—A mpullaria nux, Reeve. Geographical Range and Habitat.—Only known from the northern part of the Western Ghats in the Nasik and Poona dis- tricts of the Bombay Presidency. The type-species lives on rocks in small pools in mountain streamlets. The peculiar structure of its radular teeth doubtless permits it to scrape the algae from stones or to scoop up mud containing nutritious substances. Turbinicola nux (Reeve). 1856. Ampullaria nux, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica X, Ampullarta, pl. XXvill, fig. 132. 1876. Ampullavia mux, Hanley and Theobald, Conch. /nd., pl. cxv. fig. I. ade) Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXIT, 1877. Ampullaria nux (typical), Nevill, Cat. Moll. Ind. Mus. Fasc. E., 5 Be pullaria nux, id., Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus. II, p. 3. 8. Ampullavia nyx, Annandale and Prashad, Rec. Ind. Mus. XVI, pp- 149, 150, pl. v, fig. 8. The shell is very small compared with other species of the family (not more than 30 mm. high), and has 44 whorls. ‘The apex is bluntly pointed and the first 2} whorls, which are always slightly eroded, are minute. The third whorl is much larger but shallow, band-shaped and much narrower than the body-whorl. Its outlines are feebly convex. The suture is linear and slightly impressed; the whorls are not or very slightly flattened outside it. The body-whorl is narrowly heart-shaped with the upper extremity nearly straight and the lower pointed and turned in- wards ; its outer outline as seen from above forms a regular curve and is relatively short, while the inner outline is long and sinuate. The whorl as a whole is by no means greatly swollen. The aperture is oblique, rather narrow and pyriform. It extends upwards for at least 2? of the height of the shell. The incrassate columellar margin is narrow and is joined to the upper lip above by a thin porcellaneous deposit ; it is considerably produced below the um- bilicus, which is closed or rimate. The aperture as a whole pro- jects outwards from the body-whorl and also forwards below the umbilicus. In the latter region the surface of the whorl slopes inwards and forwards. The surface has a matt appearance owing to the minute sculpture which consists of minute longitudinal and spiral lines crossing one another very regularly and closely, and of coarse longitudinal sinuate striae. The periostracum is of a pale yellowish olivaceous tint with ill-defined. longitudinal streaks of a darker shade, and in some shells obscure narrow spiral bands of a pale brownish colour can be detected on the external surface. The mouth is pure white, but the interior of the shell is sometimes tinted with brown. The outline of the operculum resembles that of the mouth. The external surface is slightly concave and is covered with a deli- cate brown periostracum. The scar on the internal surface is rela- tively large; it is divided longitudinally by a narrow ridge and sur- rounded completely by a groove; its sculpture is lobose. The nacre has a pinkish tinge.! The characters of the radular teeth? are well shown in the figure. Unfortunately we have no detailed description of the animal. The following notes on its colouration were made from a living specimen at Khandalla. The foot and mantle are yellowish, ! Reeve’s original figure and description are somewhat misleading. The former gives the impression, owing to the position of the operculum, that the outer lip is thickened, while the description, in stating that the columellar lip is unusally callously reflected, does not indicate that it is in close apposition to the surface of the shell. The figure of the radular teeth, in our paper cited already, is rather poor. It was unfortunately drawn from worn out teeth and does not show their real characters. 1921.] N. ANNANDALE & B. PRASHAD: Gastropods. re tinged and clouded with black above; the free edge of the mantle is bright yellow. The tentacles are leaden grey on the dorsal sur- face, paler at the base and below. ‘The eye-stalks are bright yellow. Geographical distribution.—The species is only known from small streams near Khandalla and Igatpuri (Poona and Nasik dis- tricts) in the Western Ghats and from altitudes between 2500 and 3000 feet. We may now give a description of the new species Pachylabra nevilliana. ‘The shell characters are so similar to those of 7. nux that we can best do so by means of a short comparison. Fic. 2—Photographs of the type-shell of Pachylabra nevilliana, natural size. Pachylabra nevilliana, sp. nov. 1877. Ampullaria nux, var. (2? n. sp.), Nevill, of. cit., p. 5. 1885. Ampullaria nux, var. (? n. sp.), id., op. cit., p. 4. The species is considerably larger, stouter and more globose than T. nux, the spire is more swollen, the body-whorl more trans- verse, the aperture broader above, the suture more oblique and the sculpture of the shell coarser and less regular. The external colour is deep chestnut, with which the interior is also tinged. The peristome is white. The scar of the operculum is relatively smaller and its central ridge broader and flatter. We have extracted the radula from one of the shells examined by Nevill, which have been in Calcutta for at least 60 years, but still in several instances contain the dried animal in a fairly good state of preservation. Type- specimens.—No. M 11864/2 Z. S. I. (Ind. Mus.) 12 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XXII, 1921.] Measurements of shells (in millimetres). | T. nux. | P. nevilliana. Total height .. | 26 | 22) liens 35°) 1437-1 34 Maximum diameter .. | 20°5 } 79 | 145 28°5 | 33 | 29°5 Oblique height of mouth | 18 | 165 | 13°55 | 25°5 | 27 | 25'5 Maximum diameter of) 10 | 85 a 16 16 | 14°5 mouth. Locality.—The specimens are labelled, in writing on each shell; as being from Tranquebar, which is on the east coast of Southern India, and it is stated in the old catalogue of the A.S.B. collection that they were collected by Captain Lewis. Nevill, however, was of opinion that the “‘ locality can only be accepted with considerable reserve.” We have seen no other specimens, but Nevill’s doubt as to the provenance of the type-series was probably due to his belief in its apparent specific identity with T. nux. TI, IWIOAMBS OI" IIS) JOIN SPIEL ID, WNP IDI HAN Ay MUSEUM. tT. On A NEw GENUS OF FISH CLOSELY RESEMBLING PSILORHYNCHUS, McCCLELIAND. By SUNDER LAL Hora, M.Sc., Research Assistant, Zoological Survey of India. While sorting out the fish of the genus Garra in the unnamed collection of the Indian Museum, I happened to mistake the speci- men described below for one of Garva. On closer examination it has turned out to be an interesting species of a new genus, which I propose to describe in this paper. Parapsilorhynchus, gen. nov. The new genus consists of small hill-stream Cyprininae closely resembling Pstlorhynchus, McClell., from which it differs in the following characters :— (i) There are two blunt, cylindrical barbels on the snout in the new genus, while in Pstlorhynchus barbels are absent. (ii) In Pstlorhynchus the air-bladder! is always more or less reduced, while in this genus it is large and is of the normal Cyprinid type. (iii) In Psilorhynchus the upper lip is exposed, and the lower lip, though it may be glandular, is never prominent, while in Parapsilorhynchus the upper lip is concealed by a fringed, plicate, labial fold which is densely covered with minute tubercles; the lower lip is very prominent, and usually there is either an indica- tion of or a rudimentary disc behind it. (iv) In Parapsilorhynchus the origin of the dorsal is almost opposite to that of the ventrals, while in Pstlorhynchus it is in advance of the ventrals. Of this genus I regard Psilorhynchus tentaculatus, Annand.,” as the type-species. I assign to it also the new species described below. While dealing with the genus Psilorhynchus in a recent paper, I provisionally included Dr. Annandale’s species in it, but the discovery of the second species in the same range of mountains makes it desirable to lay stress on the differences between the forms found in the north-east of India, and those inhabiting the hills in the western part of Peninsular India. Dr. Annandale tells ‘ Hora, Rec. Ind. Mus. XIX, p. 209 (1920). * Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. XVI, pp. 128-129 (1919). 14 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vo.. XXII, me that he considers these forms to be probably convergent; but in describing Psilorhynchus tentaculatus preferred not to set up a new genus on a monotypic basis. My new genus has some points in common with Garra ; the main characters that distinguish it from this genus are the follow- ing :— (i) The presence of two characteristic blunt barbels in a posi- tion quite different from that in any species of Garra with two barbels. (ii) The gill-openings extend to the ventral surface, whereas in Garra they are usually restricted to the sides. (iii) In Parapsilorhynchus the mouth is very small, while in Garra it is usually much wider. Parapsilorhynchus discophorus, sp. nov. D2/050 Mog 0 AS Jae P a6: This is a small-sized fish, with the back moderately elevated. The dorsal profile rises gracefully from the tip of the snout to the origin of the dorsal, beyond which it slopes imperceptibly down to the base of the caudal fin. The ventral surface is somewhat flattened and its profile is almost straight and horizontal. The length of the head is contained 4} times, the depth of the body near the origin of the dorsal fin 44 times, and the length of the caudal fin 35 times in the total length without the caudal fin. The eyes are of a moderate size and are situated slightly nearer to the posterior margin of the operculum than to the end of the snout ; their diameter is contained 35 times in the length of the head, twice in the interorbital width and 14 times in the length of the snout. ‘The gape of the mouth is 14 times the diameter of the eye. The head is short and narrow; its greatest width is con- tained I+ times in its length. There are definite rows of open pores on the sides and upper surface of the head and also along the opercular borders on the under surface. The greatest height of the caudal peduncle is equal to its length. The vent is situated in the beginning of the last fourth of the distance between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin. There is a pair of short barbels on the snout. The barbels are thick and stumpy and are not pointed distally; they are situated ventrally, a short distance behind the anterior end of the snout and are partly visi- ble from above. There is a deep groove on either side running from the base of the barbel to the angle of the mouth. The mouth is small and crescentic, and is situated on the ventral surface con- siderably behind the anterior end of the snout. The upper labial fold is long and fringed and is covered with minute tubercles. The lower lip forms the anterior free border of the mental disc and is studded with fairly big tubercles. ‘The labial fold tapers towards the angle of the mouth and partially covers the lateral borders of the lower lip. The most significant point about this species is the presence of a small, rudimentary disc behind the lower lip. The 1921.] S. L. Hora: Notes on Fishes. 15 dise consists of an oval callous portion in the middle, with its longest diameter at right angles to the length of the fish and a well- Parapstlorhynchus discophorus, sp. nov. Lateral view of the type-specimen, X 2. Dorsal surface of head of the same, X 3. Ventral surface of head of the same, X 3. Anterior part of the ventral surface of head of the same, X 9 DOS defined tubercular border anteriorly, but becoming obscure behind. The opercular borders meet a short distance behind the mental 16 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoyL. XXII, disc. The scales are small and are totally absent from the ventral surface; there are 34 scales along the lateral line and 9 rows between the bases of the dorsal and the ventral fins. The dorsal fin is 2 as high as the depth of the body below it; it is situated nearer to the base of the caudal than to the end of the snout and its origin is equidistant from the nostrils and the base of the caudal. The origin of the ventrals is almost opposite or slightly behind that of the dorsal fin. The pectorals are shorter than the head and are separated from the ventrals by a considerable distance. The caudal is forked and both the lebes are pointed. The ventrals are provided with a short fleshy appendage. The air-bladder is of the normal Cyprinid type. The sides and the upper surface of the head are dusky; while the ventral surface is white. There is a dark bar across the dorsal fin near its free border and a short black bar at the base of the caudal Type-specimen.—F. 9952/1. Zool. Survey of India (Ind. Mus.). Locality. —Only one specimen was obtained by Dr. F. H. Gravely at Pophli in the Vashishti valley, in the Western Ghats, Ratnagiri district, Bombay Presidency, at an altitude of 400 ft. Measurements in millimetres. Total length excluding caudal .. nv Depth of body in front of dorsal Length of head Width of head Diameter of eye Length of snout Interorbital width Gape of mouth Length of caudal peduncle ; Least height of caudal peduncle Height of dorsal fin .. es Length of pectoral NE DUUABRAR DOB mamnonoomnwnonodoood Length of ventral .. Wy: Sap 1055 Length of anal are so BC Length of caudal... : Be) OS Distance of vent from end of snout so BEC) The new species is closely related to Parapsilorhynchus tenta- culatus (Annand.), recently described from the adjacent Poona and Satara districts of the Bombay Presidency. ‘The fundamental points of resemblance are the presence of two short, stumpy and blunt barbels on the snout and also the presence of a well-defined ait-bladder. The species are also alike in having a narrow and pointed operculum which is sharply marked off and bluntly truncate above. In both the species there is a black bar across the dorsal and a black spot at the base of the caudal fin. The IQ2T.| S. L. Hora: Notes on Fishes. 17 general facies in the two is similar as is also the position of the mouth and the structure of the labial fold. The points of differ- ences are, however, numerous and important. In a well-preserved specimen of P. tentaculatus a small pad can be made out just be- hind the bilobed lower lip, while in the new species there is a distinct callous disc and the lower lip is not bilobed. In P. dis- cophorus the ventral surface is more rounded and. is absolutely devoid of scales, the head is shorter and narrower and the eyes are distinctly visible from below. The two species also differ in proportions and number of scales. The paired fins in P. disco- phorus are not so expanded as in P. tentaculatus and are not pro- vided with muscles on their ventral aspect. iv. NOTES ON FISHES ENat Be LN DT AN MUSEUM. II. ON A NEW SPECIES 0F NEMACHILUS FROM THE NILGIRI HILLs. By SUNDER LAt Hora, M.Sc., Research Assistant, Zoological Survey of India. In this paper I give a description of a small loach, obtained by Dr. N. Annandale from the Bhavani River in the Nilgiri Hills. The species is easily distinguished from all previously known by the peculiar moniliform band of black pigment on either side. Nemachilus monilis, sp. nov. ID, SHi7i5 IP. WOR Wie Va Ge. (Ce aoe In this little loach the head and body are slightly de- pressed and are almost flat on the under surface; the dorsal profile rises from the tip of the snout to the base of the dorsal fin beyond which it ‘is almost straight; the ventral is straight and horizontal throughout. The head is sharp and bluntly pointed ; its length is contained four times in the length of the body without the caudal. The height of the head near the occiput is less than its greatest width and is half the length of the head. The length of the caudal fin is equal to the length of the head and the depth of the body near the origin of the dorsal fin equals its width. The eye is large and its diameter is contained almost four times in the length of the head; it is dorso-lateral in position and is invisible from below. ‘The length of the snout is greater than the post-orbital length of the head and is almost twice the diameter of the eye. ‘The interorbital width is 1-3 times the diameter of the eye. The nostrils are situated consider- ably nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout. Close to the antero-inferior border of the orbit there is a short pad-like process covering a pit ; it is probably a secondary sexual character of the male. There are three pairs of long, thread-like barbels ; the longest is twice the diameter of the eye. The mouth is an inferior, crescentic opening bordered by well-developed promi- nent lips. The upper lip is raised into a short proboscis in the middle and the lower lip is interrupted in the same region. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the base of the caudal than to the tip of the snout; it is higher than the depth of the body below it. ‘The ventral commences almost below the dorsal 20 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, and is likewise in the posterior half of the body. ‘The pectorals are shorter than the head and are separated from the ventrals by a considerable distance. ‘The ventrals do not reach the anus which is situated in the beginning of the last third of the distance between the origin of the ventral and the anal fins. There is a prominent tube running from between the bases of the ventrals backwards and posteriorly ends as the opening of the anus. The caudal fin in emarginate; the lobes are subrounded and equal. The height of the caudal peduncle is slightly less than its length. Nemachilus monilis, sp. nov. a. \ateral view of type-specimen X 13 6. Ventral surface of head of same x 2. c. Dorsal surface of head of same xX 2. Nemachilus monilis possesses a characteristic colouration and can be easily distinguished from the rest of the species in the genus. There is a well-developed moniliform black band along the lateral line in the middle of the body from the base of the caudal fin to the tip of the snout , interrupted by the eye in its course ; those of the two sides meet across the tip of the snout anteriorly. The last of the component spots in the series is more prominent. Ths band is continued as a black streak along the middle of the caudal fin; otherwise the bedy is of a dirty white colour rg2t.]| S. L. Hora: Notes on Fishes. 21 somewhat infuscated along the back. ‘The fins are whitish and some of the barbels are streaked with black. Type-specimen :—F 9981/1 Zoological Survey of India (Ind. Mus.) Locality :—Two specimens of this species were collected by Dr. N. Annandale in August ror8, at the edge of the Bhavani River, 1to miles from Mettupalaiyam, near the base of the Nilgiri Hills at an altitude of 1,800 ft. Measurements in millimetres. pb Length of fish excluding caudal Length of caudal.. Depth of body near origin of dorsal Length of head is Depth of head Width of head Diameter of eye .. Length of snout .. Interorbital width Length of caudal peduncle Minimum height of caudal peduncle Longest ray of dorsal », of anal Length of pectoral ,, of ventral (e) ho Hw OL re DOIG MDIWWUN ARN WO MOMDODONUNSOUOUUUI OPO Coc N TER Csr yon ty onmNomnt OM OOH DOON 0 O We IN OAS) OW Ci WIS OS we OWI, 18319,19; Ib 13S) By S. Mauutx, Professor of Zoology, Calcutta University. I published two papers on the Cryptostome beetles of the Indian Museum in this Journal, (1) in Vol. IX, Part II, June rgr3, page 105, and (2) in Vol. XI, Part V, September 1915, page 367. In July, 1919, I published in the Fauna of British India series a com- plete review of the Cryptostome beetles of India, Burma and Ceylon, so far as they were known up to that date. In this work the results of my study of the material of these groups sent to me from the Indian Museum were incorporated. unnecessary to report separately on that collection. It will therefore be I shall, how- ever, give here a list of types and cotypes of Hispinae and Cassi- dinae deposited in the Indian Museum. The following is the list :— HISPINAE. Macrispa krishnalohita, Maulik (cotype). Anisoderopsis nigra, Maulik (type of 2). : Leptispa rufithorax, Maulik (co- type). Prionispa himalayensis, Maulik (type). Wallacea dactyliferae, Maulik (cotype). Downesia vatana, Maulik (cotype). Monochirus sthulagundus, Maulik (type). Rhadinosa laghwa, Maulik (type). Rhadinosa girija, Maulik (type). Asamangulia cuspidata, Maulik (co- type). Dactylispa krishna, Maulilk (type). Dactylispa peregrina, Maulik (type). Dactylispa harsha, Maulik (type). Dactylispa sadonensts, Maulik (type). Dactylispa bindusara, Maulik (type). Dactylispa lohita, Maulik (type). Dactylispa variabilis, Maulik (type). Dactylispa pitapada, Maulik (cotype). Dactylispa asoka, Maulik (cotype). Dactylispa kamarupa, Maulik (type). Dactylispa parbatya, Maulik (type). Dactylispa kunala, Maulik (type). CASSIDINAE. Epistictia fulvonigra, Maulik (type). ; Aspidomorpha chandrika, Maulik (type). Cassida stupa, Maulik (type). Cassida belliformis, Maulik (type). Cassida (type). Cassida citycumdata_ var. dentata, (type Maulik of var.). Chirida hina, Maulik (type). Chirida binduta, Maulik (cotype). cherrapunjiensis, Maulik During the European war (1914-1919) I was unable to commu- nicate with workers on these groups except Dr. R. Gestro of the Genoa Museum. But since the publication of my book I have been in correspondence with Dr. F. Spaeth. As a result I find it is necessary to publish certain notes on the Cassidinae. Dr. Spaeth informs me that Hoplionota modesta, Wagener, is found only in the Philippine Islands. The author, wrongly re- 24 Records of the Indian Mitseum. |[VoL. XXII, 1921.] ported it from “ India Orientalis.” It is synonymous with H. chapuisi, Spaeth and nitida, Weise, but has priority over both. Epistictia viridimaculata var. trivandrumensis, Maulik, is the same as Epistictia reicheana, Guer. When I proposed the variety I had not discovered the type of reicheana in the British Museum. According to Spaeth Aspidomorpha spaethei Maulik—=A. in- uncta, Boh. Aspidomorpha jusconotata, Boh., is found only in the Philip- pine Islands. Laccoptera quadrimaculata var. plagiograpta, Maulik—L. fruh- storfert, Spaeth. ~ Spaeth’s Chirida mystica (December, 1919) falls as a synonym of my Ch. novemkalankita (July, 1919). According to Spaeth Cassida pauxilla, Boh.=C. conspurcata, Boh. Wal, WIR! pI IN SON APO) We, ID) IS, IN) OIG) WBN WU) IP aN IRS aN SC 15, IOP INT 18) ANA IR ak (CIS; IN Pay YW. GEDOELST. Parmi des matériaux parasitologiques recus del’ Indian Museum ce Calcutta et comprenant essentiellement des larves de dipteres, nous avons trouvé un objet d’un particulier intérét, dont nous donnons la description ci-aprés. Longueur: 3°6mm., largeu1 maximum: 0°83 mm. Le corps est cylindroide, 4 face ventrale aplatie, a face dorsale fortement bombée; 1l’extrémité antérieure est atténuée aux dépens des faces dorsale et latérales, de telle sorte que la face ventrale s’étend sans déviation jusqu’a l’extréme limite antérieure du corps; l’extrémité postérieure est atténuée progres- sivement et uniformément sur toutes ses faces et se termine par deux lobes coniques latéraux, 4 axes divergents. Le tegument est blanc, plus ou moins transparent. Ia téte vue par la face ventrale présente un contour trian- gulaire 4 sommet légérement tronqué. Prés de celui-ci s’ ouvre la bouche, médiane, orbiculaire. Au-devant de celle-ci et sur le bord antérieur de la téte, on voit deux petits appendices papilliformes latéraux, qui représentent les deux renflements antennaires ; en arriére de la bouche sont disposées deux paires de crochets ; ceux-ci occupent les angles d’une figure trapézoidale a grande base postérieure ; ces crochets sont simples, hyalins, legérement jaunatres, et proéminents au niveau d’un mamelon leur servant de gaine et accosté a droite et A gauche d’un mamelon plus petit hémisphérique. Les crochets antérieurs sont plus petits que les postérieurs ; ils sont écartés l’un de 1’ autre de 450/, les postérieurs de 720, ceux-ci étant situés 4 I4opn, en arriére des premiers. A la face dorsale de la téte on observe en avant du niveau occupé par la paire antérieure de crochets une paire d’appendices papilli- formes et plus en arriére Ala hauteur de la paire postérieure de crochets la cuticule se souléve 4 droite et a gauche en un renfle- ment vésiculaire hémisphérique. Le corps est formé de 25 anneaux comptés en arriére de la paire postérieure de crochets, le 25° anneau étant constitué par les deux lobes divergents de 1l’extrémité bifide du corps, entre lesquels s’ouvre l’anus. Le relief des différents anneaux est en général peu accusé. Le pore génital se trouve situé au sommet d’un mamelon médian, court et épais, vers les 3¢-4® anneaux du corps. Le deuxiéme anneau porte latéralement de chaque cdté une petite papille ventrale. Par ces caractéres, cet organisme se range dans la famille des 26 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XXII, 1921] Linguatulides et plus particuliérement dans le genre Raiilietiella Sambon, 1910, dont il représente une espéce nouvelle, caractérisée surtout par ses petites dimensions et pour laquelle nous proposons le nom de Raillietiella indica. Mais ce qui fait tout lVintérét de cette observation, c’est que ce parasite a été rencontré dans le poumon d'un Bufo melanostictus et constitue par conséquent le premier exemple d'un Linguatulide parasite d’un Batracien. Le genre Razllietiella renferme actuellement les espéces sui- vantes :— 1. Ratiliettella furcocerca (DIESING, 1835). Syn. : Pentastoma furcocercum D1ESING, 1835- Pentastomum bifurcatum DIESING, 1850. Porocephalus bifurcatus SHIPLEY, 1893. Porocephalus boulengeri VANEY et SAMBON, 1910. Raillietiella boulengert SAMBON, 1910. : Hotes : Amphisbaena alba GRAY. 1844. Drymobius bifossatus RADD#, 1820. Zamenis constirctoy LINN#, 17606. Boa constrictor LINN, 1758. Boa imperatoy DaupIN, 1803. Coluber melanoleucus DAuUDIN, 1803. 2. Raillietiella bifurcata var. orientalis (HETT, 1915). Syn. : Porocephalus bifurcatus var. orientalis HETT, 1915. Hotes : Zamenis mucosus 1.1NN&, 1700. Naia tripudians M&uRREM, 1820, 3. Raiillietiella bifurcata var. mediterranea (HETT, 1915). Syn. : Porocephalus bifurcatus var. mediterraneus ETT, 1915. Hote : Zamenis gemonensis LAURENTI, 1768. 4. Raillietiella geckonis {(DIESING, 1850). Syn. : Pentastomum geckonis DIESING, 1850. Raillietiella geckonis SAMBON, 1910. Hote : Un gecko de Siam (probablement Gecko verticillatus \AuR- ENTI, 1768). 