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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
FROM THE LIBRARY OF
DR. MARTIN KELLOGG.
GIFT OF MRS. LOUISE B. KELLOGG.
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REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN
SELECTED AND EXPLAINED
FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS
FREDERIC D. ALLEN, PH.D.,
PROFESSOR IN YALE COLLEGE.
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN & HEATH. 1880.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by
B^REDERIC D. ALLEN, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
J. S. Cushing, Printer, 75 Milk St., Boston.
PREFACE.
IN undertaking this little book I proposed to myself to get together in small compass, and in a convenient shape for read- ing and reference, such of the remains of the earliest Latin — pri- marily inscriptions — as are most important as monuments of the language, with enough explanation to make them fairly intel- ligible. The need of such a collection had been felt, I found, by others as well as myself, and this need had been only partly met by Wordsworth's '* Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin" (London, 1874), a work which, with all its merits, is cumber- some, ill arranged for reference, and too expensive to be widely circulated. The present book is designed first of all for the more advanced of our college students, but I venture to hope that maturer scholars may find it useful as a convenient handbook, since it comprises within a few pages matter somewhat scattered and not very generally accessible.
The book is in no wise meant to teach palaeography. The in- scriptions are presented simply as specimens of Latin. The text of each is given in minuscules, without any attempt at representing the appearance or arrangement of the stone or bronze. To have done this last, even roughly, would have greatly increased the bulk and expense of the volume (especially as most of the in- scriptions would necessarily have been repeated in minuscules after all, for cursory reading) without rendering it any better for its main purpose. I desired furthermore to avoid everything which would needlessly confuse the eye or the mind of the reader. Thus it seemed best to indicate to the eye omitted final s and m.
IV REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
And in some cases I have not felt bound to follow the original documents in respect of the division of words ; thus I have writ- ten plebeive, sublegi, quasei (n. 106 II1118, n. 109), notplebeive, sub legi, qua sei ; as such inequalities signify nothing but the pass- ing caprice of the writer. Where prepositions are joined to the following noun some will perhaps wish that I had printed them so. But this usage, by no means characteristic of early Latin, but rather of the imperial period, was at no time the prevailing one, and it did not seem worth while to perplex the reader with forms like incastreis (n. 81) and obeas rejs (n. IO443). But in general the originals have been followed even in the division of words.
As to the selection of inscriptions, I drew the line at Sulla's dictatorship, and admitted nothing later than the law about the quaestors, n. 1 06. Down to this period it was my aim to give pretty much all the inscriptions that illustrated the old language in any striking way, yet by rigidly excluding less profitable matter to keep the book within narrow limits. Accordingly I threw out (i) inscriptions too fragmentary to give any connected sense, (2) those of little or no linguistic interest, (3) all un-Latin inscriptions, for instance CI. 183 and 194, (4) the Lex Acilia repetundarum and the Lex agraria, though sorely against my will, for reasons given on p. 69. That I have made everywhere the best possible selec- tion, I am by no means sure. — The arrangement of the inscrip- tions is approximately chronological, — rather more so than in the Corpus Inscriptionum, — but it was natural and convenient to put like material together. And of course in a great many cases the evidence on which monuments are assigned to this or that period is presumptive merely. The Carmen Arvale and the Columna rostrata are put last of all, for reasons which will be apparent.
The book might reasonably have ended with Part I. But it seemed a pity to ignore those few remains, of a legal and liturgi- cal nature, which in their origin far antedate the earliest of our inscriptions and the beginnings of literature, — remains which, in spite of the modernizing process they have undergone, are still in many ways hardly less instructive monuments than the
PREFACE. V
inscriptions themselves. In Part II., therefore, the most note- worthy of this material has been collected. Here of course only the outward form and the diction, with now and then a grammatical detail, can lay claim to antiquity. In these selections I have followed the best editions, noting carefully the few changes I have allowed myself. To have attempted at all to restore the ancient grammatical forms would have been profitless, but I have silently corrected VH and uu, writing divom, mortuom, and the like, even against the tradition. Occasion has been here taken to illustrate somewhat fully the nature of the oldest Roman poetry, according to the principles first laid down by Westphal. It is hoped that this feature, which is quite new, may not be un- welcome.— All literary matter, it will be observed, has been excluded. It was no part of my plan to edit the fragments of Naevius, Ennius, and other early poets. If even the most read- able of these had been added, the book would have become much larger, without, as it seemed to me, a corresponding in- crease in usefulness. Possibly at some time hereafter it may seem best to embody some of these fragments in a separate vol- ume similar to this.
The commentary touches mainly on matters of language. It was not my intention to make the selections the vehicle of syste- matic instruction in Roman antiquities or law ; only such points as came up I have tried to explain enough to make a fair under- standing of the text possible. Especially in matters of law the interpretations had to be strictly exoteric ; they are not such as a jurist would need, but I hope that for untechnical statements they are -fairly accurate. Being myself an Idturw in this depart- ment, I could not have attempted more, had it been desirable.
The foundation of the notes in the inscriptional part is, as a matter of course, Mommsen's commentary in the Corpus Inscrip- tionum. And a good deal of aid, first and last, has been derived, in both parts, from Wordsworth^ book mentioned above, — in the main a thorough and painstaking work, despite occasional lapses. These special sources must be acknowledged. But there was plenty of opportunity to supply new remarks and illus- trations. In grammar, Corssen's works have been laid most frequently under contribution.
vi REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
In the Introduction, in spite of the temptation to expand it into a treatise on Latin grammar, I have only registered such leading facts as seemed essential to an intelligent reading of the selec- tions. It is suggested that students learn carefully this introduc- tory part before proceeding to the body of the work.
Several friends have helped me with advice here and there. But I am under the greatest obligations to Professor Lane of Harvard University. He has taken the warmest interest in the work, and besides lending me books, has read and criticised the proof-sheets of the whole. I am sure that there is not a page of the book but is the better for some correction or addition sug- gested by him; and even this is saying too little. I am also indebted, for aid on points of law, to Professor Gurney of Harvard University and Mr. A. S. Wheeler of this college, both of whom have examined parts of my proof-sheets. To all these I desire to express my hearty thanks.
Thus much in explanation of the plan of the work, and of what is — as well as what is not — in it. The making of the little volume has not been altogether an easy task, and I cannot doubt that it has many defects ; I only hope that they are not so serious as to impair altogether its usefulness. I shall be very grateful to any one who will point out errors or propose improvements.
F. D. A.
NEW HAVEN, November, 1879.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
INTRODUCTION 3
Chief Phonetic Peculiarities of Early Latin 5
Chief Peculiarities of Early Latin Inflexion 8
The Saturnian Verse 12
PART I. INSCRIPTIONS.
Oldest Coins (n. 1-18) 15
Inscriptions on Cups, Mirrors, and the like (n. 19-45) . . . 16
Pisaurian Dedications (n. 46-57) ....... 19
Several Smaller Inscriptions, presumably older than the second
Punic war (n. 58-73) 20
Epitaphs of the Scipios (n. 74-79) 22
Law of Luceria about a Sacred Grove (n. 80) ..... 26
Decree of L. Aemilius Paullus (n. 81) 27
Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus (n. 82) 28
Smaller Inscriptions, from the second Punic war to about the
Gracchan period (n. 83-97) ........ 32
Dedicatory Inscriptions of Mummius (n. 98, 99) .... 34
Milestone of Popilius (n. 100) 35
Boundary-stones (Termini) (n. 101, 102) ..... 36
Tabula Bantina (n. 103) 37
Decision of the Minucii between the Genuates and their tribu- taries (n. 104) 41
Senatus Consultum de Tiburtibus (n. 105) 48
Lex Cornelia de XX quaestoribus (n. 106) 49
Inscriptions of Campanian magistri pagorum (n. 107-109) . . 54
vii
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Several Dedicatory Inscriptions, of the time of the Gracchi or later
(n. 110-116) 56
Several Public Inscriptions, of about the same period (n. 117-123) 58 Sepulchral Urns (n. 124-135) . . ... . . . 60
Epitaphs, dating from about the Gracchan period on (136-148) . 61
Song of the Arval Brothers (n. 149) 65
Columna Rostrata (n. 150) . . . . , . .67
Lex Acilia repetundarum and Lex agraria, brief notice (n. 151, 152) " . ; . . .69
PART II. OLDEST REMAINS FROM LITERARY SOURCES.
Old Prayers from Cato de re rustica (n. 153-156) .... 70
Fragments of the Carmina Saliaria (n. 157) 74
Formulae of Calatio (n. 158) . . . . . . . / . 75
Form of a Devotio (n. 159) . . . „ .... , • • • 76
Formulae of the Fetiales (n. 160-162) .... . . . 77
Form of proposing a Ver Sacrum (n. 163) 80
Form of Adrogatio (n. 164) 81
Fragments of the ' Leges Regiae' (n. 165-173) 81
Fragments of the Laws of the Twelve Tables (n. 174-207) . . 84
Lex Silia de ponderibus publicis (n. 208) 93
Proverbs and Saws (n. 209-216) 93
Verses from old Triumphal Inscriptions (n. 217-220) . . .95
INDEX 97
KEY TO THE INSCRIPTIONS 105
REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
or
INTRODUCTION.
1. By Early Latin we usually mean the language spoken at Rome down to about the time of the first civil war, — say 672/82, — that is, to the beginning of the Ciceronian period. Of this earlier Latinity we possess, on the whole, rather scanty remains.
2. Through literary channels nothing has reached us in an entire condition except the plays of Plautus and Terence, twenty-six in number, and the short prose treatise of Cato de re rustica. Of other poets — Naevius, Ennius, Lucilius, etc. — we have a good many fragments ; of prose writers much fewer. From a time anterior to the beginning of liter- ature, there have been preserved to us a very few prayers, laws, and other formulae ; most of this material will be found in Part II. of this book. But all these remains, transmitted to us as they have been indirectly through many hands, have unfortunately been more or less modernized, so that from them alone we could gain but an imperfect idea of the early language.
3. It is the Inscriptions of this period which afford us the surest means of acquainting ourselves with the Latin lan- guage in its earlier stages. These alone give certain testi- mony as to the forms of speech of the time when they were
3
4 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
written. Of late years there has been greatly increased activity in collecting and studying Latin inscriptions.
4. The recently awakened interest in the study of early Latin, which has gone hand in hand with the historical or ' comparative ' study of language generally, received its first distinct impulse from Friedrich Ritschl (b. 1806, d. 1876), who besides his well-known labors on Plautus, and numerous other contributions, published in 1862 " Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica" a collection of the earliest inscriptions with admirable fac-simile representations. All inscriptions of the republican period are united, with fuller commen- tary, in the first volume of the " Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum " (Berlin, 1863), edited by Theodor Mommsen. Among the many others who have furthered these investigations, Wilhelm Corssen (b. 1820, d. 1875) deserves special mention for his grammatical re- searches, embodied in the large work, " Ausspracke, Vokalismus und Betommgder lateinischen Sprache" 2 vols. (2d edit., Leipzig, 1868-70), and in two smaller books.
5. The Romans learned the art of writing and received the alpha- bet from the Greeks of Cumae,1 at a time not to be exactly defined. The oldest extant inscriptions date from about 300 B.C., but writing is certainly known to have been practised, though probably to a limited extent, long before that period.
1 The Cumaeans used the old West-Greek alphabet differing in several respects from the later Attic alphabet familiar to us. The Romans adopted it without essential change, except that they rejected the signs for #, Xt 0» (0 NK 3>) as useless f°r their language, and altered the function of the sign F. The first Roman alphabet, of twenty-one signs, must have been (neglect- ing minor differences in the form of a few letters), —
ABC(=^)DEFZHIK(==£)LMNOPQRSTVX, the sign C being used exclusively for the sound g, and K always for the sound c. Then K went gradually out of use, and C was for a time used to designate both sounds, g and c. This being presently found inconvenient, a new sign, G, a modification of C, was invented for the ,^-sound, and re- ceived its place in the alphabet after F, in place of Z, which had been mean- while given up as needless. So arose the new Roman alphabet, also of twenty-one letters, —
ABC (==*) D EF G (=,£) H I K (seldom used) LM N OPQRSTVX.
INTRODUCTION.
Chief Phonetic Peculiarities of Early Latin.
6. Diphthong ai for later ae : quaistor.
7. Diphthong oi for later oe : foidus.
B. Diphthong oi (oe) for later u : oinos = unus.
9. Diphthong ei preserved. This diphthong had an im- portant place in the earliest Latin sound- system, but we find it subject to decay even in our oldest monuments of written Latin, passing sometimes into ?, sometimes into i ; finally, in the ' classical ' period, i became its fixed representative. But meanwhile, after ei had assumed a simple sound, it came in turn to be used in place of / in words where it was not etymologically justified ; that is, where there never had been a real diphthong pronounced.
NOTE i. The original ei seems first to have passed into a simple sound intermediate between e and z, so that both e and I were likely to be substituted for it in writing. Later this half-way sound gradually settled down into 1. Accordingly ei came to be looked on as a con- venient graphical designation for the long t -sound, and was written indifferently for any *, very seldom for e.
NOTE 2. We thus distinguish two sorts of ei. (i.) The genuine diphthong which was once pronounced as such, so that the diphthongal spelling is etymologically justified. This is the case for instance in root-syllables as strengthening of i, as deico (die-), feidus (fid-'}, like /letTTw (AZ7T-) ; and in the dative singular of the third declension, virtu- tei ; also in the nominative, dative, and ablative plural of the second declension, virei, doneis (where it stands for still older oi)9 and in the dative and ablative plural of the first declension, vieis (where it stands for older ai); so, too, in the pronouns heic and quei, in set 'if; and in other words. This genuine ei is found in the earliest inscriptions. (2.) The spurious ei, never pronounced as a diphthong, but merely written in place of i. It is unknown in the earlier inscriptions, but frequent from about the Gracchan period (620/134) on. Examples are ameicus, audeire; the accusative plural and ablative singular of /-stems, as omneis, fontei ; the infinitive passive, as darei; also the
6 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
genitive singular of the second declension, v& populti;1 and the perfect indicative, fecei, posedeit. In tibei, sibei, ibei, ubei, nobeis, vobeis, utei, the diphthongal spelling reaches further back, and may be well founded, though it is difficult to account for it etymologically.
10. Diphthong ou, in place of later u : douco, Loucina.
NOTE. This diphthong is almost always a strengthening of u in root- syllables ; douco (due-) as Qevyu (^7-). The very oldest Latin would appear to have had in some cases eu for this: see n. 157 #. Very rarely ou appears as a mere graphical sign for u.
11. The earliest Latin is thus seen to have had a complete system of six diphthongs, whose relations to the later vowel-system may be thus exhibited: —
|
EARLY LATIN. ai |
CLASSICAL. ae. |
|
oi/ |
Of, U. |
|
au |
CLU O |
|
fU |
eu. |
|
ou X on |
u. |
12. 8 for later u : as consol, opos ; and (less frequently) e for later z / as soledus, oppedum.
13. ov for later u: sovos (suos), pover (puer).
14. The studious avoidance of the successions uu and vu, by re- taining older uo, vo (or by using c for gti), as servos, sequontur (or secuntur~), etc., is not peculiar to early Latin, but was the almost unvarying usage until after the Augustan epoch. But the early Latin avoided U and ji no less carefully. The genitive singular of stems in -io~ is invariably contracted, consili. The nominative, dative, and
1 Although there would seem at a very remote period to have been a diphthong here, namely oi, yet the oldest monuments have uniformly i: see notes on n. 82, 1. 7 (Latini), and on n. 99, v. 4 (cogendei).
INTRODUCTION. 7
ablative plural of the same, are very seldom contracted, but as a rule are written ~iei and -ieis; and just so perfects like petil appear always as petiei, petieit, except when they are contracted, as ob'it for obiit. In these cases, ei represents the sound midway between e and I, not a pure I. Such forms as fllil, filils, petil are quite foreign to the lan- guage of this period. The compounds of iacio avoid ji by dropping j : abicio ; and stems in -jo- and -ja- make, for example, genitive Gal, dative plural Pomfeis, Bais.
15. The absence of the aspirates, ch, th, ph. The older language had for them simple c, t, p. Even in Greek words, £, 0, (p are represented by the simple ' smooth ' mute : Co- rintus*
NOTE. The aspiration begins to creep in at a pretty early period in isolated words : triumpho (n. 98, 145 B.C.), pulcher (102 B.C.), lumpha (n. 116).
16. Preservation of older s for later r : only in isolated forms anterior to our earliest inscriptions : meliosem = meliorem.
The following peculiarities must be regarded as partly graphical.
17. Omission of final s : Cornelio*. This occurs chiefly in the very oldest inscriptions.
NOTE. Yet final s must have had for long afterwards a weak sound, as it is sometimes neglected in versification by all the pre-Augustan poets.
18. Final t is rarely left off in the very oldest monuments : dede*.
19. Omission of final m : pocolo™. It had always in Latin a slight and obscure sound, and is frequently neglected in writing in the older inscriptions. Later — say after 200 B.C. — it is much more constantly written.
20. Omission of n before s : cesor, cosoL In this situa- tion n had only a slight sound, but it nasalized and length- ened the preceding vowel.
8 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
The following are merely graphical peculiarities.
21. Double consonants were written single until after 200 B.C. ; eset, Marcelus ; and for more than a hundred years later the usage is variable ; but it must not be inferred that they were pronounced as single consonants.
22. Doubling of vowels to indicate their length : aara. This was a temporary fashion, lasting from the time of the Gracchi (134 B.C.) to about 75 B.C. The vowels i and o are never doubled.
23. The use of q for c before vowel u : pequnia; and the more frequent use of k.
24. The writing of xs for x, as saxsum, belongs mostly to the Gracchan period.
25. Of the use of the sign C as g (see foot-note, p. 4), there are but scanty traces on existing coins and inscriptions, though we know from ample testimony that in earlier times it was so employed; namely, in the laws of the Twelve Tables. But soon after 300 B.C. the sign G was already in use. It is perhaps needless to say that, in the abbre- viations C.t Cn. (for Gains, Gnaeus), the sign C is this old g. There were no such names as Caius, Cnaeus.
Chief Peculiarities of Early Latin Inflexion.
A-stems.
26. Nominative singular with long -a : fama.
27. Genitive singular in -ai (uncontracted) : aquai. fyaf &<&/*••>
28. Genitive singular in -as : terras*
29. Genitive singular in -ais (-aes) : Prosepnais ; in inscriptions only.
30. Ablative singular in -ad : praidad.
INTRODUCTION. 9
O-stems.
31. The endings -os and -om in nominative and accusa- tive until shortly before the second Punic war — say about 520/234.
32. The endings -ios and -iom are rarely shortened to -is and -im : Clodis. These forms are provincial and plebeian.
33. Ablative singular in -od : poplicod.
34. Nominative plural in -es, -eis, -is : vires, vireis.
35. Genitive plural in -om, urn : Romariom, socium. NOTE. This is the older formation. It is not contracted from
-'drum.
36. Neuter plural nominative in long -a : oppida. So also the /-, u-y and consonant-stems : omnia, verbera.
Consonant and I-stems.
37. Genitive singular in -us, -es : Venerus, Apolenes.
38. Ablative singular in -id, and in -e : airid, patre. NOTE. Older -ed, for consonant-stems, is to be assumed, but is not
well attested. The ablative -d, in these and in other stems, disappeared entirely soon after 200 B.C.
39. Nominative plural of /-stems rarely in -is (or -eis). The accusa- tive plural of the same in -is (often spelt -eis) is, on the contrary, very common.
40. The early poets have sometimes -bus long in dative and ab- lative plural.
U-stems.
41. Genitive singular in -uos and -uis : senatuos.
42. Genitive singular in -I : senafi.
43. Ablative singular in -ud : magistratud.
10 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
Forms of Pronouns.
44. The forms med, ted, sed, used as accusative as well as ablative : inter sed.
45. Genitives mis and tis rarely in poets.
46. Forms tovos, sovos, for tuos, sues : cp. 13.
47. eis, nom. sing. eeis, eis, nom. pi. (cp. 34.) eiei, dat. sing. eieis, eeis, dat. abl. pi.
im, em, ace. sing. ibus, dat: abl. pi. &~*As£tff~
4a hec(for*^/V)nom.sg. hone, ace. sing.
heic(e), loc. sing. heis(ce), his(ce), nom. pi. hoius, gen. sing. (cp. 34.)
hoic(e), dat. sing. hibus, dat. abl. pi.
49- Forms ollus or olle, etc., for tile.
50. Demonstrative stem so-, sa- : accusatives sum, sam, BOS, sas. From this stem sei-c, sl-c is the locative.
51. quei, nom. sg. and pi. quoiei, quoi, dat. sing. quoius, gen. sing. ques, nom. pi. (cp. 34).
Verbal Forms.
52. Final -at preserved long in
present indie, (formed by contraction) : versat (Ennius). present subjunctive: augeat (Ter.).
imperfect indicative : ponebat (Enn.). Also pluperfect indicative, but no old examples.
53. Final -et preserved long in
present indie, (formed by contraction) : habet (Plaut.). present subjunctive : det (Plaut.); also future indicative,
but no sure examples, imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive : esset, fuisset (Enn.).
INTRODUCTION. 1 1
54. Final -it preserved long in
present indicative of /-conjugation (formed by contrac- tion) : sett (Plant.), present subjunctive: sit, vetit (Plaut.). future indicative : erit, venib'it (Plaut.). perfect indicative : see below, 57.
55. Long I in forms of perfect subjunctive and future perfect indicative : fueris, intulerit, venerimus, dederitis.
56. Infrequent and hard to explain is -It in the present indicative of the third conjugation, 2& pomt (Enn.).
57. The perfect indicative is peculiar ; the following points should be noted: (i.) Perfects in -it are invariably written with -iei- in the inscriptions, so far back as our knowledge goes : petiei, interieisti, redieit. For the reason, see above, 14. (2.) The third person singular of other perfects ends in the oldest inscriptions in -5t and -It indifferently ; from the Gracchan period on in -eit and -it. Its almost uniform length (more stubborn than that of other final syllables in -/) is attested by the poets. (3.) The third person plural has throughout the forms with and without -nt side by side : see note on n. 68.
58. Imperfect in -Ibam for -iebam : sclbam. The future in -bo has a more extended use than in later Latin : parlbo, scibo.
59. Shorter future perfect in -so and perfect subjunctive in -sim : faxo, capsim, occisit; servassit, habessit.
60. Present subjunctives duim, duis, duit, duint, 'give ' ; edim, etc., ' eat ' ; like sim and velim. Sim occurs in the older forms siem, sies, siet, sient; and * z\?//>#z, *duiem, *ediem, are likewise to be assumed.
NOTE. These are old optatives : (e)s-ie-m — k^-irj-v', *du-ie-m =
12 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
61. Present subjunctives duam, duas, etc., 'give'; fuam, fuas,
etc., ' be.'
62. Imperative singular active in -tod : estod. Very rare.
63. Imperative singular middle in -mino : praefamino = praefator.
64. Infinitive passive and middle in -ier : darter.
The Saturnian Verse.
65. Saturnian is the name given by the Romans to that form of verse most used by them in early times. It is an indigenous Italic metre, and before the introduction of the dactylic hexameter and other Greekv metres, it received, at the hands of Andronicus and Naevius, some slight degree of literary culture.
66. Each verse consists of two tripodic series, separated by a caesura; both with trochaic close (.!«), and the first with anacrusis. The theses (ictus-syllables) are long, but may be resolved into two shorts. The interior arses and the anacrusis are either a long syllable, or a short, or two shorts ; and the arsis before the last thesis of each series may be suppressed. The scheme accordingly is :
^> I Tv» I f v» \ 7 i vr'i / \j f / ^ \ 1 !£
\J\J V»V» \J\J W \w) WVJ I \J\J W WV» \y\Jj WW •
For examples see n. 74-77, 98, in, 137, etc.
67. A secondary form has the first series catalectic, but adds an anacrusis to the second. For an example, see n. 75 (£),v. i.
68. Rarely tetrapodic series occur among the Saturnians. They are longer than the above by one syllable — an addi- tional thesis at the end. For an instance see n. 75 (&), v. 6.
INTRODUCTION. 13
•
69. The Saturnian seems to be a development of a still older and ruder Italic verse-form, in which the most ancient carmina were conceived. Carmen means 'formula,' 'set form of words'; such in the earliest times were always in some sort of verse, however rude. This rhythmical character, before the art of writing was known, was all that gave such formulae any permanence, and preserved them from constant change. Accordingly we find that not only the prayers and proverbs, but the laws — or rather legal maxims — of this period, and the set forms of speech of political and religious life, are constantly spoken of as carmina. Of the outward form of this earliest poetry we can form some idea from such specimens as n. 153 flg. It is based on word-accent rather than on quantity, and is in this respect like English verse. The theses (ictus-syllables) are not necessarily long, but the accented syllable of every word, whether long or short, must stand as thesis. For the rest the general rhythm is not unlike the Saturnian, but the verse is more freely constructed, and syncopation (omission of the arsis) is much more frequent. The rhythmical divisions correspond in general with divisions of the sense. Each half-verse has four, rather than three, icjus ; but when, as is usual, the two last are brought to- gether by syncopation, the last does not receive much stress. See fur- ther the note on n. 153. -»
EXPLANATION OF SIGNS.
CI. : Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. I., edidit Theod. Mommsen.
PLM. : Ritschl's Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta.
Eph. Epigr. : Ephemeris Epigraphica (supplement to the Corpus Inscriptionum).
In the text :
Italics indicate additions by conjecture ; in the inscriptions they supply what has been broken off or effaced : as Cometios.
Parentheses indicate the filling out of abbreviations : as pr(aetor).
Small final letters (as in omnem) supply, for convenience in read- ing, consonants which have been neglected in writing because of their weak sound; see Introduction, 17-19. They are to be pronounced either not at all, or very slightly.
In the notes : a prefixed asterisk signifies a hypothetical form : *de- dant.
Dates are given thus : 520/234 ; that is, 520 A.U.C. = 234 B.C. 14
PART I. INSCRIPTIONS.
Oldest Coins.
I. Romanom or Romano"1. 9. Paistano™.
IO. Benventod (obv.)9 Propom (rev.).
2. Roma.
3. Corano™ or Koranom.
4. Coza or Cozanom.
5. Alba.
6. Caleno™.
7. Suesanom.
8. Suesano™ (reverse), Prboum (obverse),
(or Proboum, Probom) .
11. Aisernino"1.
12. Aisernio™.
13. Aisernino™ (rev.)9 Volcanom (obv.).
14. Tianom.
15. Caiatino™.
1 6. Aquino™.
17. L. Pulio" L. f., C. Modio8 Cn. f.
18. Se. Pos., P. Bab.
1-18 selected from CI. 1-27. Coins, chiefly of the fifth century a.u.c., from Rome, Cora, Cosa, Alba, Cales, Suessa, Paestum, Beneventum, Aeser- nia, Teanum, Caiatia, Aquinum. The city is mostly indicated by the gen- tile name in the genitive plural ; Romanom = Romanornm (Introd. 35), etc. But in 2 and 5 we have the city name in the nominative, and in 10 in the ablative ('from Beneventum'). — Whether in Coza, Cozano, we have really the obsolete letter z, as most think, or merely a peculiar form of s (Mommsen, Munzwesen, p. 315), is uncertain. — What Prboum, etc., in 8 and 10 means, is not clear. It is usually taken as probum, ' sterling,' referring to the coin, but Mommsen disapproves this, not without reason. — In 12, 14, 16 we have the obsolete gentiles Aesernius, Tianus, Aquinus instead of the usual Aeserninus, Teanensis, Aquinas. — Volcanom in 13 is accusative
15
1 6 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 19-28.
Inscriptions on Cups9 Mirrors, and the like.
ig. Aecetiai pocolom. 23. Lavernai pocolom.
20. Belolai pocolom. 24. Saeturni pocolom.
21. Coerae pocolom. 25. Salutes pocolom.
<fL
22. Keri pocolom. 26. Volcani pocolom.
27. Aisclapi pococolom.
28. C. Ovio8 Ouf(entina) fecit.
singular : cp. n. 42, and note. — In 17 and 18 (coins of Luceria) we have the names of the duomviri who superintended the coining, in the nomina- tive singular (Introd. 17). They are to be read Lucios Pullios Luci Jilios, Gaios Modios Gnaivi filios ; Servios Postumios, Poplios (i.e., Publius) Bab- bios. For Gnaivi = Gnaei, cp. n. 74 b.
19-45 = CI. 43-52, 54, 56-60, with additions from Eph. Epigr. 5-24, and Philologus, 37, p. 175. The vessels and works of art are mostly of Etruscan origin, and date somewhere from 350-200 B.C. The Latin language was rapidly spreading in Etruria. Thefocota were sacred temple utensils ; each bears the name of the god to which it belonged. — 19. Aecetia is as it were *Aequitia (= Aequitas) , formed like iustitia, duritia, etc. : c is for qu, and e is the o of stem aequp- not yet sunk quite into i. Whether in a geni- tive like this we are to read -at (Introd. 27), or contracted ai (== ae}% cannot be told. — 2O. Belola : probably dialectic for Bellona : the cup is orna- mented with a head having snake-hair. — 21. A goddess Coera (= Cura?) is not elsewhere known.— 22. Kerus means ' creator ' (root as in cre-are)t and in the Salian Hymns (n. 157) Janus was called ' duonus cerus? but it is by no means certain that Janus is meant here. — 23. Laverna (root as in /«-crum, airo-hav-Eiv) was a goddess who is said to have enjoyed the special veneration of thieves.— 24. Saeturnus is an old form of Saturnus, but the ae (or aef) is hard to explain. The root is certainly sa-, ' sow.' Saturn was god of agriculture. — 25. Salutes : see Introd. 37. — 27. Aisclapius = 'Aff/cAaTTfdf , without the help-vowel used in the ordinary form Aescula- pius. The diphthong in this name receives its elucidation from the dialec- tic Greek form Aio^/laTmj on a bronze statuette (Ann. dell' inst. arch. 1834, p. 223). pococolom is of course only a blunder. — 28. On a bronze bust of Medusa. Outentina, sc. tribu. See Introd. 10. The designation of a man's tribe is added in the ablative. The tribe Ufentinaws formed 436/318.
N. 29-36.] INSCRIPTIONS ON CUPS, MIRRORS, ETC. 17
29. C. Pomponi Quir(ina) opos.
30. L. Canoleios L. f. fecit Calenos.
31. Retus Gabinio8 C. s. Calebus fecit.
32. C. Gabinio8 T. n. Caleno".
33. Eco C. Antonios.
34. Dindia Macolnia fileai dedit. Novios Plautios med Romai fecid.
35. Castor. Pater Poumilionom.
36. lovos. Apolo. Menerva. Diana. luno. Mercuris. Leiber. Victoria. Mars. Fortuna.
