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CALIFORNIA REDWOODS AND THEIR CONSERVATION
PAMPHLETS
2d series

CONTENTS

The redwood. I. A study of the redwood, by Richard T. Fisher,
II. The brown rot disease of the redwood. By Herrrann von
Schren'' . III. The insect enemies of the redwood. By A.D.
Hopkins. 1903.

California. Redwood Park. California. State board of forestry,
[13C7]

Mari_ ^ove of big trees, California, by B.M.Leitoh. [cl910]

7

LZH-1

Ci

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF FORESTRY— BULLETIN No. 38.

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester.

THE REDWOOD

1. A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD.

By Richard T. Fisher, Meftf Assistant, Bureau of Forestry.

II. THE BROWN ROT DISEASE OF THE REDWOOD.

By Hermann von Schkenk, Bureau of Plant Industry.

III. INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD.

I-'.y A. I). Hopkins, DfoMon of Entomology.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1 9 0 3 .

lit 1U.AV OF KOKF.STKY.

i . ... I B -l DWORTH.

Iwiatani

Otto Lubbkbrt.

..... WlUIAM '•■ HAU.

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. FRONTISPIECE.

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF FORESTRY- BULLETIN No. 38.

GIFFORD PINCHOT, For

THE BED WOOD

1. A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD.

By Richard T. Fisher, Field Assistant, Bureau of Forestry.

II. THE BROWN K()T DISEASE OE THE REDWOOD.

By Hermann von Schrenk, Bureau of Plant Industry.

III. INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD.

By A. D. Hopkins, Division of Entomology.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1.U0 3.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

V. S. Department of Agriculture,

111 l;i:\t <K FORESTRY,
Washington, />. '.. November 18, 19

Sib: I have the honor to transmit herewith :i manuscript mi "The
Redwood," bj Richard T. Fisher, Field Assistant, Bureau of Forestry,
together with a discussion of "The Brown Rol Disease of the Red-
wood," by Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, ><< the Bureau of Plant Indus-
try, and of " Insect Enemies of the Redwood," bj Dr. A. D.Hopkins,
of tin' Division of Entomology, and to recommend ii^ publication as
Bulletin No. 88 of the Bureau of Forestry.

In tin- -i i i 1 1 1 1 ■< • i- of 1899 several prominent manufacturers of the
Pacific coast requested that tin- Division (now Bureau) of Forestrj
make a studj of the Redwood. Thej contributed $550 toward the
expense "t tin- «<>rk. and offered the hospitality of their camps to
the agents who should have it in charge. The I >i \ i^-i- >n put a part]

in ilir field, which in six iths during the years 1899 and II Kara

ini'il 1 1 . ■ : 1 1 • I \ all I In' Redwood belt. Studies of old timber were made at
Fori Bragg, Mendocino County; at Scotia, Humboldl County; at

- Slough, mar Eureka; at Vance's, on Ma. I River; and al (
• int City, I'll Norte County. Second growth in small aria- was
studied at Crescent City, Trinidad, Eureka, and \'. >i Forcourte
sies received in lumber camps al these places acknowledgment is made.

The illustrations, which include thirteen lull page plates, four text
figures, ami two diagrams, an- considered essential for a proper ui

standing of tlir text.

Ri ipectfully,

• nil ORD Pin r, J

I [on -I nil - W ii ~n\.

CONTENTS,

Page.
A study of the Redwood, by Richard T. Fisher, field assistant, Bureau of

Forestry 7

Scope of the study 7

Conclusions reached by the study 7

Introduction 7

Forest description 8

The Redwood and the Big Tree distinct species 8

Distribution of the Redwood 9

Climate and topography 9

Silvicultural types 9

The Redwood Slope 9

The Redwood Flat 11

Characteristics of the Redwood 12

Height and diameter 12

Age of the Redwood 12

Form and development 12

Soil moisture the first requisite 12

The Redwood follows the fogs 13

The quality of the wood varies 13

The large Redwoods outnumber the small ones 13

Reproduction by suckers and by seedlings 14

Yield of Redwood stands 14

Tolerance, or shade-enduring qualities 14

Enemies of the Redwood forest 15

Fire 15

Wind seldom uproots the Redwood 16

Species in mixture 16

Lumbering: Its history and extent 17

Present operations 17

Qualities of the wood 17

Resistance of lumber to fire and insects 18

Uses for Redwood 18

Cost of lumbering 18

Where the lumber goes ' 19

Destructive lumbering methods 19

Cut-over lands; possibility of second growth 20

Valuable second growth 20

A better market necessary 21

A study of second-growth Redwood 21

The tract at Crescent City 21

Tracts at Eureka and Areata 21

The Redwood's fight for the ground 21

The tract at Trinidad 22

4 CONTENTS.

A study of the Redw 1— Continued.

Cut-over landi — Continued.

A study of second-grow th Redw 1 — < Continued.

Tli'- valuation surveys 22

I Inn tli'- tulili--- were made -

Where the tables apply - 27

Conclusions

'I 'hi -; '■ -i management the besl

What one company has done 27

The Brown Rot Disease of the Redwood, by Hermann von Schrenk, Bureau

..f I 'him Industry

Deca i I;- Iwood |».i.-- 31

Prevention :il

Explanation of plates

Insect Enemies of the Redw 1. b\ A D. Hopkins, Division of Entorao

i a-gei inian, "i Redw 1 pitch « a lly.

Edw.) 38

Remedy

bark-beetles 38

Tin- Redw I bark-beel

Remed)
Law -in'- ( y|.n— bark
Remed} .
Parasite*
Tin- Monten j « j press bai k ' ■ I ■ ■

Immunity of Redw I from attack h\ termites or white ante

Twin. I. Redwi 10

2 Redwood llat n

< • l-jrn>w i h Redw I

i M

24
• P
7 Width

I L L T S T RATIO N S.

PLATES.

Page.

Virgin Redwood along South Fork of Eel River Frontispiece.

Plate I. Fig. 1. — Redwood Slope, South Fork of Eel River. Fig. 2. — Red-
wood Slope, Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mountains 8

II. Fig. 1. — Redwood Flat, alluvial benches, South Fork of Eel River.

Fig. 2. — Redwood Flat, Crescent ( 'ity s

III. Fig. 1. — Typical forms of mature Redwood, Crescent City. Fig. 2. —

Characteristic sprouting of bn >ken Redwood 8

IV. Fig. 1. — Sprouts of one season's growth, Crescent City. Fig. 2. —

Sprouts li to 8 years old, Crescent City 8

V. Fig. 1. — Sprouts 25 years old, Crescent City. Fig. 2. — Mature sprouts

in virgin timber, Crescent City 16

VI. Redwood logging. "Fallers" making the undercut. Caspar, Mendo-
cino County 16

VII. Redwood logging. The yarding donkey and yarding cn-w, Caspar,

Mendocino County 16

VIII. Fig. 1. — Logged slope on Big River. Fig. 2. — Slope similar to lig.

1, showing subsequent reproduction of Fir and Redwood 16

I X. Fig. 1. — Second-growth Redwood at FAireka, :!() to 35 years old. Fig.

2. — Second-growth Redwood at Mendocino, 40 to 45 years old ... 24
X. Sections of Redwood logs, 'showing brown rot: Fig. 1. — Distribution

of pockets of diseased wood. Fig. 2. — Pockets of diseased w 1

in various stages 24

XI. Tangential section of Redwooil log affected with brown rot 24

XII. Work of Redw 1 bark-beetle 24

TEXT FIGURES.

Flo. 1. The Redwood bark-beetle ' 34

2. The Lawson's Cypress bark-beetle :!■">

:i. Work of the Lawson's Cypress bark-beetle in twigs of living trees '■'•'

4. The Monterey Cypress bark-beetle 39

DIAGRAMS.

Diagram 1. Height on a basis of age 25

2. Diameter on a basis of age 26

THE REDWOOD.

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD.

By Richard T. Fisheh,
Field Assistant, Bureau of Forestry.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

This study concerns itself with young second-growth Redwood
rather than with mature trees; with lumbered areas rather than with
the virgin forest. Where attention is given the old forest and methods
of lumbering, it is only that a better knowledge may be gained of sec-
ond growth and how to deal with it.

An attempt is made to answer the question whether it would prove
profitable to hold cut-over Redwood lands for future crops. To save
the young growth when the old timber is lumbered and to protect the
cut-over lands from fire can not be done without cost. The problem,
then, more plainly presents itself: Does the Coast Redwood reproduce
itself well enough, grow fast enough, and can it be protected cheaply
enough to make it profitable to hold the lands?

CONCLUSIONS REACHED BY THE STUDY.

The following facts have been determined:

That the Redwood reproduces itself abundantly by sprouts on cut-
over lands, and occasionally by seed;

That in thirty years, in a fair soil and a dense stand, it will produce
trees of 16 inches diameter, 80 feet high, yielding 2,000 feet board
measure per acre; and

That after careful lumbering under favorable conditions it does pay
to hold cut-over Redwood lands for future crops.

INTRODUCTION.

In order to deal with a tree so as to make it produce as much wood
as possible in the shortest time, it is necessary to know a great deal
about its silvicultural habits. This includes a knowledge of its soil
and moisture requirements, the climate and altitude it prefers, its

• 7

O THE REDWOOD.

ability to grow in the shade, and, tn< >~t important of all, its rate of
growth under different conditions.

Serious difficulties Lie in the way of obtaining such knowledge of
the Redwood. It' fully exposed, the tree makes a surprisingly rapid
growth; if suppressed, it may exist for a hundred years with but
slight increase in diameter, only to take on new life when again exposed
and t<> grow like a sapling. The Redwood forest is so dense that,
according to the methods now in use, to lumber it is to annihilate it.
Since the reproduction starts up under conditions entirely different
from those that prevailed in the old forest, it- rate of growth will vary.
It is evident that the rate of growth of young timber can not be fore-
casted from that of old trees, and that trees, to furnish material for
pield tables, must ha\ e been grow ing under the same general conditions
a- those trees to which the tables are to be applied.

The old Redwood will inevitable l)e cut. Occasionally, it is
parks and recreation grounds may preserve, on -mall areas, examples
of this wonderful forest growth, tint generally the Redwood must Iw
lumbered on account of its commercial value. Since it is with the
Redwood a- a timber tree that the present stud} i- concerned
question of preserving it for it- beauty is necessarily outside the | ir-
pose of the discussion.

But while the old forest must be lumbered, it is important t
lumbering should be less destructive to the young trees. Difficult as

logging is among the great Redw Is, it need not mean the total

destruction of the forest. Better methods than those now in use must
soon I"' found possible and profitable. In support of (In- prediction
ma\ be cited the case of the Mendocino Lumber < !ompanj . an accor.nl
of who Derations is given in this bulletin. This company has fur-
nished verj valuable lessons in Redw I forest management, ami has

far to solve the problem of providing for second growth on !>'• I

w I lands, By exercisin|

-lan.l- of - I growth on land which, had it l»ccn lumbered bi

ordinary methods, would lie now nil i valueless,

FOB] KIPTION

Mil BXDWOOS AM' Till BIG Tlil I KISTIN.T SPECIES.

rho Redwi

which tin i ■

i< - now ali\ '-. Both HI •■ alln 'I to till '

i. and their lumber i- often called lij the same name, but

the} an Itotnnicall} difttincl from each ■ 'I t even

cm rupji il" i - in

on tl while the I.

lope* ot i hi

Bui 38, Bureau of Forestry. U. S Dept. of Agricultu

Fig. 1 .—Redwood Slope, South Fork of Eel River.

Fig. 2.— Redwood Slope, Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mountains.

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S Dept. of Agricultun

\ J* ^

..:»•

« *

N ■ R

- . "*&,•*>

■

■

if

mi

Am

■; • ii

i ■ i

l^h&fifj.

