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From the ANNALS AND MaGAzInE oF NATURAL History,
Ser. 8, Vol. xiii., January 1914.

Remarks on some Copepoda from the Falkland Islands collected
by Mr. Rupert Vallentin, F.L.S. By Tuomas Scorv,
LL.D., F.L.S.

[Plates I. & IL]

SEVERAL expeditions engaged in scientific research in the
southern oceans have, from time to time, visited the Falkland
Islands and collected samples of the fauna of this far-distant
British dependency; consequently, as the Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing remarks, ‘“‘the general features of the zoology of
the Falklands are tolerably well known” *. So far, how-
ever, as the Crustacean fauna is concerned, marine species
appear to have received rather more attention than those
found in the fresh waters of the Islands.

One of the later visits to these Islands was that of the
Swedish South Polar Expedition in 1901-1903. Some
fresh-water collections from the Falklands were brought
home by this expedition, and the Copepoda contained in
these were reported on by Dr. Sven Ekman in 1905 in
Lieferung 4, vol. v. of the account of the expedition.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., May 1900, p, 517.

2s Dr. T. Scott on some

Few attempts appear to have been made to systematically
examine the fresh-water Entomostraca of the Islands, and
the collections now under consideration are therefore the
more interesting, as they represent most of the fresh-water
areas that are of any importance.

A paper describing some results of Mr. Vallentin’s re-
searches at the Falklands in 1898-1899 has already been
published. This paper, prepared by the Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing, appeared in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London’ in May 1900, and deals with Crustacea
belonging to the Brachyura, Macrura, Schizopoda, and
Isopoda—all of them marine except Trichoniscus magellanicus,
specimens of which were “ found in a damp cave on the top
of a hill 450 feet high 2 miles distant from Stanley.”

The Copepoda referred to in the following notes were
obtained in gatherings from various places, and were collected
at various times during 1909, 1910, and 1911. Most of the
samples examined were from fresh-water localities, but a few
of them were marine, and these were collected chiefly by
tow-net in the vicinity of tbe Islands. The number of fresh-
water samples was considerable, and in some of them
Copepoda were tolerably plentiful ; but there was not much
variety—indeed, some of the gatherings consisted almost
exclusively of one or two species. Calanoids and Cyclops
were generally present, but no Harpactids were noticed in
any of the fresh-water samples. The following is a descrip-
tion of species belonging to the Calanoida and Cyclopoida
observed in the collections * :—

CALANOIDA.
Fam. Centropagide.

Genus Borcketa, de Guerne and Richard, 1889.

In this genus the inner rami of the last pair of legs in the
male are more or less rudimentary and almost devoid of
armature. Only one species of Boeckella was observed in
Mr. Vallentin’s collections.

Boeckella michaelsenit (Mrazek). (Pl. I. figs. 4-6.)

1901. Boeckellina michaelseni, Mrazek, (5) p. 11, figs. 5, 10, 20, 23, e¢
seq.

* Notes on some marine Harpacticoida &c. observed in the marine
samples will appear later.

Copepoda from the Falkland Islands. 3

1901. Boeckelia pygmea, Daday, “ Diagnoses preecursorize Copepodorum
noyorum e Patagonia,” in Termesz. Fiizet. 24.

1902. Pseudoboeckella pygmea, Daday, “ Mikroskopische Stisswass-
thiere aus Patagonien,” op. ezt. 25.

1905. Pseudoboeckella anderssonorum, Ekman, (2) p. 10, pl. i. figs. 3-5.

1905. Boeckella michaelsent, Eknian, (3) p. 603.

This species occurred in at least eight gatherings, and
both males and females bearing ovisacs were observed. The
species, though comparatively small, is readily distinguished,
both the female and male, but especially the latter, by the
structure of the fifth pair of legs. In the female the spine
on the inner distal angle of the second joint of the outer
ramus is comparatively feeble and shorter than the third
joint, and this third joint, which is smaller than the preceding
one, carries only three bristles ; the two terminal bristles are
unequal in length, one being tolerably stout and spiniform
and longer than the other; the third bristle, which is also
small, springs from near the lower end of the outer margin.