5. Raillietiella indica (GEDOELST, 1921). Hote : Bufo melanostictus SCHNEIDER, 1799. Voie NOM BS (OON] AVC OC CAISEORN Aull) VAR. - SWICW Oi Ais iw AIR I) Iwi GS Iwi ERESH WATER FISHES, With SOME OI SIRO AAVILO INS OI APiseIs, Ae \WO) ANP) 1D) ANI, GENERA CHANNA, GRONOW AND APUA, WIL WAT IEE By SuNDER LAL Hora. M.Sc., Research Assistant, Zoological Survey of India. Willey ' has recently referred to the absence of the ventral fins in a male specimen of Amita calva and urges the necessity of recording such observations as they are likely to throw some light on ‘natural mutations amongst fishes.’’ In the course of my studies on the freshwater fishes of India, I have come across a few “ mutations ’’ of this nature and I take this opportunity of bringing them to notice. (i) While examining a large collection of fish made in Manipur by the Manipur Survey party and myself, I found a specimen of Barilius barila (Ham. Buch.), in which both the ventral fins were totally absent. The abnormal specimen was captured in Khurda stream near Thanga, with a large number of normal specimens. It does not seem to have suffered any disadvantage on account of the absence of the ventrals. ‘There is no external mark or scar to show that the condition is the result of an accident or injury. The proper place of the origin of the ventrals is completely covered with scales. Comparison of the arrangement of the scales in a normal and the abnormal specimen is shown in figure I (a). Dissection of the body wall in the region of the pelvic fins under a high power of a binocular microscope, by stripping the different layers one by one, revealed no irregularity of arrange- ment and no trace of the pelvic girdle was found. The total length of the abnormal specimen including the length of the caudal fin is 94 mm., while the average length of the species is about 125 mm. (ii) In the Manipur collection I found another interesting specimen of a new species which I call Bavilius dogarsinght, in which the ventral fin of the left side was absent. The place of origin of the ventral fin is here also covered with scales. In a normal specimen there are four scales between the bases of the ventrals. They are longer than the rest and are more pointed posteriorly ; they are arranged in such a way as to form a sheath on the inner side of the bases of the ventrals. In the abnormal ! Willey, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 84—90 (1920). 28 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voz. XXII, specimen there are no special scales in the region of the ventrals and the arrangement of these is not interrupted on the left side. It is rather interesting to note that on dissection of this region the fin muscles and the girdle of the right side only were found to be present, while on the abnormal side no trace of either the muscles or the girdle was observed. ‘ The abnormal specimen is 62 mm. in length and was collected in the Etok stream near Chanderkhong with eleven other normal specimens of the same species. The average length of the species is 85 mm. (iii) In a specimen of another new species, Nemachilus kang- Text-FiG. 1.—Normal and abnormal specimens of Barilius barila (Ham. Buch. ) 1. Normal specimen x 2. 2. Abnormal specimen X 2. a=Lepidosis in the region of the ventrals. jupkhulensis, the ventral fin of the right side is lacking. Even the fin on the other side is not normal. It is distorted in such a way that there appear to be two fins, one immediately behind the other. In the anterior portion of the abnormal fin there are three rays while in the posterior only four. In a normal specimen there are in all six to seven rays in the ventral fin. There is no indica- tion that the absence of the ventral fin is due to any accident or injury. The abnormal specimen was collected in a small hill stream near Bishenpur, Manipur. It is about 43 mm. in length which is the average length of the species. (iv) The most interesting specimen is that of Rita rita (Ham. Buch.), in which the pectoral fin of the right side is absent. The 1921.] - S. L. Hora: Absence of fins in fishes. 29 specimen was collected by Mr. Hamid Khan in the Ravi River near Lahore. He noticed this abnormality and presented the specimen to the Government College Museum, Lahore. I am in- debted to Prof. George Matthai for lending me the specimen from the above Museum and for allowing me to dissect it for study of the skeleton and the musculature of the abnormal region. The pectoral fin in the genus Rita is a characteristic structure, as it is provided with a very strong spine. The spine is almost as long as the length of the pectoral girdle. The fish does not seem to have suffered as regards its size; its length including the length of the caudal fin is 32°6 cm., which is the average length of the species at Lahore. Correlated with the absence of the fin, the various muscles, associated with it are either absent or have undergone considerable degeneration. The abductor and adductor muscles (e, /) are total- ly absent. Of the muscles (a, 6, c, d), which control the move- ments of the spine, a and d are not represented, while the other two, b and c, are greatly reduced. An accessory nodule of bone was found in the course of the greatly reduced muscle of the ab- normal side. I am unable to understand its significance as the structure is not represented in the muscle of the opposite side or in other normal specimens. The shoulder girdle of the abnormal side is considerably short- er in width than that of the opposite side. The primary girdle (p-g.), consisting mainly of the scapular and coracoid bones, is either altogether absent on the abnormal side or has so fused with the secondary investing bones of the girdle as to be quite indistin- guishable from them. Consequently the canals (c’, c”) for the pas- sage of the muscles of the spine are wanting, and this to a certain extent may account for the absence or degeneration of the muscles. The deep groove (a.g.), for the articulation of the condyle at the base of the spine, formed by the cubito-humeral process (f) and the clavicular element (s.g.) is represented on the abnormal side only by a notch (z) in the cubito-humeral process. The degeneration of the muscles of the right side and the abnormalities in the skeleton of this region indicate that the ab- sence of the fin is not due to any recent accident or injury. It seems quite probable that all the abnormalities noticed above are the direct or indirect result of the absence of the primary shoulder- girdle of the abnormal side; this will also account for the absence of the right fin. The musculature was probably affected second- arily, while the reduction in the secondary girdle is chiefly due to the disuse of the associated structures. In almost all such abnormalities, it has been pointed out that the growth of the fish is not effected by them. It is only after careful examination that these abnomal forms can be separated from normal specimens netted with them. Abnormalities of this nature have been regarded as con- genital variations. Willey (op. cit.) regards them as mutations and comes to the conclusion “‘ that the presence or absence of such deep- I 30 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XXII, T ext-riG. 2.—Musculature and skeleton of the pectoral girdle in an abnormal specimen of Rita rita (Ham. Buch.). 1. Muscles of the pectoral fin seen from above. 2. Muscles of the pectoral fin seen from below. 3. Skeleton of the pectoral arch seen from below. a= muscle attached above the base of the condyle of the spine. ‘This pulls the spine outwards thus expanding the fin; = muscle that pull s the spine in- wards, thus folding the fin; c= pulls the spine outwards; d= folds the fin ; e = abductor muscle ; f= adductor muscle; g= nodule of bone ; h =cubito- humeral process ; a.g.= articular groove; p.g. = primary should er girdle ; s.g. = secondary shoulder girdle ; 1 = notch in the cubito-humeral process ; s = spine ; c’, c’ = canals for the passage of muscles. 1g2r.] S. L. Hora: Absence of fins in fishes. 31 seated characters is linked up with their use or disuse, and that they do not necessarily dwindle away to vanishing point, but may simply drop out of the factorial system.’’ Kigenmann and Cox,! who have recorded the absence of the ventrals in Ameturus natalis, consider this character as a prepotent variation and suggest that ‘““it is possible that some of the genera of fishes without ventrals have arisen from such prepotent variants, .... ’’ Brindley,” who noticed the absence of the ventrals in a specimen of the White Bream (A bramis blicca, Bloch.) observed “that the defect is con- genital and not the result of accidental injury. ....”’ Too much importance seems to have been attached to the variations in the germ-plasm especially when dealing with such cases of abnor- malities. Dr. N. Annandale suggests, and I agree with him, that such abnormalities may be the result of some injury to the anlagen of the ventral or the pectoral fins in the developing embryo. There is, however, very little material available at present to come to any satisfactory conclusion. I will now briefly deal with the two Indian genera of fresh- water fishes that are distinguished from their nearest relatives by the absence of the ventral fins. These are Channa, Gronoy. and Apua, Blyth. The genus Channa, which was hitherto known from Ceylon, the Philippines, China and Japan, has recently been record- ed from Burma by Chaudhuri. According to both Gtinther* and Day® this genus is distinguished from Ofhiocephalus, Bloch., by the absence of the ventral fins and the pyloric or coecal appen- dages. In the original description of the genus by Gronovius® the only significant phrase is ‘‘ Ventrales nulie.” I have examined two species of Channa, one described by Chaudhuri (0p. cit.) and the other contained in Dr. N. Annandale’s Chinese collection. In both these species pyloric appendages similar to those of Ophiocephalus are present. The only character, therefore, that distinguishes Channa from Ophiocephalus is the absence of the ventral fins. The occasional absence of the ventrals has been regarded in other genera as an abnormality or a case of genital variation; but in Channa this character seems to have become permanent, for large series of specimens with the ventrals absent have been collected from the same locality. Moreover, no species of Channa has been described having the same specific characters as any known species of Ophtocephalus. Some people attribute the absence of the ven- trals to the habits of these fishes, but how far this is true I have no evidence to judge at present. It is otherwise in the case of the second genus, Afuwa, which was described from two specimens and has not been recorded since. Vinciguerra? doubted the existence of cous and referred his SPE: ! Kigenmann and Cox, Amer. Naturalist, XXXV, Pp: 33 (1901). Brindley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 108—109, pl. x (1891). Chaudhuri, Rec. Ind. Mus. XVI, p. 284 (1919). Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. Fishes 111, pp. 468 and 483. Day, Fishes of India, II, p. 368. Catalogue of Fish in the British Museum, p. 99 (1854). Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, XXIX, pp. 348-49 (1889). yrrnrw 32 Records of the Indian Museum, [Vou XXII, 1921.] cimens to Acanthophthalmus from which Blyth’s genus is distin- guished chiefly by the absence of the ventral fins. I have carefully examined the two unique type-specimens preserved in the Indian Museum and a large series of fresh specimens of Acanthophthalmus pangia from Manipur. I do not find any trace of the ventrals or of accidental injury in the former. Moreover, I cannot distinguish Blyth’s specimen from Acanthophthalmus pangia except by the absence of the ventrals. I am, therefore, led to believe that the specimens of Apua were abnormal and that the genus Apua can- not stand distinct from Acanthophthalmus. I conclude, therefore, that the cases of Apua and Channa ate not to be considered parallel. Channa has been found by numer- ous collectors at many different places over a very wide area and the ventrals are invariably absent. Apua, on the other hand, has only once been collected and only two individuals were then found. I have carefully dissected a specimen of Channa burmanica, Chaudhuri, and have not been able to find any trace of the pelvic girdle. Vii “AE PORT JON SA CORE C PEON, OF BRYOZOA FROM THE BAY OF BENGAL AND OTHER EASTERN SEAS. By AticE RoBErtson, Ph.D. The collection of bryozoa here reported upon was sent me by Dr. Annandale, Superintendent of the Museum at Calcutta, India. It consists of bryozoa obtained, for the most part, at various points on the coast of India and from various depths in the Bay of Bengal and vicinity. Both shore and deep water species are included, the bathymetric range varying from a few to several hundred fathoms. The specific identification is accompanied with one or two synonyms only, referring both to a description and a plate, the endeavour being simply to make the identification intended unmis- takable. In case the plate referred to is not easily accessible, or in those instances in which new species are described, drawings are given together with a description. No attempt has been made to give a complete synonymy, the authority adopted being that of Miss Jelly (1889). Any departure from this has been chiefly on the authority of Waters, especially as given in his recent papers on the Red Sea (rg0g) and the Zanzibar (1913) faunas. This collection contains representatives of forty-five genera and ninety-five species. Of these nine species and one variety are thought to be new to science. Two genera, Kinetoskias and Farciminaria, are of special interest, since not only are they from abyssal depths, but also while possessing undoubted characteristics of these two genera, the two species by which they are represented possess other characters which link them to other but probably related genera in a manner not hitherto shown. Considerable interest attaches to certain membraniporas found in brackish waters. Three such are considered new to science. Their mem- braniporidan character was early recognized but certain other characters were extremely puzzling, and it was not until the work of Stoliczka (1869) on M. bengalensts was discovered that their true nature was tevealed. Judging from the work done by Dr. Annandale on brackish water forms together with these river species of Membranipora, India abounds in brackish water vari- ational forms of much interest. Considerable difficulty has been encountered in this investiga- tion since the writer has been unable in most cases to secure actual specimens for comparison. My thanks are specially due to Professor Trevor Kincaid in so cordially lending the facilities of 34 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy. XXII, the Department of Zoology and of the Library of the University of Washington for the furtherance of this work. List OF SPECIES TREATED. I. Aetea truncata, Lands- borough 2. Synnotum aviculare, Pieper. 3. Catenaria lafonti, Aud. 4. Scrupocellaria cervicornts, Busk. 5 = jolloisiz, Aud. 6. ¥ pilosa, Aud. Te macandret, Busk. 8. Canda retiformis, Pourtales. g. Caberea lata, Busk. 10. Diploecium simplex, Kirk. 11. Bugula neritina, Linn. Te . var. minima, Waters. 13. Beania oslia, sp. nov. 4). ,, conferta, MacG. 15. Kinetosktias avabtanensis, sp nov. 16. Farciminaria andamanensts, Sp. nov. 17: Cellaria salicoynoides, Lamx., 18. Farcimia oculata, Busk. 19. Flustra cribritformis, Busk. 20. ,, rizophora, Ortmann. 21. Membranipora cervicornis, Busk. 22. ,. eurvirostris, Hincks. 23: ,, tncrustans, Waters. 24. ,, lacroixiu, Aud. 25. .. perfragilis, MacG. 26. ,, simplex, Busk. 27 ,, tehuelcha, D’Orb. 28. 5 5, var. intertu- berculata,Waterts. 29. 5, trifolium var. m- nor, Hincks. 30. 5, SPtinostoma, sp. nov. ore » amoyensis, Sp. Nov. 22% », devinensis, sp. nov. 33. », Mughensts, sp. nov. 34. Megapora ringens, Busk. 35. Steganopora magnilabyis, Busk. 36. Thalamoporella rozert, Aud. 37. Smittipora abyssicola, Smitt. 38. Cribrilina radiata, Moll. 30. Bs bunctata, Hassall. 40. Microporella ciliata, Pallas. AI. , distoma, Busk. 42. 5, wmpressa, Aud. St » malusi, Aud. 44. » yarraensis, Waters. 45. Porina tubulosa, Norman. 46. Tubucellaria cereoides, Ell. and Sol. 47. Schizoporella auriculata, Hassall. 48. ,, biaperta, Michelin. 49. ,. brunnescens, Ort- mann. 50. ,, cecil, Aud. 51. ,, linearis, Hassall. 52 55 ,, form quincun- cialis, Hincks. 53. » nivea, Busk. 54. ,, pertusa, Esper. 55: ,, dutertver, Aud. 56. s 5 var. foltacea, nov. 57. Lepralia adpressa, Busk. 58. ,, depressa, Busk. 59. ,, feegeensis, Busk. 60. ,, turrita, Smitt. 61. Eschareides occlusa, Busk. 62. Petralia laccadivensis, sp. nov: 63. ,, vultur, Hincks. 64. 5 » vat. armata, Waters. 65. Smittia landsborovit, John- ston. 66. ,, marmorea, Hincks. 67. , mitida, Verrill. 68. ,, tvispinosa, Johnston 69. x var. pro- ducta, Thornely. 70. ,, 4latiavicularia, Kirk. 71. Retepora delicatula, Busk. ») porcellana, MacG. 1921.] A. Rospertson: Report on Bryozoa. 35 73. Retepora punctiligera, Ort- 84 Cupularia canariensis,Busk. mann. 85. Crisia sp ? 74. Reteporella minor, Ortmann. 86. I*ilisparsa tubulosa, Busk. 75. Haswellia australiensis,Has- 87. Idmoneaatlantica, E. Forbes. well. 88. » gracillima, Busk. 76, Adeonella japonica, Ort- 89. Entalophora raripora, d’ Orb. mann, 90. Lichenopora radiata, Aud. as ,, platalea, Busk. gt. Domopora truncata,J ameson. 78. ,. marginata, sp. nov. 92. Alevonidium mytith, Dalyell. 79. Lagenipora costazit, Aud. 93. Amathia semtconvoluta, 80. ,, tuberculata, MacG. Waters. 81. Holoporella aperta, Hincks. 94. Zoobotryon pellucitdus, Eh- 82 ,, &ridenticulata, Busk. renberg. 83. ,. mammillata, Busk. 95. Pedicellina cernua, Pallas. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT-FIGURES. av. avicularium. op. operculum. av.ay. avicularian area. op.y. opercular rim. av.z0e. avicularian zocecium. op.sp. opercular spine. b.j. break joint. p. pote. ba.sp. basal spine. ped.av. pedunculated aviculari- um. chi.y. chitinous rim. pl. plate. de.mus. degenerating muscle. pr. process. de.poly. degenerating polypide. = pvi.mo. primary mouth. emb. embryo. ve.ele. reproductive elements. fery.zoe. fertile zocecium. ses.av. sessile avicularium. 1. lobe. ' sh. sheath. lat.sp. lateral spine. sp.av. spatulate avicularium. mus. muscle. sé. stomach. nu.zoe. nutritive zocecium. t.ba. tubular base. oe. ocecium, um. umbo. 0e.z0e. ocecial zocecium. zoe. zocecium. CHEILOSTOMATA. 1. Aetea truncata, Landsborough. Aetea truncata, Robertson, 1905, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 246, pl. iv, figs. 5, 6. A mere fragment growing ona piece of shell together with other Bryozoa. Obtained on the Pearl Banks, Ceylon, depth unknown. This species seems to be a northern form which has strayed south. Itis present as a shore form on the coast of Alaska, has been obtained on a holdfast at La Jolla, California, at a depth of two fathoms, and is reported from Zanzibar at eight fathoms. 2. Synnotum aviculare, Pieper. Synnotum aviculare, Hincks, 1886, ser. 5, vol. 17, p- 257- Synnotum aviculare. Robertson, 1905, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 2 84, 85. 36 Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XXII, Mr. Waters (1913) criticises my identification of S. aviculare obtained from the coast of California, considering that the species there obtained is S. contorta. After examining the specimen from Madras Harbour I am the more inclined to the opinion that the California species is identical with the species in this collection and that both are S. aviculare. A piece of a colony growing with B. neritina obtained from Madras Harbour ; also found at a depth of 6 to 8 fathoms, growing on cinder at the entrance to Palk Straits. 3. Catenaria lafontii, Audouin and Savigny. Catenaria lafontii, Harmer, 1902, vol. xlvi, p. 305, pl. 17, fig. 40. Obtained at three stations in Madras Harbour, dredged at from 6 to 8 fathoms; also at Mergui, Burma. 4. Scrupocellaria cervicornis, Busk. Scrupocellarva cervicornis, Busk, 1852, pt. i, p. 24, pl. Ix. Common in Madras Harbour at depths of from 4 to 6 fathoms ; obtained also at the entrance to Palk Straits and at Mangalore, west coast of India. 5. Scrupocellaria jolloisii, Audouin and Savigny. Scrupocellaria jolloisii, Waters, 1900, p. 132, pl. 10, figs. 5-10. A common species in this vicinity obtained at several local- ities: Mangalore, Gaspar Straits, Malay Archipelago and Mergui, Burma. Also dredged at depths of from 30 to 24 fathoms off the Ganjam coast and at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45’ E.) at depths of from 49 to 4o fathoms. 6. Scrupocellaria pilosa, Audouin and Savigny. Scrupocellaria pilosa, Waters, 1913, p. 478, pl. Ixviii. figs. 3, 4. Found growing on cinder at depths of from 6 to 8 fathoms, at the entrance of Palk Straits. 7. Scrupocellaria macandrei, Busk. Scrup ocellaria macandrei, Busk, 1852, pt. i, p. 24, pl. xxiv, figs. 1-3. Dredged at 31 fathoms at Mangalore, west coast of India. 8. Canda retiformis, Pourtales. Canda retiformis, Waters, 1913, p- 479, Pl. Ixix, figs. I, 2, 6. Obtained at the Andamans growing on coral; also at station 287 (Arabian Sea, 21°8’30” N. 65°47’ E.) and dredged at 34 fathoms in 81°16’ K., 6°o1’ N. g. Caberea lata, Busk. Cabevea lata, Busk, 1852, pt. i, p- 39, pl. xlix. Obtained off Ganjam, east coast of Madras Presidency, at 24 to 30 fathoms. 1g2I.] A. RoBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa. 37 10. Diploecium simplex, Kirkpatrick. Diplecium simplex Kirkpatrick, 1888, ser, 6, vol. 1, p. 73, pl. vii, fig. 1. Zoarium consisting of many branches composed of relatively short internodes, the whole forming bushy tufts 25 or 30 mm. in height. Internodes separated by chitinous joints which form in place of the two distal zocecia of the in- ternode, and consisting commonly of eight zocecia although varying in number from four to twelve. Branching dichotomous. Zo@cia atranged in pairs, back to back, each pair at right angles to the preced- ing pair (Fig. 1); tubular, some- what wider in the middle. Zocecial wall delicately calcareous, and regu- larly porous. Ortfices rounded above with a sinus on the lower margin. Ocecia porous, somewhat flattened, closed by the operculum; lower margin curved so that the orifice of the fertile zocecium is larger than that of an ordinary zocecium. In older parts of the colony the rim of the ocecia is somewhat thickened, due probably to increased calcifica- tion. The species here identified differs slightly from that described by Kirkpatrick, notably in the greater size of internodes and in the shape of ‘the ocecio-zocecial orifice. The : latter is thought to be an import- FiG. 1—Drplecium simplex Kirk. ant difference, perhaps of specific Ge value. For the present, however, these differences will be considered mere variations of the original species. This species is a puzzling one and it is doubtful, as Kirk- patrick remarks, just where it belongs in the present classifica- tion of the bryozoa. Obtained at station 47, off mouth of Godaveri R., 5-6 fathoms. Probably dredged or taken in tangles, judging from the condition of the material. Miss Thornely reports this species from the Andamans at 17 fathoms. 11. Bugula neritina, Linnaeus. Bugula neritina, Waters, 1909, p- 135, Ppl. xi, figs. 1-3. Abundant in Madras Harbour, often growing in large masses with hydroids and other bryozoa; in one instance entangled in Zoobo- tryon pellucidus. Dredged at depths varying from 4 to 6 fathoms. 38 Records of the Indian Museum. fVoL. XXII, 12. Bugula neritina, var. minima, Waters. B. nevitina, var. minima, Waters, 1909, vol. xxxi, p. 139, pl. ii. figs. q, 7. Small piece of a colony dredged at 31 fathoms, 21 miles S. W. by W. of Mangalore, west coast of India. 13. Beania ostia, sp. nov. Zoarium forming a flat lace-like mass growing on old pieces of bone. Zoecia hoat-shaped, each connected with its neighbour by four tubes of approximately equal length (Fig. 2). Aperture occupying the whole or almost the whole of the front. Five short spines at the distal extremity. In a few instances there are but four spines, the margin between the second and fourth being raised, much curved and bounded by a strong chitinous rim. Fig. 2.—Beania ostia, sp. nov. X 50. This is thought to represent the o@ctuwm (@.). In one instance only has an aviculavium been found, although many zocecia have been examined. Unfortunately the material became dry before it could be studied, and hence very brittle. On a few zocecia there are indications of the remains of an avicularium but nothing that can be positively so regarded. Aviculariwm small, pedunculated, situated at one side near the base of the aperture. Obtained at Gopalpore, east coast of India, dredged at depths of from 25 to 28 fathoms. 14. Beania conferta, MacGillivray. Beania conferta, MacGillivray, 1886, vol. xxii, p. 130, pl. 1, fig. 5. A minute quantity growing with F. oculata on a worm tube, obtained at Gaspar Straits, Malay Archipelago. 