14

<?%

|if

xi ft

ii

1 ■

m

wws

mi* im

1 1

i i ■ '

1 i;

m

I

Iff

W

m i

3 j

j (f^ 9

PV"

-

■ "yy, .

-ter^

?■•••

- - ? z

Fig. 1.— Redwood Flat, Alluvial Benches, South Fork of Eel River.

Fig. 2.— Redwood Flat, Crescent City?

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U, S Dept of Agriculture.

Fig. 1.— Typical Forms of Mature Redwood, Crescent City.

Fig. 2.— Characteristic Sprouting of Broken Redwood.

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,

Fig. 1.— Sprouts of One Season's Growth, Crescent City.

Fig. 2.— Sprouts 6 to 8 Years Old, Crescent City.

A STUD1 OF THE REDWOOD. '.I

DISTRIBUTION OF THE REDWOOD.

The Redwood is popularly thought to occupy a strip of country lo
to 30 miles wide, from the Oregon line to the Bay of Monterey, but
these boundaries do not cover its actual distribution. Two thousand
acres of Redwood, in two separate groups, are growing in Oregon

alone- the Chetco River. South of the Chetco a continuous Redw 1

belt begins. By way of the river valleys and lowlands it increases its
width from lo miles, at Del Norte County, to 18 or 20 miles, and
keeps on unbroken to southern Humboldt County. Here, for about a
township, it thins out. hut becomes dense again •'> miles north of the
Mendocino line, and after entering that county widens to :->."> miles, its
greatest width. The Redwood belt ends in Mendocino County, hut
isolated forests of the species are growing in sheltered spots as far
south as Salmon Creek Canyon, in the Santa Lucia Mountains, Mon-
terey County. L2 miles south of Punta Gorda, and 500 miles from the
northern limit of the tree alone- the Chetco River.

CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY.

The climate and topography that have brought about this limited
distribution of the Redwood deserve attention. North and south along
the coast, in nearly parallel ridges, lie the mountains of the Coast
Range, steep and rising to altitudes of 1,000 to 2,000 feet. A few
large rivers and many smaller streams cut through them to enter the
sea. and along their courses in places are broad bottom lands and
gentle slopes. West of the Coast Range the climate is even and mod-
crate, with a range from just below freezing to 80 F., and a ycarly
average of from '50 to 60 . Snow lies on the tops of only the high-
est ridges. Thirty tofin inches of rain falls in the autumn and winter.
and in the summer sea fog bathes the coast. Rut east of the moun-
tains, less than 50 miles from the sea. lie hot interior valleys, never
visited by the foe-, parched and rainless in the summer, and wet only
occasionally by the winter rains— conditions too unfavorable to permit
the growth of the Redwood.

SILVICULTURAL TYPES.

The Redwood may he considered in two types -Redwood Slope and
Redwood Flat. It passe> from one to the other as the ground becomes
steep and dry or level and moist, and admits other species wherever
the situation satisfies their requirements.

THE REDWOOD SLOPE.

The common type is the Redwood Slope (PI. I). It occurs on the
steep sides of the Coast Range, and is a mixture of Redwood. Red Fir,
Tan hark ( )ak. and 'White Fir. with an occasional Madrona or Hemlock.

10

THE REDWOOD.

The Redwood is the predominant tree in the mixture, and the Red Fir
rank- next.

The composition of the forest is shown in the following table, which
is constructed from surveys taken in six localities. Scotia and Dyer-
ville, since they showed similar conditions, wen' thrown together. In
accordance with the custom of the country, timber with a diameter
of 20 inches breasthigfa is classed a~ merchantable.

T \iii.K I.— Redwood Slope.

cbenand
over in 'liHiin-
icr breanthlgh.

Locality and ipeclen

to 19
Inches i n ■! bea hii.i over In

ameter breaat- diameter breasthigh.
high.

Average
number

average
number

Pcrrcnl

average
number

Average
ageol diameter
each

high.

■I • 1T1

1

14.11

.•1

lit

-

71

White Kir

1

u

i a

tt.Wt

100

100

IT

Redwood
H

Red wood

Tmilwrli Oak

'■'■

H

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD.

11

The slope of the ground and the uneven height and density of the
different species in mixture admit enough light to make the Redwood
Slope comparatively open, so that, except where fires are frequent,
there is a dense undergrowth of huckleberry, salal, Oregon grape,
thimbleberry, and ferns.

Differences in altitude and the steepness of the slope cause differ-
ences in the condition of the forest. The higher the altitude and the
steeper the slope, the sparser and poorer the growth becomes.

THE REDWOOD FLAT.

As the slopes become moderate, the altitude lower, the soil deeper,
and the water supply better, the Redwood steadily gains on the other
species and the forest becomes denser, until, on the rich flats and
gulches, a second type is evolved. This is the Redwood Flat (PI. II),
and in its extreme form it has no other tree than Redwood.

The surveys for the following tables were taken on level ground,
where the soil was deep and the moisture abundant.

Table 2.— Redwood Flat.

Locality and species.

Trees 4 inches and

over in diame-
ter breasthigh.

T r e e s
inches
ameter
high.

1 to 19
in di-
breast-

Trees 20 inches and over in
diameter breasthigh.

Average
number
of trees

per acre.

Percent-
age of
each
species.

Average
number
of trees
per acre.

Percent-
age of
each

species

Average. Percent-
number ' age oi
of trees each

per acre, species.

Average
diameter
breast-
high.

CRESCENT CITY.

37.10
19. 16
3.02

63
32

5

12. 79
16.02

1.93

42
6

'24. 31 SS
3.14 11
1.09 4

Iiirhts.

31

Total

59. 28

100

30.74

100

28.54 , 100

SCOTIA AND DYEBVILLE.

50. 50

14. 31

36.20

76

The Eel River stands are the extreme form of the Redwood Flat,
and the tree here attains its greatest known height and clear length.
On the benches that line the stream the Redwood possesses all the
growing space, and casts a shade so dense that no ground cover except
oxalis and occasional tufts of sword fern will grow beneath it.

While the heaviest stands and the best timber are found on the
Redwood Flat, this type comprises a very small percentage of the Red-
wood forest, being confined mainly to narrow strips along the streams,
occasional coastal plains, and the river deltas. The "rough country,"
as the Redwood slopes are called, so far exceeds the Redwood flats in
extent that the proportion of the former to the latter is about 50 to 1.

12 THE REDWOOD.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REDWOOD
HEIGHT AND DIAMETER.

The Redwood grows t<> ;i greater height than any other American
tree, but in girth and in age ii is exceeded by the Big Tree <>f the
Sierras. < >n the slopes 225 feel i- ahoul it- maximum height and 10
feet it- greatest diameter, while on the Bats, under better conditions,
it grows id be 350 feet high, with a diameter ")' 20 feet.

AGE OF THE REDWOOD.

Most of the Redwoods cut are fr 4n" to 800 years old. After the

tree bas passed the age of 500 years it usually begins to die down from

tli«' t<>|> and t" fall off in growth. Tl Idest Redwood found during

tlii- investigation began life 1,373 years ;i'_r".

FORM AND DEVELOPMENT.

The tree, whci rmal, has a straight, slightly tapered liolc, clear

for more than a hundred feet, and a crown "1 horizontal branches thai
maj occupj from :i third t«> :t half of it- i"t:il length. (PI. III. ti<_: . I.)
Although \\ ithoul :i taproot, it i- well adapted i" securing «:ii. r in dry
ground. The roots strike downward :tt o sharp angle, and are so largo
:u\'l vi numerous as t" form m compact mass of wood, in shape lik<- an
inverted funnel. The bark of the tree offers such a remarkable resist
ance to fire that except under great heat it is not combustible It i-
color, fibrous in texture and gives to full grown
Redn I- m fluted app

The Redwood assumes ;i wide variety "I" shapes, and tin' normal i-

..I n form. In tin' i 'lil forest* tho crown ma> consist <>f ;i

liH long, flat limbs or of a ma-- "t little huslu brunches rcachinj

tund to tho top of the tree. (PI. III. fig !.) Main liedw I-

gron burl* on tin' trunk that are 1" feet long, and some earn
protultcrancos called "hanging necks," which droop and an open at
the ends, Mosl ol In tlto

healing of ii- hurts. V windfall ma.i break "tl the crown: intmedl
atch the broken limbs sprout and replace n pari

i , in i plai
little of tin' -:i j>« ... ..| burned; ii' *\wi 'I niaj

result. In' max bin n

behind; over I he snag and

I |,.w \ < i had I) il"
w ill heal the inju

son. i in m CT1

little of tin
; I Jeorge to Mendocino i

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD. 13

where the tree grows, is a sandstone, complicated at different places

with a later stratum, and the soil has a clayey to sandy consistency,
greasy when wet, yellowish in color, and with a capacity for holding
much water. Moisture available for the roots is the first need of the
Redwood, as any hilly tract of forest will show. Wherever a small
gully, <>r bench, or basin is so placed as to receive an uncommon amount
of seepage, or wherever a creek flows by, there the trees are sure to
lie largest. Even if the soil he not rich, hut merely gravel, and it
contain much moisture, the Redwood will grow more abundantly there
than on richer hut drier ground.

THE REDWOOD FOLLOWS THE FOGS.

While moisture of the soil affects the development of the Red-
wood, moisture of the atmosphere regulates its distribution. The
limits of the sea fogs are just about the limits of the tree. The fogs.
unless scattered by the winds, flow inward among the mountains.
Western exposures receive most of the mist they cany, except those
higher ridges above their reach, which support, in consequence, only
a scattering growth of Redwood. Eastern and southern slopes, where
the sun is hot and the mists strike only occasionally, show few Red-
woods, and these are short and limby.

THE QUALITY OF THE WOOD VARIES.

The wood of the Redwood varies greatly. The softest and best trees
usually grow in the bottoms; the "flinty" timber occurs on the slopes.
But this rule does not always hold good. Such tine tracts as those on
the Crescent City flats show all sorts of unexpected and unaccountable
differences in the quality of the timber. A soft, tine-grained tree will
be found close beside one " flinty " and less valuable. Even the practical
logger is never sure until he cuts it what kind of lumber a Redwood
will yield. The tree's vitality is so great, it endures so may vicissi-
tudes, and suffers from so many accidents in the centuries of its exist-
ence, that the grain of its wood becomes uneven in proportion as its
life has been eventful. Most Redwoods become windshaken. or. if
they escape this, the wood fibers formed under different rates of
growth sometimes set up a tension so great that when the log is sawed
the wood splits with a loud report.

THE LARGE REDWOODS OUTNUMBER THE SMALL ONES.

The Redwood forest is of the selection type; that is, it contains trees
of widely varying ages in a single mixture, and keeps itself stocked by
reproduction under its own shade. Rut while in the usual selection
forest of other species the young tiees tar outnumber the mature ones,
in a virgin Redwood forest as much as 72 per cent of the trees have
been found to be above 20 inches in diameter.

14 THE REDWOOD.

REPRODUCTION BY SUCKERS AND BY SEEDLINGS.

Careful examination has proved that sucker and seedling share in
the reproduction of the Redwood forest; but they share unequally, for
the proportion of suckers to seedlings is as 100 to 1. The Limited
number of seedlings is due both to the quality of the seed and to the
opportunities for germination afforded it. The habit of perpetuating
itself by sprouts seems to hai e weakened the \ itality of the Redwood's
seed. Mr. P. Rock, of the horticultural staff at Golden Gate Park,
says that under the best conditions only l"' to 25 per cent of Redwood
3eed «ill germinate. The seed requires more light than the forest
usually affords it, and suckers cast -•> dense a shade as to crowd ii < >ut
even « hen ii does germinate.