— 29. On bronze image of Jupiter. The tribe Quirina was added 513/241. opos: see Introd. 12. — 3O. On a patella found at Tarquinii. A similar one found at Caere has an almost identical inscription. — 31. One of three similar inscriptions on patellae. Retus, i.e., Rhetus. C. 8. is probably Gai servos, i.e., Gai libertus. The slave Rhetus assumed at manumission his master's (C. Gabinius) gentilician name. Calebus for Calibus by what is probably a mere irregularity of spelling : cp. n. 75 b. ; 104, 1. 39. — 32. T. n. = Titi nepos. — 33. Bco : read ego ; Introd. 25. Supply fed. This inscrip- tion is on the cover of a well. — 34. Inscription of the famous Cista Ficoro- niana, found at Praeneste, with admirable engraved designs. Dindia — elsewhere a nomen gentilicium — seems here a feminine praenomen. Ma- COlnia = Magulnia. Probably the c is meant as g, and we should pro- nounce Magolnia: Introd. 25. flleai and fecid are mere inaccuracies. Novios must be thought of as a freedman of the Plautian gens, med is accusative : Introd. 44. Romai : locative.
The following, from mirrors and cistae, are designations attached to the figures of the drawings. They are meant to be Latin, but some are tinged with foreign — doubtless Etruscan — peculiarities. Indeed I have omitted four of these, as quite too un-Latin ; but I cite from them a few forms which are instructive as showing how Greek names were Italicized in early times: Aciles (Achilleus), Casentera (Casandra), Crisida (Chryse!s), Teses (Theseus), Ateleta (Atalanta), Felena (Helena: probably Velena, Fe/lfra, F being used as in Etruscan), Acmemeno (Agamemnon), Lavis (Lais). An Amazon is marked Oinumama, i. e. unimamma, ' one-breasted.' — 35. Poumilionom ^= pumilionum. — 36. lovos is a strange nomina- tive. Menerva is the regular old Latin form : root as in men-s. CI. 1457,
l8 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. 1X37-45.
37. Castor. Amucos. Polouces.
38. Telis. Aiax. Alcumena.
39. Taseos. Luqorcos. Pilonicos, Tasei filios.
40. Marsuas. Painiscos. Vibis Pilipus cailavit.
41. luno. lovei. Hercele.
42. Venos. Diovem. Prosepnais.
v
43. Cupido. Venos. Vitoria. Rit.
44. Mirqurios. Alixentrom.
*
45. Oinomavos. Ario. Melerpanta.
1462. Mercuris : Introd. 32. — 37. Amucos = Amyous (king in Bithynia). Polouces = Polluces (Plaut.) from IIoAwfcwayf : ou repre- sents £v. Later shortened to Pollux. — 38. Telis is Thetis. Alcumena = 'A/l/CyU^jy, with a help-vowel, as always in Plautus. — 39. Luqorcos = the Doric Awccipyof : c is of course to be read g. Pilonicos = 4>Aom- /cof . — 4O. Painiscos = Havianog , diminutive of Hdv. The diphthong is singular: but cp. n. 27. Vibis = Vibios ; Introd. 32. Philippus is a freedman of the Vibian gens. Note nom. in -us. — 41. lovei, dative, is on a representation of an altar; so is a dedication, ' to Jove.' Hercele (s) is, however, nominative. — 42. We have here three cases : nominative, ac- cusative, and genitive. The accusative in works of art is to be explained (according to Mommsen) by understanding vides. Cp. n. 13 and 44. The genitive supposes imago or some such word: it is common on Grecian vases. Diovem : see on n. 73. Prosepnais : Introd. 29. There is a dispute regarding this form of genitive, some (Ritschl, Biicheler) maintain- ing that it is a real ancient form (-a-ls = Sanskr. -a-jas) which afterwards survived in the provincial -aes (see n. 145), others (Mommsen, Corssen) regarding all these as spurious grecizing genitives, in imitation of those in -?7f. I incline to the former view. Prosepna without an r approaches Tlepcre^ovT? very closely, and lends much color to the opinion that the name Proserpina is borrowed from the Greek. — 43. Vitoria is probably Victoria. Rit (us), a figure personifying the marriage-rite. So Momm- sen. — 44. Mirqurios = Mercurius. Alixentrom = Alexandrum. — 45. Oinomavos = OlvojuaFog. Ario = 'Apeta**, a divine horse (II. ^ 346). Melerpanta is Bellerophontes.
N. 46-57.] PISAURIAN DEDICATIONS. 19
fisaurian Dedications.
46. Apolenei.
47. Cesula Atilia donum dat Diane.
48. Feronia Sta. Tetio9 dede*.
49. lunone Re(ginae) matrona Pisaurese" donom dedrot.
50. Matre Matuta donom dedro matrona. M'. Curia, Pola Livia deda.
51. Fide. 52. luno Loucina. 53. lunone. 54. Lebro. 55. Dei(va) Marica. 56. Salute. 57. Deiv(es) Novesede8 . . . T. Popaio8 Pop(li) f.
46-57. CI. 1.67 flg. At Pisaurum in Umbria, in a sacred grove. Date about 500/254-552/202 (Mommsen). Their language is provincial, and shows noteworthy phonetic corruptions. There is no final j, and most of the diphthongs are destroyed. — 47. Cesula = Caesulla, Diane = Dianae : 'the diphthong ae has passed into £. — 48. Feronia is dative, with the final ae clipped. Cp. n. 50, 55. For dede* see Introd. 18 and 57 (2). The donor's name is Statius Tettius. Feronia was a goddess of spring and flow- ers..— 49. lunone, dative. The full ending el, preserved in Apolenei (46), is replaced by e here and in Matre t lunone :, Salute (50, 53, 56) : see Introd. 9. matrona is nom. plur. for matronal: the diphthong clipped as in the dative, dedrot = ded(e}ro(n}t. In n. 50 we have the same form without the t. — 5O. Matre Matuta, dative ; matrona, nom. plur. Mater Ma- tuta was an Italic dawn-goddess, who presided over childbirth. M' = Mania, Pola = Paulla. Both are feminine praenomina. In early times women had praenomina as well as men. In old sepulchral inscriptions of Praeneste (CI. 74 flg.) we have Gala, Lucia, Maria, and others. Cp. also n. 34 and 47. deda is thought to be for *dedant, a perfect 3d plur. of a primitive formation not elsewhere found ; de-da-nt like (G)e-Gra-vTi, EGTCLGL. This is not certain. — 51. Fide, dative. — 52. Probably for Iuno(ne) Lou- cina(i), dative. luno Lucina was goddess of childbirth. — 54. Lebro = Leibero; Introd. 9. In CI. 183 (provincial) we have vecos for veicos, v'icus. Liber was an Italic vintage-god, afterwards identified with Dionysos. — 55. Datives. Marica: probably identical with Fauna and Bona Dea. See Hor. Od. iii. 17, 7.— 57. On the divi Novensides, see on n. 159. The case seems here dat. plur., -es for -eis. Popaio8 = Poppaeus.
20 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 58-66.
Several Smaller Inscriptions,
Presumably older than the second Punic war.
58. Appios consol.
59. P. Corners L. f. coso/ proba^//. Mar/<? sacrom.
60. Atilies Saranes C. M. f.
61. C. Placentios Her. f. Marte sacrom.
62. C. Placentius Her. f. Marte donum dede1.
63. M. Fourio8 C. f. tribunes militare de praidad Maurte dedet.
64. M. Fourio8 C. f. tribunos militate, de praidad Fortune dedet.
65. Apolonei . . Metilio9 . . . magistere . . . coraveron/. C. Anicio8, L. S . . prob&uervnt.
66. L. Terentio8 L. f., C. Aprufenio8 C. f., L. Turpilio8 C. f., M. Albani(os) L. f., T. Munatio8 T. f. quaistores aire mol- taticod dederont.
58. CI. 40. A fragment. Perhaps the earliest instance of a doubled con- sonant. There were four Appii Claudii consuls in the 5th century a.u.c. Mommsen calls attention to the omission of Claudius, peculiar to this name. Appius itself is treated like a gentile : hence Via Appia, not Via Claudia.
59. CI. 41. Rome, cosol: Introd. 20. Marte, dative: compare 61, 62. — 6O. 01.42. The ending -es in nom. pi. 2d decl.; Introd. 34. C. M. f . : read Gai et Marcifilies. " Praenominibus omissis significantur quicumque descendunt a C. et M. Atiliis Sarranis " (Mommsen). The sons of two brothers had dedicated something. — 61, 62. CI. 62. Tibur. Her. = Heri. Herius is an old praenomen. dede* as n. 48.
63, 64. CI. 63, 64. Tusculum, where there are several tomb-inscrip- tions of the Furii, all with the spelling Four-. — militare for militant : s dis- appeared, and final short i passed into the duller vowel e, as in the neuter mare, etc. — praidad : Introd. 30. — Maurte = Marti. Maurs from older Mavors. — Fortune, with e for ae, provincial : cp. 47.
65. CI.73; Praeneste. Apolonei, with long o as in Greek (' AiroMuvt) , again n. 72. This became first e (n. 46, 68) and then i, Apollini. — magis- tere (-es?) nom. plur. Stem magistero- ; cp. magisteratus ', n. 80. — e<5ra- veront for coir- (= cur-) ; an unusual corruption.
66. CI. 181 ; Firmum in Picenum. — quaistores : the local officers, of
N. 67-73.] SEVERAL SMALLER INSCRIPTIONS. 21
67. Q. Ravelio9 . . f., P. Cominio8 P. f., L. Malio8 C. f., quaistores senatum d consuluere. lei censuere aut sacrom aut poublicom ese locom . . .
68. M. Mindios L. fi., P. Condetios Va. fi., aidiles vicesma™ partim Apolenes dederi.
69. ... misio Mar// M. Terebonio9 C. 1. donum dat libens merited.
70. ... /zomo fameliai donom \ubens dat.
71. PI. Specios Menervai donom portoz///.
72. C. Hinoleio8 C. 1. Apolohe donom ded^/.
73. lunone Loucinai Diovis castud facitud.
course: so also in the next. — aire : in a fragment of a similar inscription (CI. 61) we have airid. Introd. 38.— moltaticod : Introd. 33 and 12. Ae s multatlcum is money derived from fines.
67. CI. 185; Venusia. Decree of the (local) senate about a piece of ground. Along with this goes a fragment of a similar decree, from which locom is here supplied. — Malio8, i.e., Mallius, Manlius. — senatu seems to be accusative, but what the following d means (there is a space between) no one knows. — consuluere : we might expect consoluere (cp. n. 82, 1. 1), and in the fragment just mentioned we have consoltu. — poublicom : the older form \spoplicus; thence publlcus, this being the earliest instance. This ou must be merely a sign for u: it can hardly be a genuine diphthong. Introd. 10, note. Sacer and publicus are both opposed to privates.
68. CI. 187. Va(/*j/ ) : from this praenomen ( Valesus} comes the gentile Valerius. partim : this older accusative was afterwards fixed as an adverb. Apolenes, genitive : ' properly belonging to Apollo.' Compare the pars Herculanea, note on n. 99. dederi : irregularity for dedere. Observe the gradual crumbling away, as it were, of this perfect 3d pi., dederont (dede- runt), ded(e)rot, ded(e)ro, dedere, dederi.— -69. CI. 190. -misio : part of some unknown surname of Mars. C. 1. = Gat libertus. libens merited : a frequent dedicatory formula ; ' gives freely in return for benefits received.' — 7O. CI. 166. /fcomo (so Mommsen) here = servos or libertus. If this is right, the names preceded ; 'Eros Marci homo 'or something similar. The freed slave left a gift for the household. The inscription is on a vase. In fameliai we have a transitional form between familia and the original form *famol-ia (from famdlus).
71. CI. 191. Pl(autus) as praenomen. Menervai: see on 36. portaw/ (4 brought') for dedit is singular, but seems certain. — 72. PLM.
22 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 74.
Epitaphs of the Scipios.
74. (a.) L. Cornelia* Cn. f. Scipio..
(<£.) .Cornelius Lucius Scipi6 Barbatus
Gnaiv6d patre proguatus, f6rtis vir sapiensque,
quoius forma virtutei parisuma fuit,
cons61 cens6r aidilis quei fuit apud vos,
Taurasiam Cisaunam Sdmnio c^pit,
subigit omn£m Loucanam 6psid£sque abdoucit.
Suppl. iii. p. i ; Gales. Apolone : cp. n. 65. — 73. PLM. Suppl. ii. p. 12. The meaning is uncertain, castud facitud seems best taken, with Ritschl, as ablative absolute, facitud being perhaps dialectic ioT/actod. Castus is a season of fasting. Diovis is the older form oilovis : see n. 42 and 96 : Dlove also occurs in a fragment, CI. 188. Compare Zeuf , for * A«TC. It does not appear whether Diovis belongs with the following or preceding words. lunone Loucinai is, of course, dative.
74. CI. 29, 30. This and the following epitaphs were found in the fam- ily tomb of the Scipios, near the Appian Way, outside the ancient Porta Capena, where excavations were made in the ijth and i8th centuries. They are preserved in the Vatican Museum. — Inscription a is painted only, on the upper margin of a sarcophagus ; b is cut on the side of,the same. The latter is in its forms (nom. in -us) less archaic than the former, or even than the next epitaph — that of the son. Hence it is all but certain that only the painted inscription dates from the time of the burial, and that the other was cut a good many years (at least 50) later. The subject of the epitaph, the great-grandfather of Scipio Africanus the elder, was consul 456/298, and cen- sor 464/290. The campaign mentioned took place during his consulship, in the third Samnite war.
For the Saturnian metre of this and the three following epitaphs, see Introd. 65 fig. — Lucius : the praenomen is put after the nomen, for metrical convenience. Lucius apparently, with long i; so also in the next epitaph. This would seem to have been the earlier pronunciation. Ob- serve that we do not have * Loucius, though we might expect it, as the root is the same as in Loucina, Loucetius (namely, luc-} ' shine '), and the Oscan has Luvkis. — Gnaivod = Gnaeo. The name Gnaivos — later Gnaeus — is the same as {g)naevos, 'mole,' 'birth-mark': from it comes Naevius. — patre: with long e; Introd. 38. — forma: long a in the nominative; Introd. 26. So also parisuma =parissima. The above scansion of this line seems to me the only right one : pdrissftma has thp i short, not because
N.7S-] EPITAPHS OF THE SCIPIOS. 23
75. (a.) L. Cornelio8 L. f. Scipio, aidiles cosol cesor. (b.) Hone oinom ploirume cosenti6nt
duon6rom 6ptum6m fuise vir6m virorom, Luciom Scipi6nem. Fili6s Barbati, cons61 cens6r aidilis hie fue*t &pud ' vos; hec cepit C6rsicam Aleriamque urbem, ded£t Tempe"statebus aide™ mereto*/ votam.
one s is written, for that is merely graphical, but by the now well-known Plautinian usage which allows a long syllable to be used as short in certain positions; namely, (i) when it follows a short ictus-Hyllable (6 — = 0 v/)f and (2) when it stands between a preceding short syllable and a following ictus (v^ — — =wv-»— ). It is true that an interior syllable of a word is seldom affected in this way, but cp. similltijnae,Asm. 241 ; dedisse, Pseud. 990. — fuit (v. 3) with long «; not infrequent in old Latin ^Plautus, En- nius). — censor: the original quantity, as in censor is. — fuit (v. 4) : see Introd. 57 (2). — Taurasia and Cisauna are towns in Samnium ; the for- mer referred to by Livy, xl. 38, the latter quite unknown. Saxnnio Ritschl takes as accusative, but Mommsen as ablative, saying, not without force, that it is strange to mention two unimportant places and then say that he took the whole country. As ablative it would mean ex Samnio partitively, rather than in Samnio ; but we miss the final d (cp. Gnaivod). — subigit : Introd. 56. Yet we might read sublgit. — Loucanam (sc. terram) for Lucaniam. — opsides : ob appears as op regularly in early Latin in com- position before a surd consonant. Not assimilation : op is the older form ; Oscan op, Umbrian up, Greek k TT'L. — abdoucit : Introd. 10, note. Observe the change of tense : cepit, subigit, abdoucit.
75. CI. 31, 32. Inscription a is painted, b is cut. One slab is missing, so some of the verses are incomplete : the supplements are Ritschl's (except that of v. i). This Scipio, son of the preceding, was consul 495/259 and fought in the first Punic war, and was censor 496/258. — aidiles : a nomi- native like nubes, volpes, canes (Plaut.) : these were more numerous in early times. But see the usual form below in b, v. 4. — cosol, cesor : Introd. 20. So c5sentiont below. — Hone oinom ploirume —hunc unum pturimi. Introd. 48 and 8. The 5 in ploirume is for ei, Introd. 9. — duonoro01 : duonus and duellum are the older forms of bonus, bellum. On the form of these first two verses see Introd. 67. — Luciom as in n. 74, — hie, but in the next verse hec: both stand for heic ; Introd. 9 and 48. — fue"t like dedet, etc.; Introd. 57 (2). — cepit Corsicam: during his consulship. Aleria being the principal town of Corsica, its capture deserves separate
24 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 76.
76. Quei dpicem insignem Dial/j ^aminis gesistei, mors p^rfeaV tua ut Assent 6mnia br£via, hon6s fama virtusque g!6ria atque ing£nium : quibtis sei in 16nga licu/s£t tibe utier vita, facil^ facteis superases gl6riam mai6rum. Quar£ lubdns te in gr£mium, Scipi6, r£cipzt \ terra, Publi, prognatum Piibli6, Cornell.
mention. I think this verse complete on the stone. The only trouble is with the scanning Alirid ('A/lep/a, Ptolemy). But can Ptolemy's spelling be final proof of the pronunciation at Rome of a foreign name more than three centuries earlier ? Moreover even the short e might perhaps be de- fended here : see on v. 4 of the next epitaph. The hiatus -que urb- is quite admissible in this kind of poetry : see v. 2, duonoro™ opt-. Ritschl added pugnandod, scanning the verse without any dividing caesura. — dedet
Temp. : for the tetrapodic half-verse see Introd. 68. ebus for -ibus is
only an irregularity. This temple of the Tempestates (weather divinities) stood near the Porta Capena : it was vowed at a time when the fleet was near being shipwrecked : Ovid, Fast. vi. 193. — mere'toa?: older for merito (Introd. 12), not infrequent.
76. CI. 33. Probably the son of Scipio Africanus major, and the adop- tive father of Africanus minor. His infirm health is mentioned by Cicero, Cat. maj. xi., and elsewhere. Mommsen puts his life about 550/204-590/164. Evidences of a later date, as compared with the two foregoing epitaphs, are: essentvf'ifa. doubled s, ablative without d (longa, vita, Publio), utter not oitier. — apice™: the flamen Dm/is, chief priest of Jupiter, wore an apex or wooden spike on his cap. — insignem: the omitted m does not count in scanning: this is unusual. — oxnnia: Introd. 36. — brevia: the penultimate long syllable of the Saturnian series is particularly often re- solved : so ingemum, gremium, recipifbelvvj. — fama, nominative. Introd. 26 : so again terra below. — quibus, etc. This verse, as usually scanned, lacks the caesura between the series. I suspect, however, that the true division is : quibus sei in longd licuiset tibe utier vita. It seems namely from several instances as if an accented short syllable might stand instead of a long one as thesis (ictus-syllable) at the head of the second member. Cp. n. 98, v. 3, 158, 209, 214. If this be so, it is a survival of the older Italic accent-versification : Introd. 69. — sei : the diphthong justified : Oscan svai, Greek (<TF)«. —tibe for tibei : Introd. 9, note 2. — utier : Introd. 64. For the scansion utier vi- see note on parisuma, n. 74, v. 3, and compare pater venit, Terence Phorm. 601. — facile, not faciled : see on facilumed, n. 82, 1. 27. — facteis : Introd. 9, note 2. — Scipio, Publi, Cornell are vocatives,
N.77,78.] EPITAPHS OF THE SCIPIOS. 25
77. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio.
Magnam sapientiam multasque virtutes
aetate qu6m parva p6side"t hoc saxsum :
quoiei vita defecit n6n hon6s hon6rem.
Is hie situs quei nunquam victus est virtutei.
Ann6s gnatus viginti is locete ;;/^;/datus :
ne quairatis hon6rem quei minus sit mandates.
78. L. Corneli(us) L. f. P. n, Scipio, quaist(or), trib(unus) mil(itaris), annos gnatus 'XXXIII mortuos. Pater regem Antiocom subegit.
but prognatum looks back to fe. Altogether they represent the full name of the deceased, P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio.
77. CI. 34. An unknown Scipio. Judging by annos (double «), sit (not siet) and the TacTc "67 ablative" ^o7"it cannot be very old ; and probably is not far from the age of n. 76. — Cn. n. = Gnaei ncpos. — quom is the preposition cum. The form occurs repeatedly in inscriptions ; for instance in a fragment, CI. 532; and oina quom •=^una c^lm in the Lex agraria, CI. 200, 1. 2i.— posidet : Introd. 53. — saxsum : Introd. 24. — quoiei: In- trod. 51 : again in Lex repet., CI. 198, and Lex agrar., CI. 200. The pro- noun refers tg the person implied in the preceding lines. — vita: again a in nominative. — honos honore™ : there is a play on the different mean- ings of honos ; 'in whose case life, not repute, fell short of preferment'; that is, he did not live long enough to hold any office. — hie might have been heic (i.e., *ho-i-c(e\ locative from stem ho-}. — virtutei is ablative, for virtutl : the ei is the spurious diphthong : Introd. 9, Note 2. Stems in -tut- were originally z-stems. — loceis: Mommsen's conjecture; 'resting-place,' ' tomb.' Ritschl conjectured Diteist, i.e., Ditei est, but this does not accord so well with the indications of the stone. Other suggestions have been made.— ne quairatis, etc. : ' ask not what office he held, since none was intrusted to him.' quairatis seems to be the scanning intended, but in spite of this indication (which is quite isolated) it is extremely doubtful whether the personal ending -tis was ever really long. — minus sit : Introd. 17, note.
78. CI. 35. Nephew of Africanus major : quaestor 587/167, mentioned by Livy, xlv. 44. — Pater: Scipio Asiaticus.^or Asiagenus, defeated Anti- ochus 564/190. — Antioco1" ; Introd. 15. — The date of this inscription cannot be far from 594/160.
26 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 79, 80.
79. Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio Hispanus, pr(aetor), aid (ills) cur(ulis), q(uaestor), tr(ibunus) mil(itaris) 11^ Xvir sl(iti-x bus) iudik(andis), Xvir sacr(is) fac(iundis).
Virtutes generis mieis moribus accumulavi,
progeniem genui, facta patris petiei : maiorum optenui laudem ut sibei me esse creatum
laetentur : stirpem nobilitavit honor.
Law of Luceria about a Sacred Grove.
80. In hoce loucarid stircus ne qms fundatid, neve cadaver proiecitad, neve parentatid. Sei quis arvorsum hac faxit, in
>~^inm quis volet pn>_ioudicatqd n(umum) I manum iniect/o estod. Seive mag/steratus volet moltare, //cetod. ^
79. CI. 38. Son of the first Scipio Hispallus, or Hispanus as it is here called, who was first cousin to Africanus major. His praetorship was in 615/139. — II: probably iterum, ' twice.' — Xvir, etc. : the decemviri slitl- bus iudicandis, called earlier iudices decemviri, were magistrates whose exact functions are little understood, but they had to act as judges in certain cases. Slis and stlis are older forms of Us. ^ The decemviri (later quin- decimviri) sacris faciundis had the care of the Sibylline books. — The verses are elegiac. — mieis (pronounced here mjeis) = meis : the e of me- sinks to i before e, to avoid the succession e-e. So iei, ieis (but el, eis). The vocative ml is contracted from * mie. These dissimilations show that ei was not yet pronounced as z, at least in this situation. — progeniem genui : the stone \\&sprogenie mi genui, but I think, with Ritschl, that the i is simply " alicui casui vel errori tribuenda." — petiei, ' have striven to equal,' ' emulated.' On the spelling, Introd. 57. — optenui : see on opsides, n. 74, v. 6. — sibei must be scanned sibi. It is merely the retention of the former spelling after the later pronunciation had set in. Cp. tibei, n. 99, v. i. — honor: but honos in n. 76 and 77. The meaning is : ' the offices I held increased the family renown.'
80. Eph. Epigr. 2, 198. Found at Luceria in Apulia. The Latin is pro- vincial.— hoce: see on haice, n. 82, 1. 22. — loucarid: ablative of lucar, which has here the meaning of lucus. — stircus = stercus. — fundatid is for fundato(d) (Introd. 62), imperative of fundare, which is oddly enough used in the sense of fiindere. The imperative ending 'tod appears in this
N.8i.] DECREE O^^^MltlU^^^LLUS. 27
Decree of L* Aemilius Paullus.
81. L. Aimilius L. f. inpeirator decreivit utei quei HastenSium serve! in turri Lascutana habitarent leiberei essent. Agrum oppidumqu(e) quod ea tempestate posedisent item possi- dere habereque iousit, dum poplus senatusque Romanus vellet. Act(um) in castreis a. d. XII k(al). Febr.
inscription in three forms, (i) -tod in estod, licet od% (2) -tad in proiecitad, (3) -t~id \n fundatld, parent atld, i.e., apparently in the first conjugation. The last two forms are otherwise unheard of. — proiecitad —proicito. The compounds of iacio had in old Latin sometimes -iecio, in place of the classical -icio. So conieciant, CI. 198, 1. 50 (Lex repet.). — parentatid = parent ato. Parentatio would defile the grove, because it had to do with the dead. — arvorsum = advorsum. — hac : perhaps neut. plur. : see on post hac, n. 82, 1. 13. Or possibly ablative sing, feminine : see on arvorsum eadt n. 82, 1. 25. — faxit: Introd. 59. — mm = eum. — quis = quisquis, an ancient use. Cp. n. 175 and 208. The antecedent ei is understood. ' Let any one who chooses lay hands on him, as for a judgment rendered of ... sesterces.' — manum iniectio : the right of seizing the person to compel payment of money due : cp. n. 179. For manum (contracted from manuom, gen. plur.) cp. possum, Plaut. Men. 178. — pro ioudicatod : i.e., as if a claim had been adjudged by a magistrate. — numum I : Mommsen con- jectures L, i.e., ' sestertium quiquaginta milia'; Bruns CIDt * sestertium milled — magisteratus : cp. n. 65. More original form, with comparative suffix -ter-. — moltare = multare : cp. n. 66.
81. 01.5041. Hasta (elsewhere Asta), near Gades, in Spain: bronze plate, found 1867. The maker of the decree is the famous Aemilius Paullus, afterwards Macedonicus ; the date 565/189. Note the doubled consonants and ablatives without d. — inpeirator is simply a blunder, as ei has no business to stand for a short e ; decreivit is less strange : Introd. 9, note i, end. There was a late Latin form decr'ivit. — utei: Introd. 9, note 2. — serve! : the turris Lascutana is a castellum, or outlying dependent com- munity, composed of slaves of the Hastenses. They had probably done the Roman general some service against their masters. — leiberei: the oldest form had oi (loebesum = liberum in Festus) ; letter is frequent. — iousit = iussit. The spelling with single s (even iusit) is very persistent in this perfect. — dum: 'as long as.' — poplus: from this shorter form (also Plautinian) come poplicus, Popli-cola, Poplius (Publius). — Observe that in poplus senatusque the usual order of the words is reversed.
28 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 82.
Senatus Consultum de BaccJianalibus.
82. Q. Marcius L. L, S. Postumius L. f. cos. senatum con- soluerunt n(onis) Octob. apud aedem Duelonai. Sc(ribendo) arf(uerunt) M. Claudi(us) M. f.; L. Valerius P. f., Q. Minu- ci(us) C. f.
De bacanalibus, quei foideratei esent, ita exdeicendum censuere.
' Neiquis eorum ^acanal habuise velet : sei ques esent, quei sibei deicerent necesus ese bacanal habere, eeis utei ad
82. CI. 196. S.C. de Bacchanalibus. Bronze plate, found 1640 at Tiriolo in Bruttii ; now in Vienna. In 568/186 a secret orgiastic worship of Bacchus had established itself at Rome and spread to many parts of Italy. The excesses committed at these nocturnal assemblies were so frightful, and the secret organizations of the initiated became so powerful, that not only public morality but the very state itself seemed endangered. For particu- lars see Livy, xxxix. 8, fig. The senate passed a stringent decree for the suppression of these rites. This decree was communicated to the allied states of Italy, and the above inscription is a letter from the consuls, em- bodying the substance of it, sent into the ' ager Teuranus ' in Bruttii, and there cut, according to directions (line 26), on a ' tabola ahena.' — This im- portant and instructive monument is more archaic than the foregoing inscrip- tion (n. 81), which is three years earlier. In public documents old-fashioned forms would naturally be adhered to. There are no doubled consonants, and the ablative d appears everywhere : ai and oi are used throughout (except aedem, 1. i). But on the other hand we have -us, -um, not -os, -om.
Lines 1-4. S. = Spurius ; COS. = consules. — Duelonai = Bellonae : see on duonoro, n. 75. — &C(ribendo) arf (iierunf) : decrees of the senate were reduced to writing after, not before, they were passed ; and a commit- tee of senators remained after adjournment to see that they were correctly written down. These were said scribendo adesse. — arf uerunt = adfue- runt: the preposition has the same form as in ar-biter. Cp. arvorsum, arfuise, 1. 24, 25. — quei foideratei esent: supply as antecedent eis. 1 Regarding the Bacchanalia it was resolved to give the following directions' to those who are in alliance with us.'— exdeicendum = edicendum.— Neiquis : the particle n~e appears in early inscriptions in three forms, net nei, nl (the last retained in nl-mirum). — habuise : for the tense see Allen and Greenough's Grammar, 288 d, Remark ; Gildersleeve's Grammar, 275, 2.
N.82.] SENATUS CONSULTUM DE BACCHANALIBUS. 29
pr(aetorem) urbanum Romam venirent, deque eeis rebus, ubei eorum ver^a audita esent,"*utei senatus noster decerneret, dum ne minus senatorbus C adesent quom ea, res cosole- retur. Bacas.vir nequis adieae.velet ceivis Romanus neve nominus Latini neve socium quisquam,' nisei pr(aetorem) urbanum adiesent, isque ^e senatuos sententiad, dum ne minus senatoribus C adesent quom ea res cosoleretur, iousis<?t. Ce;zsuere.
Sacerdos nequis vir eset ; magister neque vir neque mulier quisquam eset ; neve pecuniam quisquam eorum comoine;;*
— ques : nom. plur. ; so eeis, just below. Introd. 47, 51. — necesus (not elsewhere found) is clearly used here as neuter, but seems to have been originally a nominative masculine, which having lost its other cases, was no longer felt as such : necessum (Plaut.) is the neuter to it.
Lines 5-9. senatorbus : only a blunder, as senatoribus stands 1. 9 and 18. — Bacas = Bacchas. These rites belonged properly to women only: the admission of men to participation in them had been the chief source of lawlessness. Liv. xxxix. 13. — adiese = adiisse : and so adi- esent = adiissent, just below, and adieset, 1. 17. As to the nature of these forms, Corssen thinks them actual dissimilations to avoid the succes- sion i-i. But those who think the pluperfect subjunctive and perfect infini- tive compounded with essem and esse respectively (as the pluperfect indica- tive is with eram : see Allen and Greenough, 118, foot-note) will find in them rather the retention of an older sound : cp. Introd. 14. — nominus: Introd. 37. — Latini (cp.urbanf, 1. 21): the genitive singular has simple -I, whereas the nominative plural (virei, oinuorsei, 1. 19, 20) has -ei. This is the usage of the older monuments : cp. n. 24, 26, 27, etc., and Barbati, n. 75. Not until later does -ei in genitive appear; see n. 99, 1. 4. The nomen Latinum comprised at this time those cities of Latium which enjoyed a sort of half citizenship, and were so intermediate between cives and socii. — socium: gen. plur. : Introd. 35. — senatuos: Introd. 41. — iousiset : ' shall have given leave.' — Censuere : ' Carried.'