1g21.] A. RoBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa. 39 15. Kinetoskias arabianensis, sp. nov. Zoarium incomplete, consisting of a single stem with a few branches at the distal end and breaking into a number of rootlets at the attached end. The stem is composed of a number of radical tubes, and of zocecia which are smaller and stiffer than the zocecia of the distal branches, the two forming a stalk or stem which is probably flexible in the natural state but sufficiently rigid to hold the crown of branches two or more inches above the ocean-floor. That the substratum in which this specimen grew is similar to that usually described for Kinetoskias is shown by the globigerina and other shells, and grains of sand adhering to the finest rootlets. The branches at the distal end consist of zocecia in two series, the zocecia of each series forming an acute angle with the zocecia of the other. The adult or nutritive zocecia (Fig. 3, A) are very long and may be considered to consist of two parts or regions, the zocecia proper (zoe.) and the tubular base (¢.ba.) more or less independent of the former, and into which the polypide does not extend. Indeed, the connection between it and the main body of the zocecium is easily and frequently broken, in which case the tubular portion remains attached to the zocecium from which it sprang, while the main portion is lost. Outlining each zocecium and thus strengthening the rim is a chitinous border. At the point of union of the zocecium proper and the basal prolongation, the chitinous rim is frequently bent inward forming a weakened place or break joint (b.7.). At the distal end of the zocecium the chitinous margin grows thinner and there forms a blunt point. The wall of the zocecium is delicate and transparent, the orifice 1s formed by the opening of a broadly semicircular lip bounded by a heavy chitinous bar. Both sessile and pedunculated avicularia occur. At the dorso-lateral angle of each zocecium there is a sessile avicularium (ses.av.) with a mandible curved at the extre- mity and fitting into a chitinous groove. ‘This avicularium is seated ona distinct area on the dorso-lateral wall to which the strong mandibular muscle is attached and which is outlined by a delicate rim (C, av.ar.). These avicularia frequently break off, in which case the area is exposed. On a few zocecia only were frontal pedunculated avicularia found, attached to the lower inner margin (B, ped.av.). These have an extremely short peduncle, but the avicularia are relatively large. Through the transparent wall of the zocecium the polypide is clearly visible especially in stained preparations. Within the zocecium is found also a large and powerful muscular organ (A,B, mus.). This is composed of two groups of muscle fibres lying in the lower part of the zocecium just above the tubular prolongation and spreading on two sides of the median line like two fans. Viewed from the front, the stomach of the contracted polypide is visible between the two groups of muscle fibres (A, st.). In this colony there is but one fertile zocecium. It arises as Fic. 3 —Kinetoskias avabianensis, sp. nov. X 40. (A) Outlines of a few nutritive zocecia showing detail in one. B) Three zocecia possessing both pedunculated (ped.av.) and sessile avicula- ria (ses.av.). (C) Dorsal surface of a zocecium to show area from whicha sessile avicularium has broken away (av.ar.). (D) Three nutritive and one fertile zocecia (fer.zoe.) to show especially the relative position and size of the latter, together with certain details : embryo (emb.), ocecium (ce.), sheath of embryo (sh.), degenerating polypide (de. poly.) and muscles (de. mus.). [VoL. XXII, 1921.] A. ROBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa. AT do the nutritive zocecia, and indeed is a transformed nutritive zocecium. It also consists of two parts, a much enlarged zocecium proper and a basal prolongation (Fig. 3, D). The zocecium proper, again, consists of two parts. These may be distinguished by a difference in the texture of the wall, the lower half being membranous, the upper half being thickened and strengthened by delicate calcareous plates (fev.zoe.). ‘The calcareous wall of the upper half is bulging and rounded and obviously forms a brood sac or o@cium (oe.). ‘The dorsal and ventral walls of this zocecium unite distally and are bounded by broadly rounded chitinous bars, one forming the distal edge of the dorsal wall, the other forming the distal edge of the ventral wall, the whole closing the mouth of the ocecium through which the developed embryo (emb.) or larva eventually escapes. That the chitinous rim of the ventral wall is homologous with the operculum of the nutritive zocecia is obvious when the muscular attachment of each is studied. The chitinous opercula possess a rather broad expansion at each end to which the opercular muscles are fastened. The chitinous rim of the ocecium possesses a similar expansion at each end to which muscle fibres are attached, and whose action presumably serves to open the ocecium. Conclusive proof that the fertile zocecium is a transformed nutritive zocecium is afforded by the presence within the fertile zocecium of the degenerating remains of a polypide (de. poly.) and of parietal muscles (de. mus.). Lying above these is the large opaque body of the embryo suspended in a membran- ous sheath (sh.) and only partially cnclosed by the calcareous wall of the ovicell. Traces of reproductive elements were found in a few zocecia (B, ve. e/e.), and in each case these resemble testis rather than ovary. In the zocecium adjoining the ocecium, what is regarded as testis is also found and it is perhaps signi- ficant that similar tissue extends into the basal prolongation of this zocecium (? ve. ele.). Inno case has undoubted ovary been apparent. Obtained at station 193, Arabian Sea, 72°28'45” EK. 15°11’ N., dredged at 931 fathoms. This interesting specimen was obtained at a depth of 931 fathoms or from a depth of over a mile and is therefore to be regarded as an abyssal form. Considerable difficulty has been encountered in the attempt to identify it because, while it possesses features undoubtedly allying it with Kinetoskias, it possesses others which differ markedly from any known species of that interesting genus and which relate it to another family, viz. the Cellulariide. It is allied to Kinetoskias by its unique muscular organ coupled with the possession of articulated avicularia, and by its abyssal habitat. It is allied to the Cellularians by the possession of sessile avicularia and by the structure of its peduncle, while the unique structure of the ocecium is unlike that of any Cheilostoma- tous ovicell known to the writer save one, that of Cellularia cirrata, Busk (1884), to which the species under consideration is related if not identical. 42 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XXII, According to the discussion of the genus Kinetoskias presented by Busk (1881), this genus was originally established to embrace two peculiar abyssal species of bryozoa first described by Daniels- sen in 1867, later more fully by Koren and Danielssen. Among the Challenger bryozoa, Busk (1884) describes two new species of this genus obtained in the North Atlantic, the one from a depth of 1526 fathoms, the other from 265 fathoms. The distinguishing mark of these four species is the strong ‘‘ parietal muscle arising near the base of the zocecium and passing obliquely backwards and upwards expanding ina fan-shaped manner to be inserted into its hinder wall to the height of about one-third or one-fourth of the zocecium,’’ To quote further, the author adds, ‘‘ the action of this muscle must be to draw the entire zocecium downwards and forwards, or in other words, to bend it on itself, and thus by the concurrent action in many zocecia to curl the branches forwards ; an action that has in fact been noticed by Koren and Danielssen in the living condition.’’ It is clearly shown in the various figures that this Arabian species possesses the Kinetoskian muscle developed to a greater degree than it is in any of the species heretofore described. It is seen to arise at two points near the base of the zocecium proper and to spread out in two directions forming a double muscle, that portion lying toward the inner side of the zocecium being some- what more strongly developed than that lying toward the outer side. The four species hitherto described agree in the possession of pedunculated avicularia, one for each zocecium. One of the puzzling things about the K. avabianensis was the apparent lack of these structures. After a close and painstaking search three zocecia were found, each of which possessed one. Whether the rest of the material is mutilated in this respect it is impossible to say. The union between these avicularia and the margin of the zocecia is extremely delicate and may have been broken, leaving no trace. Certain it is that no traces of their former presence are visible. It is further noted that in this species the pedun- culated avicularia are attached to the inside border, where- as in other species reported they are attached to the outside border. In the discussion mentioned above Busk makes a point of the structure of the peduncle, considering it to be a specialized, highly differentiated structure, formed by a coalescence of radicle fibres. In the species he describes, the peduncle consists of transparent, homogeneous tissue, homologous, according to that investigator, with an internode of a root fibre. In the Arabian species the peduncle is a more primitive structure, consisting as does that of some Bugulas, its near relatives, of an intermixture of root fibres and zocecia, the former twisting about the somewhat rigid zocecia for a considerable distance before the stem thus formed divides into several branches. One root fibre at least continues upward on the dorsal side of each branch, while at the base the main stem again divides into a few coarse fibres, these into smaller and 1g21.] A. Ropertson: Report on Bryozoa. 43 smaller branches, the finest rootlets clasping minute objects in the substratum. In so far the characters of the K. avabianensis, while differing somewhat from other members of this genus, do not remove it from the family Bicellariidee to which Kinetoskias and the Bugulas belong. The two characters remaining to be discussed, viz. sessile avicularia and the peculiar structure of the ocecium are both unknown in that family. The former is a distinguishing mark of the family Cellulariide, and except in a slight difference in position the sessile avicularia on the Arabian species are similar to the lateral avicularia found on such Cellularians as Mem:pea or Scrupocellaria, The unique ocecium of this species reveais a wholly unexpect- ed dimorphism previously unknown in either of the two families mentioned above and only rarely occurring in the Cheilostomes. The only other Cheilostomatous bryozoan which shows a similar condition is Adeonella and its congeners where a trimorphism exists, resulting in nutritive zocecia, reproductive or ocecial zovecia, and zocecia transformed into avicularia. In Crista, a Cyclostome, there is found a dimorphic condition quite similar to that which obtains in K. avabianensis, in which a zocecium grows to an unusual size and takes on the reproductive instead of the nutritive function. Unlike the ocecium of Cvista which never assumes the nutritive functions, the species found in the Arabian Sea first performs'the nutritive function, indicated by the presence of a polypide, and only secondarily assumes the ocecial func- tion. The ocecial condition most nearly resembling that shown by K. arabianensis is found in Cellularia cirrata, Busk (1884). ‘‘ The ocecium,’’ as Busk remarks, “is formed by an entire metamor- phosed zocecium, with a wide opening closed by a broad valve having a semilunar chitinous border.’’ At first glance, the occur- rence of ocecia so unusal in structure and yet so similar externally would lead one to suspect close relationship between C. cirrata and the present species. And indeed for a time the two were thought to be identical. ‘This opinion was strengthened by the facts that both are abyssal and both come from regions geographi- cally similar. Busk, however, makes no mention of internal structure, but remarks that the material was in poor condition and much curled. He evidently found no articulated avicularia and no parietal muscles, and the characters which his specimen dis\ .osed justified him in placing it in the Cellulariidee. How- ever he expresses a doubt that he is correct and remarks that perhaps a new genus should be established to receive his species. The occurrence of this peculiar ocecium in these two species leads one to wonder if C. civrata and the species from the Arabian Sea are identical, especially when one reflects that the curled condition upon which Busk remarks might be caused by the contraction of parietal muscles and at the same time might make the detection of tiiese muscles impossible. 44 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, The facts in regard to the reproductive elements and the reproductive processes which have been ascertained through a study of this material reveal a curious parallel between it and Crisia and other Cyclostomes. In both, testis is abundan‘ while ovary is apparently correspondingly scarce. Is it perhaps true, as has been shown for Crisia, that but few ova are produced, or that ova arrive at maturity in but one zocecium, or in but few zocecia ? Again, since, the ovicells and embryos are of such size and character it seems probable that zocecia destined to become ovicells are early set apart for that purpose, and likewise possible, as in the Cyclostoines, that the ova are produced in the growing tissues and become secondarily united with a zocecium. Judging from the size of the embryos together with their small number, the supposition that embryonic fission may occur here is not improbable, and increases the interest in this species as an object of study. 16. Farciminaria andamanensis, sp. nov. Part of a colony consisting of a long stem and numerous branches (fig. 4, A). Stem incomplete, made up of four rows of aborted zocecia arranged around an imaginary axis, four sided, the corners strengthened by chitinous bars or modified root fibres, from tle inner edges of which strong teeth project into the interior of the zocecia; the four zocecia in each group at the same level so that the stem has a segmented appearance. At the distal end the stem divides into two branches connected for a short distance by a filmy membrane. The segmented appearance continues for four or six segments above the first branches when the second branching occurs, and the zocecia from this point contain polypides. The branches, at first biserial, soon become tri- or quadriserial, the zocecia assuming an alternate arrangement (fig. 4, B). Branches \ose their segmentation, and the zocecia face out- wardly and laterally. Zoecia elongated, area occupying the whole of the front. Orifice at the summit closed with a protruding lip. No spines and no avicularia. No ocecia have been observed. In older parts of the colony rounded or oval bodies occur which may be embryos. ‘These are always found, when they occur, in the upper part of the zocecium, sometimes in company with a degenerating polypide, again with a regenerating one. ‘These are not brown bodies. Considerable hesitation is experienced in placing this speci- men in this genus since the zocecia are not all arranged around an imaginary axis, as is usually described for Farciminaria, but simply folded, as it were, one or two middle rows projecting forward and the two lateral rows turned somewhat, so that the zocecia when viewed from the front are seen in profile. So many characters, however, both of the zocecia and of the zoarium as a whole, are Farciminarian that it seems to belong here rather than with any allied genus. 192I.} A. ROBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa, 45 In the absence of spines, avicularia, and ocecia this species resembles Farciminaria hexagona, Busk (1884). That species, how- ever, has six series of zocecia facing around the branch, the two inner rows consisting of sterile zocecia only. ‘There is also consider- able resemblance between it and Farciminaria simplex, MacGillivray (1886). The Australian species has a prominent ocecium, and both description and plate are so meagre that identification by their means alone seemed impossible. Material obtained at the Andamans (1899). Hic. 4.—Farciminaria andamanensis, sp. nov. A. Habit sketch. x 2. B. A few zocecia. X 50. 17. Cellaria salicornioides. Lamouroux. Cellaria johnsoni, Hincks, 1880, p. 112, pl. xiii, figs. 9-12. Obtained at one locality only, Santapilly, Madras (east coast). 18. Farcimia oculata, Busk. Nellia oculaia, Busk, 1852, pt. i, p. 64, fig. 6. Extremely abundant, obtained at at least nine stations: Mergui; Palk Straits; Mangalore; Gaspar Straits ; Ganjam coast ; Ancutta Reef, Laccadives ; Gopalpore. 46 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, 19. Flustra cribriformis, Busk. Carbasea cribriformis, Busk, 1884, vol. x, p. 50, pl. xxx. Zoaritum dry and in fragments, but fenestrated condition very apparent. Zocecial characters agree with description as given by Busk. This material contained many embryos in various stages of growth. When full grown, the embryos hang suspended in a bag or membrane, the distal end shoved into the shallow ocecium while the larger portion extends into the zocecium, about filling the upper half. Obtained at Singapore. 20. Flustra rhizophora, Ortmann. Carbasea rhizophora, Ortmann, 1890, p. 27, taf. i, fig. 24. Dredged at 31 fathoms, 21 miles S.W. by W. of Mangalore, east coast of India. 21. Membranipora cervicornis, Busk. Membranipora cervicornis, Busk, 1854, pt. 11, p. 60, pl. C, fig. 3. Obtained at two stations at the entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Pt. Pedro, dredged in sand at from 6 to 8 fathoms. 22, Membranipora curvirostris, Hincks. Membranipora curvirostris, Hincks, 1880, p. 153, pl. xx, figs. 5, 6. Dredged off the Ganjam coast at from 24 to 30 fathoms. 23. Membranipora incrustans, Waters. Membranipora incrustans, Waters, 1808, p. 686, pl. 47, 1fig. 13- Obtained at entrance to Palk Straits and on Ancutta Reef, Laccadives. 24. Membranipora lacroixii, Audouin. Membranipora lacroixi1, Busk, 1854, pt. ti, p. 60, pl. 69, fig. 1. Found growing on shells and pieces of bamboo at Puri beach, Orissa coast. Also growing on crab. 25. Membranipora perfragilis, MacGillivray. Abembranipors perfragilis, Hincks, 1884, ser. 5, vol. xiv, p. 278, pl. viii, fig. 4. Abundant in this collection, being found at nine or ten stations: Madras; Mergui, on the Brig ‘‘ Cassandra; ”’ off Akyab, Arrakan coast at 17 fathoms; Puri beach and Black Pagoda, Orissa coast ; Virkalay, Travancore coast; at Andamans Is.,; off Carwar and Molki; and Gopalpore. Also at stations 468 (Andaman Is., Port Blair Harbour) ; st. 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45’ E.) at 49 to 4o fathoms, and st. 532 (Mergui Archipelago, 12°15’20” N., 97°10’10" E.), 62 fathoms. 1921. |] A. ROBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa. 47 26, Membranipora simplex, Busk. Nellia simplex, Busk, 1852, pt.1, p. 19, pl. Ixv, fig. i; pl. Ixv (bis), fig. 3, Obtained at Santapilly and at Madras. 27. Membranipora tehuelcha, D’Orbigny. Membranipora tehuelcha, Robertson, 1908, p. 265, pl. 15, figs. 16, 17 ; pl. 16, fig. 18. More or less abundant at Puri beach, Orissa coast on bits of wood, also at station 380 (off Akyab, Burma, 19°8’ N., 92°59’ E.), said to be dredged at 530 fathoms, but since the specimens were growing on sea weed this is thought to be doubtful. [The weed on which it grew commonly floats on the surface. WN. A.] 28. Membranipora tehuelcha var. intertuberculata, Waters. M. tehuelcha var. intertuberculata, Waters, 1808, p. 676, pl. 48, figs. 1, 2 Obtained from two localities, Puri beach, Orissa coast and from tide pools at Kyouk-Phyu, Burma. In the adult stage this variety assumes a inost fantastic appearance due to the elevated, folded, spinous walls. The tubercles are often more numerous and fantastic than represented by Waters, mere seasonal or environmental variations, probably, of this cosmopolitan species. 29. Membranipora trifolium var. minor, Hincks. Membranipora trifolium var. minor, Hincks, 1885, ser. 5, vol. 15, p. 255, pl. viii, fig. 7. Obtained at Mangalore at 31 fathoms, and at the Andamans ; also off Ceylon at 703 fathoms, growing on shell. 30. Membranipora spinostoma, sp. nov. Zoartum loosely incrusting a stem. Zoecia irregularly quadr- angular with a broad calcareous border crenulated on the inner margin (fig. 5, A). Apertuve membranous, occupying the whole of the front. Operculum large, with a heavy chitinous rim, opening close to the caleareous border. The spinal adornment of operculum and area constitutes the unique feature of thisspecies. Spines occur in three locations: (1) on the margin of the area; (2) on the oper- culum ; (3) below and at each extremity of the operculum. Spznes on the margin of the area, delicate, finely pointed, varying in number from 12 to 15 placed regularly, to a few at irregular intervals. Sines on the operculum (fig. 5, A, C) heavy, chiti- nous, arranged in two rows, alternate, at least six, usually eight in number, one springing from near the base of the operculum, the other about half way from the base, stiff, longer than the width of the operculum, directed upward or toward and beyond the distal border (C, op.sp.). Two lateral spines at the extremi- ties of the opercular bar invariably present. These grow in sockets and are movable in two directions, upward and downward. 48 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy XXII, (A, B, C, /at.sp.). In their slenderness, length and mobility they resemble vibracula. In the space between these lateral spines or vibracula, other spines, from one to four in number, are some- times found springing from the top of the area and extending stifly downward. These are more or less inconstant being apparently easily broken. Fic. 5.—Membranipora spinostoma, sp. nov. A. Three zocecia, X25. B. Operculum thrown widely open showing the inner surface, primary mouth (fv7.mo.) and chitinous rim above it. X 100, C. A magnified view of operculum and opercular spines. X 100. Obtained at station 352, Persian Gulf, 29°20’ N., 48°47’ E., at a depth of 13 fathoms. The material upon which these observations are made is dry, hence brittle and difficult to study. The upstanding spines on the operculum serve to catch and hold debris, thus increasing this difficulty. In Figure 5, B, showing the operculum thrown back and revealing the inner surface, the primary mouth (p7?.m0.) 1g21.| A. Rospertrson: Report on Bryozoa. 49 seems to consist of a slit or opening under the operculum. Above and close to the caleareous margin is a rather broad, delicate, semi-chitinous rim (ch?. 7.) against which the spiny operculum closes. The space formed by the opening of the operculum consti- tutes a secondary mouth. Moreover the heavy operculum fre- quently tears away from the delicate membrane of the area, leaving an opening between operculum and area having the appearance of a mouth. This was confusing until, after soaking small pieces in oil for a few hours, then teasing on a slide, instances were found in which the operculum was thrown back and opened as in fig. 5, B. It is important that this species be examined further, either fresh or preserved in alcohol. BRACKISH WATER MEMBRANIPORA. he three species of Membranipora which follow belong to brackish-water forms similar to Membranipora bengalensis des- cribed by Stoliczka (1869). ‘That investigator found this species in a tank of water only one-fifth as saline as sea-water. Later he found it distributed throughout that region of India known as the Sunderbans, incrusting old pieces of wood, or trunks of trees at the mouths of rivers and on the shores of salt lakes, but never in fresh water. In his description of this species, Stoliczka remarks that he has observed similar forms incrusting shells and fragments of wood in various places along the coast of Bengal Bay, but had not succeeded in obtaining specimens which were in a good state of preservation. In this collection there are three species of Membranipora which have proved most puzzling until the description and plates of M. bengalensis were obtained. ‘These three species resemble each other and M. bengalensis in several features: (1) in the loose connection existing between the zoaria and the substratum, and oiten between the zocecia themselves; (2) in the possession of delicate chitinous rather than calcareous lateral walls, together with an extremely delicate calcareous wall over portions of the front of the zocecia; (3) in the development, as a rule, of con- spicuous spines which are highly characteristic and distinct for each species. Like M. bengalensis also, all grow on wood more or less sodden or on shells of brackish- water mollusks. 31. Membranipora amoyensis, sp. nov. Zoarium loosely incrusting a shell and in places forming bilaminar folds. Zoacia large, quadrangular, alternate, separated by thickened lines (fig. 6). Aperture occupying more than half the front. Operculum semicircular, large, situated close to the top. Aperture surrounded by a calcareous margin from which project numerous small calcareous spines, 17 or 18, or perhaps Io to 12, depending on the size of the zocecium. On young zocecia a single stout spine on each side at the upper angles. On older 50 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy. XXII, zocecia this spine becomes trifid, one branch usually extending outward, one upward and one downward. No o@cia have been found. This species was obtained from Amoy, China. No other data given. The material incrusts a shell which is judged to be from water only slightly saline since, while calcareous, it is extremely soit and chalk-like and not of the ordinary marine type. Fic. 6.—Membranipora amoyensis, sp. nov. X go. ry 32. Membranipora devinensis, sp. nov. Zoarium incrusting bark of sodden wood, loosely attached. Zoecia elongated, sometimes of extreme length and connected together loosely (fig. 7). Aperture occupying almost all of the front, the margin beset with a large number of spines which meet across the front. Operculum semicircular, large at the top of the aperture. The portion of the zocecium below the aperture covered with a delicate calcareous wall marked by two large pores. Some- times two zocecia form in the place of one, when each zocecium possesses but one pore. Inno case has a spine been found project- ing from these pores. Oacium small, projecting over the zocecium above, almost to its pores. 1gal.| A. Ropertson: Report on Bryozoa. Sit Obtained on the Orissa coast at the mouth of the Devi river, Bay of Bengal, dredged at depths varying from 23 to 25 fathoms. 33. Membranipora hug- liensis, sp. nov. Zoarium growing in a sin- gle layer on chips of wood to which hydroid stems ad- here and encircling these stems, where it forms small bilaminate expansions. Zoecia elongated, aperture occupying three-fourths of the front or more, surround- ed by a delicate calcareous border crenulated on the inner margin (fig. 8). The lower part of the front of the zowcia covered witha ealcareous layer. The dis- tal portion of each zocecium projecting over the zocecium above almost to the crenu- lated margin of the aper- ture. Where the zocecia are crowded, the aperture much Fig. 7.—Membranipora devinensis, sp. nov. X 50. reduced and may become almost circular. That part of the zoa- rium growing flat and single layered is without spines, while Fic. 8.—Membranipora hugliensis, sp. nov. X 90. that part which climbs on the hydroid stems and sends out bilaminate folds, possesses many conspicuous basal spines. Usually each zocecium in the spinous re- gion possesses two or more spines situated on the calca- reous layer of the front wall just below the aperture. _ In some cases where the zocecia are narrowed below, but one process may occur, usually then in the middle of the lower front wall. In still other instances no spines occur on the double layered portion. These spines (sp.) are tall, hollow, tapering processes formed of a trans- parent membrane, and lined with a delicate epithelium 52 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, continuous with that of the parietal lining of the zocecium. They are not articulated but bend easily, the membranous layer simply wrinkling on one side. No ocecia were found. Obtained in considerable abundance at the mouth of the Hugli river, Bay of Bengal. 