Plates IV and V -ln>\\ bow quickly Redwood will reproduce itself
from sprouts. In PI. IV. fig. 1. is represented the growth of the first
few months after the slashing was logged and burned. Such shoots
area- soft and juicj as asparagus. In PI. IV, t i ^_r - 2, is seen the size
and development reached in -i\ to eight years. In PI. V. fig. l. are
shown suckers which have passed 1 1 1 * - :i!_r<- of twentj five years, and

which have begun i" take i forest form. The parent stump i-

visible in the rear. PI. V. fig. ■_'. shows a characteristic clump <>f

mature liedw Is, surrounding and concealing the parent stem, but

revealing unmistakably their identity a- sprouts.

YIELD OF REDWOOD STANDS.

The yield of virgin Redw I- on the northern flats i- from 186,000

tu 150,000 imard till per acre. Farther south it i- much less. Ibout
Humboldt Bay ii is from 5(1,00(1 to 75,(100 feet per acre; and on slopes

like those in Sonoma County, from 20, i et The amount

r>f timber got out ol a IJ.du I forest is onh a small proportion of

what the stand contained. \i least a quartei of the timlter is destroyed
in felling and iii the burning that follows, and of what remains all the
broken and misshapen I":.'- arc left on the ground.

TOLERANCE. OR SHADE-ENDURINO QUALITIE8

Tin ~r.il i.i the Redwood will not germinate in -haded pla<
small seedling demands plenty of light. The crown is almost as thin
ami open as that of the larch anothei sign that the tree is not natui
all j shade-enduring. In ■■> hum. I <uind the Redwood's branches die

• •M more mpidh than those of it panions, and the crown liend*

ii\ ti> the place* where the lejiit enters the forest canopy. Itui
m ~ | > 1 1 • ..t these sign* ..i it- sensitiveness t" liL'ht. the Redwood forms

f the densest foil \\

I In reason for this is that the stand is chiefly maintained bj sucker

from old trees. Supported and nourished bj full frown root* and

young 1 1. 1 - •_■!.. » 1 1 ii. I. i shade that would kill the small seedling

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD. 15

The sprout manages to survive year after year by connection with its
parent, and to make a slight increment of wood. When an old tree
is felled, more light is let in, more nourishment made available, and
the sprout shoots up with all its native vigor.

The sprout will endure an astonishing amount of shade. In stands
of second growth, so dense that not a ray of sunlight ean enter, sap-
lings 6 or 8 feet high are to be found growing from stumps, bare of
branch or foliage except for a fewr inches of pale green crown at the
top. In very dark, damp places in the virgin forest one may find
clumps of shoots as white as sprouts from a potato in a cellar.

The tolerance of the Redwood sprout depends somewhat on soil
moisture. On the bottoms the tree is enabled to stand so much shade
that other species are usually driven out of competition for the ground.
On the hills, where there is less moisture and more light, the Redwood
generally gives way to the less tolerant Fir and to such drought-
enduring species as Tanbark Oak and Madrona.

ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD FOREST.

The enemies of the Redwood are few, and it suffers from them less
than other trees. The wind can scarcely uproot it, insects seem to do it
little harm, and fungi seldom affect it. Even tire, the great enemy of all
trees, though it may occasionally kill whole stands of young Redwood
growth, is unable to penetrate the fireproof sheathing of shaggy bark
with which the old trees protect themselves.

For centuries tires have run through Redwood forests. They have
killed young growth, made "goose pens'1 by burning out the litter
from between the roots, and scarred the bark of the older trees; but
the Redwood has suffered less from tires than has any other species.
In the damp northern part of the Redwood belt the forest is too wet
to burn. Farther south, during August and September, while the
trade winds are blowing and the land is dry from lack of rain, tires
are frequent. Even then, unless the conditions are exceptional, the
fires are .seldom dangerous. But if the dry season has been unusually
long and the wind is very high, and a tire is driven down from the
bald hills into the heavy timber of the flats and gulches, the flames
may gain such headway as to sweep from the forest all the younger
trees and the underbrush. Ridge tires commonly clear the ground of
underbrush and occasionally kill small trees. In September, 1900, a
ridge fire occurred near Occidental, Sonoma County, where the forest
of Redwood, Fir, and Tanbark Oak is thin and scattering, with dense,
dry underbrush. The wind drove the flames over the ground as fast
as a man could run; fences, bridges, and farm buildings were burned;
young timber was killed and the growth of the old timber checked.

16 THE REDWOOD.

Complete recovery from such a fire is slow. The leaf mold i- burned
off and the soil is made naked a- a road. The large Redwoods mil
sprout again from their Mump-: but the rest of the space, once occu-
pied by Fir and Oak. will be covered first by buck brush and blue
blossom, until, after years, the Fir and Oak return.

The common cause of fire in the forest is the carelessness of campers
and settlers, who leave their camp fires burning. Sparks from the
brush fires of logging cam])- occasionally start a blaze in the timber,
and lightning may be responsible for a few forest fires.

WIND SELDOM UPROOTS THE REDWOOD.

When a strong wind follows a long rainy season, Redwoods exposed
on high ridges may sometimes !>«■ blown down, but no considerable
tracts of fores) are e\ er o> erthrown.

SPECIES IN MIXTURE.

Of the trees w 1 1 i « - 1 ■ grow with the Rcdw I in the forest the follow-
ing air the urn-! important :

Red I I'-riit.

Ir.um ,«. M.,
i ■ rt Oi [ord < !edar, I
(iianl

II... - trgent.

!.•>» land Fir, " White In." 1/ I indl.

Sutt.
I

I mil

Hook

Suit

ll

'I In — trees are usually beaten in the struggle for growing -\

the Redw I. which is climatically the most favored, but each -\-

finds places here and there where the conditions enable it to hold it-
nun. Red Fir, oi Oregon Pine, the i t abundant and important "I

tlir trees in mixture, occurs with Redwood everywhere except on damp

ll.ll- and In gulches. It grows l» •-! I'll undilllii toil, on ridges and

high Hats where the forest i* comparatively open. On some lineti

an in I >> I Norte County, it constitutes .. [s i ■ • nl oi thi itand Ni xt

to Redwood, it is 1 1 • • - most lined id t he timli

m \|. t, I. .. ni" Count) form* from |u i lh< uutput "i

tli. in

3ul. 38, Bureau ot Forestry. U S. Oept of Agncultun

Fig. 1 .—Sprouts 25 Years Old, Crescent City.

Fig. 2.— Mature Sprouts in Virgin Timber, Crescent City.

ul. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculturi

Redwood Logging.

'Fallers" Making the Undercut, Caspar, Mendocino
County, Cal.

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestiy, U. S. Dept. of Agncultur.

Redwood Logging. The Yarding Donkey and Yarding Crew, Caspar, Mendocino County, Cal.

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture.

™ .

nrrm^i

■9

mm

fflfii

i

: - «1& k .I

i i 'i .■■'■ 1^11

IP

■ft

\-7. '"'I:

Fig. 1.— Logged Slope on Big River.

Fig. 2.— Slope Similar to Above, Showing Subsequent Reproduction
of Fir and Redwood.

A STUDY OF THE EEDWOOD. 17

LUMBERING: ITS HISTORY AND EXTENT.

The Spaniards, near San Francisco Bay, were the first to log the
Redwood forests, hut their cuttings were very small. Late in the
eighteenth century a Russian colony cleared a tract of Redwood, which
has since grown up to good timber and again been cut over; hut no
considerable amount of logging was done until long after the Russians
had left. About the year 1850 small mills started up in Santa Clara
and Santa Cruz counties, at Albion, and at the mouth of Big River, in
Mendocino County, at Areata and Eureka, on Humboldt Bay, and at
Trinidad. At first the mills on Humboldt Bay cut chiefly Red Fir
and Sitka Spruce, as Redwood was not valued; and the other mills cut
very little Redwood, since the tree was without a market and the mill
men were handicapped by the lack of improved machinery. In those
days logs were usually driven to the mill in the rivers, and the strong
freshets carried many out to sea. As soon as the growth of San Fran-
cisco and the settlement of the southern counties developed a market,
more companies and better methods came in. Logging railroads
superseded driving, and donkey engines did the work of teams. By
the early nineties mills were employing about the same number of men
as now (1900) and had about their present equipment.

PRESENT OPERATIONS.

Redwood lumbering is now narrowed to northern counties in Cali-
fornia. In Santa Cruz County all the large stands of Redwood will
be made into a park. In Marin County Redwood has long since dwin-
dled to a few isolated groves, used mostly as picnic grounds. In
Sonoma County Redwood holdings are reduced to a few scattered
claims. Large operations begin in Mendocino County. The ten saw-
mills in this county had in 1900 cleared 150,000 acres, or 25 per cent
of the total acreage, including the largest and best stands. In Hum-
boldt County the mills had cleared 65,000 acres, and in Del Norte
County two mills had cleared 3,000 acres. It is unsafe to estimate
what proportion of the original stand these cuttings represent.

QUALITIES OF THE WOOD.

Redwood possesses qualities which fit it for many uses. In color it
shades from light cherry to dark mahogany; its grain is usually
straight, fine, and even; its weight is light; its consistency firm, yet
soft. It is easily worked, takes a beautiful polish, and is the most
durable of the coniferous woods of California. It resists decay so
well that trees which have lain five hundred years in the forest have
been sent to the mill and sawed into lumber.
12478— No. 38—03 2

18 THE REDWOOD.

RESISTANCE < >f LUMBER Ti ) FIRES AND INSECTS.

The -wood is without resin ami offers a strong resistance to tire, as
is indicated by the record of fires in San Francisco, where it i< much
used. Iii-eeis seldom injure it. because of an acid element it- lumber
contains. In sea water, however, t bo marine teredo eats otf Redwood
piling as readily as other timber.

USES FOR REDWOOD.

Redwood is used for all kind- of finishing and construction lumber,
for shingles, railroad ties, electric-light pole-, paving blocks, tanks,
and pipe staves. It is an excellent wood for all these purposes. A- a
tie ii- a\ erage life, under heavy traffic, is six to eight \ ears; as shingles
it will la-t a- long as forty year-. The chief difficulty in working
Redwood lies in the seasoning process. The tree absorbs so much
moisture that the butt logs will sink in water. Lefl in the sun. they
require three or tour \ ears to drj .

COST OF LUMBERING.

The manufacture of Redwood lumber is costly and difficult Prom
the felling of the tree to the deliver} of the finished producl unusual
problems and expenses beset the mill man. Most of the land where
the Redwood grows is rough and hilly, and from I"" to 250 miles

from the main market, which can be reached onl} b} sea. None but

the big companies can operate with an} profit, and each plant baa
usualrj to own a complete outfit This includes the mill and accom-
panying buildings, a hoi it 10 miles of railroad track, two locomotives,
three to -i\ donkej engines, Beveral logging camps (including all the

no and tools that go with them), and perhaps a pair •■! -team

Bel icr-. The men employed number fr 160 to 800. i'et

mi such a scale, the business is verj uncertain. On account • •! the
..i the settlement labor i- scarce aid high ami taxes are
severe. The most prosperous companies are those which have developed
a town with their business. The} run a general store, raise moat of
tlnir own supplies, anil sometimes have a local -ale for then common
lumber aid for 6 re wood.

Rcdw I lumber is at present not highh profitable t.> null men. It

co-t-. according t>> tin- accessibility of the timber and the pi
labor, fr< thousand feet, board measure, to log that

is, to deliver at the mill; from I to saw; from 96 to I nta

t,, load, end from IS. 00 to $4 to ship to the city. These items, with
the expenses of tl ty offices and sales, bring up the averagi total

0.76, "i m man} raw -. with insurance, taxes, i"t' i tal.

Btumpagc, and accident* reckoned ;n, about I

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD. 19

WHERE THE LUMBER GOES.

