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CONTENTS

6 s? 4. 99 3

Sch»«] <*f Forestry

Page.

Foreword, 3

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, Roster of, 5

Letter of Transmittal from the Commission to the Governor, 7

General Manager's Report, 11

General Superintendent’s Report, 19

Field Work in the Western District, 21

Field Work in the Eastern District, 30

Tabular Statement of Field Work, 35

Pathological Investigations 40

Field Investigations in Pathology, 42

Physiologist’s Report, 45

Investigations of Insects Associated with the Blight, 48

Chemist’s Report, 49

Tree Surgeon’s Report, 51

Geographer’s Report, 52

Forester’s Report upon Utilization, 54

Demonstration Work, 59

Silvicultural Effect of the Chestnut Blight 61

Regulations Governing Trees Infected with Chestnut Blight 63

Financial Statement, 67

(1)

(2)

FOREWORD.

It is only within recent years that the possibility of a serious tim-
ber famine has confronted the American people, and as a result many
if the friends of forestry and forest conservation are thoroughly
iwake to the absolute necessity of action in the various channels
hat will tend towards remedying the threatened crisis.

A comparison of the present market quotations of lumber with
hose in force only a few years ago will form its own commentary.
Chose who are well informed upon the gradual, but certain advancing
mlues of commercial lumber declare that it would cost fully thirty-
hree and one third per cent, more to-day to buy certain grades of
lemlock and other common varieties of lumber than the same class
If material would have cost less than five years ago. The price of
he high-grade, seasoned hard-wood lumber and building material
ns been increased at a much higher percentage, and in some in-
tances, its use is almost prohibitory, because of its actual scarcity,
iigh cost and prevailing economic conditions.

These are among the many potent and excellent reasons why Penn-
'ylvania’s exceedingly valuable chestnut timber should be saved from
otal extermination by the chestnut tree bark disease, which has
aused such great loss in some of the eastern counties of the Com-
aonwealth. The accompanying report presents the situation in de-
ail, and the reader cannot fail to become interested in this economic
roblem which means so much to all the people of the Commonwealth
dio are interested in the protection and preservation of its natural
^sources.

(3)

4050^0

(4)

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission

MEMBERS OF COMMISSION.

inihrop Sargent, Chairman, Bryn Maivr.

irold Peirce, Secretary Haverford.

muel T. Bodine, Villa Nova.

orge F. Craig, Rosemont.

eodore N. Ely, Bryn Mawr.

EXECUTIVE STAFF.

irk Alfred Carleton, General Manager.

muel B. Detwiler, General Superintendent.

ver D. Scliock, Assistant to General Superintendent.

iomas E. Francis, Field Manager, Western District.

sepli R. Wilson, Field Manager, Eastern District.

■vid T. McCampbell, Chief Clerk.

in C. Williams, (Pennsylvania State Forestry Department) Collaborator.

SCIENTIFIC AND OPERATIVE STAFF.

derick D. Heald, Pathologist.

G. Ruggles, Entomologist.

P. Wentling, Forester in charge of Utilization,
il J. Anderson, Field Pathologist.

P. Gulliver, Geographer.

oline Rumbold, Physiologist in charge of Tree Medication,
eph Slirawder, Chemist.

’ G. Pierce, Tree Surgeon.

ler E. Rockey, Forester in charge of Demonstration Work.

(5)

(6)

7

THE COMMISSION FOE THE INVESTIGATION AND CONTROL

OF THE CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT DISEASE IN PENNSYL-
VANIA.

1112 MORRIS BUILDING, BROAD AND CHESTNUT STREETS.

Philadelphia, January 8th , 1913.
Hon. John K. Tener, Governor, Harrisburg, Penna.

Sir: We have the honor to transmit to you herewith our report
of the operations of this Commission for the latter half of the year
1912. The contents of the report may be very briefly summarized as
follows :

Organization. There is first, a statement by the General Manager
as to the organization of the different lines of work and a discussion
of certain special features. Our forces are now thoroughly organized
ivith a good staff of specialists in charge of each line of work, similar
to that of the State Experiment Stations. As our work is of an un-
usual nature, it has taken considerable time and attention to effect
this thorough organization.

1'ield Operations. Next follows a statement by the General Super-
intendent of the essential features of the field operations, with sug-
gestions as to future work. There have been many difficulties, par"
ticularly the past season, apparently on account of the unusual rain-
fall, but in spite of these we have made good progress, much beyond
\\diat was to be expected. In about two-thirds of all cleaned locali-
ties re-inspected, there has been no re-occurrence of the blight. The
western portion of the State, to the extent of about one-half its
area, has been cleaned to date.

Pathological Work. The foundation of all our operations is the
knowledge of the disease itself. Fortunately this has been increased
very materially by our own investigations, the results of which are
given following the report of the field operations. We have deter-
mined that the form of the fungus in the southwestern part of the
State is harmless, and therefore in that region no forced cuttings are
required. Facts have been learned showing that the disease may be
disseminated by the carrying of ascospores in the air, which has given
us many helpful suggestions in the field work. The facts as to the
longevity of spores have been obtained and as to the amount of cold
they will endure before germination.

Insect Investigations. Next follows a brief statement of the work
so far done in the study of insects. This was begun very recently
and there is little to report. Suffice it to say, hoAvever, that there is

8

no postive evidence obtained tbrat insects carry the disease, though it
is still suspected. Much time has been given to the study of ants
with no positive results as yet. It has been determined, however, by in-
vestigations in co-operation with the United States Entomological
Bureau, that certain species of insects eat the spores, and to a slight
extent at least, take part in diminishing the disease.

Chemical Investigations. In the chemical work, also, much is yet
to be done, but a few interesting things have been determined includ-
ing one important fact: that the blighted portions of trees possess a
larger percentage of tannin extract than healthy portions of the
same trees. Extract from blighted portions also appears to give a
better color to the leather, particularly sole leather.

Tree Medication. Considerable time has been given to this work
but so far only with the result that it is found to be rather easy to
inject various solutions throughout the chestnut tree. We have not
been able as yet, however, to inject such trees with a sufficiently
strong solution to kill the fungus and not injure the tree. Many in-
teresting incidental facts have been learned, however, of use to
us and to others in future studies.

Treatment of Individual Trees. Splendid results have followed
our work in the examination and advice as to the treatment of indi-
vidual trees on lawns and in public parks, and also orchard trees.
This work has been much appreciated by the people. In connection
with this work it has been learned that the spraying of Bordeaux
Mixture appears to prevent the entrance of the disease into healthy
trees.

Geographic Work. A brief statement of the geographic work fol-
lows, which has been going on but a short time. This work is of
much aid to the field operations, and is suggestive in probable expla-
nations of certain unusual occurrences of the disease in particular
locations.

Utilisation of Diseased Trees. The important part of our work in
the Eastern District is the exploitation of markets for the great
amount of diseased chestnut timber existing there. Cutting of dis-
eased timber has already begun on many tracts in this region through
our influence. Plans are under way for the disposal of such timber in
Valley Forge and Fairmount Parks, and arrangements have been
made for a rapid consumption within the next two or three month
of coi'dwood, chiefly for tanuin extract. Much investigation has also
been started in this line of work.

Demonstration. A statement is next given of the lecture work
at Farmers’ and Teachers’ Institutes, and of exhibits made at County
Agricultural Fairs. Our work is being explained free at one hundred
of the Farmers’ Institutes in localities which are the most important
in this respect.

9

There is finally appended a statement by the Deputy Commissioner
of Forestry on the silvicultural effect of our sanitation work, giving
its advantages in actual forestry management.

Chestnut becomes weakened through repeated sprouting after lum-
bering operations, but the practice of cutting low and peeling and
burning the stumps, forces sprouting far down near the surface of
the ground, with the effect of a production of much more healthy and
vigorous new trees, which are not likely to be injured by decay from
within, as in cases where the sprouts occur up on the stump and
are supported by a decayed and weakened base.

No remedy lias yet been obtained for the blight disease through
the work of any institution. However, with the efforts being made
in that direction by our scientific force, there is hope at least that
such a result may yet be obtained.

In closing, we beg to call to your attention the fact already stated,
of being just now in condition, with a well equipped organization,
and a good staff of scientific men for doing rapid and thorough
work, and that it would be unfortunate »if we could not, while so well
equipped, go on and finish the work that has been given us to do,
particularly, as hereafter our work is bound to be doubly more ef-
fective. It is important to note, also, the helpful effect of our op-
erations on the bordering states of Ohio and portions of New York,
West Virginia and Maryland, where the chestnut may be largely, if
not entirely saved from the disease through our own operations, just
as Massachusetts has helped other states in connection with her work
with the gypsy moth.

To efficiently continue the work it is of great importance that the
next appropriation be made more liberal than the present one. It
should be not less than $500,000. The increase would be economical
in the end, for it will enable thorough work to be done, and not
to do thorough work is, of course, uneconomical.

Trusting that the entire report may be found interesting, and that
it shows therein results which amply justify the continuation of the
work, we beg to remain,

Very truly yours,

WINTHBOP SAEGENT,
Chairman.

(10)

11

EEPOET OF THE GENEEAL MANAGES FOE THE LATTEE
HALF OF THE YEAE, 1912.

The period of raj connection with the Commission dates from
June 7, 1912. A brief statement has already been given by the
General Superintendent, in his report of last July, giving the cir-
cumstances which lead to my appointment, and which made it de-
sirable to have a broader organization of the Commission
force in order to do the work that seemed to be required in various
lines. As that report practically covered the work done up to July
1, 1912, this report may be considered to refer to operations from that
date.

ORGANIZATION.

As the chief duty of one in my position is understood to be the
general direction of different lines of operations and the establish-
ment of such new lines as seem to be required, naturally much time
was needed to be given to organization.

FIELD OPERATION'S.

The chief purpose of the Act of Assembly establishing the Com-
mission, is the extermination of the chestnut tree blight disease by the
removal or destruction of all diseased material, and, therefore, the
field operations are of prime importance. This work being
under the direction of the General Superintendent, was already well
organized and in thorough operation, and needed little or no atten-
tion on my part.

From the beginning, a more or less definite division has been
maintained between the slightly infected western portion of the
i State and the badly infected eastern portion, these divisions being
called the Western and Eastern Districts, respectively. In the two
districts quite different restrictions are maintained with respect to
the method of procedure in handling diseased trees. The line of
cemarcation between these districts, as at present understood, is
the eastern boundary lines of Fulton, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Center,
Clinton, Lycoming, Sullivan and Bradford Counties. It will be re-
membered by the Commission members that until recently, no definite
regulations of quarantine governing the handling of diseased ehest-
mi+ wood in these districts have been adopted, as we have been
'ng ourselves constantly the best method of operation, and in-
dividual cases have been handled in accordance with local conditions

12

and the stage of our knowledge of dissemination of the disease at
the time. Recently, as we have given more attention to the subject
of utilization, it has become practically necessary for the information
of parties wishing to make commercial use of diseased chestnut prod-
ucts, to be able to refer them to some definite system of regulations
imposed. Therefore, a complete statement of quarantine regulations
governing the felling and transportation of diseased chestnut pro-
ducts has been submitted to you for your approval, and is attached
herewith to this report.

PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

As the chestnut tree blight disease is caused by a fungus parasite,
at present knoAvn technically by the name of Diaporthe parasitica,
Murr., and as little or nothing was known of the nature of this
parasite at the time the Commission began its work, the first and
most essential scientific study was an investigation of the disease
itself, and the fungus which caused it. For some time field patho-
logical investigations have been conducted in the region of the ad-
vance line of the disease, chiefly as an aid to the scouting work. It
seemed very necessary, however, to make some thorough studies in
a general way of the fungus itself, its relation to its host — the chest-
nut tree — the manner of dissemination, etc., with headquarters for
such investigations near the main office in Philadelphia. Accord-
ingly a pathologist of national reputation and much experience was
selected to take charge of these lines of investigation, and to be pri-
marily responsible also for the conduct of nursery stock inspection
and for the instruction of new scouts. He is also expected to advise
with others in direct charge of related lines of investigation.

The entire pathological staff, as now made up, including two path-
ologists and six assistant pathologists, is one of the best in the
United States and will compare well with any similar body of scien-
tific men at the State Experiment Stations or in the Federal Service.

INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS.

Numerous agents have been suggested as taking part in the dis-
semination of the blight disease, and naturally insects have been
thought of at once. It seemed very necessary, therefore, to make
investigations of the habits of insects found associated with the dis-
ease, and such a line of Work has, therefore, been established. One
entomologist and an assistant in charge are conducting these inves-
tigations. Previously, considerable work had been done also by an
assistant of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, in co-operation with tlie
Commission, and during the past summer two entomologists were
employed for a brief period of three months each, for special summer
investigations.

13

CHEMICAL STUDIES.

For a time au assistant chemist was employed to aid the physiolo-
gist conducting investigations in tree medication. Later, it seemed
very desirable to investigate the effect of the disease upon the pro-
duction of tannin, and also its effect upon the quality of the extract
in the manufacture of leather and other ways. This assistant was,
therefore, instructed to conduct such investigations. The results
obtained already have been very interesting and of economic import-
ance, as shown in his accompanying report.

' TREE MEDICATION.

For some time an effort has been made to determine if certain
liquid solutions or gases could be injected into the chestnut tree,
with the result of preventing or killing the blight fungus, with-
out injuring the tree. The physiologist in charge of this work,
located at Philadelphia, at first was burdened with other duties of
identifying specimens received and making cultures of the fungus.
Since the reorganization of the scientific work, she has been relieved
of these extra duties and instructed to give her entire time to the
tree medication work.

TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUAL TREES.

Numerous requests have been received from time to time for the
examination of individual trees, which because of their location on
lawns or in public parks, and from long associations are usually
prized, much above the value of ordinary trees, with a desire for
advice whether such trees could be saved by some special treatment,
if only for a short time. It was at first impossible to properly handle
these requests with the help at hand, and, therefore, a well trained
forester from the U. S. Forest Service was appointed to take im-
mediate charge of this kind of work. He has been given one assistant
and such other special help as -’could be furnished at different times.

To date, not one of the numerous requests for examination of even
a single tree at any distance, within the State, from Philadelphia,
has been neglected. No doubt ip this way the Commission has been
able to save, for a time at least, many trees that might have other-
wise been considered hopeless and destroyed ; on the other hand, the
minds of many people have been relieved by definite advice to destroy
trees that could not have been saved.

GEOGRAPHIC WORK.

In the scouting work it is required that the field men report facts
as to the percentage and location of chestnut trees and the principal
other trees in the localities where they are working, as well as
the percentage and location of the blight disease, and also o'-
casionally, other information of value to forestry.

14

To show accurately what has been accomplished by the Commission,
and to record our operations, it is necessary to bring, these facts to-
gether in a harmonious whole on maps drawn to uniform scale. A
former member of the U. S. Geological Survey, a, man of considerable
training in Geography, has been employed to do this work. At the
same time he is expected to furnish all the information he can on
the relations of rainfall, altitude, temperature, etc., throughout the
State to the occurrence of the blight disease. This work has been
under way but a short time and already we have obtained interesting
results, particularly as to the probable relation of rainfall to the
spread of this disease.

UTILIZATION.

As the only practical means of accomplishing anything over a large
area of the eastern part of the State is simply the disposal of diseased
wood as rapidly as possible, it is of prime importance to encourage
in every way the uses of different chestnut products..

The exploitation of such operations was put in charge of the As-
sociate Forester of the Minnesota School of Forestry, who was secured
for this work temporarily on leave of absence from that Institution.
His connection with the Commissioin dates only from about Septem-
ber 1st. Naturally, as with other lines of operations, much time had
to be spent in getting in shape for active operations, providing cards
and files for obtaining information, getting out circulars, and getting
together a force of men capable of giving the proper assistance ; how-
ever, much headway has already been made. Numerous cuttings of
various tracts have been under way for some time, due to our efforts,
many buyers have been put into communication with sellers, and
deals have thus beeu made.

A plan is being completed for disposal of wood in Fairinount and
Valley Forge Parks; extract factories have been induced to take
much more diseased chestnut wood *md other things done, making
the progress in this line to date very satisfactory.

DEMONSTRATION AND LECTURES.

We have constantly endeavored, as far as possible with the limited
help we have, to inform the people in advance of the destructive nature
of the disease with which we are dealing. At the same time as fast as
we have obtained any information of value or made any scientific dis-
coveries, these have also been made known, so that the people may
see we are trying in every way to be of aid to them in combating the
disease.

The work in this line has been in the form of demonstrations at
county fairs where actual exhibits have been made, lectures at Teach-
ers’ Institutes, talks to timber owners at Farmers’ Institutes and

)ecial lectures and exhibits, at different times, before different so-
eties at educational institutions and at expositions. The special
jatures of this work at present are the exhibits being prepared to
; installed at the State Museum at Harrisburg and the Commer-
al Museum in Philadelphia.

CO-OPERATION.

The Commission has been fortunate from the beginning in obtaining
e hearty co-operation of various institutions, public and private,
jich has not only been of much aid to us, but has shown the interest
ken by the people in this most peculiar and destructive of forest
ie epidemics.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The most extensive co-operation has been with the Bureau of Plant
dustry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Actual financial
lp has been given by that institution to the extent of about one
pusand dollars per month, or at the rate of twelve thousand dollars
f year. This help has been partly in the shape of furnishing micro-
bes and other apparatus, and the payment of expenses of em-
[>yees outside of Pensylvania, but chiefly in the actual transfer of
aries of nearly all the pathological force from our own funds to
it of ‘‘Investigations in Forest Pathology” in that Bureau. We have
^ turn been of much help to the Federal Service in stirring up inter-
in forest tree diseases throughout the country, in obtaining ap-
>priations for the Federal work and in general information given,
' to the nature of the disease and manner of dissemination.

1

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

e

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as

foo much cannot be said of the generous attitude of the University
Pennsylvania. Two large and well-equipped laboratories with gas,
ter and other facilities have been furnished by this University in
new Zoology Building, free of rent, we taking part only in the
ment of actual expenses of lighting and janitor service. The
anical Department has also furnished space for the tree medica-
1 work and also considerable apparatus, including microscopes.

STATE FORESTRY DEPARTMENT.

aT

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ch-

ill

Tom the beginning there has been the closest co-operation with the
te Forestry Department in all of our work, the Deputy Comrnis-
ter himself, being a collaborator on this Commission. Constant
ctical suggestions and help in many other ways have been given
hat Department, as well as the help of their foresters on the forest
■rves.

2

OTHER INSTITUTIONS.

Pennsylvania State College has taken part in the scientific invest^ i
tions as far as its force of men and equipment would permit. . $
present one of our assistant field pathologists is located at that : d
stitution.

A field pathological laboratory is also maintained in connecti -
with the Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster, which instil ::
tion has provided rooms for laboratory work.

Dr. W. G. Farlow of Harvard University, is also aiding in t i
scientific investigations through the work of one of his assistants w »
is making culture studies of the blight fungus.

The Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction office of the U. S. Bure
of Plant Industry has also given material help by furnishing us wi *
nuts of a Chinese chestnut, which is claimed to be immune to t is
blight disease, to be used in grafting and cross-breeding experimeu

We have all along maintained cordial and helpful relations wi *
State institutions in several of the adjoining States.

SPREAD OF THE DISEASE.

-

As between the two years, 1912 and 1911 it appears that in cert; '
portions of the State the chestnut blight disease has spread mu '’
more rapidly in 1912. This condition has been particularly tr ’
apparently, in the Western District, the disease having reoccuri -
with considerable virulence in places where it was already or
eradicated. The reoccurrence of the disease in cleaned areas v
expected, but that it should happen to the extent if has the p
season in certain localities seems due to the unusual rain fall
those places in the summer of 1912. as shown on precipitation ma
accompanying the report of the Geographer.

PROGRESS OF THE FIELD WORK.

The condition above stated of the considerable reoccurrence of i-
disease in localities already cleaned has interfered materially w |
the progress of the field work ; nevertheless, much has been acc< »-
plished. The amount of actual sanitation completed is much m t
than I ever expected could be performed, and the difficulties w r
which we have had to contend makes such progress all the m .
gratifying.

With the exception of a single infected area in Somerset Corn f
the inspection work and removal of diseased trees has been acc l
plished over about one-half of the State, details of which are gii
however, in the accompanying report of the General Superintend*

17

NURSERY INSPECTION.

kl number of eases of new infections in the western part of the
■ite. caused by the introduction of diseased nursery stock, have
de it imperative that strict inspection be made of all nursery stock
ended for shipment. It was soon found that such inspection
'i1 ded to be more and more rigid. Finally, we have required indi-
ilual tree inspection, and that every tree in shipping must be given
individual certificate of inspection. This does away absolutely
tih the possibility of including in bundles any that might
werwise go uninspected, and furnishes a system of inspection far
ad of that actually practiced by any of the States. It is also
mired of the railroads that no chestnut trees be allowed to
me into the State without proper certificates of inspection,
tls it is not possible for the Commission to station a man perma-
•li tly at all chestnut nurseries, the possibility has been noted that
wiasional shipments of uninspected nursery stock might be made
bout the knowledge of the Commission. To prevent such an occur-
be it is now required of all nurseries that their stock shall be in-
ffed at intervals, whether shipments are to bfe made or not.
he total number of trees inspected during the fall season was
.(, 1, of which 70 were rejected, and the remainder 3499 considered
UI»e sound trees. The details as to the number of trees inspected,

, I names of the nurseries themselves, dates of inspection, etc., are
irlsn in the pathologist’s report. *-

01 i

1 RESISTANCE AND IMMUNITY.

|j mong the different lines of investigation that should be made
onnection with the blight disease there is left the study of resist-
i or immunity to the disease on the part of individual trees, for
?h there is, so far, no provision. It is worthy of note that to date
■ueh study has been made by other institutions. I have thought
ntly of giving some personal attention to this subject myself, so
if as can be done, in addition to administrative work. The seed-
k * we will obtain from the nuts introduced from China will form
co >od basis for such an investigation in the way of introducing
k ign stock. Observations should be made, however, on the natural
" fiance of individual native trees and hereafter, it is expected that
11 3 attention will be given to that matter. By the use of buds or
ts from such resistant trees or from foreign stocks, or by later
1111 ^-breeding, a variety of chestnut for orchard purposes may be
,;t loped which would be at least resistant, if not immune, to the

? it disease.

4

18

THE OUTLOOK.

After giving the organization and scope of the work of the C
mission, as above outlined, and knowing the principal results of
operations, as summarized in the reports here following natnr
one may ask the question, what is the outlook?

As I have seen the progress of the work from all standpoi
and undertook my duties unacquainted with the State, and <
therefore, view the results impartially, and having had a previ
experience of over twenty years in combating plant diseases,
own view of the outlook as here follows may be of interest.

First. The complete sanitation of the State as to this disease c
practically the western half of it is in Jitself, in my own mind, wc
much more than the entire appropriation already made; this in
gard to the State itself. In addition we may have been the mean:
saving the chestnut trees in Ohio and adjoining portions of New Y<
West Virginia and Maryland as well.

Second. The scientific results obtained already are not excee
in interest and value by those of any other institution in the s£
length of time. The determination of a distinct form of the fun
known as the “Connellsville fungus” and the discovery of the cai
ing of ascospores by the wind is of the greatest practical importa
in further operations against the disease.

Learning more as we are every day of the proper methods of
moval of diseased trees, based upon scientific and practical kno
edge, our work is bound to be still more effective in the future,
the least of the important results of our work, as stated by i
Collaborator, the Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, in another pk
is the good effect it will have on forestry management in the Stati

We have organized such a splendid force of scientists and
esters that our work will go on in the future with double the rapi<
and thoroughness of the past. Given a sufficient appropriation
the next two years, which should be much more than heretofore ap
priated, I am still confident, as stated in the recent summary ofl
suits for the Governor, that at the end of two more years, we s'
have the chestnut blight disease practically under control.

Abstracts of the reports of different lines of operations of the C|
mission follow herewith, together with the last monthly fina
statement. The complete reports of the different men in charge
available, if desirable to obtain further details, not here abstract
Respectfully submitted,

MARK ALFRED CARLETON

in

REPORT OF THE GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT.
(Pigs. 1-21.)

i!

J THE CHESTNUT TREE BARK DISEASE.

'lie main facts known to the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission
n it was created in June 1911, were that a destructive disease
> used by a parasitic fungus had affected a majority of the chestnut
iws in the southeastern corner of the State and that this disease
in rapidly sweeping westward across the State. The Commission
in created to find out the facts relating to the fungus and to apply
Yubest available measures in an attempt to eradicate cliecn it.
the time the Commission was organized no extensive systematic
:ee y of the disease had been made by any investigators except those
Si le U. S. Department of Agriculture. Accordingly, Dr. Haven
inn alf who conducted these investigations was called in consultation
ca the Commission determined to adopt the plan of control recorn-
irt led by him. The first necessity in any fight is to know the loca-
and strength of the enemy. Therefore, the first action advised by
of Metcalf was to make a general scout of the State, to determine
kni ixtent to which the disease had spread. The blight does not
id in a solid line, but first appears on a single tree or small
of trees miles ahead of the main body of the infection, from
it spreads to the trees immediately adjoining. This fungus is
nt which produces immense numbers of spores by which it
tuates itself. It is assumed that the destruction of all in-
>us material in any spot will prevent the further spread of the
don se in that spot unless reinfected from an outside source, much
;ap destroying the roots and seeds of the Canada thistle we can
to nt the spread of this pest. Therefore, the plan of control, in
ire is to locate all the spots of advance infection in the
rn part of the State and carefully destroy the diseased bark and
infectious material by burning. By reinspecting these spots
ecurrence of the disease and by scouting for any new spots
may appear, it is expected that the disease will be kept from ad-
tig further into the State. Sanitation (destruction of diseased
appears to be the most practical plan of control that can be
id by the Commission until scientific research has time to dem-
ite a better method.

by

r pi 1

hat

id

¥

20

FIELD OPERATIONS IN 1911.

The field operations of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission
gan in August 1911, when a party of six scouts was placed in
field in York county. Subsequently, the force was increased until,
November, thirty-five scouts were engaged in a hasty survey of
central part of the State. The field work in 1911 was done at a t
advantage, due to the lack of trained men and the very slight kno
edge concerning the geographic extent of the disease in the Sta
It was not until after the leaves began to turn color that an ef!
live organization could be developed. The unusually favorable 1
and winter weather in 1911 and 1912 has made it possible to do mi
work than could otherwise have been done.

It was thought before the field work began in 1911, that the blij
had not extended west of the Susquehanna river except in southeast
York county. It was a great surprise to find that in the east<
and central portions of Cumberland, Perry, Juniata, Snyder a
Union Countiies the blight was already well established. Spotl
fections were found widely distributed throughout this territo
although the region was apparently not yet hopelessly infected. Ur
January 1st, 1912, field work was confined entirely to scouting 1 ;
central section of the State, to determine the location of the advaj
line of the blight, that is, the point beyond which the areas of bl ip
infection were small, few and widely scattered. This was found j
extend along the Tuscarora mountains in Fulton county throe
eastern Huntingdon, Centre and Clinton counties, central Lycomij
county and thence northeast to the northeast corner of Susquehar i
county, as indicated by the dotted line on the accompanying map. I

Soon after the work began in 1911, about 6,000 circular letters aj]
ing for information relative to the condition of the chestuut tr<|
were sent out. Many hundred replies were received, and late injfll
fall inspections were made at points in the western portion (ifjdl
State where the chestnut trees were reported as being unhealthy. Or
one case of blight was fouud out of over one hundred inspections HI'
tributed throughout all the counties west of the advance line. It lal
impossible in this preliminary scouting to cover every county inHI
western half of the State, but the results of the inspection, togell
with the information obtained in other ways, made it practically Hr
tain that the advance line as located was approximately corre |
West of this line it was expected that only a relatively small numl ;
of isolated spot infections would be found when a detailed sun;)
was made. A careful scouting of every county in the western half i
the State in the spring, summer and fall of 1912 shows that the cone i
sions reached last year were correct, except that a considerable ai
of blight exists in Somerset county.

21

SCOPE OF WORK EAST AND WEST OF THE ADVANCE LINE.

Soon after the work of the Commission was begun it became evi-
lent that it was the duty of the Commission to carry on field work
I ast as well as west of the advance line. The field work west of the
dvance line has for its object primarily the total eradication of the
■light, and the checking of further westward spread. East of the ad-
vance line, where the bulk of the chestnut trees is located, it is the
uty of the Commission to acquaint owners of timber with the facts
i elating to the blight. Every owner of chestnut timber should know of
; he existence of this disease on his property either in time to save the
u minfected trees, or at least in time to cut out the diseased trees be-
ore they deteriorate in commercial value.

I For the purpose of our work the State has been divided into two
it istricts. The western district comprises Fulton, Huntingdon, Mifflin,
t lentre, Clinton, Lycoming, Sullivan and Bradford counties and all the
ounties lying west of them. The counties lying east of the above
t amed counties comprise the eastern district. In each district a dis-
f rict superintendent has been appointed to direct the field work.

'held headquarters, centrally located, have been established at Leba-
: on in the east and Tyrone in the west. The western district was
a ubdivided into seven divisions of five to seven counties each, and five
li ivisions were made in the eastern district. Each division has been
i( i charge of a Supervisor. A field agent was detailed to conduct the
o mrk in a county and as many scouts as necessary were assigned

im as assistants.

■

FIELD WOBK IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT IN 1912.

11 DETAILED SCOUTING.

In January, 1912, the plan of the field work was changed. Field
Igents of the Commission were stationed in the central part of the
tate close to the advance line. Each Field Agent proceeded to make
fee to tree examinations in the vicinity of previously located spot

I afections. In this way a systematic and thorough examination was
;t lade, tract by tract. The infected trees were blazed and the owner

iformed of their existence, with a request to cut them and destroy the
iseased bark. Much effort was expended during the winter in
olding field demonstration meetings and in other educational work

II i familiarize the timber owners with the blight, in each community
here the disease had been found. In this way all of the first dis-
uvered infections along the advance line were removed without forced
it ting being done by the Commission, but much effort and time had
> be devoted to explaining to owners the benefit they would derive

by following the plan outlined by the Commission. This delayed th |
progress of the inspection so that in the spring only a small portioi
of each county on the advance line had been thoroughly cleaned up.

In the latter part of March and through April, May and June tin
field force was steadily increased and the work organized so that even
county in the western district had from two to five men making t
thorough examination to locate spot infections. The discovery of tin
extensive infection in Somerset county together with the existence o:
the socalled “Connellsville Fungus” (see next heading i made it ex
tremely important to know accurately the condition of the c-hestnui
in the counties in the extreme western part of the State. Accordingly
effort was concentrated on these counties throughout the summer, and
in September scouting was completed and no blight found in the fol
lowing counties: Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Lawrence, Beaver, Washing-
ton, Greene, Westmoreland, Allegheny, Indiana, Armstrong, Butler.
Jefferson, Venango, Cameron, Forest and McKean.

Scouting was also completed in Fayette, Clarion, Elk. Warren and
Potter counties early in the Fall and very slight infections found in
each. In Fayette county a single spot infection was found, consisting
of eleven trees purchased from a nursery the preceding year. In War-
ren county four spots of infection were found near Warren. In one
case a dozen nursery trees planted in 1911 were found affected with the
blight, and the other three cases were native trees on which the blight
was just beginning. In Potter and Clarion counties a single native
tree was found infected in each county. In Elk county three spots of
infection were found. The largest spot consisted of about three hun-
dred native trees ; the second spot consisted of three native trees, and
the third spot of about thirty trees, purchased from a nursery and
planted in 1911. In the latter instance the blight had already spread
to a native tree adjoining the infected nursery stock.

When scouting was completed in the westernmost counties and
all known infections were removed, the field men were placed in
counties further east. Cambria and Sullivan counties have since
been completed, work in Clearfield and Centre is nearing completion
and the field force has been concentrated to complete the work in
Somerset, Bedford, Blair, Clinton and Tioga counties as quickly as
possible. A small force of men is at work in Bedford, Fulton, Hunt-
ingdon, Lycoming and Bradford counties. The latter counties will
be completed as soon as the more western counties are finished.

THE CONNELLSVILLE FUNGUS.

In December 1911, Mr. John Iv. Hibbs, a Field Agent of the Com-
mission found a fungus at several points in Washington and Fayette
counties which was apparently the chestnut blight fungus, Diaporthe
parasitica. Specimens of this fungus were submitted to variou^

23

Hi pathologists who pronounced it Diaporthe. Accordingly,
>i| owners of the trees on which this fungus was found
were notified and the trees cut voluntarily. However, the
hi absence of the characteristic fans of mycelium and the decided sap-
v rophytic nature of the fungus showed that there was a distinction be-
i tween this and the virulent blight fungus. It was at first thought
it: that this difference was due to the effect of smoke, which has done
): much damage to the trees in the localities where this fungus is
i found. Detailed scouting early in the spring of 1911 showed that this
i fungus is distributed through western Fayette, southern Washington
r. and Greene counties.

o' | When a Field Pathologist was employed by the Commission in
1 May, 1912, the first problem he undertook was to determine the
: identity and virulence of the ‘‘Connellsville fungus” (so-called from
: its abundance in the vicinity of Connellsville.) Through numerous
tests by inoculations and extensive investigations in other directions,

o the Connellsville fungus was proved by the Field Pathologist to be
t a harmless saprophyte which belongs in the same genus as Diaporthe
parasitica, but is a distinct species. The difference in appearance
between the two fungi is very minute, being principally in the size
of the spores. While this complicates the situation to a certain
extent, it is now possible to tell with which species of fungus we are
dealing. It is a great relief to know that the southwestern corner
of the State is free from the parasitic species.

An instruction camp was established where the scouts were
given the necessary training. If they could not qualify after a week’s
training, they were not employed. After they were given a chance
to demonstrate their ability in practical work in the field, men who
proved most efficient were promoted to be Field Agents and given
charge of the crews. In each county, the Field Agent in charge made
a preliminary trip through the county to get acquainted with the ter-
ritory and to note the general conditions. A plan was then formu-
lated for a more detailed survey. After this plan had been approved
by the supervisor the county crew began a careful examination of
all chestnut timber areas. In heavily timbered districts the entire
crew (field agent and scouts) worked together in scouting. The
plan usually followed was to inspect the timber in strips. The men
were placed from 50 to 200 feet apart, one man to each parallel strip.
In the agricultural districts where the timbered areas were small and
scattered only one or two men worked together. When the ex-
amination of each tract was completed, a data card, giving all the
necessary information relative to the tract, was sent to Field Head-

METHODS OF SCOUTING IN 1912.

