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LAVWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST.

Rothamsted Experimental Station,
Harpenden.

Annual Report for 1910

with the

Supplement

to the

“Guide to the Experimental Plots,”

containing

The Yields per Acre, etc.

In every case the page, table, and plot numbers refer to the ‘‘Guide,”’ it being understood

that no change is made in the manuring, etc., there described.

AnD. ALE: Diescort!

HARPENDEN:
PRINTED By D. J. JEFFERY, VAUGHAN Roan.

1911.

VABORA TORY sales

Director

Chemist

Goldsmiths’ Company’s Soil Chemist

Bacteriologist

Botanist

Temporary Assistant Chemist
Voluntary Research Assistant
Botanical and General Assistant
Secretary

Glenk.<;

Chemical and General Assistant

General Assistant and Caretaker

General Assistant

. ALD? HALE, NCA. ERS:
2 ANG ELAS Diese Rha:

Eo. RUSSELL. DSc

. H. B. HUTCHINSON, Ph.D.
. Miss W. E. BRENCHLEY, B.Sc.,

PALS,

, A.V. CAMPBELL, AVC. Ge
. Miss L. M. UNDERWOOD, B.Sc.
Bl raed ia Whiaesearss

. Gol SDUNKLEY.

. W. WILSON.

- Give Y.

. A. OGGELSBY.

. A. BOWDEN.

. W. PEARCE.

. B. WESTON.

Geb ASSiIE:

ea NVitIeESONE

INFRODBUC TION.

John Bennet Lawes was the founder of the Rothamsted
Experimental Station. He began experiments with various
manurial substances, first with plants in pots and then in the field,
soon after entering into possession of the estate at Rothamsted in
1834. In 1843 more systematic field experiments were begun, and
the services of J. H. Gilbert were obtained as Director, thus starting
the long association which only terminated with the death of Lawes
in 1900, followed by that of Gilbert in 1901.

The Rothamsted Experimental Station has never been connected
with any external organisation, but has been maintained entirely at
the cost of the late Sir John Lawes. In 1889 he constituted a Trust
for the continuance of the investigations, setting apart for that pur-
pose the Laboratory (which had been built by public subscription,
and presented to him in 1855), certain areas of land on which the
experimental plots were situated, and £ 100,000.

By the provisions of the Trust Deed the management is
entrusted to a Committee nominated by the Royal Society (four
persons), the Royal Agricultural Society (two persons), the Chemical
and Linnean Societies (one each), and the owner of Rothamsted.

It has latterly been the desire of the Committee to obtain addi-
tional funds for the extension of the work of the Station. In 1906
Mr. J. F. Mason, M.P., presented the Committee with £1000 for
the building and equipment of the “ James Mason” Bacteriological
Laboratory, together with a grant towards its maintenance. In 1907
the Goldsmiths’ Company made a grant of £10,000 the income from
which is to be devoted to the payment of a special assistant for the
investigation of the soil. The Permanent Nitrate Committee have
also made a grant of £2000 to the endowment. The Society for
extending the Rothamsted Experiments, founded in 1904, has also
collected donations amounting to £500, and annual subscriptions of
nearly £150. This Society has recently been Incorporated under
the Board of Trade, thus giving it the power to hold money in trust
for the purposes of the Rothamsted Experiments.

The field experiments, which began in 1843, have on some of
the plots been continued without break or alteration up to the
present day; on the Broadbalk Wheat Field certain rearrangements
were made in 1852, in which year also the Barley experiments on

a

the Hoos Field began. The leguminous crops on the Hoos Field
were started in 1848, the experiments on Roots have been continued
on the same field since 1843, and on the same plan since 1856. The
grass plots began in 1856, and the rotation experiments in 1848.

It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of continuing the
experimental plots at Rothamsted without any change, as nowhere
else in the world do such data exist for studying the effect of season
and manuring upon the yield and quality of the crop, and for
watching the progressive changes which are going on in the soil.
Year by year these plots are found to throw light upon new problems
in Agricultural Science; in all directions they continue to provide
material for investigations upon points which were not contemplated
in the original design of the experiments, so that it is impossible to
foresee when and how they will not become useful and provide
indispensable material for the solution of problems undreamt of at
the present time.

The maintenance, however, of the old data throws a heavy
burden upon the Experimental Station. There are 210 plots, and
every year 243 samples have to be taken with proper precautions
and put into store for future reference. In addition there are made
486 determinations of dry matter, 243 of ash, 170 of nitrogen, 50 of
phosphoric acid, and 24 of potash, also 180 determinations of nitrates,
etc., in rain and drainage waters, and 17 botanical analyses of hay.
This does not include examinations of soils, the complete grass
separations, and other extensive series of determinations which are
made at longer intervals. All the above determinations, however,
are part of the necessary routine which must be completed before
any new investigations can be undertaken.

