Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. = BULLETIN OF THE USDEPARTNENT OF AGRICULTURE No. 101 N Zz othe, WY Saif Qf 17; 2 c) Q <7 Ne Contribution from the Forest Service, Henry S. Graves, Forester. September 25, 1914. (PROFESSIONAL PAPER.) RELATIVE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS CONIFERS TO INJECTION WITH CREOSOTE. By C. H. TEESDALE, Engineer in Forest Products, Forest Products Laboratory. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS. It is very difficult and sometimes apparently impossible to secure uniform treatments of wood with preservatives. If, for example, an average treatment is given of 10 pounds of creosote per cubic foot, some pieces of wood in a charge will receive twice the average amount, while others will receive less than one-half of it. Efficient use of the preservative obviously requires that each timber receive its full portion and no more. One essential condition for securing uni- formity of treatment is that all pieces in any one charge shall present equal resistance to injection. This requires that the wood be graded in accordance with its ease of treatment, and the experiments here described were made to investigate this subject. To obtain a logical basis for such classification it was necessary to study the relation be- tween the structure of wood and the manner in which it receives treat- ments. This study was carried out at the Forest Products Labora- tory maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, Wis. The present publication is confined to coniferous woods. STRUCTURE OF THE CONIFERS. The woods of cone-bearing trees, or conifers, have certain similari- ties of structure which distinguish them from the woods of broad- leaved trees. In commerce the terms “ softwoods” and “ hardwoods ” are applied respectively to these two classes of wood. The follow- ing description of wood structure applies only to the conifers. Notr.—The purpose of this bulletin is to show how woods should be graded in order that they may give uniform results when subjected to treatment with preservatives; it is intended for those interested in wood preservation. 41702°—Bull. 101—14——_1 2 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, GROSS STRUCTURE. On any cross section of a log a zone of light-colored wood next to the bark may usually be distinguished from the inner portion of the log. This outside zone is the sapwood; the inner darker portion is the heartwood. In the sapwood many of the cells are used for con- duction and storage of materials necessary in the life processes of the tree; the outer layer of cells, called the cambium, forms the growing part. The darker color of the heartwood is due to the infiltration of chemical substances into the cell walls, but the cavities of the cells generally are not filled up, as is sometimes believed. Sapwood varies, even within the same tree, in its relative width and in the number of rings which it contains; the same year’s growth may be sapwood in Fig. 1.—Wood of spruce. 1, natural size; 2, small part of one ring magnified 100 times. The vertical tubes are wood fibers, in this case all ‘‘ tracheids.”’ m, medullary or pith ray; nm, transverse tracheids of pith ray; a, b, and c, bordered pits of the tracheids, more enlarged. one part of the cross section and heartwood in another part. In some species (those of Abies, Tsuga, and Picea) there is no sharp color distinction between the sapwood and heartwood. The concentric rings, each of which represents one year’s growth, also vary in thickness in different trees and in different parts of the same tree. Each ring consists of two portions; one is an inner, softer, lighter-colored portion formed early in the season, called spring- wood; the other is an outer, firmer, and darker-colored portion, formed late in the season and called summerwood. In some species, as in longleaf pine, the dark summerwood appears as a distinct, sharply defined band, constituting 50 per cent or more of the cross section; in other species, as in white pine, the springwood passes gradually into the darker summerwood. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 3 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE. The structure of wood is illustrated diagrammatically in figure 1, while Plates I, II, and III are photographs of magnified sections seen in transverse, radial, and tangential planes, respectively. TRACHEIDS. The fibers called “ tracheids,” forming the greater portion of the wood, are between one-twentieth and one-fifth of an inch long, or from 40 to 100 times their radial diameter. They are tapered and closed at their ends. (Pls. II and III.) In the springwood the tracheids have thin walls and large cell spaces, and are polyg- onal or rounded in form; in the summerwood they have thick walls and small cell spaces, and are flattened radially. (See fig. 1 and Pl. I.) Located on the walls of the tracheids are numerous circlet- like structures, the “bordered pits,” which are plainly visible in Plates II and III. These pits or pores are partitioned off by the ‘pit membrane,” the central portion of which is thickened, and is known as the torus. Owing to the peculiar overhanging contour of _the border, the orifice of the bordered pit, where it opens to the cell cavity, is of much smaller diameter than where it abuts on the pit membrane. (Fig. 1, a.) When the membrane is forced toward one of the two cell lumina, which it separates, the thickened portion or torus is capable of blocking the narrow opening, and thus acting as a valve. (Fig.1,0.) In the heartwood the torus often is permanently displaced from its central position and is sometimes cemented to one side or other of the pit, effectually blocking it. MEDULLARY RAYS. The cells of the medullary rays are smaller and much shorter than the longitudinal tracheids and le with their long axis at right angles to the latter. These ray cells are distinguished by their abrupt ends, thin walls, numerous simple pits, and by their short length, only 8 to 10 times their diameter. They are seen as bands on the radial face (Fig. 1 and Pl. III), and as pores on the tangential face. (Pl. II.) Although quite small in the conifers they can be seen readily without a magnifier on the radial surface. RESIN CELLS. Many of the conifers contain what are known as resin cells. These resemble the ray cells in general appearance, but, except for those in the medullary rays themselves, have their long axes parallel with the major axis of the tree. 4Simple pits do not have the circlet-like border. They are simple openings in the ceh walls closed only by the pit membranes, 4 BULLETIN 101, U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, RESIN CANALS. In many species numerous large openings known as “ resin canals ” exist. (Pl. I.) These passages are intercellular spaces, surrounded by so-called “ epithelial cells,” the chief sources of resin production in the tree. In a less number of species these canals occur within the medullary rays, there known as “ fusiform rays.” These radial canals intersect the longitudinal ones and thus form a partially complete network of resin ducts penetrating all portions of the wood. Resin ducts in pines are sometimes wholly or partially blocked ay growths called tyloses. DISTRIBUTION OF RESIN STRUCTURES. With very few exceptions, all of the conifers contain either resin cells or resin canals, and some species contain both. The distribu- tion of resin cells varies in different species; in some they are scat- tered through the wood, while in others they are concentrated in zones. The character and number of the resin canals also vary greatly. Those in some species, as in Douglas fir, are few in number, are small, and have frequent constrictions tending to close the canal; those in other species, as in longleaf pine, are abundant, large, and entirely without constrictions. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. The presence of resin canals and cells in the wood and the character of these structures at once suggest that they may have a considerable influence on the manner in which the wood takes impregnation with preservatives. A considerable portion of the experimental work was given to determining the extent of this influence. The resistance of the wood to treatment was determined by two forms of tests: (1) by applying the creosote to a small area on a specimen and measuring the penetration in different directions; and (2) by impregnation in a treating cylinder. In the latter tests blocks from each of the species were treated together in the same run. APPARATUS. The “ penetrance apparatus,” illustrated in figure 2, was designed for the first class of tests. The wood under test, which had a 1-inch hole bored in it, was clamped against the open end of the pipe A lead- ing to the bottom of a pressure tank B. The pipe and lower portion of the tank were filled with creosote. Pipe C, opening into the top of the tank, was connected with an air reservoir in which a pressure was maintained. When desired, air under pressure was turned into tank B, which thus placed the preservative under pressure. The apparatus was surrounded by a wooden oven, as shown, with double PLATE I. Bul. 101, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. v008 + OW iy ley lw ) U es ae me JOOM Y¥IWW)S 3 VEU TES. noses ORCC poe aeseecs DGooe 99 ——= a 1277S ee ae Ss ee Vi ) ere eeeuees 139909 OOO000N OE OO / Pot @ 22 200090005056 N45 5 SOOTY TORO } enennegge80000 ‘eee ae es as paecseeens prs bce hu a tae? ' | Pr TRANSVERSE SECTION OF SHORTLEAF PINE (PINUS ECHINATA). (MAGNIFICATION 250 DIAMETERS. ) Bul. 101, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il. RADIAL SECTION OF SHORTLEAF PINE (PINUS ECHINATA). (MAGNIFICATION 250 DIAMETERS.) A, ray tracheids; B, ray cells; C, medullary ray; D, bordered pits. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. HED oS == I} [I Tani i — ——— SSE I= il I S oF N a 1a i 16 OL LL PI ay B LA El WSS 22 {A GP TEST PR ZA \ ‘ ; — We a OI Fig, 2.—Penetrance apparatus. 