In the male the fifth pair of legs are tolerably long and
siender and unsymmetrical. The left leg is somewhat
shorter than the other, and the first jot of the outer ramus
has the inside margin expanded and convexly and evenly
rounded, and with the rounded edge fringed with small
hairs ; the second joint is narrow and shorter than the first,
and is armed with a terminal spiniform prolongation; the
inner ramus is very rudimentary, and consists of a small
single-jointed appendage. The right leg is elongated and
slender, and the inner ramus is short and feebly developed,
as shown in the drawing (fig. 5). Figure 6 represents the
fifth pair of legs of an immature male.

Genus Ps—EvpoBoEcKELLA, Mrazek, 1901.

This genus is nearly allied to Boeckella, and there is so
close a resemblance between the females of the two that
the species can with difficulty be determined where female
specimens only are available. In the male the difference
between them is more distinct, especially in the structure of
the last pair of legs, for while the inner ramus of the left leg
is, as in Boeckella, quite rudimentary, that of the right is
tolerably well developed, as shown by the drawings. ‘Three
species belonging to this genus have been observed in the
collections.

Pseudoboeckella poppei, Mrazek. (Pl. I. fig. 9.)

1895. Boeckella brasiliensis, Poppe and Mrazek (not Lubbock), (6)
p. 15, with plate.

4 Dr. T. Scott on some

1898. Boeckella brasiliensis, Giesh. & Schmeil. Das Tierreich, 6 Liefo
rung, Copepoda, I. Gymnoplea, p. 60.

1901. Pseudoboeckella popper, Mrazek, (5) p. 6.

1902. Boeckella popper, Daday, “ Mikroskopische Siisswasserthiere aus
Patagonien,” in Termesz. Fizet. 25.

1905. Boeckella entzxi, Ekman, (2) p. 14, pl. i. fig. 6.

1909. Pseudoboeckella popper, Sars, (13) p. 22, pl. iii.

The structure of the fifth pair of thoracic legs in the male
constitutes one of the more important characters by which
this species may be distinguished. The inner ramus of the
left leg is very rudimentary, as in Boeckella, but that of the
right is tolerably well developed and consists of three distinct
moderately stout joints, and the end joint is provided with
four spiniform sete, two on the outer margin and two at the
apex, as shown in the drawing (fig. 9). A full description,
with excellent figures of this species, will be found in G. O.
Sars’s paper on fresh-water Entomostraca from South Georgia
referred to above.

This species was obtained in a fresh-water gathering from
Hill Cove, but in none of the other samples examined.

Length of female 2°8 mm.; male somewhat smaller.

Pseudoboeckella brevicaudata (Mrazek).
(Pir T, figs.) 7; 10:)
(?) 1875. Centropages brevicaudata, Brady, (1) p. 162.
1901. Paraboeckella brevicaudata, Mrazek, (5) p. 8, figs. 6, 7, 12, 21,
et seq.
1905. Boeckella vexillifera, Ekman, (2) p. 16, figs. 7-12.

1905. Pseudoboeckella brevicaudata (Mrazek), var. vevillifera, Ekman,
(3) p. 601.

This species (or variety) was obtained in gatherings from
moor-pools and other small bodies of fresh water, and both
males and females with ovisacs occurred in the same
gatherings.

Female.—In this species the abdomen of the female is
short, three-segmented, and with the middle segment small.
The fifth pair of thoracic legs has the outer ramus tolerably
stout and elongated, the inner distal angle of the second joint
is produced into astrong curved spine much larger than that
in Pseudoboeckella poppet ; the end joint is rather narrower
than the second and is one and a half times its length, and
carries three short setze on the inner margin, one about the
middle of the outer margin and three at the apex, the middle
apical seta being tolerably stout and elongated. The inner
ramus only reaches to a little beyond the second joint of
the outer and is much narrower than it ; the end joint of the

a

Copepoda from the Falkland Islands. 5

inner ramus is furnished with two sete on the inner margin,
one on the outer, and three on the rounded apex.