It should be remembered that the object of the Rothamsted
Experiments is to ascertain “how the plant grows,” and only
indirectly to find the most paying method and manuring; hence
both the nature and the quantities of material applied are not to be
taken as indicating the manures which should be used in practice.

ANNUAL REPORT

BOK THE YHAK 1910.

HE season of 1910 was a very unfavourable one for most of our
crops. An exceptionally wet winter was followed by low
temperatures and great deficiency of sunshine in the summer, with the
result that the corn crops yielded less than the average amount of
grain, and that poor in quality. October, December and February
were exceptionally wet months; fortunately there was in November
(1909) a dry period which enabled the wheat to be sown and the
root crops to be lifted. There was no severe cold during the winter
except for a short spell at the end of January, with a minimum
temperature of 15° on the 21st. April, May and June were good
growing months with a normal rainfall and temperature, the wind
being very continuously from the western quarter throughout the
whole of the early part of the year. July and August were cold and
sunless, but September, though still below the average in both tem-
perature and sunshine, was dry, and enabled the harvest to be got in
in good condition. The highest temperature of the year was 78°5°
on June 20th.

The wheat on Broadbalk Field was sown on November 26th
and 27th, and though it died away a good deal during the winter, it
grew somewhat rapidly from March onwards, and in the early sum-
mer looked fairly well. After June, however, it became very blighted,
and showed an exceptional proportion of root-fallen stalks, though
the plots as a whole were not so much laid as in many seasons. The
yield on thrashing proved exceptionally low. The yield on the un-
manured plots fell to 75 bushels per acre; only on three occasions
during the 67 years of the experiment has it been lower. The yields
all round were low, the highest being on the dunged plot, but that
only produced 28 bushels per acre. The proportion of offal corn
was again exceptionally high, though not to the unprecedented degree
that prevailed in the previous year. The yield of straw was about
the average, being more than double that of corn on nearly all the
plots.

On the Half Acre Plot, without manure and fallowed in alter-
nate years, the yield was little more than 9 bushels, not much better
than on the unmanured continuous wheat plot, a result which might
have been anticipated from the wet character of the winter.

4

On the Hoos Field the barley was sown on March 21st; it
made a poor start, and though it improved in the early spring, the
eventual yield was much below the general average and even below
that of the previous year. The proportion of offal grain was high
and the weight per bushel low. The most noticeable feature was
the exceptional increase produced by superphosphate, the plots
without phosphoric acid fell to a very low level indeed. This
prevails generally in the experiments; phosphoric acid has its
maximum effect in wet and cold seasons. The straw also gave
less than its average yield, although it was above the average
of recent years. The last two wet seasons have made the barley
plots excessively weedy, and they are now much worse than
Broadbalk which has been got into a comparatively clean condition.

The permanent Grass plots in the Park also yielded much
smaller crops than usual, and the proportion of the leguminous
herbage was considerably below the average. The effect of lime on
the half plots was not so marked as usual, though its value was very
apparent to the eye on the plots on which the soil has become sour
through continual applications of ammonium salts. On the limed por-
tions of the plots the peat that had accumulated previously has almost
entirely disappeared, and a close sward is beginning to form again.

The Mangold Field was sown on April 15th to 18th and a good
plant was obtained on all the plots, except on those receiving nitrate
of soda and sulphate of ammonia. These were resownon May 3lst,
and owing to the cool showery weather a fair plant was eventually
obtained, which did not seem behind the rest at harvest. The yield
was above the average, though by no means so good as in the pre-
vious year or in 1907. The effect of the usual attack of Uromyces
bete on the high nitrogen plots was very marked.

On Agdell Field the turn for clover and bare fallow came in
1910; a fair plant of clover showed after the winter, but grew very
indifferently in the spring, and gave a poor yield. It was cut on
June 21st, and was followed by an altogether exceptional after-
growth ; the second crop, cut on September 13th, was larger than
the first, indeed nearly ten times as great in the case of the unmanured
plot. The total of the two crops, first and second cut, is larger than
on any previous occasion.

On Little Hoos Field wheat was sown, although barley had
been taken in the previous year. This was done in order to break
the sequence of the rotation, as it was often inconvenient to have
the same crops on Agdell and this field in the same year. An even
plant was obtained, but the yield was very disappointing; none of the

5

plots produced three qrs. per acre, and many of them were below
two. Naturally with these low yields the effect of the manurial resi-
dues was almost inappreciable.

The trials of the new nitrogenous fertilisers were repeated, but
the yields in this field were all so low that much weight cannot be
attached to the results. Both the nitrate of lime and cyanamide gave
poor results, nitrate of soda being the most effective source of
nitrogen applied.

