a ? x " -_ ” ae - -* ee BOB GB A'S Ne a ae aoe, ee Bae : Sati hob. Syro ose ches ads Z JAE Ps IY 2 Shae ao c ; 4 . Eb lo eS creases wes ae Re a5 Mae date dice NX Sok rind Beh Soyaey MS ee ew tee reece wy ee eer see aoe eee Pycees Y ae RX, na r ray ee Ce CERT TT cag BAe . 2 ‘ ~ rs < f te say Pe RAS . f , ‘ . “<. : See a ek . ene aS : axe mae : See SAKA hes A ee ° ‘ Sees : La ae Sma > , SEES esas ie ee ee ee Fame Perpretye eRe re eres +------- WME HY ay + -------. | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. “fs pine & iene iM ae Deal T . if PE Eero OF ANIMAL DISEASES TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH, AND THEIR PREVENTION. oy ORY: FRANK 8. BILLINGS, D. V.S., GRADUATE OF THE ROYAL VETERINARY INSTITUTE OF BERLIN; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF THE PROVINCE OF BRANDENBURG; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE VETERINARY SOCIETY OF MONTREAL, CANADA, ETC. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, anp 5 BOND STREET, 1884. — : CopyrieuT, 1884, — : gs te By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. IN MEMORY OF ANDREAS CHRISTIAN GERLACH, LATE DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL VETERINARY INSTITUTE, BERLIN, PRUSSIA, TO WHOSE EXAMPLE, LOVE, AND SYMPATHY THE AUTHOR OWES WHAT LITTLE ABILITY HE POSSESSES, THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY Dedicated. Jee dee, J) De) gah (Odd, & Tus book is written for the benefit of the people of the United States. Its purpose is to introduce to every thinking man and woman of the country a new subject, the higher pur- poses of Veterinary Medicine. It is a work which treats of the Prevention of Diseases, not their Zreatment. While at times the language of the author may appear unnecessarily severe to the casual reader, he should not forget that the author is an enthusiast; that he has given his life and energies to the sub- ject of the establishment of Veterinary Science in this country; and that the evils so severely combated are not “straw men,” the creations of a vivid imagination, but actual evils that, unless prevented, will work most serious injury to the country in the not distant future. All that the author asks is calm reflection and an honest verdict upon his work. CON Wi Nes: PARE kk PAGE Tue Diseases oF Domestic ANIMALS ; : P : : : 1 Trichiniasis of Man and Animals ; : é : é 4 2 The Intestinal Trichine : : : : : A 11 Trichiniasis in Swine : Z : : ‘ 5 5 15 Trichine in American Pork . : E : : : ; 18 Examinations of American Pork . ; ‘ : x 20 American Hogs much more infected than Sunanan d d ‘ a 2S The Disease in Swine : : 5 : : : : 28 Prevention of Trichiniasis in Swine. : ; 7 : ‘ 31 The Microscopic Examination of Pork : ; 3 3 32 Objects which may be mistaken for Trichine, or not seupativred as such F 384 Trichiniasis in Man 3 P : i u 3 ‘ 35 Prevention of the Disease in Man , ; : : 2 : 40 Hog-Cholera . : ; ‘ ; : : : : 41 Etiology : : : - : : : : ey el Bacillus suis P 3 3 F : 43 Influence of Season and Tecperinte : : ; é é . 44 Incubation . : ‘ : : 3 ‘ : 45 Pathological howtos - : : ‘ : : 3 ge ANE Microscopic omen : F : : : : i 48 Prevention of the Disease ; : - ; F : : 50 Disease of Cattle : : F 3 j : z 52 Tuberculosis in Cattle . i 5 : ; 4 i ‘ 61 Statistics as to its Prevalence : é : : ‘ : 71 Tnfection . ; P ; : ; i : : 74. Bacteria. : 5 3 P F : : 79 Classification of Bacteua ey : ; Ae ; 80 Distinction of Bacteria from Inorganic Oniectal P j : : 84 Dissemination of Bacteria in Different Media . ; ‘ : . 86 Nutrition of Bacteria ‘ . " 3 : : F 86 Reproduction of Bacteria : P : 3 j : : 88 Reproduction by Spores . 89 The Action of Bacteria with reference to Caniestong and Viralent Diseases : 89 Dispersion of Bacteria and their Entrance into the Animal Organism ‘ 94 Infection of the Animal Organism 5 ‘ ; - - 98 Disinfection . t 2 100 Vill CONTENTS., Tue Diseases or Domestic ANIMALS: Shee Anthrax and Anthracoid Diseases ; s i ae i ime lOS History . : : 2 E : ; : ¢ 103 Etiology : : : ; : 6 eae OG Nature of the Imreenious Blemtene : A : : c 108 Appearance and Extension . : ; 2 : : ours eet Phenomena of the Disease : : : : : ; 112 Pathological Anatomy : : : : : Peers 3 Prognosis : : : é : : : 0 115 Diagnosis. i apn ‘ : : : ; a pelts Prevention é : : : : : é : 116 Therapeutics . 5 E : d ; : gee. Ualyy Immunity : : é 6 : ; : : ily Anthrax in Man : : ; : : ; : > gala! Etiology . 5 : : : 4 é : : 121 Symptoms and Course ; ; ; 6 : 6 2 122 Therapeutics . : : : : : ; : 124 Anthracoid Diseases. : : : 5 : 3 . 124 Emphysema infectiosum . : : ; 6 A : 126 Texas Fever of Cattle . : : 9 . : 5 . 129 Definition : ; F : 3 : 5 0 130 Etiology 6 5 : : : : 3 7 33 Stages of the TDieense i ; 5 : : f 6 133 Phenomena during Life ; é : : : : . 134 Post-mortal Phenomena . Y : : : : - 135 Microscopic Examination . : 6 : 5 : . 1386 Prophylaxis : ; : : 3 : 3 3 137 Diseases of the Dog : ; : : : ; : sa) 87 Rabies ° 5 : : : : : ; 139 Hydrophobia in France 5 ; é : ; : . 142 Phenomena of Canine Rabies. : : ; j 5 148 Prevention . : : : : é : ‘ Seu libil Diseases of the Horse 5 : d : ; : : 153 Glanders é : j ; : : 5 li) Transmission to avis AsthaT ; : Bist 0 : : 169 Geographical Distribution . : : : : : 3 1G Etiology . : : : : : ¢ : 178 Tenacity of the Gloninctine : : i F ‘ ; . 183 Natural Infection ‘ : : ¢ : ; : 183 Disposition, Immunity 4 : 3 : 4 ‘ . 184 Phenomenology . 5 : ; ; nea) : ; 185 Duration of the Disease : 6 : 6 : 4 . 185 Acute Nasal Glanders : c : ¢ : ; 5 185 Pulmonary or Chronic Glanders : : : Meira é . 187 Pathological Anatomy . : : : ; 3 : 189 Infiltrated Neoplasmatic Processes . : ; : : - 196 Diagnosis . . 5 . : : : : 201 Prognosis. 4 : : : : é g -2 202 Prevention : F ‘ é 4 5 : : 202 Glanders in Man : : : : : : ri - 204 Cause . : c 0 3 c 5 . 204 Acute Glanders in Man : Z : : 2 : . 206 Chronic Glanders in Man . : i : z J a 207 CONTENTS. PART II. History OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Ture EsTABLISHMENT OF THE VETERINARY Satioaney The Veterinary Schools of France The Veterinary Institute at Vienna Short Notices of the Schools of Belgium, Sw eden, Tenet, te Newey The Schools of Germany : ; ; 5 Stuttgart Hanover . Munich The Veterinary Imehtations of Enteral The Prussian Laws for Suppression of Contagious Agisiel eee The Laws and Regulations for Rinderpest . ; Special Regulations to prevent the Introduction of the hedlayyad from Foreign Countries . Regulations with reference to Inde epee in Germany Regulations to be put in force after the Rinderpest has ban declared ended Restrictions with reference i Use of heme honing Cisne Diseases Anthrax Contagious BleaeeepneniGn Glanders Variola of Sheep . Rabies Disinfectants PART III. Tue MEANS OF PREVENTION 5 ; F B : A National Veterinary Police System . : The Foundation of Veterinary Schools in the United States State Veterinary Schools A National Veterinary Institute 368 368 390 415 419 eAuley ay lle THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Tue subject of the relation of animal diseases to the public health, while not by any means unknown to hygienists, is still one which has not until the last few years attracted the scientific study which its importance demands. This is mainly due to the practical tendency which has prevailed in all veterinary schools, and which has been pushed, to the undue neglect of scientific investigation. Thankfully, the day of the school empiric is fast drawing to a close, and the rising sun of scientific research is beginning to dispel the fogs of tradition and the apathy of self-content which has rested upon veterinary medicine. The day has come when veterinary medicine is beginning to make its power felt, and to take its true place as a scientific institu- tion among the nations of the world. We have all been taught that the first commandment is “to have no other gods besides me.” But without desiring to enter into the discussion of religious questions, the hygienist may say that, while this may be very important to the spiritual man, the earthy man has also certain positive responsibilities to himself, which find their expression in the command, “ Man, know thyself.” This commandment seems to be a stranger to the minds of most men, for how little do we know of the physiological laws which control that complicated machine, the animal organism, or of the means by which we can in a large measure prevent diseases, not only among ourselves, but among our animals! The majority of our people assume that the nucleus of all knowledge is to be found somewhere in that record of Jewish history, the Christian Bible. With reference to the prevention of human diseases from causes to be sought in the animal world, either directly or indirectly, we find, however, but little of practical value in that book. The in- 1 9 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. structions of Moses to the Jews have far more to do with certain superstitious ideas of the cleanliness or uncleanliness of certain spe- cies of animals as unfitting them for food than with any true knowledge of their non-hygienic character. Enthusiastic but blind worshipers have even gone so far as to assert that Moses must have known that trichinz existed in pork, hence his forbidding its use as food. But they do not stop to think that these parasites require a microscope for their detection, an instrument which was not known to man until thousands of years after the books of Moses were writ- ten. That the flesh of diseased animals was unfit for human food did not entirely escape the attention of the Israelitic legislator; but his restrictive utterances were limited to his own people. He tells the chosen of the Lord that: “Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself; thow shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien; for thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God.’—See Deut. xiv, 21. Numerous passages, which command that all blood must be re- moved from the body before using it, lead us to infer that all such articles were to be well cooked before being eaten, and that raw or underdone meats were an abomination to the Jews, as they should be to all people. Plutarch asks: ‘“ Why is it that the priests of Jupiter are forbid- den to touch raw flesh?” And answers: “ Raw flesh is no more a living creation, and is unfit to eat. Cooking gives it another form.” Not only is human life endangered by the consumption of prod- ucts from previously diseased animals, or from the consumption of improperly cooked flesh, but quite a number of animal diseases are capable, by intentional or accidental means, of transmission to man. Virchow has said that “man is far more susceptible to infection from animal diseases than the latter from similar diseases of man.” TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. THERE is, perhaps, no one disease of our domestic animals which enjoys a more sensational reputation, or which has been more thor- oughly investigated, than the disease of swine caused by the parasite trichina spiralis. There is none more worthy of the attention of the public or the hygienist. Although the literature* treating upon * The American student will find the best compilation that exists on this subject in the “Report on Trichine and Trichinosis,” Glazier. 1881. Published by the United States Marine-Hospital Service. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 3 this disease is of comparatively modern date, still we have no justi- fiable reason for doubting the presence of these parasites in swine at a very early date, and also that the consecutive disease in man must have existed for years, if not centuries, before it came to sci- entific recognition; I am inclined to think, almost coeval with the consumption of pork as food. In this opinion I find myself op- posed by many distinguished observers ; but the fact that trichine were not discovered earlier than 1831 does not at all militate against my conclusions. They simply were not suspected. Every fact in connection with the history of the parasite—its minuteness, the un- certainty of its pathognomonic phenomena in man, and still more so in the hog, which render difficult the correct diagnosis of trichi- niasis—supports my hypothesis. Hiller * says: “The history of this disease can be appropriately divided into three periods, the first beginning with the discovery, or observation, of the capsule—the parasite not being recognized— in 1821-28, including the description of the same by Dr. Hilton, of Guy’s Hospital, London, England, in 1835. “The second period extends from 1835, when Paget discovered the encapsulated parasite and Owen described it, giving to it its name, ‘trichina spiralis, to the first authentic observation of the disease in a human being, and the direct establishment of its con- nection with a parasitic disease of swine which took place in 1860. ‘<'This begins the third period in the history of trichina spiralis— the period of active scientific investigation—which is by no means at an end, and which awaits its conclusion in the discovery of the original source whence swine derive the parasite.” In the mean time, Professor Leidy, of Philadelphia, was the first to discover the parasite in the flesh of the hog in 1867. It is a singular fact that this discovery should have been made by means of an American hog. The principal workers in this important field of helminthic re- search have been Owen, Cobbold, Bristow, and others, in Britain ; and Leuckart, Virchow, Zenker, Kiichenmeister, and the veterinari- ans Gerlach and Fiirstenberg, in Germany. Cobbold ¢ describes the parasite as follows: “ Trichina spiralis is an extremely minute nematode helminth, the male in its fully de- veloped and sexually matured condition measuring only one eigh- teenth of an inch, while the perfectly developed female reaches a length of about one eighth; body rounded and filiform, usually slightly bent on itself, rather thicker behind than in front, espe- * Ziemssen’s “ Encyclopedia of Medicine,” vol. iii. + “ Entozoa,” p. 335. 4 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. cially in the males; head narrow, finely pointed, unarmed, with a simple, central, minute oval aperture; posterior extremity of the male furnished with a bilobed caudal appendage, the cloacal or anal aperture being situated between these divergent appendages ; penis consisting of a single spicule, cleft above, so as to assume a V-shaped outline; female stouter than the male, bluntly rounded posteriorly, with genital outlet placed forward at about the end of the first fifth of the long diameter of the body. Eggs measuring ;.45 of an inch from pole to pole; mode of reproduction viviparous.” “The shell-less ova develop into minute embryos immediately on fructification, and completely fill the uterus of the female, and are born in immense numbers.” * “The embryos measure, previous to birth, about ten micrometres in length, and five to six in transverse diameter. The study of the structure of the embryo is almost im- possible so long as it is retained within the body of the maternal parasite. Here it resembles a delicate thread, having a somewhat uniform granular appearance, which becomes less distinct as devel- opment progresses. In the older embryos—extra-maternal—we may perceive a very delicate cuticle and an axial line running through the body; the extremities are more or less blunt, and not easily to be distinguished as to which is the posterior or anterior end of the parasite. In the intestines the embryos measure about 0-1 mm. in length, sometimes more, and have a transverse diameter of about 6 yw.” (Pagenstecker.) “Within the abdominal cavity they may be found to measure from 0:12 to 0°16 mm. in length, with a transverse diameter of 8 p. They have scarcely ever been seen less than 0°12 mm. in length when in the muscles. Comparison with mature trichinz indicates that the slenderer of the two extremities is the head.” “The posterior extremity possesses more rigidity than the ante- rior, and also seems to have a backward and forward motion. The rigid condition of the terminal end of the parasitic embryo corre- sponds with the situation, or limits, of the axial line, which is looked upon as the rudimentary alimentary canal. The anterior portion of the embryo is not granulous, but clear, being only modified by a delicate chitin thread which is continuous with the cuticle, and con- stitutes the first indication of the chitinous lining of the oval cavity. As development progresses, this axial line divides into two parts; the anterior portion corresponds to the so-called cell-body of the mature parasite, and the posterior to the stomach, intestines, ete. The sexual organs can not, as yet, be distinguished. The embryos * Leuckart, ‘Die menschlichen Parasiten,” vol. ii, p. 512. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 5 may be met with not only in the abdominal cavity of the autosite, but also in the thoracic and pericardial sac, and in such numbers that these places may be looked upon as normal resting-places for the embryos on their migrations over the infected organism. In general we find them far more numerously represented in the ab- dominal cavity, which corresponds exactly with our knowledge of their activity, for it is here that they must first come after passing the intestinal parietes on their migrations. From here they pass on to the other cavities by means of the natural openings, or ostia, through which the cesophagus and large vessels pass through the diaphragm. These vessels are loosely surrounded by connective tissue, which offers favorable conditions for the passage of the para- sites. From these cavities the embryos follow the course of the larger vessels and nerves over the body, the loose connective tissue offering the favorable conditions. The duration of the migratory period can not be determined with any great degree of accuracy ; but it is undoubtedly very short, as embryos have been found in the thoracic cavity, the pericardial sac, and adjoining muscles, as early as in the abdomen. The majority of observers seem to agree in considering the ninth or tenth day of invasion as terminating the migratory period—that is, when but a single invasion has taken place.” “The embryos display no distinguishable changes either in size or structure during the period of migration. The first appreciable changes occur after they have reached the muscles, and have be- come lodged in their fibers.” “When they have penetrated the fiber—that is, become intra- sarcolemmatous—the protoplasma of the muscle-cell undergoes cer- tain pathological changes, which exactly correspond to the fatty de- generation observed in parenchymatous myositis. A proliferation of the nuclei is quite common, if not an invariable phenomenon. Like all tissues which have undergone fatty degeneration of their plasma, such fibers are darker, less refracting, than those which have not been subjected to parasitic invasion. Such fibers lose their con- tractility. When cut transversely, the swollen parenchyma extends beyond the sarcolemmatous sheath, and if the trichina be near the section, it often extends free, or becomes free, with the protruded plasma. It is doubtful whether the trichinee live upon the elements of the plasma while lodged in the fiber, as they are in an appar- ently chrysalis condition. This fatty degeneration of the paren- chyma seems to offer no impediment to a second invasion of th fiber.” 6 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. “While previous to migration the embryo shows a somewhat slender form, it soon becomes thicker, or more rotund, its trans- verse diameter being nearly double that which it had before migra- tion. Its anterior portion becomes more slender and resembles that of the mature parasite. The posterior end becomes more blunt. Progressive changes also take place in the axial line, the different organs becoming distinct; especially is this the case in the cell- body. The primitive sexual gland is to be seen as an elongated sac; the pointed anterior end extends beyond the stomach in the females, and turns abruptly backward in the males. The oval cay- ity has a proportionate length, and over its middle distinctly shows the first traces of a nervous system, which in the form of an oval enlargement, cervical ganglion, is to be distinguished from the cy- lindrical mass.” “With the progressive development of the internal organs comes a corresponding increase of the external dimensions of the parasite. It increases more in length than thickness, and its previous rotund form becomes more slender. At the same time the body becomes curved, and after a while assumes an irregular, spiral position— trichina spiralis. They begin to assume this position the earliest in the larger fibers; but it occurs in all, even when the lumen scarcely exceeds the transverse diameter of the parasite. In the vicinity of the parasite the sarcolemmatous sheath invariably becomes dis- tended, owing to the lateral pressure exerted by the parasite. The spindle shape of the tube is due to the elasticity of the sarcolemma ; but, as it becomes thicker and clouded, proliferation must take place as well. The intra-sarcolemmatous, or capsular, development of the parasite terminates in about three weeks from the time of its in- vasion of the fiber.” “The enlargements of the sarcolemma—capsules—vary much in form and size. Sometimes they are far more cylindrical and elongated than at others, and again one end may be elongated and the other bluntly rounded.” “The capsules are surrounded by a rete of capillaries, which can be injected. A growth in length and thickness, due to the irrita- tion caused by the parasite, gives them a very ramified character.” In this condition the parasites are known as “ muscle trichinee” ; but when in the intestines of an autosite, as “ intestinal trichine.”’ In the first form they make their abode entirely in the striated, or motory, muscles—the flesh. They have not been met with in an encapsulated condition, either in the non-striated muscles or in purely adipose tissue. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. vi While this seems to be the opinion of almost all observers, during my observations in 1879, and again in 1881, I frequently found encapsuled trichinze in the midst of purely adipose tissue, between musclesfibers of very fat hogs ; never, however, in the adi- pose tissue which lies upon musculature. Since then, other observ- ers have reported the same thing. In a letter, read at the ninth annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, held at Savannah, Georgia, in 1881, emanating from the Department of Agriculture, dated October 29, 1881, the author, with the custom- ary ignorance and consequent impudence of an American politician, says, in answer to the question, ‘ Are trichinee found in the fat?” “T have until now thought not. Professor Taylor, of this depart- ment, tells me that in the ‘Journal of the Microscopical Associa- tion’ he has recently seen that they have been found in fat. I should rather see than believe without so doing.” I think this is easily explained. The great amount of fatty in- filtration had caused absorption of the plasma, and atrophy of the fibers by compression, which was, however, resisted by the greater density of the sarcolemma in the vicinity.of the parasite, and also by the latter itself. No other explanation seems to me possible, for - the capsules were comparatively perfect. The encapsuled parasites may be met with in the striated mus- cles of all parts of the body, such as the digital muscles, those of the abdominal walls, of the extremities, the eye, the ear, the larynx and pharynx, the tongue, cesophagus, and the diaphragm; but the heart seems to be a favored locality, for they have only been found in its flesh in very isolated cases. In making examinations of the cesophageal muscles of a rabbit that had been fed with infected pork, I was much struck with the abruptness with which I met trichinze, in passing in review a mi- croscopical section of the cesophageo-cardiac portion of the stomach, when one passed from the fibers proper to the stomach to those of the cesophagus ; in fact, trichinze could be seen in the striated fibers of the latter, where they intruded between the non-striated of the former; but in no case were there any to be seen in the smooth, or inorganic fibers. These parasites are not, however, equally distributed over the musculature of the autosite, but, on the contrary, appear to have their favorite places of abode. They have a predilection for the muscles of the anterior part of the body; of these, those of the tongue, larynx and pharynx, and masticatory muscles are especially favored. The muscles of the rump are more profusely invaded 8 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. than those of the extremities. Very few have been discovered in the tail of any animal. In the extremities, the parasites are found to be more abundant where the muscle-fibers begin to lose them- selves in their tendinous extension than in the body of the muscle. Numerous estimates have been published by different observers as to the percental invasion of the different sonedle: -groups, several of which may be given here. Microscopic specimens,* of an average length of two centimetres and a width of one centimetre, were taken from the flesh of several hogs which had been found trichinous. “Bhat specimens taken from hog No. 1 gave ‘he following : a; Pillarsof diaphracms pee eee eee 12 trichine. 6. Muscles ACME PICEA PERRY Se Nee anaes raat Dy HAR baie 4 age @, at LAMAR see cer: hit ecn eee Ree eee il ee d. Sy TIDS elie, o Misiecion.e wcden Ren cre eater None é. ‘ GOMSUCH hc nice ae pene eee eee oe Ts a SOC) aera a: Areata a a aM cll 3 a g- s HPAMC OVO as oqdqeaoadeaoogod ns Sixty specimens from hog No. 2: Oy LENE O18 CHAO oc has don a6 eoaowibieIodo od 66 10 trichine. 6. Muscles CREME abies tee, fatche c mice a aNeiaeustaneole gs 6 sf ¢: Ms Af SLniayat eyes Sli peeie = epe te Seeeae sere es Se sugads 2 & d. os MLDS pope ve ete bye eee ee Ne ear cee or Coaherayeete None é. ‘ 10) OYE S pels re Pere eA ee er oR ER EA ox 8 s S. a eye .....-. Leal MR ae Np eer gala ae g- ‘ Overannma and MeCK = eis. cc ccs fe ate a Forty from hog No. 3: GepeillarsO1aiapanaomsaaeci eclectic ere. se cee 40 trichiner. 6. Muscles SEAM Wicca sche ERAS tee i wis Roane 25 es c i VATY Me Pe cake maa eles fae Meee aN A 4 « d PHOS open cy RCE Coe oe ee 6 oe é i COTA ONG eye een setco eae teases ie << i 106 “ oe PSOAS? tT eremteen ya cs lal tad: onl if 105 s¢ COD SUCH Ne reer nen ere) scexcero eis ‘* 58 te ce larynecaleyemr tts ee ste es ‘ 21 ef Not having any opportunity to make detailed examinations of the muscles of any whole or single hog, I could not make any per- sonal observations of the percental dispersion of the trichinge over the different muscle-groups or parts of the organism. Coming upon a piece of a pillar of the diaphragm which was wonderfully infected, I made the following numerical observation * “Die Trichinen.” + “ Deutsche Klinik,” July and August, 1872. 10 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. (in fact, I never saw among all my examinations a piece of pork so completely filled with these pests; capsules with four trichine in them were by no means seldom): -05 (5 centigrammes) contained at least 50 trichine. One gramme would therefore contain 1,000, and 4 grammes, or a drachm, 4,000, and a pound of such pork would contain at least 400,000, and, if we assume the muscles of a hog to weigh 100 pounds, its organism—were equal dispersion pos- sible—would contain 40,000,000. The immense multitude of these parasites which may be found infecting a single organism is still more wonderful than their wide dispersion over the autosite. Leuckart estimates that, in some of the cases which have come under his observation, a single gramme of flesh lodged from twelve to fifteen hundred; and assuming the muscles of a man to weigh forty pounds, the number of these parasites infecting a human or- ganism at such a ratio would sum up some thirty millions. In Zenker’s case—to be especially noticed later—Fiedler caleu- lated that the woman must have lodged some ninety-four millions ; and Cobbold assumes that one hundred millions of the encapsulated parasites may sometimes infect one organism at the same time. Leuckart again says that no one would look upon the foregoing as exaggerated estimates who, like himself, had found some sixty trichine in ten milligrammes of muscle. In a report of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, it was esti- mated that one cubic inch of pork, examined under its auspices, contained some ten thousand, and that a person consuming the ordinary amount of such flesh, taken at a single meal, would intro- duce into his organism more than one million trichine. Rauch found numerous trichine infecting the muscles of a hog. Of three hundred microscopic specimens, they failed in but three. In some he found thirty in one focus; in others, but five or six ex- amples. As in seventy specimens weighing one gramme three hun- dred and fifty trichinee were found, one pound would contain one hundred and seventy-five thousand; and one hundred pounds, sev- enteen million five hundred thousand. In many cases, however, the parasites are much less frequently met with; and one has to search through many microscopic specimens before meeting with any, and then only with isolated examples. When sufficient time has elapsed from the invasion of the mus- cles and formation of the capsules, the same may be recognized microscopically as small, white specks. Such muscles appear as if sprinkled with grains of white salt or sand. The calcification of TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 11 the capsule begins about the fifth month subsequent to the invasion of the muscles. It has been said by some observers that the trichinge capsules in the hog do not calcify; others affirm the contrary. The polari- scope, however, will reveal the presence of calcareous salts in the capsule if sufficient time has elapsed since invasion. The reason they may not be easily recognized microscopically must be sought in the influence on the salts of the fatty oils in the porcine organism, which renders the crystals less visible. Tue IntestinaL TRIcHINA, So long as the trichinze remain encapsulated in the fibers of the muscle, their condition remains unchanged. They make no progress in their development, irrespective of the number of years that they may have been imprisoned. They have been seen in an active—i. e., capable of progressive—development, under favorable conditions, thirteen, twenty, and even twenty-four years from the time invasion took place. a. In 1861 a woman was admitted into the hospital at Altona, Ger- many, suffering from a mammary cancer, which had been develop- ing some twelve years. On its removal and subjection of its tissues to microscopic examination, the presence of trichine in the muscle- fibers was manifested. On inquiry, it was ascertained that in 1856 the woman had resided at Davenport, Iowa, where she was taken suddenly very ill, gastric and rheumatic phenomena being the most prominent of any, together with cedema of various parts and para- lytic phenomena. Her brother, with whom she resided, was at- tacked in a similar but less severe form at the same time. The woman died at the Altona Hospital in 1864, and an examination of her muscles revealed the presence of great numbers of encapsulated trichinee. A cat fed with pieces of these muscles died in the course of sixteen days, its muscles being repletely infected with these parasites. 6. Virchow reports a case where, after the lapse of thirteen years and a half, the parasites moved in their capsules on prolonged ex- posure to the heat of the sun. c. Klopsch reports a case of trichiniasis, with complete recovery, which took place in 1842. The parasites were discovered in the muscles of the individual twenty-four years afterward. This dis- covery was also made on the excision of a mammary cancer. At the same time that this woman was ill, two persons in the same house became sick under similar conditions. Both died. (Virchow’s “ Archiv,” Bd. 35, p. 609.) 12 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, d. Professor Dammau,* formerly of the Eldena Agricultural Academy, reports a very interesting case, illustrating the longevity and tenacity of life of embryonal trichinz in the muscles of a hog. This hog was fed. with trichinous meat in November, 1864, and in February, 1865, presented to the experiment station at Eldena. Since that time the animal had been kept isolated, unless removed from its pen for examination. On February 3, 1875, and February 12, 1876, Dammau removed a small piece of flesh from the shoulder. At both times trichinee were found. A considerable piece of flesh was removed and fed to two rabbits, and eighteen days subse- quently their muscles were found to be plentifully invaded with trichine. This case demonstrates, beyond all question, the presence of living trichinee, which were capable of maturing, fructifying, and developing young when fed to other animals, after a period of eleven years and a quarter from the time that the invasion of the hog took place. Although the encapsulated trichine suffer no changes while confined in the muscles of an autositic organism, yet the introduc- tion of portions of such muscles into the intestinal tract of man, or other suitable animal, causes rapid changes in their condition. The processes of digestion soon set the imprisoned parasites free from their capsules, three to four hours being sufficient for the purpose. The freed parasites rapidly complete their development to mature trichine, thirty to forty hours being enough. In cases of fresh in- vasion, when the capsules have not become very hardened, twenty- four hours have been found sufficient to demonstrate the presence of sexually matured trichine in the intestines of animals fed with such flesh by way of experiment. Still, we may often find trichine inclosed in their capsules on the third day after feeding infected flesh to an animal. There is scarcely another helminth by which this matured stage in its development is reached in so short a period. Under these circumstances it is self-evident that the changes necessary to maturity by these parasites must be of a very insignifi- cant character. As a rule, sexual connection takes place within two days from the time the trichinge become free. The parasite increases in length and thickness, and in the fe- male the uterus fills with fructified ova, which soon develop into embryos still inclosed in the maternal worm. * “Zeitschrift fiir prac. Thierheilkunde,” 1876, vol. iii, p. 92. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 13 The female intestinal or matured parasite lives from five to six weeks, and produces at least fifteen hundred embryos. (Leuckart.) The newly born embryos are at first buried in the mucus which lines the intestinal canal; a microscopic examination of such mucus, at this time, will reveal them as free and movable parasites. The embryos soon begin their migration and dispersion over the organ- ism, the first act being the penetration of the intestinal parietes. It seems to be still a matter of discussion as to the means or ways by which further migration takes place. Some authorities, in fact, all the most eminent, favor the view that the parasites proceed by the way of the mesenterium and connective-tissue tracts over the or- ganism, and penetrate the sarcolemma, or sheath of the muscle-fibers. Another view, the possibility of which is conceded by the above-named authors to a minor degree, is that the embryos gain access to the circulation, and are transported over the organism by the moving fluid, boring the smaller vessels at convenience, and thus gaining access to the muscles. (Thudicum.) Were this the principal path of dispersion, we ought to be able to discover numerous examples of the parasite in the circulating blood of living animals that have been subjected to feeding experi- ments. This has not been the case, however. Thus it os evident that the host, or consumer of trichin-infected Jesh, provides the means for its own invasion. While this is, in general, the manner in which invasion takes place, it by no means excludes the possibility of the infection of an animal taking place by intestinal trichinee (embryos), which have passed from an already infected organism with its feces. In this way an infected swine may infect others, or, in fact, give occasion to a secondary invasion of itself, by rooting in the manure of its pen. In the same way swine may become infected from infected human beings where, as is too often the case, the out-houses for the family are placed over the pig-pen, or lead into it, or where the contents of the same are thrown into the piggery for the swine to work over. Thus we see the cycle of invasion may frequently continue from swine to man, and from man to swine. Trichinee may be assumed to be regular cosmopolitans. Whether Noah took a pair of them with him into the ark will probably con- tinue to be an open question. They have been discovered in Ger- many, England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, France, Italy, North and South America, Africa, India, Australia, Spain, Egypt, and Syria. 14 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. In fact, it may truly be said that they have been found infecting pork in whatever land, and wherever they have been sought for. As to their presence in other animals than man and the hog, they have only been unquestionably found in warm-blooded ani- mals, such as cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, mice, the marmot, the wild hog of Europe, and even the hippopotamus. Gerlach has produced invasion in calves and horses, while Leisering was unable to in the latter animal. Several reports have been published with reference to the dis- covery of trichinee in the flesh of fish and other cold-blooded ani- mals, but they all fail of experimental proof, and are non-conforma- ble with our knowledge of the physiological activities of the parasite, which becomes torpid in a temperature a few degrees below that of the ordinary living mammal. For some unknown reason they do not seem to be able to invade the muscles of fowls, though some authors claim to have found them in the intestines. A case is reported of invasion of some soldiers from eating a goose (“ Philadelphia Medical Times,” April 13, 1878), the accuracy of which is very questionable, as pigs are fully as easily stolen as geese; and no evidence exists that they were seen in the flesh of the goose. With regard to hens, I made quite a series of experiments. ‘1. I fed them with highly infected pork, in the natural way. Results negative. No trichine, either in the intestines or mus- cles. 2. Assuming that the triturating powers of the gizzard might be sufficient to destroy the parasites before they could gain access to the intestines, I caused a quantity of infected pork to be chopped for several hours, until it became a veritable mush; microscopic examination of this mass revealed the presence of numerous free trichinee. This mass was stirred up with warm water, so that it could be drawn into a coarse syringe; the intestines of the fowls were then washed out as cleanly as possible with warm enemas, and time given for the water to flow off again. Several syringefuls of the mass were then injected, and the outflow stopped artificially. After forty-eight hours this obstruction was removed. Results absolutely negative, so far as producing muscle-invasion was con- cerned, at an examination made four weeks from the time of the experiment. No trichinee in intestines. 3. The abdominal cavity of six other fowls was opened, and two tablespoonfuls of the watery mass, but thicker than the preceding, poured in. The aperture was then sewed up. The hens drooped TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 15 a few days, but recovered, and ate well. Examination at the same time with the others gave negative results, although a queer-looking condition of the abdominal cavity existed. Why these hens did not die of septiceemia I do not know. I had hoped to carry on numerous feeding and therapeutic ex- periments during my examinations of pork in 1881, but lack of means on my own part, as well as on the part of the Board of Health of Massachusetts, prevented their accomplishment. TRICHINIASIS IN SWINE. As we have previously mentioned, the disease was discovered in swine by Leidy, in 1847. It is to German observers that we must look almost entirely for any authoritative statements with reference to the percental infection of swine with these pests, for in no other country is there at present anything approaching a systematic examination of pork, and even in Germany there is much room for improvement. To make the statistics valuable, it is necessary that the law should require that, at least so far as domestic consumption goes, all hogs should be examined before being cut up, and that only one part—viz., the pillars of the diaphragm, or psoas muscles—should be used for examination. There is no evidence that this is the case in Germany, hence I much doubt whether it would not be possible to largely increase their present ratio of infection. The following statistics have been gathered at random, with no attempt at com- pleteness, but simply as illustrations, from the books in my own library, such as Virchow’s “ Archiv,” the “ Vierteljahrsschrift fiir gerichtliche Medicin,” the “ Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir Thiermedicin,” “The Veterinary Reports of Saxony and Hanover,” the “ Magazin fir Thierheilkunde” (Gurlt u. Hertwig), the “Archiv fir Thier- heilkunde,” and the “ Mittheilungen aus d. Praxis d. Preussischen Staate.” For Rostock, Germany, Petri gives the following: MS GON he iS ithe Number hogs examined, 5,457; trichinous, 1 ICs ely ce ut « 6,520 “ 2 MTOM oie css « lye « “ «“ 6,555 « 0 HOGER sot e «“ « 6,441 “ 3 Och, aaa “ u“ « 6,731 “ 2 Mineo? ONS “ “ u“ 7,229 “ 5 Hemet ow. Liste u“ “ “ 7,165 “ 0 1G Ce rr “ « « 7,562 “ 2 Total: 5 ¢.*, Saoemamaer ent! | 53,653 15 Trichinous, 1:3548. 16 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. For Braunschweig, Uhde reports: Whole number examined between 1866 and 1880, 111,806; trichinous, 29. 1866-67 there was found 1 hog of every 6,700 examined: trichinous. 1g oa H 5,700 “ 1868-69 Laal te 14500 « 1869-70 66 66 1 75 15,300 179 73 1871-72 66 66 1 (75 | 13,387 14 (79 1872-73 5 66 1 (35 4,874 (75 (79 18738274 66 (13 1 75 5,129 (79 7 187475 66 66 1 5 7,004 66 13 1875-76 (73 66 i 5 13,183 66 66 187677 66 66 1 66 GONG (73 75 1877-78 5 3 1 Go 5,879 6c 73 187879 66 66 1 (75 10,397 (75 (73 1879—’80 (75 (7 1 (75 f 8,857 (79 (79 PRUSSIAN STATE STATISTICS. No. examined. Trichinous. Measles. No. of state examiners. 10 1,728,595 800 4,705 11,915 ASH (Tse eet ose Re Pace 2,057,272 701 5,434 12,865 GIB yee ar: fee 9,524,105 1,222 6,165 16,251 CVO Carer, te we 3,164,656 1,938 9,669 17,418 ISSO ae coer 8,342,803 9,284 11,379 18,382 Moa; seo 12,816,831 6,945 Trichinous, 1 to 1,845. Eulenburg’s report for 1880 deserves some special consideration. The ratio of trichinee in swine in Prussia has, we see, constantly advanced with each year since 1876. In 1879 it was 1 to 1,632; and in 1880, 1 to 1,460; which must be attributed to greater exact- ness in the observations. The great number, constantly increasing, of appointed examiners is also worthy of notice: from 11,915 in 1876, they have been increased to 18,332 in 1880. In Berlin they orm 1 to 1,247 swine trichinous, sails in Posen the ratio was 1 to 138, aieah more nearly corresponds to the conditions in this country. There does not seem to be at present any endeavor on the part of the Government to make investigations into the cause of these things. Three hundred and twenty-nine cases of trichiniasis among human beings, and four deaths, are reported. In all cases it was traced to the consumption of either uncooked or improperly examined pork. In Berlin there were but sixteen cases during the year, a much smaller number than in previous years, which is at- tributed to the greater stringency with which the examinations are carried out. One of these cases is interesting from the fact that TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. alr the person who died, consumed, raw, a piece of pork known to be trichinous, in order to show that the idea that trichinee caused dis- ease In man was a fallacy. Of examinations of American pork, the report says 3,030 trichinous pieces, sides, were found. Such an examination has no statistical value, as it does not show whether the sides were all from different hogs or not; further, were they ad/ American? The average of trichiniasis in American princes, not hogs, was found to be 4 to 100. It was found that the abdominal muscles were only serviceable for examination, or such as were at- tached to the shoulders. More than twenty sides a day should not be examined by one person (?). In Schleswig, of 782 “ Amerikanischen Rouladen,” 8 were found trichinous; of 1,952 sides, 64; 3,903 hams, 66; and 13 shoulders, 3. Tn Stettin, of 72,230 sides, 1,124 were found trichinous. The number of swine affected with measles was 1,710 more than in the former year. From Hamburg, Germany, we have a few statistics which may have an instructive comparative value: In 1878, of 35,510 American hams examined, 397 trichinous. ef “ 14,0038 of sides es 85 iP ee ‘¢ 17,113 European hams ST 3 oe ef Kiar DOD gf sides and 10,838 hogs examined, none trichinous. In 1879, of 79,864 American hams examined, 1,087 trichinous. ce “6 99,749 ‘“« sides and shoulders examined, 196 trichinons. és ‘ 28,710 European hams examined, 2 trichinous. ce ce 16,204 66 hogs 75 1 ce In 1880, of 55,008 American hams examined, 566 trichinous. “93 589 “sides cca O70) «“ ss ‘* 49,943 European hams, sides, and hogs examined, none trichinous. At Blankenburg, from 186465, 7,000 to 8,000 hogs examined, and but 1 in- fected. At Hanover, from 1865-’66, 18,656 hogs examined, and 12 trichinous. In Sachsen-Weimar, from March, 1868-’69, 19,611 examined, and 1 found trichinous. In 1875-76, at Frankfort, 8,000 hogs examined, 4 trichinous. “ ‘* Gulen, 1,600 to 1,800 hogs examined, 1 trichinous. At Copenhagen, 1867, 8,174 examined, 15 trichinous. At Charkow, Russia, 1876, 3,550 examined, 5 trichinous. These statistics could be multiplied ad libitum, but they are sufficient to show the results of Continental examinations. It is to be regretted, however, that we have no reliable statistics from either England, Scotland, Ireland, or France, or other Continental coun- tries, since they have commenced to lay so much stress upon the infected condition of American pork. 2 18 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Tricuinz In AmeErICAN Pork. We have already noticed the examinations of American pork made at Hamburg during several years, and will follow with a few more quotations of the same nature: At Rostock, 12 of 622 American sides were found trichinous. At Gothenburg, 8 of 210 American sides were found trichinous. At Ebbing, 2 per cent of the pieces examined were found trichinous. In Schleswig-Holstein, of 5,673 pieces examined, 47 were found trichinous. In 1877, 348 cases of infected American pork were reported, and 183 cases of the disease in human beings. In the early part of the year 1881, badly infected American pork was reported as having been found at Lyons, France. Professor Mueller, of the Berlin Veterinary Institute, wrote me, under date of December, 1880, that of eighty-eight live American hogs (constituting a part of a shipment) that had been slaughtered at Dresden, fourteen were found trichinous. Dr. Loring* says, “I do not know that Germany or France has even examined for this disease in live hogs.” The foregoing was reported by me in American papers at the time, and subsequently in the report of the Imperial Board of Health of Germany, and several German medical reviews; and could have been as well known to our agricultural department as the presence of pleuro-pneumonia in the District of Columbia, a fact that ocular demonstration of diseased lungs could scarcely force upon our agricultural commissioner. At Turin, Italy, February, 1879, four per cent of a lot of Cin- cinnati hams were found trichinous, which led to the Government _ putting restrictive examinations on all further importations. A continual recurrence of such facts has caused a more or less strong feeling on the Continent against our pork, a feeling which nationalism and the public prints have fostered to the fullest extent. The result has been that in many countries restrictive measures regulating the importation of American pork have been introduced, which to a certain measure have acted as an embargo against further importations. In some countries these measures have even been extended to American lard, and a great alarm created about some kind of hydraulic pressing out of the same instead of trying it out ; in fact, everything possible is being done to keep out the competi- tion of American products. * Letter to Health Congress, Savannah, 1881. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS, 19 With regard to our pork, I think the assertions of the Germans and their restrictive measures are just. Naturally enough the old adage, “ Touch a man’s pocket and you touch his heart,” found an illustration on this side of the Atlantic. The pork-producers of every variety became very much alarmed, and called upon the Government to assist them. Our consuls all over Europe were requested to make inquiries as to the true nature of these reports, and to report to their own Government. It is not within the nature of my work to consider these reports in detail; but, suffice it to say that they displayed fully as much patriotism for the purity of American pork as the Continentals did for their own. Some went so far as to call the whole thing a humbug. A real desire to know the truth pervaded neither our representatives at home nor abroad. As with pleuro-pneumonia of our cattle, so with trichiniasis of the hog, our Government adopted a prevaricating and false course. It sought to “ bluff down” the results of foreign examinations, and either did not seek to discover, or ignored the results of, home ex- aminations. In the face of a report of the State Board of Health of Massa- chusetts—numerous copies of which were sent to Washington— which contained a paper on the subject of trichiniasis, and statistics of the examination of the largest number of hogs which had until then been made in the country, the State Department published a singular document, which requires attention. It utterly ignored the statistics of the above report. Clauses 8, 9, and 10 are as follows: 8. That the percentage of American hogs infected with trichinz is, wn all probability, by reason of the superiority of the breed (which?) and feeding, much less than that among the hogs of any other country. 9. That freedom from trichiniasis of the ¢wo great pork-consum- ing centers of the West, Chicago and Cincinnati, furnishes the strongest possible evidence of the purity of American pork. In Chicago, of forty thousand deaths, with causes, reported for a series of years, only two were from trichiniasis. During the same time none were reported in Cincinnati. 10. The reported cases of trichiniasis among human beings have resulted from eating uncooked pork, ete. With regard to trichinee in American hogs, the above-quoted sections from a state document have no foundation whatever. They have nothing to stand upon. 90 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. In clause 8 it does not stand upon facts, but upon a mere asser- tion—that “ probably,” ete. Again, the person who instructed the Government knew abso- lutely nothing about trichinze. Neither the breed of the hogs nor corn-feeding, or any manner of feeding as commonly practiced, aside from swill-feeding, need have anything to do, pro or con, with tri- chine in the hog. The hogs at the two great packing centers have never been thoroughly examined for trichinee, and at the time this document was published neither the Interior nor any other depart- ment had organized any proper examination of American pork. The perce ace of deaths among human beings has nothing to do with the percentage of infection among swine. Luckily for the American people, it has not. Even though cooking will kill trichinee, and thus render infected pork harmless, it does not prove that American hogs have “much less trichinze than those of any other country.” A German has as much right to indulge a taste for uncooked smoked ham or spiced hashed pork as an American or Englishman has for rare or raw, warm or cold roast beef. The German may be invaded by trichine for his cannibal- ism, and the American by a tape-worm (tenia medio-canalata). Examinations oF AMERICAN Pork. At Chicago, April, 1881, a Dr. Paton is said (mewspaper report) to have examined twenty specimens each, from four hundred hogs, and found none trichinous. The Chicago Academy of Sciences (“Boston Medical and Surgi- eal Journal,” vol. Ixxiv, p. 136) reports the examination of therteen © hundred and ninety-four hogs, and finding twenty-eight trichinous. Health Commissioner De Wolff reported (1879) finding eight out of a hundred trichinous. In 1879 I commenced my examinations of pork for the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, and again during three months of the summer of 1881.- These examinations were not made upon any selected lots of swine, but the specimens were taken at random from the hogs as they hung up. No attempt was made to discover whence the hogs originally came, though, with the exception of about fifty, they were all bought at Chicago, and hence were emphatically Western hogs. In making these examinations, the pillars of the diaphragm were inva- riably used, one pillar representing one hog. But three microscopic specimens were taken from each pillar—a rule which I invariably adhered to. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 21 1879. LOT. Number ex- Non-infeected. | Trichinous amined, ; 1 60 6.50 CO OEE ROCCHI HIG Oe ee 47 44 3 PUP reise a! csc ehots eh avererebalevasle siskos'e levee 608 48 46 2 Sn cus GIO ERE G clogio io 5 COICO crea eae 72 62 10 Ab os GG AICIOITIOTO Es GIG 6 ole SLGIK.G Ginte acne nee 60 56 4 DD ood bo oedeole 0.6 Uitio bold OI ied 6 ote eae 226 210 16 (Bs oo CE CRE IO-crC O.0 GEROIIN CROTCIEE HCE Carrer ean 192 179 13 Th SoS eB a BEERS Se Gr OIE ce Ce eee 100 96 4 Se aroma ciciet ciwnshor o/atisnshave aisle babs 81 80 1 PR eee etere seca cvarouetane, tata cstier: suse lee ee 95 94 il TAD 6.5 bole ose. tO DIO sEROIS ORC ERO ROI Cae ee 98. 89 4 HIP ce coc chatele scuevauets ses cvsiers iacovasereveiel ols 98 90 8 PTI Se ohare oiiv a) cle cisaieianerade.a eugicieae 300 275 25 SL RPP RR ete as ey tafe aye es cile ciao Suetahorg syeeneelteut 201 188 13 14) oSe See ee COIR ECE Sie co rece 192 187 5 15) 6 66 DIRS OSE Ce aie eee roe ics 200 184 16 SINGS P aera acacia teas sie: wus at Sed sagueucrenoehateneyee 257 252, 5 7, 0.06 BeCORO CORR Renee cena On are 938 225 13 IG . od GR ARE Er ire orien re oie es 163 154 9 UD) 6 ab 6 Gee CRERE IC CRANE CHER REE ERRL er CIC UcICKCRE REGIE 26 25 aft 2 PPMP ys ey ote coins fae Toise. owret'o a Revatewevokeuetatiat aca cveratere 12 ili il 2,701 2,547 154 Trichinous, 1 to 17°54. From the same source as the preceding: 1881. LOT. N meee an Non-infected. | Trichinous. Iho So ORCS Sets Go SotcanmaeS 127 120 Of DAs 65 DiS ORE TEE EEO Clo Tao GD Toe 130 127 3 36. 6 6c ois Soares 153 150 3 A AS Ob RE EE ctor’ bo So Date 120 115 5 By 6.6.6 S0's BA es c GUO hen oo 124 123 if Bo eid GANG Ce eR Bicois 0 6 co a archon 100 99 1 WE ore oie OE eno ond o.com 119 113 6 Oo bo Cb No on od Sacer 127 123 4 RMT RIA < Soiai a's: sb. 5, 65S RCA ROMO RS ehcse Soe 160 152 8 UO so. gto ick COA a Cc ooo oe Sues 125 118 If IL 6.606% 66.60 oe EIEIO oiac.o oc ln unten 127 122 5 RSET cose chs ole. Goo 4's BOTS Ieee esas 122 118 4 Bs oot ee ee neice on 0G o bolcrcketommges 124 118 6 TAL ds Ok et Een ne bo Aen meee 100 100 0 ID) ave ae De Clot. 6 aco ke oes 122 115 7 UG! S4 hog a CR EEE sO ooo bo heen Sere 120 114 6 2,000 1,929 “al Trichinous, 1 to 28. 22 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. From another source: Number ex- From a third source: LOT. ined Non-infected. | Trichinous. ddan oi tO b:oG.4ors GlSiolONer oR ecg G'Gic.0 e.9.ca. 129 120 9 SoogbooOOME DO RO oMOBOUGUO OCU GOdo 130 123 i 65 00,0, 6.0.0 ODOUOMME OA NGO BOGS dogo b00L oD 140 130 10 SG 0d OU OOUOo MOGEGoS Oo Go bbsoo co saar 105 102 3 3d ANCE ROEDER NORA ECISIOLA G5 0° OF a0 S050 73 71 2 co0bodROOGo DOOM USC ODGOOGDDDC OD UGORE 130 125 5 Jo COORD OOO CM HOO oo um ood ¢ 119 115 4 pueieT(ou s/s \ei'sUalca 166) veers meee Mn e OMe MOR Rep Nene ree ate 127 120 1g SAREE MOIST oid. c ooo Sasa Good ai dod oid 6 132 150 2 PO UMEAOO Go OO OU OCD oO OdooMeoddod oobe 182 175 7 Ue ana cao edo ae doo sadooblbic sd 93 93 Ae eee ACdia.did co's cd clolloueon Gao da tos 128 125 3 sijojee oui ok every hehe tense ageuch ueeeneverenenenenenewalors pete is 112 110 2 duelealetioiter slevefel nel Royse nem Meaney une tera de Walcgere 124 120 + sues leap odene eters vei aeeraneieie coh miata accuser cae nee 81 80 if see nuens terete cues ebowehs Rairellehcyeret or eevee Re er Cie Ragen ee 84 80 4 badonobdmMOOgnCOOeOODOdQOOOU UD Ob OSD0 120 a9 3 Hpo oo Goo MG CudD OOO OO BOs COM BON MO eo 59 57 2 2,068 2,199 75 Trichinous, 1 to 27. LOT. Number ex- | Non-infected. | Trichinous amined. 5 ‘ S9dadodo ON MoS Joon COG bece soe omBbind 105 105 ar Scr cit ct ae cs bc cy RoR RAR OR ay eae Da 45 45 ae So cao NO op condo CiboA bp oeace caoa oe 65 64 il sa venettetenatieteteueeiiciewalsnniuee tes Mel pel ete ca Ui a 80 78 2 PG eeocCABEH EdD eo Udy OUMoO HEM oEe . 61 60 1 6 G18 CO. a7d-o Glo aids Bi olata in Oa SANE Gl be epee ee 63 60 3 dds as oenosaoadcooudaGodddHodadao ead 96 92 4 SAGES Old Cle Cid CONE a O16 CikOPS iG Secrets Peas 100 99 1 AES-OtG SS SGI OLO Gia CIA G DIDION 3. ly Galea CoEReR Ore aN 100 99 iL Hao OO Gha OOOO DOD GONG. 6 adDO eG OCA Sian 98 96 2 usMenersueteh eon ner easn syst a) cesy sueteMean Aa ees Cocca str 90 86 4 Big oninidals oct ordo CU Orb ba wo mica oreo oan 101 98 3 Pictiatonaistove Reus Susronehaeter cus Maemo nts ania s stat sre 2 121 121 o6 CGI o odio c o.ob oC a 6.o doe Ceo d 103 100 3 GeoONsSSUGGooogKs Oooo OOD oa Re OsOOdO OO 76 75 1 MOO ca cin o/clod Uibo'o odo4.bo ce oUmeE 102 100 2 site's js Soyo (oi/sjlons ohellaniea Mey N EME eaeMetouemareeNstsPeirel cl 130 124 6 wis teoisheija re ieve cel: atevapenstey nepal meMetete rayon tates 130 125 5 sijaiicilets) s\/ece le leclle fore reter ey avekepenememeRenedetatcner siete) ss 131 128 3 POSG OaiGdieHoO dog oous ado0d0sG0bo0008 122 120 2 GID oo GADs Goo NS oo vOoo SO dO DGG ODDO DKS 85 84 1 2,004 1,959 45 -Trichinous, 1 to 44. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 93 RESUME. ae Non-infected. Trichinous. eG h d Gi Ue eee heed een a 2,701 154 1 to 17 HaGees OAMO SOULCEW Ec. yc cac ss ss 2,000 {a 1 to 28 es Second source......-.:.... 2,068 75 1 to 27 sf hind) SOURCE). styarers aes tae « « 2,004 45 1 to 44 Mp ialenee een FIA | 8,773 345 1 to 25 The above figures do not certainly serve to support the words of our state document, that there are “less trichinee in American pork than in that of any other country.” They do speak in no uncertain terms that our Government has a duty which it owes to a large national interest, and that is, to spare no expense until the original source whence our swine become invaded be discovered. As has been already said, all but about fifty of these eighty- seven hundred hogs were bought at Chicago, hence were Western hogs, though killed and examined at Boston. They were purchased at the same yards whence the Chicago packing-houses get that pork which our State Department declares to be so “free from trichine.” Further, the percentage of infection of the hogs from the differ- ent sources is interesting, but not very instructive. In 1879 we had a ratio of infection of 1 to 17 hogs, and from the same place 1 to 28 in 1881; while by the hogs from a third source we had an infection of 1 to 44. Yet they were all Western hogs. This variation in the ratio of infection between those examined in 1879 and 1881 called forth the following remarks from Dr. Lor- ing, the present Commissioner of Agriculture: _ “A veterinarian of New England informed me on the 14th of April last that he had examined portions from 2,701 Western hogs, obtained in Boston, 154 of which he found een: i. e., one case to each 1724, ae examined. He tells me that he will make a statement to this tnesiae that he has examined portions of 8,773 Western animals, and has found one case to every 25 animals. Yow will see that there is a great difference between his first (April) ex- amination and this one, and his result is so greatly different from the English examination of our hogs, above mentioned, and so much above any known proportion among animals of every other country, that I can not but entertain doubts of the value of his examina- * See letter to Health Congress, Savannah, 1881. 94. THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. The English examination spoken of reads as follows: “ The inspectors of the Vetermary Department examined two hundred and seventy-nine separate portions of swines flesh, which - were sent from Liverpool, and detected living trichine in three specimens” (1 to 93). As to the discrepancy spoken of between the results of my ex- aminations, made about a year apart: it is not greater than that between any two lots taken at random in the same examination, nor so great as between very many lots examined on two consecutive days; for instance, in my series of 1881, lot 14 (source the same as in 1879) consisted of 100 pieces, of which nonz were infected, while of lot 13, 124 pieces, sta” were trichinous. In two different epidemics of small-pox, the number of deaths is never the same, or even the number of cases. Are we, then, to say a later invasion is not small-pox, because the number of cases or deaths is less or more than in a previous? I never for a moment expected similar results, and should have been as pleased to find none as any one in the country. With reference to the English examination, 1 to 93, ¢¢ 7s greater by far than the ratio of infection found in the hogs of any other country, and greater than I found in some lots examined by me; for instance, lots 1, 2, 8, 4, of my third series, 1881, con-- tained, respectively, 105, 45, 65, and 80 specimens, representing 295 hogs, of which three were trichinous, 1 to 98. Further, we do not know the parts that the English examined; had they been pillars of the diaphragm, the proportion might have been greater. As to the correctness of my results, I will simply say that Dr. Folsom, of the Massachusetts Board of Health, went over a large part of those examined in 1879, and that competent physicians and a gentleman whom I educated to work with me, continually revised my other specimens as I examined them. Again, if the Commissioner of Agriculture doubts my results, let him send a competent man, or men, here, and examine with me the same specimens, be it one or ten thousand, and I venture to say we shall find a percentage of infection larger than that reported im any other country, and large enough to satisfy any one. Further, the Germans might well doubt the figures of their own examinations, as, from the Prussian statistics, we see the ratio of infection is steadily augmenting. I wish now to refer to the report of Dr. Jansen T. Payne,* from which I quote the following: * Report of the American Public Health Association, 1881. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 95 ‘The method of conducting the researches was as follows: ‘The examples procured one afternoon were examined the following day by the aid of a good microscope, capable of magnifying objects two hundred diameters. A low power was found to give greater satis- faction than a higher one could have done, and observers in this _ field would do well to bear this in mind. When tt is taken into ac- count that each of the specomens had to be separated into minute shreds before they were placed upon the stage of the microscope, and consider the number of fibers examined in such cases’” (he exam- ined in all 21,600 specimens from 5,400 hogs), “ ‘dt well readily be perceived that it 1s umpossible to make anything like an ac- curate guess as to the whole number of pieces of musclesfiber eu- amined.” Result : Number examined, 5,400; trichinous, 22. “ By this series of ewamimations, tt has been ascertained that Southern-bred hogs are free from trichine.” If there is anything I dislike to do, it is to criticise the work of another observer ; but one would like to know if two hundred di- ameters is considered a low power. For myself, when looking for trichinz, should I use such a power, { should not expect to find many trichine, but boa-constrictors; in fact, many would escape me. The male trichina measures one eighteenth, the female one eighth of an inch, in length—magnified two hundred diameters, what would one have ? Again, dividing specimens into shreds may be highly technical, but eminently unpractical ; for with crush-specimens one can easily recognize the parasite, and it is done quickly; while in this way, and with such a high power as two hundred diameters, one would be sure to miss many. I doubt the statement that “ Southern hogs are free from trichi- ne” as much as I do that “corn-feeding” has anything to do with trichiniasis. But Boston is not the place for anything but statistical examina- tions. We must go nearer to the fountain-head. At Chicago it would be possible to examine large lots of hogs that have come directly from the breeder or fattener to the packer. Here Jots could be examined and traced to the breeder. If highly infected, it would be easy to go to such places and make all manner of ex- aminations of the remaining hogs, of the earth, worms, grubs, etc. Some unknown living thing lodges trichinze before they enter the porcine organism. ‘The scientific questions are: What is it? where is it? and what are its modes of life? 26 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. These things discovered—and they must be—we can put an end to porcine trichiniasis, and every other kind. American Hogs mucu MoRE INFECTED THAN CONTINENTAL. A comparison of the statistics here given shows beyond all ques- tion that American hogs are more liable to trichiniasis than those of Germany ; for we have seen that in those examined at Rostock we had but 1 to every 3,543; at Braunschweig, 1 to 8,963; in Prussia, 1 to 2,032, as trichinous; while of the American examinations, from authentic sources, we have 28 out of 1,394, or 1 to 50; 8 out of 100, and 345 out of 8,773, or 1 to 25, as infected. These were Western hogs, yet no one well acquainted with the circum- stances would, I think, assert that the hygienic conditions under which our Western swine are raised are not superior to those of the famed ‘‘ home-fed porkers” of the small New England farmer, raised, as they only too often are, in dark, loathsome, poorly ventilated pens, only too frequently under stables, with the house-vaults and sink-drains emptying into them. I should here mention that it has seemed impossible to make any valuable examinations of Massachusetts-raised hogs, there being no authorities to co-operate with me in procuring specimens. It will finally become necessary for each State to organize an exact statistical examination of the hogs raised within its limits, as to the proportion infected with trichine. As to German hogs, whoever has been upon a tour of observa- tion through the agricultural districts of Germany, must have been most forcibly struck with the absurd non-hygienic conditions under which, not only hogs, but all the domestic animals are, in general, raised, in comparison with those of our own country, especially of the great stock-raising West. In making examinations of hogs, with reference to tracing them back to the raiser, an important question will be whether the great- est proportion of trichiniasis is found among the hogs fed at the large distilleries, or under the apparently more favorable open-air feeding of the farmer; or, again, as many farmers pasture their hogs in woods, ete., before the corn is ready for fattening, is it among such that we find more trichiniasis than among those kept con- stantly in pens? It would also be of interest, and perhaps of practi- eal value, to know if the wild swine of our Southern forests are much invaded, as well as the peccaries of Mexico and South America. The following freely made translations of published remarks of an eminent German, will show the opinions which are gaining ground TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. oT in Germany with regard to our pork, and also how well posted even specialists are with reference to the true conditions in this country. Bollinger * (pathologist of the Veterinary School at Munich), writing on the “ Trichinzs in American Pork,” in a review of an article by Roeper on the same subject, says: “The author of the paper ‘Die Trichinen der americanischen Schinken’ has made numerous examinations in order to contradict the opinion held in America” (by whom?) “that the trichinee of American pork are an entirely different species from those found in the swine of Ger- many, and are harmless. Also to contradict the opinion that the peculiar process which ‘American sugar-cured hams’ are passed through, is sufficient to render the parasites harmless.” He found both these assertions without foundation. The curing process does not in all cases kill the trichine in the deeper seated parts of the ham. The following absolutely erroneous explanation is given for the greater proportion of trichiniasis in our hogs in comparison with those of Germany : “The swine that are Broueut to the Larce American slaughter- houses are allowed to feed upon the refuse from slaughtered swine, and in this way have time and opportunity to infect themselves. Such infected swine are themselves slaughtered, and again give cause to infection of those that remain, which may have arrived later. Accordingly, this evil must go on constantly extending, and all per- sons must earnestly be warned against the consumption of raw American pork.” This German author certainly betrays ignorance of the true conditions at any large American packing-house. The refuse from the slaughtered swine is never fed to other swine that may be at such places, at any large packing-house in this country. It is sold for fertilizing purposes, or prepared for that purpose, and that only. According to the best German authorities, it takes from five to seven days for the newly introduced trichine to bring forth young. No large American packing-house keeps a lot of swine on hand for from five to seven days, for they are killed as soon after arrival as possible. It would be impossible for them to kill from one to three thousand a day and do otherwise. While these assertions are abso- lutely false with reference to the large packing-houses, they are as strictly true, not only of many smaller establishments, where hogs * “Teutsche Zeitschrift f. Thiermedicin,” vol. i, p. 220. 