Lines 1O-14. nequis vir : that is, women only can hold this priest- hood.— magister: an officer (not a priest) to manage the temporal affairs of the organization. So magistratum below : ' no one shall appoint either man or woman to be master nor to act as master.' The guilds are to be entirely broken up : hence the prohibition to have pecnnia comoinis. — comoinem = communem : Introd. 8. — quiquam = quisquam. — post
30 \, REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 82.
^abuise ve/et; neve magistratum neve pro magistratu^ neque virum neque ;//^/ierem quiquam fecise velet ; neve post hac inter sed coniourar^ neve comvovise neve con- spondise neve conpromesise velet, neve quisquam fidem in-
15 ter sed dedise velet ; rsacra in *?quoltod ne quisquam fecise velet ; neve in poplicod neve in preivatod neve exstrad urbem sacra quisquam fecise velet, nisei pr(aetorem) urba- num adieset, isque de senatuos sententiad, dum ne minus senatoribus C adesent quom ea res cosoleretur, iousisd;. Censuere.
Homines pious V oinuorsei virei atque mulieres sacra ne
20 quisquam fecise velet, neve inter ibei virei pl<?us duobus, mulieribus pious tribus ar/uise velent, nisei de pr(aetoris) urbani senatuosque sententiad, utei suprad scriptum est.' Haice utei in coventionid exdeicatis ne minus trinum
hac : usually written posthac. As in ante hac, hac is probably the old neuter plural for haec. — inter sed : Introd. 44. — comvovise : com- before v is singular; but compare comvalem, n. 104, 1. 8. — conpromesise = com- promisisse. The oldest perfect of mitto seems to be meissi (promeisserit, CI. 205) ; so e here is probably SOT ei.
Lines 15-19. oquoltod = occulto. — poplicod =publico. — exstrad : again 1. 28; cp. suprad, 1. 21, 24, 29. The adverbs ext(c}rat int(e)ra, su- p(e)ra, inf(e)ra are ablatives feminine. — iousiset : here and 1.9 the plate reads iouslsent, — a blunder. — Homines is awkwardly put in a sort of apposition to quisquam : ' that no one in a company of more than five per- sons altogether, men and women/ etc. — oinuorsei = universi. To be divided oinu-orsei (for *oinu-vorsei) : the first part of the compound as . moinu-mama (see p. 17, near bottom), acru-folius. Omission of v as in de-orsum (*de-vorsum), sursu-orsum (n. 104, 1. 14). Others read this form oinvorsei in three syllables. Lucretius (iv. 262) has unorsum, contracted like dorsum for deorsum.
Lines 2O-24. inter ibei (interibi) : 'there,' 'in that company.' i-bi, locative of i-s, is joined with the preposition inter. So in-ibi, post-ibi (Plau- tus). — For mulieribus we should expect mulieres; but he says 'men not more than two, nor more than three women.' — arfuise = adfuisse. — Haice : fuller form for haec. The appended -c in hl-c, ho-c, hun-c, etc., often appears in its complete form -ce. The spellings hicce, htmcce, etc., are barbarous. — utei . . . exdeicatis: subjunctive of command, usually
N. 82.] SENATUS CONSULTUM DE BACCHANALIBUS. 31
noundinum ; senatuosque sententiam utei scientes esetis, eorum sententia ita fuit : sei ques esent, quei arvorsum ead
25 fecisent, quam suprad scriptum est, eeis rem caputalem faciendam censuere ; atque utei hoce in tabolam ahenam inceideretis, ita senatus aiquom censuit, uteique earn figier ioubeatis, ubei facilumed ghoscier potisit ; atque utei ea bacanalia, sei qua sunt, exstrad cjuam sei quid ibei sacri est, ita utei suprad scriptum est, hi diebus X, quibus vobeis
30 tabelai datai erunt, faciatis utei dismota sient. In agro Teurano.
preceded by an imperative, facite or videte. Cp. Plaut. Capt. in. — in coventionid = in contione : Introd. 38. — ne minus trinum noun- dinum: 'for not less than three market-days.' See lexicon, s.v. nundinum. Noundinum = * noven-di-num, 'period of nine days.' — scientes esetis = sciretis. Such circumscriptions with the present participle are rare : Cic. Cat. maj. 8, sit . . . agens aliquid. — ques : as 1. 3. — arvorsum ead . . quam:^' contrary to the way in which,' 'contrary to what* : ead seems to be the adverb ea (ablative feminine), joined to arvorsum in a way not otherwise known, and answered by guam,lhow.' It is omitted in Plaut. Trin. 175: utrum indicare me ei thensaurum aequom fuit, advorsum quam eius opsecravisset pater? Cp. also Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 66 : nihil .... prae quam alios . . sumptus facit, ' compared to the way in which.'
Lines 25-3O. rem caputalem : ' a proceeding for a capital offense.' Capital punishment, with the Romans, signified either death or loss of civic rights (capitis deminutio). — Uteique . . ioubeatis (ioubere = later iubere) seems to be a return to the direct command as 1. 22. — figler : Introd. 64. — ubei facilumed g-noscier potisit: 'where it can be easiest read/ The adverbs in -e were originally ablatives, and so have -d properly. With (g)nosco in the sense ' read,' compare ava-ytyvuGKU. Potisit — possit : for potis sit. — exstrad quam sei, etc.: 'except in case there be concerned in the matter something sacred'; fuller expressed by Livy (xxxix. 18) : " extra quam si qua ibi vetusta ara aut signum consecratum esset." The senate were anxious not to interfere with any established and legitimate worship. — ^ita utei suprad, etc., belongs with dismota. — in diebus X quibus: " within ten days after — ,' a regular expression : see Gildersleeve, § 400, Rem. 3, end, and cp. Ter. Andr. 104, in diebus paucis quibus haec acta sunt. — dismota = dlmota. — sient: Introd. 60. — In agro Teu- rano was simply the direction to the letter-carrier. It is no part of the document, and lacks the ablative -d.
32 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 83-91.
Smaller Inscriptions,
Prom the second Punic war to about the Gracchan period.
83. Hercolei sacrom. M. Minuci(us) C. f. dictator vovit.
84. M. Claudius M. f. consol Hinnad cepit.
85. Martei M. Claudius M. /. <ronsol ded//.
86. Italicei L. Cornelium Scipionem honoris caussa.
87. M. Claudius M. f. Marcelus consol iterum.
88. Z>iovei Victore. T. ^e^urf(us) M. f. Illvir
89. Q. Pomponius Q. f., L. Tulius Ser. f. praitores acre Martio emeru.
go. lunone Loucina Tuscolana sacra. gi. Pale Tksrolana sacra.
83. CI. 1503. On an altar in Rome : referred by Mommsen to the Minucius who fell at Cannae, although he was strictly not a dictator, but a magister equitum whose imperium was made equal to the dictator's ; see Livy, xxii. 25. The date would accordingly be 537/217. On the side of the altar are the letters L-I'XX VI, the meaning of which is quite uncertain. — 84, 85. CI. 530, 531. Marcellus the conqueror of Syracuse dedicated spoils at Rome : the date about 543/211. Hinnad: 'from Hinna' = Henna or Enna, in Sicily. — 86. CI. 533. Halaesa in Sicily. Date perhaps 561/193, when L. Scipio, afterwards Asiagenus, was praetor in Sicily. The Italicei are Italic land-holders in Sicily. Supply statuerunt, ' set up a statue of.' — 87. CI. 539. Luna in Etruria. Date 599/155. The grandson of the famous Marcellus (n. 84). — 88. CI. 638. Rome. Victore: dative, Introd. 9. Triumvir: sc. reficiendls aedibus ; such as were sometimes appointed (cp. Livy, xxv. 7) to superintend special repairs. — 89. CI. 1148. Cora. Not later than 600/154 (Mommsen). Tulius = Tullius. praitores: the local magistrates, aes Martium is money derived from the sale of booty : a share of booty from some campaign had fallen to the Corani as socii. emeru stands immediately for emerut : cp. dedro,dedrot, n. 49, 50; also note onn.68. — 90, 91. CI. 1200, 1201. Capua. lunone Loucina Tuscolana = lunoni Lucinae Tusculanae : for the dative in -a see on n. 48. Pale : like
N. 92-97.] SMALLER INSCRIPTIONS. 33
92. Vediovei patrei genteiles luliei. Vediovei \u\e\ aara leege Albana dicata.
93. Mavortei.
94. Devas Corniscas sacrum.
95. Q. Minucius Q. f. Rufus leg(atus) Apolinei Putio merito.
96. Tampiai Diovei.
97. Maxuma Aimilia C. R. a(nnorum) UKX.
Imione, and Victore (n. 88). Pales was a goddess of herdsmen, sacra in both inscriptions refers to the altar (am) on which each stands. The Tus- culan worship was transplanted to Capua by colonists. See on n. 107.
92. CI. 807. On different sides of an altar at Bovillae, near Alba, the cradle of the Julian gens, where the family rites were kept up even in im- perial times. — Vediovei I Vediovis or Veiovis was an Italic divinity of some importance, represented as Apollo-like, with arrows in his hand; but not much is known about him. — genteiles luliei: i.e., members of the Julian gens. The spelling genteiles (cp. aidilis, n. 74, 75, etc.) proves that the inscription cannot be older than the time of the Gracchi : the ei is quite unjustified etymologically : see Introd. 9, note 2. — aara, leege: Introd. 22. — leege Albana = more Albano : 'according to Alban ritual.' The restoration lulei is uncertain, but if right it is nominative plural (cp. n. 104, 1. 23).
93. CI. 808. On an urn, in ancient letters. The form Mavors = Mars is well known. — 94. CI. 814. The corniscae divae, 'crow-goddesses' at- tendant on Juno, had, we know, a sanctuary ' trans Tiberim,' and in that neighborhood this stone was found. Devas Corniscas must be dative plural, of a form otherwise unknown. It would seem to be a contraction directly from the original -a-is. The e in devas stands for ei, cp. n. 57: Introd. 9. — 95. CI, 562. Delphi. Perhaps the same Q. Minucius who made the decision for the Genuates (n. 104) 637/117. Putio = Pythio. — .96. CI. 1435. Found near Padua. Cp. n. 42 and 73. The givers are women of the gens Tampia. — 97. CI. 1434. Found in Southern Tyrol. C. B. is explained civis Roman a^ but Mommsen conjectures C. f. = Gai filia. The following signs are also of doubtful meaning. Maxuma means, of course, the eldest daughter.
34 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 98, 99.
Dedicatory Inscriptions of Mummius.
98. L. Mummi(us) L. f. cos.
Duct(u) auspicio imperi6que e*ius Achaia capt(a), Corinto de"let6, Romam redieit triumphans. Ob hasce res bene gestas qu6d in be"llo v6verat, hanc ae"dem et signum H£rculis Vict6ris imperator dedicat.
99. Sancte.
De decuma, Victor, tibei Lucius Mummius donum moribus antiqueis promiserat hoc dare sese : visum animo suo perfecit, tua pace rogans te cogendei dissolvendei tu ut tfacilia faxseis. Perficias decumam ut faciat verae rationis, proque hoc atque alieis doneis des digna merenti.
98. CI. 541. Rome. Mummius took Corinth 608/146, and triumphed the following year. The inscription is in rather rough Saturnians, with a tetrapodic series (v. 3), and a half-verse (also tetrapodic) standing alone at the end. Corinto ; but triumphans with ph., one of the earliest instances of an aspirate in Latin. Observe that Corinthus is here made masculine (or perhaps Corinthum, neuter) , feminine town-names in -us being as yet strange to the Romans. — With redieit compare petiei, n. 79 : the succession i-i is thus avoided : -ei in the perfect after a consonant is less common, and is not found till later. — qudd seems to stand as short thesis; see on n. 76, v. 4. But Ritschl supplies qudd is, and it is barely possible that is has been broken off the edge (quod comes at the end of a line). — aedem et: for the hiatus see n. 75 (&), v. 2 and 5.
99. CI. 542. Reate: now lost, and the transcription faulty. A tithe (decuma = decimd) of the booty is here dedicated to Hercules, accord- ing to a common custom. This was the pars Herculanea of spoils or any unusual gain. The verses are hexameters. — The vocatives Sancte and Victor address Hercules. — tibei must be read fibi : see on sibei, n. 79. Both in Lucius and Mummius the final s does not count in scan- ning.— promiserat is Mommsen's conjecture for pro usura, which leaves a hiatus, confuses the construction, and gives very little sense. — visum,
N. ioo.] MILESTONE OF POPILIUS. 35
Milestone of Popilius.
ioo. P> Popilius C.f. cos.
Viam fecei ab Regio ad Capuam, et in ea via ponteis omneis miliarios tabelariosque poseivei. Hince sunt Nou- ceriam meilia vLI, Capuam XXCIIII, Muranum vLXXIIII, Cosentiam CXXIII, Valentiam Cvl/XXX, ad fretum ad statuam CCXXXI, Regium CCXXXVII. Suma af Capua Regium meilia CCCXXI. Et eidem praetor in Sicilia fugiteivos
etc.: ' he has fulfilled the choice of his heart.' — suo and tua are mono- syllables.— cogendei, etc. The general sense is: 'begging thee under favor to enable him fully to collect and fairly to divide the spoil,' so that the god may have his just due. facilia is explained as faculfatem, but is cer- tainly corrupt. In cogendei and dissolvendei we have the earliest in- stances of -ei in genitive singular: see on n. 82, 1. 7, Latini. — A decuma verae rationis is a tithe fairly computed : ratio in its book-keeping sense. IOO. CI. 551. Found at Forum Popili (modern Polio) in northern Lu- cania. The name of the magistrate at the beginning is lacking, but there is no doubt that it was as above. P. Popilius Laenas was consul 622/132. The road described, from Regium to Capua, was a continuation of the Via Appia, and may well have borne the name Via Popilia. The inscription contains several spurious ei's ; fecei, poseivei, conquaesivei, redideit ponteis omneis (but aedis in last line), meilia, fugiteivos, probably eidem (= idem). On the other hand the spelling heic is justified. — Regie : Regium, not Rhegium, is the genuine Latin form of this name. — miliarios, sc. lapides; elsewhere always miliaria, neuter. — tafoelarios: what? Hardly letter- carriers, as usual. Perhaps tabellarios lapides, such for instance as the stone bearing this very inscription, which is certainly more than an ordinary mile- stone.— poseivei = poslvi (Plautus), later posui. Pbno (for po-sino) is a compound of stno with the obsolete preposition por- (pos-,po-), and so poslvi is its regular perfect. — For the following towns see map. Nuceria and Capua are in one direction, Muranum and the rest in the other. To Capua the distance is 84 miles. — X : the older sign for 50; L is seldom found before Augustus's time. — Cosentia = Consentia ; Valentia = Vibo Valentia, formerly Hipponium ; ad fretum ad statuam ; the place called Columna Regina, at the narrowest part of the strait, the usual place of crossing to Sicily. — Suma= summa, ' the whole distance.' — af : this old preposition, noticed by Cicero, Orat. xlvii., occurs about seven times in inscriptions, be- fore c, v, I, m, s. Corssen thinks it an entirely distinct preposition from ab. — praetor in Sicilia : some years before. The outbreak of the servile
36 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 101, 102.
Italicorum conquaeisivei redideique, homines DCCCCXVIL Eidemque primus fecei ut de agro poplico aratoribus cede- rent paastores. Forum aedisque poplicas heic fecei.
Boundary -stones ( Termini) •
101. L. Caicilius Q. f. pro cos. terminos finisque ex senati consolto statui iusit inter Patavinos et Atestinos.
102. M. Folvius M. f. ^/ac(cus), C. Sempronius Ti. f. Grac(cus), C. Paperius C. f. Carb(o), III vire a. i. a.
war in Sicily (620/134) was preceded by extensive brigandage on the part of half-fed slaves of large land-holders. This brigandage Popilius tried to repress. — Italicorum : see n. 86. — de agro poplico: the reference is to the enforcement of the agrarian law of the previous year (621/133), by compelling those who occupied too much public land for grazing purposes (paastores) to give up a part of it to tillers (aratoribus). — forum: here a mere place of business, constructed by the builder of the road for the aid of traffic, like the forum Appi on the Via Appia.
1O1. CI. 548, b. One of three similar stones found in the Euganean hills, near Padua. Perhaps the L. Caecilius Metellus who was consul 612/142 (Mommsen). — senati: this genitive occurs pretty frequently in inscrip- tions from this period on, and similar ones (quaesti, etc.) are freely used by Plautus, Ennius, and others. It probably arose merely from confusion with the <7-stems.— 1O2. CI. 554. Near Aeclanum in Samnium. Date 624/130. Folvius = Fulvius ; Paperius = Papirius. This spelling again in Lex agraria, CI. 200. — III vire a. i. a. = tres viri agris iudicandis adsignandis, commissioners for executing the agrarian law : vire for virei, Introd. 9.
1O3. CI. 197. Fragment of a bronze plate, found at Bantia in Lucania. On one side is a part of a law in the Oscan language referring to local affairs of Bantia ; on the other side the above portion of a law in Latin. What the relation of the latter to the Oscan law is, or whether it has any thing at all to do with it, cannot be with certainty made out. The part of the Latin law pre- served is from near the end, and treats only of the so-called sanctions: what the purport of the law was we do not know. But as the magistrates mentioned are clearly the Roman magistrates, we have evidently a Roman, not a Bantine, document. Mommsen thinks the enactment to have been of the nature of a foedus, a law making or changing a treaty with Bantia. The only thing that can be made out concerning the body of the law is that it provided for the annual election of a index of some kind. The date is cer- tainly between 621/133 anc* 636/118 : see on 1. 7. The beginning of each
N. 103.] TABULA BANTINA. 37
Tabula Bantina.
103 ;zeque provintiam
2 in senata seive in poplico ioudicio ne sentenfiam rogato
3 tabellamve nei dato neive is testumonmm
deicito, neive quis mag(istratus) testumonium poplice ei
4 deferri neive denontiari sinito. Neive ioudicem eum neive ar- bitrum neive retufleiaiorem dato. Neive is in poplico luuci
line is gone, but the supplements are tolerably certain. — The tenor of the fragment is as follows : —
(i.) Lines 1-6 : Civil and political disabilities to attach to curule magis- trates as a penalty for violating the law.
(2.) Lines 7-13 : Fines imposed on lesser magistrates and on senators for violations of the law.
(3.) Lines 14-22 : An oath of obedience to the law is prescribed for all magistrates.
(4.) Lines 23-32 : A similar oath is prescribed for senators.
Lines 1-6. in poplico ioudicio : this includes both the nearly obso- lete indicium populi before the comitia (tributa or centuriata) and public trials before indices (jurymen). The offender is debarred the privilege of sitting in the senate, and of acting as one of the indices at a trial ; he must not be asked his sententia in the one, nor be given a tabella (to vote with) at the other. — ne : see on neiquis, n. 82, 1. 3. All three forms, ne, nei, rii (1. 20), occur in this document. — In testumonium we have apparently i changed to u through influence of a following labial ; labials being fond of u: testi-monium seems the proper form, from testi-s. — deicito, etc.: testimonium dicere is to give testimony, testimonium deferred permit one to testify, testimonium denuntiare to summon one as a witness. — denontiari : cp. nontiata, n. 105, 1. 5, and pronontiato, Lex repet. CI. 198, 1. 42. Both *nontius and nuntius are contracted from *noventius ('new-comer'). — recuperatorem : recuperatores were a special kind of judges or jurymen, who were appointed, instead of ordinary indices, to decide certain classes of suits, primarily those in which international relations were involved, as claims for money between Romans and peregrini : the matter is, however, not fully understood. A index may be public (belonging to one of the regularly constituted boards) or private (appointed by the magistrate for a particular private suit). An arbiter is appointed by a magistrate to settle involved affairs (claims and counter-claims) where there is no direct and sharply defined issue between the parties. — in poplico luuci (Introd.
38 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 103.
5 praetextam neive soleas habefo, neive quis mag(istratus) ibet praetextam soleasve habere eum sinito. Mag(istratus) quei- quomque comitia conciliumve habebit, eum sufragium ferre
6 nei sinito, neive eum censor in senatum legito neive in senatu relinquito.
7 Set tr(ibunus) pl(ebei}, q(uaestor), Illvir cap(italis), Illvir a(greis) d(andeis) a(dsignandeis) , ioudex quei ex hace lege plebeive scito factus erit, senatorve fecerit ^es-
8 seritve, quo ex hace lege quae fieri oporteat minus fiant, quaeve ex h(ace) l(ege) facere oportuerit oportebitve non fecerit sciens d(olo) m(alo) ; seive advorsus hance legem
9 fecerit sciens d(olo) m (#/<?) : multa tanta esto HS . . n (urn mum), et earn pequniam quei volet magistratus exs- igito. Sei postulabit quei petet, pr(aetor) recuperatores
22) : lux is masculine in old Latin ; Plaut. Aul. 741. But more likely the meaning is ' in public in the daytime ' ; cp. 1. 17 and 24. — soleas : the red shoes (mullet) are meant, which, like the praetexta, distinguished the curule magistrates. — queiquomque = quicumque. — concilium: the comitia tributa seem to be meant, which are often called concilium plebis.
Lines 7, 8. triumvir capitalis : these were police magistrates who had charge of arrests, prisons, and executions. — triumvir agreis, etc. : for carrying out the agrarian laws. Such magistrates existed only 621/133- 636/118. — quei ex hace, etc.: these words refer only to ioudex: the judge to be appointed by the provisions of the present law. — lege plebeive scito : the enactment is worded as if it were uncertain whether it would be passed at the rogation of a curule magistrate by either comitia (lex) or at that of a tribune by the comitia tributa (plebei scitum). Both were equally binding.— Join quo . . minus fiant. — oportuerit (future perfect) oportebitve : simply legal fulness ; fecerit following, as well as fecerit gesseritve above, is of course the future perfect indicative. — dolo malo : the ancient legal phrase.
Lines 9-13. multa tanta esto Mommsen supplies from the Oscan law: others damnas esto dare. — pequniam: Introd. 23. — quei petet: inultam petere is to propose the infliction of a fine where a fine of definite amount is prescribed by statute : the petitor can be a private person. ' If the proposer of the fine demands,. the praetor shall appoint recuperatores . . . and shall give directions (to the recuperatores) that in case the offense
N. 103.] TABULA BANTINA. 39
10 quos quotque dart opottetf. dato, iubetoque
eum, sei ita pariat, condumnari popul(o), facitoque ioudicetur.
11 Sei condemnatus erit, quanti condemnatus erit, praedes ad q (uaestorem) urb(anum) det, aut bona eius poplice possi- deantur facito. Sei quis mag(istratus) multam inrogare
12 volet, quei volet, dum minoris partus familias taxsat, liceto, eiq(ue) omnium rerum siremps lexs esto, quasei sei is haace
**3 lege pequntam, quae s(upra) s(cripta) e(sf), exegisset.
is proved, he shall be condemned (to pay the fine) to the people, and shall see that judgment is pronounced on him.' The object of having recourse to the board of recuperatores is to insure the prompt collection of the fine. — pariat = pareat, an unusual corruption. Paret is in this formula equiva- lent to apparet. — condumnari ; but just below condemnatus : condumno is not elsewhere found. — quanti : genitive of value. — praedes : praes, praed-is is for praeves, prae-vl d-is (CI. 200, 1. 46), compounded of prae and vas, vad-is. — Sei quis magistratus, etc. : ' If any magistrate choose to propose a greater fine than the above, whoever shall thus choose may do so, provided it amount to less than half the man's property, and to him (i.e., this magistrate) the law shall apply in every respect just as if he had exacted, in accordance with this law, only the amount prescribed above.' A magistrate was said multam inrogare when he imposed a fine greater than that prescribed by law; in that case the offender had the right of appeal, and the matter was brought before the comitia tributa. — dum . . taxsat (later written as one word) : 'provided it reaches' or 'touches'; tax are, for*tactaret is a frequentative from tangere (root tag-}. Its con- struction with the genitive is surprising, and reminds one of the genitive after verbs of touching in Greek. We should expect the accusative. — partus : Introd. 37 : cp. Castorus, 1. 17. Pars is here treated quite as a consonant-stem (part-}, though it was originally an z'-stem (parti-}. — familias : gen. sing. — omnium rerum : ' in all respects.' For this old use of the genitive Wordsworth aptly compares the formula eius hac lege nihil rogatur, 'regarding that nothing is proposed by this law' (CI. 200, 1.34). — siremps (in prol. Plaut. Amph. 73, sirempse} : 'just so.' The etymol- ogy is probably si rem eampse, ' thus in very fact ' ; si being sl-c without its c, and rem eampse accusative of specification. For eampse see Plaut. Cist. 172. (Corssen's explanation is slightly different.) — quasei sei : pleonastic for simple quasei, as in n. 106, 1. 1.40, II. 1. 4, and generally in legal phrase- ology : cp. prol. Plaut. Cas. 46. Analogous to nisi si, which is quite com- mon. The spellings quasei and nisei are regular in inscriptions of this time, though the poets, even Plautus and Ennius, measure always quasi, nisi.
40 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 103.
14 C0(n)s(ul)9 pr(aetor), aid(ilis), tr(ibunus) pl(ebet), q(uaestor), Illvir cap(italis), Illvir a(greis) d(andeis) a(dsignandeis) , qu€\ nunc est, is in diebus V proxsumeis. quibus queique eorum sciet h(ance) l(egem) popolum ple-
js bemve iousisse, iouranto, utei i(nfrd) sheriff urn) est. Item dic(tator) co(n)s(ul), pr(aetor), mag(ister) eq(uitum), cens(or), aid (ills), tr(ibunus) pl(ebei), q(uaestor), Illvir cap (italis), Illvir a (greis) d(andeis) a(dsignandeis), ioudex
16 ex h (ace) l(ege) plebive scito factus ..... queiquomque eorum /ost hac factus erit, eis in diebiis V. proxsumeis, qui- bus quisque eorum mag(istratum) inperiumve inierit, iou-
17 ranto, utei i(nfrd) s(criptuni) est. Eis consistunto pro aede Castorus palam luci in forum vorsus, et eidem in diebus V
18 apud q(uaestorem) iouranto per lovem deosque Penateis : sese quae ex h(ace) l(ege) oportebit facturum, neque sese advorsum h(ance) l(egem) facturum scientem d(olo)
19 m(alo), neque seese facturum neque intercesurum, quo quae ex h(ace) l(ege) oportebit minus fiant. (9//ei ex h(ace) l(ege) non iouraverit, is magistratum inperiumve nei petito
20 neive gerito neive habeto, neive in senatu sententiam deicito deicereve eum ni quis sinito, neive eum censor in senatum
Lines 14-16. quei nunc est : i.e., those now in office. Future magistrates are provided for in the next sentence. — For quibus, ' after,' see on n. 82, 1. 29. — popolum plebemve : populus is either comitia under a curule magistrate, plebs the comitia tributa under a tribune. — plebi : contracted from plebel: see above, 1. 7. — eis: nom. plur. : Introd. 47. — Lines 17-19. in forum vorsus: vorsus is a sort of petrified nomin. sing, masc., as it were, which came to be used for different cases and num- bers. Consult lexicon (versus) for further examples. — in diebus V seems rather out of place here, but apparently only one oath is indicated, before the quaestor in front of the temple of Castor, which was at the foot of the Palatine. Three columns and the substructions of this temple still remain. For the senators, however, the aerarium (1. 24) is indicated as the place of swearing: this was in the temple of Saturn, at the other end of the forum. Of this temple also considerable remains (from a later restoration) still exist. — neque intercesurum: intercessio was the right of the tribunes.
N. 104.] DECISION OF THE MINUCII. 41
legito. Quei ex h(ace) l(ege) ioudicaverit, is facito apud
21 q(uaestorem) urb(anum) eius quei ita Titei s(iipra) s(crip- tuni) e(si) iourarit nomen flerscriptum siet ; quaestorque ea nomina accipito, et eos quei ex h(ace) l(ege) apud sed
22 iourarint, facito in taboleis popliceis perscribat.
23 Quei senator est erifoe inve senatu sententi&m. deixerit post hance legem rogatam, eis in diebus X proxsumeis,
24 quibus quisqu<? eorum sciet hance legem popolum plebemve iousisse /ouranto apud quaestorem ad aerarium palam luci per lovem deosque PenatezV; sese quae ex h(ace) l(ege)
25 oportebit facturum esse, neqiie sese advorsum hance legem facturum esse, neque seese quominus sei
26 ..... se hoice leegei .... anodni fVfaraver/Vtf . . .
27
28 e quis magistratus p
29
3o //ti in taboleis
3i /rinum nondinaw ,
32 is erit uu . . ,
Decision of the Minucii between the Genuates and their Tributaries.
104. Q. M. Minucieis Q. f. Rufeis de controvorsieis inter Genu- 2 ateis et Veiturios in re praesente cognoverunt, et coram
Lines 2O-22. Quei ex hace leg-e ioudicaverit: i.e., the judge elected in accordance with this law: iudicare = iudex esse. — perscrip- tum siet : coordinate subjunc. after facito, as lines 10, n, above. — apud sed: Introd. 44. — Lines 23-25. post hance legem rogatam: ' after the passage of this law.' The magistrate was said rogare legem be- cause he asked the people whether they voted for it (' velitis iubeatis,' etc.). — Line 26. hoice = huic. — Line 31. nondinum (= nundinum) is like nontlus (= nuntius) : cp. note on noundmum, n. 82, 1. 23.
1O4. CI. 199. Bronze plate found near Genoa. Date 637/117. A dis- pute as to boundaries and tenure of land had arisen between the people of
42 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 104.
3 inter eos controvosias composeiverunt, et qua lege agrum possiderent et qua fineis fierent dixserunt. Eos fineis facere
4 terminosque statui iuserunt ; ubei ea facta essent, Romam coram venire iouserunt. Romae coram sententiam ex se-
5 nati consulto dixerunt eidib(us) Decemb(ribus) L. Caecilio Q. f., Q. Muucio Q. f. co(n)s(ulibus).
Qua ager privatus casteli Vituriorum est, quern agrum eos e vendere heredemque sequi licet, is ager vectigal nei siet.
Genua and the Langenses Viturii, a castellum (see on servei, n. 81) or trib- utary community of theirs. The Roman senate'had sent the two brothers Minucius to settle the dispute, who after their return to Rome rendered the above decision. — The Viturii hold two kinds of land: (i) ager privatus held in their own right : for this no tax is to be paid ; and (2) a portion of public lands, ager poplicus, belonging to Genua ; for the use of this a gross sum is to be paid yearly, which is to be assessed upon all the holders pro portione, including any Genuates who may hold there (1. 25-32). Common pasture-lands (ager compascuos, 1. 33) — presumably those within the limits of the above tract of public land — are to be open to any Genuan or Vitu- rian. The meadows (prata, 1. 37-42) which form part of this public land, are reserved for the sole use of the Viturii, but their extent is not to be in- creased.— The spelling of the document is rather inconsistent. Preposi- tions are frequently written as proclitics ; thus inre, 1. 2 ; adterminum, 1. 13 ; but this has not been followed in the text. The names of streams and moun- tains are Ligurian.