Male.—The right leg of the fifth pair of thoracic feet in
the male is rather shorter than the left, the proximal joint of
the outer ramus is tolerably expanded, but the terminal
portion is very narrow, twisted, and claw-like, and is articu-
lated on the inner aspect of the proximal joint, as shown in
the figure (fig. 1) ; the inner ramus is three-joinied, the first
joint is moderately stout, but the other two are slender, and
the last one ends in one or two spiniform sete ; the left leg
is tolerably slender and elongated, and the inner ramus is
very rudimentary (fig. 1).

Length of the female about 2 mm., the male being rather
smaller. The length, however, varies to some extent in
different specimens.

Dr. Mrazek records the examination of specimens of this
form sent from South Patagonia, and identifies the species
with Centropages brevicaudatus, Brady, from Kerguelen
Island *; but, as Dr. Brady had not seen the male of the
species he describes, and as some of the more important
specific characters are derived from the male, there appears
to be some doubt as to whether the two species are iden-
tical. Dr. Ektuan subsequently obtained specimens of the
same species, but not having at the time seen Mrazek’s
description, he described them as new under the name
Boeckella vevilliferay ; this he afterwards changed to
“ Pseudoboeckella brevicaudata (Mrazek), var. vewillifera,
Ekman” +. I find, on comparing the description and figures
of Dr. Ekman with those by Mrazek, that there does not
appear to be any material difference between them; I have
therefore ascribed the species to Mrazek, but should Mrazek’s
identification be found correct, his name wlll be replaced by
that of Dr. Brady.

Pseudoboeckella vallentini, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 2, 8, 11.)

Female.—The female of this species has a general resem-
blance to that of Pseudoboeckeila poppei, but is considerably
smaller. The cephalothorax is tolerably robust and some-
what dilated in front, but tapers slightly towards the poste-
rior end ; the lateral expansions of the last thoracic segment

* “ Magalkeensische Sammelreise,” Siisswasser-Copepoden, p..8, figs. 6,
7, 12, 21, 26, 27, 29, 45, 46, 50, and 52 (1901).

+ ‘ Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Schwedischen Siidpolar-expe-
dition 1901-3,’ Band v. Lief. 4, Cladocera u. Copepoda, p. 16, Taf. i.
figs. 7-12 (1905).

$ Zool. Anz. 5, xxix. no. 19, p. 601 (Dec. 1905).

6 Dr. T. Seott on some

form narrow prolorgations which extend backward to about
the last segment of the abdomen (fig. 11). Abdomen short,
about half the length of the cephalothorax, composed of
three segments, the first large and equal to fally the combined
lengths of the next two, second and third subequal ; caudal
rami short and furnished with five short and stout bristles
round the distal end.

Antennules elongated and reaching to about the last
segment of the abdomen. The other appendages of the
cephalosome and also the swimming-legs are all somewhat
similar to the species named above, except that in the fi.th
pair of thoracic legs the spiniform process on the inside of
the second joint of the outer ramus is larger and reaches
beyond the end of the third joint and has its extremity
slightly hooked.

Length about 1:6 mm. é

Male.—The male, as is usual, is smaller and more slender,
and the abdomen proportionally longer than in the female.
The fifth pair of thoracic legs differ very much from those of
the female, and they are diso. unsymmetrical ; the inner ramus
of the left leg is very rudimentary; in the outer ramus
the first joint is of an oval form and considerably dilated
and becoming somewhat gibbose interiorly ; the distal portion
of the ramus is uarrow, strongly curved, and attenuated
towards the extremity ; the first joint is also armed with a
stout and moderately long spine near the lower end of the
outer margin; this spine projects cutward from the joint, as
shown in the figure (fig. 2), and which is appareutly its