98 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. are killed for home consumption, but also where they are fattened and killed by the farmer, or raised for the use of his family. This report says further: “ Zhis refuse from slaughtered swine at such large establishments as sold to the neighboring farmers as Sood to fatten ther swine, and thus helps to swell the percentage of trichiniasis in American hogs.” This is false also ! The report ends as follows: “It is therefore right to warn the people against the consumption of American pork”—and recom- mends the most stringent microscopic examination of the same. Tue Diskase In Swine.* Numerous feeding experiments with trichinous flesh were made at the Berlin school, the results being given in an able paper by Professor Mueller. It was proved that the consumption of such flesh by swine, with the sequential development of the embryos in their intestines, and their migration and lodgment in the muscles, may indeed cause disease, but that the phenomena of the same have neither that constancy nor distinctness of character which will ad- mit of its recognition during the life of the animal. All the swine thus fed became ill within a few days after con- suming the meat. The following were the most constant phenomena presented : Diarrhea, but not constant, being frequently interrupted by the passage of more solid feeces; sometimes it did not come to pass at all. Phenomena, indicating abdominal pains, were frequently ob- served; such as uneasiness, burying themselves in the straw, ete. Such phenomena, either singly or collectively, may be observed in swine, entirely aside from any anticipatory trichin-infection. They simply indicate the action of some irritant within the intes- tinal canal, and in this case, it being trichine, if the swine die, or are killed, we should have the same phenomena as in an intestinal eatarrh of like grade, plus the trichine, which could not, however, be recognized macroscopically. With the gradual cessation of the migration by the trichine, the abdominal symptoms become less marked, and finally disappear, to be followed by those indicating some disturbance of the motor functions. If the latter do not lead to death, they in their turn gradually cease with the encapsulation of the parasites. Although the presence of trichinee within the intestines causes * Taken from the “Magazin f. d. gesammte Thierheilkunde,” vol. xxxi, p. 6. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 99 diarrhoea, yet, in these animals, it was impossible to find any em- bryos in their feeces. This by no means excludes the possibility of finding them in other cases; yet their passage away with the feeces must in a meas- ure be retarded from their being buried in a profuse layer of mu- cus, which is the product of the irritation caused by them. In none of these swine was it possible to discover anything resembling the subcutaneous cedema which comes to pass in man under the same circumstances, and which serves essentially to the confirmation of the diagnosis. Leisering, of Dresden, has also made numerous experiments with swine, of the same nature.* He says: “One can not speak of a trichin-disease in swine, which is characterized by distinct and pathognomonic phenomena. In this regard the trichinee deport themselves similarly to the cysti- cerci, measles.” Gerlach + says : a. “ About two fifths of the hogs fed were either not affected or but slightly indisposed; the remaining three fifths were visibly sick. b. “The light cases presented nothing of diagnostic value, while in the severe ones the symptoms were of such a character that, with the aid of the scalpel and microscope, a diagnosis could be made.” (This is no more than saying that, with diarrhoea and abdominal pains, followed by disturbances in the motor functions, the scalpel and microscope would reveal the true cause, if trichine.) ec. “ After an attack of trichiniasis, the hog again becomes well, and can be raised and fattened, as if nothing had happened. d. “In cases which apparently pass over symptomless, as the animal betrays but slight constitutional disturbances, the infection is still sufficient to make the flesh a dangerous article of food. e. “ Hogs are most susceptible to trichin-invasion in early age. Old hogs are not easily infected; i.e., the muscles are not very much invaded by the parasites. J. “Death results in over one half of the extremely severe cases. g- “ Death is caused by means of intestinal irritation, as well as the severe muscular disturbances. Forty-one per cent die by the former, and fifty-nine by the latter.” That trichinze can only gain entrance to an organism by means of the mouth and alimentary canal is beyond all question. * “Bericht u. d. veterinair Wesen im Sachsen,” 1862, p. 118. + “Die Trichinen.” 30 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Notwithstanding the apparent negation of the quoted Berlin experiments, we have the very highest authorities affirming, on the strength of positive observations, that intestinal and embryonal trichine do leave the invaded organism with the faces. Leuckart says: “ As the usually matured trichinee accumulate in great numbers in the intestines, and as the irritation caused by them leads to the development of a more or less intense diarrhea, it is evident that the young must be taken up and pass off with the feeces; and not only free embryos, but also pregnant females, are subjected to this removal, which has been sufficiently attested by my own observations and those of Vogel, Kuhn, Gerlach, and others. This form of migration, under favorable circumstances, also contributes to the further distribution of trichine. Haubner and Gerlach give cases where they intentionally caused the invasion of young—non-infected—swine by causing them to live in the same pens with known infected ones. Such embryos and pregnant fe- males become mixed with the manure and bedding of the hog-pens or on the grass of pastures, and may be taken up by other swine, or even by the original autosites, thereby leading to renewed inva- sion.” In the above we have a course of invasion in which the swine are the only factors. Is there no other factor (or factors) in the question? We have previously remarked that wild swine have been found trichinous ; also that rats, dogs, foxes, and other wild animals serve as autosites to them. : Of all animals in which these parasites have been found, none have that interest, aside from swine, to the hygienist and patholo- gist which is enjoyed by the rat, on account of a hypothetical etio- logical connection between the trichinee which infest them and those in swine. Leisering appears to have been the originator of this hypothesis. The following statistics will suffice to show that the rat is even more favored with trichiniasis than swine: Of 704 rats from different parts of Germany, 59 were found trichinous—S°3 per cent. Of 208 rats from German knackers, 46 were found trichinous— 22-1 per cent. Of 224 rats from German slaughter-houses, 12 were found tri- chinous—6 per cent. Of 272 rats from other places, 1 was found trichinous—0°3 per cent. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 31 Of 326 rats from other places, 39 were found trichinous—11 per cent. Of 51 rats caught at a knacker establishment at Spectacle Island, Boston Harbor, I found 39 trichinous. The proprietors of this place kindly gaye me opportunity to examine twenty-eight hogs, which had been kept and fattened by them at the island in question. one were found trichinous. These hogs recewed no city swill of any kind. What flesh they received had been subjected to the heat necessary to extract the fats ; other- wise, they received nothing but corn-meal. forty rats caught at one of the large packing-houses near Boston were all found trichinous. Of sixty rats caught for me at different stables in the city of Bos- ton, where no hogs were or had been kept, but six contained trichine. I can not see any just grounds for accepting the rat-infection theory ; i. e., that swine become invaded in the majority of cases from eating trichin-invaded rats. In fact, I am strongly inclined to think that quite the contrary is the case; though I willingly admit that an occasional hog may become invaded in this manner. My own observations would seem to prove that whenever rats have opportunity to get at the trimmings or refuse of slaughtered hogs, there the rats will be found to be most profusely trichinous; while in other localities it will not be so. Admitting that an occasional rat may lead to trichin invasion among hogs, we have still the open question, Js there no common source from which not only swine and rats, but wild animals, may derive this parasite? As, according to my own observation upon American pork, and my very limited examinations of American rats, they are both more largely invaded by trichinz than similar animals in Germany, it seems as if here in America were Tux place to study and decide these important questions. It will not do for us to falsify or ignore true facts. The man- ner hitherto adopted of asserting, by way of pure negation, that “American pork has no trichine,” as the pork interest has done, will not do. We must stand on facts gained by accurate and trust- worthy observers. We must accept them. We must search for the cause. Any other course is absurd, and equally ruinous to self- respect. PREVENTION oF TrIcHIN® IN SWINE. 1. Boards of health should take means, looking to the better education of the people in relation to hog-raising, as well as all the principles of animal hygiene. 32 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 2. Boards of health should instigate exact statistical researches into the percentage of trichiniasis among swine raised in their re- spective States, as well as the hygienic conditions under which hogs are raised, in relation to this and other diseases. 3. Continued examinations of rats should be made in all parts of the country, and their slaughter encouraged in every legal way. In this regard we can look upon the rat-pit as serving a public pur- pose; and the rat-invasion theory, with reference to hogs, will re- ceive a final settlement. 4, All sick swine should be peremptorily isolated from healthy ones, under the supervision of a competent veterinary inspector. 5. All swine suffering from diarrhoea should be isolated, and singly. The greatest care should be taken in cleansing the pens of such swine from all fecal masses and refuse. a. The feces from such swine should be subjected to micro- scopic examination. 6. On cessation of the diarrhcea, whether motor disturbances appear or not, the muscles, tongue, etc., should be harpooned, and the specimens thus gained subjected to microscopic examination. 6. Hogs in which trichinee had been found should be branded and fattened singly, or together; but they should never be allowed to be sold for human food. Their lard could be tried out and sold. 7. All hog-pens should be kept scrupulously clean, and the turn- ing of compost-heaps, or the drains from water-closets or houses, into hog-pens should be forbidden by law. 8. Feeding the offal from slaughtered swine to others, cooked or uncooked, or having slaughter-houses over places where swine are kept, should be forbidden by law. 9. Each State should havea board of animal hygiene, and a corps of competently educated veterinary police. Tue Microscopic EXAMINATION oF Pork. Numerous elaborate essays have been written upon this subject; but the entire process is so easy and simple, that such extended labor can well be looked upon as useless. Among the first, and at the same time most profusely invaded muscles, are the so-called “pillars of the diaphragm.” They are always to be found as two small stumps of muscles—flesh—imme- diately below the kidneys in the dressed hog when hung up to “cool out,” or in front of them when the hog is laid down. If there are any trichine in the organism, examples will surely be found here. These pieces belong to the trimmings, and their re- TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 83 moval in no way interferes with the value or appearance of the dressed hog. Although a power of fifteen to twenty diameters is sufficient to demonstrate the presence of trichinee to a proficient examiner, still it is much easier and safer to use one of from fifty to seventy-five. Fair microscopes, but by no means as convenient as the Hartnach model of Continental makers, are to be had from Americans at from fifteen to twenty dollars. A large table to the microscope is a con- venience. A few glass slides, or object-glasses, and some strong covering- glasses, a pair of small curved scissors, and two teasing-needles, are all that is necessary to complete the outfit. The first step is to take a piece of muscle and cut into its sub- stance, in order to have it as moist as possible, and with the curved scissors cut several thin slices lengthwise to the fibers, and with a needle place them on the object-glass a little distance apart; the 0g or AY SS U) rs ) ISS VA li Ss) ‘f Fig. 2.—NormaL EncaprsuLepD TRICHINA, Fig. 1.—Fresa Tricuinous Invasion. (Leuckart.) covering-glass is then to be placed upon them and gently pressed with a slight, rolling motion, which will invariably make the speci- mens thin enough for examination. 3 34 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. It is not necessary to cleanse the glasses for each specimen to be examined. To determine if the trichinee still live, place the object-glass over heat—a spirit-lamp—for a second, enough to warm the slide, and then place it under the microscope, and they will be seen to move in their capsules. Salted pork is best examined by cutting it into thin pieces and soaking for a time, although the specimens can be at once placed in water for a few moments. OBJECTS WHICH MAY BE MISTAKEN FOR TRICHINE, OR NOT RECOG- ; NIZED AS SUCH. It not unfrequently happens that the capsules become abnor- mally thickened, and the parasites dead within them. They do not then present the same appearances that are generally observed under normal conditions. ———— =f > Ci Fic. 4.—TricHina-CaPsuLES WITH CALCIFIED AND DISINTEGRATED Con- Fig. 3. — ENCAPSULED CONCRETIONS TENTS. WitH DEAD EMBRYOS IN THEM. In other eases the calcification is of such a character as to almost entirely change the appearance of both capsule and contents. Treatment of such capsules with hydrochloric acid will render the diagnosis easier. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS, 85 In some cases cysticerci, measles, perish and become calcified. These objects are somewhat larger than trichina-capsules, and often contain a caseous mass. The sacs of Rainey, or, as they are also termed, “ psorospermiz,” are elongated granulous bodies, like the triching, situated within the sarcolemma of the fiber. Their true nature or pathological im- portance is not yet well determined. Some valuable diagnostic points are, that in the latter— = s BEERSNE eee eR trichine-—the striation of the -: fiber is entirely destroyed with- : S in the capsule, while by psoro- : sperms it is retained, limiting the objects laterally, and con- tinuing directly from their ex- tremities. Bruch, Virchow, and Leuck- Sa = art have described : peculiar Fre. 5.—PsorosperMs In a Hoe’s Muscue. roundish or oval objects of a. (Leuckart.) whitish color, having varying dimensions, which sometimes appear in the flesh of hams, and which have been demonstrated to consist of agelomerates of needle-like crystals. They fill the fiber to a variable degree without otherwise disturbing its contents, and disappear upon the addition of muriatic acid, the normal striation again becoming visible. TricurmiAsis In Man. It is not my purpose to write an essay on the pathology of trichiniasis, either in man or animals, but to give the necessary natural historical facts of its life, and to illustrate its prevalence, with short notices of the phenomena of the disease in the above species. Treatment being so unsuccessful, it would be folly to notice it, and it also belongs more to works on medicine than in an essay on hygiene, or a contribution to preventive medicine. Tt has been previously mentioned that the honor of confirming the causal nexus between trichinee in pork and in man belongs to Dr. Zenker of Dresden, Germany. This was in the case of a ser- vant-girl, admitted to the city hospital at Dresden, as a typhus patient. She died, her muscles being found completely infected with trichine. At the same time that she became ill, other per- sons of the same family, and the butcher that slaughtered a hog for them, were ill also, but in a modified form. An examina- 36 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. tion of the pork at the house revealed the presence of numerous trichinee. Thudicum * sums up the principal phenomena of trichiniasis in man as follows: “Sudden swelling of the face, particularly of the eyelids, after the patient has for some days felt prostrate and lost his appetite—the swelling causes only a sense of tension, but no pain—fever, quick pulse, copious perspiration, which not rarely has a repugnant odor; painfulness and immobility of the arms and legs ; the muscles are swelled and contracted, and give great pain on being moved, or pressed severely; in the worst cases the entire body is perfectly immovable and highly sensitive; there is diarrhoea, with a red, somewhat coated tongue, inclined to dryness; when the swell- ing of the face has subsided, cedema of the feet, legs, and thighs comes on. Shortly afterward anasarca and swelling over the trunk makes its appearance.” From the time of Zenker’s case, numerous others have come to pass in different countries, and epidemics have caused a shudder of horror among reflecting people. Epidemics have been reported at Corbach, 1860; Plauen, 1861— 62; Calbe, 1862; Hallstadt, 186263; Hanover, 1864; Dresden, 1864; and other places in Germany. The most remarkable outbreak is that of Hedersleben, a place of some two thousand inhabitants, of whom 337 became sick at one time, and 101 died. Cobbold communicated to Heller that the first authentic case of the disease, during life in man, occurred in England in 1871. We have mentioned several cases illustrating the intra-vital dis- covery of the parasites in human beings on the excision of tumors, and numerous others are reported in medical literature. Forty persons became infected with trichine at one time at Bremen from, it is said, eating American pork. At Lissa,+ five members of one family became infected from eating of a ham which, it was said, had been pickled, smoked, and boiled for two hours. A poor woman t{ became trichinous from eating the flesh of a dog, to which her necessities had driven her. At Linden,* a suburb of Hanover, four hundred persons were dis- eased at one time, and twenty-one died from eating trichinous pork. Dr. Keifer, | of Detroit, reports a fatal case of this disease, the patient dying at the end of the fourth week. * “Seventh Report of the Privy Council,” London, 1865. + “Boston Medical and Surgical Journal,” vol. xe, p. 491; vol. xci, pp. 471 and 627; vol. 1, p. 208. t Ibid. * Thid. || Ibid. TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 37 Dr. Herr, of Dubuque, Iowa, reports fifteen cases and five deaths from eating raw smoked ham made into sausages. Several cases are reported for Philadelphia in the “ American Journal of Sciences.” In January, 1881, a case occurred at Blackwell’s Island, New York. Two cases were reported at Chicago during the same month, and two at Milwaukee. Dr. Germer, health-officer at Erie, Pennsylvania, reports by letter of January 27, 1881, that the preceding Christmas he discovered seven cases in a place eight miles distant, which were traced to the eating of home fed and cured pork. The most interesting American case is one that occurred at Brooklyn, Long Island, September, 1879. Seven of a family were affected, and two persons died from the disease. - This case came to trial at Brooklyn, the family suing a packing-house from which they had bought a portion of a ham two days previous to the erup- tion of the disease. As they had been continually in the habit of eating raw ham and sausages, and as they had purchased the ham only two days previous to the first appearance of illness, it was self- evident that the plaintiffs did not have any case, especially as no microscopic examination of the ham had taken place. Further, it does not seem as if retailers of pork can be held responsible for its containing trichinz in a country where neither the law nor the com- munity recognize any such disease of the hog. Even our boards of health simply recognize the existence of trichinz in pork as a scientific fact. All the hogs, specimens from which I examined, were cut up and sold, even though the Massachusetts Board of Health knew that I was continually finding them trichinous. Until the public becomes alive to its own interests, we may be sure that no steps toward prevention will be taken by the State. A German judge has ruled differently. A provision-dealer at Berlin was declared “ guilty ” for selling trichinous pork, which had not been subjected to microscopic examination, but which had caused disease among a number of persons, some of whom died. The judge ruled that such a decision was justifiable, even though the microscopic examination of pork was not then made imperative by law. The objection that the seller had no knowledge of its in- jurious character was ruled out. Dr. Sutton,* of Aurora, Indiana, reports nine cases of trichiniasis with three deaths from the consumption of uncooked sausage. The meat of the same was found to be trichinous. A cubic inch of the * “Tancet,” vol. ii, 1875. 