34. Membranipora ringens, Busk. Megapora vingens, Hincks, 1880, p. 172, pl. xxii, fig. 1. Obtained at entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Point Pedro, dredged at 6 to 8 fathoms. Incrusting a coral mass with sponge and other bryozoa. 35. Steganoporella magnilabris, Busk. Steganoporella magnilabris, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, p. 75, pl. xxiii, fig. 2. Obtained at four rather widely separated localities showing that the species is abundant in the Bay of Bengal. Found at the Andamans growing over masses of coral; on Ancutta Reef, Laccadives; off Ceylon at 703 fathoms, and at station 384 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 16°0’ N , 93°37’ E.), dredged at 40 fathoms, growing over roots and debris. 36. Thalamoporella rozieri, Audouin. Thalamoporella rozieri, Robertson, 1908, vol. 4, no. 5. p. 277, pl. 17, figs. 27, 28, 29. Obtained at one locality only, Pedro Shoal, Palk Straits. 37. Smittipora abyssicola, Smitt. Vincularvia abyssicola, Smitt, pt. ii, p. 6, pl. i, figs. 60, 61. Obtained at the entrance to Palk Straits, dredged at 6 to 8 fathoms, also at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45’ E.), dredged at 40 to 49 fathoms. 38. Cribrilina radiata, Moll. Cribrilina radiata, Hincks, 1880, p. 185, pl. xxv, figs. 1-9. Abundant in this collection. Obtained at Palk Straits, dredged at 6 to 8 fathoms; Andamans ; Laccadives; Puri, Orissa coast; off Ceylon at 703 fathoms ; off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms; at station 522 (Mergui Archipelago, 12°35’ 15” N., 98° 16’ E.); at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45 E.). 39. Cribrilina punctata, Hassall. Cribrilina punctata, Hincks, 1880, p. 199, pl. 26, fig. 3. Obtained at two points: off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms and in the Bay of Bengal at 15 to 30 fathoms. 192. ] A. Ropertson: Report on Bryozoa. 53 40. Microporella ciliata, Pallas. Microporella ciliata, Hincks, 1880, p. 206, pl. xxvili, figs. 1-8. _ Abundant in this collection: obtained at Gopalpore at 24 fathoms; Palk Straits at 6-8 fathoms; Andamans, Bay of Bengal at 15 to 30 fathoms; at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45’ &.) dredged at 40 to 49 fathoms. 41. Microporella distoma, Busk. Adeonella distoma, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, p. 187, wood cuts, 56, 57. Rather widely distributed. Obtained at the Andamans, North Berets ; : a . Bot equates Non ey Paget one ncisae we Cape DINE iedged at 375 fathoms. 42. Microporella impressa, Audouin. Microporella impressa, Hincks, 1880, p. 214, pl. xxvi, figs. 9-11. Obtained off Ceylon, growing on a dead shell dredged at 703 fathoms. 43. Microporella malusii, Audouin. Microporella malusii, Hincks, 1880, p. 211, pl. xxvii, fig. 11. Dredged at 6-8 fathoms at the entrance to Palk Straits. 44. Microporella yarraensis, Waters. Eschara lichenoidas, Busk, 1854, pt. ii, p. 90, pl. evi, figs. 1, 2, 3. Obtained 21 miles S.W. by W. of Mangalore, west coast of India, dredged at 31 fathoms, growing on a shell. 45. Porina tubulosa, Norman. Porina tubulosa, Hincks, 1880, p. 230, pl. xxxii, figs. 6-9. ~Obtained at the Andamans and dredged at the entrance to Palk Straits at 6-8 fathoms. 46. Tubucellaria cereoides, Ellis and Solander. Tubucellaria cereoides, Waters, 1907, p. 130, pl. xv, fig. 8. A Small piece of a colony about an inch in height obtained by the ‘‘ Investigator ’’ at the Andamans at 20 fathoms. 47. Schizoporella auriculata, Hassall. Schizoporella atriculata, Hincks, 1880, p. 260, pl. xxix, fig. 4. Dredged in the Bay of Bengal (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45’ E.) at 15 to 30 fathoms, also at station 237 (Andaman Sea, 13°17’ N., 93°7’ E.) at go fathoms, at station 387 at 4o to 49 fathoms and off Ceylon at 703 fathoms. Obtained also at the Andamans. These specimens conform to the description and plates given by Hincks except in a variation in position and size of avicularia. 54 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, Most of the zocecia possess the avicularium just below the sinus. This is lacking in other instances but replaced apparently by another avicularium, somewhat larger usually, but placed some- where else on the front wall, most generally on the lower part with mandible directed transversely. Occasionally both kinds of avicularia are found on the same zocecium. 48. Schizoporella biaperta, Michelin. Schizoporella biaperta, Hincks, 1880, p. 255, pl. xl, figs. 7-9. Obtained at two stations at the Andamans. Slight variations occur in these specimens differing from those described by Hincks. The ocecia possess twg transparent areas on the front instead of an area with radiating lines. The mammillated avicularia possess a spatulated mandible, not a triangular one, as does the British species. 49. Schizoporella brunnescens, Ortmann. Schizoporella brunnescens, Ortmann, 1890, p. 50, pl. 4, fig. 2. Obtained on the Ceylon Pearl Banks, and Marble Rock, Mergui. Also at 11°334’ N. and 98°203’ EH. 50. Schizoporella cecilii, Audouin. Schizoporella cecilii, Hincks, 1880, p. 260, pl. xliii, fig. 6. Obtained at the Andamans. 51. Schizoporella linearis, Hassall. Schizoporella linearis, Hincks, 1880, p. 247, pl. xxxviii, fig. 5. Dredged at 31 fathoms 21 miles S.W. by W. off Mangalore ; at 29 fathoms, off Carwar and Molki; off Ceylon; 26 miles W. S.W. of Honawar, at 28 fathoms, west coast of India. 52. Schizoporella linearis, Hassall, form quincuncialis, Hincks. Schizoporella linearis, form guincuncialis, Hincks, 1881, ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 158, pl. ix, fig. 3. A small colony growing on the inside of sea-urchin’s test, obtained at ‘‘ Investigator’’ stations 532 (Mergui Archipelago, 12°15’ 20” N., 97°I0’Io0” B.) and 534 (Mergui Archipelago, 12°59’ N., 96°48’30” E.). 53. Schizoporella nivea, Busk, Schizoporella nivea, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 163, pl. xvii, fig. 1. Dredged at 6-8 fathoms at entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Pt. Pedro. Obtained also at Santapilly. 1g2I.] A. RoBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa. 5 On 54. Schizoporella pertusa, Esper. Lepralia pertusa, Hincks, 1880, p. 395, pl. xliil, figs. 4, 5- Obtained at Santapilly, and dredged off Ganjam coast at 24-30 fathoms. 55. Schizoporella dutertrei, Audouin. Mastigophora dutertve’, Hincks, 1880, p. 279, pl. xxxvii, fig. 2. Dredged off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms growing on Ostrea wmbricata. Obtained also at “Investigator’’ station 384 (olf C. Negrais, Burma, 16°0’ N., 93°37’ E.). Fie 9.—Schizoporella dutertre:, var. foliacea, nov. A. Two zocecia showing detail, x 40. B. Operculum much magnified, x go. C. Distal portion of older zocecium showing an aviculariam (av. on umbo below orifice, X 40. 56. Schizoporella dutertrei var. foliacea, nov Zoarium loosely attached to coral conglomerate. Zo@cia flat, surface finely porous. Orifice surrounded by a thickened calcareous border from which six or eight spines extend (fig. 9, A). Upper margin of orifice arched, lower margin with a deep narrow sinus which widens suddenly at the lowest part. Ofer- culum, assuming the shape of the orifice, resembles a flat rounded plate with a handle (fiz. 9,B). The zocecial wall projecting on each side of the narrow neck or handle in two conspicuous cal- careous lobes (fig. 9A, b.), the thickened border of the orifice uniting below into a flat triangular platform (f/.). in older zocecia an umbo forms below the orifice (#m.) hiding the stem-like portion of the operculum. Occasionally this umbo supports an avicularium (fig. 9 C, av.) with mandible directed horizontally. On each side of the orifice a sessile avicularium with mandible directed 56 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XXII, upward, In at least one of these the mandible is prolonged into a branching process sometimes bifid, sometimes trifid, each branch assuming the form of a rather broad thin blade, reminding one of the wings of maple seed or of the membranous wings of an insect. The avicularium on the other side small, with a triangular mandible directed upward. Occium shallow, widely open, two or three spines on each side projecting in front of it (fig. 9, A, @.). Dredged at 25 to 28 fathoms off Gopalpore, Ganjam district, east coast of India. 57. Lepralia adpressa, Busk. Lepralia adpressa, Busk, 1854, pt. lly p. 82, pl. cil, figs. 3, 4. Obtained at ‘Investigator’? station 532, at 62 fathoms, Mergui Archipelago (12°15’ 20” N., 97°10’ 10” E.). 58. Lepralia depressa, Busk. Lepralia depressa, Busk, 1854, pt. ii, p- 75, pl. xl, figs. 3, 4. Many avicularia possess mandibles long and tapeting, almost vibraculoid in character, others possess stout mandibles which terminate in a three parted process resembling the claws of a gallinaceous bird. Commonly the avicularia are similar to those represented by Busk. Growing on a mass of conglomerate, dredged at 15 to 30 fathoms in the Bay of Bengal, and at 70 fathoms off Ceylon. 59. Lepralia feegeensis, Busk. Lepralia feegeensis, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 144, pl. xxii, fig. 10. Loosely incrusting coral conglomerate obtained from coral reefs of Kilakarai, Ramnad district, G. of Manaar. 60. Lepralia turrita, Smitt. Lepralia turrita, Smitt, 1873, pt. ii, p. 65, pl. xl, figs. 226, 228. Dredged at 24 fathoms on the Ganjam coast, also at 6 to 8 fathoms at the entrance to Palk Straits. Obtained off Gopalpore, and at Galle, Ceylon. 61. Escharoides occlusa, Busk. Lepralia occlusa, Waters, 1909, vol. \xxi, p. 152, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2. A fine specimen obtained in Gaspar Straits, Malay Archi- pelago. Small, broken and somewhat imperfect specimens obtained at the Andamans and dredged at 112 fathoms off Port Blair, Anda- mans. 62. Petralia laccadivensis, sp. nov. Material consisting of several small colonies incrusting sponge or small shells. Adult zo@cia with front wall rounded, porous, 192I.] A. ROBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa. 57 heavily calcified, ornamented with numerous outstanding processes (Fig. 10). Orifice rounded above, possessing in young zocecia three distinct denticles on the lower margin, the middle one forming a relatively broad muc- ro. Below the orifice a plain non-porous plat- form (f/.) which in old- er zocecia tends to grow thicker and to extend up each side of the orifice to form the supports of small eleva- ted, sessile, lateral avi- cularia (av.). Frequent- ly one of these lateral avicularia is replaced by an elongated one of considerable size with spatulate mandible directed downward. Fic. 10o—Petralia laccadivensis, sp. nov. X 4v. (sp.av.). From the platform below the orifice there springs a tall process which may become bi- tri- or even quadrifid, almost completely obliterat- ing the orifice (fy.). The tips of the branches of these frontal processes may acquire small rounded avicularia. Other processes of considerable height, usually tipped with an avicularium, may decorate any part of the front wall. Occta rounded, wall granu- lar or pierced with minute pores. A species easily recognized by the unusual number of fantastic processes scattered over the surface of the zoaritum. Obtained at Ancutta Reef, Laccadives, at Santapilly, Madras, and dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms off the Ganjam coast. 63. Petralia vultur, Hincks. Mucronella vultur, Hincks, 1882, (5), vol. x, p. 167, pl. vill, fig. 2. Identification tentative since no comparison with identified specimens has been possible and since certain variations occur here not noted by Hincks. ‘These consist chiefly of numbers of large avicularia found mainly in older parts of the colonies, with mandibles of much variety of form. The mandibles of these avicularia are sometimes long and narrow, sometimes duck-bill shaped, and others again are forked at the extremity. Material fairly abundant. Obtained off Gopalpore, Ganjam district, Madras Presidency, at depths varying from 24 to 30 fathoms; near Mangalore at 31 fathoms; also at Black Pagoda, Orissa coast, at 15 fathoms. Other material found at Santapilly and at station 296 {Per- 58 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL,, XXII, sian Gulf, 26°4’ N., 56°2’ E.) in 47 fathoms, agrees with the des- ° cription of P. vultuy in most respects, but differs in showing a variable number of upstanding processes around the orifice, often a median triangular one and several smaller lateral ones, all of which may or may not support small avicularia. These it is thought are only of variational value. 64. Petralia vultur, var. armata, Waters. Petvalia vultur, var, armata, Waters, 1913, p- 518, pl. Ixx, fig. 18. Material loosely incrusting small oyster-shells dredged at 160 fathoms, Java Sea, Malay Archipelago (Eastern Telegraph Co.). 65. Smittia landsborovii, Johnston. Smittia landsboryovit, Hincks, 1880, p. 341, pl. xlviil, figs. 6-9. Obtained near Puri, Orissa coast, and at Black Pagoda, Orissa coast, dredged at 15 fathoms. 66. Smittia marmorea, Hincks. Smittia marmorea, Hincks, 1880, p. 350, pl. xxxvi, figs. 3-5. Obtained at the Andamans and dredged at 40 to 49 fathoms at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45’ E.). 67. Smittia nitida, Verrill. Smittia nitida, Hincks, 1881, ser. 5, vol. 7, p- 159, pl. x, fig. 5. Obtained off Gopalpore, Ganjam coast, dredged at 24 fathoms. 68. Smittia trispinosa, Johnston. Smittia trispinosa, Hincks, 1880, p. 353, pl. xlix, figs. 1-8. This species rather widely distributed: obtained at the Anda- mans; the entrance to Palk Straits at 6 to 8 fathoms; Black Pagoda, Orissa coast, at 15 fathoms; off Gopalpore at 25 to 28 fathoms at station 532 (Mergui Archipelago, 12°15/20” N., 97°10’10” E.) at 62 fathoms. 69. Smittia trispinosa var. producta, Thornely. Smittia trispinosa var. producta, Waters, 1909, p 173, pl, xvil, fig. 5. Obtained at Santapilly and at station 528 (Mergui Archi- pelago, Elphinstone I., Port Maria). 70. Smittia latiavicularia, Kirkpatrick. Smittia latiavicularia, Kirkpatrick, 1888, ser. 6, vol. 1, pl. x, fig. 3. Obtained off the Ganjam coast, dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms. 1921. | A. RoBertson: Report on Bryozoa. 59 71. Retepora delicatula, Busk. Retepora delicatula, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 124, pl. xxvi, fig. 3. Obtained off the Ganjam coast, dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms, and at station 387 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 15°25’ N., 93°45’ E.) dredged at 40 to 49 fathoms. 72. Retepora porcellana, MacGillivray. Retepora crassa, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 115, pl. xxvi. fig. 10; pl. XXxvil, fig. 3. Obtained at 6°or’ N. 81°16’E. at 34 fathoms; also in the Bay of Bengal, dredged at 15 fathonis. 73. Retepora punctiligera, Ortmann. Retepora punctiligeva, Ortmann, 1890, p. 35, taf. ii, fig. 24. Obtained off Gopalpore, Ganjam coast, dredged at 24 to 30 fathoms. 74. Reteporella minor, Ortmann. Reteporella minor, Ortmann, 1890, p. 37, taf. ii, fig. 28. Obtained at station 532 (Mergui Archipelago, 12°15’20” N., 97°10’ro” FE.) in 62 fathoms. 75. Haswellia australiensis, Haswell. Haswellia australiensis, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 172, pl. xxiv, fig. 8. Obtained off Port Blair at rr12 fathoms; also dredged at 8 fathoms in 136° E., 10’ S., and at 49 fathoms in 142° E., and 8’ S. 76. Adeonella japonica, Ortmann. Adeonella japonica, Ortmann, 189¢, p. 54, taf. iv, fig. 11. Obtained at Santapilly and at station 464 (S. of Ceylon, 6°2’ 30” N., 81°20’ FE.) in 52-68 fathoms. 77. Adeonella platalea, Busk. Adeonella platalea, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 184, pl. xxi, figs. 4, 4a and text figure 50. Fine specimen obtained at Mergui, Burma. 78. Adeonella marginata, sp. nov. Zoarium consisting of numerous flat, strap-like branches, two or more inches in height. Mode of attachment not known, the material consisting of fragments only. To the naked eye each fragment or branch is seen to consist of a somewhat flattened middle portion with a border or margin of large zocecia forming irregularly radiating lines. The two surfaces of each branch are 60 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XXII, almost exact duplicates of each other. This may be seen readily if one inspects the margins, and especially a cross section of a branch. As is characteristic of this genus, the zocecia are poly- morphic consisting of three kinds of individuals: 1, the ordinary nutritive zocecia (fig. 11, A and B, mw. z0e.), 2, the ocecial zocecia (B, oe. zoe.), 3, the avicularian zocecia (B av. z@.). The middle portion of each branch is occupied by six or eight rows of nutritive zocecia regularly alternate(A, mu. zoe.). Bordering these on each side are two or more rows of large reproductive zocecia, and outside these a row of large avicularian zocecia. Frc. 11.—Adeonella marginata, sp. nov. X 4o. A. Four young zocecia in middle portion of a branch. B. To show the three kinds of zoceecia on the margin of the colony. At the tips of the branches, the young nutritive zocecia (fig. tr, A) are more than half immersed although the whole of the out- line may be detected while the matrix is thin. Front wall hyaline, non-porous. Ovifice round with a deep wide sinus, the upper edges of which soon close to form a large pore (f.). On each side of the pore an avicularium with triangular mandible directed upward. Lower down, somewhat to one side of the median line, another avicularium with mandible directed transversely (B). In older zocecia avicularia increase in number and with increase in calcifi- cation may increase or decrease in size. 1g2t.| A. ROBERTSON: Report on Bryozoa. 61 Even nutritive zocecia tend to become larger as they approach the margin (B, mu. zoe.). A relatively small number of zocecia attain a very large size (B oe. zoe.), whose wall becomes highly calcified and porous. These are the reproductive zocecia charac- teristic of this genus. The outermost row of the margin consists of zocecia which function only as avicularia (av. zoc.); mandible directed obliquely upward and outward. Dredged at 65 fathoms near Mergui Archipelago, station 535 (13°4’30" N., 96°44’ E.). 79. Lagenipora costazii, Audouin. Cellepora costasti, Hincks, 1880, p. 411, pl. lv, figs. 11-14. Found quite commonly, incrusting stems of seaweed: Manga- lore, off Carwar and Mulki; at Cheval Paar ; Colombo; dredged at 10-15 fathoms at Seven Pagodas, Madras, and at 34 fathoms by the “Investigator’’ at 6°01’ N., 81°16’ E.;_ also dredged off Gopalpore at 28-25 fathoms and Ganjam at 25 fathoms. 80. Lagenipora tuberculata, MacGillivray. Lagenipora tuberculata, MacGillivray, 1882, p. 209, pl. 156, figs. 1, 2. Identification tentative. Material obtained at two localities growing on coral conglomerate: Laccadives, and dredged at 34 fathoms by the “‘ Investigator ’’ in 6°01’ N. and 81°16’ FE. 81. Holoporella aperta, Hincks. Holoporella aperta, Waters, 1909, p. 161, pl. 18, figs. 20-23. Dredged at 24-30 fathoms off the Ganjam coast. 82. Holoporella tridenticulata, Busk. Cellepora tridenticulata, Busk, 1884, pt. xxx, vol. x, p. 195, pl. xxix, fig. 5. Obtained at Cinque Island, Andamans, “ Investigator ”; also near Puri, Orissa coast. 83. ? Holoporella mammillata, Busk. ? Cellepora mammillata, Busk, 1854, pt. ii, pl. exx, figs. 3, 4, 5. In most points this species agrees with the description given by Busk, but this identification considered somewhat doubtful. Common, found at depths ranging from 15 fathoms to 703 fathoms at eight stations in the Bay of Bengal. 84. Cupularia canariensis, Busk. Cupularia canariensis, Busk, 1859, vol. 7, p. 66, pl. 23, figs. 6-0. Several colonies of various sizes obtained at the Andamans. The largest colony is about Ir mm. in diameter and 2 mm. high at the apex. The others vary from 8 to 5mm. in diameter. ‘The 62 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoOL. XXII, material is dry, but it is thought to have contained living colonies when collected. CyCLOSTOMATA. 85. Crisia sp. Material consists of several fragments of Crista which contain no ovicells, hence impossible to identify. Obtained off Ganjam coast at 24 to 30 fathoms, also from Gaspar Straits, and from station 152 (114miles S. 83° W. of Colombo It., Ceylon) at 264 fathoms. 86, Filisparsa tubulosa, Busk. Filisparsa tubulosa, Waters, 1910, p. 235, pl- xxv, figs. 16, 17. Obtained in Gaspar Straits growing with F. oculata. 87. Idmonea atlantica, E. Forbes. Idmonea atlantica, Hincks, 1880,\p. 451, pl. Ixv, figs. 1-4. Obtained in Gaspar Straits and at station 47 (off mouth of Godaveri R., Bay of Bengal) in 5-6 fathoms. 88. Idmonea gracillima, Busk. Idmonea gracillima, Ortmann, 1890, p. 60, pl. iv, fig. 26. Beautiful specimen obtained 4 miles south of Ganjam at 25 fathoms. 89. Entalophora raripora, d’Orbigny. Pustuloporva proboscidea, Busk, 1886, pt. 4, vol. xvii, p. 19, pl. lv, fig. 1. Several colonies obtained at Santapilly, also at station 152 (113 miles S. 83° W. of Colombo Lt.) at 264 fathoms. go. Lichenopora radiata, Audouin. Lichenopora radiata, Hincks, 1880, p. 476, pl. Ixviil, figs. 9, 10. A single colony growing on the inside of a shell obtained by the “‘Investigator’’ at station 384 (off C. Negrais, Burma, 16°0’ N., 93°37’ E.) in 40 fathoms. 91. Domopora truncata, Jameson. Domopora truncata, Hincks, 1880, p. 485, Ixiii, figs. 5-9. A single specimen growing on a mass of coral conglomerate obtained at entrance to Palk Straits, 3 miles N.N.W. of Point Pedro, in 6 to 8 fathoms. CTENOSTOMATA. g2. Alcyonidium mytili, Dalyell. Alcyonidium mytili, Hincks, 1880, p. 498, pl. Ixx, figs. 2, 3. Obtained at Puri beach, Orissa coast, growing on twigs. 1921. | A, Ropertson: Report on Bryozoa. 63 93. Amathia semiconvoluta, Lamouroux. Amathia semiconvoluta, Waters, 1910, p. 243, pl. 24, fig. 9. Amathia connexa, Busk, 1886, pt. 1, vol. 17, p. 35, pl. 6. fig. 3. Obtained at Karachi. 94. Zoobotryon pellucidus, Ehrenberg. Zoobotryon pellucidus, Reichert, 1869. Bowerbankia biserialis, Hincks, 1887, ser. 5, vol. xlx, p. 309, pl. 9, fig. 6. Obtained in abundance in Madras Harbour where it was collected by Dr. Annandale at four stations. As Reichert retuarks, this species seems to be distributed throughout the warm seas. The writer can bear witness to its presence in the warm waters of the north Pacific ecean, from which region it has not hitherto been reported. Specimens have been sent me from Hokkaido, Japan, and from Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. In the summer of Igo5 it occurred in abundance in San Diego Bay, California. There, in water Io or 12 feet deep, it grew in luxuriant masses of a green tint, the whole resembling clumps of freshly cut hay. ENTOPROCTA. 95. Pedicellina cernua, Pallas. Pedicellina cernua var. glabra, Hincks, 1880, p. 505, pl. Ixxxi, files. 1-3. Obtained at Puri beach, Orissa coast, growing on twigs. LITERATURE CITED. Busk, George. 1852-54. British Marine Catalogue, Pts. i and ii. 1859. Zoophytology. Quart. Journ. Micro. Sct., Vol. vii. 1881. Notes on a Peculiar Form of Polyzoa closely allied to ’ Bugula (Kinetoskias, Kor. and Dan.) Quart. Journ. Micro. Sct. (n.s.), Vol. xxi. 1884. Challenger Reports, Vol. x, pt. xxx. 1886. , Vol. xvii, pt. 1. Harmer, S. F. 1¢02. On the Morphology of the Cheilostomata. Quart. Journ. Micro. Scicnce. Hincks, Th. 1880. British Marine Polyzoa, Vols. I and 2. 1881. Contributions toward a general History of the Marine Polyzoa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), Vol. 7. mers, te, WO s< 1884. Ibid., Vol. xiv. 1885. Jbid., Vol. xv. 1886. Polyzoa of the Adriatic. Jbid., Vol. xvii. 3 ”’ 64 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, Jelly, E. C. 1889. A Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa. Kirkpatrick, R. 1888. Polyzoa of Mauritius. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) Vol. 1. MacGillivray, P. H. 1868. New or Little Known Polyzoa. Tvans, Roy. Soc. Vict. 1882. New or Little Known Polyzoa. Ibid. 1886. Ibid. 3) 33 +” Ortmann, A. 1890. Die Japanische Bryozoen Fauna. Arch. f. Nat. Ges. IBX6l, Ten JetSiits Ie Okada, Yaichiro. 1917. A Report on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa of Japan. Annotationes Zoologice Japonenses, Vol. ix, pt. 3. 1920, Notes on some Species of Retepora and Adeonella occur- ring in Japan, with descriptions of one New Variety and Five New Species. I[bid., pt. 5. Reichart, K. B. 1869. Vergleichende anatomische Untersuchungen uber Zoobo- tryon pellucidus Ehrenberg. K. k. Akad. Wissens. Berlin. Publ. 1870. Robertson, Alice. 1905. Non-Incrusting Chilostomatous Bryozoa of the West Coast of North America. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. Vol. Z NOMS: 1908. Incrusting Chilostomatous Bryozoa of the West Coast of North America I[bid., Vol. 4, No. 5. 19gto. Cyclostomatous Bryozoa of the west Coast of North America. IJbid., Vol. 6, No. 12. Stoliczka, F. 1869. On the Anatomy of Sagartia schilleriana and Membrant- pora bengalensis, a new coral and a bryozoon, etc. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Vol, xxxviil. Smitt, F. 1872-73. Floridan Bryozoa, Pts. 1 and 2. Waters, A. W. 1898. Observations of the Membraniporidee. Linnean Soctety’s Journal, Zool., Vol. xxvi. a 1907. Tubucellaria: its Species and Ovicells. Ibid., Vol. xxx. 1909. Report on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. Pt. 1, Cheilostomata. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. XXX1. 1921.] IQI0, 1913. A. RoBERTSON : Report on Bryozoa. 65 Report on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. Pt. 2, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Endoprocta. Thid. The Marine Fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Ibid. 136 GMS INDIAN) Sie WCBS Oye Asti, GUS INOS WIRICE OIL A BB INT SO) IN By B. Prasuap, D.Sc., Offg. Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. In a recent paper! I discussed at length the systematic position of the genus Tvicula, Benson, and further notes on the same subject were added by Dr. Annandale and myself? in our revision of the Indian genera of the family Hydrobiidae. In this paper I propose giving a revised description of the shell of 7. montana, Benson——the type-species of the genus, together with an account of a new species which was discovered by Dr. F. H. Gravely in the Nerbudda River in the Central Provinces. A reference to this second species \as made by Dr. Annandale in his recent paper.’ The two species may be distinguished by the help of the follow- ing key: 1. Shell conico-ovate, iwice as long as broad; with very fine ribs; whorls not greatly swollen, body-whorl in dorsal view subtrigonal, only a little longer than broad; mouth nearly # the height of the body-whorl, acutely pointed above and with the columellar callus of unequal width ... 7. montana. 2. Shell elongate-ovate, not more than 1% as long as broad ; smooth; whorls very tumid; body-whorl in dorsal view band-shaped, about twice as long as broad; mouth only a little more than } the height of the body-whorl, narrowly rounded above and with a columellar callus of about the same width in its entire length... T. gravelyt. I am unable to add any notes on the var. curta of Nevill,* a variety of T. montana based by Nevill on two specimens from the Jhiri valley at an altitude of 3,000 feet in North Cachar, collected by Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen, as I have not succeeded in tracing the specimens in the Indian Museum collection. Tricula montana, Benson. 1843. Lricula montana. Benson, Calcutta Fourn. Nat. Hist., II. p. 467. 1862. Tricula montana, id., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)X, pp. 415, 416. 1876. Tricula montana, Hanley and Theobald, Conch. /nd., pp. xvii and 62, pl. clv, fig. 5. 1885. Zvicula montana, Nevill, op. cit., p. 04. 1915. Tricula montana, Preston, Faun. brit. Ind. Freshw. Moll.. p. 68. Nothing is known about this interesting mollusc beyond the original descriptions of Benson and the poor figure of the ventral Prashad, Rec. /id. Mus., XVIII, pp. 221, 222 (1921). 2 Annandale and Prashad, Rec. Ind. Mus., XXII, p. 3 (1921). 8 Annandale, Jud. Fourn. Med. Research, VIII, p. 103 (1920). 4 Nevill. Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., \1, p. 64 (1885). 68 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy. XXII, view of the shell published by Hanley and Theobald. Fortu- nately, however, some of Benson’s co-types are preserved in the Indian Museum, and I have, therefore, thought it desirable to give a complete description and accurate figures of a full-grown shell. It may also be mentioned here that I failed to discover any more specimens of the species in the type-locality at Bhim Tal in August, 1920, whence Benson’s specimens were obtained, nor did I find any in the tanks at Moradabad, where Benson introduced living speci- mens. The shell of this species is conico-ovate, twice as long as broad; with an obtuse apex, sometimes decollate; consisting of 54-6 whorls and of a light olive colour. The whorls increase somewhat irregularly and are not very tumid. The suture is oblique, curved and somewhat canaliculate, the whorls them- selves being a little flattened just next to it. The first whorl is re) Text-fig. 1—Shells of Tyicula, x 12. (a) Dorsal view of 7. montana, Benson. (6) Ventral view of the same. (c) Dorsal view of 7. gravelyi, Prashad. (d) Ventral view of the same. minute, the penultimate whorl is band-shaped and comparatively yore swollen than the other whorls; the body-whorl, which is not very tumid, is 24 times as broad as the penultimate whorl, it is roughly trigonal or subtrigonal in both dorsal and ventral views. Its upper surface is somewhat flattened but not angulate, the inner margin is regularly arched and ends in a short projecting lobe corresponding to the inner angle of the mouth, the outer margin is sharply curved and is continued with the regularly curved ventral margin to form the lobe noted already. The mouth is large, oblique, ovoid, pointed above and has a part of the peristome curved over its angle. The peristome is continuous, but the columellar callus is narrow and of unequal width, the outer and lower margins of the mouth are only slightly re-curved. The shell is subumbilicate. Distribution.—The original series of specimens was found attached to the stems and leaves of an aquatic plant in a stream 1g2I. | B. Praswap: The genus Tricula. 69 flowing through a marsh at the head of the Bhim Tal Lake in the United Provinces. Besides these there are a few specimens in the Indian Museum collection from Naini Tal. Tricula gravelyi, sp. nov. The shell of this species is elongate-ovate, not more than 14 as long as broad, with an obtuse apex consisting of 54-63 whorls and of a pale yellowish colour. The whorls increase regularly and are evenly swollen. The suture is oblique, deeply impressed but not canaliculate. The first two whorls are minute, but the others in- crease regularly and evenly in size; the body-whorl is fairly tumid, narrow, about twice as broad as the penultimate whorl and band- shaped in dorsal view. The lobe corresponding to the anterior angle of the mouth seen in dorsal view and described for T. montana is present, but is not so deep, both the inner and outer margins are sharply curved. The mouth is oblique, rather smaller than in T. montana, ovate and narrowly rounded above. The peristome - is continuous and the columellar lip is of the same thickness throughout, the outer margin is only narrowly recurved back- wards. The shell is sub-umbilicate or even umbilicate. I give below the measurements of three specimens of each species for comparison. Measurements (in millimetres). T. gravelyt. T. montana. Length of shell ‘ SH | 2 24 | Bes 36 38 35 Breadth of shell | 16 TOL Masel) | ats} 18 17, Length of aperture lee Tes) |e tee ii 1'6 Breadth of aperture | lI Tea | ese Hee Nh 19) 115 Type sertes.—No. M 11895/2 in the registers of the Zoological Survey of India (Indian Museum). Habitat.—Specimens of this interesting form were collected by Dr. F. H. Gravely in still creeks amongst small islands in the bed of the Nerbudda River at Hoshangabad in the Central Provin- ces of India in March 1919, attached to weeds. La 4 ora, Vie f oy nis . iy» % i ae » ’ io ’ ' e et a i ar i . Pe + o = ‘ ' a ne 1 : . ; : - 1 GA eee i> » a p d i _ 4 ard ie ju +e Ral, : \ . i : ; = 7 5 ay aly bee Lanta? Os t Pt j . ’ ra a pilad 4 } ‘ \ 1 1 ‘ - ‘ =- . 2 ve ' i 5 aah t ° eh | 7" | . “| « i 4 , % : - I N ¥ 4 ‘ ole ; ha ' & XY i ¥ fg Ar - a f yt , ea Prey ; 1 iy 4 : y vir, j aa ‘. coe ds y i “~ ae al < tim ys 6 Boy EX INIA SDB MIDS; OAS IIS SI IP AIP EIS (HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA) FROM INDIA. By F. SInvestrt (Porlict), Dr. N. Annandale, Director of the Zoological Survey of India, has kindly sent me for examination a collection of Termites and Termitophils carefully made by himself on Barkuda Island in the Chilka Lake, Orissa. Among this material I have found several specimens of the interesting termitophil genus Tervmitaphis Wasm. As these specimens are the first collected in India and as among them are young females and adult males, which until now were unknown, I wish, with Dr. Annandale’s kind permission, to describe them in the present paper. HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. Fam. TERMITOCORIDAE. The family Termitocoridae was founded by me! in rorr on the genus Termitaphis Wasm.* first referred to the Aphididae. The type of the genus is Vermitaphis circumvallata Wasm. from Columbia. In 1911 (op. cit.) I described T. mexicana from Mexico and T. subafra from Principe I. (West Africa) ; Mjoberg * added the description of another species (T. australiensis) from Australia. The species now found in India by Dr. Annandale confirms the general distribution of Termitaphis in the tropics, in nests of Termites, especially of the genera Leucotermes, Coptotermes, Schedorhinotermes, Hamitermes. The three species T. civcumvallata, T. mexicana and T. subafra were described from a single stage, it was thus not possible to know the different characters of adult females, adult males, and young. The material collected by Dr. Annandale has enabled me to give complete descriptions of the various stages. Termitaphis annandalei sp. n. (Figs. I-II1). 2? Corpus (Fig. I, 1) testaceo-isabellinum parte ventrali pallidiore, antennis pedibusque isabellinis; valde depressum, circumlitione ellipticum, fere 3/7 longius quam latius. ! Boll. Lab. Zool. v, p. 232 (1911). 2 Tijdschr. v. Entom. x\v, p. 105, pl. 9, figs. 7-7 (1902). 5 Entomologisk Tidskrift, p. 98. (1914). Records of the Indian Museum [Vor. XXII, “I N Dorsum areolatum et tuberculis (Fig. II, 6-7) perparvis porigeris, denticulatis numerosis nec non poris sparsis instructum. Caput 4-lobatum lobis medianis quam laterales multo majoribus, lobulis marginalibus 8 instructis, lobis lateralibus lobulis tribus. Lobulorum setae clavatae, fere 2/3 longiores quam ad apicem latiores, pilosulae. Antennae articulo primo quam ultimus parum longiore, articulo secundo quam tertius aliquantum longiore, articulo ultimo aliquantum magis quam duplo longiore quam latiore. Rostrum ad mesosterni marginem anticum pertinens. Thorax. Pronotum lateribus integris margine 10—lobulate, meso- et metanotum lateribus inter sese fusis incisione perparva vix distinctis, marginibus 6-7-lobulatis, metanoti medio dorso sulco secundario transversali, arcuato signato. Meso- et metasterni Fic. 1.—Termitaphis annandalei: 1. femina adulta ; 2. larva ultimae aetatis ; 3. larva (?) secundae aetatis. A caput, B prothorax, C mesothorax, I) metathorax, E-P abdominis segmenta 1-10 superficies submediana setis brevioribus et brevibus nonnullis instructa est, carinarum superficies infera setis 3-4 praemarginalibus sat longis, et setis aliis brevibus et brevioribus aucta. Pedes forma et setis vide fig. II, 3-5, tibiis primi paris tantum setis apicalibus robustis et robustioribus instructis, tibiis secundi et tertii paris etiam spinis brevissimis robustis 2-3 armatis. Abdomen. Segmentum primum lateribus partim a metanoti lateribus incisione parum profunda separatis. Segmenta 2-8 inter sese bene separata, segmenta nonum et decimum tubiformia obtecta. Marginum lobuli eisdem capitis et thoracis forma similes et segmenti primi 7-8, segmentorum 2-6 lobulis 8-ro, segmenti septimi lobulis 5, segmenti octavi lobulis duobus. Segmentum octavum postice sat late et sat profunde incisum ; segmenta nonum Ig2t.| F. SILVESTRI: A new species of Termitaphis. 73 Pic. 1l.—Termitaphis annandalei: 1. caput pronum; 2. antenna; 3. pes paris tertil; 4. tarsi apex et praetarsus subtus inspecti ; 5. idem lateraliter inspecti; 6. corporis particula marginalis cum lobulis duobus supra inspecta; 7. corporis superhciei particula submediana; 8. carina abdominis séegmenti secundi supina ; 9. feminae adultae segmenta abdominalia 7-10 prona; 10. feminae segmenta g-10; It. feminae abdominis segmenta 4-10 supina. S6-So stigmata. Fre. II1.—Termitaphis annandalei, mas: 1. abdominis segmenta 4-10 supina; 2. abdominis segmenta 7-10 prona; 3. eadem supina; 4. segmentum septimum separatum; 5. penis. G-P abdominis segmenta 4-10, R penis, S stigma segmenti septimit abdominalis. 74 Records of the Indian Muszum. [Vou XXII, 1921. ] et decimun (Fig. II, 10) parva tubiformia a segmenti octavo obtecta; segmentum decimum setis brevioribus mumerosis ins- tructuin. Long. corp. mm. 3'5, lat. 2°71; long. antennarum 0°65, pedum paris tertii 1°62. @ A femina forma abdominis segmentorum 8-10 (Fig. III, 1-4) valde diversus: segmentum septimum abdominis apicem posticum formans carinis inter sese tangentibus et antice segmentum 8-10 continens, segmentum octavum supra lateraliter in processus acutos duos introrsum et antrorsum vergentes productum; segmentum nonum etiam supra in processus duos arcuatos, acuti antrorsum vergentes productum ; penis percrassus forma vide fig. III, 5. Larva ultima (Fig. 1,2). Ab adulto differt mesonoti carina a metanoti carina profunde separata, quam metanoti carina singula aliquantum minore, et metanoti carinis duabus bene distinctis. Long. corp. mm. 3, lat. 2. Larva (?) secunda (Fig. 1,3). Carina mesonoti quam meta- noti carina singula haud minor et similiter 4-lobulata. Long. corp. mm. 2°2, lat. 13. Habitat.—India: Ins. Barkuda (Chilka Lake) in nido Copto- termes Heimi Wasm., in trunco arboris (Ficus bengalensis) emortui et super solum sistentis exempla nonnulla Dr. N. Annandale legit. (TB X10 20): SW, IN TEAC OP AM ISO, ID) IRAN (GAO) IN IG WIA S REE C|@) RED ss Dy PE ERT OME ele) Ti eAWIN Seve Tek; WWII Is IP IC WIIG, IL IG IAG IN ID IN (Eas, AP @ Is, COI IG IB CA iw O IN, We 40386 Iz, INDIAN MUSEUM. Part IV.—Suborder ANISOPTERA. THE SUBFAMILY AESCHNINAE. By F. F. Laipraw, M.A. This dominant subfamily has an almost universal distribution and many of its species range over vast areas. The Aeschnines are for the most part large insects often of brilliant colouring, aud with powerful and long sustained flight. Probably some ot the species are of great economic impor- tance both in the larval and in the adult stages. A single indivi- dual in the complete course of its life-history must destroy au enormous number of Diptera. Some of the species show migratory tendencies, for example Anax (Hemianax) ebhippiger, which is one of the commonest of Indian dragonflies. At present the subfamily is divided into three ‘groups’ of which the first ‘ Petalia-group’ is not found anywhere in the Orient, and so needs no notice here. The second and third groups Brachytron and: Aeschna are further subdivided into * series’ which are noticed below. This classification though probably the best available on our present knowledge of the subfamily is not altogether satisfactory, as there is a likelihood of series of the Aeschna group, the mostly highly organized section of the family, being polyphyletic, and it is possible that some genera of the Brachytron group may be reces- sive rather than primitive. For a general survey of the subfamily reference should be made to Walker’s “Monograph of the North American species of Aeschna’’ (University of Toronto Studies, Biological series No. 11, 1912); to Tillyard’s paper “ Life-Histories and Descriptions of Australian Aeschninae”’ (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXXII1, 1916) and lastly to Martin’s ‘‘ Monograph of the Aeschninae ’’ (Catalogue systématique et descriptif. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps Fasc. XVIII, XIX, XX, teferred to in this paper as ‘‘ Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae.’’ ) 70 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, 4 Group BRACHYTRON. Series BOYERIA. The genera of this series are characterized by the absense of a fork to Rs, and by the single row of cells between Rs and Rs/i., and between M, and Msfl. respectively. These genera are but few in number, and are generally regarded as primitive. The oriental genus Jagoria shows some specialization in respect of the large eves and of the dentigerous plate of the female. Jagoria martini, n. sp. 12. Near pool, Tiger hill, 8,300 ft , Darjiling Distr., 26-vi- 1918 (S. W. Kemp). 1407-2. The specimen is the type. Length of hinder-wing 40 mm, of abdomen 40 mm. Venation. hat characteristic of the genus. Nodal indicator 16— 7 Qu wil aa de) four celled. Supra-triangles free. Space between M, and Msi. of two rows of cellson all wings. Pterostigma dark brown, 2 mm. long, braced. Extreme base of wings saffron tinged, the colour not reaching Ax,. Head.—Lower lip, and all the anterior surface orange brown. Dorsal surface of frons very dark brown, black against the eyes: enclosing a yellow mark on either side in front of each eye, so that the dark colour forms a T-shaped median mark. Vertex and occiput black, the latter minute, with a tuft of black hairs. Prothovax.—Dark brown. Synthorax.—Dorsal surface very daik brown, with a pair of oblong oval bands of a blue green colour, running upwards and inwards almost to the upper end of the mid-dorsal carina, but not reaching it; a pair of small lines of the same colour start from near the upper end of the first pair and run transversely towards, but not so far as the humeral suture ; meso- and meta-notum green. Laterally the synthorax is very dark brown with a large, vivid green bar on the mesoepimerite and a second bar of the same colour nearly covering the whole of the metepimerite. Undersurfaces orange brown. Abdomen constricted sharply at the third segment, widened again from the fourth to the sixth, the remaining four being narrow ; colouring, black above, the sternites orange brown. Segment 1 has a large, green, lateral mark, similar to those of the sides of the synthorax, but slightly more yellow in tone; 2 has a lateral yellow band. Dorxsally segments 2-6 have each a pair of apical green spots, semilunar in shape, and very small on 6. In addition 2-4 have each a pair of small transverse marks of a green colour at about the centre of each. Further, 2 has a minute basal triangle of vellowish green. The legs are black ; the coxae, trochanteres and bases of the femora brown. Triangles of fore-wings of three cells, of hinder-wings 1g2t.| F. F. Lariaw: Indian Dragonflies. WF. The dentigerous plate of the tenth segment is almost squarely truncate posteriorly, and carries apically a number of small irregu- larly placed teeth, about fifteen, on its ventral side. The anal appendages are small, about 2 mm. long, and are carried in the specimen before me directed vertically upwards. The discovery of a species of this genus in the Himalaya extends its range greatly. Hitherto I can find records for Malaya and Japan only, nowhere within 1,500 miles of Darjiling. Jagorvia martini seems to come nearest to J. venatrix, Fors- ter, from Buton in the Celebes group. ‘The female of the latter species is unknown. SERIES BRACHY?TRON. This series is characterized by the symmetrical forking of Rs and by the presence of but a single row of cells between that sector and Rsfl, as well as between M, and Msfl. The series contains genera which are probably rather primitive survivals of the main trunk of the subfamily, representing to some extent the ancestral line from which the dominant Aeschna group has been evolved. India has at least three genera of the series, probably more. -lustvoaeschna represented here by a single species is noteworthy ou account of its distribution; all the other species (if we exclude Planaeschna milnet, Maclach. treated by Martin as an Austroaes- chna) are Australian Periaeschna is also represented by a single species originally described from Tonkin. Martin puts all the other Indian species in the Selysian genus Caliaeschna. He includes in it also an Australian species C. conspersa, Tillyard, since removed by Tillyard to a distinct genus Dendroaeschna. Forster had already described a species, Caliaeschna laidlawi , from the Malay Peninsula. This species is evidently not a Caliaeschna at ail but seems to find its proper place rather in Periaeschna. i have only two males and a female of Caliaeschna muicrostigma from Persia, and a single female of the Calvaeschna section of the series on which to base my observations, but as these insects are of exceptional interest and are all rare I take the opportunity of making a few comments onthem. ‘The single female above noted I refer to as Cephalaeschna ? sp. In his monograph Martin omits mention of the Selysian genus Cephalaeschna of which Cephalaeschna orbijrons, Selys, was the type. He also omits mention of Karsch’s species Cephalaeschna sikkima. De Selys in defining Cephalaeschna states that the apical margin of the dentigerous plate of the female is rounded and subdenticulate. He was not acquainted with the female of Caliaeschna at the time at which he wrote his “Synopsis des Aeschnines.” Karsch in his kritik accepts Cephalaeschna, but lays no stress on this particular character, depending on the large development 78 Records of the Indian Museum. [ VoL. XXII, of the frons in Cephalaeschna compared with its relatively small size in Caliaeschna as sufficing to separate the two genera. Martin on the other hand employed rather the Selysian character and finding that the dentigerous plate of Caliaeschna microstigma § was rounded and subdenticulate, appears to have suppressed Cephalaeschna for that reason. Unfortuuately he does not appear to have used this character in all his species of Caliaeschna. For example, had he done so, he would surely have removed C. laidlawi from the genus, since it is stated by Forster to have a dentigerous plate like that of Gvnacantha. Hence we cannot rely in every case on his generic determina- tion. The venation certainly does not, so far as my knowledge goes, support the view that all these species are congenaric. From published accounts I find that the dentigerous plate is rounded and subdenticulate or without denticles in the following :— Caliaeschna microstigma, Schneider. Caliaeschna acutifrons, Martin. Cephalaeschna orbifrons, Selys. It is armed with two stout spines in Cephalaeschna stkkima, Karsch. Cephalaeschna ? sp. The venation is dense in C. orbifrons and C. acutifrons ; ‘moderate’ in C. microstigma; and may be described as ‘ open’ in Cephalaeschna? sp. and perhaps inC, stkkima and C. masoni, Martin, For C. lugubris, Martin, I have no data. JI hazard a guess that Caliaeschna will ultimately be xestricted to C. micrvostigma, Schneider, that Cephalaeschna will contain the species orbifrons and acuttfrons ; whilst a new genus will be required for C. stkkima and for Cephal- aeschna? sp. ‘This genus will perhaps include Caliaeschna mason, Martin. _ The following is a list of references to papers dealing with Oriental species of the group. de Selys, ‘‘ Synopsis des Aeschnines”’. Bull. Acad. Belg. (3), V (1883). The genera Caliaeschna and Cephalaeschna defined. Karsch, ‘‘ Kritik des Systems der Aeschniden.” nt. Nachr. XVII, 1891, No. 18, pp. 273-290. Suggests a classification of the Aeschnine genera based mainly on venation. Karsch, Ent. Nachr., XVII. 1891, No. 20, pp. 6-7. Cephalaeschna stkkima, Karsch, described. Forster, Ann. Soc. entomol. Belg. LAT, 1908, pp. 213-214. Cal- aeschna laidlawi, Forster, described. Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Aeschnines, XIX, XX, 1909. New species of Caliaeschna Periaeschna and Austroaeschna described in a monograph of the whole subfamily. Ris, Supphlementa Entomologica No. 5, June 1916, pp 55-59, taf. 2, fiz. 5. Caliaeschna (?) acutifrons, Martin, ¢ described. Tillyard, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXXIII, July, 1916. Cal- aeschna conspersa, Tillyard, removed to a new genus Dendro- 1921.| F. F. Lariaw: Indian Dragonflies. 79 aeschna. Species originally described by Tillyard as Caliaeschna conspersa, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,XXXI1, pp. 727-729, 1906. Iastly, Ris following MacLachlan refers Awusivoaeschna milner (Selys), from Japan and Formosa to the genus Planaeschna, Supplementa Entomol. No. V, 1916, pp. 57-58, taf. 2, fig. 6, text-fig. 39), whilst MacIachlan (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVII, 1895, pp. 409-425) defines the genus Planaeschna, and refers to an undescribed genus probably identical with Martin’s Periaeschna. He comments on the importance of the dentigerous plate of the female as a generic character, incidentally remarking on the distinctness of Cephalaeschna stkkima, Karsch, as demonstrated by this character, from the type of the genus, and from Caltzeschna, Tillyard, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXXT1I. |Caliaeschna microstigma, Schneider. ] Caliaeschna microstigma, lirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 03. Martin, Cat. Coll. Selvs Aeschninae, pp. 108-100, figs. 100-10T. 2¢@19%. Shiraz, Persia, May ’71. Specimens named and labelled by de Selys. This species has not been recorded from the Indian Empire and probably does not occur within its boundaries. As stated above it is the only species included by de Selys in his genus Caliaeschna. The eyes of this species are relatively smaller than in other members of the group seen by me, with more regularly rounded margins. The inter-orbital suture is shorter than in other species, but as this is not a plane line it is difficult to estimate accurately. Perhaps the most satisfactory way of describing it is to say that the interorbital suture of Calvaeschna microstigma is shorter than a line taken from its anterior end to the anterior apical point of the frons, whilst in Cephalaeschna ? sp. as well as in Periaeschna and in Austroaeschna intersedens the interorbital suture is definitely longer than such a line. Further, in the three latter genera the anterior margins of the eyes meet the suture almost at a right angle, whilst in Caliaeschna the angle is about 115°. The pterostigma of Caliaeschna microsiigma is unbraced. ‘The strong antenodal cross-nerves are the first and the fifth, the latter lies at, or a little distal to the level of the arculus. The discoidal triangles are relatively small. The width of the frons is decidedly less than one-half of the total width of the head. Lastly, the colouring of this species is ‘ heliochromatic,’ that of the other species of the series ‘ hylochromatic.’ Austroaeschna intersedens, Martin, Austroaeschna intersedens, Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, p. tot, pl iv, fig. r4 (see also Tillyard, loc. cit.). 80 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, I 719. Cherrapunji, Assam, 4,000 ft., 2—8-x-14, S. W. Kemp. 8186—-87/20. I have been unable to find any character of sufficient import- ance by which to separate this species generically from Australian Austroaeschnas. The pterostigma has a brace (save in the r. hinder-wing of the female) not shown in Martin’s figure. The anal appendages of the male bear a considerable resemblance to those of Austroaeschna parvistigma, Selys, and the dentigerous plate of the female is a simple spout-like structure, its apical margin armed with a few small spines. The strong antenodals of the fore-wing are the first and seventh in the male, the first and sixth in the female. The distal strong antenodal lies, as in Australian species, some two or three cells distal to the arculus. Cephalaeschna ? sp. I @. Cherrapunji, Assam. 4066/H2. Wings relatively short and broad, with open venation. Ptero- 2 ee On I3—I5 | 16—13 the fore-wing the second and seventh, on the hinder-wing the first and fifth antenodals are strengthened. All four triangles contain four cells, Rs forks rather nearer to pterostigma than to nodus. The median, basal and supratriangular spaces are all traversed by cross-perves. Head.—Upper-lip, clypeus and frons brownish-yellow ; occiput small, black with a fringe of black hairs. Eyes large, vellowish green, ‘The frons is very wide, seen from in front it is semi-circular with a prominent ridge separating the horizontal from the vertical part. Thorax.