24

quarters. Each card was numbered and a corresponding number was
placed on the county map in the approximate spot where the tract
was located.

In the three extreme western divisions it soon became apparent
that there was little or no blight, and in order to complete the work
in a reasonable time, a more general system of scouting was adopted.
No attempt was made to examine every tree in the general scouting,
but all the chestnut areas were traversed and a close watch kept
for dead or dying branches, unhealthy tops and other signs of the
disease. Numerous inquiries were made as to the existence of un-
healthy chestnut trees, nursery stock and chestnut orchards, and
when a suspicious case was reported, a detailed examination was
made.

It had been the opinion of those engaged in chestnut blight opera
tions outside of the State that the months of August and September
were the best time of the year for scouting. In these months the dis-
ease kills many tops and branches of trees, causing the so-called “‘dan-
ger signals.” These branches with the dead leaves clinging to them are
easily seen on trees in the open, but in the dense woods the green
foliage makes it difficult to find the smaller dead branches and small
cankers. In both 1911 and 1912 it was demonstrated that fall and
early winter, after the leaves had fallen, is the ideal time for locating
spot infections. The dead leaves on the branches girdled during the
summer and early fall remain on the diseased parts throughout the
winter and spring. After the foliage is off the trees, a scout can see
for long distances through the bare tops in dense woods, and locate
even very slight infections. Where the disease has not yet com-
pletely girdled a section of the tree, the cankers are more easily
seen in winter because of the greater amount of light admitted
through the tops of the trees.

In locating infections everything depends upon the man. The work
of scouting requires a man with trained powers of observation, who
can withstand the arduous physical exertion required in tramping
for eight or ten hours through dense woods in a rough country, lie
must be constantly on the alert to detect the blight in the tops,
trunks or bases of trees, and in case of doubt, he must climb the trees
to investigate. In addition to this, he must be able to deal tactfully
with all classes of timber owners and be ever ready to perform the
numerous duties required of him in carrying on an educational cam-
paign in the community in which he is stationed. When he meets
opposition he must be able to withstand criticism and see that the
requirements of the law are carried out.

Young men are best adapted for the work of scouting since tliev
have the necessary vigor and enthusiasm and are willing to work
for low wages. Older men of the type who have done the best work

in scouting are difficult to obtain for work of this character,
since men of this sort usually are settled and do not care to leave
home. Many men with college training have been employed because
such men quickly acquire the necessary knowledge of botany and
forestry, if they do not already have it, and look on the experience
gained as partial compensation for their services.

METHODS OF ERADICATING A SPOT INFECTION.

The plan now being followed when a spot infection is found is to
blaze the infected trees at breast height and also at the base. The
official stamp of the Commission is then put on the blaze with a
marking hammer, and the infected trees are numbered consecutively.
On the other side of the tree is tacked a yellow tag, on which is
printed brief instructions governing the disposal of the tree. When
possible, the owner is immediately interviewed. If he can be induced
to do so, the trees are cut while the held agent is on the premises
and can locate the trees for him in person. Otherwise the agent
leaves infection sheets with the owner, in which are given the loca-
tions of the diseased trees. The owner or person responsible for the
care of the tract is again interviewed by the lield agent, who explains
the nature of the blight, the necessity for removal of the diseased trees
and the proper procedure to follow. The infection sheet, together with
a letter of intsructions is then handed the owner. If, at the end
of twenty days the owner has not removed the diseased trees, the
work of removal is begun by the field agent in charge, with the help
of choppers hired for the purpose. In all our work great stress has
been laid on the prompt removal of infections, but until September,
moral pressure only was brought to bear upon the owners to secure
their co-operation. In September, and later, a more aggressive policy
was adopted and in the few cases where owners refused to co-operate
with the Commission, the work was done by the Commission and bills
for the same presented to the delinquent owners.

The procedure followed in destroying infection is as follows: The
trees are felled so as to leave as low a stump as possible. If felled
with an axe, the bark is first removed from the part of the trunk
through which the cut is to be made to an inch below the surface of
the- soil. If felled by sawing, peeling may be done after the tree has
been cut down. In either case the stump and all exposed roots
must be cleared of every particle of bark and all bark removed must
be carefully collected and burned. After the tree is felled, all
portions above the stump which show mycelium or pustules of the
blight are peeled of bark or the entire piece cut out and burned.

The brush from tops, and portions of the felled chestnut trees
which are not peeled and which it is not intended to utilize must also
be burned. After the stump is peeled, if fire can be made over it with-

26

out injuring the surrounding trees, the brush and refuse are piled
over the stump and burned when there is no danger of forest fires.
The fallen leaves around the stump over au area as far as the diseased
portions of the trees extended after the tree was felled, are raked
into the fire and burned. The fire must entirely consume or deeply
char all of the material, no small ends of branches and small twigs
being allowed to remain. If it is impossible to make the fire over the
stump without injuring the surrounding trees, the sides and top of
the stump must be coated with creosote to prevent any possibility of
reinfection. Portions of infected trees which show no evidence of
the blight are not permitted to lie in the woods over twenty days after
felling, but they maj^ be handled and shipped in the same manner as
logs or wood of other species of trees, provided they are shipped
promptly in closed cars. If the wood from the diseased trees is not re-
moved from the woods within twenty days from the time the trees
are felled it must be peeled and the bark burned, or else wood and
bark burned. Wood from diseased trees used where exposed to the
weather must be peeled. Fire wood, if kept under dry cover, need
not be peeled.

The points to be emphasized in eradicating spot infections are:

1. Take all possible care to prevent injuries to surround-
ing chestnut trees and sprouts in felling the infected tree. If it is
necessary to clear away brush to facilitate cleaning up after felling,
any small chestnut sprouts should be cut flush with the ground.
Experience has shown that such stubs often become infected if near
a diseased tree.

2. Cut all stumps as low as possible, to lessen expense of peeling
and to save merchantable timber in the log.

3. Destroy all diseased portions of the tree showing pustules,
by burning on the spot, immediately, either the bark or entire sections
of the tree which show cankerous areas.

4. Either utilize all unbarked portions of infected trees within
a brief time after they are cut, or, if it is desired to permit this
material to remain in the vicinity of healthy chestnut trees, peel
the bark from all portions of the trees which it is desired to retain.

5. In every case, peel the bark clean from the stumps to an inch
or two below the surface of the soil. Experience has shown that the
stumps of infected trees and portions of the green tops which are per-
mitted to lie for several months on the ground, are almost certain to
become infected if the bark is permitted to remain on them, even
though no cankers exist on the stump at the time the tree is cut.
Some of the largest spots of infection have developed from unpeeled
stumps. The spores germinate on the sappy surface of the stump
and the mycelium grows downward through the cambium, and in the
course of a year or two reaches the sprouts which come up around

27

the base of the stump. Little infection in the sprouts is found where
the stumps have been carefully peeled. Furthermore, the sprouts
have more vigor and are better rooted when they come from peeled
stumps, since in this case they must start from beneath the soil and
can soon form their own roots.

RESULTS OF CUTTING OUT SPOT INFECTION.

Sufficient time has not elapsed since the Commission began
work to determine the efficiency of sanitation in checking the disease.
Early in 1912 the work of eradicating spot infections along the ad-
vance line and to the westward was begun. The general methods out-
lined in the preceding paragraph were used. Many facts relating
to the proper procedure in destroying infection have only become
known as a result of this first work, hence in some cases the cleaning-
up was not done as carefully as we now know to be necessary.

Forty-two tracts on which the original infection was cut out dur-
ing the early part of 1912 were reinspected during November and
December of this year. The number of diseased trees in these spots
prior to cutting ranged from a single tree to ninety-three, the total
number of diseased trees on the forty-two spots being 556. On re-
inspection, twenty-eight out of the forty-two spots showed no recur-
rence of the blight ; in three cases a single new infection was found,
and in six cases there were two recently infected trees. The highest
number of new infections numbered thirteen trees. In the forty-
two spots averaging 13.25 original infected trees each, 156 reinfec-
tions occurred or 3.7 infections per spot. In two-thirds of the forty-
two spots no blight reappeared, and the new infections which de-
veloped in the remainder equalled only two-sevenths of the number of
trees originally diseased. These spots were located in the region of
very slight infection in Elk, Clearfield, Centre and Fulton Counties.

One of the most interesting spot infections studied was one which
covered about ten acres located near Orbisonia in central Hunting-
don county. In the fall of 1911, 271 infections, mostly on 4 year
old stump sprouts, were discovered. During March, 1912, the in-
fections on this tract were cut out and burned. A re-examination
was made in October, 1912, and eighty-two new infections were
found. These infections were mostly on small branches and about
one-eighth of them must have existed last year when the tract was
scouted, but were so small that they were missed. The remainder
apparently developed blight this year, undoubtedly from poor work
in burning the infections. At least, it is interesting to note that
all but thirteen of the 82 new infections were within a hundred feet
radius of last year’s infections which were not very carefully
burned.

2S

OCCURRENCE OF SPOT INFECTIONS.

Spot infections of the blight appear in all kinds of locations.
Some are in small woodlots, others far within the boundaries of
large reserves; while in .some cases they are near roads and rail-
roads; in other cases they are far from the routes of travel.
Some are in the valleys, others on the highest elevations, some are
in moist soil, others in very dry soil. A number of large in-
fections along the advance line are located in gaps in the mountains
where the wind sweeps through, and in upland benches, draws,
ravines and other depressions, where it is likely that there are con-
stant air currents. The examinations of spot infections show that
in practftally every case the disease starts on a single tree, which
may be located miles from any other infection. The disease is ;
then communicated to the trees immediately surrounding the original
infected tree, forming an irregular spot which is usually more or
less elliptical in form. After the spot assumes considerable propor-
tions, scattered diseased trees appear at some distance from the !
central infection, in the midst of healthy chestnut.

The rate of spread of the blight from the original center of infec- ,
tion appears to vary greatly, according to the condition of the
chestnut trees in the vicinity of the infection. Where the chestnut
trees are sound, vigorous and healthy, the spread is apparently less .
rapid than where the trees are injured by storms, insects, fire,
drought or other agencies.

An example of the slow spread from a centre of infection was I
found in Elk county near St. Marys. The accompanying diagram
shows the center of this spot infection to be 100 feet from a public-
road in a dense stand of chestnut sprouts about 15 years old. The j
original infection probably occurred sometime in 190S. A short
time afterwards (Spring of 1909) two other trees from the same *
stump as the original infection and three trees on a stump 77 feet
to the east were infected. In 1910, 24 trees, in 1911. 100 trees, and
in 1912, 166 trees wire infected, making the total number in the j
spot 296 trees. The spread of the infection to the east was greater j
than in any other direction. The most distant infection in this ]
spot was 1250 feet from the original center. In contrast to this. I
a spot infection in Somerset county may be cited. Here the original
infection occurred in 1908. The disease was apparently carried from ?
a chestnut orchard in eastern Pennsylvania on diseased scions of j
chestnut which were grafted on native sprouts in Somerset county.
In all about 100 trees were so grafted aud it is on these trees that
the oldest cankers have been found. With this orchard as a center
the disease has spread over an area about four miles wide and six
miles long. A thorough scouting in 1912 revealed 6700 infected trees

29

and this number is being constantly increased by additional in-
fections found as new tracts are scouted. The rapid spread of the
blight in this region is probably due to the fact that these trees were
severely injured by storms in 1911 and 3912.

The most interesting fact secured through Ihe field work in
1912 is the advance which the disease has made in the mountainous
region in. the central part of the State. The heavy line on the map
shows the line of general advance as it exists at the present time.
In the strip between this year’s advance line and the dotted line
denoting the advance line as determined in 1911, the blight has
appeared in a great number of spots where its presence could not
be detected last year or early in the summer of 1912. In a great
many instances, large spot infections became apparent during Sep-
tember and October of the present year where previously only a few
infected trees had been found or none at all. Just east of last year's
advance line, in the Pennvpacker and Kothrock forest reserves, crews
of men were engaged in locating and removing infected trees through-
out the summer and fall, but in spite of this the number of infected
trees which constantly appeared was so large that it has been
impossible to clear the blight from these reserves up to the present
time. In the heart of the Eothroek reserve an area of blight, several
hundred acres in extent, appeared in mid-summer where no in-
fections had previously been discernible. It is characteristic of
the infections in this region this year that they are mainly on twigs
! and small branches in the tops of the trees. It is thought that the
extremely wet weather in the spring, summer and fall of 3 912 had
some relation to the rapid spread of the blight in this section.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE CUTTING-OUT METHOD OF

CONTROL.

The magnitude of the task before the Commission must be con-
sidered. The report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs for 1911
gives the acreage of timber land in Pennsylvania on which taxes
I are paid as 7,428,228 acres. To this must be added nearly a million
acres of forest reserves and more than a million acres of woodlots and
limber tracts located in townships for which no figures appear in
this report. A very conservative estimate places the average per-
centage of chestnut in the forests of the State as slightly in excess
of 20 per cent or about one-fifth of the stand.

The western district contains at least 0,500,000 acres of wood-
; land. This entire area must be scouted since there are few localities
: where the chestnut is absent, and until the land has been actually
i gone over it is not certain that no blight exists. Even though the
! percent of chestnut is small, the blight, if present, may spread to
adjoining areas with a higher percentage of chestnut. The number

30

of acres inspected per man per day in the western district has
averaged 50 acres. At this rate, paying inspectors at the rate of
20 cents per hour, it would cost 4 cents per acre or a total of
$260,000 to thoroughly scout the forest areas in the western district.

In the eastern district there are at least 3,000,000 acres of wood-
land. Allowing the sum of 2 cents per acre for the instruction of
timber owners and the work in utilization in this district, the cost
to the State would be $60,000. The total cost of the work in both
divisions thus amounts to $320,000.

FIELD WORK IN THE EASTERN DISTRICT IN 1912.

The eastern district was subdivided into five divisions, each
division being placed in charge of a supervisor. Previous to July,
1912, only a few men were employed in this division. Since July,
however, there has been one or more field agents employed almost
continuously in each county in the district.

It is the policy in this district to carry on three lines of work,
namely, field demonstrations, educational work and utilization in-
vestigations. In held demonstration, a field agent goes to a
property owner, takes him into the woods and shows him the
symptoms and ravages of the blight. An inspection is not made
unless the owner or tenant is present. In this way some action
usually follows inspection, since the owner or tenant learns the
nature of the disease and realizes the importance of endeavoring to,
check its progress. The knowledge of the blight possessed by the
majority of timber owners is the single fact that a ‘“blight'’ is j
destroying the chestnut trees around New York and Philadelphia. :
They have the vague impression that it is due to an insect. These '
owners are usually surprised to learn that the blight has already
made its appearance in their timber. The ordinary observer seldom
notices the blight until the disease is so firmly established as to be
beyond hope of control. A very large number fail to notice the
diseased condition of their trees even after the blight has killed
many trees and partially destroyed their commercial value.

The eastern district has not been as thoroughly scouted as the
western district, since the complete organization of the work in the
west took precedence over the work in the east. However, considerable
data have been collected in each county which are embodied in the
accompanying map showing the geographic extent of the disease.!
The disease is most prevalent in the tier of counties along the'

NOTE.

Figs. 2, 7, 9, 13, IS, and 70 are from photographs made by E. T. Kirk.
Figs. 39, 41, 42, 48 and 49 are from photographs made by Wm. Bovie. All
other illustrations were photographed by Mr. Wm. Currie , the Commission
photographer, under the supervision of the respective departments to which
they are credited.

Fig. 1.

Young chestnut tree with top killed by Blight. Note drooping, shriveled leaves
and dense growth of sprouts below the canker. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

Fig. 2.

Cankers on sprouts killed by Blight, near Oxford, Chester County, Pennsyl-
vania.

Fig. 3.

Native chestnut trees dying from Blight. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

Fig. 4.

Native chestnut shade trees attacked by blight. Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.

Fig. 5.

Grafted chestnut trees in orchard attacked by blight. Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

Fig. G.

Young stand of chestnut killed by blight, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

Fig. T.

Blighted chestnut tree showing how “The Danger Signals’’ appear in winter.

Fig. 8.

Chestnut shade tree with branch billed by Blight. Note withered leaves.
Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.

Fig. ‘J.

Sprouts killed by blight on tract near Oxford, in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Fig. 10.

Chestnut shade tree killed by blight. Philadelphia, Pa.

Fig. 11.

Chestnut trees in orchard, killed by chestnut blight. Bucks county, Pennsylvania.

Fig. 12.

Diseased chestnut trees girdled at the top , showing how the persistent leaves cling
to the dead branches after the foliage from the healthy part has fallen.

Fig. 13.

Virgin forest of chestnut and white pine in Warren County, Pennsylvania. Two
chestnut trees two feet in diameter; white pine in back ground, 40 inches in
diameter.

Fig. 14.

Center of infection in spot infection of 296 trees located in Benzinger township. Elk
County, Pennsylvania. The blight probably started on this tree in 1908.

Fig. iij.

General view of dead trees killed by the blight near Oxford. Chester County, Penn-
sylvania.

Fig. Hi.

Chestnut trees broken by sleet storm, Somerset County, Pennsylvania.

Fig. IT.

Spot infection in Bedford County, consisting of sixteen large chestnut trees.

Fig. IS.

Chestnut sapling broken by sleet storm. The blight had entered this tree where
it was broken. Somerset County, Pennsylvania.

It of spot infection of 296 trees illustrating the rate of spread of Jllight from a center. The original infection occurred ab| carefuiiy watching this

considerably ahead of the general line of advance mtection 296 diseased trees were cut out in November, 1912

it, it is expected that the Blight can be kept from gaining headway Elk 0olmty

Fig. 20.

Map of Mcimoe Township, Juniata County, showing distribution of spot infections found by detailed scouting. Number of diseased

trees shown in center of circles.

n*. ai.

Strip -i.n.y of southern York County, showing decrvii»e of percentage of llliiiht, wmt of a center of infection. A spot infection apparently oil sled in the vicinity of Delta (shown by triangle ou mupi ns early » I'."'.' figures Inside <lot»

ludicutc pa iwntngu of infection.

31

southern border of the State from Bucks to York, and it ap-
pears to radiate from this section as a center. Even where
the percentage of disease is very low the evidence of the charac-
teristic spot infections is present. At the center of these old spots
the trees are all diseased and often a majority of them are dead or
nearly so. Proceeding in any direction from such a center, a lower
percentage of the trees are found to be affected, and on the outer
edges of the spots areas are found which show no disease. Where
the blight is very prevalent, the spots are so numerous and have so
completely mingled that it appears to be a solid infection.

The progress of the disease near Philadelphia is shown by some
figures recently collected. In October and November 1910, the De-
partment of Forestry inspected the trees in the suburbs of Phila-
delphia in co-operation with the Main Line Citizens Association.
Out of 1637 chestnut trees on ten tracts in this locality inspected at
that time, thirty-one percent were found infected, and twenty-nine
percent were reported as doubtful. In December 1912, a reinspection
of these tracts was made and seventy-nine percent of the trees were
found diseased. In the Northern and Western counties of the east-
ern division the blight occurs in small scattered spots. The ac-
companying map of Monroe township, Juniata County, Avhich shows
the spot infections found by a thorough scouting of this township in
1912, illustrates the progress of the blight across the State. The
work on the Pennypacker forest reserve in western Perry county
illustrates the steady increase of the blight. In 1911, 656 infections
were destroyed on this reserve on an area of 1,620 acres. On the
completion of this work this area was apparently free from blight.
In 1912 new infections appeared. Portions of this same area were
rescouted two and even three times, with the result that 2.447 in-
fections were found and 1,897 infections cut out. This is at the
rate of 1.2 infected trees per acre. In connection with the preceding
discussion of the cost of sanitation, it is interesting to note that the
cost of scouting and removing the blight from this area was 73
cents per acre. The cost of scouting was 30 cents per infected tree;
the cost of removal of each infection averaged 22 cents, making a
total cost of 52 cents per infection. This work was thoroughly
supervised and the cost is as low as it is possible for such work to
be done and done thoroughly.

UTILIZATION AND METHODS OF CUTTING.

The blight is so prevalent in the eastern district that apparently
the only course of procedure practical is the utilization of all diseased
chestnut trees as rapidly as possible. In this district, therefore, the
Commission up to the present time has not forced cutting of diseased

3

82

trees, except that all diseased trees must be removed within ;
distance of one-half mile from the nearest boundary of all chestnu
orchards or nurseries, the owners of which are themselves applying
adequate protective measures. In all other portions of the distric
cutting is optional with the owners, but it is urged on the owners o
chestnut timber in this region to cut all diseased trees, and when
the amount of blight is SO per cent, or more, both diseased and soum
trees, for the purpose of getting the full value from the merchantabh
products of these trees and also to reduce the chances of furthei
infection and lessen the distribution of the disease from east to west

Owners of valuable, ornamental, shade or orchard trees are recoin
mended to use the surgical method outlined in Bulletin No. 2 o
this Commission. Trees so treated should be inspected for re
occurrence of the blight every six weeks from April 1st to Novembei
1st, and the trees or diseased parts promptly treated as found neces
sary. Immediately following the cutting of diseased trees, all stump;
should be peeled clean of bark to the ground line and all brush froir
tops, bark fragments and other refuse burned, so that sound sprout;
will be developed. Stumps should be cut low and the burning done
directly over the stumps wherever practicable. All felled chestnul
trees whether diseased or not should be immediately removed from
the woods and utilized, so that they may not become a breeding pi act
for the blight fungus. Shipment of blighted wood must be made
in closed cars.

From the beginning of the work in the East the importance ol
utilizing the diseased timber has been emphasized. Throughout the
summer the field agents were instructed to urge utilization al
all times and to give the owners general information as to
the various ways in which the diseased wood could be used. An
effort has been made to keep only those men who are best qualified
for work of this character on the force. The most difficult material
to utilize is small stuff, which can only be used for cordwood. The men
are instructed to keep in close touch with the office of utilization in
order that the most helpful suggestions may be given to owners.

EFFICIENCY OF THE CUTTING-OUT METHOD EAST OF THE ADVANCE

LINE.

In order to get information concerning the effectiveness of two
different methods of cutting out diseased chestnut, a stump to stump
count of 100 stumps each was made in November 1912, on two differ-
ent tracts located at Haverford. In one of the woodlots the infected
trees were cut in the fall of 1910, and the stumps peeled, and all
brush destroyed by burning, but the burning was not done over the

33

stumps. On this tract a hundred stumps had 1354 vigorous sprouts,
on 254 of which the blight was present. Ln other words 82 per cent
of these sprouts were free from disease and of I he infected sprouts,
99, or 39 per cent were infected at the base mostly from diseased bark
left on the stump.

The second tract, used for comparison with this, is located about
one-half mile distant from the first tract and was cut about the same
time. The brush w'as burned and all the merchantable wood used,
but the stumps were not peeled. As near as could be determined, the
two woodlots received identical treatment except that the stumps
were peeled in one case while they were left with the bark on in
the other. On this tract the 100 stumps had 1406 vigorous sprouts,
1115, or 79.3 per cent of which were infected, 22.2 of the infections
were basal.

The above mentioned results indicate that by careful work, the
majority of these sprouts which come from diseased stumps may be
kept free if tbe stumps are peeled and charred. Creosote has been
used to coat stumps, after peeling, instead of charring them, with

good results.

In March, 1912, 120 stumps of diseased chestnut trees in Lebanon
county were carefully peeled and charred. When re-examined in
November 1912, the sprouts on only 12 of these stumps were infected,
and of these 12, 9 had been improperly peeled and burned.

DECREASE IN RATE OF SPREAD OF THE BLIGHT.

A number of reports have been received from foresters and timber
owners in Pike and Monroe counties that the blight in these couni ies
is apparently losing its virulence and not spreading. Some observers
were of the opinion that infected trees were recovering from the
disease, in some cases. To test this matter Mr. K. E. Hockey, of the
Commission, laid off several sample plots near Shawnee, Pa., last
June. The condition of the trees on these plots were carefully noted.
rV re-examination was made recently and it was found that the cankers
enlarged during the summer at slightly less than the rate noted by
the field pathologists in other parts of the State. The spores are
produced in a normal manner and have normal vitality. The disease
was also found to be spreading from infected trees to healthy ones
and to other parts of the same tree but apparently the infection of
healthy sprouts and trees is not proceeding as rapidly as in other
portions of the State, where accurate observations have been made.

FOREST FIRES.

The employees of the Commission have been appointed Deputy Fire
Wardens (unsalaried) by the Department of Forestry. Durin
November, field agents of the Commission took charge in extinguishin

fcC 6C

34

eight large forest fires. Over 7,000 acres of timber land was burned
over in these fires. Only one forest fire is known to have occurred as
a result of burning infections. The fire started while burning brush
in an enforced cutting. About five acres of woodland were burned
over before the fire was extinguished.

Respectfully submitted,

SAMUEL IL DETWILER,
General Superintendent.

l-.AISri-.KN 1 >1 STKIO.

35

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PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
(Figs. 22-38.)

The pathological investigations in charge of Dr. F. D. Heald are
conducted in Philadelphia in the Zoological Building of the University
of Pennsylvania. Dr. Heald was not appointed until August 16th, .
and has, therefore, only been able to make a fairly good beginning
in the work. In addition to the pathological work, Dr. Heald is re-
sponsible for the training of scouts and' for the inspection of nursery
stock.

INSTRUCTION OF SCOUTS.

The training of scouts was begun in the Commission laboratories on
September 23rd and since that time a total of twenty-six have been
enrolled. It has required from five days to two weeks for each
scout to complete the course outlined. This length of time has varied
in accordance with the previous preparation and experience of the
men employed. The proper training of scouts is considered to be as
essential as research work, and it has been necessary to devote a con-
siderabe amount of energy to this work.

IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS.

As soon as the laboratory had been equipped, specimens received by
the Commission Office for identification were turned over to this labo-
ratory for examination. The accurate determination of the specimens
lias required a considerable amount of time, involving both cultures
and microscopic examinations. In addition to the specimens of Dia-
porthe parasitica which predominate, various other fungi growing
upon the chestnut, have been submitted. Some of these have been
mistaken for Diaporthe by those not familiar with the nature of the
fungus.

GERMINATION OF THE SPORES OF DIAPORTHE.

In order to get the characteristic type of growth of young Diaporthe
colonies in Petri dish cultures, a preliminary study has been made of
germination in agar hanging-block cultures of both ascospores and
conidiospores. This particular feature is fundamental in analytic
work on dissemination. The ascospore cultures were made from
ascospores shot upon sterile slides. A drop of sterile bouillon was
placed over a spore print on a slide and dilutions made from this to
a second drop of bouillion on a sterile slide and the planting made
directly from the spore dilution.

It was found that germination of conidiospores is much slower than
the germination of ascospores. This probably explains the fact that
a smaller percentage of successful infections is secured in artificial in-
oculations with conidiospores than with ascospores. At the end of
twenty-four hours the germ tube of conidiospores is only slightly in
excess of or sometimes double the length of the swollen spore. During

41

i the first part of the germination period the spore swells until it is oval
| or oblong in form and its diameter is slightly in excess of that of
the germ tube that is to be produced. (See figures 36-37).

DIE FERENTIATION OH1 ASCOSPORE AND CONIDIOSPORE COLONIES ON

PETRI DISH CULTURES.

The tests made in hanging drop cultures in regard to the rapidity
i of germination of the two types of spores suggested the possibility of
differentiating ascospore colonies and conidiospore colonies by their
I rate of growth. The results of comparative cultures of ascospores
and conidiospores on 3 per cent, glucose agar, plus 10, by the common
poured plate method show that the ascospore colonies become visible
and conspicuous when the conidiospore colonies are still minute.

THE RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT DISEASE.

The part which insects play in the dissemination of the blight is
one of the topics that is being investigated in co-operation with the
Entomologist.

An examination has been made by means of cultures of small insect
galls occuring on one year shoots of the chestnut to determine whether
an infection had already taken place. The insects causing these galls
are not available at this time of the year but they are designated in
this report as Diptera species.

The number of tests made is not sufficient upon which to base any
accurate conclusions and the work will be continued and a large num-
ber of similar galls from various portions of the State will be tested.

Some cultures have been made also to determine whether certain
insects frequenting blight lesions were carrying spores, with negative
results.

NURSERY STOCK AND DISSEMINATION.

In connection with the work of inspection of chestnut tree nursery
stock, a list is kept of trees shipped by the nurseries of this State with
their destination. The places to which nursery stock is shipped in
this State will later be visited by an agent of the Commission to deter-
mine to what extent any of these become centres of infection. The
list of ti'ees sent to adjacent states will be furnished to the United
States Department of Agriculture.

The inspection of nursery stock has suggested the possibility that
chestnut blight might be carried by other nursery stock than the
chestnut. Since the spores of Diaporthe are known to be carried by
the wind, they might settle upon the surface of any nursery stock
growing in the vicinity of diseased chestnut trees.

In order to determine the effect of the ordinary nursery fumigation
upon the spores of the blight fungus, an experiment was conducted at
one of the principal nurseries of the State in which twelve twigs

42

of chestnut were immersed in water containing ascospores and
then allowed to dry. Six of these were placed in a sterile capsule
as a check and six placed in a fumigator and subjected to the usual
fumigation. Twelve similar twigs were immersed in water containing
conidiospores and subjected to the same treatment. The result
of this experiment was that the the usual fumigation had no effect
whatever upon the spores of the blight fungus.

In addition to the above, various experiments have been conducted
and are now under way to determine the effect of cold upon the growth
of the blight fungus in cultures and also the comparative effects of
light and darkness upon cultures of the same fungus. This work is
much facilitated by having available a series of constant temperature
rooms making it possible to test temperatures from below freezing up
to the maximum temperature at which growth is possible.

Eesults of other experiments recently made show: — -

First, that conidiospores do not germinate in extracts of soil. This
is important in indicating the possibility of their persistence when
washed to the ground.

Second, the expulsion of ascopores from the peritliecia is dependent
upon temperature as well as moisture. In all tests made to date no
expulsion has occurred when the bark bearing the peritliecia has been
kept at a temperature less than 52 degrees Fahr.

PUBLICATION.

A bulletin is being written describing more in detail the charac-
ters of the organism causing the blight than has been heretofore
given. It will be accompanied by numerous illustrations and will be
ready for publication within a few weeks.

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS IN PATHOLOGY.

Field investigations of the chestnut blight fungus have been con-
ducted for a considerable time under the immediate direction of Mr.
P. J. Anderson. A considerable series of experiments have been con-
ducted in much detail. Among many things that have been learned
there are two that are important and have much practical bearing in
our efforts to eradicate the blight fungus.

THE CONNELLSVILLE FOBM OF FUNGUS.

First — As stated in the report of the General Superintendent much
difficulty was encountered in the scouting work because of the condi-
tion early apparent that the fungus as found in the vicinity of Con-

43

nellsville in the southwestern part of the State was harmless to the
trees which it infested. This condition led to thorough investiga-
tion of the nature of this form of fungus compared with the usual type
that is found generally over the State, and it was learned that it dif-
fers considerably from the usual form in several respects. The size and
form of the spores are different. The behavior in culture media is
quite different,- and artificial inoculations with the Connellsville form
on young, healthy trees do not produce the usual cankers. A rather
complete description of this form of fungus has been published in Vol-
ume 2, Number 5 of “Phytopathology.”

A more recent and detailed technical description of the Connells-
ville fungus, under the new name of “Endothia Virginia,” has been
published by Mr. Anderson and his brother Mr. H. W. Anderson, in
Volume 2, Number 6 of “Phytopathology,” pages 261-262.

A manuscript describing the Connellsville fungus and including in-
formation additional to that given in the paper in “Phytopatho-
logy,” has been submitted by Mr. Anderson, and is intended for pub-
lication as one of the bulletins of this Commission.

DISSEMINATION OF THE FUNGUS.

Second : — Numerous experiments have been performed to determine
whether or not the chestnut blight fungus is disseminated by means of
the wind. It was soon found that the ascopores of the perithecial or
second stage of the fungus are much more easily and rapidly dispersed
than was thought at first. In nature after a rain, or when the pustules
are artificially moistened, these ascospores are shot out into the air
to a distance of as much as one inch at regular intervals and with
considerable rapidity. Agar plates placed at different distances from
moistened pustules have caught these spores before falling to the
ground up to a distance of fifty feet from the starting point.

Other experiments have shown that the blight may be caused by
catching these spores in artificial wounds made in trees at similar
distances from the shooting pustles. It seems natural to infer from
these experiments and others conducted, the details of which cannot
be here given, that the fungus is easily and rapidly disseminated lo-
cally, at least, by means of ascospores carried by the air.

A paper giving the details of various experiments performed leading
to the conclusion above stated has been submitted to be published as
another bulletin of this Commission.

GROWTH OF THE FUNGUS IN THE WINTER.

It has been found that the growth and appearance of the blight
canker is quite different in late Fall and Winter, than during the Sum-

44

mer. The fungus does not advance into the healthy tissue in fan-
shaped mats of mycelium. The edge of the canker is more regular and
is circumscribed by a black line between the healthy and dead tissue,
which line was not there during the Summer. The average growth
in diameter of fifty-three cankers, for October was 1.92 cm. For
twenty-two days of November and all of December cankers showed
no increase in diameter, indicating that the weather had become too
cold. No inoculations made during October, November and December
show any signs of infection. Whether the spores will remain and
begiu growth when the weather becomes warm again, is yet to be
determined.

FURTHER RESULTS ON DISSEMINATION.

Clumps of coppice growth of chestnut were selected, in each one of
which was one or more trees with cankers bearing ascospores. Wounds
were made by sterile implements on surrounding trees facing the can-
kers of the diseased trees and the bark was previously sterilized. These
wounds were then protected from insects by wire screens and a strip
of cotton placed upon them to insure against spores being washed from
above. The cankered trees were drenched with water ouce a day for
ten days. Of the 559 wounds made and protected in this way, 114 de-
veloped cankers at the end of three months.

In another set of bellows experiments not previously reported, sixty-
three sterile wounds were made in the trunks of trees and shooting
bark was supported at a distance of oue and a half to two and a half
feet from each wound. A draft of air was created toward the wounded
tree by hand-bellows for fifteen minutes and then the wound protected
with cotton. Twenty-four out of the sixty-three wounds developed
ankers.

LONGEVITY TESTS.

t

Results of tests in the longevity of spores are as follows:—

First — Ascospores after being ejected from the perithecia and kept
dry on slides in the laboratory, retained their vitality twenty-four (24 )
weeks ; limit not yet reached.

Second Ascospores kept dry in the bark without being dis-

charged from the perithecia retained their vitality thirty -four (34 i
weeks ; limit not yet reached.