Lines 1-5. Minucieis and Rufeis are nominative plural; Introd.34. ' Quintus and Marcus Minucius Rufus, sons of Quintus,' — Genuateis = Genuatis : ei simply a sign for 1. Gentile names in -as, -atis (Arpinas, etc.) are originally z'-stems (old nom. Arplnati-s), and have properly the accusa- tive plural in -is. — in re praesente : technical phrase ; ' on the spot ' ; cp. Liv. xlii. 23, praeter agrum de quo ante legati ab Roma, qui in re prae- senti cognoscerent, missiessent, etc., also xxxiv. 62, xl. 17 and 29. — con- trovosias : r lost before s as in susum (1. 7) for sursum, rusum for rursum; so also prosa oratio for prorsa, and tostus for *tors-tus (torreo). — COT&- poseiverunt : see on poseivei, n. 100. — qua lege : ' on what terms.' — fineis (after qua} : nomin. plur. Introd. 39. Three cases occur in this in- scription.—facere . . . statui: the change from active to passive is awk- ward.— terminos: 'boundary-stones.' — senati : see n. 101. — Qua: ' where.' — eos vendere . . . licet : the accusative and infinitive with licetis not confined to early Latin. — heredemque sequi : quern agrum has to be repeated as subject. An inheritance is said sequi heredem, ' to pass to the heir/
N. 104.] DECISION OF THE MINUCII. 43
Langatium fineis agri privati. Ab rivo infimo, qui oritur
7 ab fontei in Mannicelo, ad flovium Edem ; ibi terminus stat. Inde flovio suso vorsum in flovium Lemurim. Inde flovio
8 Lemuri susum usque ad rivom Comberane(am). Inde rivo Comberanea susum usque ad comvalem Caeptiemam ; ibi termina duo stant circum viam Postumiam. Ex eis ter-
9 minis recta regione in rivom Vendupalem. Ex rivo Vindu- pale in flovium Neviascam. Inde dorsum fluio Neviasca
10 in flovium Procoberam. Inde flovio Procobera deorsum usque ad rivom Vinelascam infumum ; ibei terminus stat.
« Inde sursum rivo recto Vinelasca ; ibei terminus stat prop- ter viam Postumiam. Inde alter trans viam Postumiam
12 terminus stat. Ex eo termino, quei stat trans viam Postu- miam, recta regione in fontem in Manicelum. Inde deor-
Lines 6-8. vectigal = vectlgalis : -is has dropped off, as in vigil for vigili-s. But Momms. writes vectigal(is} . — Langatium : the Langates or Langenses are the same as the Viturii, as appears from 1. 24, etc. As the above two forms, so also Genuates and Genuenses are here used indiffer- ently. — fontei : ei for z. — Mannicelo : probably a hill ; one in the neigh- borhood is now called Maniceno. — ad flovium E. : 'at the river E.' The starting-point is the mouth of the brook, where it flows into the Edus. Fla- vins is the earlier form forfluvius. The combination uv is not so studiously avoided as vut uu, yet the earlier language shows a dislike of it. See fluio just below. — suso vorsum = sursuorsum (1. T.^) = sursumvorsum (1. 15; Cato R. R. 33) : equivalent to simple sursum (the expression is pleonastic, for sursum is itself *sub-vorsum) : flovio suso vorsum = ' up the river ' (Edus). Ablative of the road by which (Allen and Greenough, 258 g\ Roby's Gramm. 1176; Gildersleeve, 387) further denned by an adverb. — comvalem: see on comvovise, n. 82, 1. 14. — termina: from termen (= terminus], a form no- ticed by Varro Ling. Lat., v. 21. — circum viam Postumiam : the road from Genua northward to Dertona, not elsewhere called by this name. Probably a stone on each side of the road is meant, as 1. n.
Lines 9-11. rivom Vend. : m omitted, as 1. 14, 20, contrary to the usage of this period. — dorsum = deorsum (i.e. *de-vorsum) : contracted \\keprdrsum (* pro -vorsum). — fluio : uv is avoided by omitting v. — Pro- coberam: called below Porcobera (1. 22), and by Pliny (hist. nat. iii. 5, 48) Porcifera ; the modern name is Polcevera. — flovio Procobera : the plate has Procoberam; a blunder of the graver. — infumum = infimumt—
44 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 104.
13 sum rivo, quei oritur ab fonte en Manicelo, ad terminum quei stat ad flovium Edem.
Agri poplici quod Langenses posident, hisce finis videntur
14 esse. Ubi comfluont Edus et Procobera, ibei terminus stat. Inde Ede flovio sursuorsum in montem Lemurinom infumom ;
J5 ibei terminus stat. Inde sursumvorsum iugo recto monte Lemurino ; ibei terminus stat. Inde susum iugo recto
16 Lemurino ; ibi terminus stat in monte pro cavo. Inde sursum iugo recto in montem Lemurinum summum ; ibi
17 terminus stat. Inde sursum iugo recto in castelum, quei vocitatust Alianus ; ibei terminus stat. Inde sursum iugo
18 recto in montem loventionem ; ibi terminus stat. Inde sursum iugo recto in montem Apeninum, quei vocatur Bo-
19 plo ; ibei terminus stat. Inde Apeninum iugo recto in montem Tuledonem ; ibei terminus stat. Inde deorsum iugo recto in flovium Veraglascam in montem Berigiemam
20 infumo™ ; ibi terminus stat. Inde sursum iugo recto in montem Prenicum ; ibi terminus stat. Inde dorsum iugo
21 recto in flovium Tulelascam ; ibi terminus stat. Inde sur- sum iugo recto Blustiemelo in montem Claxelum ; ibi ter-
22 minus stat. Inde deorsum in fontem Lebriemelum; ibi
sursum rivo recto : ' straight up the brook.' — Lines 12-15. en is the older form for in, as endo for indu, but it is surprising to find it in an inscrip- tion of this age. — Agri poplici is of course partitive genitive with quod. — hisce : nom. plur. Introd. 48. — comfluont : this is the only case of com- before ft and spellings like im fronts (CI. 1104) are exceedingly rare. — Edus: but accus. Edem and ablat. Ede (1. 7, 13, 14). — sursumvorsum iugo recto, etc. : ' straight up the ridge of the mountain L.'
Lines 17-19. quei :. the usual attraction into gender of the predicate- noun. — vocitatust = vocitatus ^/.— loventionem: a summit in the neighborhood is now called Giovo delle Reste ; a brook near it, la Gioventina.
— in montem Apeninum: Apeninus is here appellative; 'that summit of the Apennine chain, which is called Boplo.' — Apeninum iugo recto: Apeninum is possibly genitive plural, but more likely a mistake for Apenino.
— in flovium Veragl. etc. : 'to the river V., at the foot of the mountain B.' Cp. 1. 12.— Lines 21-23. Blustiemelus seems to be a hill. — Bni-
N. 104.] DECISION OF THE MINUCII. 45
terminus stat. Inde recto rivo Eniseca in flovium Porco
23 beram ; ibi terminus stat. Inde deorsum in floviom Porco- beram, ubei conflovont flovi Edus et Porcobera ; ibi terminus stat.
24 Quern agrum poplicum iudicamus esse, eum agrum cas- telanos Langenses Veiturios po^/dere fruique videtur opor-
25 tere. Pro eo agro vectigal Langenses Veituris in poplicum Genuam dent in anos singulos vic(toriatos) n(ummos) CCCC. Sei Langenses earn pequniam non dabunt neque
26 satis facient arbitratuu Genuatium, quod per Genuenses mora non fiat, quo setius earn pequniam acipiant ; turn
27 quod in eo agro natum erit frumenti partem vicensumam, vini partem sextam Langenses in poplicum Genuam dare
28 debento in annos singolos.
seca: the stream near which the tablet was found is called la Secca. — floviom: note the ending -om, exceptional at this time. — conflovont = confluent. The present JLov-o is formed with the same strengthening of the root (flu-} which we have in douc-o (due-). It is analogous to Greek pres- ents like />£w, older p£ F-CJ, from root pv-. Probably not only fluo, but ruo, duo, etc., formed their presents originally in the same way. — fiovi: con- traction of -il, older -iei, in nominative plural is rare in inscriptions and almost unknown in literary Latin. Introd. 14. Other instances are _/£/<?/', socei (CI. 1274, 1041).
Lines 24-27. frui takes the accusative in old Latin, as Plaut. Asin. 918. Cp. 1. 34. — Veituris : nom.plur., contracted from -ieis ; so again, 1. 35, but Vituries, 1. 37 and 42. — Genuam: accusative of place whither, used after in poplicum by a sort of attraction; 'into the public treasury at Genua.' — Victoriatos nummos : these were equal to the Massilian drachmae. As these last were common currency in the Po region and Liguria, the Romans had coins of the same value struck for that country, which were called vie- toriati. In value 4 victoriati = 3 denarii. Mommsen, Rom. Miinzwesen, p. 389 flg. — arbitratuu : as Muticio, \. 5, 29. ' In the judgment of the G.' — quod: ' so far as,' ' provided that.' — setius: the only correct spelling for what has been vulgarly written seems. According to Corssen's very probable etymology, setius stands for *seg-tius, comparative of a *seg--tus = segnis ; so the word would mean properly ' slower.' Cp. quo -minus setius- ve fiat, Lex repet. CI. 198, 1. 70. — vicensumam = vicesijnam. All nu- merals in -esimus have lost an n before the s.
46 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 104.
Quei intra eos fineis agrum posedet Genuas aut Viturius,
29 quei eorum posedeit k(alendis) Sextil(ibus) L. Caicilio Q. Muucio co(n)s(ulibus), eos ita posidere colereque liceat. E/s, quei posidebunt, vectigal Langensibus pro portione dent
30 ita uti ceteri Langenses, qui eorum in eo agro agrum poside- bunt fruenturque. Praeter ea in eo agro niquis posideto nisi
31 de maiore parte Langensium Veituriorum sententia, dum ne alium intro mitat nisi Genuatem aut Veiturium colendi causa.
32 Quei eorum de maiore parte Langensium Veiturium sen- tentia ita non parebit, is eum agrurn nei'habeto nive frui- mino.
33 Quei ager compascuos erit, in eo agro quo minus pecus /ascere Genuates Veituriosque liceat ita utei in cetero agro
34 Genuati compascuo, niquis prohibeto, nive quis vim facito ; neive prohibeto quo minus ex eo agro ligna materiamque
35 sumant utan-turque.
Vectigal anni primi k(alendis) lanuaris secundis Veturis
Lines 28-32. posedet and posedeit are perfects : Introd. 57 (2).— eorum repeats in thought the omitted antecedent of the first quei. Out of all former holders, those who held at a certain date are to continue in pos- session. — ita = item. — Eis : nom. plur. : Introd. 47. The meaning of the unskilfully expressed sentence is that the old holders are to contribute their portion of the tax as well as new-comers. — niquis: see on n. 82, 1. 3; so nive below. — maiore parte: read maioris partis, and so again in the next sentence : it is another mistake (of the graver?) ; — mitat = mittat. The landholder is not to send in any tenant or laborer who is not either Genuan or Viturian. — Veiturium (after Langensium} is of course genitive plural. — parebit = appareblt : ' shall not appear to conform to the above require- ments.'— fruimino: Introd. 63. Cp. n. 174. In origin, this form is the nominative of an old participle in -minos, with esto understood : sequimino(s) = £7rd//evoc £0TG>, as it were.
Lines 34, 35. ligna materiamque : ' firewood and timber.' — utantur : utor, like fruor, takes the accusative regularly in early Latin. — lanuaris : stems in -io- have in the older inscriptions their dative and ablative plural regularly in -if is, seldom in -is or -eis contracted (but see controversis below, 1. 45; cp. oficeis, CI. 1050), never in -iis. Introd. 14. — • Veturis : see 1. 25. 'Vet- for Veit- or Vit-.
N. 104.] DECISION OF THE MINUCII. 47
36 Langenses in poplicum Genuam dare debento. Quod ante k(alendas) lanuar(ias) primas Langenses fructi sunt erunt- que, vectigal invitei dare nei debento.
37 Prata quae fuerunt proxuma faenisicei L. Caecilio Q. Muucio co(n)s(ulibus) in agro poplico, quern Vituries Lan-
38 genses posident et quern Odiates et quern Dectunines et quern
39 Cavaturineis et quern Mentovines posident, ea prata, invitis Langensibus et Odiatibus et Dectuninebus et Cavaturines et
40 Mentovines, quern quisque eorum agrum posidebit, inviteis eis niquis sicet nive pascat nive fruatur. Sei Langueses aut Odi-
41 ates aut Dectunines aut Cavaturines aut Mentovines malent in eo agro alia prata inmittere defendere sicare, id uti facere
42 liceat, dum ne ampliorem modum pratorum habeant, quam proxuma aestate habuerunt fructique sunt.
43 Vituries quei controvorsias Genuensium ob iniourias iu- dicati aut damnati sunt, seiquis in vincoleis ob eas res est,
44 eos omneis solvei mittei leibenzmque Genuenses videtur oportere ante eidus Sextilis primas.
Lines 37-39. proxuma faenisicei : ' last hay-time.' We have ap- parently the ablative of a feminine faenisex, in meaning equivalent to/aeni- sicia. Faenisex masculine means ' mower.' Faenum is the correct spelling, noifenum nor/oenum. — Odiates, etc.: other communities, sustaining to Genua the same relation as the Langenses Viturii. Odiates and Dectu- nines are of the third declension, Cavaturineis and Mentovines seem to be of the second (= Cavaturini, Mentovini) , as their ablatives just below end in -es (for -eis). With Dectuninebus cp. Tempestatebus, n. 75, 1. 6.
— quern quisque eorum, etc.: 'as touching that land which they shall severally possess.' The whole clause means what we should express by the simple word * respectively.' —Lines 4O-42. sicet and sicare below : for secet, secare, ' cut.' A provincialism not elsewhere found. Cp. slca. — pascat : •use for grazing.' Cp. Verg. Aen., xi. 319. — Langueses = Langenses : n omitted, gu for g. — inmittere : ' let grow.'
Lines 43, 44. controvorsias . . . iudicati aut damnati, ' tried or condemned in dispute* ; a free use of the inner or ' cognate' accusative, somewhat analogous to the expressions vincere iudicium, sponsionem (Cicero).
— solvei, etc. : -ei in infinitive passive is not etymologically justified, and oc- curs only after the time of the Gracchi. Earlier monuments have -I (or -ier).
48 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 105.
45 Seiquoi de ea re iniquon> videbitur esse, ad nos adeant primo quoque die et ab omnibus controversis i thono publii.
46 Leg(ati) Mogo Meticanio Meticoni f(ilius), Plaucus Peli- ani(o) Pelioni f(ilius).
Senatus Consultum de Tiburtibus.
105. L. Cornelius Cn. f. pr(aetor) sen(atum) cons(uluit) a. d. Ill nonas Maias sub aede Kastorus. Scr(ibendo) adf(ue- runt) A. Manlius A. f., Sex. lulius . . ., L. Postumius S. f.
Quod Teiburtes v(erba) f(ecistis) quibusque de rebus vos purgavistis, ea senatus animum advortit ita utei aequom fuit.
— Genuenses : object oioportere. We have here the construction oportet me allquld fieri, ' it behooves me that something be done/ but I do not know a parallel case. Oportet\s>iQ\*op^portctt 'falls to my share' (from an obso- lete *portere) , and so its taking a direct object is not surprising. — Lines 45, 46. ad nos: the commissioners named below. — primo quoque die : ' at the earliest possible day.' — controversis : see on 1. 35. The following words were hopelessly confused by the graver, who could not understand his copy. The sense requires something like controversis ab- stlneant (Mommsen). — Meticanio and Pelianio are probably nomina- tives of 0-stems with -s omitted. Observe the relation, in these Ligurian names, between the surnames in -anio-s and the fathers' names in -ono-s. The surnames would seem to be hardly more than patronymics formed with suffix -io-, such for instance as the Boeotians had ; ' Airo?iAo6G)pio(; = son of 'A/ro/Mo&jpof . In fact, a large part of the Roman gentilicia had a like ori- gin, Tullius from Tullus, Quintius from Qitintus.
1O5. CI. 201. Bronze plate found at Tibur, now lost. The Tiburtines had fallen under some suspicion (of what offense we do not know), and had sent to Rome to clear themselves before the senate, upon which this decree was passed. This is all that can be made out. The age of the in- scription is uncertain : from its spelling it would seem to belong not very far either side of 654/100. The document, like the S.C. de Bacchanalibus (n. 82), is not strictly a decree, but a letter from the praetor embodying the substance of the decree. — For the opening forms see n. 82. — Lines 1, 2. Kastorus: Introd. 37; cp. n. 103, 1. 17. — S. = Spuri. — Line 3. Quod introducing a matter for remark, or the occasion for the following remark (Allen and Greenough, 333 a) is continued by quibus in the same func- tion : 'whereas . . . and whereas concerning certain matters,' etc. — Lines 4, 5. animum advortit : later joined, animadvertit. — nontiata :
N. 106.] LEX CORNELIA DE XX QUAESTORIBUS. 49
s Nosque ea ita audiveramus, ut vos deixsistis vobeis nontiata esse. Ea nos animum nostrum non indoucebamus ita facta esse propter ea quod scibamus ea vos merito nostro facere non potuisse, neque vos dignos esse, quei ea faceretis, neque id vobeis neque rei poplicae vostrae oitile esse facere. Et IP postquam vostra verba senatus audivit, tanto magis animum nostrum indoucimus, ita utei ante arbitrabamur, de eieis rebus af vobeis peccatum non esse. Quonque de eieis re- bus senatuei purgati estis, credimus vosque animum vostrum indoucere oportet, item vos populo Romano purgatos fore.
Lex Cornelia de XX quaestoribus.
1 06. ... Tribus . . . principium fuit : pro tribu .... primus scivit.
ad q(uaestorem) urb(anum), quei aerarium provin-
ciam optinebit, earn mercedem deferto, quaestorque quei
see on n. 103, 1. 3. — Line 9. oitile = utile : Introd. 8. Cp. oetantur s= utantur, Lex agr., CI. 200, 1. n, and oeti = uti, CI. 603. — Line 11. eieis : this form is interesting as preserving the pronoun-stem etc-, older form of eo-; this stem arises from i- (i-s, i-d) by diphthongal strengthening and addition of o. — af vobeis : cp. af Capua, n. 100, and note. — Quon- <l\LQ = quomque. Quom causal takes indicative in early Latin, as Plant. Capt. 353.
1O6. CI. 202. Bronze plate found at Rome in the ruins of the temple of Saturn (see on n. 103, line 17), which was the regular place of deposit for state archives. It is the eighth of a series of nine pr ten tablets, on which was engraved a law of Sulla : the rest are lost. It contains two pages or columns. The tablets were nailed up in a horizontal row, and the prae- scriptio, or heading, ran along the tops of all of them in large letters : of this only four words (principium fuit : pro tribu) are on the preserved plate. The whole, as we know from other documents (in particular the Lex Quinctia de aquae ductibus in Frontinus), must have read about as follows : L. Cornelius L. f. Sulla dictator de senatus sententia populum iure rogavit populusque iure scivit in foro . . . (here followed the exact place and the date) . . . Tribus Sergia principium fuit ; pro tribu P. Terentius P. f. Varro primus scivit; whereby the names of the tribe and the first voter
50 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 106.
aerarium provinciam optinebit earn pequniam ei scribae scribeisque heredive eius solvito, idque ei sine fraude sua
are of course merely inserted by way of example. In the comitia tributa, the tribe which voted first (or, according to Mommsen, that which first an- nounced the result of its vote) was called principium. The present enact- ment, although passed in the comitia tributa, is still a lex, because passed at the rogation of a curule magistrate (dictator). If proposed by a tribune, it would be a plebis scitmn, and the praescriptlo would have plebemtplebes, instead Gipopulum,populus.
The law is one of Sulla's enactments during his dictatorship (Tac. Ann., xi. 22) and so falls in all probability in the year 673/81. It raised the num- ber of quaestors to twenty. The part preserved treats only of the attend- ants (apparitores) of the city-quaestors, and provides (i) for the payment of the scribae, and (2) for the appointment of additional viatores and prae- cones : the quaestors namely are hereafter to appoint four viatores and four praecones, where before they appointed three, and for the next three years the present consuls are to appoint additional viatores and praecones, — one each for each year. But this matter is involved in some obscurity, and there are two possible ways of understanding the arrangement. The viatores who serve for any one year form a so-called decuria, and so too the praecones. Now the simplest supposition is that these decuriae had heretofore con- sisted of three men each, and were appointed by the quaestors once in three years only, nine men being appointed, three for each of the succeeding years ; thus the quaestors for 673 would have appointed three viatores for 674, three for 675, and three for 676. The quaestors for 676 would then by this law appoint four for each of the following three years. But meanwhile, that the decuriae may be immediately increased, the consuls are directed to appoint one supplementary viator each for 674, 675, 676. But Mommsen thinks, with some reason, that the arrangement was probably a little more complicated. The decuriae, according to his view, had consisted of nine men, and are hereafter to consist of twelve. One third of the decuriae for the three succeeding years are appointed by the quaestors of each year : namely, three (hereafter four) men in each decuria; so that the decuria for any one year contains appointees of the three preceding years. Thus the viatores during the transitional period would be as follows : —
|
Decuria for 674. 3 app. by quaest., 671. 3 app. by quaest., 672. 3 app. by quaest., 673. i app. by consuls, 673. |
Decuria for b?j. 3 app. by quaest., 672. 3 app. by quaest., 673. i app. by consuls, 673. 4 app. by quaest., 674. |
Decuria for tyjb. 3 app. by quaest., 673. i app. by consuls, 673. 4 app. by quaest., 674. 4 app. by quaest., 675. |
N. io6.] LEX CORNELIA DE XX QUAESTORIBUS. 51
5 facere liceto, quod sine malo pequlatuu fiat, olleisque homi- nibus earn pequniam capere liceto.
Co(n)s(ules) quei mine sunt, iei ante k(alendas) Decem- breis primas de eis, quei cives Romanei sunt, viatorem unum legunto, quei in ea decuria viator appareat, quam decuriam 10 viatorum ex noneis Decembribus primeis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere oportet oportebit. Eidemque co(n)s(u- les) ante k(alendas) Decembr(eis) primas de eis, quei cives Romanei sunt, praeconem unum legunto, quei in ea decuria praeco appareat, quam decuriam praeconum ex noneis De- is cembribus primeis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere opor- tet oportebit. Deinde eidem consul (es) ante k(alendas) Decembreis primas viatorem unum legunto, quei in ea de- curia viator appareat, quam decuriam viatorum ex noneis Decembribus secundeis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere 20 oportet oportebit. Eidemque co(n)s(ules) ante k(alendas) Decembreis primas praeconem unum legunto, quei in ea decuria praeco appareat, quam decuriam praeconum ex
And the same for the praecones. It is to be observed that the same men could be, and usually were, chosen for successive years, so that the office was practically a permanent one.
Page I. Lines 1-5. quei aerarium provinciam, etc., ' who shall have the treasury as his department,1 i.e., ' shall be charged with the admin- istration of the treasury.' There were two quaestores urbani, both of whom, so far as we know, had equally charge of the aerarium, so that it does not seem as if a particular one were meant here. In the Lex repetundarum, CI. 198, 1. 79, we have quoi aerarium vel urbana provincia obvenerit, as if the two were pretty much the same thing. — mercedem deferto : ' report the amount of wages due.' Subject is the magistrate: see below, ii. 1.40. — sine fraude sua : ' without prejudice to himself.' — quod : as n. 104, 1. 26. With pequlatuu compare arbitratuu,\\)\d.. — olleis (Introd. 49) hominibus: the scribes.— Lines 6-1O. k. Dec. primas: that is, of the present year. — appareat: 'serve as apparitor' — ex noneis De- cembribus : this was the time when the quaestors entered on their term of office. Evidently the quaestors of the present year had already made their appointments for the succeeding years; hence the supplementary appointments are left to the consuls.
52 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 106.
noneis Decembribus secundeis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere oportet oportebit. Deinde eidem co(n)s(ules)
25 ante k(alendas) Decembreis primas viatorem unum legunto, quei in ea decuria viator appareat, quam decuriam viatorum ex noneis Decembribus tertieis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere oportet oportebit. Eidemque co(n)s(ules) ante k(alendas) Decembreis primas praeconem unum legunto,
3o quei in ea decuria praeco appareat, quam decuriam praeco- num ex noneis Decembribus tertieis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere oportet oportebit. Eosque viatores eosque prae- cones omneis, quos eo ordine dignos arbitrabuntur, legunto. Quam in quisque decuriam ita viator lectus erit, is in ea de-
35 curia viator esto item utei ceterei eius decuriae viatores erunt. Quamque in quisque decuriam ita praeco lectus erit, is in ea decuria praeco esto ita utei ceterei eius decuriae praecones erunt. Sirempsque eis viatoribus deque eis via- toribus q(uaestori) omnium rerum iuus lexque esto, quasei
40 sei ei viatores in earn decuriam in tribus viatoribus antea
11* lectei sublectei essent, quam in quisque decuriam eorum ex hac lege viator lectus erit. Sirempsque eis praeconibus deque eis praeconibus quaestori omnium rerum iuus lexque 5 esto, quasei sei ei praecones in earn decuriam in tribus prae- conibus antea lectei sublectei essent, quam in quisque decu- riam eorum ex hac lege praeco lectus erit.
Quosquomque quaestores ex lege plebeive scito viatores legere sublegere oportebit, ei quaestores eo iure ea lege via- tores IIII legunto sublegunto, quo iure qua lege q(uaestores),
Line 33. Quam in quisque decuriam: i.e. quam in decuriam quisque. — Line 37. ita utei = item utei above : 4 on the same footing as.' — Line 38. Sirempsque . . . omnium rerum: see on n. 103, 1. 12. — Line 41. sublectei : ' chosen as substitute ' (vicarius, see II., 1. 25). So sublegere below. The holders of such places often underlet or sold them to others, of course with the approval of the magistrate.
Page II. Line 7. Quosquomque = quoscumque. This appended
N. 106.] LEX CORNELIA DE XX QUAESTORIBUS. 53
10 quei mine sunt, viatores III legerunt sublegerunt ; quosque- quomque quaestores ex lege plebeive scito praecones legere sublegere oportebit, ei quaestores eo iure ea lege praecones IIII legunto sublegunto, quo iure qua lege quaestores, quei nunc sunt, praecones III legerunt sublegerunt ; dum niquem
15 in eis viatoribus praeconibus legundeis sublegundeis in eius viatoris praeconis locum viatorem praeconem legant sub- legant, quoius in locum per leges plebeive scita viatorem praeconem legei sublegi non licebit. Itaque de eis quattuor
20 viatoribus quaestor queiquomque erit viatores sumito habeto, utei ante hanc legem rogatam de tribus viatoribus viatores habere "sumere solitei sunt. Itaque de eis quattuor praeconi- bus quaestor queiquomque erit praecones sumito habeto, utei ante hanc legem rogatam de tribus praeconibus praecones
25 habere sumere solitei sunt. Itemque eis viatoribus praecon- ibus quei ex hac lege lectei erunt, vicarium dare subdere ius esto licetoque, utei cetereis viatoribus praeconibus, qua in quisque decuria est, vicarium dare subdere iuus erit lice- bitque. Itemque quaestor (es) ab eis vicarios accipiunto, utei
30 aa cetereis viatoribus praeconibus vicarios accipei oportebit.
Viatores praecones quei ex hac lege lectei sublectei erunt, eis viatoribus praeconibus magistratus prove mag(istratu) mercedis item tantundem dato, quantum ei viator (ei) prae-
35 conei darei oporteret, sei is viator de tribus viatoribus isque praeco de tribus praeconibus esset, quei ante hanc legem rogatam utei legerentur institutei sunt.
Quas in decurias viatorum praeconum consul ex hac lege
quomque, 'ever/ is from quom 'when' as quisque from quis. — Line 1O. quosquequomque = et quoscumque. — Line 24. eis viatoribus praeconibus: join with ius esto licetoque. — Line 32. magistratus prove mag. : ' the magistrate or person acting as magistrate ' : cp. n. 82, 1. 12. — Line 36. utei legerentur institutei sunt : a rather awkward expression for legi soliti sunt. By a sort of attraction institutei sunt is put instead of the impersonal institutum est, which would be regular. It is not
54 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 107.
4o viatores praecones legerit, quorum viatorum praeconum nomina in eis decurieis ad aedem Saturni in pariete intra cau/as proxume ante hanc legem scripta erunt, eorum via- torum praeconum ad quaestorem urbanum quei aerarium provinciam optinebit earn mercedem deferto, . . .
Inscriptions of Campanian magistri pagorum.
107. N. Pumidius Q. f. M. Raecius Q./.
M. Cottius M. f. N. Arrius M. f.
M. Eppilius M. f. L. Heioleius P. f.
C. Antracius C. f. C. Tuccius C. f.
L. Sempronius L. f. Q. Vibius M. f.
P. Cicereius C. f. M. Valerius L. f.
very unlike the expression coeptus sum amari. — Line 41. intra caulas : ' inside the railing,' surrounding the temple or the aerarium. The names are to be hung there on the wall close to the copy of the law itself. Momm- sen fills out the sentence as above ;' the law went on to direct the payment, as in I., 1. 2, fig. — The reader will have noticed in the above document, the latest which has been admitted into this collection, (i) the greater regularity of spelling : thus -els always in dat. and abl. plur., -ei in nom. plur. of 0-stems (but -i in gen. sing.) , -eis (for -is) in ace. plur. of z'-stems (but -es in nom. plur.), etc. ; only dat. sing, praeconei, but heredi, quaestori; and -i, -ei inter- changeably in infin. pass. : (2) the closer approximation to ' classic ' usage : ei dat. sing, of ist eis dat.pl., ei nom. plur. (iei once) ; lex (not lexs) ; hac lege, hanc legem (not hace hance) \ doubled consonants everywhere, etc.
1O7. 01.565. Capua. Date 646/108. — The political condition of Cam- pania during the 150 years from the Hannibalic war to the year of Caesar's consulship (695/59) was peculiar. The whole country belonged to the Ro- mans as ager publicus, and was let to plebeian holders, and the government was administered by praefectl sent from Rome. The communities, pagit have certain local officers, magistri pagi. Inside the pagi there exist guilds or collegia, some of ingenui, others of libertlni, others of slaves. The col- legia are named partly from their tutelary divinities, partly from their handi- craft. They seem to exist chiefly for religious purposes, but they stand in some organic relation to the pagus. At the head of each collegium stand twelve officers called magistri (to be distinguished from the magistri pagi} ; but in the collegia of slaves they are called minis tri. These officers, in return
N.io8,ioQ.] INSCRIPTIONS OF CAMPANIAN MAGISTRI. 55
Heisce magistreis Venerus loviae murum aedificandum coiraverunt ped(um) CCvLXX, et loidos fecerunt, Ser. Sulpi- cio M. Aurelio cos,
108. Ser.Sueti(us)Ser.l.Bal(bus). . . Babrius L. 1. P. Babrius L. 1. P. Servilius M. 1.
M. Sexti(us) N. M. 1. Cn. Octavi(us) N. 1. Ves(tinus?).
N. Sexti(us) N. M. 1. M. Ocrati(us) M. 1. Pist(orP).
L.Hordioni(us)L.l.Lab(eo?). R Statius P. M. 1. C. Lucretius C. 1. Apul(us). M. Mai(us) M. 1. Nic(o?). A. Gargonius Q. L
Heisce magistreis Cererus murum et pluteum long(um) p(edes) XXXX, alt(um) p(edes) XXI faciund(um) coira- vere, eidemq(ue) loid(os) fee (ere), C. Atilio Q. Servilio cos.