38 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. flesh, taken from the bone of one of the persons that died, was as- sumed to contain one hundred thousand trichine. Dr. Sutton says that “ microscopic examination of thousands of swine slaughtered in Indiana reveals three to sixteen per cent of them as trichinous.” This is an unfounded statement, there being no authentic statistics of the examination of thousands of swine in Indiana even now, nor at the time the above was written. The “Rochester Democrat,” May 1, 1879, reports several cases of trichiniasis in that vicinity. Cases have also been reported in the “ Annals of the Michigan Board of Health,” at Otsego, Detroit, Port Huron, and other places, several of which terminated fatally. In Saxony,* from 1860 to 1875, 39 different eruptions of the disease had taken place. The whole number of cases reported was 1,267, with 19 deaths; of the 19 that died, 3 out of 8 acquired the disease from eating raw meat; 2 out of 630 diseased from cold sau- sage; 8 of 340 from fried sausage, and 2 of 48 from eating raw ham. Of the 6,959,964 swine which were slaughtered in Saxony in these sixteen years, only 39, 1 to 180,000, gave occasion to trichiniasis in human beings. TABLE GIVING THE OBSERVED CASES OF TRICHINIASIS IN BAVARIA. No. Place, Year. SE Author. Where described. poids aan 1! Wurzburg. 1853 2+ Virchow. |‘ Virchow’s Archiv,”| | D « 1861 1+ | Kélliker. |« Wars melezeee | olliker. urz. med. Zeit. vol. ii, 12, 1861. | Der eee 3 | Erlangen. 1870 8t Maurer. |“ Deutsch. Arch. f. ie ne klin. Med.,” vol. ge viii, 368, 1871. 4 rf ? It Zenker. |Ibid., p. 388. 5 | Zweibriicken. | 1870-71 1+ __|Friedreich.|Ibid., vol. ix, p. 459, 1872. 6 Speyer. 1873 5 David. |Communicated to Dr.|Swine from Ba- i Goring. den. 7 Hof. 1878 6 Roth. |“Ref. Aerztekammer|/H ome -made v. Oberfronken.” pork. 8| Bamburg. Feb., |80, 1 died. “ < ss 1878 9| Nurnberg. May, a) ! 10 Moy i f Merkel. i Salted pork. June. J 11 |Treuchtlingen. Me 4 « os e Sausage-meat. 12| Marktlenten.| July. 19 Roth. “ i Partly-fried sau- sage. 13 | Burgsinn. Feb., | 7, 3 died. oe “Mittheile polit. Zeit- 7" 1879 ung.” * Reinard, “ Archiv d. Heilkunde,” p. 241, 1877. t “ Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir Thiermedicin,” Bollinger, Bd. 5, Hefte 8 u. 4, p. 204. + Accidentally found at the autopsy. _ TRICHINIASIS OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 39 Glazier, in his report, has collected a list of 3,044 cases of disease among human beings, and 231 deaths, in Europe. For this country, 77 cases and 24 deaths. He has also endeavored to get at the prevailing opinion of doc- tors as to its extension among the people in this country, as revealed in autopsies, but, while many report having seen cases, the reports are in general of so vague a nature as to be next to valueless. An Epmemic or TRICHINIASIS ON THE JORDAN.* By Dr. Jonn WortTAunet. The outbreak of the disease was traced to a wild hog which had been shot in the swamps adjoining the village of El Khiam, on the 25th of November, 1880. It was a very large boar, and I was told that its flesh appeared fresh, fat, and perfectly healthy. A very large number of the people of the village ate of the flesh of this hog, partly in a raw and partly in a semi-cooked condition. Nota single person that ate of the flesh escaped infection. The head of the boar was sent as a present to a family in a neighboring village. It was cooked three times before any of it was eaten. Although quite a number of people partook of it, none of them became sick. All of those that partook of other portions of the hog remained in a healthy condition until the eruption of the disease made itself evident, which took place in the majority in the second, and by some in the third week. I heard of only one man who was taken with emesis and diarrhoea soon after eating. In this case the phe- nomena of the disease were very mild. Another ate the meat well cooked, and remained free from any indications of invasion to the end of the fifth week subsequent to the same, and then was not confined to his bed. The principal phenomena during the third, fourth, and fifth weeks were cedema of the face and extremities, severe muscular pains, more or less fever, and itching over the whole body. The cedema sometimes extended over the whole body. The pain com- plicated the active muscles, inclusive of those of the lower jaw, the pharynx, and larynx. It was most severe at points where the tendons were inserted upon the extremities. Every move- ment was painful. The fever seemed to assume a severe type only in the fatal cases. Children suffered less than those of mature years. The period of convalescence, extending from the fifth week on, * “Virchow’s Archiv,” vol. lxxxiii, p. 553. 40 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. was very slow, and accompanied by much muscular pain, oedema, and weakness. In some cases distinct relapses were apparent. The number of persons diseased was: 3.) Yee a I, LTD BG ee ie CSS AG CGO 124 MMemmalese hee Ae SE aes eee eater Vane rey es Vole cee eae 103 Childrenk fos Re ee ae re eerarsets ea te cee eae 35D Totals ci ede Sea ee ae teribeainociiey ete tbicacs timate 262 Of these died: Miales ice aeRO ORBIT iy IPs eet get Re II RE reac claaty 3 Bikey cc Ys) MPA ee ey Sar, NS Ute ae HME ENA rer Cry cat teat a 3 Hy Do) rn PP Somme ui eit area IR Mi su I) ee SA es 6 Of those that died, the cause seemed to be the exhaustive nature of the fever, and the constitutional disturbances in the fourth and fifth weeks of the invasion. The last fatal case was that of an eld- erly woman, in the beginning of the eighth week of the invasion. Some pieces of the musculus biceps brachii from this woman were subjected to microscopic examination and numerous trichings found in the same. This is the first case of the kind reported in medical literature from Oriental countries, and is also of value as showing that the wild hogs of those regions also become trichinous as well as those of Europe. With reference to the observations of trichiniasis in the dead body: 3 Dr. Bowditch, of Boston, reported four cases during the years 184244. Turner says of Scotland, that in five years 1 to 2 per cent of the human cadavers were found trichinous. Fiedler found 2 to 2°5 per cent at Dresden. Wagner, 1 to 30 or 40 at Leipsic. Reports of like nature come from other countries. PREVENTION OF THE DisEAsE In MAN. Aside from the regulations already given for the prevention of the disease among hogs, which, if possible to be carried out, would prevent it in man, there are several which must come into action as public health preventive measures. There is but one golden rule to prevention: cook the pork thor- oughly ! Leuckart and other experimenters have shown that a tempera- HOG-CHOLERA. AI ture of 140° Fahr., which must extend through a piece of pork, is necessary to the positive death of the parasites. The direct application of dry heat, by means of a hot table, to specimens under the microscope, demonstrates that a temperature of 50° C.—122° Fahr.—is necessary to kill trichine. The ordinary processes of cooking, salting, and smoking are not always a sure means of killing these parasites. All hogs should be subjected to microscopic examination by ex- perts, and no hog allowed to be cut up for sale as food until such an examination had been made. Those found invaded should be branded trichinous, and their sale as food forbidden by law under penalty of a heavy fine. HOG-CHOLERA. PNeEvUMO-ENTERITIS Suis ConTAGIOSA. Tuts peculiar infectio-contagious disease of the porcine family has been known to agriculturists and veterinarians for centuries. For years it has been looked upon as a form of anthrax, typhus, erysipelas, etc.; but it has remained for our country to institute the first extensive researches as to its nature, though Klein, in England, anticipated them by doing some good work in this direction. On the Continent of Europe the disease has not as yet been scientiti- cally studied. I have nothing but praise for the admirable reports of Messrs. Detmers and Law upon the porcine pest, issued by the Agricultural Department at Washington in 1878, and most earnestly recommend it to public consideration. In 1877 our national commissioner reported a loss to the coun- try of $16,653,428 from contagious animal disease. Erroioey. As with all forms of infectio-contagious diseases, we find also in hog-cholera, that it was a long time before we gained any accurate knowledge with reference to the nature of the elements causing it. Some have asserted that pigs will not contract the disease when fed on succulent vegetable food; but Law has proved the fallacy of this opinion by direct experiment. Naturally, unfavorable nutri- tive and hygienic conditions will favor the development of this as well as other diseases, but they are not the direct cause. 49, THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Roell says the disease is attributed to hot and sultry weather, uncleanly pens, and offering to the swine of spoiled, moldy food and decomposing material in general. Harms seems to be the first to have discovered germs in the blood, and to have attributed to them an etiological importance, as he found the blood and other parts of diseased swine, as well as the food, replete with these organisms. Bollinger also describes micrococci and short cylinder bacteria in the blood, but does not consider the etiological connection with the disease as established. | Roell says further, “The disease has not yet been produced by inoculation.” Spinola wrote a monograph on the “ Diseases of Swine,” Berlin, 1842, and considers the disease to be of a gastro-bilious character ; and says further, it is observed to occur in those swine which have much rest, a surplus of strong feed, especially that which is of a spirituous nature—brewers’ grains, ete.—which incline to a surplus production of gall and its accumulation in the system. He also considers the above climatic conditions to exert an influence in the generation of the disease. It remained, however, for American veterinarians, not indige- nous to the country, to establish beyond doubt the true nature of this disease. The results of the studies of Messrs. Law and Detmers show the disease to be of an infectious and contagious nature, and capable of transmission to other animals as well as swine by inoculation. They discovered in the blood peculiar elements having a globu- lar or micrococcus form, as well as staff-like bodies—the mature form—to which Detmers gave the name of Baciiius Suis. These objects are found invariably in the blood, urine, mucus, exudations, ete., in all pathologically changed tissues and in the excrements of the diseased animals, and constitute, beyond all ques- tion, the etiological momenta of the disease. These bacilli undergo several changes, and require a certain length of time to fulfill their development; consequently, if introduced into an animal organism, some time must pass (the incubational or colonization period) before the morbid phenomena become apparent. Three stages of develop- ment may be observed—viz., the germ, or micrococcus stage; the bacillus, or rod-bacterial stage; and the proliferating or germ-pro- ducing stage. HOG-CHOLERA. 43 The micrococci are found in immense numbers in the fluids of the organism, especially in the blood and exudations. If the tem- perature is not too low, and a sufficiency of oxygen is present, they soon develop, or grow longitudinally, by a sort of budding process —a germ, or micrococcus, under constant microscopic observation, budded and grew to double its length in exactly two hours in a temperature of 70° Fahr., and gradually developed to a true rod. Some of the latter under favorable circumstances commence to grow again in length, until they appear five to six inches long, with a power of 850 diameters. At the same time scission takes place, and they break into two or more segments. These long bacteria appear to be replete with germs; the external envelope disappears, or is dissolved, and the germs become free. Some of the bacilli move very rapidly, while others appear mo- tionless. The cause of motion seems to be in some way dependent upon the temperature, for they appear motionless if the latter be low, but soon move if the temperature be increased and caused to exert a direct influence upon them. Another change to be observed is the collection of the germs, or bacteria, in the so-called zooglea clusters, which are often to be met with in the blood and other fluids, and invariably in the exu- dations in the lungs. In the ulcerous tumors of the intestinal mucosa these clusters are comparatively seldom, but the bacilli are very numerously represented. These tumefactions in the intestinal tracts appear to afford the most favorable conditions for the growth and development of these bacteria. Whether these zooglea clusters are instrumental in the pro- duction of capillary embolism is still an open question, though it appears highly probable. The vitality of the germs, and especially of the bacilli, does not appear to be very great (Detmers) except where they are contained in a medium not very prone to decomposi- tion, such as water which contains a slight amount of organic sub- stances. In the water of streams, brooks, etc., the germs are not very rapidly destroyed. In fluids and substances subject to putre- faction the bacteria lose their vitality very soon, and apparently dis- appear. They are also destroyed when acted upon by alcohol, car- bolic acid, thymol, iodine, ete. With reference to the vitality of the infectious elements, Law says of the Virulence of Dried Virus.—This was indicated three years ago by Professor Axe, of London, who successfully inoculated pigs with virus that had been dried on ivory points for seventy-six days. Law inoculated three pigs with virulent products that had been 44. THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. — dried on quills for one day; one with the same kind of virus that had been dried four days, another with virus that had been dried five days, and another with virus that had been dried for six days. The quills had been sent from New J ersey and North Carolina, without any special protection. Of the six inoculations four gave positive results, while two, in which the quills were subjected to the action of disinfectants, gave negative. Virulence of Dried Intestine.—Pieces of dried intestine, which had been dried for three and four days each, were used for inocula- tion, and gave positive results. Virulence of Moist Morbid Products of sbolildled Srom the Aur. —In these experiments a pig was inoculated with a piece of in- testine sent from Illinois in a tightly corked bottle. The specimen had been three days from the pig, and had a slightly putrid odor. The disease developed on the sixth day. A second pig was inoculated with blood from a diseased pig that had been kept for eleven days at 100° Fahr. in an isolation ap- paratus, the outlets of which were plugged with cotton-wool. TIll- ness followed in twenty-four hours. These experiments go to prove that the exclusion of air, or re- tarding of putrefaction, probably favors the longer preservation of the inficiens. Probable Non- Virulence of Morbid Products that have under- gone Putrefaction.—This seems to be proved by direct experiment. Virulence of the Blood.—Law produced positive results by ex- periments upon two pigs, which is opposed to the single experiment of Klein; but Law does not know but that at certain stages of the disease the blood may be non-virulent. Infection by means of the air does not seem to be clearly proved. Transmissions of the disease to other animals than the hog for inoculation seem all to be followed by positive results in sheep, rabbits, and dogs; and Klein succeeded in producing it in rabbits, Guinea-pigs, and mice. SEAsons AND TEMPERATURES. Experience has proved the extension and devastations of this disease to be the most extreme in the late summer and early fall months; but the cold weather of winter does not seem to be able to put that check to its ravages which occurs under the same condi- tions with other diseases of a somewhat similar nature. Detmers says: “While, therefore, the very severe weather of the past winter caused a great reduction in the number of animals HOG-CHOLERA. 45 affected, the disease was not eradicated, nor did its fatality seem to be lessened. The extension of the disease from one herd to another was greatly diminished ; but in infected herds where the malady was already prevailing when cold weather set in, there appeared but little difference in the rapidity of the transmission of the dis- ease from one animal to another in the same lot.” Dr. Law confirms this statement, for his experiments proved that “the severe frosts of winter do not destroy the germs of the malady, but simply retard their conveyance from one herd to an- other.” In another place Dr. Law says: “I have demonstrated that the freezing of the virulent matter does not destroy its activity, and that the virus loses nothing in potency by preservation for one or two months closely packed in dry bran. The same may be inferred of all other situations when it is closely packed, and where the air has imperfect access. These last two points are of immense im- portance as bearing upon the question of the preservation of the poison in infected pens and yards, alike in winter and in summer, to say nothing of its possible conveyance by means of fodder or other vehicles.” IycuBation. According to the average drawn from a large number of obser- vations, the period of incubation varies from five to fifteen days. InTRA-VITAL PHENOMENA. One of the very earliest symptoms is a marked rise in the tem- perature of the hog; yet the fact is not without some questionable diagnostic value: first, on account of the variations which seem to exist in the normal temperature of different hogs; and, second, the difficulty which the struggle of the pig throws in the way of the proper application of the thermometer, which may in some cases cause a more or less marked rise in the temperature. Detmers does not consider the thermometer of any great value in the diagnosis or prognosis of this disease. The disease frequently announces it- self by a cold shivering on the part of the afflicted swine, lasting from a few moments to several hours, frequent sneezing, and more or less coughing. These anticipatory symptoms are soon followed by a more or less loss of appetite, a rough and somewhat staring condition of the bristles, a drooping of the ears, loss of vivacity, and in some cases by vomiting ; a desire to bury themselves in the bedding and to lie down in dark and quiet corners; a dull and injected condition of 46 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. the eyes; swelling of the head, eruptions upon the ears and other parts of the body ; occasionally bleeding from the nose, and partial or total blindness ; dizziness, diarrhoea, and stertorous breathing. The flanks fall in, and the animals rapidly become emaciated, and betray a vitiated appetite for dung, dirt, and saline substances; in- ereased thirst, accumulation of secretions in the canthi of the eyes, and more or less copious nasal discharges. The peculiar offensive and fetid smell of the exhalations and excrements may be looked upon as characteristics of this disease. This odor isso penetrating as to announce the presence of the disease, especially if the herd of swine be a large one, at a distance of half a mile, or even more, if the direction of the wind be favorable. If the animals are inclined to be costive, the feeces are generally grayish or brownish-black in color, and hard; if diarrhoea is present, they are semi-fluid, of a grayish-green color, and in some cases contain an admixture of blood. In a large number of cases the more tender portions of the skin on the lower surface of the body, between the posterior ex- tremities, behind the ears, or even on the nose and neck, exhibit numerous larger or smaller red spots, or sometimes a uniform red- ness. Toward the fatal termination, this redness frequently changes to a purple color. The physical examination of the thorax reveals, if pleuritis be present, the characteristic crepitation. As the patholog- ical processes progress, the movements of the afflicted animal become weaker and slower, the gait staggering and uncertain; sometimes paretic phenomena appear, especially in the posterior portions of the body. If still standing, the head becomes much depressed, but, as a rule, the diseased animals are found lying down in a dark and se- cluded corner, with the nose buried in the bedding. An extremely fetid diarrhcea frequently marks the approach of aslow, fatal termi- nation of the disease; the voice becomes very peculiar, faint, and hoarse, the sick animal manifests the greatest indifference to its surroundings; emaciation and general debility increase very fast ; the skin is hard, dry, and dirty, the more so according to the dura- tion of the disease ; death ensues under convulsions, or very quickly ; in some cases a cold, clammy perspiration breaks out over the body. Wherever pigs or hogs have been ringed, the wounds thus made betray a great inclination to ulceration. In those few cases which do not terminate fatally, the symptoms gradually disappear; the cough becomes more frequent but less laborious, the discharge from the nose becomes for a day or two more copious, but soon diminishes, and the offensive odor of the excrements disappears; existing sores or ulcers have a tendency to heal; the animal becomes more live- HOG-CHOLERA. AT ly, and gains slowly in flesh and strength; a short, hacking cough frequently continues for a long time. ParHoLocicaAL PHENOMENA. The morbid processes, though essentially the same, can have their seat in many different organs or parts of the body. The necro- scopical aspects of the disease are consequently not always the same. We almost always find a more or less extensive infiltration of portions of the lungs, as well as serous hemorrhagic conditions in the pulmonary tissues. In some cases the infiltrated conditions of the lungs are so extensive that they sink when thrown into water. The degree of consolidation is largely dependent upon the duration of the disease. In some lungs these centers of consolidation were circumscribed and rare, while in others they were diffuse, and com- plicated a large portion of the lung. Where the consolidation was limited, it was principally seated in the anterior lobes. In animals where the disease had progressed slowly, the different stages, or bet- ter conditions of consolidation were observable, conforming to the red, brown, or gray hepatization of pathologists—conditions of color dependent on the amount of blood present in the infiltrated pul- monary tissues. The greater the endothelial proliferation, and accu- mulation of inflammatory products, the greater the pressure exerted upon the capillary loops dipping into the alveoli; hence the variation in color, red, brown, or gray. The lymphatic and mesenteric glands were invariably found to be enlarged. In some cases they presented a brownish or blackish color, and contained not only disintegrated elements but extravasa- tions which lay between and separated the normal elements of the glands. The trachea and bronchi were filled with more or less frothy mucus, which contained desquamated epithelium and bacteria. The mucous membrane was more or less tumefied and congested. Morbid changes were almost invariably present in the pleure, mediastinum, and pericardium, as well as slight effusions in the cavities of the chest and abdomen. Pleural adhesions were fre- quently met with, as well as deposits upon the free surface of the membranes. The heart (myocardium) was found to be complicated in the majority of cases. In some animals it was flabby and dilated, and generally congested. In the majority of cases pathological changes, which may be said to be pathognomonic, were found in the cecum AS THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. and colon. These consisted of peculiar growths or ulcerous tumors in the mucosa. (Whether these were limited to the Peyer’s patches or not the report does not say.) They varied in size and shape, and were more or less prominent above the general surface of the mu- cosa. The base of the older ones was frequently more or less pig- mented. Their size varied from that of a pin’s head to a quarter of a dollar. The smaller ones were generally of a yellowish color, and projected but slightly; the larger ones were of a grayish-brown color, or even blackish, and had usually a slight concavity in the center. The greater part of these growths consisted of connective tissue. In some cases these growths, especially the smaller ones, or those of recent origin, were situated upon the surface of the mu- cosa, and were easily scraped off, leaving behind an uneven, excori- ated surface, having the appearance of granulation tissue. The older and larger tumors penetrated more deeply into the substance of the mucosa—in some cases so deeply that their removal caused perforation of the walls of the intestine. Similar productions were also found in. other parts of the intestine. The contents of the gall-bladder were found, in many cases, to consist of a semi-solid, granular, dirty-brownish substance. In most of them the ductus choledochus appeared to be thickened, so that the semi-solid condition of the bile might be attributed to absorption of its fluid elements, due to retention. Morbid changes in the skin were frequently met with, consisting of ulcers, purple spots or patches, or diffuse redness. The blood presented both qualitative and quantitative changes. It was dirt-colored in all cases where death had been caused by ex- tensive pulmonary complications, but was thin and light-colored where pathological changes predominated in other parts of the or- ganism. It invariably coagulated on exposure to the atmosphere. The kidneys exhibited no very marked change. Microscopic OxnsErvations. (LaAw.) Skin.