The market is uncertain and limited. Redwood must depend for its
sale on the demand of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and the southern
counties of the State. Occasional cargoes go to Australia, Honolulu,
South America, and the Orient; but this outlet is restricted by the
necessity for costly reshipment at San Francisco, since seagoing
vessels can not load everywhere on the coast. For five years prices
have remained $11 to $13 for rough, and $18 to $25 for clear, merchant-
able Redwood. This leaves little room for profit. It would appear
that so useful a wood should find a ready sale in the East; but at present
Eastern buyers do not appreciate its good qualities, and high freight
rates have helped to keep it out of Eastern markets.

DESTRUCTIVE LUMBERING METHODS.

Redwood lumbering is expensive and difficult. Steam is used
throughout the process. On the flats and bottoms, where the trees
average from 5 to 15 feet in diameter, the stand is very dense, and to
get Redwood out of the forest without breaking other trees is not an
easy task. Choppers who can save a good percentage of the wood in
the trees felled must be experienced men. If the tree is not felled so
as to strike throughout most of its length at the same time, the brittle
wood will break and splinter badly. To prevent this, a "lay-out" is
usually leveled for the tree to fall on. Even then the whole of the
crown and at least a fourth of the bole are demolished and strewn upon
the ground. The mass of broken branches may lie shoulder deep, and
the logs in ust be got out from this tangled wreckage.

After the choppers have done their Work, the " ringers'' and "peel-
ers" follow. They peel the bark from the logs and let it lie with the
broken branches, which soon dry and are then set afire. When bark
and branches are consumed the logs lie free, and the logger can put
sawyers and swampers to work, and move in his yarding donkey engine
and rigging. Many small trees used by the yarding crew to set blocks
are unavoidably girdled; the rest are in constant danger from the
moving logs, which work this way and that, plow into the earth, and
butt into the young trees until scarcely one of them is left unharmed.

After the yarding crew has done its work the log's progress to mill
is over land already slashed and burned. Three or four logs are
coupled together, attached to an endless cable, and hauled to the rail-
road track by a bull-donkey engine, which stands on a landing at the
end of the skid road and winds in a wii'e rope on a drum. Then, with
block and tackle, worked either by the train locomotive or a smaller
donkey engine, the logs are loaded upon trucks and hauled to the mill
pond/ (Pis. Viand VII.)

20 THE REDWOOD.

CTJT-OVER LANDS: POSSIBILITY OF SECOND GROWTH.

During the fifty years in which the Redwood has been lumbered,
several hundred thousand acres of timber have been cut over. The
good lands have been put into cultivation under fruit or grain, <>r.
where mills have had a large and permanent force of men t<> feed, the
mill owners have turned their cut-over lands into pasture for the rais-
ing of cattle.

Tin- chance for the reproduction of the tree has been small. On
the farms the stumps are either grubbed out or shorn of their suckers
every year: on pasture lands, burning and the cattle have prevented
reproduction; and those lands nol used after lumbering have also been
subjected to fire. As year bj year the Redwood forests have dwindled,
it has come t" be pretty generally believed thai the tree is doomed t>>
extinction.

The popular idea thai the Redwood ha- no chance of survival is not

well founded; the possibilities of Bee 1 growth are much better than

thej appear. While mosl of the lumbered area- have been kepi bare
l>\ lack of protection, there are tracts where accidentally favorable
conditions have allowed the sprouts t" develop, and here the real
vigor of the Redwood second grow il> is apparent.

VALUABLE SECOND GROWTH

< in the ih > ri In -I'll 1 1 in- 1 slashings neai Crescent City, which is perhaps
the mosl isolated of all the lumber regions on the coast, there is one
-in ill trad among acres of unpromising brush and stumps where the
growth of -| n "in- has been unimpeded, and there a -land exists which
averages 12 to 16 inchc* on the stump and is 60 to N" feel in height
Onlj iln \'i\ best of the virgin timber ma> be profitably lumbered in

(hi- place, and the sec 1 growth i- nol cut. A hundred miles south,

near Humbold) Baj and Eureka, are tracts of young growth on Ij ten
older than tli"-' al • rescent City, which have a market value.
\|. n who have found their old claims grown up t" -ti'k- •_'" inches
through and a hundred feel long have sold the trees i"i piling, foi
which tln'\ arc locallj considered almost ^ U d Fil \ good

niaiw mill men in Eureka l>elic\ eUhal the Redwood sucker w ill in time
and under the proper conditions produce valuable timber; but the} -a\

that id'' " I of tin sproul is i"" sofl and brittle " brasln " thej call

it ii"i taking into accounl thai it has not been grown in dense stands

and has ii"l bad time I" harden.

l i oft timber can be used. In Sonoma County, where the coun

1 1 \ i- well settled, Redw I was nevei so dense as farther north; but

there baa • n a better i hancc t"i reproduction and tliere is a Ik IU <

market, Sonoma County wth Redwood is out toai Ion ■
diami ti i as 10 inches, and the mills arc making monej al the bus n
The timbei i iappy, but it makes g I box boards and good lumber,

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD. 21

.This contrast between the indifference with which second-growth Red-
wood of large .size is regarded in Crescent City and the readiness
with which much smaller stuff is used in Sonoma County, where there
is a market for it. is significant. It is one of the signs which go to show-
that second growth has a future, and that better times for the Redwood
are near at hand.

A BETTER MARKET NECESSARY.

The important matter is that the market should improve; and the
market is improving. The northern country is opening up; railroads
are entering where the large trees grow, and buyers are learning more
about the good qualities of the Redwood lumber. All this makes it
the more worth while to the lumberman to plan for a second crop on
his Redwood lands.

A STUDY OF SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD.

To learn the rate of growth of second-growth Redwood a study was
made of some of the largest of such stands. The investigation began
with the timber near Crescent City. In that place logging operations
have so far been confined to the coastal plains between the sea ami Smith
River, a plain once forested with a heavy growth of Redwood, Spruce,
and Hemlock.

THE TRACT AT CRESCENT CITY.

The second growth studied near Crescent City was on the crest of a
small rise, just above sea level, where the original stand of timber was
cut tiff in 1N73-1875. The trees covered (1 acres; they had suffered no
burning since the first crop was logged, and there had been no other
interference with the reproduction. The age of the stand was 25 to
30 years.

TRACTS AT EUREKA AM) ARCATA.

Two small tracts were studied near Eureka and Areata. They were
on good soil, 200 to 300 feet above sea level, on rolling ground. At
Eureka 20 per cent of the forest was Red Fir: at Areata 15 percent
was Red Fir and White Fir. The Eureka stand was :;."> years old; that
at Areata. 40 to 45 years.

THE REDWOOI>*S FIGHT FOR THE GROUND.

The stands at Crescent City. Eureka, ami Areata represent the hot
conditions for the growth of suckers. When the old Redwood is cut
the stumps sprout abundantly; a few Spruces and Hemlocks seed up
the gaps; and these three species, with the help of small shrubs, soon
form a dense thicket. In a few years the Spruce and Redwood and
other fast-growing trees, like Alder, begin to overtop and shade out
the brush and small plants; the dead vegetation deposits a leaf muck,

22

THE REDWOOD.

or humus, which enriches the soil, keeps it moist, and makes growth
more rapid. As the crowns grow up. in the struggle for light and
room most of the weak or intolerant trees die off. The Hemlocks
survive and partly keep up, because they can stand a good deal of
shade but the Willows and Alders become restricted to the openings.
It happen-, therefore, that wherever the guckering has been thick
enough al first, Redwood finally dominates all the other species and
occupies mosl of the ground.

I ill I i; \< I \ I TRINIDAD.

A fourth tract, which showed more typical condition- ami the kind
<>t' situation characteristic of mos< "t' the Redwood licit. was found at
Trinidad. The topograph} there is a broad coastal terrace, rising
gently from the sea cliffs and cut by the canyons of several small
streams. About 2 miles inland the terrace rises to an altitude of 500
fed. and the soil becomes coarse and poor. The tract of second-
growth Redwood stands on a plateau like divide between the two
gulches. The age of the stand is 25 years.

I in VALUATION SURVEYS.

Valuation Burveya were run a( Crescent City, Areata, and Trinidad.
The results are given in the following table:

T Mil I ■ i

II

'null 'I'lKll.

dluni ■■

numlM'i ■

iimii

ir

ii

17

N

H

11

1

1

ii

1

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD.

23

HOW THE TABLES WERE MADE.

In the tables which follow, trees 14 inches and over in diameter are
assumed to be merchantable. This is done because a 14-inch tree is
the smallest that will contain a log- which is salable by the Spaulding
Rule, and because it is the smallest tree used by the mills.

The volume tables are based on stem analyses, obtained by measur-
ing 450 trees at Crescent City, 50 at Eureka, and 50 at Areata.

To find the volume per tree in board measure, all the trees analyzed,
beginning- with those that contained a log 12 feet long and 10 inches in
diameter at the small end inside the bark, were scaled, and the results
for each diameter plotted in a curve. The table of merchantable volume
given here was derived from the curve. It gives the average volume
in board feet and the height of each tree for diameters from 14 to 27
inches, inclusive.

Table 4. — Merchantable volume of Redwood timber.

Diameter

iMVIlst-

high.

Merchant-
able

volume.

Total
height.

Diameter
breast-
high.

Merchant-
able

volume.

Total
height.

Inches.

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Board feel.
52
62
74
90
108
130
15C

Feet.

69

78
81
83
86

filCht 8.

21
22
23
24
25
26

Board feet.
186
188

226
267
316
430
496

Feet

88
91
93
95
97
99
101

The yield per acre of merchantable timber at Crescent City and
Areata is given in the following table (No, 5). The figures were
found by multiplying the number of trees per acre in each diameter
class, as found in the valuation survey tables, by the figure correspond-
ing to that diameter class in the table of merchantable volume. Only
Crescent City, Eureka, and Areata showed trees large enough to be
scaled on the standard chosen. At Eureka the culling of the forest
for piling had left nothing on which to base an estimate of yield per
acre.

24

THE REDWOOD.

Table 5. — Merchantabk yield of Redwood \

Crescent City. Areata.

breast'
high.

Average

number of

ar-rt'.

Average
Merchant- niiml

able yield, tr-

acre.

Merchant.
able yield.

Tnotu ■-'.

11

16

Jl

17.7

1.6
1.0
1.0

.»

Board fed.

in. ii

291.6 I.I

1.1

129.0

17.-.. 2

Total ..

•j. us. r>

Table 'i shows the Dumber of pile feel in trees of diameters from IS
to 28 inches, inclusive. Ii was obtained from Btem analyses taken a(
Crescenl City, Areata, and Eureka. Assuming thai nothing which
will nut furnish a log 30 feel long Mini In inches in diameter a1 ili<'
small end i> available for piling, the smallest tree t«' contain .-i pile was
in !"■ I* inchew in dia ter breastbigh. The table follows:

T MU I '' /

I >i;i_'i.mi- I Mini -j show tin- relations between age and height, and

In i with age it in I diameter, of the ttedw I ■ xai <d at • n -> < nl City,

Eureka, and Trinidad.

I of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

SWjk- , •*"

Brflfc*

■^ <m

H 'a

|7^

iSHB

^u*%

flv"

. '' LAi

■f -SE

MS^- '■- *5jj

vmi

Krj^f?L u^^^B

-MR ..$

mm

w *

B»ii«^E JrW

Rf*!

8r^83

M?

BBS

SHI

Las,

Fig. 1 .—Second-growth Redwood at Eureka, 30 to 35 Years Old.

Fig. 2.— Second-growth Redwood at Mendocino, 40 to 45 Years Old.

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Fig. 1 .—Distribution of Pockets of Diseased Wood-

Fig. 2.— Pockets of Diseased Wood in Various Stages.