6 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. glass windows in the front and back. Steam coils J in the bottom of the oven heated the specimens and preservatives to a uniform tem- perature, which duplicated as nearly as possible the temperature conditions of the treating cylinder. The pressure was determined from the gauge G and the temperature from thermometer H. A safety valve K aided in maintaining a uniform pressure. Shelves were provided and specimens were placed in the apparatus previous to testing in order to heat them uniformly to the required tempera- ture. By the aid of mirror D, placed at the back of the oven, both ends of the specimens were made visible. The impregnation tests were made in a cylinder 14 feet in diameter and 4 feet long. Temperature and pressure conditions within the cylinder were accurately regulated by means of steam coils and a pressure pump. ak Qa & So < a Soa a Oo Se See a a et es es oe oo Si oe ee a Wl =! = beer] OD) ar} -= | wy B go22omerousatuogs @Zr:gorluvelyvySS$aessesaetuuti faz Ps larl use see ee eB ah Sas SG EES KEG we EGHEEEESSS RELATION BETWEEN ABSORPTIONS AND PENETRATIONS Fic. 3.—Relation between absorption and longitudinal and radial penetration. (Species platted in order of magnitude of absorptions.) (S=sapwood; H=heartwood.) tudinal penetrations, beginning with the least; the order in respect to radial penetration and absorption, respectively, is indicated nu- merically, each in a separate column. The relation between absorp- tion and penetration is shown more clearly in figure 3, in which the absorption and corresponding radial and longitudinal penetrations 1JIn obtaining average penetrations only the region in direct line with the pressure was taken into account, BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (POD MOR seen. 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FUQOMMUMOR sya gasp ete Iy ould~y ‘“¢ (DOO MOEN ==—So-—sS Sa oondds BYIIS °9Z VOOM BO Elrrie pater potent a ee IY O[QON “PL LOOM CC) (Sine noe one ret! YOVIVUIBT, °Z sDOOMGUN Se oe eee ee oo IY OM ‘GS SOA CRS eg ang cin een pcs ie ea ay ourd~y “gt Y] OLOXOVIN I HES) Fo! oth a IY svpsnod ‘Tf ‘suol}earjoued [BVUTpNysuo] pus ‘[urpes ‘[votMoyd 07 uoTyda1osqe Jo UOTPVLOY—"P “YT *“L3'°ND YUSd"SAI—NOILAYHOSEY SDVUSAV Gf Ze 1€ O€ G2 BS LE 9SSZ PZ ES Se IZ[™ OS G) Si Li OF GSI DE ELSE GROL SG 8B LF GF bwEeSIO Pr) +mon SNM id NOILYHYLEN3Sd IYNIGNLISNO] SDSVYsAV €¢an=-coanr ea a = ce NOILVULANAd IVIGVH SDVUBAY SSWIL OAL eel ie. ae Pala ear Lee ee | iby eA | rE ea ae! ae en RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. ils are platted in order of the magnitude of the absorptions. The gen- eral tendency of the longitudinal penetrations is to increase as the absorptions increase, but the curve is very irregular. The radial penetrations show even less relation to the absorptions than do the longitudinal penetrations, but inspection of the figure shows that a few of the irregularities would be eliminated by combining the two penetration curves. In other words, a high longitudinal penetration and a low radial penetration may accompany a moderate absorption. Figure 4 shows the relation of absorptions to the combined radial and longitudinal penetrations in a slightly different manner. The ab- sorptions are platted against a quantity obtained by adding twice the radial penetration to the longitudinal penetration.* Although the average curve indicates a constant ratio between penetrations and absorptions, the variation of the individual points from the average is again very marked. Reasons for this behavior were frequently apparent upon examination of the treated sticks. For example, when the creosote followed merely the summerwood band of the annual rings, much less oil was required for a given pene- tration than when the entire ring was saturated. GROUPING WITH RESPECT TO TREATMENT. While it is desirable to have classifications based upon elementary ‘characteristics rather than upon empirical results, it has been found that the development of the resin canals and cells, which form the most tangible structural differences between the conifers, is insuffi- cient to grade these woods for preservative treatment. The follow- ing method of classification, based upon both empirical results upon air or oven-dry wood and structural characteristics, is therefore proposed : A. Species in which the wood other than the resin structures treats with great difficulty or is impenetrable: 1. Containing no resin ducts, Class I. 2. Containing resin ducts, Class II. B. Species in which.the wood treats easily: ~ 1. Containing no radial ducts, or radial ducts not easily penetrable, Class IIT. 2. Containing easily penetrable radial ducts. a. In the heartwood, Class IV. b. In the sapwood, Class V. The division is primarily between species which treat with diffi- culty and those which treat easily. As a basis for this distinction 1 Since the radial and tangential surfaces of the sticks treated in the absorption tests amounted to 12 times the end surface, it might be considered that the penetrations in the two directions should be combined in this ratio, assuming that radial and tangential penetration is equal and that absorption is proportional to surface area. By actual computation, however, this method seemed to give too much weight to radial penetration ; and further trial showed that twice the radial penetration added to the longitudinal penetration gave the most nearly constant relation to the absorption. rn —EE 14 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. it was necessary to adopt some standard by which the classification could be made. The wood was considered easily treated if, under the conditions of these tests, it fulfilled any one of the following con- ditions: 1. Received an average longitudinal penetration of more than 6 inches.’ 2. Received an average radial penetration of more than 0.30 inch.’ 3. Received an average absorption of more than 15 pounds per cubic foot.’ While this basis of classification is to a large extent arbitrary, the specification in regard to radial penetration divides the species which were penetrated by means of the radial ducts from those which were not so penetrated. Woods penetrated radially are, of course, most suitable for treatment in all forms. It was considered, however, that the species which in these tests received an average longitudinal penetration of 6 inches or more are sufficiently penetrable to be treated in short lengths, even though the radial penetration is very sheht. The clause in regard to absorption was intended to in- clude, among the easily treated species, those which received a fairly good treatment in the impregnation tests, although neither the longi- tudinal nor radial penetrations determined in the penetrance appa- ratus were especially good. The only woods affected by this clause are the heartwood of redwood and of western larch. The species falling in each of the five classes are given in Table 3, together with the penetrations and absorptions of each species. In this table sapwood and heartwood are considered as if separate woods. Species in Classes I and IT are not very suitable for preservative treatment. While Douglas fir is extensively treated, very severe processes are used. However, the sapwood of both tamarack and Douglas fir can be treated easily. Species in Class III are not very suitable for treatment, except in short lengths, on account of the lack of radial penetration. How- ever, western larch and Sitka spruce contain radial ducts and it is possible that by more severe treatments than were employed in the tests these ducts may be penetrated. If western larch be excepted, each species in this class includes both heartwood and sapwood, and such species may be treated therefore without regard to the amount of sapwood present. Woods in Class IV permit of thorough treatment. While there is much variation in the penetrability of these species, all are capable of being penetrated readily. The woods in Class V can be saturated with creosote in a very short time. All species in Class IV occur in Class V. In actual treating operations the amcunt and location of the sapwood will determine in which class a given timber shall be placed. 1 Determined by penetrance tests. 2 Determined by impregnation tests, RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 15 GROUPING WITH RESPECT TO SUITABILITY FOR TREATMENT IN PARTICULAR FORMS. In this sort of grouping the main considerations are whether or not the sapwood treats more easily than the heartwood, and whether the wood can be easily penetrated radially. Round forms, such as fence posts, mine props, telephone posts, and piling constitute one class, while sawed heartwood ties, bridge timbers, sawed mine tim- bers, and cther dimension timbers constitute a second class. Paving blocks are considered separately. ROUND TIMBERS. The penetration of the sapwood in round timbers is more impor- tant than that of the heartwood, since the latter is inclosed by the former. Railroad ties in which the heartwood is not exposed by hewing cr sawing may be considered as round timbers. Since round timbers to be treated must be penetrated radially through the resin ducts it is essential that all ef the bark be removed before treatment. The results obtained in these experiments and the experience of the Forest Service generally indicate that the following species may be successfully treated in the round form:? Engelmann spruce. Douglas fir. Tamarack. Western larch. Ali of the pines. Species which received practically no radial penetration and, there- fore, are not well adapted to treatment in the form of round timbers, include the following: Alpine fir. Eastern hemlock. Yew. Western hemlock. Noble fir. Redwood. White fir. Sitka spruce. DIMENSION TIMBERS. In dimension timbers the treatment of the heartwood is of chief importance, since the sapwood is generally removed at least from part of the faces. These experiments indicate that— Species in Class I are entirely unsuitable for treatment in the form of dimension timber. Species in Class IT are also unsuitable for this purpose, but may be treated under very severe pressure. Species in Class TIT are not especially suitable for treatment as dimension timbers, but satisfactory results are being obtained in practice. 1Probably also the cedars and cypresses. No data have been obtained on these, however. 