—Dorsal surface black, with a pair of pale green antehumeral bands, squarely truncate above, pointed below. The sides of the thorax are pale green, with a single broad black band on either side. Abdomen brownish black; segment 2 moderately inflated, 3—7 about equal in size, 8—ro progressively smaller. Segment 1 with small mid-dorsal green spot; 2 with longitudinal mid -dorsal band of green, interrupted at its mid- dle and widening at the apex of the £ segment. At the level at which the ext-riG. 1—Cephalaesch- Jongitudinal band is interrupted there pet of dentigerous plate of Te a pair of transverse marks of the female from below (specimen same colour. Segments 3—6 with somewhat crushed). small median and apical spots of green divided into pairs by the mid-dorsal carina; 7 with minute median spots only. (The median spots on these segments lie on the structure I call the jugum, wide infra, under Anax guttatus). Segments 1—2 with lateral band of yel- stigma very short, well braced. Nodal indicator 1921.] F. F. Laiwiraw: Indian Dragonflies. 81 low, carried on to the apex of 3 laterally. Legs black-brown. Base of femora brown. Wings with saffron tinge at base, extend- ing nearly to the arculus. Length of abdomen 44 mm., of hinder- wing 41 mm., of pterostigma 2 mm. Breadth of hinder-wing 12°5 mm. The apex of the dentigerous plate of this specimen is pro- duced into two stout processes, which are directed almost directly backwards. The plate has been somewhat compressed in mounting the specimen, and the text-fig. accordingly shows a slightly distorted view of the apex of the plate. Periaeschna magdalenae, Martin. Periaeschna magdalenae, Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, p. 157, fig. 157, pl. vi, fig. 22. I¢ 19. Tura, Garo Hills, Assam. 7975/H 1. These specimens agree closely with the type specimens des- eribed by Martin from Tonkin. Dr. Ris tells me that he possesses specimens of what is probably a distinct species from S. China. I have already noted that I believe Caliaeschna laidlawi, Forster is to be referred to this genus. Pertaeschna confronts us with the problem of the independent development of similar structures. It has the venation of the Brachytron series combined with a dentigerous plate scarcely distinguishable from that of Gynacantha. Group AESCHNA. Three series of genera are referred to this tribe, each series culminating in one of the three dominant genera of the sub- family, deschna, Anax. and Gvnacantha. ‘The tribe ts characterized by the curving of Rsfl and Msf/ so that they are concave to Rs and 7, respectively, and separated from them by at least three rows of cells. Each series is represented in India, Aeschna ts mainly a temperate genus and has but few representatives and those rather aberrant. Asax perhaps the most successful form of the subfamily is remarkable rather for the wide range and indivi- dual abundance than for the number of its species, whilst Gyna- cantha, a very specialized holotropical genus, includes a number of crepuscular or shade-loving insects, which are often caught at lights. In addition certain more primitive genera of the tribe are found in the Oriental Region, but so far as I know none have hitherto been recorded for the Indian Empire. Of these genera, which are mainly Malayan in distribution, Amp/iaeschna seems to me to be a primitive member of the Aeschna series, whilst Heliaeschna is similarly related to Gynacantha. Helvaeschna is also closely related, possibly even ancestral to Telracanthagyna, a genus which contains the most nearly gigantic of living dragon- flies. 82 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XXII, Series ANAX. I follow ‘Tillyard (loc. cit.) in treating Hemianax as a division of subgeneric value only. Amnactaeschna approaches Anax in sufficient degree I think to make it advisable to refer it to the same series. Anax guttatus, Burm. Anax guttatus, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 84. ‘ 4 Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, p. 23, fig. 17. Anax bacchus & id., op. cit., p. 22. I have found it difficult to deal in a satisfactory manner with the specimens of A naw not included in the species parthenope and tmmaculifyons. I have adopted what seems to me the method least open to objection of grouping these specimens, al! of which I regard as belonging to guttatus in its broadest interpretation, in three series which for the present I do not name but merely label A, P,C. Dr. Annandale has given me (17 litt.) the following notes on the habits of this species :— cor ‘he species of this family common round the little lakes ‘near Sitong in the Darjiling District in the rains (i.e. A. guttatus “series C) is different from that common in the same places in the ‘autumn after the rains (i.e. Aeschna ormthocephala). Kemp ‘collected the former and noted that it laid its eggs in water, and ‘“ sot in mud at the edge of the lake like the Aeschna.’’ And of specimens of series A, from Barkuda Is. ‘‘__ a most active and pugnacious insect. One takes posses- ‘sion o! the little pond on the island every morning as soon as ““the sun is well up, and flies round it all day apparently never resting. Frequently another individual flies out from the jungle and begins the same manceuvres, but the original possessor sces “him at once, flies at him at once, and the two fight in the air hitting one another with their wings, and I think sometimes ‘even biting with their mandibles. One captured after a fight of the kind had lost the greater part of a hind-wing. I have ‘often seen one of the combatants hit down almost to the ground, and have found a male apparently drowned in the pond, prob- ably having been knocked into the water by another. Often, ‘‘whilst two males are fighting in this way a third makes its appearance and a second encounter takes place with the victor ‘in the first. “The Aeschnid however takes no notice of Libellulids and ‘ Agrionids flying over the pond.’’ I have tried to facilitate the description of the abdominal colour pattern of the specimens, and to make accurate comparison between them by the use of a definite terminology applied to special areas of the tergites of the abdominal segments. The terms used need a short explanation (see text-fig. 2). On segments 2—% of the abdomen each tergite is furnished with a transverse carina in addition to its terminal transverse carinae, On segments 1g2I.|] F. F. Larpiaw: Indian Dragonfltes. 83 2 and 3 this accessory carina lies at about the middle of the segment, but on 4—8 becomes progressively more approximated to its anterior end. I propose to call it the ‘jugum’ ; that part of the segment in front of it the prejugal part of the segment, and that behind the post-jugal part. Further, the post-jugal part of segments 4—8 can be subdivided by the presence on each of these segments of the ventral longitudinal carinae, and of the accessory longitudinal carinae into supra-carinal, inter-carinal and infra- carinal areas on either side. The accessory longitudinal carinae do not extend to the prejugal part of the segment. Whether the ventral carinae mark the lateral margin of the tergite or no Iam not sure. If they do it would follow that the infra-carinal area is formed on either side by the pleu- rite. But on the whole I think that this area is a part of the tergite. Lastly, it may be noted that between segments I and 2 dorsally there is a remarkable development of the inter- segmental membrane. ‘This brings it about that there is a considerable gap between the tergites of the two seg- ments; this gap is covered by the unt- formly buff-coloured membrane. In some species of Anax, for ex- ample in A. parthenope, this develop- ment of the inter-segmental membrane is much less; but the character prob- ably occurs to some extent in all, and is possibly of generic value. Series A. (Text-fig. 2.) The specimens belonging to this series I believe to be fairly typical examples of the true A. guttatus, Burm. I have been able to compare them with examples from Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and I have also seen speci- mens from various localities in the British Museum. There are differences in details of Text-FiG. 2.—Anax gutta- coloration, size and shape of the anal ‘us di Series A. appendages, but these differences do eee Salis Sys not exceed the limits of sub-specific a. Prejugal. 6. Post-jugal. variation in my opinion. The characters of this series may be given briefly as follows :— @. (spirit specimens) from Barkuda, 1479/H 2. Wings —Membranule with white, basal spot. Wing mem- brane slightly smoked, with an orange-brown tinge extending from the apex of the triangle to a little beyond the nodus. Head.—F¥rons without T-mark, bases of mandibles and genae yellow: upper lip yellow, very narrowly and diffusely edged with 84 Records of the Indian Muscum. [Vou. XXII, brown. Occipital triangle black with yellowish centre and pos- terior margin. Thorax greenish-brown, without black markings, save along the suture lines of the coxae ; base of femora brown. Abdomen.—Segment 1, and the inter-segmental membrane be- tween I and 2 buff-yellow, posterior margin of I narrowly edged with brown. Segment 2 turquoise blue above. The rest of the abdo- men is in general brownish-black dorsally, rather paler brown ven- trally. Segment 2 has its terminal transverse carinae and jugum black, the blue colour of the dorsum passes laterally to a silvery yellow. Segment 3 has its prejugal division turquoise-blue, passing to silvery yellow ventrally, mid-dorsally a longitudinal black line, widening distally, is continuous with the black ol the post-jugal part which carries on either side two large. rounded yellow spots. Seg- ments 4—8 have each a pair of bluish-yellow spots on the prejugal division, almost obsolete on 8, and two rounded yellow spots in the supra-carinal area of the post-jugal division on either side. On 7—8 these supra-carinal spots coalesce to form a continuous yellow band, In addition 4—8 have a round lemon-yellow inter-carinal spot immediately behind the jugum. Lastly, 9—To have each a pair of large yellow lateral spots ; the homologues of the supra-carinal spots of the preceding seg- ments, on g these spots are triangular with the apex directed forward, on Lo they are rounded. The anal appendages are dark-brown, the upper pair have a blunt triangular projection at the middle of their inner margin. Length of hinder-wing 50 mm., of abdomen 51 mm., anal appendages 6 mm. Series B. The single male of this series is from Calcutta. It is almost exactly intermediate between the males of series A and series C. 6187/20. In the following account the characters in which it differs from series A are mainly noted; where no remark is made, it may be assumed that the specimen is practically identical with the males of A. @ (spirit specimen from Calcutta). Wings.—The yellow tinge of the hinder-wing less extensive, extending only to the level of the nodus. Basal white mark on membranule very small. Head.—A small triangular area in front of the vertex is brown, Abdomen.—The black of the dorsal surfaces is much more intense than in A. The post-jugal spots of segment 3 and the supra-carinal spots of 4—8 are greenish-yellow in colour, rather rectangular in shape, and much smaller than those of A. The supra-carinal spots on 7—8 do not coalesce to form a band and the anterior spot on each of these segments is obsolete. ‘The spot on 9 is small, representing the posterior supra-carinal spot only ; and Io is without markings. There are no inter-carinai spots. Anal appendages as in A. 2) wt 1g2T.| F. F. Latpraw: Indian Dragonflies. 9 not known. In respect to the colour and colour-pattern of the abdomen this specimen differs strongly from A and approaches C. In other respects it is not very different from A. Length of hinder-wing 54 mm., of abdomen 56 mm., of upper anal appendages 6 mm. Series C. (text-fig. 3). 3¢@ 71 9. Sitong, Darjiling district, 1405/H 2 (with 2 exuviae); I o (spirit specimen). Wings smoky especially at the apices. Membranule entirely eray black. No vellow tinge on hinder wings. Head.—Upper lip with well defined, narrow, black margin. Frons with large T-mark. Occipital triangle black. Thorax with black mid-dorsal carina and sutural lines. Base of anterior femora yellow, the rest black. Abdomen.—Segment 2 with a longitudinal, mid-dorsal line oi black joining the black transverse carinae and the jugum, 3 with the dorsal black band broader in the prejugal division than it is in series A and B. The ground colour of the rest of the abdomen is an intense black, with pale blue spots. On the post-jugal part of segment 3 both the lateral spots are small, the anterior one minute. On segments 4—8 the anterior supra- carinal spot remains very small, but is larger on 6, 7, 8 than on 4, 5. The prejugal spot is obsolete on 7,8. Seg- ment 9 has a single small spot homo- logous with the posterior supra-carinal spot of 8; 10 is black with indistinct lateral brown marks. Segments 4—7 have narrow blue inter-carinal spots close behind the jugum on either side. an The upper anal appendages are 1 eee 3-—Anax guttalus black, and differ in shape from those © {nal appendages. of series A and B. The middle third of the inner margin of each projects onwards as a straight-edged shelf. The lower appendage is whitish gray with black margins. The female is in general very much like the male, but the spots of the last six segments of the abdomen are brownish-yellow and not blue, and the tenth segment carries a pair of well defined small spots. The blue colouring of the sides of 2, 3 is largely replaced by greenish brown, and in addition there is a pair of infra-carinal spots immediately below the intercarinal spots on segments 4, 5. Length of hinder-wing, 7 56 mm., @ 57 mm. ie of abdomen, 7 55 mm., 2? 55 mm. i of upper anal appendages, 7 6:2 mm. Were it not for the existence of the specimen of series B I should certainly regard those of series C as belonging to a species distinct from A. 86 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, Certainly the appearance of well preserved spirit specimens belonging to the two series is strikingly different. I think we may without doubt regard those of series A as being fairly typical examples of the true 4. guttatus, Burm. On the other hand series C is evidently identical with the specimens described by Martin (loc. cit. p.22) as A. bacchus. These speci- mens are evidently I think not the true bacchus of Hagen which is at best only a slightly differentiated race of parthenope (see Calvert, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Pheladelphia, 1875, pp. 148, 150, fig. 3). The difficulty is increased by the close resemblance between the upper anal appendages of ‘“‘ form C” and those of A. julius, Brauer, which again is a close ally of 4. parthenope. But in ‘form C’ the inferior appendix of the male is very much longer relatively than it is in A. julius as figured by Martin (op. cit., fig. 16). The question as to whether these series should be taken as re- presenting geographical subspecies is one I cannot answer. Series C comes from an elevation of 4000 ft. near Darjiling, and might be regarded as a northern and mountain-dwelling race. I have seen two males of the same form from Japan. But the Indian Museum collection includes a fine female of series A from 4,g00 ft. from Shillong 8252/20, and a second from Nepal valley, 4,500--6,000 ft., 7207/H 1; this latter, apparently mature, is without yellow on the wings. It seems therefore best to note these series and leave any decision for the future. Anax parthenope, Selys. Anax parthenope, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 85. ‘ ; Calvert, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Philadelphia, 1808, pp. 148—149, fig. 3 A—E. a Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschn., p. 21, fig. 15. Spirit specimens from Kashmir, 27 7 4212/H 1,1 @ 4317/H 1, I? 4008/H tf. Mounted specimens, I % 9775/15 Bangalore, 1 ~ 6306/20 Bangalore from 3000 ft. (damaged, the abdomen from segments 4—Io has been replaced by that of a 9? Anax sp.), I @ 9442/14 Seistan, I 2 5450/20 Srinagar, 1874, I o 7200/H 1 Kashmir, 5200 ft. Specimens mostly in poor condition. All appear to belong to the European race of the species. Its occurrence in Bangalore is comparable to that of Sympetrum fonscolombei in the Nilgiri Hiils (see Calvert, loc, cit., p. 154). Anax immaculifrons, Ramb. Anax eisai Kirby, Cat. Odonata., p. 84. mf Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschn., p. 18, fig. 12. iy Martin, Bull. Soc. entomol. de France, en p. 212 (1909). Ris, Supplementa Entomol. No. V,1916, pp. 63—65 1921. ] F. F. Lamriaw; Indian Dragonflies. 3 c NI I @. Fort, Satara, Bombay Pres. 7930/H 1 (spirit). I @. Talawadi, N. Kanara Distr. 4383/H 1 (spirit). I #. Kutrseong, E. Himalaya, 6000 ft., 25-x-090, EH. A. I Abreu (pinned). I possess also a fine pair from Poona, given me by Major Fraser. Dr. Annandale notes that the species is very active, flies high, oviposits on the surface of the water, and rests on rocks. The spirit specimens, both immature, have a striking appear- ance ; the colour is mainly greenish white with black bands. Dr. Ris (loc. cit.) describes the Indian form as typical and distinguishable from specimens from Hong Kong. Anax (Hemianax) ephippiger (Burm.). Hemianax ephippiger, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 85. Fi if Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, pp. 28—2y, fig. 22. Fraser, Fowrn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1910, p. 574- @. Agra, Dr. Hankin. 4322/H 1. ¢. At light, Rambha Rly. Station, Ganjam Distr., Madras Pres. 8217/20. 9. (fragmentary). At light in railway carriage. 9. Marikappam, S. India. 6505/20. Anaciaeschna jaspidea, Burm. Anactaeschua jaspidea, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 86. ie a Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschn., pp. 30 he. 25. I @. Calcutta (N. Annandale), 9270/14. In very poor condition The dentigerous plate is almost exactly like that of Anax. The median area of the sternite of segment ro carries a consider- able number of minute denticles rather crowded together ; it is not specialized in any other way. I have seen an example of this species from Burma. Its range seems to be chiefly Austro-Malayan. Kruger notes that he has seen a specimen from Calcutta (Stettin Entomol. Zeit. 1898, p. 274). 3I, Series AESCHNA, Of the Indian species referred to Aeschna, two, A. evythromelas Maclach. and A. ovnithocephala, Maclach., are remarkable for the special character of the dentigerous plate of the female which is rather elongate and spout-like, its margin, especially in A. erythro- melas, beset with teeth more regularly arranged and longer than in other species of the genus. A. petalura, known to me only from Martin’s description, should probably be removed to a separate genus. 0 ) Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor xexciie Aeschna mixta. Aeschna coluberculus, Wirby, Cat. Odonata, p. $7. Aeschna mixta, Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, p. 42, fig. 22°. Kashmir. 4319/Hr. This is an addition to the known fauna of Kashmir. Mr. Morton has kindly examined one of the specimens for me and tells me that it cannot be separated from European examples of the species. oP) Aeschna erythromelas, Maclachlan. (TExtT-FiG. 4.) Aeschna erythromelas, Maclachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVII, p- 419 (1896). Aeschna erythromelas, Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, p. 62, ig. 58. 22 21¢. Gopaldhara, Darjiling District (per H. Stevens). Maclachlan (/oc. cit.) has noted the character of the den- tigerous plate of which I give a figure (text-fig. 4). Perhaps with A. orni- thocephala, Macl it may require to be placed in a special section of the genus on account of this char- acter. It is a magnificent species Fic. 4.—Aeschna erythro- of great size and (in the case of the melas 3. ; female at any rate) of striking colora- Apex of dentigerous plate. niont Length of abdomen, ” 62+5°5 mm., 2? 59 mm. a of hinder-wing, 7 53 mm., 9 56°5 mm. The anal appendages as in the case of the next species are small and pointed in the female. Aeschna ornithocephala, Maclachlan. Aeschina ornithocephala, Maclachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVIU, p- 308 (1896). Aeschna ornithocephala, Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, p. 63, fig. 59. 7. Nam Ting Pokri, Sendim Spur, Sitong 4,000 {t. 3007/Hr (teneral). I ¢ i 9. same locality, Oct. 22,1917. 8005/Hr. 2 2 @.same locality and date. 8006/H1. I I Lon! 2. same locality and date. 7574/H1 (teneral). 9.same locality and date. 7570/H1 (adult). Dr. Annandale has sent me the following interesting note on this species, ‘‘ A number of females were observed ovipositing (in October, after the rains) ina bank of fairly dry earth at the edge of the lake, one or two feet above the waterlevel. After hovering, with a buzzing sound, a few inches off the bank for some seconds they settled upon it with the head uppermost. The body was raised on the legs, but the tibio-femoral joint was flexed. The abdomen 1g21.] F. F. Lawriaw: Indian Dragonflies. 8g was turned down in an arch. The median ventral appendage (tere- bra) was pulled out from between the lower paired appendages (valves), and rapidly inserted into the earth, in which it left a smallhole. In this hole an egg was evidently laid. The terebra was then rapidly withdrawn, the abdomen turned aside a little and a new hole made at a different spot. Five or six eggs were thus laid in succession at one place. It was difficult to observe details of the process as it was executed with great speed, but the action of the terebra was easily seen.” The colouring of teneral specimens of both sexes is very similar to that of adult females of A. erythromelas. The denti- gerous plate of the female also resembles that of A. ervthromelas more than any other Aeschna that I know of, but ts rather nearer the typical aeschnid plate, having some irregularly placed spines on its ventral surface near the apex. @ (Teneral). Anterior surface of head dull brown, vertex and occiput very dark brown almost black. Thorax datk brown, with broad antehumeral bands, pointed below, truncate above, of pale yellow colour, on either side of the thorax two broad pale yellow bars. Abdomen brownish red, each segment except the last with a narrow terminal black ring. Segments 1 and 2 with a lateral yel- low band, 3 with a small lateral yellow triangle anteriorly. In the teneral female the colouring is almost identical with that of the male. It differs from that of A. evythromelas chiefly in not having the last three segments of the abdomen entirely black. The more mature female has the summit of the frons black. The abdomital colour deepens to a dull dark brown. A narrow sub-apical ring of greenish yellow appears on each segment from 2-8, and in addition the position of the ‘ jugum’ is marked by a narrow transverse mark of the same colour, interrupted in the mid-dorsal line. The species is remarkable for the open character of the vena- tion, in which respect it approaches Aeschna (°?) petalura, Martin. The anal appendages however are small and pointed in the female. The wings in the adult female have a yellow tinge which is most marked distal to the nodus and on the anal margin. Length of abdomen in adult 2°, 52 mm., of hinder-wing ’ 57°55 mm. Aeschna (?) petalura, Martin. Aaschna petalura, Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschn., pp. 78-79, figs 24-77- As above remarked this species is scarcely a true Aeschna. The shortness of the triangle of the hinder-wing and the narrow intervals above the radial and median supplements mark it off from the more typical species of the genus. Found near Darjiling and in the Khasi Hills. go Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII BJ Series GYNACANTHA. This series contains a large number of highly organized tropi- cal insects in both hemispheres which are crepuscular or at any rate shade-loving. The dentigerous plate of the female is remarkably specialized and bears a remarkable similarity to that of Periaeschna. Gynacantha hyalinia, Selys. Acanthagyna hyalinia, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 95. Gynacantha hvalinia, Kruger, Stettin Entomol. Zeit. 1808, p. 275 seq + Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, pp. 198 199, fig. 203. I @ 5455/20. loc. ?, I @ 5454/20 Darrang, 1 @ £313/4, I 2 8306/4 Sibsagar. These specimens all in bad condition bear labels in de Selys’ handwriting. I o 1478/H 2. Chilka Lake (N.4.), Zool. Surv. I 2 8287/20. Calcutta, ‘ flying at dusk.’ 1 & 7939/H 1. Calcutta, ‘ flew to light in Museum,’ 14-viii-17 (N.A.). I @ 8189/20. Cherrapunji. Gynacantha basiguttata, Selys. Acanthagyna basiguttata, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 95. Gyracantha basiguttata, Kruger, Stettin Entomol. Zeit, 1898, pp. 283— 284, fig. p. 270. be - Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, pp. 192— 193. Ris. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. \.V, pp. 240— 247, fig. 13 (1911), I @ (in fragments) 5456/20. “ Sibs.” (Sibsagar, N. E. Assam) (labelled by de Selys). I have examined 3 males of this species from Lower Stam. It ranges from the Philippine Islands to Burma and Assam. Mar- tin’s figure is not that of the appendages of this species (see Ris, loc. cit.). Gynacantha khasiaca, Maclachlan. Gynacantha khastaca, Maclachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XV U1, p- 411 (1896). Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus. VIII, p. 340 (1914). Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, pp. 202— 203, fig. 207. I 7. Mangaldai, Assam. 6417/20. ” ” Gynacantha saltatrix, Martin. Gynacantha saltatrix, Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys Aeschninae, pp. 194— 195, fig. 199. 1@. Mazbat, Mangaldai District, Assam, 11—r1g-x-10(S.JV. Kemp), 6419/20. t92T.]| F. F. Laiwiraw: Indian Dragonflies. gi _This is the smallest of the Indian species that I know of Length of abdomen 42 + 6 mm., of hinder-wing 39 mm. In addition Gynacantha subinterrupta, Ramb. and Gynacantha furcata, Ramb. have been recorded from Ceylon by Kirby, to- gether with Anax (Hemianax) ephippiger and Anax guttatus (Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXIV, p. 558). Gynacantha millardi, Fraser. Gynacantha millardi, Fraser, Fourn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,. XXVIUI, p. 147. ; I @ teneral. Chota Nagpur. This interesting new species differs from other Indian Gyna- canthas in having but little constriction of the abdomen at the second and third segments, a feature which makes it easily dis- tinguishable from its allies. There is also a 9 specimen from Mangaldai, N.E. Assam, which I am not able to determine, it does not seem to be G. khasiaca, Maclach. Mie ON AN “ANTSOZVCOPRTE ROWS SAR Y 4& FROM THE HIMALAYAS (OrpER ODONATA.) By R. J. Tuyarp, M.A., Sc.D. (Cantab.), D.Sc. (Sydney), F.L.S., F.E.S., Entomologist and Chief of the Biological Department, Cawthron Intitute, Nelson, New Zealand. (Plate XIIT). The Order Odonata is usually subdivided inte two Suborders, the Zygoptera and the Anisoptera, of which the principal characters are by now so well known that it is not necesary to recapitulate them here. Besides these two universally recognised types, there existed in Liassic times an extensive group of Dragonflies, which, to a considerable extent, appears to have combined the characters of the two Suborders in approximately equal measure. Handlirsch, who has studied these insects carefully, has separated them out into a new Suborder, to which he gave the name Anisozygoptera.! There exists at the present day, so far as is known, a single genus and species of Dragonfly, Epiophlebia superstes (Selys), from Japan, which appears to combine the characters of the Zygoptera and Anisoptera in such a manner that it may legitimately be classified in the Anisozygopteta, if Handlirsch’s decision regarding the Liassic types be accepted. ‘This remarkable dragonfly possesses a Gomphine type of coloration, a Gomphine form of head, thorax and abdomen, and an archaic Zygopterous type of wing-venation. In my book on the “ Biology of the Odonata”? I included Hand- lirsch’s Anisozygoptera within the Suborder Zygoptera, and have placed Epiophlebia in the family Lestidae, making it form by itself a subfamily Epiophlebiinae. Up to the present time, the larva of Epiephilebia has remained undiscovered, though it is certainly the greatest prize awaiting discovery in this Order. It was safe to assume, considering the large number of larval characters in which the Zygoptera differ from the Anisoptera, that the discovery of this larva would de- finitely settle whether Epiophichia was a true Zygopteron, as I had provisionally assumed, or whether it combined Zygopterous with Anisopterous characters in such proportion that it would support the recognition of Hardlirsch’s new Suborder Anisozygoptera. For a number of years Mr. F. F. Laidlaw, of Uffculme, Devon, has been working on the Odonate fauna of India. He has a wide knowledge of the whole Oriental fauna, and is our recog- ! Die Fossilen Tnsekten, p. 463 (Leipzig, 1908). 2 ~ . . * Pp. 276, 307 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1917). 04 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII. nised expert on the Dragonflies of this region. Recentty a small collection of Dragonflies from the Himalayas was sent to him for determination. These were collected in June, ra18. In the consignment was a single larva, at first sight very much like a Gomphine latva, which was taken from a rapidly running stream, between Ghum and Sonada, (S. Kemp coll.) at the very high eleva- tion of 7000 feet. The larva, to judge from the length of its wing- sheaths, which reach slightly bevond the end of the second abdominal segment, isin the penultimate instar. The wing-sheaths, of which a pair were dissected off, show the imaginal venational pattern fairly plainly, though the tracheation, of course, had collapsed through long immersion in alcohol. The result of Mr. Laidlaw’s study of this interesting larva was to lead him to believe that it belonged to the genus Epophichia. ‘This result was so startling that he had the larva and its wing-sheaths photographed at the British Museum, where he also consulted Mr. Herbert Campion as to its probable identity. As will be seen from the photographs, which are reproduced in plate XIII, it was scarcely possible to come to a definite conclusion on the matter, though Mr. Laidlaw felt very strongly that his original determination would prove correct. On June ist, 1920, I arrived in London from Sydney to attend the Imperial Conference of Economic Entomologists. Shortly after, I met Mr Laidlaw and Mr. Campion at the British Museum, where the photographs of the larva were submitted to me for my opinion. I must confess that from the photographs alone, I could see little evidence in support of Mr. Laidlaw’s opinion. The general appearance of the larva is distinctly that of a Gomphine or Petali- ine, while the photographs of the wing-venation did not seem to me sufficiently definite to go upon one way or another. As the antennae were five jointed, the labial mask Gomphine-like and the tarsi of normal form and not formed for burrowing, I was inclined to see in this new form the missing larval type of one of the Chlorogomphinae, and suggested the genus Orogomphus. The outcome of the discussions at the British Museum was that Mr. Laidlaw urged me to come down to Devonshire and study the specimen itself, and the slides which he had prepared from it. In July I had to go to Bristol for a few days, and this gave me the necessary opportunity of visiting Mr. Laidlaw for a week-end. I spent the greater part of the time studying this problematical larva, with the result that I came away fully convinced that it belonged to a new species of the genus Epiophlebia. I urged Mr. Laidlaw most strongly to write a paper upon it at once; but he most generously and insistently urged me, on the other hand, to undertake the work myself, and finally I consented to do so. He also lent me his notes and description of the larva, for use in the preparation of this paper. I desire here to thank Mr. Laidlaw for his generous help and to state that full credit for the original determination of this larva as belonging to the genus Efiophlebia is due to him alone. I consider 1921.| R. J. Trnvarp: Epiophlebia laidlawt. 95 that the evidence obtained from a study of the larva itself, and from the slides of the two wing-sheaths and the gizzard, prepared from it, is sufficient to prove this. Most unfortunately, Mr. Laid- law did not succeed in obtaining a good preparation of the rectal region; the larva, when I came to study it, had had the contents of the distal half of the abdomen removed, so that we cannot now say whether it possessed any rectal gills, or, if it did, what type of gills they were. In describing this larva, I propose to depart from a practice which I have hitherto followed most stringently, viz. never to give a name to a larval type. ‘The reasons for this departure may be shortly stated here. Firstly, the larva is of such absorbing interest, that it seems necessary to give it a name, to facilitate future discussions upon it. Secondly, it seems reasonably certain that, if I refrain from naming it, after having described it, some, body else will certainly step in and doso sceing that the precedent for the naming of larval types has already been set up in America. And thirdly, as this is only the second species of the Suborder known to exist in the world to-day, the other being in Japan, the likelihood that two species of the same genus Eftophlebia would occur in one locality on the Himalayas, at such a high elevation, seems so remote that it may be reasonably ignored. That being so, it is clear that the figure given of the imaginal venation on the wing-sheath of the larva is, to all intents and purposes, an imaginal character, and sufficiently clear and detailed to make the recogni- tion of the imago, when it is at last captured, a certainty. For these reasons, I have decided to name the larva, and now have much pleasure in dedicating the new species to my old friend Mr. Laidlaw in recognition of the fact that he was the first to determine its true affinities. Epiophlebia laidlawi, n. sp. (Plate XIII and text-figures I-4.) Description of the penultimate larval instar. Total length 20.2 mm.; length of abdomen 11°5 mm.; breadth of head across eyes 5°3 mm.; greatest breadth of abdomen at seventh segment 5°4 mm. Build stout, in general appearance superficially Gomphine-like but more closely resembling the larval type of the Petaliini. Hairs are entirely absent (except those of the maxillae, and a few small ones on the underside of the tarsi). Surface of the body and wing-sheaths strongly rugose, being covered with small, but very distinct, wart-like prominences. General colouy, a medium brown. Head.—Eyes large, dark brown, well-rounded, placed at the antero-lateral angles of the head. Postocular lobes well developed, somewhat projecting, convex externally, but cut off rather straight internally, where they converge inwards to the rather narrow occipital region. Ocelli present, small but well marked, and placed far apart to form a triangle. Antennae (text-fig. 2a) stoutly g6 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, built, five-jointed, arising from the outer ends of an epicranial ridge bordering the crescentic line which marks the division of the epicranium from the clypeus; first and second joints (scape and pedicel) stouter than the rest, the pedicel about twice as long as the scape, its surface pitted all over; of the distalia, the third joint is as long as the fourth and fifth together, and slighty longer than the pedicel ; the fourth joint is slightly narrower than the third, while the fifth is much narrower, fusiform, and ending in a minute conical sense-organ. A deep groove separates the clypeus from the labyum, which is wide, and arched slightly from side to side. The mandibles are shown in text-fig. 1. Each mandible is short with a broad base, and carries two series of teeth, one apical and DExXE-FiG. 1. Mandibles of the larva of Eptophlebia laidlawi n. sp. a, right mandible viewed from the inner side; 4, left mandible, similarly viewed but with the two lobes somewhat split apart. one internal. They were studied by laying the larva on its back and pressing each mandible in turn outwards with the point of a dissecting needle. In doing this, the left mandible split apart down its middle, thus exposing more clearly the separate teeth forming the two series. The two mandibles differ greatly as may be seen from the figure. The right mandible (text-fig. 1a) has five prominent teeth in the apical series, all more or less conical, but the two end ones somewhat narrower than the others; the internal series consists of four larger teeth, conical, with somewhat rounded apices, together with a much smaller flattened tooth appressed to the surface of the outermost larger tooth, two smaller teeth placed internally from the fourth large tooth, and a large 1g21.] R. J. Trryarp: Epiophilebra laidlawt. 97 tooth placed lower down and somewhat appressed into the space between the bases of the third and fourth teeth of the internal series. In the left mandible (text-fig. 1b), the apical series carries three narrow conical teeth on the outside, followed inter- nally by a single large unequally bifid tooth, separated from the rest by a deep notch; the internal series consists of six smaller conical teeth with well rounded apices, all set in a row along the internal edge of the internal lobe of the mandible, from which the apical lobe was torn away somewhat during exaniination. TEXT-FIG. 2. a. Antenna ot larva of Epiophlebia laidlawi n. sp.; pd, pedicel, sc, scape. 6. Part of the labial mask of the same larva, showing a small portion of the mentum, the median lobe with its median cleft, the right lateral lobe and movable hook, and part of the left lateral lobe (displaced), for comparison of its denticula- tion with that of the right side. c. Portion of the gizzard of the same larva, showing five consecutive dental folds, three major and two minor. The maxillae have a well developed inner lobe, with five strong teeth; the palps carry some stiff hairs, and their tips are considerably hardened. The /abial mask (text-fig. 2b) is of the generalised type found in the Gomphinae and Petaliini. The submentum is short: the mentum somewhat longer than broad, the distal portion squarish, but narrowing towards the base; a median groove runs up from the base for more than two-thirds the length of the mentum, The median lobe is small, only slightly projecting, furnished with a 98 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor,. XXII, row of short hairs, and split in the middle by a moderately deep, very narrow, cleft. The lateral lobes are large, slightly concave internally, the distal border rounded, with a slight notch near the apex ; the inner border is slightly and irregularly denticulate along the distal half of its length; the denticulations of the right and left lobes do not correspond, as may be seen from text-fig. 2b. The movable hook is large, strongly built, nearly as long as the outer margin of the lateral lobe below its insertion, and with a slightly nodding apex, No setae present either on the mentum or on the lateral lobes. A comparison between this labium and the types found in the Gomphinae and Petaliini shows that it differs from them mainly in the relative proportionate length of the parts of the lateral lobes and movable hook. In the two groups mentioned the movable hook is always either longer than, or at least equal to, the length of the margin below its insertion: the shorter movable hook here decribed suggests a comparison with the Megapodagrion- inae and Synlestinae. The proportionate amount of projection of the apical portion of the lateral lobe, internally to the movable hook, is again much less than in the Gomphinae and Petaliini, while the notching of the apex, and the appearance of the most prominent denticulations just below it, suggest the beginnings of the division of this part of the lobe into distinct teeth, asin Zygoptera. Thorax stoutly built, the prothorax without spines, but with its antero-lateral angles produced somewhat cephalad, as two lobes with rounded apices. The prothorax and median portion of the synthorax are very strongly rugose or tuberculated. Wing-sheaths laid parallel along the middle line, those of the hindwing projecting backwards to about the middle of the second abdominal segment. This probably indicates that the larva was in the penultimate instar. The sheaths are hairless, but with some patches of dirt adhering to them; the sheath of the hindwing is a little broader and very slightly shorter than that of the forewing. (The right pair of wing-sheaths was dissected off by Mr. Laidlaw, as shown in plate XIII, fig. 1, and mounted on two separate slides, from which the photomicrographs in plate XIII, figs. 2, 3, were taken). The wing-venation is of the very greatest interest. But a study of the photomicrographs shown in plate XIII, figs. 2, 3, although it reveals many points of interest, does not yield enough evidence to allow of a definite placing of the larva in its correct systematic position. After examining these, and also the slides from which they were prepared, I obtained Mr. Laidlaw’s permission to cut off the Jeff hindwing and examine it separately on a slide. The canada balsam mounts prepared from the right fore and hind wings were not satisfactory ; hence I examined this further wing in 70% alcohol only. By using a strong light, transmitted vertically upwards through the wing, it was possible to bring out much more definitely the pale bands foreshadowing the actual imaginal venation, especially on the basal part of the wing, which, 1g2T.| R. J. Tmyarp: Epiophlebia laidlawr. 99 owing to its greater thickness, did not yield any very clear result in the photomicrographs. In drawing the left hindwing, I used an Abbe camera-lucida, and prepared a ‘‘ negative” by the simple process of blacking in all the pigment bands which appeared pale on the wing itself. This ‘“‘negative’’, which, of course, would re- present very closely a ‘‘ positive’’ of the imaginal wing, (in which the veins are black on a hyaline background), is reproduced in text-fig. 3. The cross-venation of the distal part of the wing was not definitely enough outlined to allow of the drawing being completed distally; but a fairly good idea of the position of the cross-veins in this part of the wing may be obtained from a study of the photo- graph of the right forewing in plate XIII, fig. 2. In the left hindwing, the number of actually visible anteno- dals of the first series is twelve, of the second series fourteen; none of these appear to correspond exactly except the first and fourth TEXT-FIG. 3. ‘“ Negative '’ of imaginal venation in left hind-wing of larva of Eprophlebia laidlawi n. sp. A, anal vein; Cz, cubitus with its branches Cz, and Cuz; MZ media with its branches M4), Mp. M3, and My, ; Ma, postnodal sector ; N, nodus ; gu, quadrilateral ; R, radius ; Sc, subcosta. of the first series, which are in line with the first and sixth res- pectively of the second series. These, moreover, are much more strongly marked than any of the others. Consequently it seems a legitimate assumption that they represent the two so-called “hypertrophied’’ antenodals, which are found in all the Anisoptera, but outside of that Suborder only in the genus Epro- phlebia. From the photograph of the right forewing (plate XIII, fig. 2) it can be seen that there are eight or more postnodals, though the exact number cannot be determined. The nodus is <—shaped and very clearly marked, with M arising directly from the subnodus below it. I have not marked the position of the oblique vein,in text-fig. 3, as I could not make out the cross-veins clearly in this region of the wing, but in the photograph of the right hindwing (plate XIII, fig. 3), the oblique vein can be clearly seen, lying about three cells distad from the origin of M,, below it. 100 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, In the right forewing the pterostigma can be seen to be about three times as long as broad and covering several cells. There are no interpolated veins, except only M,,, which can be clearly seen, both in text-fig. 3, and in the photograph of the right forewing. Ms is a nearly straight vein lying below, and almost parallel with, M,. Its anterior portion, forming the so-called ‘‘bridge vein’’, is clearly marked, though the pigment-band becomes very thin basally, so that it is impossible to determine whether it arises from M,,, above, or from M, below. It is quite clear, however, that its point of origin lies not far distad from that of M.,, far basad from the subnodus. The origin of M, appears to be placed closer to the arculus than to the level of the nodus, viz. about four or five cells distad from the arculus. MM, and M, are nearly paral- lel for most of their lengths, and are separated by a single row of cells, except for a short space distally. The arculus is strongly marked, with the sectors arising separ- ately near its middle. ‘The quadrilateral can be quite clearly seen in the left hindwing; it is broad, strongly built, with the lower distal angle about 45°, and the upper or costal side only about two- thirds as long as the lower or anal side. ‘The basilar space is broad and free. The discoidal field is broad, but carries only a sin- gle row of cells for the first half of its length; distad from this, M, and Cu, diverge widely, so that the number of cell-rows rapid- ly increases. In the right forewing, the quadrilateral can be seen to be considerably narrower than in the left hindwing. Between the cubitus and anal vein, basally, there is a clearly marked cross-vein lying basad from the quadrilateral; this is cer- tainly the anal crossing, Ac. Further distad, under the quadrila- teral itself, there is another cross-vein. ‘The anal vein itself appears to run without any break below the quadrilateral, and Cu, leaves the distal angle of the latter obliquely, and joins the anal vein at a fairly acute angle. Thus the continuation of the vein which we usually call Cu, appears, in the wings of this larva, rather as if it were really A, with Cw, descending like an oblique vein upon it. Cu, and Cu, are separated by a single row of cells for most of their lengths. Distally, however, Cu, arches strongly over before teaching the wing-margin, so that the number of cell-rows above it is much increased, Cu, ends up very slightly beyond the level of the nodus, Cu, somewhat before the same level, the ends of the two veins being separated by six very small but quite clearly marked cells. The very distinct narrowing of the base of the larval wing shows quite clearly that the imaginal wing is of a somewhat petio- late type. The most basal cross-vein visible in the anal space is situated distad from the level of the arculus ; in fact, it lies distinctly beyond the level of the cross vein already noted as occurring in the subquadrangular space, helow the quadrilateral itself. 1921.] R J. Trnyarp: Epiophlebia laidlawr. IOI Two patches of dirt which I failed to remove from the wing are shown in situ in text-fig. 3. They do not hide any important details. The Jegs are fairly short, the hind femora reaching nearly to the middle of the sixth abdominal segment. The femora are fairly wide, flattened; they carry two longitudinal ridges anteriorly and a single well marked ridge posteriorly. The tibiae are much narrower than the femora, but similarly ridged. The tarsi are three-jointed, not constructed for burrowing or digging, and having the third or apical joint longest. The claws are well developed, with strongly hooked ends. Ventrally, the last tarsal joint carries a well defined ridge furnished with hairs on either side, and projec- ting slightly as a small rounded prominence between the claws. Abdomen broad, subcylindrical from base to seventh segment, then tapering rapidly to analend. Dorsal surface generally convex, carrying alow median ridge interrupted segmentally, and having on each segment, from I to 8 on either side of this median ridge, a set of four shallow hollows separated by narrower, low ridges. On segments 2 to g the median ridge is notched anteriorly by a somewhat triangular, narrow slit or hollow. The ridges are more strongly rugose or tuberculated than the hollows. Neither dorsal nor lateral spines are present, but the lateral angles of the segments, dividing the dorsal from the ventral surface, are strongly marked. The ventral surface is somewhat flattened, trilobate in form, the middle division being slightly convex, the two lateral divisions flat- tened. From 1 to 7, the segments become consecutively slightly longer and wider; 8 is somewhat longer than 7, but not quite so wide ; 9 is both shorter and narrower than 8, but is produced back- wards on either side so as to embrace Io, which is very narrow, and about half aslong as 9 measured mid-dorsally. The rudiments of the male valvules are visible ventrally on segment &. Anal Appendages :—Caudal gills are not present. The appen- dages may be said to be generally similar to those of the Anisop- tera, but possess at least one feature not before noted in any type of anal appendage within the Odonata (text-fig. 4). The appendix dorsalis (text-fig. 4 ad) is small, not as long as segment Io, and triangular in shape. Dorsally it carries a raised area which is somewhat bifid in the middle of its distal margin (text-fig. 4, k); this would appear to indicate the position of the involucre of the male inferior appendage. On either side of the appendix dorsalis can he seen the small and somewhat conical cercoids (c’!, which become the superior appendages of the imago. The cerct (text-fig. 4¢) are broad and somewhat leaf like ap- pendages, more than twice as long as the appendix dorsalis. They are placed far apart at their bases, which are broad, and converge inwards towards their tips, which are well pointed. ‘Their internal sides, bordering the appendix dorsalis, appear to be rather com- plexly folded; but this may be partly due to the mode of preser- vation of the specimen. 102 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XXII, Viewed ventrally, the cerci show at their apices a very con- spicuous whitish swollen area, which is protected by a brush of strong, stiff hairs arising from around its base. The tip of this swelling, which is also the apex of the cercus itself, carries a tumid pore (g/) evidently the opening of some gland or internal cavity. One might perhaps hazard the guess that water may be drawn in through these pores, and that by this means the cerci first began to function as gills. These structures are, in any case, unique amongst Odonate larvae, and are therefore of the greatest interest. TEXT-FIG. 4. Anai appendages of larva of Epiophlebia laidlawi n. sp. ; a, dorsal view; 6, ventral view. ad, appendix dorsalis ; c, cerci ; c’, cercoids ; gl, pore at apex of cer- cus ; &, involucre of male inferior appendage of imago. If more material of this species, properly fixed, could be obtained, the internal morphology of these organs should most certainly be carefully worked out. Gizzard :—The gizzard was extracted by Mr. Laidlaw, and the following description is made from a study of his slide. The armature consists of sixteen dental folds, eight of these being major folds and eight minor. All the folds carry only generalised, separate teeth. A feature not before noted, I believe, in any Odonate gizzard, is the further specialisation of the eight major folds into four distinctly broader and shorter, and four 1921. ] R. J. Tinyarp: Epiophiebia laidlawi. 103 9 p distinctly narrower and longer ones; in text-fig. 2c, two of the former and only one of the latter are shown. ‘The minor folds al- ternate, as usual, with the major, and the two types of major folds also alternate with one another. Each major fold carries from four to six, or even in one case, seven teeth, the usual num- ber being five. Each minor fold carries from two to four teeth only, the usual number being two. The teeth are placed irregularly on the fold, those of the broader major folds tending to become grouped close together, while those of the narrower tend to become ar- ranged into a single longitudinal line. The teeth are subconical, set on fairly broad bases, and having their apices somewhat hooked. It will be seen that this type of gizzard comes closest to the more generalised type of sixteen-folded gizzard, which is found in the Calopterygidae and the older sub-families of the Agrionidae. The folds are, however, more reduced than in the generalised type and carry a much smaller number of teeth ; in this respect the giz- zard shows some affinity with that of the Synlestinae, though this latter has undergone reduction to a total number of eight folds. One might also see some affinity with the eight-fold gizzard of the Petalurinae, in which the reduction of the individual folds has proceeded even further, there being seldom more than two teeth on any given fold. The structure of the rectum could not be studied, as it had been removed. In his notes, Mr. Laidlaw remarks: ‘‘I have failed to make any satisfactory preparation of the rectum.” Type.—Specimen No. 1448/H2 in the collection of the Indian Museum at Calcutta. Habitat.