—Microscopic sections through the affected portions of the skin showed the various grades of congestion, with blocking of the capillaries, and an excess of lymphoid and large granular cells and pigment granules with extravasations and necrotic centers. With the earlier congestion there is more or less anasarca and consequent separation of the elements of the cutis, while in the later or more severe conditions a fibrinous exudation takes place, and this may even exude upon the free surface and form dark scabs. In no in- stance was formation of pus in the skin to be seen. One feature, HOG-CHOLERA. 49 which does not seem to have been hitherto observed, was the impli- cation of the bristle-follicles. Intestines.—Sections through those portions of the intestines which are merely congested and reddened, but without ulceration, show stagnation and blocking of the capillaries of the mucosa and sub-mucosa, with thickening and softening of the tissues, especially of the epithelium. This last contains a great excess of granules, and aggregations of the same into cell-forms, while the epithelial cells are reduced in size and contain enlarged nuclei. As has been pointed out by Klein, the degeneration is often the greatest around the openings of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, and in their interior, while their cavities are frequently filled with extravasated blood. Aside from the above one frequently finds lymphoid and migrated blood-cells, heematine crystals, and micrococci. The ulcers, with a central slough, present at their base the same characteristics as the congested mucous membrane. The slough is mainly composed of small nucleated cells and granules, and mi- erococci. Lymphatic Glands.—The obstruction of the capillaries and ex- travasation of blood are most common in the cortical portion of the gland ; when the medullary portion is complicated, the extravasated blood is oftenest met with in the lymph-channels and inter-stromatous spaces, while the parenchyma seems to escape. The cellular changes are most marked in the protracted cases of the disease. Organs of Respiration.—The characteristic lesion of the lungs is lobular pneumonia; the exudation being most abundant in the interlobular connective tissues, and is often of a dark color on ac- count of the presence of red blood-cells. A microscopic section transverse to the bronchioli and alveoli reveals the presence of an exudation containing a large number of round lymphoid cells, gran- ules, and in the alveoli similar accumulations. Kidneys.—Clouded swelling of the cortical, with consequent hypereemia of the medullary, substance. Llood.—In most cases no changes were to be observed except the presence of numerous bacteria. No such organisms were to be found in the blood of a healthy pig. Diaenosis.—From the foregoing detailed description of the phenomena of this disease, it is evident that there is but little difficulty in its correct recognition, especially when appearing in a number of swine at the same time. Proenosis.—This is always unfavorable, for even though indi- viduals may survive the attack, still the ravages of the disease are 4 50 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. such as to almost destroy their value as marketable animals from an economical point of view. TREATMENT.—On account of its difficulties, medicinal treatment of swine is in general almost useless, and with this disease truly so; the antizymotics are, however, indicated in unison with tonics. PREVENTION. As in all infectious diseases, of whatever nature, the aim of modern medicine is prevention. On account of the great liability to extension peculiar to this porcine pest, the regulations of prevent- ive medicine must be fully as much of a general as of a local character. We shall follow Mr. Law in considering this question. He says: “One farmer may easily eradicate it from his swine, but, so long as it continues to prevail among those of his neighbors, his stock is daily subjected to the danger of renewed infection.” This being the fact with reference to the individual farmer, it is equally the case in every township, county, or State. In our East- ern States the pest is almost invariably due to the importation of diseased stock, and, though from the lack of pigs it never gains wide extension, it illustrates the infectious nature of the disease in the West. To secure a complete or even restricted immunity from its ravages, active measures must be taken over the entire land, and this can only be done under the supervision of one central, con- trolling power, with the necessary number of local authorities. The following measures should be adopted : 1. The appointment of local inspectors to carry out the measures necessary to suppress the disease. 2. The injunction on all having the care of or ownership of hogs, and upon all who may be called upon to advise concerning the same, or to treat them, to make known to such local authorities all recog- nized or suspected cases of the disease, under a penalty for any and every neglect of such duty. 3. The obliging of the local authorities, under the advice of a competent veterinary inspector, to see to the absolute destruction of all pigs suffering from the pest, and all that have been in contact with them, and their burial in some isolated place, and the thorough disinfection of the pens, utensils, and persons around them. (It will frequently be found most advantageous to the interests of all concerned, to kill and bury the hogs in their pens, and to burn the latter, when of wood, as well as the utensils, and to erect new pens at some place properly distant for any new lot of hogs.) HOG-CHOLERA. » a), 4, The complete isolation of all domestic animals which have been in contact with the diseased pigs, and in all cases of sheep and rabbits, the destruction of the sick when this shall be deemed neces- sary. 5. When all the pigs in an infected herd have not been de- stroyed, the remainder should be placed upon an official register, and subjected to daily inspection by the veterinary inspector, so that the sick may be removed and killed on the first indication of disease. 6. Sheep and rabbits which have been in contact with diseased hogs should be treated likewise, and none should be removed from the flock until after the lapse of a month from the last appearance of disease among them. 7. All animals and birds, wild or tame, and all persons except those employed in the work, must be carefully excluded from the infected premises, and until the same have been pronounced safe, after careful disinfection, ete. 8. The losses sustained by owners from the compulsory slaughter of their hogs should be made good by a valuation to be fixed by a competant board of assessors. 9. Such reimbursement should be forfeited by owners who fail to comply with the law in properly notifying the authorities of the real existence or suspicion of the presence of the pest among their swine. 10. A register should be kept, in prescribed form, of all hogs kept on farms within a certain radius of infected herds—say one mile—and no removal of such animals should be permitted until the disease had been pronounced at an end, unless by special license from the competent authorities, after the veterinary inspector had pronounced the herd in question to be absolutely free from every suspicion of the disease. 11. Railroad and shipping agents of adjoining stations to in- fected districts should be forbidden to ship pigs, excepting by license of the local authorities, until the plague has been pronounced at an end in such districts. 12. When infected pigs have been conveyed by rail, boat, or other means of transport, measures should be taken to insure the thorough disinfection of such vehicles of transport, as well as the barns, docks, or yards, or other places into which the diseased ani- mals may have been turned. 52 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. DISEASES OF CATTLE. Carrie assume by far the first place among our domestic ani- mals, from an economical point of view. The prosperity of a nation might well be estimated by its wealth in cattle. Of all animals, they supply the greatest proportion of our animal food. Without beef and milk, we could hardly think ourselves capable of existing. Assuming this rank, then, as a source of food, it is self-apparent that the greatest care should be taken in keeping such animals in a hygienic—i. e., healthy—condition. Animal hygiene differs much from human : 1. The animals must be kept healthy. 2. They must be kept healthy, so that they may yield the great- est possible return to the owner, be it work, flesh, milk, or other products. To attain this end requires the oreatest attention on the part of the owners. To attain it economically, the owner must pay attention to the different characteristics of each animal, that no food goes to waste. One animal fattens easier than another on the same amount of food. One cow yields more milk, or one ox performs a like amount of work upon food that its neighbor will not thrive upon. But in many instances, and it is with these we have especially to do, animal hygiene imposes upon the owner a responsibility that has, up to the present time, almost escaped appreciation. It is the imperative duty of owners, or breeders of animals, to study every influence that may possibly have an injurious effect upon them, when destined to be articles of human consumption, either as flesh or milk. Thus we see that the aricrests of public health demand the greatest and most studious care of the water, feeding, and surround- ings of such animals. We are not going too far when we assert that this branch of animal hygiene has been almost entirely neglected, not only by the owner, but by scientists as well. Tape-worms are not by any means an uncommon occurrence in man, yet how few people realize that one variety is derived from the consumption of improperly cooked beef! An instance comes to our mind of an M. D., who enjoyed a large practice, that came to us with the segments of a tape-worm, but could not believe it was, because the patient never ate any pork. DISEASES OF CATTLE. 53 On being told that man also obtains such a parasite from eating beef, he was completely surprised. The name which science has given to this parasite is Tania medio-canellata, or, better, saginata. This parasite exceeds in length that which we have previously described as being obtained from pork. Its sections, or proglottids, are also broader and thicker. TZcnia soliwm, or armata, derived from pork, has its scolex, cr head, armed with hooks, which is not the case with the one we are at present considering. This fact at first led naturalists to think they had before them one and the same tape-worm, the differences in appearance and formation of the heads representing different stages of development, the armed parasite representing a youthful, the unarmed an aged, period in its exist- ence. This has been clearly demonstrated to be a mistake. Pro- glottids of tenia saginata fed to young swine failed to produce ecys- ticerci, or measles, while the same when fed to calves were followed by positive results—i.e., the development of cysticerci of the un- armed tape-worm in the interfibrillar tissue (Leuckart, Mosler, e¢ a/.). As to their presence in cattle, Dr. Thudicum * says: “The question why the cysticerci of tenia saginata have never been observed in the flesh of cattle, with the exception of those eases in which they have been intentionally reared, is of great inter- est and importance, from a sanitary point of view. It is possible that these bladder-worms are present in the musculature of cattle in very small numbers only, and consequently do not present any such striking appearance on section of the muscles as is produced by measles in the muscles of swine. For while a pig would devour an entire tape-worm if it came in its way, a calf would refuse to eat it, if it could avoid doing so; hence, only free eggs or single proglot- tids, adhering to or concealed in the herbs making up the ordinary food of cattle, could be introduced into their systems. Thus, cattle driven along a road or path would be liable to snatch a mouthful of grass, and with it a proglottid of the hookless or five-cupped tape- worm. The very circumstance of the scarcity of cysticerct in the Jlesh of cattle facilitates their importation into the human intestines. The single specimens are not discovered, and consequently not avoided; hence, the tenia derived from them live in almost all countries of our globe, and infest the black and white man, the Mongol, the Malay, and the Indian. I have examined many thou- sands of specimens of beef from many hundreds of bodies of beeves, and have never yet found a cysticercus of this teenia in the flesh or * Report to the Privy Council of Great Britain. See seventh report, London, 1865. 54 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, any other organ. Probably if calves and heifers were systematically dissected with the same care as human bodies, these cysticerci would appear as frequently as the trichine or the cysticercus cellulose in man, both which parasites were discovered in the anatomical thea- tre, and without anatomical dissection would no doubt have eluded the vigilance of science much longer.” As said previously, tenia saginata is found in man in all parts of the world. It seems far to exceed teenia solium in its prevalence among the inhabitants of Austria proper and Lower Germany, while in North Germany tenia solium is more frequently met with. It has been met with in England, and a case of invasion is also report- ed in an Indian in our own country; but well-ordered statistics in this regard are so out of the general course of events in these two countries, that we are not justified in assuming that the populations of the same are so much favored above their fellow-men in other countries. With reference to protection from this parasite— 1. We must have a well-organized system of inspection of all animals slaughtered, by competently educated men. 2. The people must be educated in a knowledge of these dan- gers, and also in the means necessary to their prevention. a. Without the active co-operation of the people, we can hope for little successful reform in this country. 3. The consumption of undercooked meat must be looked upon as dangerous to health. Cattle are also subject to several diseases which threaten the public health, from the fact that they are transmissible to man by means of infectious elements peculiar to each of them. . “‘ Foot-and-mouth disease” is the common name given to a pe- euliar vesicular eruption which afflicts cattle on the parts indicated by the above name, as well as upon the udder of milch-cows. This disease has also been observed in sheep, swine, goats, the deer family, occasionally in the horse, and cases have been reported among dogs and turkeys. Further, numerous cases of infection have been reported among human beings. Fleming says: “It has causéd almost as much loss and trouble to the farmers of Britain as has the contagious bovine lung-plague. In 1876-77 this disease was reported as infecting 11,064 cattle, 4,809 sheep, and 1,904 swine in the kingdom of Prussia. It is needless to say that no statistics exist as to its extension among cat- tle and other animals in the United States.” The asssertion that animals affected with it have been exported DISEASES OF CATTLE. 55 from this country and landed in England, makes it probable that the disease has attained a foothold among our animals. But where? Veterinary science is in a state so much less than embryonal in this country, that no one knows whence these animals came; whether they were diseased when leaving here, or what portion of them was diseased. This disease is transmissible to man. So far as my knowledge extends, this has only taken place from diseased cows. Valentine, of Italy, 1695, noticed the synchronous appearance of a pustulous eruption in the mouths of human beings, and a similar disease among cattle. Sagad, 1764, was the first to notice that hu- man beings acquired the eruption from the consumption of milk from cows affected with the same. Hertwig (of the Veterinary Institute, Berlin, Prussia) first proved the same by direct experi- ment. He drank daily for four consecutive days a quart of milk taken from cows having the disease. On the second day he ob- served a mild fever, pains in the limbs, headache, a dry and hot throat, and a peculiar sensation in the hands and fingers. These mild phenomena continued about five days; then the lining of the mouth became swollen, especially the covering of the tongue. In a short time small vesicles began to develop. At the same time that these eruptions appeared in the mouth and on the lips, ap- peared an eruption of similar character upon the hands and fingers. Two medical practitioners also subjected themselves to the same experiment, and at the same time similar results followed. All three recovered completely. (Bollinger, in Ziemssen’s “ Handbuch der Pathologie,” vol. ii, p. 637.) The danger from the consumption of the milk of cows afflicted with this eruption is most emphatically demonstrated by the fact that young animals fed upon the same frequently perish in conse- quence of gastro-enteritis, i. e., inflammation of stomach and bowels. For man, milk from such cows, to which ninety per cent normal milk has been added, is still dangerous when consumed. Cooking the milk from such cows completely destroys its infectious qualities. Bollinger gives the following examples of the eruption of the disease in human beings by indirect infection: “A boy had a severe aphthous eruption in the mouth after biting the edge of a pail which was polluted with the droolings from the mouth of a diseased cow.” “A man accidentally infected himself by putting between his teeth a knife which had been pol- luted in the same manner.” “Another infected himself by chew- ing a piece of wood which had been used to clean the mouth of a 56 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. diseased cow.” “A veterinarian had a long-continued and painful eruption in the mouth from touching the internal part of the same with his finger after having handled a diseased cow.” In the “ Preussische Mittheil. aus. d. thierirztlichen Praxis,” 187475, are given three cases of aphthous eruption in the mouths of men who had drunk buttermilk which had been taken from a cow having foot-and-mouth disease. On account of the paucity of observations from competent medi- cal men, little is known about the disposition of mankind to this dis- ease. Doubtless, as in other infectious and contagious diseases, some persons have a far greater disposition to infection than others. Bol- linger says, “ Notwithstanding the ruling opinion to the contrary, the disease is much more frequent among human beings than expected.” Numerous observations have been made of the synchronous en- zootic eruptions of this disease among cattle and an eruption in the mouth of human beings. The outbreak of this disease among human beings is only to be prevented by competently educated and trustworthy veterinary in- spectors for all dairies, and by the exact isolation of all diseased animals. Such milk might be cooked before being offered for sale; but the danger of insufficient or neglected cooking is too great to justify such a procedure, so that its sale should be strictly forbidden, and, if persevered in, as strictly punished. Such milk, after being thoroughly cooked, could be appropriately used for feeding swine. Whether the consumption of butter and cheese made from such milk is dangerous to mankind is an open question requiring more extended and critical observation. Another subject which has not, as yet, received by any means the attention which it deserves is, the changes produced in milk chemically, and especially microscopically, by the presence of in- flammatory conditions of the udder of the cow. a. The influences of such milk should be critically tested by means of feeding experiments upon young and healthy animals of the same and different species; controlled by feeding young ani- mals from the same mother, or of as nearly as possible like age and constitution, upon the same material. 