normal position. The outer ramus of the right leg is dis--

tinctly shorter than that of the left, but is scarcely so robust ;
the inner ramus is tolevably stout and broad, and reaches to
somewhat beyond the eud of the first joint of the outer
ramus, and is rather wider towards the proximal end, where
the inner margin expands and becomes somewhat gibbose
and carries one or two short spines; the distal end of the
inner ramus is bluntly rounded and is provided with two
short spiniform setz on the outer distal angle, while on the
inner angle and extendimg a short distance up the inner
margin are five or six short and stout hooks, as shown in the
figure (tig. 2). Moreover, the articulation of the inner ramus
to the basal joint forms a distinct hinge, which permits of the
ramus turning inwards so as to interlock with a recess ou
the inside margin and near the proximal end of the left leg.
A spiniform seta springs from the outer distal angle of the
basal joint, and a small fork-like appendage may also be
observed on its inner aspect (fig. 2). In the structure of the

Copepoda from the Falkland Islands. (i

fifth pair of feet in the male and in the armature of the fifth
pair in the female this species differs from any other known
to me.

The first joint of the outer ramus of the fifth pair is repre-
sented in the figure as seen under the cover-glass, and is
somewhat flattened, but before being subjected to the pressure
of the cover-glass it was seen to have a distinctly swollen
and bladder-like appearance.

Genus Parasroreas, Mrazek, 1901.

The genus Parabroteas may be distinguished by the
peculiar character of the posterior maxillipeds, which
resemble those in Limnocalanus, and particularly by the
structure of the fifth pair of legs in the male.

Parabroteas sarsi (Daday). (Pl. II. figs. 1-4.)

1901. Limnocalanus sars?, Daday, “ Diagnoses preecursoriz Copepo-
dorum novorum e Patagonia,” in Termesz. Fuzetek, 24.

1901. Parabroteas michaelsent, Mrazek, (5) p. 12, figs. 8, 9, 15, 16, e¢
seq.

1905. Gigantella sarsi, Ekman, (2) p. 22, figs. 15-21.

1909. Purabroteas sarsi, G. O. Sars, (13) p. 29, pl. iv.

A single specimen (a female), which appears to belong to
this species, occurred in a gathering from some lower pools
on Mount Adam. ‘The specimen measured about 3°8 mm.,
and is therefore much smaller than some others that have
been recorded. G. O. Sars states that specimens of Para-
broteas sarsi have been found reaching even to 7 mm. in
length. It also differs in the abdomen being shorter than in
some of the figures of this species which I have seen, but this
may be accidental by the joints having become telescoped.
It is evident, however, when the structure of the more
characteristic appendages is compared with that of the
similar appendages described and figured by Mrazek and
G. O. Sars, that, notwithstanding the differences alluded to,
the Mount Adam specimen belongs to the species to which
it is ascribed. Parabroteas sarsi has already been recorded
from the Falkland Islands by Dr. Ekman™, and his descrip-
tion and figures of the posterior maxillipeds and of the
female fifth pair of thoracic legs agree with the specimen
recorded here. The terminal setz of the posterior maxilli-
peds are strong and spiniform (fig. 2). In the female the
second joint of the outer ramus of the fifth pair of legs has

* See his paper on the Coperyoda of the Swedish South-Polar Expe-
dition, already referred to.

8 ~ Dr. T. Scott on some

the inner distal angle produced into a strong spine that
reaches beyond the end of the third joint ; this joint is small
and is provided with four short setze on its inner margin and
two at the lower end of the outer margin, and the terminal
spine is long and tolerably stout, and fringed with minute
bristles along its inner edge (fig. 4).

Fam. Calanide.

Genus Dreranorus, G. 8. Brady, 1883.

Drepanopus pectinatus, G. S. Brady.
(Pl. sties, HOSA)

A number of specimens of this Drepanopus occurred in a
tow-net gathering collected in the vicinity of the Islands
on November 1909. Both males and females were fairly
numerous, and several of the latter carried ovisacs. The
same species was also present in another gathering collected
a few days afterwards 3 miles south-eastward of Speedwell
Island ; and specimens also occurred in a third gathering in
which were numerous larval decapods. One or two of the
Jarger females with ovisacs measured about 24 mm. in length.
A few small and apparently adult specimens occurred,
which at first were considered as probably belonging to
D. forcipatus, Giesb., but on a careful examination of these
no anatomical differences of sufficient importance to separate
them were revealed.