109. Pagus Herculaneus scivit a(nte) ^/(iem) X Termina//<z, conlegium, seive magistrei lovei Compagei sunt, utei in por-
for the honor, contribute money for public purposes, the magistri giving games with it, unless directed to expend it in public works by a pagi scitum. I select three from among a number of similar extant inscrip- tions relating to these guilds. — N.=Numerlus. — Heisce magistreis: nomin. plur., Introd. 48, 34. — Venerus: Introd. 37. Venus lovia is the goddess of the collegium. lovia is not elsewhere known as surname of Venus. It designates the goddess as standing in some relation to Jove. Compare Here Mar tea (Preller, Rom. Mythologie, p. 303) and the Umbrian fyrfus Martins. — coiraverunt = curaverunt. — loidos = ludos.
108. 01.566. Capua. Date 648/106. The collegium ( Ceres} is one of liber tint, whereas the former one ( Venus lovia) was of ingenui. — N. M. 1. (3d line) =Numeri et Marci libertus. Freedmen and slaves of two masters (brothers) occur often in these and other inscriptions. So just below P. Statius P. M. 1., and in the next inscription T. Sulplcius P. Q. I. See especially n. no. — Thirteen magistri are named: doubtless one had been chosen to fill a vacancy.
109. CI. 571. Herculaneum apparently ; but the stone was first known near Caserta. Date 660/94. The collegium — one of libertini — seems to be called after lovius Compagus, god of ' union ' or ' brotherhood,' a name not known elsewhere. The community have voted that the officers of the guild
56 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. no.
ticum paganam reficiendam pequniam consumerent ex lege pagana, arbitratu Cn. Laetori Cn. f. magistral pagei, uteique ei .conlegio, seive magistri sunt lovei Compagei, locus in tea- tro esset tarn quasei sei lu^/os fecissent.
L. Aufustius L. 1. Strato, C. Antonius M. 1. Nico, Cn. Avius Cn. 1. Agathocles, C. Blossi(us) M. 1. Protemus, M. Ramnius P. 1. Diopant(us), T, Sulpicius P. Q. /. Pul(ades), Q. Novius Q. 1. Protem(us), M. Paccius M. 1. Philem(o), M. Licculeius M. 1. Philin(us), Cn. Hordeonius Cn. 1. Euphe- mio, A. Pollius P. 1. Alexand(er), N. Munnius N. 1. Antiocus. C. Coelio C. f. Caldo Z. Domitio Cn. f. Ahenobarb(o) cos.
Several Dedicatory Inscriptions
Of the time of the Gracchi or later.
no. Q. Caecilius Cn. A. Q. Flamini leibertus lunone Seispitei matri reginae.
expend their money in public repairs rather than on games. — Terminalia : 'landmark-feast/ the 23d of February. So Cicero writes to Atticus (vi. i) : Accept tuas litteras a. d. quintum Terminalia (i. e. igth Febr.). The reason of this mode of dating is that before Caesar's calendar reform, the month of February in every alternate year ended on the Terminalia : the remaining five days were omitted, and in their place was inserted the mensis intercalaris of 27 or 28 days. Accordingly after the ides of February they reckoned for- ward, in those years, first to the kalendae intercalares (but sometimes, as here, to the Terminalia) , then to the intercalary nones and ides succes- sively, and then finally to the calends of March. — lege pagana: the same as a pagi scitum. — arbitratu: ' oversight/ ' management.' — pagei: the stone has pageiei. — teatro: Introd. 15. — tarn quasei sei: unusual fulness of expression ; tamquam si and quasi si (see on n. 103, 1. 12) are common. — Protemus, a singular name, occurs again CI. 943. — Dio- pantus = AiotyavTog.
HO. CI. mo. Near Lanuvium on a little temple. Q. Caecilius is freedman of Cn. and A. Caecilius and Q. Flaminius. Seispitei = Sospiti. Juno Sospes or Sospita is a conception not unlike luno Lucina (n. 53). The cult originated in Lanuvium, which was famous for it. S'ispita is elsewhere
N. in, ii2.] SEVERAL DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS. 57
in. M. P. Vertuleieis C. f(ilieis).
Quod re" sua d/feidens aspere afleicta par£ns time"ns heic v6vit, v6to h6c solute </<?cumam factam poloucta™ leibereis lube^.tes donum daniint Hercolei maxsume1 me"reto ; sem61 te orant se v6ti crebro c6nde"mnes.
112. Donum ^/edit L. Aufidi(us) D. f. . . . ^cuma facta Her- cole\ mer(eto) iterum. Semol te orat : tu es sanctus deus : quei tovam te pacem petit adiouta.
found, and Festus gives us the form slspitem. According to Corssen, the I (ei) is due merely to the assimilating influence of the following syllable.
111. CI. 1175. Sora. Two brothers, Marcus and Publius Vertuleius, fulfil a vow made by their father. On the custom of dedicating a tenth to Her- cules, see 99 and note. The inscription is of about the time of the Gracchi. The verses are Saturnians. —Vertuleieis : nom. plur. (Introd. 34), so too leibereis below. — re (' property') depends on difeidens (= diffldens).
— afleicta = afflicta. Hiatus before this word, and again in the next verse.
— heic: 'here,' at the shrine where the offering is made. — poloucta = pollucta. The old verb pol-lncere belonged to sacrificial language: Plaut. Stich. 233 ; ut decumam partem si Herculi polluceam. Facere decu- mam is to set aside the tenth part ; pollucere is to present it ; but with special reference to a sacrificial feast: cp. n. 154. — danunt = dfo#2'.- frequent in Plautus, who has also danit. They are isolated forms of a present *da-not formed like ll-notcer-no. The following also occur : explenunt (= explenf)% nequlnont (= nequeunt, Liv. Andr.), redmunt (= redeunt, Ennius),/n?<ff- nunttob~inunt,ferinunt (—ferizinf), inserimmtur (— inseruntur, Liv. Andr.), solinotsolinunt (= con-sulo, con-sulunf) . It will be seen that they are nearly confined to the 3d pers. plur. — Hercolei : cp. n. 83. On the fuller ending of this verse, see Introd. 68. — mereto in such dedications is usually abla- tive (see n. 69, 75, end), but seems here and in n. 112 to be dative. — semol= simul. ' Withal they pray thee to hold them often to payment of their vows.' Condemnare (or damnare) voti is to condemn a man to pay his vow, by granting his request. Allen and Greenough, 220 a.
112. CI. 1290. Found near ancient Amiternum. For the supplements cp. n. 99 and in.' — tovam : Introd. 46; tovos and sovos correspond ex- actly to the Epic Greek redf (TCFO^) and eog (crepof). — adiouta: 'aid him who . .' etc.
58 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 113-117.
113. P. Annaeus Q. /. Epicadus aedem Leiberi patrus faci- und(am) coir(avit) lub(ens) mer(eto).
114. Venerei Eruciiw.
115. Venerus Heruc(inae).
1 1 6. L. Rantius L. f. Tro(mentina) lumphieis.
Several Public Inscriptions
Of about the same period.
117. L. Betilienus L. f. Vaarus haec quae infera scripta sont de senatu sententia facienda coiravit : semitas in oppido omnis, porticum qua in arcem eitur, campum ubei ludunt, horolo- gium, macelum, basilicam calecandam, seedes, /acum bali-
113. €1.1469. Narona in Dalmatia. — patrus : Introd. 37. — coira- vit = curavit.
114, 115. CI. 1475, 1495. Eryx in Sicily, famed for its Venus-worship.
— Venerus : Introd. 37. — Herucinae : the h appears again in the Oscan form Herukinai. Cp. Hlnnad, n. 84.
116. CI. 1238. Vicinity of Naples. — Tromentina tribu : see on n. 28.
— lumphieis: ' to the nymphs.' On the same stone is Aewe/of 'Pdvrio<; KEVK.LOV vlbq vvjUQaig. Lumphia is a derivative from lumpha, which is itself used for a fountain-goddess. The oldest form was no doubt *lumpa (cp. Oscan diumpais, dat. plur.), whence limp-idus. For the ph see Introd. 15, note. The spelling lympha later in vogue was a Grecian affectation. The word has, of course, no etymological connexion with vvfifyr).
117. CI. 1166. Aletrium (Alatrium) of the Hernici. Presumably of the time of the Gracchi, or soon after. The senatus and populus are of course those of the town itself. — infera = infra : see on n. 82, 1. 16. — senatu : a form of genitive otherwise unknown; perhaps merely a scribe's error. — semitas : ' footways,' at the side of the street. — qua in arcem eitur : 'along the ascent to the citadel.' — eitur = Itur. So Ire, Imus, etc., were originally el-re ', ei-mus (cp. el-/u) , and eo, eunt stand for*ei-o, *ei-ont. — horo- logium : probably a sun-dial. — macelum = macellum. — basilicam calecandam (cotravit) : 'the plastering of the town-hall.' The brick- work was covered with stucco. The verb calecare or calicare (not else- where found except in Festus, who gives calicatd) is from calx, ' lime.'
N. 118, 119.] SEVERAL PUBLIC INSCRIPTIONS. 59
nearium, lacum ad /ortam. Aquam in opidum adqu^ arduom pedes CCCXvL fornicesq(ue) fecit ; fistulas soledas fecit. Ob hasce res censorem fecere bis, senatus filio stipendia mereta ese iousit, populusque statuam donavit Censorino.
118. M. Saufeius M. f. Rutilus, C. Saufeius C. f. Flacus q(uaes- tores) culinam f(aciundam) d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia) c(oeravere). Eisdemq(ue) locum emerunt de L. Tondeio L. f. publicum. Est longura p(edes) CXvLVIIIS, latum af muro ad L. Tondei vorsum p(edes) XVI.
119. M. Mtf;zlius M. f., L. Turpilius L. f. duomvires de senatus sente;//ia aedem faciendam coeraverunt, eisdemque proba- vere.
Basilicae (the name derived from the fiaaiTiiKrj arod at Athens) were large roofed halls commonly not enclosed by walls, but with double rows of col- umns forming aisles (porticus) on either side : they were used for courts of justice and general business. — lacum foalinearium : merely a tank in the public baths. Balineum ((3ahave~iov) is the older form for balneum : Greek a weakened to i, as in machlna (//a^a^d), trutlna (rpvravrj), and other borrowed words. — Aquam = aquae ductum. — arduom: the hill of the arx. — fornices: to support the aqueduct. — fistulas soledas: ' strong water-pipes." The form soledus (Introd. 12) is parallel to timedus in a fragment of Naevius, but these happen to be the only instances of what was once the form of nearly all the adjectives in -idus : for instance, *mor- bedus from still older *morbo-dus. — stipendia . . . iousit: i.e., exempted him from military service (' decreed that his campaigns be considered as already served'). — Censorino: 'to him under the title of Censorinus.'
118. CI. 1143. Praeneste. — quaestores : the local ones. — culi- nam : probably a public ' kitchen ' for preparing sacrificial feasts, for we find culinae mentioned in more than one inscription along with temples, altars, and the like. — eisdemque: nom. plur., Introd. 47. — long-u™, latum : neuter, without regard to locum. — S (numeral) = et semissem. The length is 148^ feet.— af muro: see on af Capua, n. 100. — ad . . . vorsu™ : 'in the direction of L. Tondeius's (house).'
119. CI. 1149. Cora, on an old temple.— duomvires: Introd. 34. The chief municipal magistrates, duomviri iurc dicundo; see on n. 121. Or possibly special duomviri aedi dedicandae.
60 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N.J20-I26.
1 20. A. Aigius C. f., L. Runtius C. f. Sisipiu, M. Fufidius M. f. aid (lies) de s(enatus) s(ententia) zdas, cis/ernas, clovacas faciun(das) coer(averunt), eidemque probarunt.
121. C. Quinctius C. f. Valg(us), patron (us) munic(ipi), M. Magi (us) Min. f. Surus, A. Patlacius Q. f., IHIvir(i) d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia) portas, turreis, moiros, turreisque aequas qum moiro faciundum coiraverunt.
•
122. Privatum : precario adeitur.
123. Itus actusque est in hoce delubrum Feroniai. Ex hoce ' loco in viam poplicam Campanam qua proxsimum est p(edes)
0CCX.
Sepulchral Urns.
124. Alfenos Luci(os), a. d. XII c(al.) Noem(bres).
125. L. Anavis L. f., eidibus Sex(tilibus).
126. D.Aponi(us). Eidusinter(kalares). M. Lucre(tius).
120. CI. 1178. Arpinum. — Sisipus = Sisyphus. — clovacas = clo- acas. Root is clu-; old verb clu-ere —purgare.
121. CI. 1230. Aeclanum in Samnium. — patronus munic.: the community's legal representative and protector at Rome. — TMLin. = Minati (nomin. Minatius}. — Surus = Syrus. — IHIviri (so. i. d.) : Magius and Patlacius only. In the later municipal organization, the magistrates of each city were four in number; two superior, called duoviri (or quattuorviri) iure dicundo, and two inferior, duoviri (or quattztorviri) aediles. They were called duoviri or quattuorviri according as they were regarded as forming two boards of two (so generally in colonies) or one of four (so in muni- cipia). — moiros = muros : Introd. 8. — faciundum is a negligence.
122. CI. 1215. Capua. ' Private ground : admission only on suffer- ance.' So a "viea precarea" CI. 1464. — 123. CI. 1291. Near Aquila. Itus actusque : ' right of way for walking and driving.' Feroniai : see on n. 48. — 0 = loco.
124-135. Selected from CI. 822-1005. Sepulchral ollae, found in the vineyard of San Cesareo at Rome : they date somewhere from 600/154 to 650/104. The names are those of slaves or other humble persons, mostly in the nominative, rarely (as 131) in the genitive. The form Noem. for
N. 127-136.] SEPULCHRAL URNS. — EPITAPHS. 6 1
127. Q. Caecilis, a. d. VII idus No.
128. L. Kaili(us), a. d. Ill eidus Dekem.
129. Licnia, a. d. k(al.) Martias VIII.
130. Martura, a. d. IX k(al.) Noem.
131. Muniae, a. d. VII k(al.) Dece.
132. Protarcus, p(ridie) k(al.) F(eb.) ; pub(licus).
133. A. d. IV eid. Dec. M. Semproni L. f. Ter(etina) ossiva.
134. Turrania, a. d. VII eid. interk(alares).
135. Portunalia. Marta Plotica.
Epitaphs
Dating from about the Gracchan period on.
136. Protogenes Cloul/ suavei heicei situst mimus, plou- ruma que/ fecit populo soveis gaudia nuges.
Novem(bres) occurs repeatedly. On Anavis, Caecilis see Introd. 32. On the eidus interkalares see note on Terminalia, n. 109. Licnia = Licinia. Protarcus (132) (i.e. -chus} is a state-slave (publicus servos). Ter(etina) (133), sc. tribu. (Not Terentina.) The form ossiva (= ossa) is strange. The stem ossu-, nomin. plur. ossua, is well known (see n. 140), and ossiva corresponds so exactly to oarea (= oorfpa) that one may dimly suspect a stem *ossivo- — ocrrfro-. The Portunalia (135) or feast of the harbor-god Portunus was xvi kal. Sept.
136. 01.1297. Preturo, near ancient Amiternum. The epitaph should have formed two hexameters, but was spoiled in cutting. Mommsen recon- structs them thus : —
Protogenes Clouli snairis situs est heic mimus, plouruma quei fecit Populo sueis gaudia nuges:
sueis being read as one syllable. — Clouli : the name of the master. Clou- lius = Cloelius or Cluilius. — &ua,VQ\ and heicei seem merely blunders for suavis and heice. — plouruma : but ploirume, n. 75. Corssen refers both forms to a prototype plo-ios-umo-s. — soveis : Introd. 46. This form again n. 147, and CI. 198; sovom, 01.588; sovo, n. 138. — nuges: ablat. plur. for nugeis ; Introd. 9. Op. on n. 104, 1. 39 {Mentoviries).
62 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 137-139.
ij7. Hoc e"st factum monumentum Maarco Caicilio.
Hospes, gratum est quom apud meas r£stitistei se£des ; bene r£m geras et valeas, d6rmias sine qura.
138. Hospes, quod deico paullum est, asta ac pellige. Heic est sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrai feminae : nom£n parentes n6minarunt Claudiam ;
su6m mareitum c6rde dilexit sovo : gnat6s duos creavit : horunc alterum. in terra linquit, alium sub terra locat. Serm6ne lepido turn autem incessu c6mmodo, do mum servavit, lanam fecit : dixi, abei.
139. P. Larcius P. 1. Neicia. Saufeia D. 1. Thalea. L. Larcius P. f. Rufus. P. Larcius P. f. Brocchus. Larcia P. D. 1. Horaea.
Boneis probata, inveisa sum a nulla proba :
fui parens domineis senibus, huic autem 6psequens.
137. CI. 1006. Found in the Via Appia near Rome. Date apparently about 654/100. "Affectatae antiquitatis sed scite factum epigramma " (Mommsen). Saturnian verse. — meas is one syllable.
138. 01.1007. Rome ; now lost. Iambic trimeters. — pellige =perlege. * — hau for haud is frequent in the mss. of Plautus and Terence, and is now
freely replaced in the text (as Trin. 233) . — pulcrai : pulcer (polcer, CI. 552) is the usual spelling down to Cicero's time. Still it was one of the very few words in which a secondary aspiration fixed itself at an early time : pulcher occurs on a coin of about 650/104. — mareitum: ei merely for z, not jus- tified. Marltus is participle from a supposed verb *marlre. — sovo: see on 136. — horunc (horum-ce) is Plautinian (Cist. 53). — alium: for al- terum.— incessu commodo: 'of gentle mien' or 'bearing.' — lanam fecit : Ov. Met. vi. 30, tibi fama petatur inter mor tales fa ci e nd ae max- ima lanae : cp. lani-ficus.
139. CI. 1194. A stone, now lost, found near Minturnae. Above are five names of liber tini — father, mother, two sons, and the wife of one of the sons. To the last one the verses refer. She is a freedwoman of her hus- band's parents. — Neicia = NZ/cmf. — 0. 1. = mulieris liberta, freedwoman of the matron of the Saufeian family. So again P. Q. 1., 'freedwoman of
N. 140, 141.] EPITAPHS. 63
Ita leibertate illei me, hie me decoraat stola. A pupula annos veiginti optinui domum omnem ; supremus fecit iudicium dies. Mors animam eripuit, n6n veitae ornatum apstulit. L. Eprius Chilo viat(or) tr(ibuni) pl(ebei). -£pria cpi . . .
140. Primae Pompeiae ossua heic. Fortuna sp6ndet multa multis, praestat nemini. Vive in dies et h6ras, nam proprium e*st nihil.
Salvius et Eros dant.
141. . . Aurelius L. 1. Hermia, lanius de colle Viminale.
Haec quae me faato praecessit, corpore casto coniunxs, una meo praedita amans ammo,
fido fida viro veixsit studio parili, qum nulla in awaritie cessit ab officio.
Publius and his wife.' O stood originally for Gaia, a sort of generic name for a married woman ; cp. the wedding-formula ' ubi tu Gains ego Gaia' — inveisa: ei is merely a sign for 1. — fui: pronounced as one syllable. — domineis senibus : 'my old master and mistress.' — huic : her husband. — decoraat: an interesting spelling, showing the traditional length of -at in the present : Introd. 52. — stola : the dress of a Roman matrona. He married her. — a pupula : ' from girlhood.' — fecit iudicium : ' pro- nounced judgment' on my life. — The verses are iambic trimeters.
140. CI. 1010. Rome.— Primae: the eldest daughter: cp. n. 97. — ossua: the nominative ossu is attested by a grammarian. The stem of os, gen. ossi-s, is ossi-. Both stems stand for *osti-t *ostu-. Cp. note on ossiva, n. 133. — Fortuna: read Fors, which the metre (iamb, trimeter) requires. The distich — very likely stock verses used commonly — was muddled by an ignorant stone-cutter. We saw a worse instance in n. 136. — proprium : ' lasting.' The givers are slaves or freedmen.
141. CI. ion. Rome : the stone is now lost ; it had figures of man and wife clasping hands. Only the wife is dead, but both figures are supposed to speak the verses under their respective names. They are freed slaves of the same master : Hermia ('Ep/Liias ) and Philematium are their Greek slave-names. The verses (elegiacs) are somewhat uncouth in expression. — meo praedita . . animo : ' mistress of my heart.' — veixsit : present
64 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 142-144.
Amelia L. 1. Philematiom.
Viva Philematium sum Aurelia nominitata, casta, pudens, volgei nescia, feida viro.
Vir conleibertus fuit eidem quo careo, eheu ; ree fuit ee vero plus superaque parens.
Septem me naatam annorum gremio ipse recepit ; quadraginta annos nata necis potior.
Ille meo officio adsiduo florebat ad omnis
142. . . CVrneli M. f. Pup(inia) Mamullai. M. Cornell M. f. f. Mamullai. Eppuleiai A. f. uxoris.
143. P. Critonius P. f. Polio. Mater mea mihe monumentum coeravit, quae me desiderat vehementer, me heice situm in- mature. Vale, salve.
144. Ultuma suorum Cupiennia L. f. Tertulla fuueit, quius heic relliquiae suprema manent.
veivo (n. 148). — amaritie : conjecture (the copy has avarities): 'in no bitter misfortune did she shrink from duty.' — feida: cp. difeidens, n. in. — ree . . . parens: 'indeed he was in truth over and above a father to me.' — supera = supra. — annorum along with naatam is very strange ; it seems to be a confusion of two expressions. — quadraginta : the stone had XXXX. — necis potior: ' fall into death's hands ' : so potitus hostium (Plaut.), mortis letique potitum (Lucr. iv. 766). The active potivit servl- tutis, 'reduced to slavery,' Plaut. Am. 175 — The end is lacking.
142. CI. 1046. Tusculum. The three names are in the genitive, with sepulcrum, as it were, understood. On this usage see Mommsen, CI. I., p. 210. — Pupinia : sc. tribu. — 'NL. f. f. seems meaningless, and the second f. is probably a mistake.
143. CI. 1049. Rome. — Polio = Pollio. — mihe : see on tide, n. 76, v. 4.
144. CI. 1051. Rome. — ultuma suorum : ' last survivor of her fam- ily.' —fuueit =fuit; see on n. 74 (£), v. 3 and 4. (Or possibly fuveit?) — suprema manent : ' await the last honors.'
N. 145-149.] SONG OF THE ARVAL BROTHERS. 65
145. Pesceniaes 0. 1. Laudicaes ossa heic sita sunt.
146. Q. Tiburti Q. 1. Menolavi cultrari oss# heic sita sunt.
147 ....... hoc monimentu™ sibei et /^ibreis soveis
extruxit et leibravit
148. M. Drusi M. 1. Philodami : sibei et sueis ; veivont.
Song of the Arval brothers.
149. En6s Lase*s iuvate. (thrice).
Neve luem rue™ Marmar sins incurrere in pleores. (thrice } Satur fu, fere Mars : limen sail sta barber, (thrice.} Semtinis alternei advocapit c6nctos. (thrice.}
145. CI. 1212. Capua. For the provincial genitive in -aes see on Prosepnais, n. 42. Other examples are Aquilliaes, CI. 1025, Dianaes, CI. 1242. Later such genitives in -aes and -es occur with increasing fre- quency : they are almost entirely confined to proper names from the lower classes. — Q. 1. was explained n. 139. — Laudica is Laodica, Kaodintj.
146. CI. 1213. Capua. A cultrarius is an attendant of the priests, who slays the victims at sacrifices. — Menolavi = Menelai. The v is in place, as the oldest Greek form was Mn^Aapof. The spelling Menolaus occurs again CI. 1321; cp. Philotaerus = fyiXiraipoc;, CI. 1042.
147. CI. 1258. Tegianum in Lucania. — leibreis = liberis, an unusual syncopation. — soveis : see on n. 136. — leibravit : ' balanced ' in its place.
148. CI. 1271. Larinum. The genitive as n. 142. — Drusi : we have here a nomen gentilicium Drusius. — veivont : the monument was set up during the man's life. The like often on tombstones. So in CI. 1418, ' qui volet sibei vivous monumentum faciet*
149. CI. 28. The Fratres Arvales were a sodalitas or religious broth- erhood, of like sort with the Salii and Luperci, existing for the performance of specific acts of worship at a particular festival, at other times having no priestly functions. They were a self-perpetuating body of twelve, charged with conducting the festival of the so-called Dea Dia in May. This deity (identified by Preller with Acca Lare?itid) was a goddess of agriculture and growing corn. The above ancient prayer is on one of many tablets con- taining the records of the brotherhood under the emperors. They were
66 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 149.
En6s Marm6r iuvato. (thrice.}
Triumpe, triumpe, triumpe, triumph, triumpe.
found on the site of the grove and temple of the Dea Dia, five miles from Rome on the Via Campana ; the present tablet in 1778. The prayer was sung by the brotherhood in the open air, accompanied by a solemn dance (tripodatio}. It is in itself by far the most venerable specimen of Latin which we possess, but as our copy dates from 218 A.D., and as the carmen, handed down from an unknown antiquity by oral tradition, had doubtless be- come unintelligible to those who used it, it is impossible to say what altera- tions it had undergone, and we cannot by anyjueans — interesting as it is — look on it as an uncorrupted monument of the early language. " Om- nino," says Mommsen, " carmen hoc ex ipsis collegii libellis a quadratario exceptum non multo meliore condicione accepimus quam quae huius gene- ris apucl auctores leguntur." Hence I have reserved it for this place. — Each verse, except the last, is thrice repeated on the stone, with a few minor variations, of which sers (for sins) once, pleoris (for pleores) twice, and fiirere (for fu fere) once, may be mentioned. The metre is a rude Satur- nian, with two isolated half-verses (cp. n. 98).
Translation : ' Help us Lares : and let not, O Mars, plague and destruc- tion come upon the multitude. Be satiate, fierce Mars,
Call ye, in turns, on all the Semones. Help us, Mars. Huzza ! '
V. 1. enos = nos. The e- probably as in £-/j,e, EJU.OV ; a prothetic strengthening element. — Lases = Lares. Similar cases of s preserved be- tween two vowels, for later r, are asa, fesiae, Spusius, Vetusius, maiosibus, pignosa, arbosem ; mostly isolated words preserved by grammarians. Introd. 16. See also n. 157, end of note. The Lares were important gods to the Arvales, for the brotherhood traced its origin to Acca Larentia and her sons. — iuvate : Ritschl notes that *iovate was probably the original form. See anflovius, n. 104, 1. 7. — V. 2. neve : the metre requires rather neu. — luem, ruem : accusatives of lues, rues. The latter word (= rulna) is known to us only through an obscure gloss. Both may well have had originally long u. — Marmar, and below Marmor, mean Mars. Appar- ently a reduplicated form. — sins = sinas or sines, — pleores — plures ; it stands for *ple-ws-es = irTis-iov-Ec;. It is to be pronounced as two sylla- bles. For the scansion m pleores see on n. 74 (b.) v. 3. — V. 3. fu: im- perative, ' be ' ; from the same root asfu-i. — f&re : for the short thesis cp. note on 76, v. 4. — The words limen . . . berber have never yet been satis- factorily explained. Provisionally one might interpret with Preller : ' enter thy temple (cross the threshhold) and stay thy scourge : ' in that case ber- ber would be for verber, and sta might be transitive as in praesta te virum. But this is after all unlikely. — V. 4. semunis = semoncs. Corssen points out that semunis can be no old form, but only a corruption of later imperial
N, 150.] COLUMNA ROSTRATA. 67
Columna Rostrata.
150. • • • Secesfanosque ............. op-
sidioned. exemet, lecione^//<? Cartacinienses omnes macistratos \uci palam post dies
times. Just who the semones are it is hard to say. Most, connecting the word with se-r-o, se-men, think them gods of husbandry, standing in a special relation to the Arvals. Mommsen takes them as ' divinities ' in general, explaining the name as se homines (old form homones), 'apart from men.1 — advocapit = advocabitis : future in imperative sense. Or perhaps rather advocabite, an imperative formation corresponding to the tenses in -bam and -bo. The / for b is unexampled and probably due to a mere blunder. In this line the brothers seem to address each other. — conctos = cunctos. Both contracted from *co-iunctos. — V. 6. Triumpe : Introd. 15.
15O. CI. 195. On a stone of Parian marble found in the forum in 1566, now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitol. C. Duilius defeated the Carthaginians in the famous sea-fight off Mylae, 494/260, and the columna rostrata in the forum was set up in commemoration of the event. The present inscription, which seems to be the one mentioned by Quin- tilian (i. 7, 12) as containing final d's, is beyond all doubt of a later date, cut in the time of the emperors. The only possible question is whether it be a copy, more or less modernized, of an older one, or was composed outright, in imitation of the old-fashioned language, by some antiquarian under Claudius. The latter is the view of Mommsen and Ritschl, and to it I heartily accede. What influences me is not so much the hyper-archa- isms {macistratos, exfociont), nor the painful persistence of the ablative -d in forms where it is otherwise unknown, as rather the length of the docu- ment, its circumstantial, almost statistical, style, and its prose form. What sort of an inscription Duilius set up, if any, may be gathered from the Scipio-epitaphs and from the triumphal inscriptions in Saturnian form long after this time (see n. 217 fig.) : it would have been brief, simple, and in Saturnians. We have then in this monument merely the work of a learned trifler : if the column had originally any inscription at all, it was one very different from this. — Line 1. Secestanos : read Segestanos. C appears throughout for g (leciones, macistratos, exfociont, pucnandod, ceset, Carta- ciniensis), although the sign G was in use in Duilius's time. — exemet: so cepet, ornavet, 1. 5, 7, Introd. 57 (2). He raised the siege of Segesta. — Li. 2. maximos macistratos is of course nominative, as primes, 1. 7. The whole Carth. army and their ' chief commander ' retreat in broad daylight. Both macistratos and exf ociont (= ecfugiunt} are impossible
68 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 150.
«ovem castreis exfociont. Macelamgue opidom vi
5 /ucnandod cepet. Enque eodem m&cistratud bene
rem navebos marid consol primes ceset copiasque
dasesque navales primos ornavet ^ravetque.
Cumque eis navebos claseis Poenicas omnu item ma-
•tfumas copias Cartaciniensis, praesente^/ Hanibaled
10 dictatored ol^rom, in altod marid ^\\ut\andod vicet.