6. Are there in such milk, from diseased udders or single cisterns of the same, such microscopic changes as to allow their recognition when mixed with milk from perfectly healthy cows ? Fiirstenberg * has gone into this subject with no inconsiderable * “Die Milchdriisen der Kuh,” Leipzig, 1868. DISEASES OF CATTLE. BY degree of exactness. From his and other researches it is evident that changes in the constitution of the milk are produced by so slight a change from normality as a hyperemic (increase of the quantity of blood) condition of the interstitial and subcutaneous tis- sues of the udder. A comparison of such milk with normal, or, when but one cistern is complicated, with milk from the other cis- terns of the same udder, has shown that the solid elements are greatly augmented at the expense of the fluid; especially are the casein and albumen augmented, while the normal milk contains more milk- sugar, and the so-called “extractives” in greater quantity. The inorganic elements are also considerably increased in the milk from diseased udders. In other words, such milk assumes characters simulating those of colostrum, containing the well-known colostrum bodies, having a yellowish-white color, is viscid, and coagulates easily. In such a secretion, Fiirstenberg found the results of chemical analysis to be as follows : AVEC Toh ie Sica ele UREA ny ed sea US ei nc hat as te eat 81:°789 SONG Sen cles. th yeep ae ee Neg paca Nom ers k Ce UR URE a a 18°211 ADCO Phra cs Mies Sak ee) eps AL sh Oe Pe One Meee es RM Te aR 100-000 SSG Ae ht co cht eee RMON ee heer eal aD eA SN 5°210 Wasein’ an dial bunreney yeas reste Se ee a Rea 8-887 Malk-sugar and extractiyesiadscisane a. cece sc sess conc ss 3°070 AGS 5) oF oy hucl ec cpa eR A ere SR ae ct pena aha ee ae Bae 1°044 Totaled. Toye Sa ee ee Ne rea th BONES Je a 18:211 These 1:044 salts consisted of : Phosphoric salts'and oxide of iron.........2...0. 00.005. 0°384 Warbonates:of lime Wigs seascee ses fact atss 26 0-108 Chloride of sodium’ (cooking-salt). 2. ..6..060. ce eee. eee 0°003 (CC FEMA ETE OG SOc cae SE tot eet tt eee et 0°549 Hraces of 'sulphuricpaciammmr ee scrskicis oases sis 1s. oh4-0, evens « che 0-000 MO tells.) 1 or 4 ee Reeders Sei elsn a Aiud AS 1-044 From the non-diseased parts of the same udder the results of the analysis were as follows : 58 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. — The 11:417 solids were: TOES Ae a Ine er alte aca raat es c.d.4.6 3°405 (OPIS Teii uae ee Mem em aie Ur Wer rn Ny 1 2 se eee lao Salo 3:218 Milkesugar and |@XtTacuivess es leer at ect nee 4-092 altset le ete sc othe cle Ree ene Beet eo 8 ee 702 "Potall «., 0js:aS te Weo: Cae ese te REE ore ocr asc 2 te 11°417 The mineral elements were: Phosphori¢ earthsyandvoxide of arom... - ees as). .5 olen 0°317 Carbonates of tme try ie te cia ctnds eeu cielo laine ic steno ie ele orci 07146 Chloride iorssodium marr ernie crc ene cece Ae as ae 0:004 Soda. ek es LEER elation ani Palette ee iacenetelevotent ie stoners 0°325 ‘Tracessof sulphurievacidls: syenteehesee cr ee ee eee reer 0°000 M Ota rec stot ote cle a e's Ait votlage cuenta anes me eoe epee ae Ree ane 0-702 The same is true, except in degree, of the more excessive grades of inflammation. The important question is, /s such milk harm- Sul, and to what extent ? May not the only too frequent cases of so-called “ summer-com- plaint” of children, especially of those brought up on the bottle, be traceable, in a measure, to feeding them upon milk containing these colostrum-like elements ? We know that colostrum exerts a gentle purgative influence. Is it, then, going too far to Gn an @ priort manner) assume that such milk, when continually gwen, may produce more serious and lasting effects ? | This can only be proved by direct experiment upon young ani- mals, which can not be done except at some expense to the State. It is, indeed, done by children, at no expense to the State, but at a fearful cost of human life, and all that is needed to close the evi- dence of this human vivisection is the competent veterinary expert at the milk-fountain end of the route, and the exact medical observer at the other. I think there would be little difficulty in establishing the connection between cause and effect, if animal life is not too precious and too tender for sentimental persons who esteem it above human at the present day. While every one is crying out for more economy in reference to State expenses, and while many expenses can doubtless be cut down with great benefit to the people—for in- stance, the number of representatives might be greatly lessened, with a corresponding increase in quality—might it not be well to call to mind the old adage that ‘it is not well to hold on to the spile with all one’s might, and not look out for the bung.” DISEASES OF CATTLE. 59 The work of State boards of health is not surely to be limited to gathering statistics of mortality in man, or inspecting our water- sources alone, but should extend to the investigation of those experi- ments by which alone the true causes of disease may be discovered. We are too apt to satisfy ourselves with fine-sounding hypotheses with regard to the origin of many so-called strange diseases, which a few exact experiments would soon send to the winds, and which would lead to the discovery, if not of the cause or causes, certainly of means for their prevention. The real germ of small-pox contagion has never yet been posi- tively isolated, although many fond supporters of the micrococcus- germ theory cherish an idea to,the contrary ; yet careful experiment and exact observation, in unison with practical experience, have taught us that exact attention to, and universal application of, vacci- nation, is an almost infallibly sure means of prevention against its deadly ravages. With regard to this very milk question, a few facts, gained from actual experiment, are worth thousands of surmises from practicing physicians. To this end State boards of health should have at their com- mand an experiment station, under the control of a competently educated person as superintendent and observer of the experiments. Such a person should be a veterinarian, and be at the same time a member of the State Board of Health ; the advantage to such boards of such a member is by no means appreciated at the present time, either by the members of such boards or by the people at large. With reference to the expenses of such a station, the question for legislators, and also for the people, to consider, is not one of im- mediate outlay, but whether it is cheaper to spend a few thousand dollars yearly for experiments, or to have causes of disease, and sometimes death, existing for years, which it is possible to discov- er, or at least to find means to prevent their action. Another most important question to which I desire to call atten- tion is, Have States or cities done their whole duty when they have appointed inspectors to examine milk after it has left the producer, as it rs ready for delivery to the consumer ? If, as I can but think, experiment will prove that the consump- tion of milk from cows having diseased udders, so called “ garget,” is fraught with danger to human health, then city inspection, or de- livery inspection, 1s next to useless, and the place for the most im- portant inspection is at the stable of the producer. All such cows should be isolated by an official veterinary in- 60 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. spector, and the sale of the milk from such isolated cows for human consumption should be punished by most severe penalties. In fact, the inspection of the milk as it is delivered to the dis- tributors for immediate consumption can only lead to the discovery of dilution—that is, cheating in value—never to the discovery of an unhealthy or absolutely diseased fountain-head, 1. é., cow or cows. The unquestionable guaranteeing to the public that the cows producing the milk are healthy is, in my opinion, far more a matter of necessity, from a hygienic point of view, than the discovery of a varying degree of watery dilution, always providing the water it- self is pure. In the one case, we have discovered a simple swindle ; in the other, what might prove to be the cause of serious constitu- tional disturbances among the consumers. It may not be known to many milk-producers that medicine given internally, and many things, such as salves and dressings, especially those used against insects, applied outwardly, are capable of exert- ing an influence upon milk which is very likely to be disturbing, or even injurious, in a far more serious degree to the consumers. The following examples, casually gathered in my reading, will sufficiently testify to this remark : Guenther * found antimony in milk after feeding the tartrate to a cow. Harms observed a hemorrhagic diarrhcea in two dogs and three young goats, after feeding them with the milk from a cow which had been given a large dose of the above-mentioned tartrate —forty-six grammes—the day before. Klink + demonstrated the presence of quicksilver in the milk of a woman afflicted with syphilis, that had been subjected to the blue- ointment treatment. According to Henry and Chevallier, cooking-salt, bicarbonate of soda, sulphate of soda, and iodide of potassium, may be discovered in milk when given to animals. Twelve cows were so infected by carbolic acid, which had been used in a strong solution to disinfect the stable, that human beings who used the milk, both cooked and uncooked, became sick, but finally recovered. $ A large number of persons in Rome were poisoned from the use of goat’s milk.|| The disease, as it appeared in these people, was strongly characteristic of cholera. Some persons recovered in * “ Jahresbericht d. Thierarzneischule zu Hannover,” No. 6, p. 72. + “ Vierteljahrsschrift fiir Dermatologie u. Syphilis,” 1876, p. 207. $ Scholtz, “‘ Preussische Mittheil.,” 187475, p. 109. | “ Med. u, Chirurg. Centralblatt,” 1875. DISEASES OF CATTLE. 61 the course of seventy-four hours, but the majority were ill for some four or five days. The violence of the symptoms was in direct pro- portion to the quantity of milk consumed. The suspected goats were subjected to a careful examination by a veterinarian, but noth- ing abnormal discovered. Their food was next critically examined, and the following four poisonous plants were found in it: “ conium maculatum,” “clematis vitalba,” “colchicum autumnale,” “ plum- bago Europea.” An examination of the milk vomited by the sick people revealed the presence of colehicum, which was looked upon as the cause of the disturbance. TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTLE. This disease of cattle, but especially the milch-cow, is now play- ing a most sensational dle in the discussions of hygienists, more especially those of Germany. That the tendency or disposition to this disease is transmissible from parents to offspring has been placed beyond all question by the observation and experience of stock-raisers. This fact is also well enough known, but by far too little appreciated, by human be- ings with reference to their own race. Dr. Bowditch, of Boston, has clearly shown the influence which long-continued residence in low, damp, unhealthy localities has upon the generations of the older New England families in extending or keeping alive this disease; but the medical profession has been alto- gether too silent with regard to hereditary influences. Mueller * says that, basing his opinion upon 988 eases of per- sonal observation during the course of nine years, in 21°8 per cent of the same the parents had also suffered from tubercular consump- tion. This percentage increases to 28°6 per cent, if we take into consideration the grandparents, brothers, and sisters. Other ob- servers assume that thirty-eight per cent of the deaths from tuber- cular consumption in human beings is due to hereditary influence. If, as said, stock-raisers have learned a lesson from costly experience in this regard, and are applying principles of selection or exclusion in their breeding of animals, is it too late to apply like principles to human beings ? Is it not high time that the principles of scientific breeding should be applied by man to his own species? Beauty, form, money, position, should all play their appropriate part in the selec- tion of the partner for life by man or woman; but, as the natural result of marriage, as the result of being made male and female, is * “Tnaugural Dissertation,” Berne, 1876. 62 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. the production of children, is it not still more imperatively de- manded of us to take the health of these products of our lust more frequently than our good sense into earnest consideration by select- ing a partner from families in which these tendencies have attained the least possible strength ? Have we any right to condemn children thus to lives of misery and early graves? What stock-raisers do for their pockets, man- kind should certainly have sense enough to do for their own off- spring. “°Tis through ignorance they do it.” — The blame falls upon the shoulders of an incompetent, avari- cious medical profession. Consumptive families bring large fees, heip to buy corner-lots, and enable the great doctor to ride com- fortably about with coupé and coachman. But to return to our subject. This disease of cattle has been practically known to exist fora longtime. Its cause has been sought in all sorts of absurdities, such as acrid or irritable substances in food or water. Even hereditary influences failed for a long time of their due appreciation. In Germany the disease is also known as the “ Franzésenkrankheit,” or French disease. It probably received the name when everything evil which befell the German race was only too willingly attributed to their French neighbors as well as conquerors. The first intimation that some irritating or infectious elements were contained in the milk of cows having this disease is due to Gerlach, the most noted of all German veterinarians, and late di- rector of the Royal Veterinary Institute at Berlin. The experiments of Villemin, Klebs, Orth, and many others, have amply demonstrated that the elements from tuberculous dis- eased lungs, lymph-glands, and other organs, contained some pe- culiar infectious material capable of producing a similar disease when inoculated upon, or in some cases fed to, animals by way of experiment. With reference to the milk of tuberculous diseased cows, the honor of priority is unquestionably Gerlach’s. Here we have to do with a question of manifold character. Not only is the public health threatened, but both the nation and each individual dairyman, or cow-owner, has to face a question of no secondary economical importance. If the experimental results obtained by Gerlach and other ob- servers, both German and French, become universally accepted, then governments have no other recourse than to order the most exact DISEASES OF CATTLE. 63 supervision of the cattle in their respective countries, by which the disease may be discovered, and their sale as meat at the earliest pos- sible moment of such as are suitable. All others, in which this is found unjustifiable on account of their condition, must be turned over to the knacker. The loss and expense of such a procedure can be best appreci- ated by the expert acquainted with the extreme extension which this disease has acquired among cattle, especially milch-cows. If any government undertakes to stamp out this disease, it will find difficulties by far exceeding those connected with a similar pro- cess by any other contagious malady. The adage, “ Touch a man’s pocket and you touch his heart,” will be more than sufficiently verified. In Germany, where the majority of the milch-cows are stall-fed, and that, too, in poorly ventilated, ill-arranged stables, this disease has acquired an extension of which we can at present make no ap- preciation in this country. The assertion of the infectiousness of the milk from such cows raised a perfect storm of abuse in Germany, which poured down on the asserter’s head until he died. The more ignorant, lazy, and indifferent men were, the louder they abused. Many men who were professors at the schools jomed in the ery, “ Down with him!” without ever making the attempt to prove the assertions wrong by direct experiment. Succeeding experiments have, however, es- sentially strengthened the assertions of Gerlach. As these first experiments * with reference to so momentous a question are worthy of all attention, I take the liberty of noticing a very few of them in this place. Having a cow afflicted with tuberculosis that still gave milk, it was resolved to use the same to test the question “* whether the milk from such a cow is capable of producing a similar disease in young animals when fed upon it.” + The cow was seven or eight years old, much emaciated, respira_ tion difficult, and had a rough, weak cough; vesicular respiration perceptible over all parts of the thorax which inclose the lungs, but numerous unnatural, especially dry “rales” were perceptible. Ln no place was the percussion deadened. No fever. Appetite good. Daily milk quantum, 1,500 grammes. After the lapse of three * It is not our purpose here to go into detail with reference to these experiments, but we will refer those interested to the “ Veterinary Journal,” London (England), vols. Vili, ix, and x, where they will find abundant material. + Gerlach, “ Experiments with Reference to the Milk of Cows having Tuberculosis.’ “ Jahresbericht d. Thierarzneischule zu Hannover,” 1868-69. 64 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. months the cow was killed. The emaciated condition had grad- ually increased, the milk-secretion likewise decreasing: in the first month the yield of milk decreased 600 grammes ; in the second, 500 grammes, and during the last eight days the secretion ceased en- tirely, although the animal received all the nourishment she could consume. “ Autopsy.—The inner thoracic walls, the diaphragm, and the mediastinum were covered with numerous tubercles of variable di- mensions; the pulmonary pleura, or covering of the lungs, was far less complicated. The lungs were voluminous, and double their normal weight. Nodules and tubercles were distinctly perceptible on palpation. The bronchial lymph-glands were hypertrophied— enlarged—hard and nodulated. Cross-section of the pulmonary tis- sues revealed the presence of numerous tubercles and tuberculous devastations ; large and small cavities filled with a muco-purulent mass, others with caseous material; numerous miliary tubercles were dispersed over the pulmonary tissue.” With the milk from this cow were fed two calves, two pigs, one sheep, and two rabbits. The first calf died from an accidentally ac- quired disease. Calf No. 2.— A healthy, well-nourished calf, eight days old, was fed with milk from the above-mentioned cow, for a period ex- tending over one and two thirds months; at first it received 1,000 and later 300 grammes of milk daily, an average of about 650 grammes per day; in fifty days the whole quantity of milk con- sumed amounted to from 30 to 32 kilogrammes. Aside from this the calf received other milk; later, diluted milk and oatmeal. Neither phenomena indicating the presence of disease, nor disturb- ance of the nutritive functions, were observable. The calf was killed one hundred days from the time that the experimental feed- ing began, and fifty days after the feeding with milk from the tu- berculous cow had ceased. Autopsy.—The pleura of the sharp edges of the right lung was covered with delicate red, filamentous excrescences, which extend- ed asa fringe about a centimetre beyond the edge of the lung. Here and there this neoplastic production formed a connected mem- brane in which were to be seen miliary tubercles, as refracting points. The costal pleura, the inner lining of the ribs, was also irreg- ularly covered with a membrane of similar character. In the lungs were to be seen tubercles, otherwise the parenchyma was normal ; immediately under the pleura were to be seen four small and six miliary tubercles, and eight more were to be seen in the loose inter- DISEASES OF CATTLE. 65 lobular tissue. The smaller tubercles were more transparent, and had a grayish color, having a firm organic character ; in the center of one of the larger ones was to be seen caseous material. The bronchial lymph-glands were much enlarged ; inwardly disturbed by many purulent and caseous centers; here and there lime-salts were perceptible; the tuberculous centers extended prominently above the cut surface of the gland. The mesenteric and other glands presented a similar character. The microscopical examinations of the tubercles gave the same characteristics as those of man. Some of the experiments with the other animals mentioned previously gave negative, while others were followed by positive, re- sults. . These and other more recent experiments prove that the milk JSrom cows complicated with tuberculosis is not only harmful, but that it also contains elements of a specifically dangerous character ; ut ts capable of generating elements of a similar character + it there- Sore bears the character termed infectious. While I will not go so far as to consider the above-noticed and other experiments as conclusive and unquestionable evidence that the milk from tuberculous cows (and why not human mothers ?) wil at all temes produce tuberculosis in young animals fed on the same, yet, such is my confidence in the value of the experiments made by Gerlach and still later by others, that for myself I have no doubt whatever that the milk from tuberculous cows and mothers will, in the greater number of cases, generate tubercles in young ani- mals when fed with sufficient quantities, and for a sufficient length of tume, to produce infection. The casual reader might perhaps fail to see the point to which these conclusions necessarily lead us, viz., that if young animals can be thus infected, what is there to prevent the same taking place im babes brought up on the bottle? I do not wish to place myself before the public as a visionary alarmist. Here are facts, however, induced from carefully executed ex- periments, and by a man noted for his exactness and trustworthiness in other branches of researches. Bollinger has summed up the feeding experiments upon young animals, with the milk in question, as follows: “Three pigs—one successfully, two doubtful. “Three calves—two successfully, one prematurely died. “One lamb—one successfully. “Two dogs—two negative results. 5 66 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. “Two cats—two negative results. “ Fourteen rabbits—two positive, six negative results; the other six were fed upon the milk when boiled, and consequently were unaffected.” The excitement which exists with reference to this disease among hygienists, makes it imperative for us to gain all the knowledge we can as to the manner of its extension among animals. The follow- ing remarks, bearing as they do immediately upon this point, will, | therefore, not be without interest and benefit to the general reader. That the sputa from people afflicted with tubercular consump- tion contains elements capable of infection, has been placed beyond all doubt by means of numerous experiments with dogs where the sputa was dispersed by means of a spray-distributor into the air of a small room in which the animals were confined for a time each day, the balance of the time being allowed freedom in the open air. Too many sad cases of death from tubercular consumption have been unquestionably traced to the influence of expired air from persons having the disease, upon nurses and others around them, even in cases where any inherited disposition to the disease could be excluded beyond all question. Most strikingly, yes, shockingly, illustrating this point, viz., the infectiousness of the breath of persons afflicted with tuberculosis, are the cases given by Dr. Reich in the “ Berliner klinische Wochen- schrift,” No. 87, 1878—“ Die Tuberculosis eine Infectionskrank- heit.” In these cases the disease was transmitted to ten children by a nurse who had the habit of sucking at, and blowing into the mouths of such little ones as were born asphyctic. Dr. Reich sums up his observations as follows: “1. In the time which elapsed from the summer of 1875 to the fall of 1876 (July 11th to September 29th), there died at Neuen- burg, of meningitis tuberculosa, ten children that were born between April 4, 1875, and May 10, 1876. “2. There was no ascertainable disposition to tuberculosis in any of the ten children. “3. All these ten children were brought into the world by the nurse Sanger. “4, In the practice of the nurse Regisser (in the same town), not one single child died or sickened of tubercular meningitis dur- ing the same time. “5. The nurse Sanger suffered from tubercular consumption at the time. In July, 1875, an examination of her lungs revealed DISEASES OF CATTLE. 