Fam. Acartiide.
Genus Acartia, Dana, 1846.

Acartia tonsa, Dana.

This was the only Acartia observed in the marine tow-
net samples. It was tolerably frequent in the gathering
containing the larval decapods already referred to under

Drepanopus.
CycLoProlipDa.
Fam. Oithonide.
Genus OrtHona, Baird, 1843.

Oithona helgolandica, Claus. (PI. I. fig. 12.)

1263. Oithona helgolandica, Claus, Die Frei Lebenden Copepoden,
p- 105, pl. xi. fign. 10-12,
1866, Orthona similis, Claus, Die Copepoden-Fauna yon Nizza, p. 14.

Copepoda from the Falkland Islands. 9

This Oithona was tolerably frequent in all the three marine
tow-net samples already mentioned, and was the only one
observed. In this species the rostrum is short, stout, and
hook-like, and is turned downward at nearly a right angle
(fig. 12).

‘This species has frequently been recorded under the name
of Oithona similis, but, according to Prof. G. O. Sars,
O. similis and O. helgolandica are identical, and the latter,
being the older name, should be preferred.

The distribution of Otthona helgolandica extends apparently
from the Arctic to the Antarctic Oceans. Dr. Giesbrecht
records it from 71° south latitude, and Prof. G. O. Sars has
examined specimens collected off the coast of New Zealand,
and ‘compared them with northern specimens, without
being able to detect any difference whatever” *. The
Falkland specimens measured fully 1 mm. in length.

Fam, Cyclopida.
Genus Cyctoprs, Miiller, 1776 (part.).
Cyclops prasinus, Fischer. (PI. II. figs. 5-7.)

1860. Cyclops prasinus, Fischer, Beitr. z, Kenntn, d. Entomostraceen,
pp. 652-654, Taf. xx. figs. 19-26 a.

This species occurred very sparingly in a gathering from
a small fresh-water pond near thesea. Besides the northern
distribution of the species, it has also been reported from
Valdivia, Chile, and from the Argentine. In this species the
antennules are twelve-jointed and the fifth pair of legs in the
female are each provided with three elongated setze (fig. 6).
The caudal segments are tolerably short (fig. 7).

Cyclops michaelsent, Mrazek, var. falklandt.
(Pl. I. ag. 3; Pl IL. tigs. 8, 9.)

The small Cyclops recorded under this name occurred in
several of the fresh-water gatherings from the Falklands,

This form is apparently identical with Cyclops michaelseni,
Mrazek, except in the structure of the last pair of thoracic
legs, and in this respect it agrees better with Cyclops lobu-
losus, Ekman. In that species, however, the antennules are
described as consisting of twelve joints, and the proportional
lengths of the various joints also differ. Both Cyclops
michaelsent, Mrazek, and Cyclops lobulosus, Ekman, have
already been recorded for the Falkland Islands. In the

* ‘Crustacea of Norway,’ vol. vi. parts 1 & 2, p. 9 (1913).

10 Dr. T. Scott on some

form under consideration the antennules (fig. 8) consist of
eleven joints, the proportional lengths of which are, approxi=
mately, as shown in the formula appended :—

Number ofthe jomts.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a0em
Proportional lengths ., 2026) 12..5.4.7 10. M6 neemme

In the fifth pair of thoracic legs the basal joint is mode-
rately short and broad and carries a long seta on its outer
distal angle, the second joint is smal! and is furnished at the
apex with a long seta and a short spine (Pl. I. fig. 8); a
considerable space occurs between the seta at the distal
angle of the basal joint and the point of attachment of the
second joint, as shown in the figure. The caudal segments
are fully twice as long as the last segment of the abdomen
Pr UE nig. 2).

Some of the Literature referred to in the Text.

(1) 1875. Brapy,G.S. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xvi.
Describes Centropages brevicaudatus from Kerguelen Island.