16 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Species in Class IV are admirably adapted for this class of timbers. The presence of radial resin ducts with the easily penetrated wood structure makes possible the penetration radially of a large portion of the volume of such timbers. If there is considerable difference in the penetrability of heartwood and sapwood, dimension timbers are best treated when all of the sap- wood is removed. There is no advantage in protecting parts of a timber by heavily treated sapwood if other exposed parts have only the lighter treatment possible in the heartwood. Such treatments result in a practical loss of most of the oil absorbed by the sapwood which may represent a very large proportion of the cost of treating this kind of timber. A system of selecting timbers in accordance with their suitability for treatment may prove very profitable to the user of such timber. PAVING BLOCKS. These experiments indicate that with the possible exception of Alpine fir and the heartwood of Tamarack, a fairly thorough pene- tration of the conifers in any form less than 12 inches in length can usually be obtained. This fact is significant as regards treat- ment of paving blocks. However, since the springwood, as a rule, can not be thoroughly treated, woods with wide springwood bands should not be used for this purpose. Other factors, such as strength or wearing qualities, will of course greatly limit the number of species suitable for paving blocks. THEORY OF PENETRANCE. It is a disputed question whether the cell walls under treatment are ' permeable to creosote, or whether they contain openings through which the oil passes.. The first supposition does not account for the very rapid penetration of certain species, nor does it account for the greater ease of penetration in the thicker walled summerwood tra- cheids than in the thin-walled springwood tracheids. As regards the second supposition, it has been suggested? that the minute slits which frequently occur in the cell walls of seasoned wood are the openings through which the oil passes. Seen in transverse section, these slits appear as V-shaped openings extending about midway through the wall. They extend spirally around the cell and there is the possibility that where the slits in adjacent walls cross each other the cell wall is sufficiently broken down to allow the passage of oil. Another possibility is that a rupture occurs in the pit membrane brought about by internal stresses of the wood during seasoning or otherwise. While it seems that such ruptures are likely to occur, there is little or no evidence to support this hypothesis. 1 Tamarack blocks will take a good treatment in the green condition after steaming. *The Physical Structure of Wood in Relation to the Penetrability, by H. D. Tiemann; Bull. 120, Am. Ry. Eng. and Main. of Way Association, January, 1910. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 17 No satisfactory theory has yet been offered to explain the penetra- tion of wood by creosote. The following observations, based on the experiments described in this bulletin, indicate the variety of phe- nomena which such a theory would have to take into account.? 1. The summerwood in the conifers was, as a rule, easier to pene- trate than the springwood; but exceptions were noted, as (Sequota washingtonia), which treated more easily in the springwood. 2. In the pines the summerwood was usually well penetrated, but the springwood penetrations were very erratic, often taking place very readily in some portions of the wood and with great diffi- culty in other portions of the same piece. (See Pl. IV, fig. 2.) 3. In most cases the resistance to penetration was least in the last-formed summer tracheids (having the thickest walls and the smallest cell cavities), and was greatest in the first-formed spring tracheids (having the thinnest walls and the largest cell cavities). 4, The color of the creosote oi] in the springwood was often trans- parent and amber, while in the summerwood it was very dark. 5. In springwood apparently untreated the bordered pits fre- quently were strongly discolored and seemed to contain creosote. 6. In the pines, spruces, sequoia, larches, and Douglas fir the sap- wood was more penetrable than the heartwood. In eastern and western hemlock and in the firs the sapwood and the heartwood were about equally penetrable. 7. As a rule, the medullary rays had no influence on penetrance, except when they contained resin ducts. Then they were usually very difficult to penetrate, but in Picea certain tracheids of the rays were readily treated, the upper and lower cells being usually the first. Frequently from these rays one or more longitudinal spring tracheids were penetrated. Sometimes all of the ray cells were penetrated, but never as heavily as the summerwood tracheids. 8. Of two sticks of wood similarly treated one was split immedi- ately after treatment and the other several weeks later. They dii- fered greatly in appearance. Springwood adjacent to treated sum- merwood in the first piece was apparently untreated, but in the second piece showed a marked discoloration. Microscopic examina- tion of the latter showed that the cell walls were uniformly dis- colored. CONCLUSIONS. The following conclusions were drawn as a result of the tests described in this report: ? 1. Radial and longitudinal resin ducts penetrate intimately the interior of the wood and thus form passages for the preservative. 1TIrving W. Bailey has recently published a paper in Vol. XI, No. 1, of the Forestry Quarterly which throws considerable light on this subject. 6 41702°—Bull. 101—14——3 18 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Radial resin ducts were found to be especially important. Where these occurred the wood was usually penetrated radially from one- fourth to three-fourths as far as longitudinally, and tangential pene- tration could usually be disregarded. Where no radial ducts were present, radial and tangential penetrations could be considered as equal, and they were found to be between one-twentieth and one one- hundred-twentieth of the longitudinal penetrations. 2. Absorption curves (see Appendix) platted for the specimens treated in the cylinder show that those species which were most difficult to impregnate gave the most uniform absorption results, and that the sapwood of those species containing resin ducts gave the most erratic absorption results. They showed also that sapwood of pines, as distinguished by its color from heartwood, was not always easier to treat than the heartwood. The color line in the wood does not necessarily separate the easily treated wood from the portions treated with difficulty. Some sapwood treated like heartwood and some heartwood treated like sapwood; all of these conditions are possible in the same cross section of a tree. As a consequence of this, the absorption curves for pines were, as a rule, very erratic, especially the sapwood curves. 3. The results obtained with a given species of wood can not always be applied to another species, however similar in structure the two may appear to be. This fact is strikingly evident in the treatment of heartwood larch and tamarack. Even woods of the same species show variations when grown under widely different conditions, as, for example, western yellow pine from California and from Montana. Detailed results of the tests on each species are given in the Appendix. APPENDIX. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS AND MANNER OF TREATMENT.! YEW (TAXUS BREVIFOLIA). The summerwood in the yew specimens was equal to about one-fourth of the width of the springwood. Resin cells and resin canals are entirely absent in this species. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of eight heartwood specimens of yew was 88.5 pounds. The penetration in both penetrance and cylinder treatments was found to take place equally in springwood and summerwocd. Radial and tangential penetrations were also about equal. The average longitudinal penetration was about 50 times the average radial or tangential penetrations. 2In describing the woods used in these tests the observations made on the specimens are in some cases supplemented by remarks on the general characteristics of the species taken from Penhallow’s “ North American Gymnosperms,” RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 19 Peper ere Reece CO eee 3 aveme Fel | | | wee = 36 36 Ee ee el oe ae ee aes Je seco s eas Bie ee 32 32 USB See Soc ae aan SIE ea 3 Heise Sees < 2) CVE ee 5 sa lb 20} ila 20 3 i ae : @ 16| Z té - | - z ee @ t2 2S ta < at Bi 8 PRESSURE — LBS. PER SQ. IX. HES se a as i a ee Paes a REDWOOm Ra ee PPB See APR ea Te (ed a eee ee [es alia acd ea da Ee ABSORPTION = LBS. PER CU. FT. — —2aas Sey 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 25 50 75 100 125 #0 PRESSURE — LBS. PER S@. IN. PRESSURE —- LBS. PER SQ. IN. @ HEARTWOOD O SAPWOOD Fic. 5.—Absorption in the heartwood and sapwood of yew, Alpine fir, eastern hemlock, : and redwood. 20 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ALPINE FIR (ABIES LASIOCARPA). The Alpine fir was very light, soft, close-grained, and compact. The growth rings were narrow and uniform in width, and the summerwood was thin. The springwood tracheids were Jarge and had rather thin walls. Neither resin cells nor resin canals were present. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of three sap specimens was 22 pounds, and of six heart specimens 22.2 pounds. The penetration took place more readily in the summerwood than in the springwood, and in many cases only the last half dozen rows of tracheids of the summerwood were treated. The character of penetration in the cylinder treatments was quite similar to that in the penetrance tests. Although the summerwood was often treated throughout the stick, in most cases only a few tracheids of the summerwood were penetrated. The springwood penetration averaged about 0.15 inch longi- tudinally. In some places, however, the springwood of several growth rings was treated to the center of the stick. The sapwood apparently treated a little more easily than the heartwood, but the difference was so small as to be negligible. Radial and tangential penetra- tions were both of slight importance. The average longitudinal penetration was 60 to 70 times as great as the average radial and tangential penetrations. EASTERN HEMLOCK (TSUGA CANADENSIS). The summerwood of eastern hemlock was dense and was from one-fourth to one-half the width of the springwood. The latter had large and very thin- walled tracheids. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of eight sap specimens was 20.7 pounds, and of eight heart specimens 22.7 pounds. This species is simple in structure. It differs from the yew and Alpine fir, however, in having large but not numerous resin cells located in a single row on the outer face of the summerwood. Resin passages are never present. The penetration took place more readily in the summerwood than in the springwood, but near the point of pressure the springwood was penetrated in some cases for 1 or 2 inches. The summerwood treated most quickly in the two to five last-formed rows of summer tracheids, and apparently the heaviest absorptions were along the zone of the resin cells. The line between the treated summerwood and the untreated adjacent springwood was very sharply defined. The character of penetration in the cylinder-treated sticks was very similar to that in the penetrance specimens. The summerwood was in most cases treated to the center of the stick. The springwood was treated from 2 to 3 inches longitudinally. Practically no difference either in absorption or penetration was noted he- tween the heartwood and sapwood. Radial and tangential penetrations were of small importance. The longitudinal penetration averaged about 80 times the radial or tangential penetrations. The influence of the resin cells on penetration was very difficuit to determine. The creosote appeared to penetrate more easily in the summerwood tracheids lying adjacent to the resin cells, but the adjacent springwood tracheids were not treated. A peculiarity of hemlock was its tendency to exude oil for many hours after treatment. This probably was due to the slow escape of confined air in the wood, which remained under a slight pressure for many hours after the release of external pressure. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 21 REDWOOD (SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS ). - In the redwood the summerwood was about one-third the width of the spring- wood. The latter was very open, with thin-walled tracheids. The resin cells were rather large, numerous, and scattered throughout the springwood. Resin cysts, or aggregates of resin cells, were sometimes contiguous and coalescent and formed extended tangential series in the initial growth of the springwood of distant-growth rings. Often the cysts were separated longitudi- nally only by a wall of resin cells. Tyloses were sometimes present in the cysts. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of four heart specimens was 20 pounds, and of seven sap specimens 19.3 pounds. Penetration in general took place more readily in the springwood than in the summerwood, but the maximum penetrations were in the one to three last- formed summerwood tracheids and in the two or more first-formed springwood tracheids; that is, along the outer face of the summerwood in the zone of the resinous cells and cysts. In the portions treated most heavily the summerwood band was treated throughout, but usually it was penetrated very slightly, The character of the penetrations in the cylinder treatments was very similar to that in the penetrance tests. Near the end of the stick the entire springwood of nearly every ring ‘was penetrated, but near the center only the first-formed springwood tracheids were treated. The summerwood was usually treated for only a short distance from the ends. In the sapwood penetration was somewhat quicker and absorption a trifle greater than in the heartwood. But these differences were so slight that they may be disregarded. Radial and tangential penetrations were about equal. This indicated that tangentially extended series of resin cysts did not influence appreciably tangen- tial penetration. The average longitudinal penetration was about 50 times greater than the average radial or tangential penetrations. The influence of the resin structure was apparent in redwood. The creosote followed the resin zone more readily than the surrounding wood structure. A peculiarity of redwood was that the springwood was penetrated more easily than the summerwood, whereas with most other species the Summerwood was more easily penetrated than the springwood. WESTERN HEMLOCK (TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA ). The growth rings of western hemlock were narrow, with prominent summer- wood bands usually about equal in width to the springwood, which consisted of large and thin-walled tracheids. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of six heart specimens was 27 pounds, and of six sap specimens 28 pounds. Resin cells were very prominent on the outer face of the summerwood. These sometimes united to form an imperfect resin passage. In other respects the western hemlock specimens were structurally similar to eastern hemlock. Penetration took place more readily in the summerwood than in the spring- wood. In most cases the resinous portion (on the outer face of the summer- wood) seemed to be penetrated first, the oil passing for a very short distance from this zone radially into both the summerwood and springwood. The sum- merwood band as a whole treated almost as easily as the resinous zone, and in many growth rings the Ssummerwood was treated while the resin canals were untreated. The springwood was also uniformly penetrated, but not as far nor as heavily as the summerwood. 22 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The character of penetration in cylinder-treated sticks was similar to that in sticks treated in the penetrance apparatus. The springwood treated longi- tudinally from 1 to 4 or 5 inches, while the summerwood was treated to the center of the stick ip nearly every growth ring. Practically no difference was noted either in penetration or absorption be- tween the heartwood and sapwood. The average longitudinal penetration was about 90 or 100 times as great as the average radial or tangential penetrations. WHITE FIR (ABIES GRANDIS). The growth rings of white fir were usually very broad, with large and thin- walled springwood tracheids. Resin cells were few and scattering on the outer face of the springwood. Resin passages were not present. ‘Structurally this species is very similar to eastern hemlock. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of all heart specimens was 22 pounds, and of six sap specimens 22.7 pounds. The greatest penetration took place in the last-formed summerwood tra- cheids, but the difference was not marked. Near the point of application of pressure both springwood and summerwood were equally treated, and at maxi- mum penetrations even the springwood in many places was heavily treated. The heartwood was slightly easier to penetrate and absorbed somewhat more _oil than the sapwood. White fir contains no resin structures except simple resin cells, but it was nevertheless penetrated easily in both springwood and summerwood. The average longitudinal penetration was about 50 times the average radial and 35 times the average tangential penetration. NOBLE FIR (ABIES NOBILIS). The summerwood of noble fir was about equal in width to the springwood. The spring tracheids were large and thin-walled. In distinct and widely sep- arated growth rings, resin cells were localized to form imperfect resin canals, these occurring in somewhat continuous zones in the summerwood. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of 10 heart specimens was 21.9 pounds, and of five sap specimens 23.6 pounds. The maximum penetration took place along summerwood bands and more especially in the last-formed tracheids of the summerwood. In the most heavily treated zone, near the point of application of pressure, the entire summerwood was treated together with portions of the springwood. The character of penetrations in the cylinder and in the penetrance treat- ments were very similar. The summerwood was nearly always treated to the center of the stick. Near the ends considerable springwood penetration was noted. In the sapwood more of the springwood was treated than in the heart- wood. The sapwood treated more quickly and absorbed more oil than the heart- ' wood. Radial and tangential penetrations were of considerable importance, especially in the sapwood. The average longitudinal penetrations were about 40 times the average radial and tangential penetrations. DOUGLAS FIR (PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA). The growth rings of Douglas fir were variable in width. The proportion of summerwood varied from almost nothing to nearly half of the growth Tring. The spring tracheids were large and thin-walled. Resin cells were few and were scattered on the outer face of the summerwood. The resin passages were RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. Zo oe A ene af es | WESTERN REMLOCK | | | pea ee |e ebay 36 32 E2s| i Ba : ¥20 a sy | lua ; % 16) eee 3 e ttt : B yal gat = Tela : + ‘Gai Hig o 25 #59 75 99 25 150 0 25 509 75 0 i25 + «150 PRESSURE — LBS. PER SQ. IN. oe oe es | | [wopte Fin; [| | | | | | | | sougtas Fin | | | | esl Fal eal ae a VPA febel P ee a eeees eg Plea | HP TEAS Fane ES el eae BRA ee ee aS iu oslo ee Eos (aS les Ni a foe lille Pol eae ie a Ben ag Hee alesis Wee toes cepa =o) ie lad i Pee ad 3 =| = ele iad Si ala & ce (=) oe Me ed el le al ee peal alia) le eT Zia EA a ee Aloe uo EO es ee : 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 6 25 50 75 100 125 {50 PRESSURE = LBS. PER SQ. IN. PRESSURE = LBS. PER SQ. IN. @ HEARTWOOD © SAPWOCD Fic. 6.—Absorption in the heartwood and sapwood of western hemlock, white fir, noble fir, and Douglas fir. 24 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. small, few, widely scattered and occurred chiefly in the summerwood: at fre- quent intervals they were partially obstructed by constrictions. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of four heart specimens was 27.5 pounds, and of five sap specimens 27.7 pounds. This species contained ‘‘fusiform rays”; that is, rays traversed by resin canals, these being smaller than the longitudinal ducts. The ray ducts fre- quently crossed the longitudinal ones at right angles, thereby forming junctions. This offered the possibility of a deep radial penetration through the radial ducts. The penetration, especially in the sapwood, took place much more easily in the summerwood than in the springwood. Maximum penetrations took place along the resin ducts, chiefly in the summerwood; in the springwood the ducts were sometimes treated while the surrounding tracheids were not. The spring- wood was always treated near the point of pressure. In the heartwood both the springwood and summerwood were treated, sometimes equally but usually more heavily in the latter. The sapwood was easily treated, both radially and longitudinally along the two sets of ducts. The character of penetration in the cylinder treatments was similar to that in the penetrance specimens. The summerwood was much the easier to treat, but the springwood was penetrated by prolonged application of pressure. In. some cases springwood resin ducts were found that were not penetrated, whereas the adjacent summerwood was penetrated. In this species there was a very great difference between penetrations and absorptions in the heartwood and in the sapwood. The former appeared to be almost impenetrable, while the latter was easily treated. This can be ex- plained partially by the larger quantity and less soluble condition of the resin in the canals of the heartwood. In sapwood the radial ducts had a very great influence on penetrations, and it seems probable that this would be the case in the heartwood also for long-continued treatments. There is also a great differ- ence between heartwood and sapwood in the penetrability of the nonresinous structure. Such penetrability is directly affected by the penetrability of the ducts themselves, since creosote in the latter quickly become saturated with resin which must escape to the surrounding wood before penetration can continue. In heartwood the ratio of longitudinal to radial and tangential penetrations was about 10 or 12 to 1. In sapwood longitudinal penetration was about 12 times radial and 100 times the tangential penetrations. SITKA SPRUCE (PICEA SITCHENSIS). The growth rings of Sitka spruce were broad with summerwood equal to or exceeding the springwood. Resin cells were wholly wanting. Resin passages were few, small, and had thick-walled epithelium cells; they were well developed but frequently constricted. Tyloses were sometimes present in the resin canals. The canals in the fusiform rays had also thick-walled epithelium cells. The resin ducts running radially and longitudinally frequently intersected each other. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of seven heart specimens was 19.2 pounds, and of four sap specimens 18.1 pounds. While the heartwood of this species contained both radial and longitudinal ducts, they were not sufficiently numerous to have much influence on penetra- tion. When present in the springwood the ducts were usually treated, but the oil did not spread to the surrounding structure. Penetration took place yery rapidly in the summerwood, which treated almost as easily as the resin RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 25 ducts themselves. Springwood was difficult to pevetrate but was sometimes treated, especially in the zone where pressure was applied. In the sapwood, resin ducts occurred frequently that were not well pene- trated, while the Summerwood band, a few tracheids distant, was heavily treated. The penetration appeared to follow first the very last-formed sum- merwood tracheids of each year’s growth. Later the second and third rows of tracheids were penetrated and finally the entire Summerwood band. Still later slight penetration occurred in some of the springwood tracheids, but this was comparatively rare. In the medullary rays neither the intermediate cells nor the ray parenchyma were treated. The upper and lower ray cells, however, were very frequently penetrated from the longitudinal summerwood tracheids, and these ray cells extended through the longitudinal tracheids of the springwood without in any way penetrating them. This whole phenomenon was not noted in any of the species previously discussed. The cylinder-treated wood was penetrated in much the same manner as the pieces treated in the penetrance apparatus. All Summerwood was well treated, and in the sapwood a considerable amount also of springwood. This wood, in common with most of the species previously discussed, becomes discolored in the springwood several weeks after treatment. On close examina- tion it was found that most of the discoloration was localized in the bordered pits. It is not evident from present knowledge how this could be confined to the pits without the remainder of the tracheids also becoming discolored. Resin ducts were not an important factor in the treatment of this species. The summerwood was penetrated very rapidly. The sapwood absorbed more oil than the heartwood, chiefly because the former was more heavily treated in the springwood. The ratio of average longitudinal to average radial or tangential penetration can not be determined because the specimens were completely penetrated longi- tudinally, but it was at least 120 times as great. WHITE SPRUCE (PICEA CANADENSIS). The growth rings of white spruce were broad; the summerwood was about one-fourth the width of the springwood. Resin cells were never present. The resin passages were few, large, and sometimes contained tyloses. The ducts of the fusiform rays were surrounded by thick-walled epithelial cells. The average oven-dry weight of five heart specimens was 24 pounds per cubie foot. 3 The penetrance tests were made on heartwood only. The penetration took place most quickly in the last-formed summer tracheids of the various growth rings, and in most cases the Ssummerwood as a whole was treated more quickly than springwood. Near the point of pressure the springwood was partially treated. Resin ducts in the specimens were so infrequent that they had little effect upon penetration. Ray ducts were difficult to treat and appeared to aid little in radial penetrations. 3 The cylinder-treated sticks were penetrated similarly to those treated in the penetrance apparatus. Resin ducts when present were usually treated, but apparently they aided very little in the penetration of the tracheids surround- ing them. Medullary ray tracheids were occasionally treated, but the pene- tration was limited and took place with difficulty. The summerwood was usually treated to the center of the stick. Often, however, zones occurred cover- ing several growth rings in which the summerwood was not treated. When the summerwood failed to be penetrated the springwood was not treated. In 26 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. some growth rings the springwood was treated to the center, but never as heavily as the summerwood. The treatment was, as a rule, not at all uniform, end considerable resistance was offered to penetration. While sapwood was more penetrable than heartwood, it was, nevertheless, very difficult to treat. The longitudinal penetration was from 385 to 40 times greater than the radial or tangential penetrations. ENGELMANN SPRUCE (PICEA ENGELMANNI). In Engelmann spruce the growth rings were broad; the summerwood was open, and one-third to one-half the width of the springwood. Resin cells are never present. The resin passages were large but few, and did not contain tyloses. The fusiform rays contained large radial ducts surrounded by thick- walled epithelial cells. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of six heart specimens was 24.7 pounds, and of five sap specimens 25.9 pounds. In the heartwood the penetration was chiefly in the summerwood, but a few springwood tracheids were treated near the point of pressure. Resin ducts seemed to be treated with difficulty and did not appear to assist greatly in the penetration. The rays were frequentiy treated, whether containing resin canals or not. The penetration of the rays most frequently extended over from one to three growth rings and seemed to start from summerwood bands. Penetration in the sapwood seemed to be chiefiy in the resin ducts. The summerwood bands and medullary rays were also treated, but penetration here took place much more slowly than through the resin ducts. Complete longitudinal and radial penetration occurred through the ducts only. The cylinder tests showed that in heartwood the summerwood bands were all treated to the center of the stick. Resin ducts were sometimes treated, some times not. Most of the medullary rays were penetrated. In the sapwood the summerwood was treated as in the heartwood, and in places the springwood was equally well treated. Usually, however, the springwood was only partially treated, as was indicated by its golden-brown color; the treated summerwood was nearly black. Radial penetration in this species seemed to be due largely to the rays. Ap- parently, creosote passed from the summerwood to the rays and thence to the next summerwood band, leaving the intervening springwood untreated. Resin ducts were very important factors in the sapwood penetration, but not in the heartwood. The sapwood treated almost instantly and, absorbed more oil than the heartwood which was very difficult to penetrate. This difference was one existing chiefly in the springwood of the heart and of the sap respec- tively. In the latter the springwood was, as a rule, very heavily treated, but not so in the former. The longitudinal penetration averaged about four times the radial in heart- wood and 20 times the radial in sapwood. It was about 50 times the tan- gential penetrations in both heart and sap. WESTERN LARCH (LARIX OCCIDENTALIS). In the western larch specimens the summerwood was equal to about one-half the width of the springwood. The spring tracheids were large and very thin- walled. Resin cells were scattered on the outer face of the summerwood. Resin passages were large, not numerous, without tyloses, and surrounded by thick-walled epithelial cells. The radial canals were large and not very numerous. ABSORPTION = LBS. PER CU. FT. ABSORPTION — LBS. PER CU. FT. Tig. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 27 ABSORPTION — LBS. PER CU. FT. 75 100 125 #59 Sad ciel aa etaauueTe 4 ll as SEER EEE RS = “epee eee See aCe EEE Ft et (og a a jSuUeUseeets a Sinn 28; za) | 24 a acd 20 16 6} 12| 2 g! eI 4) 4 o 25 50 75 100 (25 150 o. ‘50 20675~=—100s«s125— PRESSURE — LBS. PERSG.IN. - PRESSURE — LBS. PER SC. IN. @ HEARTWOOD O SAPWOOD 7.—Absorption in the heartwood and sapwood of Sitka spruce, Wngelmann spruce, white spruce, larch, and tamarack. 28 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of six heart specimens was 30.5 pounds. Heartwood only of western larch was tested, as the sapwood is so thin that suitable pieces were not obtainable. The resin ducts were comparatively easy to penetrate, and isolated ones outside of the zone of longitudinal treatment were very frequently penetrated through intersecting radicl ducts. Certain treated resin canals were closely examined and showed that: 1. Where fusiform rays crossed summerwood bands the latter were not treated. 2. The fusiform rays frequently intersected treated longitudinal ducts and usually contained creosote. 