Third — Conidia kept dry as spore horns in the laboratory, retained
their totality twenty-eight (28) weeks; limit not yet reached.

Fourth — Both ascospores and conidia collected at regular intervals
from the woods during the winter up to the present time (Feb. 1st)
have retained their vitality. Even the couidia from the exposed pyc-
nidia on wood have given a high percentage of germination at every
period of the winter.

45

CULTURAL AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES.

The true blight fungus has been much confused with several other
very closely related species of this genus. Cultures of all these forms
from various localities in America and Europe were made and studied
on a large number of media. As a result of these studies it is now
definitely proved that we have three distinct species in Eastern United
States:— First. The true blight fungus. Second. The Connellsville
fungus. Third. The long spored Svuthern fungus. Only the first two
of these are found in Pennsylvania and only the first one of the three
causes any injury to the trees.

REPORT OF THE PHYSIOLOGIST
(Figs. 39-49.)

The investigations in tree medication have been in charge of Dr.
Caroline Rumbold, and have three objects in view:

1. To ascertain if the growth of the chestnut blight fungus can be
checked by the introduction of chemicals into growing chestnut trees.

2. To determine whether the fungus can be entirely killed by such
a process.

3. Also to determine whether the tree can be rendered immune
to the disease by such a process.

The condition is also to be understood that the tree must remain
uninjured in each case by the treatment.

Some of the results obtained to date are as follows: —

EFFECT OF ALKALIES ON THE GROWTH OF THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT

FUNGUS.

Certain alkaline compounds, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate
and sodium hydroxide, were emplot’ed in percentages varying from
one-half to one-sixteenth per .cent, and added to bean juice agar (2 per
cent.) and to boiled chestnut juice. On cultivating the fungus in these
media, it was found that lithium carbonate was the most toxic, one
eighth per cent, being sufficient to kill the fungus.

EFFECT OF ALKALINE SOLUTIONS ON GROWING PLANTS.

Rooted slips of Coleus and Impatiens were placed in alkaline solu-
tions, and it was found that a one-fourth per cent., one- third per cent,
and one-half per cent, of what was supposed to be a saturated solution
of lithium carbonate readily entered the plants through the roots. If
taken from the solution as soon as a slight curling of the leaves indi-
cated the presence of the lithium in the tips of the plant, they survived

46

this treatment. Allowed to remain, the plants continued t« absorb
the alkali, and died, the tips of the roots and of the leaves turning
brown first. Next, chestnut seedlings two and three years old, which
had been transplanted into pots, were injected with lithium carbonate
solution through a root cut under water. The solution spread from the
root throughout the seedling, as was shown by the effect of the solu-
tion in the leaves and twigs whenever tested. Some of the trees ab-
sorbed the one fourth per cent, solution readily, and others even the
one third per cent. Controlled trees injected simply with distilled
water, did not absorb the water as readily as the other trees absorbed
the alkaline solution. On inoculating the trees injected with lithium
cai’bonate and the controlled trees with the chestnut blight fungus, the
alkali appeared to have no effect, as both series of trees were infected.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS AT EMILIE, PA.

In experiments conducted at Emilie, Pa., in April', lithium carbon-
ate in different percentages was injected into orchard trees
through the roots. The trees which had an average age of six years
were already infected with the chestnut blight, most of the cankers
being at the base of the tree. In August, while some of the injections
had seriously retarded the growth of the trees, none of the latter
were killed by them, though they did die from the blight disease.
However, in no case were the injections of any benefit to the tree.

METHODS OF TRUNK INJECTION.

For large trees it is manifestly impracticable to practice injection
through the roots. Two different methods, therefore, of trunk injec-
tions were devised, in one of which a tin can and grafting wax were
used, and in the other, a glass jar, rubber tubing and a clamp. Details
of the use of these methods are given in the full report of the physio-
logist in charge of tree medication. The latter method is well illus-
trated, however, by accompanying figures 39, 41. 42.

EXPERIMENTS AT COLEMANVILLE, PA.

During the late summer, field experiments were conducted in a
large chestnut orchard at Colemanville. Solutions of the following
compounds were used ; copper sulphate, copper chloride, zinc chloride,
lithium carbonate, barium chloride, sodium carbonate and sodium
hydroxide. A number of other compounds were also used in different
concentrations, including certain color solutions, such as eosin. methyl
green and congo red, in solutions of one one-tenth per cent.
These solutions were injected by the two methods of trunk injection
above mentioned. So far, no difference in the rate of intake in different
concentrations of the solutions has been noticed. No tests were made
of the effect of temperature, wind and humidity in these experiments.

Fig. 23.

Amoeboid infection on two year old sprout. The bark has been removed from t-Be
shoot and spread out flat.

Fig. 24.

Amoeboid infection on two year old sprout.

Fig. 25.

Type of sprout infection common in some tracts.

i

Fig. 27.

Isolation culture from infection shown in Fig. 25.

Fig. 28.

Blight canker on branch showing characteristic swelling and cracking of bark on

young wood.

i

Fig. 20.

The figure at the left shows the fruiting pustules bursting through the bark,
figure at the right shows a young infection with an enlargement, which is
characteristic in vigorous branches.

The

often

Fig. 30.

Rough bark showing broad bands of perithecial pustules in the crevices. Spores
shot from this specimen were used in making the ascospore cultures described in
this report.

Fig. 31.

rerithecial pustules from rough bark.

Fig. 32.

Culture of Diaporthe parasitica obtained from pycnospores, produced by pycnidia
on two year old wood pile, Bronxville, N. Y.

Fig. 33.

Bark from the end of a piece of cord wood. Obtained from railroad siding, Ft.
Robinson, Pa. The inner or fibrous bark is completely covered with pycnidia.

Fig. 34.

Cultures of Diaporthe parasitica from mycelial transfers grown on potato agar in
the light and in the dark. Culture in the light is beginning to show zonation.

Fig. 35.

Potato agar culture grown in light showing the pronounced zonation.

0

6

Fig. 30.

Germination of Conidiospores in 3 per cent, glucose agar. 22°C. 1 after 12 hours;
2 after 10 hours ; 3 after 22 hours ; 4 after 30 hours ; 5 after 36 hours ; 6 after
36 hours.

These illustrate the linear and y types of germination.

Fig. 37.

Germination of Ascospores in 3 per cent, glucose agar. 22°C. 1 to 4 a series

showing growth of a single spore: 1 at 11.45 A. M. ; 2 at 2.45 P. M. ; 3 at
4.45 P. M. ; 4 at 7.45 P. M. : 5 after 24 hours ; 6 after 24 hours ; 7 after 24 hours.
In 4, each cell has produced two hyphae. In 5, one cell has produced two hyphae,
while a strong lateral has grown out from the main axis just beyond the spore.
In 6 one ceil has produced a lateral but no terminal hyphae.

In 7, one cell of the ascospore failed to produce a germ tube.

Fig. 38.

lit lire 11(1 from ascospores, culture 117 from conidiospores. Roth were made
November 17, 1!)12 on 3 per cent, glucose agar and were five days old when
photographed.

Fig. 39.

Method of attaching tube for injecting a solution into a tree.

Tree No. 127. Plot P>. Martic Forge 1912.
i per cent, formaldehyde. Tree injected August 14 consumed 1445 cc. solution.

Photographed August 27.

Fig. 41.

Cross section of a tree at the point of injection. Shows the injection hole and glass
tube entering it — held in place by the rubber cork and the clamp.

Fig. 43.

Tree No. 31. Plot A. 1912 Martie Forge.

Injected October 7 with .01 tier cent. Congo Red. Tree consumed 2 gills, stain.
Tree cut down October 13.

Note — In the photograph of tree sections the stained areas are either marked or
outlined by black lines. The photographs show the natural size of the sections.

f. ' . ?.

w ' TREE

Fig. 44.

Tree No. 60. Plot A. 1912 Martic Forge.

Injected October 7 with. .01 per cent Congo Red. Consumed 2 1-2 gills of stain.
Tree cut down October 13.

Fig. 45. i TV!

Tree JSTo. 02. Plot A. 1912 iiartie Forge.

Injected August 20 with .01 per cent green. About 2 gills of stain consumed.
Ire' cut down September 10.

Fig. 46.

Tree No. 63. Plot A. 1912 Martic Forge.

Injected August 20 with .01 per cent Methyl green. Consumed about 1 quart of
stain. Tree cut down September 10.

TREE 63

g rucn

Fig. 47.

Tree No. 04. Plot A. 1012 Martic Forge.

Injected August 20 with .01 Methyl green. Tree consumed about 2 quarts.
Tree cut down August 21. See 1.

Fig. 48.

Tree Xo. f!4. Plot A. 1012 Martic Forge.

Injection August 20 with .001 Methyl green. Consumed about one quart of
stain in 45 minutes. Altogether about 2 i-2 pints consumed. Tree cut down
August 21.

Fig. 49.

A tool and storage box having on top of it the implements used in making three

injections.

47

As evening appr«>m-ned, the intake decreased. The experiments have
not been continued long enough for accurate conclusions as to the path
of the solutions in the tree. It was possible, however, to mark out the
path of the solution on the bark of the tree, those twigs and branches
whose fibres entered this path, having their leaves killed. In certain
cases all of the leaves were eventually killed, making it look as
though the solution had diffused throughout the tree, but soon the
leaves on those parts of the tree not included in the path of the
solution, fell off. Callus had formed and the leaves fell as in the
fall of the year. More direct evidence concerning the path of the
solution in the tree during the months of August, September and
October was obtained from color solutions of eosin, methyl green
and congo red, (Figs. 43-47).

The effect of lithium carbonate solution was visible in the leaves in
about three days after the injection, when the injection was made in
August. The effect on the trees of injections in the spring was more
general than in the case of those treated in August. Solutions of
heavy metals, although killing in concentrations, did not at once
affect the cambium layer when passing up and down the vessels. Cop-
per chloride solution, twelve hours after injection into the tree, killed
the leaves on the branch. The cambium was still alive. This layer
died later, however, and still later the green coiffex.

The effect of the different solutions on the leaves was so marked
that one could tell from the manner of the blotching, what kind of
solutions had been used (Fig. 7, S and 9). The leaves on those
branches which did not receive the killing solutions, finally dropped
off, and new leaves were produced, as though it were spring, while on
those branches which were injected, the dead leaves continued to
hang, making them conspicuous on the trees. This phenomenon
was general when the solution of heavy metals and formal-
dehyde was used. The first effect noticeable is the changing of the
color of the leaves on injected branches, together with a decided
smell of fermentation. The dying leaves do not become crisp until
some time after they have turned brown.

Injections of compounds of ammonia produced very different effects
from those of the heavy metals ; in these cases the autumn leaf fall of
the tree was normal as to time and appearance. Further experiments
with these compounds will be made.

CONCLUSION.

So far, no general method for either killing or checking the growth
of the chestnut blight fungus has been found. A successful method
for injecting fluids into the tree has, however, been devised, which,
with modifications can be used for injecting gases also. The present
indications are that the heavy metals will not be of value in tree
medication.

4

!

48

INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

These investigations are in charge of Professor A. G. Ruggles, for-
merly associated Entomologist of the Minnesota Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, and at present on leave of absence for work with this
Commission.

As in the case of other investigations, Professor Ruggles has only
been engaged for a short time, and therefore his work is only fairly
begun. The investigations in this line may be divided into four main
divisions as follows: —

1st. The relation of insects to the blight as possible carriers of the
disease.

2nd. The study of insect wounds that may form a good lodging
place for fungus spores.

3rd. The study of insects that feed upon, the spores of the blight
fungus.

4th. The study of insects infecting chestnut trees that have already
been killed by the blight.

In addition to the above, it may be also of importance to investigate
the insects that attack living chestnut trees.

The first of these divisions is being given considex-able attention as
certain insects may really be agents for carrying the disease.

The results of the work of Professor N. F. Davis, special entomolo-
gist during the summer, may be summed up as follows:

Many cases of infection were seen that were not thought to be due
to the wind. No summer spores or winter spores were found, yet the
disease kept spreading. Ants were thought responsible because xluw
were found carrying mycelial threads of the fungus. 75 to 90 per
cent, of the cases of infection were attributed to ants, particularly in
dry weather. At present one cannot accept all or any of the conclu-
sions reached by other former workers in this line. There are links
to the chain of evidence yet to be supplied. Several experiments are
outlined for this work that cannot be started until spring, however it
is expected to have some facts about ants before the winter is over by
means of greenhouse investigations.

The second line of investigation has not been much studied. Many
insects make wounds but we do not yet know always what species
make these wounds. Some wounds now thought to be insignificant
may have a special bearing as the starting points of infection. These
are to be studied. The relation of insects to hypertrophied cankers
should be investigated. Also further inquiry as to insects that eat
chestnut blight spores is very important.

49

he fourth line or investigation is being made from the standpoint
tilization of the wood. Before a tree is dead with the disease, in-
ns begin to attack it. Afterward many insects help in its destruc-
d. Recent observations show that blight cankers are a means of
trance for wood-boring insects. In a peeled telephone pole, for in-
f-ace, old cankers were filled with entrance holes of some of these in-
e:s. (Fig. 50.)

ur investigation should show how long a tree dying with blight
a remain standing and still be useful for telephone poles or lumber.

CORRESPONDENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS.

a addition to the above lines of investigation under way or soon
obe started, some time is required in identifying insects of the

Istnut, sent in by correspondents, and studying insect injuries of
chestnut tree, also, in correspondence on the spraying of chestnut
hards for combating insects.

SPRAYING INVESTIGATIONS.

ted spider, plant lice, scales and leaf-eating insects have their
bable insecticides recommended. It is economical to combine when
sible both an insecticide and fungicide in the ssme spray. It is
tired to determine the toxic properties of certain -ommon fungicides
t readily mix with insecticides to the proporti u best adapted to
j the chestnut blight fungus, and the amount of iraying necessary,
ne fungicides have also an insecticidal value.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

,]

'he chemical work of the Commission is in charge of Mr. Joseph
■awder, and has been under way since about July 1, 1912. The
ef object of the chemical investigations is to obtain facts con-
ning the tannin content of the chestnut tree in health and when
leased by the chestnut blight, and also in relation to the soil in
ich the tree grows. Other incidental questions spring up as the
rk goes on. Certain rather interesting results have been obtained
ing the course of the investigations.

ll I'OMPARATIVE TANNIN CONTENTS IN BLIGHTED AND HEALTHY

TREES.

'he tests as to tannin content have been made so far entirely with
:» bark. In twenty tests, all but one showed a higher percentage
o tannin in the infected bark than in the healthy bark of the same

50

tree. The lower percentage in an exceptional case nmy be expi.
by certain abnormal conditions in that case. ~So satisfactory
planation has been offered for this tannin increase in the inf<
portions of the tree. As no one has as yet explained the exact fun<
of tannin in the plant world, this variation is for that reason of
greater interest.

COLOR OF THE EXTRACT.

The tannin extract from the normal bark gives a bright, cl
colored solution, while that from infected portions is always of a ■
brown color, (see illustrations, Fig. 51). Eemoving the tannin j
the normal bark extract leaves a solution of a straw yellow c-
while the removal of the tannin from the infected bark ext
changes the color but slightly.

EFFECT OF COLOR IN LEATHER MANUFACTURE.

The effect of the difference in color of the tannin extract f
infected and normal portions of the tree in leather manufacture
tested by the actual tanning of sheepskin, in which the tannin from
normal bark gave a very light color to the leather, that from
infected bark gave a medium dark color, while extract from c-hesil
oak gave a still darker color, (see illustrations). It appears thal
the manufacture of certain leathers, particularly sole leather, I
medium color as given by the tannin from infected bark, is the I
that is preferred. It is, therefore, a matter of much interest.

Details of experiments upon which the above statements are ba:
and discussions of other minor experiments are given in the acci
panying complete report from the chemist.

PLANS OF FUTURE WORK.

In future investigations, it is expected to determine with greti
accuracy the chemical effect upon the sugar, starch, nitrogen cl
pounds and cellulose of chestnut bark produced by the chestnut blil
fungus. It is also expected to make more complete ash analyses. 1
second line of studies will be the effect of the fungus upon the wi4
from the chemical standpoint. A third investigation will be thelj
tempt to extract tannin from chestnut wood with solvents other tli
water. This will be an advantage in utilization. If it is possible!
extract tannin by a chemical process, chestnut wood may be utili l
to greater advantage without storing it in the woods or shipping it. I

Sheep skin tannin in extract from sound
chestnut bark.

Sheep skin tannin extract from infected
chestnut bark.

Sheep skin tanned in extract from chestnut
oak bark.

51

REPORT OF THE TREE SURGEON.
(Figs. 52-55.)

lie work of examination of individual trees on lawns and in
ite parks as well as orchard trees with the idea of attempting to
such trees by possible surgical or other treatment is in charge
; r. Roy G. Pierce, Tree Surgeon.

'quests for examination of individual trees are very frequent,
tin the past four months 208 such examinations have been made by
ree surgeon and one assistant. Most of these examinations were
S in the vicinity of Philadelphia and in Montgomery, Bucks, Dela-
; and Chester counties.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

l examination of the chestnut trees in Fairmount Park is in
ress. Over 2,000 diseased trees have already been located in the
and West Park, not including Wissahickon Drive.

PRIVATE TREE SURGEONS AND FORESTERS.

s the Commission does not stand the expense of treatment of
; individual trees, it is found practically necessary to investigate
*eliability and skill of these private tree surgeons and foresters
give their time to tree treatment work. A list of such men has
obtained nearly all of whom have been seen by ageuts of the
imission and the right methods of operation explained to them,
it* work is also investigated, and when not up to the standard they
io informed.

CHESTNUT ORCHARDS.

} list of 205 owners of cultivated chestnut trees has been eom-
. Bulletin No. 2, ‘‘Treatment of Ornamental Chestnut Trees
lilted with the Blight Disease,” has been sent to these owners. All
e large chestnut orchards have been visited by employees of this
mission. Other owners of such orchards will be seen personally
son as possible.

EFFECT OF SPRAYING.

ials of spraying have been made by certain chestnut tree owners
:e if the entrance of the chestnut blight may be prevented in
svay. While results m, far are not entirely conclusive the indica-
is that Bordeaux Mixture wilt prevent the entrance of the chest-
dight fungus, but will not, of course, kill it after the tree is once
ted.

52

REPORT OF THE GEOGRAPHER.

The investigations of rainfall, temperature, altitude and ge
topography of the State in relation to the distribution of the <.
nut tree blight disease is in direct charge of Dr. F. I*. Gul
Geographer. The work has been under way only a short time,
addition to the field investigations it is the duty of the Geogr*
also to bring together on a uniform scale map the facts given by
agents as to the location, distribution and percentage of the b!
percentage of chestnut trees, and other related facts in forestry

RAINFALL. _ !

Maps have been constructed to show the spring, summer
autumn rainfall over the State for various years. These show ma
differences in succeeding years. The relation of greater or less
fall and more or less humidity to blight distribution are 1
studied.

POSSIBLE RELATION OF SUMMER RAINFALL TO THE SPREAD
THE BLIGHT DISEASE IN 1011 AND 1912.

It appears that in the summer of 1912 there was a much gn
increase in the extent of the blight disease in certain portioi
the western part of the State than in 1911. A careful stuc
these conditions show the possibility that the cause was the i
greater rainfall in those areas in 1912 than in the correspor
months of 1911. Maps are herewith attached, which show ditfer<
of rainfall in the two seasons. (Figs. 50-59.)

MAPS ILLUSTRATING FIELD INSPECTION.

A scouting map has been drawn to show the progress of the
work to date, also a map of the western district showing
number of infected trees found in areas which have been sc-out<
detail.

BASIS OF MAPPING WORK.

All maps are made to correspond with the excellent quadr;
sheets gotten out by the United States Geological Survey. In :
for which sheets are not available the best other sources of i
mation possible are used.

53

PH YSl 0 G R APH I G PEAT U R E S .

A careful study is being made oi‘ the relation of mountains and
Ivalleys, and the direction of the wind to the spread of the blight
disease, but there has not been sufficient time to obtain any results.

PUBLIC HIGHWAYS.

, As the blight disease is so often found along public highways,
observations are being made to determine if automobiles, railway
trains or telephone and telegraph linemen may be responsible to any
considerable extent in carrying the disease from one infected locality
into another.

54

EEPOET OF FOEESTEE IN CHAEGE OF UTILIZATION.

(Figs. 62-70.)

The exploitation of diseased chestnut wood in various forms for
market is in charge of Professor J. P. Wentling, Forester, who is
assisted by three other men. The work has been under way about
four months, although good, thorough work with a central office and
a capable force of assistants was not possible until after November
first.

EXPLOITATION OF BLIGHTED CHESTNUT WOOD ONLY.

At first it was thought advisable to encourage utilization work
through the State in unblighted as well as blighted chestnut and to
stimulate trade in local chestnut. Later, however, it became evident
that the badly blighted timber, mostly iu the eastern part of the State,
warranted the entire attention of the men engaged iu this work. For
the present at least, it seems therefore best to carry on most of
the work east of the Susquehanna Elver. At present it is thought
best to do as much of the active work as possible, in the southeastern
part of the State where the conditions seem to demand immediate
attention.

METHODS ON PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LANDS.

As the different lines of work progressed, it became evideut that
two methods of work should be followed: One on private lands and
the other on public lands. In the former case the field men are
directed to be helpful in every way possible, so long as they do not
involve the Commission in any operation or transaction. Where
necessary, assistance is giveu in examining and cruising timber,
estimates are giveu on cost of cutting and marketing, aud in furnish-
ing information on markets and market prices of various products,
and in any circumstance that might arise in couuection with an
individual operation.

On public lands a fetv instances arose in which it seems necessary
that the Commission take entire charge of cleaning out blighted wood
and marketing the same. In cases of this kind it is expected that
the governing body controlling a piece of public land do what it
can financially, allowing the Commission to complete the work at
its own expense. If the governing body has no money available for
this work, the Commission may take entire charge, bearing initial
expenses, and what loss there maj- be between the cost and returns,
and in case any profit results, it should be turned over for use on the
particular piece of public property under consideration.

55

TIMBER OWNERS.

Field agents in utilization are required to meet timber owners
directly and by the field work to find where the valuable chestnut
jstands are, what their condition is, what they will produce, and what
Ithe market is. In this way at least the good stands of chestnut will
be brought to our attention.

wt

MARKETS.

Considerable information has already been obtained as to markets

D'lj for lumber, poles, ties, shingles, staves, etc. However, the average
chestnut stand in the eastern part of the State is in many cases a
straight cordwood proposition. It is therefore important to find
all possible markets for this low grade material. Lumber users can
be reached very well by correspondence. The lumber market is good.
The situation as regards poles is similar. The small dealer who uses
fence posts, a few ties, cordwood, shingles, staves, etc. is hard to reach
by correspondence. Because of this the policy is pursued of hunting-
out cordwood dealers and getting information by personal inter-
views. A number of very good local markets for chestnut cordwood
of almost any quantity have been found in this way.

MINING TIMBER.

In the northeastern and north central parts of the Slate large
amounts of chestnut are now used and more may be used, in and
about the coal mines. The addresses of all mining companies, both
bituminous and anthracite, have been obtained and a letter sent to
each asking for specifications of and prices paid for chestnut material.

RAILROAD TIES AND FENCING MATERIAL.

Chestnut railroad ties are not in very great demand by the steam
roads on main lines, but electric lines do use large quantities of them.
As a general rule it is pretty safe to manufacture standard ties and
deliver them at a railroad before a definite market has been obtained.

Fencing material — posts and rails — is in local demand in certain
localities, and markets for this kind of material have been obtained
only through personal interviews, and very largely through fuel deal-
ers who handle coal as their product.

COUNTIES EXPLOITED.

The markets have been very carefully investigated in Montgomery,
Bucks, York and Adams counties, and considerable work done in
Philadelphia Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, Berks and Lycoming
counties, and to some extent in the remaining counties east of the
Susquehanna River. In this investigation the county is taken as a

56

unit and the facts are tabulated and bled according to counties and
industries. The study is made from town to town and information
obtained by personal interviews chiefly along the main lines of
traffic.

CO-OPERATION WITH THE FOREST SERVICE AND STATE DEPART-
MENT OF FORESTRY.

The Commission has received from the Forest Service a list of all
users of chestnut lumber in the State and will by correspondence and
personal interviews, reach these users and get from them the grades
of chestnut lumber they use and prices they pay for each grade.

i t is possible now to further co-operate with this Service in obtain-
ing similar data on poles, shingles, ties, cordwood and lumber in this
State which has not been covered by the utilization study made
already by the Forest Service during the past year, as well as on tim-
ber-lands, markets, etc.

The State Department of Forestry in conjunction with the United
States Forest Service has collected a large amount of information on
(lie wood-using industries of the State which data the State Depart-
ment has promped to furnish to this Commission for use with the
provision, of course, that such data shall not be published by the
Commission.

MILL STUDIES.

Timber owners frequently ask what they shall make of their timber
in order to realize the most profit. There is no definite information
as to this matter except what little can be obtained from lumbermen.
To be able to advise inquirers in this line mill studies have been
undertaken. One operation with staves has been completed. Average
trees from six to twenty inches in diameter (D. B. H.) have been run
through a stave mill and an accurate account kept of the staves pro-
duced. For the information to be of general value, a number of
similar studies should be made in different regions where timber
grows under different conditions. The next study proposed is that
of shingles.

LABOR.

To obtain good wood cutters is one of the problems in the utilization
of chestnut in large quantities. Labor that is fit for wood work is
scarce in the eastern counties and for the most part employed. After
finding the markets comes the problem of finding suitable labor.

It is this item of labor, together with markets and the cost of
transportation to the railroad that presents the chief difficulty in the
way of the utilization of diseased chestnut wood.

57

DETERIORATION INVESTIGATIONS.

A few cases have come to our attention where telephone poles have
been rejected because of a condition which is charged up to the blight
disease. Investigation of poles of this kind in almost every case
showed a poor condition of the wood due to the fact that the trees
from which the poles were made were dead on the stump a year or
more before they were cut. It seems unfair to charge this to the
blight. Insects aud fungi are agencies of deterioration and both of
these attack diseased and weakened trees, but the extent and rate of
the deterioration of the wood due to their injuries are not definitely
known. For future work certain experiments are outlined to arrive
at some conclusion as to this question of deterioration.

SPECIAL TARIFF CLASSIFICATION.

From present indications if negotiations that are now on foot
terminate favorably, the special tariff classification for blighted cord-
wood will be used to a considerable extent by the first of the year
1913, and as more and better markets for cordwood are discovered
and timber owners are induced to cut and ship the blighted chestnut,
this tariff ought in six months from now to be in general use.

LUMBER ASSOCIATIONS.

An effort is being made to interest lumber associations in an
increased use of chestnut. An exhibition of specimens of lumber made
from blighted timber will be made at the January meeting of the
Pennsylvania Lumbermen’s Association in this city. Officers of this
association have promised their hearty co-operation.

PUBLICATIONS.

Manuscripts now in preparation for publication include a “Hand-
book of Chestnut Utilization” for the use of agents of this Commis-
sion ; “Chestnut Utilization” a more popular publication for the
people, and “Deterioration of Chestnut Poles due to Blight.”

VALLEY FORGE PARK.

A plan is being prepared for presentation to the Valley Forge Park
Commission. It seems best under the circumstances that practically
all of the chestnut timber should be removed from this park except
such trees as may be saved by tree surgery work, and which are located
along driveways and near the entrenchments. This work can best
be done during the winter. A well-known lumberman at Reedsville
has agreed, when the proper arrangements are made, to furnish prac-
tical woodsmen to carry on the work under the supervision of the
Commission.

58

When this work is done it is suggested that the area cleaned be
re-planted with coniferous trees that may be obtain uom the
State Forestry Department.

PRIVATE OWNERS AND OPERATORS.

Various inquiries are received wishing advice in the disposal of
blighted timber in and about Philadelphia. Where timber of this kind
is shown by inspection to be worthy of consideration of a millman,
every effort is made to have a responsible millman see the property and
then negotiate with the owner. Recently a transaction of this kind
was engineered through the Commission office and it is believed that
the millman concerned will install a mill and remove the timber
during the winter.

CORDWOOD.

After locating cordwood markets, calling for about 2000 cords of
wood a year, a business man of Philadelphia was interested in supply-
ing the wood. At the same time an experienced woodsman was located
at West Chester who agreed to furnish two carloads of cordwood per
week for the coming year. It is believed that an agreement will be
made between these parties to supply this wood. If so, the woods-
man will be informed as far as possible as to locations where chest-
nut cordwood is available.

Arrangements have been made with the Oak Extract Company of
Newport, to accept any quantity of cordwood from York and adjoin-
ing counties. During the winter a campaign of advertising among
the farmers and other timber owners, urging them to cut their
blighted chestnut and deliver it at the railroad to be shipped to New-
port, will be conducted.

CLEAR CUTTING OF CHESTNUT.

Cases arise where the percentage of chestnut is so low that by
taking the blighted trees only, there is not enough to attract a mill-
man. We are advising in many cases where there is any considerable
amount of blight that all the chestnut be cut and utilized at one
operation rather than cut over such areas three or four times through
the possible reoccurrence of the blight.

SOME FUTURE WORK.

Information will be obtained as to the cost of all operations of
cutting and utilizing chestnut timber from stump to market based on
a thousand feet board measure, for:

1. Pure stands

2. Chestnut in a 70 per cent, mixture

3. Chestnut in a 50 per cent, mixture

4. Chestnut in a 30 per cent, mixture

5. Chestnut in a 15 per cent, mixture

6. Individual trees scattered throughout cleared areas.

59

An effort will be made to interest outside concerns in the conversion
of spent chestnut chips from extract factories into wood pulp. Work
of this kind has already begun.

With the help of the chemist it is expected to investigate the tannin
of chestnut wood as well as of the bark. The effect of different soils
on the tannin content will be considered.

Mechanical tests of blighted timber will be continued in a variety
of conditions to determine definitely what is the effect of blight
cankers of various stages of development on the strength of the
wood.

Within the next six weeks letters will be sent to all lumbermen of
the State, all contractors who use rough lumber, mining companies,
and cordwood users, encouraging them to call for chestnut wood in
the forms in which they require it as much as possible in order to
stimulate the trade in chestnut.

REPORT OF DEMONSTRATION WORK.

The demonstration work of the Commission, including the prepara-
tion and handling of exhibits at county fairs and at special expositions
and association meetings, lectures at Teachers’ Institutes and talks
to farmers, is in charge of Mr. Keller E. Rockey, Forester.

FAIR EXHIBITS.

During the summer an exhibit of specimens of the chestnut tree
blight and other specimens showing the work of the Commission and
the uses of chestnut wood was made at thirty-three agricultural fairs
in the State. Three men assisted Mr. Rockey in this work. At six
other points a similar exhibit was prepared and exhibited by local
field men. In nearly every case field men were on hand and rendered
good assistance. The place given the Commission for exhibits was
always without charge and as a rule was in a good location in one of
the Exhibition buildings.

The exhibit consisted, first, of chestnut bark specimens affected
with the blight, the aim being to show the disease in all phases.
Photographs of trees and forests illustrating the effect of the blight
were also shown, as well as illustrations of surgical treatment, chest-
nut orcharding, etc. Specimens of wood in various finishes and
tannin extracts were shown to give some idea of the uses of chestnut.

60

Notices of our publications were distributed and placards and a map
of the blight distribution were displayed. The total cost of our
exhibits was almost nothing in comparison with those made by other
State Departments, but the Blight Commission exhibits compared very
favorably in value and public interest shown. At several fairs, on
request, the representative in charge gave a lecture upon chestnut
blight. With each exhibit was placed a registration book for those
who desired copies of our publications, or who desired inspection
of their chestnut trees. In all about 2,000 visitors were registered,
nearly all of whom were timber owners. At Conneaut Lake, alone,
225 requests for inspection were received. Such requests have been
or will be complied with. The 2,000 visitors who registered are. of
course, a small percentage of the actual visitors at the exhibits. All
kinds of people were registered, teachers from normal schools and high
schools, county superintendents, and other county officers, members
of the Legislature, newspaper men, students from the normal schools,
boy scouts, park commissioners, and employees, tree doctors as well
as owners of lawn trees, chestnut orchards and large tracts. Many
visitors were from New York, New Jersey, Maryland and other
States. Many brought specimens for identification.

A surprising fact learned at these fairs was the ignorance of people
concerning the blight. The belief is common that it is caused by
insects ; on the other hand many people knew a great deal about it.

Representatives of several other fairs not on our lists were anxious
to have us exhibit; in a few cases this could be done, but several such
requests had to be refused.

FRUIT AND NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATIONS.

Exhibits and lectures have been given before the Adams County
Fruit Growers’ Association at Bendersville, (he Northern Nut Grow-
ers’ Association at Lancaster, the Perry County Fruit Growers’ As-
sociation, and the Wyoming County Horticultural Society. An
exhibit was also made at the State Grange meeting at Clearfield in
December.

FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

Arrangements were made with Hon. A. L. Martin, Director of
Farmers’ Institutes, to give us a place upon the program at 103
Farmers’ Institutes, which were selected as being located where they
would be of the most value for our purpose. The subject matter of
each lecture is outlined and approved before the Institute begins.

EXHIBITS.

Arrangements have been made to install a permanent exhibition
in the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, which will be as complete

ns possible. Adequate cabinet space and whatever printing is neces-
sary will be furnished by the Museum. Twenty small photographs
are now being enlarged by the Museum, for this purpose.

It was arranged to place a similar exhibit in the State Capitol
Museum at Harrisburg. Other exhibits not so elaborate might be
placed in other places where conditions are favorable.

T E A C I-I E JR S ' I N STITU TES.

Exhibits and lectures were given before twenty-six of the Teachers’
Institutes. In making these exhibits the material is carried in a box
made of chestnut wood and includes three cases of blighted specimens
under glass, pictures, maps, and literature. At these institutes the
co-operation of the teachers is requested in the following ways:

First. To have a complete set of publications on the subject in the
libraries. Second. To collect and display a good set of specimens.
Third. To give the pupils an explanation of Ihe cause and nature of
the blight disease. Fourth. To make field trips occasionally for
• showing the disease in its natural condition.

NORMAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.

As yet little has been done to bring the subject of the chestnut
blight before the normal schools and colleges on account of the lack
of help in such work; however, it is expected that during the winter
we can have the subject included in the Science courses of study, and
have an occasional illustrated lecture and exhibit jat these in-
stitutions.

In the full report appended, a complete list of fair exhibits and all
farmers’ and teachers’ institutes is given.

THE SILVICULTURAL EFFECT OF THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

By Hon. I. C. Williams, Collaborator, State Forestry Department .