For some years on the same field plots of mustard, vetches,
crimson clover and rape have been grown and ploughed in, in order
to ascertain which would have the best effect in preparing the
ground for a subsequent straw crop. The last straw crop was in
1907; the green crops were repeated during 1908 and 1909, and
wheat was again taken in 1910. After vetches a good yield of wheat
was obtained, in fact this plot, with 34% bushels of dressed grain per
acre, yielded more wheat than any other experimental plot. As
in the previous trial the value of the leguminous crops as a pre-
paration for wheat was very marked, the yield of grain being 60 per
cent. better after either vetches or crimson clover, than after rape
or mustard. The yield of straw was even more favourable to the
leguminous crops, and it was noticeable that on all these plots
following green manuring there was none of the blight which
characterised the wheat elsewhere.

In the Laboratory, the pot experiments, in which the continual
growth of certain plants was compared with the growth of the same
plants in rotation, have been carried a year further. The results
are now being put together, but the experiment has been stopped
as the method adopted does not promise to yield any definite answer
to the question for which it was designed, 7.c., What is the effect of
a plant upon the soil in which it grows whereby it makes the soil
less fitted to support a second growth of the same plant ?

The experiments upon Clover Sickness have also been continued,
though no solution of the problem is yet in sight.

The investigations on the effect of heating and of antiseptics
upon the fertility of soils, which were described in the last report,
have been continued. Some trials were made in the field, though
none of them yielded positive results, while other attempts towards
the practical application of the previous investigations have not yet
reached the stage for report. Mr. T. Goodey, M.Sc., of the Birming-
ham University, Mackinnon Student of the Royal Society, has been
working on the zoological side of the problem, and he and Dr.
Hutchinson have now accumulated a good deal of material regarding
the life history and numbers of the protozoa associated with the soil.

6

The investigations of the fatting and non-fatting pastures in
Romney Marsh, which were begun in 1909 with the help of a grant
from the Board of Agriculture, were found to require further data,
and another series of observations were made during the early
summer months of the past year. The material is now being
worked up in the Laboratory, and the results will shortly be ready
for publication.

Miss Brenchley continued her investigations of the effect of
minute traces of various metallic salts upon the growth of plants in
water cultures, a first account of which has been published. Miss
Brenchley also collected a series of samples of barley at various
stages of growth, in order to study the filling in of the grain upon
the same lines as her work dealing with the wheat grain. It has
only recently been found possible to begin the analyses of the samples
in the Laboratory, but it is hoped to get the results ready in time to
decide whether further material must be collected from the 1911
crop. Miss Brenchley further began a study of the weeds char-
acteristic of the various soils in the south of Bedfordshire, and a
first paper dealing with the weeds in this particular district is now
going through the press.

Dr. Miller has been continuing his study of the nitrogenous
compounds in air and rain, and during the summer paid a visit to
three lighthouses on the extreme west of Scotland, in order to clear
up certain points in connection with the samples of rain we are

regularly receiving from this district.

The determinations of the amount of ammonia which can be
absorbed from the atmosphere have been concluded, and the results
are being prepared for publication.

The study of the soils of the south-east of England, originally
begun at Wye, has for the last year or two been continued by
Dr. Russell and myself at Rothamsted, and has at last been brought
to a conclusion. The Board of Agriculture has undertaken the
publication of the somewhat extensive report we have prepared,
and it is expected that the book, which deals generally with the
Agriculture of the south-east of England in relation to its soils,
will be issued within a few weeks.

An acre of wheat upon the Home Farm, looking uniform to
the eye, was harvested in 500 equal sized plots, each of which was
threshed out separately. An acre of mangolds was similarly divided
into 200 plots, and the yield of each weighed. The data thus
obtained are being worked up in order to ascertain the experimental

7

error attaching to field plots of particular sizes. This work has
been supervised by Mr. W. B. Mercer, B.Sc., Vans Dunlop Scholar
of the University of Edinburgh.

The following papers have been published during the year :—

W. E. Brenchley. “The influence of Copper Sulphate and

Manganese Sulphate upon the Growth of Barley.”
Annals of Botany. 1910. 24, 571.

It has been maintained that all substances toxic to plants act
as stimuli at some stage of high dilution, but the author submitted
this statement to a very careful test in the case of barley seedlings
growing in water cultures without finding any evidence of stimulus,
even down to dilutions of one of copper sulphate in ten million
parts of water. A toxic effect is always manifest, though it is
greatly masked when the copper solution is added to a solution of
nutrient salts, and is not used in pure water. In this latter case
seedlings are very susceptible, being perceptibly checked and even
stopped in growth by the use of water which has been distilled from
the ordinary copper vessels of the Laboratory. The apparent
stimulus at higher dilutions may have been due to accidental vari-
ations, since the individuality of plants grown in water cultures is
very marked, and large numbers must be taken in order to obtain
smooth results. Manganese sulphate can hardly be regarded as
toxic for barley, though in moderate concentrations (more than 1 per
10,000) there is retardation of growth. At lower concentrations
(1 per 100,000 and downwards) there is distinct evidence of stimulus.
Incidentally it was noted that at such concentrations as 1 in 10,000
manganese was taken up by the plant and excreted as peroxide on the
surface of the leaves. As manganese is universally found in plant
ashes, and has been considered by Bertrand and his co-workers to
aid in the actions on the oxidases of the leaf, it obviously stands in
a different position to toxic-substances like copper which have no
normal physiological function.