Fique nave/j cepet cum socieis septeresmvm unam, quin-
queresmosquiQ triresmosque naveis XXX, merset XIIL
Aurom captom numei ©0®DCC.-
Arcentom captom, praeda, numei i
15 Omne captom aes (
. .®®®®©Q®©®®®©® [©] Pri- mos ^//oque navaled praedad poplom donavet, pri- mos que Cartacini^/z^is incenuos &uxit in triumpod ... eis .... capt
forms, as one is an a-stem and the other from root fug- = Qvy-. Evidently the author of the inscription fancied that any short u might have been o in the early language. — L. 4. Macelam: Macella in Sicily. — L. 5, 6. En = in. — navebos: cp. Tempestatebus, n. 75 (£), 1. 6. The ending -bos is elsewhere unknown. In line 8, below, the o of -bos is cut over an u : evidently the graver first cut navebus, and then tried to correct it. — ceset = gessit. — L. 8. Poenicas = Punicas. So bello Poenicio, Lex agr., CI. 200, 1. 75. — L. 1O. dictatored : -ed in ablative is unknown except in this inscription: Introd. 38, note. Cp. navaled, 1. 17, which, however, ought to be navalid. — olorom = ollorum. Introd. 49. — L. 12. triresmos: the form is good, and rests, no doubt, on ancient tradition: *resmo-s is certainly the old form for remus (for *ret-mo-s, cp. t-pET-fJid-v) , and trlremi-s, like many other z'-stems, was once an astern. The numbers in this line come from Oros. iv. 7. — L. 13-15. Q = CID or M = 1000. — ® = CCCIOOO = centum milia. — numei : ' coins ' ; of what value is not said. — arcentom captom, praeda: according to Mommsen, two sums of silver ; ' the silver captured and that derived from sale of booty ' : to- gether 200,000 pieces, and perhaps more. — captom aes: the sum total of the above gold and silver, reduced to Roman sestertii : the amount stand- ing on the stone is vicies ter centena milia sestertium, and much is broken off. The bracketed signs are partly gone. — L. 16. poplom : see on n. 81.
N. 151,152.] LEX ACILIA. — LEX AGRARIA. 69
Lex Acilia repetundarum.
, CI. 198. Date 631/123 or 632/122. I have omitted this document, as well as the Lex agraria, on account of its fragmentary condition and the amount of explanation needful to make the remnants intelligible. It is on eleven fragments of a bronze plate, along the entire length of which the lines ran. Accordingly we have only detached parts of sentences. Many forms of this inscription have been already noticed by way of illus- tration, but. I will mention here a few other noteworthy ones. — attigat (1. 10) : atfigas in Plautus. One of the few remains of the Latin aorist : attlgam is to attingam as AtVcj to AC/TTCJ, or Ad/ta to ha,ju.{3dva). Other aoristic forms are attulat, evenat.parentes (ol reKovreq). — detolerit (1. 21, j6)=detulerit. — oppedeis (1. 31) = oppidis. — adessint (1. 63) = adsint or adfuerint; a formation like faxint : Introd. 59. — sed fraude (frude) sua (1. 64, 69) = sine fraude sua : see on n. 106, 1. 4. — possitur (ubei de piano recte legi possitur, 1. 66: the praetor is to post something 'where it can be properly read from the ground ') , passive : so potestur, queatur (Lucr.), quitur (Caecil.), poteratur, etc., are known. Always with the pass- ive infinitive. — eiei, dat. sing., occurs seven times.
Lex agraria.
152. CI. 200. Date 643/111. On the back of the same eleven fragments, and in the same incoherent state. Besides forms elsewhere spoken of, I note the following. — cavitum = cautum (1. 6). — oqupatum = occu* patum (1. 25). — domneis (1. 27) = dominis.— sed fraude sua: as in n. 151. — moinicipieis (1. 31) = municipiis. — oppodum Charfo^ (1. 81) = oppidum Carthago (but Cartago, 1. 89). — mercassitur (1. 71) = mercatus erit. Passive from mercassit: Introd. 59. So iussitur(Ca.io R. R. •L^)tfaxiturin an old formula, n. 163, end.
PART II.
OLDEST REMAINS FROM LITERARY SOURCES.
Old Prayers from Cato de re rustica.
153. Mars pater te precor,
quaesoque uti sies volens propitius mihi, domo, familiaeque nostrae. Quoius rei ergo
s agrum, terrain, fundumque meum suovitaurilia circumagi iussi ; uti tu morbos visos invisosque, viduertatem vastitudinemque calamitates intemperiasque 10 prohibessis, defendas, averruncesque :
Respecting all the selections given in Part II., it must be said that little reliance can be placed on the antiquity of the text in detail. All of them have been more or less modernized in their grammatical forms in process of transmission to us, and in many cases it is clear that still more serious vicissitudes have befallen them.
153. Cato R. R. 141. Prayer to be used at the lustratio agri or ambar- valia, in the spring of the year. This is probably the best existing sample of a Roman carmen of the olden time. For its rhythmical form, see Introd. 69. It readily groups itself into verses and half-verses (of course no di- vision of the sort is made in the mss.), and may be recited with four ictus in each half-verse (the last two ictus commonly being contiguous). Thus
for example : —
quaesoque uti sies volens propitius
mihi domo fdmiliaeque nostrae.
I have not thought it best to attempt an exact notation of each verse, partly because some may be read in more than one way, and partly because of
70
N. 153.] OLD PRAYERS FROM CATO DE RE RUSTICA. 71
uti fruges, frumenta, vineta virgultaque
grandire beneque evenire siris :
pastores pecuaque salva servassis,
duisque bonam salutem valetudinemque is mihi, domo, familiaeque nostrae.
Harumce rerum ergo,
fundi, terrae, agrique mei
lustrandi, lustrique faciendi ergo,
sic uti dixi, 20 Mars pater, macte hisce lactentibus
suovitaurilibus immolandis esto.
Eiusdem rei ergo,
Mars pater, macte hisce lactentibus
suovitaurilibus immolandis esto.
the general uncertainty of the text. The reader will not fail to notice the frequent alliteration, no unimportant element of the verse. — V. 1. Mars: originally god of husbandry and rural life rather than of war. — V. 6. cir- cumagl iussi : the suovitaurilia are led in solemn procession thrice round the farm; then follows this prayer, after which the sacrifice takes place. Cato gives the formula for directing the head-servant to lead them around, beginning, 'Cum dims volentibus, quodque bene eveniat, mando tibi, Mani, uti illace suovitaurilia fundum agrum terramque meant', etc. — V. 8. viduertatem : ' barrenness,' occurs in Festus, p. 369 ; vastitu- dinem= vastitatem. — V. 9, 1O. calamitates : in the earlier sense, ' dam- age to crops ' by blight or hail. — prohibessis : Introd. 59. So servassis, v. 13. — averrunces: averruncare comes from averruncus, 'defender/ aTTOTpoTratog ; a title belonging especially to Mars. — V. 11. uti fruges : the mss. utique tu fruges. — V. 12. grandire : here intransitive, elsewhere always transitive. — bene : probably should be duene, and bonam, v. 14, duonam. — siris = slveris.—V. 14. duis : Introd. 60. — V. 2O. macte .... esto : ' be thou magnified (or glorified) by the offering of these sacrificial sucklings.' In this common phrase macte esto, macte is without much doubt an adverb : it is used even in the plural, macte virtute este (Liv. vii. 36, as now read). Macte esse is said like bene esse, pulcre esse (Plautus). It cannot be rationally explained as a vocative. — V. 21. suovi- taurilibus comes in the mss. before lactentibus, and so again below. Mars pater, in v. 20, the mss. omit, and in v. 23 they put it before eiusdem rei ergo.
72 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 154, 155.
154. (a.) lupiter dapalis, quod tibi fieri oportet in domo familia^<? mea culignam vini dapi, eius rei ergo macte illace dape pollucenda esto.
(/£.) lupiter dapalis,
macte istace dape pollucenda esto, macte vino inferio esto.
155. (a.) lane pater, te hac strue ^commovenda bonas preces precor, quaesoque uti sies volens propitius mihi, domo, liberisque meis, familiaeque meae.
(£.) lupiter, te hoc fercto obmovendo
bonas preces precor, quaesoque uti sies volens propitius mihi, domo, liberisque meis, familiaeque meae ; mactus hoc fercto.
(t.) lane pater, uti te strue comrnovenda bonas preces bene precatus sum, eiusdem rei ergo macte vino inferio esto.
154. Ibid. 132. A daps, or sacrificial feast, is offered to lupiter dapalis before sowing grain. After the first prayer the hands are washed, and wine is presented with the second. The ritual is not plain ; but perhaps both prayers are merely prefatory to the daps proper, which consists of 'assaria pecuina ' and an urna (not a culignd) of wine. — fieri in its sacrificial sense, 4 be offered.' For facere used of a libation, see Liv. x. 42, 7. It takes either accusative or ablative; facere porcum or porco ; see n. 156, v. 2. — The bor- rowed word culignam = KvMxvqv is surprising here, and has probably replaced some older term. — macte illace : the mss. macte hac illace,
155. Ibid. 134. Sacrifice of a porca praecidanea to Ceres, before the harvest. The ceremony is to be begun by offerings of food and wine to
N. 156.] OLD PRAYERS FROM CATO DE RE RUSTICA. 73
(</.) lupiter macte fercto esto ; macte vino inferio esto.
156. Si deus, si dea es, quoium illud sacrum est, uti tibi ius siet porco [piaculo] facere illiusce sacri coercendi ergo. Harumce rerum ergo, s sive ego sive quis iussu meo fecerit, uti id recte factum siet. Eius rei ergo
te hoc porco [piaculo] immolando bonas preces precor, quaesoque uti sies 10 volens propitius mihi, domo,
familiaeque meae liberisque meis.
Harumce rerum ergo
macte hoc porco [piaculo] immolando esto,
Janus and Jupiter, with these prayers. Both strues and ferctum are sacrificial cakes : the former is described as consisting of several long cakes joined side by side, like the fingers of the hand. Observe the exactness of the sacrificial language: struemcommovere, but ferctum obmovere. — quae- soque I have added from n. 153, v. 2. — domo in both a and b the mss. place after liberisque meis ; but see n. 156, v. 10, and n. 153, v. 3, 15.
156. Ibid. 139. Formula for the clearing of a wood (' lucum conlucare Romano more sic oportet ') . A swine is offered as a piaculum, to appease the forest-divinities whose domain is to be encroached on. — Si deus, si dea : such expressions were used at times to avoid the possible blunder of calling on the wrong deity — a scrupulousness characteristic of Roman wor- ship. So when an earthquake occurred (Cell. ii. 28), a propitiatory sacri- fice was offered si deo si deae, for fear that there might be some uncertainty as to what particular god was thus showing his displeasure. Si . . . si = sive . . . sive. Cp. Plaut. Capt. no. — quoium (= cuium) : the possessive adjective quoius, frequent in Plaut. and Ter. (quota vox, quoium pueruni). — sacrum: 'sacred domain.' — piaculo (v. 2, 8, 13) I suspect, metri causa. Cato does not seem to have fully felt the rhythm of the carmina which he reproduces. — coercendi (v. 3) : 'restraining' or 'limiting' the sacred wood, is a mild expression for cutting it down. — fecerit (v. 5) refers of course to the felling of the trees.
74 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 157.
Fragments of the Carmina Saliaria.
157. (a.) Cum£ tonas, Leuc£sie, pra£ t£t trem6nti, qu6m tibei cunei de'xtumum tonaront.
(b.) Divom | e*mpta cante div6m deo supplicate.
(*:.) omina vero
adpatula coemise lani cusianes : duonus cerus es, duonus lanus.
157. The Salii were a religious sodalltas (for this term see on n. 149) who were concerned with the worship of Mars. On various festival-days in the month of March they performed solemn processions and dances, bearing the twelve sacred ancilia. The famous ancient songs which they chanted on these occasions were called axamenta. This name is from axare, ' repeat ' (found in Festus), a frequentative from a-io = *ag-io (root ag-, ' say/ as in ad-ag-ium), as taxare from tango (root tag-). Axare presupposes a parti- ciple *axus; as indeed all 4 frequentatives ' and 'intensives' are secondary verbs derived from participles. These Salian hymns were, according to Quintilian (i. 6, 40), hardly understood by the priests who sang them. They were addressed not to Mars only, but to other gods as well, and different portions were accordingly called versus lanui, lovii, lunonii, etc. Only two or three connected bits of these hymns have reached us, in an exceedingly corrupt state. Various scholars have tried to restore them, Bergk and Corssen with the most success, but their interpretations differ greatly. I have given above all that seems to have the smallest probability critically.
Fragment a is the most certain. Bergk reconstructed it from cume ponas Leucesiae praextexere monti quotibet cunei de his cum tonarem (Teren- tius Scaurus, p. 2261, P.) ; but Festus gives prae tet tremontl. The lines read as Saturnians of a rather rude sort (cp. the carmen Arvale, n. 149) , and there can be no doubt that such was the metrical form of all the hymns. — cume = cum ; expressly attested by Scaurus ; Festus has also tame = tarn. — Leucesie = Lucetie, ' light-god,' a surname of Jupiter. The s has arisen from the t by a softening not uncommon in Latin : the diphthong eu, on the other hand, is an antiquity : Introd. 10, note : cp. AevKog . — tet for ted (In- trod. 44). Perhaps an older form, though the / may have come merely from assimilation to the following. — tremonti = tremunt; the only instance of this full ending of the 3d person plural : cp. Doric \kyovri = Tieyovm. — cunei: 'bolts' of lightning. — dextumum: adverbial, ' on the right1; a superlative formation, whereas dexter is comparative. The right, in Roman
N. 158.] FORMULAE OF CALATIO. 75
Formulae of Calatio.
158. (a.) Die's te quinque calo Iun6 Covella. (&.) Septum dies te calo Iun6 Cove"lla.
augural science, was the unlucky side. — tonaront : the perfect tonavi is not elsewhere found.
Fragment b : Varro, Ling. Lat. vii. 27 (where supplicante) . — cante is canite, but what empta means no one knows : Bergk conjectures templa.
— divom deo : Janus is meant.
Fragment c is in Varro, L. L. vii. 26, where the following stands: cozeulodoizeso omnia vero adpatula coemisse iamcusianes duo misceruses dun ianusve vet pos melios eumrecum. I give the least desperate part of this, nearly with Corssen (following also a suggestion of Wordsworth's). — ad- patula = patula. — coemise =coemere in the sense of conceperunt (emo meant originally ' take '); with I (as in emi, emisti, etc.) and s for later e and r.
— cusianes = curiones, officers of the Salii. There was a curia or assem- bly-hall of the brotherhood on the Palatine. — cerus : see on n. 22. — The whole would mean : ' the curiones of Janus have in truth perceived clear omens : thou art the good creator, good Janus.' But all this is extremely uncertain, and so is the metrical grouping which I have given, merely as a rough indication of the way in which the verses may have run.
We know from Festus and Varro a good many single words from the Salian hymns, of which I select the following: foe6.esu.m.=/oederum; plusima = plurima ; meliosem = meliorem ; asenam = arenam ; pi- lumnoe poploe = ' the spear-armed host ' (gen. sing. ? pllumno-st for *plldnteno-s, is a participle like dqAovfievo-Sj and points to an old verb *pllo-ere = pilo armare. Another remnant of the Latin ^-conjugation is aegrotus, from *aegro-ere, 'make ill1); promenervat = promonet, from an adjective menervo-s, ' thoughtful,' whence Menerva, cp. n. 36 ; sonivio z=sonanti; cerus manus = creator bonus ; privicloes (i.e., priviculis} = singulis, with an interesting ancient form of the dative plural.
158. Varro, Ling. Lat. vi. 27. Formulae used by the Pontifex minor in announcing to the assembled people (comitia calata), at the appearance of each new moon (kalendae), whether the nones on that month would fall on the fifth or seventh day. luno Covella is the ' hollow ' or crescent moon : Covella is a diminutive of *cova = cava. ' I proclaim thee for five days,' seems to mean that the hollow or ' new ' moon will last during that time ; that is, up to the ' first quarter ' or nones. The verses are Saturnians, but in c^lo we have a short thesis. Besides the old verb calare, there must have been a cat ere (or calere), whence calendae.
76 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 159.
Form of a Devotio.
159. lane, luppiter, Mars pater, Quirine, Bellona, Lares, divi Novensiles, di Indigetes, divi quorum est potestas nostrorum hostiumque, dique Manes, vos precor, veneror, veniam peto feroque, uti populo Romano Quiritium vim victoriamque prosperetis, hostesque populi Romahi Quiritium terrore for- midine morteque adficiatis. Sicut verbis nuncupavi, ita pro re publica popiili Romani Quiritium, exercitu legionibus auxiliis populi Romani Quiritium, legiones auxiliaque hostium mecum deis manibus Tellurique devoveo.
159. The formula given by Livy (viii. 9) as used by the elder Decius in devoting himself to death at the battle of Vesuvius, 414/340. He repeats the words after the pontifex, then mounts his horse and charges into the midst of the foe, where he finds his death. The formula is no special one composed for the occasion, but a traditional one handed down from antiquity. For, from the details which Livy gives, it is clear that there was an elaborate ceremonial, with provisions for this and that occurrence; which is proof, as Preller (Rom. Myth., p. 468) remarks, that "in the Italy of earlier times such devotions, in the bloody struggles among so many contentious nations, were nothing uncommon." The idea of the devotio is that the commander or other warrior, by voluntarily sacrificing himself to the gods of the lower world, averts their fury from his own countrymen and turns it against the enemy's hosts. A supernatural panic was believed to seize on the foe. The above formula is certainly a carmen, and the indications of rhythm and alliteration show that metrically it stood on a line with the prayers in Cato (n. 153, fig.). The following reconstruction I give merely exempli causa:—
lane, luppiter, Mars pater, Quirine,
Duellona, Lares,
divi Novensides, divi Indigetes,
di quorum est potestas nostrorum hostiumque,
divique Manes, vos precor, veneror,
veniamque peto, uti populo Romano
vinvvictoriam prosperetis,
Perduelles hostesque populi Romani
terrore formidine morteque adfexitis.
Sicuti verbis rntnc nuncupavi,
ita pro re publica populi Romani
legionibus auxiliis populi Romani,
legiones auxilia hostium mecum
divis Manibus, Telluri devoveo.
N. 160.3 FORMULAE OF THE FETIALES. 77
Formulae of the Fetiales.
For demanding restitution.
160. (a.) Audi luppiter, audite fines populi Albani, audiat Fas. Sum publicus nuntius populi Romani ; iuste pieque legatus venio, s verbisque meis fides siet.
Si iniuste impieque illos homines illasque res dedier mihi exposco, turn patriae compotem me numquam siris esse.
lane : invoked, as commonly, first of a series of deities. — luppiter, Mars, Quirine : the three gods who \±z.&fiamines maiores. — divi Noven- siles : usually explained as the ' newly settled ' or ' foreign ' gods, in oppo- sition to the Indigetes (indu- and root ge-) or 4 home-born/ ' national ' gods. In inscriptions we have nove(n)sides (n. 57), and, according to Mommsen, this is the only genuine form. — nostrorum = nostrum : see Allen and Greenough's Gram., 99 b, and cp. Plaut. Most., 270. — fero: 're- ceive ' ? But the word probably does not belong in the text.
16O. The Fetiales were a public religious collegium who were the guar- dians of international relations on their religious side : it was their duty to attend to the proper formalities in declaring war, making peace, and the like, so that all might be done rite, and the approval of the gods secured. The collegium kept alive the knowledge of the proper ceremonial for all cases ; this was the ins fetialium. The fetiales were an ancient Italic in- stitution, and existed not in Rome only but in the kindred Italic states, where they had similar ceremonies. When they went abroad they took with them a clod of turf (sagmina or verbena) from the arx, symbolizing the land from which they came ; also a sacred stone {luppiter lapis} and a sacred wand. — I have ventured to divide the fetial carmina into such primitive verses as we must suppose them to have originally consisted of (see Introd. 69), and have made some changes which seemed to recall more nearly their original form. In the books of the fetials of a later day, whence the annalists took them, they had undergone many modifications.
The form for demanding restitution (rerum repetundarum, also called clarigatio} is from Liv. i. 32 : in v. 3 the received text reads ego sum, in v. 5 sit, in v. 6 si ego. populi Albani, v. 2, I insert merely by way of example
78 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 161.
(£.) Audi luppiter, [et tu] lane Quirine, dique audite omnes caelestes vosque terrestres vosque inferni. Ego vos tester populum Albanum iniustum esse neque ius persolvere.
For declaring war.
161. Quod populus Albanus hominesque Albani in populum Romanum fecerunt deliquerunt, quod populus Romanus cum populo Albano duellum iussit esse,
ob earn rem ego populusque Romanus populo Albano hominibusque Albanis duellum dico facioque.
(Livy says ' cuiuscumque gentis sunt, nominal'). The legatus who is sent on the mission is a pater patratus (' appointed father') — a member of the fetial body set apart to represent the head of the Roman state — accompanied by three other fetials. He uses this formula on arriving at the foreign boundary, and the same, with slight variations, on meeting the first citizen of the foreign state, on entering the city-gate and the market-place. After v. 5 the demands (postulata) are recited, and Jove is called to witness the following oath. — If, after thirty days, restitution is not made, the form b is used. — lane Qui- rine : Janus bore the surname Quirinus as war-god. The god Quirinus was different. — audite (v. 2) Livy puts after inferni. — After persolvere follows : 'Sed de istis rebus in patria maiores natu consulemus, quo pacto ius nostrum adipiscamur,' which seems to be no part of the original formula.
161. In declaring war, the fetial went to the enemy's boundaries and threw a spear across them in the presence of witnesses, with the above form- ula, which I give according to Cincius (in Cell. xvi. 4), but with several cor- rections from Liv. i. 32 : in v. 2 both sources give adversus, for which I have put in ; and in v. 4, 7, bellum. For Albanus Cincius has Hermundulus. The last line might possibly have been purum piumque duellum dico facioqite ; see just above in Livy the solemn form of treating the matter in the senate.
162. Liv. i. 24. The head of the college of fetials addresses the king, the form of whose answer (in the affirmative) is not given. — Bex, iubesne me : Livy gives iubesne me, rex. — After the response puram tollito, the fetial fetches the clod from the arx, and goes on. — populi Roman! : Livy adds Quiritium, which did not, however, belong anciently in these formulae.
N. 162.] FORMULAE OF THE FETIALES. . 79
For making a treaty.
162. (#.) FET. Rex, iubesne me cum patre patrato
populi Albani foedus ferire ?
REX
FET. Sagmina verbenam te, rex, posco.
REX. Puram tollito.
FET. Rex, facisne me regium nuntium
populi Romani,
vasa^£ mea comitesque meos? REX. Quod sine fraude mea populique Romani
fiat, facio.
(b.) Audi luppiter,
audi pater patrate populi Albani, audi et tu populus Albanus ; ut ilia palam prima postrema s sunt recitata sine dolo malo,
utique ea hie hodie sunt intellecta, illis legibus
populus Romanus prior non deficiet. Si prior defexit publico consilio 10 dolo malo, turn illo die, luppiter, populum Romanum sic ferito, uti ego hunc porcum hie hodie feriam ; tantoque magis tu ferito quanto tu magis potes pollesque.
It is absent in b, and in Cincius's version of n. 161. — vasa: ' equipments/ the sagmina, lapis, etc. — sine fraude mea : see on n. 106, 1. 4.
The fetial then appoints a pater patratus, and the latter solemnizes the treaty. First he recites the conditions ' long o carmine '; then, standing over the swine with the sacrificial stone axe in his hand, he proceeds as in b. — After v. 4 stands ex illis tabulis cerave, which, as Weissenborn remarks, is an addition of later times, when written treaties had taken the place of the ancient verbal ones. — sunt recitata : Livy recitata sunt, and below intel- lecta sunt. After hodie I have omitted rectissime. — defexit (v. 9)= defecerit.
So . REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 163.
Form of proposing a Ver Sacrum.
163. Velitis iubeatisne haec sic fieri? Si res publica populi Romani Quiritium ad quinquennium proximum steterit ut velim, eamque salvam servaverit hisce duellis, turn donum duit populus Romanus Quiritium : quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est, quaeque duella cum Gallis sunt, qui cis Alpes sunt : quod ver adtulerit ex suillo ovillo caprino bovillo grege, quaeque profana erunt, lovi fieri, ex qua die senatus populusque iusserit : qui faciet, quando vo- let quaque lege volet, facito ; quomodo faxit probe factum esto : si id moritur quod fieri oportebit, profanum esto, neque scelus esto : si quis rumpet occidetve insciens, ne fraus esto : si quis clepsit, ne populo scelus esto, neve cui cleptum erit : si atro die faxit insciens, probe factum esto : si nocte sive luce, si servos sive liber faxit, probe factum esto : si antidea ac senatus populusque iusserit fieri, faxitur, eo populus solu- tus liber esto.
163. Liv. xxii. 10. Used after the battle at the Lacus Trasimennus 537/217. The ver sacrum was an ancient Italic custom. It was vowed when the state was in extreme peril : all the young animals born in a particular season were sacrificed. There are indications that in remote antiquity even the children born shared the same fate. The above is not exactly the form of the vow itself, but the proposal made to the comitia. The language, how- ever, emanated from the pontifices, and consists in great part of pontifical formulae, which betray here and there their ancient verse-form. I follow Weissenborn's text (1877). — servaverit : subject is luppiter, who is named a little below. — duit : Introd. 60. — quod duellum . . . quaeque du- ella : these relative clauses define hisce duellis above. — bovillo (== bu- bulo) is a very rare word. — quaeque profana erunt : ' and which shall not have been already consecrated to some other deity.' — lovi fieri is the explanation to donum above ; fieri = immolari. — ex qua die : the time within which the animals born are to be sacred, is to be fixed by public authority, not left to each individual's preference. — qua lege = quo ritu : cp. n. 92. — profanum esto: 'let it be as if the animal had not been consecrated/ so that the failure to offer it shall be accounted no fault. —
N. 164-166.] FRAGMENTS OF THE 'LEGES REGIAE.' 8 1
Form of Adrogatio.
164. Velitis iubeatis uti L. Valerius L. Titio tarn iure legeque films siet, quam si ex eo patre matreque familias eius natus esset, utique ei vitae necisque in eum potestas siet uti patri endo filio est. Haec ita uti dixi, ita vos Quirites rogo.
Fragments of the ' Leges Megiae.'
165. Si nurus plorassit, sacra divis parentum estod.
1 66, Si parentem puer verberit, ast olle plorassit, puer divis parentum sacer esto.
rumpet : ' shall injure,* ' mar.' — clepsit (= clepserif) formed likefaxzt. — atro die : ' black days/ on which it was wrong to sacrifice, were especially those following the calends, nones," and ides (dies postriduani}. — si . . . sive : for sive . . . sivet as regularly in Plautus and Terence. — antidea ac = antea quam (antequam), antid (ablative) being the older form of ante. So antidhac in Plaut. — faxitur —factum erit ; passive oifaxit. Cp. mer- cassitur, n. 152.
164. Gellius, v. 19. Adrogatio was the adoption, with his own consent, of an adult who was sul iuris, and was accomplished by an act of the comitia curiata, according to the above form. — endo = in.
165. The ' laws' ascribed by tradition to this and that king are in reality legal and religious maxims, of great antiquity, so far as their contents are concerned, but of uncertain origin. The oldest collection of them bore the name of Papirius. In so far as they embody actual ancient formulae, they were certainly once versified. But they had at an early time been freely modernized. This first fragment is in Festus, p. 230. There is a gap of several words ; plorassit is inferred. Compare the next. Both laws pun- ished maltreatment of parents. — estod : Introd. 62.
166. Fest., ibid. — verberit: pres. indie, of an otherwise unknown *verberlre = verberare. For the tense see on n. 171. — ast : ' and if,' intro- ducing a second condition. — olle: Introd. 49. — plorassit: Introd. 59: plorare meant in old Latin ' cry out.' — sacer esto : this implied originally actual slaying as a sacrifice to the god : later a kind of outlawry, in which any one might lawfully kill the offender. — divis : tutelary or family gods.
82 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 167-170.
167. Vino rogum ne respargito.
1 68. Paelex~aram lunonis ne tangito ; si tanget, lunoni crinibus demissis agnum feminam caedito.
169. (a.) Si hominem fulmen lovis occisit, ne supra genua tollito. (^.) Homo si fulmine occisus est, ei iusta nulla fieri oportet.
I7°« Cui suo auspicio classe procincta opima spolia capiuntur, lovi Feretrio bovem caedito, et darier aeris trecentos opor- teat. Cuius auspicio classe procincta secunda spolia capta, in Martis aram in campo solitaurilia, utra voluerit, caedito ;
167. Plin. H. N., xiv. 12. Attributed to Numa, as are also the next five. — respargito = respergito. Cp. aspargit, Lucr. i. 719.
168. Festus, p. 222: Cell. iv. 3. — paelex: ' concubine,' of a married man. — lunonis : Lucina, guardian of married women.
169. Fest., p. 178. One of the many superstitious observances connected with lightning. — fulmen lovis : the ms. fulminibus. — occisit = occide- rit : Introd. 59. — ne . . . tollito: 'let no one raise him higher than the knees.1 He must be lifted as little as possible from the ground, and buried on the spot, without funeral rites (iusta). The man was thought to have been accursed, as stricken down by Jove in his wrath.
170. Fest., p. 189, where it is badly muddled. Luckily the substance of the law is known from Plutarch, Marc. 8. I give it nearly according to Hertzberg's emendation, who, with one or two transpositions, some ad- ditions, and the change of cuius to cut suo at the beginning, has produced the requisite sense. Opima spolia are obtained when the Roman com- mander kills the leader of the enemy in single combat : the victor gets for this a reward of 300 asses. Secunda and tertia spolia are evidently taken, presumably from the hostile leader, by some other person than the commander, but by whom we do not know ; for these a reward of 200 and 100 asses respectively is given. In all three cases the commander, under whose auspices the victory was gained, performs the proper sacrifices. — cui = a quo. — classe procincta: 'with army girded' for battle (with the cinctus Gabinus) ; that is, in regular pitched battle. ' Army,' not ' fleet,' is the older meaning of classis. — lovi Feretrio : whose temple was on the Capitol: cp. Liv. i. 10. — darier (Introd. 64) : sc. ei. — trecentos ;
THE
UNIVERSITY
N. 171-173.] FRAGMEHa^^^^Si^EEGES REGIAE.' 83
qui cepit aeris ducentos dato. Cuius auspicio classe pro- cincta tertia spolia capta, lanui Quirino agnum marem cae- dito ; centum qui ceperit ex aere dato. Dis piaculum dato.
171. Si qui hominem liberum dolo sciens morti duit, paricidas esto.
172. Si quisquam aliuta faxit, ipsos lovi sacer esto.
173. Duomviri perduellionem iudicent : si a duomviris provo- carit, provocatione certato : si vincent, caput obnubito, infelici arbori reste suspendito, verberato vel intra pomoerium vel extra pomoerium.
sc.nummos. — solitaurilia : the same as suovitaurilia. The name (from the old adjective sollus) signifies a sacrifice of ' whole ' (i.e., uncastrated) animals, — bull, ram, and boar. — utra voluerit : either the maiora, of adult animals, or the lactentia, of sucklings : cp. n. 153, v. 20. — (ei) qui cepit : 1 to him who took them let him (the commander) give,' etc. — lanui : lanus seems here an #-stem, lanu-. But very likely lanuo should be read. Cp. ianuat lanua-rius. For lanus Quirinus see on 160 (b}. — dis piaculum. dato : these words are uncertain and obscure.
171. Fest., p. 221. — qui = guts. — duit : the present indicative of a rare verb, *duere = dare. Cp. n. 182, 204, and Liv. x. 19, 17. Dutm, Introd. 60, is subjunctive of the same. In these ancient laws the present indicative is often used in the condition, where later usage would demand the future or future perfect. See n. 174, and others following. So Plaut. Trin. 156, si . . . revenit, reddam suom sibi. — paricidas: survival of nominative -s with a masculine a-stem. So hosticapas% ' hostium captor^ in Festus. These isolated forms are the only instances.
172. Fest., p. 6. — aliuta = aliter. Cp. i-ta. — ipsos = ipsus, ipse.
173. Liv. i. 26, where it is called' lex horrendi carminis.' — Duomviri : appointed by the king. — certato : by a trial before ihepopulus. — infelici arbori : probably locative. A barren tree, accursed and belonging to the nether gods. — verberato : of course before the execution, but the scourg- ing is mentioned last, as of less importance. — This carmen was certainly in rhythm, possibly somewhat as follows: Duomviri iudicent perduellionem: si is provocarit provocatione certato : si vincent duomviri caput obnu- bito ; infelici arbori reste suspendito t verberato virgis vel intra pomoe- rium vel extra pomoerium.
84 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 174.
Fragments of the Laivs of the Twelve Tables.
I.
174. Si in ius vocat, ito. Ni it, antestamino, igitur em capito. Si calvitur pedemve struit, manum endo iacito. Si morbus aevitasve vitium escit, iumentum dato : si nolet, arceram ne sternito.
174. The Twelve Tables, the first regular code of written law which the Romans had, date from 303/451 (the decemviri ; the last two tables were added the following year), and were based upon the older unwritten and imperfectly formulated laws of custom, introducing, however, some inno- vations. The laws were written on twelve tablets of bronze, but it is doubtful whether these originals survived the capture of the city by the Gauls, 364/390. The scanty existing fragments have been much mod- ernized ; their distribution among the different tables is far from certain. The standard critical edition is R. Schoell's, 1866, which I have followed in the main, giving of course only such fragments as contain connected words of the Tables themselves.
Preliminaries to the trial. The first step is the summoning of the adver- sary to go before the magistrate (in ius vocare). — vocat, ito : note the absence of pronouns, as usual in these laws, often verging on obscurity. In some places explanatory words and clauses, out of keeping with this brevity of diction, have been interpolated : see below, and n. 176, 179. The im- peratives in these laws are always of the third person. — antestamino : Introd. 63 : ' let him call the bystanders to witness ' that force is neces- sary. How this was performed the student will remember from Hor. Sat. i. 9, 76. — igitur: 'then.' — em: 'him.' Introd. 47. — si calvitur. . . struit: 'if he shirks or runs away'(?). What pedem struere was, the ancients themselves did not know, but on tne whole thought it to mean ' run away.' Can it be ' brace the feet,' like one resisting a pull ? — endo iacito = inicito, but not yet fused into a compound. A greater degree of force seems to be implied than in capito. — Si morbus, etc. : if the defendant is ill or decrepit, the plaintiff must provide a vehicle, but this need not be a covered carriage unless he chooses. — aevitas = aetas. — vitium : ' hin- drance.' — escit = est : for *es-sczf, an inceptive present-formation, not /, 6 If yet, as in Lucretius, with a distinct future meaning. After escit Schoell has removed the interpolation qui in ius vocabit. — iumentum: 'team,' im- plies here, as often in our parlance, some sort of vehicle. — arceram: a covered carriage, with a pallet for lying down. — ne sternito: ' he need not spread' unless he chooses. — The three parts of this fragment are in Porphyr. ad Hor. Sat. i. 9, 70 ; Fest., pp. 310, 210 ; Cell. xx. i, 24, respectively.
N. 175-177-] LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES. 85
I
175. Adsiduo vindex adsiduos esto, proletario iam civi quis volet vindex esto.
176. Rem ubi pacunt, orato. Ni pacunt, in comitio aut in foro ante meridiem caussam coiciunto. Com peroranto ambo praesentes. Post meridiem praesenti litem addicito. Sol occasus suprema tempestas esto.
II.
177. ... morbus sonticus . . aut status dies cum hoste . . quid horum fuit vitium iudici arbitrove reove, eo dies diffensus esto.
175. Cell. xvi. 10, 5. ' The vindex of a property-holder must be a prop- erty-holder ; but whoever chooses can be vindex to a man without property.' vindex, 'claimant/ ' interferer/ 'protector,' is here one who voluntarily agrees to go before the magistrate as the representative of the defendant, and thereby takes upon himself the action in the stead of the latter. For the vindex at another stage of proceedings, see n. 179. — adsiduos : ' perma- nent settler,' and so ' land-holder,' ' tax-payer,' — belonging to one of the five upper Servian classes. The proletarius, on the other hand, is a capite census, one of the sixth or lowest class. — quis volet : see n. 80 and note.
176. Partly Rhet. ad Her. ii. 13, 20; partly Cell. xvii. 2, 10. The trial. 'Where they (the litigants) compromise the matter, let him (the magistrate) announce it. If they do not compromise, let them state briefly each his own side of the case, in the comitium or the forum, before noon. (Afterwards) let them talk it out together, while both are present. (In case either party has «failed to appear) after noon, let the magistrate pronounce judgment in favor of the one who is present. (If both are present) the trial may last till sunset, but not later.' — pacunt : Ter. Scaurus and Quintilian both read this c as^. Still it is not quite certain whether this old present (cp. n. 193) was pag-o (root as in pango, pepigi) or pac-o (root as in pac-iscor). — com = cum; adverbial. — Before sol stands the interpolation si ambo praesentes. — occasus: the (rare) participle: 'the set sun ' = sunset: cp. ante solem occasum, Plant. Epid. i. 2, 41. — suprema tempestas: 'the latest hour' for holding court.
177. sonticus: from sons; 'hurtful/ and so 'serious/ — status dies: ' appointed day' for a trial. — cum hoste : 'with a foreigner' : the original meaning of hostis. — quid = quidquid. — vitium : as in n. 174. — arbitro : see note on recuperatorem, n. 103, 1. 4. — reo : reus in the older language meant either of the litigants, whoever is involved in a res ; cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. 79. — eo : ' on this account.' — diffensus : from *diffendo ; ' put
86 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 178, 179.
178. Cui testimonium defuerit, is tertiis diebus ob portum ob- vagulatum ito.
III.
179. Aeris confess! rebusque iure iudicatis XXX dies iusti sun- to. Post deinde manus iniectio esto. In ius ducito. Ni iudicatum facit aut quis endo eo in iure vindicit, secum du- cito, vincito aut nervo aut compedibus, XV pondo ne minore aut si volet maiore vincito. Si volet suo vivito. Ni suo vivit, libras farris endo dies dato : si volet plus dato.
off.' If judge or either of the litigants is ill or has a judicial appointment with a foreigner, the trial is to be postponed. — This fragment is put together from Cell. xx. i, 27 ; Cic. de off. i. 12 ; Fest., p. 273.
178. Fest., pp. 233, 375. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls in front of his house (obvagulatio} every third (?) day. — defuerit : future perfect. — tertiis diebus is most naturally taken as tertio quoque die, but very likely means ' every other day,' after the old- fashioned way of counting. — portum : according to Festus means ' house/ perhaps rather ' doorway.' — obvagulatum : supine. The verb points to a noun *vagulus. The root is of course the same as in vag-lre.
179. Execution for debt. ' One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that, forcible seizure of his person is allowed. The creditor is to bring him before the magistrate. Unless he pays the amount of the judgment, or some one in the presence of the magistrate (in iure) interferes in his behalf as vindex, the creditor is to take him home, and fasten him in stocks or fetters. He is to fasten him with not less than fifteen pounds of weight, or, if he choose, with more (?). If the prisoner choose he may furnish his own food. If he does not do this, the creditor must give him a pound of meal daily: if he choose he may give more.' Gellius, xx. i, 45. — aeris . . . sunto: the meaning is clear, but the text is questionable: as it is, genitive and dative stand parallel ; ' thirty days shall be the lawful limit 0/an acknowledged debt and/2?r matters that have been decided.' Schoell brackets rebusque iure so as to construe, ' for those who have been con- demned in an acknowledged debt.' — endo eo (= in eo) : ' over him/ ' in his behalf : cp. in ea glaeba vindicarent, Gell. xx. 10, 9. — vindicit : prob- ably present indicative of a *vindicire = vindicare : cp. verberit, n. 166. A •vindex interfering at this stage of the proceedings, could stay the execu- tion, but he became responsible for double the amount in case the cause on rehearing was decided against him. — nervo : Festus defines, ' ferreura
N. 180-183.] LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES. 87
1 80. Tertiis nundinis partis secanto. Si plus minusve secu- erunt, se fraude esto.
181. Adversus hostem aeterna auctoritas esto.
IV.
182. Si pater filium ter venum duuit, films a patre liber esto.
V.
183. Uti legassit super pecunia tutelave suae rei, ita ius esto. Si intestato moritur cui suos heres nee escit, adgnatus
vinculum quo pedes impediuntur, quamquam Plautus eo etiam cervices vinciri ait.' — minore and maiore should very probably be exchanged, so as to make the limitation in the prisoner's favor. — libras . . . endo dies : ' pounds day by day,1 i.e., ' a pound every day.' Before libras was interpolated qui eum vinctum habeblt, which Schoell removed.
ISO. Gell. xx. i, 49. Tertiis nundinis : the prisoner was to be confined sixty days, and on the last three market-days he had to be brought before the magistrate to give an opportunity for any one to redeem him. At the end of that time his person was forfeited to the creditor or creditors, who might kill him and divide his body among thefii. The ancients agree in ex- plaining partis secanto in this way {partis is of course accusative), though they add that no actual case of the kind was ever known. In point of ... fact this right was waived, and the debtor sold into slavery. (Some mod- ern scholars understand secanto of a division of goods?) — plus minusve : than each one's share. — se fraude: see on n. 151.
181. Cic. de off. i. 12. ' Against a foreigner the right in property shall be everlasting,' meaning that a foreigner can never acquire a right by mere undisturbed occupation for any time (usucapio).
182. Ulp. fr. x. i, Gaius i. 132. — venum duuit = venum dat, vendlt. Pres. indie., cp. n. 171. The uu for #, supposing that the spelling is right; but the form is not to be depended on, the chief ms. having davit. A father, by virtue of the patria potestas, could sell his son, who thereby became the mancipium of another. If emancipated, he fell back into the potestas of his father again. But if this was repeated, at the third emancipatio he was free.
183. Ulp. fr. xi. 14. The validity of wills. — legassit : for the earliest time legare and testari must be understood of verbal wills. — tutela suae rei : of course in case the heirs are minors. — ita ius esto : ' so let it be binding.' — intestato: impersonal abl. absolute, like inconsulto, necopi- ttato, — n©C escit = non est* On cscit, see n. 174, and note : nee = non%
88 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 184-188.
proximus familiam habeto. Si adgnatus nee escit, gentiles familiam habento.
184. Si furiosus escit, adgnatum gentiliumque in eo pecuniaque eius potestas esto.
185 ast ei custos nee escit, . . .
VI.
1 86. Cum nexum faciet mancipiumque, uti lingua nuncupassit, ita ius esto.
187. Si in iure manum conserunt ....
188. Tignum iunctum aedibus vineave e concapit ne solvito.
as in neg-lego, etc. — adgnatus : a blood-relation through males — brother or sister, brother's son, etc. — less comprehensive than cognatus. — gen- tiles : all of the same gens.
184. Cic. de inv. ii. 50. — furiosus implies a greater degree of mad- ness than insanus. — adgnatum : gen. plur.
185. Fest., p. 162. Schoell inserts this in the preceding fragment, after escit.
186. Fest., p. 173. — nexum : ' bond ' ; an obligation putting the maker in the position of a iudicatus or judgment debtor. — mancipium : ' convey- ance' of property.— nuncupassit is to be understood of the formal decla- ration of the contract before witnesses, which in early times took the place of a written document. — ita ius esto : as n. 183.
187. Cell. xx. 10, 8. — Manus conserere was a symbolical act, one of the preliminaries to an action concerning property. It was the formal claiming of the disputed object by both parties : both laid hands on it at the same time and pronounced certain formulae : it had to be done in the presence of the magistrate (in iure), who in early times, when land was in dispute, went to the spot for the purpose ; later, a clod {glaeba) from the piece of land was brought into court. On the basis of this the magistrate appointed
. a day for trial. — Si in : so Schoell ; Gellius si qui in.
188. Fest., p. 364. A stolen beam which has been built into a house or a vineyard-trellis must not be dislodged by the owner : the law allowed him, however, an action for double the amount. — aedibus vineave: the
N. 189-192.] LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES. 89
189. . . . quandoque sarpta donee dempta erunt . . .
VII.
190. Viam muniunto : ni sam delapidassint, qua volet iumenta agito.
191. Si aqua pluvia nocet ....
VIII.
192. Qui malum carmen incantassit ....
rather rare ablative with iungere. — e concapit : Festus's text et concapit, for which Schoell e concapi; but I have retained -t as ablative case-ending, = later -d; cp. n. 157 (a). No such word as concapes or concape is known, but it might mean 'socket' or 'surrounding.' Still the reading is very uncertain. Huschke's correction si concapit (•= concipit}, ' if the owner dis- covers it,' is not bad.
189. Fest., p. 348. — ' whenever they have been pruned, until they have been gathered,' namely, the grapes. Supply vina ; cp. vin-demia, ' vintage.' The reference seems to be still to the stolen beam, which must be left in the vine-trellis between pruning-time and vintage. But the words are obscure, and have been variously interpreted. — sarpta : from sarpere, a rare verb, whence sarmentum, ' twig,' ' brushwood.'
190. Fest., p. 371, according to Mommsen's emendation. The refer- ence is to viae privatae, where one owns a right of way over other men's land. The latter must make the road and keep it in order, else the former is- not bound to keep to it, but may drive his team where he likes. — sam (= earn) : from the rare pronoun-stem so-, sa- (= 6-, d-) : Introd. 50. Only accusative-forms are known : sum, sam, sos, sas, all in Ennius. — delapi- dassint : ' have paved it ' ; from Festus we have the gloss ' delapidata, lapide strata!
191. Pompon, in Dig. xl. 7, 21. An action might be brought against a neighbor for damage occasioned by any acts, of his which interfered with the natural drainage of the land.
192. Plin. N. H. xxviii. 2, 17. The reference is to evil spells or incanta- tions. There was also a law against libel, — which is also called by writers malum carmen or famosum carmen, — and for this the verb used in the XII Tables was ' occentassit.'
90 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. 0.193-197.
193. Si membrum rupsit, ni cu'm eo pacit, talio esto. Manu fustive si os fregit libero CCC, si servo, CL poenam subito. Si iniuriam faxsit, viginti quinque poenae sunto.
194. Qui fruges excantassit . . .
195. Si nox furtum faxsit, si im occisit, iure caesus esto.
Si luci . . . si se telo defendit . . . endoque plorato.
196. Si adorat furto, quod nee manifestum erit, duplione dam- num decidito.
197. Patronus si clienti fraudem fecerit, sacer esto.
193. The three parts from Cell. xx. i, 14 (and Fest., p. 177) ; Paul, in Collat. leg. Mos. et Rom. ii. 5, 5; Cell. xx. i, 12. — membrum: any limb or organ (as an eye). — rupsit (Introd. 59) : ' maimed ' : cp. rumpet, n. 163. — pacit : cp. n. 176. — talio : the retaliation, according to Cato, devolved on the next of kin. — OS fregit : as this was not a permanent injury, the punishment was less. — iniuriam: this includes assaults and insults. Schoell removed the interpolation alter i after this word. — viginti quinque : asses, and so above. — poenae : nom. plur.
194. Plin. N. H. xxviii. 2, 17. — excantassit : 'has charmed away' another's crops by magic spells. Comp. Verg. Eel. viii. 99 ; Ovid. Am. iii. 7, 31, for allusions to this superstition.
195. Macrob. Sat. i. 4, 19 ; Cic. pro Tull. 47 and 50; cp. Fest., p. 309. — nox : adverb, = noctu. This strange form occurs again in a verse of Ennius, si luci, si nox, etc. (Ann. 412, Vahlen). It is difficult to explain. Biicheler thinks it a genitive, for noctis, *nocts. — im (Introd. 47) is the regularly formed accusative of i-s. — A robber by day-time one might kill only in case he used a weapon, but first one must call for help ; for this the direction was endo plorato, that is, implorato = conclamato.
196. Fest., p. 162 : ' If any one has recourse to process of law, in case of a theft which is not manifest, let the thief settle the damage by paying double.' — adorat : ' pleads the case,' ' causam agit', instead of privately settling with the thief. — nec = «0#. — manifestum furtum : where the thief is caught in the act. Manifestos, ' hand-struck/ ' grasped with the hand.' The penalty for a. furtum nee manifestum was much less severe than that for a furtum manifestum.
197. Serv. ad Aen. vi. 609.— sacer esto : see on n. 166.
N. 198-203.] LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES. 91
198. Qui se sierit testarier libripensve fuerit, ni testimonium fariatur, inprobus intestabilisque esto.
199. Si telum manu fugit magis quam iecit ....
X.
200. Hominem mortuom in urbe ne sepelito neve urito.
201. Hoc plus ne facito : rogum ascea ne polito.
202. Mulieres genas ne radunto, neve lessum funeris ergo ha- bento.
203. Homini mortuo ne ossa legito, quo post funus faciat.
198. Gell. xv. 13, ii. — testarier: passive, 'be summoned as a wit- ness/ corresponding to the active testare (cited by Priscian). — libripens : a sale (mancipium, see n. 186) had to be consummated in the presence of five witnesses and a ' weigher ' : the latter held the scales while the pur- chaser touched them with a copper coin ; this act symbolized the former actual weighing-out of the price, at a time when as yet there was no coined money. — fariatur: present indicative from an otherwise unknown farl- arit 'speak,' derived, according to Corssen, from the noun-stem fario- con- tained (with somewhat changed meaning) in ne-farius. Schoell changes to *fatiaturt comparing infitiari. — inprobus : ' marked,' ' noted as dis- honest.'— intestabilis : incapable of acting again as a witness.
199. Cic. proTull. 51 (cp.Top. 17). Accidental homicide. Note the sudden change of subject, first telum and then the man.
200. Cic. Leg. ii. 23. Observe that burning is already introduced at Rome, though burial was the ancient Roman custom.
201. Cic. ibid., who adds several other interesting particulars of the sumptuary laws by which the Twelve Tables sought to repress undue splen- dor of funerals. — ascea : elsewhere ascia. The funeral-pile is not to be hewn smooth with an axe.
202. Cic. ibid. — lessum : ' wailing' ; occurs nowhere else. (In Plaut. True. 4, 2, 18, pausam is now restored.)
203. Cic. ibid. 24. Bones are not to be taken up (after burying or burning) to be interred again with a second funeral ceremony. The law went on to make an exception in favor of those who were killed in war or
92 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 204-207.
204. Qui coronam parit ipse pecuniave eius honoris virtutisve ergo, si arduuitur ei . . . .
205 neve aurum addito. Cui auro'dentes iuncti escunt,
ast im cum illo sepeliet uretve, se fraude esto.
XII.
206. Si servos furtum faxit noxiamve noxit ....
207. Si vindiciam falsam tulit, sive litis . . . praetor arbitros tris dato, eorum arbitrio . . . fructus duplione damnum decidito.
died abroad. Of course this did not forbid the simple taking up of the ashes to be placed in an urn. — quo = uf.
204. Plin. N. H. xxi. 3, 7. — parit : ' obtains,' as a prize in public games or otherwise. — pecunia : 'chattel'; as a horse or a slave which he might send to compete in the games. Nominative case: 'whoever wins a crown himself, or a chattel of his (does it for him)'; the relative clause continued by a demonstrative. — honoris and si Schoell inserts. — arduuitur = additur: see n. 171, and for the double u on n. 182. — There followed parentive eius, se fraude esto, or something similar, as we know from Cic. Leg. ii. 24: 'if the crown is placed on his head or on his parent's (when either is buried), it shall not be a crime.'
205. Cic. Leg. ii. 24. Gold is not to be buried or burned with the corpse ; but gold used for fastening teeth is excepted. Probably gold wires are to be understood. Primitive dentistry wired loose teeth to the solid ones, and false teeth may have been attached in like manner. — escunt : see on escit, n. 174., — im I as n. 195.
206. Ulp. in Dig. ix. 4, 2, i. — noxiam : cognate accusative. — noxit = nocuerit. — In the case supposed, the master had to make restitution, or to give up the offender (noxae dedere) to the aggrieved person.
207. Fest., p. 376. — si vindiciam, etc. : ' if any one has obtained any thing by falsely claiming it.' — sive litis : text is incomplete and meaning uncertain : others read si velit is. — praetor, if right, means consul, magis- trate ; praetors in the later sense did not exist till 388/366.— tris = tres. — fructus . . . decidito : ' let him pay damages for its use meanwhile in double the amount.'
N. 208, 209.] PROVERBS AND SAWS. 93
Leoc Silia de ponderibus publicis.
208. Ex ponderibus publicis quibus hac tempestate populus oetier solet, uti coeretur se dolo m(alo), uti quadrantal vini octoginta pondo siet ; congius vini decem p(ondo) siet ; sex sextari congius siet vini, duodequinquaginta sextan qua- drantal siet vini ; sextarius aequos aequo cum librario siet ; sexdecimque librari in modio sient. Si quis magistratus ad- versus hac d(olo) m(alo) pondera modiosque vasaque pub- lica modica minora maiorave faxit iussitve fieri, dolumve adduit quo ea fiant, eum quis volet magistratus multare, dum minore parti familias taxat, liceto ; sive quis in sacrum iudi- care volet liceto.
Proverbs and Saws.
209. Ne p6mum ex alieno Ie"git6 in armum.
208. Fest., p. 246, where the text is in sad condition ; but most of the emendations which I have admitted are tolerably certain. The date of the law has been put at 510/244, but this is not certain. — oetier =uti : cp. n. 105, 1' 9- — coeretur (curetur): Huschke's emendation for coaequetur. — se = sine. — aequos aequo : a pleonasm like par pari and the like. Equality of capacity is meant. — librario : by librarius is evidently meant the dry sextarius, but why it is so called I cannot tell. Perhaps because its weight, in flour and other substances commonly measured by it, would be roughly a pound. — ad versus hac: cp. n. 80. — modica: apparently 'smaller' than the modius, -7- sextarii and the rest. — iussit : future per- fect; cp. tusso, Verg. Aen. xi. 467. — adduit = addlt : cp. n. 171. — quis volet: as in n. 80. — minore parti: perhaps minore™ parti™. In the same phrase, n. 103, 1. 12, the genitive is used. — in sacrum iudicare : Wordsworth explains, ' assign the amount to the sacred treasury,' instead of the aerarium, where fines ordinarily went.
209. Fest., p. 4. " Legibus etiam Laurentum sanctum est, ne pomum ex alieno legatur in armum " ; whence this Saturnian is easily reconstructed. In l&gito a short thesis (n. 74, v. 4). The direction is, in brief, not to carry off one's neighbor's fruit by the armful ; the taking of single apples, pears, etc., being permissible.
94 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 210-216.
21 o. Hiberno pulvere verno luto grandia farra, camille, metes.
211. Postremus loquaris, primus taceas.
212. Lalla lalla lalla, aut dormi aut lacte.
213. (a.) Re*x erit qui re*cte faciet, qui non faciet n6n erit. (£.) Habeat scabiem quisquis ad me ve*nerit novissimus.
214. Terra pestem tene*to, salus hie mane* to.
215. Huat hanat huat ; ista pista sista ; domiabo damna ustra. [et luxato.]
2 1 6. Quamvis monentium duonum negumate.
210. Fest., p. 93. A dry winter and a wet spring make a large harvest. — camille: 'boy.' — The verses are hardly Saturnians, but rather such as in n. 153 and flg. : Introd. 69.
211. Mallius Theodorus de metris, p. 95, Heusinger. Attributed to Mar- cms the vates : see on n. 216.
212. Schol. Persius, iii. 16. A lullaby. It is a Saturnian lacking the first syllable.
213. Reconstructed from Schol. Hor. Epist. i. i, 59, and Ars poet. 417. Two ditties used in boys' games. — The rex is the captain or chief of the players. — Habeat, etc. : for racing ; ' Devil take the hindmost.' The goal itself speaks. — Both verses are trochaic, a popular rhythm.
214. Varro, R. R. i. 2, 27. Charm against foot-ache. The sufferer is to sing it thrice nine times, to touch the ground, and to spit. The verse is Saturnian ; but in salus again a short thesis.
215. From Cato, R. R. 160, I extract the least nonsensical of several cantiones for sprains and fractures, which seem even as Cato wrote them to have become already mere jargon. — ista pista sista : istam pestem sistam (?). — domiabo damna ustra : domabo damna vostra (?). — See Plin. N. H. xxvii. 12, 106, for another spell against diseases.
216. Fest., p. 165, as part of a carmen by Marcius, a vates of indistinct personality, to whom were attributed various prophecies current as early as the Hannibalic war. Corssen gave monentium for moventium : ' How-
N. 217-220.] TRIUMPHAL INSCRIPTIONS. 95
Verses from old Triumphal Inscriptions.
217. Fundit fugat prost&rnit maximas Iegi6nes.
218. Duell6 magn6 dirimendo, regibus subig£ndis.
219. Summas opes qui regum r£gias refr£git.
220. Magnum mimerum triumphat h6stibus devictis.
ever well they may advise, refuse them.' The genitive (if right) must be explained by supposing the sentence incomplete. — duonum : cp. n. 75. — negumate = negate. — There were many collections of such vaticina- tiones, partly very old, bearing the names, some of Faunus, Carmentis, and others of Publicius and Marcius. We know that they were chiefly or alto- gether in Saturnian or Saturnian-like rhythm. The specimens in Liv. v. 16 and xxv. 12 show evident traces of such rhythm, but are too much modern- ized to have any linguistic interest.
217. Atilius Fortun. (or Caesius Bassus) , p. 2679 P., p. 265 K. This and the following three verses are from Saturnian inscriptions set up on the Capitol in commemoration of triumphs. The first is from that of M'. Acilius Glabrio, who triumphed over Antiochus 564/190.
218. Ibid. From the tablet of L. Aemilius Regillus, who defeated the fleet of Antiochus 564/190, and triumphed the following year. More of the inscription, but in a very corrupt state, Liv. xl. 52. — duello = bello. — regibus : Antiochus, his son Seleucus, and Ariarathes, king of Cappa- docia.
219. Atil. Fort., p. 2698 P., p. 294 K.
220. Censorinus, spurious treatise, p. 615 K. — triumphat: 'leads in triumph.'
INDEX.
References to the text are by number or number and line: as aiquom, 82 2B.
References to the notes are by^age (marked/.) : as apparitor es, p. 50.
By passim (pass.) is meant that a word or form occurs repeatedly in the number or numbers indicated.
This index does not include, (i) nominatives plural in -ei, datives and ablatives plural in -eis ; (2) genitives singular in -ei for-// (3) accusatives plural in -is or -eis ; (4) infinitives passive in -ei ; (5) final -os and -om after u or v ; (6) final -m omitted; nor, in general, (7) cases of double consonants written singly, — unless the forms are otherwise noteworthy.
|
aa, 106 II 29. |
adstduos, p. 85. |
antidea, 163. |
|
aara, 92. |
advocapit, 149. |
Antiocom, 78. |
|
abdoucit, 74. |
Aecetiai, 19. |
Aorist forms, p. 69. |
|
abei, 138. |
aes Martium, p. 32. |
Apeninum, appellative, |
|
Ablatives in -d, 10, 63, 64, |
aevitas, 174. |
104 '8. |
|
66, 69, 73, 80, 82 pass., |
af, loo, 105 u, 118. |
Apolenei, 46. |
|
84, 150 Pass., p. 21. |
afleicta, in. |
Apolenes, 68. |
|
Ablatives in-*/, 77, 104° 37. |
aidem, 75. |
Apolinei, 95. |
|
Accusative in works of |
aidiles, sing., 75. |
Apolone, -ei, 66, 72. |
|
art, p. 18. |
aidilis, -es, aid., 68, 74, |
apparitores, p. 50. |
|
Accusative sing, (nomin. |
75, 79, 103", I2o- |
apstulit, 139. |
|
sing, neut.) of 0-stems |
Aimilia, -ius, 81, 97. |
Aquinom, gen. plural, |
|
in -om or -cm (not after |
aiquom, 82 20. |
16. |
|
u,v), 13, 19-27 pass., |
aire, 66. |
arbiter, p. 37. |
|
44,49, 50,61,67,70-72, |
airid, p. 21. |
arbitratuu, 104 26. |
|
75, 78, 83, I04 "2023, |
Aisclapi, 27. |
arduuitur, 204. |
|
141, 150. |
Aiserninom, gen. plur., |
axiuerunt, 82 2. |
|
Aciles, p. 17. |
ii, 13- |
ar/uise, 82 21. |
|
Acmemeno, p. 17. |
Aiserniom, gen. pi., 12. |
arvorsum,-sum, 80, 82 24. |
|
adduit, indie., 208. |
Alcumena, 38. |
ascea, 201. |
|
adeitur, 122. |
alins for alter, p. 62. |
asenam, p. 75. |
|
adessint, p. 69. |
aliuta, 172. |
ast, 'and if,' 166, 185, |
|
adgnatus, -um, 183, 184. |
Alixentrom, 44. |
205. |
|
adiese, 82 7. |
altod, Tso10. |
Ateleta, p. 17. |
|
adieset, -ent, 82817. |
ambarvalia, p. 70. |
ater dies, p. 81. |
|
adiouta, 112. |
Amucos, 37. |
attigat, p. 69. |
|
adpatula, 157. |
Anavis, 125. |
averruncns, -are, p. 71. |
|
adrogatio, p. 81. |
antestamino, 174. |
axamenta, p. 74. |
|
97 |
98
REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
bacanal, -ibus, 82 pass. bacas, 82 7. balinearium, 117. basilica, p. 59. Belolai, 20. Benventod, 10. berber, 149. bovillo, 163.
C for g, 33, 34, 39, 150
pass., 176, 193. 0. 1., 139, 145. Caecilis, 127. Caiatino™, gen. plur., 15. Caicilius, -io, 101, 104 28,
137.
cailavit, 40.
Calebus, 31.
calecandam, 117.
calendae, calare, p. 75.
camille, 210.
Campania, political condi- tion of, p. 54.
Canoleios, 30.
cante, 157.
Capital punishment, p. 31.
captom, 150 13 u 15.
caputalem, 82 25.
Cartaciniensis, 150 9 18.
Cartage, p. 69.
Casentera, p. 17.
castellum, p. 27.
Castorus, 103 17.
castud, 73.
cau/as, 106 II*1.
caussa, -am, 86, 176.
cavitum, p. 69.
ceivis, 82 7.
censor, 74, 75.
cepet, i5o5.
Cererus, 108.
cerus, 157, p. 75.
cesor, 75.
Cesula, 47.
CharAT^tf, p. 69.
clases, -eis, 150' 8.
classis ' army,' p. 82.
clepsit, 163.
Cloulz", 136. clovacas, 120. clarigatio, p. 77. coemise, 157. Coerae, 21. coeraverunt, coer., 119,
120.
coeravit, 143. coeretur, 208. Cognate accus., free use
of, p. 47. coiciunto, 176. coiraverunt, -re, 107,
108, 121.
coiravit, coir., 113, 117. collegia, in Campanian
pagi, p. 54; of fetials,
p. 77. See sodalitates. com, 176. comfluont, 104 13. comitia calata, p. 75. comoine;;?, 82 n. Compagei, 109. composeiverunt, 104 2. comvalem, 1048. comvovise, 82 13. concapit, 188. conctos, 149. condumnari, 103 10. conflovont, 104 23. coniouraj^, 82 13. coniunxs, 141. conlegium, -io, 109. conleibertus, 141. conpromesise, 82 J*. conquaeisivei, 100. consol, 58, 74, 75, 84, 85,
87, 150 «. consolto, ioi. consoltu, p. 21. consoluerunt, 8*2 1. conspondise, 82 13. controversis, 104 45. controvorsieis, 104 *. controvosias, 104 2. coraveron/, 65. Corinthus, masc. (? ), p.
34-
Corinto, 98. Corniscae divae, p. 33. Cosentiam, 100. cosentiont, 75. cosol, 59, 75. cosoleretur, 82 6 'J 18. Covella, 158. coventionid, 82 --. Coza, Cozano™ (?), 4. Crisida, p. 17. culignam, 154*2. cnlina, public, p. 59. cume, 157. cusianes, 157.
danunt, in.
daps, dapalis, p. 72.
darier, 170.
datai, 82 20.
Dative sing, of tf-stems in
-a, 48, 50, 55, 90, 91;
in -at, 34, 70, 71, 73. Dative sing, of consonant-
stems in -e, 50, 53, 56,
61-63, 72, 75, 88, 90, 91,
no. Dative sing, of consonant
and «-stems in -ei, 46,
74, 83, 85, 92-96, 103 26,
105 12, 106 II 34, no,
in, 114. Dative and Ablative plur.
of <?-stems in -es, 57,
104 3{), 136. Dea Dia, p. 65. decemviri slitibus iu-
dicandis, p. 26. decemviri sacris fa-
ciundis, p. 26. decoraat, 139. decreivit, 81. Dectuninebus, 104 39. decuma, -am, 99, in,
112.
decuriae of apparitores,
p. 50. deda, 50. dederi, 68.
INDEX.
99
|
dederont, 66. |
ee, 141. |
familias, 103 12, 164, 208. |
|
dedet, -et, 48, 62-64, 75. |
eeis, nom. plur., 82 4. |
fariatur, 198. |
|
de'dier, i6oa. |
eeis, dat. ablative plural, |
faxit, 80, 163, 172, 206, |
|
dedro, dedrot, 49, 50. |
82 5 25. |
208. |
|
deferre, ' report,' p. 51. |
ei, spurious diphthong, |
faxitur, 163. |
|
See testimonium. |
PP. 25, 33, 35, 42, 47, |
faxseis, 99. |
|
defexit, 162 b. |
62, 63. |
faxsit, 193, 195. |
|
deicerent, 82 4. |
eidem, nom. sing., 100, |
fecei, 100. |
|
deicito, 103 3. |
141. |
fecid, 34. |
|
deico, 138. |
eidem, nom. plur., 108, |
feida, 141. |
|
deiz'a, deiwj, 55, 57. |
120. |
Feronia, dat. sing., 48. |
|
deixerit, 103 23. |
eidus, eidibus, 104 4 44, |
Feroniai, 123. |
|
deixsistis, 105 5. |
125, 126, 128, 133, 134. |
fetiales, p. 77. |
|
Dekem^-r, 128. |
eiei, p. 69. |
figier, 82 27. |
|
delapidassint, 190. |
eieis, 105 n 12. |
fileai, 34. |
|
deuontiari, 103 3. |
eis, nom. plural, 103 1G, |
fineis, -is, nom. plural, |
|
Dentistry, ancient, p. 92. |
104 29. |
104 3 8 13. |
|
detolerit, p. 69. |
eisdem, nom. plur., 118, |
flovi, nom. plur., 104 23. |
|
devas Corniscas, 94. |
119. |
floviom, 104 23. |
|
devotio, p. 76. |
eitur, 117. |
flovium, -io, 104 pass. |
|
dextumum, 157. |
em, ' him,' 174. |
fluio, 104 9. |
|
Diane, dat. sing., 47. |
emeru, 89. |
foedesum, p. 75. |
|
dictatored, 150 10. |
empta, 157. |
foideratei, 82 2. |
|
dz'feidens, m. |
en, 104 12, 150 5. |
Folvius, 102. |
|
diffensus, 177. |
endo, 164, 174, 179. |
fontei, abl., 1048. |
|
Diopantw-r, 109. |
enos, 149. |
forma, nom. sing., 74. |
|
Diovis, Diovei, Dio- |
Eppuleiai, 142. |
Fortune, dat. sing., 64. |
|
vem, 42, 73, 97, p. 22. |
Erucina^, 114. |
Fourios, 63, 64. |
|
dismota, 82 30. |
escit, 174, 183, 184. |
Freedman of two masters, |
|
Dissimilation, pp. 26, 29. |
escunt, 205. |
P-55- |
|
dixserunt, 104 3. |
estod, 80, 165. |
Freedman takes master's |
|
domneis, p. 69. |
excantassit, 194. |
gentilician name, p. 17. |
|
dorsum, 104 a 20. |
exdeicatis, 82 22. |
fruivfitii accus., p. 45. |
|
duellum, -o, -a, -13,163, |
exdeicendum, 82 3. |
fruimino, 104 S2. |
|
218, p. 23. |
Execution for debt, p. 86. |
fu, 149. |
|
Duelonai, 82 2. |
exemet, 150. |
fuet, 75. |
|
duis, subjunct., 153 14. |
exfociont, 150. |
fugiteivos, 100. |
|
duit, indie., 171. |
exsigito, 103 9. • |
fuit, fuit, 74. |
|
duomvires, 119. |
exstrad, 82 w *». |
fundare iorfundere, p. |
|
duonoro1", 75. |
26. |
|
|
duonus, -urn, 157, 216. |
faato, 141. |
fundatid, 80. |
|
duoviri iiire dicruido, |
fac ere, fieri, 'sacrifice,' |
fuueit, 144. |
|
p. 60. |
p. 72. |
|
|
diioviri, mint-masters, p. |
f acilumed, 82 27. |
Genitive sing, of a-stems |
|
16. |
facitud, 73. |
in -ai, 19, 20, 23, 82 2, |
|
duuit, indie., 182. |
faenisicei, 104 S7. |
123, 138, 142 ; in -ais, |
|
fama, nom. sing., 76. |
-aes, 42, 145, p. 1 8. |
|
|
ead, 82 24. |
fameliai, 70. |
Genitive sing, of conso- |
IOO
REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
|
nant and u- stems in |
hone, 75. |
iouserunt, 104*. |
|
-ost -us, -es, 25, 68, |
honos, 76, 77. |
iousiset, 82 9 18. |
|
82 8 17 21, 103 12, 105 2, |
horunc, 138. |
iousit, 81, 117. |
|
107, 108, 113, 115. |
Hyperarchaisms, p. 67. |
lovei Compagei, 109. |
|
Genitive plural of 0-stems |
loviae, 107. |
|
|
\x\-om or-0"*, T.-i6^ass., |
ibei, 82 2028, 104 pass. |
lovos, 36. |
|
75> T57'» m -«w, 82 7, |
-idus, adjectives in, p. 59. iei 67 106 1. 7. |
index, p. 37. |
|
ISO10. |
igitur, ' then,' p. 84. |
p. 41. |
|
Genitive plural of conso- |
im, 195, 205. |
iudik<rw^//j, 79. |
|
nant-stem in -om, 35. |
Imperatives in -d, 80, 165. |
iusit, iuserunt, 101 , 104 •"•. |
|
genteiles, 92. |
Imperatives in -mzuo, |
iussit, fut. perf., 208. |
|
Gentile names in -rtJ, |
104 32, 172; origin of, |
iussitur, p. 69. |
|
-atis, p. 42. |
p. 46. |
iuus, io6ia>, II27. |
|
Gentilician names from |
incantassit, 192. |
|
|
praenomina, pp. 48, 21. |
inceideretis, 82 26. |
Kailiz^j, 128. |
|
gesistei, 76. |
Indigetes, di, p. 77. |
Kastorus, 105 l. |
|
Gnaivod, 74. |
indoucebamus, 105 G. |
Keri, 22. |
|
gnatus, -os, 77, 78, 138. |
indoucere, 105 13. |
Koranom, gen. plur., 3. |
|
gnoscier, 82 27. |
indoucimus, 105 10. |
|
|
grandire, intransitive, p. |
infera, 117. |
lacte, 212. |
|
71- |
Infinitives passive in -ier, |
Laudicaes, 145. |
|
76, 82 27, 160, 170, 208. |
Lavernai, 23. |
|
|
haace, 103 12. |
infumom, infumum, |
Lavis, p. 17. |
|
hace, 103 7. |
I04 10 14 204 |
Lebro, 54. |
|
haice, 82 22. |
iniourias, 104 43. |
lecione^, 150. |
|
hance, 103 8 ^ 25. |
inpeirator, 81. |
leege, 92. |
|
hau, 138. |
inperium, 103 16 10. |
leegei, 103 2S. |
|
hec, 75. |
intercalaris mensis, p. |
legassit, 183. |
|
heic, loo, in, 138, 140, |
56. |
Leiber, Leiberi, 36, 113. |
|
144-146. |
interkalares, 134. |
leiberarei, 104 44. |
|
heice, 143. |
inveisa, 139. |
leiberei, 81. |
|
heicei, 136. |
ipsos, 172. |
leibereis, nom. plur., in. |
|
heisce, nom. plur., 107, |
Italici in Sicily, 86, 100. |
leibertate, 139. |
|
108. |
itus actusque, p. 60. |
leibertus, no. |
|
Hercele, 41. |
ium, 80. |
leibravit, 147. |
|
Hercolei, 83, in. |
/^ibreis, 147. |
|
|
Hercules's tithe, pp. 34, |
lanuaris, 104 35. |
lessum, 202. |
|
57- |
lanui, 170. |
Leucesie, 157. |
|
Herz*, praenomen, 61, 62. |
ioubeatis, 82 27. |
lexs, 103 12. |
|
HeruczVztf^, 115. |
ioudex, 103 15. |
librarius, p. 92. |
|
Hiatus, pp. 24, 57. |
ioudicatod, 80. |
//cetod, 80. |
|
hince, 100. |
ioudicaverit, 103 20. |
Licnia, 129. |
|
Hinnad, 84. |
ioudicetur, 103 10. |
Locative in -at, 34. |
|
Hinoleios, 72. |
ioudicio, 103 2. |
loebesum, p. 27. |
|
hisce, nom. plur., 104 13. |
iouranto, 103 lc 17 24. |
loidos, 107, 108. |
|
hoce, 80, 82 20, 123. |
iourarint, 103 21. |
Loucanam, 74. |
|
hoice, 103 20. |
iouraverit, 103 19. |
loucarid, 80. |
INDEX.
101
|
Loucina, 52, go. |
maxsume, in. |
nexum, p. 88. |
|
Loucinai, 73. |
med, 34. |
ni, 103 20, |
|
lub^w.?, 113. |
meilia, 100. |
niquis, niquem, |
|
lubewtes, in. |
Melerpanta, 45. |
I04 303440, K36II1*. |
|
Luciom, 75. |
meliosem, p. 75. |
nisei, 8281021. |
|
Lucius, 74. |
Menerva, -vai, 36, 71. |
nive, 104 3234 40, |
|
luem, 149. |
Menolavi, 146. |
Noem^r^j, 124, 130. |
|
lumphieis, 116. |
mercassitur, p. 69. |
nomen Latinum, p. 29. |
|
Luqorcos, 39. |
Mercuris, 36. |
Nominative singular of |
|
Instratto agri, p. 70. |
mereta, -to, -tot/, 75, |
tf-stems in-*z, 74, 76, 77. |
|
luuci, 103 4. |
in, 117. |
Nominative singular of |
|
luX) masculine, p. 38. |
merited, 69. |
0-stems in -os or -0s (not |
|
mieis, 79. |
after «, z/), 17, 28-44 |
|
|
m final not counted in |
mihe, 143. |
pass., 48, 57-72 pass., |
|
scanning, p. 24. |
miliarios, 100. |
74, 75, 124, 172, 150 |
|
Maarco, 137. |
militare, nom. masc., 63, |
pass.; in -is (for -HV), |
|
macistratos, 150. |
64. |
36, 40, 125, 127. |
|
Macolnia, 34. |
Minrt^z", praenomen, 121. |
Nominative plural of a- |
|
made esto, p. 71. |
Minucieis, nom. plural, |
stems in -a, 49, 50; in |
|
mag/steratus, 80. |
104 1. |
-az, 8220,96. |
|
magistere, 65. |
Mirqurios, 44. |
Nominative plural of o- |
|
magistreis, 107, 108. |
Mistakes of gravers and |
stems in -e, 65, 75, 102; |
|
magistri, officers of |
stone-cutters, pp. 16, 43, |
in -es, -eis, -3s, 60, |
|
guilds, pp. 29, 54. |
44, 46,48,61,63,64,68. |
104 1 35 37 38 42f IO7) IO8, |
|
Malios, 67. |
mitat, 10431. |
III, Iig. |
|
Mamullai, 142. |
moincipieis, p. 69. |
Nominative plural of |
|
mancipium, ceremony |
moiro, rnoiros, 121. |
/-stems in -2S, -eis, |
|
of, p. 91. |
moltare, 80. |
J0461328, |
|
manum, gen. plur., 80. |
moltaticod, 66. |
nominitata, 141. |
|
manum iniectio, pp. 27, |
monimentum, 147. |
nominus, 82 7. |
|
86. |
multam inrogare^ p. 39. |
nondin#7#, 103 sl. |
|
manus, 'good/ p. 75. |
militant petere, p. 38. |
nontiata, 105 5. |
|
manus consertae, p. 88. |
Municipal magistrates, p. |
nostrorum = nostrum, |
|
Marcelus, 87. |
60. |
159- |
|
Marcius, vates, p. 94. |
Muucio, 104 5 29 37. |
Nouceriam, 100. |
|
mareitum, 138. |
noundinum, 82 23. |
|
|
Marica, dat. sing., 55. |
naatarn, 141. |
Novensides, Novensiles, |
|
marid, 150° 10. |
navaled, 150 17. |
di, p. 77. |
|
Marmar, Marmor, 149. |
navebos, 150® 8. |
Novesedes, 57. |
|
Mars, god of husbandry, |
nee for non, 183, 196. |
nox = noctu, 195. |
|
p. 71. |
necesus, 82 4. |
noxit, 206. |
|
Marsuas, 40. |
negumate, 216. |
nuges, abl. plur., 136. |
|
matrona, nom. plur., 49, |
net, ni, and ne, p. 28. |
nuncupassit, 186. |
|
50. |
nei, 103619, I04<33236 |
nuntius, etymology, p. |
|
Matuta, dat. sing., 50. |
Neicia, 139. |
37- |
|
Maurte, 63. |
neiquis, 823. |
|
|
Mavortei, 93. |
neive, 103 pass., 104 M. |
obvagulatum, 178. |
|
7«<rximos, 150. |
Neuter plural in -a, 76. |
occasus, partic., 176. |
102
REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
|
occisit, 169, 195. |
Patronymics, Ligurian, |
|
oetantur, oeti, p. 49. |
p. 48. |
|
oetier, 208. |
patrus, 113. |
|
oina quom, p. 25. |
pedem struere, p. 84. |
|
oinom, 75. |
pellige, 138. |
|
Oinomavos, 45. |
pequlatuu, 106 1 5. |
|
oinumama, p. 17. |
pequniam, io3°,io4252C, |
|
oinuorsei, 82 10. |
106 1 3 fi, 109. |
|
oitile, 105 9. |
Perfect, first pers. sing, in |
|
olle, 166. |
-ei, 78, zoo. |
|
olleis, 106 I 5. |
Perfect, third pers. sing. |
|
olorom, iso10. |
in -et (-et} , 48, 62-64, 75, |
|
omnia, 76. |
104 28, 150 ^ass. ; \n-eit, |
|
opima spolia, p. 82. |
98, 104 28, 144; in -~it, |
|
oportet me aliquid fieri, |
74. 75- |
|
p. 48. |
Perfect, third pers. plur. |
|
opos, 29. |
in -ront, 65, 66, 157; |
|
oppedeis, p. 69. |
in -rot (-ro}, 49, 50; |
|
oppodum, p. 69. |
in -m, 89 ; in -ri, 68. |
|
opsequens, 139. |
Personal construction for |
|
opsides, 74. |
impersonal, p. 53. |
|
optenui, 79. |
Pesceniaes, 145. |
|
optinebit, 106 1 2 3. |
petiei, 79. |
|
optinui, 139. |
Philematiom, 141. |
|
<?quoltod, 82 15. |
Pilipus, 40. |
|
oqupatum, p. 69. |
Pilonicus, 39. |
|
ornavet, 150 7. |
pilumnoe poploe, p. |
|
ossiva, 133. |
75- |
|
ossua, 140. |
Pisaureses, 49. |
|
ou, sign for u, p. 21 |
Plantus, praenomen, 71. |
|
Oufentzna, 28. |
plebei scituni, distin- |
|
guished from lex, pp. |
|
|
paastores, 100. |
38, 50. |
|
pacit, pacunt, 176, 193. |
plebi, gen. sing., 103 1C. |
|
Painiscos, 40. |
pleores, 149. |
|
Paistanom, gen. plur., 9. |
ploirume, 75. |
|
Pale, 91. |
plorassit, 166. |
|
Paperius, 102. |
plouruma, 136. |
|
parentatid, 80. |
pious, 82 19 20. |
|
pariat, 103 10. |
plusima, p. 75. |
|
paricidas, 171 |
pocolom, -o"», 19-27. |
|
parisuma, nom. sing., 74. |
Poenicas, 150 8. |
|
parti m, 68, p. 93. |
Poenicio, p. 68. |
|
Partis secanto, p. 87. |
Pol a, praenomen, 50. |
|
partus, 103 12. |
polcer, p. 62. |
|
patre, abl., 74. |
Polio, 143. |
|
patria potestas, p. 87. |
Polouces, 37. |
|
patronus municipi, p. 60. |
polouctam, in. |
Popaios, 57. Pop//, 57.
poplici, -co, -cae, -cum, -cam, -ce, -cas, 100,
103 2 S 4 11} J04 13 23 25 27 35 37, IO5 8, 123.
poplicod, 82 15. poplom, 150". poplus, 81. popolum, 103 14. popuhis and plebs distin- guished, p. 40. por-, pos-, prepos., p. 35. pore a praecidanea, p.
72.
Portunalia, p. 61. " potior, ' fall into hands
of,' p. 64. potisit, 82 27. posedet, -eit, 104 28. poseivei, 100. posidet, 77. possitur, p. 69. poublicom, 67. poumilionom, 35. praedad, 150 17. Praenomina of women,
p. 19. Praescriptio of a lex, p.
49.
praetor — consul, p. 92. praevides, p. 39. praidad, 63, 64. praitores, 89. preivatod, 82 Prepositions as proclitics,
p. 42. Prepositions as adverbs,
pp. 84, 85. Present indie, in future
conditions, p. 83. primos, nom., i5oc 7. Principium in the comi-
tia tributa, p. 50. privicloes, p. 75. proboum, etc., 8, 10. prof amis > p. 80. prohibessis, 153 10.
INDEX.
I03
|
proiecitad, 80. |
quosquomque, 106 II 7. |
sententiad, 82 8 " 21. |
|
promenervat, p. 75. |
qura, 137. |
servassis, 153 13. |
|
Pronouns omitted in XII |
setius, 10420. |
|
|
Tables, p. 84. |
r dropped before s, p. 42. |
Short thesis in Saturnians, |
|
Prosepnais, 42. |
recuperator es, p. 37. |
p. 24. |
|
Provincial Latin, pp. 19, |
redidei, 100. |
Shortening of long sylla- |
|
20, 27, 47, 65. |
redieit, 98. |
bles in Plautine verse, |
|
proxsimum, 123. |
Regium, 100. |
p. 23. |
|
proxsumeis, 103 u 16 23. |
respargito, 167. |
si deuSy si deay 73. |
|
/ucnandod, iso5. |
restitistei, 137. |
sibei, 79, 82 4, 148. |
|
pulcrai, 138. |
Retus, 31. |
sibei read sibi, p. 26. |
|
Pulios, 17. |
Romai, 34. |
sicare, sicet, 104 40*1. |
|
Putio, 95. |
ruem, 149. |
sient, 82 30, 208. |
|
Rufeis, 104!. |
sierit, 198. |
|
|
quairatis, 77. |
rupsit, 193. |
sies, 1532, 155 a, b, 156 9. |
|
quaist^r, 78. |
siet, 103 2l, 104 6, is626, |
|
|
quaistores, 66, 67. |
S. = S#urz'us, 821, 105 3. |
164, 208. |
|
quasei sei, io312,io6I39, |
S. = £, 118. |
sine fraude sua, p. 51, |
|
II3, 109, p. 39. |
j for r preserved, pp. 66, |
cp. 151, 152, 162^. |
|
q^iattuorviri iure di- |
75- |
singolos, 104 2s. |
|
cundo, p. 60. |
j final neglected in versi- |
sins, 149. |
|
quei,74,76,77,8i,822424, |
fication, p. 34. |
siremps, 103 12, 106 1 38, |
|
103 pass., 104 pass., |
sacer esto, p. 81. |
Hi. |
|
105 8, 106 pass., 112, |
Saeturni, 24. |
siris, 153 12, i6o#. |
|
136. |
Sale (mancipium} y p. 90. |
Sisipus, 120. |
|
queique, 103 14. |
Salutes, 25. |
situst, 136. |
|
queiquomque, 103 5, 106 |
sam, 190. |
slitibus, 79. |
|
II 1922. |
sarpta, 189. |
sodalitates, pp. 65, 74. |
|
ques, nom. piur., 82 3 **. |
scibamus, 105 6. |
soledas, 117. |
|
qui = ?uzs, 171. |
scribendo adesse, p. 28. |
solitaurilia, p. 82. |
|
quid — guz'd'yuzd', 177. |
se, sed = tt»*, 151, 152, |
sont, 117. |
|
quiquam = quisquam, |
1 80, 205, 208. |
sonticus, 177. |
|
82 12. |
sed, ace., 82i3i4, 103 ». |
soveis, 136, 147. |
|
quis = quisquis, 80, 175, |
seedes, 117, 137. |
sovo, 138. |
|
208. |
seese, 103 i8 25. |
sovom, p. 61. |
|
quius, 144. |
sei, 76, 80, 82 32428, 103 |
Statz'us, praenomen, 48. |
|
qum, 121, 141. |
Pass., IO^POSS., 106 140, |
stircus, 80. |
|
quoi, 104 44. |
II 3, 109. |
Stolen beam, p. 88. |
|
quoiei, 77. |
Seispitei, no. |
subigft, 74. |
|
quoium, 156!. |
seive, 80, 103 8, 109. |
Sumptuary laws, p. 91. |
|
quoius, 74, 106 II17, i$34. |
semol, in. |
suprad, 82212429. |
|
quom, 137, 157 a. |
semunis, 149. |
sursuorsum, 104 u. |
|
quom, prepos., 77, p. 25. |
senati, 101, 104*. |
Surus, 121. |
|
quom causal with indie., |
senatorbus, 82 6. |
suso vorsum, 104 7. |
|
p. 49- |
senatu, gen. sing. (?), |
susum, 104 78 ig. |
|
quonque, 105 12. |
117. |
|
|
quosquequomque, 106 |
senatuei, 105 12. |
tabelai, 8229. |
|
II 10. |
senatuos, 82 8 17 2i ™. |
tabelarios, 100. |
104
REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
|
tabolam, 82 26. |
tOWZ7tt, 112. |
vectigal, masc., 104 6. |
|
taboleis, 103 21 30. |
tremonti, 157. |
Vediovei, 92. |
|
tarn quasei sei, 109. |
tresviri a.i.a.ora.d.a., |
veiginti, 139. |
|
taxat, 208. |
pp. 36, 38. |
veitae, 139. |
|
taxsat, 103 1». |
tresviri capitales, p. 38. |
veivont, 148. |
|
teatro, 109. |
tresviri reficiendis aed- |
veixsit, 141. |
|
Teiburtes, 105 3. |
ibus, p. 32. |
Velena, p. 17. |
|
Telis, 38. |
Tribe, designation of, p. |
Venerei, 114. |
|
Tempestatebus, 75. |
16. |
Venerus, 107, 115. |
|
Temples of Castor and |
triresmos, 150 12. |
Venos, 42, 43. |
|
Saturn, p. 40. |
tris, 207. |
venurn duuit, 182. |
|
Ttretina, 133. |
triumpe, 149. |
ve r sacrum, p. 80. |
|
termina, 1048. |
triumviri, see tresviri. |
verberit, 166. |
|
Terminalia, p. 56. |
Tulius, 89. |
Vertuleieis, nom. plur., |
|
terra, nom. sing., 76. |
Tuscolana, dat. sing., 90. |
in. |
|
Teses, p. 17. |
91. |
Vibis, 40. |
|
testare, p. 90. |
Twelve Tables, history of; |
vicensumam, 104 2r. |
|
testarier, 198. |
interpolations in ; p. 84. |
vicesma™, 68. |
|
testimonium dicere, de- |
victoriati nummi, p. 45. |
|
|
ferre, denuntiare, p. |
ubei, 82 5 27, 104 4 23, 117. |
viduertatem, 153 8. |
|
37- |
ultuma, 144. |
vincoleis, 104 43. |
|
testumonium, 103 3. |
utei, 81, 82 pass., 104 33, |
vindex, p. 85. |
|
tet, 157- |
105 4 10, \obpass., 109. |
vindicit, 179. |
|
Tetios, 48. |
utei with subjunctive in |
virtutei, abl., 77. |
|
Theft, p. 90. |
command, p. 30. |
vita, nom. sing., 77. |
|
Third person sing, in -at, |
utier, 76. |
vitium,' hindrance,' p. 84. |
|
139; in-^, 77. |
utor with accus., p. 46. |
Vitoria, 43. |
|
Third person plural in -ont |
TIV avoided, p. 43. |
vobeis, 82 29, 105 5 8 u. |
|
(not after 11, v) , 65, 66, |
vocitatust, 104 17. |
|
|
75, 117, 150, 157. |
Vaarus, 117. |
vorsum, n8. |
|
Tianom, gen. plur., 14. |
Va/<?j/, praenomen, 68. |
vorsrtSy set nom., p. 40. |
|
tibe, 76. |
vasa, ' equipments,' p. 79. |
|
|
tibei, 99, 157. |
vastitudinem, 153 8. |
Wills, verbal, p. 87. |
|
tibei read tWi, p. 34. |
vatic inationes, p. 94. |
|
|
tonaront, 157. |
vecos, p. 19. |
z, obsolete letter, p. 15. |
KEY TO THE INSCRIPTIONS.
|
CI. |
Remnants. |
CI. |
Remnants. |
CI. |
Remnants. |
|
I |
i |
57 |
42 |
533 |
86 |
|
2 |
2 |
58 |
43 |
539 |
87 |
|
5 |
17, 18 |
59 |
44 |
54i |
98 |
|
10 |
5 |
60 |
45 |
542 |
99 |
|
12 |
3 |
62 |
61, 62 |
548 b |
101 |
|
*4 |
4 |
63 |
63 |
55i |
IOO |
|
IS |
6,7 |
64 |
64 |
554 |
102 |
|
16 |
8 |
73 |
65 |
562 |
95 |
|
*7 |
9 |
166 |
70 |
565 |
107 |
|
19 |
10 |
167 |
46 |
566 |
108 |
|
20 |
II, 12, 13 |
168 |
47 |
57i |
109 |
|
21 |
14, 15, 16 |
169 |
48 |
638 |
88 |
|
28 |
149 |
170 |
5i |
807 |
92 |
|
29 |
74 (") |
171 |
52 |
808 |
93 |
|
3° |
74 (*) |
172 |
53 |
814 |
94 |
|
31 |
75(«) |
i73 |
49 |
831 |
124 |
|
32 |
75 (<*) |
J74 |
54 |
832 |
125 |
|
33 |
76 |
175 |
55 |
835 |
126 |
|
34 |
77 |
177 |
So |
842 |
127 |
|
35 |
78 |
178 |
57 |
844 |
128 |
|
38 |
79 |
179 |
56 |
892 |
• 129 |
|
40 |
58 |
181 |
66 |
909 |
130 |
|
4i |
59 |
185 |
67 |
916 |
131 |
|
42 |
60 |
187 |
68 |
942 |
132 |
|
43 |
19 |
190 |
69 |
957 |
133 |
|
44 |
20 |
191 |
71 |
970 |
134 |
|
45 |
21 |
195 |
150 |
981 |
135 |
|
46 |
22 |
196 |
82 |
1006 |
137 |
|
47 |
23 |
197 |
103 |
1007 |
138 |
|
48 |
24 |
198 |
151 |
1010 |
140 |
|
49 |
25 |
199 |
104 |
IOII |
141 |
|
50 |
26 |
200 |
152 |
1046 |
142 |
|
5i |
28 |
201 |
105 |
1049 |
143 |
|
52 |
?9 |
2O2 |
106 |
1051 |
144 |
|
54 |
34 |
530 |
84 |
IIIO |
no |
|
56 |
4i |
531 |
85 |
1143 |
118 |
|
105 |
io6
REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
|
CI. |
Remnants. |
CI. |
Remnants. |
Eph. Epigr. |
Remna |
|
1148 |
89 |
1271 |
148 |
8a |
3i |
|
"49 |
"9 |
1290 |
112 |
9 |
32 |
|
1166 |
"7 |
1291 |
I23 |
18 |
37 |
|
"75 |
in |
1297 |
136 |
20 |
35 |
|
1178 |
120 |
1434 |
97 |
21 |
36 |
|
"94 |
139 |
1435 |
96 |
22 |
38 |
|
1200 |
90 |
1469 |
"3 |
23 |
39 |
|
1 201 |
91 |
1475 |
"4 |
24 |
40 |
|
1212 |
145 |
1495 |
"5 |
I98 |
80 |
|
1213 |
I46 |
1503 |
83 |
PLM. Suppl. |
|
|
1215 |
122 |
504* |
81 |
ii., p. 12 |
73 |
|
1230 |
121 |
Eph. |
Epigr. |
iii., p. i |
72 |
|
1238 |
116 |
5 27 |
Philologus. |
||
|
1258 |
147 |
•ja 30 |
37, P- 175 |
33 |
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