The following statement as to the silvicultural effect of the chest-
nut blight on future forestry management within the State is fur-
nished by Mr. I. C. Williams, Collaborator of the Commission, and
Deputy Commissioner of Forestry: — -
The present stand of chestnut trees in Pennsylvania is in most
instances a third crop, and sometimes we find even a fourth crop or
third regeneration. The frequent cutting of chestnut in Pennsylvania
has weakened the stump and root systems of the trees cut. Each
regeneration of sprouts probably arises with less vitality than the

02

preceding one. If our trees continue to be cut and regenerated in
accordance with the old system, it is probable, we shall exhaust this-
species of tree in time even without assistance from the chestnut
blight.

The wild, sweet chestnut is the best forest tree remaining in
quantity in Pennsylvania. It is best because of quantity and is
the tree to which the lumbermen of the State will probably have to
turn while waiting for other and still better trees to be developed.
Of all our forest trees the chestnut undoubtedly has the best sprout
regeneration. This is another fact which makes the tree of unusual
value at this time.

In cutting chestnut the custom has been to leave high stumps. The
succeeding circle of sprouts will generally be found rather high on the
stump. As the sprout growth increases in size the stump of the
parent tree within slowly rots away. This decay causes the young
sprouts to have an insecure foothold and a minimum of root system,
and they are almost certain to be decayed upon the inner side. Tree
rot once started is almost sure to continue. Because these conditions
are general, our present sprout growth is necessarily of a weakened
and less valuable character. Young trees thus situated are easily
thrown by the wind, are an open prey to insect enemies, and are by
no means of the good character they might be under different and
better conditions.

The presence of the chestnut blight and the necessity for ils
destruction has brought to the attention of the people a new method
of treating this tree. The cutting out method of dealing with the
blight requires that the trees be cut low, that the bark be removed
from the stump to the surface of the ground, and that the blighted
wood, bark, and other refuse of the tree be burned upon the stump.
After such treatment little or no portion of the stump remains above
the surface of the ground. Any sprout regeneration will come from
the upper side of the main living roots. As a matter of expei'ience, it
is found that such firing of the stump does not kill the main roois
and that they produce a better sprout regeneration than formerly was
had from the high stump. Such new sprout will shortly make for
itself a complete new root system and will be independent of the
parent stump, the decay of which will affect it slightly or not at all.
The utilization of our present blighted chestnut stock, if carefully
made and the refuse disposed of as stated, will assist in producing
not only a regenerated stand of chestnut but one that will be better
in all respects than any preceding stand except possibly the original
seedling primeval forest. A knowledge of these facts brought to the
people of Pennsylvania who are owners of chestnut woods will be
and ought to be of great value. If this new method of handling their
woodlots is carefully adhered t6 they will not only retain their chest-
nut groves but have them of better character than ever before.

Fig. 50.

Photograph of a canker on a chestnut telephone pole, showing how wood-boring
insects prefer such places for their entrance burrows.

Fig. 51

Extract from wood and bark.

Sound material.
With Tannin
tannin, removed.

Plight material.
With Tannin
tannin, removed.

Fig.

52.

rwo cankers on cultivated grafted chestnut tree, after surgical treatment; coated
with coal tar to prevent reinfection. Kennett Square, Pa.

Pierre DuPont, at Kennet Square, Pa.

Fig. 54.

Spraying Bordeaux Mixture 4-5-50 on large chestnut trees at estate of Pierre DuPont.
Sprayed every two weeks from April to middle of November, 1912. Kennett
Square, Pa.

Fig. 55.

Spraying Bordeaux Mixture 4-5-50, formula, on large chestnut trees at estate of
Pierre DuPont. Spraying done every two weeks from April to middle of Novem-
ber, 1912. Kennett Square, Pa.

Fig. 5G.

Rainfall in Pennsylvania, Spring, 1911.

-it 6\ - ww p°° niaicLV ‘voatvw

SblOai NOUnVuLl^ 133^1^ HVlLOJLj

Map of Pennsylvania completed January 1st, 1013. The dots show the relative progress of the blight across the State. Each dc
in the wetsern district represents a known spot infection of from one to one thousand trees. The percentage of blight is show
diagramatically in the Eastern District.

.

Fig. 62.

Chestnut used for interior finish.

i:

Fig. 63.

General view of combination portable saw and shingle mill. A type of mill which
will effect closer utilization of blighted chestnut than the saw mill alone.

Shingles ready for shipping

Fig. 64.

Staves made from blighted chestnut, bundled, ready for shipping.

Produced by portable shingle mill from blighted
chestnut.

Fig. 66.

Chestnut on the farm. Mortised posts made from blighted chestnut.

Fig. 67.

Portable Saw Mill — The type cf mill that must be depended upon to furnish lumbe
from blighted chestnut of saw log size.

Fig'. 6S.

General view of portable stave mill operating in blighted chestnut. This kind
of mill can utilize chestnut unfit for saw logs or shingles.

!

Fig. G9.

Chestnut on the farm. Rails for use in mortised posts made from blighted chestnut.

63

A further result of the experience had in cutting out blighted
chestnut wood is that when the work is properly done and refuse
completely burned on top of the stump, which should be deeply
charred, the resulting sprouts show little or no attack of the blight
at the base. Such attack, if any, is usually found in the tips of the
branches, indicating rather strongly that the infection came not from
the old stump or the soil but that the spores were carried from nearby
infected stock.

This kind of treatment, if faithfully adhered to, can be nothing
other than good. With complete utilization of the present infected
stand we may look for a regenerated chestnut forest of the best
character. Watchfulness, of course, will be necessary probably for a
term of years, or until some method shall be found by which this
disease may be destroyed other than by cutting the trees. To Pennsyl-
vania and to the chestnut forests of this State the determined effort to
destroy the chestnut blight at this time will be of great value and this
result alone will justify the expenditure of all the money and all the
labor even if no other result will be obtained.

A further result, however, is almost certain to follow in that the
people of our State will have had their attention very pointedly
called to the need for better forest treatment, not only of trees in
groups but of trees as individuals; and the awakened consciousness
of our people to the value of present tree growth and the dangers
which threaten almost every species of tree will be of the greatest
possible service in enabling them to see the need of a more construc-
tive system of tree management. The ultimate result of such knowl-
edge can be nothing other than the general restoration of tree growth
to those lands within the State which are of little or no value for any
other purpose than producing trees.

REGULATIONS GOVERNING TREATMENT OF TREES FOUND
INFECTED WITH CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

ADOPTED BY THE CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT COMMISSION, JAN-
UARY 7, 1913.

WHEREAS, since it is found necessary to make certain regulations
in order to provide for the prevention, control and eradication of the
chestnut tree blight, it is

RESOLVED by this Commission Unit the following regulations, be
adopted, and as occasion may rise, such other and further regulations,
and the altering or amending of the same as may seem to it neces-
sary.

5

04

REGULATION No. 1. For the purpose of quarantine, a division
shall be made between the slightly infected Western portion of the
State, and the badly infected Eastern portion. The line of demar-
cation at present shall be as follows: — the eastern boundary lines of
Fulton, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Clinton, Lycoming, Sullivan and
Bradford counties. These portions shall be known respectively as
the Western and Eastern Districts.

REGULATION No. 2. In the Eastern District the blight is so
prevalent that apparently the only course of procedure practical is
the ultilization of all diseased chestnut trees as rapidly as possible.
All diseased trees must be removed within a distance of one half mile
from the nearest boundary of all chestnut orchards or nurseries the
owners of which are themselves applying adequate protective meas-
ures. In all other portions of the Eastern District, owners are urged
to cut all diseased trees, and where the amount of blight is SO per-
cent or more, both diseased and sound trees, for the purpose of getting
the full value from the merchantable products of these trees and also
to reduce the chances of further infection and lessen the dissemina-
tion of the disease from east to west.

Owners of valuable ornamental, orchard or shade trees, are recom-
mended to use the surgical methods outlined in bulletin No. 2 of this
Commission. Trees so treated should be inspected for reoccurrence
of the blight, every six weeks from April 1st to November 1st by the
owner or his agent, and the trees or diseased parts promptly treated as
found necessary.

Immediately following the cutting of diseased trees, all stumps
should be peeled clean of bark to the ground line and all brush from
tops, bark fragments, and other refuse burned so that sound sprouts
will be developed. It is recommended that the trees be cut low and
the burning done directly over the stumps.

All felled chestnut trees whether diseased or not, should be im-
mediately removed from the woods and utilized, so that they may
not become a breeding place for the blight fungus. Shipments of
unpeeled blighted wood must be made in closed cars.

REGULATION No. 3. Tn the Western District and where cutting
is enforced in the Eastern District, the following procedure shall be
strictly adhered to. After the agent of the Commission has inspected
the chestnut trees on any property and has found diseased trees, the
same shall be blazed at breast height, stamped with the official mark
of the Commission, numbered consecutively and tagged as follows: —

No

THIS TREE IS INFECTED WITH THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

This tree must be felled, the diseased bark removed and the stump
peeled to the ground, within twenty days after notice to owner or

65

agent. All bark and unused portions of the tree shall be burned on the
stump. Where such burning will injure adjoining Wees it should be
done at a safe distance, in which case the stump must be painted with
creosote, in place of burning. Portions of this tree to be utilized must
be removed within twenty days after felling. Poles, posts, rails, and
other products exposed to weather shall be peeled of bark. Take spe-
cial care to prevent forest fires.

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission,

By

Field Agent.

Following this a sheet showing the approximate location of each
diseased tree shall be delivered to the owner of the trees, his agent,
or employee, or other person responsible for the care of (lie property,
together with written or verbal explanation of the necessity for the
removal of the diseased tree and the method of procedure. A dupli-
cate copy of the infection sheet, marked with the date of notification
and the name of the person interviewed shall be mailed to the field
headquarters. The process of removal of infected trees shall be as
follows: — First. Where the ground beneath an infected tree is covered
with a dense growth of brush, this growth may be cleared so that the
diseased chips and branches may be easily picked up, provided that
any small chestnut or chinquapin trees or sprouts shall be cut flush
with the surface of the ground and the tops burned.

All the trees should be felled so as to leave as low a stump as
possible. If felled with an axe the bark shall first be removed from
the part of the trunk through which the cut is to be made to an inch
below the surface of the soil. If felled by sawing, such peeling may
be done after the tree has been cut down. In either case the stump
and all exposed roots must be cleared of every particle of bark, and
all bark removed must be carefully collected and burned.

After the tree is felled, all portions above the stump which show
mycelium or pustules of the blight shall be peeled of bark or the entire
piece cut out and burned. The brush from tops, the bark, and portions
of the felled chestnut trees which are not peeled and which it is not
intended to utilize shall also be burned.

After the stump is peeled, if fire can be made over it without in-
juring the surrounding trees, and without danger of forest fires, the
brush and refuse collected shall be piled over the stump and burned.
The fallen leaves around the stump over an area as far as the diseased
portions of the felled tree extended, shall be carefully raked into the
fire and burned. The fire must entirely consume or deeply char all
of the material ; no small ends of branches and small twigs shall be
allowed to remain. If it is impossible to make the fire over the stump
without injuring the surrounding trees, the sides and -top of the
stump shall be coated with creosote.

60

Portions of infected trees which show no evidence of. the blight shall
not be permitted to lie in the woods over twenty days, but may be
handled and shipped with the bark on provided it is shipped promptly
in closed cars. If the wood from the diseased trees is not removed
from the woods within twenty days from the time the trees are felled
it must be peeled and the bark burned, or else wood and bark burned.
Wood from diseased trees to be used where exposed to the weather
must be peeled. Fire wood if kept under dry cover need not be peeled.

If the owner or other person responsible for the destruction of the
diseased trees starts immediately to treat them as directed, the agent
of the Commission shall see that this work is done in strict accordance
with the regulations governing this procedure and shall give all
possible assistance. If at the end of twenty days the infected trees
have not been treated according to tbe regulations of the Commission,
or if the work has been improperly done, or the owner, his agent, or
employee refuses to do this work according to the regulations of the
Commission then, on the twenty-first day after the notice to remove
these trees was first given, the agent of the Commission shall employ
laborers and begin the work of removing such infected trees according
to the method above described. Immediately after such work is per-
formed be shall furnish to I he field headquarters a detailed statement
of the expenses so incurred by the Commission. The amount of these
expenses must be paid by the owner within sixty days from date of
presentation of a bill for the same.

67

CHESTNUT ‘TREE BLIGHT COMMISSION.
Financial Statement showing account December 17th, 1912.

Received from State Treasury.

August 22, 1911. .
November 22, 1911,

April 4, 1912,

June 11, 1912,

June 18, 1912,

August 16, 1912, .
October 3, 1912, ..
November 14, 1912,
December 17, 1912,

$2,000 00

3,000 00

3,000 00

3,000 00

5,000 00

Interest from Comml. Trust Co., Dec. 31, 1911,-
Interest from Comml. Trust Co., July 1, 1912,

$16,000 00
15 21
18 44

Expenditures as per detailed statement below,

Bal. available in Phila. Dec. 3, 1912, plus warrant de-
posited Dec. 17, 1912,

Contingent fund (S. B. D.), $700 00

Contingent fund (M. A. C.),- 800 00

Commonwealth Trust Co., 37,133 12

$16,033 05
11,222 62

Balance in State Treasury,

Balance of appropriation,

Vouchers ready for submission,

,G33 12

$4,811 03

9,000 00

$13,811 03
1,307 3S

Net resources ,

Balance in State Treasury,

$12,503 65
‘ 9,000 00

Balance on band in Philadelphia, Dec. 17, 1912,

$3,503 65

$8,000 00

20,000 OO

20,000 00

30,000 OO

30,000 00

30.000 00

20.000 00

30,000 OO

$1S8,OCO 00
85 18
165 94

$188,251 12
154,429 03

$33,882 09

02,000 00

$95,822 09
9.788 04

$86,034 05

62,000 OO

$24,034 05

$10,000 00

23,000 00

23.000 00

3,000 00

30.000 00

30,000 00

30.000 00

25.000 00

30.000 00

$204,000 00
100 39
184 38

$204,281 77
165,651 65

$38,633 12

71,000 00

$109,633 12
11,095 42

$9S,537 70

71,000 OO

$27,537 70

DETAILS OF EXPENDITURES.

Scientific research.
Office furniture, ...
Field equipment,
Traveling expenses.

Office salaries,

Office expenses,

Field expenses,

Field salaries,

*

From S. R. and office
fund.

'a

a

*2

as

t-i

a

a>

6X1

a

o

i*5

Totals.

$4,131 57

$4,131 57

1,660 10

1,660 10

125 57

$3,763 08

3,888 65

60 20

13,104 74

13,164 94

4,390 58

4,390 5S

809 10

6 30

815 40

44 OO

53,897 53

53,941 53

1 50

83,657 38

83,658 88

$11,222 62

$154,429 03

$165,651 65

Respectfully submitted to Winthrop Sargent, Chairman.

D. T. McCAMPBELL, Chief Clerk.

(68)

FIG. I.

SCOUTING AND INFECTION MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA TO JULY 1, 1913.

Commonwealth ol Pennsylvania

FINAL REPORT

OF THE

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree
Blight Commission

JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 15, 1913

1112 Morris Building, 1421 Chestnut Street,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

HARRISBURG-, PA.:

WM . STANLEY RA1 , STATE PRINTER

1914

SCHOOL OF FORESTRY

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight

Commission

MEMBERS OF COMMISSION

Winthrop Sargent, Chairman Bryn Mawr

Harold Peirce, Secretary Haverford

Samuel T. Bodine Villa Nova

George F. Craig, Rosemont

Theodore N. Ely Bryn Mawr

EXECUTIVE STAFF

Mark Alfred Carleton, General Manager
Samuel B. Detwiler, General Superintendent
Oliver D. Schock, Assistant General Superintendent
Thomas E. Francis, Field Manager, Western District
Joseph R. Wilson, Field Manager, Eastern District
David T. McCampbell, Chief Clerk

Irvin C. Williams, (Pennsylvania State Forestry Department), Collaborator

SCIENTIFIC AND OPERATIVE STAFF

Frederick D. Heald, Pathologist

A. G. Ruggles, Entomologist

J. P. Wentling, Forester. in charge of Utilization

Paul J. Anderson, Field Pathologist

F. P. Gulliver, Geographer

Caroline Rumbold, Physiologist in charge of Tree Medication
Joseph Shrawder, Chemist
Roy G. Pierce, Tree Surgeon

Keller E. Roekey, Forester in charge of Demonstration Work

a)

(2)

Contents

Page.

Advance spot blight infections ; treatment of various plats, 76-79

Ants as carriers of blight spores; experiments with, 44

Bast-miner ; relation of insect to dissemination of blight, 45

Beattie, Prof. R. Kent; Bibliography of the chestnut bark disease, 95-121

Bibliography of the chestnut bark disease, 95-121

Blight investigation and inspection of chestnut nurseries, 40

Blighted sprouts around stumps of trees cut at Hummelstown, 90

Burning over chestnut tree stumps; statement of results, 77

Carbon county, (Mahoning Valley), blight conditions, 64

Carleton, Mark A., General Manager, Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight

Commission ; Final report of, 27

Cicada sting wounds favorable for spread of chestnut bark disease, 45

Chemical investigations in connection with blight, 47

Chestnut trees a valuable factor in Pennsylvania forest wealth, 10

Chestnut trees, rapid growth of, 10

Chestnut trees in Pennsylvania ; threatened extermination of, 10

Chestnut cord-wood, reduced freight rates on, 57

Chestnut nursery stock ; regulations governing shipments of, 91

Chestnut orchards and nurseries, protection of against blight, 29

Chestnut bark disease ; fake remedies for, 30

Chestnut trees, various diseases of, 42

Chestnut tree medication, results of, 48

Chestnut tree blight exhibits at museums and schools, 58

Chestnut timber; deterioration of blighted, 56

Chestnut tree blight; methods of dissemination, 63

Chestnut tree blight; combatting the fungus, 10

Chestnut trees ; products of blighted trees marketable, 11

Chestnut tree blight; how destructive pest was spread, 11

Chestnut tree blight; discovery of its prevalence in China, 28

Chestnut Tree Blight Commission; active work suspended with regret, 12

Chestnut tree blight infection in Western District, 37

Chestnut tree blight ; first report of appearance in Pennsylvania filed by

Harold Peirce, of Haverford, Montgomery county, 17

Chestnut tree blight in Wildwood Park, Harrisburg; successful treatment of, 30

Chestnut tree blight exhibits; where made, 32

Co-operative work of U. S. Department of Agriculture and Pennsylvania

State Forestry Department, 33

Creosoting peeled chestnut stumps; tabulated results of, 78

Cutting-out process; effectiveness of treatment of method, 27

Detwiler, Samuel B., Superintendent. Reports of observations on sanita-
tion cutting of blighted chestnut areas, 63

Discovery of chestnut bark disease in China, 28

Eastern Pennsylvania blight conditions, 67

Eradicating the chestnut blight; estimated cost of operations, 78

Field work of scouts and valuable results obtained, 36

Field work in Eastern District, report relating to, 38

Field laboratory work and special investigations, 43

Galls on chestnut and relation to blight infections, 47

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4

Page.

Geographical work; report of observations, 52

Gulliver, Dr. F. P., Geographer; Report of geographic work, 52

Harmless saprophyte in Western Pennsylvania, 38

Heald, Dr. F. D., Pathologist; Investigations of tree diseases, 40

Regulations for chestnut nursery inspections, 93

History of early efforts to eradicate blight in Pennsylvania, 17

Infection of chestnut in Western Pennsylvania ; tabulated report, 37

Infection centres on advance line of the blight, 71

Infection at Orbisonia, Huntingdon county; tabular statement, 72

Insects ; beneficial by destroying spores of blight, 28

Insects as carriers of the chestnut blight spores, 42

Insect investigations ; valuable facts ascertained by, 44

Law, amendment to chestnut blight, 94

Legislative action to control blight in Pennsylvania recommended, 22

Lime-sulphur solution to prevent spread of blight, 51

Local field work; how conducted in generally infected districts, 40

Main Line Citizens’ Association; valuable services rendered by, 19

Message from the Governor suggesting legislative help, 21

Mickleborough, Dr. John W. ; combatting the chestnut blight, 19

Murrill, Prof. W. A. ; plan proposed to combat chestnut blight, 23

Nursery inspections; regulating shipment of nursery stock, 28

Nursery chestnut stock ; list of inspections, 43

Official letter from the Commission to Governor Tener, 9

Official report of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, 9-13

Origin of the chestnut blight disease, 11

Oldest infections located near New York City, 9

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, Members of, 1

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission ; Executive Staff of, 1

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission ; Scientific and operative

staff, 1

Pennsylvania initial State to combat spread of blight, 10

Pierce, Roy G., Tree Surgeon; Report of tree surgery work, 50

Production of blight spores, 41

Publications relating to the chestnut blight, list of, 95

Publicity work; valuable assistance rendered by newspapers, 59

Publications issued by the Commission; reports and bulletins, 33

Pycnospores and ascospores ; development and dissemination of, 42

Reinspections for blight; notes on, 86

Relation of soils to prevalence of blight, 52

Resistant and immume chestnut stocks; search for, 32

Rockey, Keller E. ; Report of public demonstration work, 57

Rumbold, Dr. Caroline; Experiments in chestnut tree medication, 48

Ruggles, Prof. A. G. ; Report of results of special insect investigations, 44

Sargent, Winthrop, Secretary of Commission; final official report of, 9

Schock, Oliver D., Assistant Superintendent; valuable co-operative work of

the press acknowledged, 6Q

Scientific research ; prompt and thorough work urged, 12

Scouting for the chestnut blight, 73

Shrawder, Joseph, Chemist; Report of chemical investigations, 47

Spot infections ; procedure to eradicate, 73

Suggestions for information of chestnut timber owners, 38

Tener, Hon. John K., Governor; message to the Legislature relative to the

chestnut blight disease, 21

Topton Mountain, Berks county; study of blight conditions, 68

5

Page.

Treatment of infected timber and disposal of lumber, 38

Treatment of infected chestnut areas, 74

Tree surgery; examinations made and results of operations, 50

Unfinished work of Commission ; experiments in progress and work con-
templated, 34

Utilization of blighted chestnut a serious problem, 54

Value of chestnut destroyed in Pennsylvania, 59

Williams, Hon. Irvin C., Deputy Commissioner of Forestry; Report as

Collaborator of Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, 17

Wentling, Prof. J. P. ; Report upon utilization of blighted chestnut, 54

(6)

Official Letter

to

Hon. John K. Tener

Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

(7)

(8)

Scouting for the chestnut tree blight.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

THE COMMISSION FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND CONTROL
OF THE CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT IN PENNSYLVANIA

1112 Morris Building, Broad and Chestnut Streets

Philadelphia, December 9th, 1913.
HON. JOHN K. TENER, Governor,

Harrisburg, Penna.

Sir: We have the honor to transmit herewith our report of the
operations of this Commission for a portion of the year 1913, this
being also the final report of the Commission.

Eastern Asia, the home of the San Jose scale, has been found to
be also the home of the chestnut blight. The disease has been found
definitely in northeastern China; probably it is also present in
Japan. There is no reason to doubt that it found its way to this
country in the same way that the San Jose scale did, on nursery
stock, and at about the same time, or perhaps somewhat later. Any
system of strict inspection of imported nursery stock could have
kept it out of this country, but no such system was then in use.
It would probably not have been possible at that time to secure a
law authorizing such inspection because of the lack of public ap-
preciation of the seriousness of imported fungous and insect epi-
demics.

The oldest known spots of chestnut blight infection are in the
neighborhood of New York City. Here again the disease could have
been checked at an early date and never found its way into Penn-
sylvania, but nothing of the sort was even attempted. In fact,
even up to 1911, no official work was done in New York upon the
disease. In 1908 Murrill* advocated cutting out all chestnut trees
within half a mile of diseased trees, but this plan was never put into
practice in New York. In general, the greatest conservatism has
prevailed regarding the seriousness of the disease. The view that
the fungus was native to America, and its great virulence due to
winter injury and other temporary climatic effects upon the trees,
has been strenuously advocated. The Commission from the first,
however, adopted the theory of the Department of Agriculture that
the disease was of foreign origin and hence to be considered in
the light of a dangerous invader. This view has since been amply

^Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 9, No. 98, p. 39.

(9)

10

justified. Pennsylvania was the first state to treat the epidemic
seriously, but by the time the Commission was able to begin work
the disease was spread over the eastern half of the State too com-
pletely to make its eradication there possible.

Twenty years ago such an epidemic as the present one would
have attracted little attention, but now the prices of all classes of
timber have been for some years increasing, and promise to continue
to increase indefinitely. It is obvious that every possible care must
be taken of the present forest stand; upon this point there is no
longer disagreement. In Pennsylvania the chestnut is especially
valuable, standing in intimate relation to many of the leading indus-
tries of the State. It is distributed throughout the State, compris-
ing at least one-fifth, possibly one-third, of the timber. It is naturally
adapted to poor, hilly land not suited for agriculture, and will pro-
duce profitable yields of extract wood, fence posts, rails, etc., in 25
to 30 years; and ties, poles, and saw timber in 40 to 50 years. Be-
cause of its comparatively rapid growth, its superior ability to
perpetuate itself by means of sprouts, and the great variety of its
uses, the chestnut may be considered the most important forest
tree in the State. The ease with which chestnut can be managed
according to the principles of forestry made it, before the appear-
ance of the blight, one of the principal species depended upon to
solve the problem of the future timber supply of the State. On
steep slopes, where (lie per cent, of chestnut is high, serious de-
terioration, washing of the soil, and reduction in water supply will
undoubtedly follow the destruction of the chestnut trees.

The complete loss of the present commercial stand of chestnut in
Pennsylvania, which, now that the Commission has ceased work,
seems absolutely certain, is a calamity which will be fully realized
only in the future. In matters of this kind we have obligations to
the future, aside from the particular emergency in hand. This is not
the last tree disease that will sweep over the State. All efforts
to control this disease would be justified even if we only learned how
to control the next one. Methods which may not be practicable
now will be highly practicable twenty years from now on account
of the steady increase which is bound to come in timber values. The
mere fact that this campaign against the chestnut blight has been
undertaken at all shows a great advance of thought over that of
previous years.

With these facts in mind, it is obvious that three courses were
possible, when the extent and seriousness of the chestnut blight was
first realized in Pennsylvania.

First, — Do nothing.

Second, — Conduct scientific investigations of the disease ■with the

11

hope of determining by laboratory methods and very small field ex-
periments some method of control.

Third , — Conduct scientific investigations, and at the same time
immediately attack the epidemic by any and every means that seemed
to afford any possibility of checking or even delaying the course of
the disease. To follow the first method would have been to emulate
simply the example of New York and New Jersey. The second
course had many points in its favor, but it was obvious that such a
course would yield no results in time to be used on the present epi-
demic, though possibly of the largest ultimate value. The third
course appealed to the Commission as the only one possible under
existing circumstances. The greatest handicap was the extent to
which the disease was already present in the State.

In the eastern half of the State the disease was obviously beyond
control. In the western half the best course available, and in fact
the only method that has been proposed at all for control of the
disease, was that of cutting out the advance infections. While this
method is open to many criticisms, nothing better has been proposed
even to the present time. The Commission adopted the cutting out
methods advocated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture with two
exceptions: (1) Spots of considerable size were cut out in some

cases; that is, the cuttings were not limited to strictly advance in-
fections. (2). No immune zone was established at first, although
this might have been done later. The method was essentially that
advocated by Murrill in 190S, except that trees were not cut to as
great a distance as half a mile from the source of infection. Detailed
reports of the cutting out work are appended. It is sufficient to say
here that the progress of the disease in the western half of the State
lias been set back five years, and west of the line extending from
Bradford to Somerset counties there is little infection, and what in-
fection there is dates from 1913. There is no reasonable doubt that
the disease could have been kept instatu qxio indefinitely, had the
work of cutting out continued. As set forth in the appended reports,
the methods of cutting out have been improved, the cost determined
and reduced, and winter scouting established as a practical method.
These methods developed by the Commission are now in active use
in the States of Virginia and West Virginia, where the campaign of
eradication is being vigorously pursued.

One of the most valuable results of the Commission’s work was
the establishment of the fact that the wood of a blighted tree is en-
tirely fit for use, and if utilized soon after the death of the tree
from blight, can be disposed of in the regular way and at normal
values. The Commission has advocated the cutting out of all dis-
eased trees, since on account of the prejudice against blighted poles

12

and timber, and the possibility of the market becoming glutted, this
is the best plan. Also the cutting of diseased trees was urged be-
cause it would reduce the sources of infection. Since utilization
was all that remained to be done in the eastern half of the State, the
Commission secured a special reduced freight rate on blighted lum-
ber, determined what demand there was in and out of the State for
chestnut lumber and other chestnut products, and proceeded to bring
owners and dealers together. This work had just reached the point
of its highest efficiency when the Commission ceased work. As there
is no longer any means of inspection and certification of diseased
lumber, the reduced freight rate is no longer available.

When the Commission began work but few investigations had
been made of the chestnut blight, and other States, as well as the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, were working on the disease with-
out special funds. The Commission by its example and by its direct
efforts, assisted in securing Congressional and State appropriations,
and practically all of the scientific work and all of the practical
work which has been done on this disease since 1910 was made pos-
sible by tire efforts of this Commission. A National law was passed
which requires strict inspection of all imported nursery stock and
the prohibition from entry of certain classes of stock, and which
makes the repetition of such an event as the importation of the
chestnut blight impossible, or at least highly improbable. The
work of this Commission was one of the greatest factors in bringing
about the passage of this law.

Not only has the work of the Commission aroused public attention
throughout the Eastern States regarding this disease, but the public 1
is awakened as never before by the example of the destruction of one
species to the necessity of conservation of all timber resources. In
this State the Commission has carried on a liberal educational cam-
paign in which it has had the hearty co-operation of the State
Forestry Department, the Conservation Association, such organiza- >
tions as the Boy Scouts, various lumber and trade associations, and
many other organizations, institutions, and individuals.

In conclusion, it seems necessary to call sharp attention to the
real lesson to be learned from the chestnut blight epidemic — viz.:
the necessity of more scientific research upon problems of this char-
acter; to be undertaken early enough to be of some value in compre-
hending. if not controlling the situation. We have seen that the ■
blight might have been kept out of the country in the first place by
inspection, or once in, that it might have been destroyed, or at least
checked before it had gotten widely distributed. But instead it
was permitted to enter, and to spread for many years without scien- I
tific notice, and for several more years without any organized at- 1

13

tempt to control it, or even to study it seriously. Are we doing any
better now with reference to the future?

China has been shown to be the home of the chestnut blight. China,
then, would seem to be the obvious place to study it; but no path-
ologists are there, and state and federal parsimony has so far
failed to provide for any investigations of the disease on its home
ground by American pathologists.

It has been proposed to replace the chestnut in southern New Eng-
land by plantings of white pine, in itself the most important eastern
timber tree; but the white pine is in turn subject to a newly im-
ported disease, the blister rust. It is not certain that very serious
and united efforts are being made to investigate and control this

i disease even in the States that introduced it. As in the case of the

■ .

chestnut blight, scepticism has even been expressed as to its serious-
ness. Again, it would seem that the obvious place to determine the
seriousness of the blister rust was in Europe, its home; yet to date
neither state nor National government has dispatched a scientist on
this errand. In this connection it may not be amiss to call attention
to the fact that in Pennsylvania there is, aside from the employees of
this Commission, only one professional plant pathologist! Yet the
preventable damage which this one plant disease — chestnut blight—
has done, would pay for the work of more plant pathologists than are
now at work in the entire world.

The Commission closes its work with regret, knowing well that the
blight will now spread over the State without hindrance. There is
some satisfaction in knowing, however, that the work left undone
in Pennsylvania has been actively taken up in Virginia and West
Virginia, and that the States of Ohio and North Carolina are making
studies preparatory to combatting the disease as soon as it appears
in those States. The scientific research carried on by the Commis-
| sion will be continued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. We
may be certain that the war against this and other foreign epidemics
will not cease until science is so far advanced in both theory and
practice that they can be controlled.

Very truly yours,

WINTHROP SARGENT,
Chairman.

(14)

Report of

Hon. I. C. Williams

Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, Collaborator

2

(15)

-I

(10)

A common mark of the blight. Small leaves which developed in the early spring
on a top recently girdled by the blight, showing midsummer condition. Withered
leaves above the canker; sprouts below.

A HISTORY OF THE EARLY PENNSYLVANIA
EFFORT TO COMBAT THE CHESTNUT
BARK DISEASE.

BY HON. I. C. WILLIAMS, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY,
COLLABORATOR, HARRISBURG, PA.

Preliminary to the final report of the Chestnut Blight Commis-
sion, it is thought desirable to make a statement detailing the his-
tory of the chestnut bark disease in Pennsylvania so far as known,
and of the efforts to combat it, leading up to the formation of the
Commission under the law of 1911, and the extended work of repres-
sion begun at that time.

The attention of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry was
first attracted to the appearance of the chestnut bark disease in this
State by a letter from Mr. Harold Peirce, of Haverford, dated July
18, 1908, reporting its presence in Lower Merion Township, Mont-
gomery County, and by an article appearing in the November, 1908,
number. of “Conservation,” from the pen of Dr. John Mickleborough,
of Brooklyn. Subsequent correspondence with Dr. Mickleborough
revealed the fact that he had been a student of the disease for over
a year and* had become familiar with it in all of its ordinary aspects.
To these two gentlemen, therefore, the State is primarily indebted
for the subsequent efforts made to study more particularly, and to
attempt to control this vicious tree disease.

The facts relating to the discovery of the disease in America and
its identification are pretty well known. It was first detected by Dr.
Hermann W. Merkel, in the Bronx Zoological Park, New York City,
in 1904, although it is almost certain that it existed in that neigh-
borhood for probably more than a year prior to Dr. Merkel’s discov-
ery. Referred for identification to Dr. W. A. Murrill of the New
Yoi’k Botanical Garden, he published a description of it in 1906*,
and by him the fungus was named Diaporthe parasitica, so called
because it was believed to be the only parasitic species of the genus.
The naming of the fungus has since been corrected by means of the
researches of Anderson, Clinton. Farlow, Shear and Stevens, and it
is now known systematically as Endothia parasitica.

Some controversy has been had over the origin of the disease and
the case is probably not yet settled. Dr. Clinton’s contention is and
has been, that it is a native fungus, which, by means of weather eon-

*See “Torreya,” Vol. 6, No. 9.