—Rapidly running stream, 7000 feet above sea-level, between Ghum and Sonada, Darjiling district, Himalya Mountains. Discussion of the systematic position of the larva. In dealing with this problem, we may begin by listing those characters which appear to be Anisopterous into one column, and then arranging in another column those characters which appear to he Zygopterous. We then get the following result :— Anisopterous Characters. Zygopterous Characters. General build and facies of the Wing-venation. larva. Gizzard. Labial mask. Anal appendages. In addition to these, we may say that the characters offered by the antennae and legs do not incline us perceptibly towards the one Suborder more than the other. Bearing in mind the fact that the Petalurinae alone of all known Anisopterous types possesses a gizzard of eight folds, while all the rest of the Anisoptera have only four. I have always been prepared to admit the likelihood of eight folds occuring in the gizzard of the so far undiscovered larva of the Chlorogomphinae, 104 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, though I think it much more unlikely that there should be sixteen. Apart from this, the general build of this larva, the form of its labial mask, and the structure of the anal appendages, might very well be those belonging to this sub-family. It is, therefore, to the wing-venation that we must finally turn for a decision. ‘That is absolutely conclusive. After a carefulstudy of the two slides of the right wings prepared by Mr. Laidlaw, and a more detailed study of the left hindwing dissected off by myself, I have no hesitation in saying that this larva belongs to the family Epiophlebiidae and that there is no character visible in the venation which would require its allocation to any other genus than to Epiophiebia itself. In text-fig. 5, I show the venation of the imago of Epiophiebia superstes (Selys) from Japan, in order to institute a close compar- TEXT-FIG. 5. Venation of Epiophlebia superstes (Selys) from Japan, (Hw. 31 mm.) After Needham. ison with that of the larva here dealt with. It will be seen at once that, if we allow for the fact that the wing is not yet expanded, the comparison is overwhelmingly in favour of the conclusion that the larva belongs to the genus Epiophlebia. The characters in which Epiophilebia differs from all other known non-Anisopterous genera are the following :—Presence of the two thickened or “‘ hypertrophied ’’ antenodals; difference in the shape of the fore and hindwing quadrilaterals, the latter being much wider than the former, and both being acutely angled distally ; form of the discoidal field, which is strikingly broader than the spaces above and below it, but at the same time possesses, for most of its length, only a single row of cells. Each of these three important characters appears to be pre- sent in the larval wings exactly as in Epiophlebia. This evidence should be sufficient to place the larva within the family Epiophlebiidae. But we may reinforce it by enumerat- ing the other venational characters, which, though not peculiar to Epiophlebia, are to be found in that genus, and which, taken together with the three characters mentioned above, practically define the genus as far as its wing-venation is concerned. These 1g2I. | R. J. Trrvarp: Epiophlebia lardlawr. 105 are :—the slightly petiolate wing-base ; the <-shaped nodus placed about haif-way along the wings; the form of the pterostigma, strongly built, elongated, about thrice as long as broad ; the presence of the oblique vein ; the absence of any straight or well formed supplementary sectors except M,,; the positions of the points of origin of Msand M, ; the origin of M, directly from the subnodus ; the great divergence of Cu, from Cu, distally, with the strong arching of the former, especially in the hindwing. All these charac- ters are to be seen in the wings of the larva here under discussion. We may now reinforce the argument from the wing-venation by considering the general build and facies of the larva. This is undoubtedly Anisopterous. What non-Anisopterous types are there known which could conceivably possess a stout larva of this type? Most certainly only those genera of stout, heavy build. The only two non-Anisopterous types known which could possibly satisfy these conditions are Philoganga and Epiophlebia. Philo- ganega is such a huge, clumsily built insect for a Zygopterid that it might well possess such a larva as this; also, the locality in which the larva was found might well be a habitat for this Oriental genus. Many details of the venation, however, preclude our acceptance of this solution. Philoganga, for instance, to mention only a few obvious characters, has no hypertrophied antenodals ; its nodus is much closer to the base of the wing than to the pterostigma ; it has no oblique vein between M, and Ms ; its quadrilateral is almost rectangular, and extraordinarily short, not does it differ much in fore and hind-wings ; its discoidal field is much narrower than the space below it; and Cw,, instead of diverging from Cz, distally, converges towards it. Thus we may with safety rule Philoganga out. There remains, then, Epiophlebia as the only possible known genus in which the general build of the imaginal body would lead us to expect a stoutly built larval type of the form we have here. The general build of Eprophlebia, apart from the wings, is distinctly Gomphine ; the same may be said of the larva before us. To settle the question whether we ought to place this larva in the genus Efiophlebia itself, or relegate it to a new genus in the family Epiophlebiidae, we have to rely only upon the wing-vena- tion, since the larva of the only known species of Epzophlebia has not yet been discovered. Against the overwhelming array of characters which we have marshalled, in which the wings of this larva agree with those of Epiophlebia supevstes, we can only mention the following doubtful points: the peculiar condition of the anal vein which appears to run continuously through to Cw,, receiving the basal portion of that vein from above like an oblique vein ; and the presence, in the hind-wing, of a double row of cells for five cells’ length, between Cu, and the posterior margin of the wing ; whereas, in text-fig. 5, the hind-wing of E. swperstes is shown with only one divided cell in this area. Regarding these points, it can easily be seen that, in the pro- cess of expansion of the wing at metamorphosis, the slight angula- 106 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, tion of A at its junction with Cu, might be brought about asa purely imaginal character. Also, the pigment bands of the larval wing are so wide that, even if some slight angulation is really present there, it might easily be overlooked. As regards the double row of cells below Cu, in the hind-wing, it may be noted that a closely similar set occurs in the forewing of Needham’s specimen (text- fig. 5); so that we may regard this character as being probably a variable one in the different wings of separate individuals of E. superstes. Even if we grant the presence of these differences, they are not of greater moment than such as we should expect to find in two species of the same genus, from such widely different localt- ties as Japan and the Himalayas. From the above evidence, it may, I think, be legitimately concluded that the larva belongs to the genus Epiophlebia. The Suborder Anisozygoptera. We have still to answer the question as to whether the erection of the Suborder Anisozygoptera by MHandlirsch was justifiable ; and, in particular, whether the discovery of this larva adds to or detracts from Handlirsch’s opinion. It seems clear that we must now answer this question in Handlirsch’s favour. For a more complete blending of Anisop- terous with Zygopterous characters, within one single larval type, could scarcely have been hoped for, even by the most ardent supporter of Handlirsch’s view. The larval evidence is so strong that, taking it in conjunction with the imaginal characters already known, I have no hesitation now in accepting Handlirsch’s Sub- order Anisozygoptera ; and, consequently, a family Epiophlebirdae must also be recognised. Also, as it is clear for many reasons that the fossil type Heterophiebia, from the English Lower Lias, is a close ally of Epiophlebia, and the same is true of the genus Tyzassoles- tes, from the Upper Trias of Ipswich, Queensland, it follows that this Suborder is the oldest of the three at present existing, so far as our evidence goes. The fact that we have, in Heterophlebia, a type in process of changing from an Anisozygopteron to a true Anisopteron, by formation of a true triangle and supertriangle in the hind- wing, seems to indicate clearly enough that the Anisoptera are descended from the Anisozygoptera ; and, indeed, true Anisop- tera do not appear in the fossil record before the Upper Lias. There does not seem to be as definite evidence that the Zygoptera are descended from the Anisozygoptera ; for there are certainly some venational characters, notably the absence of an oblique vein, in which the Calopterygidae still remain more generalised than Epiophlebia and its allies. Our decision in this case would probab- ly rest upon what forms amongst the earliest known fossil Odonata we were prepared to accent as Anisozygopterous, on the evidence of their wing-venation, and what forms we considered Zygopterous. Probably the earliest true Odonate type combined the more generalised characters of the Calopterygidae on the one hand with those of the Epiophlebiidae on the other. Such a type 1921. ]| R. J. Tityarp: Epiophlebia laidlawi. 107 might very well have arisen, in its turn, from that remarkable group of Protodonata of which Typus permianus, discovered by Dr. Seilards in the Lower Permian of Kansas! was a representative. ! Amer. Fourn. Sct. (4) XX, pp. 249-258 1906. pF EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. Fic. 1.—Larva of Epiophlebia laidlawi n. sp. (xX 4 » 2.—Right forewing of same, dissected off. (xX 3 Right hind-wing of same, dissected off. (x 3 2 3” 20 Rec. InD. Mus., Vou. XXII, 1921. PLATE XIIT. LARVA OF HPIOPHLEBIA LAIDLAWI. Photo.-engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1921 SMI, JOVI Al IS al lee IG IL ION Al, GOED. @)e 13) ANG 1D), 18 15; = IDYIB S(O IRV IL 18} 18) 1D) = By CoLoner F. Wat, C.MG., I.M.S. Theobald in 1868 alluded to a snake in his Catalogue of Rep- tiles in the Asiatic Society’s Museum (p. 51) for which he proposed the name Phavrea isabellina. His remarks are so brief that they do not amount to a description, and he has made a serious mistake in one very important particular, viz. in the number of the costal rows. Boulenger on the data available made a guess at its iden- tity, and in his Catalogue refers to it under the name of Psammophis condanarus (Cat. Vol. III, 1896, p. 165). IT have recently examined the type-specimen in the Indian Museum, and find that it is not an Opisthoglyph species at all, but is nearly allied to the Aglyphous genus Tropidonotus. The speci- men is faded, and the surface of the scales rubbed, but otherwise is in good preservation. Description.—Head moderately elongate. Snout moderately rounded. Eye moderate with round (?) pupil. Neck hardly evident. Body of moderate girth and of nearly uniform calibre throughout. Belly rounded. Tail moderate, being about one- fourth the total length. Lepidosis.—Rostval. Depth about two-thirds the breadth; touching six shields ; portion visible above subequal to the suture between the internasals. Internasals. Two; the suture between them three-fourths that between the praefrontal pair, four-fifths the internaso-praefrontals. Praefrontals. Two; the suture between them about five-thirds the praefronto-frontal sutures ; in contact with the postnasal, loreal, praeocular, and supraocular. Fvontal. Rather longer than the snout, rather shorter than the parietals : in contact with six shields, the fronto-supraocular sutures three times the length of the fronto-parietals. Nasals. Divided; the posterior shield rather deeper and longer than the anterior. Nostril entirely in the anterior shield, and inthe upper two-thirds of the suture. . Loveal. Small, square, less than half the length of the nasals. Pyaeocular,one. Postoculars,two. Temporal,one. Supra- labials, eight ; the second and third touch the loreal, third and fourth the praeocular, fourth and fifth the eye, and the sixth and seventh the temporal. Posterior Sublinguals. Subequal to the ante- rior, touching the fifth and sixth infralabials. Imnfralabials, six, the sixth about three-fourths the length, and twice the breadth of the posterior sublinguals, in contact with two scales posteriorly. Costals.—In 19 rows two heads-lengths behind the head, 19 in midbody, 17 two heads-lengths before the vent. Vertebrals not IIo Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XXII, 1g2t | enlarged, smooth. No apical pits or facets. Not emarginate apically. Ventrals, 166. Anal divided. Szbcaudals, 82, divided. Length, 520 mm. (1 foot, 8} inches). Taz/, 146 mm. (53 inches), Colouration.—Buft dorsally with a dark dorso-lateral stripe beginning on the snout and continuing to the vent. A similar rather broader subcostal stripe. Belly yellowish. Dentition.--The maxillary dentition is that of the genus Am- phiesma. The teeth are diacranterian. The praecranterian are anododont, and coryphodont and number dubiously 17. The cran- terian are 2, subequal, and about twice the length of the last praecranterian. - Locality.—Bassein, Burma. No. 8730. I think the species is entitled to rank in a genus apart from Amphiesma, the costals not being keeled, and not emarginate. The postoculars are two instead of three, the posterior sublinguals touch three instead of two infralabials, and the 6th infralabial touches only two scales posteriorly. XIV: NOTES ON EPAMELLIBRANCHS IN THE INDIAN MUSEUM. By B. PrAsSHAD, D.Sc., Offg. Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. (Plate XV.) 3. THE GENUS VILLORITA GRIFFITH AND PIDGEON (=VELORITA, GRAY). The genus Villovita, Griffith and Pidgeon, hitherto known from shell-characters only, has been the subject of interesting controversy. Some of the authorities did not consider it distinct from the genus Cyrena, Iamarck, but others, owing to the differ- ences in the shape of the shell and the hinge-teeth in the two genera, separated Villorita as a distinct genus. The soft parts now described uphold this latter view. Iredale! recently has rightly questioned the propriety of the name Velorita, Gray, by which name the genus was hitherto known in literature. He considers that it should be replaced by Griffith and Pidgeon’s name Villorita, which was by all subsequent authors regarded as only a misprint for Gray’s Velovita. A short review of the whole question will not be out of place here. The type- species of the genus was described by Gray” as Cyvena cyprinotdes in 1825, and figured by Wood® as Venus cyprinoides three years later. Griffith and Pidgeon‘ in 1833 published a figure of Gray’s type-specimen under the name Vullovita cyprinoides with the following meagre description in the alphabetical list of figures ‘“ Villorita cyprinoides, Gray (Cyrena cyprinoides, Wood). Olive green.” Iredale assumes from this and the following note in Griffith and Pidgeon’s preface ‘‘ Most of the inedited shells in this work are from the collection in the British Museum” that Gray had, prior to 1833, probably labelled his specimens as Vzllorita cyprinoides, though in his later work*® he published the name as Velorita. Whatever may have been the sequence of events, there is no doubt that Griffith and Pidgeon were the first authors to introduce the name Villovita in literature, and their name, prob- ! Tredale, Pvoc. Malacol. Soc. London XI, p. 178 (1914); see also rbid., X, Pp: 294——309 (1913). 2 Gray, Ann. Philosophy, n.s., 1X, p. 136 (1825). 5 Wood, Index Test. Supplement, pl. ii, fig. 14 (1828). 4 Griffith's Animal Kingdom, XII, pl. xxxi, fig. 5 (1834), the date on the plate is 1833. 5 Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus., p. 149 (1840) and rbid., p. 78 (1842). 112 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XXII, ably also the original manuscript name of Gray, must have precedence over Gray’s later name Velorita. Gray believed his specimen of V. cypyinoides to have come from Japan, but Prime! considered it doubtfully to be an inhabit- ant of the Philippines. The second species V. cochinensis* was described by Hanley from Cochin on the Malabar Coast of Peninsular India, while Prime*® was not sure as to the habitat of his new species V. pavvula. I know of no authentic records of the occurrence of this genus outside the limits of the Malabar Coast in Peninsular India since both Grav’s and Prime’s localities can not be accepted as correct, and all authentic specimens in the Indian Museum are from the same area. Fischer * considered the genus to be strictly confined to India, and Preston” following him was of the same opinion though, without giving any reasons, he included the Philippine Islands in the range of distribution of the genus. It appears, therefore, from all authentic records available, that the genus is a true Indian one occurring only in the brackish water areas on the Malabar Coast of Peninsular India. Leaving aside the scattered references in literature to this genus the only works of importance are (i) Prime’s Catalogue of of Corbiculidae (loc. cit.), (ii) Sowerby’s Monograph in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, (iii) Clessin’s revision of the genus in Martini and Chemnitz’s Conch. Cab., and (iv) Preston’s account of the two species (loc. cit.) and later his description® of a new species (V. delicatula) from the Cochin backwaters. Prime’s earlier papers on the various species are referred to in his later catalogue and need no further remarks, beyond the fact that from his short des- cription it appears that his new species V. parvula is probably a young shell of V. cvprinoides only. His catalogue includes most of the earlier references on the subject. Sowerby’s monograph as was shown in Smith’s review’ is not a work of any importance. Not only are references to the species V. vecurvata and V. parvula omitted, but the species V. cochinensis is erroneously referred to Smith instead of Hanley. His descriptions and figures also are very poor and the habitat of the two species dealt with is in- correctly stated. It may be noted here, that V. recurvata is not a Villorita, but should, as Deshayes and Prime have done, be referred to the genus Corbicula, Clessin’s Monograph, though better than Sowerby’s, appears mainly to be a compilation. No critical analysis of the three species dealt with is given, and was very probably based on an examination of very scanty material of V. cyprinoides alone. Preston omits all reference to V. vecurvata and V. parvula, and recognizes two Indian species V. cyprinoides ! Prime, Cat. Corbiculidae, in Amer. Fourn. Conch. V, p. 141 (1870). 2 Hanley, Proc. Zcol. Soc. London, p. 543 (1858). 3 Prime, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York VIII, p. 418 (1867). 4 Fischer, Man. Conchyliologie, p. 1092 (1887). 5 Preston, Faun. Brit. Ind., Freshw.-Moll. p. 209 (1915) 6 Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. XII, p. 37, figs. 13, 13a, 4 (1916). 7 Smith, Fourn. Conchyliologie, XXIX, pp. 38—42 (1881). 1921. |] B. PrasHap: Notes on Lamellibranchs. 113 and V. cochinensis. As stated already he later described a new species from the Cochin backwaters as V. delicatula I have examined the types of this species and find that it is based on very young shells ; this is discussed fully further on. The collections in the Indian Museum have receatly been greatly enriched by a large series of specimens of both dry shells and spirit preserved specimens from Travancore backwaters on the Malabar Coast received through the courtesy of Mr. N. P. Panickkar of the Travancore Fisheries Department. This large collection has rendered it possible to go into the question of the validity of the different species of the genus, and to describe the soft parts of this interesting genus, Villorita, Griffith and Pidgeon. 1825. Cyrena (in part), Gray, Ann. Philosophy, n.s., 1X, p. 137- 1828. Venus (in part), Wood, /ndex Test. Supplement, pl. ii, fig. 14. 1834. Villorita, Griffth and Pidgeon, Animal Kingdom XII, pl. Xxxi, fig. 5. 1847. Velorita, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London XV, p. 184. 1853. Velorita, Gray, Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, X1, p. 38. 1854. Velorita, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. Conchifera II, p. 240. 1858. Velorita, Adams, H. and A., Gen. Rec. Moll. Il, p. 440. 1878. Ve.orita, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. XX, p. 1, figs. ta—c. 1879. Velorita, Clessin, Cycladea in Martini-Chemn., Conch. Cabh., p. 244. 1887. Velorita, Fischer, Man. Conchyliologie, p. 1092. 1914. Villorita, Iredale, Proc. Malacol. Soc. London XI, p. 178. 1915. Velorita, Preston, Faun. Brit. Ind., Freshw. Moll., p. 209. The question regarding the name and the validity of the genus has already been discussed in the introductory part. A detailed description of the genus was given by Fischer and a translation of it in English will be found in Preston’s volume. No accurate description of the hinge has so far been published, I have, there- fore, thought it desirable to give a detailed description of the two valves separately. Right valve.—Anterior lateral tooth short and thick, nearly straight or only slightly slanting, with its posterior edge cut off at an obtuse angle and having a rather deep groove above it for the fitting in of the elbow-shaped anterior lateral tooth of the left valve ; posterior lateral elongate, about 1} times as long as the anterior, somewhat blade like and extending up to the anterior border of the sear of the adductor muscle; of the three cardinal teeth, middle one best developed and the anterior one very small and feeble, all three slanting in an antero-posterior axis. Left valve.—Anterior lateral fairly large, elbow-shaped, sep- arated from the margin of the shell by a narrow chink but having a deep groove for the anterior lateral of the right valve, posterior lateral less developed than in the right valve, somewhat curved, arising as a thick ridge out of a cavernous hollow; of the three cardinal teeth the posterior most is the most feebly developed while the middle is the stoutest. 114 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vo.. XXIT, The muscle-scar for the anterior adductor muscle is somewhat pressed in below the anterior lateral tooth and is fairly deeply impressed, while that of posterior adductor is quite shallow. The palleal line shows a distinct though poorly developed sinus in its course very near its origin from the posterior adductor impression. Soft parts.—A detailed description of the soft parts is given further on; the following characters may, however, be noted :-— animal with the mantle having a regular row of finger-shaped papillae on its inner surface slightly internal to the edge; two siphons of moderate size, the anal much the shorter; siphonal orifices papillose ; foot triangular, acutely pointed at the apex, rather large but not very muscular; gills of unequal size, inner much broader; palpi triangular, elongate. As a result of a careful study of the large collection before me I am unable to recognize V. cochinensis, V. parvula and V. delicatula as species distinct from V. cyprinoides. Both V. cochin- ensts and V. delicatula, however, are sufficiently characterized to be designated as distinct varieties, while V. parvula, from its meagre description of the unique type of Prime, appears to be only based on young shells of V. cyprinoides. I also take this opportunity to describe a very characteristic new species from Travancore under the name V. cornucopia. Villorita cyprinoides (Gray). Plate XV, figs. I—4. 1825. Cyvena cyprineides, Gray, op. cit., p. 130. 1828. Venus cyprinoides, Wood, op. cit., pl. il, fig. 14. 1834. Villorita cyprinoides, Griffith and Pidgeon, op. cit., pl. XXxxi, ng. 5. a 1854. Velorita cyprinoides, Deshayes, op. cit., pp. 240, 241. 1870. Velorita cyprinoides, Prime, op. cit., p. 141. 1878. Velorita cyprinoides, Sowerby, op. cit., p. 1, figs.'10, 1, Ie. 1879. Velovita cyprinoides, Clessin, op. cit., p. 244, pl. xlii, figs. 3, 4. 1915. Velorita cyprinoides, Preston, op. cit., p. 209. I give below a full description of the forma typica, as the previous descriptions of the species are not quite complete. Shell fairly large, somewhat trigonal, cordate, very oblique ; swollen in the umbonal and middle regions of the shell, greatly compressed below, umbones lying near the anterior margin being recurved anteriorly and somewhat inwards, hollow, separated from the hinge and one another by a narrow chink only; anterior margin short, regularly curved above, nearly straight in the middle, then rapidly curving backwards in continuation of the ventral border ; the latter greatly curved upwards posteriorly to meet the posterior side in an acuminate or narrowly rounded point; posterior side nearly straight, much larger than the anterior and with a low keel ; shell very thick with concentric ridges better marked in the ante- rior than in the posterior half, umbones also striated, often weathered ; a narrow lunule anteriorly and a large, thick external ligament posteriorly ; hinge as in the genus; epidermis olivaecous 1921.] B. PrAsHAD: Notes on Lamellibranchs. TI5 to dark brown or even black, nacre whitish, light yellow near the margin and having a violet border. Geographical Distribution.—The species, so far as is known, is endemic in Peninsular India on the Malabar Coast only. It occurs in brackish water areas though specimens are sometimes carried into nearly fresh water. Soft parts.—The animal is somewhat trigonal, but the greater part of the umbonal region is occupied by a triangular structure formed by the union of the mantle flaps of the two sides only, the rest of the soft parts being somewhat elliptic in outline and lying below this hollow structure. Specimens preserved in spirit are of a whitish colour with dark brown black border in the region of the mantle papillae on the inner surface only, but seen through the translucent mantle flaps, the adductor muscles are dark yellow. The mantle is very thin and translucent up to the palleal junction, below which, owing to the large numbers of radiating muscle fibres, it becomes much thicker; in the region of the papillae it is very thick and opaque. The border is entire without any papillae on the edge, but a continuous row of 1D, small finger-like papillae of a 4 }#