E. J. Russell. “The Ammonia in Soils.” Journal of Agri-

cultural Science. 1910. 3, 233.

Considerable uncertainty attaches to the determination of am-
monia in soils, because in the methods usually adopted the alkali
attacks some of the organic compounds of nitrogen, and there isa con-
tinuous evolution of ammonia as long as the distillation is continued.
Distillation with alcoholic potash at reduced pressures shows a sharp
end point when the evolution of ammonia ceases, and with soils not
too rich in organic matter the same end point is reached by a single
distillation with magnesia and water at the same temperature. It

8

is also shown that when ammonium salts are absorbed by soil some
of the ammonia passes into a state of combination that is not broken

up on distillation with alkali, though the exact compound formed
was not identified. Only one or two parts per million of ammonia
are found in ordinary soils, rising in very rich garden soils to five or
six; the ammonia being kept down to this limit by the nitrifying
organisms. Thus under field conditions the factor limiting the
formation of nitrates is really the preliminary ammonia-producing
process, and instead of the rate of nitrification, it is the rate of am-
monia production which determines the amount of nitrogen available
for the crop.

E. J. Russell. “The Effect of Earthworms in Productiveness.”

Journal of Agricultural Science. 1910. 3, 246.

Earthworms have generally been credited with increasing the
productiveness of soil by decomposing the organic matter more
rapidly than could the micro-organisms unaided. Russell considers
that previous investigators have been misled by the nitrogen
introduced in the bodies of the earthworms themselves; for when
this is allowed for they seem to have no particular effect on the
decomposition of organic matter and the production of nitrates.
They have, however, considerable effect as cultivators, loosening
and mulching the soil, and this may ultimately have an action
upon its fertility, though experimental demonstrations would be

difficult.

CROPS GROWN IN. ROTATION... AGDELL FIELD.

PRODUCE PERZACKE.

| ©; M. C.

| Complete |
U q Mineral Mineral and |
nantes Manure. Nitrogenous |
Manure.

Year. | CROP. | ace

ere onl eel OF malin aoe 1 Z

| Beans | Beans Beans

|Fallow.| oF Fallow. Or Fallow or

| Clover. Clover. | Clover.

LAST COMPLETE COURSE (15th), 1904-7.

1904 | Roots (Swedes) Cwt. 168 | Oa elo V/L54 ft S1LSi6e |) A032
1905 {| Barley Grain ... Bus. Ses ire: 160 | 15:2 235A 31°4
(| Barley Straw ... Cwt. 10°6 80 LOPS bes 135 20°1
1906 | CloverHay ...Cwt.} — | 41] — fees ae
|
1907 {| Wheat Grain ... Bus. 16°3 21:4 19°1 368 25715 |p 2935
{| Wheat Straw ... Cwt. ZAG: Zila 28°6 | 49°6 33°53 | 3551
| |
CURRENT COURSE (16th), 1908- .
1908 Roots (Swedes) Cwt. 21°6 G4 1"179'0" | 23578 | 395'4. | 314-0" |
1909 {| Barley Grain ... Bus. | 11°4 10°0 ie ah lee | 26'8 33°4 |
(| Barley Straw ... Cwt. 101 113 i271 169 18°7 23°8 |
1910 Clover {ist crop Cwt. | — 16 = Hera — 32°2
Hay (2nd crop Cwt. | — 15°8 = 40°0 = AAD
|
{
(
|

* The plant almost entirely failed on this plot, and new seed was
sown broadcast on May Ist, 1906.

10

METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS, 1910.

(See ‘“‘ Guide,” page 16, Table IX.)