3. The summerwood on each side of longitudinal resin ducts was treated tangentially from one-eighth to one-fourth inch. 4. Resin and creosote appeared to be forced away from the resin canal into summerwood, but not often into springwood. The summerwood was completely penetrated in most of the pieces, while, as a rule, the springwood was penetrated longitudinally about 1 inch only. Cylinder treatments also showed that summerwood was much more penetrable than springwood. The relatively greater ease of penetration was probably due to the resin ducts, as in every case the greatest penetrations were found to be in the zone of a resin duct. Even without pressure the oil frequently penetrated the ducts longitudinally as much as 6 inches. In heavily treated portions both springwood and summerwood were treated, but the latter much more heavily than the former. It is known from other tests that the sapwood of this species is very easily treated, and may be completely penetrated in both springwood and summer- wood. TAMARACK (LARIX LARICINA). The summerwood of tamarack was from one-fourth to one-half the width of the springwood. Resin cells were few, and widely scattering on the outer face of the summerwood. Resin passages were large and devoid of tyloses, and ran in radial and longitudinal directions. The average oven-dry weight of six heart specimens was 32.5 pounds per cubic foot. Only heartwood specimens were treated as the sapwood was too thin to ’ eut test specimens. Tamarack offered great resistance to penetration. While similar to western larch in its microscopic structure, it was very different in its resistance to treat- ment. Most of the resin ducts were impenetrable under the conditions of the test. Longitudinally penetration occurred in 30 to 45 minutes, but only in a few isolated ducts, and then it did not spread to the surrounding cells, except near the point of pressure. The summerwood seemed to offer as much re- sistance as did the springwood. Certain observations were made on treated sapwood of tamarack, which were aside from the regular experiments. These observations showed that the sap- wood was very easy to penetrate. Both the springwocd and summerwood (in the sap) were saturated with oil in a moderate treatment; the summerwood usually seemed to have the heavier absorption. The average longitudinal penetration was 22 times the average radial and tangential penetrations. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 29 LODGEPOLE PINE (PINUS MURRAYANA). The growth rings of lodgepole pine were broad, with the summerwood about one-fourth the width of the springwood. The transition from one to the other was gradual. Resin cells were entirely absent. Resin canals were rather small; numerous, and mostly in the summerwood; radial ducts were few. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of six heart specimens was 23.4 pounds, and of six sap specimens, 22.9 pounds. The heartwood of lodgepole pine greatly resisted treatment, and resisted lon- gitudinal penetration nearly as much as radial. What penetration occurred took place through the longitudinal and radial resin ducts. From these the summerwood was more or less treated, and occasionally a medullary ray (not fusiform) was found to be penetrated. In the tracheids, even when a pressure of 90 pounds was applied for one hour (piece 166), the penetration longitudi- nally was not deeper than the length of three cells, and tangentially not over six cells, and then very light. The treatment seemed to take place chiefly through the radial ducts, the oil passing to the longitudinal ducts wherever the two intersected. In the cylinder most of the resin ducts appeared to be treated, and one split section showed creosote in the center of the piece. Cells surrounding the treated ducts in the summerwood appeared to be treated farther than equiva- lent cells in the springwood. The sapwood was variable in its penetrability. Two of the pieces were pene- trated radially in 30 to 45 seconds, the oil flowing copiously from the tangen- tial surfaces almost as soon as pressure was applied, while the other piece required 20 minutes to be penetrated radially. The nonresin structure was very easily treated in both springwood and summerwood, but more quickly in the latter. The medullary ray cells also were usually treated. In the cylinder the sapwood treated very easily, and even in the light treat- ments both springwood and summerwood were saturated. So easily was the sapwood treated that no difference in absorption was evident between pieces soaked in hot oil (run 7) and others treated at a pressure of 150 pounds (run 6). It is evident that in a thorough treatment of large timbers of this species the sapwood will be completely treated while the heartwood will be penetrated radially from 1 to 2 inches. ‘The average longitudinal penetration was about one and one-half times the radial; the tangential penetration could not be determined, but was probably negligible. JACK PINE (PINUS DIVARICATA). The summerwood of jack pine was dense, and about one-third the width of the springwood. Resin canals were small, numerous, chiefly in the summer- wood, and contained tyloses. Radial ducts were not numerous. The average oven-dry weight per cubic foot of five heart specimens was 25.4 pounds. In the heartwood of jack pine longitudinal penetration took place first through the resin ducts, from which the oil passed into the surrounding cells. Summerwood was penetrated much more easily than springwood, and usually all summerwood bands were treated. The springwood was not, however, very difficult to penetrate, as this also contained many resin ducts. Treatment was comparatively rapid in the radial resin ducts; from these the penetration was diverted to the longitudinal ducts wherever the two sets crossed. In the cylinder sapwood was treated first in the summerwood. The spring- wood also treated very quickly, and in the heavier treatments both springwood 30 BULLETIN 101, U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. £ 44 SSeS ae ese Bai aa aol_| | [tovaeroue pie] [| | | gf | | | | vack pine] | | | 5 a PG a See ees aie eS Nala ea Nel Lcd Nei a aie we Ele ane (a a w n ) N ca ZEEE te Sei cbal Tcteal ysl Laila & 24] -RERGeee x 24 ail os Fe es ee ede: alesib salad cl oles | selcel wey Hae fee pu el» deel si] Sihi> | ldeth. Y Salish a alla a)/ uate IQGEREEr eee. gra} ice as in ” 0 =. wo oa o = Species. |= |*8)88| Be | PE |esia" 13818 | 2 | ee ° tl gt Me) Su => =) =~ es rs sf be os | a! os 2 &i/ea Es g|/ 6 5 = Bq | os Dou of oe | aS =5 = 5 a? S Sa ws mer Be wos eS. - wos aT for ite) | § (| 88|2" | Bes | €8 | 2") Ses) 5e)e-| 2.) e oC Z < H <3 |< Ki 4 fee < < Min Min In. In. Lbs. Lbs. PpuPlas hes 2 ose. 8 \ eartes 34) W702 4a cee 0.57] 0.05] 4.38 1 2 4 32.5 Wama@ack<-e< >. sse=: = ers § Liner STs 35 87 -04 1.26 2 1 1 33.5 Lodgepole pine. ........|--- do... 5 i pee eens oe 98 | .63| 12.84 3 25 12 25.1 Spruce pines... .-=--.-5 j2-0e- = Sa bea ( eats eee ar 1.65] .30]| 17.58 4 20 26 34.4 APIO Te es 25 |s==do=<| | et Oc esas 1.7. ad 3. 66 5 ff 2 255.2: Shortleaf pine-.-....--.-- |---d0s—<} 5 ety (Ube Poeeraeeetecye 12.73 | .35| 15.36 6 21 17 39.7 Engelmann spruce....-.|.-.d0..- 3 yes! (eee ae 2 - 83 8. 64 7 27 7 27.2 Western larch.........- #2005.- See 15 S176 | 2 O94)) Booz 8 11 18 34.1 Waite spruce.-=.- =. .- -=d0: 2 3 10 ees ee 3.27 -09 6. 42 9 9 5 25.6 ME Whee eet pore tsido!. al peOweqee wes ke 3.42] .08]| 12.36 10 8 9 38.8 Western yellow pine, |...do... 34° “WO e532 4.42} 1.25] 16.14 11 29 20 25.0 Montana Jacks pime s<7- heck ses do... Die COaN Ss. See 4.43 | 1.27 | 12.36 12 30 8 28.8 Reg woods... 252-2. 2-2 dose.) Breer | wh Ss Fle 4.58| .16] 18.7 13} 16] 29 20.5 Ai pinedine a: yok bs Sap... = os Mee A Vie pane ta 5.50 07 4.14 14 6 3 Oe INGDlowinie-<-: <5 ee Heart - Sulieeie 14 5-835] e612 A2E6O 15 14 ll 24.1 Monsdasshr-— =.= 5.5 -=--- Sap... 3 | 70 20 6.10] .43 | 14.46 16 23 15 30.9 Eastern hemlock......- Heart. 3 eo7, 35 6. 67 07 | 17.28 17 5 25 23.4 ade ae mbes EA SEE Sap... PN teAb -aescne =o 8| KOO 05 | 18.7 18 3 28 20.3 Redwood). 2388 Se £°4G0-2 Bs] 70's | ts es 6. 87 13} 21.06 19 15 33 20.2 Western hemlock. ...... Heart. leet 30 7.42 06 | 17.16 20 4 24 30.8 Western yellow pine, |...do... ani 701 48 7.60 7. 16.08 21 26 19 28.9 California. Western hemlock. .....-. SHoeae Sole 30 8.27 09 | 17.04 22 10 23 32.0 Loblolly pime-.<--..-.-.- Heart. 3 | 60 4] 8.33 85 | 18.12 23 28 27 35.9 Wihttedtire= © S222. a Sape-e 3| 65 15 9. 00 18} 18.96 24 18 30 24.1 Sitka:spruee: -< 555-2 3-- |< do_= 3 | .45 9 9.33 10} 16.98 25 13 22 19.7 Lodgepole pine. ----.--.|... doz 3 | 21 |4to 40 9.67 | (2) 31.56 26 37 38 23.6 Longleaf pine...-......- Heart. eB ey, 16 9. 83 38 | 12.90 27 22 13 39.2 Wihifjeyirss 228i 2 dose 3 7 24 10.05 20] 21.54 28 19 34 23.4 Nobles Tet oe ee A Sap... 3 7 3 10.33 18 16.20 29 17 21 24.8 Western yellow pine, |...do... 3 ye peed Gs 10 4.50 | 3.54] 15.12 30 24 16 29.8 California. Sitka SPLuce---- = -—- = == Heart. 2 7 23 12.00 09 13.44 31 12 14 18.5 Spruce Mes ae ee Sap... 3 3 5 |412.00] (2) 29. 46 32 33 a7 30.8 Engelmann spruce......|...d0... 3 2 4 | 6.83 37 | 22.20 33 31 35 30.9 Shortleat pines... 222222 .2 doze 3 2 3 |412.00 2) 20.76 34 32 32 35.3 Longleaf pine...........}.-. asi 33 1 1 |412.00 2) 34.20 35 35 39 25.2 Western yellow pine, |...do.-. 3 13 4 |412.00 | (2) 28. 74 36 34 36 25.9 -Montana. : Lobloliyspime: 2-4... =|2-= do... 3 3 4 412.00] () 20. 40 37 36 31 37.3 White spruce..........1... ao ala en eee | Seen rae Pier Sr Ee ao 6] 26.1 Jack Pine: se doz jaif.talese felt eee eee 12.49 Wee Ee 10 30.7 +See discussion on page 33 of Appendix. 2Complete. Since the radial penetration of lodgepole, spruce, shortleaf, longleaf, and western yellow (Montana), and loblolly pine was complete in each ease, the relative order of these species is not significant. - qed Kor 15 minutes only and penetrated same distance as heartwood in an equal time. ‘onplete. : 3 NotE.— When penetration was complete it was not more than 12 inches, as the specimens could be pene- trated a total distance longitudinally of only 12 inches. Complete radial penetration varied in different specimens. The minimum for complete penetration radially was 1 inch, and the maximum 1.50 inches. This depended upon the direction of the annual rings in reference to the surface of the specimen. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 37 TABLE 3.—Proposed grouping of species for treatment. Penetration. Absorp- Class Species. j els u Longit-| Radial. | ~ foot. In. In. Pounds. Ts Ad pinevfin heart woOOdiis eee set tines > anise oo eer ose Spe asia See a 1.73 0.11 3. 