67 cavities in the same, and she raised purulent ichorous sputa. She died from the disease July 28, 1876. “6. Nurse Sanger had the habit of removing the mucus from the babes’ mouths by means of suction with her own; and of blow- ing her own breath into the mouths of asphyctic children; and, in general, treated children in a manner which rendered it possible for the expired air from her own lungs to get into theirs, kissing them much, ete. “7. In three of the cases of tubercular meningitis which came to my personal observation, the sickness began with bronchitis. “8. Meningitis tuberculosa is not an endemic disease among children at Neuenburg. In the nine years, from 1866-74, only two deaths are reported from this disease among children under one year old. Of twelve children, under one year old, that died in 1877, only one died from this disease; the parents of this child were both subjects of tubercular consumption.” These cases, and those which follow, that were made by an ac- complished veterinarian, in connection with the experimental testi- mony which we have brought together in a simply suggestive but by no means exhaustive form, should be more than sufficient to eall the attention of every reflecting man and woman to the fact that tuberculosis is not only a disease, the disposition to which is transmissible from parent to offspring, both human and animal, but that it is, under certain circumstances, a highly contagious and in- fectious disease. They tell us in warning words that we must not only be most careful in selecting our partner for life, but in the selection of the nurse, or maid, for children, and, when necessary, the cow from which we are to give them milk. The influence of the eapired air from the lungs of cattle afflicted with the disease called tuberculosis upon other animals of the same species confined in the same stable with them. This question is one of vast practical and economical impor- tance to the farmer and dairyman. I much regret that I am so entirely limited to the observations of foreigners upon cattle in their own countries rather than to observations gathered in our own country; but this fact should stimulate us to more careful consideration of these questions, even though it be late in the day that we begin. A German veterinarian, Albert, contributes a very thoughtful and interesting paper, detailing personal observations bearing upon this very point, in the “ Wochenschrift fiir Thierheilkunde,”’ Nos. 30 and 31, 1880, under the title “The Tuberculosis of Cattle as an 68 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Infectious Disease.” The following is a free translation of the es- sential points of this paper: Although heredity is unquestionably a very important cause in the generation of this disease among cattle, still it does not suffice to explain the great extension which the same acquires among them ; especially is it insufficient in answering for the eruption of the disease among cattle in stables where no breeding takes place, or where the young animals are brought in from other places. In such stables other causes must be brought into action, and these are ‘ the transmission of the disease from one animal to another. I have observed that when there is in a stable one individual which contains in its organism the conditions necessary to the extension of the dis- ease—tubercular process in the lungs—the disease extends to the other animals—cattle—in the same stable which have been there for a sufficient period. This seems to conform to the fact that tuberculosis is a disease peculiar to our domesticated cattle, but not to the wild ones of the plains, and agrees with the experience that certain stables are looked upon as peculiarly favorable to the gener- ation of the disease. Of the peculiar metamorphoses which tubercles undergo, those of caseous degeneration offer the most favorable conditions for in- fecting the expired air of a diseased animal. The following cases will answer to illustrate the point in ques- tion : Casr I.—At the time (1848) that the views of veterinary au- thors were most crude with regard to the nature of bovine tuber- culosis, I had occasion to treat the disease upon a farm where it had prevailed for a long time, and caused much loss to the owner. Upon the farm were always kept fourteen milch-cows and cattle, a bull, and four calves. Of these, four head were sold each year, and replaced by the same number of calves. The animals sold were not always of the same age each year; in one year the two and three year olds would be sold, in another older cows, and the third some of each, according to the fullness of the owner’s purse, so that there were cattle on the farm two, six, and twelve years old. Of these older animals, I found on my first examination two afflicted with a rough, dry cough, and with accelerated respiration. As I was aware of the constancy with which the disease had pre- vailed among the owner’s cattle, it was my advice to get rid of these two as early as possible. This advice was followed. The cattle | were fattened, and upon being slaughtered my diagnosis was con- firmed. DISEASES OF CATTLE. 69 In the mean time every attention was given to the feeding and general care of the cattle upon the place. In 1851 I again found two of the cattle that coughed, and grad- ually became somewhat emaciated. The attempt to fatten them was partially successful in one, but failed in the other. Both were killed, and tuberculosis found in them. Four calves were placed in the spring of 1852 with the cattle in the old stable, and four others placed where they were taken from. All seemed to be healthy to the spring of 1854, when one of the calves, which had become three years old and had been placed in the old stable, began to cough. The cough was at first very slight, but commenced to increase after the heifer had calved. In the following summer it again dimin- ished, to augment very considerably in the fall. This animal was put out to graze in the spring of 1855, and to my surprise became quite fat; but upon being slaughtered the animal was found to be highly tuberculous. Of the old cattle there still remained a single cow, which we will call “ A,” that had always stood next to the above-mentioned animal. All the others had been sold and killed, their places hay- ing been filled by new ones. This cow had coughed for a long time; but, not suffering in condition, she had been kept, as she was a great favorite with the farmer’s wife, especially as I had not then the slightest suspicion of infection by means of the atmosphere. Every animal which during this period had stood beside this cow had begun to cough after a shorter or longer period, and, as the positions of the animals were sometimes changed, it happened that in course of time nearly all of them began to have the same sus- picious cough. The continued buying, rearing, and selling of cattle went on for nine years before I had opportunity to examine the cow “A,” which was then sold to a butcher. The examination of the body and its contents resulted in finding it highly tuberculous. The re- sult of all my experience awakened in me the suspicion of the transmission of the disease from animal to animal, an opinion which was then considered ridiculous. I communicated my opinion to the owner, and advised his selling off all his cattle and replacing them with new and healthy ones from parents and places where the dis- ease was not known to exist. My advice was appreciated by the owner calling in a quack to take my place. Case I].—On another farm were kept from twenty-four to twenty-six head of cattle. In 1864 the owner bought a calf to bring up, the mother of which died a few years later from tuberculosis. 0 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. This calf developed very poorly for the first two years of its life; its neck and head were small and long, and its bones very small, so that the whole Aadbdtus of the animal was cachectic. This animal was killed in the fall of 1869. In the course of the winter of 186970 many of the cattle began to cough, and among them two, “ A ” and “ B,” so severely that my services were requested. I found all the animals in an apparently healthy condition ; only the two, A and B, were noticed to cough. By auscultation, I found in A a peculiarly marked bronchial respiration in portions of the left lung. At this time I knew nothing of the breeding, or the phenomena seen in the above-mentioned calf, which had been slaughtered. During this winter and the succeeding summer the two cattle, A and B, besides others, continued to cough. All the animals on the farm coughed during the winter of 1870-71, except the yearlings and some calves which were kept in another stable. In the spring of 1871 the two cows, A and B, began to emaciate so much that it was considered advisable to kill them. The autopsy revealed the general characteristics of tubercular pneumonia, and tuberculosis of other organs. Basing my opinions upon the pre- viously mentioned experience, I made no hesitation in pronouncing all the cattle in this stable that coughed as afflicted with tuberculo- sis, and advised the owner to gradually get rid of them all. On ac- count of economical reasons, this was easier said than done, and the owner has never since been free from this disease among his cattle. During the period from 1864—’71, tuberculosis has been always present among the cattle of this owner, who has lost nineteen head from the disease in that time. The author gives four other illustrations of similar extension of tuberculosis among cattle upon other farms, and closes his remarks with the following interesting case : The milk from one of these cows had been used for some time in a cooked condition, but the condition of the cow finally became so bad it was decided to give the milk to the hogs, but wncooked. From May of the same year, the farmer’s wife noticed that the young pigs (four or five months old) fed upon this milk did not ap- pear to thrive well, and as, in the course of a few weeks three died, I was requested to make an examination of the last one. I found the same much emaciated. I found a tuberculous peritonitis with effusion in the cavity of that organ. The lungsand bronchial glands were normal; the mesenteric glands enlarged—on section of the same, found them filled with a tuberculous mass; tubercles in the liver. In the course of a few weeks the two remaining pigs of the DISEASES OF CATTLE. val litter also died. I found tuberculosis in one of them, and the owner told me that the other, and another of an older litter which was with them, and fed on the same milk, were also found tuberculous on being examined. Unfortunately, in this country, there are not at present any sta- tistics with reference to the extension which this disease has attained among our cattle, and the same is almost true with reference to other lands. The following meager statistics may not, however, be with- out interest to the reader: STATISTICS WITH REFERENCE TO TUBERCULOSIS AMONG BAVARIAN CATTLE FOR THE YEAR 1877. Tuberculous. Mesto. cizssictousssis;sveuen- 869. Wemales):, ..coctoksesc toe eene 4,107. 1°62 to the 1,000. G4 under One:Veats ON. aes te sieten isis oS hans, 1°31 per cent. 528 from one to three years, or..............-.; TOSI ss 1,846 from three to six years, or................-.- Biyptstl) 3 8 OAL OVEL SLR VCASH Olsere cele oh Steloel stages Bete Sloe asic DOO Goring, “ Zeitschrift fir Thierheilkunde,” 4, 286. From January 1 to December 31, 1874, were killed at Augsburg, Bavaria, 11,331 cattle (calves excluded) ; of these 134 were tubercu- lous, 1:18 per cent ; 42 males (13 bulls and 29 steers); 92 females. Of the whole number slaughtered, about one third were males and two thirds females. For the year 1876 were killed 13,241 cattle and 25,909 calves. Of these, 250 were found tuberculous; viz., 243 cattle over one year old, one calf three weeks old. The percentage for 1876 was 1°84; for 1875, 1:40; for 1874, 1:18; for 1878, 1:02; for 1872, 1:27. For 1876, 75 males and 168 females. Of the males, 89 were castrated and 36 were not. Sratistics oF DisEASES FOUND AMONG ANIMALS SLAUGHTERED AT Monicy mw 1874. Whole number slaughtered at the public shambles: OREN... 5.0 e Ais pa RIE ee ce oie ae Stn i's A cleselecapatare 231 Cattle } Wows! and | Ste@ersss erties iiare hao cies <6 sin 0 0S oe ray Stee 5,290 OAV GSS 25 331... ee eRe ea ors sins os gic scone wis oeceereee 4,201 SHON. -.o-\.: =a ge hs cc 5 Sa) oad Dene 1,563 RONWGINRE 2 5 4) os ores at Ae PERIL Re ech crak ha! acs) Sar el esars Sieteranaebae 303 Of the frequent diseases were observed : "9, THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Pulmonary tuberculosis in one goat and.............. 235 cattle. Perlsucht, or tuberculosis of the seros@.............. 107 eee Tuberculosis of the liver.............-.2.0ceeeeeees PAD Tuberculosis of, the wdderepere nee mer ter ere ie Miberculosis of jthejbonessepeeeree eee tees one e ee Des Abscess in the lungs............. Fils ty SO ae AD ii es Pleuro-pneumoniaseepe her pe eer eer ter tiers Rec eel as 20) (oe Echinococcus otsthedungsiae ane ie oeks an eee oe 44.6 Echinococcus of(thedivertecerraearienescs scence. =. 10 * Indurationvok themliverse seen eee ee eee ieee 264) 6 Distoma hepaticumie een mern retin encase ns 219) es Teter uses. sale See ie ree Re ras Coauthor a glee st ORC ANVIE RS INephritis Sup punabiviencty smi: else ee re an eens ak 12 cattle. Abscess in udder and mastitis...................... 8 DCADIES yee ria oo sic vale ee eta pegetsia a uc tame heute occ eam te 242 sheep. Osteomalaciae nd ccs le pve eve nen see eae epee es eames 9 cattle. Mie aSleS'e isc eicie see km ele es SIMUL SER ie op re lar RR IIs eeee eale roe 4 swine. Slonk*vealiie i... sc Geis cts Gee ee ce Ee ee ee ee 57 calves. Nauseous appearance of flesh in one swine and....... 2D eae “Department veterinarian Pauli reports* that 12,585 kilo- grammes of flesh were officially destroyed at the investigation sta- tions in Berlin from 1877 to 1878. Further, 1,646 cattle, 2,027 swine, 235 calves, and 714 sheep, were killed in the police slaughter- house to determine their hygienic condition. Of these, 218 cattle, 643 swine, 196 calves, and 382 sheep were found unfit for food. Of the 213 cattle, 49 suffered from general ‘tuberculosis and initial emaciation,’ 46 ‘from general tuberculosis and cachexia,’ and 22 ‘from tuberculosis, general hydrops, and cachexia,’ and 85 swine were found measly. In 998 cattle, 1,466 swine, 8 calves, and 107 sheep were found single diseased organs, which forbade using the flesh for human food.” There is no subject more urgently requiring the attention of boards of health and the people than this. However important trichiniasis may be, this far exceeds it. The few experiments which have been made should be repeated by hun- dreds—yes, thousands, if necessary—by carefully selected men, and at the expense of the State, until this question is forever settled pro or con. While this is being done, competent veterinarians (not empirics) should be engaged by the respective State boards of health to gather reliable statistics with reference to the extension of tuberculosis among the cattle of each State. It would be well that the National Board of Health instigate the work. * “WMittheil. aus d. Thierarzt. Praxis,” 1877-78, p. 99. DISEASES OF CATTLE. "3 As the statistical results of the experiments which have been made unquestionably go to prove that such milk does contain ele- ments of a specifically infectious character, there is no question that laws should be made, and executed also, so as to prevent the sale of such milk for human consumption, either for itself or mixed with other milk, in no matter how sinall quantities. No such milk should be sold; but such cows should be strictly isolated and fattened, or condemned. This question of the specific infection of milk from tuberculous cows is no trifling matter; on the contrary, 2 2s one of life and death. ow many thousand babies are yearly brought up on the bottle with cow’s milk ! All the fond parents ask is, that the milk is from one cow. This guaranteed, they appear to feel perfectly satisfied. No one seems yet to have thought that a trustworthy and expert guarantee of the hygienic condition of the cow giving the milk was necessary. We make great demands, and get terribly excited about the purity of our water-supply. We spend millions of dollars to keep the foun- tains pure, and to prevent all foreign admixtures on its passage to us. Is it not as much our duty to examine into the purity of the fountains from which comes our milk-supply ? We can not but repeat our assertion that every State board of health should be liberally supplied with funds to be used exclusively for experimental purposes, and in every State there should be a station for such purposes. I do not know that it has ever yet been proved by direct experi- ment how much dilution it is possible to give to milk by means of unduly watery food given to the cow, or how much the milk can be concentrated, in one and the same cow, by systematically lessen- ing the quantity of fluid given consistent with the health of the animal. The first form of feeding might be well called dilution of milk within the law, while when the water is added after milking we have dilution under penalty of, or without, the law. Both forms of dilution are equally a swindle upon the con- sumer. An economy which does not recognize the absolute necessity of such experiments as the above is of the “penny-wise but pound- foolish variety,” and never in the ¢rwe interests of the public. 44. THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. INFECTION. ANTHRAX (Carbuncle). Anturax is the disease of all the diseases strictly due to germ-life which is best understood by scientists. Before considering it, how- ever, we desire to introduce some general remarks, and then to con- sider the subject of germ-infection, though in a very general manner. The word ¢fectio means to pollute. The subject of infection is one of the most theoretic connected with the study of medicine. To theorize does not mean to dream of things possible, as the major part of the people and too many professionals seem to think. To be called a theorist, if one is in reality such, is by no means a disgrace; on the contrary, it is the highest honor that can be given. It means, truly, that one is a man capable of reasoning, both by in- duction and deduction. To be called a practical man means that you know nothing but routine practice, or what one has inherited from teachers and fathers, and that we are incapable of reasoning. Theory is the connecting link, the hypothetical bridge of explanation between two known facts. These facts are, first, that something takes place; second, the phenomena by which you recognize that something has taken place. The empiric is satisfied with this knowledge. It is enough for him that a horse has colic, and that certain symptoms indicate it, and that in general a dose of a certain medicine will cure it. This is being practical. To theorize means to be able to think, and to think logically and well—to be able to trace the connection between cause and effect. If there is any disgrace in this, then those who are called theorists are generally in most honorable company. The trouble with our profession is and has been that it has never yet produced a great thinker. Not one of the men whose names you have been taught to revere as great among veterinarians have ever been great thinkers. Even human medicine has been noto- riously wanting in this regard. Good thinkers are scarce at best. The Bacons, Goethes, Des- cartes, Humes, and Franklins of this world are always phenomenal. The great practitioners have been numerous; the great thinkers in medicine can be counted upon the fingers of one hand. They are the men who have shaped the course of medicine for years after their death, and frequently during their lives. INFECTION. 45 Has veterinary medicine ever produced a Bichat or a Virchow? When it does, it will stand scientifically on a level with human medi- cine, and not till then; for then it will for a time give the direction to all medical research and thought. Good theorists are ever prac- tical in the best sense of the word; for practical does not always mean a knowledge of therapeutics alone, as many teach. An erro- neous theory, ably defended, is of more benefit to the world than a true one which lacks earnest defenders or combaters. It stirs men up, and leads to the discovery of the truth. Darwinism has been the greatest blessing to natural science that the nineteenth century has produced, even though all its premises should finally be proved incorrect. You have only to think of the immense increase of our knowledge of the lower forms of life, of the physiological functions of both lower and higher animals, to re- alize this. Some of our very best veterinarians are getting by far too con- ceited, and this conceit is unfortunately becoming inoculated into the rising generation. There is no such thing in existence as veterinary science. We speak of veterinary pathologists, when in reality we have never had a single one. Pathologists and pathological anatomists are entirely different things, though occasionally united in one person. Bichat and Virchow were pathologists, because they were good thinkers. Pathology is the philosophy of disease. They were or are pathological anatomists, because they-could correctly read, that is, describe the results of disease. From these results they theo- rized ; that is, from facts they thought; that is, they tried to tell us how the results took place, for no man has yet seen the processes of disease. What we see upon the dissection-table, or under the microscope, is not the processes of disease, but the results. If we are practical in the world’s sense, these results will be of no value to us; if we are theorists, they may be very instructive, and we can become truly practical. I have said that Virchow and Bichat were pathologists, and that veterinary medicine had never produced a pathologist. This is a fact, contradict it who may. But if we have not pro- duced pathologists, we have pathological anatomists, some say. Again I say, all wrong.