Sections of Redwood Logs, Showing Brown Rot.

Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry. U. S. Dept. of Agriculn

Tangential Section of Redwood Log Affected with Broa'n Rot.

Bui. 33, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Work of the Redwood Bark-beetle.

"• s,"'fa' fwood grooved by primary galleries and larval mines; /.. bark with galleries and

mint's through hurt layer; c, primary or egg gallery (original).

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD.

DIAGRAM m/.

25

M

•#'

k.

ki
ki
k

I 45
k
a;

SJ 40

kl

3:

35

AGE— YEARS.

20

THE REDWOOD.

DIAGRAM W2.

v.

AGL-YLARS

A STUDY OF THE REDWOOD.

27

Table 7 shows the relation between sapwood and heartwood for
diameters of from -i to 22 inches, inclusive. The amount of sapwood
varies both with the diameter and the age. This table was constructed
from measurements of trees taken at Crescent City, Eureka, and
Areata, which were used in the volume table, and of 400 trees at Trin-
idad too small to be used in the volume table.

Table 7. — Width of sapwood and diameter of heartwood.

Diameter
breast-
high.

Eureka.

Areata.

Crescent City.

Trinidad.

Width
of

sap\\ noil

Diameter
of
heart-
wood.

Width

of

sapwood .

Diametel
Of

heart-
wood.

Width

of

sapwood.

Diameter
of
heart-
wood.

Width

of

sapwood.

Diameter
of
heart-
wood.

In rln s.

Indies.

Inches.

Inches.

llll'lli .-'.

Inches.

Inches.

Iiifliis.

Inches.

4

1.70

0.6

1.50

1.0

1.65

0.7

1.55

0.9

5

1.90

1.2

1.60

1.8

1.70

1.6

1.70

1.6

G

2. 05

1.9

1.70

2.6

1.80

2.4

1.75

2.5

7

. 2. 10

2.8

1.80

3.4

1.90

3.2

1.80

3.4

g

2. 20

3.6

1.90

4.2

2.00

4.0

1.85

4.3

9

2.25

4.5

1.90

5.2

2.10

4.8

1.90

5.2

10

2.30

5.4

1.95

6.1

2.15

5.7

1.95

6.1

11

2.35

6.3

2.00

7.0

2.25

6.5

2.00

7.0

12

2.40

7.2

2. 05

7.9

2.30

7.4

2.05

7.9

13
14
15
10
17
18
19
20
21

2.40
2. 45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2. 70
2.80
2.90
3.00

8.5
9.1
10.0
10.9
11.8
12.7
13.6
14.4
15.3
16.0

2.10
2.10
2.10
2.15
2.15
2.20
2.20
2.20

8.8
9.8
10.8
11.7
12.7
13.6
14.6
15.6

2.40
2. 45
2.50
2.60
2.65
2.70
2. SO
2.»5

B.2

9.1
10.0
10.8
11.7
12.6
13.4
14.3

WHERE THE TABLES APPLY.

The tables given in this bulletin furnish the most accurate knowl-
edge of the Redwood's growth now available. The Crescent City,
Eureka, and Areata figures are applicable to Redwood flats, where the
ground is low and moist. The Trinidad tables may be applied to all
that great body of Redwood of the slope type which occupies high
lands and steep slopes.

CONCLUSIONS.
THE SIMPLEST MANAGEMENT THE BEST.

The narrow profits of Redwood lumbering prevent an}" but the
simplest systems of forest management. Excellent results can, how-
ever, be accomplished by inexpensive methods.

WHAT ONE COMPANY HAS DONE.

An interesting case of conservative Redwood management is found
in Mendocino County, where the Mendocino Lumber Company has

28 THE REDWOOD.

consistently logged with an eve to the future value of its holdings.
The forest is the usual ridge-timber type <>f Redwood. Red Fir, and
Tanbark Oak. varied with occasional bottom-land stands of pure
Redwood; and the practice has been to cut no trees under u'o inches
in diameter (PI. VIII). The trees left standing have in a few years so
restocked the ground with Redwood suckers and Fir seedlings thai at a
distance the hillsides Look well wooded. In most places the stand is
thick enough to insure clear trunks and render the danger from lire
much less than it would have been under the usual system of Laying
bare the land.

The resull has been in every way worth the effort. It cosl next to
nothing to make the experiment, for the trees Lefl standing had no
market value.

Instead of bare ridges washed by rain and run over by fires, there
i- now a young forest, which keeps the soil moist and firm and feeds
the water into tie' streams so gradually as to cause an even flow. The
land i> becoming more and more valuable as the forest grows.

These advantages were gained at the trifling expense of using care
to save the small trees in logging. < >n some area-, where tli«' old stand

was heavy, there is young Redn I onlj !•'■ years old that is 20 to 80

inches on the stump and nearlj 1"" feet high (PI. IX. fig. 2). This
timber is already marketable a- pili -. The w Ik . l< ■ ana of the Mendo-
cino Lumber Company will again bear timber and regain much of it -
former \ alue.

I be Mendocino Lumber Company's management of its Redwood is
worthy of careful attention. The example it has set is especially to
the point, because it shows u practical and cheap method of dealing
wild a difficult problem. At little expense and trouble the company
has assured itself of future crops of timber, and has therein con
siderablj increased the selling price of its cut -over lands. The con
ditione under which these results were brought about were not

exceptional, but average; 1 1 1 • ■ \ prevail tbmugl t a greater part of

I i: dwood belt.

Something e than what the Mendocino Company lias done may

In- necessary in sunn ■ . • I i example, something might l"' spent
in protecting the cul ovei land- from fire until 1 1 » - - young growth can
protect itself. But whatever is done must be done with a sharp

to til'

THE BROWN ROT DISEASE OF THE REDWOOD.

By Hermans von- Schbenk,
Bureau of Plant Industry.

The Redwood is one of a group of trees of ancient' lineage, all of
which arc singularly free from fungus diseases. A number of parasitic
fungi, such as Leptostroma sequoiceCook & Harness., and Stricta v< rsi-
oolor Fr., attack the living leaves and branches; but they occur so
rarely, and then only in such small numbers, that they are practically
insignificant. Dr. Farlow states that "more than thirty species have
been recorded on Sequoia sem/pervirens" none of which is known to
cause serious disease. In Europe, where the Redwood has been grown
for many years as an ornamental tree, a species of Botrytis frequently
attacks the. young branches.

Redwood timber possesses lasting qualities scarcely equaled by any
other wood. Although very light and porous, it has antiseptic prop-
erties which prevent the growth of decay-producing fungi. So far
as is now known, none of the ordinary wood-rotting fungi grow in
Redwood timber. This is an exceedingly valuable property, which
should extend the use of the wood for all kinds of construction
purposes.

It is because of its resistance, to most forms of decay thai the Red-
wood reaches such a great age. A remarkable fact to be noted is that
the innermost rings of most of the trees are as sound now as when first
formed.

Only one disease of the trunk is now known, commonly called butt,
brown, or pin rot. The wood at the base of the trunk of diseased
trees is rilled with many pockets of dark brown, almost black, wood,
irregular in form, though usually twice as broad as they are long, and
ranging in size from mere specks to masses several inches in diameter
(PI. XI). They may join at the ends very much as they do at the
sides. At first the individual masses of diseased wood are separated
from one another by lamellae of sound wood, and the line of division
is sharply defined (PL X, fig. 2). In later stages of the disease, the
dividing lamella? are changed into brown wood, thereby causing two
or more masses to unite (PL X, figs. 1 and 2). The bases of the older
trunks affected by this disease may be masses of brown decayed wood.

29

30 THE KEDWimli.

The brown wood is very brittle and has all the properties of char-
coal. Under a little pressure it will crumble into a tine powder. As
tin- wood decays, it shrinks considerably. This reduction in volume
causes large cracks to appear in the brown wood, and in some
instances the diseased wood separates entirely from the sounder wood
and lies loose in the pocket.

The decay starts in the inner rings of the beartwood and extends
outward gradually until all the beartwood i- pitted (PI. X. figs. 1
and 2). Several instances have been found where -mall pockets had

formed in the sapw I. The brown rot starts at the ground and

extend- from the roots upward into the trunk for distances varying
from 3 to 50 feet, ami in some cases probably higher. A- a rule.
though, it does not go farther than 10 to L5 feet in the butt, so that
h\ cutting off a butt log of about that length sound wood can gener-
ally l>e reached. The brow n rot i- round in older t ice- onl] . so far as
observed by the writer, and seems to develop \<\\ slowly.

At present no one fungus can be determined to he the cause of this
disease. Cnder the besl conditions it i- a matter of great difficult] to
ascertain the cause of a disease which affects the root- and butts of

trees; hut in the case of the lhdw I the immense size of the tree

and it~ thick bark and formidable buttresses render an accurate
determination of the disease which affects it impossible without long
study. There are man] saprophytic fungi which grow on the dead
hark and in and about the roots of the Redwoods, but in the present
incomplete state of our knowledge it would '"• hazardous to connect

an] ■ of thnii w ith this disease.

nee 1 1 1 : i \ be made to the close resemblance of the brown rot

to the pin roi of /.//.,«,./ The diseased w I of the

Incense Cedar i- tilled with brown pockets which closel] resemble

those "i the Redw I. These pockets occur in the top- of the t

however. The fungm causing thin di-ra •

-.. tar found onh mi Lihocedrus. It ma] '»■ that it causes the rot of

the Redwood. The fact that the Kedw I disease occurs in the base

of tie in.,- ought i" furnish no objection to nueh an a*Mimption, since
there are other cases where the -ami- fungu* attack* one tier in the
crown ami another nearer tie' ground / Foi instance,

which causes the disease •■! most "t the pines in the top- of the tt
attack - . ' ■ \ close to the ground.

The brown t"t ha- -•• fai In i n n port< 'l a- rathe i prevalent in north-
ern California. Ni o I ••' '• ■ I ' it] the writei found
it in a good man] "Id trc< -. It prohabl] occurs throughout the \\< I
wood belt

Rrown i"t is not soseriou* alarm; it ■: ill] lit

I.. • M • M

THE 'BROWN ROT DISEASE OF THE REDWOOD. 31

tie harm. The disease may possibly develop in timber that was partly
decayed when cut from the tree, although in several eases observed
such timber was used for posts or ties and did not deteriorate further.
Where strength is not the first requirement, wood in the earty stages
of decay may be classed in a low grade for posts or ties.

Measures for preventing decay in Redwood are impracticable.

DECAY IN REDWOOD POLES.

As this bulletin goes to press the writer is in receipt of samples of
decayed Redwood taken from telegraph poles in California that were
set in 1877. They were 12 inches square at the butt and were set 5
feet into the ground. About half of them showed signs of decay this
year; half of this number had decayed from the outside in, while the
other half showed rot within the poles. Many poles that were broken
off by a windstorm had been decayed to a depth of several inches.

The decay very closely resembles the red rot. The diseased wood
is red-brown, brittle, and porous. In cases where the decay started
on the outside, the spring wood cells were attacked first, leaving the
summer cells practically intact. In the decayed wood many colorless
hypha? traverse the walls, and here and there are found groups of
colored spores. No fruiting organs of any fungus occurred on the
samples sent.

PREVENTION.

The decay of poles of the Redwood can probably be retarded consid-
erably by thoroughly drying the poles before setting them. Careful
inspection will often show, at the butt end, signs of the brown rot
disease of the living tree. Poles from such trees should not be used.
Dry poles can be coated with some preservative substance, which will
probably retard decay considerably. Tests are now under way with
the Redwood to determine the best method for preventing this rot.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate X. Cross sections of Redwood logs (Fort Bragg, Cal.), showing brown-rot
disease. Fig. 1 shows distribution of pockets. Since the log lies partly
in a stream, only a part of the section is exposed. Fig. 2 shows a small
part of a section with pockets in various stages.