66 SVE WAIT E WOO Gass js Seis eee od. ete t oe ae open oe eine et 3. 42 - 08 12. 36 A pINE iT SADWOOUse seen see eee cs eea' 562 .2p5 bance ae eee e eer 5. 50 07 4.14 ie lDouglas firsheartwoodee.--c.. 2-2 - +o. ses se ae eee see eee semis 57 05 4. 38 Mamoarack meartwOOd a. ssces- ccc eee cint cece tee ace oe seeeraste 87 04 1. 26 Wihiteispruce; heartwood. ieee ene ee oe ones enero cate 3. 27 09 6. 42 lite eaWiestermlancheheantwoOods aso. n sas - eerie er eens aeeas 3.17 09 15. 72 Redwoodtheartwoods se ass54.0 oo asses Seems does oc seeee aoe 4.58 .16 18. 78 INoblotinsheartwood' cass a sc eos. saa anaet cis nomenon ceiccian cee 6. 07 ~12 12. 60 Eastern hemlock, heartwood................-.--.-.-----------00- 6. 66 -07 17. 28 HMastermbemlocksapwO0Gs 2ss-s. 5+ -eos see ene eee n= nee see cece 6. 75 05 18. 78 RCC WOOUESADIWiO O Giese s teased ae Sawer Sais elec aera enn cheeiete 6. 83 51153 21. 06 Wiestermhemlockheartwood---225--=-s-22-c2-=5-2ee-o-222-2-20e= 7. 42 06 17.16 Wiestermhemlockssapwoodes-sacceses sen eae ene eee ee aa aeee 8. 27 - 09 17. 04 Wihitetir Sap WOOds2.e2scst seen eed ore ciacins cae nace See ene 9. 00 .18 18. 96 SiEKASMPRUCC SAD WOOG 22. sah2 sa ees aieileae aysissiate setae eitera clorerseeale 9. 33 -10 16. 98 Wihitevtin hneartw00daecasa0 ats ascnine ae Sass see Sater se oie 10. 05 20) 21. 54 NOD OMIPSS api. OO Cs teat eee 2s EN oe or, A Se els cisco 10. 33 .18 16. 20 Sitkajspruce heartwood: 2s4..c2 5) 8h actccsmace oles cee osue ee maee ee 12. 00 . 09 13. 44 hve |evodgepoleipine heartwood=s- css. 22- ao. cse ceases Sees cesar 98 . 63 12. 84 Sprucespinesheartwoodees 40-4... o-conece eee eee nee eee anes 1. 65 . 30 17. 58 Shortlearpmesheartwoodes sees et see reer e stern eee a eae aes 2.15 5H) 15. 36 EngelnrannispnrucenearhwOod se sne ess seme. eeeee nase eeee sce e ee 2. 83 83 8. 64 Western yellow pine, heartwood..................-.--.---------- 4,42 1525 16.14 Jackspine sh Cantwi0 Oder cn ae nana setae ae tee ee ae See wiaeieee 4. 43 1. 27 12. 36 Western yellow pine, California, heartwood.................---.- 7. 60 72 16. 08 MoneleatpinesheantwoOods s--csce.2 cose cones sence cee e- cece. 9. 83 38 12. 90 = Poplolly pine, Hea twood SUS PREY Ne Ek Se Oe gee ee rn ee he 8. 33 85 18.12 ANTTOTACK IS AD WOOM se saese ds ac siete b Suen eisee ERA nse eae seer . : MER LORnatChsapwoode yo... nl ce ese eas Gee Penetration not determined. : All except white spruce Jack pine, sapwood... -...-..--- 2-22-2202 eee eee eee ee eee ee eee known to treat very easil Wihitespruce;sapwoodses.5..- oasenn eee o cone bocce weclon see ccmecmnet Ty y- Western yellow pine, California, sapwood ...............-.------- 4.50 0. 54 15282 Douglas firs sapwOOdban sn sseae cere certee sci secueeu ca ece besceeese 6. 10 43 14. 46 Engelmann spruce, sapwood...............---------------------- 6. 83 37 22.20 Wodeepolepinessapwood=-s.0 0.5. wisn eee ese cece nce e ace aces 9. 67 (3) 31. 56 SPEUCE ING SAD WOOG eae iy min ee ene ee ME as oe AS ee Ue oe (3) 3} 29. 46 Western yellow pine, sapwood.................---.-------------- (3) 3 28. 74 IvongleatpinessapwOOdseeces = a essa eee ee cooks s eee ee senes (3) @ 34. 20 Shoxutleahipineysap woods see ese ee eee on eye oe ee eee (3) (3 20. 76 HoblollyspinexSapwOOd ee sar cisco. assis ose Ss ce ce cence eee | (3) (3) 20. 40 1 Sapwood not available for either penetrance or impregnation tests. 2 Sapwood not available for penetrance tests. 3 Complete. TABLE 4.—Results of penetrance tests on individual pieces. YEW—HEARTWOOD. tot HY 1 ° w 2 2 3 alas Penetrations. ee ed ales soe Time re- A g ae |. g | Be cae “2 d — 2 n 6 4 : BS) eS | cs] & | 28 | inches. | Lonsitudi-| paaia Tangential. Piece No. Ag | Fo g a] & Eo nal. . ms pic) Z of Es eS cis S © os 3 o0 Noms) 00) wo | Lo} 1 .f 1 at ' 1! > S q qd = fas] Sn ” | i] Il g an a] ae ab @™ | Be] g 3 a 8 23| Bod} ocd! K oo | g og | xq cS) > > 5) > > colt Sy ee tee oe a See koun ees ca AN ey Sea cel ad ee teh feet Cash cap Sone Per ct. Lbs. | Min.| °F. | Lbs. | Min. | Min. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. 335.5 1 Se en 10.4) 21.0) 38.0 30} 145 89) () (1) 2.50) 5.00) 0.08} 0.10) 0.06] 0.08 ON AS ae 15.3] 16.0) 35.8 60} 145 87) (1) (1) 3.50) 6.60) .10} .10) .06/ .08 Mo Ree 16.6) 26.0) 40.7; 120) 145); -90) (©) (1) 4.25} 9.20} .06] .10; .06) .10 Average 14.1) 21.0) 38.2 70| 145 89} @) (4) 3.42} 6.93] .08] .10) .06) .09 1 Creosote did not penetrate to end of specimens. 38 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 4.—Results of penetrance tests on individual pieces—Continued. ALPINE FIR—HEARTWOOD. | 3 Sean fe a uelteks E 3 12 E ae a E 3 = Mineme: enetrations 23 me B | a eee Bal +) cele | Os eel pei Longitudi- : F Pinte No: 5 S = oH 8 ae inches. aiall Radial. Tangential. © n bio Ag az 3 ~ SOeo|/ Son] J) oO Bogigeac| S ot Yee een Se iis. fc, Py) Seawall eet | Ris keat ee a ee 4 ieee! ot S 5 5 23 |Sdlos|] kg |]og| xe] og | KE S > > S > > mH |] SA] PR) ss ][ rh) ss] rei as Slee alors tt Pe et SI eae 2 sie Peret Lbs. | Min.| °F. | Lbs. | Min. | Min. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. BORL Se ee 11.6] 21.8) 22.6 30{ 135 90) (1) | (2) { 0.70} 4.20) 0.10] 0.15] 0.05] 0.10 2) See 11.9] 20.4] 22.0 60] 143} 90) @) | (@) | 2.20) 6.60] .08/ .10/ .08| .10 B09E GS. ees: 13.2} 17.1) 20.9 120) 143 90} () (4) 2.30! ©7240) 15) S901 = 10s - 219 Average 12.2 ) 21.8 70 140 901} @) | @) | 1.73] 6.07/ .11) 15] 08; . 11 ALPINE FIR—SAPWOOD BO tang a Cayo | 12.31 15.0) 20.9 20 143} 90] @) | () 5.0} 5.5| 0.05! 0.15] 0.05! 0.10 SUS Co aeaare ee 9.7} 14.5) 22.6 60) 133} 90] @) | @) 6.0] 7:0) & AO 1 240l> 15h 230 SOR eke 11.6] 14.6/ 22.4) 120) 152) 90) @) | 75 5.5]. 9.0| .05| .10/ .15| .30 Average...| 11 2 14.7 =D) a 143; 90) @) | @ | 5.5 2 07 = 12 .23 REDWOOD—HEARTWOOD. Ab Gdme. sb 13.6 19.3] 19.9 60] 140/ 88} @) | @) | 4.20] 10.4] 0.20] 0.25] 0.18] 0.25 fib ee ae 9.5| 18.7| 20.2 68| 130! - 85! @) 1°) 1-380) 10/9] 92 15|> el isle ep Dee ew ee 18.1) 18.6 19.5 | 102, 136] 82) @) | @) | 5.75) 12.0) .18 -16] .10| .32 Average ue 18.9 19.9 | 77| 135 85 Q) | Q) 4.58 Tel eatGi eg ou .29 REDWOOD—SAPWOOD VRE seat eeeroe 26. 3 20.1 a 138) 88] (1) | @) | 5.75 12.0) 0.14} 0.16] 0.10) 0.35 aC eal 13.2| 27.3] 27.2 60] 142] 78] (1) | @) | 9.25] 12:0) 11} 213} 09) © .11 iu 12.7| 29.7| 28.0] 120) 140 85] @) | @) | 5.60 8.1 S| <5] OOF eae Average | 13.9 27.7 25.1 | 79 149 84} () | Q) | 6.87 10.7] .13] .15| .09| .21 EASTERN HEMLOCK—HEARTWOOD. | | | Dl ea Se 11.8 35.91 22°90|"° 30)" =139| = 88) 27 301 =. ae 5.50} 12.0] 0.08 0.10 0.06, 0.08 Dehiecee eee | 10.5} 23.6] 21.60} 60] 139] 89) 30] 30] 7.50) 12.0) .09) 11) .10| .30 Ps Ras © Deer 9.4) 25.0, 24. a 120, 144, 86] 45] 607.0) 12.0) .05, .10; 10.35 Average 108 a 2) aa} 141 88 coer cece 6.67, 12.0 07 10 09 24 EASTERN HEMLOCK—SAPWOOD. OP Tas Se. 11.9] 24.5] 18.40/ 30) 141] 89 5} 30! 8.5] 12.0] 0.05] 0.08) 0.10] 0.12 Die ares 14.5! -31-7| 18.60] ~ "60|. 135) “S74 22 30| 5.0| 12.0] .05| .08| .10| .16 Average...| 13.2} 28 1 18.50) ) 45). a38| (eslec eth 6.75, 12.0 05 £08| > 10)" WESTERN HEMLOCK—HEARTWOOD. DE ES ES 12.6} 10.8] 25.6 30, 142) 871 @) | @ | 8.50] 12.0) 0.06) 0.15] 0.09] 0.13 Ooroie ee 10.4] 12.6] 27.9 60| 137] 88] 30| @) | 5.00] 12.0] 05} -10| 205) -70 ay Ste Reet ae 7.8} 13.1] 27.9 120) 133|. -85| 80) <(@)- |; Sev5h, 12/0|- HOG 15 |e edd Average...| 10.3} 12.2) 27.1 70). AS7|- -—-Bileceacsleeeee 7.42| 12:0} .06| -.13| .08] .18 1 Creosote did not penetrate to end of specimens. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 39 TaBLE 4.—Results of penetrance tests on individual pieces—Continued. WESTERN HEMLOCK—SAPWOOD. 6 By 3 By Rnioute: Penetrations. Ba /s = 3 | 2 | quired to —= fay) || rehg B EES Sa eee A 2 S [penetrate 12 fea : cbs 8S | o8 EI es inches. yonenuds Radial. | Tangential. Piece No. Ag FS : 2 I 8 R 2 nal. y ro) an Bs 3 A (0) 0) 5 2 Boe eo Bo AROS Ie 3 a ao th =f Ay aufiee B 18s 18 3S Baie tlh PS |ESG log | KE} os | KE] og | KE o 5 = 5S 5 S ia I 2 5 > Be as > ee os > a oy} Sa Oe lot eee ee ee ee a Perct Lbs. | Min.| *F. | Lbs. | Min.| Min.| Ins.| Ins.) Ins.) Ins.| Ins.| Ins. SO eas Nee 8.3] 20.5] 28.6 30 124 84, 30] () 8.50} 12.0 | 0.06} 0.08) 0.11} 0.20 fey Gc caper tee iat 13.1] 26.4] 28.0 60} 138 83} (4) (1) 8.30} 12.0 .08 male sy BO? QO Rie trea) UBM OA OPO Ar fers) 120 135 80 30 (1) 8.00} 12.0 5A Ales 13 30 Average....| 11.5} 23.0} 28.0 70 132 S37 | ed gat | ioc 8.27} 12.0 09 al) 12 27 ENGLEMANN SPRUCE—HEARTWOOD. 5 eral ee ea ar Sa 9.4] 24.5) 23.82 45 128 89} () (@) 2) 50) 3. 50|) 0550) 1-10)|2 0: 05) 0.05 Y/R ee aed 10.5} 12.2) 25.28 60 151 90) (*) (@) 4.0} 6.50} 1.00) 1.30 - 05) .05 as 7 fae cape eat syn 8.0) 10.9) 25.89 120 151 88) () (@) 220) 6.0 1.00 1.00) - 08) 08 Average... 9.3] 15.9] 25.00] 75] 143/ = 89)......|...... 2: 3 5. 33 .83| 1.13] 06 0.6 | ENGLEMANN SPRUCE—SAPWOOD. IB a a ee oh 7.3) 44.4) 26.85 1 115 89 3 41 6.0] 12.0 0.50) 0.80) 0.30) 0.50 A Re Me AR, 13.6] 21.8) 26.88 2 118 89 ' 1 : 1 2.50; 12.0 . 30 . 90 .08 .10 mmedi- . 60- LOO chute: 21.0) 42.0) 25.60; 2) +120 89/{ ely. \12.0 12.0] .30 iealh n05|. 205 Average... 14.0] 36.1) 26.44 2 118 SOL | ps cl aa 6.8 | 12.0 36 . 98 .14 522 WESTERN LARCH—HEARTWOOD. DIPL ys e —Nra etlk 10.3) 55.0} 30.78 30 141 76) () (4) TOON Se4 | 208 06 0.30} 0.07] 0.10 A eS Pode aime an 11.2} 58.0) 29.13 60 151 89 15 30 | 5.00} 12.0 .10 . 80 212 . 30 DAN): Reig ata i 8.9} 60.0} 30.70 120 140 80 15 30 3.50) 12.0 -10 .10 51 .30 Average...| 10.1) 58 | 30.20 70 144 S2heweres alae aks 3s Li OoL P| - 40 10 B74} TAMARACK—HEARTWOOD. IID ee Crates 12.3) 13.6) 32.1 30 143 87 30 30 0.50) 12.0 0.02) 0.05; 0.02) 0.05 SB USB ss ey che Uy De tale 12.1} 14.0) 30.4 60 134 90 45 30 1.50} 12.0 .05 - 10 . 05 10 GUT aes ence 12.1} 14.4} 30.4 120 139 86 30 30 . 60} 12.0 05 .10 05 10 Average...| 12.2) 14.0} 31.0 70 139 SS) Pes te Bisa 87} 12.0 04 - 08 04 -08 LODGEPOLE PINE—HEARTWOOD GY 5 hs Sea ree 13.7 5.9) 22. 62 35 134 87; () (1) 0.20; 2.00} 1.00} 1.20} (2) (2) 130 a 12.5} 5.9| 22.43] 60] 133; 90/ @) | @) .50| 2.50/ .30} 1.00] (2) | (2) NGG ee 9.7 6. 4| 23.02 60 148 90} ©) () 2.25} 4.00 60] 1.20) (2) (2) Average...| 12.0 6.1} 22.69 52 138 SOR ees -98] 2.83 OSE Leal ol Sater laren 1 Creosote did not penetrate to end of specimens. 2Could not be determined. 40 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 4.—Results of penetrance tests on individual pieces—Continued. LODGEPOLE PINE—SAPWOOD. oS 5 + eo 5 : fas} Gc a 3 3 roo mania we Penetrations. Seal ecto at loge S | £41 quired to gs 2S Shee BRS B © {penetrate 12) 7 4, pid | = ‘= i 7 is 7 Piece No. 5 3 a 2 = fi £ é inches. aA Radial. | Tangential. 