Rain.
ae GEL Temperature.
Total Fall. Bright
Sun-
shine.
5-inch | zoo 20 ins. | 40 ins. | 60 ins. :
Funnel| Acre deep. | deep. | deep. ae
Gauge. | Gauge. |
Inches. | Inches Inches. | Inches. | Inches.| Hours.}] °F. | °F.
Jan. 1°989 2°183 1°124 1°265 1°230 74:1 44°0| 32°8
Feb. Sool) ca (aa: 3°780 3°633 3°645 3°525 7971 467) 346
March) <2: 1°134 1235 0°648 0°770 0'734 USS 374 SOWONy 3356
April 1°493 1°581 0°015 0°044 0°054 116°6 O34} 38°4
May 2082 2°164 0158} 0139} 0164 199°2 61°0|} 441
June 2°736 2° 806 0°721 OWS 0°719 L864) "67-25|' 5073
July ‘ 1°909 1°996 0°375 0°423 | 0397 1234 }) (6509
August ... 3°250 3°379 0°759 O22 0°693 1530} 666; 524
Sept. | 0'798 | .0°889 0°122 (ils? 0°145 1176] 616! 473
Oct. 2736 2°830 1°424 1°226 1eA22 62°6} 576| 46°0
Nov. 3°728 3°930 3°265 3°292 3°199 862] 443) 306
Dec. 5081 S57 Sy SiS} 5°320 SATE 29°4] 479) 379
|
oe 30°580 | 32°130 17°557 | 17°711 | 17:359 | 13869 | 664°4 | 498°9
ean
MANGOLDS, BARN FIELD, 1910.
(See “Guide,” page 11, Table VI.)
Pi Own erase Dressings.
a8 N. A. eG G
Strip. Roane : ae
Manures. : Rape Cake &
Nitrate of Ammonium ; :
Ammonium |Rape Cake.
Soda. Salts.
om S21 a ‘ Salts.
| Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.
: | ere ({R. 2461 31°35 0 | |= 28-12 25°70 32°05
sea (rk TE MESS 2°76 4°26
2 Dung, Super, (R 31°58 28°37 56°10 37 26
Potash (pee 7°29 Sion 6°44 5°09
(215945 . ; ‘
4 Gaale's { Re. | 24:12 ) 19°39 29°98 29°90
Minerals | ( 4584 ) . : ;
kes hates 4°26 5°49 3°45
5 Superphosphate| [R. 18°65 6°03 895 12°04
only (ee 3°84 Deo, 1°97 1°92
6 Super and (AR. 19°52 17:92 27°37 26°72
Potash elec SiG: Si00 5°07 1°95
7 | Super, Sulph., | (p 22°07 18°46 24°88 29:03
Mag. & Chloride jae 5°20 4°16 4°38 3°34
Sodium
8 N {R. 9°56 5°27 7:49 11°18
age ae 4°26 3°37 1°86 1°83

11

HAY. THE DOPARKA GRASS 4PLO#S,! 1910.
(See “Guide,” page 19, Table XI.)

Yield of Hay per acre.
Plot. Manuring.
1st Crop. 2nd Crop. Total.
( Cwt. Cwt. Cwt.
3) 9°0 Ak 11°4
12) Unmanured ... +e une ro 96 75 171
2 | Unmanured (1) she 11°9 2D 14°4
1 | Ammonium Salts alone (Gee 19°9 4°7 24°6
4-1 | Superphosphate of Lime 13°4 2°6 16'0
8 | Mineral Manure without Potash Ms) 83 20°6
7 | Complete Mineral Manure . 28°7 9°8 38°5
6 | As 7, 1869 and since (2) 25°4 IN 36'6
15 | As 7, 1876 and since (3) : net 25°9 NF) 31°6
S Superphosphate and Potash, 1898
and since : wet 18°8 60 24°8
17 | Nitrate of Soda alone. : SEE 22°1 29 2a 0)
4-2 | Superphosphate and Amm. Salts ... 29°9 60 35°9
10 | Mineral Manure (without eae
and Amm. Salts... 28°2 16°2 4474
9 | Complete Mineral Manure and Amm.
Salts . : i, 14°8 59°0
TS} [led Dybyaves and Fish Guano, ¢ once in 14 years She 15°8 50°3
11-1 | Complete Mineral Manure and extra
Amm. Salts .. é oe eee 49°5 19°9 69°4
11-2 | As 11-1, and Silicate Soda Bye Sos) Ay) 68°2
16 | Complete ee Manure and Nit.
Soda=43 lb. nec 29°0 60 35°0
14 | Complete Merl Manure and Nit.
Soda=86 lb. N.... oe wae 43°4 ae 47°6

Quick Lime (ground) at the rate of 2000 lb. peracre, applied to the South half of
plots 1 to 4-2, 7 to 11-2, 13 and 16, in January, 1907.

(1) Received Farmyard Dung, 8 years, 1856—63. (3) Nitrate of Soda alone
previously.

(2) Ammonium Salts alone, previous to 1869.

BOTANICAL" COMPOSITION, PER CENT.

First Crop, 1910.
(See “Guide,” page 20, Table XII.)

Plot. Manuring. Graminez. | Leguminose. | Other Orders.
Per cent. Remcent: Per cent.
3. | Unmanured 200 mae ae 67°5 2°6 2959
4-1 | Superphosphate of Lime 28 Cie7. 2°6 29°7 |
8 | Mineral Manure without Potash 50°5 She8) 46'0
7 | Complete Mineral Manure soe 70°8 10°3 18'9
6 | As 7, 1869 and since (2) ... aoe 59°3 221 18°6
15 | As 7, 1876 and since (3) ... wal 58°5 19°5 22°0

12

WHEAT. BROADBALK FIELD, 1910.
(See “‘ Guide,” page 26, Table XIV.)