Plate XI. Tangential section of Redwood log, showing the decayed wood in long
pockets.

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD.

Bj L D. Hopkins,

In I'inii'r on of Entomology.

In 1881 Mr. Henry EM wards described a pitch worm as very destruc-
tive to Sequoia xempcvvtrens.'1 In L899 the writer found i«" 8]

of bark 1 ties living in the bark of recentlj felled trees.' In 1900

the Division <>f Entomology obtained information from Mr. J. E.
Norton, through a lumber firm in San Francisco, indicating thai Red-
wood lumber was immune from attack by termites, or white ants;'
and this "a- verified hj experiments conducted in the Philippine
Islands bj Mr. D. V McChesney, as reported bj Capt. George P.
Abern, Chief of the Philippine Forestry Bureau. d

This embraces about .'ill that h:i - been published relating t" Redwood
insects.

These insects and their work may be described in more detail as
follows, the small type indicating information from other authors
ami ordinary type that liased <>n th<' writer's observations, whether
1 >i< - \ \am\y published "i not i

THE 8EaU0IA ^OERINIAN. OR REDWOOD PITCH WORM.

I! i

This relative >>f the common peach-tree borer i~ described l>y
Hcnn Edwards" and other writers' as vcrj destructive to Redwood,
M i Beutemfllli

\. . rrlinfl lo Hy. Edwartln tli

('mini

/• mil P ii<l in tho m

i In- I ' liar Ixiring I

llm- • 1 « v i-rliiii; the flo« ■ ■■ I li>-

i I) harden, the hram li ti •
the li In tln-

il I. ii June and July, during which pcriiMl ihi< ejw arodi-i

\|.|.. n.li\
i i,i i -

i-.i.-l n> Bui

■ \.,, Mm Sol li ■

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD. 33

larvre begin to form their cocoons in December and January, being an evidence thai
the insect is double brooded. The larva? when fully grown line the channel in the
resinous nodules with silk, forming a sort of cocoon, in which they transform to
pupa?.

This insect was observed by the writer in September, L902, in the
vicinity of Del Monte. Cal., where it occurred in the matured larval
stage in large masses of pitch on the trunks of living- Monterey Pine.
According to information from Mr. Lee. the gardener in charge of
the Del Monte grounds, it does considerable damage to the tree.

The work of probably the same insect was also observed in the same
grounds on Lawson's Cypress, causing deformities on the main trunk
and branches.

REMEDY.

In comparatively small areas it would not be difficult to dig the
worms out of the pitch with a knife during the fall and winter months.
This would serve to greatly reduce their numbers and to prevent seri-
ous depredations in future. In the case of larger areas of forest trees
there is. so far as known, no practical remedy.

CEDAR BARK-BEETLES.

There is a certain class or genus of bark-boring hectics which, so
far as has been determined in different countries, inhabits only the
cedar and cedar-like trees. Owing to this habit they may properly be
termed cedar hark beetles. They belong to the order (Joleoptera,
family Scolytidse, and genus Phlceosinus. Two species of this genus
were found by the writer in living and partly living bark of recently
felled Redwoods near Guerneville, Cal.. in April. 1899.

The Redwood Bark-Beetle.
{Phlceosinus sequoia Hopk. MSS.)

This is a common species, which heretofore has been confused with
a much less common one described by Or. Le Conte under the name
cristatus. It is a medium-sized, stout, black hectic (tig. 1), the male
and female of which bore through the outer bark and excavate long,
nearly straight burrows or galleries through the inner living or dying
bark and surface of the wood, as shown in the illustration, Plate
XII. The eggs are closely placed along each side of the gallery in
little notches excavated for the purpose. These soon hatch into minute
white grubs, which immediately commence to feed upon the inner
layers of hark and outer layers of wood. They continue to feed thus,
extending meanwhile their food burrows, and increase in size until
they attain their full growth as grubs (larva'). Then they enter the
wood for a short distance and excavate a cavity or kind of cell, in
which they change to the inactive or pupal stage. Here they remain
12478— No. 38—03 3

34 THE REDWOOD.

until their legs and wings are fully developed, when. as fully matured
adults, they bore their way out through the wood and bark, producing
the shot-hole condition, a- shown in the illustration.

It is known that the Redwood bark-beetle Hies early in April and
attack- the living bark of recently-felled trees, but as yet we have qo
positive e\ idence that it attacks standing living tree-. The fact, bow-
ever, that a neai- relative, the Lawson's Cypress bark-beetle, wiH
attack and kill tree-, indicate- that under specially favorable conditions
this species maj do likewise. Therefore any
unhealthy condition of the young or "hi tree-
in which th«' have- toward the tup turn yellow
and reddish brown should he examined for

traces of the I tie's work in the bark and at

the base of In ing tw igs.

It it should tie found that this beetle i- at-
tacking living tree-, it- known habit of infest-

jj lecelltlx felled tic, - SUggCStS that it might

easily be controlled In cutting and barking all
infested tree- between tie 1-1 of September
ami the | -t of Decemlier, and l>\ proi idi'nga few

trap trees to attract those I tie- that escape. This ma\ be ac

plished h\ felling a few trees in December. Then after the adults
have entered tin' hark in the spring and the larva* (grubs) are about
hall grown, 01 before t h- \ ent< r the surface of the wood, it the hark
is stripped from all the infested parts of the trunk and larger branches,
the broods will !»■ destroyed. It will not be necessarj to burn the
hark thus removed, because the drying of the inner surface will kill
the young -i:ejc-. while (tome of the natural enemies of the beetle
which would otherwise be destroyed In burning might survive I
in reducing the number* of those which are not attract*
the trap trees or which breed in the standing timber. rh< tops and
smaller branches, which can not conveniently •>■• harked, should be
burned, bul ihej should lir-t lie left until the broods are ncnrl\ di
oped, in order that ll and other natural enemies mat have

time to develop and linuc their good work, it would

behest if this material were burned just before tie into

••in. i
The lite hi-toi v of i lie Lied wood Imrk lieetle ha- not Itcenworl ■

bul the in iliably double-bi led, thi Brut bi I emei

about the middle of summer and the other the follow li

inipoi imiM to protect
nihil*, the natural enemies of tin I, in ordct that thej

predat ion* on t hi ••■• ond i i

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD. 35

Evidence was found at Guerneville, in the vacant brood galleries
in bark that had been infested the previous summer, that many of the
broods had been destroyed by minute wasp-like parasites and preda-
ceous enemies. It is probable that the natural enemies of other species
of the same genus will attack it. especially those of the Lawson's
Cypress bark-beetle.

Lawson's Cypress Bark-Beetle.

Phlceoxinus cuprem Hopk. MSS.

This is the other species found by the writer in Redwood at Guerne-
ville, Cal. It was also found, about the same time, in a reeently dead
Monterey Cypress in Golden Gate Park, and in a .-mall, dying Japanese
Cypress" in the University grounds at Berkeley.

The general character of this beetle(fig. 2) and of its work is similar
to that of the preceding beetle,
except that it is a smaller, less
shining' insect, and that the larva'
do not enter the surface of the
wood to change to the adult, but
undergo their transformation in
their burrows in the inner bark.

The adult's habit of attacking
and killing trees and of feeding
on the bark of living' twigs IS a K„; if_TJIdtym.aCfv^ bark.Jetle: adults,
characteristic which has not been male and femal riginal i.

observed in any other specie- of

the genus. Recently an article l'elating to this insect was published
by Mr. Carroll Fowler.'' under the above common name and the tech-
nical name Phlmosinus punctatus Lee.- Mr. Fowler's account of this
beetle and its destructive work is as follows:

During the past year our attention has been repeatedly brought to the sickly con-
dition of many of our Lawson's Cypress tn-cs. This is one of our common and most
handsome ornamental trees, and therefore the way in which they are dying is a
matter of no small concern to many parties.

The first indication one has that the tree is diseased is in the unhealthy appearance
of the upper leaves. These turn brown and die, and gradually those below take on
a similar appearance, until they are all killed. If the trunk ami branches are exam-
ined, it will lie noticed that they are thickly punctured with small holes. Then if
some of tile hark is cut, it will lie found to he dead in many places, especially near
the top of the tree, not infrequently extending entirely across the branch. There
will also he noticed small hurrowsjust under the surface, and if it is in the winter
there may usually he found at one end of each burrow a small white grub or dark-

« Identified by Professor Davy as Cryptomeria.

&Rept. Univ. of Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1898-1901, Part I, pp. 80,81.

''The writer has examined the specimens on which this identification was based,
and finds that it is quite different from /'. puncUxtus, a common enemy of the Giant
and other Western cedars.

36 THE REDWOOD.

brown beetle. This beetle is one of the engraver beetles, so called "ii account of the
appearance oi the system of burrows. The central tunnel is made in thesapwood
by the mother beetle, which deposits eggs at frequent intervale. The larvae hatch-
ing from these eggs bore off at right angles. When the beetles are numerous the
trees are frequently encircled, so that the food supply is cut off. The attack is
usually begun at the t • > j > of the tree, and extends downward from year to year.

This family of beetles generally attacks trees that are not in a very healthy condi-
tion, although when they in me very numerous they take to healthy tree-. Such

with the Lawson Cypress beetle. Those trees which have
suffered most severely from drought lately have been must severely injured by the
pest, while those in the same locality which have been kepi thrifty are in many
instano a almi >-

After these borers have once gotten into a tree there is i>" way in which they can
be killed without injury t.. the tree. Where the attack is severe the trees Bhould be

• •lit .l..\\ n and burned during the winter while the insects are in their burrows. They
begin t.. eat their way out a- earl) a- March, although some appear much later; henee

the destruction should be done earlier than this. Trees only slightly affected need
nut be destroyed, Bince by fertilization with Chile saltpeter and frequent watering
they may !"• gotten int.. -u.h a healthy condition a- t.. withstand, and in a mi

Hilgard ha- b) this means saved some ol his trees, which
were beginning !■■ show marked signs of injury. Prompt measures Bhould be taken
against the insect, not onlj !•■ save the in-. - attacked, hut also !•• prevent tin- num-
bers iron, bed id t.. health) I

Dr. Hilgard informs the writer thai his experiments with Chile salt-
peter were verj successful incl I. anil thai lie believes little harm

would result from the attack of 1 1 1 i — inseel if the tree- were kepi in m
health} . \ igorous condit ion.

K:ui\ in September of tin- rear the writer had an opportunity to
make some additional observations on the habits of this beetle al Del

Monte and in the famous Montet I ove at Cypress P t.

Cul. These observations indicate quite elearlj thai the Monterej

( \ | .I.-- i- the original t I plant, and thai the common u f this tree

for hedges ami ornament in private grounds ami parks throughout
western California has enabled the beetle i" extend it- range from it-
original restricted borne, and thus to acquire the habit of attacking

othet Cypress and the Mcdvt I. This change of habit and

extended range of distribution, as baa lieen demonstrated bj man) <>t'
i ii n worsl in-., i |.e-i- which have come from other countries and other
sections of our own country, involves variation in normal habit, and
even in structure, which renders n -|"- tes thai is comparatively harm
less in its original home mosl destructive under the influence ol new
<mi\ ironments,

An examination of the < ■ showed no sign thai tin*

beetle had attacked standing trees, although ii was found h

lin.jlv common in the hark of broken branches and storm felled

iral enemies ol the br Is occurred in great num

mi. I up in the date "i writing the number ol adull parasites which
hi', emerged ft lions of branches placed in breedit

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD.

37

An examination of Lawson's Cypress, which had been transplanted
in the park at Del Monte, showed that the Lawson's Cypress bark-
beetle has the common habit of boring into the living- bark at the base
of perfectly healthy twigs (tig. 3, "). It was also found that this
injury would often result in the death of the lateral and deformity of
the central twTigs (fig. 3, b), while in many cases the wound would be
covered with gum (fig. 3, c) and heal without any serious harm. This
is conclusive evidence that the beetle attacks healthy plant tissue of
the Lawson's Cypress. This was further verified by specimens of

Fig. 3. — Work of the Lawson's Cypress bark-beetle in twigs of living trees: a, burrows at base of twig;
h.h, wounds covered with gum: r, deformed twig: -/, wound where twig lias died and fallen
(original).

wood from a Lawson's Cypress said to have been killed by the beetle,
which were kindly submitted to the writer by Professor Woodworth,
entomologist of the California experimental station at Berkeley. An
examination of this specimen showed in the healed-over wounds made
by the beetles that at least two successive annual attacks on the living
bark had been made before the tree died. Nevertheless, the annual
rings of wood showed nearly a normal growth and indicated an other-
wise healthy condition up to the year in which the tree dietl. It would
therefore appear that while the insect breeds normally only in the
felled or otherwise injured trees, it is capable of attacking healthy

38 THE REDWOOD.

trees and of causing the deatb of transplanted Monterey, Lawson's,
and other species of Cypress. The fact that it has been found in
Redwood renders it an enenn of especial interest in this connection,
and one which should be carefully watched.

Recent observations by the writer near Mill Valley, California, and
along the railroad leading up the western slope of Tamalpais, of an
unhealthy condition of the t < » | » — of second-growth Redwood, suggesl
thai this heretofore unnoticed trouble may be due to the work of the
Lawson's Cypress, or the Redwood, bark-beetle. It is reported that
much of the Lawson's Cypress in the country mentioned has recently
died, [f this baa been caused by the Lawson's Cypress bark-beetle,
as ii probably has, the same insect may be t<> blame for the diseased
condition of t h< ■ Redwood.

The maintenance of a healthy, vigorous growth bj the application
of Chile saltpeter or other fertilizers which ma\ hereafter be found
especially useful for this purpose, in addition to irrigation during

severe drought, as suggested i>\ Dr. Hilgard, is undoubtedly a si

l. hi |um ision against attack, and wherever practicable should be
adopted. Otherwise, where forests of Redwood or othei trees arc
infested or threatened bj an invasion of this enemy, the recommends
tions for cutting and larking infested trees and for providing trap
i i the control of the Redwood bark-1 tie should be adopted.

The parasite reared from Monterey Cypress bark infested Ivt this
hectic was submitted t" Mr, William II. Ashmead, the i
authority on this clans of insects, who found that it is a Cecidostiba sp.
The abundance of this parasite, in what i~ evidently the normal home
of the luetic, suggest* tluil tin- species maj very profitably bo
duced in! • • localities where the beetle in carrying on its destructive

Work .m the -Mine 01 otli. I 1- COUld ea-ll\ lie a' coll I) ll Mini

if i lium sized branches were rut fr trees in the original f

during February, left thereuntil thoroughly infested with broo
the beetles and then parasites, then, just before timi for the parasites
to emerge, cut into sections about l foot long and taken without delay
to i he desired localities and there placed among the top* of the felled
Hit i'ii i it' would tin n en ii • i l\ tii nl their victims.

Am efforts of this kind, however, should bo made bj an entomoli
or undei hi "ii.

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE REDWOOD.

39

The Monterey Cypress Bark-Beetle.
i Phlceosimts cristatus Lee. i

This is another Cedar bark-beetle which is closely allied to the pre-
ceding, and is the true cristatus, with which several other species have
heretofore been confused.

In February, 1893, specimens of this insect and its work were sent
to the Division of Entomology by ^Ir. J. Dickee, Riverside, Cal., with
a statement that it was doing great
damage to Cypress hedges in Contra
Costa County, Cal. Nothing fur-
ther is known of its habits, but it is
possible that it may also attack the
Redwood. (Fig. L)

The other species of insects found
by the writer in G-uerneville, Cal.,
in Redwood, may he briefly men-
tioned as follows:

Phymatodes decussatus Lee. This
long-horn beetle (Cerambycid) was

rearedfrom a section of a small dead tree, and tin- larva of probably
the same insect was found in the bark of a dying free.

CaUidium janthinum Lee A dead adult of this well-known enemy
of ( Ipdar was found <>n the bark of a log, where it had evidently bred.

Monterey evpre-- lark-beetle:
tnd female enlarged (original).

IMMUNITY OF REDWOOD FROM ATTACK BY TERMITES OR WHITE
ANTS.

Probably the first officially published record of the relation of Red-
wood to the wood-destroying termites of tropical regions was that
which appeared in Bulletin No. 30, new series. Division of Entomol-
ogy. U. S. Department of Agriculture (1901), p. '•'">. This reference
is quoted as follows:

December 13, 1900, we received a communication through a firm of lumber mer-
chants of San Francisco, Cal., which appears to indicate that the California Red-
wood lumber is immune to the attack of white ants or termites. Through the firm
in question we received a letter from Mr. J. E. Norton, dated December 4, relating
to the resistance nf this wood to the so-called -Manila white ant of Annia. Hi- letter
is in substance as follows:

"In the latter part of 1898 I secured from a transport a piece of Redw 1 lumber

in a yard at .Manila. The spot was damp, and various pieces of timber all around
showed evidence of the existence of the ant in abundance. This piece lay undis-
turbed for a period of five or six months, and when examined was found as sound as
when put there, not having been attacked by any insects. The Chinaman, owner
of the lumber yard, was still doubtful and, undertook to get it eaten by putting it in
different places under different conditions, such as on top of piece- already inhabited,
hetw cen boards, and underneath piles, and finally, after three months, put the sam-
ple on exhibition in his office with the following placard: 'Madera Colorado de
California, no se comen Annai.'

4(1 THE REDWOOD.

"The quartermaster's lumber yard had piled for some four or five months a quan-
tity of Eedw 1, which upon my departure in < Ictober was still free from ants.

"John MacLeod, of Manila, has a r in one of his houses finished in Redwood,

ifteen years ago, and to this day three-fourths ... the original

amounl remains still in g I condition, one-fourth having been worn out and replaced

by other lumber."

Reference is made in Bulletin No. 33 of the Bureau of Forestry
(p. 20) i" certain experiments conducted in Manila, 1'. I., by Mr.
D. N. McChesney, as reported >>.\ Capt. George P. A hern, Chief of
the Philippine Forestn Bureau, in which it would appear thai Red-

w |. [ncense Cedar, and Western Hemlock were not attacked, while

Douglas Spruce. Bull Pine, and Engelmann Spruce were seriously
injured.
The reader is referred to < lircular So. 50 second - nes, I h\ ision ..1

Eni logy, l • S. Departmen( of Agriculture, by C. L. Marlatt,for

, i:,l description of white ants, their habits and work.

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CATHEDRAL GROUP

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ALIFORNIA REDWOOD PARK is the only
forest owned by the State of California. Its
name, California Redwood Park, was not
happily chosen and is apt to be misleading,
for the tract is in no sense a "Park," as the
term is generally understood, nor is it a
"Grove," but in every sense a forest,
being composed not only of a high story of
large redwood trees (Sequoia sempervirens) ,
Douglas fir, and pine, and a lower story of

madrone, tanbark oak, and other species, but also a dense

growth of shrubs, flowers, ferns, and mosses.

David Starr Jordan, President of Stanford University,
has said :

"California Redwood Park is a leaf from the
greatest of virgin forests, a sample of the redwoods
as they have been for ten thousand years, and
one which may be preserved for all times.
Besides this, it is a botanical garden where the wax
myrtle, the California nutmeg-tree, the California
whortleberry, the clintonia, the oxalis, and all the
other plants which follow the redwoods may be
likewise saved for our descendants."

United States Senator Perkins has said:

"I have traveled through the forests of Mari-
posa, and I have driven through the wonderful
forests of southern Germany, yet 1 have never
seen the equal of California Redwood Park."

California Redwood Park is situated in the western part of
Santa Cruz County, in what is locally known as "The Big
Basin," which is a circular depression in the Coast Range
Mountains. The Park covers nearly 3,800 acres, occupy-
ing the lowest part of the basin and extending in all direc-
tions well up toward the rim rock surrounding it.

Several mountain streams flow through the Park, tumbling
in cascades over high rocky ledges or running tunefully over
the sand and pebbles in more level places, flashing in the
sunlight filtering through a break in the evergreen canopy
overhead, or retreating through the overarching ferns.

On one of the prettiest streams is located Governor's
Camp, the summer home of the Warden and the camping
place of visitors to the Park. The camp consists of several
substantial buildings of sawn redwood surrounding a large
cottage of unhewn redwood logs which is used as a living
and dining room for visitors. The surrounding buildings are
used for sleeping quarters, and when these are full, or, if
preferred, tents and cots are provided.

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THE CLOISTLRLD AISLE.

California Redwood Park is administered by the State
Board of Forestry. It is under the direct supervision of a
Warden, whose entire time is devoted to duties in the Park.
First among these is attending to the wants and comfort of
visitors.

The Park is most easily reached from the town of Boulder
Creek, which is connected by rail with the Coast Line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad at Pajaro. In summer a daily stage
runs from Boulder Creek to Governor's Camp, a distance of
twelve miles over an excellent mountain road. Private
conveyances for the trip can be obtained at either Boulder
Creek or Santa Cruz.

The Park is equipped with a telephone, which may be
used by visitors, and with a postoffice, where mail is received
daily.

^> ^ ^>

More detailed information will be furnished cheerfully on
application to the Warden, California Redwood Park, Boulder
Creek, California, or to the State Forester, Sacramento.

FOOTBRIDGE.

MOTHER OF THL FORE5T

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The illustrations in this book are used by
permission of the Southern Pacific Co.

Copyright loin. By B. M. Lettcb

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MARIPOSA GROVE

OF BIG TREES

CALIFORNIA

By B. M. LEITCH, Wawona, Cal.

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MARIPOSA BIG TREES

(Copyright applied for by B. M. Leitch)

ll^Sr^^llIri^HIS group is included in a tract of land that was

fcgjt KBgR granted to the state of California by the United States

gn^ rr~\ dig

s&tlL JnJb m 1864, and accepted by the State Legislature in

'mKixuK st&vsvj) x866. The grant contains 2,589.26 acres. The name

2^&3SkM$^ given to the Grove is due to the latter's position in

Mariposa county. Ceded to the United States by the State in 1905.

The several groups that make this grove number 627 individual trees.

When the species was discovered, botanists contended over the
name, but finally adopted Sequoia Gigantea for these trees. For
their smaller and more numerous cousins, the redwood of commerce,
the name Sequoia Sempervirens was given.

George Geuss was the Cadmus of the Cherokees; he invented the
alphabet which made the Cherokee a written language and gave it a
literature. His Indian name was Sequoia, and this was chosen by
the botanists and dendrologists for these big trees.

This grove is no less a wonder than the Yosemite. Indeed to
many the trees are more wonderful than the valley, because they live.

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Each spring the sap has risen in their mighty columns, and they
represent a continuous vegetable life that began on the farther side
of human history.

Galen Clark, the discoverer of the Mariposa Grove, says that when
he first saw the big trees in April, 1857, they were not burned much;
that a forest fire raged through this section of the Sierra Nevadas
in the summer of 1864, and that is the reason that the trees are so
badly scarred by fire. The Sequoias of this group are really divided
into two groves, the upper and the lower, from their respective sit-
uations on the mountain side whereon they grow.

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LOWER GROVE

KJHERE are 259 Sequoias in the Lower Grove. The

first trees at the entrance of the grove are called the

Sentinels. There are four trees, two on each side of

the road. On the left the two trees are, number one,

circumference 94 feet, height 263 feet; number two,

circumference 79 feet, height 258 feet. Number three, circumference

49 feet, height 247 feet. Number four, circumference 66 feet, height

251 feet.