(2) 1905. Exman, Sven. Schwedische Sudpolar-Exped. 1901-1903,
Bd. v. Lieferung 4. “Cladoceren u. Copepoden aus Antarkt. u.
subantarkt. Binnengewassern.

(3) 1905. “ Die Systematik und Synonymik der Copepoden-
gattung Boeckella und verwandter Gattungen.” Zool. Anzeiger,
Idris Nit lo

(4) 1889. Gurrne, JuLEs DE, et JuLES Ricnarp. “ Révision des:
Calanides d’eau douce.” Mémoires Soc. Zool, de France, tome 11.4

(5) 1901. Mrazex, At. ‘‘ Hamburger Magalhenische Sammelreise.”
Siisswasser-Copepoden.

(6) 1895. Poprr, 8. A., und Mrazex, Au, “Entomostraken des
Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg (2, Entomost. v. Sud-
Georgien).” Jahrb. d. Hamb. wissensch. Anstalten, xii. Beiheft.

(7) 1897. Ricnarp, JuLtes. “ Entomostraca de la Amérique du
sud.” Mémoires Soc. Zool. de France, tome x. pp. 263-302.

(8) 1897. “Sur quelques Entomostracés d’eau douce de envi-
rons de Buenos Aires.” Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos
Aires, tomo v.

(9) 1894. Sars, G.O. “ Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fresh--
water Entomostraca of New Zealand, as shown by Artificial
Hatching from Dried Mud.” Vid. Selsk. Skrif. i. Math.-Natur.
Klasse, No. 5.

(10) 1901. ‘‘ Contributions to the Knowledge of the Freshwater
Entomostraca of South America, as shown from Artificial Hatching
from Dried Material.” Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab.
iB xxiv. Ny. 7,

(11) 1908. “Pacifische Plankton-Crustaceen.” Zool. Jahr-
biichern, Bd. 19, Abth. f. Syst.

(12) 1908. “ Freshwater Entomostraca from Victoria, Southern.
Australia.” Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab. B. xxix.
Nr. 7.

Copepoda from the Falkland Islands. 11

(13) 1909. Sars, G. O. “Freshwater Entomostraca from South
Georgia.” Op. cit. B. xxx. Nr. 5.

{14) 1910. Suarp, Rrcwanp W. “Notes on Marine Copepoda &c.”
Proc. U.S. National Museum, vol. xxxviii. pp. 405-436.

(15) 1900. Srespine, T. R. R. “On some Crustaceans from_ the
Falkland Islands, collected by Mr. Rupert Vallentin.” Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, May 22nd, 1900, pls. xxxvi.-xxxix.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prats [.

. Pseudoboeckella brevicaudata (Mrazek), <6, fifth feet.

. Pseadoboeckella vallentini, sp. n., 3, fifth feet. |

Cyclops michaelseni, var. fulklandi, nov. var., 9, fifth foot.

Boeckella michaelseni (Mrazek), @, fifth foot.
3 FS 6, fifth feet.
4 re - 3 (juv.), fifth feet.

. Pseudoboeekella brevicaudata (Mrazek), 2, fifth foot.

. Pseudoboeckella vallentini, sp. n., 9, fifth foot.

. Pseudoboeckella poppet, Mrazek, ¢, fifth feet.

. Pseudoboeckella brevicaudata (Mrazek), Q posterior thoracic
segments and abdomen.

. Pseudoboeckella vallentini, sp. n., posterior thoracic secments
and abdomen.

2. Oithona helgolandica, Claus, 2, rostrum

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Prats II,

. Parabroteas sars ((D day), 2, x 15.
” os ©, second maxilliped.
” ” °, first foot.
” ” 2 ; fifth foot.
. Cyclops prasinus, Fischer, 2, antennule:
” ” ” o; fifth foot.
©, abdomen.

7 39 9
. Cyclops michaelseni, Mrazek, var. falklandi, var. nov., 2, an-
tennule,

Fig. 9. Ditto, 9, abdomen.
Fig. 10. Drepanopus pectinatus, G. 8. Brady, 9, fifth feet.
Fy. 11. #2 = Fe 6, fifth feet.

Fig.

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