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AMiiggdeousea seen iek oa Siege eee vos reat ata ne oo St Bo Madness Vane Sp hostess erae, BMG OE iat? tm Kee ee eee BeSorre x3. poe Tel PNR MA ADAMS ae ba trdgie ot pars FOR THE REOGPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY v . ha a3 ms i] - ; ; f i] y “ ’ i : — PUBLIC LIBRARY, MUSEUM, AND ART GALLERY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA RECORDS OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM Vole Il Published by the Board of Governors, and edited by the Museum Director EDGAR R: WAIMIE,b.L5. (GA sh DIRECTOR ADELAIDE, 1921-1924: Printep AT THE Hassett Press, CURRIE STREET mbes oes Bean 7) 0 Ee CONTENTS Wont Published April 23, 1921 Catalogue of the Fishes of South Australia, Edgar R. Waite, Pl. i, Text figs. 1-332 - = Z Index to Genera and Species - Z Z Index to Common Names Z £ = No. 2. Published April 3, 1922 South Australia, Edgar R. Waite, Pls. 11-11 - Description of a New Australian Fish of the Genus Congiopus, Edgar R. Waite, Text fig. 333 - Studies in Australian Sharks, No. 4, Edgar R. Waite, ext Nes 334 4 = = - = 2 Record of a European Mollusc not previously reported from Australia, Sir Joseph Verco - = Undescribed Crane-flies (Tanyderidae and Tipulidae) in the South Australian Museum, Dr. Charles P. Alexander, Text figs. 335-336 - - - On Australian Coleoptera, Pt. rv, Arthur M. eae lenis Mexto 337 = s : e Studies ‘n Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No. 1, Herbert M. Hale, Text figs. 338-350 - - - No. 3. Published June 30, 1923 An Aboriginal Girdle, Edgar R. Waite, Pl. v, Text fig. 351 The Marsupial Genus Thalacomys: A Review of the Rabbit-Bandicoots, with the Description of a New Species, Frederic Wood-Jones, Text figs. 352-360 Australian Dung Beetles of the Sub-Family Coprides, Cc Arthur M. Lea, Pls. vi-1x - Studies in Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No. 11, Herbert M. Hale, Pls. x-x1, Text figs. 361-373 = - Review of Australian Mantidae, Norman B. Tindale, Pils: witiextt) Text fies. 374-377) - - PAGE 333 iV CONTENTS No. 4. Published April 30, 1924 Title page Contents - List of Contributors = as 2 a * > Index Six hitherto undescribed Skulls of Tasmanian Natives, with an account of the Palate and Teeth, Frederic Wood-Jones and T. D. cues Pls. xxii-xxv, Vext fie..3738" >) = . - Dummy Mourning Caps of the Murray River Nees: Edgar R. Waite, Pls. xxvi-xxvii - - - ‘ Illustrations of and Notes on some Australian Fishes, Edgar R. Waite, Pls. xxix-xxxi, Text figs. 379-380 Record of European Land Molluscs introduced into South Australia, Sir Joseph Verco - - Notes on Australian Crustacea, No. 1, Herbert M. Hale, Pls. xxxii-xxxiil, Text figs. 381-384 - - Studies in Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No. 11, Her- bert M. Hale, Pls. xxxiv-xxxvi, Text figs. 385-386 Aquatic Hemiptera from Groote Py ene Herbert M. Hale = = s ¥ m On Australian Coleoptera, Pt. v, Arthur M. Ueapaeiee XXXVII-XXXVII1 = = Z x ie Review of Australian Mantidae, Pt. 11, Norman B. Tin- dale sPl secnix so Bext fic. 387 = = ds Notes on and the Synonymy of Xanthoberis siliacea White (Diptera-Stratiomyiidae), G. H. Hardy, Text fig. 388 Index to Catalogue of Fishes z: = = is a (Prices: No. 1, 12/6; No. 2, 5/-; No. 3, 7/6; No. 4;iaeaiae PAGE LIST or CONTRIBUTORS Alexander, Dr. Charles P. Undescribed Crane-flies (Tanyderidae and pee) in the South Australian Museum 2 Paaie, Herbert M. Studies in Australian Aquatic Hemiptera, No.1 - - do. 1m - - do. iris = - Notes on Australian Crustacea, No. 1 - = 2 Aquatic Hemiptera from Groote Eylandt - = = Hardy, G. H. Notes on the Synonymy of Xanthoberis siliacea White (Dip- tera- Stratiomyidae) = m - Jones, Frederic Wood- The Marsupial Genus Thalacomys: A Review of the Rabbit Bandicoots, with the Description of a new Species - Jones, Frederic Wood-, and Campbell, T. D. Six hitherto undescribed Skulls of Tasmanian Natives, with an account of the Palate and Teeth - - - Wea arthur M. On Australian Coleoptera, Pt. rv - - - - do. vy = = 2 - Australian Dung Beetles of the Sub-Family Coprides - Tindale, Norman B. Review of Australian Mantidae, Pt. 1 = - = do. II 2 = - Verco, Sir Joseph Record of a European Mollusc not previously reported from Australia = < % x 2 Record of European Land Molluscs introduced into Sonne Australia = es = = 2 Waite, Edgar R. Bisicouc of the Fishes of South Australia 2 = Two Zip hioid Whales, not previously recorded from South Australia = = = = Description of a New ceoieas ae of the Genus eon Studies in Australian Sharks, No. = = = An Aboriginal Girdle = = Z Dummy Mourning Caps of the Ne ices Natives = Illustrations of anc Notes on some Australian Fishes = PAGE oes) $8 offer 8%. Rec. S.A. Museum, Vor. TI. PLATES i EDGAR R WAITE, pinx . HETEROSCARUS FILAMENTOSUS Cast. CATALOGUE OF THE PiSoHES OP-SOU TH AUSPRALIA. By EDGAR R. WAITE, F.L.S., Direcror Sour Austrratian Museum. Plate i and Text fig. 1—332. Tue primary object of the catalogue, is to record the present state of our systematic knowledge of the fishes found in the seas and fresh waters of South Australia. In doing this, however, it is recognized that the list is a mere foundation, known to be incomplete, but supplied as a basis upon which to build. Examination of much material and consequent revision of the catalogue, as it now stands, will be necessary, but were publication to be withheld until this is accomplished, the list could not be issued for many years to come. The want of a key to the literature of our fishes is a deterrent to would-be students, who might otherwise feel inclined to take up the study: to such the lst wall be useful and an incentive. The angler desires to know more than the fisherman’s names of his spoils; to him the illustrations, and through them references to lterature, will be appreciated and may lead to a wider view of the subject. The interest evineed in this catalogue by officers in the Department of Fisheries indicates that the production will be welcomed by professional fishermen, and though a more popular publication would naturally be preferred by the public generally, it is hoped that the illustrations and accompanying remarks will be appreciated by those to whom ‘thé subject of fish is one of utilitarian, rather than of strictly scientific import. As indicated by the title, the list is confined to an enumeration of the fishes known from the State of South Australia, as politically defined: it therefore includes species recorded from the Great Australian Bight. The western border of the State is the 129th meridian of East longitude, but as it would scarcely be practicable to extend this limit to the ocean, the fishes recorded from the whole of the Bight (the littoral of Western Australia excepted) have been included. Hemmed in as South Australia is, and possessing only a southern seaboard, the marine fauna is conspicuous by the absence of tropical forms, which to a greater or lesser extent occur on the shores of other continental States. Some of the species included in the catalogue are certainly nominal only, but, on the other hand, many remain to be defined, and it is hoped that the publication of the list, imperfect though it is, may be the means of stimulating interest and thus 2 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM increasing our knowledge of the subject. Workers on the fish fauna of South Australia, present or prospective, will in the course of their reading come across specles accredited to South Australia that do not appear in this catalogue. The Zoological Record, for example, for the year 1872, compiled by Dr. Giinther, furnishes several such instances. In that vear Klunzinger(+) published a paper under the title, “‘Zur Fischfauna von Siid-Australien.’’ A glance at the localities supplied shows that the translation should have been Southern Australia, but Giin- ther rendered it as South Australia, which has, of course, a definite and restricted meaning. All the localities given by Klunzinger are Victorian, hence the species therein listed, unless otherwise supported, are not to be included in the fauna of South Australia. Giinther also used South Australia in a similar sense in his own writings, and species therefor included by others do not appear in this catalogue. Such, for example, is Welambaphes nigroris. which was defined in a paper bearing the title “‘On New Species of Fishes from Victoria, South Australia’’ (2); It is well known that many of the species named by Castelnau are ill-founded, but as the descriptions are for the most part meagre, the recognizable ones often imaccurate, and the types, if existing, not accessible, there is little hope of ascertaining the status of several such species named by this author. Illustrating Count Castelnau’s method of taxidermy. It may be of interest to describe the method employed by Count Castelnau to preserve the larger of his specimens. One side of the fish was skinned and, the rather more than half skin, was tacked on to a piece of board, cut more or (1) Klunzinger, Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 17-47, pl. ii. (2) Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xi, 1863, p. 115. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 3 less accurately to the shape of the specimen. The space between the skin and the board was stuffed with sawdust through holes previously cut in the board; the holes were then filled with cotton wadding to prevent the sawdust escaping. The process was usually completed by pasting a piece of newspaper over the board, thus keeping the wadding in place. A glass eye was fixed in the orbit of the show side and the specimen generously varnished. The accompanying illustration is from an example of Tephraeops zebra, so treated and preserved, with some others, in this Museum. The Government has assisted the publication of the catalogue, financially, and, at the instance of the Department of Fisheries and Game, asked that its scope should be extended to interest a larger number of users than would obtain if the list were restricted to purely systematic records. ‘To this end the number of illustrations has been greatly increased. It was originally intended to supply, as far as possible, a figure of a representative species of each genus; as it now stands all species of which a useable picture could be obtained are illustrated. These illustrations will assist in arriving at an approximate disposition in the system of any specimen obtained; they must not, however, be relied upon for absolute determinations; important features, such as the nature of the teeth and squamation and certain comparative dimensions not being indicated. First choice of illustrations has been made from the published drawings by Mr. A. R. McCulloch and myself, either jointly or separately; photographs of casts made in the Museum by the formator, Mr. Robert Limb, under my supervision, and coloured by Mr. G. A. Barnes, have also been used, but the bulk of the figures are culled from illustrations which have appeared in scientific literature published in different parts of the world, the source of which will generally be found in the references to the species to which they are assigned. To meet the requirements of the public, as represented by the Fisheries Department, short explanatory notes are appended to the entries of many of the species, especially such as are used for food. ‘ I have also been asked to supply ‘‘common names’’ for the fishes; where such names exist, these are given: many fishes, however, have no such names, for some of these more or less appropriate ones have been furnished. The edible fishes have, naturally, been named by the public, but such names vary greatly in the different States, and Mr. D. G. Stead has written a pamphlet ‘‘On the need for more uniformity in the vernacular names of Australian Edible Fishes.’’(?) Where known, the aboriginals’ names of fishes have been furnished, and some of these, as for example ‘‘Mullowayv’’ for the Butter-fish (Sciaena antarctica), (3) Stead, Publications, Fisheries Branch, N.S.W., 1911, 12 p. + RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM are even more commonly used than their, English cognomens. The contractions ‘“‘syn.”’ and ‘‘ref.’’ appended to some of the entries denote that further synonomy or references will be found in the publications so indicated. Slight differences in spelling names in the synonomy have not necessarily been observed; for example, separate, entries are not made for Cheilodactylus and Chilodactylus. The dates supplied are, so far as it has-been possible to ascertain them, those of actual publication; for.example, the Report-of the British Association for the year 1842 was published in 1843; references to species recorded in this volume are therefore dated 1843. The catalogue has been reprinted, or rather duplicated, for the State Department of Fisheries and Game, with identical pagination and date of publication, the only deviation from the original being the substitution of the special title page issued with the copies printed for the Department. One cannot, of course, study the fishes of any given area without knowing what has been done elsewhere, but for present purposes it must suffice to indicate the principal systematic works that have been published in Australasia. The completion, in 1870, of Dr. Albert Giinther’s monumental work (+) provided a stimulus for the preparation of local.catalogues. . New Zealand.. The first to appear was Captain F. W. Hutton’s catalogue (*) issued in 1872, followed, in 1893, by Dr. heodore Gill’s ‘‘Comparison of Antipodal Faunas’’ (°). In 1904 Hutton produced another lst (7). The latest published catalogue, issued in 1907, is ‘*‘ A-Basic List of the Fishes of New Zealand,’’ by Edgar R. Waite (°). Australia. Sir William Macleay’s ‘‘ Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Fishes’’ (®) was published in 1880, 1881, and was closely modelled on Giinther’s work, but original observations and descriptions-were introduced. Tasmania. The fishes of Tasmania were included in Macleay’s catalogue, above mentioned, but in 1883 they were separately listed by R. M. Johnston, under the title ‘‘General and Critical Observations on the Fishes of Tasmania”? (1°) which list, as in the case of some of the other works recorded, was later revised. New South Wales. In 1886 J. Douglas Ogilby (1!) published the first catalogue restricted to the fishes of the State. In 1904 Waite issued a list under (4) Giinther; Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i-vili, 1859-1870. (5) Hutton, Fishes of New Zealand: Catalogue with diagnoses of the species, 1872. (6) Gill, Nat. Acad. Sciences, Wash., vi, 1893. (7) Hutton, Index Faunae Novae Zealandiae, 1904. (8) Waite, Rec. Cant. Mus., i, 1907, 1912. (9) Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.Wales, v, 1880; vi, 1881; ix, 1884. (10) Johnston, Pap. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1883, 1891. (11) Ogilby, Catalogue of the Fishes of N.S.Wales with their principal synonyms, 1886. ented a. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5 the title ‘‘Synopsis of the Fishes of New South Wales’’ (1%). This, in turn, is to be superseded by an ‘‘Illustrated Cheek-list,’’ by Allan R. McCulloch (13), of which a first part appeared in 1919. Victoria. The only list of Victorian fishes extant was produced by A. H.8. Lucas in 1880, under the title ‘‘A Systematic Census of Indigenous Fish, hitherto recorded from Victorian Waters’ (!*), Queensland. The publication of a ‘‘Check-list of the Cephalochordates, Selachians and Fishes of Queensland’’ has been undertaken by Ogilby (1°), but so far one part only, published in 1916, and dealing with the Protochordata Mars‘pobranchii and [sospondyli, has appeared. I understand it is doubtful if the state of my old colleague’s health will permit him to continue the work. South Australia. The present catalogue is the first completed lst of the fishes of South Australia to be published, though one previous attempt is to be chronicled. In 1908, 1909, A. H. C. Zietz issued three parts under the title, “‘A Synopsis of the Fishes of South Australia’ (1%). The Leptocardu, Cyclostomata and portion of the Teleostei were included. Western Australia. ) . ’ and oceurs also in the Indian Ocean. Famity MITSUKURINIDAE. MITSUKURINA Jordan, 1898 (owstoni). MITSUKURINA OWSTONI Jordan (Elphin Shark). Mitsukurina owstoni Jord., Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. (ser. 3), i, 1898, p. 200, pl. xi, xi; A.. Zietz, TRIS. S.A;, xxx, 1908 Mp) 201. ?Scapanorhynchus jordan: Huss., Bull. Am. Mus., xxvi, 1909, p. 257, pl. xliv. and text figs. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Biv 28eapanorhynchus dofleini Engelh., Zool. Anz., xxxix, 1912, p. 644. Fig, 26. Mitsukurina owstoni. The size of the spiracle is doubtless variable and can scarcely be regarded as a specific character; its small size in the South Australian example accords with the description of M. dofleini. This specimen, the only one recorded from Austra- lian waters, was caught at Goolwa within the River Murray mouth, in a seven-inch oill-net. Famity ISURIDAE. ISURUS Rafinesque, 1810 (oxyrhynchus). ISURUS GLAUCUS Miiller & Henle (Blue Pointer). Oxryrhina glauca Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 69, pl. xxix. Lamna spallanzanii Day, Fish. India, 1878, p. 722, pl. elxxxvi, fig. 2. Tsurus glaucus Garm., Mem. Mus. Com». Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 38 (ref.). Pig. 27. Tsurus glaucus. Not to be confounded with the Blue Shark, which has small gill-slits and a very unequally-lobed tail. CARCHARODON Miiller & Henle, 1838 (rondeletii = carcharias). CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS Linnaeus (White Pointer). Squalus carcharias Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 235. 2 bo RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Carcharodon rondeletii Mill. & Henle, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), ii, 1838, p. 37 and Plagiost., 1838, p. 70; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dec. viii, 1883, pl. Ixxiv. Carcharodon carcharias Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 32, pl. v, fig. 5-9 (syn.). Fig. 28. Carcharodon carcharias. The great Man-eating Shark; found in all warm seas, its distribution girdling the globe. It attains to between thirty-five and forty feet in length. Teeth of but recently extinct allies, dredged from the mid-Pacific, indicate that these huge sharks were quite ninety feet in length, or as long as the largest living whales. Famity CETORHINIDAE. CETORHINUS Blainville, 1816 (gunneri= maximus). CETORHINUS MAXIMUS Gunner (Basking Shark). Squalus maximus Gunn., Trondhj. Selsk. Skrift., iii, 1765, p. 33, pl. 11. Selache maxima Cuy., Reg. Anim., ii, 1817, p. 129; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. and Ivel., u, 1884, p. 303, pl. elviil, fig. 1. Cetorhinus maximus Gerv., C.R. Acad. Sei. Paris, Ixxxil, 1876, pl. exxxvim- McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xi, 1885, pl. civ; Jord. & Ever., Bull 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1896, p. 51 and iv, 1900, pl. vii, fig. 23; Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Lool:, xxxvi, 1913p. 39 (syn-). Fig. 29. Cetorhinus maximus. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 23 The cast specimen in the S.A. Museum, of which the illustration is a photo- eraph, is over twenty-five feet in length; the species is said to attain to nearly forty feet. The gill-shts extend from the top of the head to the throat, and the gill-rakers act as do the blades of baleen in the whalebone whales, straining from the water the small animals upon which they similarly feed. Famity SQUALIDAE. SQUALUS Linnaeus, 1758 (acanthias). SQUALUS FERNANDINUS Molina (Spiny Dogfish). Squalus fernandinus Moll., Saggio sulla storia Nat. Chih, 1782, p. 229; Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1918, p. 195 (syn.). Acanthias blainvillui and A. megalops Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 367. iv, 1901, p. 33, pl. iv, fig. 2 (foetus). Acanthias vulgaris McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vill, 1883, pl. xxv (not Risso). Squalus megalops Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus. ; Fig. 30. Squalus fernandinus. The young are born alive, and to provide against laceration of the membranes of the mother by the sharp spines in front of the dorsal fins, each is, before birth, covered with a little knob. The sharks of the Squalidae and following Families have no anal fin. ACANTHIDIUM Lowe, 1839 (pusillum). ACANTHIDIUM QUADRISPINOSUM McCulloch (long-snouted Dogfish). Acanthidium quadrispinosum MeCull., Endeavour Res., iii, 1915, p. 100, pl. xiv, fig. 5-8. Fig. 31. Acanthidium quadrispinosum. Found in deep water in the Great Australian Bight and off Victoria. 24 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM OXYNOTUS Rafinesque, 1910 (centrina). OXYNOTUS BRUNIENSIS Ogilby (Rough Shark). Centrina salviana Hutt., T.N.Z. Inst., xxii, 1890, p. 276 (not Risso). Centrina bruniens:s Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., i, 1893, p. 62. Oxynotus bruniensis Waite, Rec. Cant. Mus., 1, 1907, p. 8; McCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 80, pl. xi. 29 Fig. 32. Oaxynotus bruniensis. A small ground shark with high triangular body and rough scales, each having five cusps. Famity SCYMNORHINIDAE. SCYMNORHINUS Bonaparte, 1846 (lichia= licha). SCYMNORHINUS LICHA Bonnaterre. Squalus licha Bonn., Eneyel. Meth., Ichth., 1788, p. 12. Daiatias lichia Gray, Chondropt., 1851, p. 75. Scymnorh nus licha Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 236 (syn.) ; McCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 81, pl. xiv, fig. 1 and text fig. 1. > Pig. 33. Seymnorhinus licha. This and the foregoing species (Oxrynotus brumiensis) oceur in the Great Australian Bight, also in New Zealand waters. WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 25 Famity PRISTIOPHORIDAE. PRISTIOPHORUS Miiller & Henle, 1837 (cirratus). PRISTIOPHORUS CIRRATUS Latham (Saw Shark). . Pristis cirratus Lath., T.L.S., ii, 1794, p. 281, pl. xxvi, fig. 5 (saw) and xxvii. Pristiophorus cirratus Mill. & Henle, Arch. f. Naturg., ili, 1837, and Plagiost., 1838, p. 98. The little saw sharks, of which we have two species, are not to be confounded with the sawfishes (Prist’s), the latter being rays, not sharks, and not, so far, recorded from South Australia. PRISTIOPHORUS NUDIPINNIS Giinther (Saw Shark). Prist-ophorus nudipinnis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1870, p. 432; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vi, 1881, pl. lvi, fig. 2; MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, ele. p10, pl. i, fig. 2. Fig. 35. Pristiophorus nudipinnis. The teeth in the saw are not developed at the expense of the true teeth, which arm the mouth. The young are born alive, and until birth the saw teeth are folded against the blade and so prevent injury to the parent. Famity SQUATINIDAE. SQUATINA Duméril, 1806 (squatina). SQUATINA AUSTRALIS Regan (Angel Shark). Rhina squatina MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. iv, 1879, pl. xxxiv (not Linn.). Squatina squatina Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 37. Squatina australis Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7), xviii, 1906, p. 438. 26 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 36. Squatina australis. Though classed with the sharks, the general features ally it rather with the rays; the broad flattened body, the small dorsal fins and their backward position, the slender tail and character of the vertebrae, are all ray-like; the lateral pesition of the gill-slits indicates affinities with the sharks. It is, in faet, a transitional form. | . SQUATINA TERGOCELLATA McCulloch (Large-spotted Angel Shark). Squatina tergocellata MceCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 84, pl. xv, and text fig. 2. Fig. 37. Squatina tergocellata. Known from a single specimen, taken in the Great Australian Bight. ne : 4 WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 27 OrverR BAT OIDE I (Rays). Famity RHINOBATIDAE. RHINOBATUS Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (rhinobatus). RHINOBATUS PHILIPPI Miiller & Henle (Shovel-nosed Ray). Rhinobatus philippi Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 119, pl. xxxix; Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 278. Rhinobatus banksii Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 123, 192; Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 38, pl. i. Rhinobates vincentianus Haacke, Zool. Anz., vill, 1885, p. 508. Phinobatus bougainvillei Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., x, 1886, p. 464. Fig. 38. Rhinobatus philippi. Unlike the skates, the rays of this Family hatch the eges within the body; the young are thus born alive and active. TRIGONORRHINA Miiller & Henle, 1838 (fasciata). TRIGONORRHINA FASCIATA Miiller & Henle (Fiddler). Rig. 389. Trigonorrhina fasciata. 28 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Trigonorrhina fasciata Mill. & Henle, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), ii, 1837, p. 90 and Plagiost., 1838, p. 124, pl. xliii. Extremely common; a frequenter of shallow water, where it cruises around the jetties in search of food which is harboured by the piles. Famity NARCOBATIDAE. NARCOBATUS Blainville, 1816 (torpedo). NARCOBATUS FAIRCHILDI Hutton (Southern Numbfish). Torpedo farchildi Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 83, pl. xu, fig. 134; MeCullL, Rec. Aust. Mus:, xii, 1909) p. 174 splay. Torpedo fusca Parker, T.N.Z. Inst., xvi, 1884, p. 283, pl. xxii. Narcacion fairchildi Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., 1, 1909, p. 144, pl. xvii. Fig. 40. Narcobatus fairchildi. Frequents deeper water than the foregoing, and its range extends to the south of New Zealand. HYPNARCE Waite, 1902 (subnigra). HYPNARCE SUBNIGRA Duméril (Numbfish). Hypnos subnigrum Dum., Rey. Mag. Zool. (2), 1v, 1852, p. 279, pl. xu. Hypnarce submigra Waite, Rec, Aust. Mus., iv, 1902, p. 180. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 29 Fig. 41. AHypnarce subnigra. The larger forms of the family of electric rays are capable of giving very powerful shocks. This species attains to over two feet in length and, in our waters, 1s subject to peculiar distortion, which greatly changes its appearance. Famity RAJIDAE. RAJA Linnaeus, 1758 (batis). RAJA LEMPRIERI Richardson (Skate). Fig. 42. Raja lempriert. 0 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Raia lemprieri Rich., Fool, Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 34, pl. xxiii. Raja dentata Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 46. aga australis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vill, 1884, p. 461; Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 40, Aa lv. In other countries skates are used as food. The eges are laid in four-cornered cases, the familiar ‘‘Skate-barrows.’’ PSAMMOBATIS Gunther, 1870 (rudis). PSSMMOBATIS WAITII McCulloch (Round Ray). Raja waitii MeCull., Endeavour Res., i., 1911, p. 12, pl. iii, and text fig. 4. Fig. 43. Psammobatis waiti. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA yl Remarkable for its almost circular shape and smooth skin. It is known only from a single specimen, taken off Greenly Island, South Australia. Famity DASYATIDAE. DASYATIS Rafinesgue, 1810 (pastinacus). DASYATIS BREVICAUDATUS Hutton (Stingray). Trygon brevicaudata Hutt., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xvi, 1875, p. 317. Dasybatus brevicaudatus Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1909, p. 151, pl. xxii. Dasyatis brevicaudatus MeCull., Endeavour Res., iii., 1915, p. 102, pl. xv, fig. 1 and xvii, fig. 1. Fig. 44. Dasyatis brevicaudatus. This species was described from a mutilated example, hence the unfortunate name (brevicaudatus). The large dark object seen gliding along the bottom in the deeper water off Kangaroo Island is doubtless this Stingray. 32 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM UROLOPHUS Miiller & Henle, 1837 (cruciatus). UROLOPHUS CRUCIATUS Lacepéde (Banded Stingaree). Raja cruciata Lacep., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1804, p. 201, 210, pl. ly, fig. 2. Leiobatus cruciatus Blainy., Bull. Soc. Philom., 1816, p. 121. Urolophus ephippiatus Rich., Zool. Hreb. & Terr., 1845, p. 35, pl. xxiv. Urolophus cruciatus, Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vili, 1870, p. 485; MeCull., Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 171. Fig. 45. Urolophus cruciatus. Stingaree is the name assigned to the smaller forms, in which the tail is of moderate length and provided with an expanded fin. The larger rays, with a long whip-like tail, are called Stingrays, though the nomenclature is not observed threughout Australia. The Banded Stingaree is a deep-water form, hence the species generally taken by trawling. UROLOPHUS TESTACEUS Miiller & Henle (Stingaree). Trygonoptera testacea Mill. & Henle, Plagiost., 1838, p. 174, pl. Ivii. - Urolophus testaceus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 486; MeCull., Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 174, pl. 1. Trygon testacea Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1908, p. 292. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 33 Trygonoptera mulleru, T. henler and T. australis, Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1866, p. 479, 480, pl. vi, fig. 4, 5 and pl. vu. Fig. 46. Urolophus testaccus. Common in shallow water. There is no poison sac in connection with the tail-spines of the Stingarees, but the spines make jagged and painful wounds. UROLOPHUS EXPANSUS McCullech (Broad-backed Stingaree). Urolophus expansus McCull., Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 178, fig. 2. Fig. 47. Urolophus expansus. 34 =: RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Taken in the Great Australian Bight, 80-120 fathoms. Famity MYLIOBATIDAE. MYLIOBATIS Cuvier, 1817 (aquila). MYLIOBATIS TENUICAUDATUS Hector (Eagle Ray). Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Heet., T.N.Z. Inst., ix, 1877, p. 468; Garm., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1913, p. 483. Myliobatis australis Macel., P..8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 880; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. vii, 1882, pl. bxiii. Mio. 48. Myliobatis tenwicaudatus. Crushes shells with its flat pavement-like teeth, whence it is also called Mill Ray. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 335) Sus-CLass HOLOCEPHALI. Famity CALLORHYNCHIDAE. CALLORHYNCHUS Cuvier, 1817 (callorhynehus). CALLORHYNCHUS MILII Bory (Elephant Shark). Callorhynchus milit Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., iii, 1823, p. 62, pl..v; Garm., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xl, 1904, p. 266, pl. vi, fig. 7-8 (teeth) and xv, fig. 4, 5 (brain). Callorhynchus antarcticus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 351 (part) ; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xii, 1886, pl. exii. Fig. 49. Callorhynchus milii. The quaint forms of the Sub-class Holocephali have a single external gill-slit and a depressible dorsal spine. In the Port Jackson Sharks and the Spiny Deefishes, the spines are fixed in erect position and precede both dorsal fins. Sern CL Ass TELEOSTOMI (Bony FisHEs). OrpeR ISOSPONDYLI. Famity ENGRAULIDAE. ENGRAULIS Cuvier, 1817 (encrasicholus). ENGRAULIS AUSTRALIS Shaw (Anchovy). Atherina australis Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1790, p. 296, pl. lxiv, fig. 1. 36 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM . Engraulis australis McCoy, Off. Ree. Interc. Exhib. Melb., 1866, p. 319; MeCull., Rec. Aust. Mus., xiii, 1920, p. 43, pl. xi, fig. 1 (ref.). Engraulis antipodum Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, p. 386. Engraulis antarcticus Cast., P.Z.S. Vict., 1, 1872, p. 186. . + Fig. 50. Hngraulis australis. Occasionally reported as occurring in immense shoals off Kastern and Vie- torian coasts. Has been similarly recorded here, but systematic observations are needed, only possible when a fisheries bureau is instituted on a scientific basis. Anchovies are valuable economic fishes. Famity CLUPEIDAE. ETRUMEUS Bleeker, 1853 (micropus). ETRUMEUS JACKSONIENSIS Macleay (Maray). Etrumeus jacksoniensis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 36, pl. iv, fig. 1 and iv, 1879, p. 382; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 186; MeCull., Keer Wye Muse, 1914p: 721 plexi Fig. 51. Hirumeus jacksoniensis. Like the Pilchard, occurs in great shoals: it is somewhat similar to that fish but can be at once distinguished by the round smooth belly, from which character the name ‘‘ Round Herrings’’ is applied to members of this genus. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 37} CLUPEA Linnaeus, 1758 (harengus). CLUPEA BASSENSIS McCulloch (Sprat). Clipea sprattus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1871. p. 672 (not Tinn.). Clupea bassensis McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 16, pl. iv, fig. 2. Fig. 52. Clupea bassensis. Searcely distinguishable from the European Sprat, but not commercially netted. SARDINIA Poey, 1860 (pseudohispaniea). SARDINIA NEOPILCHARDA Steindachner (Pilchard). Clupea neopilchardus Steind., Denk. Akad. Wien., xli, 1879, .p. 12. Clipea sagax Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 187; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 180, pl. xlv. Clupanodon neopilchardus Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 53; Stead, Edib. Haigh. N.S, W.., 1908, p. 25, pl. iv; MeCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1911, p: 17; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 30. 7 Amblygaster neopiichardus Waite, Aust. Antarct. Exped. Fishes, ili, 1916, p. 56. Sardina neopilchardus Regan, A.M.N.H. (8), xvii, 1916, p. 14, pl. i, fig. 2 woe me ed ety Fig. 53. Sardinia neopiicharda. Said to visit Australian shores every winter in countless myriads, and destined some day to become an important source of food. In Europe young 38 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Pilchards are the familiar Sardines. Iu America Pilchards of any age are called Sardines. These and allied fishes differ from the ‘‘Round Herrings’’ in having the belly sharp and rough to the touch. DOROSOMA Rafinesgue, 1820 (heterura). DOROSOMA COME Richardson (Bony Bream, Tukari). Chatoessus come Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., ii, 1845, p. 62, pl. xxxviii, fig. 7-10. Chatoessus erebi Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, p. 407; Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 184. Chatoessus richardson’ Cast., op. cit., ii, 1873 3, p. 144; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W.. 1893, p. 178. Chatoessus horni Zietz, Rep. Horn Exped., ii, 1896, p. 180, pl. xvi, fig. 6. Derosoma nasus Stead, Edib, Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 24, pl. iil. Fig. 54. Dorosoma come. Too bony to be appreciated as food. but the objectionable feature may be largely overcome by sousing the fish in vinegar. STOLEPHORUS Lacepede, 1803 (japonicus). STOLEPHORUS ROBUSTUS Ogilby (Blue Sprat). Spratelloides robustus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 64, 4 W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 39 Stolephorus robustus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 1, 1904, p. 12 and Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 195; McCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., xii, 1920, p. 42, pl. xi, hel. Spratelloides delicatulus Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1908, p. 295 (not Benn.). Fig. 55. Stoiephorus robustus. An excellent little food fish, but not more than four inches long. Differs from the next species in having the back and belly smooth. HYPERLOPHUS Ogilby, 1893 (spratellides=vittatus). HYPERLOPHUS VITTATUS Castelnau (Rough-backed Sprat). Meletta vittata Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 46. Clupea vittata Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., iv, 1879, p. 379. Clupea spratellides Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., 11, 1892, p. 24. Diplomystus spraiellides Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 183. Hyperlophus (Omochetus) copii Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 72. Huperlophus vittatus. MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., xi, 1917, p. 163, pl. xxix, fig. 1, 2. 40 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM ‘*A delicate and delicious little fish, destined to become the very finest sardine of commerce.’? The back and belly are both rough. FamMity GONORHYNCHIDAE... GONORHYNCHUS Scopoli, 1777 (gonorhynchus). GONORHYNCHUS GREYI Richardson (Sand lish). Rinchana greyi Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 44, pl. xxix, fig. 1-6 and text fig. Gonorhynchus greyi Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1868, p. 573. Gonorhynchus gonorynehus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 15; Stead, ‘*Beaked Salmon,’’ 1908, plate and text fig. (seale). Gonorrynchus forsteri Ogil., Ann. Qld. Mus., x, 1911, p. 34. 57. Gonorhynchus greyt. Fig. A somewhat primitive marine fish, living on sandy stretches, but seldom seen; its body is almost circular in section; its fiesh white, firm and good to eat. The undershot jaw is responsible for the name ‘‘Sand Shark’’; it is also known as ‘‘Beaked Salmon.’’ Famity GALAXIIDAE. GALAXIAS Cuvier, 1817 (truttaceus). GALAXIAS ATTENUATUS Jenyns (Native trout, Pulangi). Galarias truttaceus Valenc., in Cuv., Il}. Rég. Anim., 1829, pl xevii, fig. 1 (not Cuv.). Mesites attenuatus Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, 11, 1842, p. 121, pl. xxu, fig. 5. Galaxias scriba and G. attenuatus Cuy. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 1846, p. 347, 348. Galarias maculatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 75, pl. xl, fig. 14-17 (not Jenyns). Galarias minutus Philippi, Arch. f. Naturg., xxiv, 1858, p. 309. Galaxias krefftii and G. punctatus Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vi, 1866, p. 211, 212. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 4] Galaxias waterhousei Krefft, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 943. Galaxias cylindricus and G. delicatulus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 177, 178. Galaxias campbelli Sauvy., jie Soe. Phil. roe P80 S pace. Galazias nebulosa Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 234. Austrocobitis attenuatus Oeil. P.ILS., ie xXiv, 1899, p. 158. Galaxias alpinus (part) Smitt, Bih. Svenska Akad., xxvi (iv, 13), 1901, p. 21, pl. uy, fig. 9-12. ; : Galaxias attenuatus Regan, P.Z.S., 1906, p. 368, pl. xii, fig. 1 and xin, fig. 2 Hig. 58. Galaxias altenuatus. 5S Common in all our fresh-waters that run to the sea, where the species is beheved to spawn. Has a very wide distribution in Southern seas, which cireum- stance is frequently advanced in support of the contention of a former Antarctic Continent. The young of this species, caught ascending the rivers, is the main constituent of the New Zealand ‘‘whitebait.”’ GALAXIAS OLIDUS Giinther (Minnow). Galaxias olidus Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vi, 1866, p. 209; Regan, P.Z.S., 1906, p. 381, pl. xi, fig..3. Galaxias schomburgkii Peters, Mon. Akad. Berl., 1868, p. 455; Regan, op. cit., p. 382. Galaxias kayi Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S8., N.S.W. (2), 1, 1887, p. 6. Kig. 59. Galarias olidus. Similar to the preceding but confined to fresh-water; is appreciated as a pan fish by picnickers. An excellent aquarium fish, but has, so far, not been bred in captivity. 42 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM GALAXIAS COXII Macleay (Mountain Trout). Galaxias cox Macl., P.1.S., N.S.W., v, 1880, p. 45; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 176; Regan, P.Z.S., 1906, p. 380; pl. xii, fig. 2- Zietz, TRS sae xxx, 1908; p: 297. Galaxias n:gothoruk Lueas, P.R.S., Vict. (2), iv, 1892, p. 27. Kio, 60. Galaxias cowii. tn] The occurrence of this species in South Australie is doubtful. Famity ARGENTINIDAE. ARGENTINA Linnaeus, 1758 (sphyraena). ARGENTINA ELONGATA Hutton (Silverside). Argentina elongata Hutt., A.M.N.H. (5), iii, 1879, p. 538; Giimth., Chall. Rep., xx, 1887, p.. 218, pl. ly, fig. B; McCull., Endeavour Res: 1, 190i 3gea8 and 11, 1914, p..87; Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1911, p. 161, pl. xxv. Argentina decagon Clarke, T.N.Z.1., xi, 1879, p. 296, pl. xiv. Fig. 61. Argentina elongata. A deep-water fish, taken by the *‘ Endeavour’? in the Great Australian Bight. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 43 Famity RETROPINNIDAE. RETROPINNA Gill, 1862 (retropinna). RETROPINNA SEMONI Weber (Smelt, Kantari). Richardsonia retropinna Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liii, 1866, p. 469 (not Rich. ). Retropinna r:chardsonii Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1882, p. 228 (not Gill). Retropinna retropinna Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 13 (not Rich.). Prototroctes semoni Weber, Zool. Forschr. Aust., v, 1895, p. 274. Jenynsella weatherilli Ogil., Ann. Qld. Mus., ix, 1908, p. 15. Jenynsella semoni Ogil.; Mem. Qld. Mus.,.1, 1912, p. 32. Retropinna semoni Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., vi, 1918, p. 97; MeCull., Ree. Aust. Wous,, xii,1920, p. 49, pl. xi, fig. 2, 3. 9) Iig. 623. LRetropinna semoni. Like its British prototype (Osmerus), this little fish has an odour resembling that of a cucumber. Famity STERNOPTYCHIDAE. POLYIPNUS Giinther, 1887 (spinosus). POLYIPNUS TRIDENTIFER McCulloch (Luminous Fish). Polyipnus tridentifer MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 87, pl. xvi and fig. 4. +4 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fie. 63. Polyipnus tridentifer. Fishes of this Family are recorded from considerable depths, but are believed to ascend to or near the surface at night. The markings on the lower half of the body are hght-giving organs. OrvpeR INIOMI. Famity AULOPIDAE. AULOPUS Cuvier, 1817 (filamentosus). AULOPUS PURPURISSATUS Richardson (Sergeant Baker). Aulopus purpurissatus Rich., leon. Pise., 1848, p. 6, pl. u, fig. 3; MeCoy, Prod. - Zool. Vict., dec. vi, 1881, pl. liv, lv; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S8.W., 1893, p. 166, pl. xl; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 33, pl. ix; Roughley, Fish. Aust., JOT65 1. 25, ples WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 45 S ~ SWSiat . Hie. 64. Aulopus purpurissatus, A good table fish, attaining a length of twenty-four inches. The long fin ray seen in the figure occurs in the male only. Famity MYCTOPHIDAE. MYCTOPHUM Rafinesque, 1810 (punctatum). MYCTOPHUM CEPHALOTES Castelnau (Lantern Fish). Neoscopelus cephalotes asi: Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 46. The Lantern Fishes bear a large number of photovhores or light organs, disposed chiefly on the head and towards the lower side oi the body. NEOSCOPELUS Johnson, 1863 (macrolepidotus). NEOSCOPELUS MACROLEPIDOTUS Johnson (Lantern Fish). Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 44, pl. vu; Goode & Bean, wes. Nat. Mus: sp: Bull., 11 Oceanic Ichth.), 1895, p. 93; ply xsax, fig: 108, 109; MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 90, pl. xvii; Vaill., Exp. Sei. rave Lal, 1888, p. 1195 pl. 1x, fig. 2. Scopelus macrolepidotus Gunth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, p. 414. 46 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 66. Neoscopelus nacrolepidotus. 5 . OrveER NEMATOGNATHI. Famity SILURIDAE. CNIDOGLANIS Giinther, 1864 (megastoma). CNIDOGLANIS MEGASTOMA Richardson (Estuary Catfish). Plotosus megastomus Qich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 31, pl. xxi, fig. 1-3. Cnidoglanis megastoma Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, p. 27; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 164; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 29, pl. vu. Chaeroplotosus decemfilis Kner, Reise Novara Fische, 1867, p. 300, pl. xu, fig. 1. 2Ostophycephalus duriceps Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxiv, 1899, p. 156. Fig. 67. Ciridoglanis megastoma. A good-flavoured fish, but unsaleable owing to its prejudicial appearance, excepting at a nominal price to Asiaties. In our waters the fish is somewhat liable to a peculiar condition, in which the body is emaciated and the fins shrunken and hardened. Such a specimen appears to have been the foundation of Ogilby’s Ostophycephalus duriceps. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 47 TANDANUS Mitchell, 1838 (tandanus). TANDANUS TANDANUS Mitchell (Kresh-water Catfish, Pamori). Platosus (Tandanus) tandanus Mitch., Exped. Aust. (ed. i), i, 1838, p. 95, pl. vy, fig. 2. Copidoglanis tandanus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 1864, p. 26; Stead, Fish. st. 1906) p. 39. pli. ; Tandanus tandanus Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 19, pl. ii. Pig. 68. Tandanus tandanus. Said to be much better food than the Estuary Catfish, and frequently sold under some other name after removal of its tell-tale features. This fish makes a nest and guards its eges. NEOPLOTOSUS Castelnau, 1875 (waterhousii). NEOPLOTOSUS WATERHOUSII Castelnau (S. Australian Catfish). Neoplotosus waterhousi: Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 45. NEOSILURUS Steindachner, 1867 (hyrtli). NEOSILURUS HYRTLII Steindachner (Central Australian Catfish). Neosilurus hyrtlu Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lv, 1867, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 3. Silurichthys australis Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 45. ?Neosilurus australis Cast., P.L.S., N.S.W., i, 1878, p. 239: ?Cainosilurus australis Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 211. Plotosus argenteus Zietz, Rep. Horn Exped., ii, 1896, p. 410, pl. xvi, fig. 7. Neosilurus argenteus Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxu1, 1908, p. 296. 48 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 70. Neosilurus hyrtlii. In the last quoted paper, Zietz erroneously presumed that NV. hyrtlii has but — six barbels. Castelnau’s count of a similar number in his N. australis may be due to imperfections in the single specimen examined, or to his characteristic carelessness. Orper SYMBRANCHII. Famity SYMBRANCHIDAE. CHEILOBRANCHUS Richardson, 1845 (dorsalis). CHEILOBRANCHUS RUFUS Macleay (Shore Hel). Chilobranchus rufus Macl.,; P.U.S.,.N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 266; Waite, Rec. Aust. Mis. svi, 1906, 2p; 195.01 xxoevi eA. Sumbranchus bengalensis Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxx, 1908, p. 296 (not Bleek.). Fig. 71. Cheilobranchus rufus. This little fish, the relationship of which is somewhat doubtful, is coloured green when alive; it changes to red in certain preservatives, hence the name rufus. OrvpeR APODES. Famity ANGUILLIDAE. ANGUILLA Shaw, 1803 (anguilla). ANGUILLA AUSTRALIS Richardson (Short-finned Eel). Anguilla australis Rich., P.Z.S., 1841, p. 22 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 112, pl. xlv, fig. 1-6. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 49 Mig. 72. Anguilla australis. Eels are essentially marine fishes, and though this and the Long-finned Eel probably spend the greater part of their lives in fresh-water lakes or rivers, they descend to the sea for breeding purposes. ANGUILLA REINHARDTII Steindachner (Lone-finned Eel). Anguilla reinhardtu Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lv, 1867, p. 15, text fig. Gmead) = Oct. Kidib. Fish: N.S.W., 1893, p. 187 and. P18. N.S2W., xxi, 1693, p. 767; Stead, Hdib. Fish. N.S:W., 1908, p. 31, pl. vin; Roughley, Bish Aust: L916, p. 22. Fig. 73. Anguilla reinhardtii. Not sufficiently appreciated as food, but its freedom from small bones is an estimable quality. ‘‘ Have them spitch-cock’d—or stew d—they’re too oily when fried !”” Famity CONGRIDAE. CONGER Houttuyn, 1764 (conger). 2?CONGER WILSONI Bloch & Schneider (Conger Eel). Gymnothorax wilsoni Bl. & Sehn., Syst. [chth., 1801, p. 529. Gonger uilsom? Cast., P-Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 193. 50 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 74. ?Conger wilsont. Searcely distinguishable from the European Conger, which is an excellent food fish and the foundation of the famous turtle soup, to which the turtle furnishes only the garnish and the name, Famity ECHELIDAE. MURAENICHTHYS Bieeker, 1853 (gymnopterus). MURAENICHTHYS BREVICEPS Giinther (Slender Eel). ?Muraenichthys macropterus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvin, 1872, p. 43 (not Bleek.). — Muraenichthys breviceps Ginth., A.M.N.H., (4), xvii, 1876, p. 401; MeCull. Endeavour Res., 1, 1911, p. 21, fig. 7. OrvpeER SOLENICHTHYES. Famity MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE. CENTRISCOPS Gill, 1862 (humerosus). CENTRISCOPS HUMEROSUS Richardson (Bellows Fish). Centriscus humerosus Rich., Zool. Kreb. & Terr., 1846, p. 56, pl. xxxiv, fig. 5, 6. Centriscops humerosus Gill, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1862, p. 254 (footnote) ; McCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 90. Centriscus (Limiculina) humerosus Fowl.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., lix, 1907. p. 425. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Sil Centriscops humerosus var. obliquus Waite, Rec. Cant. Mus., i, 1911, p. 170, pl. xxvi. Fig. 76. Centriscops humerosus. None of the members of this Order is of economic value. Famity SYNGNATHIDAE. SYNGNATHUS Linnaeus, 1758 (acus). SYNGNATHUS POECILOLAEMUS Peters (Long-snouted Pipefish). Fig. 77. Syngnathus poecilolaemus, male and female. 52 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Syngnathus poecilolaemus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 458; Dunck., Faun. Stidwest Aust., 11, 1909, p. 245; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus:; 1, 1921, 2295, fies 39: Syngnathus modestus Sauv., Bull. Soe. Phil. (7), ii, 1879, p. 209 (not Giinth.), Corythroichthys poecilolaemus MeCull., Ree. W. Aust. Mus., i, 1912, p. 82, fig. 2. SYNGNATHUS PHILLIPI Lucas (Medium-snouted Pipefish). Syngnathus phillipi Lucas, P.R.S., Viet. (2), 11, 1891, p. 12; Dunek. Faun. Sudwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 245; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus.,7i, 1921, mp: 207, tie40) Corythroichthys phillipi MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 26, fig. 10. rie. 78. Syngnathus phillipi, male and female. SYNGNATHUS VERCOI Waite & Hale (Little Pipefish). Ichthyocampus filum Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1908, p. 298 (not Giinth.). Syngnathus vercoi Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 208, fig. 41. : WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 55 SS Soo v . J "4 a" J ' j ; 3 ie : . . ' Mg. 79. Syngnathus verect, male and female. i: } SYNGNATHUS CURTIROSTRIS Castelnau (Short-snouted Pipefish). syngnathus curtirostris Cast., P:Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 243 and nu, 1873, p. 79; Dunek., Faun. area Aust., ie 1909, p. 244; MeCull & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mie 1918 p. 39, pl. v, fig. 1;-Watte & Hale, Ree: 8. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921, 300, fig. 42. 0 ee QE= See as < ee SS ECE? ELIS; rr" Perut ree GN apa Fig. 80. Syngnathus curtirostris. LEPTONOTUS Kavp, 1853 (blainvillianus). LEPTONOTUS COSTATUS Waite & Hale (Deep-bodied Pipefish). Leptonotus costatus Waite & Tale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 301, fig. 43, " 54 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 81. Leptonotus costatus. HISTIOGAMPHELUS McCulloch, 1914 (briggsii). HISTIOGAMPHELUS ROSTRATUS Waite & Hale (Knife-snouted Pipefish). Syngnathus semifasciatus Zietz, T.RS., SA., xxx, 1908, p. 298 (not Ginth.). Doryichthys heterosoma Zietz, op. cit., p. 299 (not Bleek.). Histiogamphelus rostratus Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mas., i, 1921, p. 303, fig. 44. 6 te tk eee eae be Fig. 82. Histiogamphelus rostraius. ICHTHYOCAMPUS Kaup, 1853 (belcheri). ICHTHYOCAMPUS CRISTATUS McCulloch & Waite (Crested Pipefish). Ichythyocampus cristatus MeCull. & Waite, Ree. S. Aust, Mus., 1, 1918, p. 40, fig. 26; Waite & Hale, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 304, fig. 45. a a [ee ©6— WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA —cupareemmmenscsin@sen tamreeces samen pe pe eeliacenenntin rms ~~ me eS “ Fig. 83. Ichthuocampus cristatus. LISSOCAMPUS Waite & Hale, 1921 (caudalis). LISSOCAMPUS CAUDALIS Waite & Hale (Smooth Pipefish). Lissocampus caudalis Waite & Hale, Rec. 8S. Aust., Mus., 1, 1921, p. 306, fig. 46. Pio. 84. Lissocampus caudalis. LEPTOICHTHYS Kaup, 1853 (fistularius). LEPTOICHTHYS FISTULARIUS Kaup (Brush-tailed Pipefish). a9 56 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Leptoichthys fistularivs ‘Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xix, 1853, p. 232 and Cat. Lophob., 1856, p. 52; Dunck., Faun. Stidwest Aust., 11, 1909, p. 234; Waite & Hale, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., 1. 1921, p. 307, fig. 47. Leptoichthys castelnaw Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 295. Fig. 85. Leptoichthys fistularius. STIGMATOPORA Kaup, 1853 (aregus). STIGMATOPORA ARGUS Richardson (Spotted Pipefish). Syngnathus argus Rich., P.Z.8., 1840, p. 29 and T.Z.S., ii, 1849, p. 183, pl. vii, ae 2. Stigmatophora argus Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg. xix, 1853, p. 233 and Cat. Lophob., 1856, p. 53; Dunck., Fauna Siidwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 239; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921, p. 308, fig. 48. Stigmatophora olwacea Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 244 and ii, 1873, p. 77; Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., i, 1912, p. 36. PA CR Oe Ty eek as a ee 2 ss ae en a ey Fig. 86. Stigmatopora argus, female and male. Ee WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 57 Gastrotokeus gracilis Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 44. Stigmatophora unicolor Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 49. ~ Stigmatophora depressiuscula and S. gracilis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1882, p. 299. Stigmatophora argus var. brevicaudata Lucas, P.R.S., Viet., ii (n.s.), 1891, p. 14. STIGMATOPORA NIGRA Kaup ( Wide-bodied Pipefish). Stigmatopora nigra Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xix, 1853, p. 233 and Cat. Lophob., 1856, p. 53; Dunck., Fauna Sudwest Aust., 1, 1909, p. 239; MeCull.,-Aust. Zool., i, 1914, p. 29, fig. 1, 2,3 (portions) ; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921, p. 311, fig. 49. Stigmatophora boops Cast., P.Z.8., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 203. lod Fig. 87. Stigmatopora nigra, female and male. SOLEGNATHUS Swainson, 1839 (hardwicki). SOLEGNATHUS ROBUSTUS McCulloch (Pipe-horse). Solenognathus spinosissimus Zietz, T.RS., SuA., xxxii, 1908, p. 299 (not Gunth. ). Fig. 88. Solegnaihus robustus. 58 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Nolegnathus robustus MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 28, pl. ix, fig. 2; Waite & Hale. Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 312, fig. 50. PHYLLOPTERYX Swainson, 1839 (foliatus). PHYLLOPTERYX FOLIATUS Shaw (Common Sea Dragon). Sungnathus foliatus Shaw, Gen. Zool., v, 1804, p. 456, pl. elxxx. re A f Fig. 89. Phyllopterys folialus, male with eggs. —————— WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 59 Syngnathus taeniopterus Lacep., Ann. Mus., iv, 1804, p. (184-211), pl. lviii, fig. 3. Phyllopteryx foliatus Swains., Nat. Hist. Fish., ii, 1839, p. 332, fig. 109; Giinth., P.Z.8., 1865, p. 327, pl. xiv; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vii, 1882, pl. xv, fig. 1; Dunek., Faun. Siidwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 236; Waite & Hale, Ree. Be aust, Mus: 1, 1921, p. 313, fig. 51. Phillopteryx elongatus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 243 and ii, 1873, p. 70. Phyllopteryx altus MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. vii, 1882, p. 20. Males of the Pipe-fishes, Sea-horses, and other forms comprising the Order Lophobranchii, carry the eggs glued to the underside of the body or tail, or in a more or less perfect pouch developed thereon. The accompanying photograph of a male Sea-dragon shows a complement of eggs attached to the underside of the tail. PHYLLOPTERYX EQUES Giinther (Leafy Sea Dragon). a Be Fig. 90. Phyllopteryx eques. 60 * RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Phyllopteryx eques Giinth., P.Z.S., 1865, p. 327, pl. xv; Dunck., Faun. Sudwest Aust., 11, 1909, p. 237; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921, p. 315, fig. 52. Phycodurus eques Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, p. 159. ACENTRONURA Kaup, 1853 (eracilissima). ACENTRONURA AUSTRALE Waite & Hale (Little Pipe-horse). Acentronura australe Waite & Hale, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 317, fig. 53. Fig. 91. Acentronura australe, male and female. HIPPOCAMPUS Rafinesque, 1810 (hippocampus). HIPPOCAMPUS ABDOMINALIS Lesson (Sea-horse). Hippocampus abdominalis Less., in Ferussaec, Bull. Sci. Nat., x1, 1827, p. 127; Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., ii, 1855, p. 48, pl. fig. 4; Kaup, Cat. Lophob, 1856, p. 17, pl. ii, fig. 3; Dunck., Faun. Stiidwest Aust., 11, 1909, p. 247; Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., i, 1911, p: 175, pl. xxvin; Me@ull> Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 29. pl. vi, fig. 1; Waite & Hale, Rec. 8S. Aust. Mus.. i, 1921, p. 319, fig. 54. Hippocampus graciliformis MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 29, pl. vi, fig. 2. EEE —_ WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 61 .. Big. 92. Hippocampus abdominalis, male and female. 62 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM HIPPOCAMPUS NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE Steindachner (Common Sea-horse). Syngnathus hippocampus Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1796, p. 295, pl. 1, fig. 2 (not Linn.). Hippocampus novae-hollandiae Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lili, 1866, p. 474, pl. i, fig. 2; Dunck., Faun. Siidwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 248; Waite & Hale, Ree. S. Aust. Mus.; 1, 1921, p. 320, fig. 55. HIPPOCAMPUS BREVICEPS Peters (Short-headed Sea-horse). ITippocaumpus breviceps Peters, Mon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 710; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. vii, 1882, pl. lxv, fig. 2; Dunck., Faun. Sidwest Aust., ii, 1909, p. 247; Waite & Hale, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 321, fig. 56. Hippocampus tuberculatus Cast., Res. Fish, Aust., 1875, p. 48. WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 63 Fig. 94. Hippocanpus breviceps, male and female. OrpeER HYPOSTOMIDES. Famity PEGASIDAE. ACANTHOPEGASUS McCulloch, 1915 (lancifer). ACANTHOPEGASUS LANCIFER Kaup. Pegasus natans Kaup, Cat. Lophob., 1856, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 2 (not Linn.). Peaasus lancifer Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg., xxi, 1861, p. 116, 117. Parapegasus lancifer Dum., Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1870, p. 294. Acanthopegasus lancifer MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1915, p. 106, fig. 1. 64 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 95. Acanthopegasus laneifer. Orver SYNENTOGNATHI. Famity SCOMBRESOCIDAE. SCOMBRESOX Lacepfde, 1803 (camperii). SCOMBRESOX FORSTERI Cuvier & Valenciennes (Billfish, Skipper). Scombresox forsteri Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 1846, p. 481. Scomberesox saurus var. forsteri MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xiv, 1887, pl. exxxv, fig. 2. = Fig. 96. Scombresox forsteri. ' Frequently netted with Garfishes, to which it is allied. Famiry: EXOCGCOETIDAE: CYPSELURUS Swainson, 1839 (nuttalii). CYPSELURUS CRIBROSUS Kner (Flying Fish). Erocoetus unicolor? Cuv. & Val.. vel cribresa Kner, Reise Novara, i, 1867, p. 325 DJ ? > (not Cuv. & Val.). Exonautes fulvipes and E. cribrosus Ogil., P-R.S., Qld., xxi, 1908, p. 8, 13. Cypselurus cribrosus MeCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916, p. 59, pl. vil. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 65 Fig. 97. Cypselurus cribrosus. Famiry HEMIRHAMPHIDAE. HYPORHAMPHUS Gill, 1859 (tricuspidatus). HYPORHAMPHUS INTERMEDIUS Cantor (Garfish). Hemirhamphus intermedius Cant., A.M.N.H., 1x, 1842, p. 485; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xiv, 1887, pl. exxxv, fig. 1; Ogil., Edib. Fish: N.S.W., 1893, pate pl, xin- houghley, Kish. Aust., 1916, p. 27, pl: 1v- Hemirhamphus melanochir Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xix, 1846, p. 41. ep a Se SP Pe & or Fig. 98. Hyporhamphus intermedius. A recognized breakfast fish and would be more appreciated but for the oO presence of small hair-like bones. OrvperR ANACANTHINI. Famity MACROURIDAE. NEMATONURUS Giinther, 1887 (armatus). NEMATONURUS ARMATUS Hector. Macrurus armatus Ueet., A.M.N.H. (4), xv, 1875, p. 81 and T.N.Z, Inst., vii, 1875, pm, 249, pls xi, fig. 78a. 66 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Coryphaenoides variabilis, Giinth., A.M.N.H. (5), ii, 1878, p. 27. Nematonurus armatus Giimth., Chall: Rep., xxii, 1887, p. 150, pl. xl, fig. A. Fig. 99. Nematonurus armatus. This and the following species are known only from very deep water. OPTONURUS Giinther, 1887 (denticulatus). OPTONURUS DENTICULATUS Richardson. Macrourus denticulatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 538, pl. xxxui, fig. 1-3. Coryphaenoides denticulatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 396. Optonurus denticulatus Ginth., Chall. Rep., xxu, 1887, p. 147. Famity GADIDAE. LOTELLA Kaup, 1858 (phycis). LOTELLA CALLARIAS Giinther (Beardie). Lotella callarias Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), 1, 1863, p. 116; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. ii, 1878, pl. xix; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 152, pl. xxxvil; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 47, pl. x. . Lotella schuettei Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lili, 1866, p. 466, pl. ii, fig. 1. Lotella marginata Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 114 (not Giinth, 1878). Lotella swanii Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 126. Lotella limbata Ogil., Cat. Fish. N.S.W., 1886, p. 47. Oe FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 67 WAITE ‘ee i rte ae SSS Fig. 101. Lotella caliarias. Not regarded as a prime fish; the flesh is rather soft and of poor keeping quality. PHYSICULUS Kaup, 1858 (dalwigkii). PHYSICULUS BARBATUS Giinther (Cod). Pseudophysis barbatus Giimth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1868, p. 116; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dec. 11, 1878, pl. xx. Physiculus palmatus Klanz., Arch. f. Nature., xxxvill, 1872, p. 38. Lotella grandis Rams., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 462. Physiculus barbatus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 24. Physiculus bachus Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, pl. xvi (not Forst.). Kig. 102. Physiculus barbatus. ‘‘The flesh is soft and not very good.’’ PHYSICULUS BACHUS Forster (Red Cod). Lota bachus Forst., in Bloch & Schneid., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 53. 68 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Leta breviuscula Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 61, pl. xxxviii, fig. 1, 2. Phyusiculus bachus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 24 and Ree. Cant. Mus., 1, 1911, p.183; pl xexr tend Fig. 103. Physiculus bachus. Not recognized by fishermen as distinct from the foregoing. Orver BERYCOMORPHI. Famity BERYCIDAE. TRACHICHTHODES Gilchrist, 1903 (spinosus). TRACHICHTHODES LINEATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Swallow-tail). Beryxz lineatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., i, 1829, p. 226, pl. Ix. Beryx mulleri Klunz., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxx, 1880, p. 359, pl. i, fig. 1. Pe sca 43 {<*a TESS OTC ke ak é. Fig. 104. TLrachichthodes lineatus. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 69 Trachichthodes lineatus Waite & McCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 461, fig. (head). An exeellent and much esteemed food fish. The commonest fish taken on the **Simplon’’ trawling cruise, 1914, 700 Ib. weight being netted in one haul. TRACHICHTHODES AFFINIS Giinther (Nannyegai). berya ayinis Gunth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 13*and A:M.N.H. (5), xx, 138. ps 238, fig. (snout); Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 18938, sp. 69, pl. xxi; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 48, pl. xvii. Poplopieryxafinis Rezan, A.M.N.H. (8), vii, 1911, p..5, pl. i., Austroberyx affins McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 48, fig. 11. ioemcninodes afins,. Waite’& MecCull., T.R.S:, S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 463; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 49, pl. xi. Fig. 105. Trachichthodes affinis. The eastern representative of our Red Snapper, but recorded from South Australia. TRACHICHTHODES GERRARDI Giinther (Red Snapper). Beryx gerrardi Giinth., A.M.N.H. (5), xx, 1887, p. 238, fig. (snout). Austroberyx gerrardi MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 41, pl. vii. Trachichthodes gerrardi Waite & MeCulL, T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 463. 70 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Mig. 106. Trachichthodes gerrardi. An excellent and highly esteemed food fish, scarcely distinguishable from the Nannygai. All three species of the genus are of beautiful red colour. Famity TRACHICHTHYIDAE. HOPLOSTETHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829 (mediterraneus). HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITERRANEUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 469, pl. xevili, bis; Steind. & Doder., Denks. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlvii, 1883, p. 218, pl. i; Goode & Bean, Oceanic [chth, 1895, p. 189, pl. lvi, fig. 208; Alcock, Illus. Zool. Investigator, 1895, pl. xiv, fig. 3. Trachichthys pretiosus lowe, P.%.S., 1839, p. 77. Hoplostethus japonicus Hilgend., Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1879, p. 78. THoplostethus mediterraneus var. latus MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 97, fig. 9. ee a © — ee Ee a WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Fai Fig. 107. Hoplostethus mediterrancus. The fishes of this Family occur in deep water and are not netted for food. HOPLOSTETHUS INTERMEDIUS Hector. a ee ee Trachichthys intermedius Hect., T.N.Z. Inst., vii, 1875, p. 245, pl. xi, fig. 18a; Gunth., Chall. Rep., xxii, 1887, p. 24, pl. v, fig. D. Hoplostethus intermedius MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 100, fig. 6. SSN ee ee Oe OS * , Fig. 108. Hoplostethus intermedius, 72 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM HOPLOSTETHUS GIGAS McCulloch. Hoplostethus gigas MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 101, pl. xix. Fig. 109. Hoplostethus gigas. GEPHYROBERYX Boulenger, 1902 (darwinii). GEPHYROBERYX DARWINII Johnson. ; i i te WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 73 Trachichthys darwinii Johnson, P.Z.S8., 1866, p. 311, pl. xxx; Goode & Bean, Oceanic¢ Ichth., 1895, p. 188, pl. lvi, fig. 207. Gephyroberyx darwinitt Boul., A.M.N.H. (7), ix, 1902, p. 203; MeCull., Endeavour ies. tv, 1916,p: 182% PARATRACHICHTHYS Waite, 1899 (trailli). PARATRACHICHTHYS TRAILLI Hutton. irdemeninys trail Hutt., T.N.Z. Inst., viii, 1876, p. 212; Gunth., Chall. Rep., Bem 1687, p. 23, Dl lv.. fie, A. Trachichthys macleayi Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1881, p. 56. Paratrachichthys trailli Waite, Mem. Austr. Mus., iv, 1890, p. 65. Mig, 111. Paratrachichthys trailli. ; TRACHICHTHYS Shaw & Nodder, 1799 (australis). TRACHICHTHYS AUSTRALIS Shaw & Nodder (Roughy). Trachichthys australis Shaw & Nodder, Nat. Mise., x, 1799, pl. ecelxxvin; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xii, 1886, pl. exiv. 7H RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Pig. 112. Trachichthys australis. Famity ZEIDAE. ZEUS Linnaeus, 1758 (faber). ZEUS FABER Linnaeus (John Dory). Zeus faber Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 267; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. and Irel., i, 1881, p. 138, pl. xlviii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 168, pl. lviii. Zeus australis Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 36, pl. xxv., fig. 1. WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA WS Iie, 113. Zeus faber. A most excellent table fish, seldom seen in the Adelaide market, owing to entire absence of the trawling industry. Bawiy CY EEDA: CYTTUS Giinther, 1860 (australis). CYTTUS AUSTRALIS Richardson (Silver Dory). Capros australis Rich., T.Z.S., iii, 1849, p. 73 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 137, plelix, fic. 1-5. Cyttus australis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 396; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 102, pl. Ixviii, 76 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM ¥ a , er: Fig. 114. Cyttus australis. . Another good fish which will doubtless be better known when our waters are properly fished. CYTTOSOMA Gilchrist, 1904 (boops). CYTTOSOMA BOOPS Gilchrist (Ox-eyed Dory). Cyttosoma boops Gilch., Mar. Invest. S. Afrie., iii, 1904, p. 6, pl. xxiii; MeCullL., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 113, — WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Fi. Big. 115. Cyttosoma boops. Likewise awaiting the advent of the trawl. Specimens were taken by the “Simplon’’ in 1914, in 80-140 fathoms, and previously by the ‘‘ Endeavour’’ in still deeper water, all obtained in the Great Australian Bight. t=) NEOCYTTUS Gilchrist, 1907 (rhomboidalis). NEOCYTTUS RHOMBOIDALIS Gilchrist. Neocyttus rhomboidalis Gilch., Mar. Invest. 8. Afric., iv, 1907, p. 153, pl. xii. 73 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 116. Neocyttus rhomboidalis. South Australian specimens are referred to a variety, as below. var. GIBBOSUS McCulloch. Neocyttus rhomboidalis var. gibbosus McCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1914, p. 119, fig. 8. Typical forms of this and the following species were first described from South Africa. Australian representatives were secured in the Great Australian sight by the ‘*‘ Endeavour’? in 350-450 fathoms. ALLOCYTTUS McCulloch, 1914 (verrucosus). ALLOCYTTUS VERRUCOSUS Gilchrist. Oreosoma sp. Boul., Compt. Rendu, Acad. Sci. Paris, exxxvui, 1903, p. 523. Cyttosoma verrucosum Gilch., Mar. Invest. 8. Afric., iv. 1908, p. 151, pl. xl. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 79 Fig. 117. Allocyttus verrucosus. South Australian specimens are referred to a variety, as below. var. PROPINQUUS McCulloch. Allocyttus verrucosus var. propinquus MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 116, fig. 7. OrvpER PERCOMORPHI. Sus-OrpeER PERCESOCES. Famity ATHERINIDAE. CRATEROCEPHALUS McCulloch, 1912 (fluviatilis). CRATEROCEPHALUS FLUVIATILIS McCulloch (Fresh-water Hardyhead, Parl). Craterocephadlus fluviatilis McCull., P.R.S., Qld., xxiv., 1912, p. 49, pl. i, fig. 1, 80 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Pig. 118. Craterocephalus fluviatilis. The members of this Family are small fishes of no commercial value. CRATEROCEPHALUS EYRESII Steindachner. Atherinichthys eyresii Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 194 and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1075. Atherina interioris Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxii, 1909, p. 264 (nom. nud.). Craterocephalus eyresti MeCull. & Waite, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 43, fig. 27. Fig. 119. Craterocephalus cyresii. ATHERINA Linnaeus, 1758 (hepsetus). ATHERINA TAMARENSIS Johnston. Atherina tamarensis Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 122. Atherina tasmaniensis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 443. Atherinichthys cevhalotes Zietz, T.R.S., S.A., xxxili, 1909, p. 264 (not Cast.). Taenomembras tamarensis MeCuli. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 41. ATHERINA DANNEVIGI McCulloch. Atherina hepsetus Giinth., A.M.N.H. (4), xvii, 1876, p. 396 (not Linn.). Atherina dannevigi McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 31, pl. xvi, fig. 2. ee a ee WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 81 Tae Fig. 121. Atherina dannevigi. HEPSETIA Bonaparte, 1837 (boyeri). : HEPSETIA PINGUIS Lacepéde (Hardyhead). Atherina pinguis Lacep., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 1803, p. 371, pl. xi, fig. 1; Ogil., Mem Old. Mus., i, 1912, p. 38, pl. xii; fig. 1. Atherinichthys modesta, A. picta and A. cephalotes Cast., P.Z.S8., Vict., 1, 1872, pe tab, 137. Atherina lacunosa Giinth., Journ. Mus. Godeff., xii, 1877, p. 213, pl. exviu, fig. E (not Forst.). Fig. 122. Hepsetia pinguts. Famity MELANOTAENIIDAE. MELANOTAENIA Gill, 1862 (nigrans). MELANOTAENIA NIGRANS Richardson (Pink ear). Atherina mgrans Rich., A.M.N.H., xi, 1848, p. 180. Melanotaenia nigrans Gill, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, p. 280. Nematocentris splendida Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 516. Strabo nigrofasciatus Kner & Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liv, 1866, p. 373, adorn pl. i, fig. 10. Zantecla pusilla Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 11, 1873, p. 88. 7) 10, Aida inornata Cast., Res, Fish, Aust., 1875, p. 1 82 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Neoatherina australis Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1874, p. 32. Aristeus fitzroyensis, A. fluviatilis and Atherinichthys duboulayi Cast., P.LS8., N.S.W., ili, 1878, p. 141, 143. Aristeus rufescens and A. lineatus Macl., P.U.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 625. Aristeus cavifrons Macel., op. cit. vii, 1882, p. 70. Aristeus perporosus De Vis, P.L.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 694. Aristeus loriae Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), xiv, 1894, p. 549. Nematocentris tater and N. winneckei Zietz, Rep. Horn Exped., ii, 1896, p. 178, 179) sol. evi, AS 23, Melanotaenia maculata Weber, Nova Guinea, v, 1908, p. 239, pl. xi, fig. 4. Melanotaemia ogilbyi Weber, Notes Leyden Mus., xxxii, 1910, p. 230. Rhombatractus patoti Weber, Abh. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., xxxiv, 1911, p.*26, pl. i, fig. 3. Melanotaenia maccullochi; Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., iii, 1915, p. 118, pl. xxix, fig. 1. Fig. 123. Melanotaenia nigrans. A small fresh-water fish, admirably suited for the aquarium. Famity MUGILIDAE. MUGIL Linnaeus, 1858 (cephalus). MUGIL ARGENTEUS Quoy & Gaimard (Jumping Mullet, Wankari). Mugil argenteus Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., Poiss., 1825, p. 338, pl. lix, fig. 3. Mugil peronii Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1836, p. 1388; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 126, pl. xxxii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 42, pl xiii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 41, pl. vin. Mugil ferrandi Cuv. & Val., op. cit., p. 142. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 83 Me. 124. Mugil argenteus. The Flat-tailed Mullet of the eastern States, plentiful and good-eating, but not so esteemed as the next species. MUGIL DOBULA Giinther (Sea Mullet). Mugil dobula Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 1861, p. 420, fig. (head) and Fische Siidsee, ii, 1877, p. 214, pl. exx, fig. A (head); Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 118, pl. xxxi; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 40, pl. xii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 37, pl. vii. Mugil waigiensis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 140 (not Quoy & Gaim.). Mugil grandis Cast., P.L.S., N.S.W., 10, 1879, p. 386. Mugil cephalotus Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1883, p. 122 (not Cuv. & Val.). 125. Mugil dobula. One of the most important food fishes of the Commonwealth, plentiful throughout the year. AGONOSTOMUS Bennett, 1830 (telfari). AGONOSTOMUS FORSTERI Bloch & Schneider (Fresh-water Mullet, Conmurl). 84 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Albula forsteri Bl. & Sehn., Syst. Ichth, 1801, p. xxxii and 120. Dajaus diemensis Rich., P.Z.8., 1840, p. 25 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 37, Dl xEviy foe, Dajaus forsteri Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr, 1847, p. 77, pl. xliv, fig. 20-26 (young). Agonostoma forstert Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., in, 1861, p. 465. ‘ Fig. 126. Agonostomus forsteri. Widely distributed, but of small economic value. MYXUS Giinther, 1861 (elongatus). MYXUS ELONGATUS Giinther (Sand Mullet). Myrus elongatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1861, p. 466; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1898, p. 128, pl, xxxiii; Waite, Prelim. Rep. Thetis, 1898, p. 61; pl. xii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 45, pl. xiv; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 43, pl. ix. Cestraeus norfolcensis Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 80. Fig. 127. Myaus elongatus. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 85 Though commonly taken and eaten, it is not to be compared with the fish known as Sea Mullet. Famity SPHYRAENIDAE. SPHYRAENA Rose, 1793 (sphyraena). SPHYRAENA NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE Giinther (Snook, Short-finned Pike). Sphyraena novae-hollandiae Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 335; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, pl. xxx (description, p. 114, is of S. waiti Ogil.) ; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 45. Mie. 128. Sphyraena novae-hollandiae. An excellent table fish, and affords good sport by trailing a lure after a sailing boat. It attains to 3 feet in leneth. SPHYRAENA OBTUSATA Cuvier & Valenciennes (Pike). Sphyraena obtusata Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1829, p. 350; Giinth., Fische Sudsec, ii, 1877, p. 212, pl. exix; fig. B. Sphyraena flavicauda Rupp., Neue Wirbelt., Fisch., 1835, p. 100, pl. xxv, fig. 3. Fig. 129. Sphyraena obtusata. 86 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Sus-OrpeR STROMATEOIDEA. Famity STROMATEIDAE. SERIOLELLA Guichenot, 1848 (porosa). SERIOLELLA BRAMA Giinther (Sea Bream). Neptomenus brama Gimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 1860, p. 390. Neptonemus? travale Cast, P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 119. Secriolella brama Regan, A.M.N.H. (7), x, 1902, p. 129; Waite, Ree. Cant. Mus., reals NAL p. 229, pl. 1; MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 34, pl. 1x, fig. I. Fig. 130. Seriolella brama. The Warehou of New Zealand, where it is fairly common and esteemed as food. HYPEROGLYPHE Giinther, 1959 (porosa). HYPEROGLYPHE POROSA Richardson (Deep-sea Trevally). Diagramma porosa Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 26, pl. xvi., fig. 5, 6. Hyperoglyphe porosa Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 337. Eurumetopos johnstonii Morton, P.R.S., Tasm., 1888, p. 77 and plate; Waite, NN .Z. Insts. xl, 1012, 200=plexat Schedophilus porosus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 1904, p. 24. Hyperoglyphe johnstonii MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 95, pl. xviii. a WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 87 Big, 131. Hyperoglyphe porosa. A large and excellent fish of erratic occurrence. Large quantities have at times been taken at the Chatham Islands. Sus-OrpER PERCOIDEA. Division oP ER Gl by Ouk MMe sr Famity SERRANIDAE. PERCALATES Ramsay & Ogilby, 1887 (colonorum). PERCALATES COLONORUM Giinther (Australian Perch, Taralgi). Lates colonorum Ginth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1863, p. 114; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. ii, 1878, pl. xiv. Dules novem-aculeatus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, hii, 1866, p. 428, pl. u, ne.” 1. Lutes similis, L. antarcticus, and L. victoriae Cast., P.Z.8., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 44, 45. Lates curtus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 5. Lates ramsayi Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 306. Percalates colonorum Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), ti, 1887, p. 182; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 2, pl: 1; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 53, le, XxX. 88 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM : Fig. 132. Percalates colonorum. A good table fish and a favourite with river anglers. PLECTROPLITES Gill, 1862 (ambiguus). PLECTROPLITES AMBIGUUS Richardson (Callop, Tarki). Datnia? ambiguua Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 25, pl. xix. Dules ambiguus Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 270; Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 348. Fig. 183. Plectroplites ambiguus. WAITE 2S OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 89 Plectroplites ambiguus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1863, p. 286; Stead, Kdib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 55, pl. xxiii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 67, pl. Xvi. Ctenolates macquariensis Giinth., P pat L371 py S20) pl: xx: res auratus Cast., P.Z.S.; Vict.. i, a Ppa: Dules flavescens Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 10. Clenolates ambiguus Giinth., Chall. Rep., 7 1880, p. 32; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dée: 1x, 1884, pl. Ixxxiv; Ogil. Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 22, pl.-v. Also known as Murray Perch and Golden Perch. Second only to the Murray. Cod as a river fish; by some preferred on account of the less oily nature of the flesh; also esteemed when smoked. MACQUARIA Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1830 (australasica). MACQUARIA AUSTRALASICA Cuvier & Valenciennes (Macquarie Perch). Macquaria australusica Cuv. & Val.,, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,..v; 18305ipad1, pl) cxxxa. hess. & Garn., Voy. Coquille, ii, 1830, p. 194; pl. xiv, fig. 1; Ogil., Edib. Mish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 24, pl. iv Dules viverrinus Krefft, P.Z.8., 1867, p. 943. Murrayia giintheri, M. cyprinoides, and M. bramoides Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, Meteo. 61, 625-63. Riverina fluviatilis Cast., op. cit., p. 64. NK) 134. Macquaria australasica, 90 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM An excellent table fish, but as with many of our River Murray fish, catches are sent to Melbourne rather than to Adelaide. OLIGORUS Giinther, 1859 (macquariensis). OLIGORUS MACQUARIENSIS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Murray Cod, Pondi). Grystes macquariensis Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 1829, p. 58; Guérin, Icon. Rég. Anim. Poiss., 1844, pl. v, fig. 2; Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, [oe talc ies 0} Maltin te Grystes brisbanii Less., Voy. Coquille, Zool. 4, 1831, p. 227 Gristes peelii Mitch., Exp. Aust., i, 1838, p. 95, pl. v, fig. 1. Gligorus macquariensis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 251; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. ix, 1884, pl. Ixxxv, Ixxxvi; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 17, pl. viii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 56, pl. xxiv; Roughiey, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 62, pl. xvi. Oligorus mitchellii Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., ii, 1873, p. 150. Homodemus cavifrons De Vis, P.L.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 396. Oligorus gibbiceps Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 267. Fig. 135. Oligorus macquariensis. The largest and most esteemed fresh-water fish: is smoked and cured in various ways. As much appreciated as was its Mediterranean congenor by the Romans of Go . old. Famity SPARIDAE. PAGROSOMUS Gill, 1893 (auratus). PAGROSOMUS AURATUS Foster (Snapper). Sciaena aurata Forst., in Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 266. Chrysophrys wnicolor Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 299. Pig. 166. Pagrosomus auratus, WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 109 Pagrus un-color Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 1830,-p. 162; Ten. Woods, Fish. N.S.W., 1883, p. 39, pl. viii and frontispiece; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, Ds Atal xi11. . Pagrus guttulatus and P. micropterus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 1830, p: 160, 163: ‘Pagrus latus Rich., Rep. Brit. Ass., 1842, p. 209. Chrysophrys gibbiceps Canestrini, Arch. Zool. Anat. (2), 1, 1869, p. 154. Pagrosomus (and Sparosomus) auratus Gill, Nat. Acad. Sei., vi, 18938, p. 97, 116, 123; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 75, pl. xlv; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 1380, frontispiece and pl. xli (young). The best known Australian food fish, generally caught with hand lines; seldom trawled as in New Zealand. SPARUS Linnaeus, 1758 (aurata). SPARUS AUSTRALIS Giinther (Black Bream). Chrysophrys australis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 494; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. 1, 1878, pl. iv; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W.; 1908, p. 77, pl. xlvi. Chrysophrys sarba Cast., P.L.S., N.S.W., 10, 1879, p. 373 (not Forsk.). Pagrus australis Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 51, pl. xv. Sparus australis Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 154, pl. xli. Fig. 167. Sparus australis. 110 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM A prime favourite with anglers, and said to require a most ‘delicate finger”? for its capture. A delicious table fish. Famity PEMPHERIDAE. LIOPEMPHERIS Ogilby, 1913 (multiradiata). [? CATALUFA Snyder, 1911.| LIOPEMPHERIS MULTIRADIATA Klunzinger (Bull’s-eye). Pempheris multiradiatus Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1xxx, 1880, p. 381. Pempheris macrolepis Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 516; Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus av, 1899) sp. Tarp. ex. Pempheris lineatus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 447. Liopempheris multirad-ata Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., ii, 1913, p. 66. Fig. 168. Liopempheris multiradiata. ° Members of this Family are not of economic importance. PEMPHERIS Cuvier, 1829 (argenteus). PEMPHERIS KLUNZINGERI McCulloch. Pempheris muelleri Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 380, pl. vi (not Poey). Pompheris klunzingeri MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, Lp ae WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Lila reat ETIIen aph anean ay Fig. 169. Pempheris klunzingeri. PARAPRIACANTHUS Steindachner, 1870 (ransonneti). PARAPRIACANTHUS ELONGATUS McCulloch. Pempheris elongata MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 47, pl. iv, fig. 1. lod Parapriacanthus elongatus Ogil., Mem. Qld. Mus., 11, 1913, p. 67. Pig. 170, Parapriacanthus elongatus, iy) RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Famity SCORPIDIDAE. SCORPIS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831 (georgianus). SCORPIS GEORGIANUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Banded Sweep). Scorpis georgianus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 503, pl. cexlv; Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 121. It is possible that this may prove to be the young of S. aequipinnis. SCORPIS AEQUIPINNIS Richardson (Sweep). Scorpis aequipinnis Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 121; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W.., 1893, p. 38; pl. x; MeCull., Rec. Aust. Mus.,.x1, 1917, p. 27 @amieeen Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 141, pl. xlv. Scorpis lineolatus Kner, Reise Novara, 1865, p. 108, pl. v, fig. 3. Scorpis boops Peters, Sitzb., Akad. Berlin, 1866, p. 519. Scorpis richardsoni Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien. li, 1866, p. 437, pl. v, eae Scorpis oblungus Canestrini, Arch. Zool. Anat. (2), i, 1869, p. 153. Fig. 172. Scorpis acquipinnis. The Sweep is a favourite food and sporting fish, and always find a ready sale, W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Als} Famity KYPHOSIDAE. KYPHOSUS Lacepéde, 1802 (bigibbus). KYPHOSUS SYDNEYANUS Giinther (Drummer). Pachymetopon grande Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 406 (not Giinth.). Pimelepterus sydneyanus Giinth., A.M.N.H. (5), xviii, 1886, p. 368; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 40, pl. xvi. Pimelepterus meridionalis Ogil., P.Z.8., 1886, p. 539. Kyphosus sydneyanus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 26; Roughley, Pishs Aust., 1916, p. 58, pl. xv; McCull., Rec. Aust. Mus., xiii, 1920, p. 56, mies fic, 2. Fig. 173. Kyphosus sydneyanus. Though attaining a length of 30 inches, this fish is not regarded with favour: it does not take an animal bait. Famity GIRELLIDAE. GIRELLA Gray, 1833 (punctata). GIRELLA TRICUSPIDATA Quoy & Gaimard (Blackfish). 114 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Boops tricuspidatus Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uranie & Physic., 1824, p. 296. Oblata tricuspidata Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 1830, p. 372. Crenidens triglyphus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 36, pl. xxv., fig. 2. Crenidens simplex Rich., op. cit.. 1846, p. 120. Girella tricuspidata Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 428; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 42, pl. xii; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 49, pl. xix; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 52, pl. xii; MceCull, Rec. Aust. Mus., x11, 1920; 9p. 60, pl. xin, fie. syne Girella simplex Gunth., op. cit. p. 429; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. viii, 1883, pl. Ixxii; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p.. 44. Melanichthys tricuspidata and M. simplex Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 67, 68. Melanichthys blacku Cast., op. cit., 1, 1873, p. 41. Girella percoides Hect., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vii, 1875, p. 243, pl. x, fig. 6d. Mig. 174. Girella tricuspidata. Our two species of this Family, being vegetable feeders, are of indifferent flavour and poor keeping quality. They may be caught with seaweed as a bait. TEPHRAEOPS Giinther, 1859 (tephraeops). TEPHRAEOPS ZEBRA Richardson (Zebra lish). Crenidens zebra Rich., Zool. Ereb, & Terr., 1846, p. 70, WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ila) Tephraeops zebra Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 1859, p. 432. Girella zebra Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, hii, 1866, p. 480, pl. vi, fig. 2. Girellichthys zebra Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 22. Néotephroeops zebra Cast., P.R.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 69. Meclambasis zebra Cast., op. cit., 11, 1873, p. 42. Fig. 175. Tephracops zebra. Famity CHAETODONTIDAE. VINCULUM McCulloch, 1914 (sexfasciatum). VINCULUM SEXFASCIATUM Richardson (Six-banded Coral-fish). Chaetodon sexfasciatus Rich., A.M.N.H., x, 1842, p. 26. Chaetodon ocellipinnis Macl., P..S., N.S.W., iii, 1878, p. 33, pl. ili, fig. 1 (young). Vinculum serfasciatum MecCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 110, pl. xxii. Vinculum ocellipinnis MeCull., op. cit., iv, 1916, p. 193. 116 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM i Fig. 176. Vineulwm sexfasciatum. A dainty well-fleshed fish, said to be most readily caught at night, whence one of its cognomens, The Moonlghter. CHELMONOPS Bleeker, 1876 (truncatus). CHELMONOPS TRUNCATUS Kner. Chaetodon truncatus Kner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxxiv, 1859, p. 442, pl. ii. Chelmo trochilus Ginth., A.M.N.H. (4), xiv, 1874, p. 368. Chelmonops truncatus Bleek., Arch. Neerl. Sei. Nat., xi, 1876, p. 304. Famity ENOPLOSIDAE: ENOPLOSUS Lacepede, 1802 (armatus). ENOPLOSUS ARMATUS Shaw (Old Wife). WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA aly Chaetodon armatus Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1790, p. 254, pl. xxxix, fig. 1. Enoplosus white Lacep., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1803, p. 541. Enoplosus armatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 1828, p. 133, pl. xx; Ten. Woods, Fish. N.S.W., 1883, p. 32, pl. ii; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 18938, p. 6; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 62, pl. xxxii; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, Ds Oo, pl. xxvVi Fig. 178. Hnoplosus armatus. A good little fish, but owine to its frequenting rocky localities cannot be taken with a net. Famity HISTIOPTERIDAE. PENTACEROPSIS Steindachner, 1883 (recurvirostris). PENTACEROPSIS RECURVIROSTRIS Richardson (Striped Boar-fish). 118 - RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM HTistiopterus recurvirostris Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 34, pl. xxii, fig. 5-6; Canestrini, Arch.-Zool. Anat. (2), 1, .1869)"p." 152) pl. au: Pentaceropsis recurvirostris Steind. & Doder., Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlviii, 1883, p. 13 (footnote), pl. vi. Prosoplismus recurvirostris Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., v; 1903, p. 58, pl. vi. Fig. 179. Pentaceropsis recurvirostris. The Boar-fishes are excellent food, but owing to the non-employment of the trawl are seldom seen in our markets. ZANCLISTIUS Jordan, 1907 (elevatus). ZANCLISTIUS ELEVATUS Ramsay & Ogilby (Short Boar-fish). WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 119 fMistiopterus elevatus Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., NSW. (2), iii, 15388, ps 1st: Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv,.1899, p. 114, pl. xxvi; Stead, Edib. Fish. Nes.W., 1908,"p. 75, pl. xliv. Zanclistius elevatus Jord., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxii, 1907, p: 236; MeCull. Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 67, fig. 14-18. ae iy) MY ; Fig. 180. Zanelistius clevatus. QUINQUARIUS Jordan, 1907 (japonicus). QUINQUARIUS HENDECACANTHUS McCulloch. Guinquarius hendecacanthus MeCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1915, p. 144, pl. xxvi, me, 13. 4 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Ls ~ 2. ANN Fig. 181. Quinquarius hendecacanthus. PARISTIOPTERUS Bleeker, 1876 (labiosus). PARISTIOPTERUS LABIOSUS Giinther (Boar-fish). Fig. 182. Paristiopterus labiosus. a ee a FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 121 WAITE Histiopterus labiosus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1S. p. Goe,°ple bs Oeil. Hdib. Wish. N-S: W.., 18938, p: 29, pl. vil. richardsona insignis Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 112. Paristiopterus labtosus Bleek., Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat., xi, 1876, p. 268. Histiopterus farnelli Waite, Thetis Prelim. Rep., 1898, p. 33, pl. iv and Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 116, pl. xxvii. Maccullochia labiosa Waite, Proc. N.Z. Inst., 1, 1910, p. 25; Roughley, Fish. Aust., hotG. ps 127; plexi: Famity OPLEGNATHIDAE. OPLEGNATHUS Richardson, 1840 (conwaii). OPLEGNATHUS WOODWARDI Waite (Knife-jaw). Loplegnathus woodwardi Waite, Ree. Aust. Mus.. 11, 1900, p. 212, pl. xxxvu. Oplegnathus woodward’ Waite & MeCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 464; McCull., Endeavour Res., iv, 1916, p. 187, pl. liv (young). Toplegnathus australis Regan, Ann. Durban Mus., 1, 1916, p. 169. Fig. 188. Oplegnathus woodwardi. Easily recognized trom the fact that its teeth are fused into a pair of plates, whence the term Knife-jaw. ie RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Famity CEPOLIDAE, CEPOLA Linnaeus, 1764 (rubescens). CEPOLA AUSTRALIS Ogilby (Band Fish). Cepola australis Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., xxiv, 1889, p. 185; MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11,1914, p: 109) pl; xxxiv, fie. a: Mig. 184. Cepola australis. Division (CT RR ESE OR Nia Famity CHEILODACTYLIDAE. GONIISTIUS Gill, 1862 (zonatus). GONIISTIUS VIZONARIUS Kent (Magpie Perch). Cheilodactylus gibbosus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 75 (not Rich.). Chilodactylus vizonarius Kent, P.R.S., Tasm., 1887, p. xxx, 48. Fig. 185. Goniistius vizonarius. WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 123 Chilodactylus bizonarius Kent, Nat. in Aust., 1897, p. 165, 166, pl. xxviii, fie. 13. Gonustius vizonarius MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 64, pl. xi. The members of this Family may usually be recognized by the fact that the lower rays of the pectoral fin are undivided, one of which is more or less elongated. DACTYLOPAGRUS Gill, 1862 (carponemus). DACTYLOPAGRUS CARPONEMUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Sea-carp). Cichla macroptera Bl. & Schn.. Syst. [ehth., 1801, p. 342 (not Forst.). Cheilodactylus carponemus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 1830, p. 362, pl. exxvili; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xviii, 1889, pl. elxxili, elxxiv. Fig. 186. Dactylopagrus carponemus. It may be noted that references to D. carponemus from Eastern Australia are applicable to D. morwong Rams. & Oeil. DACTYLOPAGRUS MACROPTERUS Forster (Jackass Fish). Sciaena macroptera Forst., in Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 342. Cheilodactylus macropterus Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 62; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 57; Riberro, Arch: Mus. Nac. Rio Jan., xv, 1915, Chilod. p. 2, pl. Dactylosparus macropterus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 32; McCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 66, pl. xii. 124 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 187. Dactylopagrus macropterus. Seldom seen here, but one of the commonest food fishes of New Zealand, where it is called The Tarakihi. The name Ja¢kass Fish is in allusion to the cross on the nape. DACTYLOPHORA De Vis, 1883 (semimaculata—nigricans). DACTYLOPHORA NIGRICANS Richardson (Strong Fish, Tillywurti). Cheilodactylus nigricans Rich., P.Z.8., 1850, p. 63. Chilodactylus nebulosus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxvili, 1872, p. 26; Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1078, pl. ii, fig. 1. Dactylophora semimaculata De Vis, P.U.8., N.S.W., viii, 1883, p. 284. Fig. 188. Dactylophora nigricans, WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 125 Psilocramium cox and P. nigricans Macl., P.L.S8., N.S.W., viii, 1884, p. 440, 441, [eee 0: 40 Dactylophora mgricans MeCull., Ree. W.A. Mus., i, 1914, p. 217 (syn.). The best known of our Sea-carps; esteemed as food and reaching a length of about 3 feet. THREPTERIUS Richardson, 1850 (maculosus). THREPTERIUS MACULOSUS Richardson. > Chironemus maculosus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1860, p. 78. ‘ Threpterius maculosus Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 70; pl. ii, fig. 1, 2 Fig. 189. Threpterius maculosus. Famity LATRIDIDAE. LATRIDOPSIS Gill, 1862 (ciliaris). LATRIDOPSIS FORSTERI Castelnau (Silver Trumpeter). _Latris forsteri, L. bilineata and L. inornata Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 77, 79, 2Latris ramsayi Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 229. . Latris ciliaris Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 85; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 70, pl. xxxix (not Forst.}. Latridopsis forsteri McCull., Endeavour Res., ili, 1915, p. 146, pl. XXVil. 126 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM BS Fig. 190. Latridopsis forsteri. A near relative of the famed ‘‘ Hobarttown Trumpeter,’’ though not equal to that fish in economic value. Z Division PO M-A°C7E UN? TREO Ravi Famity POMACENTRIDAE. PARMA Giinther, 1862 (microlepis). PARMA MICROLEPIS Giinther (Puller). Fig. 191. Parma imicrolepis. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 127 Glyphisodon biocellatus Benn., P.Z.S., 1859, p. 222, pl. ix. fig. A (not Cuv. & Val.). Parma microlepis Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p.57; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 81, pl. 1. Parma squanipinnis Giinth.. op. cit., p. 58, 505. 2Glyphidodon australis Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lvi, 1867, p. 328. Glyphidodon brownriggt! Waite, P.L.8., N.S.W. (2), ix, 1894, p. 219 (not Benn.). Hypsipops microlepis Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1905, p. 67, pl. xii. GLYPHISODON Lacepéde, 1803 (moucharra). ‘ GLYPHISODON VICTORIAE Giinther (Scaly-fin). Glyphidodon victoriae Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1863, p. 115. Heliastes lividus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 36. Glyphisodon victoriae McCull. & Waite, Rec. S.A. Mus., i, 1918, p. 46, pl. ii, fig. 2. Fig. 192. Glyphisodon victoriae, 128 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Diviston LA BR EE OR Mees: Famity LABRIDAE. PSEUDOLABRUS Bleeker, 1862 (rubiginosus). PSEUDOLABRUS PSITTACULUS Richardson. Labrus psittaculus Rich., P.Z.S8., 1840, p. 26 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 129, pl. iva, ne: ‘710: Labrichthys psittacula Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 114. Labrichthys rubicunda Macel., P.L.S8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 89. Labrichthys mortoni Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1885, p. 256. Pscudolabrus psittaculus MeCull., Endeavour Res., 1, 1911, p. 77, fig. 19. Pseudolabrus miles MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., ix, 1913, p. 372 (not Bl. & Sehn.). Fig. 193. Pseudolabrus psittaculus. Members of this genus are called Parrot-fishes. Being of herbivorous habit, they do not keep well and are not valued as food. PSEUDOLABRUS FUCICOLA Richardson. Labrus fucicola Rich., P.Z.8., 1840, p. 26 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 127, pli div, the. be Labrichthys fucicola Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 112 (footnote). Labrichthys bothryocosmos Hutt., Cat. Fish. N.Z., 1872, p. 43, pl. vii, fig. 68 (not Rich.). W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 129 Pseudolabrus fucicola Gill, Mem. Nat. Aead. Sci., vi, 18938, p. 116; MeCull., Ree. Aust.“Mus., ix, 1913)>sp. 374, pl. xvii. Fig. 194. Pseudolabrus fucicola. PSEUDOLABRUS CELIDOTUS Forster. Labrus celidotus Forst.. in Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 265; Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 53, pl. xxxi, fig. 1-5. Labrus poecilopleura Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1839, p. 99. Julis? notatus Rich., A.M.N.H., xi, 1843, p. 425. Latrus botryocosmus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 53, pl. xxxi, fig. 6-10. Labrichthys celidota Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 113. Pseudolabrus celidotus Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei., vi, 1893, p. 98, 117. Labrichthys bothryocosmus Giinth., op. cit., p. 114; Huitt., T.N.Z. Inst., v, 18 mpaZoo, pl. x, fig. 68. co | (Ju) Fig. 195. Pseudolabrus celidotus. 130 : RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM PSEUDOLABRUS AURANTIACUS Castelnau. Cheilinus aurantiacus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 245. Labrichthys elegans Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1102, pl. vi, fig. 2 (male), 3 (female). Pseudolabrus elegans Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 403. Pseudolabrus aurantiaeus MeCull. & Waite, Ree. S.A. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 47. Fig. 196. Pseudolabrus aurantiacus. PSEUDOLABRUS TETRICUS Richardson. Labrus tetricus Rich., P.Z.S., 1840, p. 25 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 126, pl. lv, fig. 1-4. Labrichthys ephippium Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), xi, 1863, p. 116 (not Cuv. & Val.). Fig. 197. Pseudolabrus tetricus, WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 131 Labrichthys tetrica Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii;, 1872, p. 37 (with var. tigripinmis and fuseipinnis) and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 401 (with var. ocellata). Labrichthys richardson: and L. westita Cast., P.Z.8., Viet., i, 1872, p. 150, 151. Labrichthys bleekeri Cast., op. cit., p. 148; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xiv, 1887, pl. exxxiv. 2Labrichthys cuviert Cast., op. cit., 11, 1873, p. d3. Labrichthys cyanogenys Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), ii, 1887, p. 242. Pseudolabrus cyanogenys Gill, P.U.S, Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 4083; MeCull., Endeavour Res., i, 1911, p. 76, pl. xiii. PSEUDOLABRUS PUNCTULATUS Giinther. Labrichthys punctulata Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 118. Labrichthys edelensis Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1873, p. 137. Pseudolabrus punctulatus Gill, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 401; Waite, Ree. Aust. Mus., vi; 1905, p. 69, pl. xni. Fig. 198. Pseudolabrus punctulatus. PSEUDOLABRUS MACLEAYI Herzenstein. Labrichthys macleayi Herz., Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb., i, 1896, p. 10. PICTILABRUS Gill, 1891 (laticlavius). PICTILABRUS LATICLAVIUS Richardson (Senator Fish). Labrus laticlavius Rich, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 99, and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 128, plerivt,. fic. 3-6; iB? RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Labrichthys laticlavius Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 115, 507; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xvii, 1888, pl. ¢lxiii. Labrichthys labiosa Macl., P.L.8., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 88, pl. i, fig. 2. Pictilabrus laticlavius Gill, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1892, p. 403. Pseudolabrus laticlavius Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 39. Fig. 200. Pictilabrus laticlavius. AUSTROLABRUS Steindachner, 1884 (maculatus). AUSTROLABRUS MACULATUS Macleay. Labrichthys maculata Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 89 (not De Vis). Austrolabrus maculatus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1100, pl. v (male) and vi fig. 1 (female); MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., ix, 1913, p 367, pl. xvi. Fig. 201. Austrolabrus maculatus. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Si) THALLIURUS Swainson, 1839 (blochi). THALLIURUS BLEASDALEI Castelnau. Hemigymnus bleasdalei Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 38. OPHTHALMOLEPIS Bleeker, 1861 (lineolatus). OPHTHALMOLEPIS LINEOLATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Maori). Julis lineolatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1839, p. 436. Julis cyanogramma Rich., A.M.N.H. (2), vii, 1851, p. 289. Ophthalmolepis lineolata Bleek., P.Z.8., 1861, p. 418; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 157, pl. liv; Kner, Reise Novara, 1865, p. 258, pl. x1. Coris lineolata Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 206; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 142; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 84, pl. liv. Julis adelaidensis Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 35. Fig. 203. Ophthalmolepis lineolatus. As food, superior to the Parrot-fishes. ACHOERODUS Gill, 1863 (gouldii). ACHOERODUS GOULDII Richardson (Groper). Labrus gouldii Rich., A.M.N.H., xi, 1848, p. 358. Cossyphus gouldii Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 132 and P.Z.S8., 1850, p. 72, pl. i, fig. 3; Ten. Woods, Fish. N.S.W., 1883, p. 74, pl. xxxi. Achoerodus gouldi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., xv, 1863, p. 222; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 147, pl. xlviii (Blue form) and xlix (Red form). Platychoerops muelleri WKlunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 399, ple van, fe: 2: . Platychoerops gouldi Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 132, pl. xxxv. Platychoerops badius Ogil., op. cit., p. 134. ‘134 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 204. Achoerodus gouldii. Two colour varieties occur, respectively known as Blue and Red Gropers. Attains a length of 33 feet and a weight of 40 Ib. Not greatly favoured as food. Famity ODACIDAE. ODAX Cuvier, 1829 (pullus). ODAX RADIATUS Quoy & Gaimard. Malacanthus radiatus Quoy & Gaim., Voy Astrolabe, Zool., 1, 1835, p. 717, DiI ers. Cheilio lineatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xiii, 1839, p. 354. Odax lineatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1848, p. 133, pl. lx, fig. 1-5. Odar radiatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 242. ODAX RICHARDSONII Giinther (Rock Whiting). Odazx pullus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xiv, 1839, p. 304, pl. eececvin, fig. 1 (not orst.). Odax richardsonii Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 241; Roughley, Fish. Aust.,-1916, p. 159, pl. lv; Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lxxx, 1880, p. 404; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 143, pl. xxxvi; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 85, pl. lv. Odax hyrtlii Steind., Sitzb, Akad, Wiss, Wien, liu, 1866, p. 464, W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 1355) Fig. 206. Odax richardsonit. The Rock Whitings have no affinities with members of the Family Silla- ginidac; the respective food values are not comparable. . ODAX FRENATUS Giinther. Odax frenatus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 241. ODAX PUSILLUS Castelnau. Oddr pusillus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict. 0,.1873, p. 72. ODAX WATERHOUSII Castelnau. Neodax waterhousii Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 37. Odax waterhouse: Macl., P.U:S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 109. OLISTHOPS Richardson, 1850 (cyanomelas). OLISTHOPS CYANOMELAS Richardson (Herring Cale). Olisthops cyanomelas Rich., P.Z.8S., 1850. p. 75, pl. 1m, fig. 1, 2; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 145; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 85, pl. lvi; MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., xiii, 1920, p. 69, pl. xiv, fig. 3. Olistherops brunneus Macl., P.U.S., N.S.W., iii, 1878, p. 36, pl. v, fig. 1. Olistherops browni Johnst., P.R.S., Tasm., 1884, p. 198. (“ve Lome Aah Pd ey Fn . : me aw Seth A we tt i « TOS fuse.” ene Ns oo gd hee © eee we te ib McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dee. v, 1880, pl. xliv, fig. 1. Thyrsites altivelis Rich., P.Z.S., 1839, p. 99. Wh A thd v9 he ihth ihe vg aii Senn, ae Pe mee Sen Fig. 226. Thyrsites atun, W AITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 145 The illustration is of a New Zealand specimen. Examples taken in our waters are generally infested with muscle worms and are much emaciated; in ’ such condition they are spoken of as ‘‘axe-handles.”’ Sus-Orper XIPHIOIDEA. Famity XIPHIIDAE. XIPHIAS Linnaeus, 1758 (gladius). XIPHIAS GLADIUS Linnaeus (Swordfish). Xiphias gladius Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 248; Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1831, p. 258, pl. eexxv, eexxvi; Valenc., in Cuv., Rég. Anim., iieeroiss:, pl. ilu: Day, Fish. Gt: Brit. & Ireli, i, 188i, p. 146, ply xix Xiphias rondeletii Leach, Zool. Mise., i, 1814, p. 62, pl. xxvii and Mem. Wern. Nab. Hist. Soc., u, 1818, p. 58, pl. i, fig. 1. Fig. 227. Xiphias gladius. The species is here determined from an imperfect skull, 4 ft. 2 in. in total length, found at Windsor, St. Vincent Gulf. The Museum possesses the sword of another example, taken at Port Augusta, Spencer Gulf; this specimen measured 14 feet in length; the species is said to attain to 15 feet. The extremely flattened sword is characteristic of this monotypic Family. Sus-Orper GOBIOIDEA. Famity GOBIIDAE. GOBIUS Linnaeus, 1758 (niger). GOBIUS BIFRENATUS Kner (Bridled Goby, Tarkatuki). 146 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Gobius bifrenatus Kner, Reise Novara, 1865, p. 177, pl. vil, fig. 3; Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1880, p. 383; MeCull. & Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., xn, 1919, pr 242. Gobius bassensis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 123. Gobius caudatus Cast., op. cit., 11, 1873, p. 47. ?Gobius frenatus Zietz, T.R.S., 8.A., xxvi, 1902, p. 267 (not Giinth.). Fig. 228. Gobius bifrenatus. All the Gobies are small fishes, economically used only as bait. Several species are kept in aquaria. GOBIUS HINSBYI McCulloch & Ogilby. Gobius pictus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 124 (not Malm.). robius hinsbyi Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1903, p. x (name only) ; MeCull. & Ogil., Ree. Aust, Mus., xii, 1919, p. 215) pl. xxxin, fie: 1- Fig. 229. Gobius hinsbyi. GOBIUS LATERALIS Macleay. Gobius lateralis Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 602. Rhinogobius lateralis McCull. & Waite, Ree, S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 48, pl. 1, fig. 3. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 147 Rhinogobius lateralis var. obliquus MceCull. & Ogil., Rec. Aust. Mus., xii, 1919, p. 249, pl. xxxiv, fig. 4. Fig. 230. Gobius lateralis. GOBIUS HAACKEI Steindachner. Gobius haackei Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 194 and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1074. GOBIUS FILAMENTOSUS Castelnau. Gobius filamentosus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 19. GOBIUS EREMIUS Zietz. Gobius eremius Zietz, Rep. Horn. Exped., 11, 1896, p. 180, pl. xvi, fig. 5; MeCull., Erec eAuist. Mus: xi, 1917, p. 188, pl. xxx, fig. 7. Fig. 2338. Gobius eremius. 148 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM VALENCIENNEA Bleeker, 1868 (hasse!ti). VALENCIENNEA HASSELTI Bleeker. Eleotris hasselti Bleek., Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indie., 1, 1851, p. 253. South Australian specimens are referred to a variety as below. var. MUCOSA Giinther. Gobius mucosus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 663, pl. Ixin, fig. A. Gobius depressus Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), i, 1886, p. 4. Mucogobius mucosus MeCull., Rec. W. Aust. Mus., i, 1912, p. 93. Callogobius hasseltii var. mucosus McCull. & Ogil., Ree. Aust. Mus., xi, 1929) poli, pl; sccm, ne. 4: MUGILOGOBIUS Smitt, 1899 (fontinalis). MUGILOGOBIUS GALWAYI McCulloch & Waite (Blue-spot Goby). Mugilogobius galwayi MeCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 50, pl in, ne) W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 149 Famity ELEOTRIDAE. MOGURNDA Gill, 1863 (mogurnda). MOGURNDA ADSPERSA Castelnau (Chequered Gudgeon). Eleotris mogurnda Bleek., Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., 1, 1865, p. 71 (not Rich.). Eleotris adspersa Cast., P..S., N.S.W., ti, 1878, p. 142. Eleotris mimmus and E. concolor De Vis, P.U.S., N.S.W., ix, 1884, p. 690, 692. Krefftius adspersus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxii, 1898, p. 789; Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., v; 1904, p. 282, pl. xxv, fig. 1. Mogurnda mogurnda adspersus MeCull & Ogil., Ree. Aust. Mus., xii, 1919, p. 282. A favourite aquarium fish, successfully introduced into America and there bred by fanciers. PHILYPNODON Bleeker, 1874 (nudiceps—grandiceps?). PHILYPNODON GRANDICEPS Krefft (Big-headed Gudgeon). Eleotris grandiceps Krefft, P.Z.S., 1864, p. 183. Eleotris gymnocephalus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lili, 1866, p. 453, pl. 11, fig. 3. ?Hleotris nudiceps Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 126. Gymnobutis gymnocephalus Bleek., Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat., ix, 1874, p. 304. Ophiorrhinus grandiceps Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., xxi, 1897, p. 746. Ophiorrhinus angustifrons Oeil., op. cit., xxu, 1898, p. 793. ¢ Philypnodon grandiceps Waite, Rec, Aust. Mus., v, 1904, p. 285, pl. xxxvi, fig. 2. 150 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 237. Philypnodon grandiceps. 8 YI { Not known from South Australia until this year (1921), when members of the S.A. Aquarium Society obtained examples in the River Murray billabongs. — Sus-OrpErR BLENNIOIDEA. Famity BLENNIIDAE. BLENNIUS Linnaeus, 1758 (ocellaris). BLENNIUS TASMANIANUS Richardson (Blenny). Blennius tasmanianus Rich., P.Z.S8., 1839, p. 99 and T.Z.S8., iii, 1849, p. 129; Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 205, pl. xxxvi, fig. 5d. Blennius victoriae Fowl., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., lix, 1907, p. 442, fig. 10. Fig. 238. Blennius tasmanianus. All the Blennies are small and of no marketable value, The group is greatly in need of scientific revision, W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 151 NEOBLENNIUS Castelnau, 1875 (fasciatus). NEOBLENNIUS FASCIATUS Castelnau (Banded Blenny). Neoblennius fasciatus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 28. PERONEDYS Steindachner, 1884 (anguillaris). PERONEDYS ANGUILLARIS Steindachner. Peronedys anguillaris Steind., Anz, Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 197 and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1083; McCull. & Waite, Rec. 8. Aust. his:, 1, 1918, p: 60; pl.-v, fiz.-2. Eucentronotus zietzi Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxi, 1898, p. 294. Fig. 240. Peronedys anguillaris. HETEROCLINUS Castelnau, 1872 (adelaidae). HETEROCLINUS ADELAIDAE Castelnau. Heteroclinus adelaidae Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 247. OPHICLINUS Castelnau, 1872 (antarcticus). OPHICLINUS ANTARCTICUS Castelnau. Ophiclinus antarcticus Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 246. Neogunellus sulcatus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust., 1875, p. 27. Ophichinus sulcatus MeCull. & Waite, Rec. 8. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 55, fig. 28 (head). OPHICLINUS GRACILIS Waite. Onhioclinus gracilis Waite, Res. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 207, pl. xxxvi, fig. 6. 152 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 248. Ophiclinus gracilis. OPHICLINUS PARDALIS McCulloch & Waite. Ophiclinus pardalis MeCull & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 58, pL. lv, fig. 2. Fig. 244. Opluiclinus pardalis. OPHICLINUS HOMACANTHUS Herzenstein. Neogunellus homacanthus Herz., Ann. Mus. Zool., St. Petersb., 1, 1896, p. 5. OPHICLINUS MICROCHIRUS Herzenstein. Neoqunellus microchirus Herz., Ann. Mus. Zool., St. Petersb., i, 1896, p. 7. >] b 3 7} ? CRISTICEPS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1836 (australis). CRISTICEPS AUSTRALIS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Weed Fish). Cristiceps australis Cuyv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1836, p. 402, pl. CCCXXXVI ; Iiueas, PsR:S.,° Vict. (u.s.), iii, 1891, p. 10, pl. iii, fig. 3; MeCull, Ree. Aust. Mus., vii, 1908, p. 39, pl. x, fig. 3. Christiceps splendens Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 244 and ii, 1873, p. 66. Cristiceps howittii Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., ii, 1873, p. 48, 66. Cristiceps macleayi Cast., P.U.S., N.S.W., 11, 1879, p. 389. Cristiceps pallidus Macl., P..S., N.8S.W., vi, 1881, p. 26. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 1153) Fig. 247. Cristiceps australis. CRISTICEPS TRISTIS Klunzinger. Cristiceps tristis Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 31. or7 CLINUS Cuvier, 1817 (superciliosus). CLINUS PERSPICILLATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Clinus perspicillatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xi, 1836, p. 372; MeCull., Rec. Aust. Mus., vii, 1908, p. 48, pl. xi, fig. 4. Clinus despicillatus Rich., Zool. Journ., 1839, p. 90 and T.Z.S., iii, 1849, p. 128, pl. vi, fig. 2. Fig. 249. Clinus perspicillatus. LEPIDOBLENNIUS Steindachner, 1867 (haplodactylus). LEPIDOBLENNIUS MARMORATUS Macleay. Tripterygium marmoratum Macl., P.I.S., N.S.W., iii, 1878, p. 34, pl. ili, fig. 2. Lepidoblennius marmoratus MeCull. & MeNeill, Rec. Aust. Mus., xii, 1918, p. 24; McCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 62, pl. v, fig. 3. 154 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 250. Lepidoblennius marmoratus. HELCOGRAMMA McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (decurrens). HELCOGRAMMA DECURRENS McCulloch & Waite. Helcogramma decurrens MeCull. & Waite, Rec. 8S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 52, pl. ii, fig. 2. Fie, 251. Helcogramma decurrens. D> TRIANECTES McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (bucephalus). TRIANECTES BUCEPHALUS McCulloch & Waite. Trianectes bucephalus MeCull, & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 53, pl. ii, fig. 3. W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5 Famity BROTULIDAE. DERMATOPSIS Ogilby, 1896 (macrodon). DERMATOPSIS MULTIRADIATUS McCulloch & Waite. | Dermatopsis multiradiatus MeCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 63, pl. v, fig. 4. Fig. 253. Dermatopsis multiradiatus. Famity OPHIDIIDAE. GENYPTERUS Phillipi, 1857 (nigricans). GENYPTERUS BLACODES Bloch & Schneider (Rockling). Ophidium blacodes Bl. & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 484. Genypterus blacodes Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 379 (part) ; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 117, pl. Ixxxi. Genypterus tigerinus Klunz., Arch. f. Naturg., xxxviii, 1872, p. 39. Genypterus australis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 164; MeCoy, Prod. Zool, Wiet. dec. 11,1879; pli xxvily fie 1, 156 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 254. Genypterus blacodes. Neither of the two described species is brought to our markets in payable quantity. GENYPTERUS MICROSTOMUS Regan. Genypterus microstomus Regan, A.M.N.H. (7), xi, 1903, p. 599; MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 159, pl. xiv, fig. bo Fig. 255. Genypterus microstomus. OrverR HETEROSOMATA. Famity BOTHIDAE. LOPHONECTES Giinther, 1880 (gallus). LOPHONECTES GALLUS Giinther (Crested Flounder). of Mig. 256. Lophonectes gallus, a | WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 15 Lophonectes gallus Giinth., Chall. Rep., i, 1880, p. 29, pl. xv, fig. B (reversed). >: Lophorhombus cristatus Macl., P..8., N.S.W., vii, 1882, p. 14. Though esteemed, as everywhere, flat-fishes are far from common in our markets and always command high prices. Scientifically, the Order needs revision. Famity PLEURONECTIDAE. RHOMBOSOLEA Giinther, 1862 (monopus—plebeia). RHOMBOSOLEA PLEBEIA Richardson (Flounder). Rhombus plebeius Rich., in Dieffenbach, ii, 1843, p. 222. Rhombosolea monopus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 459. Ehombosolea plebeia Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., vi, 1893, p. 121; Waite, Ree. amt. Maus;i, 1911p. 208, pl xxx. Fig. 257. Rhombosolea plebeia. 158 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM RHOMBOSOLEA VICTORIAE (Melbourne Flounder). Pleuronectes? victoriae Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., i, 1872, p. 168. AMMOTRETIS Giinther, 1862 (rostratus). AMMOTRETIS ROSTRATUS Giinther (lLong-snouted Flounder). Ammotretis rostratus Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iv, 1862, p. 458; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 103, pl. Ixx. Ammotretis adspersus Kner, Reise Novara, Fisch., 1868, p. 286, pl. xiii, fig. 4. ‘ Rhombosolea bassensis Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 167. Ammotretis zonatus Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., vii, 1882, p. 367. Ammotretis macleay: Ogil., P.L.8., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 121, 122. Peltorhamphus bassensis Waite, Rec. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 198, pl. xxxiv. Fig. 259. Ammotretis rostratus. el a ee WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 159 AMMOTRETIS ELONGATUS McCulloch. Ammotretis elongatus MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 123, pl. xxvii. Fig. 260. Ammotretis elongatus. AMMOTRETIS TUDORI McCulloch. Ammotretis tudor’ MeCull., Endeavour Res., ii, 1914, p. 124, pl. xxvi. 2) Fig. 261. Ammotretis tudori. 160 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Famity SOLEIDAE. ASERAGGODES Kaup, 1858 (euttulatus). ASERAGGODES HAACKEANA Steindachner (Sole). Solea (Achirus) haackeana Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and Sitzb. Akad Wiss. Wien, lxxxvil, 1884, p. 1104, pl. i, fig. 3. - Solea (Aseraggodes) textilis Rams. & Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), 1, 1886, p. 6. Aseraggodes haackeana MeCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916, p. 59. OD AE dt, Rte. oO Fig. 262. Aseraggodes haackeana. OrveER DISCOCEPHALI. Famity ECHENEIDIDAE. ECHENEIS Linnaeus, 1758 (naucrates). ECHENEIS AUSTRALIS Bennett (Sucker Fish). Echeneis australis Benn., Narr. Whaling Voy., ii, 1840, p. 273; Waite, T.R.S., Dee. oem 1915, p, 340, plt sa disk): Echeneis scutata Giinth., A.M.N.H. (3), v, 1860, p: 401, pl. x, fig. B. Remilegia australis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1864, p. 61. Pig. 263. Heheneis australis, WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 16] The only example recorded from our waters accompanied a Norwegian vessel into dock, probably from the Indian Ocean. Sucker fishes attach themselves to ships, whales, sharks, and other fishes by means of the sucking disk on the top of the head. ECHENEIS REMORA Linnaeus (Remora). Echeneis remora Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 260; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. ene Irel., 1, 1681, p, 108, pl. xxxix, ‘fig, 2. Fig. 264. Hcheneis remora. Under the title ‘‘The Myth of the Ship-holder,’’ Mr. KE. W. Gudger (18) has brought together the legends of the habits attributed to this curious fish. Orver SCLEROPAREIL. Famity SCORPAENIDAE. SCORPAENA Linnaeus, 1758 (porcus). SCORPAENA CRUENTA Richardson (Red Rock-cod). Scorpaena cruenta Rich., A.M.N.H., ix, 1842, p. 217; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S. W., 1893, p. 63, pl. xx; Stead, Fish. Aust., 1906, p. 193, pl. vii and Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 108, pl. Ixxy. | Scorpaena ergastulorum Rich., loc. eit. Scorpaena militaris Rich., Zool, Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 22, pl. xiv, fig. 1, 2. . (18) Gudger, Ann. Mag.. Nat. Hist. (9), ii, 1918, p. 271, pl. xv-xvii and fig. 10 and iv, HOMO Tp. 17. 162 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Big. 265. Scorpacna cruenta. Well known to rock anglers, its capacious mouth accommodating very large baits. The flesh is white and tender. HELICOLENUS Goode & Bean, 1895 (dactylopterus). HELICOLENUS PERCOIDES Richardson (Red Gurnard-perch). fp Fig. 266. Helicolenus percoides. WAITE---FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 163 Sebastes percoides Rich., A.M.N.H., ix, 1842, p. 384 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, pe 2a. pl xv, fig) 1, 2° McCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., dee; iv, 1879, pl. xxii: Ten. Woods, Fish., N.S.W., 1883, pl. xiv; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, De O8; Sebastes alporti Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 11, 1878, p. 40. Scorpaena barathri Hect., T.N.Z.1., vii, 1875, p. 245, pl. x, fig. 15a.° Sebastapistes percoides Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 46. ITelicolenus percoides McCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., vi, 1907, p. 350. A fair food fish, but not regarded as equal to the preceding species. NECSEBASTES Guichenot, 1867 (scorpaenoides). NEOSEBASTES SCORPAENOIDES Guichenot (Gurnard-perch). Neosebastes scorpaenoides Guich., Mem. Soe. Sci. Cherbourg, xiii, 1867, p. 85; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xx, 1890, pl. exeiii. Sebastes scorpaenoides Klunz., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xxx, 1880, p. 365, pl. v, fig. 1 (head). Fig. 267 Nceosebastes scorpaenoides. A winter market fish. 164 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM NEOSEBASTES PANDUS Richardson ((iurnard-perch). Scorpaena panda Rich., A.M.N.H., ix, 1842, p. 216. Sebastes pandus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 70, pl. xh, fig. 3, 4. Neosebastes panda Guich., Mem. Soe. Sci. Cherbourg, xiii, 1867, p. (867). Fig. 268. Neosebastes pandus. Not so well known here as in Victoria, where it is a common market fish. NEOSEBASTES NIGROPUNCTATUS McCulloch (Black-spotted Gurnard-. perch). Neosebastes nigropunctatus MeCull., Endeavour Res., 111, 1915, p. 167, pl. xxx. WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 165 Fig. 269. Neosebastes nigropunctatus. NEOSEBASTES THETIDIS Waite (Thetis Fish). Fig. 270. Neosebastes thetidis, 166 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Sebastes thetidis Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 100, pl. xx. Sebastodes thetidis Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club., 1, 1904, p. 47. _Neosebastes thet:dis MeCull., Endeavour Res., 11, 1915, p. 154. The name of this fish is associated with the first trawling venture of the N.S. Wales Government, conducted in 1898; H.M.C.S. ‘‘Thetis’’ being employed. The writer of this catalogue was in charge of the Zoological operations. The Thetis Fish has been obtained at Glenelg, S.A. NEOSEBASTES PANTICA McCulloch & Waite. Neosebastes pantica McCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 64, pl. iv, fic: 1. Fig. 271. Neosebastes pantica. GYMNAPISTES Swainson, 1839 (marmoratus).: GYMNAPISTES MARMORATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Cobbler). Apistus marmoratus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 416; Valene. in Cuv., Rég. Anim., Til. Poiss., 1839;-pl. xxiv, fig.3. Apistes marmoratus Cuv. (Griff.), Anim. Kine., x, 1834, pl. xxi, fig. 3. Gymnapistes marmoratus Swains., Nat. Hist. Fish., 11, 1839, p. 266. Pentaroge marmorata Giimth., Cat. Fish. Brit.. Mus., 11, 1860, p. 182; MeCull., Endeavour Res., i111, 1915, p. 161, pl. xxxvi, fig. 2. FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 167 WAITE Fig. 272. Gymnapistes marmoratus. Of no commercial value; known to every boy on the coast, and handled with caution on account of its venomous spines. GLYPTAUCHEN Giinther, 1860 (panduratus). GLYPTAUCHEN PANDURATUS Richardson (Saddle-head). ( Apistes panduratus Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 58, pl. i, fig. 3, 4. Glyptauchen panduratus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 121. Fig. 2738. Glyptauchen panduratus. The Family Scorpaenidae furnishes some bizarre forms, of which this is one. 168 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Famity APLOACTIDAE. APLOACTIS Schlegel, 1843 (aspera). APLOACTIS MILESII Richardson (Velvet-fish). Aploactis milesti Rich., P.Z.S., 1850, p. 60, pl. 1, fig. 1, 2. Aploactisoma schomburykti Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 244 and u1, 1873, p. 64. Big. 274. Aploactis milesu. The name Velvet-fish is also bestowed on Guathunacanthus, to which it is more applieable. Famity PATAECIDAE. | PATAECUS -Richardson, 1844 (fronto). PATAECUS FRONTO Richardson (lorehead Fish). Fig. 275. Pataecus fronto. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 169 Pataecus fronto Rich., A.M.N.H., xiv, 1844, p. 280 and Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, n220.5 plexi, fie. 1,2. Pataecus subocellatus Giinth., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 665, pl. xiv. For obvious reasons this fish has also received: the book name of Red Indian Fish. PATAECUS MACULATUS Giinther (Warty-fish). Pataecus maculatus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 1861, p. 292; Waite, Ree. poust, Mus.,. vi, 1905, p. 75, pill. xv. ee) WW Pataecus armatus Johnston, P.R.S., Tasm., 1891, p. Fig. 276. Pataecus maculatus. The members of the Family Pataecidae are small and of no value. PATAECUS VINCENTII Steindachner. Pataecus vincentiui Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, 1884, p. 1085, pl. vii, fig. 2. 170 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 277. Pataecus vincentii. The specimen figured is the only adult example so far recorded; it was recently obtained at Glenelg after a severe storm. NEOPATAECUS Steindachner, 1883 (maculatus—waterhousii). NEOPATAECUS WATERHOUSII Castelnau. Pataecus waterhousii Cast., P.Z.S., Viet., 1, 1872, p. 244. Neopataecus maculatus Steind., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxvui, 1884, p. 1087, pl. vii, fig. 3 (not Giinth.). Fig. 278. Neopataecus waterhousti. Readily distinguished from members of the allied genus by the separate tail fin. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 1p7Al Famity CONGIOPIDAE. CONGIOPUS Perry, 1811 (pereatus). CONGIOPUS LEUCOPAECILUS Richardson (Pigfish). Agriopus leucopaccilus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 60, pl. xxxvui, fig. 4, 5. Congiopodus leucopoecilus Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei. Wash., vi, 1893, p. 118. Fig. 279. Congiopus leucopaectius. Famity GNATHANACANTHIDAE. GNATHANACANTHUS Bleeker, 1855 (goetzeei). GNATHANACANTHUS GOETZEEI Bleeker (Velvet-fish). Gnathanacanthus goetzeei Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., lil) LODO, D. 4s ned. Holorenus cutaneus Giinth., A.M.N.H. (4), xvii, 1876, p. 393. Beridia flava Cast., P.L.8., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 229, pl. 1." Gnathanacanthus goetzi Gill, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 701, fig > 172 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 280. Gnathanacanthus goetzcei. Specimens obtained alive, in our waters, are of beautiful orange colour. Famity PLATYCEPHALIDAE. PLATYCEPHALUS Bloch, 1795 (spathula). PLATYCEPHALUS FUSCUS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Dusky Flathead). - i Platycephalus fuscus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 241; Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, 111, 1835. p. 681, pl. x, fig. 1; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 105, pl. xxvii; Stead,’ Edib.» Fish: N'S.W., 1908, p. 111, pl ieee Roughley,, Fish, Aust.,.19G, 905 Usd. plas: ?Platycephalus cinereus Giimth., P.Z.S., 1871, p. 662. Fig. 281. Platycephalus fuscus. x All the Flatheads are good food. The Dusky and Sand Flatheads are the n species commonly marketed in Adelaide, % 7 WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 173 PLATYCEPHALUS BASSENSIS Cuvier & Valenciennes (Sand Flathead). Platycephalus bassens's Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 247; Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, iii, 1835, p. 683, pl. x, fig. 3: Stead, Edib. Fish. Nasu. 1908, p.112, ple isexviii Platycephalus tasmanius Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 23, pl. xviii, ee We: ait), Fig. 282. Platycephalus bassensis. PLATYCEPHALUS LAEVIGATUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Platycephalus laevigatus Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1829, p. 248; Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, iii, 1835, p. 684, pl. x, fig. 4. Fig. 283. Platycephalus lacvigatus. 174 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM PLATYCEPHALUS INOPS Jenyns. Platycephalus inops Jenyns. Zool. Beagle, 111, 1842, p. 33. PLATYCEPHALUS HAACKEI Steindachner. Platycephalus haackei Steind., Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx, 1883, p. 195 and Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lxxxviii, 1884, p. 1081, pl. 11, fig. 2. Fig. 285. Platycephalus haacket. PLATYCEPHALUS SEMERMIS De Vis. Platycephalus semermis De Vis, P.I.S8., N.S.W., vill, 1883, p. 289. NEOPLATYCEPHALUS Castelnau, 1872 (grandis). . NEOPLATYCEPHALUS GRANDIS Castelnau. Neoplatycephalus grandis Cast.,-P.Z.S8., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 87. NEOPLATYCEPHALUS CONATUS Waite & McCulloch (Deep-water Flathead). Neoplatycephalus conatus Waite & McCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 466, pl. xu. Fig. 288. Neoplatycephalus conatus. THYSANOPHRYS Ogilby, 1898 (cirronasus). THYSANOPHRYS CIRRONASUS Richardson (Tassel-snouted Flathead). WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA A/S Platycephalus cirronasus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 114, pl. li, fig. 7-10. Thysanophrys cirronasus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., xxiii, 1898, p. 40. Fig. 289. Thysanophrys cirronasus. Famine HOPEICELY H Yibak: HOPLICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829 (lanesdorfil). HOPLICHTHYS HASWELLI McCulloch. Hoplichthys haswelli MeCull., Ree. Aust. Mus., vi, 1907, p. 351, pl. Ixiv and Endeavour Res., 11, 1914, p. 132. Fig. 290. Hoplichtlys haswelli. A deep-water form taken only by the trawl, 176 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Famity TRIGLIDAE. LEPIDOTRIGLA Giinther, 1860 (aspera). LEPIDOTRIGLA VANESSA Richardson (Butterfly Gurnard). Trigla vanessa Rich., P.Z.8., 1839, p. 97 and T.Z.S., 11, 1849, p. 83, pl. vy, fig. 1. Lepidotrigla vanessa Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1860, p. 197; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. 1, 1878, pl. y. This and the next species are small fishes, having large scales compared with those of other Gurnards. Fig. 291. Lepidotrigla vanessa. PARATRIGLA Ogilby, 1911 (pleuracanthica). PARATRIGLA PLEURACANTHICA Richardson. Trigla pleuracanthica Rich , Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1845, p. 23, pl. xvi, fig. 1-4. Lepidotrigla pleuracanthica Rams. & Ogil., P.I.8., N.S.W., x, 1886, p. 578. Paratrigla pleuracanthica Oegil., Ann. Qld. Mus., x, 1911, p. 56, Pa WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA WA 7 Fig. 292. Paratrigla pleuracanthica. PTERYGOTRIGLA Waite, 1899 (polyommata). PTERYGOTRIGLA POLYOMMATA Richardson (Flying Gurnard). Trigla polyommata Rich., P.Z.S8., 1839, p. 96 and T.Z.S., iti, 1849, p. 87, pl. v, nee Oo. Hdib. Kish. N.S. W., 1893) p. 111: Tloplonotus polyommatus Guich., Ann. Soe. Linn. Maine-et-Loire, Ichth., ix, 1866, De 3. Fig. 298, Pterygotrigla polyommata, 178 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Trigla amoena Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 11, 1873, p. 131. Pterygotrigla polyommata Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., tv, 1899, p. 108; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, ). 186, pl: isyv. The name Flying Gurnard is bestowed on account of its reputed habit of jumping out of the water. CHELIDONICHTHYS Kaup, 1873 (hirundo). CHELIDONICHTHYS KUMU Lesson & Garnot (Red Gurnard). Trigla kumu Less. & Garn., Voy. Coquille, Poiss., 1826, p. 214, pl. xix; MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. i, 1878, pl. vi; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 109, pl, sce, Trigla spinosa MeClell., Caleutta Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 1844, p. 396, pl. xxu, fig. 2. Trigla dorsomaculata Steind., Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxiv, 1876, p. 216. Chelidonichthys kumu Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 49; Stead, Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1908, p. 114, pl. Ixxix; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 184, pl. lxiv. Fig. 294. Chelidonichthys kumu. This and the Flying Gurnard are obtained plentifully where the trawl is operated; both species furnish excellent food, always in demand, WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 179 OrpveR XENOPTERI. Famity GOBIESOCIDAE. ASPASMOGASTER Waite, 1907 (spatula). ASPASMOGASTER TASMANIENSIS Giinther (Cling-fish ). Crepidogaster tasmaniensis Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., ii, 1861, p. 507. Members of this Family are called Cling-fishes because they fasten themselves {o stones and seaweed by means of a sucker formed by their ventral fins. All are small and of no economie value. ASPASMOGASTER SPATULA Giinther (Cling-fish). Crepidogaster spatula Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 1861, p. 508; Waite, xec, Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 201, pl. xxxvi, fig. 4. Aspasmogaster spatula Waite, op. cit., 1907, p. 315. Fig. 296. Aspasmogaster spatula. DIPLOCREPIS Giinther, 1861 (puniceus). DIPLOCREPIS COSTATUS Ogilby (Cline-fish). Diplocrepis. costatus Ogil., P.L.S., N.S.W., x, 1885, p. 270; Waite, Rec. Aust. Mais, Vv, 1994p..179, p. xxiv, fie. 1. * 5 ro ae Oe Fig. 297. Diplocrepis costatus. 180 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM DIPLOCREPIS PARVIPINNIS Waite (Small-finned Cling-fish). Diplocrepis parvipinnis Waite, Ree. Aust. Mus., vi, 1906, p. 202, pl. xxxvi, fig. « f Fig. 298. Diplocrepis parvipinnis. Orver PEDICULATI. Sus-OrpeEr LOPHIOIDEA. Famity ANTENNARIIDAE. RHYCHERUS Ogilby, 1907 (wildii—filamentosus). : RHYCHERUS FILAMENTOSUS Castelnau (Tasselled Frog-fish). Chironectes filamentosus Cast., P.Z.S8., Vict., i, 1872, p. 244 and ui, 1873, p. 65. Antennarits filamentosus Macl., P.L.S., N.S.W., v, 1881, p. 979. Chironectes bifurcatus McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xiii, 1886, pl. exxiii, Fig. 299. Rhycherus filamentosus. (o/¢) — WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ] thycherus wild and R. bifurcatus Ogil., P-R.S., Qld., xx, 1907, p. 18, 19. Rhycherus filamentosus MeCull., Mem. Qld. Mus., v, 1916, p. 68; MeCull. & Waite, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 70, pl. vi, fig. 3 and text fig. 31. The quaint sluggish fishes of this and the next Family are also known as Fishing-frogs, the fexible rod-like spine on the snout being furnished with a mobile fleshy lure that attracts smaller fishes to their destruction. HISTIOPHRYNE Gill, 1863 (bougainvilli). HISTIOPHRYNE BOUGAINVILLI Cuvier & Valenciennes (Smooth Frog- fish). Chironectes bougainvilli Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss., xii, 1837, p. 431. Antennarius bougainvill:’ Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., iii, 1861, p. 199. ITistiophryne bougainvillii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., 1863, p. 90; MeCull. “ & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 72, pl. vii, fie. 1. Fig: 300. Histiophryne bougainvilli. HISTIOPHRYNE SCORTEA McCulloch & Waite (White-spotted Frog-fish). ITistiophryne scortea McCull. & Waite, Rec, S. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 74, pl.-vii, fig. 2 and var. inconstans, op. cit., p. Td, 182 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Fig. 301. Histiophryne scortea. ECHINOPHRYNE McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (crassispina). ECHINOPHRYNE CRASSISPINA McCulloch & Waite (Prickly Frog-fish). Echinophryne crassispina McCull. & Waite, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., i, 1918, p. 67, pl. vi, fig. 2. (Deion: San eS eM ey EN oP eS Soe UA ut oa Ae we a += Ba bec ey a Y Fig. 302. Echinophryne crassispina. ———— WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 183 TRICHOPHRYNE McCulloch & Waite, 1918 (mitchellii). TRICHOPHRYNE MITCHELLII Morton (Bristly Frog-fish). Antennarius mitchellu Mort., P.R.S., Tasm., 1897, p. 98. Trichophryne mitchell McCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 68, pl. vi, oes Hig. 308. Trichophryne mitchellii. Famity BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE. SYMPTERICHTHYS Gill, 1878 (laevis). SYMPTERICHTHYS VERRUCOSUS McCulloch & Waite (Warty Frog-fish). Fig. 304. Sympterichthys verrucosus. 184 RECORDS OF THE S:A. Mus&UM Sympterichthys verrucosus MeCull. & Waite, Rec. S. Aust. Mus., 1, 1918, p. 76, pl. vu, fig. 3. OrpeER PLECTOGNATHI. Division. Stsi4e R-O DER wl: Famity MONACANTHIDAE. CANTHERINES Swainson, 1839 (nasutus). CANTHERINES GRANULATUS Shaw (Rough Leather-jacket). Balistes granulata Shaw, in White’s Voy. N.S.W., 1790, p. 295, pl. xxxix, fig. 2. Monacanthus granulatus Rich., Zool. Ereb, & Terr., 1846, p. 63, pl. xl, fig. 1, 2. Monacanthus granulosus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vin, 1870, p. 243. Monacanthus perwlifer Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1872, p. 245. Monacanthus margaritifer and M. brunneus Cast., op. cit., 1, 1873, p. 80, 145. Monacanthus obscurus Cast., Res. Fish. Aust.. 1875, p. 51. Monacanthus sancti-;oanni Cast., P.S., N.S.W., 1, 1878, p. 246. Pseudomonacanthus granulatus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 56. ! Fig. 305. Cantherines granulatus. The Leather-jackets are excellent food, but require te be skinned before cooking. As their appearance is prejudicial they are often skinned before being exposed for sale. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 185 CANTHERINES HIPPOCREPIS Quoy & Gaimard (Horseshoe Leather-jacket). Balistes hippocrepis Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 212. Aleuterius variabilis Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 67, pl. lil, fig. 1-7. Monacanthus hippocrepis Holl., Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), ii, 1854, p. 338; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xiii, 1886, pl. exxv; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 194, pl. xlviu. Pseudomonacanthus hippocrepis Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 56. Mig. 306. Cantherines hippocrepis. oD A large and well-flavoured species, reaching a length of 18 inches. CANTHERINES BROWNII Richardson (Toothbrush Leather-jacket). Pig. 307. Cantherines brownn. 186 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Aleutersus brown Rich., Zool: Ereb. & Terr., 1846, p. 68. Monacanthus lineo-guttatus Holl., Ann. Sei. Nat. (4), 1, 1854, p. 352. Monacanthus browniti Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vili, 1870, p. 249; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dee. xiii, 1886, pl. exxiv. Monacanthus yagoi Cast., P.I.8., N.S.W., ii, 1878, p. 245. The patch of bristles on each side of the tail is responsible for the common name, CANTHERINES AYRAUDI Quoy & Gaimard (Yellow Leather-jacket). Balistes ayraud Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 216, pl. xlvii, fig. 2. Aleuteres velutinus Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, 11, 1842, p. 157. Monacanthus vittatus Rich., Zool. Ereb. & Terr.. 1846, p. 66. Monacanthus frauenfeldii Kner, Reise Novara, 1867, p. 397. Monacanthus ayraudi Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vill, 1870, p. 244; Ogil., Edib. Fish. N.S.W., 1893, p. 196. Pseudomonacanthus ayraudi Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, i, 1904, p. 56; Roughley, Fish. Aust., 1916, p. 188, pl. Ixvi. Fig. 308. Cantherines ayraudi. Our largest and most important species, attaiming a length of nearly 2 feet. CANTHERINES VITTIGER Castelnau. Monacanthus vittiger Cast., P.Z.S., Vict., 1, 1873, p. 81. CANTHERINES GUNTHERI Macleay. Monacanthus peronii Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 249 (not Holl.). Monacanthus guntheri Macl. P.L.S., N.S.W., vi, 1881, p. 314. Pseudomonacanthus guntheri Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 0, 1904, p. 56. WAITE---FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 187 CANTHERINES PERONII Hollard (Banded Leather-jacket). Monacanthus peronn Holl., Ann. Sci. Nat. (4), ii, 1854, p. 856, pl. xiii, fig. 8; McCoy, Prod. Zool. Vict., dec. xv, 1887, pl. exlili. Fig. 311. Cantherines peronii. CANTHERINES MULTIRADIATUS Giinther. Monacanthus multiradiatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1870, p. 248. CANTHERINES SPILOMELANURUS Quoy & Gaimard (Bridled Leather- jacket). Balistes spilomelanurus Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Uran. & Physic., 1824, p. 217. Aleuterius paragaudatus Rich., Zool. Kreb. & Terr., 1846, p. 66, pl. xxxix, fig. 1-4. Fig. 315, Cantherines spilomelanurus, 188 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Monacanthus spilomelanvurus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 250. Pseudomonacanthus spilomelanurus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, ii, 1904, p. 06. CANTHERINES SETOSUS Waite (Velvet Leather-jacket). Monacanthus setosus Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 91, pl. XVI. Pseudomonacanthus setosus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club., 4, 1904, p. 56. Cantherines setosus Waite & MeCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 472, pl. xiv. Fig. 314. Cantherines setosus. The Leather-jackets are elsewhere called Trigger-fishes. The barbed spine can be locked erect; it can be released at will, or by the fisherman depressing the small second spine, which acts as a trigger. CANTHERINES MOSAICUS Ramsay & Ogilby (Mosaic Leather-jacket). Monacanthus mosaicus Rams. & Ogil., P.1.8., N.S.W. (2), i, 1886, p. 5; Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 18995 p. 93, pl. xvii, fig. 1. Pseudomonacanthus mosaicus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 56. Cantherines mosaicus MecCull., Endeavour Res., iii, 1915, p. 170, pl. xxxvii, ne, 12 C 3 > Ss ARACANA Gray, 1 ARACANA ORNATA Gray (( ommon Cow-fish). 1 Aracana ornata, W AITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 193 Aracana ornata Gray, A.M.N.H., i, 1838, p. 110; Rich., P.Z.S., 1840, p. 27 and TZes:., in, 1849) p: 165: plex, fie..2 MeCull & Waite. TRS, S.A., xxxix, 1915. p. 489, pl) xxiv: Members of this genus differ from the other box fishes in having spines on the head, suggesting the horns of a cow. ARACANA AURITA Shaw. Ostracion auritus Shaw, Nat. Mise., ix, 1798, pl. eeexxxvui and Gen. Zool., v, 1804, pm. 429, pk. elxxiii. Aracana aurita Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool.,. 1829, pl. xevin, fig. 2 and A.M.N.H., 1, fa56) p. 110; Rich., P.Z.S: 1840, px 27 ‘and TiZ/Ss ai, 1849, p.. 160; pl. ix fig. 1, 2; Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., ii, 1855, p. 46; MeCull & Waite, T.R.S., S.A., xxxix; 1915, pe484, pl. xx: (syn.). Vig. 322. Aracana aurita, 194 RECORDS OF THE $.A. MUSEUM ARACANA SPILOGASTRA Richardson. Aracana spilogaster Rich., P.Z.S., 1840, p. 27 and T.Z.S., ii, 1849, p. 163, pl. x, fig. 1; Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., 11, 1855, p. 47. South Australian specimens are referred to a variety, as below. var. ANGUSTA McCulloch & Waite. Aracana spilogaster var. angusta MeCull. & Waite, T.R.S., 8.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 488, pl. xxiii. Fig. 823. Aracana spilogastra, var. angusta. ARACANA FLAVIGASTRA Gray. : T p. 2 and T.Z.S., ni, 1849, p. 164, pl. xi, fig.1; McCull. & Waite, TA Seen xexix, 1015p. 4911p, xxv (syne Aracana flavigaster Gray, A.M.N.H., 1, 1838, p. 110; Rich., P.Z.S., 1840, WAITE—-FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA ig. 324. Aracana flavigastra. DivistionuG.YoM. NLOVD:O- Nese Si). Famity TETRAODONTIDAE. TETRAODON Linnaeus, 1755 (testudineus). TETRAODON TETRAGONUS Forster (Silver Tetrodon tetragonus Forst., in Gmel., Syst. Nat. (ed. xiii), 1 T'ctrodon sceleratus Gmel., loc. cit. Tetrodon argenteus Lacep., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1804, p. Bleek., Atl. Ichth., v, 1865, p. 64, pl. ccix, fig. 1. Toado). 788, p. 1444. 24d ply Levan fie, 195 ). ote) Fig. 325. Zetraodon ietragonus. 196 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Tetrodon argyropleura Benn., Proc. Comm, Zool. Soc., 11, 1832, p. 184. Spheroides sceleratus Jord. & Snyd., P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, p. 234 (syn.). The Toados are not edible, and certain species are at times poisonous. TETRAODON RICHEI Freminville (Common Toado). Tetrodon riche: Frem., Nouv. Bull. Philom., ii, 1813, p. 250, pl. iv, tig. 2. Gastrophysus richei Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., ii, 1859, p. 44, fig. 3. Amblyrhynchotus riche’ Bibr., Rev. Zool., 1855, p. 280. Spheroides richei Jord. & Snyd., P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, p. 248. Fig. 326. Tetraodon richer. The Tetraodons are elsewhere known as Puffers and Swell-fishes, names given in allusion to the habit of distending their bodies with water or air. TETRAODON LIOSOMUS Regan. Spheroides liosomus Regan, A.M.N.H. (8), iv, 1909, p. 489. TETRAODON ARMILLA Waite & McCulloch (Ringed Toado). Tetraodon armilla Waite & MeCull., T.R.S., S.A., xxxix, 1915, p. 479, pl. xv. Fig. 328. Tetraodon armilla. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 197 Famity DIODONTIDAE. DIODON Linnaeus, 1758 (hystrix). DIODON HOLOCANTHUS Linnaeus (Porcupine Fish). Diodon holocanthus inn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 335. Diodon liturosus Shaw, Gen. Zool., v, 1806, p. 436. Diodon spinosiss:mus, D. novemmaculatus, D. sermaculatus, D. multimaculatus and D. quadrimaculatus Cuv., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, p. 154.. Diodon melanopsis Kaup., Wiegm. Areh., 1855, p. 228. Paradiodon novemmaculatus and P. quadrimaculatus Bleek., Atlas Iechth., v, 1865, p. 57, 58, pl. cevi, fig. 3 and cexn, fig. 2. Diodon maculatus Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viil, 1870, p. 307. CHILOMYCTERUS Bibron, 1846 (reticulatus). CHILOMYCTERUS JACULIFERUS Cuvier (Javelin Fish). Diodon jaculiferus Cuv., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, p. 180, pl. vil. Chilomycterus jaculiferus Ginth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii, 1870, p. 313; Waite, Mem. Aust. Mus., iv, 1899, p. 98. Dicotylichthys jaculiferus Waite, Mem. N.S.W. Nat. Club, 11, 1904, p. 58. ATOPOMYCTERUS Bleeker, 1865 (nychthemerus). ATOPOMYCTERUS NICHTHEMERUS Cuvier (Porcupine Fish). Diodon nichthemerus Cuv., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., iv, 1818, p. 135, pl. vil, fig. 5; Bleek., Verh. Akad. Wetens. Amsterd., 11, 1855, p. 40. Atopomycterus nychthemerus Bleek., Atlas Ichth., v, 1865, p. 49; Giinth., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vii, 1870, p. 315. 198 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM The names of the genera Tetraodon and Diodon are derived from the characters of the dentition, the teeth forming a beak, like that of a turtle. In the Tetraodons each jaw is divided in the middle, four teeth being thus produced : in the Diodons the beak is undivided. Famity MOLIDAE. MOLA Koelreuter, 1766 (aculeata—mola). MOLA MOLA Linnaeus (Sunfish). Tetraodon mola Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1758, p. 334. Mola aculeata Koelr., Nov. Comm. Acad. Petropol., x, 1766, p. 337, pl. viil, fig. 2, 3. Mola mola Linck., Mag. Neues. Physik. u. Naturg., Gotha, 1790, p. 37; Jord. & Everm., Bull 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., ii, 1898, p. 1753 (syn.); Waite, Trans. Ni. Tnist;, elves 21913) sp. 228 e"pl rx: Orthragoriscus mola, Bl, & Schn., Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 510, i+. WAITE—FISHES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 199 Fig, 332. Mola mola. An enormous pelagic fish; examples have been taken weighing over 16 ewt. Note. The majority of the illustrations are smaller than the adult fishes they represent: those numbered as follows are, however, larger than in nature: Pig. 1, 55, 56, 62; 63, 78, 79; 80, 81; 34, 91, 94, 95,118, fe, 121 Tea 141, 150, 230, 283, 2384, 235, 287, 240, 244, 251, 252, 258, 300, 301, 302,304: Corrections. Page 5, line 15, after Cyclostomata read Plagiostomi. Page 46, line 2, for Family Siluridae read Plotosidae. INDEX tro GENERA anp SPECIES abdominalis, Hippocampus Acanthidium Acanthopegasus Acentronura Achoerodus adelaidae, Heteroclinus adspersa, Mogurnda aequipinnis, Seorpis affinis, Trachichthodes Agonostomus Alloeyttus allporti, Callanthias Neopercis Alopias ambiguus, Plectroplites Ammotretis analis, Halaclurus Anguilla anguillaris, Peronedys angusta, Aracana Anoplocapros antaretica, Sciaena antareticus, Mustelus Ophiclinus Aploactis Apogon Aracana Ede areticus, Galeocerdo arenarius, Carcharias argenteus, Mugil Argentina : argus, Stigmatopora argyrophanes, Siphonoguathus armatus, Enoplosus Nematonurus armilla, Tetraodon Arripis Aseraggodes Aspasmogaster Atherina Atopomycterus attenuatus, Galaxias atun, Thyrsites Aulopus aurantiacus, Pseudolabrus auratus, Carassius Pagrosomus aurita, Aracana australasica, Macquaria australe, Acentronura australis, Anguilla Cepola Cristiceps Cyttus Echeneis Engraulis Epigonichthys Galeus Geotria Nannoperea Sparus Squatina Trachichthys Austrolabrus ayraudi, Cantherines bachus, Physiculus barbatus, Physiculus bareoo, Therapon bassanus, Epigonichthys bassensis, Clupea Platycephalus Sillago bidyana, Therapon bifrenatus, Gobius blacodes, Genypterus bleasdalei, Thalliurus Blennius ; boops, Cyttosoma bougainvilli, Histiophryne Bovichthys Brachaluteres : brachyurus, Carcharinus brama, Seriolella brevicaudatus, Dasyatis breviceps, Hippocampus Muraenichthys brownii, Cantherines bruniensis, Oxynotus bucephalus, Trianectes 202 Caesioperca an calauropomus, Callionymus Callanthias callarias, Lotella Callionymus Callorhynehus Cantherines Capropygia Caragola Caranx Carassius .. Carcharinus Carcharias : carcharias, Carcharodon Carcharodon Si carponemus, Dactylopagrus Catalufa .. aie -audalis, Lissocampus celidotus, Pseudolabrus Centriscops a Ao cephalotes, Myctophum Cepola Cetorhinus Cheilobranchus Chelidonichthys .. Chelmonops Chilomycterus cirratus, Pristiophorus cirronasus, Thysanophrys Clinus Clupea Cnidoglanis colias, Scomber colonorum, Perealates Colpognathus come, Dorosoma Me conatus, Neoplatycephalus Conger Congiopus conspersus, Apogon costatus, Diplocrepis Leptonotus coxil, Galaxias i crassispina, Echinophryne Craterocephalus cribrosus, Cypselurus cristatus, Ichthyocampus Cristiceps cruciatus, Urolophus cruenta, Scorpaena curtirostris, Syngnathus RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Page 92 142 En op ahi oa 66 Mee les 35 184 190 9 105 6 11 19 21 21 123 110 129 50 45 cyanomelas, Olisthops Cypselurus os Cyttosoma Ae Cyttus Dactylopagrus Dactylophora dannevigi, Atherina darwinii, Gephyroberyx Dasyatis ; declivis, Trachurus decurrens, Helcogramma dentex, Colpognathus denticulatus, Optonurus Dermatopsis devisi, Orectolobus Dinolestes Diodon Diploerepis dobula, Mugil Dorosoma : dumerilii, Pseudoscarus Echeneis Eehinophryne elevatus, Zanclistius elongata, Argentina elongatus, Ammotretis .. Myxus Parapriacanthus Engraulis Enoplosus se Sc Epigonichthys eques, Phyllopteryx eremius, Gobius .. Etrumeus nc expansus, Urolophus eyresil, Craterocephalus faber, Zeus fairchildi, Narcobatus faseiata, Trigonorrhina fasciatus, Neoblennius .. fernandinus, Squalus ferrugineum, Parasc¢yllium filamentosus, Gobius Heteroscarus Rhycherus ftistularius, Leptoichthys flavigastra, Arcana WAITE Page fluviatilis, Craterocephalus.. Sie ww) Perea are aie 6 foliatus, Phyllopteryx .. = he 58 forsteri, Agonostomus .. be ie, 89 Latridopsis.. +0. ame 15 Scombresox.. ie von, hod frenatus, Odax : te o. 35 fronto, Pataecus .. re Re Si Uae! fucicola, Pseudolabrus .. re cae 28 fuseus, Platycephalus .. ne see TZ Gadopsis .. ae vc as ae lias Galaxias .. ae at: =, wa 40 Galeocerdo aN ae ae id 13 Galeus om ye 5% one a: 13 gallus, Lophonectes te au ca, LBs) galwayi, Mugilogobius .. at co oS gangeticus, Carcharinus ae ts 1] Genypterus 155 georgianus, Arripis 105 Caranx 105 Scorpis 112 Geotria 8 Gephyroberyx.. a 12 gerrardi, Trachichthodes = ee OL) gibbosus, Anoplocapros as so LO Neocyttus ef Se eS gigas, Hoplostethus Pa a ae 2 Paraplesiops eis ls aioe) DE Girella.. 3s f ve See lala gladius, Xiphias si te .. 145 glaucum, Prionace ane ats ae 12 glaucus, Isurus .. Ve 0 ae 21 Glyphisodon ae he aa eee eh Glyptauchen vs es ss te lie Gnathanacanthus he ait pre lie Gobiuns.. Ae a Sie .. 145 goetzeei, Gnathanacanthus .. ne il Goniistius ne a as va AD Gonorhynehus .. ei a6 noe ay) gouldii, Achoerodus ys om a 33 gracilis, Ophiclinus es ate seq lest grandiceps, Philypnodon BE oe 149 grandis, Neoplatyeephalus - .. rea ee Seriola re. ie ee OY granulatus, Cantherines 7 fo IkeHE greyi, Gonorhynehus .. a at SAO guntheri, Cantherines .. fc eelSG Gymnapistes se a3 56 = 66 haackeana, Aseraggodes eA .. 160 FISHES—INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES . haackei, Gobius Neopercis Platycephalus Halaelurus 5 hasselti, Valenciennea .. haswelli, Hoplichthys Heleogramma Helicolenus Helotes 5% hemiodon, Hypoprion hendecacanthus, Quinquarius Hepsetia Heteroelinus Heterodontus Heterosearus hinsbyi, Gobius .. Hippocampus a hippocrepis, Cantherines Histiogamphelus Histiophryne holocanthus, Diodon homacanthus, Ophiclinus Hoplichthys Hoplostethus humerosus, Centriscops Hyperlophus Hyperoglyphe Aypnaree Hypoplectrodes Hypoprion Hyporhamphus hyrtlii, Neosilurus Ichthyocampus inops, Platyeephalus intermedius, Hoplostethus Hyporhamphusg irideus, Salmo Tsurus jacksoniensis, Etrumeus jaculiferus, Chilomycterus Kathetostoma 56 klunzingeri, Pempheris kumu, Chelidonichthys Kyphosus labiosus, Paristiopterus laeve, Kathetostoma laevigatus, Platycephalus lancifer, Acanthopegasus 204 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM lateralis, Gobius laticlavius, Pictilabrus .. Latridopsis lemprieri, Raja lenticularis, Anoplocapros Lepidoblennius lepidoptera, Caesioperea Lepidotrigla Leptoichthys Leptonotus leucopaecilus, Congiopus lewini, Dinolestes licha, Seymnorhinus lineatus, Trachichthodes lineolatus, Ophthalmolepis Liopempheris liosomus, Tetraodon Lissocampus Lophoneetes Lotella macleayi, Pseudolabrus Maequaria ; macquariensis, Oligorus macrolepidotus, Neoscopelus macrolepis, Plagiogeneion macropterus, Dactylopagrus maculatus, Austrolabrus Orectolobus Pataecus maculosus, Threpterius marmoratus, Gadopsis Gymnapistes Lepidoblennius maximus, Cetorhinus mediterraneus, Hoplostethus megastoma, Cnidoglanis Melanotaenia melbournensis, Parequula meleagris, Paraplesiops microchirus, Ophiclinus miecrolepis, Parma microstomus, Genypterus milesii, Aploactis milii, Callorhynehus mitchellii, Trichophryne Mitsukurina modestus, Pseudosearus Mogurnda Mola ae mola, Mola 36 ye Page 146 131 1125 29 191 mordax, Caragola mosaicus, Cantherines mucosus, Valenciennea Mugil Mugilogobius : multiradiata, Cantherines Liopempheris muitiradiatus, Dermatopsis Muraenichthys Mustelus Myctophum Mylhobatis Myxus Nannoperea Narcobatus Nematonurus Neoblennius Neocyttus Neopataecus Neopereis oe neopilcharda, Sardinia Neoplatycephalus Neoplotosus Neoscopelus Neosebastes Neosilurus y e; nichthemerus, Atopomyeterus nigra, Stigmatopora nigrans, Melanotaenia nigricans, Dactylophora nigrofasciatum, Kathetostoma nigropunctatus, Neosebastes nigroruber, Hypoplectrodes Notorhynehus nee novae-hollandiae, Hippocampus Sphyraena novae-zelandiae, Trachurus nudipinnis, Pristiophorus obtusata, Sphyraena Odax olidus, Galaxias Oligorus Olisthops Ophiclinus Ophthalmolepis Oplegnathus Optonurus Orectolobus ornata, Aracana er a 28 65 151 Ti. 170 138 Yl 174 47 45 165 47 197 57 81 124 14] 164 933 10 62 102 25 85 134 4] 90 135 151 133 a2] 66 als 192 WAIFE—FISHES—INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES Ostracion ese owstoni, Mitsukurina Oxynotus Pagrosomus ye panduratus, Glyptauchen pandus, Neosebastes pantica, Neosebastes Paraplesiops Parapriacanthus Parascyllium Paratrachichthys Paratrigla pardalis, Ophiclinus Parequula Paristiopterus Parma oe é parvipinnis, Diplocrepis Pataecus : aS pectorosus, Nokorhy nehus Pempheris Pentaceropsis Perea Perealates percoides, Helicolenus Therapon Peronedys peronii, Cantherines perspicillatus, Clinus philippi, Heterodontus .. Rhinobatus phillipi, Syngnathus Philypnodon Phyllopteryx Physiculus Pictilabrus pinguis, Hepsetia Plagiogeneion Platyecephalus plebeia, Rhombosolea Plectroplites pleuracanthica, Pandieiela poecilolaemus, Syngnathus Polyipnus : a polyommata, Pterygotrigla Pomatomus porosa, Hyperoglyphe porosus, Upencus Prionace Pristiophorus Hs propinquus, Allocyttus .. Page 190 20 24 108 167 164 166 Psammobatis Pseudaphritis Pseudolabrus Pseudosearus ee psittaculus, Pseudolabrus Pterygotrigla punctatus, Sillaginodes punctulatus, Pseudolabrus purpurissatus, Aulopus .. pusillus, Odax quadrispinosum, Acanthidium Quinquarius radiatus, Odax Raja ramsayi, Neopercis rasor, Caesioperca reeurvirostris, Pentaceropsis .. reinhardtii, Anguilla remora, Echeneis Retropinna Rhinobatus “ct rhomboidalis, Neocyttus Rhombosolea Rhycherus richardsonu, Oilers richei, Tetraodon robustus, Solegnathus Stolephorus rostratus, Ammotretis .. Histiogamphelus rufus, Cheilobranchus Salmo ae saltator, Pomatomus Sardinia Sciaena Scomber Scomberoides Scombresox Scorpaena ae scorpaenoides, N Taneetaakee Scorpis . scortea, Fingeapinnyne Seyllorhinus sevllium, Triakis Seymnorhinus : semermis, ineecephalns semoni, Retropinna Seriola 206 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Seriolella setosus, Cantherines sexfasciatum, Vinculum sexlineatus, Helotes Sillaginodes Sillago Siphonognathus Solegnathus Sparus . . spatula, Aspasmogaster Sphyraena Sphyrna spilogastra, Aracana spilomelanurus, Cantherines Squalus Squatina Stigmatopora Stolephorus subnigra, Hypnaree sydneyanus, Kyphosus .. Sympterichthys Syngnathus ie ae tamarensis, Atherina Tandanus ce tandanus, Tandanus tasmanianus, Blennius tasmaniensis, Aspasmogaster tentaculatus, Orectolobus tenuicaudatus, Mylobatis Tephraeops tergocellata, Squatina testaceus, Urolophus tetragonus, Tetraodon Tetraodon tetricus, Pseudolabrus Thalliurus Therapon . thetidis, Neosebastes Threpterius Thunnus thynnus, Thunnus Thyrsites Thysanophrys Tinea tinea, Tinea toloo, Scomberoides Trachichthodes Trachichthys Trachurus c Ie trailli, Paratrachichthys Page 86 188 115 97 100 101 156 57 109 Wo 85 14 194 187 25 25 56 38 28 115 185 51 80 47 AMeiay 4. a2 Ne ae Trianectes Trichophryne tricuspidata, Girella.. ae a tricuspidatus, Carcharias tridentifer, Polyipnus Trigonorrhina tristis, Cristiceps trossulus, Brachaluteres truncatus, Chelmonops trutta, Arripis Salmo : tuberculatum, Ostracion tudori, Ammotretis unicolor, Therapon unistriata, Capropygia Upeneus .. a ane ae ae Urolophus ve A os Bis urvillii, Pseudaphritis Valenciennea vanessa, Lepidotrigla .. a: ee variegatus, Bovichthys Re = variolatum, Parascyllium vercoi, Syngnathus Ste 36 Ms verrucosus, Allocyttus Sympterichthys victoriae, Glyphisodon .. Rhombosolea vincenti, Scylliorhinus vineentii, Pataecus oe Se : Vineulum a6 Je vittatus, Hyperlophus vittiger, Cantherines .. By - vizonarius, Goniistius vulpinus, Alopias waitii, Psammobatis waterhousli, Neopataecus Neoplotosus Odax welchi, Therapon wilsoni, Conger ; woodwardi, Oplegnathus Xiphias Zanclistius j zebra, Tephraeops AF et é Zeus os Rte es ye a zygaena, Sphyrna Bis ae ‘ Anchovy .. Angel Shark Band Fish Barracouta Basking Shatk Beaked Salmon .. Beardie Bellows Fish Billfish Black Bream Blackfish Blenny Blue Devil Blue Nurse Blue Pointer Blue Shark Blue Sprat Boar-fish Bony Bream Box-fish Bull’s Eve Butterfish Callop Carpet Shark Catfish Cat Shark Cling-fish Cobbler Cod Conger Congolli Conmuri Coral-fish Cow-fish - Dogfish Dory Drummer Eagle Ray Eel . oe Elephant Shark .. Elphin Shark Fiddler Flathead .. 50 64 109 113 150, 151 98 19 21 12 . 38 117-120 : Os 190-194 110 107 ans SS 15, 16 46, 47 1718 179, 180 166 67 49 141 83 115 192-194 eS (dB ,. 74-76 113 34 .. 48-50 35 20 27 172-174 INDEX to COMMON NAMES Flounder Flying Fish Forehead Fish Frog-tish Garfish Goby Gold Carp Grey Nurse Groper Gudgeon Gummy Gurnard Gurnard-pereh Hammer-headed Shark Hardyhead Harlequin Fish Herring Cale Horse Mackerel .. Jackass Fish Javelin Fish John Dory Kantari Knife-jaw Lamprey Lanecelet Lantern Fish Leather-jacket Leather-skin Luminous Fish Mackerel .. Maori Maray Mill Ray Minnow Moonlighter Mountain Trout .. Mullet Mulloway Murray Cod Nannygai Native Trout Page 156-159 64 168 180-183 65 145-148 ae 14 176-178 162-164 184-189 101 43 208 Numbfish .. Old Wife .. Pamori Parli Parrot Fish Pereh Pigfish Pike Pilchard Pink-ear Pipefish Pipe-horse Pondi Porcupine Fish Port Jackson Shark Pulangi Puller Rainbow-fish Red Indian Fish Red Mullet Red Snapper Remora River Blackfish Roeck-cod Rockling .. Rock Whiting Rough Shark Roughy Round Ray Ruby Fish Saddle-head Salmon Sand Fish Sand Shark Saw Shark Sead Scealy-fin School Shark Sea Bream Sea-carp Sea Dragon Sea-horse Sea Shark Senator Fish Sergeant Baker Seven-gilled Shark Shore Eel Shovel-nosed Ray Silverside RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM Page 28 116 47 AM < 7, es = 2 ag * 7 : THe MARSUPIAL GENUS THALACOMYS. A Review or THE RappitT-BANDICOOTS: WITH THE DESCRIPTION > oF A New SPECIES. By FREDERIC WOOD JONES, D.Sc., Hon. Curator in ANTHROPOLOGY. Text figs. 352-360. THe rabbit bandicoots, rabbit rats, or native rabbits, constitute a very well-defined and extremely interesting little group of the svndactylous polyprotodonts. At the present time it cannot be said that any species is at all common; but within the last twenty years certain of them have been quite abundant is suitable country, even in the immediate proximity of such towns as Adelaide. Both to the north and to the south of the city itself rabbit bandicoots lived in abundance but little more than twenty years ago, but to-day the animal is completely exterminated in practically all its old haunts. Pelts still come in small numbers to the skin salerooms, but formerly the beautifully silky skins were regular items in the markets of Adelaide. Fig. 352. Thalacomys lagotis. Male specimen from Nalpa, South Australia, in the South Australian Museum. About one-sixth natural size. In South Australia the animals were usually known as ‘‘pinkies,’’? or in some districts as “‘pintoes.’’ It is said that the name ‘‘pinkie’’ was given to the members of the genus Thalacomys in allusion to the naked flesh-coloured snout ; but the same name is also used to designate the Short-nosed Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) in certain parts of South Australia. In the Centre, rabbit bandicoots are usually known as ‘‘thulkas’’ or ‘‘talkies,’’ which is the white man’s rendering 334 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM of the name in general use among the Kukata blacks. Further into Western Australia the name changes to ‘‘dalgheites,’’ ‘‘dalgites,’’ or ‘‘dulgites.’’? “All these names are, however, somewhat local in their usage. The most general term, by which the animals seem to have been known to the colonists in all the States, is) pulpy Unfortunately the rabbit bandicoots are not only rare animals to-day, but, as is the case with so many forms that were common enough only twenty vears ago, the amount of preserved material existing in Australian Museums is sadly inadequate. To provide descriptions based on the examination of a thoroughly satisfactory series of skins and skulls would be a very diffieult task for the worker in Australia. In the modern study of Mammalogy it is becoming increasingly important that the characters of a species should be determined from the examination of a large number of individuals, the provenence of which individuals should be precisely known. It eannot be said that the Australian Mammals, even the commonest species, are represented in sufficiently lone series in Australian institutions to make work, in keeping with modern requirements, at all easv to carry out in Australia. In some respects, therefore, this paper must be regarded as being merely tentative, for I am fully aware that the material IT have been able to examine has been too limited in amount to make my conclusions as absolute as is desirable in sttidies of this kind. It is possible that the accumulation of further specimens may invalidate some of the deductions here put forward; for the variability of animals whose habitat is in the more central Australian regions is well recognized. The variability in adult size of animals living in the Centre is a very remarkable phenomenon, and some of the species of the genus Thalacomys have been established largely upon the size of the animal. It has therefore been my aim to sort out certain cranial features which serve to distinguish the known species, and so avoid so far as possible attaching importance to features which are well known to be unstable in the environment in which these animals live. In this way it is hoped that the necessarily small amount of material examined is compensated for, and meanwhile this paper may serve its purpose by providing a basis for future workers by gathering together the descriptions of all the known species within the compass of a single short article, and by providing figures of the main features of their cranial architecture. In general, the bionomics of all the species may be taken as being similar, and in the following notes the individual species will not be differentiated unless it is known that their habits differ in some respects. Observations on wild specimens mostly relate to 7. sagitta; whilst those observed in captivity have been 7. lagotis, and the new species 7. nigripes, Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 3350 By the earlier colonists the bilby was not only regarded as an animal against which the methods of the exterminator need not be employed, it was even accorded a certain amount of protection and was, at times, kept as a pet about the house. The tolerance with which it was regarded by people whose hands may justly be said to have been against all animals was due to the faet that it Fig. 353. Lateral views of skulls. (A) 7. lagotis, from Nalpa. (B) T. sagitta, S.A. Mus., No. M1622. (C) T. nigripes, from Ooldea. All natural size. Was recognized early that, in the destruction of mice and insects, the rabbit bandicoots were extremely useful creatures. Unfortunately, this regard for the aniinals seems to have been forgotten by a later generation, and in more recent days but little merey has been shown to them by any section of the community. 336 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM b] The diet of the bilby is commonly said to be ‘‘bulbous roots’’ (Krefft), ‘‘grass, fruits, and insects’’ (Lydekker), but I doubt very much if any of the species is at all given to eating roots, grass, or fruits. It is true that in distriets where they live it is common to see little holes scratched around the roots of vegetation, but it is very doubtful if these are made in order to obtain roots. It seems much more likely that insects are the object of the search. In captivity I have been — unable to persuade them to eat roots or fruit; but bread or cake, meat raw or cooked, insects, snails, birds, and mice are all readily eaten. Those that I have observed are far more carnivorous than any of the bandicoots (Isoodon or Perameles) that | have had living in captivity. The members of the genus Thalacomys differ from the rest of the Peramelidae in their truly fossorial mode of life. Jsoodon and Perameles will both seratch out shallow runways, but none of the species with which I am acquainted ever excavates real burrows in which to live. Thalacomys, on the other hand, passes most of its time in the depths of a burrow of its own making. These burrows are still to be seen in some numbers in certain districts to the north of the Trans- continental Railway from Port Augusta to Perth. The typical burrow, as it is excavated in this district, is easily identified, not only by the track of the animal and the characteristic mark made by its tail, but by the actual construction of the burrow itself. Unlike many burrowing animals, it does not make an exit and an entrance hole. The burrow has a single opening, and from the mouth it descends with a fairly steep but ever-opening spiral to a depth of five feet or more. The spiral construction seems to be universal, and the work involved in digging out a burrow is very considerable, for the animal by no means always selects those spots where the soil is loose, as Waterhouse affirms (p. 361). According to Sir Baldwin Spencer, 7. minor differs from the other members of the genus in that ‘‘during the winter months it les within a foot or so of the entrance of its burrew and only uses the inner chamber during the summer’” (p.9). TT. sagitta, T. nigripes, and 7’. lagotis seem to occupy the furthest recess of the burrow at all times; and have to be dug out, whereas the blacks capture T. minor by stamping in the burrow behind it. Not only does 7. sagitta spend the whole day at the bottom of its burrow, but in the region to the south and west of Lake Eyre, where alone I have field experience of it, it spends the whole of the cold weather, for it never comes abroad in the evenings of the short but sharp winter. It is a feature not confined to the burrows of Thalacomys, for the homes of many creatures which lve underground in the arid Centre show the same characteristic—that, though maybe a barrow load of earth must have been Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 337 removed in the excavation, the mound of débris at the entrance consists of no more than a bucketful. : By Krefft it is said not to be so ferocious as its large canines would lead one to suspect. To a certain extent that is true, and the annaal can only be described as an extremely inoffensive creature. Nevertheless, all those with which I have had to deal have needed the exercise of considerable caution in their handling. They bite readily and savagely when interfered with, and though the bite may not be very severe, it is aggravated by the fact that the animal will not readily let go, and inflicts multiple bites from a single hold. Bilbies are strictly nocturnal, and come abroad at a later hour than any other marsupials that I have observed. Those that I have had living in captivity (in a large open-air run) have often been noticed to appear at dusk, but, after a hurried look round, to retreat to bed again, and not reappear for an hour or so. They seem, however, to have no objection to moonlight. During the daytime they sleep in a remarkable posture. No bilby that I have observed even including one that had lost a hind leg in a rabbit trap—ever really lay down to sleep. The long ears are laid back, and then folded forwards against the side of the head, so that the tips come forward over the eyes, and alongside the snout. The animal then squats on its hind legs, and tucks its long snout between its fore legs, so making itself into a round silky ball, the tail being protruded straight behind it or flexed forwards right underneath the body. When the animal wakes in the evening it often starts its perambulation with one ear laid back and the other still doubled forwards in the sleeping position. It is curious that, though the ears are kinked flat upon themselves for the greater part of the time, there is no indication in them of a crease or folding line where the flexure takes place. In any gait the hind limbs move together. In slow progression the fore limbs move alternately ; in more rapid movements they move in unison, but alternately with the synchronously acting hind limbs. Waterhouse noted of one which lived in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London that, ‘‘ when walking, the hind legs only were used, and these were very widely separated. The tail assisted slightly in supporting the body, which was but little raised in front’’ (p. 361). I cannot help thinking that this is an erroneous observation. It is auite true that the hind legs are widely separated, and that the body is but little _raised in front; but I do not think that the animal ever progresses on its hind legs alone in true saltatory fashion. It can make a good pace, though its progress always appears to be shuffling and somewhat ungainly. Its greatest safeguard is its aptitude for digging itself in, and the speed with which it can make for the shelter of its burrow. In almost all published figures, and in most mounted specimens, the animal 338 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM is represented as standing far too high on its legs: such figures as Lydekker’s Plate xx, and the mounted specimen photographed by Lucas and Le Souéf (fig. p. 137), give very incorrect postures for the animal. Compare figs. 352 and 398. Ww C yp Fig. 354. Basal views of skulls of 7. /agotis. Figure on the left from a male specimen from Nalpa, South Australia. Figure on the right from Thomas, Cat. Brit. Mus., 1888, pl. xxii, fig. 1. Natural size. The toilet of the long silky hair is elaborate, and is performed, as usual, by the syndactylous pedal digits, the manus being unemployed. An animal which had suffered the loss of a hind leg made vigorous attempts to scratch itself with the short stump, but never attempted to replace the office of the absent member by the employment of its hands. The syndactylous digits, after being employed for combing, are invariably cleansed by the teeth and tongue. The change of pelage takes place twice a year, in September and in February, and is a prolonged affair. The new coat first appears upon the head, and slowly spreads over the shoulders and along the back. There is a very sharp line of division between the Woop JONES—THALACOMYS , 339 old coat and the new, for the new hairs remain for a long while considerably shorter than the old, and they are distinetly more warmly coloured, the old coat appearing long and silvery, the new coat short and more fawn coloured. The main guiding sense for food is olfactory, and, during daylight at least, the power of vision seems to be by no means acute. A grasshopper, even though it be actively moving, is detected in the daytime by scent before it is detected by sight. When active in the dark the auditory sense is evidently very keen, and although the animal will take no notice of a person who remains quite still, it will detect a footfall with remarkable discrimination. The animal appears to produce no vocal sound save an inspiratory hiss when disturbed. The reason for the rapid decrease in numbers of the bilbies is not obvious. Certainly they have been ruthlessly slaughtered in all districts within reach of the more settled areas. Their pelts have been marketed in large numbers for s3 profit, and they have been more wantonly killed for ‘‘sport Many have been maimed or killed in rabbit traps, and possibly many have fallen victims to poison baits. As with all the more defenceless marsupials, the introduced fox has probably played its sinister part. But in the Centre, where the fox is still absent or rare, it would seem that the extraordinary abundance of rabbits, and the consequent shortage of breeding burrows, has been a very real factor, It may be useless to plead for the preservation of the remnant of the bilbies, but at least it is worth urging that the sale of their pelts should be totally prohibited. THALACOMYS Blyth. Macrotis Reid, Proce. Zool. Soe., 1836, p. 131. Thalacomys Blyth, Cuv. Anim. Kingd., 1840, p. 104; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. iste (1), v, 1900; p. 223: Elhot., Publ. Field. Col.’ Mus. Zook, vu, p. 10, n90T. Peragalia (Peragalea) Gray, 1843. By Thomas, Lydekker and Cabrera the reference is given as Grey’s Australia, App. II, p. 401. Assuming’ this reference applies to Grey’s ‘‘ Travels in North-West and Western Australha,”’ 1841, it is incorrect, as there the animal is listed as Perameles lagotis. By Cabrera the reference is also given for Macrotis, but no mention of this synonym occurs in this work. The reference should be Gray, Hist. Mamm. Brit. Mus., 1848, p. 96. Type. Macrotis lagotis Reid. The distinguishing characters of the genus may be summed up as follows: General form light and delicate. Pelage remarkably long and silky. Muzzle long and pointed, usually naked for a space upon its dorsal surface posterior to 340 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM the rhinarium. Rhinarium narrow; naked; grooved only slightly in its infra- narial portion. Kars extremely long, naked, and membranous towards their extremities; funnel-shaped with a tubular base, processus antehelicis dupheated. Pouch opening downwards and slightly backwards. Nipples 8 (9 in the original description of Reid). Manus with 5 digits, the Ist and 5th short and clawless; the 2nd, 3rd,.and 4th well developed and armed with strong curved claws. Hind limbs much longer than fore limbs. On the pes, the hallux is absent; the 2nd and 38rd digits syndactylous; the 4th and 5th well developed, the 4th being by far the largest. See fig. 360. 55. Basal view of skulls. Figure on the left 7. sagitta. Central figure T. minor (from Spencer). Figure on the right 7. nigripes. Digital formula of manus: 3 > 2>4> 5 > 1; palm granular, three small interdigital tubercles at the bases of digits 2, 38, and 4. Digital formula of pes: 4> 5> 2,3; sole hairy, with exception of heel, pad, and terminal portions of digits. One large pad at base of digit 4. Tail long, crested in its terminal portion. Skull. Facial portion of skull abruptly contracted to snout region opposite the 2nd premolar, Palate large, the yacuities usually conjoined. Bullae very Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 34] large and pyriform; mastoid inflation well developed. Dentition: 1%; Ci ; P.M.% ; M+. Upper incisors broad and flat, 1> being close to I4. Canines large and powerful. The last premolar distinctly smaller than the tooth imme- diately in front of it. Molars square or rounded in section. The genus appears to be obviously a specialized offshoot of the Australian bandicoots, which themselves find their more primitive representatives among the Papuan members of the genus Peroryctes. THALACOMYS LAGOTIS ‘Reid. Perameles (Macrotis) lagotis Reid, P.Z.S., 1836, p. 129. Peragale lagotis Thomas, Cat. Mars. & Mon. Brit. Mus., 1888, p. 228, pl. xxii, fig. 1; Flower & Lydek., Mamm., 1891, p. 148; Ogilby, Cat. Aust. Mamm., 1892, p. 24; Lydek., Mars. & Mon., 1894, p. 182; Spencer, Horn. Exp., ii 1896, p. 17; Lucas & Le Souéf, Anim. of Aust., 1909, p. 187. Thalacomys lagotis Elliot, Pub. Field Col. Mus., Zool., vii, 1907, p. 10; Cabrera, Gen. Mamm. Mon. & Mars., 1919, p. 82. The external characters as originally recorded by Reid (Proe. Zool. Soe., 1836, p. 129) are as follows: ‘*Perameles lagotis. Per. griseus, capite, nucha, et dorso, castaneo lavatis; ? buecis, lateribus colli, scapulis, lateribus, femoribus extus, caudaque ad basin, palide castaneis; mento, gula, pectore, abdomine, extremitatibus intus anticeque, antibrachiis postice, pedibus que supra albidi, antibrachiis externe pallide -gris- eus, femoribus extis posticeque saturate plumbeis; cauda, pilis longis albe- scentibus ad partem basalem, induta, dein pilis nigris tecta, parte apicali alba, pilis longis supra ornata. Vellere longo molli. Cauda pilis rudis vestita; pilis ad pedes brevissimus. Labio superiore, buccisque, mystacibus longis sparsis. Auriculis longis, ovatis, intus nudis, extus pilis brevissimis brunneis, ad marginem, albescentibus indutis, pilis ad bases eos plumbeis, apicalis albis aut castaneis, illis in abdomine omnio albis. Marsupio ventrali magno, mammis novem, in faciem posticum; quarum una centralis est, reliquis circumdata, intervalis acqualibus, gyrumque facientibus, transversum tnciam cum quadrante red- dentem.’’ The more extended descriptions that are given by Waterhouse and by Thomas are in practical agreement on most points, and the general specific characters of 7. lagotis may be summed up as follows: External Characters. Size large, head and body length being 400 mm. and upwards. General body colour fawn-grey, with ventral surface and inner aspect of limbs white. Fig. 857. The posterior extension of the nasal bones in (A) T. lagotis, (B) T. sagitta, (C) T. minor, (D) T. nigripes. THALACOMYS MINOR Baldwin Spencer, 1897. Peragale minor Spencer, Proce. Roy. Soe. Vict., ix, 1897 (New Ser.), p. 6, 50) Bane, fig. 1-4. Thalacomys minor Cabrera, Gen. Mamm., 1919, p. 82. The deseription of the external characters of the type is as follows: “Size considerably smaller than 7’. lagotis. Fur very long, soft and silky ; composed almost entirely of under-fur. General colour fawn-grey, but darker than in 7. lagotis. Head long, muzzle narrow. Rhinarium naked at the tip of the snout, but no backward prolongation of the naked part as in T. lagotis. Face grey-brown, the under-fur of the face grey basally, then fawn coloured with a dark tip, the longer hairs with a longer black tip. On the dorsal surface and sides of the body the under-fur is black basally, then fawn coloured, The longer 346 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM hairs very little longer than the under-fur, with a black tip. The hairs of the under-fur very often have a dark-brown tip. Chin and inner side of fore limbs white, the rest of the limbs and under-surface grey, the fur with a dark-grey basal part and white distal half. Hands white. Hind fect white above, hairy beneath, the hairs on the posterior two-thirds black, the anterior third white. Tail with the proximal two-thirds short haired. Along the dorsal line is a sharply marked narrow band of dark hair, increasing in length distally. At one-third of the length from the posterior end the black hairs stop abruptly, and are succeeded by a dorsal series of white hairs, forming a distinct crest, the hairs of which are proportionately shorter than in 7. lagotis. Sides and under-surface of the tail with scanty stiff white hairs. Two small round pads at the base of the fourth and fifth toes. A few long whisker-like hairs on the posterior side of the fore limb, just above the wrist, the longest measuring about 40 mm. Mammae 8. Two or three young ones apparently produced at one time.”’ Of T. minor IT have examined no specimen, and therefore rely wholly on Spencer’s description. From this description the specific characters may be summarized as follows: External Characters. Size small, head and body length being 200 mm. and upwards. General body colour as in T. lagotis, but somewhat darker. Manus white. Pes white above; dark in the posterior two-thirds below. Tail with the black portion longer than the white portion. Cranial Characters. Skull small; basal length 60 mm. or more. Muscular crests and ridges very feebly marked, the skull being light and delicate in build. Posterior (molar) portion of the palate slightly rounded. Molars in slightly curved rows. The posterior end of the palate extends well behind the last molar tooth. Posterior palatine vacuities from about the central point of the middle premolar to the second molar (in figure) or to the third molar (in description). The nasal bones at their posterior ends fall short of the line joining the lachrymal foramina by about 5mm. See figs. 355 and 357. Dental Characters. Molars small. Considerable spaces between the lingual margins of adjacent teeth. From the point of the canine to the back of M? is a distance of 28 mm. The type specimens came from the sandhills about forty miles to the north- east of Charlotte Waters, in Northern Territory. The native name is ‘‘Urpila.’’ Dimensions. Adult 9 Adult 9 Adult ¢ Adult 9 Adult -g Head.and body /2;aeee Ao 200 245 240 270 AAD sy. wn tt eee 124 118 if! 152 160 AI ute hock eee fk 68 87 85 92 Muzzle to eye (44-0504: 31:5 31 37 39 41 Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 347 Dimensions of Skull. Adult 4 Greatest length. ¢.0 .. 6 «. — Nasalsediene@ th: cutee aio oir: 32 merce hene th «236.0 oe ate acs 66 Palate lehetheye. 3.0 41 Zygomatic breadth .... .. 34 a ME eis fGen Oe rece 28 THALACOMYS NIGRIPES sp. nov. The animal is almost the same size as 7. sagitta, and therefore smaller than T. lagotis and larger than T. minor. In general colour it is much as 7. lagotis, being darker and more fawn coloured immediately after the moult, and lighter and more silvery immediately before it. The general body colour becomes darker upon the dorsal surface towards the hind end of the body; the tips of the long hairs of the posterior end of the body being black. At the immediate base of the tail the dark hairs give way to rather bright fawn-coloured ones over a distance of about 830 mm. The naked rhinarium is flesh coloured, grooved upon its labial portion, and extending backwards dorsally for about 20 mm. Face fawn SS \ S Sy \ i WW AY Sh eG : SN \ | \ i \ \ WIN \\ \ a A ARCA SX AW \\ \ Nt \\ Wil Mi WA My | S We SS S_x“wiy = Sy Y AN Yiths oa ot wood Tones: Pig. 358. 7. mgripes. From a living male specimen. The terminal portion of the tail is represented erect merely for compactness in reproduction. About one-third natural size. coloured. The dorsal surface of the snout, immediately behind the naked rhinarium, and as far back as the middle of the eye, is black. Fine black hairs also surround the eye. Sides of the body more fawn coloured than the dorsal surface. Chin, throat, and ventral surface pure white. The hair is directed uniformly backwards on the body, save that there is a reversed gular tract, as in the bandicoots. Fore limb dark as a whole upon its outer and dorsal aspects; white on the inner and ventral side. The proximal (humeral) portion dark grey, increasingly dark as it is traced downwards; the forearm, wrist, and dorsum of the 348 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM manus black. The black hairs stop abruptly over the metacarpus, the digits themselves being white. Just above the wrist the white of the inner aspect of the forearm trespasses on to the dorsal surface, making a prominent white patch, about 15 mm. in diameter, on the lower part of the forearm. The hind limb dark grey in the whole of its diameter in the tibial portion, save for a narrow strip of white on the dorsal (anterior) aspect. From the ankle onwards the pes is entirely black, both above and below, save for the presence of a few white hairs over a space of about 5 mm. at the base of the nail of the elongated 4th digit. The base of the tail is fawn coloured, the basal area being succeeded by a portion, 75 mm. in length, clothed by coarse black hairs, followed by a terminal portion, 85 mm. long, clothed with long, coarse, white hairs; the terminal dorsal crest projecting another 40 mm. A curious feature, which seems to have been overlooked in the description of other species, is that the tail ends in a prominent horny process. ——s — Woab Joves Fig. 359. Tail of 7. nigripes, to show the terminal spur, The ears are enormously long, the auricle consisting of two distinet portions, a basal tubular portion clothed in the whole of its circumference with fawn- coloured hairs, like those of the head and face; this portion measures about 25 mm. along its anterior aspect. The terminal leaf-like portion is almost entirely naked, extremely thin, dark-grey in colour, and shining. In the living animal the blood vessels are conspicuous and, as in some of the bandicoots, the leaf-like portion of the auricle is punctate with little circular pits about 1 mm. in diameter. The naked portion of the ear is 90 mm. in length. The eye is black. The mysticial vibrissae are arranged in five rows; the upper and longer bristles being black, the lower and shorter ones white. The longest measures 50 mm. ‘There are two black supraorbital vibrissae; the one is long (45 mm.) and the other only about half that length. The genal “set is represented by a tuft of six vibrissae, of which some are black and some are - white; the longest measures 60 mm. The ulnar carpal set is well developed, and consists of three or more strong white bristles, of which the longest is 40 mm. Details of the pouch and nipples not known, as so far no female specimen has been secured; presumably the condition is as in the other species. The skull is, in its general characters, much as in 7. sagitta, but from that form it is very readily distinguished in several details. . The muscular ridges are Woop JONES—THALACOMYS 349 but ttle marked, the skull is hghtly built, and the muzzle is extremely elongated and narrow. The posterior ends of the nasal bones are separated from the line joining the two lachrymal foramina by an interval of 5 mm. The palate is greatly elongated, and extends for a distance of 3 mm. behind the last molar tooth. The posterior portion of the palate is somewhat rounded, the molars being arranged in two slightly crescentic rows. The posterior palatine vacuities are peculiarly small, and they extend from the mid point of the middle premolar only to the anterior margin of the second molar. The small size of these vacuities constitutes a very striking and very constant distinetion of the species. The teeth are small, the molars in particular being considerably smaller than those of T. sagitta. Considerable intervals exist between the adjacent lingual margins of the individual molars. The general specific characters of 7’. nigripes may therefore be summed up as follows: External Characters. Size fairly large, head and body length being 320 mm. and upwards. General colour much as in 7. lagotis. Manus black above over the carpus and metacarpus, white over the digits. Pes black, both above and below, a few white hairs on the base of the ungual phalanx -of the fourth digit in some specimens. ‘Tail with the black portion shorter than the white portion. Cranial Characters. Skull fairly large; basal length between 70 and 80 mm., or very slightly more. Muscular crests not well developed. .The posterior (molar) portion of the palate slightly rounded in outline; the molars arranged in crescentic rows. The posterior end of the palate extends well behind the last molar tooth. The posterior palatine vacuities reach from about the central point of the middle premolar to the anterior edge of the second molar. The nasal bones extend backwards so that their posterior ends fall short of the line joining the two lachrymal foramina by an interval.of about 5mm. See figs. 353, 309, a06, and 357. Dental Characters. The molars are small. Considerable intervals exist between the lingual margins of adjacent teeth. From the front of the canine to the back of M4 is a distance of some 35 mm., or shghtly more. A spirit preserved male specimen is in the collection of the South Australian Museum, and I have examined five others, all males. All the specimens have come from a restricted area around Ooldea Soak, and I am indebted to Mr. A. G. Bolam for all the material that I have been able to examine. The Museum specimen was sent in by Mrs. Daisy M. Bates, and all the examples have been captured by the aboriginals around the Soak. It is very much to be hoped that further collecting will make it possible to examine a female specimen. 350 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM woop 3 Fig. 360. Left manus (twice natural size) and pes (natural size) of T. nigripes. Dimensions (in the flesh). Type g Adult g A. Young adult 6 B. Head sand: hodi...£ 9) aa stneue yee OC) 365 320 RS RS on aN ee py) ae 200 220 210 Eling ootn, Wawa ee he ee ee 98 96 92 Hore -foot) Loe cco eee s.,* lee aes ie 29 29 29 Bele” Se Lay hk ea ake eon) 110-97 103-90 Rhinarinm toeye. ©. sop... caren oT o4 57 Rhinariun tocar. sour. 6.) an ae 126 125 125 Two measurements are given for the ear, the first being the dorsal and the second the ventral dimension. Woop JONES—-THALACOMYS 351 Dimensions of Skull. Type’ @ Adult g A. RC ARGS eletediley Dyed Ste he Oy 86-5 80 EMG MMs oe he WM ve EME uactinsle at 81 12:5 MBC AEST WCAC HE 5 ect aise Sele ec] ace eos 30 32 Peealsen Hemet so. (hho aye Aol Seka wed 40 33 s read Ghee ake a Nears oo ee ae, oe 8 7 MR CRGETO ORG} + ors ioe tye et. os) Rie. ae es) 28 8 13 12 Palate, length eee eater ete 50 48 mee Dreadii. outsi@e Me... 0... 104. 20 20 PoP Hreaguu. WiSIdee Ns, 2 6, 25... 12 12 ene TORaAmen. 4:2 Ss sake oe 10 10 Mes estas Sh Pc CUNS fh eee: 37 34-5 ere en ce tac oe ON ay os less 12 THALACOMYS LEUCURUS Oldfield Thomas, 1887. Peragale leucura Thos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix, 1887, p. 397, and Cat. Mars. & Mon. Brit. Mus., 1888, p. 225; Lydek., Mars. & Mon., 1894, p. 134; Ogilby, Cat. Aust. Mamm., 1892, p. 23. Thalacomys leucurus Cabrera, Gen. Mamm. Mon. & Mars., 1919, p. 82. The full description of this species being in a standard work, the specific characters will be given here only in summary. External Characters. Size small, head and body length of type specimen (young animal) being 142 mm. General body colour uniform pale yellowish fawn. Manus white. Pes white. Tail white. Cranial Characters. Skull small and delicate; basal length 45 mm. Dental Characters. Molars small. The type specimen, a very young male, was sent by Mr. Beazley, who was at that time employed as taxidermist to the South Australian Museum, to Oldfield Thomas. The precise locality from which the specimen came is not known, and the example, so far as I can ascertain, remains unique. Nevertheless I have definite information that a fawn-coloured rabbit bandi- coot was well known to men who were in Western Australia in the comparatively early gold mining days. Sir Baldwin Spencer, who has made repeated efforts to procure further specimens, has hitherto failed to come across any trace of it. Possibly it may yet be found in the vast region of the western portion of the Centre. Summary. The individual characters as they are present in the different members of the genus may be tabulated as follows: 352 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM (1) Length of head and body, 440-550 mm., T. lagotis. . * > 320-390 mm., 7. mgripes. * Ne if 316° mm., 7. sagitia. s a A: 200-270 mm., 7. minor. = i . 142 mm., 7. lewcurus. (2) Manus. White in 7. lagotis, sagitta, minor, and leucurus. " Black over carpus and metacarpus, white over digits, 7. nigripes. (3) Pes. White above and below, 7. lewcurus. _ White above; posterior 4 black below, 7. sagitta. " White above; posterior 3 or more black below, T. lagotis. is White above; posterior } black below, 7. minor. ; Black above and below, T. nigripes. (4) Tail. Black portion as long as, or longer than, white portion, 7. lagotis, T. minor. - Black portion shorter than white portion, 7. sagitta, T. nigripes. na White throughout, 7. leweurus. (5) Skull. Basal length, 92-105 mm., T. lagotis. a , 80-81 mm., 7. nigripes. » ¢4-76-5 mm., T. sagitta. * » 66 mm., 7. menor. . : ; omit, dewcwars: (6) Palate. Extending some. distance behind M?; distinctly rounded in its posterior portion, 7’. lagotis. Extending some distance behind M?; only shghtly rounded in its posterior portion, 7. nigripes, T. minor. Terminating at M?*; scarcely rounded in its posterior portion, T. sagitta. : (7) Posterior palatine vacuities from mid-point of middle premolar to mid- point of M?, 7. lagotis. 5 To mid-point of M?, 7. sagitta, T. minor. ~ To anterior border of M*, 7. nigripes. (8) Nasals. Extending back almost to the line joining the two lachrymal foramina, 7. lagotis. * Falling short of such a line by an interval of some 4-5 mm.,. T. nigripes, T. sagitta, T. minor. : (9) Distance from front of canine to back of M‘, 42-5-45 mm., T. lagotis. és . - 36-37 mm., T. sagitta. QA. 97 Wl ae * ms A és 34-5-37 mm., T. nigripes. ze si a 28 mm., 7. minor. AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES’ or tur SUB-FAMILY COPRIDES By ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S., Enromotocisr, S.A. Museum Plates vi—ix. IN comparison with other parts of the world Australia has but few Coprides, mostly below the average size of those occurring elsewhere; the largest species, Aulacopris reichei, seldom reaching a body-length of an inch and a quarter. This, however, is only to be expected considering the dearth of large indigenous ‘mammals. Dung beetles of several kinds have multiplied with the distribution of the cow and ltorse, and many European species have been introduced, especially in the Aphodiides and Staphylinidae. Some of our genera are of exceptional interest, such as Macropocopris, species of which live in the fur about the anal region of marsupials, and have developed extremely powerful claws; one species, M. symbioticus, has been found in the cloaca of a wallaby. Dr. J. F. INingworth informed me that Pedaria geminata habitually uses, for its own voung, dung-balls formed by other species of Coprides. The following is a list of the species previously recorded as occurring in Australia, synonyms being printed in italics: Actinophorus leei Shipp. Coptodactyla baileyi Blackb. Aulacopris reichei White. acuticeps Felsche. Canthonosoma castelnaui Har. (Cepha- duecalis Blackb. lodesmius ). elabricollis Hope. macleayi Har. (Cephalodesmius ). monstrosa F'elsche. mastersi Macl. subaenea Har. Homodesmius haroldi Sharp. — Epilissus globulus Macl. planus Sharp (Homodesmius). meer Lansb. Catharsius australiae Shipp. ustulatus Lansb. tricornutus Felsche. Labroma horrens Sharp. Cephalodesmius armiger Westw. Menthophilus tuberculatus cornutus Macl. Waterh. laticollis Pase. Macropocopris carmodensis Blackb. minor Blackb. (Onthophagus ). quadridens Macl. kinei Har (Onthophagus). Copraecus hemisphaericus Guer. O. muticus Mael. 354 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM parvus Blanch (Onthophagus). O. inermis Mae. O. submuticus Blackb. prehensilis Arrow. symbioticus Arrow. Minthophilus carinatus Reiche. hollandiae Boi. subsuleatus Sharp. Monoplistes haroldi Lansb. Onthophagus acuticeps Macl. adelaidae Hope. hostilis Har. anisocerus Er. cupreoviridis Blanch. fuliginosus Er. asper Macl. patruelis Har. atrox Har. gquinquetuberculatus Mael. palmerstoni Blackb. pugnacior Blackb. sloanei Blackb. aureoviridanus Blackb. auritus Er. cereus Hope. micans Sturm. umbraculatus H. & J. australis Guer. capella Boi (nee Kirby). bicornis Macel. bipustulatus Fabr. blackburni Shipp. nitidior Blackb. blackwoodensis Blackb. capella Kirby. captiosus Har. carterl Blackb. comperel Blackb. consentaneus Har. granulatus Mael. conspicuus Macl. bovilli Blackb., var. cowleyi Blackb. erotchi Har. eruciger Macel. euniculus Macl. declivis Har. desectus Macel., var. devexus Macl. discolor Hope. dumbrelli Blackb. dunningi Har. emarginatus Macl. erichsoni Hope. evanidus Har. fabricil Waterh. ferox Har. inaequalis De}. mniszechi Har. fissiceps Macl. fitzroyensis Blackb. fletcheri Blackb. frenchi Blackb. furcaticeps Masters. _ froggatt: Macl. furcatus Macel. lobicollis Macl., var gveelongensis Blackb. olabratus Hope. granulatus Boh. granum Lansb. haagi Har. helmsi Blackb. henleyensis Blackb. humator Shipp. humeralis Macl. LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 3 howitti Blackb. incanus Macl. incornutus Macl. integriceps Macel. jubatus Har. duboulay: Waterh. koebelei Blackb. laminatus Macl. cowley? Blackb. pugnax Har. latro Har. leai Blackb. lucidicollis Boh. macleayi Blackb. macrocephalus Iirby. margaretensis Blackb. mastersi Macl. minuseculus Macl. murehisoni Blackb. mutatus Har. hirculus Er. muticus Macl. nanus Waterh. negatorius Blackb. nodulifer Har. divaricatus Macel. ocelliger Har. parallelicornis Macl. pentacanthus Har. quadridentatus Hope. perpilosus Macl. pexatus Har. picipennis Hope. planicollis Har. pontilis Blackb. posticus Er. flavolineatus Blanch. promptus Har. pronus Kr. propinquus Macel. purpureicollis Macl. quadripustulatus Fabr. queenslandicus Blackb. rubescens Macl. rubicundulus Macel. rubrimaculatus Mael. decurio Lansb. ruficapra Waterh. rufosignatus Macl. rogusus Kirby. salebrosus Macl. schmeltzi Har. subocelliger Blackb. sydneyensis Blackb. tabellicornis Macl. tamworthi Blackb. thorey1 Har. tweedensis Blackb. victoriensis Blackb. jungt Blackb. vilis Har. villosus Mael. viridiobseurus Blanch. walteri Mael. zietzi_ Blackb. Panelus bidentatus Wilson. 38, pygmaeus Mael. (Temnoplectron). arthuri Blackb. Pedaria geminata Macl. (Aphodius). Platyphymatia aeneopicea Waterh. calearata Macl. squalida Mael. tuberculata Lansb. Temnoplectron diversicolle Blackb. laeve Waterh. lucidum Macl. occidentale Macel. 356 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM politulum Mael. hollandiae Fab. rotundum Westw. novaehollandiae Boi. tibiale Macl. piceus Hope. Tesserodon angulatus Westw. variolosus Macel. gestrol Lansb. Thyregis kershawi Blackb. CANTHONOSOMA MACLEAYI Har. (Cephalodesmius), 1868. Canthonosoma mastersi Macl., 1871. Ilomodesmius haroldi Sharp, 1873. Plate vi,: figs. 1, 2. Macleay deseribed the front legs of Canthonosoma as without tarsi, and this is the case with most of the specimens of C. mastersi before me, but this is certainly due to wear or accident, as on one co-type the right tarsus is present, on another both are present; the front tibiae often have the appearance as of being worn down, and the projection on each side of the median notch of the clypeus also diminishes in size with usage; on worn specimens the bronzy gloss disappears and most of the setae of the upper-surface. Two specimens before me are from Rockhampton, and agree with the description of Homodesmius haro'di, which I can only regard as a synonym; the species, however, was first described as Cephalodesmius macleayi. CANTHONOSOMA CASTELNAUI Har. (Cephaiodesmius). Plate vi, figs. 3, 4. Two females from Pine Mountain (Queensland) were labelled in the Simson collection as Cephalodesmius castelnawi, and apparently correctly so. Several males from Capella (Queensland) differ from them in having the sides (epip- leurae) of the elytra so compressed that from above each elytron appears to be bounded by a strongly elevated and rather narrow ridge. The small shining tubercles on the prothorax are more conspicuous than on the female, and the metasternum has an obtuse tuberele in front. CANTHONOSOMA PLANUM Sharp (Homodesmius). This species(!) was not recorded in Masters’ Catalogue, and evidently also (1)Sharp, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1873, p. 37. belongs to Canthonosoma. LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 357 COPRAECUS HEMISPHAERICUS Guer. Piacervin 32.00: I have not seen the original description of this species, but the figure given in Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom(*) shows two spines on each of the middle and hind tibiae, although on figure 3a only one spine is shown; Reiche(*) described and figured the tibiae as unispinose, and his figure is considerably narrower than that of Westwood’s.(+) The species is a very rare one, and no locality, other than ‘* Australia,’’ has been noted for it; but there are now before me three specimens varying in length from 13 to 16 mm., from East Kimberley and Broome. The species may be readily distinguished by the elytra; each of these has six, moderately elevated, shining interstices, with a row of setiferous punctures on each side (but the setae appear to be easily abraded); the middle tibiae are bispinose, the hind ones unispinose; on the male only there is a curved process at the apex of the hind tibiae. The species is probably congeneric with Canthonosoma macleayi, from which the male differs in having the surface less opaque, elytral interstices shining, hind tibiae with an apical hook, and metasternum non-tuberculate. . TESSERODON VARIOLOSUS Macl. Two specimens from Groote Eylandt appear to represent a variety of this species; they are smaller (4:5-4-75 mm.) than usual, and have the elytral inter- stices slightly elevated posteriorly. TESSERODON INTRICATUS sp. nov. 6 Black, antennae palpi and tarsi reddish, club flavous. Under-surface and legs rather sparsely clothed, upper-surface with very short setae. Head with crowded and fairly large asperate punctures. Clypeus with two conspicuous median projections, and two smaller submedian ones, separated by notches. Prothorax more than twice as wide as the median length, front angles produced and rounded, hind ones obtuse; with crowded longitudinal punctures, many of which are confluent. Elytra with sides rounded and evenly continuous with those of prothorax, with narrow geminate striae, interstices wide, elevated and shining in middle, with a row of large but shallow setiferous punctures on each side. Metasternum with large squamose punctures, sparser in middle than on sides. Front tibiae stout and strongly tridentate, hind ones rather thin, with an inner apical hook. Length, 5-5-6 mm. (2) London edition, 1832, xiv, pl. xlv, fig. 3. (3) Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1842, p. 72, pl. v, fig. 2. (4) Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. iv, pl. viii, fig. 3. 358 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM 9 Differs in having the hind tibiae without an apical hook, and the teeth of the front ones somewhat larger. Hab. Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale). Type, I. 15426. Like 7. gestroi on a greatly reduced scale, but the prothoracic punctures are narrower and the middle of each interstice more distinctly elevated; on T. variolosus they are scarcely separately convex. The rows of setae on the elytra are short, pale, and slope backwards. MONOPLISTES. The species here referred to Monoplistes in general resemble small specimens of Temnoplectron, but have the claws unarmed, although somewhat thickened at the base. They all have the middle and hind tibiae strongly curved, and each with a long apical spur that at first glance appears to be part of the tibia itself. The pygidium near its summit is traversed by a narrow deep line. MONOPLISTES CURVIPES sp. nov. 6 Black, highly polished; antennae, palpi, and tarsi more or less reddish. Head gently convex, with rather small punctures, becoming larger and denser on sides; front with six acute teeth, the two median ones longer than the others, and the notch between them deeper. Prothorax widely transverse, front angles strongly produced and very acute, sides widely dilated to near base, and then slightly narrowed to base, median line well defined near base, but disappearing before middle; with a wide shallow sub-basal depression near each side; punctures sparse and minute, but becoming larger and more numerous, although not crowded on sides, a row of large ones at extreme base. Elytra closely embracing prothorax, base strongly ineurved; with shghtly impressed but distinet striae containing small, distant punctures. Flanks of sterna with rather dense, asperate punctures. Front tibiae long, thin, strongly curved, with two small and fairly large acute teeth; middle and hind tibiae moderately curved and each with a long spur, continuing the curve. Length, 6-7-5 mm. @ Differs in having the head smaller, prothorax longer, more evenly convex, sides strongly but almost evenly rounded, sublateral foveae smaller but deeper, front tibiae much shorter, less strongly curved, more dilated at apex, notched on inner side near base, and the other tibiae shorter. Hab. Queensland: Mulgrave and Little Mulgrave Rivers (H. Hacker), Cairns district (A. M. Lea). Type, I. 3719. There is a swelling near the base of each claw, but as it is not at all acute the species was referred to Monoplistes rather than to Temnoplectron, to which at LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 359 first it appears to belong; the male resembles 7’. tibiale, but in that species the elaws are acutely dentate and the tibial spurs are very different. On three specimens the legs are entirely reddish, probably from immaturity. The sides of the prothorax are more conspicuously dilated to near the base on one male than on another, and are notably upturned before narrowing to the base. MONOPLISTES PHANOPHILUS sp. nov. Black, highly polished; antennae, palpi, and tarsi pale reddish. Head slightly convex and with small and rather sparse punctures between eyes, becoming larger and more numerous but scarcely crowded on sides; front with six teeth, of which the median ones are fairly long, acute, and separated by a deep notch, the others are much smaller and separated by shallow notches. Prothorax about twice as wide as the median length, sides parallel on basal half, then oblique to apex, where the angles are acute; with small and numerous but not dense, sharply defined punctures, and a row of somewhat larger ones at base; sublateral foveae vaguely defined. Elytra closely applied to prothorax, sides gently rounded; with narrow striae, containing rather small, distant punctures; interstices with very small punctures. Metasternum with large but shallow subreticulate punctures on sides, minute ones in middle. Front femora stout and moderately dentate; front tibiae rather strongly curved, dilated, and with a strong tooth at outer apex and two small ones near it, distinctly notched near inner base; other tibiae distinctly curved, and each with a long terminal spur. Length, 5—5-25 mm. Hab. Queensland: Gordonvale and Cairns, at hghts (Dr. J. F. [lingworth). Type, I. 15429. Smaller than M. curvipes, from the female of which it differs in the prothorax with sides partly parallel, with somewhat larger punctures, and less distinct sublateral foveae, and front tibiae with inner basal notch more conspicuous. Of four specimens taken by Dr. Illingworth, two have the front tibiae somewhat longer and thinner than the others, but not to such a striking extent as on M. curvipes, so they are possibly all females. Two specimens from the Simson collection from Bowen (Queensland) differ in having the pune- tures on the head somewhat denser and coarser, and the punctures in the elytral striae slightly larger. Another from the Northern Territory (from Dr. Bovill in the Blackburn collection) has punctures on the head similar to those on the Bowen specimens, but those in the elytral striae are smaller; the notch at the inner base of its front tibiae is preceded by a conspicuous tubercle, that on the other specimens appears more as the sudden termination of a ridge. This specimen, by its number in Blackburn’s note-book, was doubtfully identified as 360 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM M. haroldi, but it is considerably larger than the type of that species (3 mm.) and the head is not ‘‘sat fortiter granulato.’’ Var.? A. Fourteen specimens without locality labels (but probably from the Northern Territory, and two of them bearing Blackburn’s No. 7279) have punctures as in the Bowen specimens, but are less shining, and the elytra are shagreened and opaque; if this condition is natural they probably represent an undescribed species. Var.? B. Six specimens similarly pinned to A (and two also bearing Blackburn’s No. 7279) are structurally similar, but the elytra are not shagreened or opaque; their sides, from front of head to tips of elytra, are obscurely reddish, ‘ but to a variable extent. MONOPLISTES TROPICUS sp. nov. Black, highly polished, legs obscurely reddish, antennae, palpi, and tarsi paler, club infuseated. Head gently convex and with minute punctures between eves, larger and more numerous, but not crowded, ones on sides; front with six acute teeth, of which the median ones are longer and more acute than the others. Prothorax more than twice as wide as the median length, sides very narrowly margined, admost parallel on basal two-thirds, then oblique to apex, where the angles are shgntly produced but very acute; with minute but sharply defined punctures, and a row of larger ones at base. Elytra closely applied to prothorax; with narrow but well defined striae, containing small distant punctures, interstices feebly separately convex, and with seareely visible punctures. Metasternum with dense and rather large punctures on sides, becoming very minute in middle. Front femora moderately dentate; front tibiae moderately curved, apex dilated, with three acute outer teeth, the apical one much larger than the others, notched near inner base; hind tibiae’ moderately curved, and each with a long terminal spur. Length, 3-5-4 mm. Hab. Queensland: Cairns district (F. P. Dodd and A. M. Lea). Type, T. 15485. A briefly oblong-elliptic species, smaller than M. phanophilus, and elytral striae more deeply impressed, with the interstices feebly separately convex. The larger specimen has much less acute tibial teeth than the type (which was taken from a sticky seed of Pisonia brunoniana), but this may be due to abrasion. Two specimens from Wyndham (J. Clark from W. Crawshaw) appear to belong to the species, but have the punctures in the elytral striae slightly larger and closer together, and the punctures on the interstices rather sharply defined, although very minute. GpA-—NUSTRALIAN (DUNG BEEREES 361 EPILISSUS USTULATUS Lansb. Five specimens, from Cairns and the Little Mulgrave River, probably belong to this species; four of them have the shoulders conspicuously paler than the adjacent parts; of these four, two have the apical sides and epipleurae also pale, of these two, one is mostly blackish, the other mostly castaneous; the fifth speci- men has the entire upper-surface dark piceous-brown. They all differ from the deseription, however, in having the club of the antennae partly infuseated, and the front tibiae acutely bidentate outwardly, but there is a blunt tooth at the inner apex. If correctly identified the species should be transferred to Panelus. PANELUS BIDENTATUS Wilson. Three specimens, taken from rotting leaves at Ourimbah and National Park (New South Wales), and Mount Tambourine (Queensland), structurally agree _ with the type, but they all differ somewhat in colour. On the National Park specimen the pale humeral and subapical spots on each elytron are enlarged and connected along the side; on the Ourimbah one the pale parts of each elytron are further enlarged to cover most of the surface, leaving only a moderate infuscation about the scutellum, the head and prothorax are also almost entirely pale; on the Mount Tambourine specimen the prothorax and elytra are entirely dark. PANELUS PISONIAE sp. nov. Pale flavo-castaneous, highly polished, extreme base and suture of elytra very narrowly black, club infuscated. Head gently convex and with minute punctures between eyes, a subtriangular projection on each side of a deep medioapical notch. Prothorax more than twice as wide as the median length, sides on basal two-thirds subparallel, then oblique to apex, where the angles are acute; punctures minute, but a row of slightly larger ones at extreme base. Elytra closely applied to prothorax; striae faintly im- pressed, interstices with minute punctures. Front tibiae bidentate externally, the apical tooth larger than the other. Length, 2—2:5 mm. Hab. Northern Queensland (Blackburn’s collection), Cairns district, taken in abundance from sticky seeds of Pisonia brunomiana (F. P. Dodd). Type, I. 15482. The pale colour and feeble elytral striation at once distinguish this species from P. pygmaeus; the persistently smaller size and paler colour from P. bidentatus. On most specimens there appears to be a large infuscated spot near the apex of each elytron, but this is entirely due to the apical fold of the wings showing through. On most specimens the elytral striae are very feeble and traceable only near base, but on some of the smaller ones they are fairly distinct, and contain small, distant punctures. 362 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM LABROMA HORRENS Sharp.(°) Menthophilus tuberculatus Waterh.(°). Plate vi, fig. 6. These names were founded: upon one species; apparently L. horrens has precedence. AULACOPRIS REICHEI White. Plate vi, figs. 8, 9. This is the largest, finest, and one of the rarest dung beetles in Australha. Single specimens have been taken in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria, but Mr. Edgar R. Waite obtained two specimens in the Yessabah caves on the Macleay River; they had formed sixteen bat-dung balls of the size of walnuts, each containing a larva or pupa (in one instance an egg). After being exhibited at a meeting of the Linnean Society of New South Wales(‘) some of them were reared to maturity in the Australian Museum. MERODONTUS CALCARATUS Macl. Plate vi, fig. 11. The small and narrow eyes of this species are shining and scarcely visibly faceted, each is flat and surrounded by a shghtly elevated margin, so that it appears to be slightly concave. The tooth on the hind femora is twice as large on some specimens as on others. COPTODACTYLA BAILEYI Blackb. I concur with Blackburn’s opinion that C. baileyi is distinct from C. glabricollis. COPTODACTYLA DUCALIS Blackb. C. acuticeps Felsche. Plate vi, figs. 10, 11. Felsche considered that C. ducalis also was a synonym of C. glabricollis; only the female was known to Blackburn, but it is abundantly distinct from glabricollis ; the male was described by Felsche himself as C. acuticeps. (5)Sharp, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1873, p. 263. (6)Waterhouse, Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan., 1874, p. 176. (7)Proe. Linn. Soe. N. S. Wales, 1898, p. 803. LEA—AUSTRALIAN DUNG BEETLES 36 Oo ONTHOPHAGUS. Specimens of the Australian species of Onthophagus known to Blackburn are before me, with the exception of O. bipustulatus, O. carmodensis, and O. helmsi. 1 have earefully tried to follow his grouping of the species, but am unable to do so, even his Group 1, consisting of a few large species, appears to be searcely distinguishable, by the basal edging of the pronotum alone, from some members of other groups, as many of these have the marginal edging even throughout, although not so highly elevated as on those he referred to Group 1. The species of Group 4+ might well be distributed between those of all groups, except 1. The difference between a flat or feebly convex base and one very faintly coneave is so slight that it can seldom be of much use, so that I follow Arrow, who considered that ‘‘The supposed difference in the prothoracic margin ? is illusory. Blackburn considered that tables based largely on male characters are not desirable, but they have at least the advantage of enabling many species to be quickly identified, thus serving at least one of the main uses of a table. Probably had he used the facets of the eyes, for the primary divisions, the tables would have been more satisfactory, even although they apparently alter on some specimens on drying, their true nature is generally at once evident if they are viewed from oblique directions; the clypeal suture could also have been used to a greater extent, although with some species it varies sexually. ONTHOPHAGUS AUSTRALIS Guer. Plate vin, figs. 31-33. The whole upper-surface of fresh specimens of this species has a curious satiny gloss; the interocular horns and ridge of the male vary considerably. ONTHOPHAGUS MASTERSI Macl. Plate viii, figs. 34, 39. In Blackburn’s table this species is separated from O. australis by being “Black, not at all-metallic’’; but on the male the prothorax has sometimes an obscure metallic-green gloss; structurally it is extremely close to some forms of O. australis. ONTHOPHAGUS MACROCEPHALUS Kirby. Plate viii, figs. 36, 37. The cephalic horn on the male of this species sometimes extends almost to the elytra, but it is usually much shorter. 364 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM ONTHOPHAGUS LAMINATUS Macl. Plate vu, figs. 12-20. In commenting on O. quinquetuberculatus, Blackburn(*) considered the name was probably a synonym of O. atrox. If Macleay rightly mated the speci- mens standing as types (and this certainly appears to be the case), the male is a specimen of the species Blackburn identified as O. atrox, with the punctures of the prothorax less coarse than usual, and with its median prominence more produced and narrower at the tip than usual; the head and elytra being in exact agreement. The female agrees with specimens identified by Blackburn as O. pugnaz. . As with many other species of the genus, the sexes may differ strongly, or approach each other so closely that from external observation of the upper- surface it is difficult to decide as to the sex of an individual.