(17)

18

ditions and possibly other factors, lias taken on new attributes. Dr.
Metcalf, his co-worker Prof. Collins, Dr. Shear, and others believed
and still maintain that it is of foreign origin, introduced into
America by the importation of horticultural stock. Its first known
appearance in the region of New York City and its spread in con-
centric zones from that point as a centre of infection, lent much
plausibility to this theory. The recent discovery made by Mr. Frank
N. Meyer, of the same fungus in northeastern China, where it is
parasitic on mistaneo } and where, it appears, the host trees have
become rather highly resistant to its attack, leads further probabil-
ity of correctness to Metcalf’s theory.

Possibly a great hope for America lies in this Chinese discovery.
Pathologists and foresters are anxiously looking forward to the
results of experiments now being made and which will be attempted,
we hope, on a much larger scale in the future. The regrettable, ever-
present fact is that this disease is with us here and now, and must
be reckoned with from every angle of attack. There seems to be no
present diminution sufficient to warrant the belief that it is likely
to wear itself out, or that our trees will become sufficiently resistant
to ward off the attack prior to the destruction of the trees them-
selves.

Subsequent correspondence between Dr. Mickleborough and the
Department of Forestry culminated in a letter from him under date
of March 9, 1909, in which lie outlined a definite plan for the exami-
nation of a supposedly infected territory in southeastern Pennsyl-
vania, and offered his services to the Commonwealth for carrying
out plans of investigation. The proposed inspection was approved
by the Department on March 17. 1909, and the services of Dr. Mickle-
borough thus enlisted. The first inspection visit was made by him
in company with the writer, March 29, 1909, at Mt. Holly, in Cum-
berland county, but where no evidence of the disease was found at
that time.

Prior to the beginning of this work in 1909, Dr. Mickleborough
had been invited by Dr. Jane Baker, physician in charge of the
Chester County Insane Hospital, to speak before an educational con-
ference at Embreeville, Chester county. At this time the disease
was not generally prevalent in that region, but a number of infected
chestnut trees were found.

The work of inspection over the southeastern portion of the State
thus undertaken under the direction of the Department of Forestry,
as stated above, was conducted by Dr. Mickleborough. and carried
through or into almost every county east of the Susquehanna. Dur-
ing the progress of this examination the chestnut blight was not
found north and west of the South Mountain, although prior to this
time the United States Department of Agriculture had reported the

19

existence of two spot infections in the western portion of the State,
near Altoona, and a re-examination of the material relating thereto
by Dr. Metcalf and his assistants, seemed to leave no doubt as to
the correctness of this report. Certain it is that in May, 1909, there
was no large or extended infection west of the Susquehanna. Had
there been in existence at that time the means to carry on work of
control along both sides of the Susquehanna River, who can tell
what the result might have been, looked at in the light of our present
knowledge ?

The report of Dr. Mickleborough’s inspection and study was pub-
lished by the Department in the autumn of 1909. This is a 16-page
pamphlet illustrated by drawings showing a portion of the structural
formation of the fungus, and by a Lumiere color photograph of a
stem section of chestnut covered externally by the fruiting fungus.
This specimen of infected chestnut wood was sent in from Pike
county, in the upper Delaware valley, and was incubated and de-
veloped in a moist cell in the Department of Forestry during the
summer of 1909.

In the early part of the study of this bark disease, it was believed
that the Japanese species of Castanea was either immune or highly
resistant to attack. Several specimens of Japanese chestnut were
under observation on Long Island, and fairly gave rise to this belief.
One grove examined near Westbury, in June, 1909, showed the
Paragons and common chestnuts badly attacked. The Japanese
showed no attack at all.

Through the courtesy of the Hicks nursery at Westbury, forty-
live young chestnut trees supposed to be Japanese, and one hundred
grafting scions were sent to the chestnut orchard of Mr. Levi Wise,
at Gap, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and distributed among four
persons of the neighborhood for planting and testing out for im-
munity. The bark disease was at that time particularly prevalent in
the chestnut woods at this place. Some of the newly planted trees
died from other causes, but enough of them were attacked and killed
by the blight to show that these particular trees, at least, were not
immune.

On the 29th day of March, 1910, Dr. Mickleborough delivered a
lecture on the subject of this tree disease before the Main Line
Citizens’ Association at the Merion Cricket Club, Haverford, Pa.
This meeting was arranged largely through the efforts’ of Mr. Peirce,
who at that time was the owner of several acres of chestnut wood-
land, and of which tract Dr. Mickleborough made a rather extended
examination, finding the chestnut blight present in a number of trees.
This discovery and the lecture delivered on the subject brought the
matter prominently to the attention of the citizens of that neigh-

20

borhood, and later led to some very important developments with
respect to studying and combating the disease.

Following this address by Dr. Mickleborough, Mr. Peirce was in
correspondence with the Department of Forestry, calling attention
to the inroads being made upon the chestnut trees by this disease in
the neighborhood of his residence, requesting the Department to
render such help as it might be able in assisting the people to under-
stand the situation better, and, if possible, to eliminate or at least
attempt to control the trouble. This correspondence culminated in
the calling of a meeting on May 23, 1910, at the house of Mr. Robert
W. Lesley, at Haverford, which was attended by a number of the
residents and land owners of the neighborhood, by Dr. -John W.
Harshberger, the botanist, representing the University of Pennsyl-
vania, and by the Deputy Commissioner, representing the Pennsyl-
vania Department of Forestry.

The preliminary arrangements for beginning an extensive survey
of this region were discussed at this meeting. The Department rep-
resentative made his report to the Forestry Commission at its meet-
ing held on June 3, 1910. On motion of Dr. Kothrock, the Commis-
sion directed that the Department render the desired help, and on
the same day a letter to this effect was sent to Mr. Peirce, the sec-
retary of the citizens’ meeting. On September 1, 1910, a corps of
inspectors from the Department in charge of the Deputy Commis-
sioner, arrived at Haverford and Ardmore, prepared to begin their
work. Offices were speedily fitted up in the building of the Merion
Title and Trust Company at Ardmore, and the 'first inspection of
trees was made on the property of Mr. Lesley on Saturday, Septem-
ber 3rd. From this date forward until December 19, 1910, the work
was vigorously carried on, and a close inspection made of 296 prop-
erties, covering most of the region extending from Overbrook to
Paoli, and from the Schuylkill River on the north, to a considerable
distance south of the Pennsylvania Railroad. A draft of each prop-
erty was prepared showing the location of all chestnut trees and in-
dicating those which at that time were apparently free of disease, as
well as those showing the infection. Each property owner was then
furnished with a copy of the report and draft relating to his own
land.

To show the interest taken in this work by members of the Main
Line Citizens’ Association, it is necessary only to state that the
work was carried on almost entirely at the expense of the associa-
tion. The individual contributions for the purpose amounted to
$2,707.70.

During the progress of this inspection, a second public meeting
was held in the auditorium of the Merion Cricket Club, at which

21

time a preliminary report was submitted and discussion had with
respect to the situation as it then existed. This meeting was at-
tended by a large number of ladies and gentlemen, members of the
association, and much interest was shown in the progress reported.
The final report of the committee of the association having the work
in charge was printed and rendered to the members under date of
May 8, 1912. This committee was as follows: Messrs. Harold

Peirce, Chairman; Theodore N. Ely, Allan Evans, Edgar C. Felton,
William Lighter Fisher, Alba B. Johnson, and Robert W. Lesley.

In a letter bearing date tlie 12th day of March, 1909, addressed to
the Commissioner of Forestry at Harrisburg, Dr. Mickleborough
used this language. “As to remedy, the best that can be suggested
by anyone at present is Control and not Extermination , for various
reasons. This I think is also true of the San Jose scale.” It will
thus be seen that the original idea involved in the attack on the
chestnut blight in Pennsylvania was control, just as the Department
of Agriculture of this State has always aimed at control of the San
Jose scale, suggested in the letter just quoted. After the pre-
liminary studies were completed, no one believed that extermina-
tion or eradication could be accomplished with the means at hand;
but it was thought then, and is still the belief of those who are most
closely associated with the work, that a control is possible, and that
it was much more possible then than now, after the lapse of a period
of five years.

During the progress of the inspection along the Main Line, it be-
came apparent that more than a local effort was demanded if any sub-
stantial progress were to be made towards preventing the spread of
the disease. Steps were taken to enlist the active interest of the Gov-
ernor and the Legislature, (then in session). On the evening of
April 10, 1911, Governor Tener sent a special message to both
houses of the Legislature, calling direct attention to the situation,
and asking the help of the General Assembly to combat the disease.
The Governor’s message was as follows:

“Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,

“Executive Chamber,
“Harrisburg, April 10, 1911.

“Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives of the
Commonwealtli of Pennsylvania:

“I have the honor to call your attention to a new and virulent
disease of the wild chestnut tree, commonly known as chestnut
blight, recently discovered near New York City, and hitherto un-
known in America. The disease has continued to spread, destroying
the chestnut trees in the neighborhood of New York City and well
up the Hudson. It has invaded Long Island, beginning at the west-
ern end, sweeping eastward, practically covering the island. It has

22

progressed to tlie southwest, through the whole of the State of New
Jersey, and all the chestnut trees there appear to be doomed to de-
struction. It lias entered Pennsylvania and is prevalent in the
Delaware Valley. It has been discovered in the following counties:
Pike, Monroe, Northampton, Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, Phila-
delphia, Delaware, Lancaster, and southern Berks. In isolated places
it lias crossed the Susquehanna, and is now detected in eastern York,
eastern Perry and one portion of southwestern Perry. Other points
of infection have been found near Altoona and Greensburg.

“Experiments made by the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington demonstrate that it is possible to prevent the spread of the
disease by removing spot appearances as they are detected, and de
stroying the trees in which the disease occurs. By this means the
region around Washington has been freed from the blight for at
least two years, and it has not re-invaded this area. In the south-
eastern portion of Pennsylvania, where the infection is severe and
almost complete, little hope exists for saving the trees, but in that
portion of the State west of the Susquehanna and north of the Blue
Mountains, it is hoped, by prompt action on the part of the State, to
prevent further damage. Tf this disease can be held within the
southeastern portion of the State, it will mean the saving of the
wild chestnut trees in the other parts of the Commonwealth, the
value of which extends into the millions of dollars.

“I therefore recommend that the Legislature give immediate at-
tention to this important subject and that a Commission be created
with sufficient power and appropriation of moneys to determine
upon and employ efficient and practical means for the prevention,
control, and eradication of this disease, and that said Commission
be authorized, in conjunction with the Department of Forestry, or
otherwise, to conduct scientific investigations into the nature and
causes of such disease and to adopt such means to prevent its intro-
duction and spread as may be found necessary.

“JOHN K. TENER.”

The next day, April 11, 1911, a bill having this purpose in view,
and which had been previously carefully drawn and vigorously
criticised, was simultaneously introduced in both House and Sen-
ate. This bill became a law by the signature of the Governor. June
14, 1911*. The lawr creates a Commission of five members and vests !
them with almost plenary power to carry out its mandates. An
appropriation of #275,000 became available at once. The appoint-
ment of the members of the Commission followed after an interval
of about two weeks. Organization was effected, officers and assist-
ants chosen, and on August 23, 1911, the Commission was prepared
to proceed with its work.

While the major effort of the Commission from the beginning ,
was to get a control, the subject of eradication was vigorously de- !
bated, and, as will be seen in subsequent pages, determined efforts )
at eradication were undertaken under the advice and direction of

:See Pamphlet Laws, 1911, page 922.

28

the Commission. The feeling was that if there be any merit in
such effort, opportunity ought not to be lacking to prove it. The
early announced and decisive plan involving the cutting-out method,
proposed and outlined by Dr. Murrill, contributed very consider-

The Murrill plan (§) was as follows:

“Owners of standing chestnut timber within the affected area are
advised to cut and use all trees, both old and young, that stand
within half a mile of diseased trees, unless protected from infection
through wind-blown spores by dense forest growth or some other
natural barrier. This may not prevent the spread of the disease
through the agency of storms, birds and squirrels* but it will at
least retard its progress. Old weathered chestnut trunks that have
been dead several years have no power to spread the disease, and
these may be cut at leisure for the tannic acid factory or for fire-
wood. Trees of good size recently killed should be turned into lum-
ber as soon as possible; the fungus affects only the bark, but other

! fungi may afterwards impair the value of the wood if allowed to
stand too long. Discarded branches and young trees of no value that
are cut near the edge of the infected area should be burned at once
in order to destroy the spores they contain; but if they are well
within the zone of infection, such precaution is useless.”

Every element in the Murrill plan has been employed both by the
Commission and by the State Department of Forestry. The fact
that subsequently Dr. Murrill partially shifted his ground*, did not
seem sufficient reason to warrant the abandonment of a plan of at-
tack which in many cases was productive of satisfactory results.

The history of what work the Commission did, and of the results
accomplished form the substance of several preliminary reports sub-
mitted to the Governor from time to time. The final report is what
follows.

§W. A. Murrill: Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, Yol. 9, No. 98, p. 30. February,
1908.

♦Harrisburg Conference Report, 1912, pp. 194 , 201, 202.

(24)

Report of

Mark A. Carleton

General Manager Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree
Blight Commission

(25)

i J6 )

Summer condition of a blighted tree. The withered leaves of the top above
canker, and the vigorous sprouts below the canker are characteristic signs.

THE FIGHT TO SAVE THE CHESTNUT TREES;
FINAL REPORT OF THE GENERAL MANAGER.

By MARK A. CARLETON, GENERAL MANAGER,
PENNSYLVANIA CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT COMMISSION.

In closing the active work of this Commission, it is a great sat-
isfaction to be able to report constant progress to date, and the at-
tainment of good, practical results. The work began two years ago
in the midst of much skepticism as to its possibilities, but the op-
timism of the Commission and the wisdom of its methods of opera-
tion have in the main, been amply confirmed by the results since
obtained.

PROGRESS OF FIELD WORK.

A more or less definite division has been maintained between the
slightly infected Western portion of the State and the badly infected
Eastern portion, known respectively as the Western and Eastern
districts. In a previous report it was stated that in the Western part
of the State the blight had been eradicated to the extent covering
nearly one-half of the area of the State. This area so far as is
known to date has been maintained free from the disease. In a few
cases new infections were found which have been removed. It is
important to note in this connection not only the fact that the
progress of the disease has been checked in Western Pennsylvania,
but that we have without much doubt prevented the blight from
gaining a foothold in Ohio, and nearby portions of New York and
West Virginia.

In the Eastern District since January first of this year, the field
work has developed almost entirely into a campaign of utilization,
no rigid sanitation work having been conducted except for the pro-
tection of chestnut orchards and nurseries.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CUTTING-OUT METHOD.

In the two years work no facts have yet been obtained which
would indicate the advisability of any change in our present method
of “cutting out’’ diseased trees and thorough cleaning of the stumps
for the eradication of the disease. A number of tracts where the
disease has been eradicated by Commission employees have again
been inspected recently, giving results, which are in the main, favor-
able. Of course, improvements have been made as to details all

(27)

28

along. It is not a pleasant prospect to consider the serious results
likely to follow after this method of eradicating the disease, con-
ducted by the Commission, is obliged to cease.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

It will be of interest to quote here the words of the Forest En-
tomologist, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in his comment
on a widely disseminated press notice of that Department, Novem-
ber 22nd, 1912, apparently based on the work of F. C. Craighead.

“The beneficial work of these insects can, however, be greatly
encouraged if the owners of the timber will dispose of the diseased
trees in the principal centers of infection, as recommended by the
Chestnut Blight Commission of Pennsylvania, and other State and
Federal officials. Thus, if the large majority of the infection is
disposed of, the beneficial insects will concentrate on the remaining
scattering and isolated infections, and thus more completely destroy
the fruiting bodies and contribute to the protection of the remain-
ing living trees. In fact, it is a question of the owner securing the
greatest benefit from the natural agencies of control by doing his
share of the work.”

NURSERY INSPECTION.

The inspection of nursery stock has been made even more rigid
than before. Not only has it been required that every individual
tree should be inspected by a competent employee of this Commis-
sion, but in shipping it has been required also that every individual
tree should be tagged. A copy of the revised regulations governing
the inspection and shipment of nursery stock is appended to this
report, which shows the form of tags required to be attached both to
individual trees and to bundles of trees. The fact that several of
the most serious infections in the State have been caused heretofore
by the planting of diseased nursery stock in new localities is suf-
ficient reason for so rigid an inspection.

DISCOVERY OF. THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT IN CHINA.

It has recently been proved by authentic specimens and artificial
cultures of the material transmitted by the Explorer of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, that the chestnut blight exists in East-
ern China." This fact makes it all the more probable that the be-
ginning of the disease in this country may have come about by the

‘Science, Vol. 36, No. 937, p. 825, Dec. 13, 1912.

Winter condition of a chestnut tree with a blight-girdled top.

29

introduction of such diseased stock from China or Japan. That
new centers of infection are often started by the introduction of
diseased nursery stock, is a common observation.

PROTECTION OF ORCHARDS AND NURSERIES.

It has been the policy of the Commission for sometime to protect
orchards and nurseries from outside infection in all cases where the
owners have expressed a desire for such protection, and have them-
selves taken care to control the disease as much as possible. This
work has been successful much beyond our expectations. The largest
and most important orchards thus protected are located at
Sunbury, Paxinos, and Berwick. The owners of neighboring forest
tracts have been required to remove all diseased chestnut trees
within one-half mile of the nearest point of the orchard in each case.
An interesting result in one of the most important of these cases is
the fact that these owners have been able to sell the products of
their diseased trees for an amount considerably above the entire
cost of removal, sanitation work, etc.

PREVENTION OR REMEDY.

At this writing no specific remedy has been found for the disease.
However, later information confirms the statements previously pub-
lished that the disease may be largely prevented from entering
healthy trees by contant and regular spraying with Bordeaux Mix-
ture made up in proportions of 5 pounds of lime, 5 pounds of copper
sulphate, and 50 gallons of water. The application of this mixture
simply prevents any new germination of spores, but has no effect
whatever, in cases where the disease has already started in the
tree. Because of the cost, it is, of course, not applicable in forests.

CONTROL OP THE DISEASE IN ORCHARDS.

By cutting out the cankers and coating with antiseptic solutions
and water proofing afterwards, the blight can be fairly well con-
trolled in chestnut orchards and in certain valuable lawn or park
trees. In connection with this treatment a spray of the Bordeaux
Mixture as above noted should be used occasionally. Excellent re-
sults along this line of experiment are shown in a large orchard at
Paxinos, and in several of the public parks of the State.

30

FAKE TREATMENTS, THEORIES OR CAUSES, ETC.

As often happens in the ease of a public campaign against a
serious epidemic, we have been constantly besieged by the gratui-
tous offers of various and sundry remedies for the blight, which in-
clude applications of fertilizers to the soil, insertions of flowers of
sulphur and other compounds in holes bored in the trees, applica-
tions of coatings of different chemicals to the body of the tree, and
numerous other treatments, all of which we believed in the beginning
to have no value. However, all parties having theories to advance
or remedies to propose have been given a chance to prove their claims
by experimenting on trees controlled by the Commission for such i
purposes at Emilie, Bucks county. A number of parties have taken
advantage of the opportunity. Recently, an examination was made of
the various treatments by a competent Board of Reviewers, whose con-
clusion was that not one of the treatments tried had any deterrent
effect upon the chestnut blight.

Many of the persons above mentioned were apparently sincere in
the claims they made, and were simply ignorant of the true cause
of the disease. Instances have come to our attention, however, of
parties practicing certain methods of treatment and charging for the
same, who are plainly impostors. Employees of the Commission!
have no doubt benefited many people by exposing the methods of
these impostors.

EXAMINATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL TREES.

Excellent opportunities have been afforded the tree surgeon of
the Commission and his assistants to counteract the influence of
false theories and worthless remedies such as above mentioned, in
responding to the numerous requests for the examination of indi-
vidual trees. These requests have continued to come to the Commis-
sion headquarters right up to the time of closing our work. No
other line of work has been so effective in arousing the personal in-
terests of the people. No request from any part of the State has
been ignored. In this connection much incidental advice has been'
given to property owners as to the general handling of lawns and
orchards, and the management of small woodlots.

PUBLIC PARKS AND FARMS.

In co-operation with the officials of Wildwood Park, at Harris-
burg, the Commission has completely eradicated the blight from that
Park, about 150 diseased chestnut trees having been removed 01

31

treated out of a total of 1,290 trees. Here in a few cases the peeled
stumps were ereosoted to show’ that method of sanitation. Consid-
erable help has also been given to the management of Fairmount
Park. Arrangements have also been made for the entire removal
of blighted chestnut trees from the State Live Stock Board’s Farm,
in Delaware County. In the event of the continuation of our wrnrk,
it wras also planned to eradicate the blight thoroughly from the Valley
Forge Park grounds.

BLIGHT-EATING BEETLES.

It has been announced by the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, that several species of beetles have been found
eating the spores of the blight fungus, and it is stated that “should
these insects prove as beneficial as the observations indicate, they
are certain to be an important factor in the natural control of the
dreaded chestnut blight disease.” It is worthy of note in this con-
nection that the insect investigations of this Commission have shown
; that a number of insects also carry large quantities of blight spores,
i and may thus indirectly assist in the dissemination of the blight.

One of these insects w7hich was found to carry an enormous number of
I spores is one of the beetles above mentioned as eating the fungus.

CORDWOOD AND THE SPECIAL TARIFF.

Since writing the last report, there has been a considerable ship-
ment of chestnut cordwood, shippers taking advantage of the special
tariff issued by the Pennsylvania Railroad. At last accounts the
; prospects were that there wrould be much business in this line right
along in the future, being encouraged by the special low7 rates.

PROMPTNESS IN UTILIZING CHESTNUT.

Observations made by Commission employees in company with com-
mercial lumbermen have showm that already in certain localities, dis-
eased chestnut has been dead so long that deterioration is beginning.
We have, therefore, made it plain to owners of such chestnut and have
| advertised the fact as much as possible, that promptness is necessary
in getting rid of the diseased trees, if the owners wash to obtain the
most value possible from the trees.

INTENSIVE LOCAL UTILIZATION.

Our most difficult line of wTork has been that of utilization. Facts
as to the conditions could easily be obtained, but the difficulty has
been in bringing the buyer and seller together. Recently a plan was
3

32

adopted, which if we would be able to continue its operation, would
without question, hasten very rapidly the utilization work. This
plan, the details of which are given elsewhere, is to canvass particular
localities thoroughly, finding out just what can be offered in the way
of different chestnut products, ascertaining the local market for
the same, and then determining so far as possible, where else the
surplus may be marketed. In connection with the carrying out of
this plan, up to this writing as many as a dozen portable saw mills
have been located in one county, and in other localities many prac-
tical operations had already been started, thus tending to rapid
and clean cut work in utilizing blighted chestnut.

RESISTANCE AND IMMUNITY.

The discovery of the chestnut blight in China makes it now all
the more probable that resistant chestnut stocks may be obtained
in that country. It was, therefore, a wise movement last fall when
we took advantage of the opportunity to obtain a considerable
amount of seed of what is probably the most important chestnut
in Eastern China. A large quantity of the nuts were planted at
Paxinos, and the seedlings at this date which are from six to
fifteen inches high, are looking well. From the nuts sent also to
the State Forest Nursery at Greenwood, 75 seedlings are
at present growing, and from those sent to Asaph, Pa., there are
now 182 plants, averaging ten inches in height. All of these seed-
lings will be of much value in cross-breeding and other ways in the
important future work of developing blight resistant orchard trees.
In this connection it should be noted that in a recent bulletin is-
sued from the Arnold Arboretum a considerable discussion is given
of the possibilities in developing blight resistant chestnut trees
from Chinese introductions, a number of the latter now being grown
at the Arboretum. The two mentioned as the most important in-
clude the one of which we now have seedlings. So far these Chinese
chestnuts grown at the Arboretum have not become blighted.

According to the Kew Index, there are seven species of chestnut
and twenty-one of the chinquapin in the world. From all these
species there should be many other chances of obtaining blight
resistant trees that may be used in breeding and making our own
stock better.

CHESTNUT BLIGHT EXHIBITS.

Several exhibits of specimens showing the work of this Commis-
sion have been placed in public institutions which will remain as
monuments of our work. An excellent exhibit has been placed at

33

the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh. Another has been finally
completed in the State Museum at Harrisburg, and a third one at
the Commercial Museum in Philadelphia is not yet finished, but
has been planned on rather a large scale. It was contemplated
also to place another exhibit in the Everhart Museum at Scranton,
which may yet be done. An excellent exhibition of specimens and
illustrations of our work was made in connection with the State
Forestry Exhibition at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, in May.

PUBLICATIONS.

When this final manuscript is published, there will have been is-
sued the following publications of this Commission:

Report of The Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Conference. (Un-
numbered) .

Bulletin No. 1 — The Chestnut Blight Disease.

Bulletin No. 2 — Treatment of Ornamental Chestnut Trees Af-
fected with the Blight Disease.

Report of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission,
July 1st to December 31st, 1912. (Unnumbered).

Bulletin No. 3 — Field Studies in Blight.

Bulletin No. I — Chestnut Blight Fungus and a Related Sapro-
phyte.

Bulletin No. 5 — The Symptoms of Chestnut Tree Blight and a
Brief Description of the Blight Fungus.

Bulletin No. 6 — The Chestnut Tree. Methods and Specifications
for the Utilization of Blighted Chestnut.

Bulletin No. 7 — Morphology and Life History of the Chestnut
Blight Fungus.

Final Report of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission. Numerous
descriptive and educational circulars, charts, etc.

CO-OPERATION.

Very effective co-operation has continued to be maintained with
the Office of Forest Pathology, of the U. S. Bureau of Plant In-
dustry. Recently the salaries of all pathologists connected with
the Commission have been carried by that office, and there has been
constant communication and co-operation in reference to all re-
search work.

Much excellent help has continually been given by the State For-
estry Department at Harrisburg, the Deputy Commissioner, Hon. I.
C. Williams, being assigned as a collaborator with tliis Commission.

The authorities of the University of Pennsylvania have been ex-
ceedingly courteous in granting ample space for laboratory work

34

in the new Zoology Building. Room has also been given for labora-
tory work in tree medication in the Botanical Building. Franklin
and Marshall College, at Lancaster, and the State College of Penn-
sylvania, have also provided room for laboratory work in the field
investigations.

There has been a liberal interchange of ideas and helpful sug-
gestions through correspondence with the State Conservation Com-
mission at Albany, N. Y., the State Forester and State Pathologist
of New Jersey, the State Forester of Maryland and of Massachusetts,
and with officials in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland.

MUCH IMPORTANT WORK UNFINISHED.

The cessation of the work at this time is particularly unfortunate
because so many important investigations, not yet finished,
would likely have had a very practical and beneficial bearing upon
the actual eradication of the disease.

First. — Very little is known about the bast miner — the insect
which, as stated in another place, is probably one of the most im-
portant carriers of blight spores. A full knowledge of the life
history of this insect would probably very soon have been com-
pleted, and which would be a most interesting contribution to sci-
ence*.

Second. — The Chemist and Physiologist in tree medication had
planned to use a new solution for injection into diseased trees,
which according to chemical work already done, promises to check
the growth of the blight.

Third. — The local intensive work in utilization had just begun,
and as stated elsewhere, bids fair to solve largely the difficult
problem of utilizing rapidly the diseased chestnut.

Fourth.- — The discovery of the blight in China and the posses-
sion by the Commission of a large number of seedlings of one of
the most important Chinese chestnuts, as well as immune and re-
sistant Japanese stock, opens a field for breeding experiments
which would without question have been of the greatest benefit to
the owners of chestnut orchards.

Fifth. — Although not demonstrated before, it is now proved that
birds and insects carry enormous quantities of spores of the blight
fungus, which necessarily changes our viewpoint considerably with
respect to the eradication of the disease.

Sixth. — In a number of forest tracts and several orchards, thor-
ough “cutting-out” work and up-to-date surgery treatments have

♦Since writing the above, this work has already been finished, as stated in footnote on page 46.

35

been started by expert employees of the Commission, which are
just now beginning to show evidences of the value of this kind
of work.

Brief statements of the results of the different lines of work con-
ducted by the Commission follow, credited to the respective parties
in charge.

FIELD OPERATIONS.

As heretofore, all field work has been conducted under the im-
mediate direction of the General Superintendent, Mr. S. B. Det-
wiler. In the following statements some of the principal features
of the work to date are pointed out by him, and also suggestions
given to timber owners who may wish to clear their woods of blight
on their own responsibility. A statement in detail of the effective-
ness of sanitation cutting in controlling the blight, by Mr. Detwiler, is
appended to this report.

REDUCTION OF FORCE.

A majority of the field agents of the Commission were dismissed
in January, 1913, because it was believed that very little work
could be done during the inclement months of winter and spring.
However, the unusually open winter made it possible for the small
field force retained to accomplish more for the time and money ex-
pended than at any previous time since our work was organized. An
average force of 36 men in the western district and 11 men in the
eastern district were in the field from the first of the year to July
25th, 1913, when all field work was discontinued.

BETTER WORK IN WINTER.

The experience of the past two years has demonstrated that more
can be accomplished in locating and destroying the blight after the
leaves have fallen than while the trees are in full foliage. Girdled
twigs and branches bearing withered leaves are prominent at great
distances in winter, and the increased amount of light admitted
through the tops of the trees makes it easier to see cankers on the
trunks and branches. The proper treatment of the infected trees
is no more difficult in winter than in late summer or fall, unless
the snow is very deep. In the badly blighted region in the eastern
part of the State, field men are able to accomplish better results
because most timber owners prefer to cut their timber in the win
fer, when they can spare the time from their farming operations.

36

FIELD WORK IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT.

Thorough scouting iu 1912 has shown that no blight exists west
of a line drawn through central Somerset and Cambria counties,
along the extreme eastern border of Cameron County, to the north-
east corner of Tioga County. West of this line, nine isolated spot
infections were found in six counties, but all of these infections
were eradicated as soon as found, and have been under careful sur-
veillance since. These infected spots were located in Fayette, Elk.
Warren, Potter, Clarion and Indiana counties, and five out of the
nine spots were found to he due to the planting of diseased nursery
stock purchased from nurseries in the infected region. In April,
1913, the infection in Indiana County was discovered in a shipment
of three chestnut trees purchased from a nursery in New Jersey.
These examples show very strikingly the ease with which the blight
is widely distributed through the shipment of nursery stock. Per-
sons who have planted nursery grown chestnut trees in regions free
from the blight, should watch these trees carefully for the first ap-
pearance of the disease, and promptly destroy all infected trees.

Field work in the Western District during the period covered by
this report has been confined to Tioga, Clinton, Lycoming, Centre.
Huntingdon, Blair, Bedford, and Somerset counties. Tioga, Clin-
ton, Centre, and Blair counties have been scouted and most of the
diseased trees removed, but a considerable amount of infection still
remains in Lycoming, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Somerset counties.
In addition, Fulton and Mifflin counties still have a large amount
of infection remaining, siuc-e with the small field force it was im-
possible to continue the work in these counties.

The accompanying map shows the progress of the control work
in the Western District, and the location of infected areas. The
following tabulation is a statement of the number of infected trees
found and cut out in the Western District from the time the work
was begun until July 1st, 1913:

Map showing spot infection in the western half of Pennsylvania to July 1, 1913, indicated by circles. Figures inside the circles indicate
the number of diseased trees found in each locality.

Inspection in eastern half of the State is generalized from the best information available.

37

STATEMENT

OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT INFECTION IN THE
WESTEBN DISTRICT.

County.

Number of tracts on which
infection was found.

Total number of infected
trees found.

■

Total number of infected 1
trees removed.

1

147

4,027

2,787

91

1,048

829

225

1,884

1,680

142

1,763

169

3,481

2,' 704

9

117

117

1

1

1

9

450

450

6

377

377

Fayette,

2

11

11

80

1,902

800

Forest

233

5,287

4,771

1

1

1

259

5,015

4,486

Mifflin

95

1,976

i,46S

1

1

1

92

9,110

S,093

22

207

207

12

43

43

3

16

16

1,609

37,510

30,705

38

A HARMLESS SAPROPHYTE.

Persons familiar with the appearance of the chestnut blight
fungus may easily confuse it with another fungus found in Wash-
ington, Greene, and Fayette counties. This fungus ( Endotkia
radicalis Schw.), (Denot.) is related to the blight fungus (Endothia
parasitica (Murr.) (And.), hut is found only on dead wood and bark
and does not attack living tissues. It lias been thoroughly studied
by the field pathologist, since at first it was feared that it might
have parasitic tendencies. Continued investigation proves beyond
doubt that this fungus is a harmless saprophyte which need not be
feared. It need not be confused with the parasitic species by those
who have the opportunity to compare them.

FIELD WORK IK THE EASTERN DISTRICT.

Field work in the Eastern District has been conducted mainly
on the plan outlined in the previous report. Inspections were made
on the request of timber owners and advice given as to the best
method of procedure in each case. Particular attention was given
to assisting owners of blighted chestnut in finding the best markets
for the products. On the request of owners desiring to take ad-
vantage of the reduced freight rates on blighted chestnut cordwood,
inspections were made and necessary certificates issued. Super-
vision of enforced cutting of all blighted chestnut trees within a
half mile of chestnut orchards in which the owners are endeavoring
to keep the disease under control, was continued.

As the evidences of the blight become more noticeable and the
seriousness of the situation forces attention, owners of chestnut
timber in eastern Pennsylvania have shown an increasing interest
in the work of controlling the blight, and more requests for assist-
ance were received than could be given individual attention. For
the guidance of owners who wished to clean their woods of blight,
either by doing the work themselves or having it done by contract,
the following suggestions were made by the Office of Utilization.
These suggestions are for use in eastern Pennsylvania only, where
the blight is general.

SUGGESTIONS FOR TIMBER OWNERS.

1. It is always advisable in cutting blighted chestnut to clean up
the ground thoroughly and burn all infected material, for the sake
of the future crop and the community as a whole. Even if financial
reasons make it impossible to treat the stumps properly, the brusb

Cutting out

39

and refuse should be burned, and all merchantable material re-
moved from the tract within a reasonable period. Where the per-
centage of blight is very high, it is advisable to cut all the chestnut
trees rather than attempt to remove only the diseased trees.

2. Stumps should not be cut higher than the diameter of the
tree, but this may be impracticable in sprout growth timber. A low
stump saves the best end of the log, and causes the succeeding
generation of sprouts to be firmly rooted.

3. Where practicable, all timber should be peeled. Poles, ties,
posts and rails, should be skidded to one or more convenient places.
The bark and chips collected at these points should be burned, since
this refuse is very frequently the breeding place of the blight
fungus.

4. It is advisable to remove all bark from the stumps down to
the mineral soil, to prevent the further spread of the disease by its
growth on this bark. Unpeeled stumps, even if free from blight at
the time the tree is felled, are very apt to become infected, and the
disease will then eventually destroy the sprouts at the base. Stumps
of trees cut in winter while the bark is “tight” may be left until
spring, and peeled when the sap is ascending. Stumps made in sum-
mer should be peeled at once.

5. All chestnut refuse, including the brush from the tops, bark
from stumps, chips, etc., should be collected and burned at as early
a time as may be done with safety from tire. Green tops of trees
felled in summer can be burned immediately by close piling over
a well-started tire. The danger of infecting the sprouts from the
stump is lessened if the fire be made over the stump after peeling.
Stumps can be more cheaply sterilized, however, by painting them
with creosote, and creosote also appears to be absolutely effective in
keeping the stump free from infection, whereas a fire seldom chars
the base of the stump sufficiently.

6. Woodsmen, while cutting and removing chestnut, should do
as little injury as possible to the remaining trees, whether large or
small. Wdien the work is done by contract, trees carelessly broken
in felling chestnut should be paid for at their market value. Mer-
chantable chestnut left in the woods, either cut or uncut, when con-
tracts call for the removal of all of the same, should be paid for at
its market value.

7. Great care should be exercised in burning material so as not
to injure other trees, or allow fires to remain unwatched in the
woods. Forest fires may result, causing much damage. Burning
should not be done when the woods are very dry, or a high wind is
blowing.

40

LOCAL INTENSIVE FIELD WORK.

Early in the spring a more extensive plan of field work in the
southeastern portion of the State was adopted. A locality was se-
lected where the blight is beyond control, and immediate utilization
necessary to avoid serious financial loss. The boundaries of the
area selected were so made that the timber in all of the woodlots in
the area could be handled in much the same way as though the
woodlots comprised a single tract. A map showing the exact loca-
tion of all of the woodlots was made, and a field agent detailed to
estimate merchantable chestnut in the form of saw logs, poles, ties,
posts and cordwood in each woodlot. The local market for these
products was then ascertained, to determine whether all timber on
the area could be best sold locally on in outside markets. At the
same time the field agent interested the owners of the woodlots in
the prompt removal and utilization of their chestnut trees before
greater loss was occasioned by the blight. Usually the owner of a
considerable quantity of blighted trees is anxious to follow this
course, but the scarcity of competent woodsmen makes it difficult
or impossible. In such cases, the Office of Utilization presented the
data obtained by the field agent to operators of portable saw mills,
stave mills, pole or tie cutters, as the facts warranted, and as many \
buyers as possible were interested in locating on the area. So far
as there was time to test this plan, it appears that this is the cheap-
est and most effective way of getting results in the eastern district, I
since what is desired is to get cutting started on a sane and profit-
able basis, and this a mere general method of work usually fails to
accomplish. Success or failure depends on whether or not buyer
and seller can be brought together on a satisfactory basis. The
work must be profitable to both owner and dealer. A competent
and well-informed field agent can work out a comprehensive plan
for disposing of all the merchantable chestnut in a commmunitv.
Through his knowledge of prices, rates, specifications, sanitation
measures, etc., he is the means of saving timber owners from much
of the loss occasioned by the blight.

/ I

DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS AND NURSERY INSPECTION.

As before reported, the investigation of the blight fungus aud
the nursery inspection work are under the direction of Dr. F. D.
Heald. Mr. P. J. Anderson has given special attention to certain
field investigations, including the work at Charter Oak. State-
ments of some of the principal features of the work here follow:

Hlijfht Infected District in Junintu County,

41

GERMINATION OF SPORES.

Pycnospores of the blight fungus, sometimes called summer
spores, germinate much more slowly than the ascospores, or so-
called winter spores. The type of growth and size of colonies are
different in the early stages of development on culture media.

PRODUCTION OF PYCNOSPORES IN WINTER,

In the case of this fungus the term “summer spores” is very mis-
leading, as these spores are produced at all times of the year, being
washed down in large numbers from blight cankers following each
winter rain.

BIRDS DISSEMINATE THE FUNGUS.

Careful experiments show that birds act as carriers of spores of
the blight fungus. Thirty-six birds belonging to nine different
species have been tested. Nineteen were found to carry pycnospores,
the maximum number obtained from a single bird, (Downy wood-
pecker), being 757,074. The highest number was always obtained
from birds shot a few days after a rain period.

“SHOOTING” OF ASCOSPORES.

The ascospores are expelled forcibly, but this expulsion depends
upon temperature as well as moisture. No expulsion took place in
the field from November 26tb, 1912, to March 21st, 1913, the tem-
perature during tire winter rains being too low. Bark containing
ascospore pustules has continued to expel ascospores for over six
months, (in the laboratory).

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE.

Pycnospores are easily killed by heat, (51°C). Ascospores are
slightly more resistant, only a few being able to survive 57°C.

RESISTANCE OF PYCNOSPORES.

Pycnospores are easily killed under certain conditions, but can
survive in considerable numbers under certain other circumstances.
Their length of life in water depends to some exteut upon the tem-
perature. Thirty-three per cent, survived in water at 55°C, after

42

42 days. A large percentage can survive freezing for a consider-
able period. They are washed down to the ground from blight
cankers, during every rain, and have never been found to disap-
pear entirely from the soil during the longest periods between rains.

As many as 12 per cent, of those originally present in a soil sample
have survived drying for 63 days. The longevity of the pycnospores
is greater in the “spore horn” stage than when they are separated by
rains and then dried. They have been killed in twenty-four hours
by drying in certain tests, while the act of drying alone is gen-
erally responsible for the death of 50-60 per cent.

EFFECT OF DRYING ON ASCOSPORES.

Ascospores when shot on to glass slides have been reported as
being very resistant to drying. In nature they are generally sepa-
rated and washed by the rains. Laboratory tests under such con-
ditions indicate that they are very sensitive to dessiccation. Dry-
ing alone has been found to kill as many as 94 per cent, in certain
tests.

I

ENTRANCE OF BLIGHT IN GALLS.

A small gall on the chestnut due to a lepidopterous insect (moth)
has been found to be one of the places of entrance of the blight
fungus. Twenty-eight per cent, of those tested showed young blight
infections.

INSECTS AS CARRIERS OF THE DISEASE.

Insects may act as carriers of the spores of the blight fungus. Of
a total of 75 tested, many were found to be carrying spores. The
maximum number of spores of the blight fungus (336.900). was ob-
tained from a small beetle, ( Leptostylus maculata), which has been
mentioned as a possible beneficial agent on account of its pustule-
eating habits.

OTHER DISEASES OF THE CHESTNUT.

There is another “canker disease” of the chestnut prevalent in
(he State which is entirely distinct from the blight. It is even more
important as a disease of oaks than chestnut, and is known to oc-
cur on chestnut oak, red oak, aiid white oak. A dieback of the
chestnut is not uncommon. Still another fungus appears to be as-
sociated with this trouble. A tip blight of the chestnut has also
been found, and in connection with it, a third species of fungus.

43

FIELD INVESTIGATIONS.

A field laboratory has all along been maintained at Charter Oak,
and much of the outdoor inoculation work and other experiments
have been conducted in that vicinity. Experiments have been con-
ducted here on the rate of growth of blight cankers, details of which
are tabulated in another manuscript, submitted for a bulletin. It
is sufficient to say here that the retarding influence of the winter
season is shown by these experiments. On the other hand, the
cankers have continued to spread even in the winter, though the
growth is much more rapid in the summer months.

Inoculations have been made both with ascospores and with
pycnospores during every month of the last year. No cankers have
appeared as yet from winter inoculations.

Other species of trees besides chestnut have been inoculated with
the blight fungus in larger numbers than last year, special atten-
tion being given to the oaks. As yet there is no evidence that the
blight fungus will establish parasitic relation with any other host,
although occasionally a canker will be produced.

Careful tree surgery experiments have been conducted at Charter
Oak, and to date only three cases are reported in which the canker
continued to spread after cutting out and treatment.

NURSERY INSPECTION.

The office records give the following information in regard to
each nursery inspection: — date, name and location of nursery, num-
ber of trees inspected, number of trees rejected, fungicides used for
dipping the stock, name and location of purchaser of stock.

The nurseries from which chestnut stock was shipped during the
fall of 1912 and spring of 1913, are as follows: — C. K. Sober, Paxi-
nos, Pa.; Hoopes Bros. & Thomas, West Chester, Pa.; Lovett
Nursery, Emilie, Pa. ; Rakestraw & Pyle, Kennett Square, Pa. ;
Morris Nursery, West Chester, Pa.; Cheltenham Nursery, Oak
Lane, Pa.; Jos. Moore, Montoursville, Pa.; S. L. Cummings & Co.,
Dewart, Pa., and Marietta Nursery, Marietta, Pa.

In the fall of 1912, 6,538 trees were inspected. Of these 81 were
rejected, and the remainder 6,457, distributed. In the spring of
this year 5,305 trees were inspected, of which 195 were rejected and
the remainder 5,110 distributed. The trees rejected were either in-
fected with chestnut blight, or showed doubtful incipient infec-
tions. In case of doubt the inspectors were instructed to reject the
tree. The number of rejected trees, however, is no indication of

44

the percentage of blight in any nursery, since many diseased trees
are removed from the nurseries previous to the time of making ship-
ments, and only those thought to be healthy trees are offered for in-
spection.

Probably the greater portion of the trees went to purchasers in
either Pennsylvania or New York. In case of re-distribution by
other dealers, however, the final destination of the stock is not
known. According to available records, the trees were sold to
purchasers in the following States. — California, Colorado, Con-
necticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska,
New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio. Pennsylvania,
Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin.

INSECT INVESTIGATIONS.

The investigations to determine what part, if any, insects take in
the transmission of the chestnut blight have been continued under
the immediate direction of Prof. A. G. Euggles. A number of
interesting facts have been determined, but several important studies
were just well under way when the work was suspended.

The relation of insects to blight dissemination comes under three
headings; first, insects that carry the spores of the fungus and
actually start new infections at the time: second, insects that
carry the spores but do not directly start infections; and third,
insects that make wounds in which infection readily takes place
through spores carried by some other agency.

INSECTS CAUSING DIRECT INFECTION.

To the present time very little definite data have been obtained
on tli is point, but the longer the subject is studied, the more prob-
able it appears that ordinary insects traveling over a tree, although
they may carry hundreds of spores on their bodies, do not directly
start new infections.

INSECTS CARRYING SPORES BUT CAUSING NO DIRECT

INFECTION.

Ants were allowed to run over cankers showing pyenidial pus-
tules or “spore horns,” and also cankers where ascospores were
shooting, and then placed in flasks of sterile water and washed

45

from two to twenty-four hours. Plate cultures made from this ma-
terial showed in many instances the presence of blight spores on the
bodies of the ants. In the same way it was determined that other
insects to the number of about twenty species also carry the spores
of chestnut blight. The number of spores carried in each instance
varied from a very few to the enormous number of 336,900. The
particular insect, (Leptostylus maculata) , carrying the 336,900
spores mentioned, is one of the beetles named in a recent press no-
tice of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, as being very active
in eating spores of the blight fungus. Therefore this beetle while
destroying spores of the blight is at the same time covering its body
with thousands of other chestnut blight spores which it carries
from tree to tree, making it probably an injurious insect, instead
of a beneficial one in this respect.

INSECTS MAKING WOUNDS IN TREES THUS OPENING THE
WAY FOR INFECTION.

This is probably the most serious way in which insects are re-
lated to blight dissemination. Among the most serious of wound
making insects are the seventeen-year cicadas, tree-hoppers, bark
borers, and bast miners. Of these only two have been studied
closely, — the cicadas and the bast miners.

CICADA STINGS.

In 1911 there was a brood of seventeen-year cicadas in several
counties in the eastern part of Pennsylvania. The relations that
these stings bore to blight infection have been studied near Lehigh -
fon. Many counts were made on trees and sprouts. While only
4.3 per cent, to 10.4 per cent, of all stings were found to be infected
with chestnut blight, from 86 per cent, to 93.8 per cent, of all infec-
tions were in stings. This cicada injury was studied where the
blight seemed most abundant. In the same tract where blight was
less prevalent, oilier counts were made with less striking results.
These observations would seem to show that blight infection is in-
fluenced considerably by the number of wounds made, but that
infection many times does not take place through a wound although
seemingly appropriate openings for catching blight may be present.

THE BAST MINER,

The work of the bast miner was first called to our attention by Mr.
S. B. Detwiler. It is believed to be the most important insect causing
wounds in the chestnut. Experiments and studies up to the pres-

46

ent time make it probable that the bast miner is responsible for
much blight infection. To understand thoroughly the relationship
of this insect to the blight fungus, the life history has to be known.
Much time has been spent upon this subject, but unfortunately to
date, the work has not been completed.* The injurious period of
its life history has been obtained, but the period that would have
to do with its suppression, namely the adult period and time of egg
laying, has not been discovered.

LARVAL EXIT HOLES AS POINTS OF INFECTION.

Hundreds of sticks of smooth bark trees of chestnut were ex-
amined during the past winter and spring to determine the num-
ber and nature of the larval exit holes of the bast miner. Every
piece a foot long and over two inches in diameter had bast miner 1
burrows present. The lowest number for a linear foot was one bur-
row while the highest was fifteen. The number of exit holes for a
small tree, therefore, would vary from ten to one hundred and j
fifty. In one acre of chestnut trees the number of these exit holes
would be enormous. In the light of what we now know, recent j
observations show that 50 per cent, of this class of infections origi- j
nated in bast miner exit holes*

CROTCH INFECTIONS.

Many infections are known to start around crotches, and we ;
speak of them as crotch infections. The eggs of the bast miner are i
laid near crotches and the newly hatched larvas may make entrance |
holes sufficiently large to allow spores of blight to enter. Here i
again the bast miner may be responsible, and if such proves to be
a fact, this insect would be the indirect cause of 90 per cent, instead
of 50 per cent, of the infection on smooth bark trees. All other in- I
sects mentioned as making wounds, with perhaps the exception of
the tree hoppers, are local or else the number of wounds is not ap- j
preciable; but in the case of the bast miner, the insect is found
wherever the chestnut grows.

EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTS.

Ants being found so commonly around blight cankers on chestnut
trees, it has been claimed that in some instances they are respon-
sible for as much as 90 per cent, of blight dissemination. To ob-

*Since writing the above, Prof. Ruggles has produced the mature insect in breeding experiments
and has thus completed our knowledge of its lifp history, op<i finds the insect to be a species
new to science.

47

tain information on this matter, it was decided during the winter
to experiment with ants in the greenhouse. Two rooms were set
off as an insectary. The inner of these two rooms being thoroughly
sterilized, was called the sterile room, and the outer room was called
the blighted room. In the latter as much blight material of the
kind required as could be obtained was kept and placed on the
ant table, where three colonies of ants made their homes. From
the table in this room the ants were allowed to run through a glass
tube to sterile seedling trees in the sterile room. The ants were
of the same species as those suspected of carrying the blight, and
were the common mound-builders, (Formica Integra ), being ob-
tained in the region of Lewisburg, Union County.

The result of the experiment was that with the exception of a
few dried leaves on each tree which were chewed or worked on by
the ants, the trees in the sterile room are as healthy as when first
placed on the table to be run over by the ants. The indication,
therefore, is that ants are not responsible for blight infection.

INFECTION IN GALLS.

A more or less cylindrical gall is found on the tips of branches
and on sprouts of chestnut, caused by an insect claimed to be a
moth. At West Chester and Valley Forge, these galls are very
numerous. Out of 161 galls examined by the plant pathologist,
forty-five of the 28 per cent, showed the presence of blight, while
49 per cent, showed the presence of another fungus. A gall that
shows the presence of chestnut blight in such a large percentage of
cases should be given careful study.

CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

EXCESS OF TANNIN IN DISEASED WOOD.

The principal features of the chemical investigations which have
been continued in charge of Mr. Joseph Shrawder, are as follows:
The abnormal tannin content of infected material was the chief
subject of interest in the last report. Invariably, infected wood
and hypertrophied material continue to show a higher tannin con-
tent than sound material from the same sample.

4

48

LOSS OF VOLATILE MATTER.

Moisture and other volatile matter proved of interest also. By
prolonged heating at temperatures up to 155°C, infected material
showed a greater ratio of loss.

CELLULOSE DETERMINATIONS.

A series of cellulose determinations was also made to note the
effect of the fungus on wood and bark. A higher percentage of
cellulose in sound material leads us to believe that it is being di-
gested with the formation of acids and other soluble matter. It
may also be that part of this soluble matter is reported as tannin
by the hide powder method. This, with the deficiency of cellulose,
may account for the relative high tannin content appearing on
analysis.

CHEMICAL CHANGES.

The determination of starch, reducing sugar, and nitrogen shows
that decided chemical changes are being produced by the fungus.
However, this work was not brought to a satisfactory conclusion
owing to the sudden termination of the work of the Commission.

NEW INJECTION MATERIAL FOR TREE MEDICATION.

Some preliminary work was also started in a search for a suit-
able injection — material to be used in the tree-medication experi-
ments. It is evident from the chemical investigation that a suit-
able injection-material must not coagulate the excessive tannin
and other colloids in the wood and bark, and that it must be able
to penetrate cutin in suberin in order to diffuse properly through
the infected area. A brief investigation of a modified chlorine solu-
tion showed that it fulfilled these requirements in many respects,
but its value in treating trees has not been determined.

TREE MEDICATIOX.

The experiments in tree medication, in charge of Dr. Caroline
Rumbold, have been for some time conducted in a large chestnut
orchard located near Martic Forge, Lancaster County. The follow-
ing is a brief statement of recent work:

49

PLOTS UNDER EXPERIMENT.

In 1912 three plots were selected for experiment. Each con-
tained about fifty trees varying in age from seedlings to eighteen
years old. This year two new plots were added to the three of
1912. Some tree surgery work was done, and the trees sprayed
with lime-sulphur.

OBSERVATIONS OF THE WORK OF 1912.

Last year fifty-four trees were injected; 15 with salts of the
heavier metals; 5 with formaldehyde; 12 with stains; 22 with alka-
lies, and the remainder with water. An attempt was made to inject
two trees with canker extract, but the solution would not go into
the trees.

On June 7, 1913, results of observations on these trees injected
last year were made as follows:

To date, the injections of the salts of the heavier metals, (copper,
zinc, barium), appear not to have killed the trees, although they
mutilated them. Those injected with the copper salts suffered the
most. Inoculations made on these trees after they were injected
have taken, and the cankers forming are larger than those on the
check trees. Of the five trees injected with the formaldehyde, two
are alive, but mutilated. Inoculations on these trees have formed
cankers larger than .those on the check trees. Most of the trees
injected with stains have been cut down, for observation. None were
killed, however, by the injection. The trees injected with water
are in good condition with the exception of one tree infected with a
canker, which is now girdled. The only unusual sign about the tree
is the large amount of suckers at its base.

FAVORABLE EFFECTS OF ALKALIES.

The trees injected with alkalies are all in good condition at pres-
ent. An encouraging feature of the experiment with alkalies is
that a number of inoculations on these trees did not take, and on
those which have taken cankers have formed smaller than those on
the check trees. These trees were cut into in April in order to
count the number o*- inoculations that took, and in a number of
cases these cuts have formed callus.

INJECTIONS IN 1913.

The past spring, 69 trees have been treated — 21 with colloids, 18
with alkalies, 18 with acids, 17 with benzenes, one with methyl
alcohol, and two with methylene blue, while five are water checks.
The method of injection used this year is the same as in 1912.

50

EFFECTS OF THIS YEAR’S INJECTIONS.

The trees have not reacted to the injections this year as quickly
as last summer. The slowness of reaction may be due to the season
of the year, the cool weather, and the large amount of rain since
injections began. As was to be expected, the trees have reacted
to the injections differently. Potassium chromate and bi-chromate
caused the fastest and most severe reactions. Reactions of the
trees to the chemicals are generally shown by discoloring, drying,
or falling leaves. Sometimes the trunk shows the path the solu-
tion followed by sunken areas, or long cracks in the bark, extend-
ing up the tree. So far no results can be given as to the effect of
this year’s injections, either on the trees themselves or on the
canker growth. The full effect of the present injections probably
cannot be seen until next year.

TREE SURGERY.

INDIVIDUAL TREE EXAMINATIONS.

The tree surgery work was continued in charge of Mr. Roy G.
Pierce. A brief statement of the work here follows: —

Numerous requests for examinations of individual trees have
been received continuously up to the time of closing our work.
These requests have come from owners of individual lawn trees,
owners of cultivated orchard trees, and owners of wood lots or
small forest properties. When desired the owners or the gardeners
were instructed how to take care of the trees. This is the most
satisfactory way of handling this kind of work, since frequent
examinations during the growing season are necessary to keep the
chestnut blight under control. The owner, if well informed, may
notice a diseased twig or branch at any time and remove it before
tbe infection has spread any further. On request, the names of
reputable tree surgeons have been given the owners.

ADVICE IN FOREST MANAGEMENT.

Frequently where there have been a large number of infected
chestnut trees in the forest, as on Mount Penn and on the Never-
sink Mountain at Reading, or at Galen Hall, Wernersville, Berks

Tree surgery- Operator has gouged outer rim of canker, leaving mycelium of
chestnut blight in center. Other cuts shown, on tree were made at an
earlier period.

51

County, the owners have not been so desirous of prolonging the life
of the chestnut trees as of maintaining a grove or woodlot of trees
of different kinds. In such cases the first principles of forestry
have been recommended, namely, requiring the removal of trees that
were becoming badly diseased, thus giving place to other tree
species coming up beneath, such as hickories and oaks, instead of
advising any tree surgery.

CONTACT WITH THE PEOPLE.

In thus meeting the people themselves, it has been possible to in-
form them much more thoroughly on the real cause of the blight
than can be done through the medium of . bulletins or newspaper
articles. Many still think that the chestnut blight is caused by
an insect or a mysterious something that kills the trees by descend-
ing on them as a vapor. To these people, however, “seeing is be-
lieving.”

EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments have been started at different points: — (1) On

methods of cutting out cankers; (2) With substances used as
sterilizing agents and as water-proofing; (3) On the charring of
cankers for various periods of one to five minutes; and (4) On the
uses of various fungicides and water-proofings for painting over
the cankers.

EXPERIMENTS WITH LIME-SULPHUR,

The use of the lime-sulphur spray to prevent infection has been
experimentally tried at several places on orchard chestnut trees.
One of the most important of these experiments is one that was
started in Chester County in an orchard of 200 chestnut trees, 41
trees being used for the experiment, the trees ranging in height
from 15 to 35 feet, and about twenty-five years of age. At the time
of closing the work of the Commission, these experiments have not
yet been continued for one year, therefore no definite results have
been obtained, nor can any definite conclusion be drawn.

ALLEGED CURES FOR THE BLIGHT.

Besides the trials of different treatments at Emilie, Bucks county,
mentioned elsewhere, three residents of Pennsylvania, who claim
they have cures for the chestnut blight, have been permitted to dem-
onstrate the efficacy of their cures at other points. Two off these
“cures” are already failing at the present time.

52

LOCATION OF CANKERS.

An observation which may be of importance is that blight cank-
ers are very seldom found to have started on the underside of
branches.

VALUE OF TREE SURGERY WORK.

The work of tree surgery thus far has shown that it is possible
to save chestnut trees that are diseased with the chestnut blight.
This can only be done, however, by the most careful tree surgery,
followed by frequent examinations for new infections and the
spread of the old ones. Young, smooth bark trees are more easily
saved than old thick bark trees, because it is much easier to dis-
cover the blight on the former than on the latter.

OTHER TREE SURGERY WORK.

In addition to the tree surgery work under the immediate direc-
tion of Mr. Pierce, other competent employees of the Commission
have done similar work at Emilie, Charter Oak, and in a large
orchard at Paxinos, the results of which up to this date are con-
sidered as largely successful.

The accompanying figures, No. I and No. II, will illustrate cer-
tain phases of the tree surgery work.

GEOGR APHIC WORK.

WEATHER CONDITIONS.

A brief statement of some additional work by the Geographer, Dr.
F. P. Gulliver, follows: —

Since the last report very few definite facts have been obtained
as to the relation of rainfall to the spread of the blight, but noth-
ing has yet been learned which would contradict the opinion pre-
viously stated that blight dissemination increases much more
rapidly during rainy periods.

RELATION OF SOILS TO BLIGHT OCCURRENCE.

Considerable time has been given recently to a study of the char-
acter of the soils in different localities in the State where there is

53

more or less chestnut blight, to determine whether there is any real
relation between the nature of the soil, and the amount of the dis-
ease in any locality.

LOCATION OF OBSERVATIONS.

After a careful survey of the State, it was decided to conduct this
study in — (1), Chester Valley; (2), The Ivutztown Valley, Berks
County, and (3), Center County. To date, there has been time
only to make observations in the first two localities. In the Chester
Valley these studies have been much facilitated because of the con-
stant occurrence of limestone toward the base of the mountains,
and of shales toward the top. Usually, more chestnut blight was
found near the tops of the mountains, and less, as one descends to-
wards the valley.

RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS.

The results of these observations on the relation of limestone or
other alkaline soils to blight distribution, are as follows, which
are simply, however, what appear to be the facts obtained from
studies to date, and are not put forth as absolute conclusions.

(1) — In every series of tracts taken from limestone to overlying
shale soils, the percentage of blight is least at a comparatively
short distance (50 to 200 ft.), from the edge of the limestone.

(2) — Tracts on soils derived from limestone which show the
highest percentage of blight seem to be those where the soil has
become acid from underground drainage, and consequent leaching
out of the alkalies.

(3) — Chestnut trees on soils derived from other alkaline rocks
show less blight than is found in the trees on shale soils with lime-
stone underneath.

(4) — Where the rocks have been faulted, and an older crystalline
rock has been brought up to the level of the later formed limestone,
there does not appear to be any less blight on the crystalline rock
near the limestone.

RELATION OF ALTITUDE TO BLIGHT DISTRIBUTION.

On about 200 tracts examined, there does not seem to be any re-
lation between the percentage of blight and the elevation above
sea level.

u

UTILIZATION.

At the time of the last report, the work of “Utilization” was in
charge of Professor J. P. Wentling. He continued to direct this
work until March 1, 1913, when his leave of absence expired, and
he resigned to resume his duties in the Forest School of the Uni-
versity of Minnesota. From that date, Mr. W. M. Kirby acted in
charge of the office work, while Mr. J. R. Wilson was made directly
responsible for the field operations. Until a suitable specialist
could be obtained, the General Superintendent, Mr. S. B. Detwiler,
has had general direction temporarily, of all the utilization work.

PRELIMINARY WORK.

For sometime, naturally, a great deal of information had to be
obtained as to timber owners, purchasers of chestnut products,
portable saw mills, demands for various kinds of products, etc., be-
sides working out a general plan of active procedure. This had
been largely done by Professor Wentling, before leaving, and he
had already pointed out the importance of the portable mill opera-
tor, the necessity of experiments in deterioration of blighted chest-
nut, and of making tests of certain chestnut products through
reputable manufacturers, and also the desirability of a trial of
intensive local utilization in a few localities, and showed that it
was desirable to keep in close touch with the important lumber as-
sociations.

CONCLUSIONS OF UTILIZATION CONFERENCE AT

TRENTON.

At a Utilization Conference between various State and National
officials held at Trenton, New Jersey, certain conclusions were arrived
at as to special lines of work in utilization. Among these, it was
recommended that the individual States take up local market
studies.

LOCAL INTENSIVE UTILIZATION.

In accordance with the conclusions of the Utilization Conference
above mentioned, and in line with the suggestion of the Forester of
this Commission previously in charge of Utilization, it was decided
to try such local work at one or two points in this State, the work
being under direction of the General Superintendent. The first
place selected was in the vicinity of West Chester, Chester county.

55

The local market for various chestnut products was thoroughly ex-
ploited to determine what amouut could be taken care of in local
consumption, and afterwards it was determined so far as possible,
how much of the surplus could be disposed of at more distant mar-
kets. The results of the work have been very interesting, and bid
fair to solve largely the entire problem of utilization.

RESULTS OF THE LOCAL WORK.

In the short time that has been given to this work, up to the date
of closing, remarkable progress has been made, as the following
statement shows: —

(1) — Careful estimates of timber were made of 14 tracts, in the
vicinity, I’anging in size from 2 to 26 acres each.

(2) — Various satisfactory interviews were obtained with the tim-
ber owners, and in this connection, it was found that there has been
much change in the sentiment of owners, favorable to a rapid dis-
posal of blighted chestnut.

(3) — All local timber operators were interviewed.

(4) — It was found that the owners themselves could use a large
amount of their own timber for fencing.

(5) — Lists of buyers of chestnut products were obtained at West
Chester, Uowningtown and vicinity, and along the Pennsylvania
Railroad main line.

(6) — After getting the confidence of timber owners, they were
quite willing to place the disposal of their chestnut wholly in the
hands of Commission employees.

(7) — One thousand ties were sold to a street railway company,
and orders were expected for 5,000 more.

(8) - — Arrangements were made for installing a saw mill in the
area.

(9) — At the time of closing the work, efforts were being made
to obtain 20,000 poles for a firm in New Jersey.

DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING LABOR,

In the particular local work above referred to, the difficulty of
obtaining labor was encountered, as in all other cases of work of
this kind. Here again, however, the Commission employes were
able to aid timber owners and operators greatly by obtaining hands
from a distance, until finally eight different timber owners were
on the waiting list to use wood cutters who had been imported
through our efforts.

56

WORK IN OTHER LOCALITIES.

No doubt results similar to those mentioned above could be ob-
tained in the same way in other localities. Such work was suc-
cessful in Lebanon County, to the extent of being able to locate ten
different portable saw mills in active work in that county inside
of one month.

DETERIORATION EXPERIMENTS.

An experiment, probably the first of its kind, has been installed
by this Commission in co-operation with the United States Forest
Service, at Mt. Gretna, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, to deter-
mine accurately the effect of the chestnut blight on the quality of
chestnut wood products, and upon the durability of such products.
Chestnut telephone poles, some diseased and some from healthy
wood, have been set. Thirty standard railroad ties, partly dis-
eased, and partly not, were placed in a siding of the Cornwall &
Lebanon Railroad. A fence was made with mortised posts and
rails, some of them from diseased trees, and others from healthy
trees. To determine the direct effect of blight lesions in telephone
poles, cross arms were placed through these lesions; also some
fence posts were set with lesions at the ground line. The complete
results of this experiment will not be possible for several years, but
it was expected to take records at regular intervals each year.

CHESTNUT EXTRACT CHIPS FOR PAPER PULP.

Spent extract chips from blighted chestnut wood which had been
run through the leaches of a tannin extract company, were sent to
the IT. S. Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, where
experiments are being carried on to determine whether or not these
chips can be used in the manufacture of paper pulp.

TESTS IN CO-OPERATION WITH MANUFACTURERS.

In connection with the above mentioned experiment, an attempt
has been made to make similar tests in a practical way through co-
operation with manufacturers. A small shipment of yhestnut
chips was made to a company in New York State, to test its value
for the manufacture of plaster board. A similar shipment was
made to a company in Ohio which manufacturers special machin-
ery for reducing wood, the idea being to test these chips for the
production of paper pulp.

57

BLIGHTED WOOD NOT INJURED. .

Careful studies to date have shown decidedly that blighted chest-
nut is injured very slightly, if at all, for use as lumber. The
blight lesions extend to only a fraction of an inch below the bark,
and even this portion is taken off in the slabs. To illustrate this
fact, small hand samples of blighted chestnut in board shape, have
been prepared and distributed to different chestnut users through-
out the State.

KINDLING AND FUEL TESTS.

There has always been considerable prejudice against the use of
chestnut for fuel, and investigations have shown that most likely
this prejudice is to a large extent unwarranted. It was intended
therefore, at the time of closing our work, to make practical tests
of chestnut for kindling, in comparison with the common kindling
"roods now in the market.

MOVEMENT OF CORDWOOD.

The movement of cordwood under the special reduced tariff has
made an excellent beginning. Several hundred cords have already
been shipped, and a number of parties were preparing to ship large
amounts when our inspection work ceased. The discontinuance of
this inspection work will be a financial disadvantage to many tim-
ber owners, who were expecting to take advantage of the special
tariff, unless some arrangement can be made to continue such in-
spection under other auspices.

CO OPERATION WITH THE U. S. FOREST SERVICE.

A list of pole and tie dealers has been furnished by the U. S. For-
est Service. This list is being combined with a corresponding list
of wood-cutters prepared by this Commission, the whole to be
made out in duplicate, which will be of great use for future work-
ers in utilization in this State.

DEMONSTRATION WORK.

The demonstration and lecture work has continued in charge of
Mr. Keller E. Roc-key.

5S

LECTURES.

The subjects of lectures include every matter of interest concern-
ing the chestnut blight. At intervals, parties engaged in other
lines of operation of the Commission have lectured on topics relat-
ing to the particular work they were doing. The most of the lec-
tures were given under the supervision of the State Farmers’ Insti-
tute management. The lecturers were as a rule, supervisors of the
territory in which the lecture was given, and were, therefore, fully
able to give the audience news of the latest local developments,
and much valuable information.

Besides farmers’ institute lectures, addresses were made at sev-
eral normal schools, before county fruit growers’ associations, at
the meeting of the Northern Nut Growers’ Association, and also at
various meetings of botanical societies, civic clubs, and in colleges
and schools.

CHESTNUT BLIGHT EXHIBITS.

Exhibits of specimens and illustrations showing in various ways
the operations of this Commission have been installed in the Car-
negie Museum, at Pittsburgh, and in the State Museum, in Harris-
burg. An unusually large exhibit has been started for the Com-
mercial Museum, Philadelphia, and it was planned to make an ex-
hibit at the Everhart Museum, at Scranton. An excellent display
showing the work of the Commission was made in connection with
the State Forestry Exposition, at Horticultural Hall. Philadelphia,
in May. Much interest was shown in this exhibit by people from
all over the State. Many minor exhibits have been made in con-
nection with farmers’ meetings at various places.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIMENS.

Several hundred small boxes of specimens of disinfected bark
showing the chestnut blight were sent to various addresses all
over the State, to be placed on exhibition in high schools and other
public places. Photographs accompanied this material to add to
its interest and practical value.

FIELD DEMONSTRATION.

Very often in connection with the lectures, particularly at farm-
ers’ institutes, the lecturers demonstrated the actual field work of
the Commission in neighboring forest tracts, explaining the nature
of the disease, the manner of removal, sanitation, and methods of
tree surgery.

chestnut orchard, 2d years old. A spraying experiment is being conducted with these trees.

59

CO-OPERATION OF THE PRESS.

Iu connection with the vast amount of active labor performed
in field work, pathological research work, chemical and insect investi-
gations, etc., in the effort to control the chestnut tree blight, the press
of Pennsylvania proved a most valuable ally in constantly acquainting
timber owners and the public in general with the symptoms and
characteristics of this comparatively new, but extremely destructive
tree pest.

The native chestnut tree is properly regarded as the best forest
tree remaining in a large quantity iu Pennsylvania. The presence
of the deadly chestnut tree bark disease throughout eastern and
central Pennsylvania counties, and the actual and immediate neces-
sity for a concerted and active warfare against this parasitic disease
in order to prevent the threatened total extermination of the chestnut
tree in the Keystone State, naturally awakened the editorial fra-
ternity and other advocates of forest conservation to the great im-
portance of aiding in the fight to control and eradicate the dis-
ease.

It is admitted by scientific authorities that had the necessary work
towards stamping out the blight been inaugurated by other states
at the proper period, Pennsylvania’s extraordinai ily heavy loss could
have been confined to a minimum. It is believed however, that the
Commonwealth has already sustained a loss through the partial
destruction of chestnut, aggregating a total of $70,000,000, of which
enormous amount Eastern Pennsylvania timber owners suffered the
heaviest burden. The probervial “ounce of prevention” was sadly
ignored, and hence, the deplorable conditions that rapidly followed
this costly neglect of duty. Although the Keystone State has ceased
its activities in its efforts to save this invaluable species of trees
from destruction, the National Department of Agriculture and a
dozen other states are continuing the work with renewed energy, con-
fidently believing that the interests of timber owners and the qmblic
in general deserved such recognition and protection. Many tax-
payers who were compelled to wage warfare against the spread of
the blight at their personal expense report gratifying results, thus
again demonstrating that by prompt action and thorough work,
the parasite might have been controlled and these extraordinary
heavy financial losses averted.

60

Oliver D. Schock, Assistant Superintendent, was in charge of this
important publicity department. Grateful acknowledgments are due
to the newspaper editors for their continued and liberal co-operation.
It is equally gratifying to know that there was but little, if any
unfavorable criticism by the press of the entire State of the methods
pursued by the Commission in combating the blight.

i

Report of

Samuel B. Detwiler

General Superintendent Pennsylvania Chestnut
Tree Blight Commission

(61)

/

sswS

(62)

OBSERVATIONS ON SANITATION CUTTING IN
CONTROLLING THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT
IN PENNSYLVANIA.

By SAMUEL B. DETWILER,

GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA CHESTNUT
TREE BLIGHT COMMISSION.

INTRODUCTION.

In view of the continued rapid spread of the chestnut blight, and
the great damage sustained through this relentless parasite, it is
important at the present time to have more complete information
on the possibility of controlling its spread. It is now an estab-
lished fact that the disease exists in China, and that it was probably
introduced into America from the Orient. This disposes of the
theory that the blight is caused by a native fungus, originally a
saprophyte or weak parasite, which gained vigor, or appeared to
gain vigor because of the decadence of the native chestnut trees
from the effects of drouth and winter injury. It is evident that
it would be difficult, if not impossible, to control a native fungus of
wide dissemination, with predisposing factors in its favor. But
even the most severe critics have acknowledged that foreign origin
of the parasite affords “at least some basis for the fight for con-
trol.”*

HOW THE BLIGHT SPREADS.

The pathological investigations of the Commission have shown
that wind, water (rain), and birds are the principal agencies in dis-
seminating the blight. A single spore thread may produce from
100,000,000 to 200,000,000 pycnospores, and even a small canker
produces dozens of spore threads in a season. A single perithecium
has been observed to eject ascospores almost continuously for a
period of 26 days, at the rate of 4.7 spores per second. Insects as-
sist by making wounds through which the spores of the fungus en-
ter the bark, and also, to some extent, by distributing the spores
locally. The ejection of ascospores into the air following rain, and
the washing of pycnospores down the trunks and into the soil dur-
ing rain, appear to be the principal agencies in spreading the dis-
ease. Birds have been proved to carry spores in great numbers,
and undoubtedly are responsible for a certain proportion of infec-
tions, at least, of advance infections.

‘Clinton, G. P. Science 36: pp. 907-914, Dec. 27, 1912.

5

(63)

64

The planting of diseased nursery stock in regions free from the
blight appears to be one of the principal agencies in spreading the
disease to great distances. The disease was probably introduced into
this country on nursery stock, and in the early years, nursery stock
apparently played the most important role in getting the disease
quickly and firmly established. This point is well illustrated by a
shipment of three chestnut trees sent from a New Jersey nursery
into Western Pennsylvania in 1912. Through a misunderstanding,
these trees were not held at the State line for inspection, but were
carried direct to their destination. When the inspection was made,
the disease was found at two places on one of the trees, although the
nurserymen claimed to have carefully examined the trees before
shipment. At Warren, Warren county, Pennsylvania, 11 out of a
shipment of 12 nursery trees purchased in 1910 were found affected
with the blight in 1912. In Elk County, 34 diseased nursery trees
were found in a young chestnut orchard, and the disease had already
reached adjoining native chestnut trees. In Somerset County, there
is evidence to support the belief that an infected area covering
about one-third of the county spread originally from diseased scions
grafted on native trees. There are many similar occurrences out-
side of Pennsylvania.

All observers have noted that the blight advances by attacking
widely separated trees far ahead of the generally infected territory.
In Pennsylvania, the main spread of the blight has been from the
southeastern corner of the State. During rains and immediately
following, when the spores are being ejected, the wind is usually
from the south or east, thus tending to carry the spores north and
west. At least, it is a matter of common observation that the south-
ern and eastern edges of woodlots very frequently show the first
infections.

In order to learn more about the spread of the blight, two areas
in the region of general infection, one in the Mahoning Valley in
Carbon County, and the other in the vicinity of Topton Mountain,
in Berks county, were studied in the spring of 1913 by Mr. J. Wesley
Sitler, a field agent of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission.

STUDY OF BLIGHT CONDITIONS IN THE MAHONING

VALLEY.

In the Mahoning Valley, all timber tracts on an area about
7 miles square were mapped on a large scale topographic sheet, (Fig.
1). In round numbers this investigation covered about 50 square
miles of land which varied widely as to elevation and geological
formation. Spot infections of blight were accurately located on

Sketch map showing blight centers and percentage of infection in a portion of the Mahoning Valley, Carbon and Schuylkill Counties, Pennsylvania.

By J. Wesley Sitler,

June, 1913.

65

the map, and each spot was studied in detail as to the percentage
of surrounding infection, slope, exposure, soil, character of the
stand of timber, and surface features. Originally chestnut oak and
yellow pine occupied the steeper upper slopes, while the more gen-
tle and fertile lower slopes were covered with a stand consisting
of 50 to 70 per cent, chestnut, with a mixture of red oak, maple, and
white pine. Very little chestnut grew in the valleys where the
forest consisted of heavy stands of white oak, white pine, red oak.
and maple. All of the flat bottom land and much of that along the
lower slopes has been cleared for farming, so that part of the area
studied consisted of woodlots with trees varying in size from small
coppice to 20 inches in diameter. The area is traversed by several
ridges extending northeast and southwest, and the poor rocky soil
of these ridges, particularly north of the Mahoning Valley, is cov-
ered with young coppice of oak and chestnut, or with scrub oak
brush. Forest fires frequently burn over the ridges and the young
growth is therefore in poor condition.

At present no tract can be found on the area studied that is en-
tirely free from blight, but the chestnut trees south of Mahoning
Valley are diseased more than the stand north of the valley. The
southern slopes of the ridges, also the south and east portions of
exposed woodlots, are more seriously infected than the northern
exposures. There are thousands of cicada wounds in twigs of all
species growing in these woods. These wounds were made during
the invasion of 1911. It is very common on chestnut to find such
wounds infected, and the cicada has thus undoubtedly aided in
the general distribution of the blight throughout this region.

Every tract of chestnut timber showing the presence of blight,
when carefully examined, shows that the disease appears in spots.
By careful observation, the source of infection for the entire spot
can be traced to one or more badly infected trees which evidently
bore the original infection of that particular area. Such a tree
or group of trees is commonly referred to as an infection center, be-
cause from such centers the disease advances in all directions. The
age of these centers can be determined quite accurately from the
appearance of the original infection, by the concentric rings of
cankers and by the age of water sprouts and shoots at base of cank-
ers. Generally, the older the infection, the further it has spread
from the center.

Many of these infection centers have been carefully worked over,
but nothing definite can be said as to characteristic elevation, soil
conditions, exposure, or character of woods. Probably 90 per cent,
of these centers are found in the shallow depressions at the heads
of gullies; or, where a ridge slope forms a terrace-like flat. How-

66

ever, it is evident from a large number of observations, that such
centers develop under any surface conditions favorable to the growth
of chestnut. They are found on well drained gravel slopes, dry
knolls, steep rock slopes, and in low fertile flats.

The spread of the blight seems more rapid in young coppice
growth of nearly pure chestnut, than in a chestnut stand of large
trees. Tn old stands the percentage of infected trees decreases
abruptly from the infection center outward. Often, a distance of
twenty rods will take one from an area of 40-50 per cent, infec-
tion to a zone of one-fourth per cent, and beyond that no infection
may be found. Tn coppice growth the decrease is more gradual and
a zone showing less than 8-10 per cent, infection can seldom be
found on a tract with an infection center. The abundance of bast
miner galleries in the bark of young smooth-barked chestnuts prob-
ably explains the wide and even distribution of the blight in such
stands.

The importance of wind as an agent in disseminating blight can-
not be positively stated, but from observations made in this locality
there seems more evidence favoring wind distribution than any
other factor. The result of a large number of comparative observa-
tions show that: —

1. A large number of infections are in wounds made by cicadas
and are usually uniformly distributed around a blight center.

2. New infections are generally scattered through areas of young
shoots growing up after fire.

3. Freshly cut stumps with their new sprouts show a high per
cent, of infection even where the surrounding woodland is little
affected.

4. Trees standing in exposed places, such as isolated trees in
fields, and trees along southern edges of timber tracts, show a high
per cent, of infection.

Very little can be said about birds as carriers of blight. Numer-
ous scattered spots of infection show signs of having been started
by bird distribution. However, the observations gave little
reliable evidence on this point. Many spots have a large, dead-
lopped tree standing near the center. Often these trees have been
infected on the lower branches, longer than any of the surrounding
trees. The dead, snaggy tops show no evidence of death from
blight. There is reason to believe that birds were attracted by the
open snag and carried the spores which later started the infec-
tions in the lower branches.

This locality furnishes numerous opportunities for comparing
the percentage of infected trees on the north and south slopes. The
stand of chestnut is similar on the two slopes. The results of de-
tailed examinations show that there is more blight on the south

67

slopes. Also, many of the woodlots show a higher per cent, of infec-
tion on the southern borders. To strengthen these observations
several miles of the Blue Bidge, (lying north of the Mahoning Val-
ley, and not included in the area studied), were also worked over,
(Fig. 2. ) This ridge is higher than any other within the limits of area
studied, and shows the typical high percentage of blight on the
south slopes, up to the summit. Immediately across the summit,
northward, the number of blighted trees decreases. However, at the
base of the north slope in almost pure chestnut, it increases but does
not average more than 60 per cent, of the amount of infection at
the base along the south side. There is a general decrease in the
amount of infection on each successive ridge to the north.

There are distinct differences in the moisture conditions in this
region. The stream valleys often have a clay loam soil too heavy
and moist to support chestnut. We find all variations in soil and
moisture from these valleys to the dry, rugged ridges where chest-
nut oak and scrub oak form most of the stand. The amount of in-
fection apparently does not depend on soil moisture, as is shown by
the percentages on the infection map. Tracts lying in the valleys
show similar percentages of infection to those on higher ground.
The theory that chestnut trees growing on or near limestone soils
are resistant to blight is not supported by these observations. A
belt of limestone borders Lizard Creek Valley on the south, and the
per cent, of infection is as high in that region as elsewhere. In-
fection centers have been found near limestone quarries, where the
roots of the chestnut penetrated to bed rock.

INFECTION POINTERS.

1. Each successive ridge shows a decrease in the number of old
infections, from the Blue Ridge northward.

2. There is more blight along the south slopes than on the ad-
jacent north slopes.

3. Recently cut stumps with their sprouts show a high per cent,
of infection even where adjacent tracts are clear of blight.

4. Centers of infection are found under all conditions. Slope,
exposure, drainage, rock formation, and fertility of the soil seem
to have no relation to origin of infections.

5. A large number of infections one and two years old began in
wounds made by cicadas in 1911.

G. Wind appears to be the most important factor in the dis-
semination of the blight. Birds may be factors as carriers of the
original infecting spores-, but cannot be blamed for the local dis-
tribution of the blight around an infection center. This distribu-

68

tion is very uniform, which presumably would not he the case had
birds been the principal carriers of the disease. In young cop-
pice growth much wounded by cicadas, the wounds on the twigs are
the chief points of entrance for the disease. Results of accurate
counting show that on certain tracts 80 to 90 per cent, of new in-
fections began in such wounds made by the 17-year cicadas during
their invasion of 1911. Many new infections are at and near the
bases of young sprouts, and there is little cause to believe that these
were due to birds, since they are usually about the same age and
at points that birds are not likely t< frequent. Also, this condi-
tion exists on exposed north slopes little visited by birds. The
most plausible explanation seems to lie in the hypothesis of wind
dissemination. This explains the numerous infections starting in
cicada stings; also the rapid spread over a tract of young sprouts;
the common occurrence of new infections on trees standing alone,
in exposed places. The greater quantity of infection on south
slopes appears to le due to the fact that the prevailing winds are
southerly and easterly during the periods when ascospores are ex-
truded in greatest numbers.

STUDY OF BLIGHT CONDITIONS ON TOPTON MOUNTAIN,

BERKS COUNTY.

The highest point of this mountain rises about COO feet above
the base, the summit being 1,230 feet above sea level. The long
axis of the ridge runs about 15 degrees north of east, the east end
of the ridge terminating abruptly. The area studied comprises
about 2,000 acres, about 600 of which are cleared, and the balance
bears a dense stand of timber which is mainly coppice growth be-
tween 10 and 25 years old. On the summit, and the upper and
middle slopes, chestnut is the predominating species, forming 80
to 90 per cent, of the stand. Below this is a zone in which chestnut
and chestnut oak constitute the stand in about equal proportions.
At the base of the mountain there is a narrow, irregular belt of
tulip, butternut, red oak, and ash, with a very low per cent, of
chestnut.

Strips four rods wide were run north and south across the moun-
tain, and also in au east and west direction over the top and along
the sides. Observations were made of all the chestnut trees on
each strip acre. In this way the tract was gridironed, and a fairly
comprehensive idea obtained of the relative amount of blight in
the various portions of it. (Fig. 3).

The infection nowhere runs less than 3 per cent., and it was im-
possible to find an acre with less than this amount of blight on it.

blight center. upper figure is per cent, of infection on an area within 50 feet radius or more of the center.

Sketch map of Topton Mountain, Berks County, Pennsylvania, giving a comparison of percentages or blighted

69

On most of the ridge the percentage of diseased chestnut runs
from 17 to 30 per cent., although there are spots where it is much
higher. The centers of infection are not confined to any character-
istic slope or environment. Generally, the blight has spread over
larger areas on the summit and south slope than on the north
slope. The centers along the south slope and summit show more
trees killed by the blight than those of any other part of the moun-
tain. This is doubtless due to a more rapid spread of the blight
in these situations. Scattered dead trees are less common along
the north slope than elsewhere; however, several centers contain
ing a dozen or more large trees entirely killed are found on the
north slope.

The blight is so uniformly distributed between the centers that
it was difficult to determine the facts relative to the dissemination
of the disease by wind. However, most of the infected areas show
a wider zone of distribution east and north of the infection center,
giving the areas of thick infection an egg-sliaped outline, with the
oldest infections nearest to the western boundary. No definite in-
formation was obtained on this tract concerning the part played by
birds as disseminators of the disease.

The south slope of the ridge is more dry and barren than the
north slope. The only springs found there are near the eastern end
of the ridge, and a few small springs are scattered along the lower
portions of the south slope, but these are below the zone of chest-
nut growth. The north slope is a more gradual incline, and there
are numerous shallow dips resembling miniature gullies. Some of
these are moist enough to support alder bushes and several species
of moisture loving ferns; also trees of the lowland types, such as
tulip and maple, are quite common in these depressions. Most of
these dips contain springs, but not all of them; however, there are
numerous small springs scattered all along the north slope of the
ridge. Most of these are well down toward the base, but several
are well up toward the summit. So far as could be ascertained,
no relation exists between the thickly infected areas and moisture
conditions.

The data collected lead to the belief that the infection is dis-
tributed without any regard to elevation. For instance, along the
base of tbe north slope high percentages of infection are found.
Similarly, an increase in the percentage of blight is found half-way
toward the summit. While the summit seems to support more in-
fection than any other portion of the mountain, there is no reason
to suppose that this is due to elevation. The stand here is almost
pure young chestnut coppice, and the conditions appear to be more
favorable to the rapid spread of the disease in such stands. The

70

base of the south slope supports coppice growth similar to that
found at the summit, and here the per cent, of infection compares
very closely with that along the summit.

RESULT OF OBSERVATIONS.

No definite cause for the areas of high and low per cent, of in-
fection was determined. The highest percentages of infection are
found on the summit and on the south slope of the ridge. Also :
this portion of the area supports more old infection than any other
part of the mountain. In part, this may be due to the higher per- i
centage of chestnut on the summit and south slope, and to the
fact that most of it is young coppice. Such stands appear very ;
susceptible to the disease. The theory that varying chemical ele-
ments, derived from the rock strata, affect the amount of infection
is not supported by any evidence gathered in this work, for on the
three general rock formations of this tract, as well as along the
edge of the adjacent limestone, high and low per cents, of infection
seem equally common. No evidence sheds any light upon the be-
lief that the distribution of disease is along any definite compass
direction. If there is any proof at all toward this end, it lies in the
fact that infections on the south are more uniformly distributed
than on the north. It is probably true that the advance infections
came from the south and crossed the mountain northward, but areas
of thick infection are not confined to any character of topography,
slope, or elevation.

The accompanying maps give in detail the percentages of blight
found in the Mahoning Valley and Topton Mountain areas.

RATE OF INCREASE OF BLIGHT IN EASTERN PENNSYL-
VANIA.

The southeastern corner of the State has a higher percentage of
infection than any other portion of the State. The rapid increase of
the blight is well shown in this section by the record of 1,637 trees on
tracts in the vicinity of Philadelphia, which were examined for
blight in October and November, 1010, December, 1912, and Au-
gust, 1913. In 1910, 31 per cent, of these trees were infected with
the blight, and 29 per cent, were doubtful. In 1912, 79 per cent,
were infected, and in 1913, SS per cent. If we include the 29 per
cent, doubtful trees with the 31 per cent, certainly infected in 1910.
the total becomes 60 per cent. This makes the annual increase in
infection approximate 10 per cent, per annum. In this connection
it is interesting to note that on the du Pont estate at Kennett

r"

*— •*

71

Square, Pa., where tree surgery methods, supplemented by spray-
ing with Bordeaux mixture, have been in use for the past two years,
the progress of the blight has been materially delayed. Mr. R. E.
Wheeler, forester for the estate, believes that these methods will'
save the trees under treatment for at least five years more, and
probably for a much longer time.

Tree surgery without spraying has had little effect in delaying
the progress of the blight after it attacks a tree. In a large orchard
of Paragon chestnuts, in Northumberland County, in a block of
9,612 trees, 4 to 15 years old, thoroughly examined in the winter of
1911-12, 194 infected trees were found, (2 per cent, infection), 103 of
which were so badly diseased that they were cut out aud burned, and
91 trees were treated by surgical methods. In the winter of 1912-1913,
this same block was again carefully gone over, and 1,064 infected
trees were found, (11.2 per cent, infection), 325 of which were
marked for removal, and the balance for surgical treatment. The
rate of increase in this case was over 500 per cent.

INFECTION CENTERS ON THE ADVANCE LINE.

In applying sanitation measures for the control of the blight, it
is not practicable to use tree surgery methods and spraying, (ex-
cept possibly in orchards), but only to cut out bodily every infected
tree and to sterilize the stumps. When the blight is generally dis-
tributed through a region, as is the case in southeastern Pennsyl-
vania, it is manifestly impossible to eradicate the disease by sani-
tation methods without also practically eradicating the host. A
detailed study of spot infections as they occur on the western ad-
vance line of the disease is therefore of more interest than the con-
ditions which exist in the generally infected territory.

On the advance line, as in the eastern part of the State, there is
no rule for the location of an infection center, nor is there any
rule as to the part of the tree which is attacked first by the dis-
ease. It is true, however, that on the western advance line more
infections occur on isolated trees and on the edges of timber tracts
than elsewhere, and that the majority of infections first appear in
the tops of trees. Likewise, in its spread from tree to tree around
a center, the blight shows no general rule, except that the trees im-
mediately adjoining a primary infected tree are most apt to show
the first secondary infection. The following tabulation gives the
details of 175 infected trees in a spot infection of 271 trees, lo-
cated at Orbisonia, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, studied in
1911 by Mr. R. C. Walton.

72

TABLE I.

DETAILS OF INFECTION AT

ORBISONIA, PA.

Number.

Origin of tree,

Coppice 136

Seedling, 39

Slope,

Gentle to medium steep,

Gentle to steep,

Gentle

Steep,

Very steep

Medium steep,

o

24

6

79

0

61

Aspect,

North 108

Northeast, 16

Northwest, ! 41

North to northwest, 7

North to northeast 3

Location,

Moisture,

Lower slope

Middle slope

Along road,

Near road

Away from road,

23

152

76

28

71

Dry

Lamp

Dry to damp.
Medium dry. .
Medium damp,
Windy, dry, .

28

37

61

13

20

8

Density of forest,

Dense,

Medium dense,
Rather open, .

Infection on benches,

Orientation of lesions,

North,

East,

South

West,

Northeast,

Southeast,

Northwest.

Southwest,

36

S4

29

14

21

29

10

9

5

Blight Infected District at Orbisonia, Huntingdon County, Pa.

73

The most important practical point in the study of spot infec-
tions, however, is the location of the secondary diseased trees with
reference to the original center of infection. Where a careful study
has been made, it has always been apparent that the disease spreads
from an original center of one or two trees to trees in the immediate
vicinity, as illustrated in the accompanying diagram, which is an
example of a typical small spot infection, (Fig. 4).

PROCEDURE IN ERADICATING SPOT INFEC-
TIONS.

SCOUTING.

The principal obstacle met in applying sanitation methods for
the control of the chestnut blight is the high cost of locating spot
infections. The cause of this lies in the great extent of territory
which must be covered, and difficulty in securing competent and
reliable scouts at reasonable salaries. Experience has proved, how-
ever, that thorough scouting can be done at a moderate cost under
efficient supervision. Rapidity and efficiency in scouting vary with
the size and density of the stand, the proportion of chestnut, the
topography and location of the tract, and the prevalence of blight.
The records of the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission show that
between October 3 and June 30, 1913, it required 11,651 days of
labor to scout 738,881 acres of timber, uotify timber owners of in-
fections found, and supervise the work of removal. This is at the
rate of 63.41 acres per man per day, with the average of 2.07 in-
fections found, and 1.49 infections removed per man per day. The
average day, (not including time consumed in going to and re-
turning from work), consisted of 8.2 hours spent in the field, .4
hour lost on account of rain, and .4 hour lost on account of sickness
and leave. With thoroughly experienced and practical men under
competent crew leaders, an average of 100 acres or more per day
can be covered, unless the spot infections are very large and numer-
ous. In thick infection, one man can make thorough tree to tree
examinations of from 2 to 5 acres, depending on the character of
the timber. However, on the basis of past experience, it appears to
be more practical and economical to locate the boundaries of the
spot infection, and eliminate all of the chestnut trees within and
immediately adjoining the spot infection, instead of eradicating

74

only the diseased trees. This plan reduces the amount of tree to
tree inspection required, and one man should be able to scout at
least 50 acres per day, even when spot infections are numerous. It
has been found that a crew of two or more men can accomplish
more and obtain better results than in the case of men scouting
alone, except in a country where the woodlots are very small and
scattered.

In scouting, rapid and thorough work depends upon the experi-
ence and capability of the crew leader. The size of the crew de-
pends on the character of the timber to be scouted and the ability
of the crew leader to handle men. Except in a very heavily tim-
bered area, three men constituting a crew will usually accomplish
more than a larger crew. There is an added advantage in a small
crew in that two or three men can find accommodations near to
their work where a larger number of men cannot, and must conse-
quently spend more time on the road to and from work. In large
tracts of woodland, the best plan is to establish a camp as head-
quarters for several crews. A camp is too expensive for a small
crew, but for a number of men it is economical, and has the ad-
vantage of keeping the men close to their work.

The tracts must be scouted systematically. The best plan is to
go back and forth parallel to the backbone of the ridges, each man
inspecting a strip 50 to 100 feet wide. In large bodies of timber
four or five men can work together advantageously, each man being
separated by the distance best adapted to viewing all the trees in
the strip between himself and the men on either side of him. The
man on the outside marks the edge of the strip either by breaking
branches on the underbrush of species other than chestnut, or by
marking tree trunks with yellow lumber crayon. Unless eradicated
as found, diseased trees are located by pacing to the strip boundary
at right angles and marking a tree on the line with crayon to indi-
cate the location of the diseased tree. If a cutting-out crew closely
follows the scouting crew, there is less waste of time and effort
than where the scouting crew attempts to eradicate the infections
as found, unless infections are very few and limited to single trees.
With the cutting-out crew following the scouting crew, there is the
additional advantage that they may locate diseased trees missed
by the first crew.

The greatest aid to efficient scouting is a pair of good field glasses.
They often make it unnecessary to climb doubtful frees, and are of
further usefulness in the hands of an experienced scout, because
they enable him to locate many diseased trees from a high point of
land or from tree tops. In such cases compass sights are taken on
the diseased trees, and an assistant is dispatched to locate them.

Thorough scouting for the blight is necessary.

75

Such scouting, however, cannot entirely take the place of more
detailed examination.

It has also been demonstrated that more and better work in
scouting can be done in the fall and winter, after the leaves have
fallen. In August and September the majority of new infections
become plainly visible on isolated trees, but in dense woods the
foliage makes it difficult to locate small infections. After the
leaves have fallen, however, more light is admitted, and a scout can
see for comparatively long distances through the bare tops, even
in dense woods. The dead leaves on girdled branches are conspicu-
ous throughout the winter and early spring, and where cankers
have not yet girdled the parts, the increased light makes them
much more prominent than in summer. Winter scouting has the
disadvantage of fewer hours of daylight and occasional loss of a
day or two on acount of snow storms that tend to hide the cankers
on the trunk and branches. If the snow becomes very deep it is
not easy to examine the bases of the trees sufficiently, and the snow
also greatly interferes with the proper treatment of the blighted
trees.

In the work done by the Commission, the law required that the
owner of diseased trees be notified to remove them within 20 days.
A map or written description giving the location of the diseased
trees on the tract, was also required by law. On private land the
scouts kept field notes on the location of all diseased trees, blazed
each tree to the wood and marked a serial number on it with black
lumber crayon ; on the side opposite from the blaze, a yellow manila
tag was attached to the tree. These tags bore a printed notifica-
tion that the tree to which one was attached must be cut in 20
days, with directions for treatment and a warning against starting
forest fires; they also bore the serial number of the tree, the name
of the scout, and the date when attached. In this way the trees
were easily identified later when approached from any direction,
and by means of the “location sheet” giving the direction and dis-
tance of each diseased tree from some fixed point, it was not dif-
ficult to find the trees. The “location sheet” was made out in dupli-
cate, one copy being handed to the owner of the tract, with a writ-
ten request to remove the trees within the 20 days granted by law.
The duplicate copy was sent to the field office, the scout retaining
his note book. Some system of this sort is necessary when the cut-
ting out is not done by the scouting force, but it is cumbersome
and very expensive. Frequently, it required more time to fulfill the
requirement of the law than would have been necessary to treat prop-
erly the diseased trees on a tract. Much time was consumed also
in very detailed inspection of the trees around a blight center, so

76

that apparently healthy trees would not be cut, since the law pro-
vided that healthy trees ordered to be cut, must be paid for. Not
only was this very detailed scouting a waste of time in the light of
recent investigations, but it resulted in decreased efficiency of con-
trol because so many of the trees permitted to remain, in reality
were infected. Although no disease could be found on them at the
time, the disease developed fully after the spot was treated, neces-
sitating several re-examinations before all infections could be re-
moved.

METHOD OF ERADICATING A SPOT INFECTION.

There are many points to be observed in removing diseased trees
in spot infections, if the disease is to be permanently wiped out. The
main point to keep in mind is the fact that the fungus propagates it-
self more readily as a saprophyte than as a parasite, so that un-
peeled logs, strips of healthy bark and chips from diseased trees or
nearby healthy ones, if left in the woods, are almost certain to be-
come infected. The principal object is to do the work in a thor-
oughly sanitary manner at a reasonable cost. An experienced man
acquired “tricks of the trade” that enabled him to do the work much
more thoroughly and in less time than an inexperienced hand can
do even a poor job. Great care was necessary in supervising the
work of removal carried on by the individual owners, since each
spot infection practically meant training a new man to do the work,
and unless an experienced man was constantly on the spot, the
work would seldom be done properly. On State forest reserves
and in cases of forced removals, the work was done by employees
of the Commission, and it was found that it was done at less cost
and much more effectively than was usually the case elsewhere.

The removal of an infected tree is best done as follows: First:

Where the ground beneath the tree is covered with a dense growth
of brush, this growth should be cleared away so that the chips and
branches may be easily picked up. Small chestnut or chinquapin
trees or sprouts should be cut flush with the surface of the ground
and the tops burned.

The stump should be made as low as possible. The bark should
be first removed from the lower 3 or 4 feet of the trunk to an inch
or more below the surface of the soil. If felled by sawing, peeling
may be done after the tree has been cut down. During the fall and
winter the bark is difficult to remove, and if the stumps are cut
low, it is easier and cheaper to split off the sap wood and attached
bark with an axe. In any case the stump and all exposed roots
must be cleared of every particle of bark, and all bark removed
must be carefully collected and burned.

Peeling blight infected trees in a spot infection.

<§) Original infected tree, cut and burned December, 1911.

© Secondary infected trees, cut and burned December, 1911.
® Secondary infected trees, December, 1912.

© Secondary infected trees, August, 1913.

O Healthy trees, 6 to 12 inches in diameter.

Scale —

Figure 4.

Typical small spot infection, near Dry Run, Franklin County, Pa., showing
original center and secondary infected trees. If all chestnut trees within 35
feet of the nearest diseased tree cut in 1911 had been removed at the time of the
first cutting, and all stumps properly sterilized, it would have prevented the
appearance of the new infections of 1912 and 1913.

77

After the tree is felled, all portions above the stump which show
mycelium or pustules of the blight must be peeled of bark or the
entire piece cut out. This diseased material, the brush from the
tops, the bark, and portions of the felled chestnut trees which are
not peeled and which it is not intended to utilize must be burned.

After the stump is peeled, if fire can be made over it without
injuring the surrounding trees, and without danger of forest fires,
the brush and refuse is best piled over the stump and burned. The
fire must entirely consume or deeply char all of the material; no
uncharred ends of branches and small twigs can be allowed to re-
main without grave chances of reinfection. If it is impossible to
make the fire over the stump without injuring the surrounding
trees, the sides and top of the stump and exposed roots should be
thoroughly coated with creosote.

Portions of infected trees which show no evidence of the blight
should not be permitted to lie unpeeled in the woods over twenty
days, but may be safely handled and shipped with the bark on, if
shipped as soon as cut. If the logs from the diseased trees are not
removed from the woods within twenty days from the time the trees
are felled, they should be peeled and the bark burned, or else the
entire trees burned. Wood from diseased trees to be used where
exposed to the weather must be peeled, or the fruiting bodies are
almost sure to appear on the dead bark and become a source of in-
fection. Fire wood, if kept under dry cover, need not be peeled.

One of the most important time saving items is to peel the lower
portion of the tree before felling, and it is still more important to
cut the stumps as low as possible. Bark remaining between but-
tresses and deep crevices of stumps can be removed very readily
by chipping down from a position directly over the low stump,
which is not possible in the case of high stumps. A rake and a
large coal-burner’s basket included among the tools used in burn-
ing, are very useful in cleaning the chips from the ground. Before
starting the fire, all the leaves and debris for a considerable dis-
tance around the place where the material is to be burned should
be raked into a pile on which the fire is started. The bark and
small particles of wood are raked together as soon as the brush is
piled, instead of waiting until all the tops are burned. In this
way, no large quantity of leaves and fine rakings are left until the
end to smoulder for a great length of time before burning, and thus
increase the danger of forest fire.

All possible care should be taken to prevent injury to surrounding
chestnut trees and sprouts in felling the infected trees. Observa-
tion has shown that nearby trees are too frequently injured through
carelessness, and the wounds are very apt to be a point of reinfec-

78

tion. Experience has also shown that unbarked stumps of blighted
trees and green tops which are permitted to lie for a month or two
on the ground are almost certain to become infected. The spores
germinate on the sappy surface of the stump, and the mycelium
grows downward through the cambium, and in the course of a
year or two reaches the sprouts which come up around the base of
the stump. In the case of the tops and particles of bark and wood,
the decaying bark appears to be a very favorable seed-bed for the
development of the spores that reach any portion of this material.
It must be impressed on the workmen that the stumps must be peeled
clean , and every particle of the diseased tree must be either burned
or utilized in such manner that no opportunity is given for the
saprophytic growth of the fungus.

It has been found that painting the thoroughly peeled stumps
with creosote is effective in keeping the stumps free from the
pyenidia of the blight fungus, but is not so desirable as hard burn-
ing over the stumps. In an experimental cutting at Wildwood Park,
Harrisburg, 55 per cent, of burned stumps later showed blight,
while only 23 per cent, of the creosoted stumps showed any signs
of it. However, it is possible that in the future, many of the cre-
osoted stumps will become diseased.

The results of an extensive experiment at Anderson Station, Mif-
flin County, are given below. This experiment deals with the ef-
ficiency of burning over stumps as compared with creosoting
stumps. The stumps in Table II were peeled at various times dur-
ing January, February, and March, 1913, and cold creosote ap-
plied with a brush. The cost of creosote and labor of application
was approximately one-fifth of a cent for each six-inch stump, cut
low. The data given below are the result of an inspection of these
stumps made December 12, 1913.

Center of spot infection at St. Mary’s, Elk County, Pa. This tree was infected
at least four years prior to the time the picture was taken.

Spot Infection in 101k County, Pa.

79

TABLE II.

RESULTS OF CREOSOTING PEELED STUMPS.

Number.

Number of vigorous sprouts.

Average height of vigorous
sprouts (feet).

Number of diseased sprouts.

Point of disease on sprouts.

Diseased bark on stump.

Pycnidia on wood of stump
(creosoted portion).

1,

14

5

2,

8

5

1

3,’

8

5

4,

6

6

5|

4

4

6'

4

5

7,

5

6

8,

3

3

9,

12

5

1

10

7

7

11 '

4

6

12'

3

5

13*

1

3

14’

6

6

15'

2

5

16'

5

3

17 1

2

4

18,’

6

5

Yes

19,

2

4

°0 , .

4

3

21,

4

6

22,

6

23

10

7

Yes

Yes

24

3

5

2

25,’

1

4

26’

3

4

1

27

8

5.2

5.2

0.035

of sprouts

0.148

of stumps

No pycnidia were found on wood of peeled stumps after creosot-
ing, except in one case, where a large area of inner bark adhered
to the stump at time of creosoting, and later raised up, exposing an
untreated wood surface. The inner side of this bark and the unere-
osoted area of wood were covered with pycnidia. Creosote painted
on thick bark at the base of stumps or on an exposed root does not
appear to hinder the growth of the fungus. Hence, since stumps
can be peeled but a very short distance below the soil, especially in
winter, it is believed that creosoted stumps are more apt to have
infected sprouts after a few years than burned stumps. The dan-
ger point is at the ground line, and exposed roots and the crotches
at the collar between roots are especially liable to have areas of
bark that are missed in peeling. If this bark becomes affected, it
brings the disease very close to the young sprouts that spring up
around the stumps, and sooner or later causes infection.

6

80

The stumps in Table ITT were burned in December, 1912. The
data given below are the result of an inspection made December
12, 1913.

TABLE III.

RESULTS OF BURNING OVER PEELED STUMPS.

Number.

Number of vigorous
sprouts.

Average height of |
vigorous sprouts

(feet).

Number of diseased
sprouts.

Point of disease on
sprouts.

Diseased bark on
stump.

Pycnidia on wood of
stump.

1,

4

3

0

2,

8

6

3

3'

2

2

0

4’

4

4

0

6

6

1

Base

Yes

Yes

6

4

0

7

3

3

0

8

2

4

0

5

4

0

10,

0

0

0

ll’

3

4

0

12]

4

3

0

13

1

1

0

14]

4

3

0

15i

4

7

0

16

3

6

0

17j

4

4

1

Base

Yes

Yes

18,

4

4

0

ioj

4

5

0

20 [

1

6

0

2l!

3

5

0

2?’

2

3

0

23'

4

4

0

2A\

2

2

0

25,

5

0

26!

0

0

0

27

2

4

1

2S,

6

4

0

29,

6

6

2

Base

Yes

Yes

Average,

3.5

4.5

*0.078

t0. 17

One very heavily burned stump, cut close to ground, had an area
of diseased bark at crotch between roots, and a diseased sprout
(No. 27). The least charring was always in crotches between roots
at or near the soil line. Heavily burned stumps have weak sprouts
or none, as a rule, about one stump out of twenty having no sprouts.
Creosoted stumps usually have more and stronger sprouts than
burned stumps.

Creosoting is cheaper than burning over the stump, on account
of the labor saved. While it is apparently effective where the
peeling and creosoting are well done, burning is safer, although
more expensive. A gallon of creosote costs about 15 cents and will
treat from 50 to 100 medium sized (10" — 15") stumps, varying
with the height of the stump and the temperature of the air and

Heavily burned stump showing very few sprouts ; also shows remnants of improperly burned tops, hearing growth of

blight fungus, (on right).

Improper piling and burning

81

creosote. The creosote may be profitably used where other trees
will be injured by fire or where there is great danger of starting
forest fires. Other methods of treating the stump have been tried,
such as spraying the stumps with crude oil or kerosene and then
burning them, after peeling. The stumps have also been buried
under a mound of soil through which the sprouts had to penetrate.
These treatments are less efficient and more expensive than creo-
sote and cannot be recommended.

COST OF ERADICATION.

The cost of eradication will vary greatly according to the condi-
tions. If an average of 50 acres is scouted per day per man, at a
labor charge of $2.50 per day to include the cost of supervision, the
cost of scouting an acre is 5 cents. In a region of much blight, the
cost of efficient scouting will run four or five times this amount
unless the plan is adopted of determining only the edges of a spot
infection, and then cutting out all of the chestnut trees inside of
the area regardless of whether or not they show visible signs of
the blight. This seems to be the most sensible plan, since the re-
sults of reinspection show that it is the trees inside of the edges
of the spot infection which in almost every case show reinfection.
It will save money not only in scouting, but in future control. On
the Pennypacker forest reserve in Perry County where the infec-
tions were thickly scattered, the cost of scouting and removal in
1911 and 1912 on 1,620 acres was 73 cents per acre, or 52 cents per
diseased tree, and this is probably the lowest figure for which the
work can be done. The most expensive part of the work is the peel-
ing of the stumps, and here a great deal can be saved by following
the proper methods. In a large spot infection, the cost can be
reduced considerably because of the concentration of the work. A
spot infection of 822 trees, ranging up to 18 inches in diameter on
the stump (average 6 inches) was cut out at a cost of $70.50 or
8.58 cents per tree. This included peeling not only the stumps, but
all merchantable portions of the trees, burning the brush, steriliz-
ing the stumps, and cleaning up thoroughly. This cost, however,
does not include scouting, which in this case can be figured at 2
cents per tree. The total area of this spot was about three acres,
so that the total cost of scouting and eradication was approximately
$29.00 per acre. In all but very small spot infections, enough ma-
terial is produced to pay for doing the work.

In Mifflin County, three men treated 2,341 clumps of six-year-
old chestnut sprouts at an average cost of 20.3 cents per clump.
Each man averaged 15 clumps per day; cutting, peeling, cleaning

82

up and burning were very carefully done at a cost of 16.3 cents
per clump. Scouting, creosoting, and loss of time from bad weather
cost an additional 4 cents per clump. The average acre contained
205 clumps of chestnut sprouts, with an average of 5 five-inch
sprouts per clump; 29 clumps per acre or 14 per cent, were dis-
eased. The cost of thorough sanitation thus amounted to $5.89 per
acre. The average daily wage was $2.40, including the cost of
board and supervision.

EFFICIENCY OF THE CUTTING-OUT METHOD OF CONTROL.

To determine the efficiency of sanitation in controlling the dis-
ease, a careful reinspection of 67 spot infections which had been
treated a year or more previous to the examination, was made in
the fall of 1913. The results of these investigations are shown in
the following tabulation:

TABLE IV.

RESULTS OBTAINED, IN ONE YEAR, IN CUTTING OUT 20
ADVANCE SPOT INFECTIONS OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

County.

i

a

o

fa

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Blair

Clearfield

Tioga

Tioga,

Tioga,

Tioga

Bradford

Bradford

Bradford,

Bradford,

Blair

Cambria

Tioga,

Tioga

Huntingdon,

Blair,

Blair

Blair,

Blair

Huntingdon,

April,

Nov. ,

Dec.,

Sept.,

Nov.,

Sept.,

Jan.,

Jan.,

Jan.,

Jan.,

Dec.,

Jan. ,

Jan. ,

Dec.,

Jan.,

Feb.,

Jan.,

Jan. ,

Jan.,

March.

Averages,

1913,*
1912,*
1912,*
1912,*
1912, *

1912, *

1913, *
1913,*
1913, t
1913,*

1912, *

1913, *
1913,*

1912, *

1913, *
1913, §
1913.*
1913, t
1913,*
1913,*

1

Feb.,

1914

1

0

1913

10

1

dan. ,

1914

0

0

1

Tan.,

1914

0

0

1

Jan.,

1914,

0

0

1

Jan.,

1914

0

0

1

Jan. ,

1914,

0

0

1

■Tan..

1914

0

0

1

Jan.,

1914,

0

0

1

dan.,

1914

0

0

1

Jan.

1914

0

0

2

Aug.

1913

0

0

3

Jan.,

1914

0

0

3

Aug.

1913,

0

0

4

Jan.,

1914

4

0

1913

30

6

Jan.,

1914

5

.0

1912

70

7

Aug..

1913

10

0

1912

50

8

1913,

1

0

1913

22

Aug.,

1913,'

4

0

1912

50

26

1913

3

0

1912

30

Jan.,

1914,'

0

1912

5

6.15

1.75

0

35.8

*Sanitation well done — stumps well peeled, well burned or creosoted, and refuse burned.
fSanitation fairly well done, but stumps not thoroughly peeled or burned.

§Sanitation poorly done — no burning done, and stumps poorly peeled in some cases.

Results Obtained, in Two Years, in Cutting Out 35 Advanced Spot Infections of Chestnut Blight.

83

(•spjBA)

jajneo uiojj uopoej

-oi ^saqjjnj jo eouBjsia

: :3 : : : ;8

3S

*1

Ci O -Oiflifl ■ t— • •

•oonoaj

-oi $sapio jo aSB aiquqojj

Ni M M§

1912

1912

1913

1913

1913

1913

11

11 pi ii i!

•sjncuds pa^aajot q$iAi
sdomjs pa^Baa^ jo jaqoin^

O0©C)OO5COONCiOOHaoeioOOHCi6MC)ON6i0

•saaj^ pa;oajoi jo jaqmntf

OOHOCiOOt'SC'jTfOrlHNrtOMHC'HHOHHOOiOOl'

Third Inspection.

February, 1914,

Febroary, 1914,

Febroary, 1914,

February, 1914,

January, 1914,

August, 1913,

December, 1913, ...

August, 1913

January, 1914

January, 1914

December, 1913, ...

February, 1914,

February, 1914

February, 1914,

February, 1914,

February, 1914

December, 1913, ...

February, 1914,

February, 1914,

February, 1914,

February, 1914,

January, 1914,

February, 1914,

February, 1914

February, 1914

December, 1913, . . .

December, 1913, ...
December, 1913, ...

December, 1913

February, 1914,

■sinojds pa;oajoi q$iAi
sduin$s po$B8J$ jo .lequm^j

OOOOOOoOOOOOOOoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

•paAoraaj

saaj$ papajoi jo aaqran^

oa©aoo0oMMHO«o^i>ooHoeiioHNcoMOMOLO

Second Inspection.

December, 1912,

December, 1912

December, 1912,

December, 1912

December, 1912

March, 1913

April, 1913

November, 1912,*

Mav. 1913 *

April. 1913,*

December, 1912, t

December. 1912

April, 1913, t

December. 1912,

March, 1913,*

March, 1913,*

April, 1913

December, 1912,

March, 1913, t

December. 1912

December, 1912,

May, 191 3, t

April, 1913, f

March, 19134

March, 19134

December, 1912,*

December, 1912,

December, 1912,$

April, 1913

March, 19134

•paAoraaj

saaj$ pa^oajoi jo aaqoin^

T-IrHl-Hi— iT-tT— li— lC\|C\JCOCOCOCOTt<-<r-<T''<*U3CO<X><£><£>C~C-C~r-C~<2iT-HrH

1

I

August, 1912,*

August, 1912,*

June, 1912,* i

July, 1912,*

April, 1912,*

November, 1912*

October, 1912,*

January, 1912, t

Jnlv. 1912 *

June, 1912,*

June, 1912.J

Amriist. 1912 *

July. 1912,*

April, 1912, t

May, 1912,*

June, 1912,*

July, 1912,*

July, 1912, *

June, 1912, t

.Tnlv 1912 *

July, 1912,f

April, 1912,$

July, 1912,*

April, 19124

August, 1912,*

July, 1912,*

September, 1912,*

June, 1912, f

October, 1912,*

July, 1912,*

County.

Blair

Blair,

Blair

Blair,

Huntingdon,

Huntingdon,

Warren

Huntingdon,

TCllr

Elk!

Clearfield

Blnip

Blair

Blair

Blair

Blair

Warren,

Blair

Blair,

Rio ir

Blair,'

Huntingdon,

Blair,

Blair

Blair

Clearfield

Clearfield,

Clearfield,

Warren,

Blair,

•jaqmno $dbjj,

TABLE V.

Results Obtained in Two Years, in Cutting Out 35 Advanced Spot Infections of Chestnut Blight. Continued.

84

(•tSpjBiC)

jajuao mo.ij uoijDaj
-at jsaqjanj jo aaaejSTa

•noijoaj

-ui jsapjo jo aSi2 aiq^qojj

•sjno.ids pajoajai qjiAi
sdainjs pajBajj jo jaqain^

•saaaj pejoejui jo jdqmn&

•sjnoads pajaajui qjiAY
sdranjs pajnaaj jo jaqrans^

•pOAOOIDJ

S98.1J pajoajai jo aaquin^

NffiHOft

•jaqrana jdtjjx

nm

mm

OC5H«CS d

144

gg.-Ss

- .S.CJ.S

S&Sls

SKSiSSi

«ii

G t>.+j Cr *ri

§ = r= =

£&*£

£.2,2.23

ssoss

Sn"Sn

2 .S

?!=

M

Hi-

*p-

■g"!

c = 3

s;i

S

lr[

5-8 ?

>■>.

IS |

||g

|| =
"sc 5

HI

RESULTS OBTAINED IN CUTTING OUT 8 LARGE SPOT INFECTIONS OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT.

85

86

NOTES OF RE-INSPECTION.

Over 60 spot infections located on the western advance line were
examined between August, 1913, and February, 1914. The spots
were located in 7 counties on the extreme western advance line of
the disease, and also some distance back of this line. The cutting
out had been done by practically as many owners as there were
spots, under supervision of various field men, so that the condi-
tions were averaged in every way. The point which was brought
out most prominently by the re-examination was the fact that
where the stumps were well peeled and thoroughly charred and
where the tops and refuse were well cleaned up and burned, and the
merchantable material promptly removed from the vicinity of the
spot infection, there was no reinfection of the stumps or sprouts
of the treated trees. Where the work was carelessly done, there
was more or less reinfection. However, there were exceptions in
both cases. In some cases where the work was done only fairly well
or even poorly, there was less infection than might naturally be
expected. In some other cases where the work was done as well
as it can be expected under field conditions, there was a consider-
able reinfection. This variation is probably explained by other fac-
tors which undoubtedly enter into the effectiveness of sanitation
cutting. Probably the age of the original infection center is one
factor governing the number of new infections which appear after
the first cutting out. If the original infection is still so young
iliat there is a comparatively small canker, or if the condition of
the growth has been unfavorable for the production of ascospores,
a small amount of new infection may be expected, since the wind
apparently distributes most of the infection to the surrounding
trees. On the other hand, if the diseased area of bark at the center
of an infection is large and has produced a great number of peri-
thecia, and the climatic conditions have been favorable for the
ejection of ascospores, a large number of incipient infections are
very apt to be left in the surrounding trees at the time of the first
removal cutting.

Just how long after cutting it takes these incipient infections
to develop so that they can be detected in scouting depends on a
number of conditions, such as the location of the diseased area on
the tree and the height above ground where infection occurs, size
of the tree, season of the year and climatic conditions following
the occurrence of infection, location of the spot infection relative
to topography, etc. Probably the most important factor govern-
ing the number of new infections after a removal cutting is the
character and quality of the man who scouted the area. Certain

Healthy sprouts growing around a burned stump.

87

men have much better scouting ability than others, and in some of
the spots examined, at least, this factor alone is sufficient to account
largely for the conditions found on reinspection. However, even
the best scout cannot detect small twig infections in the tops of tall
trees before they have girdled the twigs, and it is frequently very
easy to miss well developed cankers either at the base of large trees
when no fruiting bodies have been produced, or on the upper trunks
of tall trees before the tops have been girdled.

It was very noticeable that new infections appearing in a spot
where the original infection had been properly removed were al-
most always within a short distance of the original infection. Prob-
ably half of the new infections found, even after the second inspec-
tion, were on trees that grew on the same stump or in the same tree
group as. an original infected tree, and 90 per cent, of the newly
infected trees were so close that their tops interlocked or were di-
rectly exposed to the tops of the previously infected trees. The ac-
companving diagram illustrates the characteristic manner in which
new infection appears. In several cases the farthest infection as
noted in the tabulated data was an old infection which was missed
at the time of the first inspection, and which really constituted a
separated spot infection.

Blight spots in northern Pennsylvania seem to be smaller, more
widely scattered, and to spread less rapidly from the center than
spots in the southern part of the State. One reason for this may
be that there is, as a rule, a much lower percentage of chestnut
in the forest and the chestnut appears to be sounder and in better
health than much of the chestnut in the southern part of the State.
Further south along the advance line, greater injury is noticed
on young trees from the bast miner; damage from ice storms and
hail storms also appears to be greater. Another possible factor is
that the climate is warmer, and favorable to the copious formation
and ejection of ascospores over a longer period than in the northern
part of the State. Another possible factor is differences in topo-
graphy which favor the carrying of spores long distances along reg-
ular “air lanes.” This may be the explanation for long chains of
spot infections which occur along the lower edges of timber of the
long, forested ridges, and on benches half way up mountain sides.
Tli is is put forth merely as a suggestion and not as a fact, although
there is some evidence to warrant a hypothesis of this kind.

The results of the investigation show clearly that the chestnut
trees immediately within aud adjoiniug a spot infection (say 25
feet beyond the outermost infected trees), should be cut out and
the stumps sterilized whether the trees appear to be infected at
the time the cutting is done, or not (.Fig. 4). The investigation

88

proves that these trees in the majority of cases will become infected
later on, and it means extra expense and less effective control to
wait until the infection appears. In very small spot infections or
even those of considerable size, it is believed that such treatment
will avoid a recurrence of the blight in the majority of cases. How-
ever, to cut out these apparently healthy trees is not sufficient; the
sanitation work must be done as thoroughly as if the trees were dis-
eased. Even though the merchantable portions are taken out of the
woods and the tops burned, the unpeeled stumps are very apt to
become infected, especially if nearby diseased trees have been eject-
ing ascospores. Four treated spot infections were examined which
proved this very conclusively. The following facts relative to these
spots are interesting: —

Spot 1. Five infected trees in Huntingdon County were treated
in April, 1912, by digging up the trees, stumps and all, and burn-
ing them in an open field. In March, 1913, the spot was re-examined
and three infected trees found. The stumps were peeled and the
tops burned, but not over the stumps. A.t the same time all of the
chestnut trees on a half acre surrounding the spot that were large
enough for fence posts were cut out, the tops burned and the rest
of tlie trees removed. The stumps were left unpeeled and in Janu-
ary, 1914, G new infections were found on small saplings that re-
mained after the cutting, and all but 4 out of 75 stumps from which
the bark was not peeled showed pycnidia on the cut surface of the
wood or bark, pustules in the dead bark on the side of the stump,
and usually, mycelium growing downward toward the base of the
stump through the live bark.

Spot No. 2. Seven infected trees cut March, 1913; stumps well
peeled but not burned over. In January, 1914, 9 new infections
were found on adjoining trees and 50 new infections were found
on the stumps of healthy trees cut in close proximity to the spot
in March, 1913. These stumps were not peeled and the pustules
appeared in the bark on the side of the stump, and in many cases
showed mycelium running through the live bark of the lower part
of the stump.

Spot No. 3. Seven trees cut June, 1912; stumps peeled and well
burned. March, 1913, 7 infections were cut out, the stumps poorly
peeled and not burned. At this time 17 healthy trees were cut
within a radius of 30 yards and the bark was not peeled from the
stumps. In January, 1914, no new infections had appeared on any
of the surrounding trees, but S of the stumps were infected.

Spot No. 4. One infection cut July, 1912. Stumps peeled and
burned. In April, 1913, 16 new infections were found on stumps
cut at the time the original infection was removed and immediately

Healthy sprouts in spot infection where blight was cut out by sanitary methods

Properly burned stump; stump on the

89

surrounding the infected trees. These stumps were located as fol-
lows: One stump 3 yards west of center; 3 stumps northwest of

center (farthest 35 yards) ; 3 stumps north of center (farthest 20
yards) ; 5 stumps northeast of center (farthest 12 yards) ; 2 stumps
east of center (farthest 3 yards) ; 2 stumps southeast of center
(farthest 8 yards) ; these stumps were peeled and not burned over.
In February, 1914, 4 additional infected stumps were found, the
farthest being 12 yards from the center.

East of the advance line sanitation has proved effective in hinder-
ing the progress of the disease, but not in eradicating it. Inspec-
tions made of a tract of blighted chestnut at Haverford, Pa., cut
in 1910 and the stumps peeled, but not burned, showed both in
1912 and 1913, that only about 20 per cent, of the stumps and
sprouts were reinfected. On a nearby tract where the trees were
cut at the same time and stumps left unpeeled, the reinfection was
approximately 80 per cent. At Hummelstown, Pa., on several acres
of diseased chestnut, cut in the winter in 1911-12, a portion of the
stumps were peeled and lightly burned. In the spring of 1913, 80
per cent, of the peeled stumps and 90 per cent, of the unpeeled
stumps were reinfected. The reasons for the high per cent, of re-
infection was the fact that the peeled stumps were not well burned,
and the nearness of disease on trees in the adjoining woods and on
the adjoining unpeeled stumps. This is shown by the location of
the infection on the sprouts as follows:

90

TABLE VII.

INFECTION ON SPROUTS AROUND STUMPS OF BLIGHTED
TREES CUT AT HUMMELSTOWN, PA.

PEELED STUMPS.

Infected Sprouts.

Stump Number.

o

as

c

O Z2

o c
*2

42

5

11

0

2,

28

0

0

0

3

35

4

7

0

4,

20

4

1

0

5,

11

0

3

0

6

12

2

0

0

7,

50

0

2

0

8

10

0

2

0

9,

15

1

3

1

10

28

0

0

0

Average,

26.1

1.2

2.9

0.1

UNPEELED STUMPS.

1

15

4

3

0

2,

24

0

4

1

3

30

1

0

1

4,

10

0

2

1

5,

2

0

0

0

6

46

0

4

0

7

54

1

3

0

8,

55

1

1

0

9

23

0

1

0

10

40

1

3

0

Average,

29.9

■ S

2.1

.3

The investigation at Hummelstown shows that there is little
or no difference in the number and vigor of the sprouts produced
by peeled and unpeeled stumps. In many cases, the sprouts reached
a height of six feet or more in a single year’s growth. The sprouts
from peeled stumps frequently spring from the roots, 2 to 4 inches
from the stump, and push through three inches or more of soil.
This will undoubtedly aid in keeping them free from disease, and
the new growth will be better rooted than ordinary stump sprouts.

l’cclcd stump uncovered after burial. Showing piece of diseased bark buried with stump

91

RECOMMENDATIONS.

It has been shown that with the less effective methods of cutting
out spot infections used in the beginning of its work by the Penn-
sylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, the amount of blight
has been substantially reduced. It is reasonable to suppose that
much more efficient results will be obtained by using the methods
which have been developed by experience, and which are recom-
mended in this report:

(1) Cutting out all chestnut trees inside the limits of a spot
infection, also immediately beyond, regardless of whether or not
they all show visible signs of the blight.

(2) Great care in peeling the stumps and in burning or removing
from the woods all felled portions of the treated trees.

(3) Thorough disinfection of the peeled stumps, preferably by
burning.

(4) A force of well-trained and experienced men to do both the
scouting and sanitation cutting.

REGULATING SHIPMENTS OF CHESTNUT NUR-
SERY STOCK.

The Commission issued the appended official regulations for the
better protection of buyers of chestnut nursery stock, and to aid
in the effort to prevent the spread of the chestnut tree bark .disease.
So far as could be learned, the railway and other transportation
compahies generally complied with these instructions, recognizing
their meaning and importance, knowing that diseased nursery stock
was a serious menace.

REGULATIONS RESPECTING CHESTNUT NURSERY STOCK;

ADOPTED BY THE CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT COMMIS-
SION, MARCH 4, 1913.

Whereas, It is found necessary to make certain regulations in
order to provide efficient and practical means for the prevention,
control, and eradication of the chestnut tree blight; therefore, in
pursuance of the powers conferred by Act of Assembly, it is re-
solved by this Commission that the following regulations be adopted,

92

and as occasion may arise, such other and further regulations, and
the altering or amending of the same, as it may seem necessary.

Regulation No. 1. Railroad companies, express companies, and
other common carriers must not accept for shipment, until further-
notice, any chestnut nursery stock which does not bear the official
inspection tags of this Commission. Chestnut nursery stock
shipped from without the State and intended for delivery within
the State not being accompanied by an official inspection tag issued
by the proper authorities of the State or Country wherein such
shipment originated, certifying apparent freedom from chestnut
blight, must be held at a convenient place within the State, and
this Commission immediately notified. Every such shipment must
be retained in its original package, unopened, and must not be de-
livered to the consignee until after an examination shall have been
made by an inspector representing this Commission, and then not
until the inspector shall have attached thereto the official inspector’s
tag of this Commission.

The official inspection tag of the Commission .bears the official
seal of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, and
reads as follows:

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

The Commission for the Investigation and Control of the Chestnut
Tree Blight Disease in Pennsylvania.

CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION

This is to Certify that the chestnut nursery stock to which this
certificate is attached, under my supervision, was carefully ex-
amined, and at the time of shipment was found to be apparently
free from any infection by blight caused by the fungus Diaporthe
parasitica.

Dated 191 at Pa.

Inspector.

For the Chestnut Tree Blight Commission.

Each bundle, bale, or package of chestnut nursery stock shall
bear the above tag, and in addition each tree shall have attached
thereto a numbered and signed tag of which the following is a copy:

Large sprouts growing around ereosoted chestnut stumps.

93

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

The Commission For the Investigation and Control of the Chestnut
Tree Blight Disease in Pennsylvania.

Certificate of Single Tree Inspection.

Tree Number

This is to Certify that the chestnut tree to which this tag is at-
tached, under my supervision, was carefully examined, and at the
time of shipment was found to be apparently free from any infection
by blight caused by the fungus Diaporthe parasitica.

Dated 191 at Pa.

Inspector.

Regulation No. 2. No chestnut tree nursery stock shall be re-
moved from any nursery or other place where the same may be grow-
ing, for the purpose of sale or shipment until said trees shall first
have been inspected by this Commission and the official inspection
tag attached thereto. “Removed” is here construed to mean the
final tying up into an original package, transporting from the
premises where grown, or offering same to a common carrier for
shipment.

Regulation No. 3. All chestnut tree nursery stock intended for
sale or shipment must first be dipped into an approved fungicide
prior to delivery or shipment. The official inspection tag will not
be attached to stock unless first so treated.

Regulation No. 4. All chestnut tree nursery stock found to be
infected with the chestnut bark fungus must be immediately de-
stroyed. This regulation applies to diseased stock found at the
time of inspection for shipment, and also to inspections in the
nursery before stock is marketed.

Regulation No. 5. Nurserymen and common carriers, who, after
receiving notice of the above regulations, negligently or willfully
fail to refuse to be governed thereby, will, without further notice,
subject their chestnut stock and shipments to quarantine, which
will be maintained by this Commission.

All correspondence relative to nursery inspection should be ad-
dressed to Dr. F. D. Heald, Pathologist, Zoology Building, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

THE AMENDED CHESTNUT TREE BARK DISEASE ACT.

The work of the Chestnut Blight Commission was suspended not
because of the lack of a desire to proceed, or lack of onnortunitv to
render most valuable services, but for reasons stated in the letter at
the beginning of this report. While the legislation recognized the

94

need of continuing active work of this character by providing for
a continuation of the Commission, it did not see its way clear to have
the work advance with that vigor which the Commission believed
necessary in order to achieve the most marked success.

The original Act of Assembly approved June 14, 1911, provided
that the Commission should continue operations for a period of three
years from the date of the approval of the Act. This period would
have expired by limitation, June 14, 1914. To continue the Act
in force, and to provide for a Commission to take up the work at
any time, should it be thought in the future desirable to do so, the
original Act of Assembly was amended by extending the term of
the original Commission to a period of five years from the date of
their appointment, and to continue thereafter for so long, as in the
judgment of the Governor, it might be necessary to have work done
in accordance with the terms of the law. This makes the Commission
a continuing one to be revived at the pleasure of the Governor. Sec-
tion one, of foregoing Act, as amended* by the 1913 Legislature,
reads as follows :

“Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., That a commission, to consist
of five members, to be appointed and commissioned by the Governor
for a pei’iod of five years from the date of their appointment, and to
continue thereafter for such period as, in the judgment of the
Governor, may be necessary to enable them to complete the work to
be done under this Act, and to be called The Commission for the In-
vestigation and Control of the Chestnut-Tree Blight Disease in Penn-
sylvania, is hereby created ; with power to ascertain, determine upon
and adopt the most efficient and practical means for the prevention,
control, and eradication of a disease of the chestnut tree, commonly
known as the chestnut-tree blight disease; and for this purpose, in
collaboration with the Department of Forestry, or otherwise, to
conduct scientific investigations into the nature and causes of such
disease and the means of preventing its introduction, continuance,
and spread; to establish, regulate, maintain, and enforce quarantine
against the introduction and spread of such disease; and. from time
to time, to adopt and prescribe such regulations and methods of pro-
cedure as to it may seem necessary and proper for carrying into
effect the purpose of this Act, and exercising the powers and au-
thority hereby conferred: Provided, That in the work of collabo-

ration by the Commission with the Department of Forestry, said
Department may employ such means, and make detail of such men.
and do such other things, as may seem to be necessary or expedient
to accomplish the purpose of this Act. Provided further. That if
the fungus causing the aforesaid disease be found to attack other
species of trees, such trees shall be deemed to come within the pur-
view of this act.”

*See P. Tu. 1913, p. 313.

- -t

]%

l ' V >

Peeled chestnut stump buried, showing sprouts.

Bibliography
of the

Chestnut Bark Disease

By R. KENT BEATTIE, FOREST PATHOLOGIST,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(95)

(96)

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CHESTNUT BARK

DISEASE.*

Prepared for the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission.

By R. KENT BEATTIE, Forest Pathologist ,

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE.

DECEMBER 31, 1913.

The rapid rise and spread of the Chestnut Bark Disease since its
introduction into the United States from the Orient, probably in
the nineties, has called it to the attention both of scientific men
and the general public. The result of this almost universal notice
in the eastern states has been the production of numerous articles
written from many different standpoints.

It has been the effort in this bibliography to cite all the writings
of a scientific or semi-scientific nature, with the aim of making a
good working bibliography of the disease. Since it is manifestly
impossible for any such bibliography to be complete, the author
will be glad to have called to his attention any omissions or any
corrections in the citations here given.

Because of their importance in the chestnut bark disease problem,
references to Endotliia radicalis and Endotliia gyrosa as well as
those to Endotliia parasitica have been included in this bibliography.

1. Anderson, H. W. Rotes on the genus Endotliia. Phytopath-

ology. Vol. 3, p. 67. February, 1913.

2. Anderson, P. J. Field Investigations in Pathology. Report

Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, July 1

to December 31, 1912. p. 4245. 1913.

3. Anderson, Paul J. Wind Dissemination of the Chestnut

Blight Organism. Phytopathology. Yol. 3, p. 68. Feb-
ruary, 1913.

4. Anderson, Paul J. and Anderson, H. W. The Chestnut Blight

Fungus and a Related Saprophyte. Phytopathology.

Vol. 2, p. 204-210. October, 1912.

5. Anderson, Paul J. and Anderson, H. W. Endotliia virginiana.

Phytopathology. Vol. 2, p. 261-262. December, 1912.

♦Published by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture.

(97)

98

6. Anderson, P. J. and Anderson, H. W. The Chestnut Blight

Fungus and a Belated Saprophyte. Pennsylvania
Chestnut Tree Blight Commission. Bulletin No. 4. Oc-
tober, 1913.

6a. Anonymous. Disease of Chestnut. Forestry Quarterly. Vol.
4, p. 320. December, 1906.

7. Anonymous. A Disease of the Chestnut. Woodland and

Boadside. Vol. 6, p. 31-32. June, 1907.

8. Anonymous. A New Tree Disease. The Outlook. Vol. 88,

p. 621. 21 March, 1908.

9. Anonymous. Destruction of Chestnut Forests. The Minne-

sota Forester. Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 31-32. March, 1908.

10. Anonymous. Are Chestnut Trees Doomed? American Fruits.

Vol. 8, p. 5. June, 1908.

11. Anonymous. Editorial. Engineering News. Vol. 60, p. 339.

24 September, 1908.

12. Anonymous. Fighting the Chestnut Blight. Country Life

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13. Anonymous. Hope for the Chestnut. Country Life in

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14. Anonymous. News and Notes. Mycologia. Vol. 1, p. 136.

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16. Anonymous. The New Pine and Chestnut Diseases. "Wood-

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21. Anonymous. Editorial Appreciation of Pennsylvania’s For-

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24. Anonymous. Pennsylvania Forestry Legislation in 1911.

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25. Anonymous. [Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission.]

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28. Anonymous. [Work of the Pennsylvania Commission.] For-

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Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.
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31. Anonymous. Proposed Forestry Legislative Procedure in the

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33. Anonymous. Chestnut Tree Blight Conference. Forest

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the Governor of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg, February
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38. Anonymous. Conference of States on Chestnut Tree Blight.

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39. Anonymous. Conference on the Chestnut Tree Blight. Ameri-

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50. Anonymous. Chestnut Blight in Massachusetts. Country

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53. Anonymous. Chestnut Blight Warning. American Forestry.

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54. Anonymous. Boy Scouts Aiding. American Forestry. Vol.

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57. Anonymous. The Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Conference,

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58. Anonymous. Progress in Fighting the Chestnut Disease.

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60. Anonymous. The Scientific and Operative Staff of the Penn-

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68. Anonymous. State News, Pennsylvania. American Forestry.

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69. Anonymous. The Chestnut Bark Disease. Journal of the

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70. Anonymous. Governor Tener on Forestry. Forest Leaves.

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71. Anonymous. Chestnut Tree Blight Bulletins. Forest Leaves.

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72. Anonymous. News and Notes. Mvcologia. Vol. 5, p. 90.

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73. Anonymous. Use of Second Growth Chestnut. Lumber World

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79. Anonymous. The Chestnut Tree. Methods and Specifications

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84. Anonymous. Report of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree

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(122)

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