Dressed Grain.
Plot Manuring. == Straw.
; Weight
ed, | per Bushel.
iG fe a cs Bushels. | lbs. Cwt
2 | Farmyard Manure 27°9 611 38°3
3 | Unmanured aac (pe 60°0 93
5 | Complete Mineral Manure aon 10°0 59°8 10°5
6 | As 5, and single Amm. Salts 17°6 61°2 20'6
7 | As 5, and double Amm. Salts 25'6 61°5 34°7
8 | As 5, and treble Amm. Salts A | 59°9 450
9 | As 5, and single Nitrate Soda Z3°7 61°6 30°4
10 | Double Amm. Salts alone 14°2 58°7 19°1
11 | As 10, and Superphosphate .. 3 20°0 59°5 Zi
12 | As 10, and Super and Sulph. Soda 26°3 60°8 32°6
13 As 10, and Super and Sulph. Potash | 2593 61°3 34°0
14 | As 10, and Super and Sulph. Mag. 23°8 60°7 30°5
15 | Double Amm. Salts in Autumn, and |
Minerals ; 20°4 60°9 27°8
16 | Double Nitrate and Minerals. 23°6 611 459
17 || Minerals alone, or double Amm. Salts” leer *62°3 73059
18 | alone, in alternate years ... |) +10°0 +60°3 +11°3
19 | Rape Cake alone = 19°2 60°7 2309
20 (1)| As 7, but excluding Superphosphate 21°6 613 27°6
* Produce by Ammonium Salts. + Produce by Minerals.
(1) Commenced in 1906.
BARLEY - OOS FUEL Doig:
(See “Guide,” page 33, Table XVI.)
Dressed Grain.
| Plot. Manuring. —== = Straw.
at Weight |
eee per Bushel. |
E | Bushels. lbs. Cut.
1 O | Unmanured 9°9 54°0 68
| 20 | Superphosphate only 20°0 54°7 9-4
3 O | Alkali Salts only 10°4 53°8 80
4 O | Complete Minerals 14°3 53°8 110
| |
1A | Amm. Salts only . Se 20°4 53°0 is!
| 2A | Superpbos. and Amm. Salts Biles 52°6 216
| 3A | Alkali Salts and Amm. Salts 2304 5382 7
4 A | Complete Minerals and Amm. Salts 38°6 54°8 DAT,
1N | Nitrate of Soda alone ae DAS 3) 16, 18°4
2N | Superphos. and Nitrate Soda 420 54°0 31°6
3 N | Alkali Salts and Nitrate Soda Ze 54°8 158
4.N | Complete Minerals and Nitrate Soda 39°2 SHS 25° 5
1C | Rape Cake alone i 3512 54°0 22°0
2C | Superphos. and Rape Cake . 37°2 543 DIZ,
3 C | Alkali Salts and Rape Cake .. Se 34°52, 55/2 21°8
4C | Complete Minerals and Rape ‘Cake 3954 55°0 269
7-1 | Unmanured (after Dung, 1852- Baja 14°5 539 11°2
7-2 | Farmyard Dung ee 50 43°0 38) 4: 32°9
|
pe

13

BARLEY. HOOS #TELD, 15910.

(Previous Cropping: Potatoes, 1876-1901; Barley, 1902 and 1903;

Oats, 1904; Barley, 1905 and since.)

(See “‘ Guide,” page 40, Table XIX).

Manures applied Dressed Grain.
to the Potatoes, Total
ae 1876-1901. Shays epee
Unmanured since Yield Weight per
: ; Bushel.

' Bushels. lbs. Cwt. lbs.
een Wumanured’ co) 23. GA. 6°2 53658 4 50 944
Z, Unmanured 1882 to 1901, | 11°4 Bs yal 5 (38, 1620

| previously Dung only |
3 | Dung:1883'to 1901... —:.. 1575. NO 5200 le e771 2895
+ Dung 1883 to 1901 ... way | 15'6 | Dee 15°4 2697

WHEAT AFTER FALLOW (without Manure 1851 and since).

HOOS FIEPDy 191:

(See “‘ Guide,” page 41, Table XX.)

( Yield—9°3 Bushels.
Dressed Grain

Straw aes bie See 10°1 cwt.

Total Produce Bee ae 1747 lbs.

| Weight per Bushel—61 ‘2 lbs.

14

COMPARATIVE TEST OF NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS.

WHEAT (after Barley in 1909).

LITTLE HOOS FIELD, 1910;

Weicht Propor-| Propor-
ae ‘| tion of | tion
Offal of
| Plot. Manuring. poe be Straw. aay to ride Grain
| Dressed] . ° to 100
Sas Dressed of
Grain. pret
Grain. | Straw.
Bushels.| Ibs. | Cwt lbs.
1) (i) Bltbiey, 160 Wal 59°5 Wa 742
6 | Uamanured 1910 Ii) Salem AOOr Ih 149th wedi ilo: Mneese0
2) | Nitrate Soda onl
TWN Soe 2770. | 238) | 350) 590 45°8
7) eae a7 | 233 | 31°0'| 66:0 14 53°5
3) Nitrate Lime onl ( |
: =i ie N Ae seiomel| isles alee ce ce ib ected Ih siya) ®|
8) fa Sd aa 22°6 268 3253 60°0 19:8 44°8 |
|
a Sulph. Ammonia onl |
iat Be pars Te i D7 Ae | 135 | 28°64) G0 S21 kaos
9) < ae 20:9 | A809 | B4-33| G05" | T42) wae
2 | Cyanamide onl
leo Se x 256 | 45 || 23°90 S60K6 94 | 634
10) oe ae 19°3 PUGS) 8'0 59°8 23'°8 70°8
WHEAT FOLLOWING GREEN MANURING.
LIMWTLE BOOS, EiB ep 1910.
Green Crops (ploughed in) 1904, 1905, 1906.
Wheat, 1907.
Green Crops (ploughed in) 1908, 1909.
Wheat, 1910.
Dressed Grain.
Total
Green Crop. Straw.
Weight Produce.
Yield.
per Bushel.
Bushels. lbs. Cwt. lbs.
Mustard 19°6 63°5 15rs 2994
Rape 20°8 63°8 16'3 3188
Crimson Clover 30°8 62°7 270 5037
Vetches 34°4 62°4 34°7 6162

15

LITILE ,HOOS PIBED, 1904-1910.

RESIDUAL VALUE OF VARIOUS MANURES.
(See ‘‘ Guide,” pages 41 and 42.)

TOTAL PRODUCE—Grain and Straw, or Roots and Leaves, per acre.

Series Man- |Spring}
; | Swedes |Barley Swedes |Barley|Wheat
ae a 1904. | 1905. ae epee 1908. | 1909. | 1910. |
| Tons. | Ibs, '|'Tons. |''Ibs. | Tons:'| Ibs. | Ibs. |
Av Unmanured Ss ae Sy melons 2525 leslie S000 14°0 SHIA eZe7On|
2 | Dung (ordinary), 1904 and 1908 | 13°1 | 4649 | 18:2 | 4673 | 19°1 | 5128 | 2572 |
3 ~ 98 1905 and 1909; 88 | 3501 | 17°5 | 5393 | 14°5 | 5544 | 2681 |
4 : 33 1906 and 1910 | 88 | 2269 | 182 | 5471 | 15°5 | 4057 | 2406
5) *f om 1907 only 9°8 2402 | 14°9 | 6903 1753 4581 | 2358
B1 | Dung (cake fed), 1904 and 1908 | 15°7 | 4177 | 194 22,4 | 5362 | 2386
2 Unmanured son nD Boe 10°0 PEGE | ey A || GROWS 14°3 3862 | 2261
3 | Dung (cake fed), 1905 and 1909 95 | 5550 | 18°5 | 5497] 142 | 6641 | 2921
4 > - 1906 and 1910 | 11:4 | 2772 | 25°6 | 6489} 169 | 4400 | 3502
5 of oy 1907 only 9°4 2649 | 14°4 | 9407 19°0 4298 | 2369
(Gat Shoddy, 1904 and 1908 Aa 147 3656 | 21°0 | 4667 I ozs 3969 | 2295
2 6 1905 and 1909 sale 1ESTNLL 4363 | 23°6 | 4550 16°3 4558 | 2387
a) Unmanured ace is tele 10°6 2588 Le 7a |) 4334.1) lor 3850 | 2561
4 Shoddy, 1906 and 1910 O08 10°7 2512 | 242 | 6231 19°1 4466 | 3461
5) 5 1907 only nore sists 10°3 2615 | 16:9 | 7495 Z2tz 5448 | 2560
iD) 1! Guano, 1904 and 1908 sale 146 2550 | 20°1 | 4056 209 3608 | 1742
2 +* 1905 and 1909 S00 11°0 5176 | 19°77 | 4165 53 6854 | 2114
3 a 1906 and 1910 oi 10°9 2857 | 256 | 4846 15'9 4053 | 3392
4 Unmanured ... ie ae 10°6 2985 | 18°7 | 4618 17-4 4510 | 2739
5 | Guano, 1907 only S53 .-. | 10°6 | 2680 | 17-4 | 7575 | 15°7 | 4014 | 2374
E 1] Rape Cake, 1904 and 1908 ... 14:1 2674 | 17°8 | 3887 19°7 3750 | 2180
2; of 1905 and 1909 ... EZ 4185 | 179 | 4326 ilar at 5203 | 2242
3 o 1906 and 1910 ... 9°5 2645 | 22°7 | 4584 14°5 3866 | 3486
4 7 1907 only 10°5 2734 | 194 | 6619 ay 7} 4661 | 2516
5 Unmanured : eee 10°8 2769 ; 14°7 4155

4749 ier it 4814 | 3166

iF il Unmanured mh a sve fh) LEZ |e SaSZ- 1k 2F9

2 | Superphosphate, 1904 and 1908 | 12:2 | 3025 | 23°2 | 5064] 16°9 | 4726 | 3223 |
3 Ap 1905 and 1909 | 10°2 5949 | 23°6 | 4956 14°6 4973 | 2922 |

at 33 1906 and 1910 | 9°7 3913 | 241 5419 160 5280 | 2682

5 o 1907 only | 9°7 4221 | 23°6 | 5698 16°4 5641 3190

| =

G1 _ | Bone Meal, 1904 and 1908 ... | 12:9 3176 | 23°1 | 5203 16°7 4445 | 3345
2 = 1905 and 1909 ... 10°1 6636 | 22°11 | 5821 14°3 4922 | 3657 |

3 | Unmanured a Ach ve 10°2 3495 | 206 | 5491 7, 4247 | 3701

+ Bone Meal, 1906 and 1910 ... | 9°9 3450 | 226 | 6043 14°2 4711 | 3263

>, | os 1907 only ... 9°2 3525) | 22:1 | 6276 19°9 5285 | 3512
|

H1 | Basic Slag, 1904 and 1908 ... 11°8 4400 | 20°5 | 6285 138 4182 | 3564

| 2 | — 1905 and 1909 ... 10°4 4002 | 21:3 | 5930 13°6 4530 | 3596

3+ | 7 1906 and 1910 ... 9°4 3662 | 214 | 5860 136 4431 | 3943

| 4 33 1907 only ... 91 3624 | 17:0 | 5816 14°4 3860 | 3804

5 Unmanured aa 8'6 3293 | 17°4 | 5933 11°4 4511 | 4005

The yields on the plots to which the manure was applied in any given year
are printed in heavier type.

16

Subscribers and Donors
to the Rothamsted Experimental Station,
1904 and since.

THE GOLDSMITHS’ COMPANY (Endowment for Soil Investigation).
J. F. Mason, Esog., M.P. (The “ James Mason ” Laboratory).
THE PERMANENT NITRATE COMMITTEE.
THE FERTILISER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION.
THE POTASH SYNDICATE.

THE SULPHATE OF AMMONIA COMMITTEE.
THE CLOTHWORKERS’ COMPANY.

A. D. ACLAND, ESQ.

THE RIGHT-HON, LORD ‘AVEBURY, EUR.S:
THE RIGHT HON. LORD BLYTH.

lie kicur Hon: SIX je. BRUNNER, BART. Pz
BE) HiLDRED ‘CARLILE, ESo., MP.

We Lf. (COLES. ESo.

Sir R. P. COOPER, BART.

H. SHEPHERD Cross, ESQ.

His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, P.C.
MESSRS. ELLIS AND EVERARD.

Sip JGHN VANS. i<-C.B 7 EIRcS,

SIR WALTER GILBEY, BART.

EUSTACE GURNEY, ESQ.

H. TYLSTON HopGsown, ESQ.

A. B. HOLLINSWORTH, ESQ.

THE RIGHT HON. LORD IVEAGH.

W. B. KEEN, ESQ.

Str CHARLES LAWES-WITTEWRONGE, BART.
J. A. Morison, Esg., M.P.

W. Morison, EsoQ.

DR. HUGO MULLER, F.R:S.

HENRY S. NUNN, ESQ.

MARLBOROUGH R. PRYOR, ESQ.

WILLIAM RANSOM, ESQ.

THE RIGHT HON. LORD ROTHSCHILD.

B. S. ROWNTREE, ESQ.

FREDERICK SEEBOHM, ESQ.

B. STANIER, Esg., M.P.

Dr. J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A.

PHILIP F. WALKER, ESQ.

THE RIGHT Hon. LORD WALSINGHAM, F.R.S.
SIR J. WERNHER, BART.

J. MARTIN WHITE, Esq.

W. R. WOOLRYCH, ESQ.

ee 7 my ; ‘es .
T. \ : — - i 3 ir ’

wh

Nase ag gs
A

: 5 7

The Incorporated Soctety for
Extending the Rothamsted Experiments.

MEMBERS: @F (COUNGIE:
His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, P.C. (Chairman).
THE RIGHT HON. EARL CARRINGTON, K.G.
Sir CHARLES B. LAWES-WITTEWRONGE, BART. (Vice-Chairman).
THE RIGHT HON. SiR J. T. BRUNNER, BART., P.C.
SIR J. H. THOROLD, BART.
SIR W. S. PRIDEAUX.
J. F. MAson, M.P.
HuGo MULLER, LL.D., F.R.S. (Treasurer).
H. E.. ARMSTRONG#LL. D9 FB RSS.
HH. he ROWwN, ELD, FURS:
W. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S:
J.B. FARMER, M.A.) F.R-S:
R. H. BIFFEN, M.A.
J. A. VOELCKER, M.A., Ph.D.
A. D. HALL, M.A., F.R.S. (Hon. Secretary).
J. MARTIN WHITE.

SIR JULIUS WERNHER, BART.