This road branches into three roads, but before reaching the forks
of the three roads there is a tree called the Sergeant of the Guard,
circumference 45 feet, height 230 feet.

On the middle road there are about 75 trees. The average height

and circumference are 45 feet in circumference and 235 feet high.

On the middle road there is a tree called Princeton, named for

Princeton University in New Jersey, circumference 55 feet, height 240

feet.

On the left hand side of this road there are three beautiful trees
called the Three Graces.

On the right stands a tree called the Bachelor. The Three Graces
are, first 56 feet in circumference, second 51 feet, and third 54 feet.

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The Bachelor is 6o feet in circumference. The height of these trees
is 240 feet.

On the right hand road there are ten trees called the Cathedral
Group, average circumference 40 feet, height 240 feet.

On this road is the Fallen Monarch, nearly 300 feet in length, and
26 feet in diameter. This is the tree on which "F" Troop, 6th
United States Cavalry, were photographed, and a six-horse stage was
also photographed on this tree.

Above the Fallen Monarch is a tree called Sacramento, circum-
ference 66 feet, height 235 feet.

On the turn above Sacramento is a tree called the Corridor, 72
feet in circumference and height 240 feet. This tree is very much
burned.

On the road towards the Grizzly Giant is a large fallen tree called
the Emperor Norton. There is a grove of small Sequoias near this
tree.

The largest Sequoia in the Lower Grove stands immediately by
the road. It is called the Grizzly Giant. Its time-worn and rugged
appearance is in keeping with its name. It has several very large
limbs, one of which is 100 feet from the ground, and 20J feet in cir-
cumference. It is 104 feet in circumference at the base and 224 feet
in height. It is estimated that this tree is about 8,000 years old and
contains 1,000,000 feet of lumber.

Below the Grizzly Giant, on a branch road, there is a tree called

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California, diameter 21 feet, height 248 feet. Stages pass through
this tree by means of a tunnel.

About one-quarter of a mile above the Grizzly Giant on the right,
well up on the hill, stands the Forest King, circumference 55 feet,
height 238 feet. On this road on the left there is a tree that has the
most perfect top of any tree in the Grove. It is called Alabama.
Circumference 62 feet, height 238 feet.

The next is the Faithful Couple, circumference 97 feet, height 260
feet. There is no doubt but there are two trees grown together.
This tree was named by Jessie Benton Fremont in 1859.

On the right the next tree is called Pennsylvania, circumference
55 feet, height 230 feet.

On the left is New Jersey, circumference 68 feet, height 240 feet.

Above New Jersey is Michigan, circumference 60 feet, height 235
feet. On the right is Kate Field.

On the left hand road there is a tree called Texas, circumference
63 feet, height 250 feet. There are very few Sequoias on the left
hand road.

On this road there is a tree called Grover Cleveland, circumference
61 feet, height 240 feet. Under this tree there are estimated to be
5,000 seedling Sequoias.

Farther up this road there are two trees known as the Western
Sentinels, circumference 45 feet, height 240 feet.

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UPPER GROVE

HERE are 368 Sequoias in the Upper Grove. At the
entrance stands the Mariposa, 100 feet in circum-
ference and 275 feet in height. It is the finest tree
„ in either grove. It was named for the county of
5*>$sii Mariposa. Washburn, circumference 52 feet, height
247 feet. This tree was named for Albert Henry Washburn, the
pioneer stage-man who took the first tourists to Yosemite Valley and
the Mariposa Big Trees in 1866. On the left hand road leading from
the entrance there are 38 Sequoias, largest circumference 103 feet,
height 240 feet. Sunset, circumference 63 feet, height 235 feet. On
the main road we see the San Francisco, circumference 69 feet, height
240 feet.

San Diego, circumference 63 feet, height 235 feet.
Iowa, circumference 71 feet, height 250 feet.
West Virginia, circumference 82 feet, height 240 feet.
Brooklyn, circumference 75 feet, height 238 feet.
Governor, circumference 90 feet, height 240 feet.
Arkansas, circumference 92 feet, height 282 feet.
Commissioners, average circumference 32 feet, height 240 feet.
Missouri, circumference 102 feet, height 274 feet.
Haverford, circumference 120 feet, height 280 feet.
This tree is hollow at the base. Seventeen people on horseback
have been sheltered in this tree.

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Connecticut, circumference 68 feet, height 248 feet.

St. Louis, circumference 92 feet, height 204 feet.

Andrew Johnson, diameter 18 feet, length 337 feet.
in 1870.

Philadelphia, circumference 90 feet, height 262 feet.

Ohio, circumference 63 feet, height 280 feet.

Lafayette, circumference 95 feet, height 270 feet.

Old Guard, four trees, average circumference 40 feet, height 260 feet.

Rhode Island, circumference 37 feet, height 253 feet.

Fresno, circumference 66 feet, height 315 feet.

Columbia, circumference 87 feet, height 323 feet.

General Grant, circumference 67 feet, height 268 feet.

General Sherman, circumference 67 feet, height 266 feet.

General Sheridan, circumference 78 feet, height 275 feet.

Delaware, circumference 48 feet, height 245 feet.

Samoset, named by Ralph Waldo Emerson, May, 1871; circum-
ference 56 feet, height 240 feet.

New Hampshire, circumference 50 feet, height 250 feet.

North Carolina, circumference 63 feet, height 245 feet.

Florida, circumference 61 feet, height 243 feet.

Maryland, circumference 66 feet, height 248 feet.

Colorado, circumference 54 feet, height 258 feet.

Oregon, circumference 48 feet, height 250 feet.

Francis Scott Key, circumference 51 feet, height 258 feet.

Utah, circumference 72 feet, height 230 feet.

Montana, circumference 52 feet, height 248 feet.

Indiana, circumference 57 feet, height 238 feet.

Nevada, circumference 49 feet, height 248 feet.

Kentucky, circumference 55 feet, height 257 feet.

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Mariposa Grove of Big Trees

Pasadena, circumference 55 feet, height 242 feet.

Governor Tod, circumference 56 feet, height 240 feet.

General Logan, circumference 81 feet, height 235 feet.

Minnesota, circumference 75 feet, height 242 feet.

Washington, circumference 101 feet, height 245 feet.

McKinley, circumference 84 feet, height 263 feet.

Los Angeles, circumference 62 feet, height 230 feet.

Lincoln, circumference 77 feet, height 236 feet.

John Hay, circumference 59 feet, height 234 feet.

University of Pennsylvania, circumference 90 feet, height 260 feet.

Dewey, circumference 76 feet, height 252 feet.

West Point, circumference 84 feet, height 245 feet.

Wigwam, circumference 81 feet, height 238 feet.

William Penn, circumference 81 feet, height 248 feet.

Chester A. Arthur, circumference 84 feet, height 248 feet.

Harvard, circumference 82 feet, height 230 feet.

James A. Garfield, circumference 92 feet, height 233 feet.

Forest Giant, 34 feet in diameter. This one was four months
burning in 1864, and was no doubt the largest Sequoia in the Grove.

Pittsburg, Pa., circumference 62 feet, height 248 feet.

New York, circumference 57 feet, height 252 feet.

Virginia, circumference 89 feet, height 192 feet.

Wawona, circumference 85 feet, height 260 feet. Stages and other
conveyances pass through this tree by means of a tunnel.

Honolulu, circumference 42 feet, height 230 feet.

Chicago, circumference 59 feet, height 238 feet.

Boston, circumference 60 feet, height 250 feet.

Hamilton, circumference 85 feet, height 241 feet.

Stanford University, circumference 76 feet, height 254 feet.

Mariposa Grove of Big Trees

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University of California, circumference 69 feet, height 253 feet.

Longfellow, circumference 60 feet, height 242 feet.

Whittier, circumference 72 feet, height 238 feet.

Yale, circumference 87 feet, height 270 feet.

Stonewall Jackson, circumference 51 feet, height 241 feet.

R. E. Lee, circumference 49 feet, height 239 feet.

Mississippi, circumference 50 feet, height 238 feet.

Georgia, circumference 51 feet, height 241 feet.

South Carolina, circumference 72 feet, height 243 feet.

Wade Hampton, circumference 67 feet, height 244 feet.

Wisconsin, circumference 65 feet, height 240 feet.

Telescope, circumference 60 feet, height 190 feet.

Kansas, circumference 68 feet, height 275 feet.

Illinois, circumference 70 feet, height 270 feet.

Massachusetts, circumference 93 feet, height 234 feet.

Diamond Group, four trees in shape of a diamond: first, 82 feet in
circumference; second, 45 feet in circumference; third, 47 feet in cir-
cumference; fourth, 45 feet in circumference; average height, 260 feet.

Maine, circumference 63 feet, height 230 feet.

On the trail from the Wawona tree to the cabin there are about
70 Sequoias.

The first discovery of the Big Trees was made in October, 1849,
by Major Burney, then Sheriff of Mariposa county. He came across
a few of these trees, probably forming part of a group in what is now
Madera county, and known as the Fresno Grove. Thereafter, from
time to time, persons exploring the mountains found grove after
grove, until it was known that groups of these trees were scattered

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along the western front of the Sierras for a distance of about 200
miles. These forest giants have been standing for from three to
eight thousand years; during that time, by the mere doctrine of chance,
they must have been exposed to forest fires, not once, but many times.
And while the trees are not absolutely fireproof, the fact that they
have stood there through ages shows that they must be decidedly fire
resistant. Nearly every tree is scarred at the base by fire, but the
tree still lives. The Sequoia has no diseases, never decays,. cannot be
blown down and does not burn up. That is the reason it outlives
everything else in existence.

I would advise parties visiting the Grove to take the whole day; a
quick trip through the Grove does not seem to satisfy. Walk around
among the trees for two or three hours. From the cabin in the Upper
Grove you can see over 100 big trees that will average 25 feet in
diameter and 300 feet in height. Take a little time, for these trees
are not to be seen elsewhere in the world. To reach the Mariposa
Grove, see the agent at Sentinel Hotel, Yosemite Valley, where infor-
mation regarding the route will be furnished. The best trip to take
is via Glacier Point to Wawona, returning by Inspiration Point.

The cones are remarkable for their diminutive size, and the seeds
are short and thin as paper. The seeds were first sent to the Eastern
States and Europe in 1853. They germinate readily and it is prob-
able that thousands of these Sequoias are growing in different parts
of the world from seed planted. There are ten groups of the Sequoia
Giganteas in California, to wit, Calaveras, South Grove, Tuolumne,

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Merced, Mariposa, Fresno, Dinkey Creek, Kings River, New Kings
River, Kaweah or Tule.

Elsewhere in California these trees are not known to exist. The
tree is closely related to the redwood of the Coast Range. The wood
of the Big Trees, like that of the redwood, is valuable for its utility.
When exposed to excessive moisture it is unsurpassed for its dura-
bility; it is easily worked into any shape, is light, and receives a high
polish, and some specimens are beautifully marked. In its natural
condition it is generally of a pale red tint; the bark is very thick,
some of it being 30 inches through. It is estimated that the Big
Trees are from 3,000 to 8,000 years old. The average height of the
Sequoias in the Mariposa Grove is 250 feet, the average circumference
60 feet.

The magnificent proportions of the trees and the awful solitude of
the forest give an almost sublime grandeur to this part of the Sierras.

The Mariposa Grove was discovered by Galen Clark in April, 1857.
Mr. Clark was for many, years Guardian of the Yosemite Valley and
the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees.

ALTITUDE AT BIG TREES

Sentinel Trees 5,750

Grizzly Giant -. 6,200

Cabin, Upper Grove 6,800

Wa!wona Tree 6,920

Wawona Point 7,140

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