2 o% ES 3 E S oS hate. x g Zo = SS c= ro} . sth i =the Lae zie: | ~ . _ rn mM _* qd . @ | ea] a a a no }Ss]} oc | KEG 10d] #E] 05] *E 3 > > 3 Pol & a} og |/ rl ass) r®) ad | pel as [Sv it SC 8 he 4of< ote la” pa Se |=" 1 Sa SS Perct Lbs. | Min.| °F. | Lbs. | Min. | Min. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins.| Ins. it: Se ae eee 12.4) 7.9} 23.06 1 a ee (1) 3} 10.00} 12.0} (2) (2) (3) (3) J ede deemed 39.3] 7.8) 22.18 1 a a eae 40} 40] 10.0 12.0] (2) | (2) | @) | @) TO ees. Nee 16:4). (Esp oDMa! | GOP Cr (1) 20| 9.0] 12.0] (2) | (2) | (3) | @) Average...| 22.6] 7. 4 22.55 21... es im ah ra 9.671 12,0.1..0oc lat) eee JACK PINE—HEARTWOOD. | | QIGE ee esac e ae | 17. ‘ 7.7) 24.1 30 132 8g (4) | (4) 3. 10 6. 60 0.80 1.20) 0.10) 0.10 298 FoR eee 12.9; 8.6} 25.1 60} 137 90) (4) (4) 4.0/ 9.6] 1.60) 1.60) .10) .20 BN imc actes cosets 13.9} 8.6) 23.9 120 150| 91} (4) | (4) 6227 SkSiliats 40, 1.60). 10)% <0 Average...| 14.8) 8.3) 24.4 70 149 2 Sees Kees 4, 8 833} 0b 26 1.47 LO eS BULL PINE—HEARTWOOD. Uf eee ie ae 1 What eked él 24.7 30 77| 140 18) (4) 4.0] 5.0} 0.40] 0.50} 0.15) 0.20 GOR eae c seis 10.1} 15.0} 25.1 80) 77, ~=145 80) (@) | LOS00) 122079 Sta es = 22| too De ee eS oe 19.2} 13.0} 24.7 115 80} 154 45| (4) | 12.0.) 22:04) 1.25) 1.37) 320)e 250 TG bee ae 37. i seloees 25.2 17 76| 148) (4) (4) 4.40} 5.60) .12) .25 . 06 10 Average...| 20. ‘| 12.2) 24.9 60 CITA Wk oan Ie 7 ae oe S| ee eONle Sait 572) 384) Sa G iar eos Average... Hl 13.1) 223) 27.7 15 Gay Waal SSeS | 4.50) 12.0 54 Pits!) eed 7] Pe 3 | | | WHITE FIR—HEARTWOOD. MBE eee omic 15.6) 7.1) 22.03 30} 136 881 19) 30) 11.0} 12.0] 0.20) 0.30) 0. 30 0. 50 PI eee cA TOE 13.9] 6.8} 21.83 60} 128 87 23) 60) 7.75) 12.0 - 20). <25) 20h" 225 140 Soc ees 11.7; 6.8) 21.68) 120) 143 89 30, 45 | 11.50) 12.0 20/5... 30) 2a Average...| 13.7; 6.9] 21.85 70} 136 SS hosoees | ae 10. 08) 12.0 - 20). 28] 2 2b wrentes WHITE FIR—SAPWOOD. 1s SS eee 18.3) 10.7) 21.84 15} 129 85 15} (4) | 12.0] 12.0; 0. 30 0.60) 0.50) 0.90 LCE A Em Sis 8.9} 8.5} 23. 62 60, 135 87 16 26} 8.00) 12.0 » 15) 1S Zoe een 110 7 Sara leet ae 9.7). - 7. 7| 23.09}. 120)~ . 13% 88 15} 60) 7.00) 12.0 ~10} .25) + .20) = .43 Average.-.| -12:3|. 79.0] 22.851 > 465), 132s -- St|scaes a2 e | 9. 09 12.0 | - 19) a4 Boas NOBLE FIR—HEARTWOOD. PAY eR A SAS oa a Pa 17. 8} 24.7 30) 129 87 10; 15] 8.0)} 12.0] 0.05) O. 08 0.10) 0.20 DIG th epee 8.7| 15.0} 22.6 60; 145]. 901 ©. | ©: 45) a) cold Se eo ae BIOMASS ead) asec eee ee WAP Sone 105} 137 90 1S) 25a o.02| at 250 -20) .30 20). 25 Average...| 8.7| 15.6] 23.6 65} 137 802 ee | sakiseis 5.8 | 10.5 21 20 eel oleae 1 Radially. 3 Could not be determined. 2 Complete. 4 Creosote did not penetrate to end of specimens. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. Al TABLE 4.—Results of penetrance tests on individual pieces—Continued. NOBLE FIR—SAPWOOD. 6 B = g S Penetrations. SS allt 8 | © | -Wime)re- ag a3 ig 5 ees Baers ‘2 i che D 3S s = EI a5 inches. oustaucl: Radial. | Tangential. Piece No. ag | Fe 25) 2 | Be nal. : s |o@|PSl|s#! © | oS | wg | So BO BOSE eet oS At oh ayo ee Do |B at eee le geis ete lars B | RO | eg | Ed | os | KE} og | KE] os | KE ‘2 2 2 2 5 5 SiR Shale ee Ge eee 5 PO) as Sl a Or ye lee aed tsar fecha == ma ft = Perct Lbs. | Min.| °F. | Lbs. | Min.| Min.| Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. PH IPRS teak ss aa 10. 8] 27.3) 22. 2 30 144) 90 54 12 | 10.0] 12.0} 0.30) 0.4 0.10} 0.15 ZO ee eine, isis 8.9} 19.1] 25.4 60 142) 90 il 15 9.0 | 12.0 10 10 - 30 - 50 2OOe econ rca 13.6) 29. 5} 23.4 120 140} 89 3 Lop | L225 OR 250 SAS Gals -90) .90 Average...| 11.1] 25.3] 23.7 70 WADI OOP a erect octets 10.3 | 12.0 as av 74 . 43 ~ 52 DOUGLAS FIR—HEARTW OOD. TNO epee ees oes 12.9} 13.9} 28.3 30 137} 88 (4) () 0530), 2530) |).0: 03 0.08) 0.04) 0.09 1 ee ees 7.5) 12.2) 27.0 60 138} 88 (4) Q@) - 60} 12.0 -05) .12 - 05 . 09 NOS Rez Sass cee 10.9) 15.0) 28.0 120 142) 88 () (@) A 80) 9.0 5 08} . 10 - 08 10 Average...| 10.4] 13. 7| 27.8 70 139] \Osenee ase | fon ee 57| 8.6 | : 05 Solnee 06 .09 DOUGLAS FIR—SAPW OOD. LS Sa Se 15.4) 21.4) 26.9 30} 139) 8&6 25 Q) 5.10] 12.0} 0.40) 1. 00 0.05) 0.10 TISIR ese e Se 10.9) 26.0) 26.5 60 136} 87 15 45 5. 20| 12.0 40) 2500) -05 10 el ye ek 155,83). Alb | 4a) 120 141) 87 (1) () 8. 00} 12.0 OO ee le 00) 07 12 Average...| 13.9| 23.0) 26.9 ANP ie My Sees | alee | 6. 19 12.0 | ‘a 1 00 06, .11 SITKA SPRUCE—HEARTWOOD. SPU iiss a ees 14.5} 9.3) 17.47 30 144; 84 ais 3y| 12.0 | 12.0 0. og 0) 12 0.08} 0.20 AAU Dee Sree 13.8) 4.1) 15.85 60 147| 85 30 30 12.0 | 12.0 : 10) 15 - 06 15 AG eer ea see hs Lie 9.5} 8.6] 17. 86 120 140) 84 15 15 12.0 | 12.0 - 10 20 - 20 20 Aerarae |) TOG ABW aLAGa ee) eI ey en Es 12.0 | 12.0 | 3 09 etaee i 7 SITKA SPRUCE—SAPWOOD. | DIRS Ae eset |e 4 LSA SGI serie lioceerern eee conte Instantly. 4.0} 12.0] 0.08} 0.20) 0.15) 0.25 PAP) i GR a see 7.4| 11.8) 19.06 30 144; 8&6 12 14 1250) |) 2250 - 10 20 12 20 PPA St ae Re eee 11.3) 12.3) 18.60 60 144| 87 15 15 12.0 | 12.0 -10 14 18 25 Average... 9.3} 11.8) 18.84 45 W44 IS S6SolBaaccmleaeees 9.3 | 12.0 - 09 18 Sal} 2a WHITE SPRUCE—HEARTW OOD. 7A See 10.3} 10.9] 24.7 30 150) 85 (@) @) 3.30} 8.30} 0.05) 0.10) 0.05) 0.15 2a) See 14.7); 18.2) 22.6 60 146) 8&6 (@) @) 2.00) 7.50 - 06 08 - 05 10 2 Vioaee Bose 9.5, 10.0} 23.9 120 146) 8&6 @) 4.50) 8.75 oly 20 15 20 Average...| 11.5) 13.0) 23.7 (ADI see AMAA 8 Goal es ee ee ara 3.27| 8.18} .09 13 Say yas WESTERN YELLOW PINE—HEARTWOOD. SASS a 12.0} 8.2) 23.93 30} 145) 87 (1) Q) 5.25) 6.30) 1.25) 1.25) 0.05) 0.10 PAE 55 ts Se ae ree es 10. 5} 24. 81 60} 143) 87 () (1) 6.50} 8.00) (?) iSO lace - 05 PAO) Soe aa Mean 13.6} 8.6) 23. 81 120) 1389) 85 (4) () P50 220 | 20 eel SO eae eee a Average...| 12.8) 9.1] 24.18 70 TAD SGrilie sae | ones AAD IOS OO lute |eel 40 | eee eeeere 1 Creosote did not penetrate to end of specimens. 2 Complete. 42 BULLETIN 101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 4.—Results of penetrance tests on individual pieces—Continued. WESTERN YELLOW PINE—SAPWOOD. = onl me o mB . shes gs, 3 E Ss, nein: Penetrations. | Se hee s | £= | quired to a8 me | s S | 36 penetrate 12 4 = 2 1 - =i 3 a5 ge os = 2 inches. Tengwadi Radial. Tangential. Piece No. ag oO os a Eo nal. oS le ese Eg bd a e oO Ry _ 9) os = ol ene ee ear ee coe eee aoe ema eA eg | m@ | eR| a mR | OB 318d log | KE] os | KE] og | xg S > > S > > mA} Oe), rM| ss} re) at | -&) ad Sod iGo Pe a f4. |e te | | See) a Sa) ae |Per ct. Lbs. | Min.| °F. | Lbs. | Min.| Min.) Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins.8 Ce epee 10.2 | 16.4) 23.60] 1/ 138] 83 4 4/12 | 12 (1) | 1.00) 0.221 0.20 Roe ae HF 15.4, SF Fl 190P, SB 4/12 | 12 (1) | 1.00, .25| 3 C5 a rea el pas (sts nests 7] gl em 1 Rc) PPD pst dea 12 | 12 (Oo 1. GO Seah ie Average...| 13.5 | 16.2| 23.22 i 5 PRES =| NN Pa 2 12 fig 1.00 1.00) 24) 29 SPRUCE PINE—HEARTWOOD. Duin cp |.12.3 3.4 33.24] 30 137] 8a] 2) | 2) 2.09 3.50 0.30 0.40] 0. 10 0. 10 o aeae oe | 9.4 |" 3.7[),32: 781 60] 138) - 88) @) k (2) | 1.45F 2560). °.30) 295) top cea Dene 11.4} 3.6] 32.16) 120] 133] 87] (2) | (2) | 1.50] 3.10] .30| .70| .10) .10 15) oe | 13.0] 4.3] 29.7 Selo 89). () 21 8) | @. Gi) Oe eee Denne ea ee BO°50h She coeae 812) 4 Ook Ol © dO tO ae Average...| 11.5| 3 6 32 3 70 136 ay Seen bens sk | 1. 65 3 07 30 63 10) .12 | | SPRUCE PINE—SAPWOOD. | | | iY aaa 110.5] 7.7] 25.48) 2 | 130} 87} 2 Se) cb Oa Gy A a@ ieee he 1G | 15.2] 8.2) 25.01] 2) 114 89) 2 Pa Me ead WE) aa eS) 3 esa Fee i ie ee ea [13 Oah 28. 6h23-33)r 15) 120): oS eat 4 Qi @ |. O40) ea eae Average...| 12.9 | 8. 2 24. 61 Gal ADE See | Son Ns | cog: erat [ees Wagers pee nck | Bsr: | | | | | | | LONGLEAF PINE—HEARTWOOD. | pee | Dag tea | 10.4| 9.3] 35.05, 30| 143] 986] (2) 10} 8.0] 12.0 0.25) 0.45) 0.10 0.10 es eee | 7.2) 17.1) 35.04 60 | 133} 82) (2) 25. | 10.50] 12.0; .40) .55/ 10). 10 40) eee | 1.9] 10.0 39. 31, 120| 141} 80) () 12 11.0 | 12.0, .50} .70} 10} 10 Average... | 12.2| 12. 1 36. “i 70 | 139 83 ee | 2 eae eS) 12.0 | 38 57 “ .10 LONGLEAF PINE—SAPWOOD. : : 143) ee eee ees 18.5 | 20.5) 22. 48 3} 130 83} (2) (2) (1) (*) (1) (7) (1) (4) 1 AGS ee see 17.4 | 26.4) 22.03 3)" 120). - 838i... 2) @)- -.@) 4- © Oe Oya One) D2 eae V7.7) 25. 5) 22.-27 1 | 125 83} (2) (?) (4) (4) () (4) (4) ©) Average...| 17 a 24. 1) 22,26 : 135| Sate | Be a ee — | eae | ee | Sra SHORTLEAF PINE—HEARTWOOD. | | Igheennae oe 6.2 15.41 39.77, 30] 137) 86) (2) | (2) | 2.00} 3.00} 0.30} 0.50] 0.05] 0.05 Vig ean 11.5 | 14.1] 36.871 60] 133} 988] (2) | (2) | 2.50] 4.50} .30| .60] .05| .10 Tall Sis Oa 8.77) 16.8) 40.12) 120] 148, 89) () | (2) | 3.75) 5.50) .45) .60] .05] .05 Average... 8.8| 15.4] 38. e 70 | 139 Saleen! aera 2.75] 4.33; .35| .57| .05| .07 1 Complete. 2 Creosote did not penetrate to end of specimens. 3 Not taken. RESISTANCE OF CONIFERS TO CREOSOTE INJECTION. 43 TABLE 4.—Results of penetrance tests on individual pieces—Continued. SHORTLEAF PINE—SAPWOOD. S B 2 gS 3 : Penetrations. Sy cae 2 3 m Time re- Bee (oe | 8 | Ba eante eee ; Ske ge 3 EI 25 | inches. ponettudt: Radial. | Tangential. Piece No. qe o | o§8 I ae nal. ole peers \enel S Pa Dols = Sy alleseroeae bias ; : ; : ; ; 3 os ra) Lo} 4 ries: eu, 4 a \|8ele (3 | & | 87) esl 8cleos| ke los | xe] os | ke S) > > S > > “8 / od SS) Gre) | ES aah ea cee Sta Onde aja |e och a hele te ered (Sle Perct Lbs. | Min.| °F. | Lbs. | Min.| Min.| Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. OTe Sh 1356S USC Tells 154 88)! (8) | Gel Gr Gn ie eee eee sie ee): 14.6). 13.51 30:10) 23), -150)' < 8si @). | @) | @) 1 2) | @ I @> I o38l 0050 Te paar (itl egal S2e18 lhe Oh 146 eee 86 |ee PU ese) Oy paella asst Si Average...) 12.7) 14.4) 31.41 2 150 eS UE tee Ma rs Pea hee al ete (egree | Fae .20} .30 LOBLOLLY PINE—HEARTWOOD. 0.20} 0.50 Dist eae 9:7| 3.5] 32:49] 1| 1321 87] @) | @ | 2.50 8. 50/{ in LL golf 005 0.05 Pigeon sn Qi alh 02! 81-33) 24\5. 60" |" 136). = Sah ee le); 0G), -@) { 100 eat .20/ 20 ISG es He lennAe le 31 Ogle 120) | 18Z\n oe SBloe sly oe) (ne) { -19 sol 20; .20 eye 1. 50: Meverape-)-| 10.3) 3.5|°32.57| 60 135) 88\cee.- 2/2... | pare tl ee { i3 “at Gist LOBLOLLY PINE—SAPWOOD. Dalles ohh 7.9| 8. 7| 30.15 31 130; - 87) @) | @ | @ | @ | @ | ® | 0.50) 1.00 Dogaeee ae a" ea Vel ee@ a\, 136\ <7. & Als @)al Es Ree ae) |b eee mgs BOOR Susana cin. LOMOl 7a Sloane Ae Aa ee SiG ale@ et Gul) (¢ eel @) 1.0011 1°50 Neerace Miesa| i 3 iilianids| er 30y fe 136l0s S7itomeu ne eee {epee eas = 38 82 1 Creosote did not penetrate to end of specimens. 2 Complete. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY V