•^"^ (^THIRTY-FIFTH ANNDAL REPORT l%gi- i"i-- MWMUmmMOFimiLlIOR!. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY STATE OF jSTEW YORK. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARV 13, 1882. ALBANY: WEED. PARSONS AND COMPANY. PUINTRRS. 1884. STATE OF NEW YORK. No. 38. IN SENATE, January 13, 1882. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EEGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY AS TRUSTEES OF THE STATE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. University of the State of New Yobk, Office of the Regents, Albany, January 12, 1882. To the Hon. Geobge G. Hoskins, President of the Senate of the State of New YorTc : Sir — I have the honor herewith to transmit to the Legislature the Annual Report of the Regents of the University as Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History, as required by law. Very respectfully your obedient servant, H. R. PIERSON, Chancellor. [Sen. Doc. No. 38.] liEGEJ^TS OF THE UJSTIYEESITY. [EX-OEFICIO TRUSTEES OF THE STATE MUSEUM OP :^ATUEAL HISTORY.] HENRY R. PIERSON, LL. D., Chancellor. GEORGE W. CLINTON, LL. D., Vice- Chancellor. REGENTS EX-OFFICIO. ALONZO B. CORNELL, Gover?ior GEORGE G. HOSKINS, Ideute,iant Governor JOSEPH B. CARR. Secretary of State. TOPT^xrvn J^J!^ G-ILMOUR, Superintendent of Pumdnstruction. RoS S HA? r?r' . ^EY.ANSON J.UPSON,D.D.,LL D ROBERl S. HALE, LL. D., WILLI IM L RO^TWtpt.'^ ELIAS W. LEAVENWORTH, LL. D., CHAUNCEY M DEPEw' ';^^^^2^^^^yOORT,LL.B., CHARLES E.FITcT' GEORGE W. CURTIS, LL. D., REV ORRIS R WA rrttxt n r^ FRANPTci iTFRArAAT TT T^ ^^^- '^"itlb U. WARREN, D.D., JOHN it™ ' ' ^^^^^^ ^- R^^SSELL, HENRY E. TURNER, ' ' "' DAVID MURRAY, LL. D., Secretary DANIEL J. PRATT, Ph. D., Assistant Secretary. STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE REGENTS ON THE STATE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Mr. Leavenworth, IHE Governor, m„^ q^„. ' t^ The CHANCEI.LOR, Mr B "' I^strxtctiok, rp„„ TT ^ ' ^^- BOSTWICK, The Vice-chancellor, Dr. Watson. SCIENTIFIC STAFF. James Hall, LL. D., Director. Prof. Charles H. Peck, State Botanist. Dr. D. N. De Tarr, in charge of Zoloogical ColUctions. |>R. J. W. Hall, Osteology and Roch Sections. John Gerhard, Special Assistant. REPOKT OF THE BOTANIST. Hon. David Murray, LL. D., Secretary of the Board of Regents of the University : Sir — Since the date of my last report, specimens of two hundred and forty-eight species of plants have been mounted and placed in the State Herbarium, of which ninety-four species were previously unrep- resented therein. The others represent species by improved specimens, or are forms or varieties not before represented. A list of the names is marked (1). During the past season specimens have been collected in the counties' of Albany, Greene, Putnam and Eensselaer. These represent one hundred and fifteen species, of which sixty-seven are new to the State and to the Herbarium, and forty are believed to be unpublished. A list of the names of the collected specimens is marked (2). Among the contributed specimens, only one collected in the State proves to be new to our flora. A list of the names of contributors and their contributions is marked (3). A record of the species now added to our flora and of the descrip- tions of such as are yet unpublished is marked (4). A part of the report containing remarks and observations upon various species and a list of the iSJ"ew York Carices at present known is marked (5). In pursuance of the plan introduced in the Thirty-third Eeport, in ref- erence to the subgenus Amanita, and for the reasons therein stated* descriptions of all the hitherto known New York species of Agarics belonging to the subgenus Lepiota have been drawn up, and, in many instances, made more complete by the addition of the dimensions and character of the spores. Full remarks concerning the peculiarities, variations and distinctive features of each species are added to its description^ and important characters are italicized. A synoptical table is introduced, which is intended to aid in tracing any given species to its name. This monograph of our Lepiotas is marked (6). A table case has been filled with specimens of earth-stars (Geaster), puff-balls (Lycoperdon and Bovista) and sap-balls (Polyporus) placed 126 Thirty-fifth Keport o:s the State Museum. in paper trays. All of our fleshy and tough or corky species of fungi ought to be exhibited in this manner. Many are too bulky to be mounted entire in the usual manner, and many are in better condition for study and recognition if preserved in their natural shape than if pressed and mounted on herbarium sheets and stacked away in cabi- nets. (1.) PLANTS MOUNTED. Species not new to the Herlarium. Clematis verticillaris, DC. Thalictrum anemouoides, Mx. Ranunculus Peunsylvanicus, L. Nymphsea odorata, Ait. Nuphar advena, Ait. N. Kalmiana, Ait. Cardamine liirsuta, L. Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. Jlaphauus sativus, L. Lepidium ruderale, L. Malva rotundifolia, L. Vitis festivalis, Mx. Acer Penusylvanicum, L. Robinia viscosa. Vent. Rubus odoratus, L. R. villosus, Ait. Rosa Carolina, L. R. lucida, EhrTi. Ribes hirtellum, Mx. R. prostratum, DHer. Epilobium angustifolium, L. E. coloratum, Muhl. Aralia hispid a, Mx. Sambucus pubens, Mx. Viburnum nudum, L. Galium verum, L. Aster corymbosus, Ait. A. cordifolius, L. A. multiflorus, Ait. A. Tradescauti, L. A. longifolius, La7n. A. jiuniceus, L. Solidago latifolia, L. S. stricta, Ait. S. serotiua, Ait. Bidens connata, Michl. B. cernua, L. Artemisia Canadensis, Mx. Lactuca Canadensis, L. Campanula rotundifolia, L. Plantago major, L. Verbascum Blattaria, L. Mimulus ringens, L. Mentha Canadensis, L. M. piperita, L. Lycopus Yirginicus, L. Origanum vulgare, L. Scutellaria lateriflora, L. Echium vulgare, L. Chenopodium album, L. Polygonum amphibium, L. Euphorbia maculata, L. E. hypericifolia, L. Urtica gracilis, Ait. Humulus Lupulus, L. Juglans nigra, L. Taxus Canadensis, WiUd. Sparganium simplex, Huds. Potamogeton Oakesianus, RdlMm. P. Claytonii, Tuchm. P. amplifobus, Tuchm. P. gramineus. L. P. lucens, L. P. pusillus, L. Sagittaria variabilis, Engel. Trillium erectum, L. Lilium Philadelphicum, L. Juncus tenuis, Willd. J. margiuatus, Rost. Carex lagopodioides, Sckk. C. cristata, Schw . C. mirabilis, Dew. C. scoparia, Schk. C. straminea, Schk. C. tenera. Dew. C. stipata, Muhl. C. sparganioides, MtM, C. sterilis, Willd, C. gynandra, Schic. C. gracillima, Schw. C. formosa, Dew. C. conoidea, Schk. C. virescens, Muhl. C. triceps, Mx. C. laxiflora, Lam. C. arctata, Boott. Report of the State Botanist. 127 Carex debilis, Mx. C. flava, L. C. tentaculata, Muld. C. oligosperma, Mx. Leersia Virginica, Willd. L. oiyzoides, Siv. Agrostis scabra, Willd. A. perennaus, TucTcm, A. vulgaris, With. A. alba, L. Muhlenbergia sylvatica, T. and G. M. Mexicana, Trin. Spartina cynosuroides, Willd. Dactylis glomerata, L. Phleum pratense, L. Festuca elatior, L. F. nutans, Willd. Poa alsodfts, Gr. P. serotiua, Ehrh. P. pratensis, L. Glyceria acutiflora, Torr. Or.' fluitans, R. Br. G. Canadensis. Tnn. G. pallida, Trin. G. nervata, Trin. Eatonia obtusata, Gr. E. Pennsylvanica, Gr. Panicum agrostoides, Sjyreng. P. depauperatum, Muhl. P. dichotomum, L. P. Crus-galli, L. Phalaris arundinacea, L. Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. Elymus Virginicus, L. Elymus Canadensis, L. Triticum violaceum, Hornem. T. repens, L. Setaria viridis, Beauv. Phegopteris polypodioides, Fee. P. hexagonoptera, Fee. Aspidium Noveboracense, Sw. A. aculeatura, Sic. Pteris aquilina, L. Equisetum sylvaticum, L. E. limosum. L. Bartramia oVIarchica, Brid. Coprinus micaceus, Fr. Stereum rugosum, Fr. S. sanguinolentum, Fr. Polypoi-us pubescens, Fr. P. pergamenus, Fr. P. I'eiTUginosus, Fr Hydnum alutaceum, Pers. Trcmella sarcoides, Sin. Ptychogaster all)us, Cd. Septoria Rhoidis, B. and C. S. Rubi, B. and C. Haplographiuni apiculatum, Pk. Ramularia obovata, Fckl. Trichoderma viride, Pers. Spha?rotheca Castagnei, Lev. Erysiphe ]ami)rocarpa. Lev. Stictis versicolor, Fr. Xylaria digitata, Grev. Hypoxylon multiforme, Fr. Eutypa spiuosa, Tul. Sphajria Coryli, Batsch. S. callista, B. and i?. Species neic to the Herharium. Triosteum angustifolium, L. Carum Carui, L. Coreopsis discoidea, T. and G. Lamium maculatum, L. Potamogetou rufescens, Schrad. Eleocharis quadrangulata, Br. Carex adusta, Boott. C. glaucodea, Tuchn. C. SuUivantii, Boott. Polypogon Monspeliensis, Desf. Zea Mays, L. Nitella opaca, Ag. N. intermedia, Kordst. Agaricus spectabilis, Fr. A. ornellus, Pk. Hygrophorils limacinus, Fr. Polyporus hypococcinus. Berk. P. undosus, Pk. P. semipileatus, Pk. Irpex viticola, C. and P. Grandinia crustosa, Fr. Ptemla densissima, B. and C. Tremella epigfea, B. and Br. T. subochracea, Pk. Hymenula vulgaris, Fr. Geaster mammosus, Chev. Arcyria macrospora, Pk. Cribraria dictydioides, C. and B. Hendersonia Cydonise, C. and E. Phyllosticta Grossulariae, Sacc. P. Nessese, Pk. Septoria Galeopsidis, West. S. Hvdrocotvles, Besm. S. viola;, . ^Yest. S. Cucurbitacearum, Sacc. S. coi-ylina, Pk. S. betulicola, Pk. S. microsperma, Pk. S. Pileffi, Tlium. Septogloeum Apocyni, Pk. Vermicularia circinans, Bei-Jc. Morthiera Thumenii, Cke. Pestalozzia Stevensonii, Pk. Puccinia Thalictri, Chev. us Thirty-fifth Report ox the State Museum. Puccinia Cirsii, Lasch. P. simplex, Pk. Protomyces poljsporus, Pk. j5]ciclium pedatatum, Schw. Helicomyces mirabilis, Pk. Septocylindrium Ranunculi, Pk. Ramularia Spirsete, Pk. R. rufomaculans, Pk. R. samljucina, Pk. R. Impatientis, Pk. R. Rudbeckii, Pk. Cercosporella reticulata, Pk. Cerccspora depazeoides, Sacc. C. beticola, Sacc. C. Violae, Sacc. C. Boehmeriae, Pk. C. Acalypbge, Pk. C. graphioides, Ell. C. clavata, Ger. YerticiUium candidum, Pk. Diplocladium minus, Bon. Fusisporium tenuissimum, Pk. Aspergillus pbaeocephalus, B. and M. A. clavellus, Pk Monilia Harknessii, Pk. Ellisiella caudata, Sacc. Sporocybe nigriceps, Pk. Periconia sphserophila, Pk. Grapbium gracile, Pk. Macrosporium concinnum, Berk. Helmintbosporium Tilise, Fr. H. septemseptatum.PA. H. inconspicuum, C'.rt?J(Z^. H. arbusculoides, Pk. Zygodesmus bicolor, C. and E. Rhinotrichum subalutaceum, Pk. Zasmidium cellare, Pers. Peziza hydrophila, Pk. P. atrata, Fr. P. fusarioides, Berk. P. aurelia, Pers. P. balsamicola, Pk. Meliola balsamicola, Pk. Hy])oxylou marginatum, Schw. Diatrype punctulata, B. and R. Diatrypella angulata, Fr. Valsa myinda, C. and E. Dotliidea melanoplaca, Desm. Lophiostoma angustilabrum, B. and Br. Sj^boerella Leersia?, Pa«s. (20 PLA.NTS COLLECTED. Not neiD to the Herbarium. Ranunculus abortivus, L. ■ Brassica arvensis, L. Viola Selkirkii, Piirsh. Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. Trifolium repeus, L. Rubus triflorus, Richardson. Tiarella cordifolia, L. Heracleum lanatum, Mx. Tanacetum vulgare, L. Vaccinium corymbosum, L. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Scutellaria galericulata, L. Marrubium vulgare, L. Polygonum orientale, L. Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. F. sambucifola, Lam. Quercus alba, L. Q. coccinea, Wang. Q. tinctoria, Bart. Q. rubra, L. Carya amara, Nutt. Potamogeton gramineus, L. P. pusillus, L. P. pectinatus, L. Polygonatum giganteum. Diet. Uvularia sessilifolia, L. Carex vulpinoidca, M.v. C. ceplialophora, MuTil. C. Muhlenbergii, Schk. C. lagopodioides, 6'cM-. C. cristata, Scluc. C. mirabilis, Dew. C. adusta, Boott. C. stricta, iMin. C. granularis, Muhl. C. gracillima, Schic. C. virescens, 31uhl. C. plantaginea. Lam. C. laxitlora, Lam. C. Emmonsii, Deio. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Zizania aquatica, L. Stipa avenacea, L. Bromus racemosus, L. Poa trivialis, L. Aira flexuosa, L. Osmunda cinnamomea, L. Aspidium Boottii, Tuchm. Keport of the State Eotaxist. 129 New to the Herfiarhim. Agaricus alluviiuus, Pk. A. rubrotinctus, Ph. A. albus, Schceff. A. stellatus, Fv. A. pascuus, Fers. A. sinuatus, Fr. A. fastibilis, Fr.. A. alnicola, Fr. A. sulcatipes, Pic. A. hgerens, Pk. A. tiliophilus, Pk. A. uitidipes, Pk. A. epimyces, Pk. Hygropborus luligineus, Frost. H. flavodiscus, Frost. Russula heterophylla, Fr. Marasmius saliguus, Pk. Polyporus immitis, Pk. P. fraxiuophilus, Pk. Irpex crassus, ^. and C. I. mollis, i?. and C. Corticium effuscatum, G. and E. Thelephora rosella, Pk. Clavaria pinophila, Pk. Cyphella laeta, Fr. Phoma cucurbitale, B. and C. Spliseropsis Carvfe, C and E. Discella hysteriella, Pk. D. albomaculans, Pk. Gloeosporium fraxinea, Pk. Septoria cannabiua, Pk. S. Sicyi, Pk. S. Calystegise, Sace. S. Cirsii, JViessl. Septoria musiva, Pk. Phyllosticta Crataegi, Pk. P. variabilis, Pk. Protomyces macrosporus, Ung. rstilago pallida, Schrcet. Acalyptospora Populi, Pk. Macrosporiuui transvcrsum, Pk. Alternaria tenuis, uVees. EUisiella caudata, Sacc. Botrytis ceratioides, Pk. Dactylium dendroides. Fr. Verticillium Lactarii, Pk. Cercospora Tiliae, Pk. C. Lepidii, Pk. C. Daturae, Pk. C. longispora, Pk. C. varia, Pk. Ramularia Ranunculi, Pk. R. Vaccinii, Pk. R. Hamamelidis, Pk. R. aquatilis, Pk. Asterophora Pezizge, Cd. Peziza IgetirHljia, Che. P. singularia, Pk. Tympanis Xemopanthis, Pk. Cenaugium betulinum, Pk. Triblidium clavsesporura, Pk. Ascomyces deformans, Berk. Gymnascella aurantiaca, Pk. Valsa tomentella, Pk. Sphseria jietiolophila, Pk. Sphserella fraxinea, Pk. Venturia curviseta, Pk. (3.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. Potamogton crispus, L. Geranium maculatum, L. yfrs. S. M. Rust, Sf/racii-ic, N. T. Smilax hispida, Mxihl. Mary E. Banning, Baltimore, Md. Lizzie G. Bai'nett, Cannonshurg, Pa. Pachyma Cocos, Fr. Secotium Warnei, Pk. Eloise Buthr, Minneapolis, Minn. Secotium Warnei, Pk. W. R. Gerard, New York, N. Y. yEcidium Rusbyi, Ger. Polyporus arcularius, Fr. J. B. Ellis, Newfield, N. J. Corticium effuscatum, C. and E. Pucciuia Mikanise, Speg. Rostafinskia australis, Speg. Graphium verticillatum, Speg. Lycoperdon constellatum, Fr. [Sen. Doc. No. 38.] 17 130 Thirty-fifth Report ox the State Museum. G. J. Sprague, Boston, Mass. Lecidea vescicularis Hoffm. Biatora globif era, J.cA. ^: H. Wright, M. D., Penn Tan, N. Y. ^cidium Asperifolii, Fers. M. Falcarii, B. C. Pucciuia corouata, Gd. Erysiphe Moataguei, Lee. Polythrincium Trifolii, Cd. Peronospora Schachtii, Fckl. E. C. Howe, 31. B., Tonlers, N. Y. Eragrostis pilosa, Beam. Carex Muhleubergii v. euervis, Boott. E. Purshii, Schrad. 31. F. Iferchant, M. D., 3foravia, A^. Y. Mitchella repeus, L. H. W. Barnum, Valley Falls, N. Y. Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb. Prof. C. E. Bessey, Ames, Iowa. Secotiuin Warnei, Ph. C. W. Irish, loica City, Iowa. Polyporiis fraxinopliilus, Pk. Trametes Peckii, Kalchh. I. Cotcles, Flushing, iV. Y. Opuutia Rafinesquii, Engelm. J. L. Bennett, Providence, R. I. Carex cristata Schir. C. aurea, Nutt. C. miliaris, 3Ix. C. microdonta, Torr. C. pauicea, L. C. vividula, 3Ix. C. festiva. De^v. C. sycnocephala, Carey. C. athrostachya, Olney. C. scoparia, Sclik. C. lagopodioides, Schk. C. festucacea, Sclilc. C. straminea, SchTc. C. Haleana, Olney. C. alata, Torr. C. Bonplandii, Kunih. C. torta, Boott. C. crinita, Lam. C. pallesceus, L. C. flaccosperma, Dew. C. grisea, WaM. C. virescens, 3Iuhl. C. gynocrates, IForms^. C. capitata, L. C. nigricans, 3Iey. C. pauciflora, Lightf. C. filifoha, Nutt. C. polytrichoides, 3Iuhl. C. Muhlenbergii, Schk. Carex conjuncta, Boott. C. alopecoidea, Tuclcm. C. rosea, Schk. C. stipata, 3Iuhl. C. sparganioides, MuM. C. cephaloidea, Boott. C. cephalophora, Muhl. C. bicostata. Olney. C. vulpinoidea, 3Ix. C. Kunzei, Olney. C. 'Gayana, Desu. C. teretiuscula, C. prairea, Dew. C. siccata. Dew. C. disticha, Uuds. C. brouioides, Schk. C. stenophylla, Wahl. C. Douglassii, Boott. C. chordorhiza, Ehrh. C. tenella, Schk. C. canescens. L. C. vitilis. Fr. C. tenuiflora, Wahl. C. trisperma, Deio. C. Deweyana, Schw. C. albolutescens, Schw. C. maritima, Mull. C. aquatilis, Wahl. 0. lenticularis, Mx, Report of the State Botanist. 131 Carex aperta, Boott. C. rigida, Good. C. limosa, L. C. Buxbaumii, WaH. C. Steudellii. Eitnth. C. atrata, L. C. nis^ia. Alii. C. Wllldenovii, Schh. C. Backii, Boott. C. G-eyeri, Boott. C. longirostris. Toi-r C. amplifolia, Boott. C. Fraseriana, Sims. C. retroflexa, Muhl. C. stellulata, (rOOfZ. C. Davisii, ,6?. c6 T. C. gracillima, Seine. C. triceps, J/a;. C. plantaginea, i«m. C Careyana, Torr. C. platyphylla, Carey. C. retrocurva, Z>ew. C. laxiflora, Lain. C. eburnea, Boott. C. umbellata, >iSc//Z;. C. Emmonsii, Deic. C. nigromarginata, Schic. C. Penusylvauica, iam. C. varia, J/?/^? C. Richards onii, i?. 5r. C. pubescens, Muhl. Carex miliacea, Muhl. C. arctata, 3Tx. c. debilis, 3Ix. c. filiform is, L. c. striata, Mx. c. trichocarpa, MuTil. c. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. c. hystriciua, Willd. c. intumescens, Budge, c. Grayii, Carey. c. lupulina, Muhl. c. subulata, Mx. c. squarrosa, L. c. retrorsa, Schw. c. Scliweiuitzii, Dew. c. utriculata, Boott. c. monile, Tuchm. c. pulla. Mx. c. Whitneyi, Olney . c. Tuckermani, Boott. c. Olneyi, Boott. c. Raynoldii, Dew. c. podocarpa, R. Br. c. foetid a, All. c. Rossii, Boott. c. Halleriana, Asso. c. Cherokeensis, Schvo. c. debilis. Mx. c. oxylepis, Torr. c. Boottiana, Benth. (4.) SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Erageostis Purshii, Schrad. Waste places about Yonkers. E. C. Hoioe. Agaricus metul^i:sporus, B. and Br. Woods. Adirondack mountains. August and September. Agaricus alluviixus, Ph. Alluvial soil, among weeds. Albany. July. Agaricus rubrotixctus, Pk. Thm woods and open places. July — September. For the description of this and the two species next preceding, see the synopsis of the subgenus Lepiota in the closing pages of this report. Agaricus albus, Sclmff. Woods. East Berne, Albany county. August. Agaricus stellatus, Fr. Decaying prostrate trunks of trees in woods. East Berne, August. 132 Thirty-fifth Report on the State Museum. Agaricus pascuus, Pers. Woods. East Berne. August. Sometimes the freshly broken plant has a slight odor of meal. Agaricus sinuatus, Fr. Woods. East Berne. August. Agaricus fastibilis, Fr. Thin woods. Albany. October. The plant here noticed is a white variety, approaching var. alba, but with a short stem. The spores are almost ochraceous. The drops of moisture on the lamellffi at length dry up and leave brownish stains or granules resembling those on the stem and tubes of Boletus granulatus. Agaricus alnicola, Fr. In low swampy woods about the base of alders. Sandlake, October. Agaricus (Galera) sulcatipes, n. sp. . Pileus thin, ovate, then conical or subcampanulate, hygroph- anous, chestnut-colored and generally striatulate on the margin when moist, becoming paler when dry ; lamellae ascending, sub- distant, adnate, whitish, becoming ferruginous-cinnamon , stem slender, straight or flexuous, equal, hollow, rather tenacious, striate-sulcate, silky, floccose-pruinose toward the base, white, often tinged with blue or green at the base ; spores elliptical, fer- ruginous-cinnamon, '00025' — 0003' long, -00016' broad. Plant gregarious, 1-5' — 3'high, pileus 5" — 8'' broad, stem 1" thick . Woods. East Berne. August. The plants were found growing on a bed of buckwheat bran. The stem is white and almost shining ; striate and silky above, and pulverulent or floccose-pruinose at the base, where it generally assumes a greenish-blue color if handled when moist. When dry the stem is distinctly furrowed. The pileus fades in drying to subochraceous or subalutaceous. The lamellae are sometimes white on the edge. Agaricus (Crepidotus) h^erens, n. sp. Pileus convex, sessile, cuneiform or dimidiate, glabrous, hy- grophanous, viscid and striatulate on the margin when moist, white or whitish when dry ; lamellfe moderately close, narrow, tapering toward each end, subcinereous, then brownish ; spores elliptical, pale-ferruginous, -0003' long, -0002' broad. Pileus 4" — 12'' long and broad. Decaying wood. Albany. September. Report of the State Botaxist. 133 The elliptical spores and viscid pilous are distinguishing char- acters in this species. The pileus is often stained by the spores and it then has a sordid or squalid appearance. When not so stained it is very white if dry, watery-white if moist. The margin is very thin. The lamellas are dingy, when young, and they become darker with age. The stem is wanting or merelv rudimentary. The pileus is attached by white filaments. Agaricus (Crepidotus) tiliophilus, n. sp. Pileus rather thin, convex, minutely pulverulent or subglabrous, hygrophanous, watery-brown and striatulale on the margin when moist, dingy buff-color when dry ; lamellge rather broad, subdistant, rounded behind, adnesed, colored like the pileus, be- coming ferruginous-cinnamon; stem very short, often curved, solid, eccentric, whitish, pruinose, with a white pubescence at the base ; spores ovate or subelliptical, brownish-ferruginous, '0002' — •00025' long, -00016' — 00018' broad. Pileus 6" — 12" broad, stem 2" — 4" long, 1" thick. Dead trunks and branches of basswood, Tilia Americana. East Berne. Aus^ust. Sometimes the plants are so closely crowded that they appear csespitose . Agaricus (Hypholoma) nitidipes, n. sp. Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, glabrous or obscurely fibrillose, whitish or yellowish ; lamellas close, adnexed, whHish or subcin- ereous, becoming rosy-brown, generally white on the edge ; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, solid, silky, shining, whitish; spores ovate, rosy-brown, -0002' — 00025' long, '00016' — •00018' broad. Plant 2' — 4 high, pileus 2' — 3' broad, stem 3' — 4 ' thick. Damp, shaded ground. Albany. September. Externally this species resembles A. prcecox, from which its solid stem and smaller spores at once distinguish it. Agaricus (Panjeolus) epimtces, «. sp. Pileus fleshy, at first subglobose, then convex, white, silky- fibrillose, flesh soft, white or whitish ; lamellae rather broad, some- what close, rounded behind, adnexed, dingy-white, becoming brown or blackish, with a white edge; stem short, stout, tapering upwards, strongly striate and minutely mealy or pruinose, solid in the young plant, hollow in the mature plant, but with the cavity small, hairy or substrigose at the base ; spores elliptical, black, .0003' — 00035' long, .0002' — 00025' broad. Plant 1' — 1-5' high, pileus 8" — 12" broad, stem 3" — 4* thick. Parasitic on fungi. 'North Greenbush. November. 134 Thiety-fifth Eeport o^^ the State Museum. This singular species is referred to the subgenus Panseolus be- cause of its black spores. Its thick, fleshy stem and pileus do noc well accord with the character of these parts in the other species of this subgenus, and, notwithstanding the color of the spores, it may seem best to some to refer the species to the sub- genus Hypholoma. A. Loveicmus, A. alumnus, A. cirrhatus, A. tuberosus, A. racemosus and A. pilijjes are other species of Agarics which are parasitic on putrid fungi. The species of Nyctalis also have a similar habitat. Hygrophorus fuligineus, Frost MS. Pileus convex or plane, smooth, glutinous, fuscous or smoky- brown, the disk usually darker or almost black, the margin some- times wavy or irregular, and in old specimens often reflexed, flesh white; lamella? moderately broad, adnate or decurrent, subdis- tant, white, the interspaces often veiny ; stem variable, long or short, equal or ventricose, sometimes attenuated at the base, solid, glutinous, white, sometimes slightly stained with smoky-brown ; spores elliptical, -0003' — 00035' long, -0002' broad. Plant 2'— 4' high, pileus 1'— 4' broad, stem 4"— 10" thick. Pine woods. West Albany. November. The abundant gluten which covers the pileus gives it when dry a shining appearance, as if varnished. There is a short space at the top of the stem which is free from gluten, slightly silky and very white. The plant grows either singly or in tufts of three or four individuals. Hygrophorus flavodiscus. Frost MS. Pileus convex or plane, smooth, glutinous, white, with a pale- yellow or reddish-yellow disk, flesh white; lamellae adnate or de- current, subdistant, white, sometimes with a slight flesh-colored tint, the interspaces sometimes veiny; stem subequal, solid, glu- tinous, white, sometimes slightly stained with yellow ; spores el- liptical, -00025' — 0003' long, -00016' broad. Plant 2'— 3' high, pileus 1'— 3' broad, stem 2"— 8' thick. Pine woods. West Albany. November. The late Mr. C. C. Frost sent me manuscript descriptions of a few species of fungi which he had found in Vermont and regarded as new species. Among them are descriptions of the two species of Hygrophorus now found for the first time withm our lirftits. I have adopted the names given by Mr. Frost, but have remodeled his descriptions and extended them so as to include the character and dimensions of the spores. Both species were found growing together, and but for the marked difi'erence in the coloration of the pileus both might readily be taken for forms of one species. Keport ctf the State Botanist. 135 This, like the preceding one, has a short white space at the top of the stem, free from the viscidity that exists elsewhere. It re- sembles in many respects Hijgrophorus speciosus, which has the pileus red, fading to yellow with advancing age. Perhaps the three may yet prove to be forms of one very variable species, for the most conspicuous differences between them consist in the colors of the pileus. The constancy with which the three styles of coloration has thus far been maintained indicates a specific difference, but color alone is not generally regarded as having any specific value. KUSSULA HETEKOPHYLLA, Fr. Woods. East Berne. August. MARASillUS SALIGNUS, %. Sp. Pileus submembranous, convex or plane, without striae, dry, glabrous or subpruinose, whitish ; lamellas rather narrow, adnate, subdistant, whitish, sometimes united behind in pairs, occa- sionally branched ; stem short, slender, stuffed, reddish-brown slightly mealy or pruinose, inserted ; spores ovate or subelliptical, pointed at one end, .00025' — 00032' long, 00016' broad.. Plant 6" — 10" high, pileus 2" — 5' broad, stem scarcely half a line thick. Bark of living willow trees. Bethlehem. September. This species is closely related to M. ramealis, hnt in that species the pileus, according to the description, is rufescent either wholly or on the disk, and the stem is white ; in our species the pileus is white or whitish and the stem is reddish-brown. Only in young specimens is the stem white and then only at the apex. Some- times there is a slight depression or umbilicus in the center of the pileus. PoLYPORus (Merisma) immitis, n. sp. Pilei csespitose-imbricated, broad, slightly convex or flattened, more or less rough or uneven, radiate-rugose, tuberculose or fibrous- hispid, zoneless, white, becoming tinged with yellow or alutaceous in drying, flesh white, slightly fibrous, soft and moist when fresh, cheesy when dry, with a subacid odor; pores minute angular or even subflexuous, about equal in length to the thickness of the pileus, the dissepiments thin, white, often at length dentate or lacerate^ on the edge; spores minute, white, elliptical, -00012 — •00016'" long, .00007' — 00008' broad. Pilei 2' — -I' broad, the flesh commonly 3" — -4" thick. Decaying ash trunks. East Berne. August. The species is apparently related to P. ccesareus, but the char- acter of the pores is quite different in the two species. 136 Thirty-fifth Report on the State Museum. PoLTPORUS (Placodermei) fraxinophilus, Pk. Pileus sessile, thick, corky, subtriquetrous, narrow, somewhat decurrent behind, the lirst year whitish, with a minute whitish tomentum or hairiness, then gray, finally blackish, in old specimens concentrically sulcate, rimose, the substance within obscurely zoned, at first whitish, then isabelline or pale-tawny, the margin obtuse ; pores stratose, plane or subconvex, small, nearly equal, subrotund, the dissepiments obtuse, entire, whitish ; spores white, broadly elliptical, -0003 — 00035' long, -00025' — 0003' broad. Pileus 2' — 4' long, 1' — 1-5' broad. Trunks and branches of dead or languishing ash trees. Coey- mans, Albany county. May and September. The species belongs to the tribe Fomentarii, and is related by its whitish pores and surface to P, connatus, but its colored sub- stance and larger pores will easily distinguish it from that species. Irpbx crassus, B. and C. Oak stumps, North Greenbush. October. Irpex mollis, B. and C. Decaying wood. Helderberg mountains. October. The teeth in this species are sometimes compressed in such a manner that they appear like radiating lamellse broken up into narrow segments. They have a coarse stout appearance even when most of them are subulate. The pileus is whitish and moist when fresh. A resupinate form occurs, both of this species and of /. ladeus. Corticium effuscatum, O. and E. Dead branches. East Berne. August. Thelephora rosella, n. sp. Very small, tufted, rosette-like, variously laciniate, dentate or subfirabriate on the margins, whitish or subincarnate, developing from a blackish tubercle ; spores minute, narrowly elliptical or sublanceolate, -0002' — 00025' long, scarcely half as wide. Dead branches of alder, ^/?ms tVzcawa. Sandlake. July. This is a very singular species, and may prove to be an imper- fect condition of some fungus quite unlike this one. Clavaria pinophila, n. sp. Stems short, more or less tufted, much branched ; branches crowded, often compressed above and subdigitately divided, pale- ochraceous, ultimate ramuli rather long, subulate, white ; spores oblong or sublanceolate, -0004' — 0005' long, • 00016' broad. Thin woods under pine trees. East Berne. August. The tufts are about one inch high. The spores appear white when caught on brown paper. Report of the State Botanist. 137 CyPHELLA LiETA, Fr. Dead stems of herbs lying on the ground. East Berne. August. The beautiful sulphur color is lost in drying. Phoma cucurbitale, B. and C. Old squashes. Sandlake. July. Sph^ropsis Cary^, C. and E. Dead bark of hickory trees, Carya alba. West Troy. May. Tlie perithecia do not always grow in lines, but are frequently arranged in au irregular manner. DiSCELLA HYSTERIELLA, 11. Sp . Perithecia hysteriiform, nestling in the fibres of the wood, open- ing by a longitudinal chink or a wide elliptical aperture, black ; spores numerous, oblong, obtuse at each end, colorless, obscurely uniseptate, -0003' — 0004' long, -00012' — 00015' broad. Decorticated wood. Xorth Greeubush. xA.utumn and Spring. DiSCELLA ALBOMACULANS, 71. Sp. Perithecia punctiform, hemispherical, prominent, gregarious on an indefinite whitish spot, black, opening by a simple irregular or triradiate aperture ; spores abundant, oblong, colorless, ob- scurely uniseptate, -0004' — 0005' long, -00013' broad. Dead twigs of grape-vines. Helderberg mountains. May. Related to, but distinct from, the preceding by its perithecia, narrower and longer spores and by its forming a whitish spot on the matrix. Gl(eo3porium fraxixea, 71. sp. Spots numerous, small, pale-red with a darker or purplish-red border and usually with a minute whitish center, nuclei few ; , spores oblong-elliptical, colorless, -0002'^ -00025' long, -00016' broad, sometimes with a minute nucleus at each end. hiying \ea,ves of ash, Fraxmus puhesce?is. Albany. June. SePTORIA CA]SrNABI]SrA, 71. sp. Spots suborWcular, small, unequal, cinereous, often with a red- dish-brown border ; perithecia minute, numerous, epiphyllous, central on the spot, blackish ; spores filiform, colorless, curved, .0008' — 0012' long. Living leaves of hemp, CannaUs sativa. Cold Spring. June* Septoria Sicyi, n. sp. Spots small, suborbicular, scattered or rarely subconfluent, whitish or cinereous, arid ; perithecia few, epiphyllous, blackish ; spores filiform, straight or curved, colorless, -0016 — 0024' long. Living leaves of Sicyos angulatus. Albany. June. Septoria Calystegi.^, Sacc. Living leaves of Calystegia Seinum. Albany. June. [Sen. Doc. N'o. 38.] 18 138 Thirty-fifth Report ox the State Museum. Septoria Cirsii, Niessl. Living leaves of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense. West Albany. June. Septoria .musiva, n. s^j. Spots small, numerous, angular, brown, usually obscurely motck^d by minute angular patches of paler color ; perithecia few, epiphyllous, depressed, black or blackish; spores cylindrical, slightly curved, colorless, sometimes obscurely triseptate, -0012' — 0018' long. Living leaves of Cottonwood, Populus monilifera. Albany. July. This species differs from *S'. Populi, Desm., in the character of the spots which are variegated like mosaic work, and in the septa- tion of the spores. Phtllosticta Crat^gi, n. S2). Spots small, angular or irregular, sometimes confluent, red ; perithecia one to five on a spot, epiphyllous, minute, black; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, colorless, -0003' long, -00025' broad . Living leaves of thorn bushes, CratcBfjus tomeniosa. Albany. July. Phyllosticta variabilis, n. sp. Spots small or large, suborbicular or irregular, brown or reddish- brown, the center at length dotted with whitish arid areas or be- coming entirely and, finally falling away; perithecia minute, epiphyllous, black; spores oblong-elliptical, colorless, -0002' — • 0003' long, .0001' — 00012' broad. Living leaves of purple-flowered raspberry, Ruhiis odoratus. Albany. September. Protomyces macrosporus, Ung. Living leaves and stems of the great ragweed, Ambrosia trifida. Albany. June. When this fungus attacks the stems it forms prominent swell- ings which are generally about half an inch long and nearly as broad and of a pale-green color. The spores are globose or sub- globose and vary considerably in size, ranging from '0014:' — 0024' in diameter. They are imbedded in the tissues of the swellings. TJstilago pallida, Sclircst. Flowers of wild buckwheat, Polygonum cilinode. Three species of smut occur on our knot-weeds. Ustilago iitriculosa is common on Polggonum Pennsylvaniciim, U. Can- dollei is found on P. sagiUahan and U. pallida on P. cilinode. Catskill mountains and Grafton, Rensselaer county. Keport of the State Botanist. 139 acalyptospora popcli, h. sp. Spots irregular or suborbicular, reddish-brown, definite; spores epiphyllous, oblong-ovate or subfusiform, scarcely pedicellate, colored, one to two-septate, -0008'— -0009' long, .0003'— -00033' broad. Living leaves of the great-toothed poplar, Fojndus grandiden- tata. Center. July. The fungus was found on the leaves of young trees. The affected tissues soon break up and fall out. The spores appear to form gummy patches or reticulations slightly darker than the general color of the spot. Macrosporium traxsversum, n. sj). Spots pale, at first greenish-yellow, then whitish and arid, some- times with a reddish-brown border, forming transverse bands on the leaf ; flocci tufted, subflexuous, septate, colored, '0016' — 0025 long, -00016' — 0002' broad; spores apical, oblong-ovate or oblong-clavate, either obtuse at both ends or acuminate or sub- rostnite at one end, three to five-septate, with here and there a longitudinal septum, colored, -001' — 002' long. Living leaves of Carex strida. West Albany. May. The discolored spots are often sterile. Frequently the leaves are narrowed at the affected spots by the contraction of the tissues and are thereby weakened and abruptly bent. Alterxaria tenuis, Xees . Inner surface of old pods of silkweed, Asdepias Cornuti. North Greenbush. November . In some specimens the rostrum of the spores is not dilated at the apex as figured by Corda, but as the two forms grow inter- mingled in the same patch they are evidently all one species. The spots, as I find them, are generally thinly effused and indefinite, not definite as figured in ''Fungi lialici." Ellisiella caudata, Sacc. Dead leaves of broom-grass, Andropogoji scoparius. Center. May. This ge; us appears to me to be founded on very slight characters. It scarcely differs from Colletotrichum, except in having the spores longer pointed. Botrytis ceratioides, n. sp. Flocci white, flaccid, suberect, obscurely septate, simple or sparingly branched, obtuse and sometimes bilobed at the apex, the upper part densely pulverulent with spores; spores globose, smooth, subochraceous or isabelline, -00025 —• 0003' in diameter. Decaying wood of hemlock, Alies Canadensis. Albany. June. 140 Thirty-fifth Report oif the State Museum. This fungus forms more or less extensive patches over the sur- face of the wood. The upper part of the flocci being covered with spores, the general aspect is somewhat similar to that of some species of Ceratium, e. g., C. liydnoides. The spores are so abun- dant that they hide the flocci and at first sight the whole fungus appears to be pale ochraceous. The smooth spores and white tiocci separate this species from B. cariiea, Schum. Dactylium dendroides, Fr. Decaying wood and fungi. East Berne. August. VerticilUum agaricinum, Bon., is closely related if not, indeed, the same species. Verticillium Lactarii, n. sp . Flocci branched, white; branches either simple, opposite or verticillate, the ultimate ramuli tapering to the apex; spores apical, obovate or oblong-elliptical, smooth, colorless, -0000' — • 0012' long, -0004' — 0005' broad, usually with a slight point or apiculus at the base. Putrescent Lactarii, especially L. suhdulcis. Center and East Berne. June — August. Cercospora Tili.^5, Pk. Living leaves of basswood, Tilia AmericaJia. Sandlake. July. Cercospora Lepidii, n. sp. Spots small, orbicular, grayish-brown or subcinereous, usually marked with faint concentric lines; flocci amphigeuous, about • 0016' long, single or two to three in a cluster, pallid ; spores very long, tapering upwards, slightly constricted at the septa, eight to nine-septate, -005' — 007' long, -0007' — 0008' broad in the widest part, greenish . Living leaves of the field pepper-grass, Lepidmm campesfre. New Baltimore, Greene county. May. This is a very singular species. The fungus occurs on both sides of the leaf, but is more abundant on the upper surface. The flocci are short and thick and occasionally branched. The septa occur in the broad part of the spore, the upper part being much narrowed . Occasionally a cell is divided by a longitudinal septum. Cercospora Datur^e, w. sp. Spots suborbicular or irregular, varying in color from cinereous to reddish-brown, sometimes marked by irregular or flexuous elevated lines; flocci amphigeuous, scarcely tufted, about equal to the spores in length ; spores rather large, narrowed upwards, greenish, four to six-septate, -002' — 003' long, about -0005' broad m the widest part. Eeport of the State Botajstist. 141 Living leaves of stramonium, Datura Stramonium. Cold Spring, Putnam county. June. CeRCOSPORA LONGISPORA, n. sp . Spots suborbicular, sometimes confluent and irregular, grayish- brown, the margin slightly darker; flocci amphigenous, sometimes epiphyllous only, tufted, -0008' — '0016' long, colored; spores very long, variously curved or llexuous, colorless, simple or ob- scurely septate, sometimes forked, -0024' — 0056' long, about • 00016' broad. Living leaves of lupine, Zw;?mwsjt)ere«wis. Center. July. The species is apparently very distinct from C. Lupini, Cke., and is well marked by its densely tufted black flocci and its very long hyaline spores. Oercospora vabia, n. sp. Spots suborbicular, sometimes large and irregular, reddish- brown, with a darker margin, reddish-gray beneath ; flocci few, hypophyllous, tufted, short, slightly colored ; spores subcylindri- cal, one to five septate, sometimes multinucleate, -0016' — 003' long. Living leaves of maple-leaved Viburnum. East Berne. August. A form of this species occurs on Viburnum Lentago, in which the spots are brown and the flocci are shorter. Ramularia Ranunculi, n. sp. Spots suborbicular, scattered,brown ; flocci hypophyllous, tufted, colorless, subflexuous ; spores oblong, sometimes narrowed toward one end, simple or uniseptate, occasionally catenulate, colorless, .00065' — 0016' long, -0003' — 0005' broad. Living leaves of hooked crowfoot. Ranunculus recurvatus. "West Albany. June. Ramularia Vaccinii, n. sp. Spots few or many, orbicular, rarely confluent, whitish or yel- lowish-green, becoming brown when old; flocci short, nearly colorless, so^ietinies creeping, hypophyllous, rarely amphigenous, spores very abundant, forming a continuous stratum, often catenu- late, very variable, elliptical, ovate, oblong or cylindrical, colorless, .0003' — 0012' long, -00016' — 0002' broad. Livi-ng leaves of blueberry, Vaccinium corymlosum and Vac- cinium PennsylvaJiicum. Center. July. This species is remarkable both for the abundance and the vari- ability of its spores. Ramularia Hamamelidis, 7i. sp. 142 Thirty-fifth Report ox the State Museum. Spots small, angular, reddish-brown, a little paler on the lower surface; flocci hypophyllous, tufted, short, slightly colored; spores fusiform or oblong-cylindrical, colorless, -0005 — 0014' long. Living leaves of witch-hazel, Hamamelis Virginica. Sand- lake. July. Though the spots are distinct enough, the fungus is so minute that it is scarcely visible to the naked eye. Ramularia aquatilis, n. sp. Spots small, pale; flocci epiphyllous, tufted, very slender, short, flexuous, white, -0003' — 0006' long; spores subfiliform, nar- rowed toward one end, sometimes three to four-nucleate, color- less, -0008' — 0012 long, -0001' — 00012' broad. Living leaves of pond-weed, Potamogeton lonchites. Albany. September. The tufts are numerous and very small and white. When magnified they have a stellate appearance, the spores diverging like rays from the central mass of tlocci. Asterophora PeziztE, Cd. Hymenium of Peziza hemisphenca. Center. July. This fungus covers the inner surface of the Peziza with a white stratum of slender filaments and stellately warted spores. Peziza l^tirubra, Cke. Decaying leaves lying on damp, sandy soil. Center. Septem- ber. Peziza (Mollisia) singularia, n. sp. Cups minute, waxy, sessile, flattened or convex, not distinctly margined, seated on irregular, indefinite pallid spots, dingy-gray or pale amber-brown; asci cylindrico-clavate, '002' — 003' long, • 0003' — 0004' broad; spores crowded or biseriate, colorless., ob- long, sometimes slightly narrowed toward one end, -0005 — 0006' long, -00016' — 0002' broad; paraphyses filiform, scarcely thick- ened at the apex. Under surface of living leaves of hispid crowfoot. Ranunculus hispidus. East Berne. August. This is one of the few species of Peziza that attack living plants. Sometimes the cups, or rather the receptacles, are confluent and irregular. Perhaps a form of Pseudopeziza RamincuU, Fckl. Tympanis Nemopanthis, w. sp. Receptacles minute, densely tufted, substipitate, black, at first sphaeriiform and opening by a slight irregular chink, then with the disk exposed, slightly margined, concave or plane ; asci Keport of the State Botanist. 143 cylindrical, or obloug-clavate, -003'— -0045' long, about •00032' broad ; spores filiform, variously curved, sometimes multinucleate, • 0016' — 003' long. Dead stems aud branches of mountain holly, Nemopantlies Canadensis. Grafton, Rensselaer county. July. The tufts are erumpeut and quite prominent. They vary much in size, but are generally one to two lines broad. The receptacles are so closely crowded that the disk is often angular from mutual pressure. The species is similar in its appearance to Tympanis alnea. Oenangium betulinum, Ql. sp. Keceptacles Cca?spitose or subseriate, crumpent through short transverse chinks in the bark, at first spha^riiform, then open, black, tlie disk nearly plane, slightly margined, often irregular from mutual pressure, •007'— »'01-4' broad; asci oblong or sub- clavate, -OOIG' long, about -OOO-i' broad ; spores crow^ded, oblong, obtuse, slightly colored, triseptate, -0004' — 0005' long, about • OOOIC broad/ Dead bark of white birch, BetuJa populifoUa. Center. May. This species differs from C. seriatum, which also occurs on birch, in its small size, smaller tufts, which usually contain five to ten plants, and in its septate spores. TrIBLIDIUM CLAViESPORUM, 11. Sp. Receptacles, when moist, suborbicular, plane or slightly convex, margined, -03' — 04' broad, black, when dry more or less con- tracted, hysteriiform, with thick labia; asci clavate or cylindrical, •0035' — 0045' long ; spores oblong-clavate, crowded or biseriate, colored, four-septate, -0009' — 0011' long, -0003' — 0004' broad. Decorticated wood of willows, Salix nigra. Albany. July. ASCOMYCES DEFORMANS, Berk. Living leaves of peach trees. Sandlake. Gtmnascella, gen. nov. Perithecia wanting ; asci numerous, subglobose, produced upon or among slender, branching filaments. Externally this fungus has the aspect of species of Sporotrichum, but the spores are produced in asci. Gymnascella aijrantiaca, n. sp. Filaments slender, branched, intricate, colored, forming minute subconfluent bright-orange or scarlet-colored tufts; asci numerous, subglobose, produced among the filaments, '0004' — 0006' long ; spores orbicular, -00016' — 0002' broad, crowded in the ascus, colorless, generally uninucleate. 144 Thirty-fifth Report on the State Museum. Old boues in damp places. Albany. May. '['he bright red color of the tufts readily attract the attention. The spores are flattened, and Avhen viewed edgewise appear nar- rowly elliptical. The asci are produced upon short branches of the filaments and frequently form dense clusters or masses. I have seen no evidence of a perithecium, and indeed the asci are thin and somewhat fugacious, and from the crowding of the spores are with difficulty seen. I have not been able to detect with certainty more than sis spores in an ascus, though probably there are eight in some cases. By the absence of a perithecium, or receptacle, this fungus is related to Ascomyces and kindred genera, but its whole character otherwise is very differeut. In its habitat it is related to Onygena, the species of which affect animal substances, but it forms no definite head or peridium. It-also presents some analogies with other genera, but with none does it seem to agree in all respects. I am disposed, however, to regard it as belonging to the Onygenei notwithstanding the absence of a definite peridium. Valsa (Cryptospora) tomentella, n. sp. Perithecia four to eight, subcircinate, nestling in the inner bark, black, clothed below with a whitish tomentum, disk lan- ceolate, whitish or brownish, erumpent through a narrow trans- verse chink which is acute at each end, pierced by the smooth black ostiola ; asci oblong, broad, subcylindrical to fusiform, ses- sile, .002' — .003' long; spores cylindrical, crowded, colorless, more or less curved, obtuse at the ends, usually multinucleate, .002'— .0027' long, .00016'— .0002' broad. Bark of white birch, Betula 2JopuUfolia. West Albany. May. This species is related to V. cinctida, but the peculiar charac- ter of the disk and the whitish tomentum that invests the base of the perithecia afford available characters by which to separate it from that and other allied species. Sphaeria petiolgphila, n. sp. Perithecia minute, scattered, covered by the epidesmis which is pierced by the prominently papillate or short rostrate ostiola, de- pressed-globose, black; asci narrow, subcylindrical, .0016' — .0018' long ; spores narrowly fusiform, pointed at each end, colorless, biseriate, .0005' — .0006' long, about .00008' broad, sometimes con- taining three or four nucleoli. Petioles of fallen leaves of mountain maple, Acer spicatum. Helderberg mountains. May. This species belongs to the modern genus Gnomonia, section Report of the State Botanist. 145 Eugnoinonia. In S. peiiolonwi Schw., which according to Fuckel is the same as *S'. amcena Nees., the perithecia are sur- rounded by a white tubercle and the spores are shorter and half as broad as long. Sph^rella fraxinea, n. sp. Perithecia numerous, minute, .003' broad, black, either epi- phyllous or hypophyllous, generally collected in groups forming suborbicular spots ; asci oblong, often slightly narrowed above, .001-4' — .OOIG' long; spores crowded, oblong-ovate, uniseptate, colorless, .0004'— .00045' long, .00016'- .0002' broad, divided by the septum into two very unequal parts, the smaller part one- third or one-fourth the length of the larger. Fallen leaves of ash, Fraxinus Americana. Helderberg moun- tains. May. Distinct from Sjihrnric Fraxicola Schw., in the character of the spots and of the perithecia. I have not seen fertile specimens of that species. VeNTURIA CURVISETA, 11. sp. Perithecia numerous, minute, .003' — .004' in diameter, clus- tered or subgregarious, black, bearing near the apex five to eight diverging black setae, .003' — .005' long and abruptly curved near the base; asci oblong, narrowed above, often slightly curved .0016' — .002' long; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong, colorless, .00045'— .0005' long, .00016'— .0002' broad, faintly uniseptate, the upper cell broader than the lower. Callen leaves of mountain holly, Nemopanthes Canadensis. Fenter. May and June. The peculiar feature of this species is found in the curved bases of the setae. These are so strongly bent that they spread nearly horizontally and appear like stellate rays when the perithecia are viewed from above. They are few in number and often unequal in length. (5.) REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Geranium maculatum, L. A form with white flowers. Syracuse. Mrs. S. M. Rust. Cassia nictitans, L. Banks of the Hudson river. North G-reenbush. Mitchella repens, L. The form producing white berries occurs near Moravia. M. F. Merchant. [Sen. Doc. No. 38.] 19 146 Thirty-fifth Kefort on the State Museum. Plantago laxceolata, L. A singular form was found by Mrs. Eust near Syracuse. It had a compound spike, ovate in outline. The branches were short and densely crowded. It appeared as if many of the flowers had been transformed into short branches. Potamogetox amplifolius, Tuchn. This fine large species is plentiful in Warner's lake, East Berne. P. pusillus, F. pectinatus and both varieties of P. gramineus also abound there, SillLAX HISPIDA, Muhl. Flowering specimens were found in Cicero swamp, Onondaga county," by Mrs. Eust. Calopogon pclchellus, R. Br. A white-flowei'ed form. Syracuse. Mrs. M. C. Still. Juxiperus Virginiana, L. This tree is common aloug the Hudson river from Albany to West Point. It here has a peculiar aspect- The branches are very numerous and frequently diverge from the trunk at a small angle. They afford a dense spray beautifully symmetrical in out- line and having nearly the form of an elongated cone. Its beauty of figure renders it a very desirable acquisition for the adornment of parks, court-yards and ornamental grounds. It is freely at- tacked by three species of fungus, one of which produces oblong or spindle-shaped swellings in the branches and which probably has something to do in determining the peculiar aspect of these trees. The other two produce the subglobose galls which are commonly known as ''Cedar apples." These fungi do not ap- pear to destroy the life of the tree, though they cling to it year after year as a parasite. Bromus tectorum, L. This beautiful introduced grass has become common all along the Hudson Eiver railroad between Albany and Cold Spring and probably still farther south. Eailroads are very effective agents in the dissemination and distribution of many plants. CORTINARIUS lODES, B. cC* C. The pileus in this species is sometimes spotted with white. The bulbous white stem is adorned with lilac-colored fibrils. Lenzites sepia ri a, Fr. This species usually inhabits wood of coniferous trees, but it sometimes occurs on other wood. It was found near Albanv in company with Lenzitcs vialis on a prostrate trunk of the Report of the State Botanist. 147 necklace poplar or cottonwood, Fopuhis monilifera. It has occurred also on willow, Salix discolor. Stereum rugosum, Fr. "Well-developed specimens occurred near East Berne. The mar- gin was narrowly reliexed, blackish and zonate. A cupulate form was also fouud. 2s EW York Carices. Since the publication of the New York State Flora, several changes in the nomenclature of the genus Carex have been made. A revised list of the New York Carices is here given, the names in the left-hand column being those adopted by Dr. Torrey in the New York State Flora; those in the right-hand column are the names applied to the same species in the last edition of Gray's Manual. Names in X. Y. S. Flora. Carex dioica, L. Carex C. exilis, Deir. C. C. - pauciflora, Lightf. C. C. polvtrichoides. Muhl. C. C. Wiildenovii, ScU: C. C. Backii. Boott. C. C. disperma, Dew. C. C. choidorhiza, Ehrh. C. C. cephalophora, Muhl. C. C. Muhlenbergii. Schk. C. C. siccata, Dew. C. C. rosea. Schl: C. C. retroflexa, Muhl. C. C. sparganioides, Muhl. C. C. stipata, MM. C. C. vulpinoidea. Mx. K p C. setacea, Deio. \ C. bromoides, Schh. C. C. alopecoidea, Tuckm. C. C. Sartwellii, Dew. C. C. teretiuscula, Good. C. C. decomposita, Muhl. C. C. trisperma, Dew. C. C. Deweyana, Schw. C. C. canescens, L. C. C. can. V. sphaerostachya. C. C. stellulata, Good. C. C. stell. V. sterilis. C. C. stell. v. scirpoides. C. C. tenuifldra, Wahl. C. C. scoparia, SchTc. C. C. scop. V. lagopodioides. C. C. straminea, Schh. C. C. stram. v. fcenea. C. C. stram. v. moniliformis. C. Names in Gray's Manual, gynocrates, Wormsk. exilis, Dew. pauciflora, Lightf. polvtrichoides, Muhl. Wiildenovii, Schh. Backii, Boott. ten ell a, Schh. chordorhiza, Ehrh. cephalophora, Muhl. Muhlenbergii, Schh. siccata. Dtw. rosea, Schk. retroflexa, Muhl. sparganioides, Muhl. stipata, Muhl. vulpinoidea, Mx. bromoides, Schh. alopecoidea, Tuchm. disticha, Huds. teretiuscula. Good. decomposita, Muhl. trisperma. Dew. Deweyana, Schw. canescens, L. can. V. vitilis. stellulata, L. sterilis, Willd. stell. V. scirpoides. tenuiflora, Wahl. scoparia, Schh. lagopodioides, Schh. straminea, Schh. f oenea, WiJld . fcEn. V. ? sabulonum. 148 Thirty-fifth Report ox the State Museum. Names in N. Y. S. Flora. Carex stram. v. festucacea. C. stram. v. cristata. C. stram. v. mirabDJs. C. pedunculata, Muhl. C. squarrosa, L. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. C. triceps. Mx. C. viresceos, Muhl. C. gracillima, Schw. C. formosa, Deic. C. Davisii, Sclm. & Torr. C. rigida, Good. C. angustata, Boott. C. caespitosa, L.f C. aquatilis, Wahl. C. . aurea, Nutt. C. crinita, Lam. C. oligosperma, Mx. C. bullata, Schk. 0. bull. V. cylindracea. C. cylindrica, Ttickm. C. utriculata, Boott. C. subulata, 3fx. C. folliculata, L. C. iatumescens, Budge. C. int. V. globularis. 0 lupuliua, Muhl. C. lup. V. polystachya. C. scabrata, Schw. C. Scliweinitzii, Dew. C. retrorsa, .ScAjy. C. teutaculata, 3Iuhl. C. hystriciaa, Willd. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, i. C. longirostris, I'orr. C. trichocarpa, il/w/i^ C. aristata, B. Br. C. umbellata, Schk. C. Peausylvaiiica, Lam. C. Penn. v. Muhleubergii. C. Novfe- Auglitie, Schic. C. filiformis, L. C. lanuginosa, Mx. C. vestita, Wilhl C. pubescens, Muhl. C. limosa, Z. C. lim. V. irrigua. C. livida, TFi'«(i. C. flava, L. C. CEderi, j^/trA. C. pallescens, L. 0. Torreyi, Tuckm. C. striata, Mx. C. granulans, Muhl. C. laxiflora, Zam. C. conoidea, Schk. C. digitalis, Willd. Names in Gray's Manual. Carex stram. v. festucacea. C. cristata, Scfiw. C. crist. V. mirabilis. 0. pedunculata, Muhl. C. squarrosa, L. C. Buxljaumii, Wahl. C. triceps, Mx. C. virescens, Muhl. C. gracillima, Scftw. C. formosa, I)ew. C. Davisii, .S'f/jw. dt- Torr. C. rigida v. ? Bigelovii. C. stricta. Za»i. C. vulgaris, Fr. C. aquatilis, Wahl. C. aurea, iVi^if. C. crinita, Lam. C. oliicosperma, J/x. C. bullata. Schk. C. nionile, Tuckm. C. Tuckermani, 5ooW. C. utriculata, Bo^At. C. subulata, J/x. C. folliculata, L. C. ro strata, Mx. C. intumcscens, Budge. C. Grayii, Carey. C. lupulina, J/h/;?. C. lupuliformis. Sartw. C. scabrata. iSc/z^c. C. Schweinitzii, Z>«i/7. C. retrorsa, Schw. C. tentaculata, J/»/AZ. C. hystricina, Willd. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. C. comosa, Boott. C. longirostris, 7brr. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. C. aristata. A Sr. C. umbellnta. Schk. C. Pennsylvanica, Zani. C. varia, Muhl. C. Novne-Angliiv, Schw. C. filiformis, L. C. lanu^cinosa, Mx. C. vestita, Willd. C. pubescens, Muhl. C. limosa, L. C. irrigua, Sm. C. livida, Willd. C. flava, Z. C. (Ederi, jE^rA. C. pallescens, L. C. Torreyi. Tuckm. C. polymorpha, Muhl. C. granularis, Muhl. C. grisea, TFa/iZ. C. conoidea, 5cAi\ 0. digitalis, TFiZZd. Report of the State Botaxist. 149 Names in N. Y. S. Flora. Carex oligocarpa, Schk. C. olig. V. major. C. tetanica, Schk. C. anceps, WilhL C. blanda, Dew. C. Crawei, Dew. 7nss. C. • plantaginea, Lam. C. Carcyana, Toit. C. eburnea, Boott. C. flexilis, Budge. C. arctata, Boott. C. debilis, Mx. C. miliacea, Miihl. C. lacustris, Willd. Names in Gray's Manual. Carex oligocarpa, SchTc. C. Hitchcockiana, Deic. C. tetanica, Schh. C. laxiflora, Lam. C. lax. V. blanda. C. Crawei, Deio. C. plantaginea, Lam. C. Carey apa, Torr. C. eburnea, Boott. C. flexilis, Budge. C. arctata, Boott. C. debilis, Mx. C. miliacea, Muhl. C. riparia, Curtis. The list derived from the Flora of New York comprises ninety-one species and fifteen varieties, which in the Manuul are regarded as one hundred and one species and six varieties. Representatives of the fol- lowing species and varieties have been added to the Herbarium since the publication of the Flora : Carex scirpoidea, Mx. C. Steudelfi, Kunth. C. sychnocephala, Carey. C. alata, Torr. C. adusta, Boott. C. torta, Boott. C. aperta, Boott. C. lenticularis, Mx. C. gynaudra, Schw. C. platyphylla, Carey. C. Richardsonii, R. Br. C. Sullivan tii, Boott. C. striata, Mx. C. Houghtouii, Torr. C. extensa, Good. C. glaucodea, Tuckra. C. tentaculata v. gracilis, Boott, C. tent. V. altior, Boott. C. tent. V. unispicata, Ph. Carex capillaris, L. C. retrocurva, Beic. C. Muhlenbergii v. enervis, Boott. C. teretiuscula v. major, Koch. C. vulpinoidea v. platycarpa, Olney. C. rosea v. radiata, Dew. C. scoparia v. minor, Boott. C. adusta v. sparsiflora, Olney. C. straminea v. tenera, Boott. C. stram. v. aperta, Boott. C. stram. v. Crawei, Boott. C. stricta v. strictior, Gr. C. stricta v. xerocarpa, Gr. C. laxiflora v. intermedia, Boott. C. laxiflora v. plantaginea, Boott. C. laxiflora v. latifolia, Boott. C. retrorsa v. Hartii, Gr. C. lupulina v. gigantoidea. Dew. C. Emmonsii v. elliptica, Boott. The whole number of species now known to inhabit the State is one hundred and nineteen. Adding to these the twenty-six varieties whose names are given in the preceding list and we have a total of one hundred and forty-five species and varieties. 150 Thirty-fifth Eepoet 02f the State Museum. (6) NEW YORK SPECIES OF LEPIOTA. " White-spored, hymenophorum distinct from the stem, veil un'- versal, concrete with the epidermis of the pileus. Lamellae free, often remote, neither sinuate nor decurrent." — Hymen. Europ., p. 29. The word Lepiota has reference to the scaly character of the pileus. The species grouped under this name may be distinguished from the species of Amanita by the character of the scales of the pileus, which in that subgenus are wart-like and superficial and for the most part easily separable from the pileus, while in this they are intimately united to the cuticle, which usually breaks up into scales or scale-like fragments. On the other hand they are distinguished from the species of Armillaria by the lamelUe which in most of the species do not reach the stem but are Avholly free from it. In the few instances in which they reach the stem they are but slightly attached to it, and not sin- uate or decurrent as in Armillaria. The species are mostly of medium size, though Agarlbtis procerus has few rivals in length of stem, and A. Morgani in breadth of pileus. The pileus is soft and fleshy but generally rather thin. The cuticle, which is usually entire in the very young plant, soon breaks up into scales which are appressed or erect, large or small, fibril lose, floccose, granular or mealy according to the species. These scales often give an ornamental or variegated appearance to the pileus which is quite attractive. In form, the pileus in the young plant is subglobose or ovate, then it becomes convex or campanulate and finally in many species it is nearly flat with a central prominence or umbo. This umbo in such species as A. procerus and A. mastoideus is especially prominent. The lamellae are white or whitish in most of the species. Occa- sionally they may be tinged with yellow and in a few species they assume a smoky-red or pinkish-brown hue in old age or in drying. In A. Badhami, A. meleagris and A. Americanus the whole plant changes color when wounded or io drying. The stem m most of the species is rather slender and either hollow or stuffed with webby or cottony filaments. The annulus or ring that is attached to and surrounds the stem is sometimes slight and disap- pears in very wet weather or in old age. The spores, which are nor- mally white, sometimes assume a yellowish hue when kept a long time. A. Morgani, au Ohio species, is remarkable for producing spores of a bright-green color which soon fades to a dull-green. Tlie spores vary Report of the State Botanist. 151 much in size in the different species and afford, in several instances excellent specific characters. A. procerus has very large spores, A. cristatus small ones and A. metulcesporus long ones. Several of the species occur in woods and are especially fond of a loose soil composed chiefly of decayed vegetable matter, others grow in open grassy places, in fields, gardens and cultivated grounds. A few are occasionally found on old stumps and much decayed wood. A. acutesquamosus, A. cepcestipes, and some others are sometimes found growing in conservatories. None of our species are reputed to be poisonous, yet only two, A. procertis and A. naticinoides, have been reported edible. Fries divides this subgenus into two primary sections, the first con- taining the species with a dry pileus, the second, those with a viscid pileus. The first section, which lias by far the greater number of species, is subdivided into five groups, all but one of which are repre- sented in our flora. Of the Mesomorphi, "smaller, slender species with a hollow stem, a dry pileus and an entire, not granulose lacerated cuticle," we have not yet detected any representatives. We have followed the system of Fries in our arrangement of the species. Synopsis of the Species. 1. Pileus dry 2 2. Pileus with the margin even 3 3. Annulus movable, stem more than five inches long. . . A. procerus. 3. Annulus not movable, stem less than five inches long, 4 4. Pileus smooth, lamellfe becoming pinkish-brown . . A. naucinoides. 4. Pileus rough -with erect acute scales 5 5. Lamelke crowded, some of them forked A. Friesii. 5. Lamellae close, simple A. acutesquamosus. 4. Pileus with fibrillose, floccose or appressed scales . . 6 6. Scales reddish or reddish-brown 7 7. Scales soon disappearing from the margin .... A. cristatus. 7. Scales everywhere persistent A. rubrotinctus, 6. Scales blackish or blackish-brown 8 8. Stem short, bulbous A. f uscosquameus . 8. Stem rather long, not bulbous A. felinus. 6. Scales pale yellow A. alluviinus. 4. Pileus with granular, branny or mealy scales 9 9. Pileus rusty-yellow or reddish-yellow, lamellge adnexed A. granulosus. 9. Pileus ochraceous-yellow, lamellae adnate A. amianthinus. 9. Pileus dingy-white or brownish A. pusillomyces. 9. Pil*us white A. cristatellus. 2. Pileus with the margin striate or substriate 10 10. Stem enlarged above the base 11 11. Plant becoming brownish-red in drying A. Americanus. 11. Plant not becoming brownish-red in drying ... A. cepgestipes. 10. Stem not enlarged above the base A. metulajsporus. 1. Pileus viscid 12 12. Pileus white A. illinitus. 12. Pileus alutaceous or dingy -yellow A. oblitus. 152 Thirty-fifth Report o^' the State Museum. Cuticle of the Pileus Dry. PROCERI. Annulus persistent, movable, distinct from the volva. This tribe is distinguished by its species having a well-developed annulus, which soon breaks loose from its attachment to the stem and thus forms a movable ring upon it, and a distinct cavity or depression in the pileus beneath the umbo for the reception of the stem. The only representative thus far found in our State is A. procerus, but A. rhacodes, A. excoriatus, A. mastoideus and A. Morgani have been reported from neighboring States and will probably yet occur in our limits. All the European species of this tribe are classed by Fries as edible. Agaricus procerus, Scop. Tall Agaric. Parasol Mushroom. Pileus at first ovate, then broadly convex or expanded, strongly umbonate, scaly or spotted from the breaking up of the cuticle, whitish alutaceous or brownish, the deflexed margin generally silky-fibrillose, the flesh soft, white ; lamellae close, free or remote, whitish, sometimes tinged with yellow or pink ; stem tall, cylindrical or slightly tapering upward, bulbous, hollow, squamosc or furfuraceous, colored like the pileus, sometimes spotted, the annulus thick, firm, movable, white ; spores large, elliptical, -00055' — 0007' long, -000.35' — 00045' broad. Plant 5' — 10' high ; pileus 3' — 6' broad ; stem 4" — 6" thick. Fields, pastures, roadsides and occasionally in woods. July to Sep- tember. This Agaric resembles a parasol in shape, whence the popular name. It is easily distinguished from the allied species by its long stem, movable ring and prominent umbo. Generally the scales of the pileus are rather broad and distant from each other toward the margin, but closer toward the umbo on which the cuticle usually remains unrup- tured. For this reason the umbo is generally darker colored than the rest of the pileus. Sometimes the scales are appressed and spot-like, again they are slightly reflexed and then they give a rougher appearance to the pileus. They may be brownish, tawny-brown or reddish -brown in color. They often disappear almost wholly from the margin of the pileus which then has a whitish silky appearance. The stem is remarkable for its great length when compared with its thickness and is suggestive of the specific name, procerus. In extreme cases it is nearly or quite a foot long, though rarely more than half an inch thick. In a dried specimen before me the stem is nine inches long and one- fourth of an inch thick. The surface of the stem is in mauv cases Report of the State Botanist. 153 merely 3curfy, in others it is scaly from the cracking of the cuticle into small areas or fragments. Earely it has a spotted appearance. Gen- erally the plant grows singly, but sometimes it forms large tufts or clusters. Fries remarks that its odor and taste are pleasant and that it is edible but tough. Probably for esculent purposes it would be better to use only the younger plants. CLYPEOLARII. Annulus persistent , fixed, homogeneotis with the universal veil ivhich coats the stem. In this tribe the annulus does not become movable on the stem and the fibrils or scales of the veil clothe that part of the stem which is below the annulus and the exterior or lower surface of the annulus also. The species are mostly small or of medium size and some possess a distinct odor. Agakicus Friesii, Lasch. Fries' Agaric. " Pileus fleshy, soft, lacerated into ajyprcssed tomentose scales ; stem hollow, with a webby pith, subbulbous, squamose; annulus superior, pendulous, equal; lamellse subremote, linear, crowded, branched." — Hymen. Europ., p. 31. Pileus fleshy but rather thin, convex or nearly plane, clothed with a soft tawny or brownish-tawny tomentum which breaks up into ap- pressed often subconfluent scales, the disk rough with small acute erect scales, flesh soft, white ; lamella narroiv, croivded, free, white, some of them forked ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, sub- bulbous, hollow, colored like the pileus below the annulus and there clothed with soft tomentose fibrils which sometimes form floccose or tomentose scales, white and pruinose above, annulus well-developed, flabby, white above, tawny and floccose-scaly below ; spores .00028' — .00032 long, .00012 —.0001 G' broad. Plant 2' — 5' high ; pileus 1' — 4' broad ; stem 2 — 5' thick. Soft loose soil in woods and low bushy places, July — September, Catskill mountains and East Worcester, I have quoted the description of this species as it is given in Epi- crisis, because the American plant which 1 have referred to it does not in all respects agree with this description, but comes so near it that it can scarcely be specifically distinct. In the American plant, so far as I have seen it, erect acute scales are always present, especially on the disk, and the tomentum of the pileus does not always break up into [Sen. Doc, Xo. 38.] 20 154 Thikty-fifth Keport on the State Museum. distinct areas or scales. Neither is the stem usually scaly but rather clothed with soft tomentose or almost silky fibrils. The lamellae are crowded and some of them are forked. At the furcations there are slight depressions which interrupt the general level of the edges and give them the appearance of having been eaten by insects. The plant has a slight odor, especially when cut or bruised. Agaric us acutesquamosus, Wein. Acute-scaled Agaric, " Pileus fleshy, obtuse, at first hairy-floccose, then bristly iviih erect acute squarrose scales j stem somewhat stuffed, stout, bulbous, pruinose above the moderate-sized annulus ; lamellae approximate, lanceolate simple," — Hymen. Europ., p. 31. Pileus convex or nearly plane, obtuse or broadly subumbouate clothed with a soft tawny or brownish-tawny tomentum which usually breaks up into imperfect areas or squam*, rough with erect acute scales which are generally larger and more numerous on the disk ; lamellge close, free, white or yellowish ; stem equal, hollow or stuffed with webby filaments, subbulbous ; spores about .0003' long, .00012' — .00016' broad. Plant of the same size as the last. Woods and conservatories. Buffalo, G. W. Clintoji. Albany, A. F. Chatfield. Adirondack mountains and Brewertou. Fries remarks that this species agrees so closely with the preceding one that he thinks the two should be united. The chief differences set forth in the descriptions already quoted consist in the appressed, tomentose scales and branched lamellsfi of the one and the erect acute scales and simple lamellae of the other, Xow in the American plants I find erect acute scales on all the specimens, both those with branched and those with simple lamella?, so that the difference between the two forms is reduced with us to that of the lamelltB alone. It is therefore probable that the y will have to be united. The form found in the hot houses seems to have the tomentum of the pileus less dense and the erect scales more numerous than in the form growing in woods. The annulus is frequently lacerated. In the specimens of the woods the erect scales are sometimes blackish in color, and they then contrast quite conspicuously with the tawny or brownish-tawny tomentum be- neath them. They vary in size and shape. Some resemble pointed papillae, others, being more elongated, are almost spine-like. These are sometimes curved. They are generally larger and more numerous on the disk than elsewhere, and often they are wholly wanting on the margin. Report of the State Botanist. 155 Agaricus cristatus, a. & S. Crested Agaric. Pileus thin, camp'anulate or convex, then nearly plane, obtuse, at first with an even reddish or reddish-brown surface, ihemuhite adorned with reddish or reddish-brown scales formed by the breaking up of the cuticle, the central part or disk colored like the scales ; lamellae close, free, white ; stem slender, hollow, equal, smooth or silky-fibrillose be- low the ring, whitish, annulus small, white ; spores oblong or yiar- rowly subelliptical .0002' — .00028' long, .00012' — .00015' broad. Plant 1' — 2' high ; pileus .5' — 1.5' broad ; stem 1 — 2 ' thick. Grassy places and borders of woods. June — September. This species is easily known by its small size and the crested ap- pearance of the white pileus, an appearance produced by the orbicular unruptured portion of the cuticle that remaius like a colored spot on the disk. The fragments or scales are more close near this central part and more distant from each other toward the margin, where they are often wholly wanting. The scales are sometimes very small and almost granular. In very wet weather the margin of the pileus in this and some other species becomes upturned or reflexed. The spores when viewed in one position appear as if truncated at one end and acute or pointed at the other, in another position they appear narrowly elliptical, the truncate end being slightly rounded. The spores of A. Friesii are somewhat similar in shape but are a little longer. The plant usually has a distinct odor. Agaricus rubrotixctus, Fh. n. sp. Red-tinted Agaric. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly and broadly umbonate, at first even with a reddish or pinkish surface, a little darker and sometimes slightly rough on the disk, then adorned with appressed scales formed by the breaking up of the cuticle ; lamellae close, free, white or whitish ; stem hollow, equal or slightly thickened at the base, smooth or slightly silky-fibrillose below the annulus, whitish, the annulus well developed, membranous, white or pinkish, persistent; spores subelliptical, uninucleate, .00035' — .00045' long, .0002' — .00025' broad. Plant 1.5' — 3.5' high; pileus 1' — 2.5' broad; stem 2"— 3" thick. Thin woods and open places. July — September. Helderberg mountains and East Worcester. 15C Thirty-fifth Eeport on the State Museum. When 3'oung this Agaric closely resembles the preceding one from which it is distinguished by its larger size, more scaly and less white pileus, larger and more persistent annulus and larger spores. The cuticle sometimes remains entire and sometimes cracks in a radiating manner toward the margin, thereby giving to the pileus a sort of fibrillose or virgate appearance. The annulus sometimes partly breaks from its attachment to the stem and becomes almost movable. Agaeicus fe LINUS, Pers. Cat Agaric. Pileus thin, subcampanulate or convex, suoumbonate, adorned with numerous suMome?itose ovjloccose hlackish-hroion scales; lamellae close^ free, white ; stem slender, rather long, equal or slightly tapering up- ward, hollow, clothed with soft loose floccose filaments, brown, an- nulus slight, evanescent; spores elliptical, -00025' — 0003' long, •00016' — 0002, -broad. Plant 2' — 3-5' high; pileus '5' — 1-5' broad; stem 1' — 2" thick. Woods. Adirondack mountains. August and September. This is not a common species with us, having occurred thus far only in the woods of our mountainous regions. The scales or adorn- ments of the pileus are similar iu character to those of A. Fnesii, but are much darker in color. Fries unites this Agaric with A. clypeolarius as a variety, but says that it is so frequent and so con- stant in the pine woods of Europe that it deserves to be noticed sepa- rately. It is easily distinguished from .4. ruhrotinctns by the darker color of the scales of the pileus, by the loose floccose filaments that clothe the brown stem, by the fugacious annulus and the smaller spores. Agaric us fuscosquajieus, Pk. Brown-scaled Agaric. Pileus rather thin, hemispherical or convex, subumbonate, adorned with numerous suhstrigose, erect or reflexed blackish-brown scales; lamellse close, free, white ; stem short, rather stout, equal, hollow or stuffed with a cottony pith, clothed with loose soft dingy floccose fila- ments, bulbous, brown; annulus slight, evanescent; spores narrowly elliptical, •00025'— -0003' long, -00012' — 00015" broad. Plant 2'— 3' high ; pileus 1-5'— 2-5' broad ; stem 3"— 4" thick. Pine and hemlock woods. Croghan. September. This species is closely related to the preceding one, and might, per- haps, be considered a variety of it. It has the same color, but is dis- - Report of the State Botanist. 157 tinguished by its more strigose erect scales, its short but stouter bulb- ous stem, broader pileus aud narrower spores. It is apparently very rare, having been detected only in the locality here given. Agaeiccs alluyiixus, Ph., V. sp. Alluvial Agaric. Pileus thin, convex or plane, sometimes reflexed on the margin, white, adorned with minute jjale-yelloto hairy or fibrillose scales; 1am- ell« thin, close, free white or yellowish ; stem slender, fibrillose, whitish or pallid, slightly thickened at the base, annulus slight, sub- persisteut, often near the middle of the stem; spores elliptical, • 00025' — 0003' long, -00016' — 0002' broad. Plant 1'— 2' high; pileus -5'— 1' broad; stem 1"— 1.5" thick. Alluvial soil, among weeds. Albany. July. In the fresh plant the scales are of a pale-yellow or lemon color, but in drying they and the whole pileus take a deeper rich yellow hue. The annulus is generally remote from the pileus, sometimes even be- low the middle of the stem. Agaricus metuljesporus, B. and Br. Long-spored Agaric. Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, subumbonate, at first with a uniform pallid or brownish surface, which soon breaks up into small hroionish scales, the margin more or less striate, often appendiculate with fragments of the veil ; lamellae close, free, white; stem slender, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, adorned with soft loose fioccose scales or filaments, pallid, annulus slight, evanescent; spores long, sulfusiform, -00055' — 00075' long, -00025' — 0003' broad. Plant 2'— 3-5' high; pileus -5'— 1 -5' broad ; stem 1"— 2" thick. Woods. Adirondack mountains. August and September. This species occurs with us in the same localities as A. felinus, which it very much resembles in size, shape and general characters, differing only in color, the striate margin of the pileus and the character of the spores. Both were at first taken to be forms of A. clypeolarius, and were included in the description of that species in Report 23, p. 72. Judging- from the published descriptions of A. clypeolarius, it is probable that in Europe also it has been made to include forms which will yet be considered distinct species. In Epicrisis it is said to " vary wonderfully in size and color," and in the Hand-book of British Fungi the pileus is said to be *' white, yellow, pink, rufous, brown, etc." In Icones Selectae, Fries figures what he considers the typi- 158 Thirty-fifth Keport ox the State Museum. cal form of the species, a form which I have not observed here, and which probably does not occur with us. It is a little remarkable that none of the published descriptions and figures of this species, so far as I have seen them, give the spore characters. Those characters are often of the utmost value in distinguishing closely related species. In regard to the spores of A. metulcesporus, the descriptions do not all agree, but the discrepancies are probably due to variability in the spores and to lack of care in the examination. In Epicrisis they are said to be twice as large as in the allied species, and acutely pointed at one end. In Grevillea, Vol. I, p. 55, they are said to be nine-pin shaped or obliquely clavate. In Mycological Illustrations, by M. C. Cooke, they are represented as fusiform and acute at both ends. In our plant they are nearly fusiform in shape, but varying somewhat in the character of the apices, which are sometimes acute, sometimes blunt, and sometimes acute at one end and blunt at the other. The species has a wide range, having been found in Ceylon, England and Alabama. ANNULOSI. Annulus superior, fixed, suhpersistent, ujiiversal veil adnate to the pileus. The species of this tribe are chiefly distinguished by the well-de- veloped but fixed and rather persistent annulus. They are generally larger and more fleshy than those of the preceding tribe. In some species the lamellae, and in others the whole plant changes color in drying. Agaricus cep^stipes. Sow. Onion-stemmed Agaric. Pileus thin, at first ovate, then campanulate or expanded, umbonate, soon adorned with numerous minute brownish scales which are often granular or mealy, 2^^^cat£ striate on the margin, white or yellow, the umbo darker ; lamellae thin, close, free, white, becoming dingy with age or in drying ; stem rather long, tapering toward the apex, generally enlarged in the middle or near the base, hollow, annulus thin, suhper- sistent; spores subelliptical, uninucleate, .0003' — .0004' long, .0002' — .0003' broad. Plant often caespitose, 2' — 4' high ; pileus 1 — 2' broad; stem 2* — 3" thick. Rich ground and decomposing vegetable matter. Also in graperies and conservatories. Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. Albany, A. F. Chatfield. The species takes its name from the peculiar oblong swelling or en- largement in the middle or the lower part of the stem. It is similar to Keport of the State Botanist. 159 the enlargement in the flowering stem of an onion. The plants some- times occur in tufts or clusters of many individuals. When very young the pileus is ovate and of a uniform color, but the surface soon breaks up into minute scales which rest upon a white or whitish ground color. In drying the lamellre generally assume a dingy or smoky hue, but the pileus does not generally change color. Two forms occur in hot-houses, the one having a white, the other a yellow pileus. The striations of the margin are rather deep and close and give a somewhat plicate appearance to that part of the pileus. The form that grows in the open air has shorter striations on the margin, and the stem is not so regularly enlarged in the middle, the enlargement being mostly near the base and sometimes wanting entirely. Possibly this form may be the A. rorulentus Panizzi, but it seems to me too near A. cepcestipes to be separated. Aqaricus Americaxus, Fk. American Agaric. Pileus rather fleshy, at first ovate, then convex or expanded, umbo- nate, more or less striate on the margin, the cuticle breaking up, ex- cept on the umbo, into reddish or reddish-hroion appressed scales, white, flesh white ; lamellae rather broad, close, free, white, narrower toward the stem and there sometimes anastomosing ; stem tapering upward, enlarged at or a little above the base, hollow, white, annulus rather large, but thin and flabby, sometimes separating from its attachment to the stem, occasionally evanescent ; spores subelliptical, uninucleate, ,0003' — .0004' long, .0002' — .0003' broad. ' Plant sometimes caespitose, 3' — 5' high; pileus 1.5' — 4' broad; stem 2' — 5" thick. Lawns and grassy places, sometimes on decaying wood. July and August. This species has many points of resemblance to the preceding one but it is larger, with a stouter stem and a more fleshy pileus, with much broader and more distinct scales. The stem is enlarged as in that species but the enlargement is generally at or near the base. When bruised the flesh changes color and in drying the whole plant assumes a dull brownish-red or smoky-red hue, a character by which the species may be easily distinguished. The European species, A. Badhami and A. meleagris, change color under similar circumstances, but the latter be- comes red and the former saffron-red. They also difi"er in other re- spects from our plant. This has been found by Miss Banning near Baltimore, Maryland, with a pileus sometimes seven inches in diameter. She has observed that it sometimes exudes a reddish juice when cut or 160 Thirty-fifth Report on the State Museum. wounded. The striations of the margin vary in diflfereut plants, being sometimes distinct, sometimes obscure. I have placed this species in the tribe Annulosi because of its rela- tion to A. cepmstipes. It has also a close relation to the Proceri and might with almost equal propriety be placed among them. The an- nulus both in this and the next species occasionally loosens from the stem and becomes a movable ring. Agaricus naucinoides, Pk. Smooth Agaric. Pileus at first subglobose, then convex, fleshy, soft, smooth, rarely slightly squamulose or granular-mealy, white or smoky-white, flesh white ; lamellfe rather broad, close, free, white, slotoly changing to a (Imgy pinJcish-bro2vn or smoky-brown color with age or in drying; stem smooth or silky-fibrillose, equal or slightly thickened at the base, hol- low, sometimes stufi"ed with webby filaments, white or smoky-white, annulus thick, persistent, white ; spores subelliptical, uninucleate, .0003' — .0004' long, .0002' — .0003' broad. Plants' — 4' high; pileus 1.5' — 3. 5' broad; stem 3" — 5" thick. Grassy grounds in pastures, fields and roadsides. Common. Sep- tember— November. This is a beautiful as well as a useful Agaric. It is very regular and symmetrical in shape and generally pure white in color. Its surface is usually very smooth and even, though occasionally a slight meali- ness or granular roughness is developed on the disk and still more rarely a few minute scales appear. In a single instance I have seen the surface cracked into rather large thick scales, a result probably of un- usually wet weather. The white color sometimes gives place to a dingy smoky-white or ashy hue. The lamellae are at first white or cream- colored, but when old or dried they become smoky-brown or brown- ish tinged with pink. The stem is hollow, but, as in many other JioUow-stemmed Lepiotae, the cavity often contains webby or cottony filaments, especially when young. The plant occurs late in the season and is most often found in grassy pastures and in lawns, though sometimes it occurs in cornfields and other cultivated grounds. It is liable to be confused with white forms of the common edible mush- room, A. campestris, but in that species the lamellae at first have a beautiful pink or flesh-colored hue which soon changes to a blackish- brown color. It also bears some resemblance to A. Imvis and to A. cretaceus, but the former has flesh-colored and the latter brown spores. It is, however, more nearly related to its wliite-spored allies. Eeport of the State Botanist. 161 A. naiicinus, A. Schuheri and A. holosericeus. If we may rely upon the published descriptions of these three species, the first one may be dis- tinguished from our plant by its globose spores and granulated cuticle; the second by its ovate spores, small annulus, umbonate pileus and nauseous taste; the third by its silky-fibrillose pileus and solid stem. Some discrepancies exist in the published descriptions and figures of A. naucimis, to which our plant was first referred. See Report 23, p. 72, and Report 29, p. 66. In Berkeley's Outlines of British Fung- ology, page 94, the spores are characterized as "very large," but their shape is not given. In Cooke's Mycological Illustrations they are rep- resented as globose, but small; in Epicrisis, page 34, they are described as globose, and in Michelia, Vol. VII, p. 229, their dimensions indi- cate a length greater than their breadth. It is probable, therefore, that two or more species have been confused by authors. As an edible species, the smooth Agaric is not at all inferior to the common mushroom. Indeed, in some respects it is superior to it. It is as large, and its flesh is as thick and white, and no less tender and savory. Its keeping qualities are better, for in the common mush- room the lamellae soon become blackish and repulsive, while in this one they retain their white color a long time, and do not become so dark-colored when they do change. It is also less liable to be in- fested by the larvse of insects, and, growing as it generally does, among short grass, it is more clean and attractive m appearance. If it can be cultivated as easily as the common mushroom, it will make a very desirable and more marketable substitute for that species. GRANULOSI. The universal veil of the pileus and stem continuous^ when rup- tured forming a slight annulus. The species of this tribe are mostly rather small, and have the pileus and stem coated with minute warts, granules or branny parti- cles, rather than with ordinary scales. The lamellae, in some of the species, reach the stem and are slightly attached to it. Such species serve to connect this subgenus with the following one. Agabicus granulosus, Batsch. Granular Agaric. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes almost umbonate, rough with numerous granular or branny scales, often radiately wrinkled, rusty -yelloiu or reddish-yelloio, often growing paler v^ith age, flesh white or reddish tinged; lamellae close, rounded behind and [Sen. Doc. Ko. 38.] 21 162 Thirty- FIFTH Report on the State Museum. usually slightly adnexed, white ; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow, white above the annulus, colored and adorned like the pileus below it, annulus 'slight, evanescent ; spores, elliptical, -00016' — 0002' long, •00012' — 00014 broad. Plant 1'— 2-5' high; pileus 1'— 2-5' broad; stem 1"— 3" thick. Woods, copses and waste places. Common. August— October. This is a small species Avith a short stem and granular reddish-yel- low pileus, and lamellaa slightly attached to the stem, a character by which it differs from all the precedmg. The annulus is very small and fugacious, being little mure than the abrupt termination to the coating of the stem. The species was formerly made to include several varieties which are now regarded as distinct. Agaricus amianthinus, Sco2). Amianth Agaric. Pileus thin, convex, subcampanulate or plane, often umbonate, coated with nwnerous granular and furfuraceous scales, ochraceous-yellow , sometimes radiately wrinkled, crenate-appendiculate on the margin ; lamellae rather broad, close, adnate, white or yellowish ; stem rather long, slender, equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hol- low, white above, colored like the pileus and floccose-squamulose be- low the slight evanescent annulus; spores elliptical, '0002' — 00028' long, about -00016' broad. Plant 1-5' — 4' high; pileus 1' — 1-5' broad; stem 1" — 2" thick. Damp, mossy ground and much decayed wood. Adirondack mountains. August and September. This Agaric closely resembles the preceding one, of which it is sometimes regarded as a variety. It may be distinguished by its more ochraceous persistent color, appendiculate margin, elongated stem, and by its lamellaB, which are not rounded behind, but are attached to the stem by their whole breadth. The flesh is also more or less tinged with yellow. It prefers mossy, shaded ground under evergreen trees. The flocculent part of the veil is easily rubbed off and mostly disap- pears in drying. It is a pretty Agaric . Agakicus pusillomtces, Pk. Small Agaric . Pileus thin, subcampanulate or convex, subumbonate, mi^mtely granular or furfuraceous, whitish or brownish; lamellae broad, close,free, white; stem slender, equal, scarcely annulate, rough with a granular mealiness, colored like the pileus; spores elliptical, -00016' — 0002' long, .00012' broad. I Report of the State Botaxist. 163 Plant scarcely 1' high ; pileus 2" — 4" broad ; stem about -5" thick. Ground under brakes, Pteris aquilina. Lake Pleasant. August. This very small Agaric is related by its granular pileus to A. granu- losus, but its small size and different color at once distinguish it. It is apparently very rare, having been found but once. Agaricus cristatellus, Pk. Little crested Agaric. Pileus thin, convex, subumbonate, minutelymealy, especially on the margin, ^vhite, the disk slightly tinged with pink; lamellae close, rounded behind, free, white ; stem slender, whitish, hollow ; spores subelliptical, -0002' long. Plant the same size as the last. Mossy places in woods. Copake. October. This is distinguished from the last species by its white mealy pileus, narrower lamellse and smooth stem. The margin is sometimes ap- pendiculate with the minute fragments of the veil. The annulus is obsolete. The white pileus and pinkish tinge of the disk suggest a resemblance in color to A. cristatus. The species has, been detected but once. Cuticle of the Pileus Viscid. Agaricus illixitus, Fr. White-smeared Agaric. Pileus rather thin, soft, at first ovate, then campanulate or expanded, subumbonate, smooth, white, very viscid or glutinous, even or striate on the margin ; lamellae close, free, white ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, viscid, white ; spores broadly el- liptical, -0002' long, -00016' broad. Plant 2' — 4' high ; pileus 1' — 2-5' broad ; stem 2" — 3' thick. Thin or open woods. Adirondack mountains. July to September. This is a smooth white species with the stem and pileus clothed with a clear viscid or- glutinous veil. The margin of the pileus is often even, but the typical form of the species has it striate. The flesh is soft and white. The species may be distinguished from the viscid white species of Hygrophorus by the free, not adnate nor decurrent, lamellas. Agaricus oblitus, Pk. Smeared Agaric. Pileus fleshy, convex or expanded, subumbonate, smooth or obscurely spotted or scaly from the breaking up of the veil, viscid, alutaceous m- 164 Thirty-fifth Report on the State Museum. dining to tawny, the umbo generally darker ; lamellae crowded, free, whitish or yellowish, some of them forked ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, smooth at the top, floccose and viscid elsewhere, hollow or containing a cottony pith, annul us obsolete ; spores ellipti- cal, -0002 — 00025' long, -00012' — 00016' broad. Plant 2— 3' high; pileus 2'— 3' broad; stem about 3' thick. Frondose woods. Lowville. September. This species is about equal in size to the preceding one, and equally viscid. It is distinguished by its colored pileus usually adorned by a few spot-like scales and by the floccose scales or filaments of the stem. It has been found but once. In the preceding pages, a personal name added to the station of a plant indicates the collector or contributor. "When no name is added to the station the plant was collected by the writer. Dates signify the time when the plant was collected, and indicate to some extent the time of its occurrence. In the monograph of the Lepiotae they indi- cate the time when or during which the species has been observed. A single accent placed above and at the right of a figure should be read "inch" or "inches," according to circumstances; a double accent should be read " line " or " lines." A dash between two numbers is equivalent to the word "to." Grateful acknowledgments are rendered to those botanists who have contributed specimens or information. Very respectfully submitted. CHARLES H. PECK. Albany, January 4, 1882. M THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL KEPORT 1 I , Li i' U\ STATE OF NEW YORK. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 12, 1883, ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS & COMPANY. 1883. STATE OF NEW YORK. No. 53. IN SENATE. January 12, 1883. THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE STATE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. University of the State of New York, i Office of the Regents, Trustees of the State ! Museum of Natural History, [ Albany, January 12, 1883. J To the Legislature : I have the honor to transmit the Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History, as required by law. H. R. PIERSON, Chancellor of the University. REPORT OF THE BOTANIST, CHARLES H. PECK. EEPORT OF THE BOTANIST. Hon. David Murray, LL. D,, Secretary of the Board of Regents of the University : Sir — Since the date of my last report, specimens of one hundred and forty-two species of plants have been mounted and placed in the State Herbarium, of which sixty-eight were not previously represented therein. The specimens of the remaining species represent new forms or varie- ties of species before represented, or exhibit some features or charac- ters not well shown by the older specimens. A list of the species of which specimens have been mounted is hereinafter given and marked (1). By reason of the veto, by the Clovernor, of the appropriation for the reimbursement of the expenses of the Botanist for the years 1880 and 1881, it was not deemed prudent by me to advance any more money to meet these expenses. I have, therefore, been obliged to devote myself to the accomplishment of such work as could be done with the ma- terials already on hand, and I have no additions to the Herbarium by the collecting of the Botanist, to report. This interruption of the work is to be regretted since it delays its completion and thereby in- creases the cost. If it shall be deemed best to continue the work of supplying deficiencies in the Herbarium and of developing a knowledge of the cryptogamic botany of our State, it is desirable that either the salary of the Botanist be increased sufficiently to enable him to meet the necessary expenses out of his own pocket, or else that an appropriation for these expenses be made in advance. As usual, numerous specimens have been contributed to the Her- barium by various correspondents and other co-laborers in botany. A list of the contributors and of their respective contributions is marked (2). Some of the contributed specimens represent plants that are new to the Herbarium and have not before been reported, otliers are rare plants from newly-discovered localities, or specimens that exhibit some 30 Thirty-sixth Keport ox the State Museum. peculiar variation in the species, and for these or other reasons are worthy of notice. New stations of rare plants, remarks and observa- tions are recorded in a section marked (3). Among the contributed specimens is a new species of edible fungus belonging to the genus Agaricus, subgenus Psalliota, and closely re- lated to the common edible mushroom, and its near relative the horse mushroom. The mushrooms are so interesting by reason of their fre- quent use as an article of food, and the three species mentioned are so variable and so intimately related to each other, that in pursuance of a plan already adoj)ted in two previous reports (in which synopses of the subgenera Amanita and Lepiota have been given), I have thought best to give a full descriptive synopsis of all our New York species of the subgenus Psalliota. In this monograph the descriptions have been revised and made more complete, the dimensions of the spores have been given and copious remarks have been added with the design of pointing out more clearly the distinguishing features of the species and of aiding in their discrimination. It is marked (4). PLANTS MOUNTED. 2Tot new to the Herbarium . Banunculua abortivus, L. Kaphanus Rapbanistrum, L. Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss. Viola Selkirkii, Pursh. Geranium maculatum, L. Acer rubrum, L. Trifolium repens, L. Rubus triflorus, Hich. Opuutia Rafinesquii, Engelm. Tiarella cordifolia, L. Mitcbella repens, L. Viburnum nudum, L. Heracleuiii lanatum, Mx. Tanacetum vulgare, L. Vaccinium corymbosum, j^. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Nyssa multiflora, Wang. Scutellare galericulata, L. Marrubium vulgare, L. Apocyuum cannabinum, L. Polygonum orientale, L. Fraxiuus Americana, L. F. pubescena, Lam. Quercus alba, L. Q. Prinus, L. Q- rubra, L. Q. coccinea, Wang. Q- tinctoria, Bart. Populus tremuloides, Mx. P- grandidentata, Mx. Potamogeton crispua, L. P pusillus, L. P pectinatus, L. P. gramiueus, L. Smilax bispida, Muhl. Trillium grandiflorum, Saliab. Polygonatum giganteum, Diet. Uvularia sessilifolia, L. Heterontliera reniformis, R. and P. Eleocbaris tuberculosa, R. Br. Scjeria pauciflora, Miihl. Carex stricta, Lam. c. Muhlenbergii, ScTik. c. c ceplialopbora, Muhl. Emmonsii, DeiD. c. Pennsylvanica, Lam. c. tenera, Deio. c. c. lagopodioides, Schk. adusta, Boott. c. c. c. granularis, Muhl. gracillima, ScJiw. crista ta. Schw. c. mirabilis, Deio. c. virescens. Muhl. c. vulpinoidea, Mx. c. c. plantaginea. Lam. laxiflora. Lam. Ziaania aquatica, L. Stipa avenacea, L. Aira flexuosa, L. Report of the State Botanist, 31 Bromus racemosus, X, Poa trivialis, L. Eragrostis pilosa, Bv. Aapidium Bootlii, Tuckm. Osmunda cinnamomea, L. Agaricus serotinus, Schrad. A. aBrugiuosus, Curt. Agaricus sapid us, Kalchh. Polyporus adustus, Willd. P. liispidioides, Pk. Trametes mollis, Sommf. Corticium Iseve, Pers. C. incaruatum, Pers. C. lilacinofuscum,5. and G. New to the Herbarium. Malva crispa, L. Tillaea simplex, Nutt. Sedum acre, L. Amarautus bliloides, Wats. Sagittaria pusilla^ Nutt. Eragrostis Purshii, Schrad. Agaricus alluviinus, Pk. A. rubrotinctus, Pk. A. albus, Schceff. A. pascuus, Pers. A. sinuatus, Fr. A. fastibilis, Fr. A. sulcatipes, Pk. A. liserens, Pk. A. tiliopbilus, Pk. A. nitidipes, Pk. A. epimyces, Pk. Hygropliorus faligineus, Frost. H. tiavodiscus, Frost. Marasmius salignus, Pk. Polyporus immitis, Pk. P. fraxinophilus, Pk. Irpex crassus, B. and C. 1. mollis, B.. and C. Corticium eflfuscatum, C. and E. Thelepliora rosella, Pk. Cypliella Iteta, Fr. Phoma cucurbitale, B. and C. Sphseropsis Caryse, C. and E. Discella hysterieila, Pk. D. albomaculana, Pk. (iloeosporium fraxiuea, Pk. Septoria cannabina, Pk. fc. Sicyi , Pk. Septoria Cirsii, Niessl. S. Calystegiae, Sacc. S. musiva, Pk. Pbyllosticta Crataegi, Pk. P. variabilis, Pk. Protomyces macrosporus, Ung. Ustilago pallida, Schrcet. Acalyptospora Populi, Pk. Macrosporium transversum, Pk. Alternaria tenuis, jVees. Ellisiella caudata, Sacc. Botrytis ceratioides, Pk. Dactylium dendroides, Fr. Verticiilium Lactarii, Pk. Cercospora Tilise, Pk. C. Lepidii, Pk. C. Daturse, Pk. C. varia, Pk. C. longispora, Pk. Ramularia Vacciuii, Pk. R. Ranunculi, Pk. R. Hamamelidis, Pk. R. aquatilis, Pk. Asterophora Pezizae, Cd. Peziza Isetiruba, Cke. P. singularia, Pk. Tympanis Nemopanthis, Pk. Cenangium betuliuum, Pk. Triblidium clavsesporum, Pk. Ascomyces deformans. Berk. Gymnascella aurantiaca, Pk. Valsa tomentella, Pk. Spbaerella fraxinea, Pk. Veuturia curviseta, Pk. (2.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. 3Trs. L. A. MiUington, Glens Falls N. Y. Epilobium mollc, Torr. Miss M. Bowles Golumhia, Tenn. Polypodium incanuui, Pursh. Calystegia Sepium, L. G. D. Hill, Tunis, N. Y. J. F. SJioemaker, lAivcrne, Minn. Oxybaplius nyctagineus, Sweet. [Sen. Doc. Xn. 53.] 5 32 Thirty-sixth Report on the State Museum:. Charles E. Smith, Philadelphia, Penn. Corema Couradii, Torr- 0. F. Cornelius, Willow Brook, If. Y. Cynoglossum officinale, L. Rev. Washington Rodman, Astoria, N. Y. Agaricus Rodmani,/'^. II. N. Johnson, Coeymans, N. Y. Sagittaria pusilla, Nutt. Thalictrum anemonoides, Mx. W. C. Stevenson, <, r , Philadelphia, Pa. Puccinia Mjrrliis, Schw. S- J. Boioman, Albany, N. Y. Ranunculus multifidus, Pursh. Hon. O. W. Clinton, Albany, N. Y. Tillaea simplex, Nuit. Eragrostis poeeoides, Bv. Amarantus blitoides. Wats. E Purshii, Schrad. J. Hotcell, Arthur, Oregon, Puccinia mirabilissima, Pk. Berberis Aquifolium, Pursh. Daedalea vorax, Hark. Wood of Abies Douglassii. S. B. Griswold, Albany, N. Y. A flower of tlie Century plant, Agave Americana, L. W. M. Canby, Wilmington, Del. Tillsea simplex, Nuti. W. Russell, Albany, N.Y. A specimen of the Chinese " leechee nut." E. L. Hankenson, Newark, X. Y. Sedum reflexum, L. Sails cordatax sericea. Azolla Caroliniana, Willd. Felix von Thumen, Vienna, Austria. Agaricus geophyllus, Soio. Stereum sanguinolentum, Fr. A. mitis, Fr. Corticium roseum, Fr. A. sphinctriuus, Fr. C radiosum, Fr Polyporus cinuabarinus, Jaeq. C. Juniperina, Karst. P. pergamenus, Fr. Hirneola AuriculaJudae, Berk, P. cuticularis, Fr. Clavaria fistulosa, Fr. Merulius molluscus, Fr. - C. Kuuzei, Fr. Dfedalea mollis, Sommf. C. cristata, Holmsk. Craterellus sinuosus, Fr. Pistillaria quisquilaris, Fr. C. coruucopioides, Fr. Typhula filiformis, Fr. Thelephora sebacea, Pers. Treniella disciformis, Fr. T. fastidiosa, Fr. Geaster triplex, Jimgh. Stereum lobatum, Kze. Mycogala parietinum, Rost. Report of the State Botaxist. 33 ^cidium Lampsanse, Schultz. M. Thalictri, Orev. M. ■ Pastinaceae, Rost. M. Onosmatis, Tlium. M. Liibospermi, Thum. M. Sympliyti, Thum. M. Ligustri, Strauss. M. Orcbidearum, Desm. M. Xylostei, Wallr. M. Frangulje, Schnm. 2&. Tussilagiuis, Pers. Puccinia Oxyrise, Fckl. P. Asteris, Schw. P. Anemones, Pers. P. Wilcosiana, 2hnm. P. crassivertes, Thmn. P. Aitemisiarum, Duly. P. Bracbypodii, Frkl. P. Mortbierii, Kornick. P. Cirsii, Lasch. Urocystis primulicola, Magn. Syncbytrium Tarasaci, DeBy. Ceratitium Oxyacautbse, Desm. C. laceratum, Soic. Uredo cancellata, D. and M. U alpestris, Schroet. U. Tridis, Duby. U. digitarisecola, Thum. Coleosporiuni ocbraceum, Bon. C. Caiupanulacearum, Fr, Uromvces Cacalise, Lev. U. ■ Latbyri, Fckl. U. Iridis, Lev. Cronartium ribicola, Dictr. Melampsora Eupborbise. Castr. M. Balsamiferae, Thum. M. Lini, Tul. Podosphaeria biuncinata, C. and P. P. Kunzei, Lev. Unciuula fiexuosa, Pk. U. macrospora, Pk. U circinata. C. and P. Calocladia penicillata. Lev. Microspbaeria Viburni, Schw. Erysipbe Martii, Lev. E. ]amprocarpa, Lev. Pbyllactinia guttata, Lev. Spbaerotbeca Castagnei, Lev. S. Xiesslii, Thum. Stigmatea Cbaetomium, Fr. S. confertissima, Fckl. Capnodium pelliculosum, B. and Br. Ceratostoma spurium, Fr. Massaria foedans, Fr. M. inquinans, Tul. Epicbloe typbina, Tul. Cryptospora nigro-annulata, BeJvm. Pbyllacbora Ulnii, Fckl. Ascomyces Quercus, (Jke. A. ccBrulesceus, Mu. A. alutaceus, Ihum. Exoascus Alni, Fckl. E. Betulje, Fckl. Botryosphaeria Berengeriana, DeNott. Caloapbaeria tumidula, Sacc. Antbostomella Yuccie. Thum. Zignoella punctiformis, Sacc. Roesleria bypogaea, P. and T. Gibberella pulicaris, Sacc. Coleroa Alcbemillae, Fr. Ombropbila Mortberiana, Rehm Bulgaria inquinans, Fr. Dure! la macrospora, Fckl. Mollisia excelsior, Karst. Helotium scutula, Karst. H. stigmarion, Rehm. Peziza striata, j^ees. P. flavofuliginea, A. and S. P. carpinea, Fr. Hypoderma Lauri, Duhy. Lopbium decipiens, Karst. Lopbodermium petiolicolum, Fckl. Guomonia errabunda, Awd. Pbelonitis strobilina, Fr. Cladosporium fasciculare. Fr. C. Martianoffianum, Thum. C. diapbanum, Thum. C. ampelinum. Pass. Cercospora beticola, Sacc. C. Solani, Thum,. C. Smilacis, Thum. C. Tbalictri, Thum. C. acerina, Hart. C. persica, Sacc. C, Rbamni, Fcid. C. Bupleuri, Pass. Triposporium Juglaudis, Thum. Macrosporium Ravenelii, Thum. M. diversisporium, Thum. Fusicladium Aronici, Sacc. F. dendriticum, Wallr. F. orbiculatum, Thum. F. pyriuum, Bon. Dendrypbium curtum, B. & Br. Sporidesmium ]\Iaclur8e. TJium. Ramularia Hellebori. Fckl. R. didyma, Ung. R. Neiuopantbrs, C. & P. Sporotricbum pulviniforme, Thum. Isaria farinosa, Fr. Fusisporium Buxi, Fr. F, lacteum, Desm, F. cbeuopodinum, Thum. Cystispora foliicola, Lib. C. Tberryanu, Thurn. Spbacelia segetum, Lev. Gloeosporium iiliciuum, Rost. G. Sibiricura, Thum. G. ampelopbagum, Sacc, G. affine, Sacc. G. Robergei, Desm. G. Pisi. Oud G. paradoxum, Sacc. G. spbaerelloides, Sacc. Pestalozzia Planimi, Vize. P. Aoaciap, Thum. P. lignicola, Cke. Diplodia carpinea, Ihum. 34 Thirty-sixth Report on the State Museum. Diplodia Incarvilleae, Thum. D. Henri quesii, Thum. D. Molleriana, Thvm. D. foeniculiua, Thum. D. radiciperda, Thum. Dothicliiza Sorbi, Lib. Micropera Pinastri, Sace. Phoma negundicola, Thum. Apospliaeria suffulta, Thum. Asteromella vulgaris, Thum. Phyllosticta Bolleana, Thum. P. nuptialis, Thum. Ascocliyta Lactucse, Rostr. Septoria aesculina, Thum. S. legumiuum, Denm. Myxosporium colliculosum, Berk. Hendersonia Foueroyae, Thum,. Henriquesia lusitanica, P. & TJi Heliscus Lugdunensis, 8. & TJ' Helminthosporium turcicum, Poii. Fusarium globulosulum, Pass. Fusidium stachydis, Pass. Epidochium ambiens, Desm. Botrytis cinerea, Pers. Exosporium Rubi, Nees. Penicillium glaucum, Lk. Passalora bacilligera, Fr. Stachybotrys lobulata, Berk. Septosporium curvatum, Rabh. Coniotliecium didymum, D. & M. C. Mollerianum, Thum. Hydnum amicuin, Quel. H. septentrionale, Fr. Irpex paradoxus, Fr. Microcrassus Candidas, Cohn. Ectostroma Mulgedii, Thum. E, Maclurae, Thum. Prof. W. R. Dudley, Ithaca, 2f. Y. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Draba arabisans, Mx Alyssum calycinum, L. Hypericum Canadense, L. DianthuB Armeria, L. Trifolium bybridum, L. Lespedeza Stuvei, Nutt. Prunus pumila, L. Poterium Canadense, Gr. Agrimonia parviflora, Ait. Rubus neglectus, Pk. Crataegus coc. v. macracantha. Potentilla recta, Willd. P. fruticosa, L. P. palustris, Scop. Saxif raga aizoides, L. Chseropbyllum procumbens. Lam. Lonicera hirsuta, Eaton. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. L. Xylosteum, L. L. Tartarica, L. Scabiosa australis, Wulf. Tragopogon pratensis, L. Polymnia Uvedalia, L. Coreopsis discoidea, T. & G. Pyrola sec. v. pumila, Paine. Moneses uniflora, G)\ Gerardia purpurea, X. Lobelia Kalmii, L. Calamintha aciuos, Vl(P.rv Onosmodium Carolinianum, I>. C. Amarantus blitoides, Wats. Rumex Brittanica, L. Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Myrica Gale, L. Naias major, All. Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm. Aplectrum liyemale, Nutt. Spiranthes Romauzoviana, Chapm. Iris pseudacorus, L. Juncus alp. v. insignis, Fr. Elocharis rostellata, Torr. Scirpus Sraitbii, Gr. S. planifolius, Mu7d. S. pauciflorus, Light/ Carex Steudelli, Kunth. C. tetanica, Schk. C. Grayii, Carey. C, liirta, L. C. tlaccosperma, Dein. C. Hitchcockiana, Dew. Oryzopsis Canadensis, Torr. Aira csespitosa, Z. Pauicum virgatum, L. P. hispid um, Muhl. Eragrcstis capillaris, jVees. Botrychium simplex, Hitch. B. matricariaefolium, Braun. Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. , Isoetes Engel. v. gracilis, Engelm. Azolla Caroliniana, Willd. Clarence Lotcn, Poughkeepsie, iV. Y. Cheilantbes vestita, Sw. Asplenium ebenoides, Scott. Asplenium Bradleyi, D. C. Eaton. Report of the State Botanist. 35 (3.) NEW STATIONS, REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. The first thirteen species noticed are new to the Herbarium, the first eleven have not before been reported. Sisymbrium caxescexs, Ntitf. Watkins Glen, Schuyler county. Professor W. R. Dudley. In the manual, this plant is reported to have been found at Lucifer Falls, Tompkins county, by J. W. Chickering, but Prof. Dudley writes that he has searched for it in vain in that locality. Malta crispa, L. Roadside, Petersburgh, Rensselaer county. Escaped from gar- dens and sparingly naturalized. Lychxis diurna, L. With the preceding species. Also escaped from gardens and door-yards. LONICERA XyLOSTEUM, L. South Hill near Ithaca. A single shrub was found growing in a pasture where there was an abundance of Lonicera Tartarica, L. Dudley. Both species have also been introduced about Albany where the latter also takes the lead in establishing itself. SCABIOSA AUSTRALIS, Wulf. Established about Union Springs, Cayuga county. Dudley. Gal AMIS THA ACINOS, ClCBTV. Roadsides near Ithaca. Introduced. Dudley. Amarantus blitoides, Wats. About Albany. G. W. Clinton. Union Springs and Frontenac Island, Cayuga lake. Dudley. Introduced from the West. In its foliage it resembles the very common Aniarantus alhus, but it . has long prostrate spreading stems and branches and much larger seeds than that species. Iris pseudacorus, L. Near Ithaca, Also established in two localities in alhivial soil near Caybga lake. Dudley. Carex hirta, L. ' South Hill, Ithaca. Near the Delaware, Lackawana and West- ern railroad and apparently introduced. Dudley. 36 Thirty-sixth Eeport on the State Museum. Carex flaccosperma, Deiv. - South Hill, Ithaca. Dudley. A stout form of Carex laxifiora var. intermedia sometimes occurs about Albany, which resembles this species in general aspect but it is readily distinguished from it by its much longer scales and different perigynia. Asplenium ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Near Saugerties, Ulster county. Growing on limestone rocks in company with the walking fern, Camptosorus rJiizophyllus. C. Lown. Mr. Lown had previously found a few specimens of this extremely rare fern about four miles south-east of Poughkeepsie. In this case as in all others it was associated with Oamjitosorus rJiizopliylhis and Asplenium eheneum, the three growing within a foot of each other. In the Saugerties locality the Asplenium ehejieum, though present, was several feet distant. Sedfm acre, L. Roadside, Petersburgh. Escaped from cultivation and spar- ingly naturalized. Sagittaria pusilla, Nlltt. In the New York Flora this species is recorded as occurring on " muddy banks of the Hudson where the water is brackish, as at West Point and Peekskill." The habitat attributed to it in the Manual is, "inundated shores, from eastern New Jersey and Philadelphia southward near the coast." It was recently detected by Mr. H. N. Johnsoji along the river shore at Ooeymans, a few miles below Albany. This is a long distance from the usual sta- tions of the plant and far above the reach of brackish water. Thalictrum anemonoides, Mx. Ooeymans. Johnson. This species manifests a strong disposi- tion to produce double flowers. A few years ago Mr. Johnson took some of the plants from their native habitat and set them in his garden. The past season they developed double flowers. The exterior sepals are green and bract-like, but the inner, which are numerous, are white and petal-like. No stamens exist in any of the flowers and no pistils in some, thus indicating that the sta- mens have been transformed into petals. Altssum caltcinum, L. University grounds, Ithaca. Introduced. Dudley. Draba arabisans, Mx. Esty Glen and shore of Cayuga lake. Dudley. Report of the State Botanist. 37 LePIDIUM CAMPfiSTRE, L. Xear Ithaca. Dudley. Also near Coeymans and rapidly spread- ing over the State. Lespedeza Stuvei, Nutt. Ithaca. Dudley. EUBUS NEGLECTUS, Ph. West shore of Cayuga lake. Dudley. POTENTILLA RECTA, WHld. Xear Moravia. Dudley. Agrimoxia paryiflora, Ail. Freeville and Danby, Tompkins county. Dudley. Crataegus coccixea var. macracantha. College campus, Ithaca and Union Springs. The thorns on the specimens are four to four and a half inches long. Prunus pumila, L. South Hill, Ithaca. Dudley. Someof thefruic is swollen into a pale, soft body, ovate or obovate in form and pointed at the apex. This is the result of an attack by a fungus, Exoascus Pruni, Fckl. This fungus also attacks the fruit of the wild plum, Prunus Americatia, Marshall. I have also seen the fruit of our wild black cherry, Primus serotina, swollen in a similar manner but the cause in this case was from an attack of an insect, the larvae of which were found in the affected fruit. SeDUM REFLEXUil, L. Thoroughly established by the roadside near Newark, "Wayne county. E. L. Hankenson. EPILOBIUil MOLLE, ToTT. Sphagnous marsh in " Cheney's woods," near Glens Falls. Mrs. L. A. Millington. The specimens sent are young plants and they show at the base a dense cluster of very small thick subterranean scale-like leaves, which might easily be mistaken for a cluster of small tubers. They are arranged in pairs on opposite sides of the stem, as are the leaves, and they appear whitish, thick and starchy like cotyjedonous leaves. Their office is apparently similar to that of cotyledouous leaves, that is, to store up nutriment upon which the plant can draw at some subsequent period of its existence. They do not appear upon the base of old plants or those which have flowered and fruited. They are also found at the base of young plants of Epilobium palustre. 38 Thirty-sixth Keport on the State Museum. LONICERA OBLONGIFOLIA, Mulll. Michigan Hollow, near Danby. Dtulley. Saxifraga aizoides, L. Cliffs of Taghauic ravine, near Ithaca, growing with Primula Mistassinica and Pinguicula vulgaris. Dudley. Ch^rophtllum procumbens. Lam. In " Negundo woods," near Ithaca. Dudley. Mitchella re pens, L. Near Moravia. M. F. Merchant, M. D. This is the form that produces white berries, concerning which Dr. Merchant writes, *' I have observed them quite closely for nearly three years and have watched their flowering two seasons and their fruiting: three. The flowers are not dimorphous in this patch, but are all of one form, all having long exserted stamens and short pistils. The fruit is copious and without any tendency to change or approach the red-fruited form. The plants are thrifty and spreading and there are none of the red-fruited plants in the immediate vicinity. " Coreopsis discoidea, T. cQ G. Shores of Dryden lake. Dudley. Lobelia Kalmii, L. Farley's Point, Cayuga lake, growing along the shores and in meadows. A variety with stout stem and large flowers. Dudley. Pyrola secunda var. pumila, Paine. Deep moss in a fir-tree swamp near Freeville. Dudley. Calystegia sepium, L. Tunis, Lewis county. C. D. Hill. The specimen differs from the ordinary form of the plant in having the stem pubescent, the leaves narrow and the flower tube very short. The flowers appear as if they were double, but in their dried and pressed condition this appearance may be deceptive. Rumex Britankica, L. Shores of Owasco lake -nlet. Dudley. CoREMA CoNRADii, Torr. Shawangunk mountains, Ulster county. C. E. Smith. Long Island is the only locality in the State from which this pretty lit- tle evergreen heath-like shrub has previously been reported. Judg- ing from the localities usually ascribed to it in the manuals, this Eepoet of the State Botanist. 39 new station is much farther inland than the plant usually occurs. Its presence here gives an additional botanical interest to the Shawangunk mountains which have already furnished several very rare and interesting species of plants. QuERCUS MuHLBNBERGii, Emjelm. {Q. castanea, Muhl.) ''Big Gully" near Union Springs. Dudley. This is the Q. Prinus yar. acuminata of the Manual, Q, acuminata, Mx,, but it is regarded by Dr. Engelmann as quite distinct from Q. Prinus. It is a rare species in our State, its proper home being, according to Dr. Engelmann, in the Mississippi valley. In the New York Flora it is attributed to Chemung county on the authority of Dr. Knieskern. There are two forms of it ; one having lanceolate narrow leaves, five to six inches long and one and a half to two inches broad, with acuminate apex and sharp teeth ; the other having broadly ovate or obovate leaves, six or seven inches long and four or five inches broad, with broader and more rounded teeth. Our specimens belong to the narrow-leaved form. Mtrica Gale, L. Locke pond, Cayuga county. Dudley. Sagittaria variabilis var. hastata, Engelm. Summit marsh, Spencer, Tioga county. Dudley. The speci- men shows long linear and lanceolate phyllodia ; also stolons giv- ing rise to young plants. The variations in this well-named Sagittaria are exceedingly numerous. Specimens collected at Coeymans have the leaves of variety latifolia, but all the flowers staminate on some plants, thus passing to the direcious inflores- cence of variety oM^isa. Specimens of variety gracilis from the same place have, in some cases, all the leaves without lobes, in others some leaves are lobed, others, lobeless. A specimen of this variety from Long lake has the fruiting heads almost sessile, as in S. heterophylla. Specimens of variety hastata and variety angustifolia also sometimes occur with dioecious inflorescence. Naias major. All. Foot of Cayuga lake. A slender form with long internodesand long narrow leaves. Black lake, a shallow pond four miles below Cayuga lake. A short, stout, dark or purplish-colored leafy form with dichotomous recurved habit and slightly curved and more distinctly reticulated fruit. Dudley. Aplectrum hyemale, Nutt. West Dryden. Dudley. 40 Thirty-sixth Repokt on the State Museum. SciKPUs Smithii, Gr. Shore of Cayuga lake, near Union Springs. Dudley. Carex Steudelii, Kunth. Six-mile creek, near Ithaca. Dudley. Eragrostis Purshii, Schrad. Waste places about Albany. Clinion. This southern grass is rapidly extending its range northward. Last year it was reported from Yonkers, this year it appears to be well established at Al- bany. It appears, like many other introduced plants, to follow the lines of the railroads which are a powerful agency in extend- ing the distribution and range of species and in intermingling the floras of different localities. This grass closely resembles its con- gener, E. pilosa, from which it is most readily distinguished by the naked axils of its panicle. Eragrostis capillaris, JVees. Ithaca. Dudley. A dwarf form three or four inches high. Cheilanthes vestita, Stv. Two miles below Poughkeepsie on the east side of the river. It occurs also on the west side of the river, but in blasting the rocks for the West Shore railroad, its station may have been destroyed. C. Loion. AsPLENiuM Bradleti, D. C. Ettton. Shawangunk mountains, Ulster county. Loivn BoTRYCHiUM simplex, HUch. Danby. Dudley. The specimens are well developed and belong to the varieties incisum and suhcompositum. BOTRTCHIUM MATRICARI^FOLIUM, A. Bvauil. McLean, Tompkins county. Dudley. Both these species and the more rare B. lanceolatum, Angst., occur in Petersburgh, Rens- selaer county, growing together. Isoetes Englemanni var. gracilis, Engelni. Locke pond. Dudley. AZOLLA CAROLINIAIfA, Wllld. Foot of Cayuga lake. Dudley. Sodus bay. HanTcenson. The Cayuga lake specimens are much more dense and compact in habit than the Sodus bay specimens. Report of the State Botanist. 41 (4.) NEW YORK SPECIES OF PSALLIOTA. "Stem annulate, distinct from the hymenophorum; lamellae free." Hymen, Eur op., p. 278. The name of the subgenus Psalliota is derived from the Greek word WaWiov {WsXkiov), a bracelet or armlet. Its application to these Agarics was probably suggested by the annulus or ring which encircles the stem. The species of this subgenus correspond in structure to those of the subgenus Lepiota in the Leucospori or white-spore series and to those of the subgenus Annularia in the Hyporhodii or pink- spore series. The tendency of the flesh in some species of Psalliota to change color when cut or bruised corresponds also to a similar tend- ency in some of the Lepiot^e. No corresponding subgenus has yet been established in the Dermini or ochraceous-spore series, nor in the Coprinarii or black-spore series. The Agarics belonging to the sub- genus Psalliota are generally of medium or large size and rather at- tractive in appearance until the lamellae have assumed the blackish color of age. They are most abundant in late summer or autumn, but in warm wet weather some of them occur early in the season also. The pileus is more or less fleshy but usually rather brittle or easily broken. It may be either smooth, fibrillose or scaly. Sometimes even individuals of the same species exhibit pilei with all these characters. The fibrillose pileus of a young individual may become either smooth or scaly with age. No species having a viscid pileus appears yet to. have occurred either in our State or in Europe, though an Ohio species A. fabaceus, Berk., is described as having the pileus viscid when moist. The lamellae are generally close or crowded and rounded at tlieir inner extremity and not attached to the stem. They change color with ad- vancing age, becoming darker as they grow older. This change of color is in great measure due to the development of the spores which cause the lamellae to assume their own brown or blackish-brown hue. The lamellae of young plants are generally whitish or pallid, changing in some species, directly from this color to the brown color of maturity, and in others, assuming an intervening pinkish rosy or reddish hue before taking on the final dark or sombre color. The exceptional J. fahaceus is described as liaving the lamellae brown even in the young plant, but even in this case they are said to become darker with age. In the common mushroom, A. campestris, they may become moist or subdeliquescent when old, thus indicating a relationship with the inky Bpecies of the genus Coprinus. The stem is fleshy and furnished with an annulus or ring, which in some species varies in its degree of de- velopment, and in others is more or less thin and somewhat evanes- [Sen. Doc. No. 53.] 6 42 Thirty-sixth Report on the State Museum. ceut. The spores in our species are quite small, elliptical or subellip- tical in outline and do not vary greatly in dimensions in the different species. Fries groups the European species in two sections which he names "Edules," and "Minores." The former group includes the larger and more fleshy species. Several of them are edible and have long been used as an article of food. No representatives of the" Miuores" have yet been found in our State. Of the " Edules " we have several species which may again be divided into two sub-groups depending on their usual habitats. Those which grow in open places, manured grounds or cultivated fields generally have a thicker, firmer pileus and a comparatively shorter stouter stem than those that grow in copses groves and woods. It is among these especially that the most notable succulent "mushrooms" are found. Synoptical Table of the Species. Growing in fields, open places or cultivated grounds 2 2. Lamellae at first whitish or pallid 3 2. Lamellae at first pinkish or flesh colored A. campestris. 3. Lamellae narrow, stem solid A. Hodmani. 3. Lamellae broader, stem stuffed or hollow A. arvensis. 1. Growing in woods, copses or groves 4 4. Stem bulbous 5 4. Stem not bulbous G 5. Pileus smooth A. silvicola. 5. Pileus squamulose A. placomyces. 6. Pileus two inches or more in diameter A. silvaticus. 6. Pileus less than two inches in diameter A. diminutivus. Agaricus campestris, L. Common Mushroom. Edible Mushroom. Field Agaric. Pileus at first hemispherical or convex, then expanded with de- curved margin or nearly plane, smooth silky floccose or hairy squamu- lose, the margin extending beyond the lamellae, the flesh rather thick, firm, white; lamellae free, close, ventricose, at first delicate pink or flesJi color, then blackish-brown, subdeliquescent ; stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base, stuffed, white or whitish, nearly or quite smooth; annulus at or near the middle, more or less lacerated, some- times evanescent; spores elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to 0002 in. broad. Plant 2 to 4 in. high, pilous 1.5 to 4 in. or more broad, stem 4 to 8 lines thick. Fields, pastures, manured grounds, mushroom beds, etc. This is the well-known " edible mushroom," a species which is more extensively cultivated and more generally used as food than any other. With proper attention to ita characteristic features there is no need of Repoet of the State Botanist. 43 its being mistaken for or confused with any deleterious or poisonous species. The pileus is nearly always regular in shape, rather thick and mod- erately firm, hemispherical or convex when young but usually becom- ing more flattened or nearly plane with age. In its young state it is adorned with fine silky or hairy fibrils which sometimes, with advancing age, form minute persistent tufts or scales and sometimes disappear altogether, leaving the surface quite smooth. The decurved margin usually extends a little beyond the extremity of the lamellee. The cuticle or skin is more or less readily separable from the flesh, which is white, but sometimes manifests a tendency to change color slightly when cut or bruised, and to exhibit pinkish or reddish stains. The color of the pileus in the wild form is usually white or whitish with us, but in the cultivated forms it is often ochrey- brown or pale tawny, and varieties sometimes occur in which it is brown. The lamellae have a very beautiful and delicate pinkish hue which is apparent as soon as they are exposed to the light by the separation of the concealing veil from the margin of the pileus. This colorgrad- ually becomes darker with advancing age until it finally changes to a dark brown or almost black hue. This character is one of the best by which to distinguish the "edible mushroom" from all other Agarics, except its nearest allies, A. Rodmani and A. arvensis. And even from these, when young, it may readily be distinguished by the primary color of its lamellae. The subgenera Annularia and Pluteus in the pink-spore series contain species the lamellee of which exhibit similar pinkish colors, but these never change to brown or blackish-brown as the plant matures or becomes old. In the mushroom the lamellae are rounded at their inner extremity and not attached to the stem, so that generally in mature specimens there is a small free space between it and them. The stem is commonly short in proportion to the breadth of the pileus, its length being, in most cases, less than the horizontal diame- ter of the pileus. Ordinarily it is cylindrical in shape, though now and then instances occur in which it may either be slightly thickened or slightly narrowed toward the base. The central portion of the stem is a little softer in texture than the external portion, hence it is said to be stuffed. The annulus encircles it at or near the middle. It is sometimes quite thin and flabby and is then easily torn and destroyed. The mushroom, like many other plants which have been the sub- ject of long and extensive cultivation, has given rise to several forms which exhibit quite marked distinctive features. These forms differ 44 Thirty-sixth Report oivr the State Museum. so much from the original typical form that they have received dis- tinguishing names and are called varieties. The following are the principal ones. Var. albus. White variety. Pileus smooth or slightly silky-fibril- lose, white or whitish, stem short. This is our most common variety. It occurs in unfrequented streets, waste places, cultivated grounds and especially in rich pastures where the grass is kept short. It usually appears in August and September, but sometimes in warm, wet weather it is found early in the season. A very large form with the pileus six or seven inches broad sometimes occurs. Var. pratlcola. Meadow variety. (A. praticola, Viit.) (A. pratensis, Handbook.) Pileus adorned with reddish scales, flesh somewhat tinged with pink. This variety must be uncommon with us. I have seen no examples of it, nor of the three following varieties : Var. timbrinus. Brown variety. Pileus smooth, brown ; stem stout and minutely scaly. Var. 7'ufescens. Reddish variety. Pileus reddish, minutely scaly ; lamellae at first white; stem elongated; flesh turning bright red when cut or bruised. This departs so decidedly from the ordinary charac- ters of the type, especially in the white color of the young lamellae, that it seems to merit separation as a distinct species. Var. villaticus. Villa variety. (A. villaticus, Brond.) Plant large, pileus scaly; stem scaly, coated or subvolvate by the inferior veil. In the Handbook of British Fungi this is placed as a variety of ^4. ar- vensis, but most authors regard it as a variety of ^. camjyestris. Var. Jiortensis. Garden YSiYiety. Pileus brownish or ochrey-browu, bearing hairy fibrils or minute scales. This is often cultivated and is occasionally exposed for sale in the markets of Albany. Var. Buclianani. Buchanan's variety. Pileus white,, smooth, de- pressed in the center, the margin naked ; stem stout ; annulus thin, lacerated. A rare variety sometimes occurring in mushroom beds. Var. elongatus. Long-stem variety. Pileus small, smooth, convex, the margin adorned with the adherent remains of the lacerated veil ; stem long, slender, slightly thickened toward the base ; annulus slight or evanescent. This is also a variety of mushroom beds. Var. vajoorarius. Green-house variety. (A. vaporarius, Vitt.) Pileus brownish, coated with long hairs or fibrils ; stem hairy-fibrillose, be- coming transversely scaly. Conservatories, cellars, etc. Not differing greatly from Var. hortensis. Eepokt of the State Botaxist, 45 Agaricus EodmaxIj Pk. Rodman's Mushroom. Pileus rather thick, firm, at first convex, then nearly or quite plane, with decurved margin, smooth or rarely slightly rimose-squamose on the disjj, white or whitish, becoming yellowish or subochraceous on the disk, the flesh white, unchangeable ; lamellae close, narrow, rounded behind, free, reaching nearly or quite to the stem at first lohitish, then pink or reddisk-pink, finally blackish-brown ; stem short, subequal, solid, whitish, smooth below theannulus, often furfaraceous or slightly mealy-squamulose above ; annulus varialjle, thick or thin, entire or lacerated, at or below the middle of the stem ; spores broadly ellipti- cal or subglobose, generally uninucleate, .0002 to .00025 in. long, .0U016 to .0002 in. broad. Plant 2 to 3 in. high; yjileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 6 to 10 lines thick. Grassy ground and paved gutters. Astoria, Long Island. Rev. W, Rodman. Washington Park, Albany. May to July. This species is intermediate between A. campestris and A. arvensis, from both of which it may be distinguished by its narrow lamellae, solid stem and smaller, almost globose, spores. In size, shape of the pileus and general appearance it most resembles A. campestris, but in the whitish primary color of the lamellae and in the yellowish tints which the pileus often assumes, it approaches nearer to A. arve^isis. The pileus, which is usually smooth, occasionally manifests a tendency to crack into small areas or scales on the disk. The flesh is quite thick and firm, its thickness generally much exceeding the breadth of the lamellae. This character, together with the solidity of the stem, indicates a disposition in the species to produce flesh rather than fruit and may make it more desirable for cultivation than the common mushroom. The length of the stem, in all the specimens I have seen, is less than the breadth of the pileus. Its shape is nearly cylindrical. The annulus is generally rather thick and sometimes projects both above and below in such a manner that it appears like a grooved band or collar surrounding the stem. In some instances it is so near the base that it suggests the idea of a volva. Its lower or exterior surface is occasionally rimose, thereby indicating another point of resemblance between this species and A. arvensis. In this respect, as well as in its solid stem and narrow lamellae, it also approaches A.augustus, a large and showy European species which has not yet occurred with us, but which may be known by its lamellie changing at once from the pallid color of immaturity to the dark-brown hue of age, without exhibiting any intervening pinkish tints. 46 Thirty-sixth Report on the State Museum. The species is respectfully dedicated to its discoverer. Its edible qualities are deemed equal to those of the common edible mushroom. It has been tested by Mr. G. Rodman. It is apparently a rare species, but may be more common than is supposed, for it may possibly have been heretofore confused with the common mushroom, which it much resembles in color, the pileus being at first white or whitish, although it soon assumes yellowish tints or becomes a pale ochrey-red or russet color on the disk. Agarious arvensis, Schceff. Horse Mushroom. Plowed-land Mushroonio Pileus at first convex or conical-campanulate, then expanded, at first more or less floccose or mealy, then smooth, white or yellowish, flesh white ; lamella? close, free, generally broader anteriorly, at first ^vhitish, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown ; stem equal or slightly thickened toward the base, smooth, JioUow or stvffed with a floccose pith ; an- nulus rather large, thick, the lower or exterior surface often cracked in a radiate manner; spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Plant 2 to 5 in. high ; pileus 3 to 5 in. or more broad: stem 4 to 10 lines thick. Cultivated fields and pastures. Summer and autumn. This species is so closely related to the common mushroom that it is regarded by some authors as a mere variety of it. Even the re- nowned Persoon is said to have written concerning it, " It appears to be only a variety of A. campestris." Cordiersaysof it, "Distinguished from A. campestris by its pure white color, more pale lamellae, its white flesh not changing color when cut or bruised, its lamellas re- maining pale a long time and not deliquescing." Fries also says that it is commonly not distinguished from A. campestris, but that it is diverse in some respects ; its white flesh being unchangeable, its la- mellae never deliquescing, remaining a long time pale and not becom- ing dark red in middle age. Berkeley says of it, " A coarse, but whole- some species, often turning yellow when bruised." In size the horse mushroom often exceeds the common mushroom, its pileus, according to the Handbook, sometimes attaining a breadth of eighteen inches and its stem a thickness of one to two inches. The white color of the pileus often becomes tinged with yellow, either with age or in drying. The pale primary color of the lamellae, the thick, well-developed annulus and the hollow stem are available features for distinguishing it from its close allies. It is less common with us than A. campestris, to which in edible qualities it is very similar. A. Georgii, Sow., A. pratensis. Scop., A. edulis, Kromhh., and A. ex- quisitus, Vitt., are synonyms. Eeport of the State Botanist. 47 Agaricus silvigola, vat. Silvan Mushroom. Pileus convex or subcarapanulate, sometimes expanded or nearly plane, smooth, shilling, white or yellowish ; lamellae close, thin, free, rounded behind, generally narrowed toward each end, al first whitish, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown ; stern long, cylindrical, stuffed or hollow, white, hidhous ; annulus either thick or thin, entire or lac- erated ; spores elliptical, .00025 to .00032 in. long, .00016 to .0002 in. broad. Plant 4 to 6 in, high; pileus 3 to 6 in. broad; stem 4 to 8 lines thick. Woods, copses and groves or along their borders. Summer and autumn. Many authors place this as a variety of A. campestris, bat as it occurs witli us its characters are very constant and well marked and enable it to be distinguished from that species with great facility. It generally attains a larger size, has a smoother, more shining pileus, which is usually tinged with yellow, it has the primary color of the lamellas whitish, and its stem is longer and proportionately more slender and distinctly bulbous. It has, as Fries suggests, more points of resemblance to A. arvensis than to A. campestris, but its bulbous stem at once separates it from that species. The bulb is peculiar, it being small but very abrupt and depressed or flattened like a common turnip. The pileus is thin in proportion to its breadth and is quite fragile, so that the plants must be handled with care to prevent its being broken. In mature plants the margin of the pileus sometimes has a lurid or dull purplish tint, which is probably derived from the color of the spores. The annulus is often tinged with yellow exteriorly and is sometimes radiately rimose on the lower surface like that of A. arvensis. In some instances fragments of it remain attached to the margin of the pileus. The plants sometimes grow in close groups or tuft-like clus- ters. A. edulis, Berk., is given as a synonym. It is reported to be esculent, but I have not tested it. Persons un- acquainted with it should guard against confounding immature speci- mens of it with the white forms of the phalloid agaric, A. phalloides, a poisonous .species which grows in similar places and bears some resemblance to it. The poisonous A. phalloides has a much larger bulb to the stem and the lamellae remain permanently white or whitish, showing at no age either the pinkish or blackish-brown hues which are so conspicuous in A. silvicola. 48 Thirty-sixth Report on the State Museum. Agaricus placomyces, Pk. Flat-cap Agaric. Pileus fleshy but rather thin, at first convex or campanulate, then expanded and quite plane, squamulose, whitisli, the disc and minute scales broivn ; lamellae close, free, white, then pinhish, finally blackish- brown; stem smooth, stuffed with a small pith slightly tapering upward, bulbous, whitish, the bulb stained with yellow and usually giving rise to one or two mycelioid white root-like processes; annulus large, flabby; spores elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long, .00016 to .00018 in. broad. Plant 3 to 5 in. high, pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Under hemlock trees. Oneida and Knowersville. July. This rare but beautiful Agaric is easily distinguished from its allies by the bulbous stem and the perfectly flat white surface of the ex- panded pileus finely adorned by numerous minute brown scales. These scales are confluent on the disk where they form a brown 8j)ot, thus imitating in appearance many species of the subgenus Lepiota. Some- times faint radiating strias extend from the disk to the margin of the pileus. In damp weather the large thin annulus is sometimes studded with drops of moisture of a dark color. Nothing is known concern- ing the edible qualities of the species. The specific name is derived from two Greek words, TtXauovi, a flat cake, and piVKj]?, a fungus, and has reference to the very flat horizontally expanded jDileus. Agaricus silvaticus, Schmff. Wood Agaric. Pileus thin, at first convex or campanulate, then expanded, gibbous or subumbonate, fibrillose or variegated with a few thin tawny brown- ish or reddish-brown s2)ot-liJce aitpressed scales, whitish, brownish or smoky gray, the disk sometimes tinged with red or reddish-brown, the flesh white or faintly reddish ; lamellae thin, close, free, narrowed toward each end, reddish, then blackish-brown ; stem rather long, equal or slightly tapering upward, holbw, whitish; spores ellijitical, .0002 to .00025 in. long, .00016 to .0002 in. broad. Plant 3 to 5 in. high, pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 4 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Summer and autumn. Not common. The absence of a bulbous base to the stem and the fibrillose or feebly scaly pileus which is more or less gibbous or umbonate, serve to dis- tinguish this from the two preceding species. Concerning its edibility, Eeport of the State Botanist. 49 Cordier says that it is at least suspicious and that Vivian pronounces it " pernicious." Its odor is strong and its flesh Avhen cut assumes a slight yellowish tint. Agaricus diminutivus, Ph. Diminutive Agaric. Pileus thin, fragile, at first convex, then plane or centrally de- pressed, sometimes slightly umbonate, whitish or alutaceous, faintly spotted with small thin silky appressed brownish scales,the disk brownish or reddish-brown ; lamellte close, thin, free, ventricose, brownish-pink becoming brown, blackish -brown or black ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, smooth, pallid ; annulus thin, per- sistent, white; spores elliptical, .0002 in. long, .00015 to .00016 in. broad. Plant 1.5 to 2 in. high, pileus 1 to 1.5 in. broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Woods. Croghan and Sandlake. Autumn. This is a small but symmetrical and beautiful Agaric. It is perhaps too closely related to the preceding species of which it may possibly prove to be a mere variety or dwarf form. Its pileus is quite thin and fra- gile. Usually the darker or reddish hue of the disk gradually loses it- self in the paler color of the margin, but sometimes the whole surface is tinged with red. In closing this brief report my most cordial thanks are tendered to those botanists who have aided me by contributing specimens and in- formation, and their continued co-operation in the work now well ad- vanced is most earnestly solicited. Respectfully submitted, CHAS H. PECK. Albany, January 8, 1883. [Sen. Doc. No. 53.] 7 n BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM OF ISr^TURA.L HISTORY VOL. I.-NO. 2 May 1887 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BOTANY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK BY CHARLES H. PECK STATE BOTANIST PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUI ALBANY CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN & SONS 1887 CONTENTS Page. * Descriptions of new species of New York fungi 5 Additions to the flora of the State of New York in 1883, with remarks and observations , 25 Descriptions of New York species of fungi belonging to the genera Paxilhis, Cantharellus and Craterelhis 29 Names of New York species of Pyrenoniycetous fungi according to the Saccardoan system of arrangement 49 Descriptions of New York species of viscid Boleti _ 57 • The titles of the first four articles were enumerated in the Thirty-seventh Report on the State Museum, but the articles were not printed. A revision of them is here given. I NEW SPECIES OF NEW YORK FUNGI. Tricholoma infantilis, Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, even, minutely silky, moist in wet weather, reddish-gray, the margin when young incurved and whitish ; lamellae subdistant, plane or slightly ventricose, often eroded on the edge, whitish ; stem short, equal or tapering upward, hollow, slightly silky, colored like the pileus or a little paler ; spores broadly elliptical. -0003 to .00035 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad, often containing a shining nucleus. Plant gregarious, pileus 4 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 1.5 in. high, 1 to 2 lines thick. Gravelly soil in fields. Sandlake. June. This is a very small species belonging to the section Sericella and related to Tricholoma coelata, from which it is distinguished by its different color and the absence of an umbilicus from the pileus. This is sometimes papillate, and both it and the stem imbibe moist- ure. The latter is fleshy-fibrous, and its cavity is very small. In the larger specimens the margin of the pileus is often wavy, and the edge of the lamellfe eroded. Tricholoma Heheloma, a closely allied species, may be distinguished by its more conical pileus, slender habit and smaller spores. Clitocybe basidiosa. Pileus rather thin, convex, then expanded and umbilicate or cen- trally depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, grayish-brown and striatu- late on the margin when moist, diugy-white or grayish- white when dry, flesh whitish ; lamella arcuate or nearl}^ plane, thick, distant, adnate or slightl}^ decurrent, whitish with a violaceous' tint ; stem equal or slightly thickened above, glabrous, firm, whitish or pallid ; spores subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. long, basidia elongated, .0024 in. long, bearing spicules .0003 in. long. Plant single or casspitose, 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 16 to 18 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Woods and swamps. Saudlake and East Berne. August. 6 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. The numerous uurrow and elongated basidia of this species are suggestive of the specific name. The plant is also easily recognized by the peculiar, pale, livid gray hue of the pileus, and the slight violaceous tint of the laniellas. The pileus is rarely slightly umbo- nate. When dry both it and the stem have a slight silky appearance. The stem is usually solid, and slightly enlarged as it enters the pileus. The species should be placed among the Orbiformbs, though in some respects it approaches C. ohhatus and O. Calathus. It also has the aspect of some species of Hygroi)horus. CoUylbia alcalinoleiis. Pileus thin, subconieal or convex, then expanded, slightly silky- fibrillose, shining, hygrophanous, dark watery-brown when moist, grayish-])rown or cinereous when drj^ flesh white ; lamellte rather broad, subdistant, adnate or emarginate with a decurrent toothy whitish ; stem equal, glabrous, slightly pruinose above, hollow, shining, whitish ; spores broadly elliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Plant gregarious, 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 8 to 18 lines broad, stem 1 to 3 lines thick. Thin woods and bushy places. Sandlake. June and July. This species has a peculiar odor resembling that of chloride of lime. In this respect it is similar to some species of Mycena. The plant is quite variable. The disk of the pileus is now elevated, now depressed, sometimes darker than the rest, sometimes canescent with short, grayish fibrils. The margin is quite thin and sometimes stri- atulate when moist. Occasionally it surpasses the lamellae, which in the expanded plant are often ventricose. The stem is sometimes irre2;ular or compressed. The species belongs to the section Te- PHROPHAN^, and is apparently allied to A. laceratus. Lieptonia albinella. Pileus submembranous, subconieal or convex, subumbilicate, fur- furaceous or minutely squamulose, hygrophanous, whitish and stri- atulate on the margin when moist, white and shining when dry ; lamellffi narrow, close, adnexed, white, becoming incarnate ; stem equal, hollow, glabrous or slightly pruinose, whitish ; spores angular, .00045 to .0005 in. long, .0003 to .00035 in. broad. Plant 1.5 to 2 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 line thick. Bushy places. Sandlake. July. NEW SPECIES OF FUNGI. 7 Readily distinguished from its allies by its white color. Lejjioma assularuin B. & C. differs in having an unibonate virgate pileus with a dai'k center. Nolanea delicatulus is a more slender, delicate plant with a smoother pileus and not at all umbilicate. Psilocybe castanella, Pileus thin, at first convex or subconical, then expanded or slightly depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, chestnut-colored or umber-brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, pale-alutaceous when dry, flesh a little paler than the surface of the pileus ; lamellae close, adnate or slightly rounded behind, at first pale-brown, then purplish- I'rown ; stem equal, flexuous, hollow or stuffed with a whitish pith, slightly silky-fil)rillose, brownish or subrufesceut with a w^hite myce- lium at the base ; spores purplish-brown, .0003 to .00032 in. long, .00016 to .0002 in. broad. Plant gregarious or subctespitose, 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 4 to 8 lines broad, stem .5 to 1 line thick. Rich grassy ground by roadsides. Sandlake. June. The species appears to be closely allied to Agaricus squalens, which may be distinguished by its lurid color, decurrent lamellae and ferruginous-brown spores. Moreover its habitat is unlike that of our plant. In very wet weather both the pileus and lamellse sometimes have a watery-brown appearance, and then the striations of the former sometimes extend to the disk, which is rarely slightly umbonate. In drying, the moisture first disappears from the center of the pileus. The young pileus is usually chestnut-colored, and its margin and the stem are adorned with a few whitish fibrils. Psilocybe fuscofulva. Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate, suI)umbonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, dark watery-brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, subochraceous when dry ; lamelUe rather broad, mod- erately close, adnate, subventricose, pur[)lish-brown ; stem slender, flexuous, stuffed, slightly silky, reddish-brown ; spores purplish- brown, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Plant 1.5 to 2.5 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Among sphagnum. Karner. October. The species is related to Agaricus atrobrunneus, but its smaller size and diffferently colored lamellte will serve to distinguish it. 8 BULLETIN N. Y, STATE MUSEUM. Derinocybe siinulans. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex, then expanded, at first grayish- viola- ceous and silky-fibrillose, then pale-cinereous, often tinged with yellow or brownish-yellow on the disk, flesh pale-violaceous or pale-cinereous ; lamellae rather broad, subventricose, rounded behind, moderately close, violaceous, becoming cinnamon-colored ; stem short, equal or slightly thickened at the base, silky-fibrillose, shining, stufled or hollow, violaceous, becoming whitish or pallid ; spores subglobose or broadly elUptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Plant 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 6 to 18 lines broad, stem about 2 lines thick. Woods. Sandlake. July. The colors of this species are so similar to those of Inoloma alho- violacea that the plant might at first sight be mistaken for a small form of that species, but its small size, thin pileus and short, hollow stem aff'ord distinguishing characters. Telanionia gracilis. Pileus thin, convex or campanulate, then expanded, umbonate, floccose-fibrillose, hygrophanous, water}'-brown or sordid-chestnut when moist, whitened on the margin with grayish fibrils, subochra- ceous or tawny-cinnamon when dry ; lamellse thin, subdistant, be- coming subventricose, ferruginous-brown, becoming cinnamon-colored; stem long, slender, flexuous, fibrillose and slightly floccose-scaly, with a slight whitish evanescent annulus, colored like the pileus ; spores elliptical, uninucleate, .0004 to .00045 in. long, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Plant 2 to 4 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Among moss and sphagnum in marshes. Sandlake. August. The umbo is small and sometimes acute, rarely obsolete. The dry pileus varies much in color, it being tawny, cinnamon, subochraceous or grayish-cervine. The young lamellse also vary from ferruginous- brown to reddish-umber and sometimes have a slight violaceous tint. The species is apparently related to Telamonia jiexipes and T. rigida^ but the first is described as having the stem violaceous at the apex, and the second as having the pileus glabrous, both of which charac- ters are wanting in our plant. Variety brevipes has the stem but 1 or 2 inches long. It occurs on decaying wood. i NEW SPECIES OF FVNGI. 9 Hydrocybe prsepallens. Pileus fleshy, thin, subconical, then convex or expanded, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery-brown or chestnut-colored when moist, pale- ochraceous when dry, flesh yellowish-white ; lamellae close, lanceolate, rounded behind or slightly emarginate, reddish-umber, becoming tawny-cinnamon ; stem short, equal, subflexuons, fleshy-fibrous, slightly silky, pallid or brownish ; spores subelliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00025 in. broad. Plant 1 to 3 in. high, pileus 6 to 18 lines broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Naked soil in woods. Sandlake. June. The diflerence in the color of the moist pileus and the dry one is quite decided. The change from the dark-chestnut color of the one to the dingy-yellow or isabelline hue of the other is very noticeable and suggestive of the specific name. The fibrils of the veil are grayish-white, and the margin, which is at first incurved, is apt to become wavy, irregular or reflexed in large specimens. In the thinner specimens it is striatulate when moist. The lamellae are nar- rowed toward the outer extremity and when young are of a peculiar reddish-brown or dark-ferruginous hue. The stem is usually hollow, but apparently from the erosion of insects. The species belongs to the section Firmiores. Hygropliorus luiniitulus. Pileus thin, snbmembranous, convex or expanded, subumbilicate, bright-red, viscid and distantly striatulate when moist, pale-red or yellowish when dry ; lamellae rather broad, subdistant, sometimes ventricose, adnate or subsinuate and slightly deciUTent, whitish, tinged with red or yellow ; stem short, slender, fragile, solid, viscid when moist, yellowish ; s[)ores narrowly elliptical, .0004 in. long, .0002 in. broad, borne on slender spicules which are .0002 to .0003 in. long. Plant 6 to 10 lines high, pileus 3 to 5 lines l)r{)ad, stem scarcely half a line thick. Grassy ground in pastures. Sandlake. July. This is one of our smallest species of Hygroi)li()rus. Its nearest relative is H. aurantiacoluteas B. & C, from which the visciil pileus iwul stem and less decurrent lamellae separate it. As the moisture escapes from the fresh })lant the pileus becomes paler and assumes a slight silky appearance, but often the thoroughly dried s[)ccimens 10 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. resume the ])nght-red hue of the fresh phmt. Often several hasidia grow from the same filament. Russula albida. Pileus thill, broadly convex, then expanded or depressed, gla- brous, viscid when moist, white, sometimes slightly tinged with yel- low, the spreading or erect margin at length slightly and narrowly tubcrculose-striate, flesh white ; lamellae adnate or subdecurrent, moderately close, some of them forked near the stem, white, the interspaces venose ; stem nearly equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollowj- white : spores white, minutely rough, subglobose or broadly ellipti- cal, .00035 in, long, .0003 in. broad ; taste mild or bitterish. Plant 1 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 2.5 in. broad, stem 3 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Sandlake. July and August. This Russula belongs to the section Fragiles. It may be distin- guished from white forms of Russula einetica by its adnate or slightly decurrent lamella and by its milder taste. Russula uncialis. Pileus thin, convex, then expanded or centrally depressed, viscid when moist, glal)rous or very minutely rivulose-granulose, red or pinkish-red, the margin obscurely tuberculose-striate, flesh white ; lamellae moderately close, narrowed toward the stem, at which a few of them are sometimes forked, adnate or slightly emarginate, white, the interspaces venose ; stem equal, glabrous, stuffed or spongy within, white or reddish ; spores white, globose, rough, .0003 to .00035 in. in diameter ; taste mild. Plant 1 to 1.5 in. high, pileus 1 to 1.5 in. broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Thin woods. Sandlake. June and July. A small species, generally about 1 in. high, with the pileus about the same in breadth. Like the preceding species, to which it is closely related, it belongs to the white-spored group of the section Fragiles, a group to which Europe contributes but a single mild species. The color of the pileus is nearly uniform and generally a pale-red or pinkish-red. The lanielke in the fresh plant are white, but in the dried specimens they are pallid. Hydnum albidum. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex or nearly plane, subpruiuose, white, NEW SPECIES OF FCXGI. \l flesh white; aculei white; stem short, solid, central or eccentric, Avhite ; spores subglobose, .00016 to .0U02 in, in diameter. Plant 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 1 to 1.5 in. broad, stem 3 to 5 lines thick. Ground in thin woods. Sandlake. June and July. The species is closely allied to Hi/dnum rejjandum, with which it appears to have been united by some authors, but its small size, white color and smaller spores appear to me to make it Avorthy of specific distinction. It is quite uidike Hydnum candidum. The pileus is often irregular and lobed on the margin. Clavaria divaricata. Stem short, small, whitish, much branched ; branches widely spreading, terete, even or slighty longitudinally wrinkled, more or less curved, pale-ochraceous, the ultimate ones tapering outward and terminating in one or more acute points ; spores .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Tufts 2 to 4 in. high, and nearly as broad. Woods. Sandlake. August. This is a rare species, and is remarkable for and easilv distin- guished by its divaricate branches which give to the plant a very spreading, straggling aspect. The following species were described in the Thirty -second Report of the State Museum, but owing to the limited edition and the incomplete manner (without plates) of the publication of that Report it has been thought best to repeat these descriptions here. Clitocybe subhirta. Pileus at lirst convex, then expanded or slightly depressed, tomen- tosc-hairy and pale-yellow or l)utf, becoming subglabrous and whitish with age, the margin incurved ; lamellae close, adnate or decurrent, whitish or pale yellow : stem subequal, stuti'ed or hollow, whitish ; spores subglol)ose or broadly elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long. Plant 1 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 3 in. broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Woods. Brewerton. September. The species belongs to the section Discifokmes. and is near Clito- cybe snbcduiacea, but distinct from it and all its other allies by the hairy pileus. Sometimes the hairs are more conspicuous on the mar- gin than on the disk. 12 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. Collybia cremoracea. Pileus thin, submenibrunons, convex or campanulate, obtuse, dry, slightly silky, dingy cream-colored, the margin sometimes wavy ; lamellge broad, ventricose, emarginate, with a decurrent tooth, whitish : stem slender, equal, slightly silky, stuffed or hollow, pallid or colored like the pileus ; spores subglobose or l)roadly elliptical, about .00025 in. long, .0(^02 in. broad. Plant 1.5 to 2 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Thin woods. Gansevoort. August. The species belongs to the section L^evipedes. Collybia liygroplioroid.es, Plate 2. Fig-s. 23-26. Pileus subconical, then convex or expanded, smooth, hygrophanous, reddish or yellowish-red when moist, paler when dry; lamellse broad, subdistant, rounded behind or deeply emarginate, eroded on the edge, whitish ; stem subequal, striate, stuffed or hollow, whitish ; spores subelliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long, .00016 in. broad. Plant subciespitose, 2 to 3 inches high, pileus 1 to 1.5 inches broad, stern 2 to 3 lines thick. ' Decaying half-buried wood. Knowersville. May. The young pileus resembles that of Hygrophorus conicus, l)otli in shape and in color. When dry it becomes ]mllid or subochraceous. The species belongs to the section Tephrophan^. Mycena luteopalleus. / Pileus submembranous, convex, glabrous, striatulate on the margin when moist, bright-yellow, paler when dry ; lanielhe subdistant, slightly arcuate, yellow ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, smooth, hollow, yellow, furnished at the Ijase with yellow hairs and fibrils. Plant scattered or c8espi*:ose. about 2 in. high, pileus 3 to 6 lines broad, stem about 1 line thick. Anions; fallen leaves in woods. Adirondack mountains. August. It resembles Hygrophorus parvulus in color, but it is readily dis- tinguished from that species by its sul)ctespitose mode of growth, its proportionately longer and more slender stem and the yellow hairs at its base. ^'EW SPECIES OF FUNGI. \ 3 luocybe eutheloides, Pileiis thill, broadly conical or campaiiulate, becoininof nearly plane with age, distinctly iiinbonate, silicy-fibrillose, more or less rimose, varying in color from grayish-cervine to chestnut-brown, the disk sometimes squamulose, the flesh white ; lamellae moderately close, rather broad, ventricose, narrowed or rounded behind, adnexed, whitish, becoming ferruginous-brown, white and denticulate on the edge ; stem equal, subflexuous, solid, librillose, whitish or pallid ; spores even, uninucleate, subelliptical, .00035 to .000^:5 in. long, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Plant 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Woods. Brewerton. September. The species belongs to the section Rimosi. It agrees in many re- spects with the description of Inocyhe eutJieles, but diifers in the char- acter of the lamellfe, which are rather abruptly and strongly narrowed behind and adnexed, not adnate. The spores are longer than in that species and the plant is destitute of a farinaceous odor. The pileus is sometimes scarcely rimose and it varies considerably in color. The stem is decidedly paler than the pileus. Inocybe infelix. Pileus thin, subcampauulate, then convex or expanded, umbonate, fil)rillose-squamulose, umber-brown or grayish-brown, flesh white ; lamellae close, rather broad, ventricose, emarginate, whitish, becoming ferruginous-brown ; stem equal, solid, silky-hbrillose, whitish or pallid, pruinose above ; spores oblong, even, .00045 to .000(3 in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Plant 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick.^ Sterile or mossy ground. Indian lake, Adirondack mountains. August. The species belongs to the section Laceri. The i)ileus is more lacerated in wet weather than in dry, and generally becomes paler Avith age. A small form, variety brevipes, has the pileus 4 to 6 lines broad and but slightly umbonate, and the stem scarcely more than half an inch long. Sometimes the stem is white above and darker toward the base. The long narrow spores constitute a marked feature of the sj:)ecies. 14 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. Myxacium amaruiii. Pileiis thin, convex or nearly plane, often irregular, smooth, glu- tinous, yellow, the disk often tinged with red, the margin whitish, flesh white, taste very l)itter ; himellfe close, rounded l)ehind, whitish, becoming ochraceous-cinnamon ; stem soft, viscid in wet weather, solid, tapering upward, whitish, clothed with silky white fibrils ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Plant gregarious or subcaespitose, 1 to 2 in. high, pileus about 1 in. broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Under spruce and balsam trees. Adirondack mountains. August, The very bitter taste is suggestive of the specific name. The stem is scarcely viscid except in wet weather. Russula compacta Frost MS. "Pileus white, firm, solid, cracked in age, sometimes tinged with red or yellow or both in spots, turning up in age, seldom depressed ; lamellai ver}^ white, almost free, not forked or dimidiate, becoming brown when bruised or dry ; stem solid, white, even, smooth ; flesh at first white, then brownish." Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or centrally depressed, whitish, sometimes tinged with red or yellow, becoming reddish-alutaceous or dingy-ochraceous with age, the margin thin, even, incurved when young ; lamellse rather broad, subdistant, nearly free, some of them forked, a few dimidiate, white, becoming brown with age or where bruised ; stem short, equal, firm, solid, white, changing color like the pileus ; spores subglobose, nearly even, .00035 in. in diameter. Plant 2 to 4 in. high, pileus 3 to 5 in. broad, stem 8 to 12 lines thick. 0[)en Avoods. Sandlake and Brewcrton. August and Septeml)er. The late Mr. C. C. Frost sent me specimens and manuscript descrip- tions of a few species of fungi collected by him in Vermont. He gave names to those which he considered new species, and it gives me pleasure to adopt his names whenever it is rendered possible b}^ the discovery of the species within our limits. The plant here described does not fully agree with his manuscript description, which I have quoted, but it approaches so near an agreement that there cannot be much doubt of the specific identity of the two plants. In our plant the pileus is sometimes split on the margin. The change in the color of the pileus and stem is nearly the same, but the lamellae sometimes become darker than either. When drying, the specimens emit I^EW SPECIES OF FUNGI. 15 a strong and very disagreeable odor. The species belongs to the sec- tion Compacts. Russula flavida Frost MS. "Pileus fleshy, convex, slight]}' depressed, unpolished, bright-yel- low ; lamella? white, adnate, turning cinereous ; stem yellow, solid, white at the extreme apex," Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane or slightly depressed, yellow, becoming paler with age, flesh white, taste mild, the margin at first even, then tuberculate-striate ; himellfe nearly simple, subdistant and broader before, adnate, white, the interspaces venose : stem short, equal or tapering upward, firm. glal)rous, solid or merely spongy within, yellow ; spores globose, .00025 to .0003 in. in diameter. Plant gregarious, 1 to 2 m. high, pileus 1 to 2 in. broad, stem 4 to 6 lines thick. Grassy })laces in copses and open woods. Sandlake. July. The species belongs to the section Rigid^. The pileus is dry and sometimes slightly meah' or granular. When yoimg it is bright- yellow, Ijut it fades with age and sometimes becomes white on the margin. Boletus rubinelliis. Plate 2. Fig-s. 20-22. Pileus at first broadly conical or su1)convex, then nearly plane, subtomentose, red, becoming paler with age ; tubes convex, adnate or slightly depressed about the stem, rather large, subrotuud, pink- ish-red, becoming sordid-yellow ; stem ecpial, smooth, yellow with reddish stains ; spores oblong- fusiform, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00016 broad. Plant about 2 in. high, pileus 1 to 2 in. l)road, stem 2 to 3 lines thick. Woods. Gansevoort. August. Apparently related to B. ruhimis, and also resembling B. jiipera/ns, but the stem is difllerently colored, and I have not found the pileus at all viscid. Treiuella subcaruosa. Small, tufted,, compressed, irregular, wavy or contorted, sul)car- 11)^0, externally gelatinous, wiiitish or pinkish-alutaceous, becoming lii()wni.sh-incai-nate and somewhat glaucous when dry ; spores ob- "vate, i)ointed at one end, .0002 to .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Tufts 2 to 4 lines high and about as broad. Decaying wood of deciduous trees. Carlisle. June. ■j^g BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. The affinities of this fungus are doubtful. It is provisionally referred to the genus Tremella, although the central part of the sub- stance is fleshy rather than gelatinous. The plants revive on the application of moisture and when moist are somewhat tremelloid. The tufts form beautiful little rosettes. Grandinia membranacea P. <& C, n. sp. Eft'used, thin, membranaceous, whitish or subalutaceous, sometimes sllo-htly tinned with greenish-yellow or olivaceous ; granules numer- ous, crowcfed, unequal; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, slightly rough, .00025 to .0003 in. long. Much decayed wood, leaves, etc. Touawanda. G. W. Clinton. Apparently related in texture to G. papillosa, but differing m color and in its even, not rimose, hymenium. Plioma callospora P. & C, n. sp. Perithecia small, scattered, slightly prominent, covered by the epidermis, black ; spores oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, straight or curved, containing 3 to 5 nuclei, .0006 to .0008 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Dead stems of Polygonum. Buffalo. October. G. W. Clinton. Phoma coruina. Perithecia numerous, not crowded, minute, nearly covered by the stellately ruptured epidermis, bhick, opening by a large pore ; spores . oblong, obtuse, .0012 to .0016 in. long, .0005 to .00055 broad. Dead branches of green osier, Coriius drcinata. Sprakers. June. This and the preceding species are erroneously referred to the genus Sphseropsis in the Thirty-second Report. Spliaeropsis typhiua. Perithecia scattered, subcorneal, slightly prominent, often com-, pressed ; spores fusiform, pointed at each end, colored, .0006 in. long, .00016 broad. ■ Dead leaves of Tyj^ha latifoUa. Sprakers. June. _ ^ The fusiform pointed spores constitute a noticeable character m this species. Protomyces conglonieratus. Spores imbedded in the tissues of the stems of the host plant, laro-e, o-lobose, colored, .0016 to .002 in. in diameter, aggregated m NEW SPECIES OF FUNGI. 17 gi'oups or clusters and foriniug small protuberances or tubercles on the dry stems. Common saltwort, Salicornia herbacea. Syracuse. September. The species is remarkable for the large size of the spores and their clustered mode of growth. Periconia albiceps. Plate 1, figs. 8-11. Stems short, .02 to .03 in. high, equal or slightly tapering upward, black ; head subglobose, white ; spores oblong or subfusiform, color- less, .0003 to .0006 in. long. Dead stems of balmony, Chelone glabra. Sandlake. May. The stems of the fungus are composed of compacted filaments, and I have followed the English mycologists in referring the species to the genus Periconia. It is Sporoc3'be of Bonorden. Gonatobotryiim tenellum. Patches thinly effused, subolivaceous ; flocci subtufted, erect, slen- der, simple or rarely branched, not nodulose-inflated, septate, brown, .006 to .014 in. high ; spores in verticels of 2 to 4 at the septa, oblong, simple, subfuliginous, .00045 to .0005 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Dead stems of stoneroot, Oollinsonia Canadensis. North Green- bush. October. By reason of the equal, not nodulose, flocci the species does not well agree with the character of the o-enus. Because of the colored flocci it would go no better in Arthrinium. Ramularia eflfusa. Hypophyllous, often occupying the whole lower surface of the leaf, whitish ; spores very variable, globose, obovate-elliptical, ob- long or cylindrical, .00016 to .0011 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad, sometimes uniseptate. Living leaves of black huckleberry, Gaylussaciaresinosa. Karner. July. Sometimes all the leaves on a branch have the lower surface whitened by this fungus. Raniiilaria alboniaculata. Spots suborbicular, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, sometimes conflu- ent, pale yellowish-green on the upper surface, becoming puri)lish 18 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. or brown with age, whitened by tho fungns below ; spores oblong or elliptical, generally binucleate, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00016 broad. Living leaves of hickory, Carya alba. Albany and Greenbush. June and July. Sometimes the spots are angular, being limited l)y the veinlets of the leaf. In this species and in the next one I have not seen the spores septate, but suspecting that the nuclei indicate septa in more mature specimens, I have referred the species to this genus for the present. They may belong rather to Cylindrium or Fusidium. Raiimlaria aiigustata. Spots small, orl^icular, sometimes conflueut, pale greenish-yellow, becoming reddish-brown or brown, frosted on the lower surface by the fungus ; flocci minute ; spores narrowly fusiform or subcylindrical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, about .0001 in. broad, often containing two or three nucleoli. Living leaves of pinxter plant. Azalea nudijlora. Central Bridge and Carlisle. June. The very narrow spores suggest the specific name. Rainiilaria liueola. Spots sul)orbicular, sometimes confluent, brown, concentrically lineolate ; flocci obscure, tufted, hypophyllous ; spores slender, cylindrical, obtuse, .0005 to .0008 in. long, often uniseptate. Livins: leaves of dandelion, Taraxacum. Dens-leonis. Greenbush. July. The fungus is so minute that it is scarcely visible to the naked eye. Sporotrichum larvicoluni. Flocci slender, simple or branched, forming a continuous, dense, soft, white or yellowish stratum coating the whole matrix ; spores abundant, minute, globose, .00008 to .00012 in. broad. Dead larvse lying on the ground under alders. Adirondack moun- tains. July. The larvse were very numerous and, but for the check imposed upon the increase of the species by the attacks of this fungus, they would probably in a short time have completely defoliated all the alders in that locality. In some specimens the fungus suores were so abundant that the surface of the stratum had a pulverulent appearance. A'EW SPECIES OF FUNGI. l\) Acremoiiium flexiiosiim. Plate 1, tigs. 16-18. Flocci proeumljent, interwovon, l)nuiched, forming ;i thin, soft, tomeiitose, white or cream-colored stratum, the l)ranches widely divergent, sometimes opjiosite, narrowed and liexuous toward the tips and bearing scattered, alternate spicules or sporophores ; spores oval or elliptical, .0005 to .0008 in. long, .0003 to 0005 in. broad. Decaying wood. Griffins, Delaware county. September. From Acremonium album it differs in habit and habitat, as well as in the flexuous terminal portions of the flocci and their alternate pointed spicules ; and from Acvemonium cdternatum it is distinguished by its elliptical spores. Sepedoiiiiini brunueum. Eff'used, pulverulent, brown ; spores globose, rough, .0008 to .001 in. in diameter. Decaying fungi. Gansevoort. August. This is simihir in habit to Sepedoniam clirysospermmn, from which its dark snuff'-browii spores distinguish it. Like that fungus, this is also probably a mere state of some s[)ecies of Hypomyces. Morcliella aiigiisticeps. Plate 1, tigs 19-21. Pileus narrowly conical or oljlong-conical, acute or subobtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, its diameter at the base scarcely exceeding that of the stem, i)ale-l)uff* or cream-colored, adnate, sometimes a little curved, the costie longitudinal, anastomosing or connected liy transverse veins ; stem subequal, hollow, furfuraceous, even or sometimes marked by irregular longitudinal ridges and furrows, whitish, about equal to the pileus in length ; asci cylindrical ; spores elliptical, yellowish, .0008 to .001 in. long, .0005 to .0007 broad. Borders of woods and open places. Albany and Karner. April and May. Edil)le. This morel is perhaps too closely related to Morchella conica Pors., but if that species is correctly represented in Mycographia, plate 81, fig. 315, our plant is easily distinguished by its much more narrow pileus, which scarcel_y exceeds the stem in diameter. The para- physes of that species are also represented as filiform, and are de- scribed (1. c. p. 182; as thickened above. In oin- plant I lind no such paraphyses, but instead of them there are oJjlong or subclavate 20 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. bodies much shorter than the asci, but nearly as broad. They are often tilled with large, unequal, crowded nuclei, and appear more like undeveloped asci than like ordinary paraphyses. The interior surface of the stem is scurfy like the exterior. Peziza orbicularis. Plate 2, figs. 4-6. Receptacle 8 to 12 lines broad, sessile, appressed to the matrix, nearly plane, orbicular or sometimes irregular, externally whitish or subolivaeeous and slightly gelatinous when moist, the disk reddish- brown or chestnut-colored ; asci, cylindrical ; spores uniseriate, ellip- tical, .0009 to .0011 in. long, .00045 to .0005 in. broad ; paraphyses lihform, thickened at the tips, brownish. Wet, much decayed wood. Brewerton and Guilderland. Sep- tember and October. The spores usually contain one or two large nuclei. The contrast between the dark color of the disk and the light color of the exter- nal surface is quite noticeable. The flattened orbicular form of the receptacle when growing on smooth surfaces suggests the specific name. In the Thirty-second Report both this and the next s[)ecies were referred to the genus Bulgaria inider the respective names B. bicolor and B. deligata^ but upon further observation their affini- ties a[)pear to me to bring them in the genus Peziza, subgenus Dis- cina, in consequence of which I am obliged to change the names. Peziza leucobasis. Plate 2, figs. 1-3. Receptacles 1 to 3 lines broad, scattered or crowded, plane or con- vex, sessile, scarcely margined, purplish-black when moist, black and more or less angular when dr}^ surrounded at the base by dense whitish filaments ; asci cylindrical, .01 to .012 in. long, .0009 to .001 broad ; spores uniseriate, elliptical, even, binucleate, subhy aline, .001 to .0013 in. long, .0006 to .0007 broad ; paraphyses numerous, fili- form, septate, colored, slightly thickened above. Wet, decaying hemlock wood. Catskill mountains. July. The numerous white filaments that appear to bind the receptacles- to the matrix, constitute a marked feature in this species and suggest the specific name. Peziza longipila. Plate 2, figs. 15-19. Receptacle small, .014 to .02 in. Inroad, narrowed below into a short stem, densely clothed with long, rigid, erect, septate, tawny NEW SPECIES OF FUXOI. 21 brown hairs, the uppermost .01 to .014 in. long, .0003 broad, the disk rt'hitish, concealed in the dry plant by the hairs of the margin ; asci cylindrical, .0025 to .003 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad : spores oblong or subt'usiform, straight or slightly curved, colorless, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00008 to .00012 broad. Dead stems of Eupatovium maculatum. Adirondack mountains. July. Apparently near P. relidna Fr., Ijut that is described as sessile and of a bay color. This and the next following species belong to the subgenus Dasyscypha. Peziza urticiua. Receptacle minute, .007 to .014 in. broad, sessile, subglol^osc, almost hyaline, and with the mouth connivent when moist, whitish and pul- verulent-hairy when dry ; asci subfusiform ; spores crowded or bise- riate, fusiform, .0004 to .0005 in. long ; paraphyses filiform. Dead stems of nettles, Laportea Canadensis. Catskill mountains. July. When moist the hairs are appressed and the cups appear longitud- inally striate. When dry the disk is generally concealed. The plants are so small that they appear to the naked eye like minute white grains. Helotiuui fraternuui. Plate 1, %s. 12-14. Receptacle small, ^ to 1 line broad, stipitate, the disk plane or slightly concave, pallid or reddish-yellow, becoming more con- cave and dull-red in drying, the stem about equal in length to the' diameter of the receptacle ; asci clavate or subcylindrical, .003 to .004 in. long, .0004 to .0005 broad ; spores crowded or biseriate, subcylindrical, .00065 to .0008 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad ; para- physes numerous, filiform, scarcely thickened at the tips. Petioles and midveins of fallen leaves of maple, Acer saccJiarimon. Adirondack mountains. July. Pezicula niiuuta. Receptacle minute, .009 to .017 in. In'oad, numerous, scattered or two or three crowded together, attached to the matri.x by a minute point, grayish, i)ulveruk'nt, the margin ol)tuse or obsolete, the disk plane or convex, suboehraceous ; asci ol)long-clavatc ; spores crowded, 22 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. oblong-elliptical, colorless, .0008 to .001 in. long ; paraph jses fili- form, thickened at the apex. Dead stems of hobble Ijush, Viburmim lantanoides. Catskill mountains. July. Ascophanus tetraonalis. Receptacle sessile, 1 to 2 lines broad, externally cinereous, the margin sometimes wavy or tlcxuous, the disk blackish or blackish- brown ; asci cylindrical, truncate at the apex ; spores uniseriate, elliptical, smooth, colorless, .0006 to .0007 in. long, .0003 broad. Excrement of partiidges or rufted grouse. Catskill mountains. July. The receptacles are about equal in size to those of Ascojjhanus gallinacens, \which has a similar hal)itat, l)ut a paler color and shorter spores. This and the next following species were erroneously referred to the genus Peziza in the Thirty-second Report. Ascopliamis huinosoirtes. Receptacles small, scarcely more than half a line broad, sessile, scattered or crowded, orange-colored inclining to vinous-red, the disk plane or slightly convex, slightly margined ; asci short, cylindrical or clavate ; spores crowded or elliptical, even, .0008 to .001 in. long, .0005 broad ; paraphyses filiform, slightly thickened above. Excrement of some wild animal. Catskill mountains. July. The cups are attached to the matrix by a few white filaments. Patellaria pusilla. Receptacle small, .014 to .028 in. broad, sessile, slightW margined, black, the disk plane or convex when moist, slightly concave wheu dry ; asci clavate ; sjjores crowded or biseriate, suhclavate, .00065 to .0008 in. long, .0001 to .00012 broad, six to eight nucleate ; para- physes numerous, filiform. Decaying beech wood. Catskill mountains. July. The spores are similar in shape to those of P. atrala. They are extremely narrow and probably become five to seven-septate when mature. Acantliostignia scopula. Perithecia small, .006 to .008 in. broad, subglobose, very black, bristly with short, rigid, divergent/ black hairs orsetre which are .003, to .005 in. long, .00016 to .0002 thick ; asci lanceolate or subcla- vate ; spores crowded or biseriate, elongated, gradually narrowed NEW SPECIES OF FUNGI. 23 :^o\vard each end, straight or slightly curved, multinucleate, at length obscurely multiseptate, greeuish-yellow, .0025 to .003 in. loug, .00012 to .00016 broad. Decaying wood of hemlock. Adirondack mountains, August. This is SjjhcBria scapula C. & P. in the Thirty -second Report. It is here referred to the genus Acanthostigma because of the shape of the spores. From A. CUntonii it may lie distinguished by its larger perithecia and longer spores. Liasiospliueria iutricata, Perithecia scattered or crowded, somewhat elongated, .025 to .035 in. long, .018 to .02 broad, generally narrowed toward the base, obtuse, subfragile, tomentose-hairy, Ijrown or blackish-brown ; subi- culum very thin or none ; asci slender, elongated, .005 to .008 in. long, .0004 to .0005 broad ; spores crowded, linear, curved or flexu- ous, greenish-yellow, .0016 to .0025 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Decaying wood and leaves in damp places. Sandlake. The s])ecies belongs to the section Leptospora. The perithecia, though small, resemble in shape those of Bombardia fasciculata. The minute pa})illate ostiolum is often concealed by the tomentum of the perithecia. This is composed of intricate, matted, slender, sep- tate, brown filaments, which, by their soft, tomentose character, read- ily distinguish this species from the related L. strigosa, L. hisjjida, L. Jiirsuta, etc. Herpotricliia leucostoiua. Perithecia small, .012 to .018 in. broad, numerous, somewhat crowded, subglobose, seated upon or involved in a blackish-brown tomentum, the ostiola naked, not prominent, whitish when moist, grayish or sordid when dry ; asci cylindrical or subclavate, .006 to .008 in. long, .0004 to .0006 broad ; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong-fusiform, at first uuiseptate, constricted at the septum and containing two or three nuclei in each cell, then three to five-septate, colorle.s.s, .0015 to .002 in. long, .0003 to .00035 in. broad. Dead branches of mountain maple-bush, Acer spicalum. Catskill mountains. September. The whitish ostiola constitute a marked feature in this species. It is distinguished from Ihvpotnchia Schie derma ijeviana Fckl. by its much smaller perithecia, and the more numerous septii of the spores. I have observed no globose appendages at the ends of the spores in 24 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. our plant. The threads of the subiculum are obscurely septate and sometimes slightly branched. The more classical name " leucostoma " is here substituted for " albidostoma." Ziguoella Iiuinuliua. Perithecia small, .011 to .014 in. broad, depressed-hemispherical, slightly sunk in the matrix, subglabrous, black, with a minute papil- late ostiolum ; asci cylindrical, .0025 to .003 in. long, .0003 to .0004 in. broad ; spores uuiseriate or obliquely monostichous, elliptical, four-locular, appearing obscurely triseptate, colorless, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Dead stems of hops, Humulus lujpulus. Carlisle. June. The spores are not distinctly triseptate, and the species apparently belongs to the subgenus Zignoina. The perithecia have a dull, squalid, unpolished or subscabrous appearance. Acrospermuin album. Perithecia elongated, silbfusiform, somewhat compressed, pointed at the apex, narrowed below into a short, terete, stem-like base, white ; spores very long, filiform. Dead stems of spikenard, Aralia racemosa. Catskill mountains. July. This resembles A. compressum in size, but it is at once distinguished from that and other related species by its persistently white color. ADDITIONS, KEMAEKS AND OBSEEVATIONS. The first fourteen species of the following list are additions to our State flora, and have not before been reported. Hieraciimi Pilosella L. Door yards. Aurora, Ca^^uga county. C. Atwood, M. D. This plant has been introduced from Europe, and is yet scarce and perhaps not thoroughly established. Atriplex horteusis L. Eoadsides. High Bridge, Onondaga county. Mrs. S. M. Rust and Mrs. C. Barnes. Probably a stray from cultivation, and perhaps not permanently established. Amanita pantlierina DC. Thin woods. Saudlake, Rensselaer county. July. According to the figure and description of this species the pileus is brown or brownish, but in all our specimens it is white or merely tinged with brown on the disk. In other respects they agree so well with the description that there can be no d(Hibt of their specific identity. They aftbrd a striking instance of the tendency in some of our American forms to depart from the color of the European plant. The difierent character of its volva will distinguish it from white forms of A. muscarius, and the warts on the pileus and annu- lus on the stem will separate it from A. nivalis. Clitocybe phyllophila Fr. Among fallen leaves in woods. Karner. September. Clitocybe pithyophila Fr. Among fallen leaves in woods. Saudlake. Collybia aquosa Bull. Among sphagnum. Karner. October. In our specimens the lamelh\i, instead of being rounded behind and free, according to the descri[)tion of the species, are adnato or 26 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. slightly decurreiit. They are therefore designuted, variety adnati- folia. In drying, the moisture escapes from the thicker, central part of the piieiis sooner than from the thin margin. Mycena claviciilaris F\: Under pine trees. Sandlake. June. Psilocybe bullaceus Fr. Manured ground. Sandlake. July. Lactarius cilicioides i'V. Sandy soil. West Albany. October. A small, white form with very sparse milk. Hygrophorus virgiiieiis Fr. Roadsides and grassy tields. Sandlake. August. Cortiiiariiis ciiiiiabariuus Fr. Thin woods and l)ushy [)laccs. Sandlake. June. Hydimni scrobiculatuin Fr. Woods. Sandlake. July. The disk is sometimes very uneven with irregular prominences. J Valsa sepmcola Fckl. " Dead stems of raspbeiiy, Rubiis strigosus. Karner. October. Cryptospora Betiilai Tul. Dead bark and twigs of white birch, Belula populifolia. Karner. October. Ampelopsis quinquefolia Mx. Specimens sometimes occur with some of the leaves trifoliate. Geranium Robertianum L. A white-flowered form. Isley ishmd, Sodus Bay, Wayne county. F. W. BatlershalL Galiuia lanceolatiiin Torr. A white-flowered form. Sandlake. Kliotlora Canadensis L. Thirteenth pond, Johnsburgh, Warren county. May. Mrs. I. B Samjjson. The specimens are in flower, l)ut the leaves had not yet developed. The original herl)arium specimens bear old capsules, but no leaves,' I ADDITIONS, REMARKS ASD OBSERVATIONS. 27 SO that leaf-bearing specimens are yet wanting. I do not find this })hint recorded in any of the local catalogues of plants of various parts of the State, and Dr. Torrey admitted it in the New York Flora with the following explanatory remark : '- 1 am not quite cer- tain that I have received specimens of this plant from within the limits of the State ; but it doubtless grows in some of the northern counties. " The result has proved the accuracy of his supposition, but the plant is evidently rare in our State. Potaiuogeton pauciflorus PursJi. A. peculiar form of this species occurs in Glass lake, Rensselaer count}'. The stems are 1 to 2 feet long, the spikes numerous and axillary and the foliage of a dull-brownish or reddish-brosvn color, quite unlike the ordinary bright-green hue of the species. Pogonia affinis Aust. In a swamp near Tappantown, Rockland county. June. £J. F. Smith. Jiincus Canadensis var. coarctatiis Engelm. This plant sometimes has the flower heads wholh^ or in part changed to enlarged leafy buds, or rather galls, for they are pro- duced by the attacks of insects. Clitopiliis Xoveboracensis Pk. Sometimes the pi lens is dark-brown, much darker than in the typical torn]. There is also a variety tomentosii^es, in which the stem is clothed with a whitish or grayish hairy tomeutum. The plants are also sometimes csespitose. Sandlake. July. Entolonia strictior vai-. isabellinus Pk. Pileus, when moijt, of a watery isal)elline hue and striatulate on the margin, when dry, whitish or i)ale straw color. Sphagnous marshes. Sandlake. August. Clavaria anietliystiua Bull. Woods. Sandlake. July. Sometimes the color inclines to a grayish-violaceous hue. Both the small sparsely branched and the aljundantly branched forms occur, Dacryniyces conglobatus PA. Plate 1, tigs. 1-4. In the Thirty-second Report, this was [novisionally refcMicd to the genus Dacrymyccs. It is ap[)arently Pt'dza ruheUa Pers., and Out- 28 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. brophila rubella Quel., which is figured in Tal^ulae Analyticse Fun- gorum, by M. Patouilhird, Fasc. 11, fig. 157. But unless it shall yet be found to have an ascigerous form it can not well be received in either of these genera. It ma}^ yet be necessary to institute a genus for its reception. Glonierularia Corui Pk. Plate 2, figs. 10-14. This species was originally found on leaves of dwarf cornel, Cornus Canadensis. It also occurs in the Adirondack forests on leaves of fly hone3"suckle, Lonicera ciliata. On this host it forms extensive patches, sometimes occupying nearly the whole leaf, and its filaments are more highly developed. It has Ijeen described in Sylloge Fungorum, vol. IV, p. 10. Geoglossum irregulare Pk. Plate 1, figs. 5-7. A description of this fungus is contained in Revue Mycologique, 1882, p. 212, under the name Geoglossum vitellinum Bres. Owing to the imperfect publication of the Thirty-second Report it will be better to adopt this later name. Helotiuni vibrisseoicles Pk. Plate 2, figs. 7-9. In 1881 this fungus was published under the name of Vibrissea turbinata Phillips. It is Gorgoniceps turbinata Sacc, a name which should be adopted for the reason already given. NEW YORK SPECIES OF PAXILLUS. PAXILLUS Fr. " Hymenophoruin continuous with the stem, decurrent. Lamellae membranous, scissile, somewhat branched and often anastomosing behind, distinct from the hymenojphorum and easily separable from it. Spores sordid-whitish or ferruginous. '' FJesJiy putrescent fungi continuously and gradually unfolding and expanding from an involute margin^ Hymen. Europ., p. 400. The species of this genus are related to the Agarici on one hand, and to the Boleti on the other. The important distinguishing char- acter is afforded l)y the lamellte, which are easily and smoothly sep- aral)le from the pileus, just as the tubes of a Boletus are from the pilcus that supports them. This relationship between thePaxilli and Boleti is still further indicated by the anastomosing of the lamellte, which in one species, Paxillus porosus, is carried to such an extent that the hymeuium is as distinctly porous as it is in some Boleti. On the other hand, the close relationship that exists between this genus and the genus Agaricus may be inferred from the fact that Agaricxs personatus and A. cinerascens are still retained l)y Fries among the Agarici, although he makes the remark that they belong rather to the Paxilli. In the second edition of Epicrisis he has moditiod the diasrnosis of the o-enus, and at the same time admitted that it is " not yet correctly defined." Neither is the limitation of the two tribes into which he divides the species very satisfactory, for a central stem and sordid spores, characters assigned to Lepista, are not always associated together, nor are ferruginous spores found only in s[)ecies with the stem connnonly lateral or eccentric. It has, therefore, seemed best to me, for the present, to refer to this genus such species only as have the spores colored and the separable lamellfe more or less branched, crisped or anastomosing. This rednces our species to five, three of which are found also in Enroi)e. They grow chi<^'tly in woods and occur in the latter part of sunnncr and in autumn. The separable character of the hymeuium can only be ascertainiHl l)y the mutilation of a specimen. 30 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. Synopsis of the Species. 1 Hymeninm clearly lamellate. 2. 2 Pileus white, stem present. P. simulans. 2 Pileus colored. 3. 8 Stem glabi'Oiis. P. involutiis. 3 Stem densely haiiy. P. ati-otomenlosus. 3 Stem none. P. panuoides. 1 Hymenium wholly porous. P. porosus. Paxilliis siimilaiis n. sp. Simulating- Paxillus. Pileus broadly convex, expanded or subinfundibuliform, compact, subglabrous, even or somewhat scabrous-pustulate, tvhite or whitish, the involute maro:in often tomentose-hairv, flesh white : lamellae close, forked, crisped near the stem, adnate or decurrent, vjJiite, then odtraceous-yelloio tinged loitk salmon color ; stem central, short, firm, equal, stuffed or holloiv, pubescent, white ; spores pale ochraceous- yellow, subglobose or broadly elliptical, .0002 to .0003 in. long, .0002 in. broad. Plant 1 to 3 in. high, pileus 2 to 4 iu. l)road, stem 6 to 12 lines thick. In thin woods. Sandlake. Jidy. Rare. A large species externally XQtiCiwhXmg Lactarius vellereus, and per- haps hitherto confused with it, but easily distinguished from it by the absence of a milky juice and by the lamellne which are crisped near the base and which soon assume a peculiar salmon-yellow hue, Avhich also appears in the spores when collected on white paper. This change of color begins in the crisped portion near the stem and gradu- ally advances toward the outer extremity. In the dried specimens the lamellffi are ochraceous-brown and they have the edge more or less beaded with white granules. They are often forked near the outer extremity as well as toward the inner. The length of the stem some- times scarcely exceeds its breadth. In l)ut a single instance was it eccentric, and in that case the pileus was lobed and irregular. The surface of the pileus is sonietimes roughened with minute pustules or papilke and sometimes has a pitted appearance. Rarely the margin is obscurely zonate. The taste is bitterish and unpleasant, and some times the plant emits a subacid odor. It is a singular species. Paxillus involutus Fr. Involute Paxillus. Pileus compact, convex or expanded, sometimes centrally de pressed, glabrous, viscid ivJien moist, var3dng in color from grayish SPECIES OF PAXILLUS. 31 or sordid-butt" to ferruginous or brownish-ochraceous, the inargiu at first strongly involute and covered icith a dense grayish tomentose vil- losity, flesh grayish-white or pallid ; lamellae close, decurrent, branched and anastomosing behind, whitish, then yellowish or subferruginous, becoming reddish-brown or fuscous where cut or bruised, the inter- spaces venose ; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, central or sometimes eccentric, glaljrous, solid : spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004: in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Plant 2 to 4 iu. high, pileus 2 to 4 in. l)roaL!, stem 4 to 8 lines thick. In woods on the ground and on decaying wood. Common in the Adirondack mountains and not rare in the mixed woods of all our hilly districts. August to Xovember. This species is said, by Fries and other authors, to l;e edible, but I have not tested its edible qualities. It is said to be held in high estimation as an Article of food in Russia. It is somewhat solitary iu its mode of growth and prefers a soil chiefly composed of vegetable mold. Damp shaded mossy banks and deep hemlock and spruce woods are favorite habitats for it. It sometimes grows on much de- ca^'ed stumps and old prostrate trunks of trees. In such cjises the stem is sometimes eccentric, but when growing on the ground it is almost always central, though Fries places the species in the tribe Tapinia. Neither do the spores of our plant agree well with the dimensions ofiven in the Handbook of British Funo;i, still it does not appear to me to be specifically distinct. The pileus is generally regular iu outline aud, when expanded, bears upon its margin short, distant and somewhat irregular striations. The hairiness of the margin is more distinct in the young plants. The color of the pileus is not very decided, being somewhat variable, and a peculiar mixture of gray, ochraceous, ferruginous and brown. The surface is some- times opaque, sometimes shining. The lamelhe and often other parts of the plant change color when cut or bruised. In drying, the lamelhe of this and also of the preceding and the two following species frequently assume a smoky-brown or l:>lackish hue. Paxillus atrotomeutosus Fr. Dark-Downy Paxillus. Pileus compact, convex, then expanded or centrally depressed, varying from subglaI)rous to scabrous-grauulose, sometimes tomen- t'l-r-hairy on the disk, often minutely rivulose, ochraceous-red. fer- ruginous-])rown or reddish-brown, the margin sometimes paler, flesh 32 BULLETIN N. T. STATE MUSEUM. white ; lamellae close, rather broad, adiiate or slightly decurrent, somewhat branched aud anastomosing at the base, pale creamy-yellow, the interspaces venose ; stem firm, stout, solid, eccentric or lateral, rarely central, densely tomentose-hairy , darh-brovm ; spores elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long, .00016 in. broad. Plant single or c?espitose, 3 to 6 in. high, pileus 3 to 6 in. broad, stem 6 to 15 lines thick. Ground and much decayed wood of pine aud hemlock. Helder- berg mountains, Sandlake and Gansevoort. August. This is a large species, easily recognized by the durk-brown coarsely .velvety or densely hairy coat ot" the stem, which character is suggest- ive of the specific name. It sometimes grows in large tufts, and then the pileus is frequently ii'regular by reason of mutual compression. In wet weather the pileus is moist and sometimes obscurely mottled with dark spots. Occasionally it emits an unpleasant, dirt-like odor. Paxillvis paiiuoicles Fr. Panus-like Paxillus. Stemless Paxillus. Pale Paxillus. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex or nearly plane, sessile or resupinate, sometimes narrowed behind into a short stem-like base, pubescent or glal:)rous, yellowish or brownish-yellow ; lamellae narrow, close, au- astoniosing and crisped at the base, yellow ; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00018 to .0002 in. long, .00013 to ToOOlG in. broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad and long. Deca^dng wood, usually of pine and hemlock. Albany, Maryland and Adirondack mountains. August and September. This is our onl}^ sessile species. It grows in open places as well as in woods. It is quite variable in Europe, according to the description in Hymenomycetes Europaei. A form with a whitish pileus {^Agaricus lamellirugis Dec. FL, Mer alius crisjms Turpin) is the variety B of Fries. A form with a resupinate cup-like pileus, variety pezizoides, is his variety C, and Gomjihus pezizoides Pers. The Handbook also describes a form with a white pileus tinged with violet. Of these, only the var. pezizoides has been found here. It occurs in the Adi- rondack mountain region. Paxillus porosus Berk. Porous Paxillus. Pileus fleshy, broadly convex or expanded, often irregular or sub-jj reniform, dry, glabrous or minutely tomentose, reddish-brown, some- fl SPECIES OF PAXILLUS. 33 times ochraceous-brown, flesh yellowish ; lamellgs wholly connected by numerous narrow transverse branches, causing the hymenium to consist of large angular pores, decurrcnt, bright-yellow ; stem short, hard, eccentric or lateral, generally reticnlated above, colored like the pileus ; spores elliptical, uninucleate, .00035 to .00045 in. lono-, .00024 to .00032 in. broad. Plant 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 3 to 6 lines thick. Ground in woods and open places. Sandlake, Oneida, Brewerton and Catskill mountains. August. A singular species remarkable for its boletoid or porous hyme- nium. It is thus far peculiar to this country. Its spores, according to Prof. A. P. Morgan, are bright-yellow. They are larger than in any of our other species of Paxillus. The author of the species makes the remark that " without examining the fructification it might be taken for a Boletus.'''' It is admitted that the spores are broader in proportion to their length than are the spores of most Boleti, but in Boletus strobilaceus the spores make quite as wide a departure from the ordinary form. In fresh specimens the radiating lamellfe are distinguishable, being somewhat broader than the con- necting veins or l)ranches, but in the dried specimens this difference is so obscured that the hymenium appears in no manner to difler from that of some of the large and angular-pored Boleti. Indeed this same kind of union of radiating lamellse is discernible in the hymenium of Boletus paluster in which the spores approach much more closely to the ordinary form of Boletus spores ; from which it may be inferred that if the species just described is a genuine Paxillus, the distinction between that irenus and the genus Boletus is very slight indeed, consisting in this case merely in the eccentric or lateral stem. The stem in P. porosus is most often lateral, and at the point of its insertion there is generally an excavation in the margin of the pileus which gives to it a somewhat reniform outline. The pileus has been described as " viscid when moist," but I have never ob- served this character in our plant. The color of the hymenium in the fresh plant is a bright chrome-yellow. The fresh plant some- times emits a disagreeable, dirt-like odor. Paxillus strigosus Pk. does not have the lamellae branched or crisped at the base, and it has been omitted. It i)robal)ly belongs rather to Inocybe. 1 NEW YORK SPECIES OF OANTHARELLUS. CANTHARELLUS Adaiis. " Hymenophorum continuous with the stem, descending unchanged into the trama. Lamellae thick, fleshy or waxy, fold-like, sub- branched, obtuse on the edge. Spores white. Fleshy or membranous putrescent fungi destitute of a veilJ^ Hymen. Europ., p. 455. The prominent distinguishing characters of this genus are the fleshy substance of the plants and the obtuse edge of the lamellae. In nearly all the species these are cither clichotomqusly branched or reticulately or anastomosingly connected Avith each other. They are so narrow' and thick in some species that they appear more like folds or veins than like lamellae. When a transverse section of the lamellae is made their fold-like character becomes apparent. The hymenial substance covers the entire lower surface of the pileus and hence the interspaces are fertile as well as the lamellae. Although some species formerly included in this genus are now excluded, it still contains some incongruous members. Thus O. floccosus bears very little general resemlDlance to O. infundibuliformis, and O. aurantiacus looks strangely by the side of C. pruinosus. It has, therefore, seemed best to group the species into subgenera or sections according to their natural aSinities. In the section Agakicoides the pileus is fleshj- and is rapidly nar- rowed below into the stem. The lamellae are very thin and close, resembling much those of the Agarici, but they are obtuse on the edge and regularly and sometimes repeatedly dichotomous. The species of this group are closely related to the Agarici. In EucANTHARELLUs the pileus is narrowly obconic and tapers downward gradually till it is lost in the short stem. Sometimes the spreading margin makes it trumpet-shaped. The lamellte are very narrow, thick and abundantl}' and reticulatel}^ branched. M In Cantharellus (proper) the pileus is fleshy, glabrous and more horizontally expanded, and the lamellae are broader, more distant, and more sparingly branched than in the preceding group. The stem is also longer in proportion to the size of the pileus. SPECIES OF CANTHARELLUS. 35 In Leptocantharellus the pileus is fleshy but thiu, and floccose, iil)nllose or pruinose. It is umbilicate, centrally depressed or funnel- shaped and sometimes pervious. The lamellae are mostly sparingly branched, and the slender stem is generally hollow. The last three o-roups contain species which have their respective counterparts or corresponding species in the genus Craterellus. In the diagnosis of the genus which I have quoted the spores are said to be white, but in some of our species they vary considerably from this color. The name of the srenus is derived from canthariis. a kind of drink - nig cup. S^/nojjsis of the Species. 1 Lamellae thin, regularly and repeatedly dichotomous. 2. 2 Lamellse orang-e-coloj-ed. C. aurantiacas. 2 Lamellae white- C. umbonatus. 1 Lamellse thick, simple or irregulai-ly branched. 3. 3 Stem very short, hairy or subtomentose. 4. 4 Pileus floccose-scaly. C. floccosus. 4 Pileus glabrous. C. brevipes. 3 Stem longer, glabi-ous. 5. .5 Pileus glabrous, yellow. 6. 6. Pileus thick, stem solid. C. cibarius. 6 Pileus thin, stem stiiffed or hollow. C. minor. 5 Pileus glabrous, cinnabar-red. C. cinnal)arinu3. 5 Pileus not glabrous. 7. 7 Floccose or fibi-illose. 8. 8 Dingy-yellow or bi-ownish. C. infundibuliformis. 8 Dingy-cinereous or blackish-cinereous. C. cinereus. 7 Pruinose. C. pruiuosus. Agauicoides. Lamellce thin, close, regularly dichotomoiis. Cautharellus aurantiacus Wulf. Orange Chantarelle. False Chantarelle. Pileus fleshy, thick, soft, mimitely tomentose, plane or slightly depressed, ijellowkh-oro.nge, often tinged with snioky-l)rown, the mar- gin dccin-ved or involute, flesh whitish or yellowish ; lanielhe narrow, close. rc[)eatedly forked, decurrent. brigJd-orange, sometimes yellow- ish ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, solid, subconcolorous ; spores subelliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00010 to .00018 broad. Plant 2 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 3 in. broad, stem 2 to 5 lines thick. Ground and much decayed wood. Common in hilly a'.ul moun- tainous districts. Julv to October. I 36 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. The bridit color and leirular bifurcations of the lamellae render this a beautiful and easily recognizable species. The pileus is somewhat obconic in outline, but it is subject to some variation iu color. The disk is often tinged with brown or smoky-brown and sometimes the whole surface fades to a dingy buff-red. The margin is sometimes a pale yellow or even whitish, and a form with whitish lamellae has occurred in a sphagnous marsh near Albany. In the European plant the stem is said occasionally to become black. This form is Merulius nigripes Pers. The wholly white European form has not been found here. The species is pronounced "poisonous" oy some authors, and " scarcely esculent" by Rev. M. J. Berkeley. It is especially fond of a damp mossy soil tilled with vegetable mold, and it sometimes occurs quite late in the season. Cantharellus unibonatiis Fr. Umbonate Chantarelle. Pileus thin, soft, at first convex, then plane or centrally depressed, umbonate, papillate or even, smooth or flocculose-silky, rarely mi- nutely squamulose, bluish-cinereous, grayish-brown or blacki.sh-cin- ereous, the flesh white ; lamellae thin, straight, more or less decur- rent, dichotomous, white : stem equal or slightly tapering upward, solid or stuffed, generally slightly silk3^ villose or white-tomentoseii at the base, whitish or tinged with the color of the pileus ; spores white, oblong or subfusiform, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Plant 1 to 6 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Damp, mossy ground in woods and open places. North Elba, Catskill mountains and Karner. August to October. Var. suhcmruleus. Pileus bluish or l)luish-gray, silky and shining. Var. dicJiotomus. Pileus even or the uiubo reduced to a mere papilla, grayish-brown. Var. brevior. Pileus as in variety dichotoynus, but the stem very short, about 1 inch long, equal and scarcely silky. This is a variable species. All the descriptions of the European plant which have come under my notice speak of it as umbonate, and some emphasize this character and describe it as "always per- sistent," " unchanged," etc. In the American plant it is often en- tirely absent, and when present it is generally a mere acute papilla. SPECIES OF CANTHARELLVS. 37 If of fair size iu the fresh phiiit it becomes small and inconspicuous in the dried specimen. In consequence of this disagreement between the American plant and the descriptions of the European, the former was supposed to be distinct, and descril)ed in the Twenty-third Re- port as Cantharellus dicJiotoraus ; ])ut from its close agreement in other respects I am now of the opinion that our plant is but a variety of the European, and I have modified the description of the species so that it may include our forms. I have looked in vain for a de- scription of the spore characters of this species in any of the Euro- pean works at my command. These characters here given are taken from the American [ilant. Should they be found to differ from those of the European [)lant, it will be necessary to keep our plant distinct. In ours, as in the European, wounds of the flesh and lamellae often change to a reddish hue, and sometimes the lamellee assume this color in drying. When orrowins: among mosses the stem is often considerably elongated, and the white tomentum at its base so ciosel}' invests the surrounding mosses that it is dilficult to pluck the plant entire without taking with it a tuft of moss. EucANTHARELLus. LcuiieUm very narrow, thick, vein-like, abun- dantly hrancliing or anastomosing ; pileus narrowly obconic ; stem very short. The species of this section appear thus far to be peculiar to America. Cantharellus floccosus Schw. Floccose Chautarelle. Pileus fleshy, firm, elongated funnel-form or trumpet shape, floc- cose-scaly, ochraceous-yelloio : lamellae thick, narrow, close, abun- dantly anastomosing above, long-decurrent and subparallel below, subconcolorous ; stem very short, thick, sometimes with a flexuous, root-like prolongation ; spores ochraccous, narrowly elliptical, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .0003 in. broad, with an oblique apiculus at one end. Plant 2 to 5 in. high, inleus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 4 to 8 lines Ihiik. ■ Woods and their borders. Connnon. July and August. This is our largest species of Chautarelle. At first the plant is almost cylindrical, it being scarcely broader at the top than at the base ; but it gradually expands above and spreads its margin until it becomes trumpet-shaped. The pileus of the young i)lant is some- I 38 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. times tinged with orange. The scales are sometimes thick and per- sistent, and again thin and sul)evanescent. The pileus is depressed or umhiMcate at a very earl}^ age, and it frequently becomes pervious Avhen mature. The interstices or reticulations formed by the anas- tomosing of the lamellae are in some specimens as broad as long, in others much longer than broad. The stem is often, though not always, somewhat tomentose. Cantharellus brevipes Pk. Short-stemmed Chantarelle. Pileus fleshy, narrowly obconic, glabrous, alutaceous or dingy cream color, the thin margin erect, often irregular and lobed, tinged with lilac in the young plant, flesh soft, whitish ; lamellae numerous, nearly straight on the margin, abundantly anastomosing below, pale umber tinged icith lilac ; stem short, tomentose-pubescent, solid, cinereus, often tapering downwards ; spores yellowish, oblong-elliptical, uninu- cleate, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0002 in. broad. Plant subcaespitose, 3 to 4 in. high, pileus 2 to 3 in. broad, stem 4 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Ballston. July. This is a very rare species. It occurred in very limited quantity in 1879, in the locality mentioned, and has not since been found. It is smaller than C. Jloccosus, more ctespitose in its mode of growth, and with thinner lamella3. The thick fleshy pileus is neither pervious nor umbilicate and but slightly depressed. Cantharellus. Lamellm narroiv, distant, sparingly and irregu- larly branched or anastomosing ; pileus fleshy, glabrous ; stem fleshy, generally solid. Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Edible Chantarelle. Pileus fleshy, firm, conv3x, then expanded or slightly depressed, glabrous, yellow, the margin at first involute, then spreading, often wavy or irregular, flesh white within ; lamellae narrow, thick, distant, decurrent, somewhat branched or anastomosing, yellow ; stem firm, glabrous, solid, yellow, sometimes tapering downwards ; spores sub- elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Plant 1.5 to 4 in. high, pileus 1.5 to 4 in. broad, stem 3 to 6 lines thick. SPECIES OF CANTHARELLUS. 39 Woods, copses and open places, Conunoiu June to September. The edible Chantarelle, though often irregular in shape, is beauti- ful in color. The whole plant is of a clear, rich egg-yellow hue. and this, with its solid stem, renders its identitication easy. The Ameri- can plant scarcely varies in color, but in Europe there is said to be a white variety of it. When old, the margin first begins to dry, and soon assumes a dull reddish-I)rown hue. The flesh both of the pileus and stem is white, though often tinged with yellow near the surface. Some authors attribute to it an odor like that of ripe apricots, but I have not been able to detect any decided odor in it. The lamellse vary somewhat in their degree of proximity to each other and in the extent of their ramification. They are sometimes wavy or crisped as in some species of Paxillus. The interspaces are usually venose. The length of the stem is generally about equal to the breadth of the pileus. It is more frequently curved or flexuous than straight, and sometimes it is narrowed downward. The spores are described by most authors as white, but if they are collected on white paper they have a slight yellowish or salmon-yellow tint. The plant grows either in a scattered manner or arranged in curved lines, as if attempting to form a "fairy ring." A favorite habitat is in the deep shade of hemlock trees, but it also grows freely and plenti- fully in thin woods of deciduous trees in damp, showery weather. The species is quite celebrated for its edible qualities. Fries says that "it is justly enumerated among the most sapid fungi ; " Bad- ham, that "no fungus is more popular;" Berkeley, that "it is occasionally served up at public dinners at the principal hotels in London on state occasions, when every efibrt is made to secure the rarest and most costly dainties ; " Cooke, that " it is alike esteemed in France, German}^ Austria and Italy," and that "it is not at all uncommon to hear from epicures rapturous encomiums of this golden fungus." According to Badham, " it requires to be gently stewed, and a long time, to make it tender ; but by soaking it in milk the night before, less cooking will be requisite." Cantliarellus cinnabarinus Schw. Cinnabar-colored Chantarelle. Pileus fleshy, rather thin, firm, convex, then depressed or subin- fuudibuliform, often irregular, cinnabar-red, the margin at first intlexed, often lobed in large specimens, flesh whitish, externally tinged with red ; lamelUe subdislant, branched, decurrent, cinnabar- 40 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. red; stem glabrous, solid, cinnabar-red ; spores subelliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Plant 1 to 2 in. high, pileus 8 to 16 lines broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Thin woods and open places. Sandlake, Brewerton and Forest- burgh. July to September. This Chantarelle is beautifully colored, though frequently irregular in shape. It is closely i-elated to the preceding species, from which its color, smaller size and comparatively broader lamellae distinguish it. It varies slightly in the depth of its color, the pileus being some- times tinged with yellow. It is difficult to preserve its red hue in the dried specimens. The width of the lamelltB is generally equal to or greater than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus. The flesh has a slightly pungent or peppery taste. The species was placed by Fries in the genus Hygrophorus, but it is a genuine Cantharellus. Cautharellus minor Pk. Small Chantarelle. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex, then expanded, often umbilicate or centrally depressed, glaln-ous, yellow, flesh, pale-yellow ; lamellae narrow, distant, sparingly branched, yellow ; stem slender, subflexu- ous, subequal, smooth, stuffed or hollow, yellow, with a whitish mycelium at the base ; spores subelliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 in. broad. Plant gregarious or subcaespitose, 1 to 1.5 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Thin woods and open places. Greeubush and Sandlake. June and July. This is a very small Chantarelle. It is colored like C. cibarius, from which it is distinguished by its smaller size, thin and frequently umbilicate pileus, comparatively broader lamellae, and more slender stem, and smaller spores. In very small or young specimens the stem sometimes appears to be solid, but in large and mature speci- mens it is stuffed or hollow, especially in the upper part. By this character it connects this section with the next. In wet weather the pileus is moist and has a watery-yellow hue which fades slightly in diying. Leptocantharellus. Pileus thin or submembranous, not glab- rous ; stem sub elongated, generally hollow. SPECIES OF CAATHARE/ LUS. 41 Cautliarellns iiifuiidibiiliformis Sco}). Funnel-shaped Chantarelle. Pileiis thin or submembranous, convex and uml)ilicate, then funnel- shapetl and often pervious, slightly floccose or tiljrillose, uneven, vary- ing in color from dingy-yellow to dark watery-lirown when moist, grayish or grayish-yellow or grayish-brown when dry, the margin frequently wavy, irregular or lobed ; lamellae narrow, thick, decur- rent, distant, irregularly or dichotomously l:)ranched, yeHow or sub- cinereous, becoming pruinose, the interspaces generally venose ; stem rather slender, glabrous, hollow, yelloio ; spores broadly elliptical, .00035 to .00045 in. long, .0003 to .00035 in. broad. Var. typicus. Pileus ding^'^-yelloAv ; stem pale-yellow. Var. luleolus. (Cantharellus lutescens, 23d Rep., p. 122.) Pileus convex, umbilicate, dingy-\'ellow ; lamellae very distant, sparingly branched, yellowish ; stem yellow, tinged with red or orange. Var. zonatus Fr. Pileus zonate. Var. subcinereus. Pileus dark watery-brown when moist, gray or grayish-brown when dry ; stem yellowish, dingy above. Plant gregarious or subca3spitose, 1.5 to 4 in. high, pileus 6 to 18 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 3 lines thick. Woods and swamps among moss or fallen leaves and on decayed wood. Common. June to October. This species is so variable that it seems desiral)le to designate its principal varieties by name. Through variety subcinereus it approaches O. cinereus on one hand, and, through variety luteolus, C. tubceformis on the other. Indeed, so closely is it allied to this last-named s})ecies that the two were united in Systema Mycologicum. But in all our forms or varieties the lamellae become frosted or i)ruin()sc in appear- ance, and this character, according to the descriptions of Prolcssor Fries, is a distinguishing feature of C. infundibuJiformis. In the description of C. tubceformis, as given in the Handbook, the lameUai of it also are said to be " frosted with a white bloom," but the dimen- sions there ascribed to its stem and spores do not corresi)ond to those of any of our specimens. In our i)lant the })ileus of fresh growing specimens has a moist or watery ap[)caranee, and as the moisture evaporates the color becomes paler. The surface of the pileus is a little uneven, and the fibrils are so arranged that they give it a somewhat streaked or virgate appearance approaching sometimes to a snbreticulate aspect. Occasionally the pileus is slightly /onate, I 42 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. but such si)eciuiens grow intermingled with others that are not zonute and arc evidently the same species. In the largei" specimens the pileus is frequently more lobed and irregular than in the others. In these also the lamellae are apt to be less distant and more branched and the interspaces more venose than usual. The color of the lamellae may be yellow, grayish-yellow, subcinereous or even tinged with lilac. The stem in variety typicus is pale-yellow or tiavid, in variety lufeolus it is more or less tinged with red, and in variety subcinereus it has a dingy or smoky tint above. This variety occurs especially among Sphagnum in marshes. Caiithai'ellus cinereus Pers. Gray Chantarelle. Pileus thin, submenibranous, centially depressed or funnel-shaped, often becoming pervious, miimtely hairy or scaly, cinereous or blackish- cinei'eoiis, the margin frequently lobed or irregular ; lamellae thick, distant or subdistant, decurrent, branched and anastomosing, cinere- ous; stem hollow, often compressed or irregular, cinereous or blackish- cinereous ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. h)ng, .0002 to .00025 broad. Phmt gregarious or caespitose, 1.5 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 2 in. broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. Woods. Greig, Sandkike and Albany. August and September. The gray Chantarelle is less common than the preceding species to which it is closely related, but from which it may be distinguished by the absence of yellow hues from its pileus and stem. Its stem is generally conqjaratively thicker and its mode of growth more caespitose. Cautharellus pruinosus Pk, Frosted Chantarelle. Pileus thin, convex, subumbilicate, ^/mnose. ivhite ; lamellae rather broad, distant, long-decurrc;it, sim;ple or rarely branched, white ; stem long, slender, slightly enlarged above, jpruinose, whitish ; spores globose, .0002 to .00025 in. in diameter. Plant about 1 in. high, pileus 2 to 3 lines broad, stem scarcely 1 line thick. Ground in pastures. Sageville. August. This is our smallest species, and is one most readily recognized by its slender habit, white color and minutely mealy or pruinose surface. \ SFECIES OF CA^THARELLUS. 43 In some respects it approaches the European C. Brovyaii B. & Br., but is clearly distinct from it, by its broad and very decurrent lamellae, by its pruinose surface and by its umbilicate instead of an umbonate pileus. Cantharellus crispus differs from all the preceding species in habit and texture and is now referred to the genus Trogia. Satisfactory examples of Cantharellus tuhoeformis have not occurred within our limits. The specimens formerly referred to this species and to C lutescens prove to be only forms of C. infundibuliformis. Several dimidiate and resupinate species of this genus are found in Europe, but none have occurred within our limits. I NEW YOEK SPECIES OF ORATEEELLUS. CRATERELLUS F,: " Hyniciiiuni waxy-membranous, distinct, l^ut adnate to the hymeuophonim, definitely inferior, continuous, glabrous, even or rugose. Spores white. " Terrestrial, fieshy or membranous, autumnal fungi, related to the Cantharelli and furnished with aii entire pileus and a stem^ Hymen. Europ., p. 630. This genus is intimately related to Cautharellus on one hand, and by its nearly even hymenium it approaches Thelephora and Clavaria on the other. So intimate is its i-elationship with Cautharellus that, in the Systema Mycologicum, its species were referred to that genus, and in his later work, the Hymenomycetes Europaei, Professor Fries justly remarks that the analogy between various species of the two genera is wonderful. Indeed, some of the species of these genera cannot readily be distinguished without an inspection of the hyme- nium, so closely do the}' resemble each other in size, shape and color. The species of Craterellus have the hymenium nearly even, or merel^^ ruijose or rugose-wrinkled, the folds or wrinkles being irregular or indistinct, or so interwoven and lost in each other and in the hyme- nium that any particular one cannot readily be traced from the stem to the margin of the pileus, ^s they can be in species of Cautharellus. In the same species the wrinkles are more distinct in some specimens than in others, and often they are more distinct in the fresh [)hmt than in the dried one. In all our species the hymenium is decurrent. The pilous is frequently more or less split or lobed on the margin and sometimes is divided nearly to its base. It is not clear why the genus should be characterized as " autumnal," for some of the species occur as early as July. In some of the older works these fungi are distributed in the genera Cautharellus, Merulius, Elvella and Peziza. The name Craterellus signifies a little cup, and has reference to the shape of the [)ileus in some species. SPECIES 01 CRATKRELLUS. 45 Synopsis of the Species. 1 Stem hollow, pileus mostly pervious. 2. 2 Hymenium cinereous or brown. 3. 3 Pileus tubiform, spores .0005 to .0007 in. long. C. cornucopioides. 3 Pileus funnel-shajied, spores .00025 to .0003 in. long-. C. dubius. 2 Hymenium yellow. C. lutescens. 1 Stem solid, pileus not pervious. 4. 4 Hymenium and stem similarly colored. C. Cantharellus. 4 Hymenium and stem dissimilarly colored. C. clavatus. Craterelliis cornucopioides Pers. Cornucopia-like Craterellus. Horn-like Craterellu?. Pileus thin, siil)ineml)raiious, tubiform. pervious, sometimes granu- lar or minutely scaly, cinereous, smoky-brown or blackish, the spread- ing or decurved margin generally lobed, wavy or irregular ; hyme- nium even or rugose-wrinkled, cinereous or brown ; stem very short, hoWow, blackish-bwivn or black ; spores 7iarroivly ellijjtical, .0005 to .0007 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Plant gregarious or subcsespitose, 2 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 2.5 in, broad, stem 2 to 3 lines thick. Woods. Conmion. July to September. This is our most common Craterellus. It is easily recognized by its elongated tubular or narrowly trumpet-shaped pileus and its dingy- gray or smoky-brown hue. The pileus is thin but rather tough and elastic. The hymenium is generally a little paler than the pileus and varies in color from cinereous to reddish-brown and dark smoky- brown. It sometimes becomes pruinose when dry. The stem is short or almost obsolete, the hymenium extending nearly or quite to the surface of the ground. The spores are larger than in any of our other species. It grows especially on naked soil on shaded banks or knolls or in old roads in woods. In shape it corresponds very closely to Canlharelhis floccosus, l)ut in every other respect it ditfers decid- edly from that species. In color it resembles Cantharellus cinereus, from which its more elongated pileus, shorter stem and difterent hymenium at once separate it. Cantharellus cornucopioides Fr., JPeziza cornucopioides L., JSIerulius cornucopioides Pers., Merulius purpureus With, and Helvella cornucopioides Scop, are ancient synonyms. Cratei-ellus dubius Pk. Doubtful Cratei-ellus. Pileus thin, infundibuliform or subtubiforni, subfibrillose, dark- brown or luiid-])rown, [jcrvious. the margin generally wa\y and 46 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. lobed ; hymenium dark-cinereous and rugose when moist, the obscure crowded irregular wrinkles abundantly anastomosing, nearly even and paler when dry ; stem short, hollow, colored like the hymenium ; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Plant single or csespitose, 2 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 2 in. broad, stem aljout 2 lines thick. Ground under spruce trees. Adirondack mountains. August. This very rare species has not been found by us since its discovery in Keene Valley, Essex county, in 1877. It is closely related to C. cornucopioides^ from which its shorter more tunnel-shaped pileus, longer paler stem and smaller spores will distinguish it. It is also apparently similar to C. sinuosus and C. crisjous, and both it and they may yet prove to be ditferent forms of one very variable species. In all of our specimens the pileus is pervious and the stem hollow to the base. This last character will distinguish the species from both those mentioned. In some specimens the pileus is much lobed or nmltifid on the margin. The hymenium is darker colored and much more rugose or uneven when moist than it is when dry. In the dried specimens it is pale-cinereous, often with a tinge of yellow, and its color extends to the base of the stem. The darker color of the pileus is continued downwards in the cavity of the stem. In general appearance this s}jecies corresponds more closely to Can- tharellus cinereus than does G. cornucopioides, which is sometimes compared with that species. Craterellus lutescens Fr. Yellowish Craterellus. Pileus thin, submembranous, varying from convex and umbilicate to tubiform or funnel-shaped, often becoming pervious, yellowish, dingy-yellow or brownisJi^ the margin frequently lobed, wavy or irregu- lar; hymenium nearly even or distinctly and sometimes densely rugose- wrinkled, yelloiv ; stem rather slender, subflexuous, glabrous, hollow, yellow ; spores subelliptical, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Plant single or gregarious, occasionally caespitose, 2 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 2 in. broad, stem 1.5 to 3 lines thick. Moist places in woods and swamps. Sandlake and Helderberg mountains, July and August. SPECIES OF CRATERELLCS. 47 This species corresponds closely in size, color and general apjjcar- aiice to Cantfiarellus infundibuliformis, from which it is not readily distinguished except by its hymenium, which is neither pruinose nor furnished with distinct lamellte, though its vein-like wrinkles some- times make a close approach to the narrow lamellse of that Chanta- relle. It is commonly compared with Cantharellus tubcieformis, with which, according to Fries, it was formerly confused, and to which it corresponds very closely by reason of its naked yellow hymenium. The pileus of the European plant is described as " flocculose," but in our plant it is usually almost glabrous or but slightly fibrillose. The hymenium is sometimes slightly reddish or orange-tinted and the stem is colored like it rather than like the pileus. In small or young plants it is not uncommon to find the stem stuffed below and hollow above only. The base of the stem is frequently hairy or strigose. CanOiarellus lutescens Fr., MeruUus Iidescens Pers., Merulius xanthopus Pers., Helvdla tuboefonnis Scha^ti'. and Paziza undulala Bolt, are synonyms of the older works. Craterellus Cantharellus Schw. Chantai-elle Craterellus. Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, then centrally dejji^essed or infandibuli- form, glabrous, yellow or pinkish-yellow, the margin commonly lobed, wavy or irregular, flesh white ; hymenium nearly even or rugose- wrinkled, 7/e/?oz^ ; stem glabrous, solid, yellow; spores sul)elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Plant single or ctespitose, 1.5 to 3 in. high, pileus 1.5 to 3 in. broad, stem 3 to 5 lines thick. Thin woods and bushy places. Sand lake. August. So closely does this plant resemble the edible Chantarelle, both in size, shape and color, that it would be natural to sup})ose it a form of that species with an undeveloped or abnormally develo[)ed hyme- nium. Its color is a vitelline or egg-yellow, as in that species, l)ut sometimes there is a slight pinkish tinge to the pileus and a faint shade of salmon color or orange to the hymenium. The spores also, when collected on white paper, have a yellowish or salmon-yellow tint. The plant is more frequently ca}S[)itose than Cantharellus cibarias, and consequently the pileus is generally more irregular. It wjis ])laced by Schweinitz in the genus Thelephora, section Craterell^, whence the synonym Thelephora Cantharellus Schw. In Grevillea, rol. 1, p. 147, this name is given as a synon3m of Craterellus late- 48 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. ritius B., which is described as " brick-red " with a deeply umbilicate pileus, I have seen no snch forms of our plant and hesitate to adopt the opinion there expressed. The species appears to be peculiar to this country. Craterellus clavatus Pers. Pilous ileshy, soft, clavate or narrowly obconic, turbinate, truncate or slightly depressed, nearly glabrous, yellowish, flesh white ; hyme- niuni slightly corrugated or rugose- wrinkled, dull-purplish or browmsh incarnate ; stem short, solid, pallid or yellowish ; spores subelliptical, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0002 to .0003 in. broad. Plant 2 to 3 in. high, pileus 1 to 2 in. broad, stem 3 to 6 lines thick. Hemlock woods. Brewerton. September. Rare. This species has not been found by me since its discovery in our State in 1878. Its corresponding species among the Chantarelles is Cantharellus brevipes. Its resemblance to Olavaria pistilhiris is a\so noticeable. The pileus is sometimes slightly uneven or rugose, and its margin is rather obtuse and sometimes crenately irregular. The color of the hymenium is a peculiar mixture of pink, broAvn, lilac and purple, which is not easy to define. It sometimes approaches a ])ale-liver color. Fries describes it as passing from violet-flesh color to fuliginous and umber-brown. These variations in the color of the hymenium have given rise to various synonyms ; for example, Aleru- lius violaceus Pers., Merulius purpurasceiis Pers., Merulius carneus Pers., and Merulius umbrinus Pers. Othe)- synonyms are Merulius clavatus Pers., Clavaria truncata Schmidt, and Olavaria elvelloides Wulf. Craterellus ccespitosus Pk. is a spurious species and is therefore omitted. NAMES OF NEW YOEK PYEENOMYOETOUS FUNGI. The names by which the following species were formerly known or reported are given in the right-hand column whenever they differ from those of the Saccardoan system. The left-hand column contains the names required by that system. Podosphaera tridactyla De By. P. biuncinata C. & P. Sphserotheca Castagnei Lev. S. pruinosa C. d: P. Phyllactinia suftulta Sacc. Uncinula adunca Lev. U. Ampelopsidis Pk. Clintonii Pk. macrospora Pk. flexuosa Pk. geniculata Ger. circinata C. & P. parvula C. & P. luculenta Howe. Americana noi%. Mici'osphaera Astragali Trev. M. abbreviata Pk. Hedwigii Lero. Dubyi Lev. Friesii Lev. penicillata Lev. Van Bruntiana Qer. densissima ScTiw. Russellii Clinton. extensa C. <£• P. diffusa C. d:-. P. pulchra C. & P. Vaccinii C. ct P. Platani Howe. Menispei-mi Howe. Symphoric.'.rpi Howe. Erysiphe communis Pr. E. Mai-tii Lev. E. lampi'ocaT'pa Lev. E. Liriodendi-i Schw. E. Eui)horbiai Pk. Erysiphella aggregata Pk. Eurotium herbai-iorum Lk. Dinierosporium Collinsii Thum. Scorias spongiosa Fr. Perisporiaceae, Podosphaera Kunzei Lev. Phyllactinia guttata Lev. U. U. U. u. u. u. u. u. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Uncinula spiralis B. & C Microsphaera holosericea Lev. Sphseria Collinsii iSchw. 50 BULLETIN N. T. STATE MUSEUM. Ccelosphseria exilis Sacc. Fracchisea callista B. t& C. Calosphaeria Princeps Sel. Coronophora ootheca Sacc. Quaternaria Persooiiii Tul. Valsa Pini Fr. V. Vitis Fckl. V. Alni Pk. Sphaeriaceae. Sphaeria exilis A. di: S. S. callista B. & G. Valsa pulchella Fr. Sphaeria ootheca B. & C. Valsa quaternata Br. V. Linderse Pk. V. subclypeata C. & P. V. Americana B. & C. V. truncata C. & P. V. centripeta Fr. V. coUiculus Wormsk. V. Rubi Fckl. V. nivea F\ V. leucostoma Fr. V. ambiens Fr. V. salicina Fr. V. translucens De Not. Eutypella Priinasti-i Sacc. E. stellulata Sacc. E. Platani Sacc. E. fraxinicola Sacc. E. tumidula Sacc. E. innumerabilis Sacc. Eutypa Acharii Tul. E. lata Tul. E. spinosa Tul. Diati ype disciformis Fr. D. Stigma Fr. D. platystoina Berk. D. buliata F\ D. corniculata B. cf- Br. D. asterostoma B. & C. D. Durisei Mont. Diatrypella Tocciseana De Not. D. aspera Nlt.^. D. discoidea C. & P. D. betulina Pk. D. Cephalanthi Sacc. D. prommens Howe. Ceratostoma i-ubefaciens Sacc. C. piliferum Fckl. Chaetomium lanosura Pk. C. funicolum Cke. C. melioloides C & P. c. comatum Fr. Sordaria coprophila C. & D. S. fimiseda C. & D. S. amphicornis Ellis. Valsa Prunastri Fr. V. stellulata Pr. Platani Schw. fraxinicola C. & P. tumidula C. <& P. innumerabii^ Pk. Sphaeria limaeformis Schw. Diatrype Tocciaeana Be Not. D. aspera Fr. D. discoidea C. & P. D. betulina Pk. D. Cephalanthi ScJiw. Sphaeria rubefaciens Pk. S. piliferum Fr. Chaetomium elatum Kze. Hypoxylon copi"Oj)hilum Fr. Sphaeria fimiseda C. & J). S. eximia Pk. . NAMES OF PTRENOMYCETOUS FUNGI. 51 Sordaria valsoides Sacc. Hypocopra leucoplaca Sacc. Coprolepa fimeti Sacc. Philocopra canina Sacc. Rosellinia aquila De Not. R. Desmazierii Sacc. R. mutans Sacc. R. obtusissima Sacc. R. pulveracea Fckl. R. sordaria ReJim. R. hirtissima Sacc. Bombardia fasciculata Fr. Anthostoniella Closterium Sacc. A. rostrispora Sacc. A. smilacinina /S'acc. Anthostoma adustum Sacc. A. cercidicolum Sacc. A. atropunctatum Sacc. A. ? scoriadeum Sacc. Xylaria polymorpha Grev. X. corniformis Fr. X. grandis Pk. X. acuta Pk. X. Hypoxylon Ch'ev- X. digitata Gh-ev. X. graminicola Ger. X. filiformis Fr. Ustulina vulgaris T^d. Daldi nia concentrica C. c& D. Hypoxylon coccineuin Ball. H. ai-gillaceum Berk. H. Howeanum Pk. H. f 11 scum Fr. H. xanthocreas B. & C. H. cohaerens Fr. H. perforatum Schw. H. multiforme Fr. H. Moi-sei B. & C. H. serpens Fr. H. Sassafras Berk. H. atj-opurpureum Fr. H. ruV)iginosum Fr. H. fuscopurpureum Berk. H. smilacicolum Sacc. Nuinmnlaria (iiscreta Tul. N. Bulliardi Tid. Ceratostoinella i-ostrata Sacc. Gnoinoniella tubiformis Sacc. G. niirabilis Sacc. G. vulgaris Sacc. G. cui'vicolla Sacc. G. eccentrica Sacc. L Sphseria valsoides Pk. S. leucoplaca B. & R. S. fimeti Pers. S. canina Pk. S. aquila Fr. S. Desmazierii B. & Br. S. mutans C. & P. S. obtusissima B. & C. S. pulveracea Ehrh. S. sordaria Fr. S. hirtissima Pk. S. bombarda Batsch. S. Closterium B. & C. S. rostraspora Ger. S, smilacinina Pk. Diatrype adusta C. & P. D. cercidicola B. & C. D. atropunctata Sclno. Sphaeria scoriadea Fr. Hypoxylon ustulatum Bull. H. concentricum Bolt. H. fragiforme Per.s. Diatrype smilacicola Schw. D. discreta Schw. Hypoxylon nummularia Bull. Sphaeria rostrata Fr. S. tubseformis Tode. S. niirabilis Pk. S. Gnomon Tode. S. curvicolla Pk. * S. eccentrica C, it P. 52 BULLETIN N. Y. STATE MUSEUM. Gnomoniella fimbriata Sacc. G. Coi-yli Sacc. G. melanostyla Sacc. Lsstadia carpinea Sacc. L. fraxinicola Sacc. L. brunnea Sacc. Physalospora ininutella Sacc. P. ceanothina Sacc. Trichosj)haeria fissurarum Sacc. T. subcorticalis Sacc. "Wallrothiella Arceuthobii Sacc. W. squalidula Sacc. Botryosphaeria Quercuum Sacc. Cryptosporella leptasca Sacc. C. anornala Sacc. Sphaerella punctiformis Rabh. S. maculilbrmis Auersw. S. spleniata C. cfr P. S. orbicularis Pk. S. colorata Pk. S. indistincta Pk. S. Imimtientis P. & C. S. Vaccinii Cke. S. sparsa Auersw. S. Sarracenise Sacc. S. smilacicola Cke. StJgmatea Robertiana Fr. Didymella Sphserellula Sacc. D. onosmodina Sacc. Melanopsamma recessa Sacc. M. Papilla Sacc. Bertia moriformis De Not. Venturia ditricha Karst. V. Clintonii Pk. V. coinpacta Pk. V. Kalmife Pk. V. orbicula C. c& P. V. pulchella C. & P. V. Dickiei C. d- D. V. Myrtilli Cke. Endothia gyrosa Fckl. Melanconis stilbostoma Tul. M. theiebula Sacc. Diaporthe platasca Sacc. D. acerina Sacc. D. Woolworthii Sacc. D. leiphsema Sacc. D. impulsa Sacc. D. Crataeg-i FcAZ. D. bicincta Sacc. D. oxyspoi-a Sacc. D. obscura Sacc. Sphaeria fimbriata Pers. S. Coryli Batsch. S. melanostyla Fi-. Sphaerella carpinea Pr. Depazea fraxinicola Curt. D. brunnea B. cfr C. Sphaeria minutella Pk. S. ceanothina Pk. S. fissurarum B. cfr C. S. subcorticalis Pk. S. Arceuthobii PA. S. squalidula C. & P. Melogramma Quercuum Fr. Valsa leptasca P. alocystis Sacc. Melogramma vagans De Not. MetasphaeriaSenten A^acc. M. stajiliylina Sacc. Lasiosphatiia Viiisnta C. <£• D. f-i- caesaj-iata Sacc. ^'- viridicoma .AS'acr. L. canescens Kaist. L. xestothele Sacc. I Valsa mucronata Pk. Sphaeria salicella Fr. S. spiculosa Pers. S. aculeata Schic. S. racemula C. & P. S. Desmodii Pk. S. exercitalis Pk. S. picea Pers. S. Parnassiae Pk. Massaria bufonia Tul. Sphaeria pei-isporioides B. & C. S. phileui-a C. & P. S. salebrosa C. & P. S. thujina Pk. Cucurbitaria alnea Pk. C. seriata Pk. Valsa Peckii Howe. Diatrype moroides C. d: P. Massaria gigaspora Desm. Sphaeria Doliolum Pers. S. subconica C. & P. S. viridella Pk. S. ramulicola Pk. S. scapophila Pk. S. sorghophila Pk. S. orthogramma B. t& C. S. culniifraga Desm. S. Crepini West. , S. Marciensis Pk. S. taxicola Pk. S. platanicola Howe. S. Hendersoniae Ellllioroi(les Pk. Fig. 28. A young ])lant. Fig. 24. An oldei- plant with the jiileus moi-e expanded. Fig-. 25. Vei-tical section of a pileus and uppei- part of the stem. Fig. 26. Five s}iores, X 400. ateMusBulia irUW(B2c Plate THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE HMymEMSEOilOFiTDEiLHlSM! BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW- YORK. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 15, 1885. ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS & COMPANY. 1885. I STATE OF NEW YORK. No. 23. IN ASSEMBLY, January 15, 1885. THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT TiSIEES OF m SIAIE Office of the Regents, January 8, 1885. To the Legislature of the State of Nev) Tork : I have the honor to transmit herewith the thirty-eighth annual report of the Regents of the University as Trustees of the New York State Museum of Natural History, as required by law. H. R. PIERSON, Chancellor. [Assem. Doc. No. 23.] 1 ^ REPOKT OF THE BOTANIST. Toihe Honorable the Board of Begents of the Univer^iti, of the State of yeio York : Gentlemen -I have the honor to communicate to you the following .tnVement of the work of the Botanist durmg the past year : TheTnvet Ration of our State flora and the collection and preparation ^1p~; °of rrrnr^td'XnT forty species of plan., ,nosay Of these there are two species of this State ne« to tne not a^ong my collections of the past jeson^T^^^^^^^ ;"e" e^ ^ A li's? oTth"ei"ntr;Virll:d A. Also a list of contributors and their respective contributions is given and marked B. Nodces of^plants not before reported, together .-ith a record of the localities whe?e they were found, also f -^d C Trel d'^ H, i^ns insure greater accuracy. . n i^ hetn A record of observations on species ^^' J^'l'^^^''^^^^,^^^^^ ^ -'^^:^ ^.h ^i=?on: dS^ri, ^X'or ..... °^A deTcnptive manual of our Hymenomycetous or fleshyfungi, among wHchareT mushrooms and mushroom-like Agancs is greatly nee^^^^^^ The number of those desirous of becommg acquainted ji h oi^ nati e «;npries of these plants is constantly increasing, but a proper ana con Tn rntlatal lor their study and identification is wantuj^^A^^^ from the use of poisonous kinds for food by ^o-^ -hO|^i,norant o t true characters of the species, have "^^^taken them for the .dibit mu room occur from time to time. These accidents mi^ht -^^^ib be a o^^^^^^^ by a better and more common acquaintance with ^^'rj^l^'f '''''' features of our edible species and their less valuable associates. As a su , [^thL direction monographs of the different genera represented in our 78 Thirty-eighth Report on" the State Museum. flora were commenced m the thirty-third report and continued in sub- sequent ones. For the present report a monograph has been prepared of our species of Lactarms, or milky-juice fungi, and also one of the genus (subgenus of Fries) Pluteus. The genus Lactarius is a large one, at present represented in our State by forty species. Some of these rank as edible, others as poison- ous While the genus as such is easily recognized and accurately sepa- rated from all other genera, some of the species that compose it approach each other so closely and vary so considerably that without clear and explicit descriptions they are liable to be confused and their discrimi- nation unsatisfactory. In this monograph it has been the design to make the specific descriptions so complete and at the same time to give such prominence to the distinguishing characters, that no difficulty need be experienced in the identification of our species. The spore characters are also given, a part of the description that is sometimes of great im- portance, and yet one that has generally been omitted by authors. A synoptical table has been prepared, by means of which, with good fresh specimens it is believed, the name of any species described in the monograph may be easily and quickly ascertained. These monographs constitute a part of the report marked E. The revision of our specimens of Sphaeriaceous fungi, which was commenced last year, has been con tinned and completed. This revision, as was explained in my preceding report, was necessary m order to bring the arrangement and nomencla- ture of our species into harmony with the recent Saccardoan system which, from present indications, is destined to supersede the old Friesian It is desirable, not only that our Agarics and other fleshy Hvmeno- niycetous fungi, which so generally shrivel and change color in drying should be Illustrated by sketches of the fresh plant colored according to nature, but also that magnified drawings of the microscopic characters of the smaller and minute fungi should be made and accompany the specimens m the Herbarium. A considerable number of such sketches were made the past season, at the time the specimens were collected, i-rom these I have prepared three plates of figures designed to illustrate as tar as possible, the characters of the new species described in the lollowing pages Thanks are hereby rendered to those botanists who have kindly aided me m the prosecution of my labors, both by the contribution of speci- mens and of information. ^ Most respectfully submitted, ' ^ , ' CHAS. H. PECK. Albany, December 31, 1884. I Eeport of the State Botanist. 79 PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM. New to the Herbarium. I Ipomaea purpurea, L. Populus dilatata, L. Listera convallarioides, Hook. Molinia caerulea, Mcench. Festuca rubra, L. Agaricus clypeolarius, Bull. A. terraeolens, Pk. A. vexans, Pk. A. • purpureofuscus, Pk, A. immaculatus, Pk. A. discopus, Lev. A. liiemalis, Osbeck. A scyphoides, Fr. A. jubatus, Fr. A. unitinctus, Pk. A. atrides, Lasch. A. comosus V. albus, Pk. A villosus, Fr. A. umboninotus, Pk. A. maritimoides, Pk. A. comatellus, Pk. A. subesilis, Pk. A. sordidulus, Pk. A. parvifructus, Pk. A. caerulipes, Pk. A. madeodiscus, Pk. Coprinus lagopus, Fr. Cortinarius aureifolius, Pk. C. multiformis, Fr. C decoloratus, Fr. Hygropliorus purpurascens, Fr. Lactarius varius, Pk, L. liysginus, Fr. L. paludinellus, Pk. Russula basifurcata, Pk. Lentinus suavissimus, Fr. Boletus sulphureus. Fr. B. versipellis, Fr. PolypoTUS abortivus, Pk. P. epileucus, Fr. P. crispellus, Pk. P. laetificus. Pk. P. fimbriatellus. Pk. P. ornatus, Pk. P. odorus, Pk. P. subacidus, Pk. P. griseoalbus, Pk. Merulius fugax, Fr. M. aurantiacus, Pk. Geaster striatus, DC. Coniotliyrium valsoideum, PA;. Phoma Phytolaccae, B. & C. P. elevatum, Pk. P. Pruni, Pk. P. albifructum, PA; Sphaeropsis alnicola, Cke. Sphaeropsis ribicola, C. & E. Diplodia pinea, Kx. Sphaerographium hystricinum, Sacc. S. lantanoidis, Pk. Appendicularia entomophila, Pk. Gelatinosporium fulvum, Pk. Phyllosticta Podopliylli, West. P. Labruscse, Thum. P. Epigseae, PA:. P. lantanoidis, PA;. Ascochyta Cassandrae, Pk. A. colorata, Pk. Marsonia Quercus, Pk. Pestalozzia monochaetoidea, S. & E. Stagonospora Smilacis. Sacc. Glceosporium Salicis, Wint. G. Ribis, Cast. Septoria alnicola, Cke. S. Ribis, Besm S. Lysimachiae, West. S. Dentarife, Pk. S. Dalibardse. Pk. 8. Diervillse, Pk. S. fumosa, Pk. S. punicei, Pk S. Trillii, Pk. Rhabdospora subgrisea, Pk. Hadrotrichum lineare, Pk. Ramularia multiplex, Pk. R. Prini, Pk. R. Diervillae, Pk. R. Oxalidis, Fnrl. Cylindrosporium veratrinum, S. & W. OvTilaria moniloides, E. & M. Peronospora Arthuri, Farl. P. Halstedii, Farl. P. Potentillae, Dt'^y. Entyloma Saniculae, Pk. Cercospora Violse, Sacc. C. Majantbemi, Fckl. C. Cephalantlii, E. & K. C. Comari, Pk. Cenangium balsameum, Pk. Sphaerotheca pannosa. Lev. Asterina nuda, Pk. Capnodium Citri, B. & D. Valsa Friesii, Fckl. V. cornina, Pk. V. leucostomoides, Pk. V. opulifoliae, Pk. Diatrypella Frostii, Pk. Spbaerella couigena, Pk. Did}-mospb8eria Typbfe, Pk. Venturia Cassandrae, PA-. Diaporthe Wibbei, Nits. D. cylindrospora. Pk. 80 Thirty-eighth Keport on the State Museum. Leptosphaeria eutypoides, Pk. L. Corallorliizae, Pk. L. lycopodiicola, Pk. Metaspliaeria Myricae, Pk. Mazzantia sepium, 8. & P. Sphaerulina sambucina, Pk. Cryptospora Caryae, Pk. Not New to the Herharium. Ranunculus repens, L. Nupbar advena, Ait. Caulophyllum thalictroides, Mx. Podophyllum peltatum, L. Capsella Bursa- pastoris, Mcench. Viola pubescens, Ait. V. rostrata, Pursh. V. can. V. sylvestris, Regel. Hypericum ellipticum, Hook. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. Geranium maculatum, L. Rhus typbiua, L. Rubus hispidus, L. Rosa setigera, Mx. Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrh. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Aralia hispida, Mx. A. nudicaulis, L. Sambucus pubens. Mx. Cornus sericea, L. C. stolonifera, Mx. Fedia umbilicata, Mx. Tussilago Farfara, L. Senecio aureus, L. Tanacetum vulgare, L. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Chiogenes hispidula, T. & O. Amarantus blitoides. Wats. Quercus palustris, Du Roi. Alnus incana, Willd. A. serrulata, Ait. Salix fragilis, L. Symplocarpus foetidus, Salisb. Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt. Uvularia perfoliata, L. U. grandiflora, Sm. Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb. Juncus margiuatus, Rostk. Carex stipata, Muhl. Carex grisea, Wahl. C. laxifiora, Lam. C. umbellata, Sehk. Holcus lanatus, L. Agrostis vulgaris, With. Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. Q. elongata, Trin. Dantbonia spicata, Beauv. D. compressa, Aust. Panicum dichotomum, L. Bromus ciliatus, L. Aira caespitosa, L. Millium effusum, L. Lycopodium complanatum, L iricus muscarius, L. A. naucinoides, Pk. A. transmutans, Pk. A. radicatus, Relh. A. maculatus, A. & S. A. stipitarius, FV. A. clavicularis, Fr. A. atrocaeruleus, Fr. A. strictior, Pk. A. rbodopolius, PV. A. praecox, Pers. A. subochraceus, Pk. A. Hypnorum, Batsch. A. Rodmani, Pk A. arvensis, Schaff. Coprinus atramentarius, Bull. Cortinarius porpbyropus, A. & 8. Marasmius anomalus, Pk. M. androsaceus, L. Panus laevis, B. &' C. Scbizopbyllum commune, Fr. Boletus Clintonianus, Pk. Polyporus lucidus, Leys. P. uudosus, Pk. B. CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. Mrs. S. M. Rust, Syracuse, N- Y. Trillium grandiflorum. Salisb. Mrs. L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse, N. Y. Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb. Prof. N. L. Britton, New York, N. Y. Juncus trifidus, L. Report of the State Botanist. 81 Prof. O. C. Willis, White Plains, N. Y Lofliim latifolium, Ait. Andromeda polifolia, L. Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass. Phoma Amelancliieris, Fai'l. Ramularia Oxalidis, Far'l. Coleosporium Senecionis, Wint. Peronospora Halstedii, Fa)'l. Cylindrosporium Gei, Bhrl. Stictis Tsugae, Farl. Entylcima Lobeliae, Fa/i. Phyllacliora Wittrockii, Sacc Rev. J. L. Zabriskie, Nyack, N. Y. Rhus tvphina, L. Juncus marginp.tu.s, Rostk. Quercus palustris, Du Roi. Appendicularia entomopliila, Pk. Harold Wingate, Philadelphia, Pa. Cliondrioderma MicLelii, Lib. v sessile, Rostf. Geo. A. Rex, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa. Tncbia clirysosperma. Bull. Physarella mirabilis, Pk. Comatriclia longa, Pk. E. A. Burt, Albany, N. Y. Hydrangea arborescens, L. Carex Houglitonii, Torr. Carex stram v. festucacea, Gr. H. C.Gordinier, Troy, N. Y. Aster ptarmicoides. T. & G. Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb. Fedia radiata, Mx. Liparis Lceselii, Rich. Romeyn B. Hough, Lowville, N. Y. Listera convallarioides, Hook. Habenaria obtusata, Rich. Liparis Lceselii, Rich. H. rotundifolia, Rich. D. Byron Waite, Springwater, N. Y. Castilleia coccinea, Spreng. J. D. Greenslete, Broadalbin, N. Y. Polygonatum bifiorum, Ell. Orontium aquaticum, L. H. Andrews, Albany, N. Y. Potamogeton Robbinsii, Oakes. John D. Parsons, Albany, N. Y. Ijycoperdon giganteum, Batsch. D. A. A. Nichols, Dunkirk, N. Y. Uncinula spiralis, B & G. T. F. Allen, M. D., New York, N. Y. Nitella tenuissima, Kutz. Tolypella fimbriata, Allen. N. glomerulifera. A. Br T. intertexta, Allen. N. opaca, Ag. Cliara sejuncta, ^4. Br. N. minuta, Allen. C. hydropitys, A. Br. Tolypella comosa, Allen. C. gymnopus, .4. Br. Prof. L. Lesquereux, Columbus, O. *Polypoms lucidns, Leys.? *Polyporus applanatus, Fr.f ♦These are monstrous growths from abaudoned coal luiuea, and therefore tbeir apeclflo identification Is uncertain. 11 82 Thirty-eighih Keport on the State Museum. F. S. Septoria Bromi, Saec. y. Pentstemonis, E. & E. S. asciculosa, E. & E. S. podophylliaa, Pk. Gloeosporium. Potentillae, Ond». PhyUosticta Fraxini, E. & W. P. pyronim, Cke. Sporidesmium Fumago, Cke. ^idium Epilobii, DC Earle, Cobden, III. Cercospora sordida, Sace. C. Persicae, Sace. C fascovirens, 8ace. Entyloma Lobeliae, Farl. E. Physalidis, Wint. Peronosprora Artliuri, Farl. Microsphsera Platani, Howe. Pliyllactinia suffulta, Sace. Dimerosporiuin pulclirum, Sace. Hon. G. W. ainton, Albany, N. Y. Lentinus lepideus, Fr. Polyporus squamosus, Fr. RUabdospora subgrisea, Pk. P. applanatus, Fr. J. B. Ellis, Polyporus oblectans. Berk. Irpex coriaceus, B & R. Phlebia zonata, B. & C. Thelephora C8espitulans,*Sc^w. Stereum subpileatum, B. c& G. Hymenocliaete scabriseta, Cke. Peniopliora flavido alba, Cke. Physarella inirabilLs, Pk. Septoria Hebanthi, E. & K. S. Speculariae, B. & G. Pestalozzia Myricte, E. & M. Pestalozziella subsessilis., 8. & E. Stilbospora fenestrata, E. <& E. Puccinia nigrescens, Pk. P, splendens, Vize. P. mirabilissima. Pk. P. asperior, E. & E. P. Angelicae, E. & E. Triphragmium ecliinatum, Lev. Ustilago Vilfae, Wint. U. lineata, Cke. Sorosporium Ellisii, Wint. Peridermium orientale, Cke. ^cidium porosum, Pk. M. Xanthoxyli, Pk. H. W. Harkness, M. Hymenula aciculosa, E. & H. Octaviania rosea, Hark. Gautiera monticola, Hark. Splanclinomyces Behrii, Hark. Septoria Hosackiae, Hark. S. Lupini, Hark. Marsonia Neilliae, Hark Gloeosporium Pteridis, Hark. SeptoglcEum F'raxini, Hark. S. maculans, Hark. S. Nuttallii, Hark. Harknessia longipes, Hark. Pestalozzia corynoidea, Hark. P. anomala, Hark. Newfield, N. J. iEcidium ^sculi, B. & E. M. ColUnsice, E. & E. M. Ceanothi. E. & E. Ramularia Celastri, E. dc M. Peronospora Sicyicola, Irel. P. Halstedii, Farl. Cenangium asterinosporum, E. & R Pecillum Americanum, Cke. Pilacre Petersii, B. & Br. Saccardia Martini, E. & 3. Valsa sordida, Nits. V. cercopbora. Ell. Cucurbitaria Coremae, E. & E. Diatrypella deusta, E. & M Didymospbseria cupula, Ell. Trabutia quercina, S. & R. Hypoxylon pruinatum, Kl. Diafiorthe Conradii, Ell. D. densissima, Ell. Venturia pezizoides, a5'. & E. Massaria sudans, B. & C. Leptospbaeria Xeropbyli, Ml. Linospora ferruginea, E. & M. Microtbyrium Juniperi, Desm. D., San Francisco, Cal. Pestalozzia Moorei, Hark. Puccinia anaclioreta. Hark. P. evadens. Hark. P. variolans, Hark. P. * melanconioides, E. *& H. P. digitata, E. & H Uromyces Nevadeasis, Hark U. Spragueae, Hark. U. Eriogoni, E. & H Mortbiera Mespili, Fekl. Melanconium magnum, Berk. Rbytisma Andromedae, Fr. Lopbodermium petiolicolum, Fckl. Aug. F Foerste, Granville, Ohio. Secotium Warnei, Pk. Report of the State Botanist. 33 PLANTS NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Ipomoea purpurea, Lam. Along railroads and in waste places. West Albany. It is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant and for the sake of shade. It con- tinues to reproduce itself from year to year and spreads readily by seed. Populus dilatata, AiL Sandy soil beyond West Albany. This tree, formerly introduced for ornament, produces only staminate flowers with us, and therefore does not propagate itself by seed. But it spreads freely by its roots, and having once obtained a foothold it does not often yield its ground un- less compelled to do so by man. In the station whence our specimens were taken, there is a grove of thrifty young trees at a considerable dis- tance from any dwelling, but they are probably the descendants of trees planted there many years ago, perhaps in front of some dwelling, all traces of which have long since disappeared. Listera convallarioides, HooJc. Turin, Lewis county. Romeyn B. Hough. The three North Ameri- can species of this genus have now all been found in our State, but they are all rare with us. Festuca rubra, L. Wet ground. Caroga, Fulton county. July. This was formerly con- sidered a variety of F. ovma, sheep's fescue, but it is now generally classed as a distinct species. It is said to be indigenous about Lake Superior and northward, but has probably been introduced in the locality here mentioned. It was found in a clearing recently made, and could not have occupied the station many years. According to Pro- fessor F. L, Scribner, our specimens correspond to the variety fallax, which is common in Europe. Molinia caerulea, Mcench. Wet ground. Caroga. July. A grass introduced from Europe, and perhaps not yet fully established here. It was found growing with the preceding species, and with several of our native grasses, and was ap- parently well able to take care of itself. It forms dense tufts, and has an erect, somewhat rigid appearance. Tolypella comosa, Allen. Seneca lake. T. F. Allen. Tolypella fimbriata, Allen. Lake Ontario. Allen. 84 TiiiRTY-EiGirrn Report on the State Museum. Tolypella intertexta, Allen. Seneca lake. Allen, Chara hydropitys, A. Br. v. genuina, A. Br. Saranac river. Aug. Paul Allen. Agaricus clypeolarius, Btill. Copses and thin woods. Karner. Oct. This species was reported in the Twenty-third Museum report, but erroneously, as the specimens were afterward found to belong to A. metul(e,sporus, a species which closely resembles this in external characters. The specimens now under con- sideration are believed to belong to the true A. clypeolarius. The spores in them are much smaller than those of A. metulcesporus. In many cases the spores furnish important characters for distinguishing species of Agarics, and it is to be regretted that Euroj>ean mycologists have so generally neglected them in their descriptions. Agaricus (Tricholoma) terrseolens, n. sp. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, slightly silky fibrillose, whitish with a brownish or grayish brown slightly prominent disk , lamellae sub-distant, emarginate, white, stem equal, slightly silky, shining, stuffed 01 hollow, white ; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad ; flesh white, taste and odor strong, un- pleasant and earthy. Plant I to 2 inches high, pileus 10 to 15 lines broad, stem about 2 lines thick. Under ground hemlock, Taxiis Canadensis. South Ballston, Saratoga county. Sept. The species belongs to the section Sericella, and is closely related to A. inamcenus, from which it is separated by its smaller size, less distant lamellae, stuffed or hollow stem and different odor. Nor do I find the stem radicating or the disk tinged with yellow as in that species. Fries compares the odor of ^. inamcenus to that of Geranium Roherti- anum, but the odor of our plant is decidedly earthy, resembling that of vegetable mold or mossy rocks. Its taste is similar to its odor, and re- mains in the mouth and throat a long time. Agaricus (Mycena) immaculatus, n. sp. Pileus membranaceous, conical or sub-hemispherical, glabrous, slightly striate on the margin, pure white ; lamellae moderately broad, distant, adnate or uncinate-decurrent, white ; stem slender, pellucid, white, glabrous, generally villose strigose at the base, and slightly thickened at the apex ; spores oblong or cylindrical, .0003 to .00035 '"• ^o^g, .00012 broad. Plant 8 to 18 lines high, pileus 2 to 4 lines high and broad, stem scarcely .5 line thick. Among moss and fallen leaves and on naked ground. Adirondack mountains. June. The species belongs to the section Adonide.e and is related in size Report of the State Botanist. 85 and color to A. lactcus, from which I have separated it on account of the decurrent toothed lamellae and the longer spores. The striations of the pileus are also more distinctly visible in our plant when dried than they are when it is fresh. Agaricus (Mycena) vexans, n. sp. Pileus membranous, conical sub-campanulate or convex, rather dis- tantly striate, blackish-brown, sometimes slightly pruinose ; lamellae sub- distant, ascending, adnate or uncinate-adnate, slightly venose-connected, at first white, becoming grayish or smoky white, the edge paler ; stem slender, rather tenacious, hollow, glabrous, colored like the pileus, some- what floccose-villose at the base; spores sub-elliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad ; odor slight, alkaline. Plant scattered or gregarious, not casspitose, 2 to 2.5 inches high, pileus 4 to 6 lines high and broad, stem, scarcely i line thick. Ground in thin woods and open places. Adirondack mountains. June. I have placed this species in the section Filipedes, although the slightly venose interspaces ally it to the Rigidipedes, and the alkaline odor shows a relationship to the Fragjlipedes. It appears to be closely related to A. uraJiius, from which it may be distinguished. by its larger size, different color and pileus not expallent. The pileus is not hygro- phanous, and is striate even in the dried state. The lamellae in the dried plants are brownish, with the edge nearly white. Ag-aricus (Mycena) purpureofuscus, n. sp. Pileus membranous, campanulate or convex, obtuse, glabrous, striate, purplish-brown ; lamellae ascending, lanceolate, subdistant, adnate, white or whitish, purplish-brown on the edge ; stem slender, even, hollow, glabrous, with white hairs at the base, colored like the pileus or a little paler; spores sub-globose or broadly elliptical, .00025 ^o .0003 in. long, .00025 broad. Plant I to 3 inches high, pileus 4 to 8 lines broad, stem scarcely i line thick. Mossy prostrate trunks of spruce trees in woods. Caroga. July. This species belongs to the section Calodontes, and is so closely re- lated to A. rubromarguiaiKS, that it is with some hesitation that I have separated it. Because of its darker color and the absence of the hygro- phanous character of that species, it has seemed best to keep it distinct. Its even, not striated, stem forbids its reference to A atroinarginatus. Agaricus discopus, Lev. Base of dead fern stems. Sandlake and Karner. Sept. and Oct. The bulb at the base of the stem in our specimens is not as distinct as in the published figures of the species, but in other respects the spe- cific characters are present. Agaricus hiemalis, Osbeck. Prostrate trunk of spruce, Abies nigra. Adirondack mountains. June. 86 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. The specimens agree very well with the description of the species, but they appear to have occurred out of season. Agaricus scyphoides, Fr. Bare soil and on decaying wood. South Ballston. Aug. Agaricus jubatus, Fr. Damp ground in thin woods. West Albany. Sept, The specimens were few in number and not fully developed. The pileus was conical, and clothed with a short, close, velvety pubescence, and the stem was solid. In these respects the specimens do not agree well with the description of the species, although bearing a striking re- semblance to the figure of the species in Mycological Illustrations. We have, therefore, for the present, referred them to this species. Agaricus (Clitopilus) unitinctus, n. sp. Pileus thin, flexible, convex or nearly plane, centrally depressed, glabrous, subshining, sometimes concentrically rivulose, grayish-brown ; lamellae narrow, moderately close, adnate or slightly decurrent, colored like the pileus ; stem slender, straight or flexuous, subtenacious, equal, stuffed, slightly pruinose, grayish-brown, with a close, white mycelioid tomentum at the base, and white, root-like fibres of mycelium penetrat- ing the soil ; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad ; flesh whitish or grayish-white, odor almost none, taste mild. Plant I to 2 inches high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem about i line thick. Thin pine woods. Karner. Oct. The species is apparently related to A. cicatrisaiiis. Agaricus atrides, Lasch. Damp ground in woods. Caroga. July. This species differs from A. serrulatus by its decurrent lamellae, and from A. Watsoni by its darker color and blackish denticulations on the edge of the lamellae. Agaricus villosus, Fr. Prostrate trunks of poplars. West Albany. Aug. Our specimens are pale-yellow or buff, becoming darker with age. In other respects they correspond to the characters of the species. Agaricus comosus, Fr., van albus, Pk. Trunks of horsechestnut. Albany. Oct. Two specimens only were found. These were white, becoming tinged with yellow in drying. The typical form of the species is tawny. From A. destruens, with which our specimens agree more closely in color, the viscidity of the pileus will separate them. The spores are ferrugi- nous, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Repore of the State Botanist. 87 Agaricus (Inocybe) umboninotus, w. sp. Pileus broadly campanulate or expanded, prominently umbonate, rimose-fibrillose, dark-brown ; lamellas at first whitish, then ferruginous- brown ; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, solid, fibrillose, paler than the pileus, pruinose at the apex ; spores nodulose, .0003 to .00035 i^- broad. Plant 1 5 to 2 inches high, pileus 6 to 10 lines broad, stem i to 2 lines thick. Mossy ground in woods. Caroga. July. Its spores separate it from A, rimasus, and its prominent umbo from A. asterosporus. Agaricus (Inocybe) maritimoides, n, sp, Pileus subconical or convex, dry, obtuse, densely squamulose with small erect or squamose-fibrillose scales, fibrillose on the margin, dark- brown ; lamellae close, rounded behind and adnexed, ventricose, whitish, becoming brownish-ochraceous ; stem equal, solid, fibrillose, paler than the pileus ; spores irregular, angular, brownish-ochraceous, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Plant about i inch high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 2 lines thick. Thin woods. Karner. Oct. Apparently related to A. mnritinius, but not hygrophanous. The spores are slightly angular, resembling in shape those of species of En- toloma and other Hyporrhodii, but are scarcely nodulose. Agaricus (Inocybe) comatellus, n. s^). Plate 2, figs. 5-3. Pileus submembranous, convex or expanded, clothed with whitish or gray hairs, fimbriate on the margin; lamellae subdistant, adnexed, pale- tawny ; stem equal, solid, flexuous, pallid or reddish-brown, a little dar- ker above, slightly mealy or pruinose-hairy, with a white mycelium at the base , spores subelliptical, even, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .0002$ broad. Plant 6 to 12 lines high, pileus 2 to 4 lines broad, stem scarcely half a line tl-.ick. Sticks and bark buried under fallen leaves, Caroga. July. A small species remarkable for the hairy covering of the pileus. This is sufficiently dense to give to the pileus a whitish or pale-gray appear- ance. The species is apparently related to A. tricholoma, A. tS: S., and A. strigiceps, Fr. Agaricus (Inocybe) subexilis, n. sp. Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate, then expanded, umbonate, fibrillose on the margin, at first pale chestnut color, then yellowish or subochraceous, lamellae narrow, rather close, rounded behind, subven- tricose, whitish, becoming dull-ochraceous , stem equal, solid, flexuous, minutely pruinose, finely striate under a lens, pinkish, then yellowish ; spores subglobose, nodulose, about .0003 in. in diameter. Plant 8 to 12 lines high, pileus 3 to 5 lines broad; stem about .5 line thick. Damp, mossy ground, in woods. Caioga. July. 88 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. A very small species, related to A. paludinellus, {lom which it differs in its smaller size, shape of the spores and brighter colors of the pileus. Agaricus (Hebeloma) sordidulus, n. sp. Pileus thin, rather firm, convex, viscid when moist, dingy brownish- red or tawny-brown, paler or whitish on the margin, flesh white, with a radish-like odor ; lamellae broad, close, rounded behind, slightly ad- nexed, pallid, then brownish-ochraceous ; stem short, equal, stuffed or hollow, slightly fibrillose, white, pruinose at the apex ; spores subellip- tical, .0005 to .00055 i^* lorigj .00025 to .00028 broad. Sandy soil, in open places. Karner. Oct. Plant about i inch high, pileus 8 to 15 lines broad, stem 1.5 to alines thick. A small species, belonging to the section Pusilli. Agaricus (Hebeloma) parvifructus, n. sp. Pileus convex, then expanded, slightly viscid, dingy-white, becoming grayish-brown or pale-chestnut colored with age, often paler on the margin ; lamellae broad, moderately close, slightly emarginate, at first white, then brownish-ochraceous ; stem equal, silky-fibrillose, solid, Avhitish, stained with ferruginose or brown toward the base, pruinose and substriate at the apex ; spores brownish-ochraceous, .00025 to .00028 in. long, .000 1 6' to .00018 broad; veil white, arachnoid. Plant three to four inches high, pileus two to three inches broad, stem three to five lines thick. Sandy soil in pine Avoods. West Albany. Oct. The spores of this plant are smaller than usual in species of this sub- genus, and this character has suggested the specific name. The lamellae are at first concealed by the copious, webby filaments of the veil. The species belongs to the section Indusiati. Agaricus (Hypholoma) madeodiscus, w. sp. Pileus thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, hygrophanous, pale chestnut or reddish brown when moist, grayish-tawny or pale-ochraceous and rugose on the disk when dry, the margin, when young, slightly silky-fibrillose ; lamellae close, slightly emarginate, whitish, then brown ; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, hollow, white, sub-silky ; spores brown, elliptical, .00035 ^o .0004 in. long, .00025 broad. Plant 2 to 3 inches high, pileus i to 2 inches broad, stem 2 to 3 lines thick. Decaying wood in wet places. Adirondack mountains. June. This species differs from A. oppendiciilatus, its nearest ally, by its larger size, less rugose pileus and larger spores. Also, it is unlike that species in parting with the moisture of the margin of the pileus first, the disk retaining it some time, a character which is suggestive of the specific name. I have not seen the plant growing in tufts. The veil is whitish and very delicate, and at first conceals the lamellae from view. It at length adheres in fragments to the margin of the pileus. Report of the State Botaxist. 89 Agaricus (Psilocybe) caerulipes, n. sp. Pileus thin, subcampanulate, then convex and obtuse or obtusely umbonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, slightly viscid, watery brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, yellowish or subochraceous when dry, the disk sometimes brownish ; lamellee at first ascending, close, adnate, grayish-tawny, becoming ferruginous-brown, whitish on the edge ; stem slender, equal, flexuous, tenacious, hollow or containing a separable pith, slightly fibrillose, pruinose at the apex, bluish, some- times whitish at the apex ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Plant single or caespitose, i to 1.5 in. high, pileus 5 to 10 lines broad, stem scarcely i line thick. Decaying wood. South Ballston. Aug. The species is easily recognized by the peculiar blue color of the stem. Sometimes the pileus also assumes a blue color where bruised. Corprinus lagopus, Fr. Decaying wood and vegetable mold in woods. South Ballston. Sept. Cortinarius multiformis, Fr. Pine woods. Karner. Oct. Cortinarius decoloratus, Fr. Pine woods. Karner. Oct. Cortinarius (Dermocybe) aureifolius, n. sp. Pileus convex, then plane or slightly depressed, densely fibrillose- tomentose, sometimes slightly squamulose, especially on the disk, cin- namon-brown ; lamellae rather broad, moderately close, subventricose, rounded behind, adnexed, yellow, becoming yellowish-cinnamon , stem short, solid, equal, fibrillose, yellow, brownish within : spores oblong, .00045 to .0005 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad ; flesh of the pileus yellow or pallid, odor like that of radishes. Plant gregarious, i to 1.5 in. high, pileus 8 to 15 lines broad, stem 2 to 3 lines thick. Sandy soil in thin pine woods. Karner. Oct. The species resembles C ciiinamomeiis in color, but its short stem, longer spores and different habit easily distinguish it. Its general ap- pearance is similar to that of some species of Inocybe. Hygrophorus purpurascens, Fr. Sandy soil under pine trees. Karner. Oct. In our specim.ens the pileus is fibrillose rather than squamulose, the stem is slightly mealy at the apex, not roughened with purplish squa- mulcs, and there is a wcbby veil which, in the young plant, conceals the lamellae and forms a slight but evanescent annulus. Sliould these differences between our specimens and the species to which we have referred them be constant, it may be necessary to separate our plant as a distinct species. 12 90 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Lactarius hysginus, Fr Mossy ground in woods and swamps. Caroga and Sandlake. July and Aug. Lactarius varius, Pk. Sandy soil. West Albany and Karner. Sept, and Oct. Lactarius paludinellus, PJc. Sphagnous marshes. Sandlake. Aug. For the descriptions of this and the preceding species of Lactarius see the article on the New York species of Lactarius. Russula basifurcata, n. sp. Pileus firm, convex, umbilicate, becoming somewhat funnel form, glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, the thin pellicle scarcely separable except on the margin, dingy-white, sometimes tinged with yellow or reddish-yellow, the margin nearly even; lamellae rather close, narrowed toward the base, adnate or slightly emarginate, many of them forked near the base, a few short ones intermingled, white becoming yellowish ; stem firm, solid, becoming spongy within, white ; spores elliptical, pale yellow, uninucleate or shining, .00035 in- long, .00025 broad; flesh white, taste mild, then bitterish. Pileus 2 to 3 inches broad, stem 8 to 12 lines long, 5 to 6 lines thick. Dry hard ground in paths and wood roads. Caroga. July. This species belongs to the section Fragiles, but in some respects it closely resembles pale forms of E. furcata, from which it is separated by the absence of any silky micor and by the yellowish color and ellip- tical shape of the spores and by the yellowish hue of the lamellag. Lentinus suavissimus, Fr. Dead willows, Salix discolor. Caroga. July. The strong but agree- able odor, resembling that of melilot, and the lamellre crisped and anastomosing at the base readily distinguish this species, which is apparently very rare with us. Boletus sulphureus, Fr. Thin woods. Caroga. July. But a single specimen was found and this does not fully agree with the description, but it is for the present placed here. Boletus versipellis, Fr. Sandy soil. West Albany and Karner. Oct. This species so closely resembles some forms of B. scaber that it is not surprising that Persoon regarded it as a variety of that species. The reddish color, dry pileus and appendiculate margin are the most avail- able distinguishing characters of the species. It is apparently quite rare. Polyporus abortivus, Pk. Buried sticks and decomposing vegetable matter. South Ballston Aug. and Sept. I Repoet of the State Botanist. 91 This species is remarkable for the abundance of its spores. It is so deformed and apparently imperfect in its development that such fruit- fulness would scarcely be expected. The pileus, when sufficiently de- veloped to be recognizable, is ot a reddish or alutaceous color. Polyponis epileucus, Fr. var. candidus, Pk. Decaying prostrate trunks of hemlock, Abies canadensis, Osceola, Lewis county. Aug. Pileus snowy-white, scrupose, scarcely villose, somewhat fibrous within and slightly zonate toward the margin ; pores plane or convex. Our specimens, while not agreeing fully with the published characters of P. epileucus, approximate so closely to them that we have character- ized this form as a variety. Polyponis crispellus, n. sp. Pileus thin, fleshy, laterally elongated, undulate or subcrispate on the margin, radiate-rugose, subglabrous, whitish varied with brownish zones, flesh white, marked by a few linear hyaline or slightly colored zones ; pores short, about equal in length to the thickness of the pileus, minute, subrotund, white, the thin dissepiments more or less dentate. Pileus 8 to 12 lines broad, extending laterally i to 4 inches. Prostrate trunks of hemlock. Osceola. Aug. Closely allied to P. destructor, but distinguished by its zonate pileus and short pores. It is also apparently thinner and more undulate than that species. Polyponis (Physisporus) laetificiis, n. sp. Effused, thin, tender, not readily separable from the matrix, bright orange with a subtomentose yellowish margin , tubes short, often oblique minute, subrotund, the dissepiments thick, obtuse. Decaying wood. South Ballston. Aug. The fungus forms patches two or three inches long, following the ine- qualities of the surface. In the dried state the pores appear like little ruptured vesicles as in P. vesiculosus, B. & C The species ap- pears to approach P. fulgens, Rost., which has the margin white fibril- lose and the pores acute. Polyponis (Physisporus) griseoalbus, n. sp. Effused, thin, tender, adnate, uneven, scarcely margined, indetermi- nate, grayish-white, with a thin pulverulent subiculum ; pores very minute, subrotund, often oblique. Soft decaying wood of deciduous trees. Osceola. July. The pores are sometimes collected in little heaps or tubercles as in P. inolluscus and P. Vaillantii. In the dried state they are slightly tinged with creamy yellow. Polyporus (Physisporus) fimbriatellus, n. sp. Widely effused, thin, tenacious, separable from the matrix, with a thin white fimbriate margin and a white subiculum, running into rhizomor- 92 Thirty-eighth IIeport on the State Museum. phoid branching strings of mycelium or forming a somewhat reticulate fimbriate membrane ; pores minute, subrotund, equal, whitish inclining to cream color. Under side of prostrate trunks of maple, forming extensive patches on the wood and bark. Osceola. Aug. By its rhizomorphoid mycelium this species is related to P.Vaillantii, but the pores are smaller and not collected in heaps as in that species. By reason of its tenacious substance it is readily separable even from an irregular matrix Polyporus (Physisporus) ornatus, n. sp. Effused, I to 2 lines thick, somewhat tenacious, adnate or insep- arable from the matrix, white, the surface slightly undulate or uneven, the margin definite, studded with drops of moisture when fresh, spotted with dot-like depressions when dry ; pores subrotund, minute, unequal, often oblique. Decaying prostrate trunks of deciduous trees. Osceola. Aug. This species is at once distinguished by its adnate subiculum and its peculiarly spotted margin. The spots are watery white in the fresh state and each one is covered by a drop of moisture. In the dried plant the place previously occupied by the drop of moisture becomes a small depression in the subiculum. Polyporus (Physisporus) odorus, n. sp. Effused, 2 to 3 lines thick, even, firm but brittle, moist, separable from the matrix, white, sometimes stained with reddish-yellow on the abrupt, rather thick, slightly fimbriate margin ; pores very minute, rather long, equal, entire, white, arising from a thin but distinct subic- ulum ; odor strong, disagreeable. Under surface of decorticated prostrate trunks of spruce. Osceola. Aug. It forms patches several inches broad and sometimes more than a foot long. It is distinguished from P. vulgaris by being separable from the matrix, moist, having longer pores and a strong odor. From the next following species it may be known by its smaller pores, more brittle texture and its different odor. Polyporus (Physisporus) subacidus, n. sp. Effused, separable from the matrix, tenacious, flexible, uneven, deter- minate, the margin downy, narrow, pure white ; pores small, subrotund, I to 3 lines long, often oblique, whitish inclining to dingy-yellowish pale tan color or dull cream color, the dissepiments thin, more or less dentate ; odor strong, subacid. Prostrate trunks and decaying wood of various trees, hemlock, spruce, birch, etc. Osceola. July. This species is not rare, but it has probably been confused with its allies. It forms extensive patches, sometimes several feet in length. It adheres somewhat closely to the matrix, but its texture is so tough that it is generally easy to strip it from its supporting substance. It is ap- parently closely related to P. mcchUa-panis, but the description of that Repokt of the State Botanist. 93 species gives the pores as medium size and entire, and makes no mention of any odor, in consequence of which we have thought our plant distinct. It is, however, extremely variable. Var. tenuis is very thin, scarcely a line thick, with short pores and the surface nearly even. It occurs on the smooth decorticated trunks of hemlock. Var. tuherculosus has the surface more or less roughened by unequal prominent tubercles, which are either scattered or clustered. They appear to be a monstrous development of the mycelium on the surface of the pores. Var. stalactiticus incrusts mosses and therefore has the surface very uneven with numerous and unequal porous protuberances. It most often occurs on prostrate mossy trunks of birches. Var. vesicukjsus {F. vesiculosus, B. & C.) has shallow scattered pores as if formed from ruptured vesicles. Specimens of this Polyporus, unless dried under pressure, shrink and roll up in unmanageable shapes. They often contain considerable moisture when collected, and if put in press in this condition they are liable to become brown or blackish in drying. Specimens collected in a dry time or in dry situations retain their characters best. The thinner forms, if partly dried before they are put in press, sometimes retain their color and characters well. When growing on bark the patches are some- times interrupted and irregular, in which case the margin is broader than usual and well defined. Merulius (Resupinati) aurantiacus, n. sp. Effused, membranous, tender, very soft, separable from the matrix, pale orange color, the subiculum soft, silky-tomentose, whitish and pale orange ; hymenium gyrose-plicate and dentate, becoming paler with age ; spores broadly elliptical, .00025 ^^- ^o'^S* -ooo- broad. Soft decayed wood of hemlock. Osceola. Aug. The species is distinguished by its soft tomentose texture and its orange hues. It is closely related to M. aureus but is at once distinct by its orange, not golden, color. The subiculum is composed of a stratum of whitish filaments next the matrix and another of orange color next the hymenium. Hence the margih in young plants is gener- ally whitish. In mature ones the whole becomes orange colored. Not- withstanding the tender substance the membrane is separnble from the matrix and pieces three or four inches in extent are thus obtainable. Merulius fugax, Fr. Soft decayed wood of deciduous trees. Osceola. Aug. This has the tender, soft and delicate texture of the preceding species, but it is at first of a pure white color. Soon the hymenium assumes a creamy or yellowish hue and the folds appear, but there is often a wide margin destitute of them. In drying, the folds mostly colla]-)se and dis- appear and the hymenium often becomes tinged witli incarnate or flesh color. The wood on which it usually grows is so much decayed that it easily crumbles to pieces. Nevertheless the j^lant is separable from its matrix. The spores are oblong, .0003 in. long, .0001 broad. I 94 Thirty-eighth Repokt on the State Museum. Geaster striatus, DC. Sandy soil. Karner. Sept. When the external peridium first opens and expands the inner pe- ridium appears to be globose and sessile, but as the plant matures and dries the inner peridium is seen to be narrowed below and raised on a short pedicel. Phyllosticta Labruscae, Thum. Living leaves of grapevines, Vitis Labrusca. Highland Mills, Orange county. July. This differs from P. viticola in its more numerous, larger and more prominent perithecia and in its larger spores. Phyllosticta Epigaeae, n. sp. Spots large, irregular, brown or reddish-brown ; perithecia minute .0045 to .0055 in. broad, covered by the epidermis, erumpent, epiphyllous, black; spores elliptical, colorless, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Living leaves of trailing arbutus, Epigcea repens. Caroga. July. Phyllosticta lantanoidis, n. sp. Spots rather large, suborbicular, cinereous, sometimes with a brown margin ; perithecia minute, .004 in. broad, slightly prominent, epiphyl- lous, black; spores elliptical, colorless, binucleate, .00025 ^o .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Living leaves of hobble bush, Vihurntim lantanoides. Caroga. July. This differs from P. tinea Sacc. in the larger size and binucleate character of the spores. Phyllosticta Podophylli, Winter. Living leaves of mandrake. Podophyllum peltatum. ' Albany. June. Externally this resembles Ascospora Podophylli Curt., but the spores are very different. Ascochyta Cassandrae, n. sp. Spots suboroicular or irregular, reddish-brown or grayish with a red- dish-brown margin; perithecia epiphyllous, minute, erumpent, blackish; spores oblong-fusiform, acute at each end, uniseptate, colorless, .0004 to .00065 in. long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Living leaves of leather-leaf, Cassandra calyculata. Adirondack mountains. June and July. Ascochyta colorata, n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 9 and 10. Spots indefinite, often confluent, red with a brownish center, paler on the lower surface ; perithecia minute, .004 to .005 in. broad, black ; spores oblqng, somewhat pointed at one or both ends, straight or curved, slightly constricted in the middle, obscurely uniseptate, colorless, .0007 to .001 in. long, .0003 to 00035 broad. Living leaves of strawberry, Fragaria Virginiana. West Albany. Aug. This differs from A. Fragariw Sacc. in the color of the spots and in the size and character of the spores. Keport of the State Botanist. 95 Phoma Phytolaccae, B. tO C. Dead stems of poke weed, Phytolacca decandra. Albany. June. In our specimens the spores are a little longer than the dimensions given in the description of the species and the perithecia are sometimes slightly compressed or subhysteriiform. Phoma elevatum, n. sp. Perithecia numerous, small, rotund, oval or hysteriiform, sunk in the matrix but occupying small elevations or ridges, black; spores ovate or subelliptical, colorless, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Decorticated wood of deciduous trees. Adirondack mountains. June. The marked feature of the species and one suggestive of the name is the position of the perithecia. Each one occupies a minute ridge or pustular elevation of the wood. Phoma Pruni, n. sp. Perithecia small, slightly prominent, subconical, at first covered by the epidermis, then erumpent, black; spores oblong-elliptical or subfusiform, binucleate, hyaline, .00035 to .00045 i''^- loi^g> .00012 to .00016 broad, supported on equally long or longer sporophores. Dead branches of choke cherry, Primus Virginiana, Karner. June. Phoma albifructum, n. sp. Perithecia numerous, large, .02 to .03 in. broad, conical or subhemis- pherical, sometimes irregular and two or three confluent, erumpent, black ; spores oblong-fusiform, acute at each end, two to four-nucleate, colorless, .00065 to .00085 ^^- ^ong, .0002 to .00025 broad, oozing out and forming a white globule. Dead bark of maple, ^cer 7"i^5r«m. Karner. June. The perithecia and spores are unusually large for a Phoma and would seem to justify Prof Saccardo's proposed genus Macrophoma. Sphaeropsis ribicola, C. t£- E. Dead stems of Ribes flondum. Bethlehem, Albany county. May. Sphaeropsis alnicola, n. sp. Perithecia numerous, .0014 to .002 in. broad, prominent, hemispheri- cal, erumpent, sometimes confluent, forming black patches ^ spores ob- long, colored, 0006 to .00095 ^"- ^o^ig* '00035 to .0004 broad. Dead branches of alder. West Albany. Apr. 6'. Aim C. & E. has smaller spores and inhabits living branches. Appendicularia, gen. tiov. Plates, fif,'9. 1-4. Perithecium thin, delicate, rostrate, supported on a filamentous pedicel and accompanied by an appendage at its base. Entomophilous. This genus has been formed to receive the single si)ecies here de- scribed. Its name is suggested by the appendicular organ at the base of the perithecium and supported with it by the common j^edicel. 96 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Appendicularia entomophila, n. sp. Perithecia oval, brown, .0045 to-. 0055 in. long, .0035 to .004 broad, tapering abruptly above into a long, pale, somewhat pointed, straight or slightly curved rostrum .008 to .0095 in. long and about one-tenth as broad, supported below by a pale pedicel .012 to .013 in. long, about one-tenth as broad ; pedicel two-septate, slightly thickened at the apex and bearing on one side, at the base of the perithecium, an oblong ap- pendage about .0016 in. long; spores narrowly fusiform, pointed at each end, septate near the middle, colorless, .0012 to .0018 in. long, about one-tenth as broad, escaping at the apex of the rostrum. 'On small flies, Drosophila nigricornis, Nyack, Rockland county. March. Eev. J. L. Zabrishie. « Specimens of this minute but interesting fungus, beautifully mounted on microscopic slides, were sent me by Mr. Zabriskie, who discovered them on small flies in his cellar in March last. He writes that they ap- peared during the first warm days of Spring, but disappeared upon the return of colder weather a few days later. The fungus grows upon al- most any part of the body, the head, thorax, abdominal rings and occa- sionally on the costae of the wings, but most frequently on the legs. Attached to one leg sent me are seven well-developed specimens of the fungus and one or two imperfect ones. The whole fungus is about one- fortieth of an inch long, or less than one-third of a line. It would not, therefore, be readily seen by the untrained naked eye of an observer. The perithecium, which is of a beautiful amber-brown color in the mounted specimens, appears like an enlargement of the central part of the fungus, its long rostrum or beak extending above it nearly as far as its pedicel does below it. The pedicel has one septum a little below the perithecium and another a little below the middle. At the apex it is slightly thickened, which gives it a somewhat clavate shape, and this enlargement is obscurely marked by short transverse and longitudinal septa or wrinkles. On one side, at the base of the perithecium is the singular erect appendage, the office of which is involved in obscurity. It is even and glabrous on the side next the perithecium, but elsewhere it is roughened by short ascending projections or serrations. ' The affinities of the fungus are not clear. The non ascigerous peri- thecium, the long, slender rostrum and the free spores oozing out at its apex indicate a relationship to species of Sphseronema (a genus of im- perfect fungi), but the delicate texture and filamentous pedicel are very unlike any thing in that genus. Possibly its true relationship may be with the Saprolegnise, but for our present purpose it is placed with the imperfect fungi. Sphaerographium hystricinum, Sacc. Plate 3, figs. 5-7. Dead stems of Vihurnum nudum. Caroga. July. This is Sphceronema hystricinum, Ellis, and is possibly a condition of some species of Cenangium. Sphserographium lantanoidis, n. sp. Perithecia minute, terete or subconical, truncate at the apex, black ; spores subfiliform, curved or flexuous, slightly narrowed toward each Keport of the State Botanist. 97 end, colorless, sometimes multinucleate, .0016 to .0025 in. Ion? oozing out and formmg a whitish globule ^ Dead stems oi Viburnum lantanoides. Adirondack mountains. June. Gelatinosporium fulvum, n. sp. Perithecia caespitose, crowded, erumpent, externally pulverulent pale-tawny, openmg at the apex when moist and revealincr the white spore-mass withm ; spores elongated, curved, gradually tapering toward each end. colorless, .003 in. long. Dea-d branches of hiich, Beiitla hciea. Caroga. July. This is the third species of this genus that hal its habitat on birch. Coniothyrium valsoideum, 71. sj}. Perithecia caespitose, crowded, erumpent, surrounded by the lacinije of the ruptured epidermis, subglobose or angular from mutual pressure black ; spores numerous, subglobose or ovate, colored, .0002 to .oocc m. long, nearly as broad. " Dead branches of alder. West Albany. Apr. Septoria Ribis, Desm. Living leaves of fetid currant, Riles prostratum. Adirondack mountams. June. Septoria alnicola, Cke. Living leaves of alder, Alnus incana. Caroga. July. Septoria Lysimachise, }Yest. Living leaves of Lysimaclixa ciliata. Osceola. Auo- Septoria Dalibardae, n. sp. Spots small, whitish or cinereous, with a reddish^brown margin peri- thecia minute, epiphyllous, few, black ; spores filiform, nearly straight •0015 to .002 in. long. ^ ' Living leaves of Daliharda repens. Caroga July This species closely resembles S. WaUsteiniie, but the spores are much longer than in that species. Septoria Dentariae, n. sp. Spots large, suborbicular, indefinite, greenish, perithecia minute, nu- merous, slightly prominent, epiphyllous, bla(;k ; spores filiform, nearly straight, .0008 to .0012 in. long, oozing out in yellowish or amber- colored tendrils or masses. Living or languishing leaves of pepper-root. Dentaria diphuUa Adirondack mountains. June. ' f i} Septoria punicei, n. sp. Spots two to four lines broad, indefinite, blackish-brown above, brown or reddish-brown below, perithecia hypophyllous ; spores very long, flexuous, filiform, white in the mass, .004 to .0045 in. lon^. Living leaves of ^5/er /??<«?ce?«.. Plate 1, figs. 19-21. Spots small, suborbicular, cinereous or whitish, witli a brown margin, definite* spores hypophyllous, oblong or subfusiform, colorless, .0005 to .0009 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Living leaves of Tlex verticillata. Caroga. July. "The spores are tufted, but so minute that they are scarcely visible to the naked eye. This and the two ])receding species are referred to the genus Ramularia with some hesitation. Thehyph^eare minute and ob- scure, and I have seen no septate spores, but in other respects they ap- pear to belong here. The next species, which rarely has uniseptate spores, forms a connecting link between these and the succeeding one. Ramularia Oxalidis, Farl. Plate 1, figs. 13-15. Living leaves of wood sorrel, Oxalis acetosella. Adirondack moun- tains. June. 100 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Cylindrosporium veratr-inum, 3. & W. Plate 1, figs. 10-12. Living leaves of Indian poke, Verairulfi viride. Adirondack moun- tains. Tune. , ^, ^ This fungus appears to me to be ambiguous, between the genera Cy- lindrosporium and Ramularia. Distinct, though short hyphae are pres- ent • and the spores are very long and clearly septate, in_ violation of the generic character of Cylindrosporium. The fungus is sometimes either associated with or followed by oblong black spots or patches, which are sometimes confluent, and which bear minute black perithecia containing oblong or cylindrical spore-like bodies about .0002 m. long. Ovularia moniloides, K & M. Plate 2, figs. 1-4. Living leaves and dead branches and aments of sweet gale, Myrica Gale. Adirondack mountains. June. ^ ' a A very variable species. Sometimes the spots are few and scattered, again they are numerous, small or large, and often confluent, occupying nearly the whole leaf. Sometimes the fungus extends to the branches, both dead and living, which it surrounds with its white flocculent patches. Peronospora Arthuri, Farl. Living leaves of evening primrose, (Enothera biennis. Albany. June. Peronospora Halstedii, Farl Living leaves of Ambrosia trifida. North Greenbush. Sept. This often grows upon the spots occupied by Protomyces polysporus. Peronospora Potentillae, De By. Living leaves of purple avens, Geum rivale. Adirondack mountains. June. Entyloma Saniculae, n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 1-9. Spots numerous, small, close or subconfluent, orbicular or subangular. varying in color from whitish or greenish to brown or reddish-brown conidia amphigenous, filiform or linear, straight or curved, colorless, '0012 to .0024 in. long, .00008 to .0001 broad. Sometimes plunnucle- ate ; spores subglobose, .00055 to .00065 in. broad. r^,,,^u„^h Living leaves of sanicle, Sanicula Marilandica. North Greenbush. ^^The very long slender conidia are a distinguishing feature in this species. Cercospora Violae, Sacc. Living leaves of violets, TioZa ^'/awrfrt. Osceola. Aug. In ou? specimens the spores are shorter than the d^n^^.^J^^^X^ ^° the type, from which it is probable that they are a variety. They are .003 to .004 in. long, but pluriseptate as in the typical specimens. Cercospora Cephalanthi, E. tg K. Living leaves of Cephalanthes occidentalis. Karner. Aug. Report of the State Botanist. 101 Cercospora Comari, n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 1-3. Spots irregular, indefinite, sometimes confluent, reddish-brown ; flocci minutely tufted, amphigenous, slender, flexuous, colored, .005 to .0065 in. long, .0002 broad ; spores clavate, obscurely two to three septate, slightly colored, .002 to .003 in. long, .0003 broad in the widest part. Living leaves of Poteyitilla pahistris (Comarum palustre). Karner July. Cercospora Majanthemi, Fck/. Living leaves of two-leaved Solomon's Seal, Majantheimim hifolinm. Caroga. July. Our specimens vary a little from the description of the species to which we have referred them, but they are probably only an American variety of the species. The spots are margined with red or brownish- red and the spores are nucleate, but I have not seen them septate. They appear to rise from a minute reddish or pink-colored tu-bercle. Hadrotrichum lineare, n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 4-0. Flocci amphigenous, densely c^espitose, subflexuous, black, forming oblong or linear black sori ; spores terminal, ovate, oblong-ovate or oblong-pyriform, colored, .00065 to .0011 in. long, .00045 to .00055 broad, sometimes becoming constricted in the middle. Living and dead leaves of Calamagrostis Canadensis. Adirondack mountains. June. I have referred this fungus provisionally to the genus Hadrotrichum, although it does not rigidly agree with the description of that genus, in which the flocci are characterized as short. In our plant they are .002 to .003 in. long. By their tufted mode of growth they appear to deviate from the allied genus Monotospora. The spores, so far as observed, do not become definitely uniseptate, though in a few instances the endo- chrome seemed to be divided and the spores cons?i-icted in the middle as if about to multiply by division. They are colored, but are slightly paler than the flocci. These form definite linear or oblong sori or patches which are often parallel and sometimes repeatedly interrupted and look like a series of dots. At first sight they might be mistaken for some species of Puccinia. Cenangium balsameum, n. sp. Receptacle single or caespitose, sessile, erumpent, externally black or blackish, greenish-yellow within, disk plane or convex, blackish bay-red or greenish-yellow when moist, black and somewhat uneven when dry ; asci clavate, .004 to .0055 in. long, .0005 to .0006 broad; spores oblong or subfusiform, sometimes slightly curved, simple, greenish-yellow, .0008 to .0012 in. long, "about .0003 broad. r3ead branches of balsam, Ahics halsamea. Caroga. July. This has probably been confused with C. ferruginosum, which it somewhat resembles, but the spores are much larger than the dimensions ascribed to the pores of that species, and larger than the spores in the specimens of that species in Mycotheca Universalis. 102 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Sphaerotheca pannosa, Lev. Living leaves of wild rose, Rosa parvifiora Ehrh. West Albany. Aug. Microsphaeria Nemopanthis, w. sp. Mycelium arachnoid, thin, amphigenous ; appendages few, five to twelve, equal to or a little longer than the diameter of the perithecia, terminally four or five times dichotomous, colored, sometimes forked near the base, the ultimate ramuli recurved; asci about four; spores six to eight. Living leaves of Nemopanthes Canadensis. Karner. Sept. The species is apparently allied to M. Berheridis, from which it is separated because of its fewer asci and colored appendages. Capnodium Citri, B. & D. On oranges, Albany. Not ascigerous. Introduced with the fruit which it inhabits. Asterina nuda, n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 11-15. Perithecia numerous, closely gregarious or crowded, superficial and naked or with a few short obscure radiating filaments at the base, globose or subdepressed, .003 to .004 in. broad, black ; asci oblong or subcylin- drical, .0016 in. long, .0005 broad; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong, uniseptate, colorless, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Dead leaves of balsam fir, Abies halsamea. Adirondack mountains. June. Externally this species resembles Sacidium, Pini, but its fruit is very different. The perithecia are generally arranged in three linear patches, one along the middle of the upper surface of the leaf and two on the lower surface, one on each side of the midvein. They are less numerous on the upper surface than on the lower, and are sometimes entirely absent there. The oidiating mycelioid filaments are not always present, and but for the superficial perithecia the species might easily be referred to the genus Sphserella. The bilocular colorless spores indicate the section Asterella. Valsa pauperata, C. <£• F. Bead hark of maple, Acer rubrum. Karner. June. In our specimens it is not uncommon to find a half dozen perithecia in one pustule, although in the typical form there are but two or three. A whitish or pale-grayish pulverulent disk often exists, which is at length obliterated by the black ostiola. The spores are .00064 to .0008 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad, which is somewhat larger than the di- mensions given in the description of V. pauperata, nevertheless we think our specimens are only a form or perhaps a variety of that species. The pustules are often arranged in long flexuous lines as in the type. Valsa cornina, n. sp. Pustules small, scattered, at first covered by the epidermis, which is at length longitudinally ruptured; perithecia two to five in a pustule, Eeport of the State Botanist. 103 nestling in the inner bark, black, the ostiola scarcely exerted ; asci cla- vate, biunt, .002 to .0024 in. long; spores collected in the upper part of the ascus, allantoid, .0006 to .0007 in. long, .00016 broad. Dead branches of Coriius paniculata. Albany. Apr. I have distinguished this species from others growing on Cornus, because of its different habit and larger spores. Valsa Friesii, FcTcL Dead bark of Abies halsamea. Adirondack mountains. June. Valsa opulifoliae, n. sp. Pustules subcortical or subhemispherical, erumpent ; perithecia five to twenty in a pustule, nestling in the inner bark, crowded, often angular from mutual pressure, ostiola crowded, black, obliterating the grayish disk; asci subclavate, the sporiferous part .0012 to .0016 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad ; spores allantoid, crowded above, uniseriate below, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00008 to .0001 broad. Dead branches of iSpircea opulifolia. West Albany. Apr. The species is apparently related to V. pustulata Aw., but the crowded ostiola are central on the disk. When the epidermis is torn away the pustules appear much like those of V. colliculus Wormsk. Valsa leucostomoides, n. sp. Pustules numerous, minute, covered by the epidermis which is pierced by the orbicular white or grayish disk ; perithecia two to six or more in a pustule, the ostiola punctiform, black, dotting the disk ; asci clavate or subfusiform, .0016 to .002 in. long, .00035 ^'^ .0004 broad ; spores crowded, allantoid, colorless, .0005 to .00065 i^- lo'^S? .00016 to .0002 broad. Dead branches of sugar maple, Acer saccharinum. Helderberg moun- tains. May. The very small size of the pustules and the minute white pulverulent disk give to this species an external appearance resembling that of V. leucostoma Fr., but there is no circumscribing black line and the species is apparently quite distinct and easily known by this character. Diatrypella Frostii, Pk. Dead stems of wild hazel-nut, Corylus Americana. West Albany Nov. Diaporthe Wibbei, Nits. Dead branches of sweet gale, Myrica Gale. Adirondack mountains. June. The species is placed in the section Tetrastaga, but in our specimens there is no circumscribing black Ime. The spores are a little broader than the dimensions given in the description, being .0002 to .00025 m broad, and they sometimes terminate in a slight bristle-like point. In other respects the specimens agree well with the specific characters. L 104 Thiety-eighth Report on the State Museum. Diaporthe cylindrospora, n. sp. Pustules valsoid, somewhat prominent, erumpent, scattered ; perithecia numerous, fifteen to thirty or more, crowded, covered by the thin blackened surface of the inner bark, the ostiola rather long, crowded, exserted, about equalling the surrounding elevated epidermis, black; asci narrow, subfusiform, .0018 to .0022 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad ; pores subcylindrical, crowded or biseriate, quadrinucleate, colorless, .0005 to .00065 i'^* lo"g» .00012 to .00016 broad. Dead branches of wild bird cherry, Prunus Pennsylvanica, Adiron- dack mountains. June. I have not been able to detect any distinctly septate spores, yet in every other respect this fungus evidently belongs to this genus, and I have thought best to refer it here for the present. Didymosphaeria Typhae, n. sp. Perithecia minute, punctiform, subglobose, covered by the epidermis, which is pierced by the scarcely papillate ostiolum ; asci cylindrical, .■^025 to .0035 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad ; spores oblong or ellipti- cal, uniseriate, uniseptate, not at all or but slightly constricted at the septum, colored, .0004 to .0006 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad ; para- physes filiform. Base of dead leaves of Typha latifoUa. Guilderland, Albany county. May. Sphaerella conigena, 71. sp. Perithecia small, scattered or gregarious, slightly prominent, erum- pent, black ; asci subcylindrical, .0025 to .0035 in. long, about .0005 broad ; spores crowded, oblong-clavate, constricted at the septum, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad, the cells unequal, the lower one tapering downward, narrower than the subglobose or ellipti- cal upper one. Fallen cones of hemlock, Abies Canadensis. Helderberg mountains. May. It differs from S. Pinsapo in its longer asci, and longer and differ- ently shaped spores, as well as in its habitat. A similar, if not the same, species occurs on cones of Thuja occidentalis in the same locality, but owing to the immaturity of the fruit it is still in doubt. Venturia Cassandrae, n. sp. Plate 3, figs. 11-14. Spots reddish-brown or brownish, sometimes with a grayish center ; perithecia on one or both surfaces, mmute, .0028 to .0032 in. broad, black, with a few short, straight, diverging black setae above, .0012 to .0016 in. long ; asci obloug, gradually and slightly narrowed above, .0016 to .0018 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad ; spores biseriate, oblong, quadrinucleate, .0005 in. long, .0002 broad. Living leaves of Cassandra calyculata. Caroga. July. The perithecia sometimes occur on the upper surface of the leaf, but oftener on the lower. They are so small that they are scarcely visible to the naked eye. Sometimes they emerge from beneath the scales of the leaf, and then they appear erumpent, although in reality they are superficial. Repoet of the State Botanist. 105 Leptosphaeria Corallorhizae, n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 20-23. Perithecia numerous, minute, .004 to .005 in. broad, erumpent, black, with a minute ostiolum ; asci cylindrical, sessile, .002 to .003 in. long, ,0003 to .00035 broad ; spores crowded or biseriate, subfusiform, trisep- tate, slightly "constricted at the middle septum, yellowish-brown, .0008 to .001 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Dead stems of Corallorhiza multifiora, Caroga. July. Leptosphaeria eutypoides, n. sp. Perithecia numerous, closely gregarious, .01 to .011 in. broad, hemi- spherical or depressed, at first covered by the epidermis, then naked, black, ostiolapapilliform ; asci clavate or subcylindrical, .004 to .0045 in. long, .0005 to .00065 broad ; spores ovate or oblong, straight or slightly curved, triseptate, usually constricted at the septa, yellowish-brown, .0008 to .0009 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad, paraphyses filiform. Dead stems of large herbs, as Chenopodium album. Albany. May. The matrix becomes blackened, which, with the nearly uniform dis- tribution of the numerous perithecia, is suggestive of the appearance of some species of Eutypa. Leptosphaeria lycopodiicola, n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 16-19. Perithecia small, .005 to .006 in. broad, sphaeroid or elliptical, erum- pent, black ; asci subcylindrical, nearly sessile, .0025 to .003 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad ; spores oblong or subfusiform, slightly colored, three to five-septate, .6008 to .001 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Dead peduncles of Lycopodium davatuni. Adirondack mountains. June. The perithecia are associated with a minutely tufted, blackish Clados- porium. Some of them are laterally compressed. The covering epi- dermis generally ruptures longitudinally. The spores are much more narrow in this than in L. Crepi7ii and L. Marcyensis, both of which in- habit species of Lycopodium. Metasphaeria Myricae, n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 24-27. Perithecia numerous, broadly conical, .016 to .02 1 in broad, covered by the thin closely-adhering epidermis, black, while within, ostiola pertuse ; asci clavate, obtuse, .004 to .005 in. long, .0006 to .0008 bro&d ; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong or subfusiform, straight or slightly curved, at first uniseptate, quadrinucleate, strongly constricted at the middle sep- tum, finally triseptate, colorless, .0012 to .0016 in. long, .0004 to .0005 broad ; the paraphyses numerous, conglutinate. Dead branches of Myr\ca Gale lying partly in water Caroga. July. The epidermis is so closely adherent that the perithecia appear as if superficial or merely innate at the base. The nuclei of the spores are large. Spores with three septa are rare, but this may be due to the immature condition of th^ specimens. 14 L 106 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Sphaerulina sambucina, n. sp. Perithecia minute, numerous, closely gregarious, unequal and irregu- lar, orbicular, oblong or even flexuous, covered by the epidermis, erum- pent, opening by a pore or a narrow chink, black , asci clavate or sub- cylindrical, .003 to .005 in. long, about 0005 broad, aparaphysate ; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong-clavate, constricted at the middle septum, five to seven-septate, colorless, .0009 to .0012 in. long, .0003 to .00035 broad, the lower half more narrow than the upper. Dead branches of elder, Sambucus Canadensis. West Albany. May. This is apparently related to S. intermixta, and, like that species, it is remarkable for its anomalous and irregular perithecia, but it is distin- guished from it by its longer asci and longer spores, strongly constricted in the middle, and with more numerous septa. Cryptospora Caryae, n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 28-31, Pustules scattered, covered by the epidermis, erumpent, circum- scribed by a black line or at length covered by a black crust beneath the epidermis , perithecia four to twelve in a pustule, globose or angu- lated by mutual pressure ; ostiola crowded, rather prominent, subglo- bose, even, black; asci subclavate, .004 to .005 in. long, .0005 to .0006 broad , spores crowded or biseriate, subcylindrical, slightly narrowed toward one or both ends, granular within, at length spuriously three to five-septate by the division of the endochrome, colorless, .0016 to .0024 in. long, .00025 to .00032 broad Dead branches of hickory, Carya alba. Knowersville, May. The epidermis is loosened over the pustules and is generally ruptured in longitudinal chinks. When it is removed the blackened pustules are conspicuous. The spores are sometimes constricted in the middle. Mazzantia sepium, Sacc. £ Fe7iz. Dead stems of Calystegia Sepium. North Gieenbush. May. The spores in our specimens are a little larger than in the typical form and trinucleate. D. • REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Caulophyllum thalictroides, L. A form occurs on the Helderberg mountains which bears two pani- cles, or clusters of flowers. One is much smaller than the other, and is usually about three flowered. Viola cucullata, Ait. The variety with peduncles, much longer than the petioles (van longipes), is common in wet places in the Adirondack region. It blos- soms there about the middle of June. Report of the State Botanist. 107 Hypericum ellipticum, Hook. A small form with stems eight to twelve inches high, and leaves erect and appressed, was found in wet places by the roadside in Caroga. This position of the leaves gives a peculiar aspect to the plants. Rhus typhina, L. The form with laciniate leaves has been found near Nyack, Rock- land county, by Rev. J. L. Zabriskie. Rosa setigera, Mx. Low ground near A\'est Albany. Introduced from the West. RUBUS HISPIDUS, L. Common in Caroga and not infrequent with five-foliate leaves on the young stems. Fedia radiata, Mx. Wynantskill, Rensselaer county. H. C. Gordinier. This is a form with smooth fruit. Aralia xudicaulis, L. A form with no leaf but with the scape bearing four to six umbels at the apex and a branch near or below the middle. This branch is ter- minated by a single umbel, and probably represents the usual leaf. Aralia hispida, Mx. This sometimes grows with great vigor in the Adirondack region. A specimen was found in Caroga, more than three feet high and bearing upwards of forty umbels, the large central and terminal one being two and a half inches in diameter. ^ CuPHEA VISCOSISSIMA, Jttcq. This plant appears to be gradually extending its range northward in the Hudson river valley. It has occurred in the vicinity of Pine Plains and at Salt Point, Dutchess county, and the past season it was detected near Catskill by Judge Clinton. On the authority of Drs. Stevenson and Knieskern it was reported in the State Flora as an inhabitant of the " northern part of the State," but I suspect this is a mistake. TussiLAGO Farfara, L. Abundant on clay banks about Albany and Troy. In rare instances the leaves appear while the plant is yet in flower. The rays assume a reddish hue with age and the scapes become elongated. Hieracium aurantiacum, L. This plant has become well established in many parts of the State and is still spreading. The past season it was observed in Fulton county, where it had evidently escaped from a flower garden to the roadside. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. van nigrum. Caroga, where it was growing sparingly with the ordinary form of the species. Castilleia cocciNEA, Spreug. The usual habitat, ascribed to this species in the manuals, is wet meadows and sandy low grounds. In Springwater, Livingston county, I 108 Thirty-eighth Keport on the State Museum. and in Canadice, Ontario county, it was found by Mr. D. Byron Waite growing on the " tops and sides of bare dry and sterile hills, and where low shrubs and moss abound." Hydrangea arborescens, L. Wellsburg, Chemung county. K A. Burt. POTAMOGETON ROBBINSII, OttkeS. Hudson river near Rhinebeck. H. Andrews. The plants were sterile as usual. Habenaria rotundifolia. Rich. Turin, Lewis county. July. R. B. Hough. This is the second locality in the State for this rare plant. Mr. Hough informs me that it is difficult to obtain perfect specimens of this plants most of the flowers being injured, apparently by some insect. Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb. v. variegatum. This interesting variety or form has the leaves petiolate and the petals variegated with green, which is usually in the form of a broad longi- tudinal stripe through the middle. It was discovered in dense woods near Jamesville, Onondaga county, by members of the Syracuse Botan- ical Club, and specimens were contributed to the Herbarium by Mrs. L. L. Goodrich and Mrs. 8. M. Rust. It has also been found on Goat Island by Hon. G. W. Clinton. In the Jamesville locality it was associated with Trillium erectum and typical T. grandiflorum. In one specimen communicated by Mrs. Goodrich the petioles originate near the ground, the stem being very short. -They are about three and a half inches long and the peduncle is five inches long. In other specimens these parts are less elongated and the form appears to be merged into the type. The specimens indicate a coincidence between the petioles, peduncles and green color of the petals. Generally the longer petioles are accompanied by longer peduncles and broader green stripes on the petals. This coincidence between form and color is remarkable. JUNCUS TRIFIDUS, L. Sam's Point, Shawangunk mountains. Prof. N. L. Britton. Probably this is the most southern station for this Juncus in our State. It occurs at Lake Mohunk and also on the high summits of the Adirondack mountains. SCIRPUS POLYPHYLLUS, Vahl. Catskill. G. W. Clinton. A rare species in our State. SCIRPUS SYLVATICUS, L. Wet places about half a mile south-east of Loudonville. Glyceria fluitans, L. Caroga lake. The form with long flat linear floating leaves, suggestive of the specific name, is not rare in the lakes of the Adirondack region, but it is not always fertile. AiRA cespitosa, L. Wet ground. Caroga. It was growing in company with A. flexuosa which usually inhabits dry, rocky, sterile hills. i Report of the State Botanist. 109 MiLLlUM EFFUSUM, L. A tall glaucous-leaved form, is plentiful in woods in the Boreas river valley in Minerva, Essex county. Pell^ea gracilis, Hooh. About the entrance of a limestone cavern, Minerva. The presence of limestone appears to be a necessity to this rare little fern. Although there aie many localities in the Adirondack region which seem favor- able to its growth, I have never observed it there except in the imme- diate vicinity of limestone, and as this is in limited quantity and scattered stations, this fern occupies there very isolated and limited localities. In the station mentioned it was in company with Aspidium aculeatum Sw. V. Brmmii. WOODWARDIA ViRGINICA, Sm. Abundant in a marsh near Karner. Agaricus stipitarius, Fr. v. setipes. Stem elongated, straight, very slender, three to four inches long, scarcely as thick as a knitting needle. Caroga. July. Specimens of this species revive on the application of moisture, thus indicating a close relationship to species of Marasmius. Agaricus clavicularis, Fr. This species is quite variable with us. Three or four forms or varieties were found growing under balsam trees in one locality in Caroga. Var. albus is wholly white. Var. cinereus has the pileus and stem pale cinereus; this is the most common. Var. filipes has the pileus small, two or three lines broad, and the stem very slender or filiform. When moist the stem is viscid, and in taking it from its place of growth the fingers are liable to slip from their grasp before the plant yields from its attachment to the ground, but when dry it is taken without difficulty. The pileus is not viscid, and by this character the species may be distinguished from A. vidgaris. Agaricus Leaianus, Berh. This beautiful Agaric is common in the woods of all our hilly or mountainous districts, growing most frequently on dead trunks of beech, but often on those of other deciduous trees. In a single instance it was found growing on decaying wood of hemlock. Agaricus fibula v. conicus. This singular variety has the pileus conical, not umbilicate, sometimes papillate. Mossy prostrate trunks in woods. Caroga. July. Agaricus atroc^ruleus, Fr. I have not yet found the plant with blue colors. It is brownish with us and villose with grayish densely tufted hairs, sometimes inclining to a cervine hue. On poplars. Karner. Sept. Agaricus rhodopolius, Fr. v. umbilicatus. Pileus convex, umbilicate, i to 2 inches broad ; lamella; subdecur- rent; stem elongated, slender, containing a small cavity. Karner. Sept. A slender variety growing with the ordinary form, but ajjpearing cpiite unlike it. 110 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Trogia crispa, Fr. v. variegata. Pileus and lamellse variegated with bluish or greenish-blue stains. Sandlake. Sept. Boletus viscosus, Frost. This name is antedated by B. viscosus Ventur., and if the Frostian species is a good one, it will be necessary to give it another name. It cannot be called B. Frosth, as there is already a species bearing that designation. Mr. Frost's plant is manifestly very near B. granu- latus and may possibly be a variety of that species, although the two, as they occur with us, are readily distinguishable. They ap- pear to have been united by European mycologists. The distinguishing characters are found in the color, glutinosity, glandular dots or sugary granules of the tubes and stem and in the comparative length of the stem. In Frost's plant the pileus is at first dark-chestnut color and covered with a thick tough gluten, appearing, as the author remarks, as if it "was enveloped in slime," but it becomes yellowish, tawny-yellow or reddish-yellow and less glutinous with age. The glandular dots are usually entirely absent from the mouths of the tubes and from the stem, but when present they are very minute and inconspicuous and occur chiefly at the top of the stem. This is very short, varying from one-half to one inch in length, so that " the pileus seems to rest upon the ground." In B. granulahis, the young pileus is much paler, though variable in color, and is less glutinous. It does not become conspicuously paler with age and the glandular dots or granu- lations, which suggest the name of the species, are readily seen om the tube mouths and stem. They usually dot the stem from top to base, though sometimes they are more conspicuous on the upper part. The stem is generally one to two inches long. This plant appears from midsum- mer to the end of the season, but I have only seen Frost's plant in late autumn. It is quite possible that the two plants run together, but from the character of the differences noted it seems to me to be best at present to keep them distinct, and for.convenience of reference I would designate the Frostian species as Boletus brevipes, in allusion to its short stem. It grows in sandy soil under pine trees. Karner. Oct. Boletus scaber, Fr. v. niveus. Swamps. Karner. Oct. This is a beautiful variety, easily recognized ^ by the white color of the pileus. This, however, befcomes tinged with livid-blue or greenish-blue when old. Boletus gracilis, Pk. v. Ly^<:viPES. Stem destitute of reticulations. Otherwise like the tpyical form of the species. South Ballston. Sept. Polyporus sulphureus, Fr. The young growing plant sometimes exudes a pale-yellow or sulphur- colored juice when cut or broken. Polyporus volvatus, PJc. This is occasionally found on balsam trunks, Abies balsamea. Adiron- dack mountains. June. Report of the State Botanist. Ill POLYPORUS CONGLOMERATUS, Pk. Prostrate trunks of beech. Osceola. Aug. Lycoperdon GiGANTEUM, BatscTi. A specimen of the obconic form mentioned by Fries was found near Coeymans, Albany county, by Mr. John D. Parsons. MORTHIERA MeSPILI, FcM. Living leaves of Amelanchier Canadensis. Caroga. July. PucciNiA Calth>e, Lie. This species, which is rare in our State, was found in a wooded swamp in Caroga. July. Urocystis pompholygodes, Schl. On Thalictrum anemonoides. Albany. G. W. Clinton. Cystopus cubicus, De By. Radical leaves of Senecio aureus. Adirondack mountains. June. This species inhabits various species of compositae, but does not appear to have been before found on Senecio. Glomerularia Corni, Ph Hitherto found only on Cornus Canadensis, but now on Lonicera ciliata also. Adirondack mountains. June. LOPHIOTREMA SPIRiEiE, SttCC. V. ADULTUM. This has the spores nine to eleven-septate. In the type they are seven- septate. West Albany. Apr. DiAPORTHE SPICULOSA, Nlts. A form occurs on dead branches of Spirma opulifoUa without a limi- ting black line in the matrix. The perithecia are sunk in the wood, the surface of which becomes blackened. Hypoderma nervisequum, Fr. Fertile specimens were found on balsam leaves in Caroga. July. LOPHODERMIUM PETIOLICOLUM, FcM. V. ACERINUM. Perithecia narrowly elliptical or oblong ; asci subclavate, .0025 to .003 in long, .0008 to .00035 broad ; spores filiform, considerably shorter than the ascus. Fallen petioles of Acer saccharinum. Caroga. July. E. NEW YORK SPECIES OF LACTARIUS. LACTARIUS, Fr. [Galorrheiig, Fr. Lactifluus, Hoffm.] Hymenophorum fleshy, vesiculose, continuous with the fleshy stem ; lamellae unequal, adnate or decurrent, acute on the edge, exuding a milky or colored juice when wounded ; volva and annulusnone; spores globose or broadly elliptical, white or yellowish. 112 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. The peculiar character of this genus, and otte which gives to it its name, is the milky juice which pervades the flesh and especially the lamellee of the species. It is generally white, like milk, but in some species it quickly changes color on exposure to the air, and in a few it is always colored. In some instances it is colorless or watery, but such plants are regarded by Fries as degenerate or abnormal from growing in very wet places. In very old specimens, or in very dry weather, the milk is often more scant than usual, and it sometimes fails entirely. Its presence may generally be ascertained by cutting or break- ing the pileus or the lamellae. It is better to seek it in the latter, in- asmuch as it generally flows more freely from them, especially in small species, than from the pileus and stem. In some species of Mycena a similar milky or colored juice exists, especially in the stem, but these are abundantly distinct from the LactariLby their small size, campanu- late pileus and slender, hollow, cartilaginous stem. In the genus Russula the size, shape and texture of the species is the same as in Lactarius, but the milky juice is wanting, though the acrid taste may be present, so that the presence of the milk and the fleshy stem is sufficient to dis- tinguish these plants from all other Agaricini. The pileus is fleshy in all the species, but in some it is thin. Even when thick and compact its texture is brittle, so that it is easily broken. It is variegated in many species by more highly-colored concentric bands or zones, a character always wanting in the allied species of Rus- sula. The margin of the pileus is at first inflexed or involute, and the pileus itself more or less convex, but with advancing age the margin be- comes spreading or elevated, and then the pileus, being depressed in the center, presents an obconic or funnel shape. Sometimes the pileus is convex, but umbilicate or centrally depressed with its earliest appear- ance, in other instances it is broadly convex or nearly plane, and fur- nished with a small umbo or papilla. The lamellae are at first adnate, but by the change in the shape of the pileus, which comes from its expansion and the elevation of the margin, they become more or less decurrent. It is not uncommon to find them branched or forked, especially near the inner extremity. In color they are generally white or whitish, but this is often varied by yellowish or reddish tints as they become mature. They often change color where cut or bruised, even when the milk remains unchangeable. In some species they become pruinose or dusted by the spores when old, in others they remain naked. The stem in many species is short and comparatively thick, in others its length equals or exceeds the diameter of the pileus. It may be equal in diameter throughout its entire length, or become gradually narrower either toward the apex or toward the base. In some species it is always solid or merely becomes spongy within when old, in others it may be either spongy within or hollow, and that too in different indi- viduals of the same species. When it is stuffed in the young plant it is likely to be hollow in the old. In many of the species individuals some- times occur in which it is eccentric. The spores are globose or broadly elliptical, and more or less rough or echinulate, and they vary but little in size in the different species. Still by their slight variations in size and color they sometimes afford good specific characters,- and should by no means be neglected in the study of the species. Report of thk State Botanist. 113 The taste of the milk and flesh in many species is very acrid, or hot and biting like that of Cayenne pepper ; in others it is mild or but tardily and slightly acrid. This character is of great utility in distin- guishing the species, and it is necessary to observe it by actually tasting, but not swallowing the milk or flesh, if we would satisfactorily identify our specimens. Several of the species are edible, others are affirmed by authors to be poisonous. In some instances authors do not agree in respect to the quality of the species, for while one affirms, for example, that L. in- sulsus and L. piperatus are edible, another declares them to be poison- ous. It is most j)rudent to avoid the use of such acrid species, for al- though their acridity is dispelled or destroyed by cooking, they are said by Gillet to be indigestible, and only acceptable to the strongest stomachs. Most of the Lactarii grow on the ground, a few on decaying wood. They are found in deep woods and swamps and in grassy grounds and open places. They occur in Summer and Autumn, and are most abun- dant in warm, showery weather. The species have been arranged by Fries m groups, depending partly on the color and quality of the milk and partly on the naked or pruinose character of the lamellje. This latter character does not appear to me to be sufficiently constant and obvious to be satisfactory. I have, therefore, made the color of the milk the only basis of the primary grouping of our species. Synopsis of the Species. Milk at first bright-colored, unchangeable i Milk at first white, changing color on exposure to the air 2 Milk white or whitish, unchangeable 7 I Young lamellfe and milk indigo-blue Indigo. I Young lamellae and milk dark-red subpurpureus. 1 Young lamellae and milk orange-red deliciosus. I Young lamellae and milk saffron-yellow Chelidonium. 2 Milk becoming pinkish-red 3 2 Milk becoming yellow 4 2 Milk becoming lilac-color ■ uvidus. 3 Pileus dingy-gray or buff-gray (partly) fuliginosus. 3 Pileus dingy-brown (partly) lignyotus. 4 Margin of the mature pileus glabrous 5 4 Margin of the mature pileus tomentose-hairy 6 5 Pileus distinctly spotted, taste acrid chrysorheus. 5 Pileus not distinctly spotted, taste tardily acrid theiogalus. 6 Stem spotted scrobiculatus. 6 Stem not spotted cilicioides. 7 Pileus viscid when moist S 7 Pileus not viscid 13 8 Margin of the pileus distinctly tomentose-hairy torminosus. 8 Margin of the pileus glabrous or nearly so 9 9 Pileus greenish-brown or yellowish-brown, tinged with green. .sordidus. 9 Pileus some other color, glabrous and viscid 10 10 Pileus some shade of red or yellow 11 I o Pileus some other color i :: 15 k 114 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. I Pileus reddish, generally zoneless hysginus. I Pileus ochraceous, zoneless affinis. I Pileus yellow or yellowish-white, zonate insulsus. 1 2 Stem paler than the pileus trivialis. 12 Stem colored like the pileus cinereus. 3 Pileus minutely tomentose,pubescent or squamulose 14 3 Pileus glabrous or merely pruinose 21 14 Pileus rugose-reticulated, velvety-pubescent corrugis. 14 Pileus not rugose-reticulated 15 5 Pileus some shade of gray or brown 16 5 Pileus some shade of red or yellow 18 5 Pileus white or whitish 20 16 Plant inodorous 17 1 6 Plant odorous glyciosmus. 7 Pileus about one inch broad, becoming paler with age griseus. 7 Pileus more than one inch broad, not expallent (partly), .plumbeus. 18 Lamellae distant (partly) hygrophoroides. 18 Lamellae close 19 9 Pileus less than two inches broad, milk white alpinus. 9 Pileus two inches o^ more broad, milk watery (or white) helvus. 20 Surface of the pileus persistently velvety-tomentose. .vellereus. 20 Margin of the pileus cottony-tomentose when young (partly) deceptivus. 21 Pileus white or whitish 22 21 Pileus some other color 24 22 Lamellae distant or subdistant 23 22 Lamellse crowded, dichotomous piperatus. 23 Stem more than four lines thick, young pileus umbilicate (partly) deceptivus. 23 Stem not more than four lines thick, pileus never umbilicate. .albidus. 24 Pileus some shade of gray or brown 25 24 Pileus some shade of red or yellow 31 25 Wounds of the lamellae becoming pinkish-red 26 25 Wounds of the lamellae not becoming pinkish-red 27 26 Pileus dingy-gray or buff-gray (partly) fuliginosus. 26 Pileus dingy-brown (partly) lignyotus. 27 Wounds of the lamellae becoming sordid-greenish 28 27 Wounds of the lamellae not becoming sordid-greenish 29 28 Plant growing on the ground varius. 28 Plant growing on decaying wood parvus. 29 Taste mild Gerardii. 29 Taste acrid ... 30 30 Pileus dry, zoneless (partly) plumbeus. 30 Pileus moist, generally zonate pyrogalus, 3 1 Lamellae distant (partly) hygrophoroides. 3 1 Lamellae close or subdistant 32 32 Taste acrid 33 32 Taste mild or slightly acrid 34 33 Pileus bay-red, flesh pinkish rufus. 33 Pileus yellowish-red, flesh white platyphyllus. Eepoet of the State Botanist. 115 34 Stem more than four lines thick volemus. 34 Stem less than four lines thick 35 35 Plant odorous camphoratus. 35 Plant inodorous 36 36 Pileus some shade of red, not becoming paler with age ..subdulcis. ^6 Pileus brown or brownish, becoming paler with age. . . paludinellus. Milk at first bright-colored, unchangeable.* This group corresponds to the tribe Dapetes of Fries. In Europe there are but two species belonging to it ; in our State there are four, one of which, L. deliciosus, is common to this country and Europe. There is much similarity in our species, their most obvious differences being in color. The pileus in all is glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, more or less zonate when young and moist, but becoming paler and less clearly zonate with age. The stem is hollow, at least when old, and often adorned with spots of the same color as the milk.' The color of the milk pervades the whole plant, but it is less bright and clear except in the spots and the young lamellae. Bruises or wounds of the lamellae are apt to become greenish, and old plants are often stained with this hue. The spores in all are yellowish, and the taste is mild or slowly and moderately acrid. Probably all are edible, but only L. deliciosus has been tested. Lactarius Indigo, Schw. Blue Lactarius. Pileus at first umbilicate with the margin involute, then depressed or infundibuliform, indigo-blue with a silvery-gray lustre, zonate, espec- ially on the margin, sometimes spotted, becoming paler and less distinctly zonate with age or in drying ; lamellae close, indigo-blue, becoming yellowish and sometimes greenish with age ; stem short, nearly equal, hollow, often spotted with blue, colored like the pileus ; spores subglo- bose, .0003 to .00035 in. long ; milk dark bhie. Pileus 2 to 5 inches broad, stem i to 2 inches long, 6 to 10 lines thick. Dry places, especially under or near pine trees. Not rare but seldom abundant. July to September. Lactarius subpurpureus, Peck. Purplish Lactarius. Pileus at first convex, then nearly plane or subinfundibuliform, more or less spotted and zonate when young and moist, dark-red tcith a grayish bistre ; lamellae close, dark-red, becoming less clear and some- times greenish-stained with age ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, soon hollow, ofteil spotted with red, colored like the pileus, sometimes hairy at the base; spores subglobose, .00035 ^'^ -0004 in., milk dark-red. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Damp or moSsy ground in woods and swamps. July and August. At once known by the peculiar dark-red or purplish hue of the milk, which color also appears in the spots of the stem and in a more subdued tone in the whole plant. The color of the pileus lamellae and stem is * Bndham says that the milk of L. deliciosus cliauges to a green color, but I have not observed such a change. 116 Thirty-eighth Eeport on the State Museum. modified by grayish and yellowish hues. In age and dryness the zones are less clear, and dried specimens can scarcely be distinguished from L. deliciosus. Lactarius deliciosus, Fr. Delicious Lactarius. Agaricus deliciosus L. Pileus at first convex and subumbilicate, then nearly plane or subin- fundibuliform, yeUotvish-orange or grayish-orange varied by brighter spots and zones, fading to grayish-yellow when old or dry ; lamellae close, orange-colored with paler reflections, less clear and often greenish- stained with age ; stem nearly equal, stuffed or hollow, often spotted, colored like the pileus, sometimes hairy at the base ; spores subglobose, .0003 to .0004 in.; milk orange-colored. Pileus 2 to 5 in. broad, stem 2 to 4 in long, 4 to 8 lines thick. Woods and open places, but especially in mossy swamps. Common. July to September. Edible. This is the most common species of its group. It grows both in wet and in dry places, and in acerose, frondose or mixed woods. It has an excellent reputation as an edible fungus. Badham says it is one of the best of fungi and that its flesh is firm, juicy, sapid and nutritious. One writer pronounces it the most delicious mushroom known. The best method of cooking is said to be, to bake three-fourths of an hour in a close covered dish, having seasoned it with pepper, salt and butter. Badham states that the milk turns green on exposure to the air. Wounds of the flesh and lamellae often do, but I have not observed this change in the color of the milk. Lactarius Chelidonium, Pech. Celandine Lactarius. Pileus at first convex, then nearly plane and umbilicate or centrally depressed, grayish-yellow or tawny, at length varied with bluish and greenish stains, often with a few narrow zones on the margin , lamellae narroiu, close, sometimes forked, anastomosing or wavy at the base, grayish-yellow; stem short, subequal, hollow, colored like the pileus ; spores globose, .0003 in.; milk sparse, saffron-yelloio; taste mild. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad, stem i to 1.5 in. long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Sandy soil, under or near pine trees. Saratoga and Bethlehem. The milk of this species resembles in color the juice of celandine, Chelido)iii(m majus. It is paler than that of L. deliciosus. By this character and by the dull color of the pileus, the narrow lamellae, short stem and its fondness for dry situations, it may be separated from the other species. Wounds of the flesh are at first stained with the color of the milk, then with blue, finally with green. A saffron color is some- times attributed to the milk of L. deliciosus, which may indicate that this species has been confused with that, or that the relationship of the two plants is a closer one than we have assigned to them. Milh at first white, changioig color on exposure to the air. In this group, wounds of the lamellae and flesh generally assume the changed color of the milk after a brief exposure to the air. Report of the State Botanist. 117 Lactarius uvidus, Fr. Moist Lactarius. Pileus at first convex, then nearly plane or centrally depressed, glabrotis, viscid, whitish, grayish-brown or livid-brown, generally with a slight tinge of pink, sometimes obscurely zonate or marked with darker spots, either with or without a small umbo; lamellae rather narrow, thin, close, white or yellowish, becoming lilac where cut or bruised; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, viscid, whitish or pallid ; spores globose or broadly elliptical, yoUojvish, 00035 to .00045 ii^-l "^ilk white, changi7ig to lilac, taste acrid. Var. magnus. Plant large, pileus obscurely zonate or marked with darker spots more or less concentrically arranged. Pileus I to 2 in. broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 3 to 6 lines thick. Wet mossy places in woods and swamps. Adirondack mountains and Sandlake. July and August. This species is not very common. It is readily recognized by the lilac color assumed by the milk and the wounds of the flesh and lamellae. The variety occurs in Vermont where it was observed by Mr. A P. Morgan. Lactarius chrysorheus, Fr. Yellow-milk Lactarius. Agarictis zonarius, Bolt. Pileus convex, umbilicate or centrally depressed, becoming infundi- buliform, glabrous, yellowish, sometimes tinged with flesh-color, adorned with bright-colored zones and spots, the margin at first involute and pruinose-tomentose • lamellae thin, close, adnate or decurrent, yellowish, some of them forked ; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, white or colored like the pileus, sometimes spotted ; spores subglobose, .0003 to .00035 in.; milk white, becoming yelloio, taste acrid. Pileus I to 3 in. broad, stem 8 to 15 lines long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Thin woods or open places. Bethlehem and Sandlake. July and August. Not common. Fries describes this species as having a dry pileus, but in our speci- mens it appeared to be slightly viscid when moist. The milk in the European plant is said to change color quickly, in ours the change takes place slowly. The spots of the pileus are usually small and nu- merous and sometimes concentrically arranged. They, as well as the zones, have a golden-yellow or pale-orange hue. They, together with the color of the pileus, distinguish this species from the ne.\t. and the change in the color of the milk separates it from L. insulsns. The plant described in the Twenty-third Report under this name belongs to the next species. Lactarius theiogalus, Fr. Sulphur-milk Lactarius. Agaricus theiogalus, Bull. Pileus fleshy, thin, convex, then depressed, even, glabrous, viscid, tawny -reddish J lamellae adnate or decurrent, close, pallid or reddish : 118 Thirty-eighth Keport ok the State Museum. stem stuffed or hollow, even, colored like the pileus ; spores yelloioish, inclining to pale flesh-color, subglobose, .0003 to .00035 ''^•! niilk white, changing to sidphur- yellow, taste tardily acrid, bitterish. Pileus 2 to 5 in. broad, stem i to 3 in. long, 4 to 10 lines thick. Woods and groves. Common. July to October. Our plant does not fully accord with the description of the species as given by Fries. The pileus is moderately thick and compact, varying from convex or nearly plane and umbilicate to depressed or infundibuli- form, slightly viscid when moist, zoneless or obscurely zonate, varying in color from pale grayish-red to tawny-red or brick-red, there being a mixture of gray yellow and red not easily defined. Gillet describes the pileus as " tawny-red, clear brick- red, bistre-red or orange-yellow di- versely shaded." It somewhat resembles L. torminosus in color, but the glabrous margin and changeable milk distinguish it. The surface of the pileus has a minutely uneven or unpolished appearance, but it is smooth to the touch. The lamellse are sometimes forked near the stem, whitish tinged with creamy-yellow or flesh color, and they often become stained with reddish-brown when old or bruised. The stem is generally paler than the pileus. It is commonly hollow, though sometimes stuffed or spongy within. Rarely it is spotted or stained with reddish-brown. When the flesh is cut or broken it soon assumes the pale-yellow color of the exposed milk. The taste is tardily or moderately acrid, or some- what woody and bitterish. Its less acrid taste, unspotted and more reddish pileus, distinguish it from the preceding species. According to Gillet it is pronounced edible by some authors, poisonous by others. Cordier says that the pileus is dry, that the stem is almost always stuffed, and that it passes for poisonous, but that Letellier has eaten it more than once without inconvenience. Lactarius resimus, Fr. Recurved Lactarius. Pileus convex and umbilicate, then infundibuliform, even, glabrous, viscid, zoneless, whitish oi' pallid, the margin at first involute, white- tomeniose, at length spreading, naked ; lamellse decurrent, whitish ; stem even or obsoletely spotted, villose, hollow, thick ; milk quickly chang- ing to sulphur-yellow, taste acrid Var. regalis. (L. regalis, Peck.) Pileus yellowish-white, the margin glabrous ; stem glabrous ; spores globose, .0003 in. Pileus 4 to 6 in. broad, stem 2 to 3 in long, 8 to 12 lines thick. Woods. Croghan. September. Rare. Our plant, which has been observed but once, has the margin of the pileus and the stem glabrous, but it can scarcely be more than a variety of the species, and as such ve have subjoined it. Lactarius scrobiculatus, Fr. Spotted-stemmed Lactarius. Agaricus scrobiculatus, Scop. Agarictts theiogalus, A. & S. Pileus convex, then nearly plane or centrally depressed, viscid when moist, zoneless or slightly zonate, reddish-yellow or sulochraceous, the margin at first involute, then spreading, tomentose hairy j lamellae thin, Eeport of the State Botanist. 119 close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish or yellowish ; stem equal, stout, hollow, colored like the pileus, adorned by suhorbicular depressed spots of a brighter color; spores white, .0003 to .00035 ^^■'■^ """i'l^ white, changing to stilphur-yelloiVj taste acrid. Pileus 3 to 6 in. broad, stem i .5 to 3 in. long, 6 to 12 lines thick. Wet, mossy ground in woods. Caroga. July. • Rare. This Lactarius is similar to the preceding in size and shape, and like that, it sometimes has the margin naked when old, but it is distin- guished by its distinctly-spotted stem and more highly-colored pileus. Its color approaches that of L. theiogalus, but its generally hairy margin, together with its spotted stem and more acrid taste, will distinguish it from that species. It is not deemed edible. Lactarius cilicioides, Fr. Tomentose Lactarius. Agaricus tomentosus. Otto. Agaricus crinitus, Sch^efiF. Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, umbilicate or centrally de- pressed, occasionally subinfundibuliform, soft, covered loith long matted hairs or iomeyitum, the center sometimes becoming naked with age, zoneless, viscid when moist, white reddish-buff or dingy-incarnate ; lamellae rather narrow, thin, close, adnate or slightly decurrent, some of them forked, white, or tinged with yellow or incarnate ; stem short, equal' or tapering downward, pruinose, stuffed or hollow, not spotted, white or whitish; spores ivhite, .00025 to .0003 in.; milk white, sparse, slowly changing to pale yellow, taste acrid. Var. albiis. Pileus at first white, flesh white, stem short, milk very sparse or almost none. Pileus 1.5 to 4 in. broad, stem .5 to 1.5 in. long, 3 to 6 lines thick. Woods and open places, especially under or near pine trees. Forest- burgh, Karner, West Albany and Greig. Septem.ber and October. The tomentose Lactarius is distinguished from all our other species by its conspicuously woolly pileus. It is this character that gives name to the plant. The hairs or fibrils are long, and intricately matted, and so viscid in wet weather that fragments of leaves, sticks and dirt are of- ten found adhering to them. The variety, which is found especially on sandy soil near pine trees, is white when young, but with age it is apt to become stained with a dirty-yellow or rusty-yellow hue, especially in the center. The milk is very sparse and sometimes wanting. The stem is so short that the pileus appears to rest on the ground. In the form which grows in woods the stem is longer, and the pileus approaches the next species in color. Fries describes the stem as two to three inches long and one inch thick, but I have seen no specimens with stems so large. The plant occurs in autumn, and sometimes several successive crops appear in the same locality in one season. It is sometimes subcoespi- tose. Milk 2vhife or whitish, unchangeable. * Pileus viscid when moist. 120 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Lactarius torminosus, Fr . Colic Lactarius. Woolly Lactarius. Agaricns torminosus, Schaeff. A. 7iecafo7', Bull.'' A. piperaius, L. A. barbahis, Retz. Pileus convex, then depressed, viscid when young or moist, yellowish- red or pale-ochraceous tinged with red or flesh color, often varied with zones or spots, the at first involute margin persistently tomentose-hairy ; lamellae thin, close, narrow, whitish, often tinged with yellow or flesh color ; stem equal or slightly tapering downward, hollow, sometimes spotted, whitish ; spores subglobose or broadly- elliptical, .00035 ^^ .0004 in., milk white, taste acrid. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 4 to 8 lines thick. Woods. Adirondack mountains and Sandlake. August. This species differs from all the preceding by its unchangeable milk, and from all the following by the coarse tomentum or hairs of the mar- gin of the pileus. Badham says that it is acrid and poisonous, and Gil- let declares it to be deleterious and even dangerous, and that in the raw state it is a very strong drastic purgative. On ihe other hand Cor- dier states that almost all authors agree in saying that it is eaten with impunity, and that Letellier has eaten it more than once without in- convenience. Lactarius sordidus, Peck. Pileus thick, firm, convex and centrally depressed, then nearly plane or subinfundibuliform, subglahrous, slightly viscid when moist, soon dry, pale yello'wish-hrown, tinged with sordid gree7i,ottex\ darker in the cen- ter ; lamellae narrow, close, white or yellowish ; stem short, firm, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, colored like the pileus, generally spotted ; spores .0003 to .00035 in.; milk white, taste acrid. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem i to 2 in. long, 4 to 8 lines thick. Woods and open places, especially under spruce and balsam trees. Adirondack mountains and Sandlake. August and September. This species appears to resemble L. turpis Fr. in color, but that species differs, according to the description of Fries, in having the mar- gin of the pileus at first villose or tomentose, the stem stuffed, attenua- ted downward, not spotted, and the pileus covered with a tenacious gluten. Like it, our plant has a sordid, forbidding appearance. It sometimes appears to be adorned with a few obscure fibrils or to be slightly scabrous or hairy. Lactarius trivialis, Fr. Common Lactarius. Pileus convex, then nearly plane, umbilicate or centrally depressed, glabrous, viscid, sometimes -donate, leaden-gray, livid-cinereous or pale brown, often with a pink or lilac tint, the thin inflexed margin at first with a grayish pruinosity ; lamellae rather narrow, close, thin, adnate, sometimes forked, whitish, becoming pallid or creamy -yellow, with dingy -greenish stains where 2O0unded ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, long or short, glabrous, rarely spotted, hollow, whitish, often tinged with yellow or gray, paler than the jnleus ; spores yelloioish, .0003 to .0004 in.; milk whitish or pale cream color, taste acrid. Repokt of the State Botanist 12 i Var. macidatus Pileus zonate or spotted and zonate, stem some- times spotted. Var. gracilis. Pileus small, i to 2 in. broad, stem equal to or longer than the diameter of the pileus, often tapering upward Pileus I to 6 in. broad, stem i to 5 in. long, 3 to 10 lines thick. Woods and open places Sandlake, Albany and Adirondack moun- tains. July to September. A variable species. Some forms of our plant exhibit the characters attributed to the European fungus, others do not ; but these forms all run together in such a way as to leave scarcely a doubt of their specific unity. I have therefore merely distinguished two of these forms as va- rieties. In all the forms the pileus is sometimes zonate, and in one it is spotted, though Fries describes the pileus as "azonate" and the stem as '• immaculate." In the variety macidatus a zonate pileus and spotted stem are sometimes united in the same plant. This form occurred in low woods in Gansevoort. The plants were large and the stem long. The variety gracilis was found in woods in Greig, and is so small and slender that it appears like a distinct species, yet exhibits the essential specific characters. The thin pellicle of the pileus is separable and the whitish flesh has a dingy or grayish hue immediately beneath it. The plant is sometimes csespitose. Lactarius hysginus, Fr. Reddish Lactarius. Agaric7is vietus, Krombh. Pileus rigid, at first convex, then nearly plane, umbilicate or slightly depressed, even, viscid, zoneless or rarely obscurely zonate, reddish - incarnate, tan-color or brouniish-red, becoming paler with age, the thin margin inflexed ; lamellae close, adnate or subdecurrent, whitish, be- coming yellowish or cream colored : stem equal, glabrous, stuffed or hol- low, colored like the pileus, or a little paler, sometimes spotted ; spores subglobose, whitish on hJach paper, yellovjish on white paper, .00035 to .0004 in.; milk white, taste acrid. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad, stem i to 2 in. long, 4 to 8 lines thick. Woods. Sandlake and Caroga. July and August. Not common. The reddish hue of the pileus distinguishes this species from its allies. The gluten or viscidity of the pileus in our specimens was rather tena- cious and persistent. Lactarius affinis, Peck. Related Lactarius. Pileus convex and centrally depressed, glabrous, viscid, zoneless, ochraceous-yelloio ; lamellae rather broad, subdistant, whitish or creamy- yellow, some of them forked; stem equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus, often spotted; spores .00035 to .00045 i"-'. '"i"^ white, taste acrid. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem i to 2 in. long, 6 to 12 lines thick. Pastures and copses. Catskill mountains. October. Rare. I have observed this species but once. Mr. Morgan has found a stout form of it in Vermont. In his specimens the stem is conspicu- ously spotted, in the New York specimens sparingly. The species is 16 I 122 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. closely related to L. insuUus, but apparently distinct by its darker color, broader, looser lamellae and zoneless pileus. It appears to be in- termediate between that species and L. hysginus. Lactarius insulsus, Fr. Unsavory Lactarius, Agaricus flexuosus, Seer. Pileus convex and umbilicate, then infundibuliform, glabrous, viscid, ?«07'e 07' less zonate, yellowish, the margin naked ; lamellae thin, close adnate or decurrent, some of them forked at the base, whitish or pallid ; stem equal or slightly tapering downward, stuffed or hollow, whitish or yellowish, generally spotted ; spores .0003 to -00035 ^^-'i ^^^^ white, taste acrid. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 1 to 2 in. long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Thin woods and open, grassy places. Greenbush and Sandlake. July and August. Our plant has the pileus pale yellow or straw color, and sometimes nearly white, but European forms have been described as having it orange-yellow and brick-red. It is generally, though often obscurely, zonate. The zones are ordinarily more distinct near the margin, where they are occasionally very narrow and close. The milk in the Green- bush specimens had a thin, somewhat watery appearance. Authors dif- fer in their estimate ol its qualities^ some affirming that it is edible, others that it is poisonous. It is classed as edible in the Curtis Cata- logue, and Cordier says that it appears to be edible. Lactarius cinereus, Feck. Cinereous Lactarius. Pileus thin, nearly plane and umbilicate or suhinfundibiiliform, glabrous, viscid, pale gray or cinereous, the disk sometimes darker col- ored ; lamellae narrow, close, white ; stem equal or slightly tapering up- ward, stuffed, sometimes tomentose at the base, colored like the pileus ; spores white, .00028 to .0003 in.; milk white, taste acrid. Pileus I to 2 in. broad, stem i to 3 in. long, 3 to 4 lines thick. Woods. Sandlake and Greig. August and September. The species is evidently closely allied to L. vietus Fr., but I have never seen the pileus umbonate or expallent, nor the milk become gray, characters attributed to that species. In our plant the viscid pel- licle is separable. In shape and size it resembles L. trivialis v. gracilis, but its paler usually umbilicate pileus, concolorous stem and white spores separate it. Mr. Morgan finds, in Vermont, a somewhat larger form with the pileus sometimes zonate. ** Pileus not viscid. t Fileus minutely tomentose or squamulose. Lactarius griseus, Feck. Gray Lactarius. Pileus thin, nearly plane, broadly umbilicate or centrally depressed, sometimes infundibuliform, generally with a small umbo or papilla, Report of the State Botanist. 123 minutely squamulose tomentose, gray or brownish-gray, becoming paler with age; lamellae thin, close, adnate or slightly Recurrent, whitish or yellowish; stem slender, equal or slightly tapering upward, rather fragile, stuffed or hollow, generally villose oi tomentose at the base, paler than or colored like the pileus, spores .0003 to .00035 i^-i >^ilk white, taste subacrid. Pileus 6 to 18 lines broad, stem i to 2 in, long, i to 3 lines thick. Woods and swamps on much decayed wood and mossy ground. Common. July to September. The relationship of this species is with L. mavimos%(» Fr., from which it differs in its lamellae, which do not become ferruginous, and in its stem which is not pubescent, though it generally has long coarse tom- entose hairs at its base. Its habitat also is peculiar, being much decayed mossy prostrate trunks or damp mossy vegetable mold in woods and swamps. It bears some resemblance to L. cmereus in form and color, but it is generally smaller, and easily distinguished by its dry tomentulose pileus. Lactarius glyciosmus, Fragrant Lactarius. Scented Lactarius. Pileus thin, convex nearly plane or depressed, often with a small umbo or papilla, mimitely squamulose, cinereous, grayish-brown or smoky-brown, sometimes tinged with pink, the margin even or slightly and distinctly striate ; lamellae narrow, close, adnate or decurrent, whitish or yellowish; stem equal, glabrous or obsoletely pubescent, stuffed, rarely hollow, whitish or colored like the pileus; spores .0003 to .00035 ^"j niilk white, taste acrid and unpleasant, sometimes bitterish, odor aromatic. Pileus 6 to 18 lines broad, stem 6 to i8 Imes long, i to 3 lines thick. Woods and open places on the ground and on decaying wood Adirondack mountains, West Albany and Karner. September and October. The distinctive characters of the species are its small size, squamulose pileus and agreeable odor. This is described by European authors as spirituous or like that of alcohol, but to me it resembles rather that of dry melilot and is not much unlike that of L. camphoratus. The American plant, so far as observed, does not have the red hues ascribed to the European. Lactarius alpinus, Peck. Alpine Lactarius. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes centrally depressed, occasionally with a small umbo or papilla, tomentose or squamulose. tawny -ochraceous; lamellae close, adnate or decurrent, yellowish ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, glabrous, solid or stuffed, paler than or colored like the pileus ; spores .0003 to .00035 i^-I rnilk whitr, taste acrid. Pileus 8 to 18 lines broad, stem 12 to 18 lines long, 2 to 3 lines thick Summit ot Haystack mountain and Karner. August. Rare. Apparently allied to L. helvus Fr , but so much smaller that I can scarcely think it the same species and have for the present kept it dis- tinct. The plants resemble L. subdulcis in size and somewhat in color. 124 THIRTy-EIGHTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM. but differ in tlieir squamulose pileus. The specific name proves to be inappropriate, as the species has been found in a much lower region than that of its original discovery. Lactarius helvus, Fr. Pale-red Lactarius. Pileus fleshy, /ra!^?7e, convex, then plane or depressed, subumbonate, dry, silky or floccose-squanudose and rivulose, pale-testaceous, becoming paler; lamellae decurrent, thin, close, wliitish-ochraceous; stem stuffed or hollow, jn'umose-pubescent; milk sparse, subacrid, white. Var. aquifluus. L. aquijluiis Peck. Milk sparse, luatery, taste mild or subacrid , spores .0003 to .00035 ^^-'i odor weak in the fresh plant, more decided in the dried specimens, aromatic and agreeable. Pileus 2 to 6 in. broad, stem 3 to 6 in. long, 4 to 10 lines thick. Mossy ground in swamps and marshes. Adirondack mountains, Sandlake and Karner. July and August. Our specimens agree so closely with the description of L. helvus, as given by Fries, and of which a translation is here given, that we have referred them to that species, distinguishing them merely as a variety on account of the watery milk. Fries regards such a milk as belonging to a degenerate or abnormal state of the species, and the result of too much moisture. But unless L. alpinus, shall prove to be a dwarf form of L. helvus, only this form of the species has been detected within our limits and indeed in this country. It scarcely seems probable that a species would occur constantly and repeatedly, in various widely separated localities, in a degenerate condition only. It would seem probable that occasionally, in a dry time or in a more dry locality, it would revert to its normal condition. But this has not yet been observed to happen in our plant, therefore we have pre- ferred to consider it a variety. The milk sometimes presents a slightly turbid appearance, less clear than water. The pileus becomes quite fragile when old, and the thin margin is then spreading and sometimes flexuous. The color is a grayish-red or pale tawnj-red. The stem is nearly equal, but in young plants it is often narrowed toward the apex. It is glabrous or pruinose and soon hollow, often a little paler than the pileus and slightly striate at the apex from the decurrent lamellae. The flesh is tinged with pink or a pale pinkish-gray. The plant is sometimes caespitose. Lactarius vellerius, Fr. Fleecy Lactarius. Agaricus Listen Sow. A. piperattis Poll. Pileus compact, at first convex and umbilicate, then expanded and centrally depressed or subinfundibuliform, the whole surface minufehj velvety -tomentose, soft to the touch, white or whitish, the margin at first involute, then reflexed ; lamellae dista^it or subdistani, adnate or decur- rent, sometimes forked, whitish becoming yellowish or cream-colored ; stem firm, solid, equal or \.a.^Qvir\g do-wn-wa.xd, pruinose-pubescent, white; spores white, nearly smooth, .0003 to .00035 •"•; milk white, taste acrid. Pileus 2 to 5 in. broad, stem .5 to 2 in. long, 6 to 16 lines thick. Woods and open places. Common. July to September. I Eepoet of the State Botanist. 125 The soft downy tomentum which is characteristic of this species and which covers the whole pileus gives it a pruinose appearance when viewed from a little distance. The stem is generally short and is some- times broader than long. The lamellae vary in width from two to four lines and are generally about equal in width to the thickness of the pileus. They become stained where bruised. The milk, which is some- times quite abundant in wet weather, exudes from wounds and dries into cream-colored gummy granules. The taste is very acrid. Cordier states that it is poisonous according to some authors, edible according to Leveille. Lactarius deceptivus, Pech. Deceptive Lactarius. Pileus compact, at first convex and umbilicate, then expanded and centrally depressed or subinfundibuliform, ohsoUtely tomejitose or gla- brous except on the margin, white or whitish, often varied with yellow- ish or sordid stains, the margin at first involute and clothed with a dense, soft or cottony tomentum, then spreading or elevated and more or less fibrillose ; lamellae rather broad, distant or subdistant, adnate or decur- rent, some of them forked, whitish, becoming cream colored ; stem equal or narrowed downward, solid, pruinose-pubescent, white ; spores white, .00035 to .0005 in.; milk white, taste acrid. Pileus 3 to 5 in. broad, stem i to 3 in. long, 8 to 18 lines thick. Woods and open places, especially under hemlock trees. Common. July to September. This plant appears to have been confused with L. vellereus, which it closely resembles, but from which it appears to me to be quite distinct, both in the character of the tomentum of the pileus and in its de- cidedly larger and rougher spores. The young pileus is clothed with a thin, silky tomentum, which, on the involute margin, is quite thick, but very soft and cottony, and sometimes striated with parallel impressions, produced by previous pressure against the edges of the lamellae. In the mature plant the pileus appears nearly or quite glabrous, or is merely shaggy fibrillose on the margin. Sometimes the cuticle seems to be slightly rimose, and the surface then has a kind of scaly appearance. The lamellae are as broad and distant as in L. vellereus, but the stem is generally a little longer in the present species than it is in that. The glabrous form of this species was referred to L. pijjeratus in the Twenty- third Report. An experiment of its edible qualities was made without any evil consequences. The acridity was destroyed by cooking. ft Pileus glabrous or merely pruinose or pruinose-pubescent, not squamulose. Lactarius piperatus, Fr. Peppery Lactarius. Agartcus piperatus, Scop. A. acris, Bull. A. Listeri, Krombh. Pileus compact, at first convex and umbilicate, then expanded and centrally depressed or infundibuliform, even, glabrous, white : lamellne narroio, crowded, dichotomous, adnate or decurrent. white or cream colored ; stem equal 01 slightly tapering downward, solid, glabrous, I 126 Thirty-eighth Keport on the State Museum. white ; spores white, nearly smooth, .00025 ^o .0003 in.; milk white, abundant, taste very acrid. Pileus 1.5 to 4 in. broad, stem .5 to 2 in. long, 5 to 10 lines thick. Thin woods, pastures and grassy places. Common. July to Sep- cember. The glabrous or sometimes merely pruinose pileus, the crowded and frequently forked narrow lamellee separate this species from the other white ones. The lamellae are one to two lines broad, their width being less than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus. The stem is either very short or quite long, according to the place of growth, it being longer when growing in woods among fallen leaves than when growing in open grassy places. In the summer of 1883 this and the two preced- ing species were abundant in the town of Sandlake, and all grew in the same locality. By a little practice they were readily distinguishable, even without a close inspection. Most authors agree in attributing edible qualities to this species, not- withstanding its intense acridity. Badham says that he has frequently eaten it, and that according to Berkeley it is preserved for winter use by pickling in salt and vinegar. Cordier says that it is an agreeable ali- ment and is eaten in many countries, and that cows eat it with avidity, but that it renders their milk and butter nausepus. Fries says it is edi- ble, and it is so classed in Curtis' Catalogue. Gillet states that although it does not constitute an agreeable article of food, it is eaten in some parts of France, and that the Russians make frequent use of it. Lactarius albidus, Pech. White Lactarius. Pileus thin, plane or slightly depressed, glabrous, dry, white ; lamellae subdistant, adnate or slightly decurrent, white, the interspaces venose ; stem equal, solid, glabrous, white ; spores white, .0003 to .00035 ^^'i milk white, taste acrid. Pileus 1.5 to 3 in. broad, stem i to 2 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Thin woods. Karner. September. Very rare. This Lactarius has been observed but once, and then but {q\v speci- mens were seen, yet it appears to be distinct from all our other white species in its thin pileus, subdistant lamellae, venose interspaces and rather slender stem. Except in color, it has some similarity to the next species. Lactarius varius, n. sp. Variable Lactarius. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate or centrally depressed, sometimes with a minute umbo or papilla, glabrous, even or obscurely roughened, submoist, zoneless or rarely narrowly zonate on the margin, gray or brown, often tinged luith lilac, lamellae close, adnate or subde- current, whitish or cream colored, becoming dingy-greenish where wounded ; stem equal, elastic, glabrous, solid or spongy within, paler than or colored like the pileus ; spores white, .0003 to .00035 i^-! ^^i^^ white, taste tardily acrid, odor none, flesh white. Pileus I to 2.5 in. broad, stem i to 2.5 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Kepokt of the State Botanist. 127 Thin woods and moist places. West Albany and Karner. Septem- ber. A very variable species. The prevailing color of the pileus is gray or lead-gray, but it is often lilac-brown. Its surface has a moist and shining appearance, but it is sometimes seen under a lens to be rough- ened by minute pits or depressions, in which case it presents silvery or sparkling reflections as if micaceously atomate. It often grows with L. glyciosmus from which it is distinguished by its glabrous pileus and lack of odor. It also approaches L. plumbeus, but .differs from it in its smaller size, paler color, moist appearance and larger spores. Wounds of the lamellae assume a hue similar to that seen under similar cir- cumstances in L. trivialis. Lactarius parvus, Peck. Small Lactarius. Pileus nearly plane or depressed, even, glabrous, zoneless, reddish- brown or lilac-brown, becoming paler zoith age, lamellse narrow, crowded, white or yellowish, becoming dmgy-greenish where wounded ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, often curved, stuffed, whitish ; spores globose, white, .0003 to .0004 in.; milk white, taste acrid. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 6 to 12 lines long, i to 2 thick. Old stumps and prostrate trunks in woods. Sandlake, Osceola and Greig. August and September. This small species is closely allied to L. vanus, of which it might be considered a mere variety. It differs in being smaller, in having the pileus constantly even, zoneless, destitute of an umbo or central pa- pilla and in growing paler with age. I have only found it growing on decaying wood. When growing on the sides of stumps and prostrate trunks, the stem is often curved and sometimes eccentric. Lactarius plumbeus, Fr. Lead-colored Lactarius. Agaricus plumhens, Bull. '' Pileus compact, convex, then infundibuliform, dry, unpolished fu- liginous or hroiunish-black ; lamellae crowded, white or yellowish ; stem solid, equal, thick ; milk white, acrid, unchangeable,'" spores .00025 ^o .0003 in. Pileus 2 to 5 in. broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 3 to 6 lines thick. The specimens which I have referred to this species were found in the Catskill mountains several years ago, growing in hemlock woods, under spruce and balsam trees. I have not met with the species since. The pileus in the larger specimens had a mmutely tomentose appearance, but in the dried specimens this has disappeared. They also varied in color from blackish-brown to pinkish-brown and grayish-brown, but they can scarcely be more than a mere form or variety of the species the description of which, as given by Fries, 1 have quoted. In the Handbook the pileus is described as dark fuliginous gray or brown, and Gillet describes it as black-brown, dark fuliginous or lead-color, and adds that the plant is poisonous and the milk very acrid and burning. Cor dier says that the flesh is white and the taste bitter and disagreeable. I 138 Thikty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Lactarius pyrogalus, Fr. Caustic Lactarius. Agaricus pyrogalus. Bull. A. rusticanus, Scop. Pileus broadly convex, plane or slightly depressed, sometimes umbili- cate, glabrous, even, suhmoist, ge?ieraUy zonate, livid-cinereous, grayish- brown or lilac-brown ; lamellae thin, distant or subdistant, adnate or subdecurrent, yellowish ; stem equal or slightly tapering downward, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, paler than or colored like the pileus; spores globose, yellowish, .0003 to .00035 ^^■'' "^^i^^ white, taste acrid. Pileus 1.5 to 2.5 in. broad, stem i to 1.5 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Thin woods and open places. Sandlake, Greenbush and Karner. August to October. The zonate pileus, distant lamellse and yellowish spores separate this species from its allies. The milk is copious and very acrid and the species is regarded as poisonous. Cordier states that the milk is mild in young plants, acrid in mature ones. Lactarius fuliginosus, Fr. Dingy Lactarius. Agaricus azonites. Bull. A. plinthogalus , Otto. L. fumosus, Pk. Pileus firm becoming soft, convex plane or slightly depressed, even, dry, zoneless, dingy -cinereous or huff-gray, appearing as if covered with a dingy pruinosity, the margin sometimes wavy or lobed; lamellae adnate or subdecurrent, subdistant, whitish, then yellowish, becoming stained loith pinJc-red or salmon color luhere ivounded; stem equal or slightly tapering downwards, firm, stuffed, colored like the pileus ; spores globose, yellowish, .0003 to .0004 in.; milk white, taste tardily and sometimes slightly acrid. Pileus T to 2.5 in. broad, stem r to 2 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Thin woods and open grassy places. Greenbush and Sandlake. July and August. The pileus, in this species, has a peculiar dingy or smoky hue whicli is suggestive of the specific name. The color is a pale-cinereous or yel- lowish-gray compared by some authors to the color of coffee and milk. This and the yellowish color of the spores, the tardily acrid taste and the pinkish hue of the wounds of the l-amellse and flesh characterize the species. Both Fries and Gillet state that the milk, as well as wounds of the flesh, changes to a pinkish or saffron hue on exposure to the air. This would transfer the place of the species to our second group, for which we have made provision in the synoptical table. But we have failed to verify this character in our plant, and consequently it was formerly supposed to be distinct from the European, and was published under the name Lactarius fumosus. But inasmuch as the European plant has also been described as having white unchangeable milk, and since our plant agrees in every other respect with the description given by Fries, it is quite probable that the species may vary in this respect and we have therefore referred our plant to it. Cordier states that according to Barla and Reveil this species is poisonous. Report of the State Botanist. 129 Lactarius lignyotus, Fr. Sooty Lactarius. Pileus broadly convex plane or slightly depressed, dry, with or with- out a small umbo, generally rugose-wrinkled, dark-brown, appearing subjjulveruletii or as if suffused with a dingy pruiyio sit y, the margin sometimes crenately lobed and distinctly plicate ; lamellae moderately close or subdistant, ■ adnate, white or yellowish, sloioly changiiig to pinhish-red or sahnon color lohere wounded; stem equal or abruptly narrowed at the apex, even, glabrous, stuffed, colored like the pileus, sometimes plicate at the top ; spores globose, yellotuish, .00035 to .00045 i^-; ^"il^ white, taste mild or tardily and slightly acrid. Van iejiuipes. Pileus about i inch broad, stem slender, 2 to 3 in. long and about two lines thick. Pileus I to 4 in. broad, stem i to 3 in. long, 2 to 6 lines thick. Wet or mossy ground in woods and swamps. Adirondack mountains and Sandlake. July and August. Not rare in hilly and mountainous districts. The sooty Lactarius is closely related to the preceding species with which it was formly united by Fries as a variety, but from which it may be distinguished by its larger size, darker color and generally rugose- wrinkled pileus. Wounds of the flesh and lamellae slowly change color as in that species, and, according to the description given by Fries, the milk also undergoes a similar change, but I have not been able to verify this in the American plant. According to the description of L. subto- mentosus, B. & R., the milk in that plant changes from white to yellowish and the taste is acrid. In the Twenty-third Report our plant was erroneousl" referred to that species. Lactarius Gerardii, Peck. Gerard's Lactarius. Pileus broadly convex plane or slightly depressed, dry, generally rugose-wrinkled, with or without a small umbo or papilla, dingy-brown, the thin spreading margin sometimes flexuous lobed or irregular; lamellae distant, adnate or decurrent, lohite or whitish, the interspaces generally uneven ; stem subequal, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus; spores globose, t(?/u7e, .00035 to .00045 '"'5 ™^^^ white, uncluingc- nble, taste vxild. Pileus 1.5 to 4 in. broad, stem i to 2 in. long, 3 to 6 lines thick. Woods and open places. Poughkeepsie. W. R. Gerard. Greenbush, Sandlake and Croghan. July to September. This Lactarius closely resembles the sooty Lactarius in color, but differs from it in its more distant lamellae, white spores and constantly mild taste. Wounds of the flesh and lamellae do not become pinkish- red as in that plant. From the next species its darker color, hollow stem and more globose rougher spores separate it. Lactarius hygrophoroides, B. tf- C. IHygrophorus-like Lactarius. Distant-gillcd Lactarius. Lactarius distayis, Pk. Pileus firm, convex or nearly plane, urnbilicate or slightly depressed, rarely infundibuliform, glabrous or sometimes with a minute velvety I " 130 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. pubescence or tomentum, dry, sometimes rugose-wrinkled and often becoming rimose-areolate, yellowish-tawny or hrowinsh-orange; lamellae distant, adnate or subdecurrent, white or cream-color, the interspaces uneven or venose, stem short, equal or tapering downward, solid, glabrous or merely pruinose, colored like the pileus ; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical nearly smooth, .00035 to .00045 m.; milk white, taste mild. Pileus I to 4 in. broad, stem .5 to i in. long, 4 to 8 lines thick. Grassy ground and borders of woods. Albany, Greenbush and Sand- lake. July and August. r t i ^ . A-a This plant has almost exactly the color of L. volemus, but differs from it in its distant lamellae, short stem, less copious milk and less globose spores. Its flesh is white, with a thickness about equal to the breadth of the lamellae. It is probably edible, but has not yet been tested The typical L. hygroph oroides is described as having the pileus yellowish-red and pulverulent, and the lamellae luteous. It is also repre- sented as a small plant; but our specimens, while not fully agreeing with this description, approach so closely to it in some of their forms that they doubtless belong to the same species. We have therefore extended the description so that it may include our plant. In wet weather the pileus sometimes becomes funnel-form by the elevation of the margin. Lactarius volemus, Fr. Orange Lactarius. Orange-brown Lactarius. Agaricus testaceus, A. & S. A. ruber, Seer. Pileus firm, convex nearly plane or centrally depressed, rarely infun- dibuliform, sometimes with a small umbo, generally even, glabrous, dry, golden-taiony or broionish-orange, sometimes darker in the center, often becoming limose-areolate; lamellae close, adnate or subdecurrent, white or yellowish, becoming sordid or brownish where bruised or wounded; stem subequal, variable in length, firm, solid, glabrous or merely prui- nose, colored like the pileus, sometimes a little paler ; spores globose, white, .00035 to .00045 in.; milk copious, white, taste acrid. . Var. subrugosus. Pileus rugose-reticulated on the margin. _ Pileus 2 to 5 in. broad, stem i to 4 in. long, 4 to 10 lines thick. Thin woods and open places. Common. July to September. Edible. The color of the pileus is a peculiar mixture of red and yellow, some- times shaded with brown. It is generally free from the attacks of in- sects and this, with its beautiful and nearly uniform color, makes it an attractive species. It is nearly as celebrated as L. deliciosus for its edi- ble qualities. Cordier says " it is one of the most agreeable fungi to eat." Its flesh is firm but brittle, white or yellowish. Its milk is very abundant and its taste mild or slightly astringent. In drying, the speci- mens sometimes emit a disagreeable odor. We have followed Fries and other continental mycologists in writing the specific name ' volemus. Some English authors have it " volemum." The variety connects this species with the next. Lactarius corrugis, Pech. Corrugated Lactarius. Pileus firm, convex, then nearly plane or centrally depressed, rugose reticulated, covered with a velvety pruinosity or pubescence, clar/c I Report of the State Botanist. 131 reddiBh-hrown or chestnut color, fading with age to tawny-brown; lamellae close, dark cream co^or or subcinnamon, becoming paler when old, sordid or brownish where bruised or wounded , stem equal, solid, glabrous or merely pruinose, paler than but similar in color to the pileus ; spores subglobose, .0004 to .0005 in. , milk copious, white, taste mild. Pileus 3 to 5 in. broad, stem 3 to 5 in. long, 6 to 12 lines thick. Thin woods. Sandlake, Gansevoort and Brewerton. August and September. This curious Lactarius is related to L. volemus, from which it may be separated by its darker colors and its corrugated pileus. The flexuous reticulated rugae present an appearance similar to that of the hymenium of a Merulius. The pileus is everywhere pruinose-pubescent and the lamellae bear numerous spine-like or acicular cystidia or spicules, .0016 to .002 in. long, These are so numerous on and near the edges of the lamellae that they give them a pubescent appearance. Lactarius platyphyllus, Peck. Broad-gilled Lactarius. Pileus depressed or subinfundibuliform, glabrous, zoneless, yellowish- incarnate or yellowish-red, the decurved or spreading margin sometimes wavy or flexuous ; lamellae broad, subdistant, yellowish ; stem equal, stout, holloiv, paler than or colored like the pileus ; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00035 to .00045 i^-i rnilk white, taste acrid. Pileus 4 to 8 in. broad, stem 3 to 5 in. long, 6 to 12 lines thick. Woods. North Elba. August. This large species is apparently very rare. It has been observed but once, and then in dry weather, so that it was not positively ascertained whether the pileus may not be viscid when moist. Its real position is, therefore, uncertain. The lamellse are four or five lines broad and the flesh is white or whitish. Lactarius rufus, Fr. Red Lactarius. Agaricus rufus, Sco]:). Pileus convex and centrally depressed, then'^infundibuliform, gener- ally with a small umbo, glabrous, sometimes slightly floccose or pubes- cent when young, especially on the margin, zoneless, bay-red or brown- ish-red, shining ; lamellae narrow or moderately broad, sometimes forked, close, subdecurrent, yellowish or reddish ; stem nearly equal, firm, stuffed, paler than or colored like the pileus ; spores white, .0003 to 0004 in.; milk white, taste very acrid. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad, stem 2 to 4 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Low woods and swamps. North Elba. August. Rare. The red Lactarius is known by its rather large size, dark-red pileus and intensely acrid taste. It has been found but once in our State. The flesh is pinkish and the stem sometimes pruinose. It is designated by authors as very poisonous and extremely poisonous. Cordier even says that worms never attack it. It 132 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. Lactarius camphoratus, Fr. Camphor Lactarius. Agaricus camphoratus, Bull. Pileus thin, convex, then nearly plane or depressed, generally with a small umbo or papilla, glabrous, bay-red or brownish-red, sometimes zonate, the spreading margin occasionally wav-y or flexuous ; lamellae narrow, thin, close, yellowish or dull reddish ; stem subequal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus ; spores globose, white, .0003 to .00035 in.; milk white, taste mild, odor agreeable, aromatic. Pileus .5 to 1.5 in. broad, stem i to 2 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Swamps and wet places, also in woods. Sandlake and Adirondack mountains. July to September This plant resembles the preceding species in color, but it differs from it decidedly in size and in taste. The European plant is de- scribed as subzonate, but I have seen no zonate specimens. The color of the lamellae, when old, resembles that of the pileus, though they are paler. The odor is not like that of camphor, as the name would seem to imply. To me it resembles that of dried Cyperus inflexiis or dried melilot. It is often weak in the fresh plant, but becomes more distinct in the dried sp'ecimens, which retain it a long time. Gillet gives the species as edible. Lactarius subdulcis, Fr. Sweet Lactarius. kSweetish Lactarius. Agaricus subdulcis, Bull. Pileus thin, convex, then plane or subinfundibuliform, with or with- out a small umbo or papilla, glabrous, even, zoneless, moist or dry, tawny-red, cinnamon-red or brownish-red, the margin sometimes wavy or flexuous ; lamellae rather narrow, thin, close, whitish, sometimes tinged with red ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, slender, glabrous, sometimes villous at the base, stuffed or hollow, paler than or colored like the pileus , spores globose, white, .0003 to .00035 i'^-! J^iilk white, taste mild or tardily and slightly acrid, sometimes woody or bitterish and unpleasant, flesh whitish, pmkish or reddish-gray, odor none. Pileus .5 to 2 in. broad, stem i to 2.5 in long i to 3 lines thick. Fields, copses, woods, swamps and wet places. July to October. Very common. "* This species grows in almost every variety of soil and locality. It may be found in showery weather on dry, rocky soil, on bare ground or among mosses or fallen leaves. In drier weather it is still plentiful in swamps and wet, shaded places, and in sphagnous marshes. It some- times grows on decaying -vood. It is also as variable as it is common. Gillet has described the following varieties. Var. cinnamomeiis. Pileus cinnamon-red^ subshining ; stem stuffed, then hollow ; taste mild, becoming slightly acrid or bitter. Var. rufus. Pileus dull chestnut-red, becoming more concave ; stem spongy ; taste mild. Var. badius. Pileus bay-red, shining as if varnished, with an obtuse disk and an inflexed, elegentJy crenulate margin , stem very glabrous, hollow. Report of the State Botaxist. 133 The first and second varieties have occurred within our limits. The first also has the stem elastic and furnished with a whitish or grayish to- mentum or strigose villosity at the base, when growing among moss in swamps. A form occurred in Sandlake, in which some of the speci- mens were proliferous. The umbo had developed into a minute pileus. With us the prevailing color of the pileus is yellowish-red or cinnamon- red. Sometimes the color is almost the same as that of L. volemtm and L. hygro2)horoides, and again it is a tan color or a bay red, as in L. camphoratus, from which such specimens are scarcely separable, except by their lack of odor. In young plants the pileus usually has a moist appearance, which is sometimes retained in maturity. Cordier pronoun- ces the species edible, and says that he has tested it several times with- out inconvenience. Lactarius paludinellus, n. sp Little marsh Lactarius. Pileus thin, plane or slightly depressed, striatulate on the margin, glabious, generally with a small blackish umbo or papilla, at first dingy Irown, becoming jxiler with age ; lamellae moderately close, adnate or slightly decurrent, cream colored ; stem nearly equal, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, with a white strigose-villosity at the base, paler than or colored like the pileus ; spores .0003 to -00035 i^^-i "li^k white, taste mild. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 10 to 18 lines long, 1.5 to 2 thick. Among sphagnum, in shaded marshes. Sandlake. August. A small and rare species, related to -but distinct from L. subhicia by its brownish expellent pileus and striatulate margin. NEW YORK SPECIES OF PLUTEUS. PLUTEUS, Fr. Hymenophorum distinct from the fleshy or fleshy-fibrous stem , lam- ellae rounded behind, free, at first crowded, white or yellowish, then flesh-colored ; annulus and volva none. The Plutei, in the pink-spored series of Agarics, correspond very nearly in structure to the Lepiotae in the white-spored series. They differ from the Lepiotae in having no annulus ; and by its absence they are distinguished from the Annulariai of their own series, and by the absence of a volva, from the Volvaria;. By their free lamella; they are readily separated from all other pink-spored Agarics. The species are generally of medium or moderately small size. Nearly all inhabit decay- ing wood in groves or in the shades of forests, but the common Fawn Agaric, P. cervinus, is often found on old stumps in open situations where it is exposed to the full light of the sun. The pileus may be floccose-fibrillose, pruinose-pulverulent or glabrous, and by these char- acters Fries has separated the species into three groups. In some species the central part of the pileus is more or less rugose-wrinkled or uneven. The lamellae are at first compactly crowded (cohaircnt) very 134 Thirty-eighth Report on" the State Museum. much as in some species of Coprini, and in some species they are apt to become moist or almost deliquescent, especially in damp weather. Their color is generally white or yellowish-white when young, but they soon asssume the salmon hue of the spores. They generally yield these readily and in great abundance. The spores, in our species, are even, with a single exception, and generally subglobose or broadly elliptical. None of the species are very abundant with us and none are classed as edible. Synopsis of the Species. Pileus glabrous • • • i Pileus not glabrous 2 2 • Pileus white 3 2 Pileus not white 5 3 The margin not surpassing the lamellae 4 3 The thin margin surpassing the lamellae sterilomarginatus. 4 Stem glabrous or merely fibrillose (partly) cervinus. 4 Stem pubescent or subtomentose tomentosulus. 5 Pileus even or rarely with short marginal striations 6 5 Pileus with long marginal striations . • . .longistriatus. 6 Pileus fibrillose or villose on the disk 7 6 Pileus pulverulent pruinose or granulose 8 7 Lamellae concolorous on the edge (partly) cervinus. 7 Lamellae darker-colored on the edge umbrosus. 8 Stem velvety-pubescent granularis. 8 Stem glabrous , nanus. I Pileus even (partly) cervinus. I Pileus striate on the margin leoninus. I Pileus rugose-reticulate on the disk admirabilis. Pluteus cervinus, Schmff. Fawn-colored Agaric. Fawn Pluteus. Pileus fleshy, at first campanulate, then convex or expanded, even, glahroiLS, generally becoming fibrillose or slightly fioccose-villose on the disk, occasionally rimose, variable in color ; lamellae broad, somewhat ventricose, at first whitish, then flesh-colored ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, firm, solid, fibrillose or subglabrous, variable in color; spores broadly elliptical, .00025 to. 00032 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Plant 2 to 6 inches high, pileus 2 to 4 broad, stem 3 to 6 lines thick. Decaying wood in groves, borders of woods and open places. This species, with us, is very common and very variable, yet it is not abundant. Usually but one or two specimens are found at a time It grows especially on or about old stumps and prostrate trunks and may be found in wet weather from May to October. The typical form has the pileus and stem of a dingy or brown color and adorned with blackish fibrils, but specimens occur with the pileus white, yellowish, cinereous, grayish-brown or blackish-brown, I have never seen it of a true cervine color. It is sometimes quite glabrous and smooth to the touch and in wet weather it is even slightly viscid. It also occurs somewhat fioccose-villose on the disk, and the disk, though usually plane or obtuse, is occasionally slightly prominent or subumbonate. The form with the surface of the pileus longitudinally rimose or chinky is probably Report of the State Botanist. 135 due to meteorological conditions. The lamellae, though at first crowded, become more lax with the expansion of the pileus. They are generally a little broader toward the marginal than toward the mner extremity. Their tendency to deliquesce is often shown by their wetting the paper on which the pileus has been placed for the purpose of catching the spores. The stem is usually somewhat fibrous and striated but forms occur in which it is even and glabrous. When growing from the sides of stumps and prostrate trunks it is apt to be curved. Two forms deserve varietal distinction. Var. albus. Pileus and stem white or whitish. Var. albipes. Pileus cinereous yellowish or brown; stem white or whitish, destitute of blackish fibrils. In Europe there are three or four forms which have been designated as species under the names A. rigens, A. patricius, A. eximius and A, petasahis, but Fries gives them as varieties or subspecies of A. cervinus, though admitting that they are easily distinguished. None of these have occurred in our State. A. atricapillus, Batsch., A. latus, Bolt., A. Pluteus, Pers., and A. Neesii, Kl., are given as synonyms of A. cervinus. Pluteus umbrosus, Pers. Shade-loving Agaric. Brown Pluteus. Pileus fleshy, at first campanulate, then convex or expanded, rugose wrinkled and more or less villose on the disk, fimbriate on the margin, blackish-brown ; lamellae broad, somewhat ventricose, at first whitish, then flesh-colored, black ish-broi07i and fimbriate or de7iticulate on the edge ; stem solid, colored like or paler than the pileus, fibrillose or villose-squamose ; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Decaying wood and stumps, especially of pine, both in shaded and open places. Not rare. This is similar in size and general appearance to the preceding species, from which it is readily distinguished by the rugose-villose disk of ths pileus and the dark brown edge of the lamellae. The color of the pileue is usually darker than in that species. 1 have not seen it with the mar- gin fimbriate, though this is a prominent character of the species in Europe. Pluteus granulans, Peck. Granular Pluteus. Pileus convex or nearly plane, subumhor\a.te,rugose-wri7ikled,granu- lose or grayiulose-villose, varying in color from yellow to brown ; lamel- lae rather broad, crowded, ventricose, whitish, then flesh-colored ; stem equal, solid, colored like the pileus, often paler at the top, velvety- pubescent, rarely squamulose ; spores subglobose or broadly ellij)tical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Plant 1.5 to 3 inches high, pileus i to 2 inches broad, stem i to 2 lines thick. Decaying wood and prostrate trunks in woods. Hilly and mountain- ous districts. June to September. The species is closely related to the two preceding, but is readily dis- tinguished from them by the peculiar vesture of the pileus and stem. 136 Thirty-eighth Report on the State Museum. The granules are so minute and so close that they form a sort of plush on the pileus, more dense on the disk and radiatmg wrmkles than else- where The clothing of the stem is finer, and has a velvety-pubescent appearance, but in some instances it breaks up into small scales or squam- ules. The color of the pileus and stem is usually some shade of yellow or brown, but occasionally a grayish hue predommates. The darker color of the granules imparts a dingy or smoky tmge to the gen- eral color. The disk is often darker than the rest ot the pileus. Pluteus nanus, Pers. Dwarf Agaric. Mealy Pluteus. Pileus somewhat fleshy, thin, convex or nearly plane, obtuse, rugulose, pulverulent or dingij-pruinose, brown; lamellae close, ventricose, white or yellowish, then flesh-colored ; stem equal, solid, firm, striate, gla- brous, white or yellowish ; spores subglobose, .0002 to .00025 in. long. Plant about i inch high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem i line thick. Decaying wood and sticks. Not common nor abundant when it does occur. July to September. n v. , The small size, dingy-mealy or pulverulent pileus and small subglo- bose spores are characteristic of this species. Small specimens some- times have the margin of the pileus slightly striate. Large specimens may be distinguished from small forms of the preceding species by the glabrous stem. The European variety lutescetis, which has the stem and lamellae yellowish, has not yet been observed in our State. Agaru cus pp'rhospermus, Bull, is given as a synonym Pluteus tomentosulus, Peck. Woolly Agaric. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, subumbonate, minutely villose or squamulose-tomentose, white ; lamellae rather broad, rounded behind, crowded, 4vhite then flesh-colored ; stem equal, solid, striate, shghtly pubescent or subtomeniose, white ; spores subglobose or broadly ellip- tical, .00025 t.o . 00032 in. long, .00025 broad, generally containing a single large nucleus. Plant 2 to 5 inches high, pileus i to 3 inches broad, stem 2 to 4 lines thick. . Decaying wood and prostrate trunks. Catskill mountains and Cxanse- voort. July and August. This rare but beautiful species appears to be the American analogue of the European. P- pellitus, Pers., which differs in its silky pileus and glabrous stem. The entire plant, when young, is pure white, but -■ with advancing age the lamellae assume the usual pinkish hue and the margin of the pileus is sometimes tinged with the same color. Pluteus sterilomarginatus, Peck. Sterile-margined Agaric. Pileus thin, broadly convex 01 expanded, with a minute close-pressed tomentum, pinkish-white, the thin margin exiendmg beyond thelamellm; lamellcX close, subventncose, minutely eroded on the edge, tapering Eeport of the State Botanist. I37 toward the outer extremity, pale flesh-colored ; stem short, equal, solid, glabrous, straight or curved, whitish ; spores suiglobose, angular, .00025 in. broad, usually containing a single central nucleus. Plant about i inch high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem .5 to i line thick. Decaying trunks and sticks in woods. Portville. September. This rare species has been found but once. It is much smaller and more delicate than the preceding, and easily distinguished by its thin margin projecting beyond the lamellae and by the character of the spores. The pileus sometimes cracks in areas, and then it has the ap- pearance of being coated with a thin, scaly paste. Pluteus longistriatus, Peck. Striated Pluteus. Pileus thin, convex or expanded, dry, striate to the disk, cinereous or whitisJi, the disk often darker than the margin and minutely squamu- lose or hairy ; lamellae broad, ventricose, white, then flesh-colored ; stem equal, glabrous, white ; spores globose, .0003 in. broad. Plant about 2 inches high, pileus i to 1.5 broad, stem about i line thick. Decaying wood. Albany. July. This species is well marked by the long striations of the pileus. It was discovered in one of the streets of Albany in 1876, but has not been observed since that time. The spores at first sight appear globose, but there is a depression on one side that gives them an orbicular or saucer shape. Pluteus leoninus, Schmff. Lion-colored Agaric. Vellow Pluteus. Pileus thin, campanulate, then convex or expanded, even, glabrous, moist or subhygrophanous, striate on the margin, yellow or reddish- yellow ; lamellae rather broad, rounded behind, yellowish or yellowish on the edge, then flesh-colored ; stem equal, solid, slightly striate, white or yellowish , spores broadly elliptical, .00028 to .00032 in. long, .00025 broad. Plant about 2 inches high, pileus i to 2 inches broad, stem 2 to 3 lines thick. Decaying wood in forests. Adirondack mountains. August This is a very rare species in our State. Its glabrous pileus and yel- lowish color distinguish it from all the foregoing species, its even pileus and solid stem, from the next following species. Pluteus admirabilis, Peck. Admirable Pluteus. Pileus thin, convex or expanded, generally broadly umbonate, gla- brous, rugose-reticulated, moist or hygrophanous, striatulate on the margin when moist, often obscurely striate when dry, yellow or brown ; lamellae close, broad, rounded behind, ventricose, whitish or yellowish, then flesh-colored ; stem slender, glabrous, hollow, equal or slightly 18 138 Thirty-eighth Keport on the State Museum. thickened at the base, yellow or yellowish-white, with a white mycelium; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00025 broad. Var. fuscus. Pileus brown or yellowish-brown. Plant I to 2 inches high, pileus 6 to 10 lines broad, stem .5 o t i line thick. Decaying wood and prostrate trunks in forests. Common in hilly and mountainous districts. July to September. This beautiful Pluteus is closely related to P. chrysophlebius, B. & R., a southern species, which, according to the description, has the veins of the pileus darker colored than the rest of the surface and the stem en- larged above and hairy at the base, characters not shown by our plant. It is also similar to the European P. chrysophceus, Sch3eff.,but accord- ing to Fries that species is larger and has a more even pileus, which is constantly cinnamon-colored. The variety, which grows with the typi- cal form, sometimes on the same prostrate trunk with it, differs only in color, and forms a connecting link between this species and the Euro- pean, P. phlebophoriis, Ditm., from which it is scarcely distinguish- able, except by its smaller size, hygrophanous character and striatulate margin. Indeed all the species, together with P. leoninus, Schseff., differ from each other by such slight characters that their separation is unsatisfactory. It is quite possible that when the range of their varia- tions is more fully investigated they will be found to constitute a single comprehensive and very variable species. In our plant small young specimens sometimes have the stem solid, but when fully developed it is hollow, though the cavity is small. This character, with its small size, distinguishes it from P. leoninus. <9 EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Cercospora Comari, Pevk. Fig^. I. A leaflet spotted by the fungus. Fig. 2. A tuft of four flocci, two of them bearing spores, x 400. Fig. 3. Two spores, x 400. Hadrotrichum lineare, Peek. Fig. 4. Upper part of a leaf bearing linear patches of the fungus. Fig. 5. A tuft of five flocci, two of them bearing spores, x 400. Fig. 6. Five spores, x 400. Entyloma SANicuLiE, Peck. Fig. 7. A leaflet spotted by the fungus. Fig. 8. Five spores, x 400. Fig. 9. Four conidia, x 400. Cylindrosporium veratrinum, H. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIL Appendicularia entomophila, Peel. Fig. I. Leg of a fly bearing the fungus, magnified. Fig. 2. A perithecium and its appendages more highly magnified. Fig. 3. Tip of the perithecial rostrum with spores escaping from its apex, X 400. Fig. 4. Three spores, x 400. Sph/erographium hystricinum. Sacc. Fig. 5. Piece of bark bearing the fungus. Fig. 6. A perithecium with spores escaping from its apex, magnified. Fig. 7. Four spores, x 400. ASCOCHYTA CaSSANDR/E, Pecl. Fig. 8. A leaf spotted by the fungus. Fig. 9. A perithecium and its matrix, magnified. Fig. 10. Five spores, x 400. Venturia Cassandr/e, Peck. Fig. II. A leaf spotted by the fungus. Fig. 12. Two perithecia, magnified. Fig. 13. An ascus containing spores, x 400. Fig. 14. Four spores, x 400. IF12JS^©E State \[us:\at.Bist 38. i'l.iti- V m. 104.] ^ 29 proper exhibition of the collections on liand and to provide for a moderate increase. -Area occupied by duplicates which are mainly in drawers, 15,000 square feet. Number of drawers in State Museum 970 Kuraber of drawers occupied by specimens belonging to the State and arranged in private museum and working rooms of James Hall 3, 2< »< > 4,170 Two-thirds of these drawers may be regarded as occupied by duplicate collections. In addition to the specimens in drawers there are large slabs and masses of corals which occupy an area equal to 1,000 drawers. Besides the rooms for collections, there should be provided a room for a scientific library, which for the present could be limited to '^ area of 900 or 1,000 square feet with provision for increase in the future. Working Eooms.— For the Botanist a working-room of lb x Jo teet would suffice, with adjacent room for the collections, of 25 x 3<.» feet. For the general collections in Zoology a room for work and study of 20 X 25 feet, a preparatory room, as a workroom, with water, tanks, etc., 25 x 30 feet. . Geology and Paleontology. — A receiving-room with space tor library in use of 25 x 30 feet and adjacent to a room of 30x40 feet furnished with at least 1,000 drawers to contain the collections under investigation and comparison. , Also a wook-room with tables and appliances for cleaning, ticket- incr and preparing specimens for study and arrangement. 1 his romu should, if possible, be adjacent to a lathe-room, with machinery for cutting and polishing specimens. These two rooms would require an area of at least 1,200 square feet. _ . ^ •; For- general storage of minerals, geological sjyecimem and jossils preparatory to a distribution of the duplicates, a room of do x 4& or 40 X 50 feet, with drawers, to contain the specimens and conven- iences necessary for the arranging, labeling and packing speciincns Students'Eooms.— Rooms should be provided for students in special branches of scientitic study, since the increased attentu.n to science will soon demand such conveniences. These would require an area of 10,000 feet of floor space. If the building be fire-proof the typical collections may be arranged in the same rooms, but in separate cases, with the general collections of the same department. . , , , Considering the condition of the building now occupied In the State Museuin, the committee regard it ns very unportant to securu as soon as possible, rooms for the typical collections in some tirc- proof building. The area required would be 30 x 40 eot. ^ Director's Room. -A small room as a private o^^.^f ^ Z"" ference, consultation and correspondence should be prodded for Director of the Museum. REPORT OF THE BOTANIST. To the Honorable the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York : Gentlemen — I have the honor of communicating to you the following statement of the work of the Botanist for 1885 : In the prosecution of the work on the State Herbarium, specimens of plants have been collected in the counties of Albany, Essex, Genesee, Herkimer, Orange, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schoharie, and Ulster. Of the collected specimens, those representing one hundred and ninety-eight species have been prepared, mounted and added to the Herbarium. Of these, one hundred and fourteen species \tere not before represented therein. The remaining eighty-four species are illustrated more completely and satisfactorily by the added specimens. Specimens have been received from nineteen contributors. A large number of these represent extra-limital species of fungi, but among those from this State are six species new to the Herbarium, and not among my collections of the past season. The whole num- ber of added species, both collected and contributed, is two hundred and ten ; the whole number new to the Herbarium is one hundred and twenty. A list of the names of the added species is marked (A). A list of the names of the contributors and their respective contributions is marked (B). Descriptions of forty-two species of fungi, which are deemed new or hitherto unpublished, have been prepared. A part of those have been illustrated by two plates of drawings. The descriptions of new species, together with a record of the occurrence and locality of others new to our flora, are in a part of the report marked (C). A record of observations on common or well-known species not new to our flora is marked (D). It has reference to any thing peculiar, interesting, or instructive in the variation, distribution, behavior or habitat of the plant. Sometimes useful hints may be obtained by such observations. For example, a variety of the common blueberry, YacGiniuin Pennsylvanicuin, was noticed on the summit of one of the mountains in the northern part of Saratoga county. Its fruit was black and shining, destitute of bloom, very large, sweet, juicy and pleasant flavored. It grew in compact clusters at the ends of the branches, and could be easily and rapidly picked. Such a susceptibility to variation and improvement in the fruit of this plant, in its natural and wild condition, indicates for it a peculiar value and a possibility of usefulness under cultivation and domestication. [Assembly, Xo. lOi.] 31 An interesting point in the behavior of some of onr pulpj-fraited trees and shrubs the past season, and one that seems worthy of record, is their great productiveness. In this part of the State wild- cherry trees, cornel bushes, viburnums, wild gooseberry bushes, various blueberry bushes and the shadbush were all observed heavily laden with fruit. In the Adirondack region the crop of Canadian blueberries ( Vaccinium Canadeiise) was remarkable both for its abundance and for the large size and fine quality of the berries. In the Albany market the fruit of \\\Q&\\?idh\\?h. {Amelcui elder C'ana- deiisis) was offered for sale under the name '• blueberries, " its very abundance, apparently, having prompted the attempt to introduce it. The name given it, however, was scarcely appropriate, since there is nothing in its botanical relations or in its color suggestive of it. This unusual fruitfulness extended in some instances to culti- vated fruit trees. For example, pears were never more plentiful nor cheaper in our markets than in the season just passed. The cause of this exceptional productiveness is apparently, to a great extent, cli- matic, yet it is interesting to trace effects to causes, even when the latter are beyond our control. In the eastern and northern part of the State, at the time when these fruit trees and shrubs were in flower, there was almost continuous fair weather with little or no rain . This was favorable to the extensive pollenization of the flowers. Insects could ply their vocation and carry pollen from flower to flower, day after day, without interruption or hindrance. The consequence was the young fruit set in abundance. This was followed later in the season by frequent showers and generous rains, which afforded the necessary moisture for the proper and full development of the fruit. Possibly the late and severe frosts of the spring of 188-1: may have contributed something toward this result, by diminishing the fruitfulness of that year, and thus leaving the trees and shrubs in a more vigorous condition this year, and, therefore, more capable of perfecting an abundant crop. In pursuance of the plan of giving, from time to time, mono- graphs of certain groups or genera of our Agaricini, descriptions have been written of the New York species of the genera Pleurotns, Claudopus and Crepidotu8. To these genera belong such Agarics, mostly wood-inhabiting, as are either wholly destitute of a stem or have it lateral or eccentric. The spore characters have been given in all cases. The great importance of this in the descriptions of Agarics will readily be seen in some of the species now descrii^ed. Thus Pleurotus spathalatus, the Spathulate Agaric, and Pleurotns petaloides, the Petal-like Agaric, have generally been considered one and the same species, probably through neglect of the sp'»ro characters. But it seems to' me that any one examining the spores of the two forms will at once pronounce them distinct. The general neglect of the spore characters of Agarics by European authors is much to be regretted and is often the source of much uerplexity in the identiflcation of our species. The descriptions of the species of the .hree genera mentioned are marked (E). 33 [Assembly The Herbarium Las been removed from Geological Hall to State Hall. It now occupies a room on the second floor of the building and is in more commodious quarters than before. Thanks are due to the correspondents and botanists who have aided me in the prosecution of my botanical work, both by the con- tribution of specimens and of information. Very respectfully submitted, CHAS. H. PECK. Albany, December 31, 1885. No. 104.] 33 (A.) PLANTS MOUNTED. New to the Herbarium, Solidago speciosa JVutt. Betula nigra L. Cj'pripedium candidum MuJil. Eragrostis Fraukii Meyer. Agaricus lascivus Fr. A. rubescentifolius Pk. A. cerussatus Fr. A. amplus Pers. A. esculentoides PA;. A. fuscolilacinus Pk. A. amabillissimus Pk. A. spatliulatus Pers. A. atropellitus Pk. A. pascuensis Pk. A. fuscogriseellus Pk. A. formosus Fr. A. depluens Fr. A. marginatus Batsch. A. unicolor Fr. A. blattarius Fr. A. calamistratus Fr. A. eutheles B. & Br. A. aluicola Fr. A. elatior Pk. A. croceitinctus Pk. Cortinarius areuatus Fr. Hygropliorus pudorinus Fr. Kussula crustosa Pk. Boletus subaureus Pk. B. flavipes Pk. Polyporus coufliiens Fr. Hyduum geogenium Fr. H. farinaceum Pers. •Grandinia granulosa Fr. Corticium puteanum Fr. C. radiosum Fr. C cinerascens Berk. Clavaria circiuans Pk. C. gracilis Pers. C byssiseda Pers. Tremella pinicola Pk. Siphoptycliiuni Caspari Rostf. Phyllosticta Mitellse Pk. P. Hamamelidis Pk. Dendroplioina Tilia; Pk. D. Cephalanthi Pk. Cytispora intermedia Sacc. Pliooia aquilina (S'. & P. P. strobiligena Desm. P. sordida. Sacc P. Phillipsiaua S. & li. P. Clintouii Pk. P. Majantliemi Pk. Sphaeropsis tiliacea Pk. S. Liudera? Pk. S. Juniperi Pk. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] Sphaeropsis pallida Pk. S. spbierospora Pk. S. mafulaus Pk. Coniotbyriuni iStaphylese Pk. "\'ermiculari unciuata B. d- C. Septoria oleaudrina Sacc. S. Osraorrhizie Pk. S. liueolata S. S'. & E. M. Neillife Hk. Glceosporium Pteridis Hk. G. nervisequum Fckl. Septoglceum defolians Hk. S. " Fraxini Hk. S. maculans Hk. S. Nuttallii Hk. Diplodia lata G. & H. D. Eucalypti G. & H. D. Pittospori C. & H. D. millegrana C. & H. D. Sympboricarpa C. & H. D. Sarotbamni C. & H. D. extensa C. & H. Ko. 104. J 37 Diplodia Lupini C. & H. D. Amrgdali C. & H. D. maculata C. (& H. D. Phoradfndri Cke. D. decorticata C. & E. Macrodiplodia Sambiici Cke. M. Arctostaphyli Vize. Hendersonia Lupini C. & H. Harknessia Eucalypti Cke. Pestalozzia Moorei Hk. P. anomala Ilk. Dicbomera Compositarum C. & H. Phragmidium Fragarije D. G. Uromyces intricata Cke. U. Terebinthi D. C. U. Xevadeusis Hk. U. Spraguefe Hk. U. Chorizanthis E. & H. Puccinia variolaus Hk. P. evadens Hk. P. Symphoricarpi Hk. P. Harknessii Vize. P. OEuotherae Vize. P. striata Cke. P. Solani Cke. P. Asari Lk. Sorosporium C"alifr)rnicum Hk. Syncliytrium papillatum Farl. S. pluriannulatum Farl. Grapliiola pliceuicis Poir. Torula glutino.sa C. & H. Camptoum cuspidatum C. tfi H. Triposporium elegaus Cd. Theclospora bifida Hk. Stigmina Plataui Sftcc. S. Therniopsi Hk. Chaetopsis fusca Cd. Zygosporium oscheoides Mont. Helicosporiuin vegetuui JV. Chalaza setosa Hk. C. fusidioides Cd. C. montellica Sacc. C bracbyptera Sacc. Beltrania quernea Hk. Hemikna vastatrix B. ct- Br. Cercospora glomerata Hk. Didymaria spissa Hk. Dicranidion fragile Hk. Volutella Buxi Btrk. Helvella Calif ornica Ph. Peziza tautilla Ph. rf- H. P. Escboltzi.e Ph. & H. P. labrosa Ph. & H. P. spbiproplioroides Ph. & H. Pbillipsiella jjurpurea Ph. & H. Belonidium fuscum PIl. & H. Cenaugium ferrugiuosum Fr. Pbacidium Arbuti C. d- H. P. albidum Ph. t& H. P internum PJi. Rbytisma Arbuti Pit. R. puuctatum Fr. Stictis Lupini Ph. & H. S. Megarrbiz;e Ph. & H. S. mouilifera Ph. & H. S. pelvicula Ph. Triblidium rufulum Spr. T. turgidulum Ph. d; ff. Hysteriuni connivens C. «£• H. H. Eucalypti Ph. cfc //. H. promineus Ph. & H. H. formosum Cke. H. Mulleri Duly. Ailographum acicolum Hk. A. reticulatuui Ph. & H. Geopora Cooperi Hk. Spbaerotbeca laue!^tris Hk. Asterina anomala C. & H. Capnodium beteromeles C. <& H. Lasiobotrys affinis Hk. Valsa Lupini C. tfc H. V. agnostica C. ct- H. Diatrype prominens C. & H. D. disciformis Fr. Hypoxylon stigmateura Cke. Gnomonia Cor^■li Batsch. G. Aim Plow. Pbomatospora Datiscae Hk. Trabutia quercina 8. & B. Botryo?pbferia ambigua Sacc. Spbserella Umbellularise C. <£• H. S. Dendromeconis C. ct H. Eriospbseria iuvestaus Cke. Diaportbe Lupini Hk. D. gorgonoidea C. cfi //. Ampbispbaeria decorticata C. cfc E. A. dotbideospora C. tfi H. Valsaria Eucalypti K. tb C. Leptospbseria Ceanotbi C. cfc //. L. Ogilvieusis B. & Br. L. consessa C. & E. L. Californica C. & H. Heptameria mesiedema Sacc. Massaria pulcbra Hk. Pleospora vitrispora C. c6 H. P. compressa Hk. Tbyridium Garry;o C. & H. Spbferia turaulata Cke. S. couliicta Cke. S. confertissima Plow. S. epipteridis C. d H. S. anisometra C. ct //. Dialonectria filiiina C. of- //. D. depallens C. ct H. D. Eucalypti C. cfc H. Tbyronectria virens ///.•. Acrospermuni corrugutum Ell. Dotbidea Secpioito C. cO H. Opbiodotbis tarda Hk. Plowrigbtia jibyllogona Hk. P. Cuiysti'giio C. cf- H. P, tuberculiforniis FAl. Lopbiostoma cougrogatum Uk. 38 [Assembly C. Vanderloo, Albany, X. Y. Specimen of root with enlargement. J. J. Brown, M. D., Sheboygan, Wis. Cylindrosporium Rubi E. & M. George L. English, Philadelphia, Pa. Schizea pusilla Pursh. (C.) PLANTS KOT BEFORE REPORTED. Solidago speciosa, Kutt. Brunswick, Rensselaer county, E. C. Howe. Eragrostis Frankii, Meyer. Center island near the railroad bridge at Troy. Howe. Agaricus (Tricholoma) rubescentifolius, n. sp. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, subumbilicate, at first brown- ish, then smoky-yellow, sometimes obscurely squamulose ; lamellse narrow, close, adnexed, creamy-white or pale yellow, becoming smoky- red in drying; stem glabrous or slightly fibriilose, hollow, pruinose at the top, colored like the pileus; spores minute, subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. long. Plant subcfespitose, 1 to 1.5 in. high, pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1 to 2 lines thick. Pine stumps. North Greenbush. Aug. Agaricus lascivns, Fr, "Woods. Delmar. Sept. The plant is apparently a variety, being odorless and having the pileus almost white. Agaricus cerussatus, Fr. Thin woods. Karner. Sept. Agaricus aniplus, Pers. Sandy soil. Karner. Sept. Agaricus (Collybia) fuscolilacinus, n. sp. Pileus thin, convex, glabrous, hygrophanous, even and watery- brown when moist, lilac-brown and rugose when dry ; lamellae close, ventricose, adnexed, brownish ; stem slender, flexuous, hollow, col- ored like the pileus, mealy or pruinose at the top, with a whitish No. 104.] 39 villosity at the base; spores subgloboee or broadly elliptical, .C0016 to .0002 in. long. Pileus 4 to 8 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, about 1 line thick. Among moss and fallen leaves in open places in woods. Adiron- dack mountains. Aug. The species should be referred to the section Tephrophanse.. Agaricus (CoUybia) esculentoides, n. sp. Pileus hemispherical or convex, umbilicate, glabrous, pale yellow- ish-brown ; lamella? moderately close, broad, thick, whitish ; stem slender, hollow, somewhat tenacious, colored like the pileus: spores elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in, long, .0002 in. broad. Pileus 8 to 12 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 2 in. long, 1 to 1.5 lines thick. Sandy soil. West Albany. Karner and Delmar. Sept. This species resembles A. escnlentus in size and color, but it differs in its stem which is not radicated, and in its pileus which soon be- comes umbilicate or more or less centrally depressed. It has a bitter taste, a character attributed to A. esculentus also. Our plant occurred in autumn, but A. esculentus is said to grow in early spring. Agaricus (Mycena) amabiliissimus, n. sp. Pileus submembranous, campanulate, obtuse or acute, glabrous, obscurely striatulate when moist, bright-red or scarlet; lamella? ascending, whitish or tinged with red; stem slender, pallid, subpel- lucid, with a white villosity at the base. Pileus 3 to 6 lines broad and high ; stem about 1 in. long. Among mosses and ferns in marshes. Karner. Sept. This species is closely related to A. acicula of which it may possibly be a large form, but inasmuch as it ditiers not only in size but also in its longer and more conical or campanulate pileus and in its differently colored lamella? it seems best to keep it distinct. Agaricus spathulatus. Pers. Ground. Sandlake. June. Agaricus (Pleurotiis) atropellitus. Decaying wood and bark both of fronduse and acerose trees. Maryland. Helderberg and Adirondack mountains. June to Oct. Agaricus (Clitopilus) pascuensis, n. q). Pileus fleshy, compact, centrally depressed, glabrous, ]ialc-alutac- eous, the cujticle of the disk cracking into minute areas; lainelho rather narrow, close, decurrent, whitish, becoming flesh-colored ; stem short, equal or tapering downward, solid, glabrous, coloreil like the pileus ; s])ores subelliptical, pale-incarnate, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. 40 [Assembly Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad, stem 8 to 18 lines long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Pastures. Day, Saratoga county. July. The species is closely related to A.jyrumdus. It has a farinaceous taste but no odor. Its shorter spores, its pileus without any pruinosity and appearing slightly scaly on the disk and tinged with tan color will readily distinguish it from that species. A. prunulus grows in woods in autumn, this species in pastures in midsummer. It is solitary or gregarious. Agaricus (Nolanea) fuscogriseellus, n. sp. Pileus submembranous, convex, conic or campanulate, either with or without a central papilla, hygrophanous, grayish-brown, and striatulate when moist, paler and shining w^hen dry, but the disk or papilla often remaining dark-colored ; lamellae moderately close, subventricose, whitish, then flesh-colored ; stem slender, brittle, glab- rous, hollow, slightly pruinose, or mealy at the top, pallid or livid, Avith a white mycelium at the base ; spores irregular, .0004 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Mossy ground in open places. Adirondack mountains. Aug. This is more slender than A. pasGims to which it is related, and its stem is not fibrous and silky. Agaricus formosus, Fr. Woods and open places, especially under brakes, Pteris aquilina. Adirondack mountains. Aug. It closely resembles the very common A. asprellus, from which it may be distinguished by the yellowish hue of the pileus. Agaricus deplueiis, Fr. Decaying wood. Catskill mountains. Gansevoort and Sterling. July and August. Agaricus marginatus, Batsch. Decaying wood. Guilderland. Sept. Agaricus unicolor, Fr. Decaying wood. Adirondack mountains. Aug. In color and size this species bears a striking resemblance to A. laccatus, but its habitat and the character of the spores readily distinguish it. Agaricus blattarius, Fr. "Woods. Adirondack mountains. Aug. Agaricus calamistratus, Fr. Damp ground. Delmar. Sept. Our specimens had no decided odor, but the essential characters of the species, including the peculiar bluish color toward the base of the stem, were present. No. 104.] 41 Agaricus entheles, B. & Br. Under pine trees. West Albany. Sept. In these specimens the farinaceous odor.attributed to the species was not observed, but the other characters were present. Agaricus alnicola, Fr. At the base of alders and on birch stumps. Delmar. Sept. The American specimens have the bitter taste ascribed to the European plant. The form found on birch stumps has the lamellae rounded behind, while that found at the base of alders has them adnate. The young plant has a noticeable annul us but it nearly or quite disappears with age. . Agaricus (Naucoria) elatior, n. sp. Pileus thin, at first conical or subcampanulate, then convex or nearly plane, glabrous, slightly viscid and striatulate on the margin when moist, livid or grayish-brown ; lamellae broad, ventricose, dis- tant, whitish or livid, then dark-ferruginous, white on the edge ; stem elongated, slender, hollow, flexuous, slightly fibrillose, pallid ; spores brownish-ferruginous, oblong-elliptical, .0007 to .0008 in. long, .0003 to .0' .00006 broad. • ^' Dead stems of cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium. Albany and North Greenbush. Apr. The tissues surrounding the perithecia are often colored in such a way aa to impart a smoky-brown hue to the affected patches. Phlyctaena septorioides, Sacc. Dead stems of poke weed, Phytolacca decajidra. Albany. Nov. Phlyctaena complanata Sacc. Dead stems of Polygonum. North Ureenbush. May. Zythia ovata, n. sp. Perithecia ovate, reddish or flesh colored when fresh and moist, black when dry, single or two to three in a cluster, nearly superficial, .025 to .030 in, long, .017 to .018 broad; spores oblong, colorless, .0003 in. long, .00012 broad ; basidia densely and fasciculately branched. Dead bark of poplar. South Ballstou. Sept. Diplodina EUisii, Sacc. Dead stems of goose foot, Che-iopodiutn album. North Greenbush* Apr. This was originally Diplodia hyalospora, C. & E. The perithecia are. 008 to .01 broad. The spores are at first simple, then uniseptute. They are .0007 to .001 long, .00035 to .0004 broad. Thyrsidium Micheneri, Sacc. Dead branches of water beech, Carpinus Americana. West Troy. May. This is Cheirospora Micheneri, B, & C. Marsonia Martini, ^S". cf- B. Living leaves of Quercus prinoides. Karner. Sept. Coryneum compactum, B. £ Br. Dead brauches of red birch, Betula niik specimens, I visited Saugerties and found several trees growing along the banks of the iEsopus river south of Saugerties. The spec.es is easily known by its rough bark, curved branches '^f J;;"^,; -;?i;;f branchlets. The bark of young trees is smoc>^h «",d .y^^^^^^;;^;;', ^^i; dish-white and such trees might easily be mistaken for the papei biich or poplar leaved white birch. Alnus viridis, D. C. Plentiful-on Cobble hill, al^o along the road between Elizabethtown and Keene. . , „ rr Arissema triphyllum, lorr. The apex of the spadix of the Indian turnip ia generally obtuse. A specimen was found near Albany, in which the spad.x was abruptly 56 [Assembly contracted near the top and prolonged into a slender subulate point, thus showing a tendency to approach, in form, the spadix of A. Draco7itium. Symplocarpus foetidus, Salish. A specimen occurred near West Albany of which the spathe was double, or rather there were two spathes one smaller, partly within the other and facing it. The smaller interior one contained the spadix. Orontium aquaticum, L. Abundant at Spruce pond, Orange county. The spadix or club is at first greenish, then bright yellow, finally green again. In the yellow or flowering state it is erect and the scape for a short distance below the spadix is a pure white. After flowering the spadix is thrust beneath the surface of the water by the bending of the scape and both it and the upper part of the scape gradually assume their final green color. The flowers are protogynous and their odor is similar to that of chest- nut blossoms. The plants sometimes grow among the sphagnum and sedges of the low quaking shores, and then their leaves are erect. The root is so deeply and firmly fixed in its place, that it is exceedingly diflQcult to obtain an entire plant. Cypripedium candidum, Muhl. In Bergen swamp the white lady slipper is associated with the larger and smaller yellow lady slippers. This is its only New York locality known to me, and it grieves me to know that it is here sometimes col- lected unsparingly merely for hand bouquets. By such treatment it is in danger of extermination. Such a rare and beautiful plant should be gathered sparingly and preserved in its native locality as long as possible. Trillium grandiflorum, Salish. The variety variegaium has again been collected in the Jamesville locality where it presented the same characteristics as last year. Mrs. Goodrich writes that no specimen with sessile leaves had variegated petals. The petioled leaves and petals striped with green are thus far constantly associated. Of some plants transferred to her garden all reproduced the petioled leaves, and the single one which blossomed had its petals marked with green. One plant occurred in which the flower was borne on one stem and the leaves on another, both rising from the same rootstock. Miss Overacker found a monstrosity in which the flower had nine petals and twelve stamens; also another in which all the parts of the flower were in fours, even the ovary being four-celled. Eev. Mr. Beauchamp also found near Baldwinsville a specimen whose flower had six long sepals and eighteen shorter petals. Under proper cultivation this plant would probably produce double flowers and numerous varieties very readily. Carex sterilis, Willd. ' The typical form in which the spikes are often all or nearly all staminate is abundant in Bergen swamp. In the eastern part of the State the plants almost uniformly bear pistillate spikes, and an abun- No. 104.] 57 dance of fruit. C. sterilis and C. flnva are tlie prevailing species in Bergen swamp. Among the interesting and rare species are C. gyno- crates, the typical form, and C. vaginata. Agaricus melleus, Vahl. An abortive form of this Agaric sometimes occurs. It resembles the abortive form of A. ahortivus. Agaricus serrulatus, Pers. This species is quite variable. An Agaric was found in the Adiron- dack wilderness which I was at first inclined to regard as an unde- scribed species, but have concluded that it is a variety of A. serrulatus. The pileus is grayish or whitish-gray and the stem is destitute of the blackish points which belong to the typical form. It may be distin- guished as variety pallida. Lactarius resimus, Fr. The plant which we have referred to this species as variety regah's was observed in Day. Its glabrous margin and glabrous stem remain constant. The pileus was obscurely zonate and the stem spotteil. It might, at first sight, be mistaken for L. instdsus, but the change in the color of the milk would correct such a mistake. Eussula foetens, Fr. Variety granulata has the cuticle of the pileus rough with small granular scales. Gymnosporangium macropus, Schw. Plentiful on red cedar trees about Highland Mills, Orange county, and also about Schoharie. Septoria mirabilis, Pk. This should be referred to the genus Gloeosporium. Septoria corylina, Pk. Variety permaculata differs from the typical form in having the spots large, brown or reddish-brown with an arid paler center. Living leaves of Corylus rostrata. Day. Cenangium deformatum, Pk. If the genus Cenangium be limited to such species as have simple colorless spores, this species must be transferred to the genus Karschiiu Hypoderma Desmazieri, Dnby. Specimens were found on leaves of pitcl) pine, Pinus rigida, wliile they were yet on the tree and green at the base. This would indicate that the fungus sometimes attacks and kills the leaves. [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 8 58 [Assembly Spathularia flavida, Per8. Variety rugosa has the club rugose. It was found in the Adiron- dack region growing in a circle about fifteen feet in diameter. All the plants in the circle had the club or receptacle rugose. Some of the plants were affected by Hiipocrea alutacea. The stems were quite as velvety as in the form described as Sjndhularia velutijjes, C. & F. SphEerotheca pannosa, Lev. Variety Eibis occurs on the stems, fruit and leaves of wild goose- berry, Ribes cynoshati. Bergen. June. It forms a dense felty stra- tum of mycelium, which is white at first but soon becomes brown. In the form on roses the mycelium, so far as I have observed, remains white. I have received from Prof. Scribner specimens of the same variety which were found on gooseberry in Colorado. Hypoxylon Morsel, B. i& C. Dead branches of poison sumach, Rhus venenata. Gruilderland station. May. If H. Blakei be united to this species, which union some advocate, then //. Morsei is an inhabitant of alders, willows, poplars and sumach. Sordaria coprophila, C. £• D. In the early and immature condition of this fungus, the perithecia are thinly clothed with a minute cinereous flocculent villosity or tomentum, and the spores are cylindrical flexuous and colorless and very unlike the elliptical colored appendaged spore of the mature state. Sphseria taxicola, Pk. The spores in this are .0008 to .0009 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad, triseptate and colorless. Therefore the species should be referred to the genus Metasphseria of the Saccardoian system. (E.) NEW YORK SPECIES OF PLEUROTUS, CLAUDOPUS AND CREPIDOTUS. PLEUROTUS. Fr. Stem eccentric, lateral or none. Spores white. The species of this genus grow chiefly on decaying wood. A few grow on the ground or are attached to mosses. They are very diverse in size and general appearance. For instance, there is little resemblance between P. ulniarius and P. striatidus, the one a large species with a stout stem and thick fleshy pileus, the other a very small one with no stem and a thin membranous pileus. Yet both are included by the generic description. By reason of the lateral or eccentric stem and of the tufted mode of growth of some species, the pileus is often very irregular and unsymmetrical. Some of the species are also very variable in color, and among the small, at first resupinate forms, the iyoung plant is often, in appearance, very unlike the reflexed mature No. 104.] 59 plant. These variations make it difficult to accurately describe the species and to satisfactorily identify them from the published descrip- tions. Some of them, by reviving under the influence of moisture and by the tenacity of their substance, indicate an affinity with tlie genus Panus and its allies. Some of the larger stout-stemmed speciis occasionally have the stem nearly or quite central in which case thev might be taken for species of Tricholoma, though their lignatilc in- stead of terrestrial habitat would bean indication of their real affinity, but not a wholly reliable one, since some species of Tricholoma grow i on wood. By their white spores they are separated from the otherwise similar Claudopodes and Crepidoti. Two species, P. saj)f(lu.»^*^'"^< * 11. Pileus white '"- 11. Pileus not white • ^"^ 12. Pileus one inch or more long "• porrtgcns. 12. Pileus small, less than one inch long or broad P- stptii-un. 13. Lamelhe white or yellowish P.atrocitrHl. u». 13. Lamelhe cinereous, livid-brown or blackish • >■* 14. Pileus even or slightly striate on the margin P- atro^fUit'i^. 14. Pileusi plicate-striate, black W .'■ ' ' ' 14. Pileus striate, cinereous or livid-brown I . sti'iittu. ai. Pileus entire or with a thin margin on unr .^idt; .^tc/u distinct, acin- tric or lateral. 60 [Assembly Pleurotus ulmarius, Fr. Elm Agaric. Agaricus ulmarius, Bull. Pileiis fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, moist, some- times tinged with reddish, yellowish or brownish hues and marbled with livid spots, becoming darker and shining when old, flesh pure white ; lamella broad, emarginate or rounded behind, adnexed, mode- rately close, white or ivhitish ; stem stout, solid, straight or curved glabrous or partly or wholly tomentose, whitish ; spores globose, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Pileus 3 to 6 in. broad, stem 1 to 3 in. long, 6 to 10 lines thick. Trunks of elm trees. Albany and Trenton Falls. September to December. Edible. Variety acericola. Plant smaller, caespitose. Tru nks and roots of maple trees. Adirondack mountains. September. Variety populicola. Plant subc^spitose, stem wholly tomentose. West Albany. This is one of our largest Pleuroti. It is variable in size and appear- ance. The stem is often thickened either above or below, and it may be glabrous or entirely tomentose, or only at the base or apex. Sometimes it is longitudinally rimose. On "the elms of Albany it usually grows froni places where branches have been cut away. It persists as a conspicuous object for many days. In very wet weather the disk is apt to crack either in a radiate or reticulate manner. . Pleurotus sulphureoides, Pic. Pale-yellow Agaric. Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex, umbonate, glabrous or slightly squamulose, xmle-yelloio ; lamella moderately close, rather Iroad, slightly emarginate or rounded behind, pale-yellow ; stem firm, equal, slightly fibrillose, stuffed or holloiu, generally curved and eccentric, rarely central, slightly mealy or tomentose at the top, yellowish or pallid; spores elliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad, stem 1 to 1.5 in. high, 2 to 3 lines thick. Decaying prostrate trunks. Catskill mountains. October. Rare. This species has not been detected since its discoverv. It becomes paler in drying. The minute scales are brown, but' sometimes are wanting. I have separated this Agaric from A. sulphureiis because of its eccentric stem, woody habitat and squamulose pileus. Pleurotus lignatilis, Fr. "Wood-inhabiting Agaric. Agancus ahscondejis, Pk. Pileus compact, convex, sometimes slightlv depressed or umbilicate, flocculose-pruinose or glabrous, w;AiYe ; lamellse thin, narroio, croiuded, emarginate or adnate, ^uhite ; stem unequal, rather slender, curved, stuffed or hollow, whitisii, sometimes tomentose at the base; spores' minute, elliptical, 00016 to 0002 in, long, usually with a shining nucleus; odor distinct, farinaceous. No. 104.] Gl Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad, stem 1 to 2 in. long, 2 to 4 linos thick. Decaying wood. Griffins, Delaware county, September. Our specimens, by tiieir pure white color, emarginate adnexed lamellfe and glabrous stem, did not well agree with the published description of P. lignatiUs, and they were, therefore, described in the Thirty-first Report as a distinct species. But P. lignatiUs is very variable accord- ing to Fries, and as our plant is scarcely more than "a variety of it we have united it thereto. Pleurotus subareolatus, Ph. Slightly-areolate Agaric. Pileus compact, convex, wliitish tinged with lroi07iish pink, usually cracking in small macibliforni areas ; lamellae rather broad, loose, decurrent, whitish becoming tinged with yellow in drying ; stem eccentric, subvertical, short, curved, firm, solid, sometimes com- pressed, white; spores oblong, .0005 to .0006 in. long, about .0003 broad. Pileus 3 to 4 in. broad, stem 6 to 12 lines long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Trunks of elm trees. Bethlehem. October. This plant has occurred with us but once. It differs from P. fessu- latus by its stro/igly decurrent lamellae which form slightly elevated lines far down on the stem. Pleurotus sapidus, Kalchh. Sapid Agaric. Plant generally coespitose; pileus eccentric or lateral, rarely sessile, irregular, convex or depressed on the disk, glabrous, variable in color, whitish, yellowish, grayish-brown, lilac-brown or smoky- brown, flesh white ; lamella? rather broad, subdistant, decurrent, dis- tinct or anastomosing at the base, whitish ; stem firm, solid, straight or curved, white or whitish, often united at the base ; spores oblong, pale lilac, .00035 to .00045 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 5 in. broad, stem 1 to 2 in. long, 3 to 8 lines thick. Decaying wood of elm, beech, birch, horse-chestnut, etc., sometimes on buried sticks. Common. June to November. Edible. This is a very variable species, closely allied to P. ostreatus, with which it is sometimes confused, and from which its short-stemmed subsessile forms with anastomosing lamella3 can scarcely be distin- guished except by the peculiar color of the spores. These, wlien cauglit on white paper, have a dull, pale-lilac hue, inclining to lavender color. If they fall on a dark or brown surface they appear whitish.^ By reason of the colored spores of this fungus and of P. cuosnnis, W. G. Smith proposed the transfer of these plants to Claudopus, but this arrange- ment was not adopted by Fries, because tlieir real affinities were evi- dently with the Plenroti. He says tliat the species is so variable tliat its characters are indicated with ditTiculty, and that on tiie same trunk specimens sometimes occur that are white, tawny-brown and umber. In the typi'cal form, the lamella^ are not described as anastomosing, but a form is mentioned in whicli tlie stem is reticulated by anasto- mosing veins. In our plant the lamelhi? frequently anastomose at tlio base, just as in P. ostreatus. Its stem, also, is sometimes as eiiort or obsolete as in that species. It occurs both in woods and in open 62 [Assembly places. It is more abundant in autumn, but occasionally appears as early as June. It is no less valuable than the next species for its edible qualities. A stew made of it is a very good substitute for an oyster stew. In Hungary, according to Dr. Kalchbrenner, it is not only eagerly sought for food in the woods but is also cultivated in gardens by fre- quently moistening the elm trunks on which ifc grows. In drying, the specimens roll up in an annoying manner, unless kept under pressure. The dried specimens are very liable to the attacks of insects. Pleurotus ostreatus, Fr. Oyster Agaric. Oyster Mushroom. Agaricus ostreatus, Jacq. Agaricus dimidiatiis, Bull. Pileus fleshy, two to four inches broad, soft, convex or slightly depressed behind, subdimidiate, often csspitosely imbricated, moist, glabrous, whitish cinereous or brownish, flesh white ; lamellae broad, decurrent, subdistant, anastomosing at the base, white or whitish ; stem, when present, very short, firm, lateral, sometimes strigose-hairy at the base ; spores oblong, wAiYe, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00016 broad. Decaying wood and trunks of trees. June to !N^ovember. Edible. With us this species is much less frequent than the preceding one. Specimens, nearly white when fresh, but yellowish when dried, were collected on oak trunks in Orange county. Tiie spores were clearly white on white paper, but in other respects the plants miglit readily be taken for a whitish subsessile form of the preceding species. Pleurotus salignus, Fr. Willow Agaric. Agaricus salignus, Abb. d. Schw. Agaricus hrumalis, Scop. Pileus fleshy, two to six inches broad, firm, spongy, convex or nearly plane, sometimes depressed and slightly hairy toward the base, nearly dimidiate, horizontal, whitish, dark-cinereous or ochraceous ; lamellaa decurrent, some of them branched, eroded on die edge, distinct at the base, whitish ; stem, when present, very short, lateral, tomentose ; spores oblong, .00086 in, long, .00015 broad. Decaying wood, especially of willows. Sandlake. I have admitted this species with some hesitation, for our specimens, though apparently belonging to it, are not in good condition and hence doubtful. Fries says it is distinguished from Fames conchatus by its soft, not coriaceous, substance, but Gillet characterizes its sub- stance as coriaceous when old. Fileus definitely lateral, neither margined behind nor at first resupi- nate, sessile or attached to a very short lateral stem or stem-like base. Pleurotus serotinus, Fr. Late Agaric. Agaricus serotinus Sclirad. Agaricus serotijioides, Pk. Pileus fleshy, one to three inches broad, compact, convex or nearly plane, viscid when young and moist, dimidiate reniform or suborbic- No. 104.] 63 ular, solitary or cfespitose and imbricated, variously colored, dingy- yellow, reddish-hroK'H, greeni^h-hrotcn or olivaceous, tiie mar'^in at tirst involute; lamella} close, determinate, wliitish or yellowish t stem very short, lateral, thick, yellowish beneath and minutely tomentoso or squamulose with blackish points; b^otqs minute, elli_ptical, .0002 in. long, .0001 broad. Dead trunks of deciduous trees. Catskill and Adirondack moun- tains. Buffalo. G. ]V. Clinton. Autumn. The late Agaric occurs especially in the hilly and mountainous dis- tricts of the State. It rarely makes its appearance before September and is sometimes found as late as December. It varies considerably in color but is easily recognized by its peculiar stem and determinate lamella?. When viewed from above it appears to be stemless or attached by a mere basal ^jrolongation of the pileus, but the lower sur- face of this prolongation, being differently colored and definitely limited by the basal termination of the lamellae, has the appearance of a very short but distinct stem. In our plant the surface of the pileus is sometimes adorned with a minute brown or blackish fibril- lose tomeutum, which gives it a somewhat punctate or scabrous appearance. I find no notice of this character in the descriptions of the European plant. Such specimens with the lower surface of the stem, merely tomentose, were published in the Twenty-third Report as Agaricus serotinoides, but they do not appear to me to be any thing more than a mere form of the species. Sometimes the pileus is dis- tinctly tomentose toward the base. Plenrotns tremnliis, Fr. Tremulous Agaric. Gray Pleurotus. Agaricus tremulus, Scha?ff. Pileus thin, eight to twelve lines broad, obovate or reniform, plane or depressed on the disk, tenacious, glabrous, livid-gray or grayish- hroiuii when moist, pale-gray wlien dry; lamella? determinate, linear, subdistant, gray or grayish; stem marginal, short, distinct, nearly terete, ascending, villose at the base; spores globose, .0003 in. broad. Ground among or attached to mosses. Poughkeepsie. October. W. R. Gerard. The stem in our specimens is lateral, as required by the description and the place assigned to the species in the Friesian arrangement, but in Mycological Illustrations, PI. 242, it is represented as eccentric. The stem is sometimes wanting, and then the pileus is attached by fibrils. The species is easily known by its gray color and ]ilaee of growth. It is apparently very rare with us, having been found in our State but once. Pleurotus spathulatus. Spathulate Agaric. Agaricus spathulatus, Pers. P. petaloides v. spathulatus, Fr. Pileus rather thin, one to two inches broad, ascending, spathulate, tapenng behind into the stem, glabrous, convex or depressed on tho disk and there sometimes pubescent, alutaceous or l/rownish tinged with gray, red or yellow; lamell* crowded, linear, decurreut, whitish or 64 [Assembly yellowish; stem compressed, sometimes channeled above, grayish- tomentose; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0003 broad; odor and taste farinaceous. Ground. Sandlake. June. Edible. It grows singly or in tufts and is an inch or more in height. The margin is thin and sometimes striatulate and refiexed. Toward the base the flesh is thicker than the breadth of the lamellae. The cuticle is tough and separable. The flesh is said by Gillet to be tender and delicate. Persoon describes the disk as spongy-squamulose, but in our specimens it is merely pubescent or tomentose. The species was united as a variety to P. petaloides by Fries, and is .described by Gillet nnder that name, but it seems to me to be suffi- ciently distinct in its habit, habitat, color and spores to be regarded as a species. Pleurotus petaloides, Fr. Petal-like Agaric. Petaloid Pleurotus. Agaricns jjefaloides, Bull. Pileus rather thin, eight to twenty lines broad, cuneate or spathu- late, tapering behind into the short compressed generally villose- tomentose stem, convex or nearly plane, glabrous or with a minute grayish pubescence or tomentum toward the base, sometimes striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish pale-alutaceous or broivnish; lamellae crowded, linear, decurrent, whitish or yellowish; spores minute, globose, .00012 to .00016 in. broad. Decaying wood. Buffalo. G. W.Clinton. East Worcester, Karner, Oatskill and Adirondack mountains. July and August. This is closely allied to the preceding species, with which it is united by most writers, but the striking difference in the size and shape of the spores indicates that they should be kept as distinct species. With us the petal-like Agaric is much more frequent in its occurrence than the spathulate Agaric. In shape and general appearance it closely resembles Crepidotus applafiatus, from which it may be distinguished by its paler lamella3, smaller white spores and more colored pileus. Pileiis at first resupinate, then refiexed, sessile; lamellcB radiating from ail eccentric point. Pleurotus porrigens, Fr. Prolonged Agaric. Pine Pleurotus. Agaricns porrigens, Pers. Pileus rather thin, at first resupinate and suborbicular, then refiexed and prolonged, obovate subelliptical or ear-shaped, often longer than broad, one to three inches long, sessile, glabrous or villose-tomentose toward the base, pure white, the margin involute when young, some- times lobed in large specimens; lamellae warro?^?, linear, thin, crowded, sometimes slightly forked or anastomosing at the base, white; spores subglobose, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Much decayed wood of pine and hemlock. Buffalo. G. W. Clin- ton. Karner, Oatskill and Adirondack mountains. Autumn. The prolonged Agaric is a fine species, easily known by its pure No. 104.] 65 white color, sessile pjleus, and its lamellse forking or even anastomos- ing near the base in large specimens. I find no goofl characters by which to distinguish Agaricus nephre- tus, Ellis, from this fungus. The spores in this, as well as in P. Uria- tulus, P. niger and some others, have a slight depression on one side, which makes them broader in one diameter than in tlie other, and gives them a slightly curved appearance when viewed edgewise. Pleurotus septicus, Fr. Wood-rotting Agaric. Thin Pleurotus. Agaricus jncbescens, Sow. ■ Pilens small, thin, three to six lines broad, nearly plane, pulescent or siihpulvernlent, sessile or with a short white pubescent stem or stem-like base, pure white ; lamellae rather hroad, subdistant, white ; spores subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. broad. Decaying wood. Ballsto^i and Adirondack mouutains. August. The clear white color ol P. porrigens is seen also in this species, which may be easily distinguished by its smaller size, nearly pubescent pileus, subdistant lamellas and smaller spores. Pleurotus atroc9sruleus, Fr. Dark-blue Agaric. Blue-black Pleurotus. Agaricus aincus, Schfeff. Pileus fleshy with an upper Jjroivnish gelatinous stratum, one to two inches broad, convex or nearly plane, reniform dimidiate or obovate, rather tough and flexible, sometimes cwspitosely imbricated, sessile, villose-tomentose, dark-blue, blackish, grayish or tawny-brown, flesh soft, whitish ; lamella? rather broad, close, whitish or yellowish ; spores elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Decaying trunks and branches of beech, alders and poplars. Ear- ner. September. Buffalo. G. W. Clinton. I have seen no American specimens with the dark-blue or indigo color shown in the published figures of the European plant, but Fries himself says that the pileus is sometimes brown, so tliat we have no doubt of the specific identity of our plant. The pileus is covered with a grayish or cinereous villosity, which in small specimens forms a thin uniform velvety pubescence, but in large specimens it is more dense and somewhat tufted. Sometimes it is much thinner on the margin than toward the base of the pileus, and in such specmiens the real color of the pileus is best seen on the margin. This, in large specimens, is often wavy or somewhat lobed. Small, blackish forms frequently resemble large forms of the next species, but are dis- tinguishable by the paler color of the lamellae. The plant readily revives on the application of moisture. Pleurotus atropellitus, n. sp. Black-skinned Agaric. Pileus very thin, three to eight lines broad, rather tongU, flaccid, resupmate or reflexed and lateral, convex or nearly plane, suborhicular obovate or reniform, villose-tomentose except on the margin, sessile or [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] 9 66 [Assemble prolonged fit the base into a short grayish-tomentose stem, Uachish- brownor black, the tomentum grayish or cinereous, the tliin margin slightly striate when moist ; lamelU^ rather broad, dose, blackish-brown or black, whitish on the edge; sjiores subelHjHical ; .0003 to .00035- in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Decaying wood and bark, both of frondose and aoerose trees. Fort Edward, K C. Howe. Buffalo. G. W. ClMoti. Maryland, Helder- berg and Adirondack mountains. June to October. Our plant is closely related to Pleurotus appJicatus, and it is with some hesitation that I have described it as distinct. But unless the figures and descriptions of that species are erroneous, our fungus is easily distinguished from it by its larger size, darker color and closer blackish lamellas. P. ajjplicaius is described as dark cinereous, cupu- lar, two to three lines broad, villose at the base, sessile or attached by a prolongation on the back and with the lamella? distant and paler than the pileus. In the American plant these characters do not hold good. The pileus is often clearly attached by a lateral stem or stem- like base and the villosity is found everywhere except on the margin, and the lamellte are always, so far as I have seen, as dark as or even blacker than the pileus. The jilant is flexible and revives on the ap- plication of moisture, thus indicating an affinity with the genus Panus. I have seen no description of the spores of P. aijplicatus. Pleurotus niger, Schw Black Agaric. Pileus submembranous, two to four lines broad, subresupinate, pul- veraceous, black, j^Ucate on the margin ; lamella? broad, radiating, blacky cinereous on the edge ; spores subglobose, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Decaying wood. Helderberg mountains, June. This apparently rare fungus has been found in our State but once. The pileus is at- tached by a tuft of black hairs, and in the largest specimens these ex- tend to the disk and there have a pulverulent appearance. The black color, black villosity and more coarsely striate or plicate margin dis- tinguish this species from the next, which it otherwise closely resem- bles. Pleurotus striatulus, Fr. Slightly-striate Agaric. Agaricus membranaceus, Scop. Agaricus striaio-jjellucidus, Pers. Pileus membranous, very delicate, two to four lines broad, resupin- ate or subcupular, then reflexed, sometimes obconic and pendulous, sessile, slightly siriate when moist, strongly striate or corrugated when dry, flaccid, glabrous, scattered or gregarious, persistent, cinereoiis or brown; lamella? few, distant, whitish or cinereous; spores subglo- bose, .0002 to .00025 in. broa,d. Much decayed wood of pine and hemlock. Fort Edward. E. C. Hoioe. Buffalo. G. W. Clinto7i. Greeubush and Adirondack moun- tains. July and October. This is the smallest of our Pleuroti, Like the three preceding species, it revives on the application of moisture, and with them it forms a peculiar group worthy of distinction and separation from the No. 104.] 67 others. The pileus is attached by a grayish villosity. In dryincr it sometimes becomes nearly black. It is then so small and shriveled that it is easily overlooked. CLAUDOPUS, Smith. Pileus eccentric, lateral or^esupinate. Spores pinkish. The species of this genus were formerly distributed among the Pleu- roti and Crepidoti, which they resemble in all respects except in the color of the spores. The genus at first was made to include species with lilac-colored as well as pink spores, but Professor Fries limited it to species with pink spores. In this sense we have taken it. The spores in some species are even, in others rough or angulated. The stem is either entirely wanting or is very short and inconspicuous, a charac- ter indicated by the generic name. The pileus is often resupinate and attached by a dorsal point when young, but it becomes retiexed with age. The species are few and infrequent. All inhabit decaying wood. Synopsis of tlie Species. Pileus yellow C. nidulans. Pileus white or whitish 1 1 Spores even C. variabilis. 1 Spores augulated C. depluens. Pileus gray or brown .... 2 2 Pileus striatulate when moist C. Oreigensis. 2 Pileus not striatulate (7. byssisedus. Claudopus nidulans. Nestling Agaric. Agaricus nidulans, Pers. Pileus one to three inches broad, sessile or rarely narrowed behind into a short stem-like base, often imbricated, suborbicular dimidiate or reniform, tomentose, somewhat strigose-hairy or squaniulose-liairy towax'd the margin, yelloio or huff color, the margin at first involute; lamellae rather broad, moderately close or subdistant, orcmge-j/cUow ; spores even, slightly curved, .00025 to .0003 in. long, about half as broad, delicate pink. Decaying wood. Sandlake, Catskill and Adirondack mountains. Autumn. This fungus was placed by Fries among the Pleuroti, and in this he has been followed by most authors. But the spores have a delicate pink color closely resembling that of the young lamelhc of the com- mon mushroom, Agaricus campestris. We have, therefore, placed it among the Claudopodes, where Fries himself has suggested it should be placed if removed at all from Pleurotus. Our plant has sometimes been referred to Pamis dorsalis, Bosc, but with the di'seriplion of tliat species it does not well agree. The tawny color, spat hu late pileus, paler floccose scales, short lateral stem and decurrent lamelhv ascribed to tha-t species are not well shown by our plant. The sub- stance of the pileus, though rather tenacious and persistent, can scarcely be called coriaceous. The flesh is white or pale yellow. The tomentum of the pileus is often matted in small tufts and intermingled with coarse hairs, especially toward the margin. This gives a stpia- 68 [Assembly mose or etrigose-hairy appearance. The color of the pileus is often paler toward the base than it is on the margin. Claudopus variabilis, Fr. Variable Agaric. Agaricus variabilis, Pers. Agaricus sessilis, Bull. Agaricus niveus, Sow. Pileus thin, one-half to one inch broad, at first resupinate, then reflexed, sessile or with a very short stem, tomeutose, white ; lamellae rather broad, thin, radiating from a lateral or an eccentric point, dis- tant, white becoming pink ; spores even, elliptical, .00035 to .0003 in. long, about half as broad. Decaying wood and dead branches. Adirondack mountains. July to October. Buffalo. G. W. Clinton. A small and not common species. The thin pileus is often attached to its place of growth by white tomentose filaments, and the point to which the lamellae converge is also sometimes tomentose. Claudopus depluens, Fr. Eainy Agaric. Agaricus depluens, Batsch. Pileus thin, one-half to one inch broad, at first resupinate, then reflexed, variable in form, sessile or with a short stem, slightly silky- tomentose especially toward the base, white or whitish, sometimes slightly tinged with pink; lamellae broad, subdistant, whitish, becom- ing pink; spores angulated, .0004 to .00045 in. long, .0003 broad, usually containing a single large nucleus. Decaying wood. Catskill mountains, Gausevoort and Sterling. July and August. This species, like the preceding one, which it closely resembles and from which it is separated by the character of the spores, is very variable. In our specimens the pileus is white, but it is sometimes described as tinged with red or gray. It is also said to grow upon the ground and on mosses, but our specimens grew upon decaying wood. In both these particulars they agree with the figure of the species in Mycological Illustrations. Claudopus Greigensis, Pk. Greig Agaric. Pileus very thin, convex, five to ten lines broad, hygrophanous, grayish-cinnamon color and strlatulate when moist, silky-fibrillose when dry ; lamellse subdistant, scarcely reaching the stem, grayish becoming dingy-pink ; stem short, about one line long, solid, curved, fibrillose below, with an abundant white radiating mycelium at the base; spores angulated, .00035 to .00045 in. long, .0003 broad, usually containing a single large nucleus. Much decayed wood. Greig. September. This species is intermediate between the preceding and the follow- ing one, but it is more closely related to the latter, from which it is distinguished by the striatulate pileus and free lamell£e. No. 104.] 69 Claudopus byssisedus, Fr. Fibril-attaclied Agaric. Little Claudopus. Agaricus byssisedus, Pers. Pileus very thin, four to ten lines broad, at first resupinate, then reflexed, nearly plane, glabrous or merely pruiuose with a slight gray- ish villosity, gray, grayish-brown or brown ; lamella^ rather broad, siihdecurrent, gi-^yxsh, then tinged with pink; stem short, lateral or eccentric, generally curved, with white radiating byssoid fibrils at the base; spores angulated, .OOO-t to .00045 in. long, .0003 broad. Decaying wood. Sterling and Adirondack mountains. August and September. CREPIDOTUS, Fr. Veil wanting or not manifest. Pileus eccentric, lateral or resupi- nate. Spores ferruginous. The Crepidoti correspond in shape and habit to the smaller Pleuroti and the Claudopodes, but they are distinguished from both by the ferruginous color of tlieir spores. These are globose in several species, in others they are elliptical. In some there is a depression on one side which gives them a naviculoid character and causes the spore to appear slighly curved when viewed in a certain position. In conse- quence of the similarity of several of our species, the character of the spores is of much importance in their identification, and it is unfortu- nate that European mycologists have so generally neglected to give the spore characters in their descriptions of these fungi. In most of the species the pileus is at first resupinate, but it generally becomes reflexed as it enlarges. It is generally sessile or attached by a mass of white fibrils or tomentum. For this reason it is usually somewhat tomentose or villose about the point of attachment, even in species that are otherwise glabrous. In several species the pileus is moist or hygrophanous and then the thin margin is commonly striatulato. This character is attributed to but one of the dozen or more European species. The large number of Xew York species is noticeable, and fu- ture investigation may show that mere varieties have in some instances been taken for species. Their mode of growth is usually gregarious or somewhat loosely imbricated, in consequence of which the ])ilens, which in most species is white or yellowish, is often stained by tho spores, and then it has a rusty, stained or squalid ai)pearance. The species occur especially on old stumps, prostrate trunks and soft much-decayed wood in damp, shaded places. The name Crepidotus is derived from two Greek words npETtiZ, a shoe or slipper, and ovi, an ear. Synopsis of the Species. Pileus viscid when moist C. hcprens. Pileus not vis<;id . . 1 1. Pileus with a distinct stem ~ 1. Pileus sessile or with an indistinct stem ^.. . . 3 2. Stem thickened at the base C. hmislilhiriD. •2. Stem n«it thickened at the base C. ti/i<>phUiis. 3. Pileus glabrous or only slightly villose at the base -t 3. Pileus not glabrous ^ 4. Lamelhe narrow and decurrent C. applanaiut^ 4. Lamellije broad, not decurrent ...... 5 70 [Assembly 5. Pileus white, spores globose C. malachius. 5. Pileus yellowish, spores not globose C. croceitinctus. 6. Pileus white, with a white villosity or tomentum 7 6. Pileus with a colored villosity or tomentum 9 7. Spores elliptical 8 7. Spores globose C. putrigena. 8. Spores less than .0003 in. long C. herhnrvm. 8. Spores more than .0003 in. long C. mrs'/fi's. 9. Pileus squamose with a tawny tomentum, spores elliptical. . G. fulootomentcsi/fi. 9. Pileus with a yellowish tomentum, spores globose C. dorsalu. Crepidotus haerens, Pk. Sticky Agaric. Pileus thin, four to twelve lines broad, convex, sessile, cuneiform or dimidiate, glabrous, or slightly squamulose, hygrophanous, viscid and striatulate on the margin when moist, white or whitish when dry; lamelhB moderately close, narrow, tapering toward each end, sub- cinereous, then brownish; spores elhpfical, pale-ferruginous, .0003 in. long, .0003 broad. Decaying wood. Albany. September. The elliptical spores and viscid pileus are the distinguishing charac- ters of the species. I know of no other viscid Crepidotus. The pileus is watery white or gray when moist, and white when dry, unless stained by the spores. The margin is very thin and the pileus is attached to the matrix by white filaments. The species is rare, having been observed but once. Crepidotus haustellaris, Fr. Kidney-shaped Agaric. Pileus thin, four to ten lines broad, lateral or^ eccentric, reniform or suborbicular, plane, moist, slightly tomentose when dry, alutaceous or pale-ochraceous ; lamella broad, subdistant, rounded behind, slightly adnexed or nearly free, pallid, then brownish-cinnamon; stem sliort, distinct, solid, bulbous thickened at the base, Avhitened with a shght tomentose villosity ; spores elliptical, .00035 to .0004 in. long, .0003 broad. Dead bark of poplars. Thurman,AYarren county. October. Rare. Our specimens diflPer from the European plant in being smaller and of a paler color. The pileus is also sometimes eccentric, though Fries describes it as "exactly lateral" in the European plant. The dimensions of the spores are taken from our specimens, no spore characters being given in any description of the species to which we have had access. Fries remarks that the species is "small, regular, not csespitose, especially marked by the subconic stem and almost free lamellae." Crepidotus tiliophilus, PJc. Linden-loving Agaric. Pileus moderately thin, six to twelve lines broad, convex, minutely pulverulent, hygrophanous, watery-brown and striatulate on tlie margin when moist, dingy-butf when dry ; lamella? rather broad, subdistant, rounded behind, adnexed, colored like the pileus, becom- ing ferruginous-cinnamon; stem two to four lines long, about one line thick, solid, often curved, pruinose, with a white pubescence at ! :n^o. lo-i.] "^1- the base; spores subelliptieal, brownish -ferruginous, .00025 to .0003 in. long, !0001tJ to .0002 broad. _ Dead trunks and branches of basswood, Tilia Americana. East Berne, Albany county. August. , . , t i This plant is closely related to the preceding one from which I have seniirated it because of its larger size, smaller spores and stem not thickened at the base. The individual plants are also sometimes so closely crowded that they appear c^spitose. It is possible that inter- mediate forms may yet be found that will connect these. Crepidotus applanatiis, Fr. . Flattened Agaric. Pileus very thin six to twelve lines long, four to ten broad, vari- able in shape, suborbicular, reniform, cuneiform or spathulate, plane or convex, sometimes slightly depressed behind, sessile or prolonged behind into a short compressed white-tomentose stem-like base, gla- brous hycrrophanous, waterv-white and striatulate on the margin when moilt, white when drV; lamella very narrow, linear, crowded, decurrent, white, becoming cinnamon; spores globose, .0002 to .0002o in. broad. t i i. o * Old stumps and much decayed wood. Common. July to beptem- It is very variable in the shape of the pileus, but it is commonly cither cuneate or spathulate. It closely resembles Pleurofus jjefa- loides in this respect as well as in the narrow crowded lamella^ and flattened stem-like base. As in that species and others of this genus, the pileus quickly becomes convolute in drying, unless it is placed under pressure. The striations of the thin margin are often retained in the dried plant. In the 26th Report, our specimens were errone- ously referred to C. nephrodes, B. & C, from which they differ in the glabrous pileus and crowded linear lamella?. This last character dis- tinguishes it from all our other Crepidoti. It is gregarious and the pileus is often stained by the spores. Crepidotus malachius, B. (& C. Soft-skinned Agaric. Pileus thin on the margin, thicker behind, eight to twenty-four lines broad, varying from reniform or suborbicular to cuneate or llab- ellate, nearly plane, sometimes depressed behind, sessile or pro onged behind into a short white tomentose rudimentary stem or tubercle, glabrous, hygrophanous, umterij-white or (/nti/ish-wJttfc and striatu- late on the margin when moist, 2uhite when dry: lamella' close si- .ventricose, rounded heldnd, wliite or whitish, becoming brownish-ler- ruginous; spores qlohose, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. 'Yavletvplicafilis. Pileus coarsely plicate on the margin. Decayfng wood in damp shaded places. Common. June to bep- This' resembles the preceding species in color and habit, but it is easily distinguished by its broader pileus and much broader lamella rounded behind. In drying, the moisture is retained longer b> t he thin margin than it is by the thicker disk. The stnations are .sonu- T'i [Assembly times retained in the dried specimens. By neglecting the spore cluinicters, squalid spore-stained specimens of this species were erro- neously referred, in the 24:tli Report, to C. mollis, a species not yet found m our State, though it has been reported from North Carolina, Ohio and Massachusetts. Crepidotus croceitinctus, 71. sp. Saifron-tinted Agaric. Pileus eight to twelve lines broad, convex or nearly plane, sessile, glabrous, sometimes with a white villosity at the base, moist, yelloto- ish ; lamelljfi moderately broad, rounded behind, whitish, becoming dull saffroji-yellow, then ferruginous ; spores ferruginous, subglobose or broadly eUiptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long. Decaying wood of poplar and beech. Adirondack mountains and Day, Saratoga county. July. This species is separated from C. dorsalis by its glabrous pileus and its less globose spores, and from C. crocophyllu.'^ by its larger size, yel- low color and the absence of squamules from the pileus. Its spores are of a brighter ferruginous color than in most of our other species. Crepidotus putrigena, B. cO C. Rotten-wood Agaric. Pileus thin, convex, subreniform, often imbricated, sessile, slightly fomeiitose with a more dense white villosity at the base, moist, striatu- late on the margin, whitish or yellowish-white; lamellae rather close, broad, rounded behind, whitish, becoming ferruginous; spores globose, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. Decaying wood. Brewerton. September. This species is perhaps too closely allied to C. malachius, from which it scarcely differs, except in the villose-tomentose pileus. The lamella are three or four times broader than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus. Crepidotus herbarum, PJc. Herb-inhabiting Agaric. Pileus thin, two to five lines broad, resupinate, suborbicular, clothed with a white, downy villosity, incurved on the mai'gin when young, sometimes becoming reflexecl, sessile, dimidiate and less downy ; lamellae rather narrow, subdistant, radiating from a naked lateral or eccentric point, white, then subferruginous ; spores ellipti- cal, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00014 to .00016 broad. Dead stems of herbs and dead bark of maple. North Greenbush and Adirondack mountains. August and September. Crepidotus versutus, Pk. Evasive Agaric. Pileus four to ten lines broad, at first resupinate, then reflexed, reniform or dimidiate, sessile, white, clothed with a soft, downy or tomentose-villosity, incurved on the margin ; lamellae rather broad. r \ No. 104.] 73 subdistant, rounded behind, radiating from a lateral or eccentric point, whitish, then ferruginous; spores subelliptical, .00035 to .OOO-A in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Decaying wood, bark, etc., in damp, shaded places. Common. June to October. This species, and C, herharum appear to run together, and but for the marked difference in the size of their spores I should have united them. The latter is not limited in its habitat to the stems of herbs, and the former sometimes, though rarely, occurs on them. C. her- harum is a smaller species with a thinner pileus, nearly always resupi- nate, and when reflesed, less densely tomentose. Its smaller spores especially distinguish it. Both appear to be closely allied to the European C. chinionophihcs, which seems to be distinguished by its "oblong elliptical" spores, and its few distant lamelke attenuated behind. Crepidotus fulvotomentosus, Pk. Tawny-tomentose Agaric. Pileus eight to twenty-four lines broad, scattered or gregarious, suborbicular, reniform or dimidiate, sessile or attached by a short, Avhite-villose tubercle or rudimentary stem, hygrophanous, watery- brown and sometimes striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish, yellowish or pale ochraceous when dry, adorned with small, tawny, hairy or tomentose scales ; lamelhe broad, subventricose, moderately close, rounded behind, radiating from a lateral or eccentric white vil- lose spot, whitish becoming brownish-ferruginous ; spores ellq^tical often uninucleate, .0003 to .000-i in. long, .000-3 to .00025 broad. Decaying wood of poplar, maple, etc. Common. June to Oc- tober. A pretty species, corresponding in some respects to the European C. calolepis, but much larger and with tawny, instead of rufescent scales. The cuticle is separable and is tenacious though it has a hya- line gelatinous appearance. The pileus is subpersistent, and specimens dried in their place of growth are not rare. Crepidotus dorsalis, Pk. Dorsal Agaric. Pileus eight to fifteen lines broad, sessile, dimidiate or subrcniform, plane or slightly depressed behind, with a decurved substriate margin, slightly fibrillose-tomentose, reddish-yellow; lamelhe close, ventricose, rounded behind, radiating from a lateral white villose spot, yellowish, then brownish-ochraceous or subferrugiuous; sipores globose, .00025 in. broad. Decaying wood. Sprakers and Adirondack mountains. June aiul September. Buffalo. G. W. Clinton. The tomentum of the pileus is more dense and conspicuous about the point of attachment, where it sometimes forms minute tufts or [Assem. Doc. No. 104.] JO Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. .7. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. ASCOMYCES EXTENSUS Peck. Fig. 1. A leaf partly killed and discolored by the fungus. Vm. 2. An ascus containing spores s 400. Fig. 3. Four spores x 400. Agaricus (Nolanea) Babingtoxii Blox. Fig. 4. One young plant and two mature plants, the two at the left having the pileus moist and striatulate. Vertical section of a pileus and the upper part of its stem. Transverse section of the stem. Three spores x 400. Pestalozzia consocia Peck. Fig. 8. Part of a leaf with a discolored spot dotted by the fungus. Fig. 9. Four spores, the one at the left immature x 400. Pestalozzia campsospekma Peck. Fig. 10. A leaf bearing the fungus. Fig. 11. Four spores x 400. Sph^rella ltcopodii Peck. Fig. 12. Two spikes of the host plant bearing the fungus. Fig. 13. A slightly magnified scale dotted by the fungus. FiG. 14. An ascus containing spores x 400. Fig. 15. Four spores x 400. GODRONIA CASSANDRA Peck. Fig. 16. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig. 17. A receptacle magnified. Fig. 18. Vertical section of the same. Fig. 19. A paraphysis and two asci containing spores x 400. Fig. 20. Three spores s 400. Cl.waria circinans Peck. Fig. 21. Two plants. Fig. 22. Five spores x 400. EXP LAN A TION OF PL A TE 2 . DiAPORTHE MARGINALIS Pe(ik. Fig. 1. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig 2 A pustule magnified. Fig. 3. Vertical section of a magnified pustule, showing three perithecia. ^ Fig. 4. Two asci containing spores x 400. Fig. 5. Four spores x 400. DiAPORTHE Neilli.e Peek. Fig 6 Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig. 7. A perithecium magnified, its rostrum piercing the epidermis. Fig. 8. Two asci containing spores x 400. Fig. 9. Four spores x 400. Leptosph^eria Kalmi^ Pecli. Fig. 10. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig. 11. A piece of the bark with two perithecia magnified. Fig. 12. A perithecium more highly magnified. Fig. 13. A paraphysis and an ascus containing spores x 400. Fig. 14. Four spores x 400. L^stadia ^sculi Pec^^ Fig. 15. Part of a petiole bearing the fungus. Fig. 16. A perithecium magnified. Fig. 17. Two asci containing spores x 400. Fig. 18. Four spores x 400. MoNiLiA Peckiana S. & V. Fig. 19. A leaf partly discolored and its petiole frosted by the fungus. Fig. 20. Two chains of spores x 400. Fig. 21. A single spore x 400. M. Peckiana var. angustior S. Fig. 22. Part of a raceme with four of its young fruits frosted by the fungus. Fig. 23. Two chains of spores x 400. Fig. 24. Two spores x 400, EXPLANA TION OF PL A TE 1. ASCOMYCES EXTENSUS Peck. Fig. 1. A leaf partly Killed and discolored by the fungus. Fig. 2. An ascus containing spores x 400. Fig. 3. Four spores x 400. Agaricus (Nolanea) Babingtonii Blox. Fig. 4. . One young plant and two mature plants, the two at the left having the pileus moist and striatulate. Fig. 5. Vertical section of a pileus and the upper part of its stem. Fig. 6. Transverse section of the stem. Fig. 7, Three spores x 400. Pestalozzia consocia Peck. Fig. 8. Part of a leaf with a discolored spot dotted by the fungus. Fig. 9. Four spores, the one at the left immature x 400. Pestalozzia campsospekma Peck. Fig. 10. A leaf bearing the fungus. Fig. 11. Four spores x 400. Sph^rella lycopodii P^c^-. Fig. 12. Two spikes of the host plant bearing the fungus. Fig. 13. A slightly magnified scale dotted by the fungus. Fig. 14. An ascus containing spores x 400. Fig. 15. Four spores x 400. GoDRONiA CASSANDRJi; Peek. Fig. 16. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig. 17. A receptacle magnified. Fig. 18. Vertical section of the same. Fig. 19. A paraphysis and two asci containing spores x 400. Fig. 20. Three spores s 400. Clavari.\. circinans Peck. Fig. 21. Two plants. Fig. 22. Five spores x 400. iFiurs^CB-H M .tc-Mu.s N^it lfi.st..39 PJ..t.. vVpc"^ P.'AT ?.r.n. : f\ C.i Arr..n',v'N : EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. DiAPORTHE MAROINALIS Peck. Fig. 1. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig. 2. A pustule magnitied. Fig. 3. Vertical section of a magnified pustule, showing three perithecia. _ Fig. 4. Two asci containing spores x 400. 1 Fig. 5. Four spores x 400. DiAPORTHE Neilli^ Pecl. Fig. 6. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig. 7. A perithecium magnified, its rostrum piercing the epidermis. Fig. 8. Two asci containing spores x 400. Fig. 9. Four spores x 400. Leptosph^ria Kalmi^e Peck. Fig. 10. Part of a branch bearing the fungus. Fig. 11. a piece of the bark with two perithecia magnified. Fig. 12. A perithecium more highly magnified. Fig. 13. a paraphysis and an ascas containing spores x 400. .; Fig. 14. Four spores x 400. LiESTADiA ^scuLi Peek. Fig. 15. Part of a petiole bearing the fungus. " '■• Fig. 16. A perithecium magnified. ;; Fig. 17. Two asci containing spores x 400. ; Fig. 18. Four spores x 400. ,' MONILIA PECKI^\JSrA S. & V. Fig. 19. a leaf partly discolored and its petiole frosted by the fungus. FiG. 20. Two chains of spores x 400. Fig. 21. A single spore x 400. M. Peckiana var. angustior S. Fig. 22. Part of a raceme with four of its young fruits frosted by the fungus. Fig. 23. Two chains of spores x 400. Fig. 24. Two spores x 400, S'TDTS^CSE Stale Mus Nat Fist. 3f) PJatP 2- ^^ <4ii^ h^mtmjbt / REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST FOR 1886 BY CHARLES H. PECK From the Forlieih Annual Report of the Slats Museum 1887 ,.Awv>^ ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW M'Ki. 1920 Mi43r-020-30o I 1 i Reprint of the Report of the State Botanist for 1886; from the Fortieth Annual Report of the State Museum 1887 Through an oversight on the part of the state printers (Weed and Parsons) no edition of the fortieth annual report of the Museimi was printed except those necessary for the legislative dociunents. This report has consequently never been distributed and as it contained many original descriptions of plants by the State Botanist, Dr Charles H. Peck, it is an important work of reference, especially for students of mixology. To supply a constant demand which it has hitherto been impossible to meet the Botanist's report is here reprinted without change and page for page. I REPORT To the Honorahle the Board of Regents of The University of the State of New York: Gentlemen : — I have the honor to communicate to you the following report : In prosecuting the work of completing and arranging the State herbarium the past year, specimens of plants of the State have been collected in the cotuities of Albany, Genesee, Essex, Hamilton, Livingston, ^Montgomery, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schoharie, Wash- ington, Wayne and W^^oming. Specimens of 184 species have been added to the herbariiim, of which twelve were contributed by correspondents, and 172 were collected by the Botanist. Of these 106 are new to the herbarium, and with two exceptions are new to our flora. Forty-seven of them are regarded as previously unpublished species. Among the added species are seven flowering plants, one moss and one lichen. The remainder are fungi. A list of the additions accompanies this report and is marked "A." The nimiber of contributors is twenty-three. Among their con- tributions are specimens of many extra limital species, not included in the preceding emmieration. These are kept distinct from the herbariimi proper, which represents the State flora. A list of the contributors and of their respective contributions is marked "B." A paper containing notices of species not before reported, together with a record of their respective localities and descriptions of new species, is marked "C." Notes and observations concerning those not new to our flora will be found in a paper marked "D." Wishing to obtain good flowering specimens of certain plants which grow upon the siunmit of Mt Marcy, that locality was visited early in June. Although the snow had not yet entirely disappeared from that high elevation, several of the desired plants were in full bloom. Fine specimens were obtained of the alpme 40 rosebay, Rhododendron Lapponicum, the Lapland diapensia, Diap- ensia Lapponica, the hairy fly honeysuckle, Lonicera coerulea, and the dwarf birch, Betula glandulosa. The hairy fly honeysuckle and the small cranberry had not before been observed by me on the open simimit of the mountain and should be added to the list of plants already published as belonging to that elevated station. July is given in the Manual and also in the State Flora as the time of flowering of the alpine or Lapland rosebay, but here it was flowering finely on the tenth day of June. Several new and interesting species of fungi rewarded my search in that bleak locality. Near the base of the mountain, the few fruited June berry, Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oUgocarpa, enlivened the dark evergreen forest with its few pure white flowers. These are much scattered on the branches, there being only one, two or three in a place. The petals are broadly oval or almost orbicular, and the branches are wide-spreading, straggling and irregular. These features are so unlike the corresponding ones in other varieties of the species, that for the instant they almost compel us to believe that the plant is a distinct species rather than a mere variety. Yet, in less elevated and more open places connecting forms appear. Along Marcy brook, the rare mountain bush cranberry or few flowered viburnum, Viburnum pauciflorum, was observed, but it was not yet in flower. At Ausable ponds the large leaved avens, Geum macro phyllum, was discovered. This is a notable addition to our flora. It is an inhabitant of the White mountain region of New Hampshire and of the Lake Superior region, whence it extends westward to the Sierra Nevada mountains, and northward to Sitka. This New York station is intermediate between the eastern one and the nearest western one. An interesting form of the northern Clintonia was also discovered at this time. In it, one or two lateral umbels project from the scape at short distances below the terminal umbel of flowers. I find no mention of this form in our botanies. It is apparently due to a very thrifty and vigorous condition of the plant. The number of flowers in an timbel often much exceeds the number ascribed in the descriptions of the botanies. From time to time reports have reached me that a red-flowered form of the white water-lily, Nymphaea odorata, existed in some of the waters of the Adirondack region. As I had never been 41 able to find such a plant myself, these reports were somewhat tan- talizing. Knowing that such a lily had been found in Massachu- setts, and learning of a definite locality where it was reported to have been seen in the Adirondacks, I determined to test the accuracy of this report, and to add, if possible, a specimen of such a rarity to the herbariiun. Mud pond, in which it was said to grow, is a small, boggy water-hole, between Long lake and Tupper's lake. Upon visiting it I found an abundance of the white water- lily. There were a few flowers scattered about, in which the external petals were considerably tinged with -red. When these flowers were but partly open, and viewed at a short distance, they had a decided pink-red appearance, and might easily be mistaken for the variety in question. But a closer examination invariably revealed white interior petals, though in some instances these were slightly stained with red or pink on the exterior surface near the base. Thus far the occurrence of the real red water-lily in the x'Vdirondack region has not been verified by me; but this half-way approach to it indicates the possibility of its existence there, and raises the hope that it may yet be added to our flora. In this bog hole the bayonet rush, Juncus militaris, was found growing plenti- fully. It is an interesting addition to the indigenous plants of the State. On this trip, groves of larches or tamaracks, Larix Ameri- cana, in three widely separated localities, were noticed, in which many of the trees were almost defoliated by the ravages of some insect. Among them were man}- trees already dead, evidently having yielded to the thorough manner in which they had been deprived of their foliage. It appears that the loss of a large per- centage of the larch trees of these noble forests must yet be added to the loss of many of the spruces through the agency of ]iestilcnt insects. Wishing to observe what influence had been exerted on the ilora by the operation of the salt works at Warsaw and its neighboring localities, that place was visited. It is well known that certain so-called seaside and salt marsh plants occur at Onondaga lake, about the salt works at Salina, and in other places, where there are saline influences. It is evident that at Warsaw no saline influences have been present until quite recently. No salt sijrings come to the surface. The salt water is manufactured, so to speak, and pumped up from great depths. No salt marsh plants existctl there when 42 the salt wells were first opened. Had any been introduced and established there since that time, was a question, the answer to which I wished to put on record. Not a single plant of this char- acter was found. The nearest approach to it is the common orache, Atriplex patula, which grows freely along the sea coast; but this plant is also capable of living and thriving in places remote from salt water or saline influences. It has followed' the tracks of our railroads till now it is a common plant along these thoroughfares in many places in the interior of the State. At Warsaw it is abundant, and occurs in several well-marked forms, thus showing well its dipsosition to vary. Its fondness for salt water, however, is shown by the fact that it is especially vigorous along the ditches by which the waste brine is carried away, and it follows these for considerable distances. Some of the trees in the immediate vicinity of several factories were seen to be dead or dying. Their death was apparently due to the gaseous products of the combustion of coal which is used in running the works. They were not in reach of the brine. Two opinions are entertained concerning the liability of plants to the attacks of parasitic fungi. Some claim that, no matter how vigorous and healthy a plant may be, if the spores of its parasite lodge upon it the result will be the development in it of the disease which that parasite generates in that particular host plant. Others claim that there is a difference in the susceptibility of plants of the same species to the attacks of the same parasite; that a plant in a weak, starved or feeble condition is more likely to yield to and suffer from the attacks of its parasites than is one of the same species which is strong, well fed and vigorous. In other words, it is claimed that the vigorous plants, though exposed to the action of the spores of the parasite, have the power to resist the develop- ment of the disease and to remain healthy and unaffected; while the more feeble ones, exposed to the action of the spores of the same parasite, yield to the disease and suffer therefrom. This last claim is one of great practical importance, and if it can be shown to be well fownded, a knowledge of it may be useful. Two instances illustrative of it fell under my observation the past season. At Warsaw a small pa^ch of knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare, was noticed. The plants were very small and starved in appear- I 43 ance, and seemed to be struggling for existence. A close inspec- tion showed that many of them were affected by a parasitic fungus, Uromyces Polygoni. On one side of this patch, and continuous with it, was one composed of taller, more healthy looking plants. These were entirely free from the fungus, thus indicating that the weakness of the plants in one patch had favored the development of the disease, while the strength of the plants in the other had resisted it. It might be said by the supporters of the other claim that the dwarfed and weak condition of the affected plants was due to the presence of the fungus and not the predisposing cause of its presence. To one accustomed to observe this fungus, such an assertion would carry but little weight. But if we should admit the truth of this assertion, how should we explain the presence of the dwarf but unattacked plants in this patch ? In low ground near the lake shore at Port Henry, were nimierous seedling plants, apparently of the discoid tickseed, Coreopsis discoidea. This ground had been overflowed in time of high water, and when the water receded it left numerous heaps of small sticks, bits of bark and other floodwood. Many of the seedling tickseeds were growing on these heaps of rubbish where there was little or no soil to afford nutriment to their roots. Others were growing on the ground about them, having their roots imbedded in and nourished by the soil. The plants growing on the floodwood were in many instances infested by a parasitic fungus, Peronospora Halstedii; but not a single affected plant could be found among those whose roots were in the soil. In this case the better nourished plants had escaped infection, although as much exposed to it as their less favored companions. Possibly there may be cases in which plants are liable to the attacks of parasitic fungi, no matter how strong and vigorous they may be, but it is clear that this can not be a rule without exceptions. Instances are not want- ing to show a greater susceptibility to attack in weak than in strong and well fed plants. Those who are accustomed to collect specimens of parasitic fungi soon learn, almost unconsciously, to look for them, either among feeble and starved plants or among those of unusually rank and luxuriant growth. Very respectfully submitted CIIAS. II. VVXK Albany, December 15, 1886 44 (A.) PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM New to the Herbarium Geum macrophyllum Willd. Aster sagittifolius ]]'illd. Lactuca Scariola L. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Amianthium muscaetoxicum (jT. Juncus militaris Bigel. Alopecurus pratensis L. Disticbium capillaceum B. & S. Calicium eusporum Nyl. Collybia fuliginella Pk. Clitopilus subvilis Pk. Hebeloma glutinosum L ind. Polyporus dryophilus Berk. P. sinuosus Fr. P. radiculosus Pk. Hydnum velatum B. & C. H. subfuscum Pk. H. carbonari uni Pk. Irpex ambiguus Pk. Porothelium papillatum Pk. Thelephora dendritica Berk. Stereum abietinmn Pers. Hymenochaete tenuis Pk. Clavaria Kromholzii Fr. Phyllosticta Caryae Pk. P. phaseolina Sacc. P. Lycopersici Pk. P. phomiformis Sacc. P. tumoricola Pk. P. ■ populina Sacc. P. spermoides Pk. P. faginea Pk. P. • vagans Pk. P. fatiscens Pk. P. Symphoricarpi West. Phoma magnifructa Pk. P. leguminum West. P. eupyrena Sacc. P. Populi Pk. P. herbarum West. P. Castanea Pk. P. Dipsaci Sacc. Aposphaeria conica .Sacc. Cytospora grandis Pk. Haplosporella Pini Pk. Diplodia paupercula B. & C. D. Asparagi Pk. Stagonospora Chenopodii Pk. Septoria Stachydis R. & D. S. fusca Pk. S. Stellariae R.&D., S. Sibirici Thuni. S. solidaginicola Pk. S. brevis Pk. S. populicola Pk. S. vSmilacinae E. & M. Pilidium graminicola Pk. Gloesporium Robergei Desm. G. septorioides Sacc. G. Lindemuthianum Sacc. Melanconium betuliniim Schm. M. diniorphum Pk. Marsonia Populi Sacc. Coryneum tumoricola Pk. Scolecosporium Fagi Lib. Pestalozzia Jefferisii Ellis. Monilia Martini 5. & E. M. . cinera Bon. Ramularia Barbareae Pk. Coniosporium punctoideum Karst. Cladosporium Aphidis Thiim. C. Asparagi Fr. C. brevipes Pk. \ \ 45 C. letiferum Pk. Cereospora Acetosellae Ellis. Macrosporium tomato Cke. Pilacre orientalis B. & Br. Graphium vSorbi Pk. Isariopsis alborosella Sacc. Fusarium Lycopersici Sacc. Peziza truncicomes Ger. P. alboviolascens A. & S. Helotium episphaericum Pk. Ascomyces letifer Pk. A. rubrobrunneus Pk. Erysiphe horridula Lev. Calosphaeria ciliatula Karst., Valsa Thujae Pk. V. exudans Pk. Valsella adhaerens Fckl. V. Laschii Sacc. Diatrypella quercina Nits. Melanconiella Decorahensis Ellis Sphaerella Pinsapo Thiim. S. minutissima Pk. S. alnicola Pk. S. Pontederiae Pk. Diaporthe farinosa Pk. D. sulphurea Fck. Valsaria Niesslii Sacc. Leptosphaeria Asparagi Pk. Massaria Pyrii Otth. Pleospora Shepherdiae Pk. Dothidella Alni Pk. Lophiotrema vestita Pk. L. parasitica Pk. Not New to the Herbarium Thalictrum purpurascens L. Nelumbium luteum Willd. N}Tnphsea odorata .4//. Nuphar advena Ait. Nasturtium lacustre Gr. Arabis Drummondii Gr. Card amine hirsuta L. Lepidium Virginicum L. Lechea major \Ix. Polygala paucifolia Willd. Lathyrus palustris L. Lespedeza violacea Pers. Geum rivale L. Pyrus sambucifolia C. & S. Amelanchier Canadensis T. & G. Ribes Cynosbati L. R. lacustre Poir. R. prostratum L'Her. Cornus paniculata L'Her. Lonicera caerulea L. Symphoricarpus racemosus Mx. Aster acuminatus Mx. A. Radula.4z7. Solidago uliginosa A^utt. Hieracium pilosclla L. Rhododendron Lappanicum Wall I. Hyssopus officinalis L. Polygonum tenue Mx. Diapensia Lapponica L. Carya alba Niitt. Quercus palustris Dn Roi. Betula glandulosa Mx. Salix Cutleri Tttckm. Abies alba Mx. Orchis spectabilis L. Clintonia borealis Raf. Streptopus roseus Mx. S. amplexifolius D. C. Polygonatum biflorum Ell. Luzulu parviflora Pes:'. Juncus articulatus L. Scirpus Eriophorum .U.v. Scleria verticillata Miihl. Carex alopecoidea Tiickm. C. flava L. C. longirostris Torr. Agrostis \ailgaris With. Avena striata .1/.v. Panicum capillare L. P. Crus-galli L. Setaria glauca Bv. Triticum caninum /.. Aspidium Coldianum Hook. Omphalia umbellifera L. Plcurotus subarcolalus Pk. 46 Crepidotus haerens Pk. Boletus subaureus Pk. Polyporus pubescens Fr. P. cyphellaeformis B. & C. Trametes mollis Fr. Phlebia radiata Fr. Odontia fimbriata Fr. Peniophora neglecta Pk. Clavaria pinea Pk. Gloeosporimn Martini 5. & E. Marsonia Juglandis Sacc. Ramularia Plantaginis E. & M. Cystopus Bliti Lev. Peronospora Halstedii Farl. P. gangliformis De By. Trichothecium roseum Lk. Pezicula acericola Pk. Uncinula adunca Lev. Hypoxylon atropunctatum Schw. Diaporthe acerina Sacc. 1 47 (B.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Mrs. ]\I. AI. Pattox, Berne, N, Y. Cynoglossum grande Dougl. \ Brodiaea capitata Benth. Airs. I. B. Sampsox, Albany, N. Y. Sarracenia variolaris Mx. I Ruellia oblongifolia Mx. Polygala nana DC. \ Eriocaulon gnaphalodes Mx. Hon. David AIurray, Albany, N. Y. Viola lutea Sm. Arenaria vema L. Silene inflata Sm. Parnassia palustris L. Saxifraga aizoon J acq. S. azoides L. S. brvoides L. Sediun acre L. S. saxatile L. Linnea borealis Gron. Gnaphalium leontopodium Willd. Hieracium pilosella L. Loiseleuria procumbens Desv. Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. Y. Agaricus subareolatus Pk. Charles E. Beecher, Albany, N. Y. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. Polyporus brumalis Fr. P. sanguineus L. Trametes hydnoides Fr. George A. Rex, M.D., Philadelphia, Penn. Daedalea glaberrima B. & C. Stereum versicolor Fr. Hypochnus rubrocinctus Ehr. Geaster minimus Schw. Hemiarcyria stipata R. Arcyria dictvonema R. A. CErstedii R. Trichia Jackii R. Rev. A. B. Laxglois, Pointe a la Hache, La Tilmadoche g^-rocephalum Mont. Physarum pulcherrimum i^. d^ C P. Petersii B.& C. Cytospora pallida Ellis. Fusarium sarcochroum Desm. Ailographum caesoitosum E.6-^ E. Dinemasporium Langloisii Ellis. Botryodiplodia diplocarpa E. & E. Aleliola sanguinca Ellis. Valsa hvlodes Ellis. 48 E. C. Howe, M.D., Lansingburg, N. Y. Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Triticum caninum L. H. L. Griffis, Binghamton, N. Y. Polygala paucifolia Willd. C. E. Smith, Philadelphia, Penn. Baptisia tinctoria R. Br. Polygala lutea L. Linaria vulgaris Mill. P. H. Dudley, New York, N. Y. Trametes Pini Fr. \ Polyporus versicolor Fr. Prof. B. T. Galloway, Columbia, Mo. Cercospora Sanguinariae Pk. Puccinia Seymeriae Burrill. Septoria bacciligera Wint. Gloeosporium Aceris Cke. Marsonia Ouercus Pk. Cercospora condensata E. & K C. Gymocladi E. & K. C. rhuina C. &. E. C. Plantaginis Sacc. C. CaulophylH Pk . Prof. L. M. Underwood, Syracuse, N. Y. Puccinia curtipes Howe. \ Uromyces Trifolii Fckl. Prof. T. H. McBride, Iowa City, Iowa. Boletus sphaerosporus Pk. Julius A. Bisky, Flushing, N. Y. Aster Radula Ait. \ Mimulus moschatus Dougl. A. acuminatus Mx. \ Amianthium muscaetoxicum Gr. Prof. F. Lamson Scribner, Washington, D. C. • Arundo Donax L. A. P. Morgan, Preston, O. Polyporus endocrocinus Berk. Prof. William Trelease, St Louis, Mo. Lycoperdon delicatum B. & C. \ Dothidea viridispora Cke. L. rimulatum Pk. I 49 Prof. W. A. Kellerman, Manhattan, Kansas. Lenzites abietina Fr. Panus stipticus Fr. Polyporus adustus Fr. P. brumalis Fr. P. sulphureus Fr. P. applanatus Fr. P. picipes Fr. P. fraxinophilus Pk. Trametes sepium Berk. Craterellus cornucopioides Fr. Stereum frustulosum Fr. Merulius tremellosus Schrad. Hydnum pallidum C. & E. Tremella foliacea Fr. Gloeosporium stenosporum E. & K. Vemiicularia Dematium Fr. Darluca filum Cast. Leptostroma vulgare Fr. L. Actaese Schw. Septoria Verbenae R. & D. S. gaurina E. & K. S. Nolitangeris Ger. S. Kalmicola B. & C. S. Helianthi E. & K. S. Verbascicola B. & C. S. Polvgonorum Desm. S. Mimuli E. & K. S. • Pruni Ellis. S. Cerastii R. & D. S. Gei Desm. S. sphasrelloides E. & K. S. xanthifolia E. & K. S. Sis}Tiibrii Ellis. S. SpecularicC B. & C. S. Erigerontis Pk. S. lactucicola E. & M. S. Cacaliffi E. & K. Phyllosticta Asiminas E. & E. P. acericola B. & C. P. smilacina E. & M. P. Phaseoli Sacc. P. Chenopodii West. P. Ampelopsidis E. & M. P. Labruscffi Thum. P. Podophvlli U'int. P. Lycii E. & K. Discosia maculaecola Ger. Phoma glandicola Desm. Stilbospora ovata Pers. Coniothyrium herbarum C. & E. Sphaeronema Persicae Schtv. Caeoma mercurialis Lk. Coleosporium Campanulacearum Fr. C. Sonchi Tiil. C. Senecionis Fr. C. Agrimoniae Bon. Uredo Smilacis Schw. Trichobasis Crotonis Cke. Chrysomyxa pyrolatum Koenig. Synchytrium Anemones Woron. S. mercurialis Fckl. S. Taraxaci DeBy. Roestelia penicillati Fr. R. lacerata Tid. Melampsora salicina Lev. /Ecidium impatientatum Schw. JE. Allii-ursini Pers. M. Tragopogonis Pers. M. Prenanthis Pers. M. Euphorbiae Pers. JE. leucospermum DC. . M. rubellum Pers. M. Epilobii DC. M. CEnotherffi Pk. M. Caladii Schu'. IS,. Dicentrae Trcl. M. Ficariae Pers. M. Violae Schum. M. Callirrhoes E. & K. M. amphigenum E. & K. M . Sambuci Schiv. JE . Verbenicola E. & K. M. Ceanothi E. & K. Uromyces appendiculatus Lev U. Zvgadeni Pk. U. Euphorbia ('. i?" P. U . Lesi:)edeza2 Schw. U . Alchemillae Pers. U . Pcltandrae Howe. U . Hyjierici Schiv. Ustilago Carbo Tiil. 50 U. Syntherismae Schw. Phragmidium obtusum Lk. Gymnosporangium macropus Schw. Puccinia Sorghi Schw. P. Helianthi Schw P. Mariae Wilsoni Clint. P. Amorphae Curt. P, aculeata Lk. P, Artemisiarum Duhy. P. Myrrhis Schw. P. Xanthii Schw. P. Malvastri Pk. P. nigrescens Pk. P. Polygonorum Lk. P. solida Schw. P. Chaerophylli Purt. P. Menthae Pers. P. Silphii Schw. Epicoccum sphasrococcum Berk. Sporocybe byssoides Fr. Fusicladium fasciculattim C. & E. Helminthosporium gracile Wallr. H. interseminatum B. & R. Macrosporiiitn Maydis C. & E. M. vSolani E. & M. M. Catalpae E. & M. Polythrincium Trifolii Kze. Stachybotrys lobulata Berk. Botrytis vulgaris Fr. Pyricularia grisea Sacc. Cylindrosporium Fraxini E. & K. Microstroma leucospora Niessl. Ramularia Desmodii Cke. R. Astragali E. & H. R. Grindeliae E. & K. R. rufomaculans Pk. R. Tulasnei Sacc. Entyloma Ranunculi Bon. E. Physalidis Wint. Cystopus cubicus Lev. C. Bliti DeBy. Peronospora sordida Berk. P. parasitica Tul. P. gangliformis DeBy. P. alta Fckl. P. Halstedii Farl. P. Oxybaphi E. & K. P. Arthurii Farl. Cercospora Acalyphae Pk. C. Ampelopsidis Pk. C. Chenopodii Fres. C. Plantaginis Sacc. C. effusa Ellis. C. Desmodii E. & K. C. condensata E. & K. Cercospora Gymnocladi E. & K. C. chionea E. & K. C. Isanthi E. & K. C. rhuina C. & E. C. microsora Sacc. C. Teucrii E. & K. Peziza capitata Pk. P. floccosa Schw. P. nivea Fr. Ascobolus pilosus Fr. Phacidium Pini Schw. P. Medicaginis Schw. Cenangium triangulare Schw. Exoascus deformans Berk. Chaetomium chartarum Cd. Chffitomella perforata E. & E. Podosphaeria Kunzei Lev. Ph3dlactinia suffulta Reb. Erysiphe lamprocarpa Lev. Uncinula adunca Lev. U. Ampelopsidis Pk. U. macrospora Pk. Microsphaeria Euphorbiae S. & C. M. Platani Howe. Diatrype disciformis Fr. D. bullata Fr. D. hypophlaea B. & C. Xylaria Hypoxylon Fr. Hypoxylon sassafras Schw. H. atropunctatum Schw. Rosellinia millegrana Sacc. Dothidea perisporioides B. & C. Stigmatea Robertiani Fr. Diaporthe spiculosa Fr. Phyllachora Ulmi Fckl. Heliosphaeria patella Grev. Linospora capreae Fckl. I I 51 Venturia orbicula C. & P. Kellermania ^.-uccagena E. & E. Leptosphaeria doliolum Pers. Pleonectria denigrata Wint. Ophiobolus porphyrogonus Sacc. Melanomma pulvispyrius Fckl. Gnomonia setacea Pers. Melanconis dasycarpa E. & R. Sphaeria Caryaae C. & E. S. Arthuriana Sacc. S. anguillida C. & E. S. fulgida C. & P. Sphaerella decidua E. & K. S. maculaeformis Pers. S. sparsa A-ivd. S. polystigma Ellis. S. Campanulae E. & K E. J. FoRSTER, M.D., Boston, Mass. Hydnum auriscalpiiim L. Scleroderma vulgare Fr. Phyllosticta Sambuci Desm. vSporidesmium lepraria B. & Br. Phragmidium bulbosum Schl. P. mucronatum Lk. P. gracile Grev. Triphragmiuin Ulmariae Lk. Puccinia graminis Pers. P. clandestina Carni. P. Umbilici Guep. Ustilago Carbo Ttd. Urocystis pompholygodes Schl. Podisoma Sabinae Fr. Roestelia lacerata T^tl. Sepedonitun chrysospermum Lk. Chaetomium elatum Kze. Hypomyces aurantius Tiil. H. lateritius Tul. H. rosellus Tul. Sphaerotheca Castagnei Lev. Sphaeria fimbriata Pers. Sphaerella Buxi DC. Stigmatea Robertiani Fr. H. C. GoRDixiER. M.D., Troy, X. Y Ranunculus alismaefolius Geyer. Lepidium campestre L. Cerastium nutans Raf. Arenaria lateriflora L. Geranium Carolinianum L. Trifolitmi hybridum L. Mitella nuda L. Chrysopsis graminifolia Xntt. Polygonum tenue Mx. Rumex brittanica L. Blittmi capitatum L. Populus balsamifera L. Salix Candida Willd. Thuja occidentalis L. Orchis spectabilis L. Cypripedium spectabile 5i< Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. C. Mulilenbergii Schk. C. alopecoidea Tuck. C. aurea Xntt. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Glyceria acuti flora Torr. Pardanthus Chinensis Ker. •artz. J. Duxx, Albany, X. Y. A piece of wood of silver maple, showing the scar of an inscriluHl cross, both in the wood and the bark. W. S Hayward, Sodus, X. Y. A splinter of wood and fragments of stone broke?! hv liLrlitmii- ■^i'A (C.) PLANTS NOT BEFORE REPORTED GEUM MACROPHYLLUM, Willd. Adirondack mountains, near the inlet of Lower Ausable pond. In the Manual this species is accredited to the base of the White mountains, Northern Michij^an, IlHnois and north-westward. Our newly discovered station is intermediate between the eastern and western localities recorded in the Manual. Flowering specimens were collected in June. LACTUCA SCARIOLA, L. Introduced, but apparently well established, in Clyde, Wayne county. vSeptember. MIMULUS MOSCHATUS, Dougl. Introduced. "Well estabhshed in a bog near Locust Valley," j^ong Island. Julius A. Bisky. August. AMIANTHIUM MUSCETOXICUM, Gr. Valley Stream, Long Island. July. J. A. Bisky. This is probably one of its most northern stations. JUNCUS MILITARIS, Bigel. Adirondack mountains. In Mud pond and Clear pond near Long lake. July. The bayonet rush grows in shallow water in these localities. Its panicle is not very conspicuous, and a superficial observer might easily mistake the plant for the great bulrush, Scirpus validiis, which grows in similar situations. It spreads by creeping rootstocks which give origin to new plants, sometimes at less than an inch from the parent plant. The capillary submersed leaves noticed by Dr Robbins in flowing water were not seen in these stations, in which the plants grow in quiet water. The whitish membranous scales that subtend the reddish-brown or chestnut colored heads of flowers are noticeable by reason of the contrast in colors. 53 DISTICHIUM CAPILLACEUM, B. & S. Wet rocks and precipices. Adirondack mountains, Cascadeville. June. The distichous arrangement of the leaves, characteristic of the genus, is not very conspicuous in this moss, which at first sight somewhat resembles Dicranella heteromalla. CALICUM EUSPORUM, Nyl. Bark of dead balsam, Abies balsamea. Chapel pond, Adiron- dack mountains. June. This rare lichen has but recently been detected in this country. Mr. Willey infonns me that he first found it about a year ago in the White mountain region. COLLYBIA FULIGINELLA, N. sp. Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes irregular or undulate on the margin, glabrous, even, fuliginous-brown, flesh white; lamellae, rather narrow, close, rounded behind, adnexed or nearly free, white; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, subfibrillose, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus or a little paler, white tomentose at the base; spores subelliptical, .0003 to .00035 inch long, .0002 to .00025 broad, usually containing a single large nucleus. Pileus 1.5 to 2.5 inches broad, stem 1.5 to 2 inches long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Under or near arbor- vitae. Thuja occidentalis. Elizabethtown, Essex county. September. In size and shape this species resembles Collybia dryophila, but its color, which closely resembles that of Lacterins lignyotiis, is far different. CLITOPILUS SUBVILIS, N. sp. Pileus thin, centrally depressed or umbilicate, with the margin decurved, hygrophanous, dark-brown and striatulate when moist, grayish-brown and silky-shining when dry; lamellae subdistant. adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish when young, then tlesh-colored; stem slender, brittle, rather long, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, colored like the pileus or a Httle paler; spores irregular, angular, .0003 to .0004 inches long; odor weak or none, taste farinaceous. Pileus 8 to 15 lines broad, stem 1.5 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Damp soil in thin woods. Karner, Albany county. October. The species seems to be closely related to Clitopilus vilis, from 54 which I have separated it because of its smooth and shining (not flocculose and opaque), pileus and its farinaceous taste. It was discovered in 1884, growing, in company with Entoloma rhodopolium in such a way that it was taken to be a variety of it, and it was referred to that species under the name var. umbilicatum. This year it was found plentifully in the same locality, but entirely unaccompanied by E. rhodopolium. A more careful study of it leads me to the conclusion that it is a distinct species. HEBELOMA GLUTINOSUM, Lind. Among fallen leaves and on half buried decaying wood, in thin woods. ConklingAalle. September. In w^et weather the gluten is sufficiently copious to drip from the pileus. CORTINARIUS SUBFERRUGINEUS, Fr. Thin woods. Conklingville. September. POLYPORUS DRYOPHILUS, Fr. At the base of oak trees. Conklingville. July. POLYPORUS SINUOSUS, Fr. Decaying wood of maple, Acer saccharinum. Forestburgh, Sullivan county. September. The species is remarkable for and easily known by its sweet and agreeable fragrance, which has been likened to that of licorice. POLYPORUS RADICULOSUS, N. sp. Resupinate, effused, thin, soft, tender, orange-yellow, the mycelum creeping in and over the wood, silky-tomentose, at first white, then yellow, forming numerous yellow branching root-like strings or ribs which are more or less connected by a soft, silky tomentirm; pores rather large, angular, at first shallow, sunk in the mycelitmi, the dissepiments becoming more elevated, thin and fragile; spores elliptical, .0002 to .00025 i^'^ch long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Half buried chips of poplar. Populus tremidoides. Gansevoort. September. The species is allied to P. Vaillantii, in its peculiar rhizomor- phoid strings of mycelium, but from this it differs decidedly in its color and texture. In these respects it approaches P. homhycinus , of which it may possibly be a peculiar variety. It is very 1 55 destructive to the wood on which it grows, causing it to become soft, brittle and even friable. HYDNUM VELATUM, B. & C. Decaying wood of poplar, Popidns tremuloides. Gansevoort September. HYDNUM SUBFUSCUM, N. sp. Resupinate, thin, soft^ the margin and subiculimi beneath white, tomentose, sometimes extended into branching strings of mycelium, the upper surface of the subiculxim pale yellowish-brown or ding>-- isabelline, when magnified, appearing as if sprinkled ^^4th minute shining particles; aculei slender, subulate, ver}^ acute, white when young, then with white tips or wholly colored like the subiculum. Decaying wood of deciduous trees. Conklingville. September. In H. himantia, which, in some respects, this species resembles the teeth are described as obtuse and pulverulent. HYDNUM CARBONARIUM, N. sp. Resupinate, very thin, at first floccose-pruinose and white, then smoky-brown, sometimes retaining a white margin; aculei at first short, then longer, subulate or cylindrical, minutely ciliate at the apex, whitish when young, then smoky-brown. Charred wood. Elizabethtown. September. The species is easily recognized by its peculiar color and by the ciliate or setulose tips of the teeth. It appears as if it had been smoked or scorched. IRPEX AMBIGUUS, N. sp. Resupinate, adnate; subiculum very thin, flocculose-pminose. white, becoming pallid with age; aculei oblique, somewhat united at the base, minute, very variable, subulate and entire, or com- pressed, acute, truncate, branched, incised or subserrate, white when young, becoming pallid with age. Decaying beech wood and bark. i\dirondack mountains. Sen- tember. It forms small irregular or interrupted patches. To the naked eye it resembles Hydmim pallidum, but the teeth are more or less united at the base, thus requiring it to be placed in the genus Irpex. Scarcely any two of them are exactly alike. POROTHELIUM PAPILLATUM, N. sp. Effused, very thin, flocculose-i')ruinose, while when young, soon pallid or isabelline, subwaxy and often rimose, the margin subin- 56 determinate; verrucae minute, subdistant, at first a limpid globule resting on the subiculimi, then slightly prominent, papilliform, colored like the subiculum and crowned with a limpid globule which varies in color from hj^aline to amber. Decorticated wood of poplar, Populus ireniiiloides. Elizabeth- town. September. It forms patches several inches in extent. It is apparently related to P. Friesii, but it is not membranous, the warts are colored like the subiculum and are not immersed in it. THELEPHORA DENDRITICA, Berk. Overspreading the hymenitmi of effete Polyporus applanattis. Adirondack mountains. September. STEREUM ABIETINUM, Pers. Prostrate trunk of spruce, Abies nigra. Cascadeville, Adiron- dack mountains. June. Our specimens agree with the description of the species to which we have referred them, but they present some interesting characters not mentioned in that description. It often happens that great perplexity arises because of the incomplete descriptions of some of the older authors. A careful examination of our speci- mens shows the presence of both setae and metuloids, the latter much more numerous than the former. Thus this species does for Stereimi, Hymenochste and Peniophora what Dcedalea confragosa does for Daedalea, Trametes and Lenzites, as was shown in the thirtieth report. It sets at naught the characters used in dis- tinguishing these genera, and bids defiance to the generic limits assigned in the botanies. To the naked eye, the hymenium in our specimens has a somewhat "velvety pruinose" appearance, but when examined by the microscope it is found to be abundantly furnished with projecting setifonn bodies, some of which are smooth and colored, as in Hymenochaete; others are colorless and rough or minutely warted, as in Peniophora. Sometimes a single one is colorless and warted in the upper part, colored and smooth in the lower. And as if this was not enough of confusion to our former notions, the hymenitim, though dry, becomes rimose as in many species of Corticium. The fungus sometimes forms patches several inches in extent by the confluence of individuals. It is nearly or quite one line thick, the intermediate stratum being I composed of erect fibres. Though dry, it is not very tough. The spores are oblong or subfusiform .0005 to .0007 inch long, .0002 broad. HYMENOCH.ETE TENUIS, N. sp. Resupinate, very thin, even, forming elongated, more or less confluent, dark ferruginous patches, concolorous on the determinate margin, inseparable, rimose; setae acute, .0012 to .0025 inch long. Decorticated wood of arbor-vitae, Thuja' occidentalis. Cascade- ville. June. CLAVARIA KROMHOLZn, Fr. Open woods. Brewerton and Adirondack mountains. September PHYLLOSTICTA LYCOPERSICI, N. sp. Spots large, suborbicular, cinereous; perithecia minute, brown or blackish, opening by a single or sometimes by two pores; spores abundant, oblong or elliptical, .00025 to .0003 inch long, .0001 to .00012 broad. Fruit of tomato, Lycopersicmn esculentum. Menands, Albany county. July. PHYLLOSTICTA PHASEOLINA, Sacc. Leaves of cultivated bean, Phaseoliis vulgaris. Menands. Sep- tember. PHYLLOSTICTA CARYiE, N. sp. Spots large, irregular, often confluent, at first yellowish, then brown, sometimes becoming grayish in the center; perithecia minute, .004 inch broad, punctate, epiphyllous; spores irregularly elliptical, .0002 inch long, .00008 broad. Living leaves of hickory, Carya alba. Piffard. August. PHYLLOSTICTA PHOMIFORMIS, Sacc. Living leaves of white oak, Quercus alba. Sandlake, Rensselaer county. September. PHYLLOSTICTA TUMORICOLA, N. sp. Spots suborbicular, arid, pallid with a reddish or reddish-brown margin, apparently caused by insects; perithecia amphigenous or epiphyllous minute, .005 to .007 inch broad, depressed, brownish; spores oblong or narrowly elliptical, colorless, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Living gall-spotted leaves of white oak, Quercus alba. Karncr. October. In P. phomiformis the spores are much larger than in 58 this species. The spots are centrally punctured and appear to have been produced by the stings of insects. PHYLLOSTICTA POPULINA, Sacc. v. PARVA n. var. Living or languishing leaves of necklace poplar, Populus mon- ilifera. Menands. October. Spots very small, orbicular, white, with a brown border; peri- thecia one to four on a spot. PHYLLOSTICTA SPERMOIDES, N. sp. Spots suborbicular, brown or cinereous with a brown border, sometimes confluent; perithecia minute, .0014 to .0025 inch broad, nimierous, hypophyllous, blackish; spores minute, cylindrical, .0002 inch long. ' Living leaves of wild grape vine, Vitis riparia. Gansevoort. September. PHYLLOSTICTA FAGINEA, N. sp. Spots suborbicular, small, often seriate or subconfluent, and arranged in rows parallel to the veins of the leaf, cinereous or reddish-gray, with a reddish-brown border or wholly reddish-brown, subferruginous beneath; perithecia few, epiphyllous, minute, .003 inch broad, black; spores ovate or elliptical, .0003 to .0004 inch long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Living leaves of beech, Fagus Jerruginea. Argusville and Elizabethtown. September. PHYLLOSTICTA VAGANS, N. sp. Spots none; perithecia minute, .003 to .0035 inch broad, amphigenous, numerous, occupying the whole leaf, black; spores very minute, spermatoid, .00012 inch long, .00004 broad, sometimes oozing out and forming a white globule. Dead leaves of Smilacina racemosa. Conklingville. September. . This is a very anomalous species. But for the very short minute spores, it would accord better with Septoria than Phyl- losticta. PHYLLOSTICTA FATISCENS, N. sp. vSpots rather large, suborbicular, pallid, generally marked by one or more elevated concentric lines, at length cracking around the margin and separating, wholly or in part, from the uninjured tissues of the leaf; perithecia minute, .004 inch broad, epiphyllous, 59 at first pale, then brownish; spores oblong, straight or slightly curved, .00025 to .0004 inch long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Living leaves of yellow pond lily, Nupliar advena. Argusville, Schoharie county. July. PHYLLOSTICTA SYMPHORICARPI, West. Livinjj leaves of snowberry, SympJioricarpus racemostis. Cana- joharie, Montgomer}^ county. July. PHOMA MAGNIFRUCTA, N. sp. Perithecia small, .005 to .007 inch broad, scattered, subglobose, erumpent, black; spores oblong-fusiform, .0009 to .0012 inch' long, .0003 to .0004 broad; sporophores short. Cone scales of arbor vitae. Thuja occidenialis. Kecne, Essex county. June. This species is readily distinguished from others inhabiting cone scales by its large spores. PHOMA LEGUMINUxM, West. Legumes of locust, Robin ia pseudacacia. Piffard. August. PHOMA OLERACEA, Sacc. v. DIPSACI Sacc. Dead stems of teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris. Wallington, Wayne county. September. PHOMA EUPYRENA Sacc. Dead potato stems. Menands. October. PHOMA POPULI, N. sp. Perithecia minute, .003 to .004 inch broad, epiphyllous, grega- rious, black, opening by a large pore; spores cylindrical, straight or slightly curved. .0006 to .0008 inch long, .00012 broad. Dead leaves of poplar, Populus tremuloides . Elizabeth town. September. PHOMA HERBARUM, West. Dead stems of wormwood, Artemisia vulgaris. Port Henry. June. PHOMA CASTANEA, N. sp. Perithecia numerous, surrounding the l)ranch, .011 to .014 inch Ijroad, erumpent, black; spores minute, oblong or cylindrical, .00025 to .0003 inch long, .00006 to .00008 broad; sporophores short. Dead branches of chestnut, Castanca vcsca. Sandlake. ALay. 60 APOSPH^RIA CONICA, Sacc. Decaying oak wood. Piffard. August. CYTOSPORA GRANDIS, N. sp. Pustules large, two to three lines broad, ellipsoid or suborbicular, scar-like, ferruginous from the ruptured bark; loculi numerous; spores minute, curved, .0002 inch long. Dead bark of sumach, Rhus typhina. Gansevoort. September. HAPLOSPORELLA PINI, N. sp. Perithecia valsoid, caespitose, three to five in a cluster, sunk in the inner bark, erumpent; spores globose or subelliptical, colored, .0005 to .0006 inch long. Dead bark of white pine, Pinus Strolms. Elizabethtown. June DIPLODIA PAUPERCULA, B. & Br. Dead branches of elder, Sambucus Canadensis. Adirondack mountains. June. DIPLODIA ASPARAGI, N. sp. Perithecia gregarious, subglobose, minute, opening by a papillate pore, black; spores elliptical, colored, .0008 to .001 inch long, .0005 broad. Dead stems of asparagus. Menands. October. STAGONOSPORA CHENOPODII, N. sp. Spots few, large, brown or yellowish-brown; perithecia minute, .004 to .005 inch broad, black; spores oblong, obtuse, biseptate or triseptate, constricted at the septa, colorless, .0008 to .001 inch long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Living leaves of goose-foot, Chenopodium album. Menands. August. SEPTORIA STACHYDIS, R. & D. Living leaves of hedge nettle, Stachys as per a. Port Kent. June. SEPTORIA FUSCA, N. sp. Spots blackish-brown, indefinite, occupying the lobes of the leaves or their margins; perithecia epiphyllous, black; spores filiform, straight, slightly curved or flexuous. .0016 to .002 inch long. Living or languishing leaves of wormwood, Artemisia vulgaris. Port Henry, June. It differs from 5. Artemisiae in its indefinite spots and longer spores. I 4 I 61 SEPTORIA STELLARI^, R. & D. Living or languishing leaves of chickweed, Stellar ia media. Aden Lair, Adirondack mountains. June. SEPTORIA SIBIRICI, Thum. Living leaves of fetid currant, Ribes prostratiim. Adirondack mountains. September. SEPTORIA SOLIDAGINICOLA, N. sp. Spots small, angular, white or whitish on the upper surface, darker beneath, surrounded by a brown or reddish brown border; perithecia few, usually one or two on a spot, epiphyllous, sub- globose, blackish; spores linear, straight, subacute, simple, .001 to .0016 inch long, .00016 broad. Living leaves of goldenrod, Solidago argitta. Cobble hill, near Elizabethtown. September. Distinguished from 5. Solidaginis by its longer continuous spores, which are neither septate nor nucleate. SEPTORIA BREVIS, N. sp. Spots none; perithecia scattered, epiphyllous, minute, .003 to .004 inch broad, opening widely, black; spores short, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .00006 broad, straight or slightly curved. Dead leaves of Solidago virgaurea v. alpina. Mt. Marcy. June. Distinct from other species inhabiting solidago, by its very short spores, which resemble somewhat the allantoid spores of species of Valsa. SEPTORIA POPULICOLA, N. sp. Spots suborbicular, reddish or brownisli red with a narrow blackish border on the upper surface, gra>'ish on the lower; perithecia hypophNdlous, few, pale, opening widely; spores filiform, curved, two to four-septate, .0025 to .003 inch long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Living leaves of balm of Gilead, Popnlus balsamifcra. Koene. June. Distinguished from other species found on poplar by its long pluriseptate spores. The perithecia are but slightly developed. SEPTORIA SMILACIN^, E, & M. Languishing leaves of Siiiilaciiia racemosa. Sandlake. Septem- ber. 62 PILIDIUM GRAMINICOLA, N. sp. Perithecia minute, .ooS to .014 inch broad, depressed, erum pent, orbicular or hysteriform, membranous, opening widely, black, the disk whitish, the mouth laciniate-dentate ; spores oblong or subfusiform, colorless, triseptate, .0012 to .0016 inch long, .0004 to .00045 broad; sporophores short, colorless. Dead leaves of blue joint, Calamagrostis Canadensis. Mount Marcy. June. GLCEOSPORIUM LINDEMUTHIANUM, Sacc. Living bean pods, especially of the butter or wax bean. Menands. August. An injurious fungus that produces brown spots on the pods, thus spoiling their appearance and diminishing their value. GLCEOSPORIUM SEPTORIOIDES, Sacc. Living leaves of white oak, Oitercns alba. Gansevoort. Sep- tember. GLCEOSPORIUM ROBERGEI, Desm. Living leaves of water beech, Carpiniis Americana. Gansevoort. September. MELANCONIUM BETULINUM, Schm. Dead bark of white birch, Betiila populifolia. Menands. Sep- tember. Distinguished from M. hicolor by its longer spores. MELANCONIUM DIMORPHUM, N. sp. Pustules small, subcutaneous, slightly prominent, subconical, black, containing a small white stroma; spores of two forms, one narrow, cylindrical, straight or curved, .0003 to .0004 inch long, .00008 broad, the other oblong, elliptical or subfusiform, colored, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .0002 to .00025 broad, oozing out in a black mass or in tendrils. Dead branches of alder, Alnus viridis. Adirondack mountains. June. Remarkable for the two kinds of spores. In some pustules the broader spores are more niunerous, in others the narrower ones, but both kinds were found in all the pustules examined. Can the narrow ones be broken or effete sporophores? 1 63 MARSONIA POPULI, Sacc. Living leaves of Populus nionilifera. Menands. July. CORYNEUM TUMORICOLA, N. sp. Spots scattered, suborbicular, pallid with a reddish-brown border, apparently produced by insects; heaps epiphyllous, minute, dot- like, unequal, black; spores oblong, triseptate, colored, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .00016 broad, at length breaking from the sporophores. Living leaves of elm, Ulmus Americana. ' Adirondack moun- tains. July. The spots in this instance, as in that of Phyllosticta tumoricola, appear to be due to the stings of insects. A central aperture or puncture is visible in the spot and the fungus occurs on only a part of them. SCOLECOSPORIUM FAGI, Lib. Dead branches of alder, Almis incana. Elizabethtown. Sep- tember. The typical form occurs on beech, but I find no essential differences in the form on alder. Massaria macrosperma, the ascigerous form, has not yet been observed with us. PESTALOZZIA JEFFERISII, ElUs. Leaves of wild grape, Vitis riparia. Gansevoort. September. The fungus occurs on spots which are apparently produced by a sterile Rhytisma. MONILIA MARTINI, E. & S. Old corn cobs. Menands. September. MONILIA CINEREA, Bon. On plums. Sandlake. Closely related to Monilia Jrndigena, with which the species has been united by some authors. RAMULARIA BARBAREiE, N. sp. Spots suborbicular, arid, white, generally bordered by a slightly thickened brown line; flocci amphigenous, either short and branched or longer and simple; spores oblong or cylindrical, often catenulate, rarely uniseptate, .0004 to .0009 inch long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Living leaves of winter cress, Barbarea vulgaris. Highland Mills and Port Henry. June. 64 This species is closely related to R. Armoraciae, from which it may be distinguished by the whiter mostly margined spots, the shorter hyphae and the catenulate spores. CONIOSPORIUM PUNCTOIDEUM, Karst. Decorticated wood of arbor vitae, Thuja occidentalis. Adirondack mountains. June. CLADOSPORIUM APHIDES, Thum. Dead aphides of Phragmites communis. Bergen Swamp. June. CLADOSPORIUM ASPARAGI, Fr. Dead stems of asparagus. Menands. October. CLADOSPORIUM BREVIPES, N. sp. Spots suborbicular, cinereous; flocci densely caespitose, short, .001 to .0015 inch long, dark olivaceous, almost black in the mass, amphigenous, septate; spores terminal, elliptical, .0005 to .0006 inch long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Living leaves of white oak, Quercus alba. Menands. July. This species forms minute compact tufts, so distinct and well defined that they might easily be mistaken for perithecia. CLADOSPORIUM LETIFERUM, N. sp. Spots dark brown, irregular, large, often involving the whole leaf; tufts epiphyllous, subeffused, olive green, the hj^phae very short, almost obsolete; spores oblong-pyriform, uniseptate or biseptate, slightly constricted at the septa, .0008 to .0012 inch long, .0003 broad. Living leaves of poplar, Populus tremuloides. Keene. June. This fungus often kills the leaves it attacks. When the spores have a single septum the two cells are unequal; when they have two septa the middle cell is generally larger than the terminal ones. The species differs from C. Aster oma in the shape and char- acter of the spores and in its more effused habit. CERCOSPORA ACETOSELLiE, ElUs. Living leaves of yellow dock, Rumex crispus. Elizabethtown. September. Our specimens differ slightly from the type and may be designated variety maculosa. Spots nrmierous, small, , suborbicular, grayish, surrounded by an elevated margin and a brownish-red border; spores at length with one or two septa. MACROSPORIUM TOMATO, Cke. Decaying fruit of tomato. Menands. October. PILACRE ORIENTALIS, B. & Br. Dead bark of alders, Abius incana. Elizabethtown. September In our specimens the sporiferous branches are sometimes elon- gated and flexuous and the young plant wholly white, in which respects they differ from the typical form of the species. But the stem soon becomes cinereous and finally the whole plant is imiber- brown. Young plants sometimes grow from the base of old ones, sometimes from the head. GRAPmUM SORBI, N. sp. Spots generally small, one or two lines broad, orbicular, definite, reddish-brown; stems hypophyllous, rather stout, equal or slightly tapering upward, the component flocci diverging and colorless at the apex; spores oblong, hyaline, .0008 to .001 inch long, .00025 to .0008 broad, sometimes with two to four minute nuclei. Living leaves of mountain ash, Pyrus Americana. Adirondack mountains. July. ISARIOPSIS ALBOROSELLA, Sacc. Living or languishing leaves of chickweed, Cerastium vulgatum. Keene. July. I find only uniseptate spores in our specimens. FUSARIUM LYCOPERSICI, Sacc. Fruit of the tomato. Menands. August. A malady affects the fruit of the tomato. In the vicinity of Albany, the past season, the first ripening tomatoes were found almost invariably to be soft and decaying. A bro^^'n or discolored spot, usually located at the flowering end of the fruit, appears to be the origin and center of the disease. This spot often makes its appearance while the fruit is yet green. This Fusarium soon develops on this spot, appearing in the form of minute pallid dots, or in more effused patches which are of a pinkish or an orange hue. With advancing age it assumes a more or less brownish hue. If the affected tomato be cut open its inner flesh often exhibits a 66 peculiar purplish tint. In a short time the white flocculent threads of the fungus appear on the cut surface, soon to be followed by the more waxy and colored patches of spores, thus showing that the mycelium has permeated the diseased flesh of the tomato. The affected tomatoes become very watery and any surface on which a diseased tomato lies, soon becomes wet from the exuding juices. From the constancy with which this fungus appears in connection with the disease, it would appear that it might be regarded as the cause of the decay, but there are circumstances that point to some more subtle agent of the mischief. Further investigation is neces- sary to determine satisfactorily the source of the disease. PEZIZA TRUNCICOMES, Ger. Decaying prostrate trunks of deciduous trees. Knowersville, Albany county. May. PEZIZA ALBOVIOLASCENS, A. & S. Old chestnut rails. Conklingville. September. HELOTIUM EPISPHiERICUM, N. sp. Receptacle minute, .012 to .02 inch broad, gregarious, subsessile, at first subhyaline, then reddish-yellow, the disk nearly plane, asci subcylindrical ; spores oblong or lanceolate, .0002 to .00025 i^ch long, .0001 to .00012 broad. On old Hypoxylon Morsei. Elizabethtown. September. It resembles H. citrinum in habit, but is very much smaller. ASCOMYCES LETIFER, N. sp. Indefinite, hypophyllous, often occupying the whole lower surface of the leaf and suffusing it with a glaucous bloom; asci cylindrical, obtuse or subtruncate, .0016 to .002 inch long, .0006 to .0008 broad; spores minute, varying from narrowly elliptical to subglobose, .00016 to .0002 inch long, .00008 to .00012 broad. Living leaves of mountain maple bush, Acer spicatuni. Eliza- bethtown. June. The species is very distinct from A. polysporus, which forms definite spots. The attacked leaves soon turn black, wither and die. Sometimes all the leaves on a branch are affected and the fungus then causes a veritable blight. 67 ASCOMYCES RUBROBRUNNEUS, N. sp. Spots definite, variable, small and suborbicular or large and irregular, sometimes confluent, usually concave above, convex below, dull reddish-brown above, paler below; asci oblong, trun- cate at the apex, .002 to .003 inch long, .0006 to .0009 broad; spores minute, subelliptical, .00012 to .00016 inch long, .0006 to .0008 broad. Living leaves of red oak, Quercus rubra. Sandlake. September. In some respects this approaches A. ahitarius, from which the color of the spots, larger asci and different shape of the spores will distinguish it. ERYSIPHE HORRIDULA, Lev. Abundant on corn gromwell, Lithospermum arvense. Port Henry. June. Our specimens were too young when collected to show the spore characters, and are to this extent doubtful. CAL0SPILS;RIA CILIATULA, Karst. Dead trunks and branches of white birch, Betula popiilifolia. Menands. September. VALSA THUJ.E, N. sp. Pustules scattered, slightly prominent, closely covered by the epidermis; perithecia nestling in the inner bark, subcircinate, five to ten in a pustule; asci oblong-clavate, .0014 to .0016 inch long; spores allantoid, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .00008 to .0001 broad. Dead branches of arbor vitae, Thtija occidentalis. Elizabethtown. September. VALSA EXUDANS N. sp. Perithecia collected in a cortical stroma, thin, crowded, angular, closely covered by the pustulately elevated, irregularly ruptured epidermis, ostiola obscure or concealed beneath the defiled epidermis; asci very slender, cylindrical, .0016 inch long, .00016 broad; spores minute, oblong, straight, colored, .0002 inch long, oozing out and staining the surface of the matrix. Dead bark of alders, Alnus incana. Elizabethtown. September. This is an anamolous species and does not agree well with the generic characters. The straight, colored and oozing spores are unusual and peculiar features. 68 VALSELLA ADHERENS, Fckl. Corticated trunk and branches of white birch, Betula populifolia. Sandlake. September. In our plant the disk is often whitish or grayish from the adhering remains of the epidermis; the perithecia are five to twelve in a pustule and the spores are colored in the mass. It is apparently a variety of the species and may be called var. Americana. VALSELLA LASCHII, Sacc. Dead whitened twigs of Acer spicaium. Port Henry. June. In our specimens the black stroma is apparent through the translucid epidermis, and the white disk, though small, is plainly seen by contrast. The asci are very broad, .0016 to .002 inch long, .0005 to .0006 broad. This form may be designated as var. acerina. DIATRYPELLA QUERCINA, Nits. Dead branches of thorn, Crataegus tomentosa. Elizabethtown. September. Although occurring on thorn branches, there does not appear to be any good characters for separating this fungus from the species to which I have referred it. . i SPH^RELLA MINUTISSIMA, N. sp. Perithecia very numerous, occupying the whole lower surface of the leaf, very minute, .002 to .0025 inch broad, veiled by the epider- mis, black; asci oblong or slightly narrowed toward the apex, .0016 to .002 inch long, .0003 to .0004 broad; spores crowded, oblong, straight, obscurely septate in the middle, .0006 to .0007 inch long, .00016 broad. Dead leaves of alder, Alnus incana. Adirondack mountains. June. The perithecia are scarecly visible to the naked eye. The affected leaves remain on the branches through the winter. They had not yet fallen in June. SPH^RELLA ANLICOLA, N. sp. Perithecia small, .0035 to .0045 inch broad, hj^pophyllous, clus- tered or scattered, naked, black; asci oblong or subclavate, .002 to .0025 inch long, .0005 to .0006 broad; spores crowded, lanceolate, G9 uniseptate, often slightly curved, .0009 to .0011 inch long, .00016 broad. Dead leaves of alder, Alntts viridis. Mt. Marcy. June. The spores are narrowed toward one end and septate in the middle. The species is evidently distinct from *S. Alni viridis in its larger exposed perithecia, in the shape of its spores and in wanting a dematiaceous stroma. Apparently the same species was found near Elizabethtown, but without fruit. SPH^RELLA PONTEDERI^, N. sp. Spots rather large, six to ten lines long, oblong or elliptical, sometimes confluent, brown above, blackish brown or grayish brown below; perithecia minute, .003 inch broad, hypophyllous, black; asci oblong or sub fusiform, .002 to .0025 inch long, .0005 broad; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong-clavate, uniseptate, sometimes quadrinucleate, .0006 to .0008 inch long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Languishing leaves of pickerel weed, Poniederia cordata. White- hall, Washington county. September. Apparently related to 5. Caladii, but with longer spores and different spots. SPHiERELLA PINSAPO, Thum. Fallen leaves of arbor-vitae. Port Henry. June. DIAPORTHE SULPHUREA, Fckl. Dead stems and branches of hazelnut, Corylus rostrata. Ganse- voort. September. This species is easily recognized by the beautiful yellow spurious stroma that extends everywhere under the epidermis of the affected branches. DIAPORTHE (CHOROSTATE) FARINOSA, N. sp. Stroma somewhat pulverulent or mealy, dull buff colored, fonned of the slightly changed inner bark, enmipent in a minute slightly exserted disk; perithecia valsoid, irregularly circinating, generally four to ten in a circle, the clusters subconfluent, ostiola black, dotting the prominent pulverulent buff colored or at length brownish disk; asci subcylindrical, .0024 to .003 inch long, .00035 to .0004 broad; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong or subfusifomi, uniseptate, generally quadrinucleate, .0006 to .0008 inch long, .00016 to .0002 broad. 70 Dead branches of basswood, Tilia Americana. Argusville. July. This species approaches D. furjuracea in its pulverulent stroma, but it differs in' its prominent disk, which renders the affected branches rough to the touch, and in its smaller quadrinucleate crowded or biseriate spores. From D. velata it is easily separated by the entire absence of any black circimiscribing line or blackened surface. It evidently belongs to the subgenus Chorostate, but the clusters of perithecia are so numerous and so closely and almost confluently placed that they form an almost continuous stratimi which surrounds the branch and extends long distances under the epidermis. MELANCONIELLA DECORAHENSIS, ElUs. Dead bark of ' white birch, Betiila populijolia. Gansevoort. September. In the typical form the disk is described as "sordid gray." In our specimens, both it and the stroma are yellowish green and pulverulent. On the smaller branches the disk is smaller and the ostiola are less prominent than on the larger ones. When the epidermis is torn away the perithecia adhere to it. The young spores are colorless and subacute at each end. The mature ones are colored, obtuse and constricted at the septum. The conidia ooze out and form orbicular black patches one to two lines broad. These are very conspicuous by reason of the con- trast between their color and the white color of the matrix. VALSARIA NIESSLII, Sacc. Dead bark of white birch, Betula populifolia. Menands. Sep- tember. LEPTOSPHiERIA ASPARAGI, N. sp. Perithecia broadly conical-, .01 to .014 inch broad, at first covered by the pierced epidermis, then naked, black; asci clavate or cylin- drical, short pedicellate, .003 to .004 inch long, .00045 to .0006 broad; spores oblong or subfusiform, crowded, .0008 to .0012 inch long, .0003 broad, at first colorless and triseptate, then slightly colored and five-septate, constricted at the septa. Dead stems of asparagus. Menands. October. MASSARIA PYRI, Otth. Bark of pear and apple trees. Albany. May. 71 PLEOSPORA SHEPHERDI^, N. sp. Perithecia scattered, small, .014 to .01 8 inch broad, covered by the epidermis, erumpent, black; asci cylindrical. .006 to .008 inch long, .0006 broad; spores uniseriate, oblong, generally triseptate, rarely five-septate, with one or two longitudinal septa, constricted in the middle, colored, .0008 to .001 inch long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Dead branches of Sherplierdia Canadensis. Port Henry. June. DOTHIDELLA ALNI, N. sp. Stroma orbicular, one to three lines broad; thin, convex and black above, concave, brown or grayish-black and papillosely rugulose below; asci cylindrical; spores ovate-elliptical, obscurely uniseptate near one end, colorless, .0006 to .0008 inch long, .0003 to .00035 broad. Dead leaves of Alnus viridis. Alt. Alarcy. June. The spores are very unequally divided, the smaller cells appearing like an umbo. LOPHIOTREMA VESTITA, N. sp. Perithecia closely gregarious, small, .014 to .02 inch broad, sunk in the wood, erumpent, conical, clothed with a slight tawny-ferru- ginous pulverulent tomentirm, ostiola naked, black, subterete or compressed; asci clavate, .006 to .007 inch long, .0006 to .0007 broad; spores crowded, subfasiform, at first biconic and tmiseptate, then triseptate or quadrinucleate, constricted in the middle, colorless, .0012 to .0016 inch long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Decorticated wood of poplar, Popuhis tremuloides. Gansevoort. September. Readily distinguished by the tawny, pulverulent tomentum of the perithecia. LOPHIOTREMA PARASITICA, N. sp. Perithecia crowded, subsuperficial, .014 to .02 inch broad, clothed with a minute subcervine pulverulent tomentimi, becoming blackish- brown with age, the ostiola prominent, subterete or compressed, clothed like the perithecia; asci subclavate, .005 to .006 inch long, .0006 to .0007 broad; spores crowded, at first biconic, then triseptate, constricted in the middle, colorless, .0012 to .0016 inch long, .0003 broad. On old Hypoxylon Morsei. Elizabethtown. September. This and the preceding species appear to be peculiar by reason of the pulverulent tomentrun of the perithecia. They would seem to constitute a distinct section of the genus. 72 (D.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS THALICTRUM PURPURASCENS, L. A singular Thalictrum was found on the shore of Lake Champlain, near Port Henry. Its leaves were thin and delicate, quite small, and five to seven-lobed, resembling those of Thalictrum dioicum. Some had a general petiole, others had none. The flowers were almost dioecious, the anthers resembling those of Thalictrum purpurascens, though perhaps they were a little more slender and more strongly mucronate. The plants had the general aspect of T. purpurascens, except the leaves, which resembled more those of T. dioicum. T. dioicum in the same locality was past flowering, it being now the middle of June, and had developed its fruit to full size. Whether this plant is a hybrid between T. dioicum and T. purpurascens, or a variety of the latter, or a distinct species, is a question to be solved. Similar forms have been regarded by Professor Trelease as hybrids. NASTURTIUM LACUSTRE, Gr. Black creek, near Bergen. ARABIS DRUMMONDII, Gr. Port Henry. A form with spreading pods. GEUM RIVALE, L. A form with pale yellow or cream-colored flowers was collected in the Adirondack mountains. It is not rare in that locality. RIBES CYNOSBATI, L. A very lax form of this plant occurs at Cascadeville, in the Adirondack mountains. The branches are long and slender, and the flowers are much scattered and very long pedicelled. It is associated in this locality with Ribes rotuiidifolium, R. lacustre and R. prosiratum. All were in flower at the same time. The last species occurs abundantly at Lower Ausable pond, where 73 nearly all the young fruit of a large patch was found infested by Sphaerotheca Mors-iivae Schw., which fungus is probably a mere variety of Sphaerotheca pannosa Lev. ASTER SAGITTIFOLIUS, WUld. This fine aster has not hitherto been represented in the herba- rium. It is recorded in the New York State Flora as a rare plant in New York. Fine specimens were found near Piffard, Livingston county, and it occurs in great abundance along the railroad between that place and Rochester. ASTER ACUMINATUS, Mx. Glen Cove, Long Island. /. A. Bisky. A very noticeable station for this mountain-loving plant. SOLIDAGO ULIGINOSA, Nutt. Bergen swamp. A very slender form, with unusually narrow and entire leaves, and a rather short panicle, sometimes slightly recurved. SYMPHORICARPUS RACEMOSUS, Mx. Near Canajoharie. The variety pauciflorus in rocky places, near Port Henry. POLYGONUM TENUE, Mx. Summit of Cobble hill, near Elizabethtown. SALIX CANDIDA, WiUd. Occurs sparingly near Guilderland Station. H. C. Gordinier. ABIES ALBA, Mx. Newcomb, Essex county. It also occurs in North Elba, but in all the localities observed b}^ me the trees were growing in cleared land, and had evidently sprung up since the forests were cut. ORCHIS SPECTABILIS, L. A form \vith white flowers. Schaghticoke. H. C. Gordinier I\Ir H. L. Grifiis also sends a white-flowered form of the flowering wintergreen, Polygala paiicijolia, from Binghamton. CLINTONIA BOREALIS, Raf. This plant grows almost everywhere in the Adirondack moun- tains, and in some places it is exceedingly thrifty and vigorous. 74 It is not uncommon to find plants with one or even two lateral umbels in addition to the terminal one. The number of flowers in the lateral umbels is generally less than the number in the terminal umbel of the same plant, and when there are three umbels the lowest -one has the smallest nimiber of flowers. They vary usually from three to six in the lateral umbels. In one specimen there were six flowers in the lateral and twelve in the terminal umbel. One plant had five large leaves. SCLERIA VERTICILLATA, Muhl. A small fonn with but three clusters of flowers is common in Bergen swamp. CAREX ALOPECOIDEA, Tuckm. This species is rare in the eastern part of the State. It occurs near Lansingburg. E. C. Howe and H. C. Gordinier. CAREX FLAVA, L. An extremel}^ variable species, even in the same locality and apparently surrounded by the same circimistances and influences. At Hewitt's pond in the Adirondack mountains, specimens were collected which were but four or five inches high and which bore but a single small fertile spike each. Near these, others were found which were fifteen or sixteen inches high and bore five fertile spikes each. Another form, intermediate in size, had three fertile spikes, two approximate and a lower distinct one. CAREX LONGIROSTRIS, Torr. Rocky places. Keene. A rare species with us. ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS, L. Green Island. H. C. Gordinier. Lansingburg. E. C. Howe. These specimens are nearly erect, not geniculate at the base. On the other hand, specimens of Alopecurus pratensis, a species described as erect, were collected by myself near Albany, in which the stems were decidedly geniculate at the base, thus exactly reversing this character as given in the descriptions. AGROSTIS VULGARIS, With. A form with very many of the flowers developed into leafy buds. Hewitts pond. Y5 PANICUM CRUS-GALLI, L. The form with dense panicles of awnless flowers is common in wet places about Warsaw, Wyoming county. BOTRYCHIUM LANCEOLATUM, Angst. Cascadeville, Adirondack mountains. June. OMPHALIA UMBELLIFERA, L. Not rare in the Adirondack mountains. Variety abiegnus grows on soft decayed wood of coniferous trees, and has a pale yellow pileus. Variety alpinus grows among mosses and on muck soil composed of decomposed vegetable matter. It usually occurs at high altitudes. It was plentiful in June on the summit of ]\It. Marcy. In it the pileus and lamellae are bright yellow. PHOLIOTA MYCENOIDES, Fr. In thin woods at Conklingville a form was found having the pileus rugose. LENZITES SEPIARIA, Fr. A resupinate form, var. dentifera, occurs on spruce in the Adiron- dack mountains, in which form the lamellae anastomose, and are more or less toothed or lacerated, resembling an Irpex more than a Lenzites. POLYPORUS yOLVATUS, Pk. This singular species develops in May and June in the Adirondack mountains. When young it is slightly viscid. It is especially subject to the attacks of insects. In July most of the specimens will be found to be infested by them. CREPIDOTUS H.SRENS, Pk. Fine specimens of this rare species were found on ash and butternut near Sprakers. The pileus is sometimes slightly floccose-squamulose. The tough viscid pellicle is ssparable, and in drying the moisture disappears from the disk first, from the thin margin last. HYDNUM GRAVEOLENS, Delast. A singular Ilydnum was found at Elizabethtown, in which the pileus was very uneven and ever>'where coated with a whitish villosity or tomentum. It has the peculiar odor of H. gravcolens, to which spgcies we have referred it as variety incBquale. 76 PHLEBIA RADIATA, Fr. Dead bark of wild bird cherry, Prunus Pennsylvanica. Conk- lingville. September. A thin cream-colored form corresponding nearly to variety pallida Fr. It sometimes forms extensive patches by the confluence of many individuals. ODONTIA FIMBRIATA, Pers. Decaying wood of poplar. Conklingville. September. A form with the subiculum thicker than usual and finel}^ rimose. Variety rimosa. PENIOPHORA NEGLECTA, Pk. A wholly resupinate form occurs on red maple. Acer rubrum. Bergen. CORTICIUM MARTIANUM, B. & C. When well developed this is a highly colored and very showy species. At first a small orbicular tuft of strigose radiating hairs appears. The center of the tuft soon assume a reddish tint, which again changes to bright-red or scarlet and becomes waxy. The hymenium is now covered with irregular rugae or folds giving the plant the appearance of some species of Phlebia. With advancing age the hymenium loses its brilliancy and becomes tinged with brownish, grayish or olivaceous tints, but the margin retains for a longer time its bright-red color, which fades to gray on the extreme fimbriate edge. The mycelium is yellowish. Metuloids have been seen in some specimens, but they are rare. SPHiEROPSIS MALORUM, Pk. This has occurred on leaves of apple trees, but in this case with perithecia rather smaller than in the type. MARSONIA JUGLANDIS, Sacc. The species is quite variable, being both hypophyllous and epiphyllous, and occurring on small or large spots and with few or many nuclei. SEPTOCYLINDRIUM RANUNCULI, Pk. This has occurred on radical leaves of Ranunculus ahortivus. Helderberg mountains. May. RAMULARIA PLANTAGINIS, E. & M. Variety nigromaculans Pk. Spots with a small grayish center and a broad blackish or blackish-brown margin. The fungus occurs on this blackish margin. Menands. October. > 77 PERONOSPORA GANGLIFORMIS, De By. Living leaves of Sonchiis asper. Warsaw. PEZICULA ACERICOLA, Pk. Variety gregaria Pk. Receptacles small, gregarious. Bark of red maple, Acer ruhriim. Kamer. September. RHYTISMA SALICINUM, Fr. Fallen leaves of Salix Cutleri. Mt. Marcy. June. Fertile specimens. KEPOKT OF THE BOTANIST. KEPOET OF THE BOTANIST. To the Honorable the Board of Regents of the University of the Statt of Neiv York : Gentlemen. — I liave the honor to communicate to you the following report : In the prosecution of the- work of completing and arranging the State Herbarium the past year, specimens of the plants of the State have been collected in the counties of Albany, Greene, Lewis, Oneida, Oswego, Kensselaer, Saratoga and Ulster. Speci- mens have also been contributed which were collected in the counties of Broome, Cayuga, Kings, Orleans, Rensselaer and Wayne. Specimens of one hundred and seventy species of plants have been added to the herbarium, of which twenty-seven were contributed by corresjiondents and one hundi'ed and fort3'-three were collected by the botanist. Of those collected by the bota- nist, one hundred and five species are new to the herbarium and to the State flora. Among the added species are twenty-six flowering plants, some of which are introduced and possibly may not be sufficiently abundant and well-established to be properly considered a part of our flora, but all were found growing without cultivation and it was thought best to place the fact on record. A list of the added species is appended and is marked A. The number of correspondents who have contriljuted specimens is seventeen. The contributed specimens of extralimital species are not included in the foregoing enumeration. A list of the names of the contributors, and of their respective contributions, is marked B. In the eastern part of the State, the mouths of July, August and September were unusually favorable to the production of ileshy fungi, the Hymenomycetes, and special att«Miti(»n was given to the collection of these plants. They constitute a large ponvutjigo of the added species and among them are many that are considenHi new to science. In consequence of their evanescent colors, painttxi 52 Forty-first Annual Report on the sketches were made of most of tlie new species while the plants were yet fresh. A record of the added species, together with descriptions of the new ones, is marked C. Remarks concerning species previously known to belong to our flora and descriptions of new varieties are recorded in a chapter marked D. The botanical reports have now become so numerous that- an index to them is gfeatly needed, in order to facilitate reference to them and save time in consulting them. I have, therefore, pre- pared an index of the genera and species recorded in reports twenty-two to thirty-eight, inclusive. It is alphabetically arranged and is marked F. Beaver dam is a body of water near to and connected with Beaver lake, in the eastern part of Lewis county. It was reported to me that the red-flowered variety of the white water lily, Nymphcea odorota, had been seen growing there. Wishing to obtain speci- mens of this interesting form, the locality was visited, but only the same form that was found last year in Mud pond was detected here. The external petals are tinged with red but the inner ones are white. The full red-flowered variety is yet a desideratum. There was found, however, in Beaver lake inlet, locally called " The Slough," a scarcely less interesting form of this plant. It has the very large flowers and leaves of the tuberous water lily, Nynvphoia tuherosa, and yet the very distinct and pleasant fragrance of the white water lily. It is interesting, scientifically, because it tends to support the views of those botanists who consider these plants as mere forms of one species. A form of the northern or Canadian blueberry, Vaccinium Canadense, in which the fruit is jet black and shining, was observed growing plentifully in the cleared land and pastures near Beaver lake. Thus, it happens that each one of our four common blueberries, which contribute to supply our markets with this excellent fruit, has its black-fruited variety, notwithstanding the general application of the name " blueberries." This variation is interesting and worthy of notice, because it indicates a tendency in these plants to vary in a part in which variation may be made the basis of useful improvement under proper treatment and culture. The fruit is the useful part of these plants and variation in it indicates capability of improvement in this direction. A, similar variation has also been observed in the fruit of the black huckle- State Museum of Natural History. 53 berry, Gaylussacia resinosa. In it the frait is commonly dull black without any bloom, but in the variety it is of a shining jet black and is readily distinguishable from the ordinaiy form. Dishonest berry pickers sometimes take advantage of the similarity in size and shape between this huckleberry and the black-fruited variety of the chokeberry, Fi/rus arhutifoJia. They mix the two fruits and the fraud is not likely to be detected till the taste reveals it. The flavor of large quantities of canned berries is sometimes spoiled by this reprehensible practice. Mr. P. H. Dudley, civil engineer of the N. Y. C. and H. li. rail- road, has, at my request, communicated to me some of the results of his investigations of the fungi destructive to wood. This is of such great practical importance that I have added a copy of his communication to this report. It is marked E. Very respectfully submitted. CHAS. H. PECK. Albany, December 6, 1887. 54 Forty- FIRST Annual Effort on the (A.) PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM. New to the Hei^harmm. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Brassica campestris L. ' Liinaria biennis L. , Dianthus barbatus L. Levisticum ofQcinale Koch. Valeriauella olitoria Poll. Aster junceus Ait. Phlox maculata L. Myosotis arvensis Hojfm. M. collina Hoffm. Cuscuta tenuiflora Engelm. Physalis lanceolata Mx. Nepeta grandiflora Bleb. Plantago Media L. Aristolochia Clematitis L. Euphorbia Esula L. Salix amygdaloides Ander. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckm. P. Zizii M. & K. P. Hillii Morong. P. marina L. Eleocharis diandra Wright. Panicum nervosum Muhl. Deyeuxia Porteri Vasei/. Eatonia Dudley! Vasey. Bromus arvensis L. Lepiota granosa Morg. L. arenicola Pk. Tribholoma resplendens Fr. T. Columbetta Fr. T. intermedium PA:. T. terriferum Pk. T. tricolor Pk. T. fuligineum PA'. T. putidum Fr. Clitocybe subsimilis PA-. C. c^espitosa PA-. C. sulphurea PA-. C. tortilis Bolt. Collybia scorzonerea Batsch. C. hariolorum D. G. C. strictipes PA-. C. alba PA;. Omphalia subgrisea PA'. Mycena capillaripes PA'. M. crystallina PA'. Entoloma sericeum Bull. E. flavoviride PA-. Clitopilus erythrosporus PA'. C. conissans PA:. C. caespitosus PA;. Pholiota minima PA'. Inocybe fibrillosa PA'. I. subfulva PA'. I. violaceifolia PA'. I. aste"ospora Quel. I. margarispora Berk. I. commixta Bres. Inocybe agglutinata PA'. I. ' nigridisca PA;. I. vatricosa Fr. Hebeloma crustuliniforme Bull. H. longicaudum Pers., Flammula lubrica Fr. F. subfulva PA;. Naucoria paludosa PA:. N. unicolor PA;. N. triscopoda F'. N. carpophila Fr. Galera inculta PA'. Agaricus comptulus Fr. Stropharia ctlbocyanea Desm. Psilocybe clivensis B. <£• Br. P. senex PA'. Deconica subviscida PA'. Psathyrella minima PA:. Cortinarius balteatus Fr. C. pluvius Fr. C. muscigenus PA-. C. brevipes PA'. C. brevissimus PA'. C. cilbidifolius PA'. C. s]3ilomeus Fr. C. flavifolius Pk. C. griseus PA;. C. badius Pk. C. subflexipes PA'. C. paleaceus Fr. C. rigidus Fr. Hygrophorus Laurae Morg. Lactarius aspideus Fr. L. maculatus Pk. Russula lepida Fr. R. adulterina Fr. R. atropurpurea Pk. Boletus speciosus F^ost. B. auriflammeus B. & C. B. purpureus F\ B. nemichrysus, B. & C. B. glabellus PA;. B. nariipes Pk. B. indecisus PA'. B. albellus PA;. Polyporus flavovirens B. £■ B. P. rimosus Berk. P. mutmis PA". P. ^ pineus PA;. Merulfus Ravenelii Berk. M. himantioides Fr. Hydnum fasciatum Pk. Irpex nodulosus PA;. Radulum Pendulum F\ Corticium olivaceum Fr. Clavaria albida PA:. C. densa PA'. Geaster Schaefferi Vitt. State Museum of Natural History. 55 Geaster vittatus Kalchb. Spha^ropsis carpinea S. cD Br. Cercospora Gentiana Pk. 0(ispora Cucumeris Fk. Sporendonema myophilum Sacv. Zygodesmus violaceofuscus Sacv Not new to the Herbarium. Nehimbium luteum Willd. Nympha?a odorata Ait. Stellaria longifolia Mnhl. Vicia sativa X. Fragaria Virginiana Duchesne. Rubus villosus Ait. Galium circai'zans M.r. G. trifldum L. Aster diffusus Ait. A. Tradescanti L. Erigeron annuus Pers. Solidago rugosa Mill. Gaylussacia resinosa T. & G. Fraxinus viridis Mx. Asclepias tuberosa L. Sympnytum officinale L. Myosotis palustris With. Epiphegus Virginiana Bart. Juncus aciiminatus Mx. J. marginatus Bost. J. Canadensis Gay. J. tenuis Willd. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Seirpus polyphyllus Vahl. S. Torreyi Olneij. Eragrostis capillaris L. Panicum clandestinum L. Botrychium lanceolatum Angst. Amanita phalloides Fr. A. rubescens Pr, Lepiota granulosa Batsch. L. illinita Fr. Tricholoma Peckii Howe. T. vaccinum Perx. T. fumosoluteum Pk. Clitocybe nebularis Batsch. C. laccata Scop. Collybia lentinoides Pk. Clitopilus prunulus .St^o/i. Inocybe rimosa Bull. Marasmius pra-aeutus Ell'ts. M. salignus Pk. Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. Clavaria stricta Pers. C. crispula F^\ C. pistillaris L. (B.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. Prof. W. Lunaria biennis L. Fragaria Virginiana Duch. Aster junceus Ait. A. diffusus Ait. A. Tradescanti L. Fraxinus viridis Mx. Myosotis ai'vensis Hoffm. M. collina Hojfin. Cuscuta tenuiflora Bngl. ('. epilinum Weihe. Plantago Media L. R. Dudley, Ithaca, N. Y. Aristolochia Clematitis L. Euphorbia Esula L. Salix amygdaloides And. Jimciis Canadensis (rait. Potamogeton Zizii M. d- K. P. Spirillus Tuikm. P. Hillii Mor. P. marina L. Panicum nervosum ^[l(hl. Dcycuxia Porteri Vascij. Eatonia Dudleyi Va.feu. Prof. B. D. Halsted, Ames, Iowa. Sphffjrotheca lanestris Hark. Cercospora rosa^cola Pass. Peronospora Claytonia; Farl. Puccinia prunispinosa? Pe7\^. Uromyces Lupin i B. tf- C. U. Beta> Kuhn. ^cidium Phacelca^ Peck. Puccinia Malvacearum Mont Ustilago antherarum Fr. I\ronilia Linhartiaiia Sacc. Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, INIass. Gcoglossum atvopurpunMini /':. ]\ricrosplm'ri;i Vai-cinii ''. »l' P- LeptosphuMia SiloiK's-acauli.s /VA«»<. Dothidea Wittrockii Eriks. i'liragmotrichum Chaillctii A'. tC S. Kxoascus Wiesneri Bathay. Prof. H. A. Green. Troy, N. Y. Umbilicaria Muhlenbergii Tuckni. 56 FORTY-FTRST ANNUAL REPORT ON THE C. E. Fairman, M. D., Lyndonville, N. Y. Polyporus sulphureus Fr. i Nidularia pulvinata Schw. PerichEena corticalis Batsch. \ E. C. Howe, M. D., Lansingburgh, N. Y. Eleocharis diandra Wright. I Agropyrum caninum B. & 8. Bromus arvensis L. ' H. C. Gordinier, M. D.,,Troy, N. Y. Bromus arvensis L. \ Aristolochia Clematitis L. Harold Wingate, Philadelphia, Penn. Orthotricha microcephala Wing. P. H. Dudley, New York. Lenzites striata Sw. i Lentinus Nicaraguensis B. & C. L. abietina Fr. I Trametes Pini Fr. W. O. Stevenson, Jr., Philadelphia, Penn. Lepiota Americana Peck. J. A. Lintner, Albany, N. Y. Eeticularia Lycoperdon Bull. George T. Fish, Rochester, N. Y. Nulumbium luteum Willd. H. L. Griffis, Binghamton, N. Y. Sporendonema myophilum Sacc. A. P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio. Hydnum casearum Morg. | Hydnum alboviride Morg. 0. J. Curtis, Lincolnton, N. C. Fistulina hepatica Fr. Hypomyces hyalinus ScJiw. Boletus flexuosipes jPA;. Lactarius atroviridis Pk. Boletus leprosus Pk. Boletus dictyocephalus Pk. Eev. J. L. Zabriskie, Flatbush, N. Y. Polyporus rimosus Berk. S. H. Wright, M. D. Polyporus Curtisii Berk. . Clathrus columnatus Bosc. P. sanguineus Fr. \ (C.) PLANTS NOT BEFOEE KEPOKTED. Ranunculus septentrionalis, Poir. In wet places, rarely in pine woods. Albany and Kensselaer coun- ties. Common. June. I have not seen, in the vicinity of Albany, the true R. repens, with which this species has been confused. Brassica campestris, L, About houses and in cultivated grounds. Menands, Albany county. June. The specimens belong to variety colza, which has probably been introduced in "bird seed." I State Museum of Natural History. 57 Lunaria biennis, L. Escaped from cultivation at Ithaca. May. Prof. W. R. Dudley. Dianthus barbatus, L. Established iu woods near Itliaca. June and July. Dudley. Levisticum ofificinale, Koch. Occasionally established by roadsides and in waste places. Cayu<,'a county. Dudley. Sandlake, Rensselaer county. June. Valerianella olitoria, Poll Frontenac island, Cayuga lake. May. Dudley. Introduced an«l synonymous with Fedia olitoria Vahl. Aster junceus, Ait. Sphagnous swamps. Round marsh, Dryden. September. Dudley. Phlox maculata, L. Roadsides. Sandlake. June. Probably introduced in this locality, or escaped from cultivation, but the plants were growing remote from any dwelling. Myosotis arvensis, Iloffm. Ithaca. May and June. Dudley. Myosotis collina, Hoffm. Ithaca. May. Dudley. Cuscuta tenuiflora, Engelm. - Near Union Springs. Growing on peppermint, Mentha pij>enla. August and September. Dudley. Physalis lanceolata, il/j". Cultivated grounds. Menands. Our plant is well described in the Manual under the name Phij.^alis Pennsylvanica. It has probably beou introduced from the south or west, but is very persistent. Nepeta grandiflora, Bieb. Roadsides. Menands. September. Introduced. Plantago Media, />. University grounds, Ithaca. June. Dudley. 58 Forty-first Annual Report on the Aristolochia Clematitis, L. Lansingburgh, Kensselaer county. H. G. Gordmier. Union Springs. June. Dudley. Introduced. Euphorbia Esula, L. Groton. June and July. Dudley. Salix amygdaloides, Ander. Fall creek, Eddy pond, Cayuga lake, Cayuga marshes, etc. Abund- ant. May. Dudley. Potamogeton Spirillus, Tuckm. Cayuta lake. August. Dudley. Lower Saranac lake, Essex county. Sandlake. Two forms occur. In one the submersed leaves are rather long and straight; in the other they are shorter and somewhat recurved, and give the plant a peculiar appearance. The Cayuta-lake specimens are very small, being but one or two in. long. Potamogeton Zizii, M. <(; K. Fall creek. August and September. Dudley. Normanskill creek near Kenwood, Albany county. Potamogeton Hillii, Morong. Malloryville. July. Dudley. Potamogeton marina, L. Near the outlet of Seneca lake. July. Dudley. Eleocharis diandra, Wright. Lansingburgh. E. G. Howe. Panicum nervosum, Muhl. Woods near White church. July. Dudley. Cold Spring, Putnam county, and Adirondack mountains. Deyeuxia Porteri, Vasey. Thatcher's pinnacle, West Danby. 'August. Dudley. This is CaZa- magrostis Porteri of the Manual. It is a rare and local species. Eatonia Dudleyi, Vasey. South hill. Jvine. Dudley. The specimens placed in the State Herbarium by Dr. Torry, and labeled Kaeleria Pennsylvanica, belong to this species, which has until recently been confused with Eatonia w State Museum of Natural History. r><) Pennsylvanica. The characters by which it is separated from E. Peim- ^ylvamca are, according to the author of the species, " its slender cuUns and panicle, the very short cauline leaves, the longer and wider lower ulume, the more obtuse upper one and the shorter obtiiser flowering "lumes." The flowers have a peculiarly blunt appearance by which the plant may be easily recognized. Bromus arvensis, L. Troy. Gordinier and Howe. Sparingly introduced. June. Lepiota granosa, 31org. Prostrate trunks of trees, old stumps and decayed wood. Catskill mountains. September. Our specimens do not agree rigidly with the description of the spe- cies to which we have refei ed them. The pileus is either obtuse or umbonate, even or radiately rugose-wrinkled, and is generally even and regular on the margin. The stem also is either equal or slightly thickened at the base, but these variations are not of specific impor- tance. The flesh of the stem is yellowish as in Lepiota amianthvui.s to which this species is closely related, both in color and structure, but from which it may be distinguished by its habitat, its larger size and its entire membranous persistent annulus. Lepiota arenicola, n. sj). Pileus at first broadly conical, then convex or nearly plane, obscurely punctate with minute granular squamules, whitish or cinereous, sub- striate and crenulate on the margin; lamelhe broad, snbventricose, distant, free, white; stem slender, equal, stuffed, glabrous, whitish, the annulus imperfect, obsolete or quickly evanescent; spores oblong or subfusiform, acute at one end, .0005 to .OOOG in. long, .0002 to .00024 broad. Pileus 3 to 6 Unas broad; stem 8 to 12 lines long, about 5 lines thick. Sandy soil. Earner, Albany county. August. The spores indicate an aftinity of this species with L. mf/M/.-syxw-o, of which it might be regared as a dwarf variety, but it differs m lis smaller size, more expanded pileus, distant lamelhr and glabrous stem. The mycelium binds the sand into a globose mass at the Uxbo of the stem. , _ ., Tricholoma resplendens, l- r. Thin woods. Catskill mountains. Septeinbor. Tricholoma Columbetta, Fr. Woods. Selkirk, Albany county. August. 60 Forty-first Annual Report on the Tricholoma intermedium, n. sp. Pileus thin, campanulate, obtuse, glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, greenish-yellow, flesh white; lamellae crowded, free or slightly adnexed, white; stem equal, firm, glabrous, white; spores broadly elliptical, .0002 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Thin woods. Catskill mountains. September. This species resembles some forms of T. equestre, from which it is separated by its white lamellre. It aj^pears to be intermediate between that species and T. sejunctuin from which its glabrous pileus and crowded lamellae distinguish it. Tricholoma terriferumi, n. sjj. Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, irregular, often wavy on the margin, glabrous, viscid, pale alutaceous, generally soiled with adhering particles of earth carried up in its growth, flesh white, with no decided odor; lamellae thin crowded, slightly adnexed, white, not spotted or changeable; stem equal, short, solid, white, floccose- squamulose at the apex; spores minute, subglobose, .00012 in. long. Pileus 3 to 4 in. broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, G to 8 lines thick. Woods. Catskill mountains. September. This and the next preceding species belong to the section Limacina. Tricholoma tricolor, n. sp. Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly depressed in the center, firm, dry, obscurely striate on the margin, pale alutaceous, inclining to russet, flesh whitish; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnexed, pale yellow, becoming brown or purplish-brown in drying; stem stout, short, firm, tapering upwards from the thickened or subbulbous base, white; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, .0003 in. long. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, G to 12 lines thick. Woods. Selkirk. August. Remarkable for its varied colors and for the peculiar hue assumed by the lamellae in the dried state. Tricholoma fuligineum, n. sp. Pileus convex or nearly plane, obtuse, often irregular, dry, minutely squamulose, sooty-brown, flesh grayish, odor and taste farinaceous; lamellae subdistant, uneven on the edge, cinereous, becoming blackish in drying; stem short, solid, equal, glabrous, cinereous; spores oblong, elliptical, .0003 in. long, .OOOIG broad. State Museum of Natural History. (\\ t Pileus 1 to 2.5 iu. broad; stem 1 to 1.5 iu. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Among mosses iu open places. Catskill mountains. September. This and the next in-eceding species belong to the section Geuuiua. Tricliolonia putidum, Fr. Under pine troes. Catskill moiiutains. September. Our specimens agree accurately with the description of T. imUdnm ^ except that the pileus is not umbonate; but this character is limited by Fries in Icones Selectte to young plants. Clitocybe subsimilis, n. .sp. Pileus at first conical or subturbinate, then plane, nearly obconicah soft, fleshy, pure white, the margin at first involute and somewhat tomentose, then even or marked with irregular ridges, as if from matted tomentum, flesh white, taste mild; lamella; in the young plant adnate, in the adult, decurrent, subdistant, often branched, white, the interspaces venose; stem equal or merely subbulbous, by no means obclavate, solid, soft, elastic, white; spores broadly elliptical or sub- globose; .0002 to .00025 iu. long, .00016 to .0"002 broad. Pileus 1 to 1.5 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 2 to \ lines thick. Under pine trees. Catskill mountains. September. This species is closely related to Clitoeyhe clavipes, of which there is said to be a white variety. I have separated our plant not only because of its pure white color, but also because of its peculiar stem, which is not at all obclavate as in G. clavipes, though sometimes it is slightly and abruptly bulbous. Its resemblance to C. claclpeit Ims suggested the specific name. It is very unlike C. ohtexla in its dry pileus and subdistant lamelLe. Variety mondrom. Lamelhu reticulately branched or anastomosing, causing the hymenium to apj)ear porous either wholly or iu part. With the typical form. Clitocybe caespitosa, n. sp. Pileus thin, infundibuliform, often ii-regular, slightly silky, hygro- phanous, grayish brown when moist, subcinereous or argillaceous when dry; lamelhe narrow, close, decurrent, somewhat branched, white; stem equal, stuffed or hollow, silky, white; spon-^ nunul... subelliptical, .00012 to .00010 in. long. Pileus 1 to 1.5 in. broad; stem about 1 in. long, 2 to 3 linot, thiik. Thin woods! Catskill mountains. September. The plant is remarkable for its ciespitose mode of growth and its irregular, deformed appearance. The pileus is somewhat porforutod. The relationship is with C. expallens, V. Adii-oudackeusis. etc. 62 Forty-first Annual Report on the Clitocybe sulphurea, n. sp. Pileus convex, slightly umbonate, moist or subhygrophanous, jiale yellow, streaked, flesh yellowish; lamelh^e subdistant, adnate, uneven or serrulate on the edge, pale yellow; stem equal or tapering upwards, curved or flexuous, hollow, colored and streaked like the pileus, yellowish within; spores broadly, elliptical or subglobose, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad; stem 1 to 3 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Decaying wood of spruce and balsam. Wittenberg mountain. September. Distinct from Tricholoma sulphureum, which it resembles in color, by its moist pileus, adnate lamellte, hollow stem and lack of odor. Clitocybe tortilis, Bolt. Hard ground in an old road. Sandlake. August. A species closely allied to G. laccata and appearing like an irregular dwarf form of that species. Sometimes csespitose. ^ CoUybia scorzonerea, Batsch. Woods. Adirondack and Catskill mountains-. July and September. The species is distinguished from 0. maculatus by the yellowish hue ?| of the pileus and lamellae. The stem is sometimes attenuated and radicating at the base and sometimes blunt. CoUybi'a hariolorum, B. G. Woods. Catskill mountains. September. Collybia strictipes, n. sp. Pileus thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, glabrous, slightly rugose on the disc, moist or subhygrophanous, pale yellow, more highly colored on the disk, paler when dry; lamellae thin, crowded, adnexed or subtree, white; stem equal, straight, hollow, glabrous, slightly mealy or pruinose at the tojD, white, with a dense white tomentum at the base; spores ovate, pointed or acuminate at one end, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 1.5 to 2 in. broad; stem 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Woods. Catskill mountains. September. CoUybia alba, n. .^p. Pileus thin, convex or hemispherical, even, obtuse, glabrous, white; lamellae broad, subdistant, ventricose, adnexed or nearly free, white; stem short, equal or slightly thickened at the top, solid, glabrous. 11^ State Museum of Natural History. 63 I^Khite; broadly elliptical or subglobose, .00016 to .0002 iu. long, .00012 ^K) .00016 broad. p Pileus 3 to 5 lines broad, stem about 1 iu. long, ..5 to 1 line thick. Mossy decayed wood and stumps. Gansevoort. July. A small white species related to G. Michehana, C. muscirjena and C. India, but differing from these by its broad ventricose lamelkt-. Omphalia subgrisea, n. sp. Pileus membranaceous, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, striatu- late, grayish-brown with a paler margin; lamellae distant, arcuate- decurrent, cinereous; stem slender, short, stuffed, generally curved, sprinkled with minute mealy jiarticles, colored like the pileus. Pileus 2 to 3 lines broad; stem 6 to 10 lines long. Decayed wood of birch, Betula lutea. Blue Mountain lake, Adii'ondack mountains. July. In color this plant resembles Mijcena vulgaris, or grayish forms of J/, clavicularis; in size, 31. corticola. When very young the stem is conical and the pileus is more narrow than its base. Mycena capillaripes, n. .sp. Pileus membranous, campanulate, glabrous, hygrophanous, livid gray or brownish and striate when moist, paler when dry, odor weak, alkaline; lamellse ascending, subdistant, adnate, whitish or livid- white, the edge obscurely brownish-purple; stem slender, almost capillary, fragile, glabrous, hollow, colored like the pileus; spores narrowly elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 3 to 5 lines broad; stem 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, scarcely .5 line thick. Under pine trees. Karner. August. This species is related to Mycena rubromarginaia from which I have separated it because of its smaller size, slender stem, paler color, smaller spores and alkaline odor. It is also much smaller ami puler than 31. purjjureofusca. Mycena crystallina, n. sp. Pileus membranous, at hrst conical or convex, then nearly plauo, sometimes Avith a slight umbo and reflexed margin, even or obscurely striate on the margin, everywhere beset with minute shining viscid glandular particles, pure white; lamelhe narrow, thin, luhiate, close, white; stem short, slender, hollow, colored ami adorned like the pileus, attached by white woolly hairs. Pileus 2 to 5 lines broad; stem 4 to 8 lines long. 64 Forty-first Annual Report on the Fallen leaves of pine. Catskill mountains. September. The species belongs to the Basidipes and is closely related to M. saccharifera, from which it is separated because of its larger size, more numerous closer adnate lamellae and pure white color. The glands occur in every part of the plant and cause it to appear as if slightly sticky or viscid when pressed between the fingers. They are not visible to the naked eye, but under a lens they appear like minute globular shining particles. In the dried state the specimens assume a slight yellowish tint. ' Entoloma sericeum, Bull. Sandy pastures. West Albany. June. I Entoloma flavoviride, n. sp. Pileus thin, at first broadly conical, then convex or subconcave by the upcurving of the margin, dingy yellowish-green, slightly silky and shining when dry; lamelhc broad, subdistant, ventricose, free or slightly adnexed, dingy or cinereous ; stem equal, hollow, fibrous- striate, whitish; spores angular, uninucleate, .00045 to .0005 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 2.5 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Low swampy woods. Karner. August. The color of the f)ileus is a peculiar dingy yellowish-green or olive- green by which the species is easily recognized. Clitopilus erythrosporus, n. sjx Pileus thin, hemispherical or strongly convex, glabrous or merely pruinose, grayish-incarnate, Hesh whitish with an incarnate tint, taste farinaceous; lamellae narrow, crowded, arcuate, strongly decurrent, colored like the pileus; stem equal or slightl}"^ tapering upward, hol- low, slightly pruinose at the top, colored like the pileus; spores ellip- tical, rosy-red, .0002 in. long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Decayed wood and among fallen leaves in Avoods. Catskill moun- tains and Menands. September and October. The species is easily recognized by its peculiar uniform color, its narrow, crowded and very decurrent lamella and its bi'ight rosy-red spores. Clitopilus conissans, n. sp. Pileus thin, convex, glabrous, pale rdutaceous, often dusted by the copious spores; lamellae close, adnate, reddish-brown; stem slender, brittle, hollow, white; sj)ores narrowly elliptical, bright rosy red, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. I ;State Museum of Natural LIistouy. g5 Plant caespitose; pile us 1 to 1.5 in. broad; .stem 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. A single tuft of this i)eculiar species was found gi-owing at the base of an apple tree in the Catskill mountains, in September. The species is remarkable for the copious bright colored spores which were so thickly dusted over the pilei of the lower specimens as to conceal the real color of the surface. They are quite as bright as and a little longer than those of the preceding species. The general aspect of the plant with its dark colored lamellae is suggestive of some species of Hypholoma or Psilocybe, but the color of the spores requires its inser- tion in this place. Clitopilus caespitosus a. sp. Pileus at first convex, firm, nearly regular, shining white, then nearly plain, fragile, often irregular or eccentric from its tufted mode ' 'f growth, glabrous but with a slight silky luster, whitish, tiesh white, taste mild; lamella naiTow, thin, crowded, often forked, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish, becoming dingy or brownish-incarnate; stem csespitose, solid, silky -fibrillose, slightly mealy at the top, white; spores very pale incarnate, .0002 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem l.o to 3 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Thin woods and pastures. Catskill mountains. hJeptember. This is a large, fine species, very distinct in its cpespitose habit, white color and very pale, sordid tinted spores. But for the color of these the plant might easily be taken for a species of Clitocybe. The tufts imetimes form long rows. Pholiota minima, n. sp. Pileus membranous, hemispherical or campanulate, umbonate, i,dabrouK, hygrophanous, brown and striatulate when moist, pale l)uff or yellowish-white when dry; lamella- rather close, subveutricose, udnexed, ferruginous; stem slender, soHd, glabrous, shining, similar to the pileus in color, annulus near the middle, slight, evanesceut; >pores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 lines broad; stem 8 to 12 lines long, .5 line thick. Among Polytriclium. Catskill mountains. September. The species is distinguished from P. mi/cenoides, to which it is closely related, by its smaller size, paler color, umbonate pileus and "lid stem. . ^ Inocybe fibrillosa, n. .^']>. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plain, obtuse or subumbouate, densely fibrillose, tawny, the disk usually darker in color and adorned with appressed fibrillose scales; lamelhc close, adnate, at first yellowish or i 66 FOETY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT ON THE yellowisli-olivaceovis, tlieu ciuuamou-brown; stem equal, hollow, fibril- lose-squainose, pallid; spores even, .0004 in. long, .00025 broad. Pileus 10 to 18 lines broad; stem aljout 1 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Damp mossy banks in woods. Bethlehem, Albany county. August. The species belongs to the Squarrosse. Inocybe subfulva, n. s^p- Pileus at first broadly conical or subcampanulate, then convex or * nearly plane, umbonate, fibrillose-squamose, tawuy-ochraceous; lamellee broad, close, rounded behind, adnexed, ventricose, pallid, becoming tawny-cinnamon; stem, equal, firm, solid, fibrous-striate, obscurely pruinose, a little paler than the pileus; spores stelletely rough, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0003 to .00035 broad. Pileus 8 to 16 lines broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Sandy soil, in fields. Selkirk. -August. Related to /. calosjDora, from which it differs in the erect scales of the pileus, the adnexed lamellae, the solid stem and the somewhat elliptical shape of the spores. The species belongs to the Lacerse. Inocybe violaceifolia, n. sp. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, fibrillose, subsquamulose, grayish ; lamellae close, adnexed, at first pale violaceous, then brownish- cinnamon; stem firm, solid, slender, fibrillose, whitish; spores even, .0004 in. long, 00025 broad. Pileus G to 12 lines broad; stem about 1 in. long, 1 line thick. Mossy ground in woods. Selkirk. August. A small, pale species, remarkable for the violaceous tint of the young lamellre. It belongs to the RimoScie. Inocybe asterospora, Quel. "Woods and open places. Sandlake. June. South Ballston. July. Inocybe margarispora, Berk. Grassy ground in thin woods. Greenbush, Rensselaer county. June. Our specimens are a little smaller than the typical ones, but they appear to belong to this species. Inocybe commixta, Bres. Adirondack mountains. July. • State Museum of Natural IIihtorv. (j7 Inocybe agglutinata, n. sp. Pileus at first conical, then campanulate or convex, umbouate, libril- lose, pale tawny, streaked or spotted with appressed fibrils, the umbo usually darker; lamelliB close, broad, ventricose, adjiexed, at first wliitish, then brownish-cinnamon, often white on the edge ; stem firm, solid, white or whitish and pruinose above, brownish or tawny and fibrillose below; spores even, .0004 to .00045 in. long, .0002 to .00024 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Under pine trees. Catskill mountains. Septembex'. This is a beautiful and well marked species. The fibrils of the pileus appear as if agglutinated to its surface, though it is not viscid- Sometimes thej'^ form tawny spots like appressed scales. In very wet weather they are a2:)t to wash away and disappear. In general appear- ance the plaint resembles /. Whitei, but the umbonate dry pileus at once distinguishes it. The real affinity is with I. geophi/lla. Inocybe nigridisca, n. sp. Pileus thin, at first convex, then nearly plane or somewhat ceutrally depi-essed, umbonate, moist, minutely fibrillose, blackish-brown with a grayish margin when moist, cinereous when dry; lamelhc close, rounded behind, free or slightly adnexed, at first grayish, then ferru- ginous-brown, sometimes tinged with yellow; stem slender, firm, solid, liexuous, minutely villose-pruiuose, reddish-brown; spores nodulose, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 4 to 8 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, .5 line thick. Under cinnamon fern, Osmunda cinnamomea. Kasoag. Oswego county. June. The adornment of the pileus and stem is so minute that at first m.^iu the plant appears to be glabrous. The margin of the ])ileus soon becomes elevated, causing the center to appear depressed. The spe- cies belongs to the Velutiuie. It is distinguished from I. iHilinlim-lIa by its darker color, and its moist or subhygrophanous cliaracter. Inocybe vatricosa, Fr. Damp groiind under willows. Catskill mountains. September. The pallid color, decumbent stem and webby veil are charactoristic of this species. Thd European plant is said to be inodorous, but our specimens had. a radish-like odor. In it the spores are even, elliptical, .0004 in. long, .00024 broad. I find no description of tlie spores ot tlie European plant. A variety with the disk reddish occurs in the sjinio locality. It appears somewhat like a diminutive form of Heltcloma longicaiidum. 68 Forty- FinsT Annual Report om the Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Bull Open woods. Catskill mouutaius. September. A siuall form, but exhibiting well the characters of the species. Hebeloma longicaudum, Peru. Woods. Catskill mountains. September. In our pla*it the pileus is not umbonate, nor do all the descriptions ascribe this character to the sj)ecies. Flammula lubrica, Fr. Decayed wood and ground among fallen leaves. Catskill mount- ains. September. This species closely resembles F. sjyumom in general appearance, but it may be distinguished by its somewhat spotted pileus and its white flesh. The spores also are paler than those of F. spumosa. Flammula subfulva, n. sp. Pileus convex, viscid, innately librillose, spotted toward the margin with darker ai:)pressed scales, sordid-tawny, flesh grayish-white ; lamelhe close, adnate, brownish-ochraceous; stem equal or slightly taper- ing upward, fibrillose, solid, whitish; spores brownish-ochraceous, elliptical, uninucleate, .00024 to 0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 1.5 to 2.5 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. About the base of trees. Catskill mountains. September. The plant is more or less'ciBspito.se. It is allied to F. spumosa, but differs in its tawny squamose-spotted pileus and grayish-white flesh. Naucoria paludosa, n. sp. Pileus very thin, broadly convex or plane, glabrous, hygrophanous brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, buff -yellow when dry; lamellae close, thin, rather broad, adnexed, at first yellowish or pallid, then brownish-ochraceous; stem slender, equal, hollow, brittle, glabrous, pallid or brownish; spores ferruginous, elliptical, uninucle- ate, .0004 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, .5 to 1 line thick. Wet, marshy or damp ground under willows and alders. Catskill mountains. September. Naucoria unicolor, n. sjx Pileus thin, broadly convex, jDlane or slightly depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, yellowish-brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, paler when dry; lamelhie thin, close, slightly rounded behind, State Museum of Natural Hihtory. (39 colored like tlie j^ileus; stem equal, tough, hollow, glabrous, colored like the pileus, with white mycelium at the base; spores broadly ellip- tical, brownish-ferrugiuous, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pilaus G to 10 lines broad; stem 1 in. long, .5 to 1 line thick. Decayed wood and old stumps of deciduous trees. Selkirk. Avigust. Naucoria triscopoda, Fr. Decayed wood. Catskill mountains. September. Our specimens belong to the form having the pileus striatulate on the margin when moist. This form is figured and described in Icones SelectJB as Agaricus triacopus. Naucoria carpophila, Fr. Borders of woods. Catskill mountains. September. Galera inculta, n. qx Pileus thin, somewhat fragile, campanulate, then convex or nearly plane, obtuse or rarely with a small umbo, hygrophauous, cinnamon color and striatulate when moist, buff color and atomate when dry, sometimes minutely pitted or corrugated, rarely I'imose-squamulose; lamellse broad, subdistant, veutricose, adnexed, white creuulate on the edge, at first pallid, then pale cinnamon; stem straight or sub- flexuous, hollow, l^rittle, slightly silky striate, reddish-bi'own, some- times slightly pruinose-mealy at the top aiid white villose at the base ; spores subelliptical, pointed at each end, brownish-ferruginous, .000(5 to .000G5 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus G to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, .5 to 1 lino thick. Damj^ ground under willows and alders. Catskill mountains. September. This is a very distinct species. The pileus, when dry, resembles in color that of Galera tener ; when moist, that of Clitoci/be lairala in its small glabrous striatulate form. The specimens were found growing with Naucoria paladom, from which they may be distinguished by Ihe more campanulate pileus, the broader, more distant lamelhv antl the larger spores. Agaricus comptulus, /'/•• Cultivated ground. Menands. August. Closely allied to A. campesdris, from which it may bo separated by its smaller size,' the yellowish hue of the dry ]ilani and by tht> siimlb-r spores. Stropharia albocyanea, Ik-xm. Bushy pastures. Catsl- inolaceus, from which it is separated by its smaller size, short stem and yellowish-white flesh. Cortinarius brevissimus, n. sp. Pileus convex, often irregular, at first Munutely silky, then glabrous, dingy white or argillaceous, flesh whitish; lamelhe close, adnexod. at first pale violaceous, then whitish, finally cinnamon; stem e(Hial. v«>ry 72 Forty-first Annual Report on the short, hollow, silky-fibrillose, white, j)ale violaceous within; spores broadly elliptical, .00024 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00024 broad. Pileus 8 to 12 lines broad; stem 5 to 8 lines long, 3 to 4 lines thick. Thin woods. Catskill mountains. September. Related to the preceding species, but smaller, with a hollow stem and shorter spores. Cortinarius albidifolius, n. sp. Pileus thin, convex, subglabrous, whitish, tinged with yellow or pale ochraceous, the ejiidermis sometimes cracking and forming squamules, flesh whitish; lamellae subdistant, slightly emarginate, adnate, whitish, becoming cinnamon; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, solid, white, variegated below with yellowish floccose squamules, silky-fibrillose at the top; spores subglose or broadly elliptical; .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Woods. Catskill mountains. September. Related to G. ochi^oleucus, but apj^arently distinct by the yellow scales of the stem and the adnate subdistant lamelhe. Both it and the preceding species belong to the tribe Dermocybe. Cortinarius spilomeus, Fr. Woods. Catskill mountains. September. Cortinarius flavifolius, n. sp. Pileus convex or nearly plane, fibrillose or squamulose, sometimes longitudinally rimose, varying in color from sordid buff to tawny yel- low, llesh whitish; lamella3 subdistant, adnexed, at first a rich sulphur yellow, then yellowish cinnamon; stem slightly tapering upward, solid, whitish, peronate and slightly annulate by the copious silky, whitish veil; spores broadly ellijDtical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 5 to 8 lines thick. Woods. Catskill mountains. September^ The pileus is not truly hygrophanous, but the character of the stem indicates that the species belongs in Telamonia near C. bivelus. It differs from C. limomus by its dry j)ileus, and from G. infucatus by the color of the young lamellfc. Cortinarius griseus, n. .s/j. Pileus convex, obtuse or gibbous, tibrillose-squamulose with grayish hairs or fibrils, moist, pale gray; lamellae subdistant, adnexed, at first pallid, then brownish-ochraceous; stem tapering upward from a State Museum of Natural History. 7:^ thickened or bullions base, silky-fibrillose, whitish; spores .0004 to .000.5 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 1 to 3 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 3 to 0 lines thick. Mossy ground under balsam trees. Wittenberg mountain. September, p The tibrils of the pileus are similar to those of C. paleaceu.% but the j)lant is much larger and stouter, and the spores are larger than in that species. It is well marked by its grayish color. Cortinarius badius, n. sp. Pileus thin, at first conical, then convex or broadly campanulate, umbonate, hygrophanous, blackish-chestnut color when moist, bay-red or chestnut color when dry, sometimes tinged with gray, the umbo darker, usually whitish-silky on the margin when young, tlesh, when moist, colored like the pileus; lamellee broad, subdistant, ventricose, adnexed, at first yellowish or cream-color, then subochraceous ; stem slender, equal, hollow, silky-fibrillose and subannulat« by the whitish veil, when old colored like the j^ileus both without and within; spores .0005 in. long, .0003 broad. j^ Pileus 8 to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, about 1 line thick. P Mossy ground. Catskill mountains. Septemlier. The species is related to 0. nigrellus, from which it differs in its broad lamellse which are paler in the young plant and in its larger spores. Cortinarius subflexipes, n. .«p. ; Pileus thin, conical, then expanded and subacutely umbonate, hygrophanous, blackish-brown with the thin margin whitened by the ; veil when moist, subochraceous when dry; lamellae thin, close, ventri- cose, adnexed, at first reddish-violaceous, then cinnamon; stem equal, flexuous, silky, shining, sul)annulate by the Avhitish veil, pale violaceous when young, pallid or reddish when old; spores .00024 to .0003 in. long; .0002 broad. Pileus 6 to 10 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, about 1 line tliic-k. Thin woods. Catskill mountains. September. Apparently related to C. ftexipea, from which I \\i\\v siparatcd u liocause of its more glabrous pileus and different lamelhr. It and the two preceding species are referred to the tx*ibe Telamouia. Cortinarius paleaceus, Fr. Mossy or bare ground in open places. Catskill mountains. Sep- tember. 10 ,74 Forty-first Annual Report on the Cortinarius rigidus, Fr. Catskill mountains. September. Hygrophorus Laurae, Morg. Woods. CatsMll mountains. September. The squamules at the top of the stem are sometimes reddish. The disc is sometimes yellowish. Lactarius aspideus, Fr. Borders of woods. Catskill mountains. September. A pretty but rare species, easily known by its pale yellow or straw color and the lilac hue assumed by wounds of the lamella; or flesh. In Systema Mycologicum the stem is described as hollow and spotted. In our sj)ecimens the stem is hollow but not spotted. It is colored like the pileus and the spores are broadly elliptical or subglobose* slightly rough, .0003 to .0004 in. long. Lactarius maculatus, n. sp. Pileus fleshy, firm, at first convex and umbilicate or centrally depressed, then subinfuudibuliform, glabrous, viscid when moist, concentrically spotted, especially toward the margin, varying in color from grayish-buff to grayish-lilac, flesh subconcolorous, taste acrid and unpleasant; lamella) close, thin, sometimes forked, adnate to decurrent, pallid or cream color; stem short, equal or tapering toward the base, hollow, spotted, coloredlike, or a little paler than, the pileus; milk at first whitish with a cream-colored tint, wounds of the flesh and lamella) changing to lilac; spores sub globose, echinulate, .0004 to .0005 in. long. Pileus 3 to 5 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 5 to 8 lines thick. Thin woods and pastiires. Catskill mountains and Menands. August and September. This sj)ecies is allied to L. uviduH, with which it was united in the Thirty-eighth Report as variety magnus. Having had the opportunity of investigating it in the fresh state, it seems to me to be a distinct species, readily recognized by its larger size and its firmer, spotted pileus which is centrally depressed or infundibuliform. I have not seen it at all umbonate. The spots of the pileus are arranged in con- centric circles and by their confluence the pileus often appears to be zonate. The change of color assumed hj wounds is similar to that which takes place in L. iividus. State Museum of Natural History. 7f, Russula lepida, Fr. Woods. Menauds. August. Generally with the pileus red, but quite variable in this respect Russula adulterina, Fr. Low swampy ground. Karnei*. June. This is placed by Fries as a variety of R. Integra. Russula atropurpurea, n. sp. Pileus at first convex, then centrally depressed, glabrous, dark purple, blackish in the center, the margin even or slightly striate, flesh white, grayish or grayish-purple under the separable pellicle, • taste mild, odor of the drying plant fetid, very unpleasant; lamella- nearly equal, subdistant, sometimes forked near the stem, at first white, then yellowish, becoming brownish where bruised; stem equal, glabrous, spongy within, white, brownish where bruised; spores sub- globose, minutely rough, pale ochraceous with a salmon tint, .0003 to .0004 in. long. Pileus 3 to 4 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 5 to 8 lines thick. Open woods. Gansevoort. July. In color this species resembles B. variata, but in other respects it is very different. It is very distinct in the peculiar color of its spores, \ and in the brownish hue assumed by wounds. Boletus speciosus, Frod. Woods. Sandlake and Bethlehem. August. A beautiful species belonging to the Caloi^odes. Boletus auriflainmeus, B. . <( C Pine stumps. Gansevoort. July. The Boleti are generally terrestrial fungi as affirmed by Profcs8i>r Fries in Hym. Europ., but this species ai)pears to be an t»«rei>tion to the prevailing habit of the genus. />'. .•^ubUmienlosus, B. ]wlii.ecies is quite rare. Corticium olivaceum, Fr. Decayed wood. North Greenbush and Slingerlands. Clavaria albida, a. .s-jy. Plants 2 to 4 in. high, whitish ; stem short, thick, generally taper- ing downwards, divided above into a few short, thick, much-branched ramuli, ultimate branches densely crowded, terminating in a few short, blunt teeth ; flesh firm, dry, whitish, taste tardily acrid, then bitter; spores oblong, pale ochraceous, .0005 to .000(5 in. long, .0002 broad. Ground in thin woods. Menands. August. The species has the structure of G. botryti>i and C.Jlam, but it is readily distinguished from these by its uniform whitish color, the tips of the branches being concolorous. Clavaria densa, n. sp. Tufts 2 to 4 in. high, nearly as broad, whitish or creamy-yellow, branching from the base ; branches very numerous, nearly puriillul, crowded, terete, somewhat rugose wjicn dry, the tips doutato. con- colorous ; spores slightly colored, subelliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long. .0002 to .00034 broad. Ground in woods. Selkirk. August. Apparently closely allied to 0. condenxata, but dilToring decidedly in color. 80 Forty-first Annual Report on tue Geaster Schaefferi, Vitt. Woods. Catsldll moimtaius. September. The interior stratum of the external peridium is very thick iu the fresh plant and conceals the short pedicel of the inner peridium, but iu the dried state this stratum contracts and exposes the i>edicel, which is about one line long. This character distinguishes the species from G. rufescens. Geaster vittatus, Kalchb. Under pine trees. Catskill mountains. September. The thin outer coat of the external peridium cracks in parallel lines, causing the laciniae or rays to apj)ear as if striijed with white longitudinal lines. This character gives name to the species and serves to distinguish it from G. saccatus to which it is otherwise very closely related. Sphasropsis carpinea, Sacc. & Br. Dead twigs of water beech, Carpinus Americana. Menands. May. Cercospora Gentianse, n. sp. Spots suborbicular, brown or reddish-brown, sometimes confluent ; hyphpe amphigenous, short, subtlexuous, slightly colored, .000(3 to .0012 in. long, growing from minute l^lackish tubercles ; spores more narrow than the hyphse, cylindrical or gradually narrowed toward one end, one to three-septate, colorless, .0012 to .0024 in. long. Living leaves of gentian, Gentiana linearis. Number Four, Adiron- dack mountains. July. Oospera Cucumeris, n. sp. Tufts loose, subconfluent, whitish or grayish, forming soft, velvety patches ; hyphte erect or diverging; spores catenulate, elliptical or oblong, colorless, .0004 to .0008 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Decaying fruit of muskmelon, Gucumis Melo. Menands. October. Sporendonema myophilum, Sacc. in litt. Hyphse colorless, simple or branched, densely interwoven and form- ing a soft whitish somewhat waxy mass, some of them producing chains of globose or broadly-elliptical spores, .00016 to .0003 in. long. Inhabiting the bodies of living mice. Binghamton. H. L. Griffis. In the specimen contributed by Mr. Griffis the fungus had broken the skin of the mouse near the eyes, and also on the left shoulder. In the latter place the white patch was about six lines broad, and the ruptured margin of the skin had in some parts a bloody appearance. The mouse was said to be alive when caiight, but it is quite probable State Museum of Natural History. 81 that the fungus would have killed it iu a short time. It would be interesting to know if the fungus could be communicated to healthy mice in their food or otherwise, but my efforts to obtain a subject on which to try the experiment were unsuccessful. Zygodesmus violaceofuscus, Sacc. Roots of beech. Selkirk. August. (R) REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Nymplisea odorata, Ait. A form with very large leaves and flowers, equaling in size those of N. tuberosa, grows in the inlet of Beaver lake. Number Four, Lewis county. It has the decided and delightful fragrance of the ordinary form. Rubus villosus, Ait. var. humifusus, T. d- G. Professor Dudley finds this variety near Ithaca. The variety /toh- dosus is much more plentiful, and from it most of the cultivated varie- ties appear to have been derived, if we may judge by the character of the fruit offered for sale in the markets. It is less cylindrical, more acid and has larger seeds than the fruit of the typical form. I am quite confident that the true B. viUosus would produce a fruit of far better quality, if brought under successful cultivation, and it seems strange that some of our enterprising nurserymen have not succeeded in introducing it into more frequent cultivation. Vaccinium Canadense, Kalm. A black-fruited variety of this valuable little shrub is plentiful at ' Number Four, Adirondack wilderness. There is also a black-fniiteJ variety of V. vaccillans. These varieties do not appear to have been designated by name, but they correspond to variety nigrum of V. Fenn.^ylvanicum and \ariety atrococcinn of V. corymbosum. Thus each of our common edible blueberries has its black-fruited variety. These black fruits? are destitute of the bloom of the ordinary ones, and have a shining luster, but are (scarcely different iu flavor or quality from the ordinary 1 ilue ones. The black huckleberry, Gaijlussacia resiiwsa, also has it*» cor- r. spending variety, in which the fruit is jet black and shining. It also ^()^netimes differs slightly in shape from the ordinary dull black fruit. 11 82 FORTY-FIEST ANNUAL REPORT ON THE Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl. Gansevoort. Jul}'. A rare species with us. Scirpus Torreyi, Olmy. Beaver lake at the inlet from Beaver dam. July. This is a form in which the cluster of spikes is subtended by a bract equaling- or slightly exceeding it in length. Lepiota amianthina, Sc(yp. SjDecimens sometimes approach L. granulosa in the structure of the lamelhe which are somewhat emarginate and adnexed, but in all other respects they are true L. amianthina. Lepiota granulosa, Batsch. car. albida. A persistently whitish variety. Pastures. Catskill mountains. September. Tricholoma fumidellum, Pk. In the Catskill mountains a form of this species occurs which has the pileus umbonate and the umbo decidedly brown or smoky brown. Sometimes the cuticle is rimose areolate and then the plant imitates j Lepiota cridata in general appearance. It is moist in wet weather and belongs to the tribe Spongiosa. Tricholoma fumosoluteum, Pk. Abundant among moss under balsam trees near the summit oJ^' Wittenberg mountain. The pileus is sometimes spotted thus indica- ting a relationship with the tribe Guttata, though its real affinities are with the Spongiosa. The taste is farinaceous and slightly bitter. The flesh is tinged with yellow under the subseparable epidermis. Tricholoma Peckii, Hoive. This rare species occurs in the Catskill mountains. Both the pileus and stem are adorned with beautiful tawny or , tawny-red scales. The lamellae when old become stained or spotted ^ with brown or are discolored or dotted on the edge. The white flesh { of the pileus has a farinaceous taste, then bitterish. The odor is also somewhat farinaceous. The pileus is viscid when moist, and the: species is allied to T. transmutans and T. aibobrunyieum. State Muslt.u of Xatural History. H:3 Clitocybe nebularis. A caespitose form of the si^ecies was observed in the Catskill moun- tains. Also a form in which the whole plant is white. This is the common form in these mountains. It has the same shape as the tyi:)ical form, from which it differs only in color. Clitocybe laccata, Scop. var. amethystina. Specimens of this beautiful variety were found at Menands and at Karner in August. Two forms occur, in both of which the pileus is umbilicate and dark violaceous when moist, canescent or grejash when dry ; in one the pileus is about one inch broad, convex and regular ; in the other it is two to two and a half inches broad, and has tliC margin reflexed and often much lobed and wavy. In this form the lamellte are broad, distant and often ruptured transversely. They are also more highly colored than in the typical form. The ordinary form has been found growing in circles in grassy places. Collybia lentinoides, Pl\ A description of this species was published in the Thii-ty-second Report. Two varieties have been observed the past season. Variety rufipes. Stem even, colored reddish-alutaceous like the pileus. This variety closely resembles ortlinary forms of Collybia dry- vphila. in color, and but for the serrated edge of the lamellte it might easily be taken for that species. Albany Eural cemetery. June. \ax\eij Jlavicep!:. Pileus buff-yellow and striatulate on the margin when moist, pale buff when diy ; stems c»spitose, hollow, whitish. In all the forms the essential characters of the species are the glab- rous, hygrophanous pileus, the lamelhe with serrated edge and the stuffed or hollow stem. Collybia rubescentifolia, Pk. In the Thirty-ninth Report this species was referred to Tricholoma, but subsequent observations indicate that it is a Collybia. The pilous is pretty constantly umbilicate and is hygrophanous, being dingy- yellow or smoky-yellow when moist and pale-yellow or butT when dry. The change in the color of the lamelhe in the di-ied plant is a marked and constant character, and is suggestive of the specific name. The species is closely allied to C. UUeoOliracea B. Sc C, but no hygrophanous character is attributed to that species nor any change in the color of the lamellfe. Besides, its stem is described as scurfy. 84 Forty-first Annual Report on the Mycena pura, Pers. This species is quite variable in color. A form occurs under pine trees in the Catskill mountains, in which the whole plant has a purplish color, with the lamellae a little paler than the pileus and stem. It is darker than the ordinary forms. Naucoria Highlandensis, Pk. This was found in the Catskill mountains, growing on buried pieces of charcoal. This habitat is the same as that of Flammula carbonaria, a species to which our plant is evidently allied, but from which it is separated by its white flesh and its adnexed lamelke. Stropharia Johnsoniana, Pk. A form of this very rare species, which has hitherto been found in but one locality, occurs in the Catskill mountains. In it the j)ileus is wholly yellowish and sometimes marked with darker spots, and the stem is squamulose below the anuulus, with upwardly directed squamules. Hygrophorus miniatus, Fr. This species is very abundant in wet weather in all our woody and '■ swampy districts, and is very variable in size and somewhat in color Variety suhluteus. Pileus yellow or reddish-yellow, stem and i lamellae yellow, plant often caespitose. Thin woods. Catskill mountains. September. Lactarius rufus, Fr. Among moss, under balsam trees, near the summit of Wittenberg , mountain. A small form, but very acrid, and thus distinguishable i from large forms of L. subdulcis. Lactarius afiELnis, Pk. This occurred plentifully in the Catskill mountains in September. It is readily distinguished from L. insulsus by the characters indicated in the Thirty-eighth Report. Lactarius scrobiculatus, Fr. Fine specimens were found growing under hemlock trees in the Catskill mountains. The pileus in some was eight inches broad, pale i yellow, very viscid, slightly zoned and distinctly bearded on the mar- gin with coarse hairs. State Museum of Natural History. 85 Russula sordida, PJc. A large form of this species was found growing under hemlock trees at Gansevoort. The pileus was four to eight inches broad, at first white or whitish, umbilicate or centrally depressed; then more or less stained with smoky-brown or blackish hues and subinfuudi- buliform. The flesh is white and taste mild; the stem is short, one to two inches thick, solid, white, and somewhat pruinose; the lamellae are distant, unequal, very brittle, tinged with yellow. Every part of the plant turns blackish or violaceous-black where wounded. By this character it is distinguished from R. nigricans, in which the tlesh at first becomes red where broken. Marasmius salignus, Pk. var. major. Pileus six to ten lines broad; lamellae broad, distant, decurrent, the interspaces venose; stems often csespitose. Bark of willows. Gransevoort. July. Marasmius androsaceus, Fr. Two forms of this species occur here as in Europe. There the form with paler pileus gTOws on fallen leaves of frondose trees, the one with darker or fuscous pileus on leaves of acerose trees. Here the form with pale pileus abounds, in wet weather, on fallen leaves of spruce trees, and the one with fuscous pileus on fallen pine leaves. Often the two forms grow in close proximity to each other, j'et, in every instance observed, the difference of color corresponds to this difference in habitat. Marasmius prseacutus, JEHis. Fallen pine leaves. Catskill mountains. September. Polyporus caeruleoporus, PL On exposure to the light the blue color gradually fades to a grayish hue. Sometimes specimens occur with one-half of the pileus exposed and faded, the other half sheltered and retaining its normal grayish- blue color. The pores retain the blue color longer than the pileus, but the whole plant fades in drying. The flesh of the pileus is white. Polyporus vulgaris, Fr. A form with vesicular pores, a vertical section of the hymeuium being porous, was found on poplar at Gansevoort. September. P. oMncens, P. adustus and P. subacidus have all a similar vesicular form. I am satisfied that the genus Myriadoi)orus, which was founded on such forms, is not a good one and should be abandoned. 86 Forty-first Annual Report on the Solenia villosa, Fr. var. polyporoidea. At first grauuliform, then cylindrical, often crowded and forming a continnous pure white stratum, appearing like a resupinate Polyporus, the villosity scarcely visible to the naked eye, but percei^tible with a lens. Decayed wood of hemlock. Adirondack mountains. July. This differs from the tj'pical form in its crowded mode of growth. Is it, therefore, a distinct species? Clavaria stricta, Pers. var. fumida. The whole plant is of a dingy, smoky-brownish hue. Otherwise as in the typical form. Catskill mountains. September. In the fresh state the specimens appear very unlike the ordinary form, but in the dried state they are scarcely to be distinguished-. Geoglossum microsporum, G. & P. A rare si^ecies, not observed since its discovery in 1871, till it was again found this year in the Catskill mountains. (E.) FUNGI DESTEUCTIVE TO WOOD. Note. — P. H. Dudley, C. E., has investigated the action of certain fungi upon railroad ties and wooden structures. At my request he has communicated to me some of the I'esults of his investigations. These results are of such great practical and economic importance, that with his permission, I have added to this report a copy of his communication. G6| Pine Stkeet, New York, December 5, 1887. Prof. Chakles H. Peck, State Botanid: My Dear Sir. — The well established fact that the decay of all timber, under ordinary usages, is due to the growth of many sj^ecies of fungi, gives to your long and patient work, in collecting, identify- ing and calling attention to different species, a value and bearing of practical importance hardly expected a few years since. The enormous annual consumption of timber by railroad companies, ship- builders, architects, manufacturers and farmers, in conjunction withj the decreasing supply and increasing cost, gives value to any knowl- edge which Avill help check any unnecessary decay of timber. The experience gained from the failures of many of the expensive efforts to preserve timber has shown that si^ecific knowledge of th« State Mlsecm of Natural History. 87 habitats and growth of defiiiito sjjecies of fungi is requiied to bent adapt the means to accomiDlish the desired work. Now that knowl- edge of the habitats of species of fungi has been acquired, simple and effectiA'e preventive measures suitable for many cases, without treatment, can at once be put into practice. The study of the decay of timber used for construction is rendered very difficult in most cases, from tlie fact that the entire structure of the wood may be destroyed by the gi'owth of the mycelium, or its fermentative process, of the fungus without fructification taking place. This is especially true of railroad ties and bridge timbers. So little is seen iu proportion to the destruction accomplished, it is due to this feature more than to any other, that the true function of the fungi on wood is not more generally understood by users and consumers of timber. It is not strange the idea is so prevalent that fungi are the accompaniments, instead of the cause of the decay of wood. A growth of mycelium, nearly similar to that shown in Fig. II, * of a fungus on the under side of a plank, as in station platforms or between boards when piled in close contact, has not been sufficient in most cases to call attention to the injury, if not the desti'uctiou of the plank or timber uj^on which it is growing. Fig. II shows the mycelium of Polyporus radula, Fr. growing on the under side of a jjlank from a station i:)latform. After the myce- lium has run over the wood in a dense mass, then, by means of the fluids it generates — some of them having an acid reaction — the fibers or wood cells are softened and penetrated by the mycelium, and in this way the process of disorganization is carried on. This causes the wood to shrink, crack, and finally fall to pieces. The mycelium of many other species of the higher Fungi differs from this to some extent, but the final effect of its growth on and through the wood is to destroy it. Besides the visible mycelium there are many other growths and ferments, invisible to the eye, which cause a ra^Did internal decay of large unseasoned painted blocks, such as truck bolsters, transoms, buffers, dock timbers, and end sills to cars. In warm and damp weather it is not uncommon for such growths to occur upon timber when piled in close contact, according to the species of wood and fungi, in three to eight weeks. In this viciuit\ the tim- ber on which such growths have started may not be considered suf- ficiently injured for construction — to be rejected. If it is thoroughly ♦Figures I, II and III are from my paper entitled "Woods and Tholr Destructive Fungi," in the Popular Science Monthhj, August and Sep- tember for 1886, and are used by permission of the editor, Trof. W. J. Youmans. "• "• ^ • 88 FORTY-FIBST ANNUAL REPORT ON THE dried or seasoned before use, tlie decay commenced is checked and will not revive until the wood again becomes moist from external causes. On the contrary, if such wood is put into structures while damp and unseasoned, then painted or confined where the moisture is retained, the decay will continue, the rapidity depending upon the continued amount of damp and warm weather or equivalent con- ditions. This is commonly and erroneously called " dry rot." Decay of dry wood can not take place without moisture. It is well established by numerous proofs that seasoned woods last in all conditions of service where it is unfavorable for the growth of fungi, and decay in all conditions where they can grow, unless the timber is judiciously treated. The propagation of fungi uj)on timber may be either by germination of spores, which are thrown off b}' thousands when in fructification and disseminated by the air, or by revival of mycelium already on or in the wood. Besides the ever-present spores of a fungus or its mycelium in timber, three essential conditions in combination are necessary for the decay of wood, or in other words, the growth of a fungus. First. Moisture, either external or internal. Second. A temperature between 40° and 120° Fahr., 75° to 90° being the most favorable for the maximum growth of fungi. Third. A small amount of air, still or nearly quiet. Free circula- tion or winds check the growth of mycelium when in direct contact with it. When wood must be exjDOsed to these three conditions, sooner or later, according to its structure and cell contents, fungi grow and destroy it as a result of a natural law of their growth. Therefore, to j)rotect seasoned wood from decay, the combination mentioned must be prevented from taking place by rejecting either one of the three elements; or, if that is impossible, an antisej)tic or preservative must be used to prevent the growth of any fungi. This brief statement comprehends, both theoretically and practically, what is necessary to be done to jDreserve timber structures from decay, but to reduce the principles to j)ractice, so as to meet all conditions of service which may occur, requires a knowledge of the structure of the particular wood, its cell contents, size of stick to be used and care in seasoning. Also a knowledge of the special fungus or fungi attacking the species of wood, and the value and proper use of preservatives and antiseptics. Species of fungi which I have found upon specific looods lohen used as railroad ties or in bridges. The tungi peculiar to white oak, Quercus alba, L., are Polyporus State Museum of Natural IfisTonv. ^9 applanatus,¥i\; P. versicolor, Fr.; P. pergamenut<,Fr.; D(edalea unicolor, Fr. ; D. quercma, Pers., and Lenzitea vialk, Pk. PolyjMrus ajyjyianatus attacks the heart wood of the white oak tie and is very destructive, and requires a moderate amount of air and moisture for its growth. The characteristic decay of these ties is from the under to the upper side, and is most rajjid in stone ballast, or a coarse ballast which retains a little moisture and permits access of air. In a ballast containing considerable loam, which checks the cu'culation of air, and in wet cuts, the growth of the mycelium is retarded and the durability of the ties increased. In i^orous ballast, unless wet, the deeper the white oak ties are imbedded the better are the conditions of the growth of the fungi and the more rapid the decay of the ties. On the contrary, only imbedding the ties sufficient for the stability of the track increases the service of the ties by retarding the rapidity of the upward growth of the mycelium. Polyporus versicolor attacks the sap wood of white oak ties and posts, and to a limited extent the heart wood. Polyporus pergamenus attacks those ties from which the bark has not been removed. Dcedalea unicolor, D. quercina and Lenzites vialis have been found on ties laid on railroad bridges. The structure of the white oak is so firm and dense that .it readily sustains the heaviest traffic and it is quite difficult to impregnate the internal cells of the ties. Unless a process has been used which would sterilize the spores lodged in the wood or possible traces of mycelium, the exterior treatment on the unseasoned wood prevents the escape of the internal moisture, the same as a coat of j)aiut. This will hasten decay, for it furnishes the requisite conditions for fermentations and internal growth of mycelium. The fungi attacking ties of the chestnut, Casfanea vulgaris, variety Americana, A. D. C. {Castanea vesca, L., variety Americana, Mx.), are Polyporus sulphureus, Fr.; P. spumeus, Fr. ? ; P. hirsutus, Fr.; /'. versi- color, Fr.; P. pergamenus, Fr.; Agaric us Amei-icanus, Pk. and A. sub- later if ius, Schooff. Polyporus sulphureus is also very destructive to tclegru]>li ps miuI large posts, attacking them near the ground line. The chestnut contains naturally a stronger antiseptic tluiu tlii; white oak and resists, in contact with the soil, the growth of the fungi until the antiseptic is destroyed by the air, or contact with the rails and spikes. The decay of the chestnut tie is from the top downwards; therefore the deeper the tie is imbedded the longer the body lasts. The full advantage of this is lost in 12 90 Forty-first Axxual Report on the some degree from the decay which takes place around the spikes and under the rails, from the fact that the iron in contact with this wood neutralizes its natural antiseptic. The ends and centers of chestnut ties are sound after the rails have cut into the wood enough to necessitate their removal. The opinion is quite prevalent that they do not decay, but are mostly destroyed by mechanical abrasion; which is not the fact, for the microscope reveals the truth, the presence of the mycehum of a fungus and its destructive work on the wood fibers as an important reason of their rapid abrasion. The chestnut is lighter than the white oak and many of the wood fibers much coarser, which enables it to be impregnated with an anti- septic quite readily. The large ducts of the two woods are about the same size. The medullary rays of the chestnut are fewer than of the white oak, and it is, therefore, more easily indented as a tie. The fungus which principally attacks the white cedar, Ghavioecypari^ splueroidea, Spach., is Agaricu$ campaneUa, Batsch. It even attacks the growing tree, and in most cases its myceliiim is fouud in the ties when cut. The tree is a very slow grower and, as the lower limbs become shaded, they die and are attacked by their sjiecial fungus, and this communicates with the upright cells of the tree. It takes from ten to twenty years before the limbs break off and the wound or orifice is closed by the growing wood. As long as air has access to the mycelium it slowly grows and desti'oys the wood above and below the wound, the decay spreading laterally very slowly, owing to the small medullary rays and the ijresei-vativcs they contain. As soon as the orifice is closed, shutting off the air supply, the decay for the time is nearly if not entirely checked. When the trees are cut for ties it is not uncommon to find one or more decayed spDts, from one-half lo an inch in diameter, extending nearly the entire length of the tie. The durability of the wood is so great that such ties are not rejected as long as there is sufficient sound wood for spiking. This wood contains a natui-al preservative and is very durable in contact with the soil, but its structure is too light and delicate to long vrith- stand the heavy traflic of trunk lines, though from its diu-ability it is valuable for those of moderate traffic. The fungi which destroy ties made of Tamarack, Larix Americana, Mx., are Polyporus pinicola, Fr. and Trametes Pini, Fr. The fruit of the former always shows traces of phosphoric acid. This wood is heavier than white cedar, the wood cells being larger,^ with thicker walls. It is also much stronger because the cells in the; annual layer formed in the autumn are neaidy soHd and in sufiicient number to resist indentation or cutting of the ties by the rails under-; State Museum of Natural IIistohy 91 heavy traffic. It is a wood which cau be easily treated so as to resist the attacks of fungi, and such ties have lasted over thirty (30) years in actual service. The fungi attacking the hemlock, T^uga Canadensis, Carr., are numerous. The following is a list so far as observed: Agaricus melleus, Tahl. A. campanella, Batsch. A. pomgens, Pers. A. succosus, Pk. A. rugosodiscus, Pk. A. epipterygius. Scop. Paxillus atrotomentosus, Fr. Lenzites sepiaria, Fr. Stereum radiatum, Pk. PolyporuH lucidus, Fi-. P. benzoinuH, Fr. P. ejnleucus, Fr. P. Vaillanlii, Fr. P. subacidiis, Pk. P. medulla-panis, Fr. P. pinicola, Fr. P. abietinus, Fr. P. boi'ealia, Fr. This wood does not contain any natural antiseptic or preservative, and is readily attacked by a host of fungi, and decays very quickly. It is heavier than white cedar, but lighter than the tamarack, and, when well preserved by metallic antiseptics, makes a valuable tie. The fungi destroying the wood of yellow pine, Pinus pahistris, Mill., are Lentinus lepideiis, Fr. See Fig. I. SiDlueria pilifera, Fr. See Fig. HI. Trametes Pini, Fr., and Merulius lacrymans, Fr. The tirst is the most destructive to ties in this vicinity, the decay being most rapid on the bottom and extending ui)wards. In porous ballast the deeper the ties are iml)edded the shorter the duration of ser- vice, so far as dcray is concerned. The mycelium requires considerable moist- ure for its growth^ and some air. A bal- last which pnvents a free circulation of the Ixitter checks its growth. The sun and wind (theck its gn)\vth and oftentimes a tie wjiich looks sound upon the surfat-o wilJ be so batUy decaved underneath that its lemovalfrom the track will be necessary. Fig. I. Lentinus lepideus, Fr. uu Yellow I'iiu'. Showiutr the fruit of the fuuuus on, aud the myeelium iu. the wooii. The size of the fruit varies from an im-h to eight inelies iu difiiuoter. 92 Forty-first Annual Report on the The mycelium of tliis fungus is usuall}^ pure wliite, and is not killed by freezing in the wood. In bridges it is very destructive. Trametes Pirn is also found ujDon ties of this wood, but is confined to the portions above ground. It will grow and fruit with less moisture than Lentinus lepideus, but as far as observed, its rapidity of destruc- tion is not so great. The fungus shown in Fig. Ill appears on the sap-wood of yellow pine, giving it a dark, ding}- appearance, and if the dampness continues fermentations are set up, destroying the wood. Sj^hoeria Pilifera attacks the sap-wood, discolors and quickly destroys this portion of the wood Fig*!!!, 'sphan-ia piii- under favorable conditions for its growth. The dTaraeters"'''^'''^"''^ ^''*' I'esinous matter in yellow pine does not protect it in out-door situations, from attacks of the fungi mentioned. The heart wood of yellow pine is so dense and firm that it is not readily penetrated by antiseptics. The same remarks in regard to imbedding white oak ties apply to this wood. In buildings, yellow pine is attacked by Merulius lacrymans, Fr., where it is warm and damp and the air stagnant. White pine, Finus Strubus, L., when used in bridges and trestles, is attacked by Lentinus lepideus, Fr., Agaricus melleus Vahl., Pohjiiorus Vaillantii Fr. and, in warm inclosures, Merulius lacrymans Fr. Both the latter are very destructive. There are many other woods whose structure is well adapted to their use as railroad ties, but which are so quickly destroyed by fungi as to be of no value unless judiciously treated. These are the beech, birches, elms and maples. The above will be sufficient to call attention to the practical impor- tance of a study of the fungi, in an economic sense as applied to the decay of wood. The following simple but effective measures for the preservation of wood can at once be put in practice : Timber, ties and boards should be seasoned before using, except when submerged. Green wood, according to the species, contains from twenty-five to forty-eight per cent of its weight of sap or moisture, and fully one-half these amounts must be removed to prevent decay in lumber painted on one side, or large sticks of timber painted on all sides, as buffers and car sills, transoms, truck bolsters and timbers. All lumber and timber should be piled so there can be a free circu- lation of air around and between each board or stick. Stringers, six State Museum of Natural History. 93 to ten inclies thick, should first be laid down, and the lumber piled on them in tiers, with narrow sticks between each board at the ends and centers. Grass and weeds should not be allowed to grow near the piles of lumber, impeding the circulation of air under them. Large timber should be seasoned under sheds and 'not exposed to the rays of the sun, as the latter dries an exterior portion so rapidly that it prevents the proper escape of moisture from the outside, and internal decay is liable to occur. If timber, ties or boards are piled in close contact, and remain so for any length of time, dampness will revive and start the growth of mycelium. It is not uncommon to see large sticks of timber, especially for freight cars, taken into the shops partially covered by mycelium, dressed, framed, put into cars and then painted, thus com- pleting the essential condition for slow but certain decay. Such wood has only one-fourth to one-third the life of seasoned wood. Boards, especially those used for sheathing freight cars, when piled in close contact, in summer, are attacked in a short time by fungi, which discolor the wood by filling the cells with growths, often similar to those shown in Fig. IV. The species of fungi which discolor the sap- Avood and then set uj) fermentations are ex- ceedingly numerous and grow with great rapidity. Some of tlie forms found in white pine are spheres re- sembliug those shown in Fig. IV. This wood, on being dried, will remain dis- colored, but the sea- Fig. lY. Masniflod 150 (li.-imetew*. showing fuiit:u.s ... , , . , t.'ro\vtlisdiyeolurlHKtho sup-wood of wbitoi.ino. soumg will me* K lue decay. Such boards, when pat into cars and painted, quickly decay when moisture reaches the uupainted surface. Tliis class of .l.'CMy is 94 Forty-first Annual Report on the not confined to cars and railroad structures, but exists also in build- ings, wharves and docks, where timber forms the raajor part. The reasons for the first steps in checking the present unnecessary decay of timber must be first understood before we can derive full benefits of more expensive and complex treatment of timber. Yours truly. P. H. DUDLEY. (F.) BOTANICAL INDEX TO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM REPORTS — TWENTY-TWO TO THIRTY-EIGHT. REPORT. Abies balsamea 28 nigra 27 ACALYPTOSPOBA PopuU 35 icHiLLEA millefolium 38 AcNiDA canuabina.. . 25, 107, 26 AcoNiTUM napelius, 27 AcREMONiuM tlexuosum. ... 32 AcRosi'EKMUM album 32 compressum 25 graminum 30 JHCIDIUM 24 album 26 Allenii 24 aroidatum 23 asteratum 25 Berberidis 24 Caltha^ 25 cimieifugatum 33 claytoniatum 23 Clematitis 23, 61, 26 Compositarum 22 crassum 25 dracontiatum 28 dubium 27 Epilobii 23 erigeronatum 24 EuphorbjtB 30| Euphorbias-hypericifolia 24! Fiaxini 23 Geranii 23 GerarditB 25 gnaphaliatum 22 G-rossularise 22 houstoniatum 22, 93, 25 hydnoideum 22 Hydrophylli 26 hypericatum 25 Impatientis 23 Iridis 24 Limonii 23 Lycopi 26 Lysimachise 26 raacrosporum 23 Marise-Wilsoni 24 Menthfe 24 PAGE. 83 113 139 134 88 89 44 38 85 52 105 78 93 59 92 91 91 • 28 59 91 93 91 61 104 58 92 76 92 59 59 92 ^ 93 93 109 93 78 92 59 93 60 78 78 61 92 92 EEPOET. PAGE. MciDivw rayricatum 23, 60 Nesa>a) 27, 104 (Euotherfe 23, 60 ' Orobi 23, 59 Osmorrhizee 24, 92 pedatatum 34, 46 Penstemonis 24, 92 Podophylli 23, 59 pustuiatum 23, 60 pyrolatum 30, 76 q'uadrifldum 23, 59 Kanunculacearum . .- 24, 92 Eanunculi 23, 59 Sambuci 22, 93 SaniculfB 30, 54 tenue 24, 92, 25, 109 Thalictri 24, 92 UrtictB 24, 92 Uvulariai 26, 78 Viola? 23, 59 ZECtERita Candida 29, 51 JSthalium ferruginicola ... 26, 73 geophilum 28, 54 septicum 22, 89 Agakicus abortivus 24, 66 abscondens 31, 32 abundans 29, 38 acericola 25, 77 acicula 27, 94 acutesqaamosus 23, 71 adiposus 23, 90 Aiius 26, 56 fiiscosquainous 26. 50 gal^'riculatu.-^ 22.77. 23.81. 26. '.>0 galopus 27. 94 gcniiiit^llns . -•'. 58 96 FORTT-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT ON THE REPORT. PAGE. Agari(!Us geophyllus, 23, 96, 26, 90 (jerardianus 26, 54 graciliB 23, 102 gracillimus 25, 76 graciloides 30, 42 granulans 26, 55 granulosus 23, 72, 24, 102 Grayanus 24, 64 Greigensis 24, 69 friseoscabrosus 26, 57 fematopus 24, 63, 31, 54 lia3rens 35, 132 Hallianus 23, 90 haustellaris 24, 69 liebeloma 26, 53 herbarum 26, 56 heteroclitus 24, 67 hiascens 25, 79 hiemalis 38, 85 Highlandensis 24, 67 hirtosquamulosus 25, 79 Hoffman! 24, 60 hordus 25, 73, 32, 55 Hornemanni 23, 97 Howeanus 26, 59 hygrophorfndes 32, 26 hymenocephalus 31, 34 hypnorum 23, 94 illicitus 23, 68 illinitus 25, 73 illudens 23, 77 immaculatus 38, 84 impolitoides 32, 25 incertus 29, 40 indecens 30, 40 infelix 32, 29 infldus 27, 95 inf undibulif ormis 23, 76 iris 33, 19 Johnsonfanus 23, 98, 30, 70 jubatus 38, 86 laccatus. . . .22, 77, 23, 77, 31, 54 lacerus 23, 95 lacunosus 25, 51 lacrymabundus 30, 41 lateritius 23, 93 laterarius 26, 51 latifolius 23, 81 Leaianus 24, 62 lenticeps 31, 34 lentinoides 32, 27 leoninus 23, 87 leptolomus 32, 26 leptophyllus 24, 63 leucocephalus 26, 52 lignicola 23, 91 lilacinifolius 29, 66 lilacinus 24, 63, 29, 66 limicola 24, 70 limonellus 31, 33 limonium 26, 52 limophilus 30, 42 longistriatus 30, 40 luteofolius 27, 94 luteopallens 32, 27 REPORT. PAGE. Agaricus maculosus 26, 53 madeodiscus 38, 88 magnivelaris 29, 66 mappa 22, 76 maritimoides 38, 87 marmoreus 24, 61 melleus. ... 22, 76, 23, 73, 24, 102 nietachrous 23, 78 metulsesporus 35, 131 micropus 31, 33 minutulus 25, 75 miratus 26, 55 modestus 32, 29 mollis 24, 69 montanus 27, 94 multipunctus 25, 73 muricatus 32, 28 muscarius 23, 68, 24, 102 mutatus 24, 69 myriadophyllus 25, 75 nanus 23, 87 uaucinoides 29, 66 naucinus 23, 72, 29, 66 nebularis 22, 77, 23, 76 nephrodes 26, 57 niger 26, 54 nitidipes 35, 133 nodulosporus 32, 28 Noveboracensis 23, 89 oblitus 26, 50 ochropurpureus . . 22, 77, 25; 108 oculus 23, 84 odoratus 24, 70 odorifer 30, - 39 odorus 32, 26 olivarius 25, 76 orcella 22, 79 ornellus 34, 42 ostreatus 22, 77 ovalis 23, 94 pallidomarginatus 25, 78 paludinellus 31, 34 paluster 23, 82 papilionaceus 23, 101 pascuus 35, 132 parvifructus 38, 88 patuloides 32, 25 pelianthinus 25, 75 peltigerinus 30, 38 perplexus 23, 99 personatus 22, 76, 23, 75 petaloides 22, 76 phalloides 23, 69 phyllogenus 26, 60 pinophilus 31, 32 placomyces 29, 40 plicatellus 29, 66 poculum 23, 77 polychrous 22, 78, 23, 91 polytrichophihig 30, 42 ponderosus 26, 50. 29, 66 porrigens 24, 64 pra3foliatus 32, 55 prffilongus 23, 81 procerus 22, 76, 23, 71 State Museum of Natural History. REPOKT. PAGE. Agarictts pruinatipes 20, 39 prunulus 22, 78, 23, 88 pterigenus 25, 7G pubescentipes 29, 39 palclierriraus 23, 83 purpureofuscus 38, 85 purus 23, 82 pusillomyces 28, 48 I»utrigenus 25, 78 pyxidatus 2i, 64 radieatellus 31, 32 radicatus. . .22, 77, 23, 79, 31, 54 retirugis 23, 101 rhacodes 22, 76 rhagadiosus 33, 18 Ehododeadri 27,- 94 rhodocylix 31, 33 rhodopolius 23, 88 rimosus 23, 95 Kodmani 36, 45 roridus 25, 76 rosellus 27, 93 roseocandidus 25, 76 rubescens 24, 59 rubicuudu.s 26, 51 rubritinctus 35, 131 rubromarginatus 31, 32 rugosodiseiis 26, 55, 31, 54 russuloides 25, 72 rutilan.s 25, 73 sacoharinophilus 25, 78 saliguus 22, 77 salmoneus 24, 65 sanguinolentus 23, 83 sapidus 29, 38 sapineus 32, 29 sarcophyllus 23, 96, 31, 54 scabrosus 24, 66 scabiinellus 33, 19 scabriusculus 23, 85 Scliuniacheri 24, 60 scorpioides 23, 92 scyphoides 38, 86 seinicaptus 22, 78 semiglobatus 23, 98 semilanceatus 23, 100 seniiorbicularis . . . 22, 78, 23, 93 septieus 31, 32 sericellus ' 24, 64 serotinoides 23, 86, 31, 54 serotinus 31, 54 serrulatus 23, 89 Seymouranus 24, 66 sienna 24, 60 silvaticus 25. 59, 28, 85 silvicola 23, 97 j simillimus 24, 62 sinopieus 25, 74 ] sinuatus. 35, 132 j solidipes 23, 101 i solitarius 33, 18 I sordidnlus 38, 88 I spadieeus 23, 99 | spectabilis 34, 42 | sphagnorum 22, 79, 23, 94 i 13 REPOBT. PAGE. Agaricus spinuiifer 21, 02 spretus a2, 24 squalidellus 29, 40 squamosus '25, 73 squarrosoides 31', :j3 squarrosus 24,' 67 stellatosporus 26, 57 stellatus as, 131 stereorarius 23, 98 sterilomarginatus 25, 77 stipitarius 23, 80 sti'iatifolius 30, 37 striatulus .• 30, 39 strictior .* 23, 88, 27, 114 strobiliformis 33, 18 stylobates ... 29, 39 subareolatus 30, 39 subcjoruleus 25, 75 subexilis 38, 57 subhirtus 32, 25 subincarnatus 23, 83 sublateritius 22, 78 subochraceus 23, 95 subzonalis 26, 54 siK'Cosus 25, 74 sulcatipes 35, 132 sulpliureoides , 23, 86 temuophyllus 23, 90 tener . . . ." 23, 94 teneroides 29, 39 tenerrimiis 28, 48 terra^olens 38, 84 terreus 23, 74 thujinus 26, 52 tiliophilus 35, 133 tiutinabulum . 24, 63 tomentosulus 32, 27 trausmiitans 29, 38 trechisporus 32, 28 tremulus 29, 38 Trentonensis 24, 60 trullisatus .33, 19 truncicola 26, 54 tviberosus 23, 80 iilmarius 24, "A umbelliferus 23, 85 iimbonatescens 30, 41 uinboninotus 38, 87 umbrosus 32. 28 undulatellus 31. 32 unitinctus .... 38, «(> vaccinus 23, 74 vaginatiis 23, 69 variabilis 24, 69 variegatus 23, 74 .... 23. 9".) 1-1, 11, 23, 79 31, 34 23, 91 23, 69 30, 70 :W. 85 :w, 19 38, 8<', J.-), 74, 33, 96 veliitinus velutipes . vermifliuis vernulis . . venius. . . . vcrsutus. . voxans . . . vilescens . villosus virescens 98 Forty-first Annual llhvoRT on the REPOKT. PAGE. Agaricus viriditiuctus 33, 36 volvutus 24, 59 vulgaris 23, 83 Watsoni 28, 48 Agrimonia parvillora 36, 37 Agkostis scabfa 34, 56 Ahnfelotia plicata 22, 73 AiRA cicspitosa 38, 108 Alectoria j ubata 22, 59 Allaria officinale 32, 24 Allium Canadense 28, 84 Alntis glutinosus 33, 18 Alternaria tenuis 35, 139 chartarum ....•..., .... 33, 28 Alyssum calycinum. .23, 133, 36, 36 Amanita 33, 38 nivalis 33, 48 strangulatus 33, 48 Amarantus spinosus 28, 83 blitoides 36, 35 Amauroch^te atra 30, 50 Amblyodon dealbatus 22, 57 Amelanchier Canadensis ... 28, 83 Amorpha fruticosa 22, 53 Amphoridium Peckii 22, 57 Andropogon Virginicus 26, 89 Anethum foeniculum 23, 134 Angioridium sinuosum 26, 75 Anodus Donianus 22, 56 Aplectrum hyemale 36, 39 Appendicularia entomo- phila 38, 96 Aralia hispida 38, 107 nudicaulis 38, 107 quinquefolia 23, 134 Arceuthobium pusillum ... 25, 69 28, S3, 27, 112, 29, 65 Arcyria cinerea 22, 89 digitata 23, 53 globosa 25, 84 incarnata 25, 84 macrospora 34, 43 nutans 26, 76 pomiformis 31, 42 punicea 24, 84 Aregma mucronatum, 23, 55, 24, 103 obtusatum 24, 90 speciosum 22, 91, 24, 103 Aris.ema triphyllum 28, 84 Artemisia Canadensis 34, 54 Artiionia astroidea 24, 58 lecideella 23, 51, 24, 58 polymorpha 31, 31 spectabilis 25, 72 AscoBOLiis ciliatus 29, 56 conglomeratus 22, 95 erenulatus 30, 62 furf uraceus 29, 56 pilosa 27, 107 viridis 30, 62 AscocHYTA Cassandrfe 38, 94 colorata 38, 94 Ascomy(:es deformans 35, 143 AscopHouA raucedo 25, 94 AscosroRA Podophylli 23, 65 REPOKT. PAGE. xlsPERGiLLUs clavellus 34, 49 glaucus 26, 79 llavus 31, 45 f uliginosus 26, 79 phicoceplialus 34, 49 AsPEROCO( ;cus echinatus 22, 70 AspiDlUM aculeatum, 24, 101, 26, 89 25, 107, 31, 53 cristatum 31, 53 fragrans 23, 50, 34, 57 Noveboracense 28, 84 spinulosum 31, 53, 32, 54 AsPLENiuM Bradleyi. . 33, 18, 36, 40 ebeneum ". 22, 104 ebenoides 36, 36 montanum 26, 48 AuLOGRAPHiuM subconflueus 28, 70 Azalea viscosa. 29, 65 AzoLLA Caroliniana . . 28, 85, 36, 40 Aster acuniinatus 34, 54 ametbystinus 28, 47 coryin'bosus 34, 54 ericoides 32, 53 longifolius 34, 54 macrophyllus 32, 53 nemoralis 32, 24 Novtc-Angliaj 32, 53 Tradescanti 34, 54 Asterina Gaultheria^ 22, 101 nuda 38, 102 Asteroma Rosje 28, 58 Astekophora Pezizffi 35, 142 Asterosporium betulinum . . 33, 26 Atractium flainmeum 25, 92 Atriplex hastata 31, 52 patula 30, 68 Bactridium Ellisii 31, 58 flavum 26, 77, 31, 58 Badhamia afflnis. 31, 41 hyalina , 29, 46 magna 31, 57 B^EOMYCES a?ruginosus 22, 66 byssoides 27, 92 ericetorum 22, 66 Barbula f allax 22, 105 recurvifolia .\ 28, 47 Batrachospermum monili- forme 22, 76 BiATORA atropurpurea 22, 65 chlorantha 22, 65 decolorans 25, 72 exigua 24, 58 hypuophila 23, 51 liicida 24, 58 milliaria 27, 92 rivulosa 26, 49 rubella 22, 66, 24, 102 rufonigra 22, 65 russula 25, 72 sanguineoatra 22, 65 uliginosa 28, 47 vernalis 22, 66 viridescens 22, 65 Blastesis tridens 28, 58 BoLBiTius nobilis 24, 71 State Museum of Natural History. 99 REPORT. PAGE. Boletus affiuis '25, 81, 32, 57 albtis 23, 130, 32, 57 ampliporus 26, 67 auriporus 23, 133 badius 29, 44 bicolor 24, 78 bovinus 22, 81 brevipes 38, ll'J castaneus 25, 82 chromapes 28, 52 chxysenteron 26, 67 Clintonianus .... 23, 128, 30, 74 colliuitus 23, 129 cyanescens 23, 130 edulis 23,131, 24, 103 Elbensis 23, 129 elegans 22, 81 felleus 22. 81, 23, 131- tiavidus 23, 129 Frostii 33, 21 gracilis 24, 78, 38, 110 granulatus 22, 81 griseus 29, 45 luteus 23, 128 modestus 25, 81, 32, 57 nigrellus 29, 44 ornatipes 29, 67 pallidas 26, 67 paluster 23, 132 parasiticus 29, 44 Peckii 29,^ 45 pictus 23, 128, 26, 90 piperatus 26, 67 punctipes 32, 32 Kavenelii 29, 44 retipes'. 23, 132, 29, 67 robustus 28, 52 Roxana? 32, 33 rubinellus 32, 33 Russelii 29, 44 Satanus 31, 36 scaber. ... 22, 81, 23, 130, 38, 110 sensibilis 32, 33 separans 25, 81 sistotrema 23, 133 spectabilis 23, 128, 32, 56 siibtomentosus. . 23, 131, 32, 57 sulphurous 38, 90 strobilaceus 23, 132 vermicul'»sus 23, 130 vcrsipellis 38, 90 viscosus 30, 44, 38, 11(» Botuy(:hi.\ rivularis 22, 72 BoTiiYCHiUM lancelolaturu . . 24, 101 28, 85, 31, 54 lunaria .... 27, 90, 31, 53, 33, 36 matricaria'folium, 27, 90, 29, 65 3(i, 40 simplex . . . 25, 1J8 ; 26, 89, 31, 53 32, 54, 31!, 40 ternatum 32, 54 BoTKYOspouiiiM pulchrum. . . 31, 45 BoTRYTis ceratioides 35, 139 viticola 23, 61 BovisT.v cyathiformis 22, 88 ItEI'OUT. BovTSTA pila :jo, plumbea 22, Brasenia peltata 2«, Bromus tectorum 28, 47, 31, 35, Bkuchia flexuosa 23, Bryopsis plumosa 22, Bryum elougatum 32, Buellia alboatra 24, geograpliica 23, lactea 22, myriocarpa 22, parasema 22, petrtea 22, turgescens 26, Bulgaria bicolor 32, deligata 32. inquinans 22, purpurea 29, rufa 23, sarcoides 22, Calamagrostis Canadensis, 22, Pickeringii 23, Calamixtha acinus 36, Calendula officinalis 22, Caliciopsis pinea 33, Calicium brunneolum 31, Curtisii 23, curtum 31, subtile 23, Callithamnion America- num 22, Baileyi 22, byssoideum 22, corymbosum 22, cruciatum , 23, seirospermum 22. virgatulum 23, Calocera cornea 24, palmata 24, viscosa 24, Calopogon pulchellus 35, Calothrix confervicola 23. Calystegla sepium 36, Campanula rotundifolia ... 23, 27, 112, -34, Cantharellus aurantiaeus, 23, 31, brevipes 33, cibarius 23, cinereas ... 24, cri.spus. . . .22, 80; 23, 123. 29, dichotouius 23, dubius 31, llocc'osus 23, i^ifundibuliformis 23. lutescons 23, minor 2.3. pruinosus 2S, tubii-formis 22, Capillaria spha^-itr-typhi- na^ -W. Capnodium Citri -W, Cauuamine liirsutM 34, Carex PAGE. 49 88 82 53 146 50 74 54 5« 51 65 65 65 65 49 49 49 95 56 62 95 104 50 35 53 32 31 51 31 51 74 74 74 74 52 74 52 82 82 82 146 52 38 134 54 123 54 21 122 75 66 123 38 122 123 122 122 51 80 57 102 .">;< 1 1: 100 Forty-first Annual Report on the EEPOBT. Caeex alata 22, 54, 23 adusta 34 capillaris 24 debilis 34 flaccosperma 36 flava 34 f oenea 27 glaiicodea 34 Gi-ayii 23 gynandra 34 gynocrates 22 Eirta 36 iutumescens 33 oligosperma 34 scirpoidea 22, 104, 27 scoparia 34 siccata 22 silicea 27 SuUivantii 34 Steudelii 36 striata 27 tentaculata 33 triceps 34 vitilis 25 Cassia nictitans 35 Castilleia cocciuea 38 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 38 CiENANGiuM Aucuparias 28 balsameum 38 betulinum 35 Cassandra3 31 Oephalanthi : 25 Cerasi 24, \)1, 31^ deformatum 28 pezizoides 31 Pinastri 22 populinum 22 Prunastri 24 Eibis 22 Eubl 28^ seriatum 22 triangulare 24 Viburni 33 Oentaurea nigra 28 Ceramium arachnoideum ... 22 diaphanum 22 fastigiatum 22 rubrum 22 Cekatium iiydnoides 2(5 porioides 26 Cercospora Acalyphaj 34 althaiina 33 Ampelopsidis 30 Apii 32 beticola 34 Boehmerite 34» Callas 39 Caulophylli 33 Cephalanthi 38 Chenopodii 30 circumscissa 34 clavata :54 Comari 38 Corydalis 32 Patura3 35 135 42 57 56 36 56 113 42 135 56 104 35 35 56 113 56 104 113 42 40 90 35 56 107 145 107 106 68 101 143 48 99 59 68 48 96 96 97 96 68 96 97 32 47 74 74 74 73 78 78 48 29 55 41 47 48 52 30 100 56 47 48 101 41 140 REPORT. PAGE. Cercospora depazeoides 34, 47 elongata ? 33, 29 Eupatorii 33, 29 griscella 33, 29 Lepidii 35, 140 leptosperma 30, 55 longispora 35, 141 Majanthemi 38, 101 Nymphmacea 33, 29 rostecola 32, 40 Sanguinariaj 33, 29 Smilacis 33, 29 squalidula 33, 29 Symplocarpi 30, 55 Tiliro 35. 140 varia 35, 141 Violte 34, 47, 38, 100 venturioides 34, 47 zebrina 33, 29 Cekcospoeella retictilata ... 34, 47 Certraria aculeata 22, 60 ciliaris 22, 60 cucullata 22, 60 Falilunensis 27, 92 islaudica 22, 60, 24, 102 lacunosa 22, 60 CH.EROPHYLLUM procumbens, 25, 69 36, 38 Ch/Etomium f unicolum 29, 53 lanosum 28, 64 melioloides 27, 106 Ch.etomorpha linum 22, 75 tortuosa 22, 75 CnaiTOPHORA endiviffifolia. . . 22, 76 pisiformis 22, 75 ChamtELIRIum luteum 31, 53 Champia parvula 22, ■ 72 Chantransia violacea 32, 24 Chara contraria 22, 55 coronata 22, 55 fcetida 22, 55, 33, 36 f ragilis 22, 55, 33, 36 Hedwigii 26, 48 hispida 26, 48 hydropitys 38, 84 Cheilanthes vestita. . 34, 57, 36, 40 Cheirospora botryospora ... 25, 88 33, 38 Chenopodium album 32, 53 murale 23, 134 polyspei'mum 26, 48 Chlorostylium cataracta- rurn 31, 31 Chondria Baileyana 22, 71 dasypiiylla 22, 71 tenuissima 22, 71 Chondrioderma difforme — 31, 41 Michelii 29, 46 spumarioides 31, 58 testaceiim 31, 58 Chondrus crispus 22, 73 Chorda tilum 22, 70 lomentaria 23, 51 Chordaria divaricata 22, 70 flagelliformis 22, 70 State Museum of Natural IIistorv. 101 KEPOET. PAC;E_ Chylocladta Baileyana 22, 73 CiMiciruGA racemosa 31, 51 Cladonia Boreri 33, 18 ca^spiticia 22, GG cornucopioides 22, 67 cristatella 22, 67 deformis 27, 92 degenerans 22, 66 fimbriata 22, 67 furcata 22, 67 gracilis 22, 66 maeilenta 24, 58 mitrula 22, 67 papillaiia 27, 92, 33, 36 pyxidata 22, 66 rangiferina 22, 67 squamosa 22, 67 uncialis 22, 67 Cladophora arcta 22, 75 fracta 22, 75 glaucescens 22, 75 glomerata 22, 75 ref racta 22, 75 vinicialis 23, 52 Clabospokium compactum. . 32, 40 depressum 30, 54 epiphyllum 25, 94 graminuin 31, 45 herbarum 22, 94 liguicola 27, 105 nodulosum 30, 55 Typha? 27, 105 Cladostephus gpongioSus . . 22, 70 Clasterisporium carieinum, 25, 93 peduneulatum 25, 93 uncinatum 29, 50 Clathroptychium rugulo- sum 30, 51 Clathrus cancellatus 32, 38 Clavaria 24, 104 amethystina 30, 49 apicuiata 24, 82 argillacea 24, 82 aurea 22, 87 botrytis 22, 87, 32, 57 cinerea 24, 81 clavata 25, 83 corrugata 32, 36 forynoides 31, 39 erispiila 24, 82 fastigiata 32, 36 listulosa 26, 72 llaccida 32, 36 Hava 24, 81 formosa 32, 36 fragilis 24, 82 f iiin Igata 31, 38 fusiforniis 23, 53 gracilli ma 28, 53 ina-qualls 22, 87 iiincea 22, 87 Kuiizei 24, 81 ligula 24, 82 miniata 33, 22 mucida 21, 82 REPOKT. PA^us 23. UM variegatus 25, 79 CoRAT.MNA oflifinalis 22. 72 CoKDYcKps militaris 23, 63 l)nrpiuva , 23, 63 CoiJKM \ Coiuadi 36. 3S CoitEoi'sis discoideu. :!I.(1. n"-. 3S 102 Forty-first Annual Report on the EEPOET. CoRNUS Canadenis 25 CoRONiLLA varia 24 CoRTicitiM bicolor 26 calceum 27 ca^ruleum 30 cinereuni 22 colliculosum 28 cremoricolor 27 effuscatum 35 giganteum 28 incarnatum 24 lacteum 30 leucothrix 26 lilacinofusciim 27 Liquidamberis 24 Martianum 30 Oakesii 22 polyporoideum 32 quercinum 30 rubicola 24 salicinum 24 Sambuci 30 scutellatum 24 suffocatum 30 svibrepandiim 32 sulphureum 29 CoRTiNARius alboviolacetis. . 23 amarus 32 argentatus 23 armeniacus 32 armillatus 23 asper 24, 72, 27 aureifolius 38 autumnalis 23 basalis 32 biformis 23 bivelus 32 bolaris 24 cserulescens 32 caperatus 23 castanellus 29 castaneoides 23 castaneus 23 Catskillensis 23 cinnamomeus 23 claricolor 26 Clintonianus 26 collinitus 23 coloratus 23 communis 23, 105, 30 Copakensis 31 corrugatus 24, 72, 32 craticius 30 croceoconus 33 crystallinus 32 decoloratus 38 distaus 23 evernius 24 furfurellus 32 fuscoviolaceus ; 27 iodes 32, 30, 35 lepidophilus 31 lignarius 26 lilacinns 26 longipes 26 PAGE. 107 56 72 99 48 87 52 99 106 52 80 48 72 99 81 48 87 36 48 81 81 48 81 48 36 46 109 30 108 31 110 114 89 109 20 111 30 72 30 106 43 111 111 109 110 61 61 107 105 70 35 55 43 20 30 89 111 73 31 96 146 36 62 61 61 REPORT. CoRTiNARius luteofuscus 23 modestus 26 multiformis 33, 19, 38 nigrellus 26 ochraceus 23 olivaceus 24 ophiopus 30 opimus 32 porphyropus 26 pulcher 26 pulchrif olius 33 regularis 30 robustus 29 rubrocinereus 33 sangiiineus 33 sericipes 33 sphaerosporus 26 sphagnophilus 29 spleudidus 29 squamulosus .... 23, 108, 28 tophaceus 33 torvus, 26 tricolor 23 uliginosus 33 vernalis 23 violaceus 23 CoRYDALis flavula 24 CoRYNEUM clavffisporum 24 .30 disciforme 28 Kunzei 28 pustulatum 33 triseptatuA 27 CoRYNiTES Ravenelii 24 CosciNODON pulvinatus 22 CRATiEGus coccinea 36 parvifolia 24 Craterellus 32 caespitosus 25 cantharellus 32 clavatus 32 cornucopioides 22 lutescens 24 Craterium leucocephalum . . 26 obovatvim 26 Ceepis aurantiaca 30 virens 24 Cribraria argillacea 33 • dictydioides 34 intricata 22 purpurea 22 vulgaris 32 Cronartium asclepiadeum . . 33 Cryptospora Caryas 38 Cryptosporium Caricis 29 Noveboracense 29 Scirpi 25 OuctiRBiTARiA alnea 28 Berberidis 30 longitudinalis 33 seriata 28< CuPHEA viscosissima 38 CuscuTA arvensis 23 compacta 23 Cyathus campanulatus 22 PAGE. 106 62 89 62 109 72 43 30 61 , 63 20 43 42 20 110 20 61 42 42 85 19 62 107 20 111 108 56 87 75 59 59 26 102 83 57 37 56 36 82 35 35 86 81 75 75 37 57 23 43 89 89 38 28 106 47 47 84 75 65 34 75 107 50 50 90 State Museum of Nattral IIistohy. 103 EEPOKT. PAGE. Cyatiix's crucil)ulum 22, 90 striatus 23, 54 Cyclomyces Greenii .26, 70 Cylixdkosporium veratri- num 38, 100 Cynophallt-s caninus 32, 37 Cypekus Grayii 22, 103 Cyphella Candida 27, 99 capula 22, 87 caricina 33, 22 fulva 24, 83 trriseopallida 30, 48 &ta!. 35, 137 miiscigena 28, 52 sulphnrea 31, 38 Cypkipedium arietinum 22, 103 Cystoclonium purpurascens 22, 72 CYSTOPtis Amaranthi 28, 61 Candidas 22,93, 24, 103 eubicus 25, 91, 38, 111 Poitulac» 29, 51 spiniilosiis 29, 51 Cytospora carphosperma. .. 23, 55 coiynoides 24, 88 hyalosperma 24, 88 leucosperma 22, 90 melasperrna 24, 88 Miehenera 28, 58 miuvTta 33, 26 parva 24, 88 rubescens 22, 90 Dacrymyces conglobatos 32, 37 fragiformis 27, 101 minor 30, 49 stillatus 22, 88 tortus 22, 88 Dactylitjm dendroides 35, 140 roseum 29, 53 sublutescens 30, 57 DjipALEA cinerea 22, 84 confragosa 22, 84 Danthonia eompressa 22, 54 24, 101 Darluca Ilium 25, 87 Dasya elegans 22, 72 Delesseria Leprieurei 22, 73 26, 89 sinuosa 22, 73 Dentakia maxima 22, 102 Depazea brunnea 22, 101 criienta 22, 101 fraxinicola 23, 64 JTiglandiua 32, 39 kalmicola 23, 64 Pyrola^ 23, 64 smilaeicola 23, 64 Deumatea carnea 31, 47 carpinca 30, 62 cinnamomea 28, 67 I'ascicularis 22, 96 furfuracca 24, 96 inchisa •••'. ^2 minuta 32, 48 pliyllophila 31, 47 xanthoxyli 31, 47 REI'OBT. PAGE. Desmarestia aculeata 23, 51 viridis 22, 70 Desmodium la^vigatum 26, 88 DiACH.EA elegans 23, 54 splendens 30, 50 subsessilis 31, 41 DiANTHUs armeria. . 23, 133, 24, 100 DiATRYPE adusta 29, 58 anomala 28, 72 aspera 2k, 71 asterostoma 31, 49 atx'opunctata 25, 101 betulina.. 25, 101 bullata 26, 86 Cephalanthi 29, 58 cercidifola 25, 101 corniculata 27, 109 discif oi'mis 22, 98 discoidea 28, 71 discreta 25, 101 Duriaei 23, 63 ferruginea 30, 64 haustellata 23, 63 moroides 20, 85, 29, 63 nigrospora 33, 33 pbitasca 27, 109 platy stoma 26, 85 prorainens 28, 72 puuctulata 34, 52 (luadrata 33, 33 stigma 22, 98 strumella 33, 33 smilaeicola 29, 58 Toccia^ana 26, 86 verrucoides 32, 50 virescens 23, 63 DiATRYPELL.\'angulata 34, ;)2 Frostii 38, 103 DiAPoRTHE cylindrospora. . . -38, 104 spiculosa 38, 111 Wibbei 38, 103 DicH-ENA faginea 22, % DicRANiTM palustre 24, •_•/ pellucidum 2i, •)0 rufescens 22,104, 24, 102 Schreberi 22, Uto spiirium 22, lOo DicTVDiuM magnum 2-1, ^ microcarpum 22, 8.» iimbilicatum 28. ;i* DiCTYOsTPHoN fa'nieulacoum 22, «J DiuERMA citrinum 22. -J'' crustacoum 22, if| farinacoum 22. «j llavidum '■|'J. [•' globosum 2;-. ^•' Maria-Wilsoni 22, ;4 umbilicatum 2'. 1« 1 • DiDYMU'M angidatum •'>^> \] cinorcnim '-•;• :^- connatum 2''. '• oximiutn •".• W fjinuaccum -''. *;\ llavidum •"•:.• 'Jo fulvip.- ■ ''^-' **•' 104 FORTY-FIBST ANNUAL REPORT ON THE EEPOET. DiDYMiuM furf uraceum 26 mici'ocarpum 31 oxalinum 28 squamulosum 24 subroseum 28 xanthopus 22 DiDYMODON luridus 26 DiDYMOSPHiERIA Typhffi 38 DiNEMASPORiuM acerinum ... 26 graminum 25 lierbarum 25 pezizula 28 Kobinia? 25 DioDiA tei'es 33 DiPLOCLADiuM minus 34 DiPLODiA lierbarum 28 liguicola 25 Mori 23 petiolaris 25 pinea 38 thujina 30 valsoides 25 viticola 22 vulgaris 26 DiPLOPAPPUs umbellatus 27 DiscELLA albomaculans 35 arida •. 30 Canadensis 30 carbonacea 25 discoidea 28 hysteriella 35 Kalmia? 29 macrosperma 29 obscura 24 Platani 29 DiscosiA artocreas 24 faginea .• 29 maculfecola 27 rugulosa 29 DiTioLA radicata 27 DoTHiDEA anemones 24 betulina 22 caricis 30 clavispora 29 crystallopliora 24 Dalibarda3 27, 109, 30 Epilobii 31 episphferia 30 fllicina 29 flabella 24 Kalmise 25 Linderte 28 melanoplaca 34 ornans 22 Osmunda) 30 Pteridis 24, 100, 28 reticulata 32 ribesia 24 rimincola 30 Robertiana 23 Sambuci 24 tetrasjjora 27 Trifolii 25 Draba arabisans 36 Draparnaldia glomerata. . . 22 PAGE. 74 58 54 84 54 89 89 104 77 58 88 17 48 56 86 54 86 98 52 86 90 76 112 137 53 52 88 58 137 49 49 86 49 86 48 101 48 101 100 100 64 63 99 , 76 49 64 58 100 102 71 52 100 64 87 50 99 64 65 99 108 102 36 76 REPOKT. Drosera longifolia 30 DuvALiA rupestris 22 EcHiUM vulgare 22, EcLiPTA procumbens 33 EcTOCARPUs Durkeei 22 littoralis , 22 viridis 22 Elachista fucicola 23 Elaphomyces granulatus ... 26 Elatine Clintoniana.. 22, 52, 31 Eleochakis quadrangulata.. 34 Eobbinsii 25, 70, 30 tricostata 31 Ellisiella eaudata 35 Endocarpon arboreum 24 miniatum 22 Enerthenema papillata 32 Entomorpha clatnrata 22 compressa 22 intestinalis 22 Entyloma Saniculee 38 Epheb^ pubescens 24 Epichloe h3'poxylon 27 typhina 28 Epicoccum micropus 22 neglectum 29 Epilobium angustif olium . . . 34 moUe 36 Epipactis helleborine 33 Equisetum palustre 25 scirpoides 27 Eragrostis capillaris 36 Purshii 35, 131, 36 Eriopeorum gracile 30 Erysiphe Ceanothi 22 communis 22 Euphorbia} 26 fuscata 23 lamprocarpa 23 Liriodendri 30 Martii 25 Vaccinii 23 Erysiphella aggregata 28 EuPATORiuM pubescens 24 purjjureum 23 Euphorbia Cyparissias 27 EuROTiuM herbariorum 23 EusTiLBUM Rehmianum 22 EuTYPA Acharii 26 lata 25 subtecta 33 EvERNiA furfuracea 22 prunastri 22 ExciPULA Equiseti 26 lanuginosa 30, leucotricha 29 ExiDiA Auricula- Judge 22 cinnabarina , 22 glandulosa 22 repanda 24 truncata 22 ExoASCus Pruni 32 ExoBASiDiuM Andromedae . . 26 Azaleas 26 Cassandra 29 State Museum of Natural History. ]05 KEPOKT. PAGE. ExosPOuiUM Tilife 30, 75 Fagopyrum tartaricum 22, 5-4 Fa VOL f IS Eui'opa?us 23, 52 Fedia 'adiata 24, 5C, 38, 107 umbilicata 24, 57 Festuoa rubra 38, 83 FissiDENS exij^uvis 22, 105 grandifrons 2(5, 89, 33, 3G Fistulina hepatica 22, 84 Fragakia Indica 33, 17 vesea 24, 101 Frangula Caroliniana 24, 50 Friillania Oakosiana 27, 92 Fucus ceranioides 22, 69 nodosus 22, 69 scorpioides 22,- 69 vesciculosvis 22, 69 FuLiGO varians 31, 57 FusARTUM erubescens 24, 93 lateritium 25, 92 roseum 25, 92 FusiOLADiuM dendriticum . . 32, 40 34, 32 FusiDiuM canum 31, 45 flavovirens 27, 105 FusisPORiuM Buxi 23, 61 miniatum 23, 61 parasiticum , 29. 53 phyllogenum 29, 53 rimosum 30, 58 roseolum ..26, 79 Solani 33, 30 tenuissimum 34, 48 Galactia mollis 24, 56, 26, 88 Galium molliigo 23, 134 verum 34, 54 Geaster Bryantii 26, 73 Capensis 32, 38 hygrometricus 22, 89 mammosus 34, 43 minimus 24, 83 saccatus 23, 53 striatus 38, 94 ( rELATiNOHPORiUMabietinum, 25, 84 betulinum 25, 84 fulvum 38, 97 (lELiDiUMCorneum 22, 71 (Jentiana puberuia 31, 24 saponjiria 22, 103 ( iEO()i;ns iiigi'Dpurpuras- i'(>iis 22, 84 14 BEPOBT. PAflE. Glceosporium fraxineum 35, 137 Hepaticc'c 33, 26 Laportea? 33, 26 Kibis 38, 98 salicinum 33, 26 Salieis 38, 98 Trifolii 33, 26 Glceotrichia pisum 32, 24 Glomerularia Coriii, 32, 43, 38, 111 Glonium hyalosporum 31, 49 stellatum 23, 63 Glyceria fluitans 34, 56, 38, 108 obtusa 33, 18 GoMPHiDius rhodoxanthus. . 29, 43 33, 36 stillatus 27, 96 viscidus 24, 73 Gracilaria multipartita 22, 73 Grandinia coriaria 26, 71 crustosa 34, 43 membranacea 32, 35 rudis 30, 47 virescens 30, 47 Graphiolum Plioenicis 29. 51 Graphis eulectra 31, 31 scripta 22, 68 Graphium gracile 34, 50 Griffithsia corallina 22, 74 Grimaldia barbif rons 22, 105 Grimmia Olueyi 24, 102 Grinnellia Americana 22, 72 Guepinia lielveiloides 29, 45 Peziza 31, 39 spatliularia 24, 80 Gymnascella aurantiaca 35, 143 Gymnosporangium clavipes. 25, 89 26, 91 Juniperi 25, 89 Gytvinosporium arundinis, . . . 25, 90 variabile 33, 27 Gyromitra curtipes 32, 45 esculenta 32, 58 Gyalecta cupularis 24, 59 lutea 22, 65 Pineti 26, 49 Habenaria oiliaris 31, 53 leucopha^a 28, 47 rotund if olia 38, 108 Hadrotrichum linearo. . 38, 101 H.EMATOMYCES orbicularis. . . 31, 47 HAPLOGRAPHiuMapiculatum, 28, 02 34, 57 Hellvxthus angustifolius . . 20, 48 Heltco^fa INlulleri 20, 79 Helu'omyces mirabilis 31. 40 HELUospoitit^MoUipticuni.. . 27. 103 olivaceum 27, 102 Heliotropium EuropjiMiin.. , 33, 18 Helminthospouium Abslnthii 30, 54 arbusculoides 34. 51 cpisiihanncum 29, 52 Ilytlropipeiis 31, 45 inconspifuum 34, 28, 34. 51 intcrsemiiiatum 31. 45 macrocarpum 22, 94 106 Forty-first Annual Report on the KEPOKT. PAGE. Helminthosporium rum obovatum Pruni rectum septemseptatum. tiara Tilue Urtieae Helvella , oospo- crispa elastica 24, 94, esculenta 22, 94, gracilis inf ula palustris sphferospora sulcata 24, 94, Helotium aciculare affluissimum albopunctum bxyogenum. caricinellum epiphylhim fastidiosum fraternum gracile hydrogenum limonium lutescens macrosporum pallescens palustre pileatum 28, 67, rugipes salicellura saprophyllum thujinum 26, 82, vibrisseoides vitigenum Hemerocallis fulva Hemiarcyria clavata Hendersonia abnormalis. . . Colutefe Cydoniae Marian Peckii Platani Robinias Sambuci sarmentorum Hepatica acutiloba Heterosporium Ornithogali, Hexagona carbonaria Hibiscus moscheutos trionum 24, 56, HiERACiUM aurantiacum — 32, 53, venosum HoMALiA gracilis 22, 57, HoRMOTRicHUM Youngaiium Hydnum adustura aliitaceum aurantiacum aviriscalpium 52 40 28 94 51 61 50 62 59 94 58 58 94 62 31 106 59 107 32 47 61 61 98 107 47 83 56 8^ 47 82 31 48 58 82 67 55 70 48 31 35 58 23 23 44 57 56 86 86 87 56 100 40 70 88 100 52 107 35 102 75 85 35 52 52 EEPOET. PAGE, Hydnum cinnabarinum 32, 35 cirrhatum 22, 85 confluens 26, 71 coralloides 22, 85 erinaceus 22, 85 ferrugineum 24, 80 ferruginosum 26, 71 f uscoatrum 32, 35 gelatin osum 22, 85 graveolens 22, 85 liimantia 22, 85 imbricatum j . 23, 52 heticolor 22, 85 mucidum 22, 85 ochraceum 22, 85 pithyophilum 24, 80 reiDandum 22, 85 strigosum 25, 82 suaveolens 22, 85 sulphurellum 31, 38 sulphureum 26, 71 Weinmanni 30, 4G zonatum 24, 80 Hydrangea arborescens 38, 108 Hydrodictyon utriculatum. 23, 52 Hydrogastrum granulatum, 28, 47 Hygrophorus aurantiacolu- teus 27, 96 borealis < . 26, 64 cantharellus 23, 114 coraceus 22, 79, 23, 113 clilorophanus 25, 79 chrysodon 23, 113 ciniiabarinus 22, 79 congelatus 23, 114 conicus 22, 79, 23, 113 cossus 26, 64 eburneus 26, 64 flavodiscus 35, 134 fuligineus 35, 134 Ifetus 24, 73 limacinus 34, 42 lividoalbus 32, 31 marginatus 28, 50 nitidus 23, 113 parvulus 28, 50 pratensis 23, 113 puniceus 24, 73 purpurascens 38, 89 purus 26, 63 Peckianus 28, 50 psittacinus 24, 73 speciosus 29, 43 virgatulus 26, 64 Hymenoch^te agglutinans. 30, 47 spreta 30, 47 Hymenula hysterioides 33, 22 olivacea 31, 39 vulgaris 34, 43 Hypericum adpressum 32, 24 Canadense 22, 102 ellipticum 38, 107 mutilum 33, 35 pyramidatum 31, 42 Hypnu Ji aeutu m 27, 91 State Museum of Natuhal History. 107 REPOKT. Hypnum eompactum 28 cnpressiforme ; 27 exaunulatum 27 microcarpum 25 uitens 22 Oakesii 27 Peekii 25 scorpioides 22, Hypocrka alutacea 26 apiculata 29 cnromosperma 29 citrina 22 coutorta ;. . 26 floccosa 24 ^elatinosa 25 lactifluorum 22 lateritia 23 patella 29 Richardsonii 22, 97, 24 rufa 22, 97, 29 viridls 31 Hypoderma Desmazlerii 30 nervisequum 31, 49, 38 Hypomyces aurantius 27 luteovirens 32 ochraceus 30 polyporinus 26 trahsforraans . . 29 VaD Bruutianus 26 Hypoxylon anthracodes 24. argillaceum 24 atropurpxireum 25 Beaumontii 24 Blakei 33 clypeus 22 cohcd'ens 22 concentricura 24 coprophilum 23 fuscopurpureum ". . . 28 fuscum 22 fragiforrae 22 HoAveanum 24 inarginatum 34 Morsel 24, 98, 28 multiforme 22, 98, 24 nummularia 22 perforatum 24 rubiginosum 22 sassafras 28 serpens 22 suborblculare 30 udum 32 ustulatum 22 vernicosum .... 25 xantlioereas 31 i ! . sTERiFM angustatum 26 australe 30 Azalesp 24 clavisporum 28, 69, 30 commune 25 ellipticum 30 elongatnm 22 exaridum 26, 83, 29 Fraxini 23 graminum 33 PAGE. 47 91 91 108 105 91 71 58 84 57 56 97 84 97 100 97 63 57 103 57 49 63 111 108 49 63 84 57 84 98 98 101 98 33 98 98 97 63 71 98 98 98 52 87 103 98 98 98 71 98 63 50 97 101 49 83 63 97 76 100 63 97 63 63 32 REPOET. PAGE. Hysterium hlascens 22, 97 ilicinum 25, 100 insidens 25, 100 llneare 22, 97 maculare 26, 83 niacrosporum 26, 83 magnosporium 28, 69 parvulum 30, 63 JPlnastri 22, 97 pulicare 24, 97 Ehododendri 27, 108 Eousselii 28, 69 Eubl 23, 63 scirpinum 25, 100 simulans 30, 63 Smllacls, 24, 97 sphterloides 26, 83 tnujarum 30, 63 tortile 25, 100 truneatulum 30, 63 tumidum 27, 108 typhina 26, 83 virgultorum 24, 97 vixvisibile 28, 69 vulvatum 23, 63 xylomoides 27, 108 Illosporiim carneum 23, 61 roseum 25, 93 Impatiexs fulva 31, 52 pallida 23, 133 Ipomoea purpurea 38, 83 Iris ochroleuca 22, 54 pseudacorus 36, 35 Irpex cinnamomeus 22, 86 crassus 35, 136 deformis 22, 85 fuscoviolaceus 30, 46 lacteus 27, 99 mollis 35, 136 obliquus 30, 46 sinuosus 30, 46 Tulipiferae 22, 85 viticola 34, 43 Isaria fulvipes 32, 39 tenuipes 31, 44 Iscetes echinospora 22, 104 Engelmanni 36, 40 JrNcrs alpinus 22, 54, 24, 101 articulatus 22, 103 Canadensis 32, 54 maritimus 22, 54, 33. 35 stygius 27, 113 trifidus 26, 88, 38, 108 JuNOEUMAXNiA albescens 27, 91 divaricata 22, 58 setiformis 22, 58 ventricosa 27, 91 JrxipERrs Yirginiana 35, 146 Kneiffia candidissima 21. 80 setigera 24, 80 Krioia Virginiea 22, 102 LAnni'.i.T.A ponii 23. (■>3 Lactakii^s 38, 111 allinis 23. 116 albidus ■■^. 126 108 Forty-first Annual Report on the KEPOET. PAGE. Lactarius alj)inus 27, 96 anf?ustissimus 22, 80 aquifluus 28, 50, 32, 56 camphoratus 23, 117 chelidonium 24, 74 chrysorheus 23, 118 cilicioides 38, 119 cinereus 24, 73 corrup^is 32, 31 deceptiviis 38, 125 deliciosiis 23, 116 distans 23, 117 fuliginosus 22, 80 fumosiis 24, 74 Gerardii 26, 65 glyciosmus 23, 120, 27, 114 griseus 23, 120 helvvis 38, 124 hygrophoroides 38, 129 hysginus 38, 90 indigo 22, 80, 32, 56 insuTsus 24, 78 lignyotus 38, 129 paludinellus 38, 90 parvus 29, 44 piperatus 22, 80, 23, 118 platyphyllus 23, 118 plumloeus 23, 118 pubescens 32, 31 pyrogalus 23, 119 regalis 26, 64 resimus 38, 118 ruf us 23, 118 scrobiculatus 29, 43 serifluus 24, 74 sordidus 23, 119, 32, 56 subdulcis 23, 117 subpurpureus 29, 43 subtomentosus. . . 22, 80, 23, 119 torminosus 22, 79, 23, 115 trivialis 24, 73 uvidus 23, 116, 25, 109 varius 38, 90 vellereus 29, 43 volemus 22, 80, 23, 116 Lactuca Canadensis 34, 54 Laminaria fascia 22, 71 saccharina 22, 71 Lamium album 22, 53 maculatum 34, 41 Lamproderma arcyrioides . . 34, 43 physaroides 29, 47 violaceum 31, 42 Lappa officinalis 25, 107 Larix Americana 27, 113 Leathesia tuberiformis 22, 71 Lecanactis premnea 26, 49 Lecanora atra 22, 64 Ijadia ; 27, 92 cinerea 22, 64 elatina 22, 64 Hageni 26, 49 muralis 22, 64 pallida 22, 64 pallescens 22, 64 KEPOET. PAGE. Lecanora rubina 24, 58 subfusca 22, 64 tartarea 22, 64 varia 22, 64 ventosa 24, 58 Lechea recemidosa 33, 17 tenuifolia 33, 17 LEf;iDEA arctica 27, 92 contigua 22, 65 Diapensiffi 27, 9.1 enteroleuca 22, 6', melancheima 27, 02 Russellii 24, 57 sanguinaria 22, o:. Lecythea cylindrica 23, 5.s gyrosa 23, r,.s ovata 23, r„s Rosfe 24, 8.) Lejeunia hamatifolia 25, 72 Lemanea fluviatilis 22, 7t; Lemna Torreyi 23, I3'i Lentinus cocnleatus 23, 127 hfematopus 25, 8( i Lecomtei 22, 80, 24, lo:i lepideus 23, 12r, suavissimus 38, Ui i tigrinus 25, 8< i umbilicatus 28, 51 vulpinus 25, 8n Lenzites betulina .... 22, 80, 33, 36 bicolor 22, 8(i Cookei 30, 71 Crata-gi 22, 80 sepiaria. . . . 22, 80, 30, 71, 35, 146 vialis 26, 67 Leocarptts vernicosus 23, 5:! Leotia lubrica 23, 62 circinans 24, 94 Lepidium campestre, 23, 133, 36, 37 Lepiota 35, 150 Lepista cinerascens 26, 6:'. Leptooium chloromelum ... 22, 69 lacerum 22, 69 pulcliellum 24, 59 saturninum 22, 69 tremelloides 22, 69 Leptosph^ria Corallorhizfe, 38, 105 eutypoides 38, 105 lycopodiicola 38, lt)5 Leptostroma filicinum 23, 54 lineare 30, 51 litigiosum 23, 54 vulgare 24, 85 Leskea Austini 27, 91 Lespedeza reticulata 33, 17 Stuvei 36, 37 Licea cffispitosa 28, HT> cylindrica 26, 7G ochracea 28, 55 LiLiuM philadelphicum 34, Sc Linaria vulgaris 22, lo:! LiNUM striatum 24, 56, 33, 3:. LiSTERA australis 31, 31 convallarioides 38, 8;! Lobelia cardinalis 24, loo Sta TE M use I M 0 ]■• Sa 7 / 7.' ,1 L 11 IS TO R ) \ IU9 KEPOBT. PAGE. Lobelia Kalniii 36, 38 syphilitica 22, 103 LoxicERA oa-rulea 31, 52 oblongifolia 30, 38 sempervireus 22, 102 tartai'ica 30, 37 xylosteum 3G, 35 LopuiosTOM.v angustilabi'um 3i, 53' bieuspidatum 32, 50 Jerdoni 28, 76 macrostomum 28, 76 magnatum 26, 86, 29, 61 obtectum 30, 65 prominens 31, 50 scelestum 31, 50 Scrophulariffi •. . 28, . 76 sexnueleata 27, 110 Spinea' 28, 76 triseptatum 28, 76 turrit urn 26, 86, 29, 64 LOPHIOTREMA Spinffc 38, 111 LoPHii'-M mytilinum 26, 86 Lophodekm'um petiolicolum 38, 111 LuxrLAKiA vulgaris 22, 105 Lychnis diurna 36, 35 Lycogala epidendrum 22, 89 flavof uscum 31, 12 Lycoperdon 32, 58 atropurpureum 21, 83 ciplatum 23, 53 calvescens 22, 88 calyptriforme 31, 39 coloratuiu 29, 46 constellatuin 29, 46 gemmatum 22, 88 giganteum 23, 53, 38, 111 glabellum 31, 39 moUe 24, 83 pedicellatum 26, 73 pyi-iforme 22, 88 saccatum 30, 50 separans 26, 73 subincarnatum 24, 83 Wrightii 22, 88 Lycopodium sabin.L'folium . . 27, 90 Lycopi's Europtcus 33, 35 Virginicus 34, 55 LyCtODIUM palmatuni 28, 84 Lyngbya liaeca 23, 52 Lythrttm alatum 25, 69, 34, 54 Saliearia 31, 52 Macrosporium BrassiciL' 25, 93 cluirttirum 25, 93 Cheiranthi 23, 61 coneinnuui 3-1, 50 Meliloti 33, 28 yaponariie 28, 62 sarcinula 30, 55 transversum 35, 139 Malva crispa. ." 36, 35 moschata 22, 102 Maeasmics androsaceus .... 23, 126 anomalus 24, 76 archyropus 32, 32 Ciuspitosus 26, 65 KEPOHT. PACJE. Mabasmius calopus 31, 36 campariulatus 23, 126 eaiiuidus 24, 76 decurreiis 24, 77 niipes 24, 77 glabellus 26, 66 langiiidus 25, 80 longipes 26, 66 niinutissiraus 27, 97 minutus 27. 97 oreades 22, 80, 23, 124 papillatus 24, 76 perforans .. 24, 76 pra?acutus 30, 44 pulcherripes 24, 77 rotula 22, 80, 23, 125 salignus 35, 135 scorodonius 23, 125 semihirtipes 25, 79 spongiosus 29, 44 straminipes 26, 66 striatipes 24, 76 subvenosus 23, 125 umbonatus 25, 80 velutipes 23, 124, 26, 90 viticola 26, 65 Mabsonia Quercus 38, 99 Massaria Argus 25, KM bufonius 26, 87 gigaspora 31, 50 vomitaria 23, 65 Massospora cicadina 31, 44 Mazzaxtia sef)ium 38, 106 3J ELAMPSOBA Epilobii 30, 54 Hartigii 33, 28 Melan'conis bicornis 28, 72 elliptica 25, 102, 28, 87 stilbostoma 26, 86 Melaxcomum Americanum, 31, 43 bieolor 24, 86 cerasinum 33, 26 dissemiuatum 28, 59 intermedium 30, 53 minutissimum 28, 59 oblongum 28, 59 pallidum 29, 49 Melax^kjaster ambiguus. .. 29, 46 variegatus 32, 37 jMelasmia alnea 29, 48 Meeiola balsam ioola 34, 52 MelO( gramma Bulliardi 28, 71 gyrosum 33, 33 quereuum 23, 63 superlicialis 29, 57 Mexispora ciliata 30, 57 Mentha arvonsis 22, 53 aquatica 24, 57 Canadensis 34, 55 piperita 34, 55 roiundifolia 33, IS MERri.ilsbeilus.. 27, 99 fugax 38, 93 laerymans 2.^. 82 pori'noides 27, 99 subaurautiacus. 38, 93 110 Forty-first Annual Report on the KEPOET. Merulius treniellosus 22 MEsotiLoiA vermicLilaris 22 METASPH.TiRiA MyricR) 38 MicHENEUA artocreas 28^ Mic'ROPEUA drupacearuin 25 MioKOSPH.ERiA abbreviata. . . 28 deusissima 26 diffusa 25 Dubyi 26 exteiisa 25 Fiiesii 23 Hedwigii 25 holosericea 25 Menispermi 28 Nemopauthis 38 penicillata 22 Platani 28 pulchra 25 Russellii 26 Symphoricarpi 28 Vaceinii 23 Van Bruntiana 28 MiCROSTROMA leucosporum, 33 MicROTHYRiuM mici'oscopi- curu 22 Smilacis 24 MiLLERiA herbatiea 31 MiLLiUM effusum 28, 84, 38 MiTCHELLA repens. . . 34, 145, 36 MiTRULA C'UCuUata 27 inflata 27 paludosa 23 MoLiNiA ca'i'ulea 38, MoNiLiA Candida 27 Harlinessii 34 MoNOTOspoRA biseptata 28^ triseptata 24 MoNTELiA tamariscina 31 MoRCHELLA angusticeps .... 32| bispora 30 deliciosa 30 esculenta 22, 94, 28 semilibera 30, 58, 32 MoRTHiERA Mespili 38 Thunienii 34 MucoR caninus 31 intequalis 26, 79, 34 ramosus 31 MucRONELLA aggregata 31 calva 31 MuHLENBERGii Mexicana 34 MuscARi raceraosum 31 IMycoporum pycnocarpuiu . . 23 MvKiANGiuM Curtisii 24 Myrica cerifera 25 Gale 36 Myriophyllum ambiguum, 26 tenellum 26, 88, 34 Myrothecium f ungicola 26 32 Myxogasters 31 Myxosporiubi nitidum 24 Nabalus Boottii 23, 50, 27 racemosus 24 N^Matelia atrata 24' PAGE. 84 70 105 52 .88 64 80 95 80 95 65 95 95 64 102 100 64 95 80 64 65 64 30 90 85 40 109 38 106 1C7 62 83 106 49 62 94 52 44 58 58 86 58 111 45 46 31 46 38 38 56 31 51 59 107 39 88 54 79 57 55 85 112 100 EEPOET. PAGE. N.EMATELIA cerebriformis ... 30, 49 nucloata 24, 83 Naias major 26, 88, 36, 39 Nardosmia palraata, 28, 83, 31, 52 Nectria Apocj^ni 26, 84 balsamea 26, 84 Celastri 26, 84 cinnabarini 22, 98 coccinea 26, 84 cucurbitula. •. . . 22, 90 dematiosa 33, 33 episphairia 27, 108 iuaurata 24, 98 mycetophila 26, 85 Peziza 24, 98 pulicaris 30, 76 ribis 26, 84 .sanguinea 28, 71 Negundo aeeroides 28, 40 Nemalion multifidum 23, 52 Nemaspora avirea 24, 87 ci'ocea 22, On Russellii 24, 87 Nematogonum aurantiacum, 28, 6:J Nephroma arcticuni 22, 60 helvetieum 22, On hevigatum 22, 61 tomeutosum 22, 60 NiDULARiA pulvinata 30, 51 NiTELLA acuminata 22, 55 flexilis 22, 55 intermedia 34, 42 mucronata 22, 5"i opaca 34, 42 NoDULAKiA acericola 25, OS balsamicola 24, 9i; NosTOC commune 22, 70 NupHAR advena 34, 53 Nyctalis asterophora 26, 65 NYMPHiEA odorata 34, 53 Odontia flmbriata 24, 80 OiDiUBi albipes 30, 57 corticale 27, 105 destruens 32, 41 fasciculatum 30, 57 fruetigenum 24, 93, 34, 34 f ulvum 26, 79 irregulare 33, 29 leucoeonium 29, 52 megalospora 26, 70 moniloides 25, 94 simile 25, 94 Oligonema brevifolia 31, 42 Omphalaria pulvinata 29, 38 Onoclea sensibilis. . . 22, 104, 31, 53 Onopordon acanthium 23, 134 Onygena equina 25, 94 Opegrapha varia 22, 68 Orthotrichum Canadense. . . 25, 10^ leiocarpum 25, in obtusifolium 22, lu:. Peckii 25, 71 psilocarpum 24, 57, 25,. 108 sordidum 25, 71 Oryzopsis Canadensis 28, 84 State Museum of Na.tural History. Ill REPOET. OsMUNDA ciniuimoiiiea 2(5 OvuLARiA moniloides 38 OxALis corniculata 23 Paludella squarrosa 22 Panicum agrostoides 28 amarum 26 Pannakia crossophylla 25 lanuginosa 22 lurida 24 microphylla 22 nigra 25 Pftersii 26,49, 28 rubiginosa 26 triptopliylla 25 Pan us deaib'atus 33 dorsalis 22, 81, 30 levis.. .-: 33 operculatus 27, 97, 30 salicinus 24 stipticus 22, 81, 33 strigosus 26 toi'iilosus 30 Parasitic fungi 29, 71, 30 Paeietaria Pennsylvanica . . 23 Paemelia Boireri 22 caperata 22 colpodes 24 couspei'sa 22 criiiita 22 olivacea 22 perlata 22 pertusa 22 physodes 22 saxatilis 22 stygia 22 tiliacea 22 Patellaria atrata 24 congregata 23 discolor 22 dispersa 28 fenestrata 28 f usispora 28 Hamamelidis 33 indigotica 25 leptos]jerma 30 ligiiyota 30 olivacea 31 pusilla 32 rhabarbarina 22 Paxillus 32 alrotomentosus 22 involutus 24 porosus 32 strigosns 26 Peckia Clintonii 29 Sarraconia> 29 Pell,ea gracilis 34, 57, 38 PELTUiEUA aphthosa 22 canina 22 horizontalis ' 22 polydactyla 22 1'enicilijum bicolor 32 crustiicouni 22 glaucum 34 PERicH.iiNA flavida 26 89 100 49 56 84 48 72 63 57 63 72 85 49 72 21 71 21 71 77 36 66 44 77 134 62 62 58 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 96 62 96 68 68 67 32 98 62 62 48 48 96 56 79 75 ^55 63 47 47 109 61 61 61 61 41 94 •13 76 REPORT. Perich.ena irregularis 30 Periconia Azaleu3 25 albiceps 32 corticalis 29 parasitica 33 spha'rophila 34 truncata 29 Peridermium balsameum. . . 27 cerebrum 25 columuare 28 decolorans 27, 104, 33 elatinum 27, 104, 33 Peronospora alta 30, 56, 33 Arthuri 38 Corydalis 32 efifusa 29 ticaria 32 gangliformis 32 Geranii 28 Halstedii 38 iufestans 30 obduceus 33 obliqua 28 parasitica 26 Potentilla? 38 pygraa3a 29 simplex 31 viticola 32 Pertusaria globularis 22 pertusa 22 pustulata 24 velata 22 Wulfenii 22 Pestalozzia Guepini 33 insidens 28 Maria> 27 monochcete 31 monochffitoides 38 Peckii 28, 59, 31 pezizoides 26 rostrata 28 Stevensonii 34 Peziza adusta 27 ceruginosa 24 Agassizii 22 agrostina 29 albospadicea 29 albumina 2MiDiUM bulbosum 31, 43 gracile 29, 50 mucronatum 28, 60 Phyllophora Brodiaei 22, 73 Phyllosticta Epigaeee 38, 94 Grossulariai 34, 44 Labrusca3 38, 94 lantanoidis 38, 94 Lonicerae 31, 43 Nessege 34, 44 Podophylli 38, 94 rubra 35, 138 Sambuei 34, 44 variabilis 35, 138 Physakum albicans 30, 50 atrorubrum 31, 40 caispitosum 26, 75, 28, 85 inaequalis 31, 40 luteolum 30, 50 mirabile 33, 22 nutans 22, 89 ornatum 31, 40 psittacinum 31, 40 pulcherripes 26, 75 Physcia aquila 22, 63 cassia 22, 63 ciliaris 24, 102 obscura 22, 63 pulverulenta 22, 63 speciosa 22, 63 stellaris 22, 63 Physostegia Virginiana 22, 103 PiLACRE faginea 26, 79 Pileolaria brevipes . . 24, 90, 25, 109 29, 69 PiLOBOLus crystallinus 27, 106 PiLOPHORA fibula 22, 66 PiNCiUicuLA vulgaris 28, 83 PiNus Banksiana 30, 68 iuops 22, 54, 30, 68 niitis 32, 54 resinosa 30, 68 PisTiLLARiA muscicola 22, 87 coccinea 30, 49 Placodium aurantiacum 22, 63 cerinum 23, 50 cinnabarinum 22, 64 elegans 25, 72 rupestre . . 22, 64 Plagiothecium latebricola. . 23, 50 piliferum 22, 58, 25, 108 15 KEPOET. PAGE. Plagiothecium turfaceum . . 22, 58 Plantago lanceolata 35, 146 Rugelii 32, 24 Plicatura Alni 24, 76, 29, 66 Pluteus 38, 133 PoA alsodes 28, 84 PoDisoMA f uscum 25, 89 macropus 23, 57 PoDOSPH^RiA biuncinata 25, 95 Cerasi 24, 100 PoDOSPORiuM rigidum, 22, 94, 24, 103 PoGONiA afflnis 31, 31 ■pendula 26, 88 PoLEMONiUM ca;ruleum 23, 134 Polyactis cana 30, 57 cinerea 32, 41 fascicularis 26, 79 pulvinata 29, 52 streptothrix 33, 28 vulgaris 31, 45 PoLYCYSTis Ranunculacea- rum 23, 58 Polygonum amphibium 34, 55 Careyi 27, 112 Hartwrightii 27, 90, 33, 35 Polyides rotundus 22, 73 PoLYPODiuM vulgare 24, 101 PoLYPOGON Monspeliensis. . . 34, 42 PoLYPORUS aboi'tivus 38, 90 abietinus 22, 84 adustus 22, 82 albellus 30, 45 applanatus 22, 83 armeniacus 26, 70 attenuatus 26, 70 aurantiacus 26, 69 balsameus 30, 46 Beatiei 31, 36 benzoinus 33, 21 betulinus 24, 79 biformis 22, 83 borealis 32, 57 Boucheanus 22, 82, 26, 90 brumalis 22, 82 Callosus 30, 46 Carolinensis 22, 83 carneus 22, 83 cfuruleoporus 26, 68, 32, 57 ca3sius 24, 79 cerifluus 22, 83 chioneus 33, 22 chrysoloma 32, 35 cinnabarinus 22, 83 circinatus 32, 34 couchatus 27, 98 conchifer 26, 69 connatus 30, 46 corticola 24, 79 crispellus 38, 91 croceus 34, 42 cupulM'formis 27, 97 cuticularis 32, 34 dualis 30, 44 elegans 22, 82, 25, 109 elongatus -^. "9 114 FORTT-FIEST ANNUAL REPORT ON THE EEPOET. PoLTPORUs epileucus 38 farinellus 30! ferru^inosus 26 flmbriatellus 38 flavidus 26, 68, 33 floecosus 33 f omentarius 22 f ragrans 30 fraxinophilus 35 frondosus 24 fumosus 24 giganteus 22 gilvus 22 glomeratus 24, 78, 38 Grordoniensis 26 griseoalbus 38 griseus 26 guttulatus 33 liirsutus 22 liirsutulus 22 hispidoides 33 humilis 26 igniirius 22, 83, 33 immitis 35 incarnatus 27 induratus 31 labyrinthicus 22 laceratus 22 lacteus 22 IfEtificus 38 lucidus 22, 82, 34 luridus 22 maculatus 26, 69, 33 margiiiatus 24 medulla-panis 22 molluscus 32 Morgan!. 32 nidulans 30 nigricans 27 nigropurpurascens 30 obducens 30 occidentalis 22 odorus 38 ornatiis 38 osseus 30 ovinus 22 pallidus 31 parvulus 32 Peekianus 33 pergamenus 33 perennis 22 picipes 25 pinicoia 27 planus 31 poripes 24 radiatus 22. 83, 34 resinosus 22, 83, 25 rhipidius 26, 69, 32 rubiginosus 24 saliciuus 23 Salvia? 27 sanguinolentus 26 scutellatus 22, 83, 31 seraipileatus 34 semitinctus 31 PAGE. 91 46 70 91 37 22 82 45 136 78 79 82 82 111 70 91 68 37 83 83 21 69 36 135 98 37 82 84 82 91 57 82 37 79 84 35 34 45 98 75 46 84 92 92 44 81 36 33 37 36 82 82 98 37 78 57 82 57 79 52 98 70 54 43 37 PoLYPORTJs simillimus 32 splendens 26, 68, 33 spumeus 27, 97, 32 squamosus 27 Stephensii 28 subacidus 38 subfuscus 22 subiculosus 31 subsericeus 33 sulphureus, 22, 82, 27, 114, 38 Sullivantii 22 tomentosus 22 ulmarius 23 undosus 34 vaporarius 22 Vaillantii 24 velutinus 24 versicolor 22 vesiculosus 24, violaceus 26 virgineus 22 viticola 24 volvatus ... 27, 98, 32, 57, 38 vulgaris 27, 98, 33 Weinmanni 31 zonatus 24 PoLYSiPHOXiA fastigiata 22 flbrillosa 22 f ormosa 22 Harveyi 22 nigrescens 22 Olneyi 22 subcontorta 23 subtilissima 22 PoLYTHRiNCiUM Trifolii 22 Polytrichu:m strictum 25 PopuLus dilatata 38 PoRPHRYDiUii cruentum 27 Porphyria vulgaris 22 PoRTULACCA grandiflora 33 PoTAMOGETON amplif olius ... 22 33, 95, 34, 55, 35 Claytonii 34 crispus 32 gramineus 33, 35, 34 lonchitis 31 lucens 34 natans 30 Oakesianus, 22, 54, 31, 53, 34, pusillus 34; Robinsii 33, 35, 38 ruf escens 34 PoTEXTiLLA fruticosa 22 recta 26, 48, 31, 52, 36 tridentata 28 Primula Mistassinica, 24, 101, 28 PR0T05IYCE.S conglomeratus, 32 Erytlironii 25 f uscus 33 macrosporus 35 Menyanthis 28 polysporns 34 Prunus pumila 34, 53, 36 PSALLIOTA 36 Ptelea trifoliata 27 PAGE. 34 37 57 97 52 92 83 37 37 110 84 82 52 42 84 79 79 84 79 70 84 79 110 37 37 79 72 72 71' 72 72 72 51 72 94 71 83 92 74 17 54 146 55 24 55 31 55 69 55 55 108 41 102 37 83 83 39 90 27 138 61 45 37 41 111 State Museum of Xa tubal History. 115 I EEPOBT. Pterula densissima 3i divaricata 32 setosa 27 Ptychogastee albus 22 PTYCH05IITRIUM incurvutQ. . . 22 PuccixiA 25 aculeata 22 acuminata 23 Amphibii 30 Anemones 23 angustata 25 arundinacea 25 Asteris 23 buUaria 28 Calthfe 29, 50, 38 Caricis 25, CirccBse 23 Cirsii 34 Clintonii 28 • Compositarum 23 Convolvuli 24, coronata 23 CryptotaenisB 23 curtipes 26 Davi 28 EUisii 33 emaeulata 24 Galiorum 24! Gentianfe 29 Gerardii 24! graminis 22 Helianthi 23 Hieracii 30 Hydrophylli 30 inVestita ' 22 Junci 22 linearis 33 Lobeliae 26 Maria?-Wilsoni 25 Mavdis 34 Mehthae 31 mesomajalis 23, 56, 28 minutula 24. Myrrhis 25 Nolitangeris 24. obtecta 25 orbieula 30 Peckiana 23 Physostegiae 29, Pofygonorum 24 Prunonim 25 pulchelia 25 Pyrolffi 24 Scirpi 32 simplex 34 Smiiacis 28 solida 22 Sorghi 28 spreta 29, 67, 31 striatula : 33 striola 24, 90, 31 Thalictri 34 Tiarellfe 23, 56, 29 tripustulata 24 Umbellif erarum 23 43 36 105 ! 9 Annual Report of tee State Botanist. Monilia aurantiaca Pk. & Sacc. Bhopalomyces Cucurbitarum B.&R. Aspergillus flmetarius Pk. Rhinotrichum ramosissimum B.& C. Virgaria hydnicola Pk. Fusicladium fasciculatum C. & E. Septonema breviusculum B. & C. Cercospora Epilobii Schnd. C. Resedee Fckl C. rhuina C. & E. Sporocybe cellare PA:. Helicomyces roseus Lk. Tubercularia fungicola Pk. Tuberculina persicina Sacc. Ombrophila albiceps PA;. Peziza scubalonta C. & G. P. hinnulea B. & Br. Calloria acanthostigma Fr. Valsa coronata PV. Anthostoma turgidum N\t^. Anthostomella limitata Socc. Nummularia repanda Pr. ' Chsetospha^ria longipila Pk. Celidium stictarum Tul. Micrococcus prodiglosus Cohn. 11 Not new to the Herbarium. Aconitum Noveboracense Gr. Brassica oleracea L. Cakile Americana Xutt. Arabis lyrata L. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Vitis Labrusca L. V. aestivalis Mx. V. cordifolia Mx. Rhamnus catharticus L. Desmodium Marilandicum Boott. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. L. retic. v.angustifolia Ma.v. Rubus strigosus Mx. R. Canadensis L. Pyrus arbutifolia L. Crataegus parvifolia Ait. Proserpinaca pectinacea Lam. Epilobium angustifolium L. CEnothera biennis L. CE. fruticosa L. Ammannia humilis Mx. Discopleura capillacea DC. Sium lineare Mx. Lonicera oblongifolia Muhl. Eupatorium purpureum L. E. album L. E. teucrifolium Willd. Aster spectabilis Ait. A. concolor L. A. dumosus L. Solidaga odora Ait. S. nemoralis Ait. S. humilis Pursh. S. tenuifolia Pursh. Pluchea camphorata DC. Chrysopsis Mariana Nutt. Coreopsis trichosperma Mx. Artemisia Absinthium L. Erechthites hieracifolia Baf. Centaurea nigra L. Gaylussacia frondosa T. £ G. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam. Rhododendron Rhodora Don. Penstemon pubescens Soland. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pur.^h. Stachys hyssopifolia Mx. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. C. compacta Juss. Asclepias incarnata L. Atriplex patula L. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Acnida cannabina L. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. P. hydropiperoides Mx. P. maritimum L. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhas L. Betula glandulosa Mx. Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. Trillium grandiflorum Salisb. Lilium superbum L. Juncus tenuis Willd. J. Greenii 0. £ T. J. Canadensis Gay. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Eriophonim gracile Koch. Scleria reticularis Mx. Scirpus maritimus L. S. debilis Pursh. Carex sterilis Willd. C. scoparia SS67iA:. Bromus ciliatus L. B. racemosus L. Andropogon macrourus Mx. Botrychium matricariaefolium A.Br. Amanita solitaria Bull. Armillaria mellea Vahl. A. nardosmia Bllis. Tricholoma variegatum Scop. Clitocybe laccata Scop. Collybia radicata Belh. C. hariolorum DC. C. tuberosa Bull. Mycena corticola Schum. Omphalia chrysophylla Fr. O. striipilea Fr. Pleurotus striatulus Fr. Clitopilus Noveboracensis Pk. Inocybe rimosa Bull. Galera hypnorum Batsch. Coprinus flmetarius Fr. C. micaceus FY. G. plicatilis Fr. Hygrophorus ceraceus Fr. Lactarius f uliginosus Fr. Russula nigricans Fr. R. sordida Pk. R. heterophylla Fr. R. crustosa Pk. R. fragilis Fr. Marasmius erythropus Fr. Lentinus lepideus jFV. ^^ Annual Report of the State Botanist. 13 Lentinus strigosus Schio. L. umbilicatus Pk. Strobilomyces strobilaceus Berk. Polyporus griseus Pk. P. perennis Fr. P. circinatus Fr. P. chioneus Fr. P. connatus Fr. P. glomeratus Pk. • P. balsameus PA;, P. versicolor Fr. Poria vaporaria Fr. P. mutans PA;. P. attenuata PA:. Daedalea conf ragosa Pers. Trametes sepium Perk. Merulius lacrymans Fr. Solenia fasciculata Pers. Hydnum repandum L. H. aurantiacum A. & S. H. subfuscum Pk. Irpex paradoxus Fr. Stereum sanguinolentum Fr. S. rugosum Fr. S. ochraceoflavum Schw. S. acerinum Pers. Hymenochajte tabacina Lev. Clavaria botrytes Pers. Tremella foliacea Pers. Exidia glandulosa Fr. Lycoperdon constellatum Fr. Scleroderma vulgare Fr. S. Bovista Fr. Stemonitis Morgani PA-. Siphoptychium Casparyi Post. Ustilago segetum Dlttm. (B.) CONTKIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. Mrs. D. B. Fitch, Norwich, N. Y. Viola sagittata Ait. Trillium erectum L. Flcerkia proserpinacoides Willd. Erythronium albidum Nutt. ' L. F. Ward, Washington, D. C. Hieraclum prsealtum Vill. A. G. Grinnan, M. D., Madison Mills, Va. Calostoma Berkeley! Massee. Prof. L. M. Underwood, Syracuse, N, Y. Clitopilus stilbocephalus B. & Br. Hydnum stratosum Berk. Peniophora unicolor Pk. C. E. Fairman, M. D Diplodia iEsculi Lev. Zygodesmus muricatus E. & E. Tapesia Eosse Phil. Haplosporella Ailanthi E. & E. Lophiotrema auctum Sacc. Puccinia Malvacearum Mont. Underwoodia columnaris PA-. Eutypella longirostris PA*. , Lyndonville, N. Y. Eutypa flavovirescens Tnl. Diatrype albopruinata Srhw. Leptosphaeria dumetorum Nieesl. Coniosporium Fairniani Sacc. 0. culmigenum Berk. ^cidium Lysimachite Wallr. F. E. Emery, Geneva, N. Y. Puccinia Malvacearum Mont. Prof. J. A. Liutner, Albany, N. Y. Uncinula macrospora PA;. I Fuligo varians Sonunn-r. W. A. Setchell, Cambridge, Mass. Doassansia Alismatis Corn. D. SagittarifB Schrost. D. occulta Co7'n, Tolysporium bullafuin Srhro-t. Entyloma Oompositarum Farl. 14 Annual Report of tee State Botanist. Prof. J. C. Smock, Albany, N. Y. Placodium elegans Lk. Thelosehistes concolor Dicks. J. Dearness, London, Canada. Libertella acerina West. L. faginea Desm. Teucrium botrytis L. Botrytis geniculata Cd. W. T. Swingle, Manhattan, Kansas. Ustilago provincialis K. & S. Prof. B. D. Halsted, New Brunswick, N. J. Synchytrium Vaccinii Thorn. \ Peronospora Cubensis B. & C. Harold Wingate, Philadelphia, Pa. Orcadella operculata Wing. \ Comatricha longa Pk. Geo. A. Eex, M.D., Philadelphia, Pa. Comatricha longa Pk. Cribraria violacea Bex. Siphoptychium Casparyi Bost. Physarum lividum Bost. Stemonitis dictyospora Bost. Prof. H. J. Weber, Lincoln, Neb. Puccinia vexans Farl. Wm, Herbst, M. D., Trexlertown, Pa. Pholiota aeruginosa Pk. Clitocybe multiceps Pk. Polyporus lucidus Leys. Eev, J. L. Zabriskie, Flatbush, N. Y. Puccinia mammillata Schroet. Ustilago Austro- Americana Speg. Sporodesmium antiquum Cd. Echinobotryum atrum Cd. Hypoxylon effusum Nits. Comatricha longa Pk. P. H. Dudley, New York. N. Y. Merulius lacrymans Fr. Polyporus lucidus Leys. Polyporus hispidus lEY. S. M. Tracy, Agricultural College, Miss. Phragmidium Fragariastri Schrcet. P. subcorticium Wi7it. Puccinia caulicola T. & G. P. Sporoboli Arth. P. Galiorum Lk. P. Hieracii Mart. P. Andropogonis Schw. P. Helianthi Schw. P. Silphii Schw. P. Malvastri Pk. P. lateripes B. & B. P. heterospora B. & C. P. Viote DC. Uromyces Spermacoces Wint. TJ. Sparganii C. <& P. U. Terebinth! Wxnt, Uromyces Trifolii DC. U. (Enotheraa Burr. U. Lespedezae Pk. U. Hyperici Curt. U. appendiculatus Lev. U. Euphorbia? C. & P. Ustilago sphaerogena Burr. Uredo Artemisise Bab. Coleosporium Eubi E. & M. Melampsora salicina Lev. Roestelia aurantiaca Pk. ^cidium Clematidis DC. M. Psoraleae Pk. M. Sii Fckl. Peridermium orientale Cke. Synchytrium fulgens Schroet. ^t Annual Report of the State Botanist. 15 Cystopus cubicus Lev. Peronospora Halstedii Farl. Microstroma leucosporum Mont. Cylindrosporium Heraclei E. & E. Cercospora Diospyri Thum. C. sordida Sacc. 0. clavata Ger. C. Heliotropii E. & E. Cerebella Andropogonis Ces. F. W. Anderson, Phragmidium Potentillse Wint. P, subcorticium Wint. Puccinia Saxifragee Schlect. P. Asteris Duby. P. Tanaceti DC. P. Malvastri Pk. P. Troximontis Pk. P. intermixta Pk. P. variolaris Hark. P. Polygoni-amphibii Pers. P. hysteriiformis Pk. P. Menthae Pers. P. Caricis Beb. P. Giliae Hark. P. Eubigo-vera DC. P. Phragmitis Schum. P. graminis Pers. Uromyces Eriogoni E. & H. U. Junci Schw. U. Trifolii DC. U. Spragueae Hark. Ustilago Caricis Fckl. U. Montaniensis E. <& H. Melampsora Lini Tul. M. populina Lev. M. salicina Lev. Uredo Oxytropidis Pk. Coleosporium Sonchi-arvensis Lev. Piggotia Fraxini B. & C. Sphajropsis Menispermi PA:. Sphaerotheca Castagnei Lev. Uncinula macrospora PA:. Erysiphe graminis DC. Capnodium puccinioides E. & E. Plileospora Ulmi Wallr. Pliyllachora IJlmi Fckl. Hypocrea Hypoxylon Schw. Great Falls, Mont. Cronartium Asclepiadeum Kze. ^cidium gaurinum PA-. M. monoicum PA:. M. Clematidis DC. M. Chrysopsidis E. & A. M. Ligustici E. & E. M. Asteratum Schw. Sporodesmium tabacinum E. & E. Coniothyrium concentricum Desm. Cladosporium Typharum Desm. Helminthosporium subcuticulare E. &E. Eamularia lactea Sacc. Didymaria Clematidis C. & H. Cystopus Bliti Biv. C. candidus Lev. C. cubicus Str. Phyllactinia suffulta Beb. Spheerotheca Castagnei Lev. Uncinula adunca Lev. Erysiphe graminis DC. E. sepulta E. & E. E. communis Wallr. E, Cichoracearum DC. Nectria Eibis Bab. Khytisma salicinum Fr. Leptospbaeria Typha) Karst. Prof. W. R. Dudley, Ithaca, N. Y. Acer sacch. var. nigrum Gr. I Ulmus racemosa Thomas. E. J. Forster, M. D., Boston, Mass. Lepiota farinosa Pk. Mrs. P. H. Dudley, New York, N. Y. Fruit of passion flower, Passiflora edulis. An ulga from the hot springs of Arkansas. Collected by Mrs. L. E. Holden. 16 Annual Report of the State Botanist. (C.) PLANTS NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Hesperis matronalis, L. Roadside, near Feurabusb, Albany county. May. Tbis plant is sometimes cultivated for ornament and escapes from cultivation and becomes naturalized in some places. Buffalo. David F. Day. Prunus avium, L. Ravines and billsides. Near Catskill. May. Also reported by Pro- fessor Dudley as frequent about Itbaca, and especially abundant on botb sbores of Cayuga lake. An introduced plant wbich bas escaped from cultivation. Trapa natans, L. This curious aquatic has been introduced, but is well established in Sander's lake, near Schenectady. Aster vimineus, Lam. This species is not rare in moist, sandy soil in the eastern part of Long Island. It is variable in aspect, the branches being either hori- zontal or somewhat ascending, and having the flowers either crowded or racemous. Lacnanthes tinctoria, Ell. Near Manor, Suffolk county. August. This plant is named in the list of those mentioned by Dr. Torrey in the Flora of New York, Vol. n, p. 522, as likely to occur on Long Island. Its occurrence in this place has verified his prediction. Cynodon dactylon, Pers. Vacant lots in Long Island city. September. This is considered a valuable grass in some of the southern States, but it is very persistent and eradicated with some difficulty. As it prefers a warmer climate it will probably not prove troublesome on Long Island. Amanita nitida, Fr. Menands, Albany county. Our plant is more slender than the typical form and has smaller, but more numerous, warts, but in other respects it exhibits the characters of this species. Tricholoma sejunctum, Sow. Mixed woods. Manor and Quogue. September. This species is not uncommon in sandy soil on Long Island, though in Europe it Annual Report of tee State Botanist. |7 occurs chiefly in gravelly soil. With us it varies considerably iu the color of the pileus, which may be either white or pale yellow, tinned with greeu or brown. It is often irregular or deformed and frequently destitute of an umbo. The fibrils are either brown or blackish. The bitter taste is sometimes absent. Tricholoma grave, n. sp. [Plate 1. Figs. 5 to 8.] Pileus at first hemispherical, then broadly convex, compact, glabrous, grayish-tawny and somewhat spotted when moist, paler when dry, the margin paler, involute, often irregular, clothed with a minute appressed grayish- white tomentum or silkiness, flesh grayish-white; lamellffi subdistant, rounded behind or sinuate, adnexed, at first whitish, then pale ochraceous-tawny; stem stout, compact, solid, subsquamulose or furfuraceous, abruptly attenuated at the base, penetrating the soil deeply, grayish- white ; spores broadly elliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 5 to 8 in. broad; stem 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1.5 in. thick. Mixed woods of pine and oak. Manor. September. This species is remarkable for its great size and weight. It is apparently allied to Tricholoma colossus, from which it is separated bv the absence of any viscidity of the pileus, the radicating character of the base of the stem and by the flesh not assuming a reddish color. By its moist pileus it appears to belong to the Spongiosi rather than to the Limacini among which T. colossus is jilaced. Clitocybe multiceps, n. sp. Pileus fleshy, thin except on the disk, firm, convex, slightly moist in vvet weather, whitish, grayish or yellowish-gray, flesh white, taste mild ; lamellae close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish ; stems densely csespitose, equal or slightly thickened at the base, solid or stuffed, firm, elastic, slightly pruinose at the apes, whitish ; spores globose, .0002 to .0003 in. broad. Pileus 1 to 3 in. broad ; stem, 2 to 4 in. long, 3 to (5 lines thick. Open places, grassy ground, etc. Albany and Sandlake. June and October. This species forms dense tufts often composed of many individuals. In this respect it is related to such species as Clitot'ylte tumulosa, C. aggregata and C. illudens. From the crowtling together of many individuals the pileus is often irregular. Souietimes the disk is brownish and occasionally slightly silky. The lamelljr are sometimes slightly sinuate, thus indicating a relationship to the 3 ^ 18 Annual Report of the State Botanist, species of Tricholoma. The taste, tliougli mild, is somewhat oily and unpleasant. The plants appear in wet, rainy weather, either early in the season or in autumn. Specimens have been sent to me from Massachusetts by R. K. Macadam and Professor Farlow, and from Pennsylvania by Dr. W. Herbst. ^ Clitocybe catinus, Fr. Ray Brook, Adirondack mountains. August. The pileus is at first white, but in wet whether it becomes pallid or discolored with age. The plants were found growing among pieces of bark of arbor vitse lying on the ground. Clitopilus stilbocephalus, B. & Br. Syracuse. October. Pi^of. L. M. Underivood. The specimens apparently belong to the variety represented in Cooke's Illustrations, plate 599. Coprinus Brassicae, n. sp. [Plates. Figs. 9 to u.] Pileus membranous, at first ovate or conical, then broadly convex, squamulose, finely striate to the disk, white becoming grayish-brown, the margin generally splitting and becoming recurved; lamellae nar- row, crowded, reaching the stem, brown with a slight ferruginous tint; stem slender, glabrous, hollow, slightly thickened at the base, white; spores elliptical, brown, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 4 to 5 lines broad; stem 8 to 10 lines long. Decaying stems of cabbage, Brassica oleracea. Menands. August. The species is easily known by its squamulose pileus and its brown lamellae and spores. It is related by these to such species as G, phceosporus, G. Friesii and G. tigrinellus. Cortinarius (Phlegmacmm) glutinosus, n. sp. Pileus convex, glutinous, brownish-ochraceous, the margin nar- rowly involute, flesh yellowish; lamellae adnexed, olivaceous; stem solid, thickened at the base, scarcely bulbous, whitish or pallid; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Pileus 1 to 3 in. broad; stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Mossy ground under hobble bushes. Viburnum lantanoides. Sevey. Adirondack mountains. July. The dull ochraceous pileus, olivaceous lamellae and pallid stem are the prominent features of the species. The margin of the pileus ia sometimes rimose. In drying the color changes to a chestnut hue. 6i Annual Report of the ;State Botanist. 19 Cortinarius (Inoloma) annulatus, n. .s/a iPlate 2. Figs, i to 4.j Pileus broadly convex, dry, villose-squamulose, yellow, flesh yel- lowish; lamellae rather broad, subdistant, adnexed, yellow; stem solid, bulbous, somewhat peronate by the yellow fibrillose annular-ter- minated veil ; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, .0003 in. long. Pileus 1 to 3 in. long; stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 3 to 6 lines thick Thin woods. Whitehall. August. The whole plant is yellow inclining to ochraceous. It has the odor of radishes. The squamules of the pileus are pointed and erect on the disk, and often darker colored there. The species is allied to G. tophaceus and C. callisteus, from which it is separated l»y its per- sistently annulate stem and more yellow color. Cortinarius (Dermocybe) luteus, n. sp. Pileus conical or convex, unpolished, yellow, often darker on the disk, flesh yellow; lamellae adnexed, yellow; stem equal, long, solid, silky fibrillose, yellow; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .0003 n. long, nearly as broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad; stem 2 to 4 in. long, 6 lines thick. Mossy ground in woods. Sevey. Julj. Closely related to G. cinnamomeus, but differing in its stouter stetu and nearly uniform yellow color. Cortinarius (Telamonia) paludosus, n. s-p. Pileus conical or convex, ferruginous when moist, buff yellow or pale ochrac*^ous when dry, flesh yellowish; lamelhe broad, subdistant, adnate, saffron-yellow; stem long, equal, flexuous, solid, peronate and subannulate by the fibrillose yellow veil; spores .0003 to .00035 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 1 to 1.0 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, about 2 lines thick. Mossy ground in swamps. Rainbow, Franklin county. August. Lactarius subinsulsus, n. sp. Pileus firm, convex or nearly i)liine, umbilicate, viHoid, a/iiiiiie, glabrous, whitish or pallid, the margin at first slightly tomentose, soon naked, milk white, tardily acrid; lamella' narrow, crowded, adnate or decurrent, whitish; stem short, hollow, whitisli. not spotted; spores subglobose, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 1 to 1 .5 in. long, 6 to 8 lines thick. Pine groves. Rainbow. August. 20 AifNUAL Report of the State Botanist. The species is allied to L. insulsus, from which it is distinct by its zoneless pileus, toinentose young margin and tardily acrid taste. The stem is without spots and obscurely rugulose-reticulated, as in some species of Russula. The tomentose young margin puts the species among the Tricholomoidei near L. puhescens. Lactarius mutabilis, n. sp. [Plate 1. Figs. 1 to i.] Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, zonate when moist, reddish- brown, the disk and zones darker, zoneless when dry, flesh colored like the pileus, milk sparse, white, taste mild ; lamellae narrow, close, adnate, whitish, with a yellowish or cream-colored tint when old; stem equal or tapering upward, stuffed or spongy within, glabrous, colored like the pileus; spores sub globose, rough, .t)003 in. broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Low, damp places. Selkirk and Yaphank. June and September. The species is allied to L. subdulcis, from which the larger size and zonate pileus separate it. The zones disappear in the dry plant, and this change in the marking of the pileus suggests the specific name. They appear to be formed by concentric series of more or less con- fluent spots and are suggestive of such species as L. deliciosus and L. subpurpureus. Russula torevipes, n. sp. [Plate 2. Figs. 5 to 8.] Pileus at first convex and umbilicate, then infundibuliform, dry, glabrous or slightly villose on the margin, white, sometimes varied with reddish-brown stains, flesh whitish, taste mild, slowly becoming slightly acrid; lamellae thin, close, adnate or slightly rounded behind, white; stem very short, solid, white; sj^ores globose, verruculose, .0004 to .0005 in. in diameter. Pileus 3 to 5 in. broad; stem 6 to 10 lines long, 6 to 10 lines thick. Sandy soil in pine woods. Quogue. September. This species is related to Russula delica, but is easily distinguished by its short stem and crowded lamellae. The pileus also is not shining and the taste is tardily somewhat acrid. From Lactarius exsuccus it is separated by the character of the lamellae and the very short stem which is about as broad as it is long. The spores also are larger than in that species. The lamellae in the young plant are sometimes studded with drops of water. They are not clearly decurrent. Some of them are forked at the base. The pileus is but slightly raised above the surface of the ground and is generally soiled by adhering dirt and often marked by rusty or fuscous stains. The plants grew in old roads ia the woods where the soil had been trodden and compacted; Annual Report of the State Botanist. 21 ■ Russula pectinata, Fr. Grassy or mossy ground in thin woods or groves. Menauds and Cemetery, Albany county. July. Marasmius foetidus, Fr. On fallen twigs, leaves, etc. Manor. September. In our plant the pileus is rufescent. The stem also is rufescent above, brown below. The species is easily known by its strong odor. Marasmius albiceps, n. sp. [Plate 2. Figs. 15 to 18.] Pileus membranous, either convex or campanulate, glabrous, white; lamellae broad, distant, adnate or arcuate-decurrent, white; stem corneous, setiform, glabrous, black, paler at the apex, attached to the matrix by radiating brown hairs or fibres; spores obovate or bubel- liptical, .00025 to 0003 in. long, about half as broad, usually contain- ing a shining nucleus. Pileus about 2 lines broad; stem 8 to 15 lines long. Among fallen leaves in mixed woods. Manor. September. In shape the pileus often approaches that of Omphalia fibula. In the larger specimens the lamellae are strongly decurrent as in that species. Polyporus csesarius, Fr. The specimens which I have referred to this species have a striking resemblance to faded specimens of Polyporus sulphureus, but" in addi- tion to the paler pileus the pores are white and more unequal. The spores, also, are smaller than those of P. sulphureus, though I can not tell if th3y agree with the spores of the European P. ccesarius, for I have been able to find no description which gives their dimensions. Our specimens were found at the base of an oak stump, near Manor. September. Polyporus hispidus, Fr. Oak trunk. Quogue. September. But a single, rather old speci- men was found. It is evidently a rare species with us, though said to be more plentiful farther sonth. Poria late-raarginata, D. li- M. Prostrate trunk of wild red cherry, Prunus Pennsylmnica. South Ballstori. Poria aurea, ?i. sp. Efifused, forming patches several inches in extent, 2 to 3 lines thick, separable from the matrix, golden yellow; subiculum thin, sub-gelntin- 67 22 Annual Report of the State Botanist. ous, the young margin byssoid or fimbriate, greenish-yellow, soon dis- appearing; pores small, subrotund, elongated, the dissepiments thin, rather soft; spores minute, subelliptical, .00016 to .0002 in. long, .00008 to .00012 broad. Decaying wood of maple, Acer saccharinum. Sevey. July. Apparently closely related to Poria xantha, but separable from the matrix and remarkable for its somewhat gelatinous subiculum. It is an attractive species. Hydnum stratosum, Berk. Lower side of an old log. Syracuse. Underwood. This is a very singular species. The subiculum appears as if formed of a coarse brown tow-like tomentum, while the aculei appear in two or three strata one above another. They are connected at the base by slender branches or processes similar to themselves in color and texture. Hydnum pallidum, C. & E. Dead branches of oak, Quercus alba. Manor. September. At first small suborbicular patches appear with distant aculei, but with age these patches become confluent and the aculei longer and more numerous. The subiculum, when dry, becomes rimose as in species of Corticium. The spores in our specimens are minute, elliptical, .0002 in. long, .0001 to .00012 broad. Hydnum. acutum, Pers. Decaying wood of deciduous trees. Sevey. July. The species of Persoon has been regarded as having doubtful value by some European authors. Our plant agrees tolerably well with his description. It forms irregular, scarcely noticeable spots, one or two inches broad. The subiculum is scarcely more than a slight meali- ness or prinnosity, with a somewhat indefinite margin. It is subcin- ereous when moist, whitish or pallid when dry. The aculei are very distant, acute or setiform, rather rigid but scarcely visible to the naked eye. The spores are subglobose, slightly angular, .00016 to .0002 in. in diameter. Irpex rimosus, n. sp. Resupinate, at first suborbicular, then confluent, forming irregular patches, thin, whitish or pallid, becoming rimose-areolate, the margin more or less free or slightly reflexed ; hymenium, at first sub- porous or dsedaloid, the dissepiments soon prolonged into aculei which are either subulate compressed or incised, and at length fasciculate from the cracking of the subiculum. Bark of birch, Betula lutea. Catskill mountains. September. (cS> Annual Report of the State Botanist. 23 Corticium mutatum, n. sp. Effused, forming irregular extended patches; bymenium tumid when moist, centrally tuberculose, with more or less evident radiating folds toward the margin, much thinner when dry, nearly even, rimose, dingy yellowish inclining to cream color or slightly tinged with flesh color, the margin byssoid or subfimbriate, white; spores oblong, colorless, straight or slightly curved, .0006 to .0007 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Dead bark of poplar Populus tremuloides. Sevey. July. The species is related to Corticium Iceve, but differs in its color and in the character of its spores. It is remarkable for the difference between the fresh moist specimens and the dry ones. In the former the hymenium is so uneven that it is suggestive of Phlebia, but in the latter the folds and tuHercules have disappeared and the hymenium has become rimose, revealing the white subiculum in the chinks. This change is suggestive of the specific name. Corticium Berkeleyi, Gke. Decaying wood of willow, Salix alba. Copake. June. The specimens have been identified by comparison only, as I have seen no descrij)tion of this species. They are to this extent doubtful. Corticium subaurantiacum, n. sp. Effused, soft, thin, the tomentose subiculum and margin bright orange; hymenium even, grayish-yellow or orange tinted, having a pruinose appearance, sometimes slightly rimose when dry; spores subelliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Dead bark of spruce, Picea nigra. Rainbow. August. It bears some resemblance to MeruHus subaurantiaciis, but there are no folds in the hymenium. Corticium. basale, n. sp. Effused, closely adnate, tough, at first whitish, the hymenium becom- ing brown with a waxy appearance, the broad margin dingy-white. Base of living trees. Whitehall. August. It follows the inequalities of the bark from which it is inseparable. It is remarkable for its waxy appearance, but very tenacious sub- stance. It was found on the bases of ash, Fraxinus Americana and basswood, Tilia Americana. The specimens were sterile. Peniophora unicolor, 71. sp. Effused, thin, membranous, soft, subseparable, even, subpulverulent, pale Qchraceous, the margin and subiculum concolorous with or a 24 Annual Report of the State Botanist. little paler than the hymenium, sometimes extending in brancing string-like fibers; metuloids sparse, subcylindrical, obtuse, rough, .0016 in. long, .0003 broad. Decaying wood. Syracuse. September. Underwood. The specimens are imperfect, being destitute of spores, but the species is apparently quite distinct by the characters given. Clavaria similis, n. sp. Csespitose, subtenacious, slender, three to four times dichotomously branched, pallid, the ultimate ramuli short, obtase, the axils rounded; si^ores subglobose, .00025 in. in diameter, mycelium white. Plant 1 to 2 in. high. Woods. Plattsburgh. August. This scarcely differs from Clavaria muscoides, except in its paler color and in the obtuse tips^of the ultimate ramuli. Ditiola conformis, Earst. Decaying wood of birch, Betula lutea. Catskill mountains. Sep- tember. Mutinus bovinus, Morg. Sandy soil. Manor. September. The spores are the same as in Mutinus Ramnelii, to which this plant appears to be too closely related. Geaster flmbriatus, Fr. Ground in woods. Whitehall. August. This is the twelfth species of Geaster that has been found in our State. Most of the species are quite rare and some have been found but once. Scleroderma Geaster, Fr. Sandy soil. Manor. September. Enteridium Rozeanum, Wing. Decaying wood. North Greenbush. This is Beticularia? Rozeana Eost. It resembles Beticularia Lycoperdon externally and has some- times been confused with it. Cribraria violacea, Bex. Bark of balsam fir. Adirondack mountains. G. A. Bex. Comatricha longa, n. sp. [Plate 3. Figs, l to 5.] ^ Stems growing from a shining membranous hypothallus, closely gregarious, penetrating the peridia as a columella, capillary, black; 7/ Annual Report of the State Botanist. 25 peridia narrowly cylindrical, generally elongated, six to twenty lines long, often flexuous, very fugacious, grayish-black; eapillitium rising from the columella, its branches generally somewhat reticulately con- nected near their base and forming a few large meshes, externally divided into slender, sharp-pointed, divergent, spme-like branchlets, with free apices, blackish; spores globose, even, .0003 to .00085 in. in diameter. Bark of willow, Salix Babylonica. Flatbush. September. Bev. J. L. Zabrinkie. In the color of the spores and eapillitium as seen in mass this plant resembles Stemonitis fusca. In size also it equals or exceeds that species. But in the character of the eapillitium it is quite peculiar. Sometimes its branches, which grow in an alternate manner from the sides of the columella, are two or three times forked and entirely free, but usually they are somewhat connected with each other near the columella, but have their ultimate ramuli wholly free. By this char- acter it differs considerably from other species of the genus, but scarcelj' enough, it seems to me, to warrant its generic separation. The columella generally passes through the eapillitium nearly or quite to its apex, but sometimes in very long specimens it is lost above in the few large meshes. Fine specimens of this remarkable species have been sent me from Philadelphia, Pa., where it is not rare, by Messrs. Stevenson, Rex and Wingate. Specimens from the last gentleman are quite two inches long. Comatricha subcaespitosa, n. sp.- [Plates. Figs. 6 to 9.] Stems subcsespitose or loosely clustered, thickened at the base, black, about half the length of the sporangia, extending through the eapillitium as a columella; peridia ovate-oblong, obtuse, fugacious; eapillitium growing from the columella, reticulately connected and also forming a superficial net with coarse meshes, blackish; spores globose, even, blackish-brown, .0004 to .00045 in. in diameter. Decorticated wood of hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis. Saudlake. July. This species resembles Stemonitis fusca in color. In size it approaches Comatricha typhina. Its eapillitium is variously connected, and appears to combine the reticulation of Comatricha and Stemo- nitis, but on account of the net work not being wholly parallel to the walls of the peridium it is placed in Comatricha. The plants are mostly collected in small groups or loose clusters of two to ten indi- viduals. Its coarser meshes and larger spores distinguish it from C. typhina. 4 I 26 Annual Report op tse State Botanist. Plasmodiophora Brassicse, Wor. Koots of cabbage, Brassica oleracea. Menands. October. This f angas causes swellings or excrescences in the roots of the host plant. These swellings have received the common name "club-root." Cabbages attacked by this disease fail to perfect their heads. The affected roots should be taken from the ground and burned in order to destroy the fungous spores they contain. It has been recommended that the ground should not again be planted with cabbages or other plants of the Mustard family until after the lapse of two or three years, in order that the germs of this disease, which may be in the soil, may have time to perish. In the meantime other crops may occupy the land. Phyllosticta bicolor, n. sp. Spots rather large, two to six lines broad, irregular, at first brown, then centrally whitish, with a broad brown margin, brown beneath; peritheciaepiphyllous, occupying the whitish or central part of the spots, minute, .004 to .005 in. broad, black; spores minute, oblong, colorless, .0002 to .00025 in. long, .00008 to .0001 broad. Living leaves of thimbleberry, Ruhus odoratus. Whitehall. August. Phyllosticta Prini, n. sp. Spots small, suborbicular, white or grayish above, brownish beneath; peiithecia small, .007 in. broad, epiphyllous, depressed, black; spores elliptical or oblong, .0003 to .0005 in. long, .00016 broad. Living leaves of winterberry, Ilex verticiUata. Catskill mountains. September. Phyllosticta Silenes, n. sp. Spots large, sometimes occupying half the leaf, pallid; perithecia amphigenous or hypophyllous, minute, punctiform, black; .004 to .005 in. broad; spores oblong or cylindrical, colorless; .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00015 to .0002 broad. Living leaves of sleepy catcnfly, Silene anhrrhina. Copake Iron Works. June. Phyllosticta Caricis, Sacc. Living leaves of Pennsylvanian sedge, Garex Pennsylvanica. Cats- kill mountains. September. Phoma allantella, n. sp. Perithecia subglobose, subsuperficial, .007 to .008 in. broad, black; spores minute, allantoid, .00016 to .0002 in. long, about half as broad. Whitened decorticated wood of oak, Quei'cus rubra. Catskill mountains. September. 7j Annual Report of the State Botanist. 27 Phoma CandoUei, Sacc. Leaves of box, Buxus sempervirens. Patcliogue. August. Haplosporella Ailanthi, E. & E. Dead bark of Ailanthus glandulosus. Lyndon ville. May. 6". E. Fair man. Diplodia -ffisculi, Lev. Dead bark of horse chestnut, ^sculus Eippocastanum. Lyndon- ville. Fairman. Leptostroma Polygonati, Lasch. Dead stems of giant Solomon's seal, Polygonatum giganteum. Menands. May. Didymosporium effusum, Schw. Dead bark of slij^pery elm, Ulmusfulva. Copake Iron "Works. June. Our plant differs somewhat from the type, and may be desig- nated as Var. distinctum. Heaps rotund, erumpent, distinct; spores oblong, oblong-ovate or elliptical, uniseptate, rarely biseptate, colored, .0014 to .0018 in. long, .0006 to .0008 broad, oozing out and staining the matrix. Septoria Helianthi, E & K. Living leaves of sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Rainbow. August. Our plant is a variety in which the perithecia are amphigenous and the spots by confluence are very large and irregular. Septoria thecicola, B. & Br. Capsules and pedicels of moss, Polytrichum juniperinum. Sevey. July. Cytospora orthospora, B. & C. Dead branches of clammy locust, Robinia viscosa. Sandlake. June. Melanconium magnum, Berk: Dead bark of sugar maple, Acer saccharinum. Stark, St. Lawrence county. July Puccinia Eleocharidis, Arthur. Living stems of Eleocharis palustris. Shore of Lake Champluin near Plattsburgh. August. . Puccinia mammillata, Schrcet. Living leaves of hedge bindweed, Polygonum dumetorum. Flatbush. October. Zabriskie. 28 Annual Hefort of the State Botanist Puccinia Malvacearum, Mont Living leaves of hollyhock, Malva sylvestiHs. Geneva. May. F. E. Emery. Lyndonville, C. E. Fairman. This fungus causes a disease in hollyhocks that has sometimes been so severe in Europe as to pre- vent the cultivation of these flowers. Puccinia obscura, Schroet. Living leaves and stems of field rush, Luzula campestris. Menands. May. Our specimens do not fully agree with the description of the European fungus, but the agreement morphologically is so close that it does not seem advisable at present to separate our plant specific- ally. According to Plowright, "the teleutospores are not formed until August or September," but in our specimens they occur in May, and are intermingled with the uredospores, occurring in the same sorus with them. Mesospores were not seen. The name Puccinia obscura var. vernalis is proposed for this fungus, as it will indicate the principal character wherein it differs from the European plant. The teleutospores are not more highly colored than the uredospores, though this may be due to their young condition. ITstilago Austro- Americana, Speg. Living leaves and spikes of Pennsylvanian knotweed. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum. Flatbush. September. Zabriskie. " The spores ooze out in tendrils sometimes six lines long." This is the fourth species of smut that has been found on species of Polygonum in our State. Doassansia Alismatis, Gomu. Living leaves of water plantain, Alisma Plantago var. Americana. Sharon Springs. July. W. A. Setchell. Plasmopara Viburni, n. sp. Spots irregular, somewhat indefinite, more or less confluent along the principal veins of the leaves, brown or reddish-brown; hyphse hypophyllous, sparse, inconspicuous, bearing'two to four short, nearly horizontal and mostly alternate branches near the top, the ultimate ramuli terminating in two or three sterigmata or subulate points; conidia terminal on the branches, subglobose, ovate or broadly ellip- tical, nearly colorless, generally .0006 to .0008 in. long, .0005 to .0006 broad, occasionally .0012 to 0016 in. long. Living leaves of arrow wood, Fifturnum dentatum. Baiting Hollow Station, Long Island. September. ^o % Annual Report of the State Botanist. 29 This fungus is very closely allied to Flasmopara viticola, B. k De T. Peronospora viticola of most authors, of which it may prove to be only a variety. It is much smaller than that plant and does not form dense downy tufts or jDatches, but is so scattered and sparse in its mode of growth as to be not easily visible to the naked eye. Conidia of mon- strous size are not rare, but oospores were not seen. Its habit of following the veins of the leaf is peculiar. Sporotrichum cohserens, Schw. On an old wooden pail in a cellar. Menands. September. Sporotrichum cinereum, n. sp. Patches oblong, effused, pulverulent, cinereous; hyphae very slender, .00015 in. broad, branched, crispate-flexuous, denticulate ; spores abundant, globose, .00012 to .00016 in. in diameter. Wood of apple tree. Manor. September. Coniosporium Fairmani, Sacc. Dried shell of Hubbard squash. Lyndonville. Fairman. Coniosporium culmigenum, Berk. Dead stems of motherwort, Leoniiriis cardiaca. Lyndonville. Faiiynan. The spores in these specimens are smaller than in the type. The specimens are labeled var. minor. Coniosporium. Polytrichi, n.sp. Heaps of spores minute, .003 to .004 in. broad, closely gregarious, superficial, black; spores globose, granulose, black, .000(55 to 0008^ in. in diameter. Capsules of moss, Polylrichum juniperinum. Sevey. July. Torula convoluta, ffarz. Decaying tubers of potato, Solanum tuherosuni. Menands. April. Echinobotryum atrum, Cd. Decaying tubers of potato. Menands. April. Flatbush. Znhrisl-if. Stachybotrys elongata, n. sp. (Plato 3. Figs. 10 to i;i.] Hyi^hte elongated, intricately branched, sparingly septate, minutely roughened, forming brown tomentose cushiou-shaped tufts one to three lines in diameter, the fertile branches terminated by a capitate cluster of spores borne upon more or less elongated sporophores, 30 Annual Report of the State Botanist. « which are mostly thickened oi- bulbous at the base; spores globose, colored, .00025 to .0003 in. in diameter. Dead branches of maple, Acer rubrum. Manor. September. The pulvinate tufts resemble those of Streptothrix atra, but are paler in color. Zygodesmus muricatus, E. & E. Decaying wood. Lyndonville. May. Fairman. Dematium parasiticum, n. sp. [Plate 3. Figs. 14 to 18.] Fertile hyphse erect, simple or slightly branched, septate, colored, bearing catenulate spores at their tips and on their sides; spores subelliptical or limoniform, mostly pointed at one or both ends, colored, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. Parasitic on some Hydnum, apparently H. carbonarium. Rainbow. August. The parasite gives a smoky-black hue to the Hydnum. Fusicladium destruens, n. sp. [Plate 3. Figs. 19 to 22.] Hyphse rather short, .0008 to .002 in. long, fasciculate, coniinuous or with one or two septa near the base, colored, forming small olive-green tufts or patches; spores acrogenous, simple or occasionally uniseptate, sometimes slightly catenulate, elliptical or oblong, colored, .0003 to .0008 in. long, .0002 to .0003 broad. Living leaves of oats, Avena sativa. Sevey. July. In the affected plants, the apical part of the leaf first shows symptoms of disease. The tissues die and the color changes to rusty-red or dead-brown. This change goes on till the whole leaf is involved. Soon the minute and inconspicuous tufts of the fungus appear. In the southern part of St. Lawrence county, which was visited by the writer the past summer, scarcely a field of oats was free from this disease. So prevalent was it, that the general color of the fields was changed thereby, and it was the opinion of the owners that their oats were " rusting " badly. Upon close examination, however, no " rust " was to be found. In its stead the discoloration of the leaves and the fungus now described appeared. It is, apparently, a very injurious and destructive fungus. The mycelium is pale and provided with numerous conspicuous septa. Cercospora granuliformis, E. and H. Living leaves of violets, Viola blanda. Sevey. July. ^ Annual Report of the State Botanist. 31 Cercospora Apocyni, E. and K. Living leaves of Indian hemp, Apocynum canndbinum. "Whitehall. August. The hyaline character of the hyphse indicate that the species belongs rather to Cercosporella. Sporodesmium antiquum, Cd. Decaying wood. Flatbush. September. Zabriskie. Macrosporium Polytrichi, n. sp. Hyphse erect, septate, somewhat nodulose, colored, .003 to .004 in. long, .0002 broad, forming continuous olive-green patches; spores extremely variable, elliptical, oblong or clavate, colored, 2 to 9 sep- tate, with or without longitudinal septa, .0008 to .0024 in. long, .0003 to .0006 broad. Capsules of moss Polytrichum juniperinum. Sevey. July. Stilbum Spraguei, B. & C. Dead stems of cabbage, Brassica oleracea. Uenands. August. The spores in our plant are elliptical, .00025 in. long. The receptacle becomes bay-red or chestnut color in drying. Isaria aranearum, Schw. On a dead spider. Manor. September. Our plant does not agree rigidly with the description of /. aranearum, but the differences appear too slight to warrant its separa- tion. The club is paler with scarcely any incarnate tint. The spores are very minute, .00012 to .00016 in. long, about half as wide. Tubercularia carpogena, n. sp. Receptacle minute, depressed, glabrous, subsuperficial, red; spores oblong or subfusiform, straight or slightly curved, .0004 to .0005 .in long, pointed at each end, produced on slender branched sporophores. Ripe fruit of blackberry, Bubus villosus. Menands. August. This appears at first sight like a minute species of Peziza or MoUisia. It discolors the affected drupes, making them red like itself. It is therefore easily overlooked. Fusarium Sclerodermatis, n. sp. Sporodochia minute, convex, reddish-yellow or orange; sporophores somewhat branched, about as long as the spores; spores simple or with two or three obscure septa, slightly curved, very acute at each end, .0012 to .0018 in. long, ,00016 broad. On the peridium of Scleroderma vulgaris. Manor. September. 32 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Gloeosporiura leptospermum, n. sp. Spots yellowish, small, irregulai',submdeterminate; acervuli arophi- geuous, small, rotund, oblong or irregular, erumpent, brown or blackish; spores subcylindrical, slightly pointed, straight, colorless, .0008 to .001 in. long, .00016 broad. Living fronds of Pteris aquilina. Sevey. July. By its slender spores, this species approaches the genus Cylindros- porium. Epicoccum purpurascens, Ehren. Eind of decaying squashes. Menands. November. Underwoodia, gen. nov. Receptacle fleshy, more or less elongated, columnar or stem-like, externally uneven sulcate-costate or lacunose, everywhere ascigerous, internally excavated, lacunosely fistulose or containing several longitudinal cavities; asci eight-spored, paraphysate. A genus of Helvellacese, allied to Helvella. It is as if the stem of Eelvella crispa should be deprived of its pileus and entirely covered with an adnate hymenium, thus becoming a stemless receptacle; or as if the receptacle of a Morchella were greatly elongated and stemless. Dedicated to Professor L. M. Underwood. Underwoodia columnaris, w. sp. [Plate 4. Figs. 1 to 4.] Receptacle columnar, straight or slightly curved above, externally somewhat sulcate-costate or lacunosely uneven, whitish or brownish, within white, containing several longitudinal cavities, stemless; asci cylindrical, .007 to .008 in. long .0006 broad; spores elliptical verru- culose, .0008 to .0009 in. long, .0005 broad, colorless, containing a single large nucleus. Plant 4 to 6 inches high, 8 to 12 lines broad. Among fallen leaves. Kirkville, Onondaga county. July. Three specimens of this singular fungus were found by Professor J. T. Fischer. To facilitate their preservation by drying they were divided longitudinally. Halves of two of them were sent to me by Professor Underwood and from this material and from accompanying notes and sketches I have drawn up the description and figure. It is evidently a rare as well as a remarkable fungus. Lachnella cerina, Phil. Decaying wood of birch, Betula lutea. Cascadeville, Adirondack mountains. September. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 33 Tapesia Rosse, Phil. Dead stems of wild rose. Lyndonville. May. Fairman. Helotium mycetophilum, n. sp. Eeceptacles gregarious, minute, .01 to .014 in. broad, sessile or with a very short stem, plane or convex, scarcely margined, yelk wish externally, the hymeaium orange; asci oblanceolate, .003 in. long, .0004 broad, paraphyses filiform; spores oblong-elliptical, simple, the endochrome sometimes divided, .0006 to .0007 in. long, about half as broad. On old Polyporous fomentarius. Rainbow. August. Much smaller than E. citrinum and distinguished from it by its larger spores and orange-colored hymenium. Also distinct from ff. episphiericum by the character of the spores. Cenangium rubiginosum, Cke. Dead twigs of water beech, Carpinus Americana. Mechanicville. July. Coronophora greg-aria, FckL Dead branches of mountain ash, Pyrus Americana. Cascacleville. July. Haematomyces faginea, n. sp. [Plate 4. Figs. 5 to 7.] Tremelloid, cerebriform, one to two inches in diameter, gyrose-lobate, glabrous, shining, raisin color without and within; asci nearly cylin- drical, eight spored, .0024 in. long, .0003 broad; paraphyses slender, very slightly thickened above; spores generally uniseriate, narrowly elliptical, colorless, .0003 in. long, .00015 to .0002 broad. Dead trunks of beech, Fagus ferruginea. Rainbow. August. The plants are nearly as thick as they are broad and appear as if composed of several confluent individuals. The color resembles somewhat that of a ripe Catawba grape though darker. "Without examination of the spores the plant might easily be taken for a species of Tremella. It shrinks very much in drying and is then very hard. Barya parasitica, Fcfcl. lPlate4. Figs. 13 to 17.) Parasitic on a sphseriaceous fungus, Bertia moriformi.--, ou decaying wood of beech. Catskill mountains. September. Our plant differs in some respects from Fuckel's figure and tU-htni)- tion of the species, yet it is apparently only a variety and not specifi- cally distinct. The perithecia are crowded together in dense tufta or clusters and sometimes taper above into a rather long neck. The 5 34 Annual Report of the State Botanist. asci and spores are far more slender and somewhat longer than those of the European plant as represented by Fuckel's figure and descrip- tion. The globose terming,tion of the ascus is at the apex, not at the base as Fuckel has it. Because of these differences I have given a figure of our plant and designated it as variety ccespitosa. Hjrpoxylon effusum, Mts. Decaying chestnut wood. Flatbush. September. Zabriskie. The smaller spores distinguish this species from H. serpens. Eutypa flavovirescens, Tul. Dead branches. Lyndonville. May. Fairman. Eutypella longirostris, n. sp. [Plate 4. Figs. 8 to 12.] Stroma suborbicular, convex, formed of the slightly changed sub- stance of the bark, whitish, covered by a black crust, often somewhat confluent in series; perithecia minute, globose, few or rnany in a stroma; ostiola elongated, fasciculately crowded, straight or flexuous, often fully one line long, radiately sulcate at the apex and sometimes sulcate on the sides also, black; asci clavate, pedicellate, the sporiferous part .0007 to .0009 in. long, .00016 broad; spores minute, curved, .0002 to .00025 in. long. Bark of elm, Ulmus Americana. Sandlake. Peck. Syracuse. Underivood. This is easily distinguished from the allied species by its very long ostiola and its very short asci and spores. Anthostoma microsporum, Karst. • Dead bark of alder, Alnus incana. West Albany. May. Cryptosporella hypodermia, Sacc. Dead branches of slippery elm, Ulmus fulva. Copake Iron Works. June. Leptosphseria dumetorum, Messl. Dead branches of cultivated honeysuckle. Lyndonville. May. Fairman. Herpotrichia rhodomphalia, Sacc. Decaying wood of locust, Rohinia Pseudacacia. Yaphank. September. Lophiotrema auctum, Sacc. Dead stems of wild rose. Lyndonville. June. Fairman. The three following species are extra-limital and are not yet to be included in the New York flora. Being considered new species it is desirable that descriptions of them should be published. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 35 Lepiota farinosa, n. sp. Pileus thin, rather tough, flexible, at tirst globose or ovate, then campanulate or convex, covered with a soft dense white floccose-fari- nose veil which soon ruptures, forming irregular, easily detersible scales, more persistent and sometimes brownish on the disk, flesh white, unchangeable; lamellae close, free, white, minutely floccose on the edge; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, somewhat thickened at the base, slightly farinose, often becoming glabrous, hollow or with a cottony pith above, solid at the base, white, pallid or straw-colored, the annulus lacerated, somewhat apj^endiculate on the margin of the pileus, evanescent; spores subovate, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 1.5 to 2.5 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Mushroom beds in a conservatory. Boston, Mass. March. Com- municated by E. J. Forsfer. This species is related to L. cepcestipes, from which it may be distin- guished by its pileus which is not plicate on the margin and by its larger spores. It is edible. It is very distinct from Amanita farinosa. Pholiota aeruginosa, n. sp. Pileus hemispherical or convex, obtuse, glabrous, greenish, becoming tinged with brown, sometimes slightly rimose-areolate, flesh pale or whitish, tinged with green; lamellae broad, rounded behind, adnexed, pale ochraceous when young, becoming bright ferruginous or orange ferruginous; stem solid, glabrous or slightly fibrillose, somew^hat sul- cate-striate, colored like the pileus, sometimes curved, flexuous or cpespitose; annulus slight, lacerated, evanescent; spores copious, bright ferruginous, subelliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus .5 to 2 in. broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Decaying railroad ties of oak. Trexlertown, Pennsylvania. October. William Herhst. This species is remarkable for its greenish color and for its abund- ant bright colored spores, which sometimes fall upon and completely cover the surface of th'e lower pilei in a tuft. It is easily distin- guished from Stropharia coruginosa by its solid stem, dry pileus and bright ferruginous lamelLx^ and spores. It belongs to the Section .3^geritini. Phellorina Californica, n. sj?. Peridium Bubobconic, thin, even or slightly rimose-areolate, 9 to 12 lines high, 12 to 18 lines broad at the top, whitish becoming rusty- ochraceous, the vertex convex; stem nearly equal, solid but softer 36 Annual Report of the State Botanist. within, clothed with a whitish bark, colored like the peridium with which it is continuous, 2.5 to 3 in. long, 4 to 5 lines thick; capillitium sparse; spores globose, ochraceo-ferruginous, .00025 to .0003 in. in diameter. Mohave desert, California. S. B. and W. F. Parish. Communicated by G. G. Pringle. Two specimens were collected in May, 1882. These were sent me in the dried state, but did not show the mode of dehiscence; but all the characters seen indicate that the plant is a Phellorina, differing from the published species in its obconic peridium and in the color of the spores. In P. inquinans these are described as golden yellow; in P. erythrospora and P. squamosa as brick-red. The peridium in all these is described as depressed-globose; but in our specimens it is more nearly the shape of a rather broad wine-glass. There are fragments of a whitish bark remaining on the stem, and appearances of a thin- ner one on the peridium. Where the bark has fallen the dry stem is sulcate-striate and rusty-ochraceous. Subglobose colorless cells, con- siderably larger than the spores, are intermingled with them. They are probably free basidia. (D.) REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Ranunculus repens, L. A form of this species was found many years ago growing on the banks of the Erie canal between Rome and Oriskany. It was described in Beck's Botany under the name Ranunculus Clintonii. It is yet found in this locality, and also occurs by the roadside just at the southeastern limits of Rome. A double-flowered form is sometimes seen in flower gardens and occasionally escapes from cultivation. It has been found in the streets of Bergen, Genesee county, and by the side of the railroad at Union Church, Albany county. In the latter case its origin can be traced to a neighboring flower garden. Cardamine hirsuta, L. A tall, leafy and very glabrous form. Menands. July. Rhus Toxicodendron, L. The entire-leaved variety occurs at Yaj^hank, Long Island. It has been reported to me as comparatively harmless so far as poisonous quality is concerned, and my experience in handling it was entirely without harm. Annual Report of the State Botanist, 37 Trifolium hybridum, L. A white-flowered form. Whitney's Point. June. Lythrum alatum, Pursh. This western plant is well established at Selkirk, Albany county. Slum cicutsefolium, Gmel Var. hrevifolium. Leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, one inch or less in length. Cedar Lake, St. Lawrence county. Carum carui, L. A form with pinkish-tinted flowers. Feurabush, Albany county. Also near East Bloomfield, Ontario county. Diodia teres, Walt. Manor, L. I. This plant is apparently a recent introduction in this locality. It occurs also on Staten Island. Solidago nemoralis, Ait. This species is quite variable. A form was found near Taphank in which the panicle is greatly elongated, being a foot or more in length. It is leafy below and in this respect simulates S. caesia. Solidago puberula, Nutt. This golden-rod is quite common on the eastern part of Long Island. Its general appearance, except in the color of the flowers, is quite similar to that of S. hicolor. It also occurs on the Shawangunk and Catskill mountains and is very abundant in the Rainbow lake region of the Adirondacks. In this locality it is less puberulent and flowers about a month earlier than on Long Island. Solidago speciosa, Nutt. Var. anguatata was found on Long Island, near Baiting Hollow station. Its narrow virgate panicle aj^pears at first sight quite similar to that of S. puberula. Achillea millefolium, L. Near Colton, St. Lawrence county. The form with red ray flowers, which give it an ornamental appearance. Plantago lanceolata, L. A singular form with compound ovate spikes. WTiitney's Point Potamogeton zoster eefolius, Schum. Cedar lake, St Lawrence coiinty. July. 38 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Juncus effusus, L. A form with distinctly striate scapes and densely crowded panicles, but the pods scarcely pointed. It is, thei^efore, intermediate between the typical form and the variety conglomeratus. Rainbow. August. Juncus filiformis occurs in the same locality. Juncus acuminatus, Mx. Wet ground Selkirk. July. The variety legilimus with heads of numerous flowers. Juncus scirpoides, Lam. A few plants of the variety macrostemon of this, with us, rare species were found in wet sandy soil near Yaphank. September. Botrychium matric arise folium, A. Br. Ray Brook, Essex county. Both this species and the allied B. lan- ceolatum are now known to occur in the Adirondack region. Clitocybe laccata, Scop. This is an exceedingly variable species, and it might be well to designate some of the strongly marked variations by name. Variety pallidifolia. Lamellae whitish or pallid, decurrent. Selkirk. Omphalia striipilea, Fr. Var. albogrisea. Pileus pale gray. Prostrate trunks of maple, Acer saccharinum. Rainbow. August. Coprinus micac^us, Fr. The pileus is sometimes sprinkled with more or less persistent squamules. The micaceous particles are not always clearly discernible on it. Coprinus fimetarius, Fr. Of this very variable species there is a small form growing on decayed wood in woods. It has the spores rather smaller than in the type, they being .0004 to .00045 in. long, .0003 broad. It might be designated var. allvicola. Cortinarius croceus, Schceff. Most authors consider this a variety of the very variable G. cinna- momeus. The form of it mentioned by Fries as having the stem and lamellae olivaceous occurs in sphagnous swamps between Rainbow lake and Jones' pond. Annual Report of the State Botanist, 39 Lactarius fuliginosus, Fr. A form with the pileus colored like that of Lactarius lignyotus, but with the lamelloe much closer than in that species was found in a swamp near Sevey. July. Hygrophorus Cantharellus, Schiv. This is very common in the Adirondack region and is also very variable in color. In wet weatWer it is plentiful in groves of poplar, especially where there is an undergrowth of brakes, Pteris a>iuihna. Var. jlava. Pileus and stem pale yellow; lamellae arcuate, strongly decurrent. Var. Jiavipes. Pileus red or reddish; stem yellow. Var. Jiaviceps. Pileus yellow ; stem red or reddish. Hygrophorus miniatus, Fr. This species is also common in the Adirondack region and often has the pileus one to two inches broad. It sometimes grows in circles and is frequently csespitose, in which case the stem is apt to be compressed or irregular. Its bright colors render it very attractive. The pileus is often minutely squamulose or roughened with a yellow- ish scurf. 'The lamellse are yellowish, or yellow tinged with red. Lentinus strigosus, Schw. This species was described from specimens that grew on trunks of the tulip tree. It is not rare with us, growing on stumps, trunks and branches of birch, oak and other deciduous trees. It was found this season growing on trunks of balsam fir at Ray Brook, Essex county. Boletus speciosus, Frod. Yax. brunneus. Pileus brown; otherwise like the type. Sevey. July. Polyporus perennis, Fr. The pileus sometimes becomes whitish or grayish-white with age. Sevey. July. Polyporus sulphureus, Fi-. This showy species occurs on both hard and soft wood. It some- times protrudes from dead spots in standing living trees, especially of oak, chestnut and cherry. The yellowish milk or juice is not always present. Polystictus versicolor, i-V. Y&r. fumosipor us. Pores smoky-brown; otherwise as in the type. Catskill mountains. September. Poria mutans, Pl^: Var. tenma. Very thin, tender, the margin often wide and downy. Bark and wood of spruce, Picea nigra. Sevey. July. 40 Annual Report of the State Botanist. The species appears to differ from P. cruentata Mont, in having the pores and subiculum of one uniform yellowish or subochraceous color, which changes where bruised or in drying to a dull red or subincar- nate hue. Solenia fasciculata, Pers. On old pilei of Polyporus piceinus. Sevej. July. Stemonitis Morgani, PL Fine large specimens of this species were found on an alder trunk, near Catskill. June. Septoria Violae, West. Var. oligocarpa. Spots small, white; perithecia few, black. Living leaves of Viola hlanda. Sevey. July. Geoglossum luteum, Pk. Var. fumosum. Club smoky yellow, less compressed; stem dingy, scarcely squamulose. Mossy banks, Adirondack mountains. August. Cenangium balsameum, Pk. Var. abietinum. Receptacles smaller than in the type, externally clothed with a yellowish-green pulverulence when young, naked and black when old; spores subclavate. Dead branches of hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis. Whitehall." August. Oelatinosporium abieliiium, was associated with it. Sphaerotheca pruinosa, G. <& P. The typical form was found on leaves of Rhus glabra. Specimens have now been found on living leaves of the staghorn sumach, Rhus typhina. In these the mycelium is a little more dense. Plattsburgh. August. (E.) NEW YORK SPECIES OF ARMILLARIA. Armillaria, Fr. Hymenophorum continuous with the stem. No universal veil; partial veil forming an annulus, sometimes only indicated by the scales which adorn the stem and terminate above in the form of a ring. Spores white. This genus is separated from Amanita and Lepiota by the absence of a universal veil and by the lamellae which are attached to the stem. The three sections, in which the species were grouped by Fries, closely correspond respectively to the three genera Tricholoma, Annual Report of the State Botanist. 41 Clitocybe and Collybia. From these they are distinguished by the presence of an annulus. They are also separated from Pholiota and Stropharia by their white spores. Our species are few, and with one exception very rare. Three have been found in New York; eight in the United States. Most of the species grow on the ground; some on both wood and ground. The name Armillaria is derived from the Latin armilla, a bracelet, and has reference to the annulus or ring that encircles the stem. Synopsis of the Species. Pileus wholly white, glabrous A. ponderosa. Pileus not wholly white or not glabrous 1 1 Pileus adorned with dark spots, margin even A. nardosmia. 1 Pileus adorned with hairy squamules, margin striate. ... A. mellea. Armillaria ponderosa, Pk. Heavy Armillaria. Keport 26, p. 50. Agariciis magnivelaris, Rep. 29, p. 66. Pileus thick, compact, convex or subcampanulate, smooth, white or yellowish, flesh white, the naked margin strongly involute, the slightly viscid veil persistent; lamellae crowded, narrow, slightly emarginate, white inclining to cream color; stem stout, subequal, firm, solid, coated by the veil, colored like the pileus, white and fur- furaceous above the annulus; spores nearly globose, .00016 in. in diameter. Pileus 4 to 6 in. broad; stem 3 to 5 in. long, about 1 in. thick. Ground in woods. Columbia county. October. The veil conceals the young lamellse for a long time, and finally becomes lacerated and adheres in shreds or fragments to the stem and the margin of the pileus. This species has not been found since its discovery in 1872. In the Twenty-ninth report its name was changed to Agaricus magyiivelaris, that it might not conflict with Agaricus ponderosus of Persoon; but as that is manifestly a species of Tricholoma, the giving of generic value to the subgenera of Fries permits the restoration of the original name to this species. Armillaria nardosmia, Ellis. Nard-smelling Armillaria. Torr. Bull. Vol. VI, p. 75. Agaricus 7-]iagadiosus. Report 33, p. 18. Pileus fleshy, firm, thick and compact on the disk, thin toward the margin, whitish variegated with brown spots, with a thick, tough and separable cuticle, flesh white; lamella! crowded, subventricose, 6 42 Annual Report of the State Botanist. slightly emarginate, whitish; stem solid, fibrous, not bulbous, sheathed below by the brown velvety veil, the annulus narrow, spreading, uneven on the edge; spores subglobose, .00025 in. in diameter. Pileus about 3 in. broad; stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Ground in woods, Suffolk county. September. This species is perhaps not specifically distinct from the European Armillaria rhagadiom, to which it was referred in the Thirty-third Report, and with the description of which it agrees very closely, but that species is said to grow on trunks of trees, and to have the lamellso decurrent. This I find only solitary on the ground, with lamellae merely adnate or subdecurrent and with spores subglobose and about .00025 in. in diameter. No description of the European plant, so far as seen by me, gives the character or dimensions of its spores. Mr. Ellis remarks that the fresh plant has an aromatic odor like spikenard, A. rhagadiosa is also said to have a strong aromatic odor. Armillaria mellea, Vahl HoNEY-COLORED ArMILLARIA. Hym. Europ. p. 44. Syl. Fung., Vol. V, p. 80. Pileus fleshy, rather thin except on the disk, at first hemispherical or subcorneal, then convex or nearly plane, adorned with numerous hairy squamules, mostly striate on the margin, pale-yellowish, dingy- yellowish or honey-color or reddish-brown, flesh whitish, taste unpleasant; lamellae subdistant, adnate or decurrent, whitish or pallid, often with rufescent spots when old; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow when old, sometimes floccose- squamose, externally fibrous, pallid or brownish; spores .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 1 to 6 in. broad; stem 1 to 6 in. long, 3 to 10 lines thick. Ground and decaying wood. Common. Late summer and autumn. This species, like many others that are plentiful and have a wide geographical range, is extremely variable. In its mode of growth it is either solitary gregarious or csespitose. It occurs both on the ground and on decaying wood of various trees, in woods and in cleared lands. It is especially abundant in recent clearings in hilly and mountainous districts, where it often forms large tufts composed of many individuals closely crowded together, growing especially about stumps and prostrate trunks. It is sometimes very small, having a pileus scarcely more than an inch broad, and a stem but an inch or two long. Again, it is of monstrous Annual Report of the State Botanist. 43 size, especially when solitary. Tufts a foot or more in diameter are not at all uncommon. I have seen them so abundant in the Adiron- dack region that they might easily have been gathered by the bushel. The pileus is generally adorned with numerous rather small or minute hairy tufts or scales, which are mostly brown or blackish and more dense on the disk than toward the margin. Sometimes they are so crowded on the disk, especially in young plants, that they give a blackish or darker hue to that part of the pileus. In some forms of the species these hairy scales are wanting or they disappear with age, especially in wet weather, thus leaving the pileus glabrous. The margin of the pileus is normally striate, but forms occur in which it is even. Armillaria laricina Bolt, has a glabrous pileus with even margin, but it is regarded by Fries as a mere variety of this species, and the figure of A. mellea, as given in Berkeley's Outlines, table -4, indicates the correctness of this view. Occasionally the disk is some- what prominent or subumbonate. In young specimens and in wet weather the pileus is frequently found moist or subhygrophanous. In color it varies from almost white, through intermediate shades, to a dark reddish-brown. The lamellae are sometimes clearly emarginate, sometimes broadly adnate or even decurrent. They are generally whitish or more or less tinged with yellow. When old they are some- times stained with brownish-red spots and dusted with the white spores. The stem varies considerably in color. It often assumes a brown or livid-brown color, especially toward the base or when old. Externally it is rather firm and fibrous, but within it is paler, sj^ongy or even hollow. It is sometimes adorned with pale floccose scales, but these are apt to disappear with age. The veil is usually well developed and membranous, and in the mature plant encircles the stem like a spreading collar, but sometimes it is very thin, soon lacerated and somewhat evanescent. Occasionally it is of a webby character as in Cortinarius, and it is then more or less fugacious. Thus it is possible to find specimens of this species with the stem destitute of an annulus much to the disgust and perplexity of young students of mycology. In young plants the veil often entirely conceals the lamellae. It is generally white or whitish, but sometimes it is stained about the edges with g'reenish yellow or olivaceous. The tomentum at the base of the stem also presents, in some specimens, the same hue. Abnormal forms of the species sometimes occur. An abortive form consists of whitish irregular subglobose masses of c«llular matter without any distinction of stem pileus or lamella'. This corresponds 44 Annual Report of the State Botanist. to the abortive form of Glitopxlus abortivui^. It grows in. company witli the normal form. This fungus is regarded as destructive to the wood in which its mycelium lives. Authors disagree as to its edible qualities. Badham says that it is a nauseous disagreeable fungus, however cooked, and that it is so repugnant to our notions of the savory that few would make a second attempt or get dangerously far in a first dish. Letellier says that all authors have indicated this mushroom as dangerous. Richon and Rose say that its taste is styptic and the acridity does not entirely disappear in cooking. The species is edible, but its quality is very indifferent. According to Vittadini it is preserved in vinegar, salt and oil for use in winter and its acridity is lost in cooking. Gillet says that it has for a long time passed as poisonous and that modern botanists still disagree as to its properties, but in reality it is harmless, though it has an acrid disagreeable taste which disappears in cooking. Stevenson says it is edible but tough. Cordier says it is edible and loses its acridity in cooking, but the stems are tough and not used. Dr. Curtis classes it with the edible species. I have myself eaten it at different times, both fried and stewed, and always without harm. Though not unpleasant to my taste at the time of eating, it afterwards leaves an unpleasant burning sensation in the throat which lasts a short time. It is not improbable that such a variable plant may differ somewhat in its properties in different localities and according to its different habitats. Its toughness also may vary according to the age of the specimens and the rapidity of their growth. These differences may account in part for the different estimate which has been made of it. Tastes also differ in different individuals. In my own case, only the pilei of young or barely mature specimens were used. In the Adirondack region I have seen large tufts of this species without pilei. Some animal of considerable size, probably deer, had eaten the pilei, and recognizing the toughness and unfitness of the stems had left them standing where they grew. • Synopsis of the United States Species of Armillaria. Pileus white or whitish 1 Pileus some other color 4 1. Pileus viscid A. mucida. 1. Pileus not viscid 2 Annual Report of the State Botanist. 45 2. Pileus adorned with blackish scales A. ramentacea. 2. Pileus variegated with brown spots A. nardosmia. 2. Pileus without spots or scales 3 3. Annulus broad, persistent A. ponderosa. 3. Annulus narrow, deciduous A. constricta. 4. Pileus glabrous 5 4. Pileus adorned with hairy squamules A. mellea. 5. Stem bulbous A, bulbiger 5. Stem not bulbous A. robusta. (F.) New York, December 9, 1889. Chas. H. Peck, State Botanist: My Dear Sir. — The growth of fungi on raili*oad ties, bridge, car and station timbers was unusually prolific the past season, with its large rainfall. Therefore a corresponding increase in the rate of decay, the effects of which will be more apparent next year. The fruiting of Lentinus lepideiis Fr., on ties of yellow pine, Piiius palustris. Mill, in main-line tracks was so conspicuous in September, 1889, as to be noticeable from the trains. Pilei six to eight inches in diameter were frequent, while four in a cluster of smaller diameter, springing from the same mycelium, seemed to be a common mode of growth, this unusually wet season. One pileus in a place is the usual manner of growth in the railroad tracks in an ordinary season. The resinous matter in yellow pine in its natural state does not seem to check the growth of this fungus. Agaricus campanella Batsch. was found on white cedar, Chamcecyparis sphceroidea Spack. fruiting from May to October. "White Oak, Quercus alba L. frequently showed Polyporus applanatiis Fr. in fruit, while PolyporuH versicolor Fr. was very abundant. The absence of fungi in fruit upon ties of chestnut, Casfanea vulgaris var. Americana A. D. C. was as striking as its frequency was on other woods. It is a well- known fact that chestnut ties lasli longer where the ground is damp, than where it is dry. It will be important to observe next j'ear whether the excessive rain of this season has retarded or increased the usual rate of decay in ties of chestnut. One fact is established now; that the wood has been softened by the rain and the abrasion under the rails increased. On the railroad bridges the fungus Len- zites sepiaria Fr. has been abundant and destructive. Under the station platforms and the planking of the walks the development of mycelium, generally without fruiting, has been more abundant thiui usual. It has not, however, set men to thinking as it should, and the 46 Annual Report of the State Botanist. replanting has been done as of old, that is, in the best manner to promote the growth of a new crop of fungi to destroy the planks in a year or two. The season has been so favorable to the growth of mycelium that unseasoned timbers, used for the construction of freight cars, though dressed and framed, but closely piled in the shop one or two weeks, awaiting erection, would show traces of a developing mycelium. The strength of the pieces would not be impaired in so short a time, and little notice would be taken of the presence of the mycelium. If the timber finally seasons the mycelium becomes inert and will not revive till moisture reaches it. This would again start decay. If the unseasoned wood is painted and the moisture retained, the mycelium will continue to grow, causing partial or complete decay in the wood. This was clearly shown in the examination of several hundred freight cars undergoing repairs. Internal growth of fungi had taken place in heavy timbers which were thereby weakened and so quickly failed in service. A general impression prevails that timbers only need protection from external decay. Careful microscopical study reveals the fact that nearly every stick of timber contains in the crevices or on the surface a sufficient number of spores or traces of mycelium to induce decay when painted, unless the wood is well seasoned or properly treated. In New York city, timbers have been put in houses and other buildings and covered with tar or tarred paper, which caused their decay in three to four years. Notably, an apartment house was so badly injured by the development of fujagi in the large timbers covered by tarred paper, that it had to be taken down in the fourth year of its use. Buildings eight to eleven stories high, in which every floor will be heated to seventy degrees or more in the winter, furnish a temperature sufficient for the growth of the most destructive fungi for the entire year. Unless the timbers are seasoned or properly treated, the fungi will grow and cause the decay of the wood. These fungi have so long been considered the accompaniment of the decay of the wood, instead of the cause thereof, that by the majority of the users of wood the true functions of the fungi are not understood. In view of the fact that the State finds it necessary to take active measures to preserve our rapidly decreaeing forests, it seems to me it might with propriety take active measures to call attention to the destruction caused by fungi in timber and so check what is now a great and unnecessary waste. Many of the means of doing this are simple and inexpensive, as stated in my letter of December 5, 1887. As an illustration of simple and effective measures, I will give an example: When I was chief engineer of the Valley Railway of Ohio, Annual Report of the State Botanist. 47 I built some extensive trestles. This was in 1873. Before doing so I examined a number of trestles near Cleveland, Ohio, built of 10 by 12 or 12 by 12 timbers, the life of which did not exceed seven or eight years. In examining them I found that while the large timbers were sound upon the outside, internally the}' were all decayed. The small timbers, 6 by 8, used for braces and of the same kind of wood, were sound. The smdll size enabled them to season ^n the {structure. This was an important fact, so I made all of my timbers small, using more of them to give the proper factor of safety. One of those trestles is in use now, 1889. In this case one of the three essentials requisite for the growth of fungi was eliminated, namely, the moisture in the interior. Decay could not, therefore, take place. The first step to be taken in this .important matter has already been, in great measure, done hj you, namely, the collection of specimens and the classifica- tion of the species of fungi. This, supplemented by a series of specimens showing how the wood is destroyed, would form the basis of one of the most important and economic departments of the State Museum. The second step would be the dissemination of this knowledge to the railroad companies and other consumers of wood. Yours truly. P. H. DUDLEY. 48 Annual Report of the State Botanist. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. Lactarius MUTABiiiis, Peck. Fig. 1. An immature plant. Fig. 2. A mature plant. Fig. 3. Vertical section of a pileus and upper part of its stem. Fig. 4. Four spores x 400. Tricholoma grave, Peck. Fig. 5. An immature plant. Fig. 6. A mature plant. Fig. 7. Vertical section of c 'e-half a pileus. Fig. 8. Four spores x 400. . state Museum Natural History. 43. PlatM 1. 50 Annual Report of the State Botanist, EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. CORTINARIUS ANNULATU8, Peck. Fig. 1. An immature plant. Fig. 2. A mature plant. Fig. 3. Vertical section of a pileus and upper part of its stem. Fig. 4. Four spores x 400. RussuLA BREViPES, Peck. Fig. 5, An immature plant. Fig. 6. A mature plant. Fig. 7. Vertical section of half a pileus. Fig. 8. Four spores x 400. CopRiNus BRASsic^, Peck. Fig. 9. Fragment of stem bearing two very young plants. Fig. 10. A plant with the pileus unexpanded. Fig. 11. A plant with the pileus expanded. Fig. 12. Vertical section of a pileus and upper part of its stem enlarged. Fig. 13. Transverse section of a stem enlarged. Fig. 14. Five spores x 400. Marasmius albiceps, Peck. Fig. 15. Three plants showing different forms of the pileus. Fig. 16. Vertical section of a pileus and upper part of its stem. Fig. 17. Transverse section of stem. Fig. 18. Four spores x 400. i <—< IN VJ 1 , States Miisi'Lim Natural History. 43. Plat.. 2. 52 Annual Report of the State BoTANisf. i EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. COMATEICHA LONGA, Peck. Fig. 1. Piece of wood bearing a tuft of the plants. Fig. 2. Upper part of a columella and capillitium enlarged. Fig. 3. Lower part of a stem and fragment of hypothallus enlarged. Fig. 4. Small fragment of the columella and capillitum x 400. Fig. 5. Four spores x 400. COMATEICHA SUBC^SPITOSA, Peck. Fig. 6. Piece of wood bearing four clusters of the plants. Fig. 7. A plant after its spores have fallen, enlarged. Fig. 8. Small fragment of the capillitium x 400. Fig. 9. Four spores x 400. Stachtbotets elongata, Peck. Fig. 10. Piece of branch bearing three tufts of the plants. Fig. 11. Fragments of hyphae, one bearing two heads of spores, enlarged. Fig. 12. Apex of a fertile hypha partly denuded, four sporophores with their spores remaining x 400, Fig. 13. Four«pores x 400. Dematium paeasiticum, Peck. Fig. 14. Piece of wood bearing the Hydnum, a part of whose aculei are blackened by the parasite. Fig. 15. An aculeus with eight hyphae of the parasite, enlarged. Fig. 16. A hypha bearing five spores x 400. Fig. 17. A chain of three spores x 400. Fig. 18. Four spores x 400. FuSICLADrUM DESTEUENS, Pcck. Fig. 19. Upper part of a leaf bearing three clusters of the fungus. Fig. 20. Five hyphae, two of them bearing spores x 400. Fig. 21. Six spores x 400. Fig. 22. A fragment of mycelium x 400. State Must-um Natural History, 43 Plat.' 3. 54 Annual Report of riiJE State BotanIS'A EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4. Underwoodia columnaris, Peck. Fig. 1. A mature plant. Fig. 2 Transverse section of a plant. Fig. 3. A paraphysis and an ascus with its spores x 400. . Fig. 4. Ttiree spores x 400. H^MATOMYCES FAGINEA, Peck. Fig. 5. Piece of wood bearing the fungus. Fig. 6. A paraphysis and an asfeus with its spores x 400. Fig. 7. Five spores x 400. EUTYPELLA LONGIKOSTRIS, Peck. Fig. 8. Piece of bark bearing two clusters of the fungus. Fig. 9. Vertical section through a cluster, enlarged. Fig. 10. A perithecium'and its ostiolum, enlarged. Fig. 11. Two asci with their spores x 400. Fig. 12. Four spores x 400. Barya parasitica Fckl. var. c^spitosa Peck. Fig. 13. Piece of wood bearing six clusters of the fungus. Fig. 14. A cluster of five perithecia, enlarged. ' Fig. 15. An ascus with its spores x 400. Fig. 16. Two spores x 400. Fig. 17. Four conidia x 400. 1 u; IN o 1 . State MusHum Natural History, 43. n Plate 4. mm % [From the 44th Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History] ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST OF THE State of New York. Made to the Reo^ents of the University, Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. By CHARLES H. PECK. ALBANY: JAMES B. LYON, STATE PRINTER. 1891. 1 State of New York, No. 77. IN SENATES, January 31,>1891. ANNUAL REPORT SXAXK BOXANISX Office of the State Botanist, ) Albany, January 31, 1891. ) I To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State of Neio York : I have the honor to present to you my annual report for the year 1890. Very respectfully. CHARLES H. PECK. I REPORT. To the Regents of the University of the State of New York : Gentlemen. — I have the honor of communicating to you the fol- lowino- report : Specimens of plants for tbe State Herbarium have been collected and prepared by the Botanist during the past year in the counties of Albany, Columbia, Cattaraugus, Dutchess, Essex, Greene, Ham- ilton, Oneida, Oswego, Putnam, Eensselaer, Steuben and Warren. Specimens contributed by correspondents have been collected in the counties of Dutchess, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, St. Lawrence and Westchester. Specimens of 269 species of plants have been added to the Herb- arium, of which 254 were collected by the Botanist and 15 were contributed. Of the former 72 are new to the Herbarium, of the latter 11, The number of species represented in the Herbarium has, therefore, been increased by 83. Of the remaining 186 species, the specimens represent forms or varieties not before represented or not well shown, or are specimens intended to accompany the trunk sections now being made of the trees of the State. Among the species not before represented in the Herbarium are 36 species of fungi considered new to science and described as such in another part of this report. . A list of the species of which specimens have been added to the Herbarium is marked A. It seems desirable that the examples of trunk sections of the trees of the State, now being collected, should be accompanied by speci- mens of a branch or branches bearing the leaves, flowers and fruit. These, when properly labeled, mounted and placed with their respective wood sections, will make the illustration of the chai-acter of the tree much more complete and will atlbrd a material aid to the student and the public in acquiring a familiar knowledge of the trees of the State and their names. Specimens have been collected representing 26 specitis of our trees. The names of these constitute the last 26 names in the list marked A. Specimens of plants have been contributed by 22 contributors. Among these contributions are many extra limital species not 6 Annual Report of the State Botanist. included in the foregoing- enumeration. A list of the contributors and of their respective contributions is marked B. The record of species not before reported, together with their respective localities, habitats, and time of collection, also remarks concerning them and descriptions of new species, is marked 0. Remarks concerning species previously reported, a record of new localities of rare plants and descriptions of peculiar forms or vari- eties ai'e contained in a subdivision marked D. The genus Tricholoma is a large one, numbering, according to Sylloge Fungorum, 187 species. It is at present represented in this State by 48 species. Some of these are variable in size and color, and others are so similar to each other in general appearance that they are not identified without difficulty. A collation and revision of the descriptions of our New York species and a systematic arrangement of them has seemed desirable. This I have attempted to do, following the plan previously adopted in reference to several other genera of Agaricini. Synoptical tables of the different groups of species have been prepared to facilitate the tracing of the species, the descriptions have been revised and in many cases made more complete, and remarks have been added to some of these for the purpose of pointing out more clearly the distinguish- ing characters. It is believed that these will in nearly all cases enable the student to lentify the species with rapidity and accu- racy. This monograph of the New York species of Tricholoma is marked E. Mary E. Banning, of Baltimore, Maryland, has for several years been engaged in studying the fleshy fungi of Maryland. Of most of them she has made drawings of the living plant and written descriptions of the species, to which in many cases remarks con- cerning her own observations of their habits, peculiarities and edible qualities have been added. The figures are beautifully painted by hand in water colors. They are natural size, life-like in expression and accurate in detail. They are on sheets 12 by 15 inches, thus permitting a full size illustration of even the large species. Each plate is devoted to a single species or variety. Generally both the young and the mature plant have been figured and a vertical section of a plant. The specimen has been placed in such positions that both the upper and lower surfaces of the pileus may be seen. Most of the species figured belong to the Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes. The whole number of species recorded in her list is 179. Of these, 151 have been illustrated on 175 plates, two or more plates being in some instances devoted to one species in f f<. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 7 order to show its different Aarieties. Of the figured species, 14 are described as new. These plates and their accompanying manu- script descriptions have been bound in one large volume with manuscript dedication, preface and index. This volume is one of much value and merit, and though it has evidently cost its author an immense amoimt of labor and studj' she has most generously presented it to the New York State Museum, in order that, as she says, it may be kept where it will be the most useful, therebj'- acknowledging by implication the importance of this institution as a repository and source of mycological information. As a mark of appreciation of this munificent gift it has seemed to me most fitting that this list of Maryland fungi and the descriptions of the new species should be transcribed for publication in this report that they may in this way be made still more accessible to the mycolog- ical student and the public. The list with the descriptions of new species is marked F. I have from time to time recorded in previous reports examples of herbs and shrubs coming under my observation and illustrating the general principle that feeble, starved or imthrift}' plants are more liable to the injui'ious attacks of parasitic fungi than other plants of the same species growing under more favorable cu-cum- stances and possessing more vigor. I am able now to cite an illustration of this principle in the attacks of parasitic fungi on trees. Many small spi"uce trees are growing on the marsh just north of Kasoag, Oswego county. These have a starved, unthrifty appearance. Their growth is very slow and their leaves as a rule are scarcelj^ more than half as long as those of vigor- ous healthy spruces. Their feeble condition is manifestly due to the character of the soil in which they gi'ow. It is low, wet, undrained and peaty. There is probably a scarcity of the necessary mineral constituents, and the roots of the trees are too much of the time immersed in standing water. In the midst of the marsh, but on higher and therefore better drained land, other spruces grow. These trees are larger, though probably not older, and they have a more vigorous and healthy appearance. Their leaves are of the usual size and color. So far as could be ascertained they are subject to the same conditions, soil excepted, as those that grow in the lower marsh land around them. In July, when I visited this locality, the foliage of the trees in the mai-sh land was much discolored and badly affected by a parasitic fungus, Peridermium decolorans. There was scarcely a tree that had not been invaded by it. At the same time the more vigorous spruces on the higher 8 Annual Report of the State Botanist. land were wholly free from it. The unavoidable conclusion is that their better health and greater vigor afforded them protection against this parasite. Among the noteworthy additions to our State flora may be mentioned a remarkable and very ornamental rarity of the common polypod fern. It is not recorded in Eaton's Ferns of North America, and so far as known it has not before been found in this country. Its botanical name is Polyijodium vulgare L. var. cristatum, Lowe. Because of its singular character and its rarity I have given a figure and a more full account of it in its appropriate place in this report. A new fungus of special interest, because of its peculiar habitat, has also been brought to light. It is a species of mold which I have called Aspergillus aviarius. It was found inside the body of a canary bird, the death of which it apparently caused. It helps to illustrate the fact that there is scarcely a place in which or a substance on which fungi of some sort may not grow. A full description of this species has been given in another place. Very respectfully CHAS. H. PECK Albany, November 29, 1890 /? Annual Report of the State Botanist. PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM New to the Herbarium Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Lychnis Floscuculi L. Spiraea sorbifolia L. Rosa cinnamomea L. Prunus Persica L. Pyrus Aucuparia Gcert. Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. Digitalis purpurea L. Clintonia umbellata Toi'r. Buxbaumia indusiata Brid. Lejeunia calcarea Lib. Frullania dilatata Xees. Armillaria viscidipes Pk. Tricholoma grande Pk. T. sordidum Fr. Clitocybe rivulosa Per.-^. C. fuscipes Pk. Collybia expallens Pk. Mycena pseudopura Cke. Omphalia corticola PA:. Pleurotus pubescens Pk. P. campanulatus Pk. Flammula squalida Pk. Pluteolus reticulatus Pers. Crepidotus distans PA;. Cortinarius albidus PA". Hygrophorus penarius Fr. Coprinus picaceus Fr. Polyporus annosus, F'. Daedalea sulphurella PA-. D. extensa Pk. Hydnum caput-ursi F\ H. arachnoideum PA-. Odontia tenuis PA". Mucronella minutissima iV, . Thelephora odorifera PA-. Porothelium fimbriatuni Fr. Cyphella arachnoidea PA . Geaster rufescens Pers. Phyllosticta Ludwigia? PA-. Phoma sordida Sftrc. DothiorellaCeltidis Pk. 2 Spliaeropsis Ellisil Sacc. S. rubicola C. Jt E. Diplodia Liriodendri Pk. D. raulticarpa Pk. Hendersonia epileuca B. & C. Septoria Pteridis PA-. Melanconium zonatum E. d- K. Septomyxa Carpiui PA:. Pestalozzia lignicola Cke. Puccinia Spergulae DC. Doassansia Sagittariae FUich. Aspergillus aviarius Pk. Sporotrlchum Lecanii PA-. Diplosporium breve PA-. Didyraaria Ungeri Cd. Ramularia destruens PA-. R. Junci PA:. R. graminicola PA". R, Heraclei Sacc. Cercosporella Veratri PA". Bispora effusa PA*. Cladosporium entoxylinum Cd. Septonema episphairicum PA". Coniothecium effusum Cd. Epicoccum vulgare Cd. E. diversisporum Prcuss. Valsa microstoma Fr. v. coOperta Cke. Eutypella cerviculata Sacc. Diaporthe binoculata Sacc. D. tuberculosa Sacc. D. rostellata Nitsch. D. Americana Speg. Massaria epileuca B. tt" C. Caryospora minor PA*. Metasphieria nuda PA". Pleospora Asparagi Reli. Lophiostoma vagans Fab. Stictis minuscula Kar.'^t. Pseudopeziza Pyri PA". Saccharomyces Betuhe PA", d" Pat. 10 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Not new to the Herbarium Ranunculus sceleratus L. R. ambigens Wats. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. Nympheea odorata Ait. Corydalis flavula DC. Dicentra cucullaria DC. Sanguinaria Canadensis L. Viola sagittata Ait. Brassica campestris L. Raphanus sativus L. Lechea minor L. Stellaria media Sm. Lychnis vespertina Sibih. Linum Virginianum L. Rubus villosus Ait. R, hispidus L. R. triflorus Bich. Potentilla tridentata Ait. Spira3a salicifolia L. Nessea verticillata H. B. K. CEnothera pumila L. Sedum ternatum Mx. Heuchera Americana L. Cicuta maculata L. C. bulbifera L. Angelica hirsuta L. Aralia racemosa L. Galium triflorum Mx. Viburnum pauciflorum Pyle. Symphoricarpus racemosus Mx. Solidago sempervirens L. S, nemoralis Ait. S. arguta Ait. Aster macrophyllus L. A, NovEe-Angliae L. A. undulatus L. A, sagittifolius Willd. A. multiflorus Ait. A. paniculatus Lam. A. Novi-Belgii L. A. prenanthoides Muhl. A. vimineus Lam. Senecio vulgaris L. Erigeron Canadensis L. Cacalia suaveolens L. C. atriplicifolia L. Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh. Rudbeckia triloba L. Lobelia spicata Lam. Plantago lanceolata L. Verbascum Blattaria L. V. Lychnitis L. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Stachys aspera Mx. Monarda didyma L. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh. Brunella vulgaris L. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Onosmodium Virginianum DC O. Carolinianum DC. Phlox maculata L. Gentiana linearis Froel. Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh. Vincetoxicum nigrum Mcench. Lycium vulgare Dunal. Rumex obtusifolius L. R. crispus L. Polygonum hydropiperoides Mx. Fraxinus pubescens Lam. Calla palustris L. Typha latifolia L. Alisma Plantago L. Smilax herbacea L. Epipactis Helleborine Crantz. Calopogon pulchellus B. Br. Chamselirium Carolinianum Willd. Habenaria psycodes Gh^ay. .1 uncus effusus L. J. flliformis L. J. acuminatus Mx. J. marginatus Bostk. Scirpus Smithii Gray. S. atrovirens Muhl. Eriophorum gracile Koch. E. Virginicum L. Eleocharis intermedia Schultes. Carex folliculata L. C. monile Tuck. C. retrorsa Schiv. C. crinita La7n. C. triceps Mx. C. flava L. G. laxiflora Lam. G. Tuckermani Dew. G. vulpinoidea Mx. G. vitilis Fr. G. straminea Willd. G. lupulina Muhl. G. utriculata Boott. Phalaris arundinacea L. ^-?3 Annual Report of the State Botanist. n Bromus secalinus L. B. ciliatus L. Asprella Hystrix Willd. Poly podium vulgare L. Equisetum hyemale L. Kiocia fluitans, L. Amanita rubescens Fr. Lepiota rhacodes Vitt. Tricholoma Peckii Hoive. T. terreum Schceff. T. album Schceff. T. chrysenteroides PA'. Clitocybe cyathiformis Ft\ CoUybia velutipes Cu7% C. Familia PA:. Mycena pterigena Fr. Pleurotus applicatus BaiscJi. P. sulphureoides Pk. P. striatulus Fi\ Entoloma cyaneum PA;. Pholiota discolor Pk. Hebeloma crustuliniforme Bull. Flammula spumosa Fr. Crepidotus dorsalis PA'. Agaricus silvicola Vitt. Stropharia squamosa Fr. Psilocybe spadicea Fr. Cortinarius coUinitus Fr. Hygrophorus splendens PA*. H. pratensis Fr. Lactarius atroviridis PA'. Kussula variata Banning. Cantharellus lutescens Fr. Polystictus conchifer Schw. Poria sanguinolenta Fr. Daedalea unlcolor Fr. Irpex Tulipiferaj Sclav. Craterellus clavatus Fr. Stereum bicolor P>\ S. ochraceoflavum Schw. Corticium Oakesii B. & C. Coniophora puteana Fi\ Tremella mesenterica Rets. Comatricha Friesiana Rost. Enerthenema papillatum Rost. Doassansia Alismatis Corn. Cercospora varia PA*. Ramularia lineola PA-. R. variabilis Fckl. Zygodesmus fuscus Cd. Bactridium flavum K. & S. Gloeosporium lagenarium Pass. Tuberculina persicina Sacc. Undenvoodia columnaris Pk. Vibrissea truncorum F)\ Peziza chlora Schw. Propolis fagiuea Karst. Melogramma vagans DeNoi. Magnolia acuminata L. Acer rubrum L. Amelanchier Canadensis T. d- (r Ulmus fulva Mx. U. Americana L. Celtis occidentalis L. Morus rubra L. Platanus occidentalis L. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Fraxinus pubescens Lam. Carya amara Nutt. Betula lenta L. B. lutea Mx. B. populifolia Ait. B. papyrifera Mai^sli. B. nigra L. Quercus alba L. Q. macrocarpa Mx. Q. rubra L. Q. coccinea Wang. Q. palustris DuRoi. Fagus ferruginea Ait. Populus monilifera Ait. Pinus resinosa Ait. Thuya occidentalis L. Juniperus Virginiana L. (B) CONTEIBUTOKS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Mrs. E. C. Anthony, Gouverneur, N. Y. Geaster rufescens Pei's. I Tulostoina nmmmosutu Fr. Mrs. L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse, N. Y. EpipactisHelleboiiiio Crantz. | Selaginella apus Si>riii(j, Mrs. E. 15. Smith, Coeymans, N. Y. Xylaria Hypoxylon var. poduta Pr. 12 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Mrs. W. H. Fitch, Norwich, N. Y. Aconitum Noveboracense Gr. i Cacalia suaveolens L. Liatris spicata Willd. I Erythronium albidum Nutt. Miss P. A. McCabe. White Plains, N. Y. Caucalis Anthriscus Huds. \ Pentstemon lasvigatus Soland. Mrs. E. G. Britton, Andr^ea petrophila Ehrh. Georgia geniculata Girg. G. pellucida Babh. Fissidens rufulus B. & S. F. grandifrons Brid. F. Hallianus Mitt. Dicranum strictum Scldeich. D. Starkii W. & M. D. fuscescens Turn. Dicranella crispa Schp. D. secunda Lindb. Blindia acuta B. & S. Hedwigia ciliata Ehrh. Orthotrichum cupulatum Hojfm. Leucobryum vulgare Hampe. Grimm ia heterosticha C. & M. G. canescens C. & M. G. patens B. & S. G. hypnoides Lindb. G. torquata Hornsch. G. apocarpa Hedw. Braunia Californica Lesq. Anoectangium Lapponicum Hedw. A. Mougeottii Lindb. Swartzia montana Lindb. New York, N. Y. Timmia austriaca Hedw. Scouleria aquatica Hook. Catharinea Selwyni Britton. Bartramia Menziesii Turn. B. CEderiana Sw. B. pomiformis Hedw. Philonotis fontana Brid. Neckera peunata Hedw. Climacium Americanum Brid. C. dendroid es W. & M. Hypnnm riparium L. H. proliferum L. H. crista-castrensis L. H. megaptilum Sull. Alsia abietina Sxdl. Thamnium Bigelovii SuU. Plagiothecium latebricola Lindb. P. turfaceum Lindb. P. Mullerianum, Schp. P. elegans Schp. Rhytidium robustum Hook. Hylocomium triquetrum B. & S. H. squarrosum B. & S. H. loreum B. <& S. H. parietinum Lindb. Miss M. E. Banning, Baltimore, Md. Lycoperdon cselatum Bidl. W. M. Beauehamp, Baldwinsville, N. Y. Nicotiana rustica L. Smith E. Jelliffe, Atrichum crispum James. Neckera oligocarpa B. d: S. M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. I Homalia trichomanoides B. & S. I Asplenium montanum Willd. Thomas Taylor, M. D., Washington, D. C. Rhizopogon rubes, v. Vittadini Tul. \ Calostoma Berkeleyi Massee. W. W. Rowlee, Ithaca, N. Y. Ranunculus circinatus Sibt]i. \ Spirasa sorbifolia L. Moses Craig, Ithaca, N. Y. ^cidium Euphorbise Omelin. M. gnaphaliatum Schw. M. Caladii Schiv. M. Iridis Ger. Puccinia Menthas Pers. P. coronata Gd. P. Podophylli Schw. ^z Annual Report of the State Botanist. C. L. Shear, Stockbridge, Mass. Lychnis Floscuculi L. S. C. Bradt, Albany, N. Y. iEcidium Clematidis DC. Arthur Claghorn, New Harbor, Newfld. Empetruin nigrum L. Charles A. Coons, Valatie, N. Y. Polypodium vulgare L., var, cristata Lowe. Rev. F. D. Kelsey, Helena, Mont. 13 Omphalodes Howardi Gr. Douglasia montana Gr. Lithospermum angustifolium Mx. Phragmidium subcorticium Wint. Puccinia Grindeliee Pk. P. Tanaceti DC. ^. flosculosorum Rcehl. P. Phragmitis Korn. Uromyces Spraguete Hark. U. Trifolii Lev. ^cidium Glaucis D. & M. M. Plantaginis Ces, M. gaurinum Pk. Melampsora Epilobii Wint. C. E. Fairman, M. Pleurotus pubescens Pk. Diplodia spirfeicola E. & E. Pestalozzia insidens Zah. Melanconium zonatum E. & E. Melampsorella Cerastii Schr. Exidia glandulosa Fi\ Cuourbitaria Kelseyi E. & E. Ramularia arnicalis E. tO E. Entyloma compositarum Farl. Phoma Mamillarise Web. Asterocna ribicolum E. tC E. Dimerosporium Populi E. <& E. Valsa nivea Ft-. V. boreella Karst. Uncinula adunca Lev. Phyllactinia suffulta Saw. Erysiphe communis Walh\ E. Cichoracearum DC. D., Lyndonville, N. Y. Cyphella Tilia) Cke. Tubulina cylindrica Bull. Fenestella amorpha E. tO E. Cenangium rubiginellum Sacc. Coniosporium Fairmani Sacc. L. M. Underwood, Syracuse, N. Y. Corydalis flavula DC. Riccia fluitans L. R. lutescens Schw. R. Donnellii Anst. R. crystallina L. Preissia hemisphferica Cof/n. Notothylas orbicularis Sulliv. Lunularia vulgaris Mich. Fimbriaria tenella Nees. Thallocarpus Curtisii Lindb. Aneura pinguis Dum. A. pinnatifida Nees. A. latifrons Lindb. A . multifida Dum. Pallia epiphylla Nees. P. endivaefolia Dum. Fossombronia Dumortieri Lindb. Metzgeria conjugata Lbnlb. M. pubescens Bad. Lejeunia calcarea Lib. Lejeunia clypeata Sulliv. Frullania Eboracense Cott. F. Virginica Leltm. F. Bolanderi Aust. F. Oakesiana Au! Spots suborbicular or elliptical, blackish, slightly frosted by the epiphyllous subfusiform, mostly triseptate colorless spores, which terminate at one end in a long slender tapering almost hair-like point ; hyphae very short, almost obsolete ; spores .002 to .004 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad in the widest part. Languishing leaves of Indian poke, Veratrum viride. More- houseville. July. Bispora eflfusa n. sp. (Plate4, figs, l5toi7.) Effused in a black somewhat velvety stratum ; hyphae erect, simple, colored, forming chains of spores ; spores oblong, unisep- tate, slightly constricted at the septum, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Decorticated wood of sugar maple, Acer saccharinum. Adiron- dack mountains. Cladosporium entoxylinum Cd. Decorticated wood of spruce, Picea nigra. Wilmurt lake, July. Septonema episphaerioum n. sp. Tufts confluent, blackish-brown; hyphne and chains of spores often densely fasciculate, .005 to .006 in. long ; spores variable, oblong or cylindrical, one to three septate, .0005 to .0012 in. long, .0002 to .0003 broad, colored or subhyaline. On effete Diatrype stigma. Morehouseville. July. Apparently allied to S. bisporoides, from which it diff(>is in its larger spores and in its densely fasciculate mode of growth. Coniothecium effusum Cd. Decaying chestnut wood. Conklingville. September. 28 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Epicoccum vulgare Gd. Living or languishing leaves of arrowhead, Sagittaria variabilis. Carrollton, September. Our specimens belong to var. pallescens Rabenh. Epicoccum diversisporum Preuss. Decorticated wood of spruce. Wilmurt lake. July. Notwith- standing the great diversity between the habitat of our fungus and of the typical form of the species to which we have referred it, the agreement with the description is so close that we dare not separate our plant. The spores in it vary from .0003 to .0008 in. in diameter. Rarely it is not seated on a red spot. It grows in company with Cladosporium entoxylinum. Valsa microstoma Fr. Branches of wild red cherry, Prunus Pennsylvanica. Hev/itt's pond, Adirondack mountains. July. Valsa cooperta Gke. Dead branches of elm, Ulmus Americana. Sandlake. June. Eutypella cerviculata Sacc. Dead trunks and branches of water beech, Carpinus Americana. Lyndonville. Fairman. Carrollton and Bethlehem. September. Diaporthe binoculata Sacc. Dead branches of cucumber tree, Magnolia acuminata. CarrolJ- ton. September. Our specimens differ from the description of D. binoculata in the black circumscribing line which sometimes penetrates the wood slightly. The spores also are a little smaller than the dimensions given for those of that species, but in other respects the agreement is so well sustained that our plant is probably not specifically dis- tinct. The spores in it are .0006 to ,0007 in. long, about .0003 broad. It is sometimes associated with Sphceronema Magnolice. The typical form was found on Magnolia glauca. It is Valsa binoculata Ellis. Diaporthe tuberculosa Sacc. Dead trunk of June berry, Amelancliier Canadensis. Carrollton. September. Yar. dispersa. Perithecia .02 to .025 in. broad, a little larger than in the type, the ostiola often piercing the epidermis separately. Annual Report of the iState Botanist. 29 Diaporthe rostellata Nitsch. Stems of blackberry, Ruhus villosufi. Menands. Jiily. Also on dead stems of Ruhus odoratus. Salamanca. This may be considered a noxious fungus. The plant found on blackberry stems had surrounded the stem with a pallid spot and had killed all the plant above this spot. The asci are often only four-spored. Diaporthe Americana Speg. Dead branches of cucumber tree. CarroUton. September. The published description of this species is incomplete the spores in the specimens from which it was made being- immature. In our specimens they are narrowly fusiform, acute at each end, quadi'inucleate, .0006 to .0007 in. long, .00016 broad. Massaria epileuca B. & G. Dead branches of red mulberry, Morus rubra. Saugerties. May. Caryospora minor n. sp. (Plate i, flgs. 18 to2i.) Peiithecia .014 to .021 in. broad, slightly sunk in the matrix, subglobose, even, black ; asci four to eight-spored, subc3'lindrical, .006 in. long, .0008 broad; spores fusiform, pointed at each end, uniseptate, slightly colored, .0018 to .002 in. long, .0005 broad. Pericarp of hickory nut. Albany. This differs from C. putaminum in its smaller perithecia which are not concentrically grooved and in its shorter, narrower and paler spores which are more numerous in an ascus. Metasphaeria nuda ». sp. Perithecia superficial, ovate or conical, submembranous, scattered * or few collected together, black, the walls i^arenchymatous and blue under the microscope; asci about .003 in. long, .0005 broad; spores crowded or biseriate, fusiform, triseptate, colorless, .0007 to .0008 in. long, .00024 broad. Dead stems of millet, Fanicum miliaceum. Menands. October. The species approaches M. Pamcorum, from which it is distinct by its superficial perithecia and shorter spores. The superficial character of .the perithecia would remove the species to Ziguoella, but the texture is not carbonaceous, and it has therefore been placed in Metasphaeria. 30 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Pleospora Asparagi Reh. Dead stems of asparagus, Aspm^agus officinalis. Menands. April. This species appears scarcely to differ from P. herbarum except in the fewer septa of the spores. Lophiostoma vagans Fai>. 1 Dead stems of Lonicera tartar ica. Lyndonville. July. Fair man. Stictis minuscula Karst. Dead twdgs of spruce, Picea nigra. Redfield. July. Pseudopeziza Pyri n. sp. Cups scattered, minute, .014 to .021 in. broad, hypophyllous, erumpent, surrounded by the laciniately ruptured epidermis, brownish when moist, blackish when dry, the margin incurved; hymenium whitish or grayish-white; asci subcylindrical, .002 to .0024 in. long ; spores biseriate, oblong, straight or slightly curved, colorless, .0004 to .0005 in. long. Fallen leaves of mountain ash, Pyrus samhucifolia. Cascade- ville, Essex county. June. Saccharomyces Betulse Pk. & Pat. (Plate2, figs. IGandn.) Conidia variable, elliptical, oblong or subcylindrical, often form- ing submoniliform strings of cells .0003 to .0008 in. long, .00016 broad, intermingled with slender mycelial threads, the whole forming a thin whitish gelatinous stratum. Sap moistened cut surface of a birch stump, Betula lutea. New Baltimore, Greene county. May. This is a curious species, apparently related to S. albicans, but differing from it in habitat and spore dimensions, and it is also peculiar and aberrant in having distinct hyphse. (D) EEMAEKS AND OBSEEVATIONS Thalictrum purpurascens L. var. ceriferum Aust. Fishkill mountains. June. Cimicifuga racemosa Nutt. Common in the Highlands and in the southwestern part of the State. It is rare in the eastern and northern parts. Annual Report of tre State Botanist. 31 Nymphaea odorata Ait. After flowering the peduncle sometimes takes the form of a spiral coil and thus shortens itself either to adapt itself to diminishing depth of water or to di-aw the ovary beneath the sm-face to mature its fruit. Valisneria spiralis does the same thing. Fruiting spfcimons showing the coiling of the peduncles were collected in Boreas pond, Adirondack mountains. Corydalis flavula DC. Green pond, one mile east of Jamesville. Prof. L. M. Underwood. Lychnis vespertina Sihth. Storm King station. June. Stellaria media Smiih. This chickweed is a very variable plant. It often lives through the winter and is then ready to bear fruit early in the spring. Specimens were collected in April last bearing an abimdance of flowers and mature fruit. The plants were procumbent, the nodes short, leaves small and but slightly petioled, and the whole aspect was quite unlike that of the more erect large- leaved form that occurs later in the season. The fields where these plants grew were in cultivation the preceding summer, but the seeds apparently germinated after cultivation ceased, and the mild winter enabled the plants to perfect themselves and bear fruit early in the spring. Liinum Virginianum L. Selkirk. July. It is not rare to find two to four plants growing from the same root, and the old stem of last year's growth standing among them, thus indicating a perennial character. Rubus hispidus L. var. suberecta n. mr. Stems erect or recurved, densely beset with stift' bristles or weak prickles ; leaves generally five-foliate on the young plants, trifoliate on old ones, the leaflets thin, broadest in the middle, rather sharply serrate, mostly acute or short acuminate, entire and wedge-shaped at the base. Pastures and bushy places. Morehou.seville. July. This plant is so unUke the ordinary form of B. hispidus that I am constrained to consider it as a variety. It is quite abundant in the locality mentioned, growing chietly in dry places. The young 32 Annual Report of the State Botanist. shoots are perfectly erect and nearly always have the leaves either completely five-foliated or the lateral leaflets deeply two- lobed, so that were it possible to overlook the dense coat of bristles with which the stem and petioles are clothed they might easily be mistaken for a small growth of Ruhus villosus. The old stems usually become recurved as in R. occidentalis, and have the leaves of the flowering branches trifoliate. The peduncles and pedicels are mostly bristly and the sepals mucronate pointed. The plants grow from one to two feet high. Were the species of Rubus disposed to hybridize as some claim for R. occidentalis and R. strigosus, it might be asserted that this is a hybrid between R. villosus var. fro7i- dosus and R. hispidus, the former giving character to the leaves and the mode of growth, the latter to the clothing of the stem. The former was present in the vicinity of these plants, but the latter was not seen in that neighborhood. It is in my opinion to be considered a variety rather than a hybrid. The Caroga plant noticed in the Thirty-eighth report is the same thing. It approaches variety setosus T. & G. in some respects, but its thin leaves and more erect habit distinguish it. » • Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel Plentiful at the outlet of Cheney pond. August. Liythrum alatum Pursh. « Apparently well established in a pasture near Selkirk. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. In grassy groimd on the summit of a high hill in Columbia county, four miles south of Hudson, is a station for this plant. The hill is locally known as Mount Merino, and the plants are scattered over an area several rods in extent. The plants mostly exhibit the characters that would place them under 0. Rafinesquii, but in some the short leaves of O. vulgaris are present. I therefore leave the species for the present under the name applied to it by Dr. Torrey in the State Flora. Galium triflorum Mx. Professor R. P. Thomas informs me that this common plant, popularly known as " sweet-scented bed straw," has recently acquired considerable celebrity among some of the inhabitants of Montgomery county, because of its medicinal qualities. It is reported that an aggravated case of dropsy, which had been pro- nounced by the physicians hopeless and incurable, was cured by the Annual Report of the State Botaniht. 33 use of a decoction of this herb. In the United States Dispensatory, by Wood and Bache, Galium Aparine is noticed as having- been used for dropsy, but I find no mention of this plant . Aster undulatus L. A strono^ly marked form occm-s near Carrollton. in which the leaves are mostly lanceolate with the margins very much curled or crisped. Aster Novi-Belgii L. Boreas River, Adirondack mountains. August. Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. A peculiar form was collected in Sandlake, Rensselaer couutj'. The flower heads are three to five, mostly four, racemosely placed at distances of a half inch or more. The stem is very slender, about a foot high, and the leaves are narrow, scarcely exceeding half an inch in the widest part. Rudbeckia triloba L. This cone flower occurs in several places along the road between Rhinebeck and Rock City in Dutchess coimty. As in Ulster county, it appears to have escaped from cultivation in flower gardens. But few of the plants have the leaves three-lobed. Verbascum Lychnitis L. Sandy soil at Sylvan Beach, Oneida county. A form with white flowers. Calopogon pulchellus R. Br On the marsh near Kasoag a form was found having beautiful lilac-tinted flowers. Plants having flowers of the ordinary color grew near them and made the contrast more noticeable. Clintonia umbellata Torr. This plant occurs as far east as Carrc^Utou, Cattaraugus county. Some plants have the benies blue as in G. borealis, others have them black. Eleocharis intermedia SchK^es. Cheney pond. August. A small form with culms two to five inches long and spikes one to two lines. Scirpus Smithii Gray. Sylvan Beach. July. 34 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Carex foUiculata L. An unusual form of this sedge grows on " Beaver meadow " near Moreliouseville. The stems are stout, erect, only one to two feet high, very leafy ; the pistillate spikes are three to four, approximate, all on short erect peduncles. Carex crinita Lam. A large form with three staminate spikes all fertile at the apex was collected at Wilmurt lake, Hamilton county. Variety minor Boott was collected at Sylvan Beach, Oneida county. Polypodium vulgare L. var. cristatum Lowe. (Plate 1, figs. 1 to 4.) Rock City, Dutchess county. October. Fronds of this very beautiful and rare variety were sent me by Mr. Charles A. Coons. I afterwards visited the locality and found the fern growing in a small patch, probably six or eight feet long by one to two feet wide. All the fronds in this patch exhibited the peculiar character of those first sent me. Fronds of the usual form were growing hear by but did not mingle with these, nor were any inter- mediate forms seen. The fronds are beautifully crested, being one to three times dichotomously or somewhat irregularly divided at the apex, and each segment is dilated at its apex and projects in two to six lobes, these lobes manifesting a disposition to extend themselves along the upper margin of the segment. Sometimes the branches at the apex are a little twisted or distorted and form a sort of rosette. The ultimate ones terminate in lobes similar to those at the apices of the segments. The fronds are fertile. This variety was originally discovered in Ireland by Mr. Henry S. Perry. It was figured and described by Lowe in his work on New and Rare Ferns. This figure exhibits well the dilation and lobing of the apices of the segments in our plant, but shows the crested branching apex of the frond very poorly, for it is represented as scarcely more than bifurcate. His description reads thus : " Like Aspidium flix-mas var. cristatum, the present plant has multifid or tasseled apices on each pinna, the midrib of the frond dividing and branching about an inch below the apex of the frond, as well as the midrib of each pinna about a quarter of an inch below the apex of each pinna." " The present variety, from the points of each frond being branched and crested and all the divisions terminating in crested tufts so as to form a frilled margin, is both distinct and beautiful." Annual Report of the State Botanist. 35 In our plant there is apparently a tendency to branch and divide more freely at the apex of the frond and less freely and deeply at the apices of the segments than in the European. So far as I know it has not before been found in this country. Probably there mil be a considerable demand for it by lovers and propag-ators of feras, but it is to be hoped that specimens will not be taken so freely from the patch as to destroy the station. Isoetes echinospora Durieu. Cheney pond. August. Riccia fluitans L. var. SuUivantii AusL Muddy places in ditches. Selkirk. June. CoUybia Familia Pk. This species is not rare in Cattaraugus county. It grows in clus- ters of very many individuals on old prostrate trunks and decaj'ing wood of hemlock. It varies in color from nearly white to brown. It is somewhat hygrophanous and the stem is more or less villose- tomentose at the base. It is allied to C. acervata, but the pileus is not umbonate, there are no rufous or incarnate tints either in the pileus lamellae or stem, and the spores are minute and globose .00012 to .00016 inch in diameter, not elliptical as in that species. Pleurotus atrocseruleus Fr. In Sylloge the spores of this species are said to be globose, 2 to 3 mk. in diameter. If this is correct then the plant referred to this species in Report 39, p. 65, must be distinct. On the other hand both Smith and Cooke represent the spores of this species as elliptical and closely agreeing \vith those of the American plant in dimensions. On the supposition that the English mycologists are correct in their representations of the spores of this species our plant can scarcely be more than a variety differing in color from the tyi)o. Fine specimens were found at Carrollton gi'owing on the trunk of a cucumber tree. It seems best at least to designate it as a variety, for it does not appear to exhibit at all the dark blue hue so characteristic of the type. Var. griseus. Pileus gr.iyish or .i;i;iyish-browu, clothed with rather coai-se pointed whitish or grayish hairs ; lamelhc not broad : spores elliptical, sometimes slightly curved, .0003 in. long, .0001(5 -broad. 36 Annual Report of the State Botanist. The pileus is sometimes attached by the vertex, aud the margin is often beautifully crenately lobed or scalloped. Entoloiua cyaneum Pk. Decaying logs in woods. Morehouseville. July. These speci- mens differ from the type in having the pileus grayish-brown and the stem wholly bluish. The sjoecies approaches E. griseo-cyaneAim, very closely, but diifers in the color of the pileus. It is very rare. Pholiota discolor Pk. Two forms of this species are found. One- has a scattered mode of growth, the t)ther a ceespitose. The latter was found on decay- ing wood of birch, Betula lutea, at Morehouseville. The species is allied to P. marginata, from which it is readily distinguished by its viscid pileus. Stropharia squamosa Fr. Specimens collected near Salamanca agree very closely with the description of this species, but they differ in having the pileus of a beautiful orange-red color. In this respect, and indeed in many other respects, they agree better with the description of Stropharia thrausta, but disagree in having the pileus neither hygrophanous nor glabrous. The jalants are generally rather slender, though individuals occur having a stout stem and a pileus three or four inches broad. This is viscid and beautifully adorned with whitish superficial scales which are easily destroyed. The margin is often appendiculate. The lamellae are broad and subdistaut, and the stem is long, hollow, floccose-squamose and annulate. The whole plant is fragile, but this may be due in a measure to the fact that it is apt to be infested by the larvse of insects. It is probably to be considered a variety of S. squamosa and is apjpareutly equivalent to Agaricus tliraustus var. aurantiacus of Cooke's Illustrations, Boletus punctipes Pk. Under pine trees. Corning, Steuben county. September. This species had not been observed by me since its discovery in 1878. The spores when first dropped are olive green on white paper, but the greenish hue soon fades or rather changes to brownish- ochraceous. Coniophora puteana Fr. If this species is rightly understood by me it is, as Fries says, a very variable one. It varies not only in the color of the hymenium but also in its character and in that of the margin. The hymenium ''^S Annual Report of the State Botanist. ;^7 is sometimes even, sometimes tuberculose and occasionally rimose when dry, as in some species of Coiticium. The margin may 1)6 broad naked and white or it may be obliterated by the hymenium. The subiculum is either thin and papery or thick and firm. It is sometimes separable from the matrix. It occurs on spruce, hem- lock, birch, sycamore, ironwood, etc. A form is found on spruce having- the characters of variety areolata Fr. except in the color of the hymenium. Var. tuberculosa has the subiculum thick, firm, yellowish, the hymenium persistently tuberculose. This was found on sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. Var. rimosa. Hymenium rimose. On hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis. Doassantia Alismatis Gomu. Living- or languishing leaves of Alisma Plantago. Whitehall. September. Fusicladium destruens Pk. When my last report was written this fungus was suspected of being the cause of a disease in the oat plant. Observations m.ule in the diseased oat fields the past summer lead to a difierent cou- clusion. The disease has appeared over a wide extent of country, and in the fields examined scarcely an unaffected plant could be found. Besides, other fungi, such as Cladosporium herbarum and Dinemas- porium graminum, were found upon the dead and dying leaves. It may be affirmed that the presence of these fungi on the leaves is a consequence not a cause of their death, for these species are known to inhabit the dead tissues of plants. It is hardly probable that the Fusicladium could have spread so extensively, in so short a time, nor that it should be so omnipresent in every oatfield. It is more reasonable to suppose that it, like the other fungi mentioned, is a consequence rather than a cause of tlie disease. Many discolored leaves had no fungus upon them. An examination of the roots of the affected plants gave no indication of tiie presence of insects or nematoids. Tuber culina persicina Sacc. On blackbeny rust, Cceoma nitens. Morehouseville. Vibrissea truncorum Fr. Var. albipes. Stem short, thick, white. Decaying wood about the margin of lakes. Hewitt's pond and Clear lake, Ailirondaek mountains. July. 38 Annual ^Ieport of the State Botanist. The following- species and varieties are extra limital. Having been sent to me for identification, and finding no description appli- cable to them, I place them on record here. Tricholoma maculatescens n. sp. Pileus compact, spongy, reddish-brown, convex then explanate, obtuse, even, slightly viscid when wet, becoming rivnlose and brown-spotted in drying, fiesh whitish, margin inflexed, exceeding the lamellae; lamellae slightly emarginate, rather narrow, cinereous; stem spongy -fleshy, equal, sometimes abruptly narrowed at the base, solid, stout, fibrillose, pallid or whitish ; spores oblong or subfusi- form, pointed at the ends, uninucleate, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 1.5 to 3 in. broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 6 to 9 lines thick. Among fallen leaves in deciduous woods. Ohio. October and November. A. P. Morgan. This apjDears to be related to T. transmutans and T. Jlavohrun- neum, but may be distinguished from them by the spotting of the pileus and the shape of the spores. Agaricus campestris L. Yar. griseus. Pileus pale-gray, silky, shining ; annulus evanescent. Winchester, Virgipia. October. T. Taylor. This mushroom, though quite different in appearajace from the ordinary forms of A. campestris, is scarcely more than a variety. Its spores are of the same size and character as in that species. It is eaten freely by the inhabitants of Winchester. Armillaria mellea Vahl. Yar. radicata. Stem penetrating the ground deeply with a tapering, root-like prolongation. London, Canada. J. Dearness. The root-like prolongation of the stem is suggestive of that seen in Gollyhia radicata, but in all other respects the plant is A. mellea. (E) NEW YOEK SPECIES OF TPJCHOLOMA Tricholoma Fr. Hymenophorum continuous with the stem, the veil obsolete or only floccose or fibrillose and adherent to the margin of the pileus ; lamellae sinuate behind, not equally attenuate, aduate or decun-ent; stem fleshy, not corticated. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 3!) The species of Tricholom a are numerous and are mostly rather large, having- a fleshy pileus and a stout fleshy or fibrous-fleshy stem and white spores. The veil is usually very slight, consisting of a mere pruinosity or of a minute tomentum or of downy flocci or fibrils adhering to the margin of the pileus, and it is not often noticeable except in the young plant. The pileus is often thick and umbonate but very rarelj" umbilicate. The genus is distin- guished from Armillaria, on one hand, by the entire absence of an annulus and from Clitocybe, on the other, by the sinuate or emarginate lamellae and the fleshy or fibrous fleshy stem. From CoUybia, in which the character of the lamellae is similar, it is distinguished by its more fleshy pileus and stem and by its more terrestrial habitat, for nearly all its species grow on the ground. Some of the species are known to be edible and probably many others are. None are known to be absoluielj' poisonous. The species were arranged by Fries in two series, one of which was composed of four tribes, the other of three. One tribe in each series is yet unrepresented in our Flora. The principal distinguish- ing features of the series and tribes are found in the iDileus. E^Y TO THE Tribes Pileus viscid when moist Limacina. Pileus not viscid when moist 1 1. Pileus dry - 1. Pileus not dry 3 2. Pileus fibrillose or adorned with floccose or fibrillose scales Genuina. 2. Pileus punctate-granulose or adorned with smooth scales Rigidft. 2. Pileus at first slightly silky, soon glabrous Serieella. 3. Pileus fleshy, soft, fragile, adorned with watery spots or rivulose Guttata. 3. Pileus compact, then spongy, glabrous, moist Spongiosa. 3. Pileus thin, hygiophanous Hygrophana. Series A Pileus viscid when moist, squamose, fibrillose, gi-anuhited or silky, or if glabrous, its flesh firm, not spongy, watery or hygrophanous ; veil fibrillose. Limacina Pileus viscid when moist, either innately fibrillose, or squamulose, truly and firmly fleshy, not hygrophanous, the margin almost naked. 40 Annual Report of the State Botanist. The species of this tribe are distiuguished from those of all the other tribes by their viscid pileus. They are divided into two groups, in one of which the lamellse are unchangeable in color or do not become reddish or reddish-spotted ; in the other they change color with age or become reddish-spotted. Pileus white resplendens. Pileus not white 1 1. Lamellae yellow equestre. 1. Lamellse not yellow 2 2. Lamellae not becoming reddish or reddish-spotted 3 2. Lamellae becoming reddish or reddish-spotted 5 3. Lamellae crowded, pileus glabrous 4 3. Lamellae subdistant, pileus innately fibrillose sejunctum. 4. Pileus greenish-yellow intermedium. 4. Pileus pale alutaceous terriferum. 5. Pileus red or incarnate Russula. 5. Pileus tawny-red or reddish-brown 6 6. Pileus squamulose Peckii 6' Pileus not squamulose transmutans. Lamellce not becoming discolored nor red-spotted. Tricholoma equestre L. Equesteian Tricholoma (Hym. Europ. p. 48. Syl. Fung. Vol. V, p. 87.) Pileus fleshy, compact, convex becoming expanded, obtuse, pale yellowish, more or less reddish tinged, the disk and central scales often darker, the margin naked, often flexuous, flesh white or tinged with yellow ; lamellae rounded behind, close, nearly free, sulphur- yelloiv; stem stout, solid, pale-yellow or white, white within; spores .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 3 to 5 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 6 to 10 lines thick. Pine woods, especially in sandy soil. Albany county. September to November. This is a noble species but not plentiful in our State. The pileus is said to become greenish very late in the season. The stem, in the typical form, is described as sulphur-yellow in color, but with us it is more often white. The scales of the disk are sometimes wanting. Li our plant the taste is slightly farinaceous at first, but it is soon unpleasant. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 41 Variety pinastreti A. & S. is a slender form having a thin even pileus, thinner and more narrow lamellfB and a more slender stem. Agaricus crassus Scop., A. aureus Schaeff. and A./lavovirensTerii. are recorded as synonyms of this species. Tricholoma intermedium Pk. Intebmediate Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mas. Report 41, p. 60.) Pileus thin, campanulate, obtuse, o-labrous, slig:htly viscid when moist, greenish-yellow, flesh white; lamellae crowded, iree or sUghtly adnexed, ivhite; stem equal, firm, glabrous, white ; spores broadly elliptical, .0002 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Thin woods. Catskill mountains. September. This species resembles some forms of T. equestre,' ixom. which it is separated by its white lamellae. It appears to be intermediate between that species and T. sejundum, from which its glabrous pileus and crowded lamellaa distinguish it. Tricholom.a sejunctum Soxo. Separating Tricholoma (Hym. Europ. p 48. Syl. Fung. Vol. V, p. 88.) Pileus fleshy, convex then expanded, umbonate, slightly viscid, streaked ivith innate brown or blackish fibrils, whitish or yellowish, sometimes greenish-yellow, flesh white, fragile; lamellae broad, subdistant, rounded behind or emarginate, white ; stem solid, stout, often irregular, white ; spores subglobose, .00025 in. broad. Pileus 1 to 3 in. broad ; stem 1 to 3 in. long, 4 to 8 lines thick. Mixed woods. Suflblk county. September. The plants referred to this species are not uncommon on Long Island, growing in sandy soil in woods of oak and pine. They are usually more or less irregular and the pileus becomes fragile. It is quite variable in color, sometimes approaching a smoky -brown hue, again being nearly white. The taste of the typical form is said to be bitter, but the flavor of our plant is scarcely bitter. In other respects, however, it agrees well with the description of the species. Tricholoma terriferum. Pk. Earth-bearinq Tricholoma (N. Y. suite Mu8. Rep. *i. P- *'•<>•) Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, irregular, often wavy on the margin, glabrous, viscid, pale-alutaceous, greuenUly soiled witli adhering particles of earth cai-ried up in its growth, flesh white, G 42 Annual Report of the State Botanist. with no decided odor; lamella3 thin, croivded, slightly annexed, white, not spotted or changeable; stem equal, short, solid, white, floccose-squamulose at the apex; spores minute, subglobose, .00012 in. long. Pileus 3 to 4 in. broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, G to 8 lines thick. Woods. Catskill moimtains. September. Tricholoma resplendens Fr. Resplendent Teicholoma (Hym. Europ., p. 49, 8yl. Fung., Vol, V, p. oo.) Pileus fleshy, convex then nearly plane, even, glabrous, viscid, ivhite, sometimes hyaline-spotted or yellowish on the disk, shining when dry, the margin straigJd, flesh white, taste mild, odor pleasant; lamellae nearly free when young, then emarginate, somewhat crowded, rather thick, entire, white ; stem solid, glabrous, sub- bulbous, even, dry, white; spores .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 4 to 8 lines thick. Thin woods. Catskill mountains. September. This species, which is rare with us, is distinguished from all our remaining white species by its viscid pileus. Lamellce becoming discolored or red-spotted. Tricholoma Russula Schaeff. Reddish Tricholoma (Hym. Europ. p. 52. Syl. Fung., Vol. V, p. 94. Agaricus ruhtcunduft. Report 26, p. 51.) Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming plane or centrally depressed, obtuse, viscid, even or dotted with granular squamules on the disk, red or incarnate, the margin usually paler, involute and minutely downy in the young plant, flesh white, sometimes tinged "svith red, taste mild ; lamellae subdistant, rounded behind or subdecurrent, white, often becoming red-spotted with age ; stem solid, firm, whitish or rose-red, squamulose at the apex; spores elliptical, .00028 in., long, .00016 broad. Pileus 3 to 5 in. broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 6 to 8 lines thick. Mixed woods. Albany, Cattaraugus and Steuben counties, Sep- tember and October. According to the description the typical plant has the pileus incarnate and the stem rosy-red, but in the American plant the pileus is generally more clearly red and the stem white, though this is often varied with reddish stains. These discrepancies in our plant led to its publication as a distinct species, but in Mycological Illus- Annual Report of the State Botanist. 43 trations, fig. 926, T. Bussula is represented with a bright red pileus, and it has seemed best to refer our plant to that species. The disk in it is often squamulose-dotted, rather than granulated. The species is recorded edible, but I have not tested it. Tricholoma transmutans Pfc. Changing Tricholoma (N, Y. state Mus. Rep. 29. p. 38.) Pileus convex, nearly glabrous, viscid when moist, brownish, reddish-brown or tawny -red, usually paler on the margin, flesh white, taste and odor farinaceous ; lamellae narrow, close, sometimes branched, whitish or pale j'^ellowish, becoming dingy or reddish- spotted when old ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, glabrous or slightly silky-fibrillose, stuffed or hollow, whitish, often marked with reddish stains or becoming reddish-brown toward the base, Avhite within; spores subglobose, .0002 in. broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 3 to 4 in. long, 3 to G lines thick. Woods. Albany, Eensselaer and Essex counties. August to September. The plants are often caespitose. The species is related to a group of closely allied forms including T. fulvellum, T. albobrunneum, T. ustale and T. pessundatum, from all of which it is distinguished by its farinaceous odor. It is also related to T. flaiobrunneum and 2\ frumentaceum, which have a similar odor, but from which it diffei-s in its subglobose, smaller spores. I suspect that Agaricus fru- mentaceus of Curtis' catalogue belongs to this species. Both the pileus and stem, as well as the lamellae, are apt to assume darker hues with age or in di-ying, and this character suggested the specific name. The species is classed as edible. Tricholoma Peckii Howe. Peck's Tricholoma (Bull. Torrey Bot Club. vol. vi, p. 6C,.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, viscid when moist, squamulose, tawny-red inclining to tawny -orange, flesh white, odor farinaceous : lamellfB narrow, close, sometimes branched, white ; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, squamulose, white at the top. elsewhere CQlored like the pileus ; spores minute, broadly elliptical or subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. long. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. loug, 4 to 6 lines thick. 44 AmxuAL Report of the State Botanist. Thin woods. Rensselaer, Cattarang-ns and Steuben counties and Catskill mountains. Aug-ust and September. This is a beautiful species, but it does not retain its colors well in drying-. It is somewhat similar in appearance to the preceding species, but it is easily distinguished from all the related ones bj'^ its squamulose pileus and stem. As in the allied species, its lamellse become discolored or spotted with age. It is perhaps edible, but I have not yet had an opportunity to test it, and the taste, thoug-h at first farinaceous and pleasant, is sometimes followed by a bitterish unpleasant flavor. In wet weather the margin of the pileus and upper part of the stem are sometimes studded with drops of moisture of a reddish or orange color. Genuina Pileus neither moist nor viscid, g-enerally floccose-squamose or fibrillose, flesh soft, not hygrophanous, the margin at first involute and subtomentose. The species of this tribe as well as those of the preceding one may be arranged in two groups depending- on the character of the lamellse. In one the color of the lamellae is unchangeable in the other it changes with age.- Some of the species have a slig-ht fari- naceous odor, at least when broken, others are inodorous. In most of them the pileus is adorned with squamules or fibrils. Lamellae neither changing color nor becommg- spotted 1 Lamellae chang-ing- color or becoming- spotted C 1. Pileus white, taste not farinaceous Columbetta. 1. Pileus white, squamulose, taste farinaceous grando. 1. Pileus not pure white 2 2. Lamellae yellow rutilans. 2. Lamellae not clearly yellow 3 3. Lamellae transversely striate striatifolium. 3. Lamellae not transversely striate 4 4. Pileus glabrous flavescens. 4. Pileus not glalDrous 5 5. Stem squamose, tawny or ochraceous decorosum. 5. Stem fibrillose, white scalpturatum. 6. Pileus with reddish brown or tan colored hues 7 6. Pileus some other color 9 7. Stem subbulbous, white , tricolor. 7. Stem equal or nearly so, not white 8 8. Stem solid imbricatum. 8. Stem hollow vaccinum. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 45 9. Lamellae whitish, becoming cinereous terreum. 9. •Lamellne becoming- blackish 10 10. Lamellae subdistant, pileiis brown fuligineum. 10. I^amellae crowded, pileus whitish fnmescens. Lamellce not changing color or becoming spotted. Tricholoma decorosum Pk. Decorous Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rap.. 25. p. 73. Plate l, figs. 1-4.) Pileus firm, at first hemispherical, then convex or nearly plane, adorned with numerous hrownifih subsquarrose tomentose scales, dull ochraceous or tawny, flesh white ; lamellae close, rounded and slightly emarginate behind, the edge subcrenulate ; stem sohd, equal or slightly tapering upward, white and smooth at the top, elsewhere tomentose-squamulose and colored like the pileus ; spores broadly elliptical, .0002 in. long. .00015 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 2 to 4 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Decaying trunks of trees. Catskill mountains and Allegany county. September and October. A rare but beautiful species. It is often caespitose. It departs from the character of the genus in growing on decayed wood. It bears some resemblance to Clitocybe decora Fr., from which it differs in color, in the character of the scales of the pileus and stem and in the color of the flesh and lamellae. The true relationship of tliat species may be regarded as yet unsettled. Fries at one time placed it in Pleurotus at another in Clitocybe. Gillet has referred it to Chtocybe, Quelet to Tricholoma, and Saccardo to Pleiu-otus. But it seems to me that the American plant here described belongs to the genus Tricholoma notwithstanding its imusual habitat. The emarginate lamellae and the solid fleshy stem indicate it. Tricholoma rutilans Schceff. Keddish Tricholoma (Hym. Europ.. p. 53. Syl. Fune.. Vol. V. p. 96.) Pileus fleshy, campanulate becoming plane, dry, at first covered icith a dark-red or purplish toinenfum, then somewhat squamulose, the margin thin, at first involute, flesh yellow: lamellae crowded, rounded, yelloio, thickened and villose on the edge; stem somewhat lioUow, nearly equal or shghtly thickened or bulbous at the base, soft, pale-yellow variegated with red or purplish floccose squamules ; spores .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00025 broad. 3 X^ 46 Annual Repoet of the State Botanist. Pileiis 2 to 4 Id. broad ; stem 2 to 4 in. long-, 5 to 8 lines thick. On or abont pine stumps, rarely on hemlock trunks. Rensselaer, Albany, Oneida, Lewis, Cattaraug-us and Fulton counties. July to November. The species is somewhat variable in size and color. When old the pileus sometimes becomes yellowish, varieg-ated with purplish or reddish stains. The villosity on the edg-e of the lamellae is not always equally developed. T. va7'iegatum of the Twenty-third Report, pag'e 74, is probably only a small form of this species having- the edg-es of the lamellae nearly naked. Tricholoma scalpturatum Fr. Scratched Teicholoma (Hym. Europ., p. 55. Syl. Fung:. Vol. V, p. 100. Aijaricun impolitoides N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 32, p. 25.) Pileus at first conical or convex, then expanded, obtuse, dry, cov- ered with tomentum which at length forms broionish or reddish floccose scales, lohitish, flesh whitish; lamellae somewhat crowded, emarg-inate, whitish, sometimes becoming- yellowish when old ; stem equal, solid or stuffed, fibrillose, white ; spores elliptical, .00025- .0003 in. lone: ; .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. long-, 3 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Saratoga county. August. Our j)lant has a farinaceous taste, about which nothing is said in the description of the European plant. In other respects the characters are well sustained by it. Tricholoma flavescens Pk. Pale-yellowish Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, p. 51.) Pileus convex, firm, often irregular, dry, slightly silky, becoming glabrous, sometimes cracking into minute scales on the disk, lohitish or pale yelloio, flesh whitish or yellowish ; lamellae close, white or pale-yellow, emarginate, floccose on the edge; stems firm, solid, often unequal, central or sometimes eccentric, single or caespitose, colored like the pileus ; spores subglobose, .0002 in. in diameter. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad ; stem 1 to 2.5 in. long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Pine stumps. Albany and Rensselaer counties. October. The species seems to be related to T. rutilans but has not the red or puri^lish tomentum of that fimgus. It, like T. decorosum, is always lignicolous, T. rutilans is sometimes so. Annual Rkpokt of tue State Botanist. 47 Tricholoma Columbetta Fr. Dove-colored Tricholoma (Hym. Europ., p. 55. Syl. Fung., Vol. V, p. 99.) Pileus convex, then nearly plane, fleshy, obtuse, rig-id, somewhat flexuous, dry, at first glabrous, then silky -fibrillose, becoming even or squamiilose, luhite, the margin at first involute, more or less tomen- tose, flesh white, taste mild ; lamellae close, emarginate, thin, white ; stem stout, solid, unequal, nearly glabrous, white ; spores, .00028 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. The species is very variable and the following varieties have been described. Var. A. Pileus nearly always repand or lobed, at first glabrous, even, at length rimose-squamose, often reddish-spotted, the margin when young inflexed, tomentose ; stem obese, even, imequal, swollen, an inch thick. The typical form. Birch woods among mosses. Yar. B. Pileus subflexuous, silky-fibrillose, at length squamulose, sometimes fuscous-spotted, the margin scarcely tomentose; stem longer, equal or slightly narrowed at the base. Bushy places. Intermediate between A. & C. Var. C. Pileus regular, flattened, evidently fibrillose, sometimes spotted with blue, four inches broad; stem equal, cylincbical, fibrillose-striate, foiu' inches long. Beech woods. A showy variety so diverse from variety A that it might be regarded as a distinct species, did not variety B connect them and so much resemble both that it might with equal propriety be refeiTed to either. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad ; stem 1 to 4 in. long, 3 to 12 lines thick. Woods and pastures. Albany county. It may be distinguished from T. album by its mild taste. It is recorded as edible. Tricholoma g^rande PL Grand Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep.. 44. p. 128.) Pileus thick, firm, hemispherical, becoming convex, often irregular, dry, squamulose, somewhat silky-fibrillose toward the margin, white, the margin at first involute, flesh grayish-white, taste farinaceous ; lamella close, rounded behind, adnexed, white ; stem stout, solid, fibrillose, atfirst tapering upward, then equal or but slightly thick- ened at the base, pure white ; spores elliptical, .00035 t*i .0004.') in. long, .00024 broad. 48 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Pileus 4 to 5 in. broad ; stem 2 to 4 iu. long-, 1 to 1.5 in. thick. Among- fallen leaves in woods. Cattaraugus county. September. The plants are often csespitose, and then the pileus is more or less irreg-ular and the lamellae somewhat lacerated. The species is related to T. Columhetta, from which its larger size, constantly squamulose pileus, more caespitose mode of growth, larger spores and farinaceous taste separate it. The squamules of the pileus are brownish, and the pileus itself is sometimes slightly dingy on the disk. The young margin is pure white like the stem, and both it and the upper part of the stem are sometimes studded with drops of moisture. The plant was found on trial to be edible, but not of first quality. The flesh is not very tender, nor the flavor captivating even in young specimens. Tricholoma striatifolium Pk. Striate-leaved Teicholoma (N. Y, State Mus. Rep. 30, p. 37.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, dry, subglabrous, somewhat shin- ing, often obscurely dotted or squamulose with innate fibrils, grayish or giayish-brown, sometimes tinged with red, flesh white ; lamellae rather close, rounded behind, iransversdy striated or venose, white ; stem slightly thickened at the base, hoUotv, white ; spores subglo- bose or broadly elliptical, .00016 to .0002 in. long. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 3 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Saratoga county. October. A rare species collected but once. The striate appearance of the lamellffi is due to the presence of small transverse vein-like elevations. The stem is of a pure chalky-white color. The odor is perceptible and peculiar. Lamellce changing color or becoming spotted. Tricholoma -tricolor Pk. Three-colored Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. il, p. 60.) Pileus broadly convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly depressed in the center, firm, dry, obscurely striate on the margin pale-alutaceous inclining to russet, flesh whitish ; lamellae thin, nar- row, close, adnexed, pale-yelloio, becoming hroivn or purplish-brown in drying ; stem stout, short, firm, tapering upward from the thickened or subbulbous base, lohite ; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, .0003 in. long. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 49 Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long-, 6 to 12 lines thick. Woods. Albany county. August. The species is remarkable for its varied colors and for the peculiar hue assumed by the dried lamellse. Tricholonia imbricatum Fr. Imbricated Tricholoma (Hym. Europ., p. 56. Syl. Fung., Vol. V, p. lOi.) Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, obtuse, dry, innately squamulose, fibrillose toward the mai'g-in, brown or red- dish brown, the margin thin, at first slightly inflexed and jmbescent, then naked, flesh firm, thick, white ; lamellae slightly emarginate, almost adnate, rather close, white when young, b^joming reddish or spotted; stem solid, firm, nearly equal, fibrillose, white and mealy or pulverulent at the top, elsewhere colored like the pileus ; spores .00025 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in; broad; stem 2 to .3 in. long, 4 to 10 lines thick. . Under or near coniferous trees. Greene and Essex counties. September and October. This is an edible species. It has a farinaceous odor and taste when fresh. Tricholoma vaccinum Pers. Vaccine Tricholoma (Hym. Europ., p. 56, Syl. Fung., Vel. V., p. 102.) Pileus fleshy, convex or campanulate, becoming nearly plane, umbonate, dry, floccose-squamose, reddish-brown, the margin inro- lute, tomentose, flesh white ; lamellae adnexed, subdistant, whitish, then reddish or reddish-spotted ; stem equal, hollow, covered with a fibrillose bark, naked at the apex, whitish-rufescent ; spores sub- globose, .00024 in. long. Pileus 1 to 3 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Under or near coniferous trees. Greene and Essex counties. September and October. This species resembles the preceding one from which it may be distinguished by the tomentose margin of the pileus and the stuffed or hollow stem. In the American plant the pileus is sometimes streaked with innate fibrils and sometimes becomes longitudinally rimose. It is not always umbonate. It has a farinaceous taste. 7 i 50 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Both it and the preceding species are somewhat gregarious and occur in the same localities. They are especially found in groves or thickets of young spruce trees. Tricholoma terreum Schceff. Eabth-coloeed Tricholoma (Hym. Europ., p. 57. Syl. Fung., Vol. V, p. lOl.) Pileus fleshy, thin, soft, convex campanulate or nearly plane, obtuse or umbonate, innately fihrillose or fioccose-squamose, cinere- ous fuscous grayish-brown or mouse-color, flesh white or whitish ; lamellfe adnexed, subdistant, more or less eroded on the edge, white becoming cinereous; stem equal, varying from solid to stuffed or hollow, fibrillose, white or whitish ; spores broadly elliptical, .00024 to .00028 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 1 to 3 in. broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Woods. Albany, Rensselaer and Cattaraugus counties. Septem- ber to November. Var. fragrans n. var. Pileus innately fibrillose, obtuse, odor farinaceous. Dutchess county. This is a very variable species and European authors do not fully agree upon the characters that belong to it. According to Fries it is subinodorous, but Stevenson says it is inodorous. One author describes the spores as "nearly spherical," .0002 in. long, another says they are .00024 to .00028 in. long, .00016 broad. The spores of our plant agree closely with the latter measure- ment. The plants are sometimes gregarious, sometimes csespitose. The larger forms often have the pileus obtuse fibrillose or squamulose and less regular, the smaller ones more regular, more floccose-squamulose and often with a very small umbo or papilla. I find this form especially in pine woods. It varies considerably in color and is a pretty little plant. The variety fragrans is generally a little larger and is edible, though it retains somewhat of the farinaceous flavor. This appears to be common farther south, and I suspect that' Agaricus hypopythius of Curtis' Catalogue is the same thing. T. argyraceum Bull, in which the lamellae and commonly the pileus also are pure white is considered by Pries as a subspecies of T. terreum. T. argyreum Kalchb. he thinks is the same as Bulliard's plant. T. atrosquam,osum Chev., in which the whitish or cinereous umbonate pileus is adorned with minute black scales, and T. oriru- hens Quel., in which the lamellae have a rosy -red edge, are also made subspecies of T. terreum by Stevenson. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 51 Tricholoma fumescens Pk. Smoky Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 31, p. 32.) Pileus convex or expanded, dry, clothed with a very minute appressed tomentum, whitish ; lamellae nan*ow, crowded, rounded behind, whitish or pale cream color, changing to .smohj-hlue or blackish where bruised ; stem short, cylindrical, whitish ; spores oblong-elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long. Pileus 1 in. broad ; stem 1 to 1.5 in. high, 2 to 3 lines thick. Woods. Columbia county. October. Rare. The species is remarkable for the smoky or blackish hue assumed by the lamellae when bruised and also in drying. It is apparently related to T. immundum Berk., but in that species the whole plant becomes blackish when bruised, and the lamellae are marked with transverse lines and tinged with pink. Tricholoma fuligineum Pk. Sooty Teicholoma (N. Y. state Mus. Rep. 41. p, 60.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, obtuse, often in-egular, dry, minutely squaniulose, sooty-hroion, flesh grayish, odor and taste farinaceous; lamellae subdistant, uneven on the edge, cinereous becoming blackish in drying; stem short, solid, equal, glabrous, cinereous ; spores oblong-elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 1 to 2.5 in. broad ; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Among mosses in open places. Greene county. September. Rare. Rigida Pileus rigid, in compact species hard and somewhat cartilaginous, in thinner species very fragile, the margin naked, the pellicle of the pileus rigid, pimctate granulate, or broken up when dry into small smooth scales, neither viscid, floccose-scaly nor torn into tibrils. No representative. Sericella Pileus at first slightly silky, soon becoming glabrous' very dry, neither moist, viscid, hygi'ophanous nor distinctly scaly, rather thin, opaque, absorbing moisture, but the flesh of the same color as the lamellae ; stem fleshy, fibrous. 2\ fallax &ndi T. infantile are somewhat moist in wet weather, l)ut are placed in this group because of their manifest nearness to species belonging to it. The same is trn.> of T alhi/hividiim. 52 Annual Report of the State Botanist, Pileus white or whitish, often darker on the disk or umbo 1 Pileus some other color 5 1. Pileus acutely umbonate subacutum. 1. Pileus not acutely umbonate 2 2. Lamellae subdiatant 3 2. Lamellae crowded 4 3. Plant inodorous, pileus wholly white silvaticum. 3. Plant with a strong- odor, pileus darker on the disk . . terrseolens. 4. Stem slightly bulbous albiflavidum. 4. Stem not at all bulbous lascivum. 5. Stem solid 6 6. Stem hollow 7 6. Lamellae white, pileus pale tan color lascivum. 6. Lamellae and pileus yellowish chrysenteroides. 7. Lamellae yellow . •• f allax. 7. Lamellae whitish infantile. Tricholoma subacutum Pk. Subacute Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Eep. 42. p. 16.) Pileus at first ovate or broadly conical, then convex and subacutely uinhonate, dry, silky and obscurely virgate with minute innate fibrils, lohitisJi, tinged with smoky-brown or bluish-gray, darker on the umbo, flesh white, taste acrid or peppery ; lamellae rather close, slightly adnexed, white ; stem equal, stuffed orhoUoiv, silky-fibrillose, white; spores broadly elliptical or subglobose, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 1.5 to 3 in. broad ; stem 2 to 4 in. long, 3 to 6 lines thick. Woods and groves. Essex county. September. This species is perhaps too closely related to T. virgatum, but it is separable by its prominent Subacute umbo, paler pileus, hollow stem and hot or peppery taste. The cuticle is separable from the pileus. Tricholoma silvaticum Fk. Wood Tricholoma (N. Y. state Mus. Rep. 42, p. 17). Pileus convex or nearly plane, dry, glabrous, subumbonate, whitish ; lamellae broad, ventricose, subdistant, adnexed, white ; stem sub- equal, solid, white ; spores rather large, eUiptical, .00045 to .0005 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 1 to 1.5 in. broad: stem 1 to 2 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Mossy ground in woods. Essex county. September. ANhUAL Report of the State Botanist. 53 The whole plant is white or whitish, as in 2\ leucocephalum, from which it is separated by its subdistant lamellse, somewhat umbo- nate pileus and hy the absence of £iny farinaceous odor. Tricholoma terrseolens Pk. Eaeth-smellixg Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Bep. 38, p, 84.) Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sligrhtly silkj'-fibrillose, whitish with a brownish or grayish-brown slightly prominent disk, taste and odor strong, unpleasant ; lamella subdistant, emarginate, white: stem equal, slightly silky, shining, stuffed or holloic, white: spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 10 to 15 lines broad : stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, about 2 lines thick. Under groimd hemlock, Taxus Canadensis. Saratoga coimty. September. The species is related to T. inarnoimim, from which it is separated by its smaller size, less distant lamellie, stuffed or hollow stem and different odor. Nor is the stem radicating or the disk tinged with yellow as in that species. The odor is decidedly earthy, resembling that of vegetable mold or mossy rocks. Its taste is similar to its odor and remains in the mouth and throat a long time. • Tricholoma lascivum Fr. Disgusting Tricholoma (Hym. Europ., p. f^. Syl. Funsr.. Vol. V., p. Hi) Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, obtuse, at length somewhaj^ depressed, silky, then glabrous, even, whitish or pale tan color, the < margin at fii-st involute, flesh white ; lamella^ adnexed. thin, crowrfec?, lohite; stem solid, equal, rigid, rooting and tomentose at the base, fibrillose, white; spores .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00014 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 2 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Open places. Albany county.. September. The European plant has the pileus pallid-tan color and has a strong odor. In our plant there was no marked odor and the pileus was nearlv white. Tricholoma albiflavidum Fir. Yellowish-white Tricholoma (N. Y. State Cabinet R«p.. 33, p. 75.) Pile lis fleshy, convex, becoming plane or slightly depresse^l, gla- brous, even, white sometimes tinged with yellow, the margin at first involute, flesh white; lamelbe narrow, crowded, tliin .'nuir-iiuito, 54 Annual Report of the State Botanist. white; stem equal, solid, fibrillose-striate, somewhat bulbous, whitish; spores elliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad ; stem 3 to 4 in. long-, 3 to 4 lines thick. Woods and fields. Essex and Rensselaer counties. August. This species is very closely allied to the preceding one of which it is perhaps only a variety. It is separable by the pileus which varies in color from white to yellowish and by the stem which is sHghtly bulbous thickened at the base but not radicated. The stem is generally very slender in proportion to the size of the pileus. This is sometimes slightly and broadly umbonate. In very wet weather the pileus is moist but the species has been placed here because of its affinity with T. lascivuin. Tricholoma chrysenteroid.es Pk. Golden-flesh Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, p. 60.) Pileus fleshy, convex or plane, not at all umbonate, firm, dry, glabrous or slightly silky, pale-yelloio or buff, becoming dingy with age, the margin sometimes reflexed, flesh pale-yelloiu, taste and odor farinaceous; lamellae rather close, emarginate, yellowish, becoming dingy or pallid with age, ma^'ked ivith transverse veinlets along the upper edge, the interspaces venose; stem equal, firm, solid, glabrous, fibrou~;-striate, yellowish without and within ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00024 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 3 to 4 lines thick. Woods. Lewis and Cattaraugus counties. September. Nearly allied to T. chrysenterum, but separable by the lamellae, which are somewhat veiny and not free, by the entire absence of an umbo and by its farinaceous odo» and taste. Tricholoma fallax Fk. Fallacious Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 25. p. 74. Plate 1, figs 5 to 8.) Pileus firm, convex or nearly plane, rarely centrally depressed, moist in wet weather, glabrous, dull saffron, subochraceous or red- dish yellow, flesh yellowish when dry; lamellae narrow, close, tapering outwardly, rounded behind, yelloiv; stem short, glabrous, slightly tomentose at the base, equal or tapering downward, stuffed or holloiv, colored like the pileus ; spores minute, elliptical, .00012 to .00016 in. long. Annual Report of thiu State Botanist. 55 Pileus 6 to 15 lines broad ; stem about 1 in. lonpf, 1 to 2 lines thick. Under spruce and balsam trees. Essex, Lewis, Herkimer and Onondag-a counties. August and September. This pretty little aofaric is liable to be mistaken for a species of Naucoria, because of its peculiar colors, but its spores are white. It is apparently closely related to T. cerinum, but the pileus of that species is described as very dry, the flesh white and the stem glabrous at the base, characters which are not well shown by our plant. Because of its affinity to T. cerinum it has been placed in the tribe Sericella notwithstanding its pileus is moist in wet weather. Trichbloma infantile Pk. Infantile Tricholoma (Bulletin N. Y. State Mus., Vol. 1, Number '2.) Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, even, minutely silky, moist in ivet loeather, reddish-gray, the margin at first incurved and whitish : lamelL^ subdistant, plane or slightly ventricose, often eroded on the edge, whitish: stem short, equal or tapering upward, hollow, slightly silky, colored like the pileus or a little paler; spores broadly eUiptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad, often containing a shining nucleus. Pileus 4 to 12 lines broad ; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Gravelly soil in fields. Kensselaer county. June. This small species is apparently related to P. ccelahim, from which it is separated by its pileus which is not at all umbilicate, but on the other hand is sometimes papillate. The stem is fieshy-fibrous and hollow but its cavity is very small. In the larger specimens- the margin of the pileus is often wavy or irregular and the edge of the lamella eroded. This and the preceding species by being somewhat moist in wet weather form a transition to the next Series. Series B Pileus glabrous, either watery-spotted, moist or hygrophauous, not viscid, its flesh very thin or becoming soft or spongy ; veil P^^^^^"- Guttata Pileus fleshy, soft, fragile, spotted as if by drops or ri>nilose : stom solid. Mostly vernal, growing in troops or cospitose. No representative. 56 Annual Report of tee State Botanist. Spong^iosa Pileus compact, becoming spongy, fleshy quite to the mar^n, obtuse, even, glabrous, moist; stem stout, fibrous-spongy, com- monly thickened at the base; lamellge at length spuriously but sinuately decurrent. Mostly autumnal, growing in troops. T. album. T. nohile and T. Jaterarium, though having the pileus dry, are placed in this gi-oup because of their affinities and their agreement with it in other respects. Lamellae reticulately connected patulum. Lamellae distinct i 1. Pileus wholly white or white tinged with yellow rust color. . . 2 1. Pileus some other color g 2. Stem hollow leucocephalum. 2. Stem solid o 3. Margin of the pileus with subdistant short radiating J^^^^^ laterarium. ♦ 3. Margin of the pileus even 4 4. Lamellae changing color with age ; . . . grave. 4. Lamellae not changing color 5 5. Pileus glabrous album. 5. Pileus minutely squamulose nobile 6. Lamellae at first violaceous personatum! • 6. Lamellae at first white or whitish 7 7. Lamellae becoming tawny or subochraceous grave. 7. Lamellae not assuming this color g 8. Pileus greenish '.*'".'"' virescens. 8. Pileus smoky-yeUow fumosiluteum. . 8. Pileus whitish tinged with brown fumidellum. Tricholoma patulum Fr. Wide Teicholoma (Hym Europ. p. 69. 8yl. Fung.. Vol. v, p. 125. Glitocyhe patuloides. N. Y. State Mus. xvOp., 32, p. 26.) Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or plane, obtuse, often repand, even glabrous, pale cinereo ;. incHning to yellowish, flesh white ; lamell^ emargmate, crowdci, rdiculaiely connected, white; stem thick, solid, fii-m, equal, elastic, glabrous, white or whitish; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00025 to .0003 in. long. Pileus 1 to 4 in. broad; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 4 to 10 lines thick. Thm woods and groves. Onondaga county. September. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 57 The American plant differs slio^htly from the description of the European, in having the lamellae somewhat decurrent, and on this account it was fonnerly referred to the genus Clitocybe and described as distinct. The spore characters here given are taken from the American plant. Tricholoma album Schceff. White Tricholoma (Hym. Europ.. p. 70. Syl. Fung.. Vol. v, p. 127.) Pileus fleshy, tough, convex, becoming plane or depressed, obtuse, very dry, even, glabrous, white, sometimes yellowish on the disk, rarely wholly yellowish, the margin at first involute, flesh white, taste acrid or hitter; lamellse emarginate, somewhat crowded, dis- tinct, white ; stem solid, elastic, equal or tapering upAvard, externally fibrous, obsoletely pruinose at the apex, white; spores elliptical, .0002 to .00025 in. long. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad ; stem 2 to 4 in. long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Common. Albany, Essex, Herkimer, Cattaraugus and Greene counties. August to October. This species is variable in color and in size, being sometimes robust, sometimes slender. It grows singly, in troops or in tufts. It has no decided odor but a bitter unpleasant taste. It departs from the character of the tribe in having the pileus quite dry and on this account, as Fries remarks, it might perhaps be better placed in the tribe Sericella. The same remark is applicable to the two following species. The variety ccesariatus differs from the typical form in haA-ing the pileus thin, and at first silky, the lamellfe almost free and the slender fragile stem somewhat pruinose at the apex. T. alboides, Report 32, p. 25, apparently belongs to this variety. Tricholoma nobile Fk. Noble Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mua. Rep. 42, p. 17.) Pileus fleshy, convex or nearlj'^ plane, dry, minufebj punctate or squamulose ivith innate fibrils, whitish or tinged with yellow, flesh white, taste impleasant; lamelbe broad, rather close, rounded behind and slightly adnexed, white, slowly changing to pale-yellow where wounded ; stem equal, solid, slightly rioecose-pruinoso, whitish : spores minute, subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. broiul. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, 4 to 8 lines tliick. Woods. Essex county. September. 8 58 Annual Report of the State Botanist. This plant mig-lit easily be mistaken for T. album, so close is the resemblance between them, and yet it is quite distinct by its minute though rather obscure squamules, the insertion of the lamellae and the subglobose spores. Its taste is very unpleasant and leaves a burning sensation in the mouth and throat for a long- time. Tricholoma laterarium PL Side-marked Tricholoma (N. Y. state Mus. Rep., 26, p, 51.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly depressed in the center, pruinose, whitish, the disk often tinged with brich-red or brown, the thin margin marked loith slight, subdistant, short radia- ting ridges, flesh white; lamellge narrow, crowded, emarginate, decurrent in slight lines, white; stem nearly equal, solid, white; spores globose, .00018 in. broad. Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Woods. Otsego and Oneida counties. June and July. It resembles some forms of T. album, but is separable by the markings on the margin of the i^ileus and by its globose spores. Tricholoma leucocephalum, Fr. White-cap Tricholoma (Hym, Europ., p. 71. Syl. Fung., Vol. v. p. 128.) Pileus fleshy, thin, tough, convex or plane, obtuse or obtusely umbonate, even, moist, at first minutely silky, then glabrous, white, the margin spreading, naked, flesh white, odor farinaceous ; lamellae thin, crowded, roimded behind, free, white; stem hollow, glabrous, rooting at the narrowed -solid base, subcartilaginous, white. Pileus 1 to 2.5 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long; 2 to 4 lines thick. Pine groves. Green county. September. European authors do not agree in the dimensions ascribed to the spores of this- species. In Sylloge Fungorum they are said to be .00036 to .0004 in. long, .00028 to .00032 broad, and according to Lanzi they are .0002 to .00024 in. long, .00016 broad. In our plant they are of the latter dimensions. Tricholoma fumidellum, PL Little-smoky Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26, p. 52.) Pileus convex, then expanded, subumbonate, glabrous, moist, dingy-iuJdte or clay-color clouded ivith brotun, the disk or umbo generally smoky-brown ; lamellae crowded, subventricose, whitish ; Annual Report of the State Botanist. 59 stem equal, glabrous, solid, whitish; spores minute, subglobose, .00018 in. long, .00015 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Woods; Albany county and Catskill Mountains. September and October. The stem splits easily and the pileus becomes paler in drying. It sometimes becomes rimose-areolate. Tricholoma virescens Pk. Greenish Teicholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 25, p. 74. Agaricus viriditinctus, Rep. 33, p. 36. Triclioloma I'h-iditinctum. Syl. Fung., Vol. V., p. 128.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes centrally depressed, moist, glabrous, .dingy-green, the margin sometimes wavy or lobed ; lamellae close, gradually nan'owed toward the outer extremity, rounded or slightly emarginate at the inner, white ; stem subequal, stuffed or hollow, thick but brittle, whitish, sometimes tinged with green ; spores broadly elliptical, .0002 in. long, .00015 broad. Pileus 3 to 5 in. broad ; stem 3 to 4 in. long, 6 to 12 lines thick. Thin woods. Essex county. July. The dull smoky-green hue of the pileus is the distinguishing feature of this species. The elevation of the Friesian subgenera to generic rank enables me to restore the original name of this species, for Agaricus virescens B. and C, which antedated it, now becomes Le.jjtonia virescens. Tricholoma fumosiluteum PI: Smoky- YELLOW Tricholoma (N. i'. state Mus. Rep. 27, p. 92.) Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, moist, glabrous, smoky- yellow, flesh white, tinged with yellow under the cuticle, taste fari- naceous; lamellae broad, close, rounded behind and dee])ly emarginate, white ; stem stout, glabrous, hollow, white, spores sub- globose, .00018 to .00024 in. in diameter. Pileus 2 to 3 in. broad; stem 3 to 4 in. long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Woods. Sullivan, Cattaraugus, Ulster and Greene counties. September. The flesh, when cut, emits a farinaceous odor. The plant some- times grows in tufts. In size and geucral character it is related to T. virescens- so closely that it might easily ho regarded as a more yellowish variety of it. The disk of the pileus is often darker than the margin, and the i^ileus is sometimes spotted. 60 Annual Report of the State Botanist. I Tricholoma personatum Fr. Masked Twcholoma (Hym. Europ. p. 72. Syl. Fudk., Vol. V. p. 130.) Pileus compact, becoming" soft, thick, convex or plane, obtuse, regular, moist, glabrous, variable in color, generally pallid or cinereous tinged with violet or lilac, the margin at first involute and villose-pruinose, flesh whitish ; lamellae broad, crowded, rounded behind, free, violaceous becoming sordid-whitish or fuscous; stem generally thick, subbulbous, solid, fibrillose or villose-prui- nose, whitish or colored like the pileus ; spores sordid-white, subel- liptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 5 in. broad ; stem 1 to 3 in. long, 6 to 12 lines thick. Woods and open places. Common. Albany, Rensselaer, Greene, Delaware, Cattaraugus and Madison counties. September and October. This species is quite variable in color, but easily recognized after it is known. The pileus is rarely whitish or cinereous, but usually it exhibits dull violaceous or dingy lilac or fuscous hues and thfe lamellae are somewhat similar in color. The lamellae are separable from the hymenophore and the species has for this reason sometimes been placed in the genus Lepista. A form occurs in which the stem is decidedly bulbous, and there is also a small form scarcely ^attaining the dimensions given above. It grows either singly or in troops, rarely in tufts. It is an edible species with tender and well- flavored flesh. Tricholoma grave Pk. Heavy Tricholoma (N. Y. state Mus. Rep. 43. p. 17.) Pileus at first hemispherical, then convex, compact, glabrous, grayish-tawny and somewhat sp otted when moist, paler when dry, the margin paler, irregular, involute, covered with a minute close grayish-white tomentum or silkiness, flesh grayish-white ; lamellae sub-distant, rounded behind or sinuate, adnexed, at first whitish, then pale-ochraceous or tawny; stem stout, compact, solid, sub- squamulose, giayish-white, penetrating the soil deeply ; spores broadly elliptical, .0003 in long, .0002 broad. Pileus 5 to 8 in. broad ; stem 4 in. long, 1 to 1.5 in. thick. Mixed woods. Suffolk county. September. This species is remarkable for its great size and weight. It is apparently allied in this respect to T. Colossus, from which it is sep- arated by the absence of any viscidity of the pileus, by the Annual Report of the State Botanist. 01 radicating character of the base of the stem and by the flesh not assuming: a reddish color. Its moist pileus places it among the Spongiosi rather than the Limacini among which T. Colossus is placed. Hygrophana Pileus thin, subumbouate, hygrophanous, the flesh at first com- pact, then soft, very thin toward the margin, moist or watery. Stem solid or stuffed . , . \ Stem hollow 4 1. Lamellae whitish, often tinged with brown or violaceous 2 1. Lamellae white or yellowish 3 2. Stem less than one inch long brevipes. 2. Stem one inch or more in length sordidum. 3. Stem white Trentonense. 3. Stem not white microcephalum . 4. Pileus some shade of red 5 4. Pileus grayish or brownish 6 5. Lamellae whitish Sienna. 5. Lamellae alutaceous thujinum. 6. Lamellae cinereous putidum. 6. Lamellae yellowish Hebeloma. Tricholoma brevipes BuU. Short-stemmed Teicholoma (Hym. Europ., p. 75, 8yl. Fung., Vol. V, p. 136.) Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane, rigid, then soft, glabrous, umber or isabelline, becoming pale with age ; lamelhr close, ventri- cose, emarginate, fuscous becoming whitish ; stem very short, solid, firm, rigid, somewhat thickened at the base, fuscous ; spores ellip- tical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 6 to 9 lines long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Fields and gardens. Albany county. October. Tricholoma sordidum Fr. Sordid Tricholoma (Hym. Europ., p. "". Syl. Fung.. Vol. V, p. 139.) Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, then plane or centrally depressed, sometimes with a small umbo, often irregular or eccen- tric, glabrous, hygrophanous, brown with a reddish or violaceous tint and striatulate on the margin when moist, sordid or subcinere- ous when dry, flesh white ; lamellae thin, moderately close, rounded or sinuately and .slightly decurrent, vii^laceous whitish or fuligiu- ()2 Annual Report of the State Botanist, ous ; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, solid or stuffed, fibrillose-striate, colored like the pileus, white within; spores ellip- tical. .00024 to .0003 in. long-, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad; stem 1.5 to 2 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Manured ground. Albany county. May. ' It sometimes grows in a crowded subcsespitose manner. It has a peculiarly sordid appearance and a strange admixture of colors dif- ficult to describe. Tricholoma Trentpnense Pk. Teenton Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 24, p. 60.) Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, often irregular, glabrous or subvirgate, hygrophanous, slightly striatulate on the margin when moist, dingy -white, the disk generally brown ; lamellae very narrow, crowded, slightly emarginate, white inclining to yellowish ; stem short, equal, solid, slightly striate, white; spores .0002 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 3 to 5 lines thick. Woods on the ground or on decaying wood. Oneida county. Sep- tember. The plant is gregarious or subcsespitose. It has not been found since its discovery in 1870. Tricholoma microcephalum Karst. Small-cap Tricholoma (Syl. Fung., Vol. V, p. 135.) Pileus fleshy, thin, sooty-livid, when dry isabeUine-livid ; lamellse adnexed, very crowded, soft, white ; stem tall, stuffed, equal, naked, striatulate,* becoming pallid; spores subglobose .0002 to 00024 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 9 to 14 lines broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. lopg, 1 to 2 lines thick. Meadows and pastures. Essex county. September. Our specimens do not agree fully with the above description. In color they correspond very closely with the figures of T. melaleucuni in Mycological Illustrations, but the spore characters agree better with those ascribed to T. microcephalum. Trie oloiua Sienna Pk. Yellowish-red Tricholoma . (N. Y. state Rep. 24, p. 60 ) Pileus rather thin, convex then plane or slightly depressed, gla- brous, hygrophanous, obscurely striatulate on the extreme margin when moist, yelloiuish-red; lamellae moderately close, whitish ; stem Annual Report of the State Botanist. (J3 equal, glabrous, hollow, colored like the pilens; spores elliptical, .00024 to .0003 in. lon^, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pilaus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. lon^, 3 to 4 lines thick. Woods. Lewis county. September. Not foimd since its discover}^ in 1870. Tricholoma thujinum Pk\ Aebok-ytt-e Tricholoma (X. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26. p. 52.) PUeus convex or centrally depressed, ^rlabrous, li3^g-rophanous, pale-alutaceous, the margin generally iiTegular wa>-y or lobed ; lamell* crowded, thin, abruptly emarginate, alulaceous ; stem slightly thickened at the top, glabrous, hollow, colored like the pileus, whitish- villose at the base ; spores minute, .00016 in. long, about half as broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad: stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Swampy ground under trees of arbor-vitae, Thuja occidentalis Onondaga county. July. Not foimd since its discover^' m 1872. ^ Tricholonia putidum Fr. Strong-smelling Tricholoma (Hym. Euiop.. p. VS. Syl. Fung.. Vol. V. p. 140.) Pileus somewhat fleshy, hemispherical, umbonate, even, soft, hygrophanous, somewhat olivaceous-gray when moist,, hoary when dr}'^, occasionally spnnkled with a white silkiness, odor like that of rancid meal : lamellae adnexed, appearing free, ventricose, crowded, cinereous ; stem hollow, soft, fragile, fibrous, equal or subcom- pressed, pruinose, grayish: spores .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus about 1 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Pine groves. Greene county. September. In the New York specimens the pileus is not umbonate, but in other respects they agree well with the description of the species. Tricholoma Hebeloma Pk. IJebelom-\-like Tricholoma (N. Y. State Mus. Rep. 26. p. 53. ) Pileus thin, broadly conical or subcampanulate, obtuse, hygro- phanous, bro^Ti with a darker disk and striatulate on the margin when moist, gravisli \\\\o\\ div: lamelhe l)r()Hd, rounded behinil ami 64 Annual Report of the State Botanist. deeply emarg-inate, adnexed, yellowish ; stem equal, hollow, glabrous, pallid; spores .00025 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus about 5 lines broad ; stem 1 in, long:, about 1 line thick. Woods. Otsego county. July. Agaricus hordus, Rep. 25, p. 73, and Agaricus prcBfoliatus, Rep. 32, p. 55, are both referable to Gollyhia platyphylla, Fr. as large fleshy-stemmed forms. Agaricus multipunctus, Rep. 25, p. 73, is scarcely distinct from Glitocybe decora Fr. and is therefore omitted here. Agaricus SchumacJieri, Rep. 24, p. 60, proves to be a form of Glitocybe nebularis Batsch. Agaricus limonium. Rep. 26, p. 52, is referable to Gollyhia scorzonerea Batsch. Agaricus lacunosus. Rep. 26, p. 51, has a very toug-h substance and must be referred to Colly bia. Agaricus ruhescentifolius, Rep. 39, p. 38, has also been shown by later observations to be a species of CoUybia and now stands as Gollyhia ruhescentifolia. (F) FUNGI OF MARYLAND The fungi recorded in the following pages have been found in Maryland, and most of them have been illustrated and described in a large manuscript volume by Mary E. Banning of Baltimore, Maryland. This volume she has most generously donated to the New York State Museum, and it has been made the basis of the fol- lowing enumeration. Nearly all the species represented in the vol- ume belong to the larger fleshy fungi and are included among the Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes. Of these, 14 have been described as new species and these descriptions have been here transcribed for publication that they may thereby be made more accessible to students of mycology. Remarks have also been freely quoted from the volume when they seemed to have especial interest or scientific value. The name of each species is followed by the name of the locality where it was found, except in the case of very common ones, and by the number of the plate on which it is figured. In some instances different forms or varieties of one species are figured on different plates. The old subgenera of the former genus Agaricus are here raised to generic rank, accord- ing to the plan of Sylloge Fungorum. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 65 Amanita rubescens Pers. Druid Hill Park Plate 1 Eastern Maryland Plate 2 Halls Spring- near Baltimore. . Plate 3 " Found in woods in every section of Marj^land from July until September, but very variable in size as well as in depth of color. Plate 2 represents plants collected in Eastern Maryland in 1870, also in woods near Halls Spring, Baltimore county. Its spores are globose." The plants represented on Plate 2 also have the stem beautifully and distinctly adorned below the annulus with red scales. These and the globose spores indicate that the plant is worthy of distinction as a variety if not as a species. Amanita muscaria L. Eastern Maryland Plate 4 Plate 0 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 4 represents a large form with pileus yellow; plate 6 a small form with pileus brownish, thereby approaching variety umbrina ; plate 7 represents a form wholly white. " I have found the scarlet form in the primeval forests of the eastern shore of Maryland. The white form is not so common as those with a yellow pileus." Amanita solitaria Bull. Carroll county Plate 8 Amanita strobilif ormis Vitt. Druid Hill Park Plate 9 " I found this plant during the great drought of 1879. The earth was dry and hard, yet some of the plants had reached a very large size. * * * They grew near a spring, which may account for the perfection of the plants. « • * The odor from them was delightful, somewhat resembling that of our edible A. campestrig, but more powerful. The aroma from the bulb is even greater than from the pileus." Amanita nitida, Fr. Halls Spring Plate 10 "Common in nearly, every woods in Maryland." Amanita phalloides Fr. Common Plate 11 Amanita verna Bull. Druid Hill Park Plato 12 Amanita spissa Fr. Carroll county Plate 174 " I have referred this plant to A. spissa because it so closely agrees with the description of that species as given in all the books. It must be the American form of that plant. * • • Spores white, globose or subglobose. .00(V21 inch. The spore measure does not agree with W. G. Smith's measurement which is .0005 in. long, pear shaped or balloon shaped, witli a short stalk." 9 66 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Amanita pellucidiila n. sp. Baltimore Plate 15 " Pileus at first campanulate, then expanded, slightly viscid, fleshy in the center, attenuated at the margin, smooth, bright red, deeper at the top, shaded into clear transparent yellow at margin, glossy, flesh white, unchanging; lamellae ventricose, free, numerous, yellow ; ring descending, fuga- cious ; stem stuffed. I have named this plant * pellucidula ' because of i ts bright color. I could not get the spore measure. It has not appeared since July, 1877. I am now, August 20, 1888, under the impression that it is an aborted form or variety of Amanita ccesarea Scop. I have met with several like it, near or in company with more perfect larger forms. The stem is white in most cases, or very pale cream color, always ventricose. Spores the same as those of A. ccesarea." The plant figured differs from the true A. ccesarea in its brilliantly colored pileus with even margin and in the white stem. Amanita csesarea Scop. Common Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 " This plant varies greatly in color. Sometimes the pileus is bright scarlet with yellow margin, then burnt sienna color with yellowish margin. It varies also in size. It generally appears in July and continues until the last of August, and even into September. Its taste is not disagreeable. * * * There is not one doubt that this fungus can be eaten with • impunity. The taste is mild and pleasant, it has no dis- agreeable odor, and it is plentiful." Amanitopsis vaginata Bull. Druid Hill Park Plate 13 Plate 14 " For three successive years I found this fungus in Druid Hill Park in one spot, on or about the fifteenth of July. In 1878 it was missing there, but appeared plentiful in a distant wood. In 1880 it again made its apperance in Druid Hill Park, on the fifteenth of July, and under the same tree. There was not the slightest variation in the size or color of the plants that appeared under this tree during the first three years, neither in 1880." Amanitopsis volvata Peck. Baltimore Plate 19 Lepiota Americana Peck. Druid Hill Park Plate 20 Carroll county "Plate 22 "This figure is from plants found in Carroll county,5Mary- land. They were plentiful in lawns and gardens, and much larger and more perfect than those found in Druid Hill Park. The pileus is not so red, the margin is plicate and the flesh turns red when cut or bruised, but it does not exude a red juice like the others." Annual Report of the State Botanist. (u The plants represented on Plate 20 approach very closely to Lepiota Badhami B. & Br. but are brighter colored than it. Lepiota procera Scop. Druid Hill Park Plate 21 Lepiota ceprestipes Sotv. Carroll county Plate 23 Lepiota rubrotincta Peck. Can-oil county Plate 24 CaiToll county Plate 25 Lepiota cristata A. & S. Carroll county Plate 26 Armillaria mellea Vahl. Common Plate 27 " Plate 28 " Plate 171 " Plate 172 " Plate 28 represents a form with smooth pileus, the most common form in Maryland. It abounds at the roots of trees, on old stumps, in the corners of old fences, in fact every- where where there is old wood. The taste is not so nauseous as some represent it, yet it reveals the fact that deception may lurk under a pleasant title, ' the honey agaric' * * One taste led me to suspect it was a wolf in sheep's clothing." Tricholoma rancidulum n. sp. Druid ffill Park Plate 29 " Pileus 6 to 8 inches across, dry, sometimes marked with rugose lines, glossy, white with a tinge of ochre at the disk, flesh white, brittle, margin striate, sometimes sinuate, then regular, odor very disagreeable ; lamelloe slightly decurrent, at first nearly white, then dingy pinkish or brownish ochre, narrow, brittle, separated from the pileus by a touch, close, forked ; stem white or dingy white, brownish at base, curved, stuffed, elastic, nearly equal, smooth ; spores .00016 x .0002 inch, white. " In woods. Gregarious. It grows chiefly in vegetable mold." Tricholoma cellare Banning Baltimore Plate 30 Tricholoma subdui-um n. sp. Druid Hill Park Plate 31 " Pileus at first hemispherical, then expanded, white, turn- ing dark in age, margin more or less waved, flesh hard, tough ; lamellae yellow, adnexed, close, forked ; stem stout, 2.5 inches high, enlarged at base, attenuated upward, white, solid. " In woods. October, 1875." Tricholoma Brownei Banning. Common Plate 32 Tricholoma magrnum n. sp. Baltimore ' Plate 33 " Pileus at first hemispherical, then expanded, 6 inches broad, fleshy, smooth, silky, cream color, flesh white, Arm; lamelhe adnate, emarginate, not crowded, at first white, turning pale salmon or cream color; stem at first solid, then hollow, short, tapering at the base," 68 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Tricholoma nudum Bull. Baltimore Plate 34 Tricholoma edurum n.sp. " Plate 35 " Pileus at first convex, obtuse, thick, fleshy, undulating, hygrophanous, in age expanded, with a slight central depres- sion, margin at first involute, expanding unequally, some- times lobed, at first dingy white or alutaceous, deepened in shade at the apex, epidermis thin, easily separable; lamelte white or cream color, adnexed, not crowded except at the margin, easily separable from the flesh of the pileus ; stem white, firm, thickened at base, tapering toward the top, sometimes nearly equal, at first solid, then stuffed; spores nearly globose, white, .00025 to .0003 in. broad. " Pileus 4 to 5 in. across ; stem 3 to 4 in. long. " Taste mild, odor pleasant but powerful, resembling that of our edible mushroom, A. campestris. Gregarious." Tricholoma personatum Fr. Baltimore Plate 37 Clitocybe illudens Schw. Anne Arundel county Plate 173 Howard county Plate 38 Clitocybe truUisata Ellis. Baltimore county Plate 39 Plate 40 Clitocybe infundibuliformis Schceff. Druid Hill Park . * . Plate 41 Clitocybe ametbystina Bolt. Druid Hill Park Plate 42 " This is the amethystine variety of Clitocybe laccata. The spores are the same in size and color, though the pileus » differs greatly in| appearance." Clitocybe laccata Scop. Druid Hill Park Plate 43 Halls Spring Plate 44 Plate 154 " Plate 154 shows this plant with a zoned pileus. Kev. J. Stevenson speaks truly when he calls it 'a most provoking agaric' At first I thought I had in it a new species, but upon close examination I found that C. laccata had taken a freak to come out in a decidedly zoned dress. This is the third drawing in this book showing the variations in this plant." Clitocybe odora Bull. Baltimore Plate 45 Clitocybe aquatica n. sp. Druid Hill Park Plate 46 "Pileus at first obtuse, then expanded, pale ochre, often flesh color, depressed in the center, sprinkled with floccose evanescent scales, margin waved and slightly striate; lamellae narrow, decurrent, not crowded, forked, ochraceous ; stem 6 to 7 inches long, densely caespitose, stuffed, elastic, attenuated at base, enlarged at the apex and striate from the lengthened lamellae, concolorous; spores .00018x.00032 in., white. Annual Report of the State Botanist. 69 "I have found this plant in various sections of the State and always growing in wet places in woods or by streams ; thus I name it O. aquatica." Collybia platyphylla Fr^ Baltimore Plate 36 Collybia radicata Relh. Druid Hill Park Plate 48 Collybia siticulosa n. sp. Baltimore 1 . . Plate 47 " Pileus fleshy in the center, thin at margin, at first decid- edly umbonate, then depressed, margin at first involute, ochraceous; lamellae free, not distant, dirty white or pale cream color; stem cartilaginous, hollow, twisted, flattened where it unites with the pileus, very pale ochre. " This fungus is particularly tough and dry, so much so that it is unnecessary to submit it to the usual process for preservation. Hence its name siticulosa." Collybia subriffua n. sp. Carroll county Plate 49 "Pileus convex, then expanded, sometimes broadly umbo- nate, then centrally depressed, dark brown at disk, ochra- ceous at the margin, hygrophanous, shining when dry, flesh white, margin thin, split; lamellae white, narrow, adnate, forked, close, turning dirty white in age; stem stuffed with thready particles, nearly equal, blunt at base, flattened at the apex, twisted, striate where it meets the lamella?, pallid; spores .00022X.00034 in. white. " The plant was excessively hygrophanous when first col- lected, it then became dry and shining." Pleurotus mitis Pers. Druid Hill Park Plate 50 Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. Druid Hill Park Plate 51 "The flesh Is hard and when eaten it requires much cook- ing to make it palatable. According to my own taste the 'tree oyster' is much more pleasing to the eye than to the palate. At no time have I ever been able to discover the slightest resemblance to the animal bivalve for which it is named. I have eaten it before and after cooking." Pleurotus spatliulatus Pers. Baltimore Plate 52 Pleurotus euosmus Berk. Druid Hill Park Plate 53 "I am very doubtful whether the plant figured is truly P. euosmus Berk. I have never met it since 1878." The spores of the plant figured are represented as globose, rose colored, .00018 in. broad. The doubt is therefore woU founded. Pleurotus sapidus Kalchh. ])ruid Hill Park. . . Plate 54 Volvaria bombycina Schi'lf. Baltimore county Plate 55 Volvaria parvulus Weinin. Westeni ]N[aryland Plate 158 Pluteus cervinus Schtvff. Western iMarvlaiul Plate 157 70 Annual Report of the State Botanist, Clitopilus Orcella Bull. Baltimore county Plate 56 Pholiota rubecula n. sp. Baltimore Plate 57 "Pileus fleshy, dry, smooth, glossy, expanded, in age cen- trally depressed, subrufescent, margin involute; lamellae adnate, not distant, reddish-brown ; stem solid, equal. At the roots of trees or on the ground. July to November." Pholiota moUicida n. sp. Druid Hill Park Plate 170 "Pileus fleshy, smooth, hygrophanous, whitish, deepened into yellow at the disk, flesh moist, even, wet so that the plant withers rapidly ; lamellae close or crowded, emarginate, white, turning cinnamon color in age; stem stuffed, then hollow, pubescent, at length smooth, white, regular ; annulus large, white ; spores, .0002 x .0003 in. ferruginose, somewhat irregular. "In woods at roots of trees. The plant is difficult to dry, nearly always rapidly devoured by insect larvae and falls out of shape from excessive moisture." Pholiota dura Bolt. Frederick county Plate 58 Pholiota praecox Pers. Frederick county Plate 59 Plate 159 Pholiota adiposa Fr. Carroll county and Baltimore .... Plate 60 Inocybe subroindica w. sp. Frederick county Plate 61 "Pileus at first campanulate, obtuse, dry, cracked longi- tudinally, glossy, fleshy at the disk, thin at margin, flesh white or slightly pinkish; lamellae adnate, close, forked, lanceolate, cream color, turning brownish ochre ; stem nearly regular, twisted, marked with reddish fibrils, stuffed, hard, brittle. " In open places in woods. August and September." Inocbye lanuginosa Fr. Druid Hill Park Plate 63 " For five years this plant appeared regularly in July and August under a group of cedar trees." Naucoria semiorbicularis Bull. Baltimore Plate 64 Crepidotus mollis Schceff. Eastern Maryland Plate 65 Agaricus campestris L. Druid Hill Park Plate 66 Agaricus comptulus Fr. Eastern and Western Maryland. Plate 67 Agaricus silvaticus Schceff. Druid Hill Park Plate 68 Hypholoma appendiculatum Bull. Frederick county Plate 69 Hypholoma CandoUeanum Fr. Frederick county Plate 72 Hypholoma subaquilum n. sp. Druid Hill Park "^ Plate 155 Annual Report of the State Botanist. 71 "Pileus brown, convex, smooth, hygrophanous, often shaded into ochre at margin, veil delicate, silk-like, encir- cling and covering the marginal extremities of the lamellee but forming no ring on the stem, flesh white, turning umber when cut; lamellae adnexed or nearly free, close, forked, umber; stems ctespitose, regular, hollow, silky, white, two to three inches long; spores brown, .00016 x .0002 inch." Hypholoma perplexum Ph. Baltimore Plate 70 This is probably a mere variety of H. sublateritium Scheeff. Hypholoma fasciculare Huds. Baltimore Plato 71 Coprinus virgineus n. sp. Maryland Plate 160 "Pileus ovate, campanulate or cylindrical, pale ochre, the margin thin, torn, floccose ; lamellae narrow, close, forked, at first white, turning dark but never black, adnexed ; stem three and a half inches long, stout, somewhat stuffed, atten- uated where it meets the pileus, flattened, floccose; spores black. " Ceespitose or gregarious at the roots of trees or about old stumps. Also found in Virginia. " The plant is not rapidly deliquescent, remaining perfect for some hours." Coprinus ^.tramentarius Bull. Druid Hill Park Plate 71 Coprinus comatus Fr. Baltimore Plate 74 Coprinus micaceus Fr. Baltimore county Plate 75 Coprinus plicatilis Fr. Western Maryland Plate 161 Paxillus panuoides Fr. Maryland Plate 76 Plate 77 " The two plants figured are the same in character though they diff'er in color and shape. Both were found on barrel hoops in the same cellar." Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr. Baltimore Plate 78 Lactarius alpinus Pk. Western Maryland Plate 79 Lactarius uvidus Fr. Eastern and AVesteru Maryland. . . Plate 80 Lactarius insulsus Fr. " " " •' . . . Plat« 81 Lactarius Lidigo Schw. Baltimore county . Plate 82 Lactarius piperatus Fr. Common Plate 83 Lactarius volemus Fr. Baltimore Plate 84 Plate 86 "This plant was plentiful in July, 1877, and uniformly slen- der, as represented in plate 84. In 1878 it was also plentiful but large, as shown in plate 85. * * This plant is edible and makes an agreeable dish in the culinary department. I tried it stewed in beef gravy which it greatly improved in flavor. When eaten raw it is pleasant lo the taste. Both the flesh and the milk turn brown upon exposure to the air." 72 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Lactarius pyrogalus Fr. Howard and Carroll counties . . Plate 86 Russula atropurpurea Pk. Eastern and Western Mary- land Plate 87 Eiussula f oetens Fr. Eastern and Western Maryland Plate 88 Russula viridipes n. sp. Baltimore Plate 89 " Pileus dull verdigris green somewhat mottled with a darker shade, flesh brittle, white, unchanging, taste extremely acrid, margin inflexed ; lamellae meet the stem, dingy ochre or pale buff, narrow, forked, the short ones apparently anastomosing ; stem hollow, 1 to 2 inches high, tapering at base, enlarged at the apex, smooth, a brighter green than the pileus ; spores .00032 in. "This fungushas very little moisture though gathered after a heavy rain. At first I thought it was Lactarius viridis Fr., but there was no milk. Have not met with it since." The figure has the appearance of Lactarius atroviridis Pk. Russula emetica Fr. Baltimore Plate 90 Russula virescens Fr. " Plate 91 " Very variable in color as well as in size. Sometimes it is green as represented in the figure, then greenish ochre, or yellowish white tinged with green. It is very easy to dry except in wet weather, and even then when kept in a warm * dry room." The plant figured is a variety having a thin striate acute margin. Russula alutacea Fr. Baltimore Plate 92 " Taste mild and agreeable. * * i have good reason for placing our American plant among the edible species, for I ate a portion without ill effect." Russula rubra Fr. Baltimore Plate 93 Russula lepida Fr. Anne Arundel county Plate 94 Russula variata Banning. Baltimore Plate 95 Russula cinnamomea Banning. Baltimore Plate 96 Cantharellus floccosus ScJiw. Carroll county Plate 97 Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Druid Hill Park Plate 98 Cantharellus cinnabarinus Schio. Druid Hill Park Plate 99 Marasmius rotula Fr. Carroll county Plate 100 Marasmius oreades Fr. Frederick county Plate 101 Lentinus lepideus Fr. Druid Hill Park Plate 102 The figure represents a form with branching stem. Lentinus strigosus Schio. Knoxville Plate 162 Lenzites Cookei Berk. Maryland Plate 163 Panus strigosus B. (it C. Eastern Maryland Plate 103 Annual Report of the State Botanist. 73 Boletus omatipes Pk. Baltimore Plate 104 Boletus Peckii Frost. Baltimore county Plate 106 " Druid Hill Park \ Plate 113 Boletus felleus Bull. Baltimore Plate 107 "In 1886 I found this fungus in Virginia measuring 18 inches across the pileus." Boletus i^noratus, n. sp. Druid Hill Park Plate 108 "Pileus convex, viscid, bright lemon color, marked with rugose lines of orange color, which are distributed over the pileus giving it a streaked appearance, flesh white, solid, does not change color when cut or broken, taste slightly acid ; pores lemon color, moderately large, free, connected with the stem by web-like filaments ; stem larger at the apex, somewhat tapering toward the base, yellow, smooth, solid ; spores .00018X.00044 in." This closely approaches Boletus unicolor Frost, from which it scarcely differs except in its white flesh and free tubes. Boletus affinis Fk. Eastern and Western Maryland Plate 109 Boletus eximius Pk. Druid Hill Park Plate 110 This is Boletus robusius Frost, of which the name is preoccupied. Boletus luridus Fr. Druid Hill Park Plate 111 Howard county Plate 112 Boletus Russellii Frost. Baltimore Plate 11-4 " One of the plants, as shown in the figure, had Polyporus splendens and what I took to be Nyctalis asterophora grow- ing upon the pileus." It is certainly remarkable to find two species of fungi growing upon one pileus, and that too before the pileus was much decayed. Boletus subtomentosus L. Eastern and Western Mai-y- land Plate 115 Boletus modestus Pk. Eastern Maryland Plate IIG "The plant figured is a monstrosity, which seemed unde- cided whether to remain a Boletus or to become an Agaric. Its hymenium was decidedly lamellated on one side nearly to the margin ; all other sides were lamellated only as the tubes neared the reticulated stem." Strobilomyces strobilaceus Berk. Baltimore county .... Plate 105 This is Boletus strobilaceus Scop. Polyporus Beattiei Banning. Dniid Hill Park Plato 118 Pol3rporus tomentosus Fr. Baltimore Plate 119 10 74 Annual Report of the State Botanist. Polyporus splendens Pk. Druid Hill Park Plate 120 Polyporus applanatus Fr, Baltimore Plate 121 Polyporus cinnabariuus Jacq. Baltimore county Plate 122 Polyporus parvulus Klotscli. Baltimore. . Plate 123 Polyporus rimosus Berk. Western Maryland Plate 124 " Found on Acacia trees. It is valuable for retaining fire, and is much used by the colored people. One specimen will last a whole night to build fires and light their pipes. " Polyporus sulphureus Fr. Baltimore county Plate 125 Polyporus versicolor Fr. Common Plate 126 Polyporus pergamenus Fr. Common Plate 127 Polyporus nidulans Fr. Druid Hill Park Plate 128 Polyporus poripes Fr. HaUs Spring Plate 129 Polyporus Curtisii Berk. Druid Hill Park Plate 130 Polyporus lactifluus Pk. Druid Hill Park Plate 131 " The flesh when cut exuded a white milk profusely." Merulius lachrymans. Maryland Plate 132 Fistulina hepatica Fr. Halls Spring Plate 133 Hydnum rufescens Pers. Luther\dlle Plate 134 " It is found most plentiful in pine and oak woods, solitary or gregarious, often inclined to grow in circles." Hydnum repandum L. Baltimore Plate 135 •Hydnum imbricatum L. Halls Spring. Plate 136 Hydnum csespitosum n. sp. Carroll county Plate 137 "Pileus yellow or very pale ochre, dry, eccentric; aculei short, decurrent, very pale ochre; stem solid, cream color; flesh turns yellow when cut. "It grows in clusters at the roots of trees and near old stumps." Irpex lacteus Fr. Maryland Plate 164 Craterellus pistillaris Schoef. Druid Hill Park Plate 138 Craterellus cornucopioides Fr. Druid Hill Park Plate 139 Corynites Eavenlii B. & C. Baltimore county Plate 140 " This plant is now placed in the genus Mutinus." Phallus Dsemonum Rumpli. Druid Hill Park Plate 141 Phallus impudicus L. Druid Hill Park Plate 142 Geaster fimbriatus. Baltimore Plate 143 Geaster saccatus Fr. ") Geaster striatus DC. \ Frederick county Plate 166 Geaster triplex Jungli. J Lycoperdon cyathiforme Base. Maryland »-. . Plate 144 Annual Report of the State Botantst. 75 Lycoperdon gemmatum BatscJi. Baltimore Plate 14o Lycoperdon pyriforme Sclwff. Commoii . Plate 147 Lycoperdon giganteiim Batsch. Common Plate 167 Lycoperdon Frostii Fk. Carroll county Plate 148 Scleroderma vulgare Fr. Bine Eidge Mountains Plate 146 Cyathus vernicosus DC. Lutherville Plate 149 Crucibulum vulgare Tul. Common Plate 150 Hypomyces Banningii Pk. Baltimore Plate 151 Hypomyces lactiiiuorum Schio. Lutherville Plate 152 Xylaria polymorplia Grev. Druid Hill Park Plate 153 Hirneola auricula- Judae Berk. Common Plate 165 Morchella esculenta Pers. Western Maryland Plate 168 Helvella crispa Fr. Druid Hill Park Plate 169 Plates 62, 87 and 117 represent species unnamed or unidentified. Plate 175 represents Boletus Morgani Pk., which has not yet been found in Maryland. The species found in Maryland by Miss Banning but not included in the Volume of Illustrations are 28. Their names are as follows : Lepiota gracilenta Kromhli. Lepiota mastoidea F)\ Armillaria mucida Fr. Tricholoma carneum Bull. Clitocybe flaccida Sow. Clitocybe dealbata Fr. Clitocybe metachroa Fr. Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. Pleurotus algidus Fr. Omphalia grisea Fr. Pluteus chrysophaeus Schoiff- Entoloma placentum Batsch, Clitopilus prunulus Scop. Naucoria melinoides Fr. Stropharia semiglobatus Batsch. Panaeolus separatus L. Coprinus domesticus Fr. Coprinus Hendersonii F'. State Museum, 44. FERNS. Plate i. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1 POLYPODIUM VULGARE L. VAK. CRI8TATUM LOWC. Fig. 1. A frond showing the upper surface. Fig. 2. A frond showing the lower surface with its fruit dots. Fig. 3, The creeping rootstock. Fig. 4. A spore x 400, I i state Museum, 44. FUNGI. Plate 2. EXPLANATION 5f PLATE 2 Armillaria viscidipes Peck. Fig. 1, An immature plant. Fig. 2. A mature plant. Fig. 3, Four spores x 400. Crepidotus distans Peck. Fig. 4. Piece of bark bearing three plants. Fig. 5. A plant enlarged, showing the upper surface of the pileus. Fig. 6. A plant enlarged, showing the lamellae. Fig. 7. Four spores x 400. Omphalia corticola Peck. Fig. 8. A piece of bark bearing four plants. Fig. 9. A plant enlarged, showing the umbilicus of the pileus. Fig. 10. A plant enlarged, showing the lamellae. Fig. 11. Vertical section of a pileus and the upper part of the stem. Fig. 12. Four spores x 400. Pleurotus campanulatus Peck. Fig. 13. A branch bearing three plants. Fig. 14. A plant enlarged. Fig. 15. Five spores x 400. Saccharomyces Betulje Pk. & Pat. Fig. 16. Three hyphae, one of them branched. Fig. 17. Several spores x 400. State Museum, 44. FUNGI. Plate 3. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 CORTINARIUS ALBIDUS Peck. Fig. 1. An immature plant. Fig. 2. A mature plant. Fig. 3. Vertical section of a pileus and the upper part of the stem. Fig. 4. Four spores x 400. Tricholoma GRANDE Peck. Fig. 5. An immature plant. Fig. 6. A mature plant. Fig. 7. Half of a vertical section of a pileus and upper part of the stem ; theae three figures about two-thirds natural size. • Fig. 8. Four spores x 400. 11 state Museum. 44. FUNGI. Plate 4. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4 Eamulabia gkaminicola Peek. Fig. 1. Upper part of a grass leaf marked with three fungous spota. Fig. 2, A cluster of four hyphae, two of them bearing spores, x 400. Fig. 3. Five spores x 400. Ramularia desteuens Peck. Fig. 4. A leaflet with the upper half blackened by the fungus and showing two fungous spots. Fig. 5. Tufts of hyphae, two filaments bearing spores, x 400. Fig. 6. Six spores x 400. Cercosporella Veratei Peck. Fig. 7. Upper part of a leaf with two fungous spots. Fig. 8. Three spores x 400. Aspergillus aviarius Peck. Fig. 9. Piece of membrane bearing a patch of the fungus. Fig. 10. A spore-bearing vesicle and its filament, the former partly denuded of its chains of spores, x 400. Fig. 11. A single chain of spores x 400. Fig. 12. A group of free spores x 400. Septomyxa Carpini Peck. Fig. 13. A piece of bark bearing six heaps of spores. Fig. 14. Five spores x 400. BiSPORA EFFUSA PCCk. Fig. 15. Piece of wood bearing a patch of the fungus. Fig. 16. Three chains of spores and a sterile hypha x 400. Fig. 17. Four free spores x 400. Cartospora minor Peck. Fig. 18. A hickory nut bearing a :;roup of the perithecia. Fig. 19. A perithecium enlarged. Fig. 20. An ascus containing spores x 400. Fig. 21, Three spores x 400. Phtllosticta Ludwigle Peck. Fig. 22. A leaf.'showing three fungous spots. % Fig. 23. Four spores x"400. 'f^i [From the 45th Report of the New York State Museum of Naturai. Hibtoet. OP THE ' *-'" * ANNUAL REPORT STATE BOTANIST OF 'rHK*. State of New York. Made to tlie Regents of the University, Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of I883. By CHARLES H. PECK. ALBANY : JAMES B. LYON, STATE PRINTER. 1893. State of New York No. 66. IN S K N A T B, January, 1892. AI^j^UAL REPORT OF THE STATK BOTANIST, Office of the State Botanist, ) Albany, January, 1892. ) To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State of New York : I have the honor to present to you my aiimml roport for the year 1891. Very respectfully. CHARLES II. PECK. REPORT. To the Honorable ths Regents of the University of the State of New York: Gentlemen. — I have the honor of communicating to you the folloAYing report : Specimens of plants for the State Herbarium have been col- lected in the counties of Albany, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Cortland, Essex, Fulton, Hamilton, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Seneca, Tomp- kins, Ulster and Wayne. Specimens have been contributed by correspondents who col- lected them in the counties of Albany, Orleans, Onondaga, Rens- selaer, Richmond, St. Lawrence, Sullivan, Tompkins and Wayne. Specimens representing 165 species have been added to the Herbarium during the past year, of which 154 were collected by the Botanist and 11 were contributed. Of the former number 29 were not before represented in the Herbarium, and six of these are new or undescribed species. Of the 11 contributed s])ecies, live were not before represented. The increase in the number of species represented is 34. The remaining specimens show some variety or form which was lacking in the Herbarium oi' serve to improve or make more complete the representation of their respective species. A list of the species of which specimens have been added to the Herbarium is marked A. Appended to this list are the names of 87 species of trees of which specimens have been collected. These are intended to accompany the collection of wood sections taken from the trunks. Specimens have been contributed by 23 persons. Among the contributed specimens are many extra-Hmital species not included in the foregoing enumeration. Among the conti'ibutions is a volume of dried s])ecimens of Carices which is of mucli interest. It was kindly })res('nted to the State Museum by Mrs. Gould of Hudson and contains examples of about 150 species. It bears the inscription " Carices 6 Report of tee State Botanist. Americae Septentrionalis Exsiccatae. Edidit H. P. Sartwell M. D., Pars I. II. Penn Yan, Nov. Ebor. 1848. 50." Many of the specimens were collected in New York by Dr. Sartwell himself, but there are contributions from such eminent botanists (most of whom, alas ! are now dead) as Dewey, Tuckerman, Oakes, Gray, Wood, Chapman, Carey, Olney, Crawe, SuUivant, Mead, Vase}^, Kneiskern, Curtis, Cooley and Hale. There are specimens from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, North and South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Ohio, Illineis, Michigan and the "White Mountains of New Hampshire. Some of the species represented are quite rare and the printed labels show us how all of them were understood by these master minds in those early days of American caricograph}^ Another contribution worthy of special notice is that of Pro- fessor Eaton of New Haven. It is a collection of ferns made in the Island of Trinidad by Mr. Augustus Fendler and commonly known as " Fendler's Ferns of Trinidad." The luxuriant and beautiful ferns of tropical regions are always full of interest to students of this branch of botany, and these will greatly aid those who may wish to study the ferns of our conservatories. A list of contributors and their respective contributions is marked B. A record of species not before reported by me and descriptions of such as are thought to be new wiU be found in a part of the report marked C. I have added to this the descriptions of seven extra-limital species that were sent to me for identification but of which no description was found. Remarks concerning species previously reported, a record of new localities of rare plants and descriptions of new varieties may be found in a part of the report marked D. Following a plan previously adopted, the descriptions of our New York species of Omphalia have been revised and rewritten and the spores examined and their dimensions included so that the identification of our species may be made more easy, certain and satisfactory, fhese descriptions may be found in a part of the report marked E. In accordance with my instructions the work of preparing life-size drawings of our edible and poisonous species of fleshy fungi, colored according to nature, has been commenced. At Report of the State Botanist. 7 the present time twenty plates have been completed and five others are partly done. About forty plates will be needed to illustrate the species satisfactorily. Except in case of some of the smaller species, an entire plate is devoted to a single species, so that its variations in size and color may be shown. The plates are 9 x 12, or 7i x 9^ within the marginal lines. It has been my ])urpose to make a personal trial of all the edible species illustrated so that it may be possible for me to speak with confidence concerning their qualities. With two or three exceptions this has been done with the species already fig- ured, and these exceptions will be tried as soon as opportunity is afforded. From the eagerness with which literature pertaining to and illustrations of edible and poisonous fungi are sought and from the numerous inquiries received by me concering the edible qualities of specimens sent in for identification it is clearly mani- fest that there is a widespread and increasing desire among our people to understand more of this subject and to be able to dis- tinguish with confidence the good species. I am sure therefore that any well-directed and faithful efforts to meet this demand and to give reliable information on this subject will be well received and highly appreciated. Some observations of no little interest have been made upon some of the parasitic fungi. 'A minute grayish mold-like fungus, known to mycologists as Botrytis vulgaris is quite common. It is classed among the saprophytes, and its habitat is given as " decay- ing herbs, fruits, flowers, twigs and leaves.'' M}' observations lead to the conclusion that it often acts as a true parasite. It is common enough on the fruit of strawberry, ras})berry and black- berry plants. It spreads rapidly in favorable weather from the affected to the sound fruit. If a sound berry is in contact with one affected by this fungus a discolored decaying spot soon appears at the point of contact, showing clearly that the myce- lium of the fungus has passed from the diseased berry to the sound one and penetrated its tissues. In this way the contagion will quickly extend through all the berries of the cluster, pro- vided they touch each other and the diseased ones are allowed to remain in place. The fungus quickly ])roduces rot o» decay in the berry it attacks but it has no iiesitation in attacking perfectly sound and healthy fruit. 8 Report of the State Botanist. The "fruit oidium," Monilia fructigena, which has recently been called the " peach rot," is similar to the preceding one in color but very different in structure. It also was regarded by the earlier botanists as a saprophyte, but it also is now known to be a real and a very destructive parasite. The habitat usually ascribed to it in the books is "decaying fruits," but Professors Arthur and Smith have both shown most conclusively that it attacks sound and healthy fruits and that it induces that decay in them which was formerly thought to be a condition of its growth. My observa- tions confirm what they have said of this fungus and show very clearly some of the contributing causes to its ravages. It is well known that its behavior is especially malignant in wet weather and that it works with most destructive force on peaches, plums and cherries, though frequently attacking also, apples, pears and quinces. The past season, cherries with us almost entirely escaped for the simple reason that dry weather prevailed up to the time of their ripening. Plums and peaches on my grounds were fully one-half destroyed by this fungus, but at the time they were maturing wet, cloudy and rainy weather pre- vailed. One plum tree maturing its fruit later than the others had many diseased fruits while the wet weather lasted, but the trouble was greatly diminished after the rains ceased. Then even the fruit that had cracked open escaped attack. Insects that eat holes in the fruit are a contributing cause. The only quince on my grounds that I have thus far seen affected was one in the side of which some insect had eaten a small hole and then left it. The aperture was very shallow, but the fungus spores gained admission to the flesh by it and immediately pro- duced the characteristic decayed brown spot all about it as a center of infection. Very many of the affected peaches first showed the presence of the fungus on the side where small holes had been made through the peel, apparently by some small insect, though I was not able to detect any insect in the act. Honey bees in great numbers were found sucking the juice of the peach from these little cavities, and not a few striped cucumber beetles were found in them feeding upon the juicy flesh of the peach. Whenever peaches as well as plums were in contact, an affected one would quickly transmit its disease to its sound neighbor Report of the State Botanist. 9 through the point of contact, which is a strong argument for the proper thinning of fruit. Peaches sometimes transmit the disease, through the agency of the mycelium of the fungus, to the branch that sustains them, and then the branch soon withers and dies. This may be prevented by promptly removing the affected peaches. But sometimes young and tender branches are killed by an attack through the agency of the spores. On a young plum tree the tips of several branches on which there were no plums died and showed the characteristic spore clusters of this fungus on their surface. A young apricot tree, on which there was no fruit, lost the tips of many of its branches by the invasion of this same fungus. New shoots started, but during a renewal of the rainy weather the attack was repeated and these were in like manner killed. The fungus is certainly one capable of doing a vast amount of mis- chief; nor is it to be overcome by picking and destroying the affected fruit and twigs unless this is promptly done by every one in an affected district, for if the trees of one orchard or garden are cleared, the spores are quickly wafted to them again by the winds from any neglected neighboring orchard or tree. Another minute mold-like fungus, Rhopalomyces C^icui'hitarum, has "putrid squashes'' recorded as its habitat. But in this case, as in the others, the fungus is itself the cause of the putridity in the squashes, not a consequence. Young but sound squashes scarcely out of blossom are attacked by it and quickly reduced to a pulpy putrid mass. Mature squashes are less often injured or destroyed by it unless there is a contributing cause. Some- times centipedes eat cavities in the under side of a squash where it is in contact with the earth. Through these cavities the fungus spores gain access and quickly reduce the squash to a worthless putrid mass. Very respectfuU}'^ submitted. CHAS. II. PECK. Albany, Octoher 1, 1891. 2 10 Report of the State Botanisi. A. PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM. New to the Herbarium. Cardamine i-otundifolia Mx. Stellaria graminea L. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf. Aster Herveyi Gr. Lysiruachia nummularia L. Plantago Patagonica Jacq. Gary a sulcata Niitt. Carex aestivalis M. A. C. Panicum miliaceum L. Clitopilus carneo-albxis With. Leptonia parva Pk. L. grisea Pk. Galera flava PA:. Agaricus haemorrhoidarius Sehul'z. Hypholoma subaquilum Banning. Russula roseipes Bres. Daedalea quercina Fr. Septoria podophyllina Pk. Gloeosporium populinum Pk. G. allantoideum Pk. G. nervisequum Sacc Puccinia Zopfii Wint. Ustilago Tritici Jens. U. Hordei K. & S. Doassansia Martianoffiana Schroet. Entylonia Physalidis. Wint. Peronospora Rubi Rabh. P. obovata Bon. Sporotrichum parasiticum Pk. Pseudopeziza Medicaginis Sacc. Sph^erotheca inors-uva3 B. & C. S. Humuli Burrill. Erysiphe Galeopsidis DC. Not new to the Herbarium. Anemone Virginiana L. Magnolia acuminata L. Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Nasturtium lacustre Or. Hudsonia tomentosa Niitt. Viola cucullata Ait. V. sagittata Alt. V. renifolia Or. V. pub. var. scabriuscula T. .hoots from the roots are somewhat pointed at the base as in the type. The hairiness of the petiole is scarcely per- ceptible. Clintonia umbellata Torr. Fine flowering specimens were found near Carrollton. The leaves and scape are generally more or less pubescent. The umbel consists of six to eighteen small white flowers in a close erect cluster. Usually there is a bract just below the umbel, [t grows in damp places either in pastures or in woods, and is in flower in June. Erythronium Americanum Ker. The bulbs of this plant sometimes emit long white leafless run- ners or offsets which come to the surface and after describing an irregular curve a few inches long, thrust the growing tip beneath the surface again. One bulb, dug from beneath the decaying leaves, had a leaf at one end and two offsets growing from the other, Cyperus dentatus Torr. Abundant on the sandy shore of Lake Pleasant. The sj^kes are changed to leafy tufts in almost every plant in this locality. Eleocharis tuberculsosa R. Br. Erastina, Richmond countv. November. N. L. Britton. 30 Report of the State Botanist. Scirpus sylvaticus L. var. digynus Boeckl. This sedge is apparently more common than has been supposed. Fine specimens were obtained near Wilton, Saratoga county. It maintains its distinguishing characters with great uniformity and is apparently a good and distinct species, easily recognizable at a glance and at once distinguishable from S. sylvaticus by its more densely clustered darker colored spikelets and by the purplish red sheaths that give a variegated appearance to the stem. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. var. macrostachyus Boeckl. Lake I'leasaut. August. This variety is not indicated in the Manual. It differs from the ordinary form of the species as represented in our flora, in being le^s leafy, in having much longer and darker colored spikelets, shorter achenes and longer, more slender and more sparsely and irregular barbed bristles. In general appearance it is quite unlike the leafy form with short-ovate, densely clustered yellow-brown spikelets. Occasion- ally a slender pedical supporting a cluster of spikelets rises from the axil of the u]jpermost leaf. Eriophorum cyperinum L. var. laxum W. d; C. This variety was found at Lake Pleasant growing, in several instances, side by side with the typical form of the species. In addition to the distinguishing characters mentioned in the Manual it was found that when growing side by side and, so far as could be seen, subjected to exactly the same conditions, the variety reached maturity much earlier than the type. The woolly bristles of the mature plant are much paler and less dense in the mass. Sometimes the spikelets are all contracted into a single dense cluster one to two inches in diameter. Carex flava 'i. var. graminis Bailey. Borders of lakes. Adirondack mountains. July. In our specimens the perigynia often have the beak deflexed as in the type, but in other respects the agreement with the description is good. Carex granularis Muhl. var. Haleana Porter. Swamp near Meadowdale. June. Carex alopecoidea Thckm. Plentiful about Lyons, Wayne county. June. Report of the State Botanist. 31 Muhlenbergia sylvatica T. d: G. A form with branches erect and with purplish densely flowered panicles occurs about Lake Pleasant and also at Wells. Muhlenbergia sobolifera TVin. This species is common enough in the lower part of the valley of the Hudson and on the Shawangunk mountains, but 1 have not observed it north of Saugerties. Agrostis vulgaris With. This grass grows freely in sandy soil. A very stout, rigid form with dark pur])le panicles was found growing in the loose sharp sand along the shore of Lake Pleasant. Poa compressa X. var. sylvestris Torr. This variety grows in open places as well as in woods. Fine specimens were found at Menands. It is easily recognized by its short open or spreading panicle. Asplenium montanum Willd. This fern was discovered to be an mhabitant of our State about twenty years ago. It was then found growing from crevices in the rocks about Lake Mohonk. This has remained its only known station in our State until the present season, in which I learn it has been found in the Catskill mountains, a station still farther to the north. Mr. Smiley informs me that ii has been found in several new places about Lake Mohonk, that it appears to be increasing in abundance and that it is in no danger of exter- mination there, for it grows on the faces of the cliffs in places where it is wholly inaccessible to the most eager collector. Colly bia radicata Bel/t. var. furfur acea «. var. Pileus and lamelhi? as in the typical form; stem more slender, generally slightly tapering upward, eve7i,fufruraceus, more or less brownish. This form is much more common with us than the type. The variation is toward 0. longij^es, which has ihe stem villose rather than furfuraceous, and its pileus is dry and velvety, but in our plant it is glabrous and viscid or glutinous when moist. As in the type, the pileus is sometimes umbonate. There is a dwarf form which is quite common. In it the pileus is from six to six- teen lines broad and the stem proportion ably slender. It might be designated as var. pusilla. 32 Report of the State Botanist. (E.) NEW YORK SPECIES OF OMPHALIA. Omphalia Fr. Pileus thin, submembranaceous. Lamellae decurrent. Stem cartilaginous, stutfed or hollow, somewhat thickened upwards. Spores white. The species of Omphalia are generally small, the pileus rarely exceeding an inch or an inch and a half in diameter. It is usually umbilicate, a character which gives name to the genus, the word Omphalia being derived from the Greek, diiii'alo^dji umbilicus. It is sometimes either umbilicate or umbonate even in the same species. It is generally very thin, almost or quite membranous, and most often hygrophanous, so that generally it is striate or striatulate when moist. When mature, it assumes a funnel shape in a few species and then simulates some species of Clitocybe, but from these the species of Omphalia may be distinguished by their cartilaginous stem. From species of Mycena they are sep- arated by their truly decurrent lamellae. They grow chiefly on decaying wood or other vegetable mat- ter or on soil largely composed of such matter. They are fond of moisture and are to be sought in damp shaded places or in wet weather. Some occur in cold situations or at high alti- tudes, and others appear to be capable of enduring great varia- tions in temperature. 0. Campanella^ one of our most common and most abundant species may be found throughout the season. It may even be found in sheltered cavities or on the under side of decayed prostrate trunks when the ground is covered with snow. On the other hand many species are quite rare, and some here described have been found but once in many years of exploration. Because of their small size the species are not regarded as important for the table and none are classed as edible. The grouping of the species in the Friesian arrangement depends upon the primary form of the pileus, the character of its margin and the degree of proximity of the lamellce to each other, but these characters have not appeared -to me to be very sharp and satisfactory and in the following pages I have disregarded them. 0. suhgrisea has been found to belong to another genus, and 0. tubceformis is probably a large form of Marasmius salignua. Report of the State Botanist. 33 Synopsis of the Species. Lamellse white, whitish or grayish 1 Lamellae some other color 14 1, Plant wholly white 2 1, Plant not wholly white ; 5 2. Pileus viscid when moist 3 2. Pileus not viscid 4 3. Stem adorned with minute gland-like protuberances, O. Rhododendri. 3. Stem without protuberances O. Austini. 4. Pileus somewhat funnel-form O. scyphoides. 4. Pileus convex O. stellata. 4. Pileus hemispherical O. gracillima. 5. Pileus yellowish or orange 6 5. Pileus some other color 8 6. Lamellae arcuate 7 6. Lamellae sub triangular O. umbellifera. 7. Pileus 6 lines or more broad O. fibuloides. 7. Pileus less than 6 lines broad O. Fibula. 8. Pileus with the umbilicus darker 9 8. Pileus uniformly colored 10 9. Pileus 6 lines or more broad O. Oculus. 9. PUeus 2 to 4 lines broad O. Swartzii. 10. Pileus dotted with blackish points O. Gerardiana. 10, Pileus without blackish points 11 11. Lamellae uniformly colored 12 11. Lamella with the edge darker O. montana. 12. Pileus less than 6 lines broad O. corticola. 12. Pileus more than 0 lines broad .... 13 13. Pileus rugose on the disk O. rugosidisca. 13. Pileus even on the disk, glabrous O. striijjilea. 13. Pileus silky or flocculose O. Epichysium. 14. Pileus viscid O. lilacifolia. 14. Pileus not viscid 15 15. Pileus olive green O. olivaria. 15. Pileus some other color 16 16. Stem bright yellow O. chrysophylla. 16. Stem pallid or rufescent O. pyxidata. 16. Stem date-brown O. Campanella. 5 34 Report of the State Botanist. Omphalia rugosidisca Pk. Rugose-disked Omphalia. (Report 26, p. 55.) Pileus thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, umbilicate obtuse or slightly umbonate, sometimes slightly umbilicate, rugose on the disk, glabrous, h3^grophanous, brown 'and striatulate when moist, paler when dry, the thin margin often wav^^" ; lamellae narrow, close, arcuate, decurrent, white, emitting drops of a watery juice wliere cut or broken ; stem short, glabrous, hollow, often curved, whitish or colored like the pileus ; spores elliptical, .00025 to .00028 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem ab(mt 1 inch long, .5 to 1 line thick. Decaying prostrate trunks of coniferous trees, especially hem- lock. Adirondack mountains, Otsego, Ulster, Albany and Rensse- laer counties, July to September. The species is remarkable because of the watery juice which oozes in drops from the lamellae of the fresh plant where cut or broken. Omphalia lilacifolia Pk. Lilac-leaved Omphalia. (.Agaricus lilacinus Rep. 24, p. 63. A. lilacifolius Rep. 29, p. 66.) Pileus convex, deeply umbilicate, glabrous, viscid, hygro])hanous, dingy-yellow with a slight greenish tinge and striatulate when moist, bright sulphur-yellow when dry ; lamellae close, narrow, arcuate, decurrent, pale lilac • stem equal, glabrous, hollow, viscid, yellowish with a pale lilac-colored mycelium at the hase / spores subelliptical, .00()2 to .00025 in. long, about .00012 broad. Pileus B to 12 lines broad ; stem 6 to 12 lines long, .5 to 1 line thick. Decaying prostrate trunks of liemlock. Oneida and Albany counties. September. This is a very distinct species, remarkable for its. viscid pileus and stem and for the peculiar hue of the lamellae and mycelium. Omphalia Oculus Pk. Eye-spot Omphalia. (Report 23, p. 84.) Pileus convex, umbilicate, often with a small umbo or papilla in the umbilicus, minutely squamulose, dingy -white, the umbilicus bla^kish-brown ; lamellae white, narrow, close, subarcuate ; stem Report of the State Botanist. 35 hollow, minutely squamulose or furfuraceoiis, easily splitting, often curved, whitish ; spores subglobose, .00016 to .0002 in. in diameter. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Prostrate trunks of hemlock in woods. Adirondack moun- tains. August. The dark colored umbilicus is a noticeable feature. TLe plant has not been found since its discovery in 1869. The species is evidently rare. It is apparently closely related to Gollyhia ahundans, from which it is distinguished by its more decided darker umbilicus and squamulose pileus. Omphalia olivaria Pk. Oi.ivE-GREEN Omphalia. (Report 25, p. 76.) Pileus convex, umbilicate, glabrous, olive-green ; lamellae sub- distant, arcuate-decurrent, i^ale-yelloiD ; stem equal, short, glab- rous, hollow, colored like the pileus; spores subglpbose or broadly elliptical, .00025 to .00028 in. long, about .0002 in. broad. Pileus about 1 in. broad ; stem about 1 in. long, 1 line thick. Bui'ut ground under balsam tir trees. North p]lba, Essex county. July. This plant was discovered in 1^71. It lias nijt .since been found. Omphalia chrysophylla Fr. (jol.DEX-LEAVED OmHHALIA. (Hym. Europ. p. 156. Syl. Fung. Vol. V, p. 312.) Pileus convex or nearly plane, flocculose, umbilicate, hygro- phanous, yellowish-brown when moist, paler when dry, the spread- ing margin sometimes reflexed; lamella^ broad, distinct, distant, strongly decurrent, hriyht-yellow ; stem equal, tough, hollow, sometimes curved, even, glabrous, villous at the base, yelhnv ; spores oblong-elli])tical, .0004 to .ileus llocculose-pulverulent, yellow ; lamellae white or pale-yellow, the interspaces venose; stem hairy- squamulose. Decaying wood. Adirondack mountains. This is a very variable species. It occurs from June to Sep- tember, and grows on ground largely composed of decomposed vegetable matter or on much decayed wood. In this State it seems to be limited in its range to the Adirondack region and there it ascends to the tops of the highest peaks. Its pileus and broad lamellae together iiave an obconic shape. It is often irreg- ular or misshapen. The stem may be either glabrous, pruinose or hairy-squamulose. Sometimes it is pubescent or villose at the base only. The pileus is either glabrous or silky or flocculose- pulveruient. Omphalia Campanella Batsch. Bell-shaped Omphalia. (Hym. Europ. p. 162. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 327.) Pileus thin, rather tough, hemispherical or convex, glabrous, umbilicate, hygrophanous, yellow-ferruginous and striatulate when moist, paler when dry ; lamellae moderately close, arcuate, decurrent, yellowish, the interspaces venose; stem firm, rigid, hollow, hroion, often paler at the top, tawny-strigose at thehase ; Report of the State Botanist. 39 spores elliptical, .(K)024 to .00028 in. long, .00012 to .00016 broad. Pileiis 4 to S lines broad ; stem about 1 in. long, scarcely 1 line thick. ^[uch decayed wood of coniferous trees. Very common. May to November. This pretty little sj)ecies occurs everywhere in woods and shaded places where tliere are prostrate, much decayed trunks of hemlock, spruce and pine. It makes its appearance as soon as the weather is moderately warm in spring, and successive crops develop till all growth is stopped by the return of the cold weather of winter. Rarely it grows on ground well filled with decaying vegetable matter. It usually grows in large flocks or dense clusters but sometimes is more scattered. It is the most frequent and most abundant of our species of Omplialia and is easily recognized by its yellowish-red pileus, dark-brown stem and the little ball or tuft of tawny-colored coarse hairs at the base of the stem. The pileus varies some in the intensity of its color but all the hues of the moist plant appear to be mixtures of yellow and dull red in different proportions. In the dry ])lant, the yellow predominates. The mycelium of this species is regarded as destructive to the wood of coniferous trees. Omphalia fl.buloid.es Pk. Button-like Omphalia. (Report 24, p. 0.3.) Pileus thin, convex, deeply umblicate, glabrous, hygrophanous, dull orange and striatulate when moist, jialer wlien dry ; lamellae rather close, arcuate strongly decurrent, white, the interspaces venose; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, colored nearly like the pileus ; spores elliptical., .0003 in. long, .0002 broatl. Pileus 6 to 10 lines broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, scarcely I line thick. Burnt, mossy ground. Lewis and Sullivan counties. September. It is closely related to Omphalia Fibula, Avhich it resembles in color, but from which it may easily be distinguished by its much largei' size, more robust habit and venose interspaces. Its spores also are larger than in that species. 40 Report of the State Botanist. Omphalia Fibula Bull. Button Omphalia. (Hym. Europ. p. 164. Syl. Fung. vol. V. p. 331 ) Pileus membranous, commonly convex or hemispherical and umbilicate, striatiilate when moist and varying in color from pale- yellow to orange, even and paler when dry ; lamellae distant, arcuate, strongly decurrent, white ; stem slender, commonly long in proportion to the breadth of the pileus, colored like or a little paler than the pileus; spores narrowly elliptical, minute, .00016 in. long, .()u08 broad. Pileus 2 to 5 lines broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, scarcely .5 line thick. Mossy ground and prostrate mossy trunks of trees in woods or open places. Common. April to K^ovember. Yar. conica. Pileus conical, not umbilicate, sometimes papil- late. Fulton county. This is a very small species and of frequent occurrence in damp mossy places, but rarel}?^ abundant. Its pileus varies in color from almost white to bright orange. Large forms approach the preceding species in appearance. Omphalia Swartzii. Agaricus Fibula var. Sioartzii Fr. SwAKTz's Omphalia. (Hym. Europ. p. 164. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 331.) Pileus rather firm, even, whitish, disk hrownish; stem whitish, somewhat violaceous at the to]). In other respects like the pre- ceding species. Although this plant scarcely differs from 0. Fibula except in color, and is regarded by almost all mycologists as a mere variety of it, yet it is so peculiar and so constant in its color and so easily recognized that it seems best to separate it as a species. Omphalia corticola Pk. Bakk-inhabiting Omphalia. (Report 44, p. 18) Pileus submembranous, convex, then expanded and umbilicate, distantly radiate-striate, lohitish or pale-cinereous ; lamellae narrow, distant, at first arcuate and adnaie, then truly decurrent, white ; Report of the State Botanist. 41 stem short, curved, subpruinose or sprinkled with mealy particles, at first whitish with a brown base, then brown with a whitish top ; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00016 broad, generally con- taining a single large nucleus. Pileus 2 to 4 lines broad ; stem 4 to 6 lines long. Bark of oak trees. Cattaraugus county. September. This species is distinguished from Mycena corticola by its paler pileus, more narrow and, at length, decurrent lamellae and ellip- tical spores. Omphalia gracillima Weim. Slender Omphalia. (Hym. Europ. p. 165. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 332 ) Pileus membranaceous, hemispherical, papillate or umbilicate, somewhat flocculose when young, becoming glabrous, sulcate on the margin, white; lamella? thin, somewhat distant, decurrent, the alternate ones shorter, white ; stem filiform, white, inserted by a floccose base; spores elliptical, ,00024 in. long .0001 broad. Pileus 2 to 3 lines broad ; stem 4 to 8 lines long. Dead twigs and fallen leaves in wet places. Rensselaer county. September. A very small delicate species, the whole plant pure white. Omphalia stellata P>'. Stellate Omphalia. (Hym. Europ. p. 162. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 385.) Pileus membranous, convex, umbilicate, glabrous, striate, dia- phanous, white; lamellae broad, very distant, thin, decurrent, white; stem filiform, fragile, equal, glabrous, white, radiate- floccose at the base; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .00024 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 lines broad ; stem 6 to 10 lines long. Decaying prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Albany county. August. Omphalia Rhododendri Pk. Rhododendkon Omphalia. (Eleport 27, p. 94.) Pileus convex, umbilicate, glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, striate on the margin, white ; lamellee subdistant, arcuate, decurrent, white, beaded on the edge with gland-like protuber- 6 42 Report of the State Botanist. ances; stem slender, roughened with minute white gland-lihe protuberances, white ; spores oblong or narrowly elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00012 broad. Pileus 2 to 3 lines broad; stem 6 to 8 lines long. Dead stems of great laurel, Rhododendron maxiinuTn. Sullivan county. September. Omplialia Austin! Pk. Austin's Omphalia. (Report 28, p. 48.) Pileus rather tenacious, convex or hemispherical, glabrous, striate, deeply umblicate, sometimes perforate, vicid when moist, white ; lamellae subarcuate, distant, decurrent, white; stem equal, hollow, even, glabrous, villose at the base, white ; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 3 to 6 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, .5 line thick. Decaying wood of spruce. Saratoga, Hamilton, Fulton and Essex counties. July and August. Rarely the pileus has a slight smoky or grayish tint. Omphalia scyphoides I^r. Cup-like Omphalia. (Hym. Europ. p. 156. Syl. Fung. vol. V, p. 310.) Pileus submembranous, plane and umbilicate or funnel-form , often irregular or somewhat eccentric, even, silky, white ; lamellae narrow, close, decurrent, white ; stem short, stuffed, sub- villose, white ; spores elliptical, .00024 inches long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 2 to 4 lines broad ; stem 4 to 8. lines long. Decaying wood, leaves, etc., Saratoga county. July and August. In our specimens there is no villosity on the stem except at the base. [From the 46th Report of the New York State Museum op Natural History.] ANNUAL REPORT OP THE STATE BOTANIST OF THE State op^ New York. Made to the Regents of the University, Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of I883. By CHARLES H. PECK. ALBANY : JAMES B. LYON, STATE PRINTER. » 1893. State of New York. No. 41. IN S K N A T B, Januakt, 1893. AIN-I^UAL EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. Office of the State Botanist, ) Albany, January^ 1893. ) To the HonorcMe the Regents of the University of the State of New York : I have the honor to present to you my annual report for the year 1892. Very respectfully. CHARLES H. PECK. REPORT. To the Regents of the University of the State of New York : Gentlemen. — I have the honor of communicating to you the following report of the work of the Botanist for the year 1892. Plant specimens have been collected in the counties of Albany, Essex, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Oneida, Queens, Rensse- laer, Saratoga, Suffolk, Ulster, "Washington and "Warren. Specimens have been contributed by correspondents who col- lected them in the counties of Albany, Chenango, Essex, Onondaga, Rensselaer, Richmond, Queens, Saratoga, Schenectady, Suffolk and Washington. The whole number of species represented by the specimens added to the State Herbarium during the year is 338. Of these 24 are represented by contributed specimens, 314 by specimens collected by the Botanist. Of the species new to the Herbarium, 81 in all, nine belong to the contributed specimens and 72 to those collected by the Botanist. Of the 81 species, there are 30 of which I find no satisfactory description, and they are, there- fore, described as new These are all fungi, two of which belong to the contributed specimens, 28 to the collected. A list of the species of which specimens have been added to the Herbarium is marked A. Specimens of plants have been contributed b}"^ twenty-three persons. Among these contributions are many specimens of extra-limital species not included in the foregoing enumeration. A list of the names of the contributors and of their respective contributions is marked B. The record of species not before reported, together with tiie localities w^here the specimens were respectively collected, their habitats, remarks concerning them and the descriptions of new species is marked C. To this is added a record of a few extra-limital species received from correspondents and considered new or worthy of special notice. These descriptions and remarks follow the letter D. 6 Report of the State Botanist. Notes and observations upon species previously reported, together with descriptions of new or interesting forms and varieties of them, are marked E. To this record 1 have added descriptions of our New York species of Pluteolus and Galera. They are marked F. That there is a growing demand for a better knowledge of our fungi, especially of those of economic importance, is plainly evident. The frequent inquiries received at the office of the Botanist concerning them, and the numerous specimens sent to him for identification, are an evidence of this fact. The use of the edible fleshy species for food is rapidly on the increase in this country, and yet very many who would gladly avail them- selves of the agreeable and nutritious diet afforded by our numerous esculent species are debarred from doing so by a lack of the knowledge necessary for a proper discrimination between the good and the bad or worthless. With this knowledge the fear of being poisoned by the bad would no longer prevent the use of the good. With it many whose circumstances are such as to make it difficult or impossible to procure an adequate supply of animal food might often obtain a very good substitute for it by the slight labor of gathering it in the fields and woods. Euro- pean works on this subject are not readily available because of , their high price and are not generally satisfactory because the species in this country are not wholly the same as in that ; or if the price is not great then the deficiency in the number and character of the illustrations is likely to be an objection. In view of these facts it was very gratifying to me to receive from your office directions to prepare for publication full-size colored plates of the edible and poisonous mushrooms of the State, together with brief descriptions and notes. In accordance with these directions thirty-six quarto plates, on which are repre sented fifty-nine edible species in natural size and color, have been prepared. Also, four plates representing in like manner three poisonous species. In all cases where it is important these plates show both the young and the mature plant and the prin- cipal variations in color and shape. Vertical sections of the plants are also depicted in order to show the internal structure and color, to which have been added, for the advantage of students of mycology and others who may be fortunate enough Report of the State Botanist. 7 to possess a compound microscope, illustrations of the fruit or spores of each species. These are uniformly magnified 400 diameters. The manuscript designed to accompany the plates consists of 19 pages of legal note, 123 pages of descriptions and remarks, explanations of the plates and two pages of index. With these plates and their accompanying explanations, descriptions and remarks, it seems to me to be an easy matter for any one of ordinary intelligence, even though without any experience in such things, to recognize the species illustrated by them, (^f the 59 edible species illustrated, 40 at least have been used as food by mj^self and thus proved to my own satisfaction to be good and safe. Xearly all of the remainder have been ]jroved by friends or correspondents in whom I have full confidence, and the few untried ones are such as are ffener- ally recommended as edible by European works on this subject, and such as I would have no hesitation in eating if opportunity should be afforded. A few of the species are such as are not represented in European works or have not been classed as edible in them, but in all these cases they have been proved by actual trial to be worthy of a place among our edible species. There yet remains in our flora a goodly number of reputed edible species which I have not tried for lack of opportunity, but it is my purpose to test them as fast as opportunity is given. Eight species not included in the illustrations have been tried the past season. It is my purpose to continue the illustration of these, and others as fast as they have been proved, until all our esculent species have been thus represented. The more I experiment in this direction the more firmly I am convinced that the number of really poisonous or dangerous species of mushrooms is very small. Probably there is not a greater percentage of such species among the flesliy fungi than there is of really dangerous or poisonous species among flowering plants. But there are many fungi which, though harmless, are not to be classed as edible, because of their toughness, insipidity, unpleasant flavor or smallness of size. The plan of putting the illustrations of our edible mushrooms upon charts to be suspended upon the walls of our institutions of 8 Report of the State Botanist. learning seems to me to be a good one. In this way the stu- dents, by seeing them from day to day, would become familiar with the general appearance of the species, and would recognize them at once if the}'^ should see the plants themselves growing in their native places. There would probably be kindled in the minds of some, at least, an earnest desire to know more of these interesting and useful plants, and they would thus be led to acquire a more extended knowledge of them. If the number of our esculent species should be thought too great for such chart representation, any desired number of the more common and important species might be selected for this purpose. If the outlay necessary to place charts in all the district schools should seem too great, they might be placed at first in the high schools and academies by way of experiment. The vegetation that grows so profusely in the shallow water at the head of Lake Champlain and along its shores and dykes seemed to me to be worthy of examination. This was given early in July. Much of the wood}^ growth consists of willows, of which the most abundant are the black willow, Salix nigra, the shining willow, S. hicida, the glaucous willow, S. discolor, the heart-leaved willow, S. cordata, and the brittle willow, S.fragilis. All except the last are indigenous species. The green ash, Fraxinus vii'idis, the silver maple, Acer dcvsycarpuTn and the red maple A. ruhrum, are also plentiful. Although these are moisture-loving plants, too much Avater seems to be an injury rather than a benefit to some of them at least. Their roots and the soil in which they grow are submerged much of the time, yet the leaves of many of them are unusually small. This was especially noticeable in the black willow, the shining willow and the heart-leaved willow. Their peculiar habitat seems also to retard development. The reddish-brown color of the young leaves of the heart-leaved willow and the maples was conspicuous even in July. The spiked loosestrife, Lythrum Salicaria, an introduced plant which is abundant in the lower part of the Hudson river valley, was growing freely in the margin of the lake. This is a new station for it and the most northern one in the State, though it is said to grow about the quarantine grounds of Quebec. The great bullrush, Scirpus validu.% the river club- rush, Scirpus fluviatilis, and the sweet flag, Acorus Calamus, Report of the State Botanist. 9 occupy much of the shallow water space, somethnes growing intermingled and again each maintaining exclusive possession over large areas. Such plants as the water persicaria, Polygonum aTnphibium, in which the leaves were often two inches wide and four or five inches long, and the swamp dock, Rumex verti- cillatus, were apparently intent on obtaining as much food as possible from their watery habitat, for they had emitted a dense whorl of rootlets from each of the lower joints of the submerged stem. Our native wild roses and wild asters have been the source of considerable perplexity to botanists by reason of the variability of the species. Some special attention has been given to these plants the past summer and autumn. Our native roses are easily divided into two groups, one of which is easily recognized by the naked pedicels and receptacles and by the persistent lobes of the calyx ; the other, by the glandular pedicles and receptacles and the deciduous lobes of the calyx. The bland or early wild rose, Rosa hlanda., has hitherto been considered our only repre- sentative of the first group, but two roses have been found on the mountains and along the highways in the eastern part of Essex county which correspond to the description of the two western roses, R. Engelmanni and R. Sayi, which also belong to this group. These have the stems, and usually the branches also, densely clothed with prickles intermingled with some straight slender spines, a feature by which they may at a glance be dis- tinguished from ordinary forms of the bland rose. They scarcely differ from each other except in the form of the fruit which is globose in the specimens referred to Say's rose, and oblong elliptical or ovate in those referred to Engelmann's rose. The bland rose which usually has stems entirely destitute of prickles or spines, sometimes occurs with prickles toward the base of the stems, but I have seen no specimens with spines. The Carolinian or swamp rose, Rosa Carolina^ so far as my observation goes, is most satisfactorily recognized by the teeth on the margin of the leaflets. These are decidedlv smaller and finer than those of the leaflets of the other species of its group. The stem is sometimes furnished with prickles, sometimes iles- titute of them. This is the only species of wild rose that I have found in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness. It llowei*s 1892. 2 10 Report of the State Botanist. there about one month later than on Long Island. Of the two remaining species of this group, the shining rose, Rosa lucida, and the dwarf rose, R. hdmilis, the extreme forms are easily recognized ; the former by its tall stout stem, stout spines and dark-green shining leaves ; the latter, by its low slender growth, straight, slender spines, thinner leaves and fewer flowers ; but all manner of intermediate forms occur which are very perplexing and which seem to connect the two. Among our wild asters several interesting forms and varieties have been collected. Some of the most notable of these variations have been found to occur in the prenanthoid aster. Aster prenan- thoides, a species which seems to have been regarded as quite uniform and fixed in its characters, for only a single variety is mentioned in the North American Flora, In the Catskill mountain region it varies excessively in the size and shape of the leaves, in the number and size of the heads and in their arrangement in panicles and corymbs, in the color of the rays and in the number, length and direction of the branches. The extreme forms, if observed separately, would scarcely be thought to belong to the same species, but they are so connected by intermediate forms that it is dffi cult to separate them. A more extended account of these variations will be found in another part of this Report. Scarcely less remarkable are the variations shown by the low or dwarf goldenrod, Solidago humilis. This species, which I have found in the Adirondack region only, occurs on the top of the low rocky ridge on the north shore of Third lake, one of the Fulton chain of lakes. This ridge is known as Bald mountain Its summit is long and narrow and nearly destitute of trees. Here and there the rock is covered with limited areas of thin soil that has accumulated in the depressions and shallow cavities and crevices. In this the dwarf goldenrod grows. The elevation, temperature, degree of exposure, moisture and character of the soil are all so uniform over the whole summit that much variation in the character of any plant that might grow there would scarcely be expected. Yet this goldenrod, in this limited area and apparently exposed to the same external conditions, exhibits here four well-marked and quite distinct forms. It certainly looks as if variation does not always depend upon external cir- cumstances. Report of the State Botanist. \\ Some attention has been given to the collection of specimens designed to add to the popular interest in the contemplated exhibit of representative specimens of the Herbarium at the World's Fair. But no official notice of the assignment of space for such an exhibit has 3^et been received by me, and I have not thought it proper to devote much time to preparation for this exhibit till such notice shall have been received. Inasmuch as the Herbarium is especially rich in specimens of fungi, I have thought it most appropriate to make an exhibit of these plants, and chiefly of those having an economical importance, either by reason of their useful or their noxious character. Respectfully submitted. CHAS. H. PECK. Albany, December 12, 1892. 12 Report of the State Botanist. (A.) PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM. New to the Herbarium. Papaver somniferuni L. Pruniis Cerasus L. P. domestica L. Rosa humilis Marsh. R. Sayi Schiv. R. Engelmanni Wats. Rubus setosus Bigel. R. Millspaughii Britton. Galium Kamtschaticum Stell. CEnothera Oakesiana Bobbins. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Artemisia serrat r Nutt. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Blephilia ciUata Raf. Polygonum cuspidatum S. & Z. Quercus Brittoni Davis. Scirpus Peckii Britton. Panicum nitidum Mx. P. laxiflorum Lam. Zygodon conoideus Dicks. Tricholoma serratifolium Pk. T. submaculatum Pk. Clitoc.vbe albidula Pk. C, revoluta PA;. (/oUybia ochroleuca Pk. Mycena rugosa Fr. M. hemispha^rica Pk. Entoloma nidorosum Fr. Tubaria canescens Pk. Agaricus subrufescens Pk. Hypholoma aggregatum Pk. Deconica bryophila Pk. D. bulbosa Pk. Coprinus arenatus Pk. Hygrophorus metapodius Fr. Russula adusta Fr. MeruUus Corium Fr. M. serpens Tode. Odontia laieritia B. & C. Thelephora subcchracea Pk. Corticium Kalmise PA;. Exobasidium Vaccirui Wor, Tylostoma mammosum Fr. T, campestre Morg. Lycoperdon hirtum Mart. L. asterospermum D. & M. L. perlatum Pers. L. Curtisii]PerA;. Didymium proximum B. & C. Physarum contextum Post. Peronospora Lir.ariaj Fckl. Phyllosticta Dioscoreae Cke. Phoma vulgaris Sacc. Macrophoma versabiUs PA;. SplTseronema Lonicerge PA;. Septoria Trailiana Sacc. Micropera Nemopanthis PA;. Gloeosporium Platani Oud. G. phomoides Sacc. G. fructigenum Berk. CylLndiospo.ium Acori PA;. Urocystis Waldsteiniae PA;. Cryptospora Goeppertiana Ktihn. ^cidium Lupini PA;. Uredo ChimaphilEe PA;. Cylindrium griseum Bon. C. elongatum Bon. VerticiUium sphjerophilum PA;. Periconia tenuissima PA;. Zygodesmus fulvus Sacc, Cladosporium Zese PA;. Napicladium gramineum PA;. Stilbum madidum PA;. Coremium glaucum Fr. Fusarium viticolum Thuni. LachneUa citrina PA;. Anthostoma Ontariense E. & E, Stigmatea Geranii Fr. Massariella XanthoxyU PA;. Ophiobolus subohvaceus PA;. Anemone Virginiana L. A. nemorosa L. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl Not new to the Herbarium. MagnoUa glauca L. M. acuminata L. Nuphar advena Ait. Report of the State Botanist. 13 Nuphar Kalmianum Ait. Arabis hirsuta Scop. A. perfoliata Lam. Nasturtium palustre DC. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Lepidium intermedium Cfr. Hudsonia ericoidea L. Viola sagittata Ait. Arenaria serpyUifolia L. A. CaroUniana Walt, Buda rubra Dumont. Hypericum Ascyron L. Linum striatum Walt. L. Virginianum L. Erodivun cicutariuni UHer. Geranium Carolinianum L. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. Vitis cestivaKs 2Ix. Polygala polygama Walt. P. senega L. P. sanguinea L. Lespedeza violacea Per.s. Vicia sativa L. V. tetrasperma L. V. Cracca L. V. Caroliniana Walt, Cassia Marilandica L. Prunus maritima Wang. P. Persica B. & H, Rubus neglectiis PA;. R. villosus Ait. R. Canadensis L. Rosa blanda Ait. R. lucida Ehrh. Amelanchier Canadensis T. & O. Sedum acre L. Drosera filiformis Raf. Myriophyllum ambiguum Nuit, Lythrum Salicaria L. Epilobium Uneare Muhl. E. adenocaulon Haussk, CEnothera fruticosa L. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Aralia trif olia D. & P. Viburnum cassinoides L. Cornus florida L. Galium pilosum Ait. G, circa'zans 3Ix, G. boreale L. G. trifidum L. Galium triflorum Mx. SoUdago bicolor L. H. humilis Piirsh. S. uliginosa Nutt. S. rugosa Mill. S. juncea Ait. S. Canadensis L. S. nemoralis Ait. S. lanceolata L. Sericocarpus conyzoides Nees. S. soUdagineus Nees, Aster Herveyi Gr. A. coiymbosus Ait, A. patens Ait. A. undulatus L. A. cordifolius L. A. Isevis L. A. diffusus Ait. A. paniculatus Lam. A. prenanthoides Muhl. A, puniceus L. Erigeron annuus Pei's. E. strigosus Muhl. Gnaphalium purpureum L, Artemisia caudata Mx, Senecio aiu-eus L, Cnicus horridulus Piirsh. C. pumilus Torr. Hieracium pra?altum Vill, H. venosum L. Sonchus asper Vill. Lobelia spicata Lam. Specularia perfoliata A. DC. Campanula rapunculoides L. Rhododendron viscosum Ton'. Chimaphila maculata Pursh. Primula Mistassinica Mx. Lysimachia stricta Ait, Anagallis arvensis L. Fraxinus viridis Mx. Asclepias incarnata L. A. verticillata L. Hydrophyllum Canadense L. Verbascum Thapsus L. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Mimulus moscliatas Dougl. Limosella aijuatica L. Veronica peregrina L. Conopholis Americana Wallr. Lycopus Virginicus L. 14 Report of the State Botanist. Scutellaria lateriflora L. S. galericulata L. Plantago major L. P. RugeUi Dec. P. lanceolata L. P. Patagonica Jacq. Chenopodium capitatum Wats. C. Bonus-Henricus L. Rumex Patientia L. R. verticillatus L. , R. obtusifolius L. R. Acetosella L. Polygonum lapathifolium L. P. Pennsylvanicum L. P. amphibium L. P, Persicaria L. P. acre H B K. P, cilinode Mx. Euphorbia PressUi Guss. Carya sulcata Nutt. Salix nigra Marsh. S. lucida Muhl. S. f ragilis L. S. rostrata Rich. S. petiolaris Sm. S. cordata Muhl. S. myrtilloides L. ChaniEecyparis sphaeroidea Spach. Aplectrum hiemale Nutt. Spiranthes cernua Rich. S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Pogonia pendula Lindl. Habenaria lacera R. Br. Aletris farinosa L. Iris prismatica Pursh. Sisyrinchium anceps Cav. Clintonia borealis Raf. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Trillium erectum L. Heteranthera graminea Vahl. Juncus marginatus Rostk. J. Greenii O. &. T. J. tenuis Willd. J. Gerardi Loisel. J. pelocarpus E. Meyer. J. articulatus L. J. militaris Bigel. J. acuminatus 3Ix. J. scirpoides Lam. Cypenis strigosus L. Scirpus maritimus L. S. fluviatilis Or. S. polyphyllus Vahl. S. silvaticus L. Eriophorum cyperinum L. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Carex intumescens Rudge. C. lurida Wahl. C. hystricina Muhl. C. scabrata Schw. C. vestita Willd. C. filiformis L. C. lanuginosa 3Ix. C. stricta Lam. G. torta Boott. C. longirostris Torr. C. arctata Boott. C. Sullivantii Boott. C. granularis Muhl. C. conoidea Schk. C. Hitchcockiana Dew. C. laxiflora Lam. C. 'digitaUs Willd. C. laxiculmis Schw. C. plantaginea Lam. C. ebumea Boott. G, varia Muhl. G. Pennsylvanica Lam. C. communis Bailey. C. vulpinoidea ilfa;. C. sparganioides Muhl. C. Muhlenbergii Schk, G. cephaloidea Dew. G. cephalophora Muhl. G. echinata Murr. G. canescens L. G. tribuloides Wahl. C. scoparia Schk. C. foenea Willd. G. silicea Olney. G. straminea Willd. Spartina juncea Willd. S. cynosuroides Willd. Panicum virgatum L. P. dichotomum L. P. Crus-galli L. Setaria ItaUca Kunth. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Oryzopsis asperifolia Mx. Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin. Report of the State Botanist. 15 Muhlenbergia silvatica T. & G. M. AVilldenovii Tnn. Calamagrostis Canadensis Bv. Agrostis alba L. A. scabra Willd. Deschampsia flexuosa Trin. Trisetum subspicatum Bv. A vena striata Mx. Eatouia Pennsylvanica Gr. Eragrostis Frankii Meyer. Poa serotina EhrJi. P. trivialis L. P. debilis Torr. P. alsodes Gr. Glyceria obtusa Trin. G. nervata Trin. G. grandis Wats. G. fluitans R. Br. G. acutiflora Torr. Festuca elatior L. Bronius Kabnii Gr. Elynius Virginicus L. • E. Canadensis L. Equisetum limosum L. Asplenium Filix-foemina Beimli. Aspidium spinidosiim Sw. Ly;^odium palmatum Sw. Bocrychium ternatum Sw. Amanita muscaria L. Armillaria mellea Vahl. Ti icholoma terreum Seine ff. Collybia radicata Rehl. Plmliota discolor Pk. Cortinarius pulcbrifoliiis Pk. Lactarius deceptivus Pk. Polyponis cuticularis Fr. Poi ia semitincta Pk. Hjdnuni graveolens Del. Porotbelinni fimbriatum Fr. Thelephora Cladonia Sehiv. Hymenochaete tabacina Lev. H. corrugata Lev. Corticium incarnatuni Lev. C. radiosum Fr. C. siibaurantiacum Pk. Ccratiuni hydnoides A. & S. Plasmopara viticola B. & D. Monilia fructigena Pers. Macrosporium commune Rabh. Cladosporium herbarum Lk. Cryptospora suffusa Fr. (B.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. Mrs. E. G. Britton, New York, N. Y. Zygodon conoideus Dicks. Mrs. D. B. Fitch, Norwich, N. Y. Lygodium palmatum Sw. Miss Bessie Grinnan, Madison Mills. Va. Calostoma Berkeleyi Mass. Rev. J. H. Wibbe, Schenectady, N. Y. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Polygonum cuspidatum S. & Z. Eragrostis Frankii Meyer. Rev. J. L. Zabriskie, Flatbush. N. Y. Myriophyllum ambiguum Nutt., var. I Limosella aquatic L., var. tenuifolia limosiim Toi-r. \ Iloffm. Geo. F. Atkinson, Auburn, Ala. Hypocrella tuberiformis B. & Br. \ Uredo I-'ici Cast. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Artemisia serrata Nutt. Erodium Cicutarium L'iJe?' Microsphseria calocladophora Atk. Ravenelia Cassiiecola Atk. Ranmlaria areola Atk. Cercospora BoUeana Speg. 16 Report of the State Botanist. S. M. Tracy, Phyllosticta ulmicola Sacc. Vermicularia affinis S. <& B. Dinemasporium graminum Lev. Gkeosporium nervisequum Sacc. Ustilago Uniolae E. & E. Uromyces Dactylidis Ott. Puccinia globosipes PA;. P. rubigovera Wint. F\ emaculata Schw. P. coronata Cd. P. Conoclinii Seym. P. Anthoxanthi FcM. Phragmidium speciosum Fr. Ravenelia Cassiajcola Atk. jEcidium Oldenlandianum E. & T. Starkville, Miss. Melampsora Quercus Schw. M. Hydrangeae Burr. Helminthosporium Ravenelii B. & C. Entyloma Physalidis Wint. Cercospora grisea C. & E. C. gossypina Cke. C. cruenta Sacc. C. macroguttata Atk. C. erythrogena Atk. Erysiphe communis Fr. Microspha?ria Abii Wint. Sphaerotheca lanestris Hark. Pseudopeziza Medicaginis Lib. Acrospermum compressum Tode. E. C. Howe, Lansingburgh, N. Y. Agrostis perennans Tuck. A. vvdgarLs With. Glyceria fluitans R. Br. Carex hystricina Muhl. C. tribuloides Wahl. C. lurida Wahl. Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin. G. H. Hicks, Agricultural College, Mich. Excipula Hicksiana E. & E. j Dendryphium corticola E. & E. Morchella bispora Sor. \ Verpa digitaliformis Pers. A. P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio. Bo vista minor Morg. i Hymenochaete purpurea C. & M. Bovistella Ohiensis E. & M. \ M. A. Howe, Berkeley, Cal. Gloeosporium Pteridis Hark. S. H. Burnham, Vaughns, N. Y. Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. Cardamine pratensis L. Blephilia ciUata Raf. J. Dearness, Phyllopticta Dircaj E. & D. P. staphylina D. Ceriosporella Dearnessii E. & E. Micropera Fraxini E. tfc E. Botrytis epichloris E. & D. Puccinia Pimpinellaj Lk. Pezicula carpinea Pers. Melampsori chionea Fr. Anthostomella mammoides E. & E. Melanconis saUcina E. & E. Blitum Bonus-Henricus Reich. Houstonia purpurea L. Aplectruni hiemale Nutt. London, Can. Clypeospha^ria ulmicola E. cfc E. Spha?rella Epilobii Sacc. Otthia Ostryigena E. & E. Thyridium Americanum E. & E. Cucurbitaria ulmicola Fckl. Diaporthe aliena E. & E. D. tuberculosa Sacc. D. spicata S. & E. D. claviceps E. & E. W. T. Davis, New Brighton, N. Y. Quercus Brittoni Davis. j Populus Ifeterophylla L. Q. nigra L. Report of the State Botanist. 17 N. L. Britton, Galium Kamtschaticum Stell. Ranunculus septentxionalis L. Aquilegia vulgaris L. Lepidium Virginicum L. Viola delpliinifolia Le Conte. Acer spicatum Lam. A. Pennsylvarucum L. Geaster argenteus Cke. Ustilago Hordei K. <& S. Uromyces Sprague^e Hark. U. Zygadeni Pk. U. Eriogoni E. & H. U. Euphorbiae C. & P. U. borealis Pk. U. Glycyrrhiza? R. <& M. Pucciuia Polygoni Pers. P. mii-abiHissima Pk. P. consimilis E. & E. P. Gavophyti Pk. P. Phragniitis Korn. P. Mentha^ Pers. P. Tanaceti DC. P. intennixta Pk. P. rubigovera Wint. P. Grindelia? Pk. P, Troximontis Pk. P. Balsamorrhizfe Pk. P. Giliai Hark. P. Malvastri Pk. P. mutabilis E. & E. P. Hieracii Mart. P. Helianthi Schv. P. Jonesii Pk. Phragmidium Potentillfe Karst P. subcorticiimi Wint. P. Rubi-Idaei Karst. Melampsora Lini Tul. M. farinosa Schnet. Melampsorella Cerastii Schrcet. Oronartium asclepiadeum Fr. ^cidium Clematidis DO. JE. AUenii Clint. JE. Violw Schurn. New York, N. Y. Rubus MilLspaughii Bntton. Vicia hirsuta Koch. Zizia aurea Koch. Osmorhiza longistylis Torr. Erigeron bellidifolius Mulil. Senecio aiu-eus L. Tussilago Farfara L. ^cidium gaurinum Pk. JE. Convallaria? 5c/j»TO. JE. porosum Pk. JE. Ellisii T. & G. JE. hemispha?ricuin Pk. JE. Thalictri Grev. JE. monoicuin Pk. JE. Urtica? Wint. ^. Plantaginis Ces. JE. Eurotias E. & E. JE. Cleomis E. c& A. JE. Compositarum Mart. JE. Pini Pe7-s. Uredo Polypodii DC. Roestelfa cornuta Fr. Cystopus candidus Lev. C. cubicus DeBy. Ramularia arnicalis E. & E. Cercospora Thalia? E. & E. Peziza scabrovillosa Phil. Mollisia Montanensis E. & E. Lachnella flammea A. & S. i Claviceps purpurea Tul. Tapesia fusca Pers. Erysiphe communis Fr. E. gramini-s DC. E. Cichoracearum DC. Spha?rotheca Castagnei Lev. Uncinula Salicis TT7n^ Physalospora megastoma Pk. P. aurantia E. cfc G. Rosellinia oblicjuata Save. Teichospora manmioides E.& E. Phyllachora Horaclei Fr. P. Potentilla' Schv. P. Wittrockii Sacc. Carex intumescens Rudge. C. sparganioides Muhl. C. SuUivantii Boott. L. Shear, Alcove, N. Y. I Botrychium ternatuin Sio. Amanita ca^sarea Scop. I Urocystis Waldsteinia> Pk. * The following are specimens of fungi from the collection of the lat« F. W. Anderson, were communicated by Prof. Britton. 1892. 3 They 13 Report of the State Botanist. Mrs. L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse. N. Y. Flcerkea proserpinacoides Willd. W. Herbst, Trexlertown, Pa. Phallus Ravenelii B. & C. \ Queletia mirabilis Fr. W. Falconer, Glen Cove, N. Y. Agaricus subrufescens Pk. C. F. Millspaugh, Waverly, N. Y. CylindrocoUa Dendroctoni Pk. John E. Coventry. A fasciated ear of corn, Zea Mays L. E. H. Savage, Keeseville, N. Y. Sand incrusted specimen of fungus, Polyporus fomentarius Fr. Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. Y. Four-headed flovs^er of dandelion. Taraxacum officinale Weh. on a single stout or fasciated scape. (C.) SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Papaver somniferum L. Menands, Albany county. September. Cultivated for orna- ment but often self-seeding and sparingly escaping from cultivation. Prunus Cerasus X, Yoorheesville and Delmar, Albany county, and A¥estport, Essex county. The sour cherry is sometimes spontaneous by roadsides and near farm-houses. Prunus domestica L. Amagansett, Suffolk county. An apparently starved or degen- erate form of the cultivated ])lum grows in sandy soil in this locality. It assumes a straggling bush-like form three lo four feet high, or in a few instances six to eight feet. The taller specimens were seen on the north side of the road leading from Amagansett to Easthampton. The leaves on the spurs are about six lines long and three lines broad. Those on the branches are about one inch long and half as wide. On the most thrifty shoots they scarcely exceed one and a half inch in length. Flowers and fruit not seen. Report of the State Botanist. 19 Rosa humilis Marsh. This rose, which had been previously united with R. lucida, is considered a distinct species in the last edition of Gray's Manual. Its most prominent distinguishing features are its shorter stems, straight slender spines, narrow stipules and lobed outer sepals. These characters, however, are somewhat variable, so that individ- uals occur, which connect the two in such a way as to show that they are not very sharph^ limited. This is the most common species about Albany. It is abundant on Mount Defiance, near Ticon- deroga, and is quite variable there. One noteworthy form has the spines nearly wanting, the leaflets numerous and small, gen- erally eight or nine lines long, and the pedicels and calyx tube as glabrous as in E. hlanda. From B. hlanda it may be sepa- rated l3y the presence of an occasional spine and by the decidu- ous sepals. Can it be a cross between R. hlanda and R. humilis, both of which occur in this locality ? R. humilis appears to be equally at home on rocky, clayey or sandy soil. It is abundant in the eastern part of Long Island. Rosa Sayi :Sch%o. I i-efer to this species, s])ecimens collected near Westport, Essex county, in June. The essential characters of the species are shown, but in some cases only partially or slightly. The serru- late teeth of the leaflets are not always present, and their resin- ous-puberulent character is sometimes very slight. The stems are always very prickly, and often the branches also. The prickles are sometimes intermingled with straight, slender spines, and the sti|)ules, which are either narrow or dilated, are pretty constantly and distinctly glandular-ciliate. The leaflets are more rounded or obtuse at the base than in R. hlanda, from which it is se])arated by the characters just mentioned, although its variation from typical R. Sayi seems to be in the direction of R. hlanda. In the Manual the species is credited from Northern Michigan and Wisconsin to Minnesota and Colorado. Possibly it nmy have been introduced into our locality from the west, but it is well established both north and west from Wcst])ort, and has been here many years. Rosa Engelmanni Watnon. P>uiting specimens of a rose very similar to the preceding species were collected several years ago at the base of Mount 20 Report of the State BotajsIst. Defiance, near Ticonderoga. They differ from Rosa Sayi in tlie shape of the fruit, which is distinctly longer than broad. Rubus Millspaughii Britton. Avalanche Pass, Essex county. iV. L. Britton. Morehouseville, Hamilton county. July. The glabrous character of this species separates it from small forms of Ruhus villosus var. frondosus. The specimen contrib- uted by Professor Britton is wholly without spines, those col- lected by myself have a few weak spines. Rubus setosus Bigel. Common in the southern and western part of the Adirondack region, Morehouseville and Lake Pleasant, Hamilton county, Old Forge or " Brown Tract," Herkimer county, and Garoga, Fulton county. July and August. This plant was previously reported by me as RuTms hispidus var. suherectus, but later observations led me to the belief that it is a distinct species. Professor Britton agrees with me in this belief, and thinks it belongs to the speciss under which I have now placed it, and with the originally published description of which it agrees very well, except that its ripe fruit is black instead of red, as inBigelow's plant. Doctor Torrey, in IS". Y. State Flora, regarded Bigelow's plant as a variety of Ruhus Mspidus and abbreviated the description too much to make it satisfactory. The specimen which he placed in the Herbarium as a representa- tive of this plant is clearly a mere form of R. hisjndus. R. setosus, as here understood, is quite plentiful in the localities mentioned and evidently delights in the soil of mixed sand and gravel which is common in that region. I observed the past season that it had taken possession of the old neglected garden of Arnold house, Fulton Chain, and was apparently fast overrun- ning the whole area. It thrives better on dry upland than in wet swampy places, though it occasionally appears in such localities. The old abandoned fields and pastures of the region mentioned are most congenial to it. Unthrifty specimens of it were seen on the summit of Bald mountain near Third lake. In no case have I found it associated with R. Mspidus, which is strangely absent or scarce in this whole region. The fruit is ripe in August. It is Report of the State Botanist. 21 rather small, black when ripe and scarcely inferior in flavor to that of the dewberry, JR. Canadenxi.s. or of the leafy blackberry and of Millspaugh's blackberry. Galium Kaintschaticum Stell. Mount Marcy. August. Britton. The specimens are in fruit, but no flowers are shown. The species may be distin- guished from the glabrous variety of Galium circcezans by its long erect pedicels. CEnothera Oakesiana Bobbins. Luzerne, Warren county. This is (E. biennis var. Oakesiana Gr. Chrysanthemum, segetum. L. Introduced and growing in fields near Xiskayuna, Schenectady county. September. Rev. J. H. Wibhe. Artem.isia serrata Nxctt. Banks of the Mohawk, three miles below the aqueduct and opposite Rock island. August. Wibhe. An introduction from the west. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Rocky hillsides. "Whitehall. June. Blephilia ciliata Raf. Vaughn's, Washington county. S. H. Burnliam. Polygonum, cuspidatum. /S". ^s^W.s' it difl'ers in many respects — in the thin flesh, the color of the young lamella?, the character of the stem and its annulus and in its mycelium. It resembles more c\o?,q\y A. 2>lacom/yces imd A. .nlvdticus, hnt from the former it may be separated by the shape of the pileus and tiie more obscure character of its scales and by its annulus, from the latter, by the color of the pileus and the young lamella* and also by the annulus, which is externally floccose-s»j nam ii lose and also not distant as in that species. 1892. 4 26 Report of the Si ate Botanist. Mr. Falconer says that under cultivation it is exceedingly pro- ductive, growing- equally well in sunshine and in shade, but being fond of warmth. When grown in the dark the color of the pileus is darker than when grown in the light. The mushrooms appear in twenty-four to thirty days after the planting of the spawn, which is about two weeks earlier than in the case of the common mushroom. They have a decided flavor and are good eating. From this it will readily be seen that in productiveness, early appearance and ability to endure warin weather it is an improvement on the common mushroom. Hypholma aggregatum. n. sjh Densely caespitose ; pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate, gray- ish-white, obscurely spotted with appressed brownish fibrils; lamellae subdistant, rounded behind, nearly free, at first whitish, then brown or blackish-brown with a whitish edge ; stem rather long, hollow, somewhat floccose or fibrillose, white ; spores brown, elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus about 1 in. broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 1.5 to 2 lines thick. At the base of trees and stumps in woods. Alcove. Sept, The ca3spitose habit and obscurely spotted grayish-white pileus are marked features of this species. From H. silvestre the species may be distinguished by its smaller size, adnexed or nearly free lamellae, which have no rosy tint, and by its very caespitose mode of growth. Deconica bryophila w. sp . Pileus thin, membranous on the margin, subconical, becoming convex or nearly plane, glabrous, hygrophanous, chestnut color or dark brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, creamy- white, grayish-white or pale brown when dry and often distinctly striate on the margin ; lamellae broad, distant, adnate or slightly decurrent, plane or ventricose, at first pale-brown, then purplish- brown ; stem slender, slightly silky -fibrillose when young, stuffed or hollow, pallid or brown ; spores brown, elliptical, .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus 3 to 6 lines broad ; stem 8 to 12 lines long. Sandy soil among mosses. Delmar and Karner. May. Report of the State Botanisi. 27 From D. 7jul/acea, this species differs in its not viscid pileus and in its distant laraelliTe. The chestnut-colored specimens sometimes have the center of the pilens dai-ker than the mar<^in. Deconica bulbosa jl 7). Pileus submembranous, convex, becoming nearly plane, glabrous, slightly striate on the margin, whitish tinged with brown : lamelhT? broad, distant, adnate, purplish-brown ; stem slender, firm, hollow, bulbous, both it and the bulb densely grayish- fibrillose ; spores purplish-brown, elliptical. .o003 in. long, .tt002 broad. Pileus '^ to 6 lines broad ; stem 8 to 12 lines long, scarcely half a line thick. Dead stems of herbs. Delmar. September. This small species resembles the preceding one in size, but it differs in its place of growth, its paler color, its bulbous stem and in the grayish fibrils that clothe both stem and bulb. Coprinus arena tus //. s]). Pileus thin, at first broadly ovate or subhemispherical, soon convex or campanulate, adorned with small Avhite tomentose scales, striate on the margin, whitish or grayish-white, becoming grayish-brown with age; laraelhv broad, crowded, free, grayish- white, soon purplish-brown, finally black, furnished with numer- ous projecting hyaline cystidia; stem short, equal, glabrous, hollow, white ; spores broadly ovate or subgiobose, black in the mass, purplish-brown by transmitted light, .(»o03 to .00035 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Solitary or gregarious, growing 011 sandy soil reciMitly overrun by fire. Karner. May. The mycelium binds the sand together in a globular mass at the base of the stem. The scales of the i)ileus are easily sei)a- rable and soon disappear. The marginal striations extend half way or more toward the center. The long cystidia give a pecu- liar appearance to the lamelhr, and in the fresh ]>lant they may be seen extending across the interspaces. The species belongs to the section Tomentosi and is remarkable for its peculiar habitat. 2g Report OF the State Botanist. Hygrophorus metapodius Fr. Woods. Shokan. September. Our specimeas were not at all vis- cid, nor did wounds of the flesh and lamellae turn red, but in other respects they correspond so well to the figure and description of this species that ayc dare not separate them. Russula adusta Fr. Sandy soil in pine woods. Delmar. September. Closely allied to R. nigricans, but differing in its thinner, closer and more decurrent lamellae, wliich do not assume a reddish color where wounded. The specimens are commonly smaller than either R. nigricans or R. sordida, and they are less disposed to turn black in drying. Merulius Coriuni F'r. Decorticated wood of deciduous trees. Boiceville, Ulster county. September. In our specimeas the plants are wholly resupinate, slightly reflexed, or they h^ve a well developed pileus. In this case the pileus is villous, concentrically sulcate and white. The hyme- nium also is somewhat concentrically sulcate. European authors do not agree in their descriptions of the size and shape of the spores of this species. In our specimens they are oblong or lanceolate, .0003 in. long, .00012 broad. Merulius serpens Tode. Decaying wood and branches. Lake Pleasant. August. Odontia lateritia B. /. Sandy soil. West Albany. November. Lycoperdon hirtum Jlart. Brewerton and Catskill mountains. This was formerly included by me with Z. atropurpureum . from which it scarcely differs except in its depressed ])eridiuni ami cord-like root. 30 Report of the State Botanist. Lycoperdon asterospermum. 1). t& 31. North Greenbush and West Albany. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. Urewerton, Adirondack and Catskill mountains. August and September. Following the illustrious Fries, I formerly included this with Z. gemmatum., but it is so well marked by the prevail- ing form of the peridium and especially by the character of the spines of the cortex that it seems best to consider it a distinct species. Lycoperdon Curtisii Berh. Ground by roadside. Guilderland. October. Didymium proximum B S C. Fallen twigs and leaves of pine. Lake Pleasant. August. Physarum. contextum Host. Bark of trees. Fulton Chain. August. Peronospora Linarise FcM. Living stems and leaves of Canadian toadflax, Linaria Cana- densis, lliverhcad. July. This fungus is described as pure white, but in our specimens the patches have a dirty-white or grayish hue often with a slight violaceous tint. The long and- narrowly obovate conidia are quite characteristic. Phyllosticta Dioscoreae Cke. Living leaves of yam, Dlosoorea villosa. Riverhead. July. Var. grisea. Spots gray with a narrow reddish-brown margin; perithecia epiphyllous, numerous, black ; spores globose or ovoid. Phoma vulgaris Sacc. Dead stems of long-fruited anemone, Anemone cylindrica. Del mar. June. The spores in our plant are slightly smaller than in the type. Macrophoma versabilis n. sp. Perithecia scattered, irregular, globose or compressed and hys- teriiform, erumpent or subsuperficJal, black ; spores oblong-ellip- tical, colorless, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad ; sporophores generally shorter than the spores. Report of the State Botanist. 31 Dead branches and galls of oak, Quercus ilidfolia. Karner. May. Apparently intermediate in character between M. dryina and M. nervisequa, having spores like those of the former and peri- thecia somewhat resembling those of the latter. Sphaeronema Lonicerae n. sp. Perithecia numerous, scattered uniformly, small, .009 to .012 in. broad, at first covered by the epidermis, then erumpent, nar- rowed above into a rostrum about as long as the diameter of the perithecium, black ; spores, numerous, elliptical or oblong, color- less, .00016 to .00u3 in. long, .00(108 to .00012 broad, oozing out in wet weather and forming a minute hyaline globule. Living stems of hairy honeysuckle, Lonicera hirsuta. Brown- ville. June. This is easily distinguished from Sphn'rographium Lonicenp^ which has fusiform curved quadrinucleate spores. Septoria Trailiana Sacc. Living leaves of self-heal, Brunella vulgaris. Menands. August. Micropera Nemopanthis n. sp. Perithecia densely and prominently ca^spitose, minute, black, opening on the application of moisture and revealing the whitish, gelatinous contents ; spores subfilif orm, curved or sigmoid, taper- ing toward each end, .00 IB to .(>024 in. long; sporophores short. Dead branches of mountain holly, Nemopanihes Canadensis. Karner. May. GloBOsporium Platani Oud. Living or languishing leaves of s\x'amore, Platanus occidentalis. Shoka^. September. This is quite distinct from G. nervisequum^ both in habit and m the size and color of the acervuli. Gloeosporiuin phomoides Sacc. Fruit of tomato. Menands. September. • Gloeosporiuin fructigenum Berk. On grapes. Menands. September and October. This is dcsti'uctivc t(» \\\v IVuit. (•;iiisinij it lo tlcfMw 32 Report of the State Botanist. Cylindrosporium Acori n. sp. S})ots numerous, subelliptical, sometimes confluent, blackish, nuclei minute ; spores ampliigenous, forming minute tufts, white, oblong or subcylindrical, sometimes narrowed toward one end, .0004 to .0008 in. long, about .00016 broad. Living or languishing leaves of sweet flag, Acorus Calamus. Sandlake. September. The spots, in size and shape, resemble those of Uromyces pyriformis. They are sometimes slightly whitened in the center by the confluence of the tufts of spores. TJrocystis Waldsteiniae 7i. sp. Sori large, oblong, following the nerves of the leaf, commonly near the margin and nearly parallel to each other, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, black; spores not easily separable, three to six or more in a glomerule, the central and peripheral siinilar, subgiobose or elliptical, often angular, .0005 to .0006 inch long, .0004 to .0005 broad, the glomerules very unequal in size and in the number of component spores. Living leaves of barren strawberry, WoMsteinia fragarioides. Alcove. June. C. L. Sheai'. This species is apparently closely allied to U. FilipenduloB. It seems to connect Urocystis with Thecaphora and to be ambiguous between these two genera. When there are but three spores in a glomerule the central one is usually larger than the others. Specimens of this fungus have also been received from Pro- fessor Dearness, of London, Canada. Cryptospora Goeppertiana Kuhn. Living stems and branches of Canadian blueberry, YacGinium CoAiadense. Fulton Chain. August. Also on the same host and on swamp blueberry, Vaocinium corymhosum. Sandlake. September, This fungus is destructive to its host. The affected branches appear to live but one year. Their leaves are dwarfed in size or wholly obliterated, the branches themselves are generally unnatu- rally multiplied, and appear to form tufts or clusters, and they are unusually thick or swollen and their tissues greatly changed. Sometimes they are much twisted, curved or contorted, but more // Report of the State Botanist, 33 often they are straight and erect. In color they are often red- dish-brown or chestnut. I have never seen any fruit on an affected branch. -fficidium Lupini n. s?>. Spots numerous, small, orbicular, at first yellowish-green, becoming purplish-brown with age ; spermogones epiphyllous, central ; peridia hypophyllous, crowded, short ; spores globose, ver- ruculose, orange-yellow, .001 to .0016 in. broad. Living leaves of common lupine, Lujpinus ■perennis. Karner, June. Uredo Chimaphilse n. sp. Spots none ; sori chiefly hypophyllous, scattered or crowded, a long time covered by the epidermis, yellow or pale-orange ; spores narrowly ovate oblong or subelliptical, .001 to .0012 in. long, .0005 to .0007 broad. Living leaves and flowers of spotted wintergreen, Chimaphila inaculata. Amagansett. July. The fungus seems to kill the leaves it attacks. Cylindrium. elongatum Bon. Fallen leaves of chestnut. Shokan. September. Cylindrium griseum Bon. Fallen leaves of chestnut-oak, Quercus Prinus. Shokan. Sep- tember. Much like the preceding species, but distinguished' by its gray color. Verticillium sphaerophilum n. s/?. Hyphae minutely and stellately tufted, white, sparingly branched ; branches one to three at a node, rather long, gradu- ally tapering upward; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00015 broad. On Hypoxylon coccineum. Shokan. September. The Verticillium appears to develop from the ostiola of its host. Periconia tenuissima /i. sp. Effused, -forming a thin indeflnite ])urplish-brown downy stratum on the matrix ; fertile hypha) erect, slender, simple, scarcely septate, .011 to .014: in. long, .00015 thick ; spores aggre- 1892. 5 34 Report of the State Botanist. gated into a minute head, globose, .0001 to .00012 in. broad, colored like but paler than the hyphae. On a thick stratum of mycelium of some wood inhabiting fungus. Adirondack mountains. July. Zygodesmus fulvus ISacc Decaying bark of maple, Acer saccharinum. Lake Pleasant August. Cladospormm Zese n. sp. Mycelial filaments colorless, branched, creeping among the tissues of the matrix and causing the epidermis to rupture ; fertile hyphae slender, sparingly septate, more or less elongate ; densely interwoven and forming a grayish-green velvety stratum ; spores very variable, globose elliptical or oblong, .00016 to .0008 in. long, continuous or at length with one to three septa. Unripened grains of Indian corn, Zea Mays. Menands. September. The species of Cladosporium are generally saprophytes, but this one appears to attack the living tissues of the grain. The kernel ruptures at the apex, revealing its white starchy contents, wliicli are soon overspread by a grayish-green or olivaceous velvety coating of filaments which give a mold v appearance to the exposed surface. The rupture widens and the contents gradually dis- apjiear tiU the grain is deepl}'^ excavated. The fungus is a peculiar and apparently an injurious one. Napicladium grammeum n. sp. Spots brown, soon elongated and confluent, often occupying the whole leaf ; tufts minute, punctiform, black, the hyphae short, crowded, somewhat nodulose above ; spores clavate, having one to three septa, .0012 to .0024 in. long, .0004 to .0005 broad. Living leaves of rough meadow^ grass, Poa trivialis. Delmar. June. This fungus is evidently a harmful one. It kills the leaves attacked by it. It differs from N. arundinaceum in its punctiform habit and narrower spores. Report of the State Botanist. 35 Stilbum madidum. n. sp. Stems numerous, sometimes caespitose, .02 to .03 in. long, white or whitish, glabrous; head minute, subgiobose, pellucid-white; spores oblong, often slightly narrowed toward one end, .000,5 to .0000 in. long, about .00010 broad.' Sap-moistened cut surface of a birch stump, Betula lutea. Lake Pleasant. August. The mycelium ])ermeates a gelatinous stratum which over- spreads the wood. The species is distinguished from S. macro- carpnm by its white capitulum and more narrow spores. Coremiuni glaucum Pr. Fallen acorns. Shokan. September. This is considered by some to be a mere form of Penicillium glaucum, from which it differs in having a stem composed of compacted filaments. Fusarium viticoluin Thum. Grapes. Menands. September. Our specimens differ from the type in the smaller superficial sporodoehia and in the longer and more acutely pointed spores. The}^ constitute a new variety if not a distinct species. For the present I call them var. uvicolum. Sporodoehia minute, numer- ous, gregarious, superficial, depressed, ttesh-colored ; spores narrowly fusiform, generally curved, acute or acuminate, three to five septate, .»)016 to .002 in. long. Lachnella citrina n. sp. Receptacle minute, .02 to .03 in. broad, sessile or with a very short stem, villose-tomentose, citrine-yellow, the hymenium yellow inclining to orange, generally concealed, when dry, by the connivent margin; asci subcylindrical, about .0(»;) in. long; paraphyses filiform, equaling, or a little surpassing the asci ; spores oblong or subfusiform, .0004 to .(>005 in. long. .oodlO broad. Bark of chestnut trees. Shokan. September. In some instances the marginal hairs of the ciij»s are white. 35 Report of the State Botanist. Anthostoma Ontariensis K S E. Dead branches of willow, Saliya discolor. Earner. May. In our specimens the stroma is eutypoid rather than valsoid and the spores are a little broader than in the type. Stigmatea Geranii IV. Living and languishing leaves of Carolinian cranesbill, Ger- aniwin Carolinianum. Brownville. June. Massariella Xanthoxyli w. sp. Perithecia small, .02 to 028 in. broad, immersed in the bark, scattered or subseriate, slightly elevating and at length piercing the epidermis ; asci 8-spored ; spores crowded or biseriate, at first colorless, then colored, uniseptate, quadrinucleate, oozing out and forming a conical mass, then distinctly uniseptate but not nucleate, .0024 to .0027 in. long, .0005 to .0007 broad. Dead stems and branches of prickly ash, Xanthoxylum Ameri- ccmum. Mechanicville. May. In young specimens the bark has a much smoother and cleaner appearance than in old ones. In these it is roughened and stained by the heaps of ejected spores. The young spores have a strong resemblance to those of Massaria vomitoria, but the perithecia are much smaller than in that species and the uniseptate mature spores are quite distinct. Ophiobolus subolivaceus n. sp. Perithecia numerous, depressed, .012 to .014 in. broad, at first covered by the epidermis, then superficial, black ; asci clavate or cylindrical ; spores slightly curved, gradually narrowed toward each end, yellowish-brown by transmitted light, five-septate, .0(>2 to .0025 in. long, .00016 broad, the third cell slightly swollen. Dead stems of herbs, apparently of TlialiGtrum lyolygamum. Mechanicville. May. This is closely allied to 0. oUvaceus, from which I have sepa- rated it because of its superficial perithecia and constantly five-septate spores. // Report of the State Botanist. 37 (D.) EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES. The following species of fungi, which are considered new or worthy of mention, have been received from correspondents for identification. They were collected outside the limits of our State and are therefore noticed separately. Phallus Ravenelii B. & C. Var. minor. Plant small, 2 to 3.5 inches high, the part of the veil pendant from the top of the stem about equal to the pileus in length. Trexlertown, Pennsylvania. W. Herlst. Q,ueletia mirabilis Fr. Spent oak tan bark. Trexlertown, Pennsylvania. August. Herhst. So far as I know, this rare and interesting fungus has not before been detected in this country. It has the appearance of a large overgrown species of Tylostoma. The specimens vary from two to six inches long. The peridium or head is globose, and from one to two and a half inches in diameter. The stem is from four to eight lines thick, and externally is very ragged, shreddy and lacerated. It is easily separable from the head, to which it is attached in a kind of socket as in Tylostoma. The genus Queletia is especially distinguished from Tylostoma in having no apical aperture to the peridium. This, when mature, cracks open, either by a single long fissure or by several. The description of the single known species, as given in Sylloge, does not agree fully with our specimens, but these are mani- festly the same specifically as a specimen collected in France and communicated to us by Doctor N. Patouillard, who labeled it Queletia mirabilis Fr. The dimensions of our specimens con- siderably exceed those assigned to the species, the spores are smaller and the color of the contents of the peridium is a dull tawny or brownish-ochraceous rather than flavescent or golden 38 Report of the State Botanist. yellow, so that I should have considered them a distinct species, or at least a variety, but for their agreement with the specimen from France. Phoma exocarpina n. sp. Perithecia gregarious, subsuperficial, .014: in, broad, black; spores narrowly elliptical, hyaline, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .OOolO broad. Exocarp of old pignuts, Carya porcinci. Michigan. May. G. H. Hicks. Macrophoma Philodendri n. sp. Perithecia scattered or gregarious, small, .007 to .014 in. broad, variable in form, thin, erumpent, black, opening by a wide mouth when moist and revealing the white mass of spores within; spores oblong or subcylindrical, colorless, sometimes binucleate, .0006 to .0008 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad, supported on slender sporophores about equal to the spores in length. Var. maculicola. Perithecia on definite white spots. Living and dead leaves of Philodeudron jyertusum., growing in a conservatory. Michigan. May. Hicks. Morchella bispora *S'or. Yar. iruncata. Pileus broadly rounded or truncate, its costa? slightly prominent, the margin often a little recurved ; paraphyses numerous ; stem long. Michigan. May. Hicks. Geopyxis Hicksii n. sp. Heceptacle about 6 lines broad, infundibuliform, glabrous, brownish, the hymenium adorned with a few cost^e radiating from the center ; stem slender, from 8 to 12 lines long, scarcely 1 line thick, slightly enlarged above and expanding into the receptacle, brown ; asci cylindrical, .0006 to .0008 in. long, .0005 broad ; spores elliptical, even, .0005 to .(i006 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Ground. Michigan. Ma}^ Hicks. Kemarkable for the straight radiating ridges of the hymenium, by which the species may easily be recognized. Report of the State Botanist. 39 TJrnula Geaster n. sp. Rece})tacle urceolate or cupulate, 1 to 2.5 inches broad, at length splitting into 4 to 6 rays, narrowed below into a stem-like base 3 to 5 lines thick, externally everywhere clothed with a dense velvety coat of slender, interwoven, minutely papillose brown hairs, flesh white ; hymenium white o^' whitish, .035 in. thick ; asci very long, cylindrical, .03 in. long ; spores uniseriate, oblong or oblong-fusiform, pointed at each end, colorless, .0025 to .003 in. long, about .0006 broad, often containing a single large nucleus. Ground. Austin, Texas. November. L. M. Underwood. This species is well marked by its Geaster-like rays, its dense external velvety -tomentose covering, its thick hymenium and its very long spores. These surpass in length the spores of any other species of Urnula known to me. Diatrypella Underwoodii n. sp. Stroma small, .014 to .028 in. broad, prominent, subsuperficial, convex or subconical, uneven, black ; perithecia few, 1 to 3 in a stroma, the ostiola obscure; asci fusiform or subclavate, long- pedicellate, the sporiferous part about .003 in. long, often swollen or irregularl}^ tumid in the middle or at the base, the pedicel nearly as long as the sporiferous part ; spores allantoid, .0003 in. long, .0001 broad. Dead branches of mesquit. Austin, Texas. November. Underwood. Distinguished for its very small verrucose stroma with few perithecia, and for its singularly swollen and irregular asci. Rhytidhysterium Prosopidis n. sjx Perithecia superticial, very hard when dry, subelliptical or trigonal, black, with very obtuse, thick, involute, crenulate or transversely sulcate-costate labia3, becoming expanded and softer when moistened, suborbicular, revealing the dingy yellowish- green distinctly margined disk ; asci slender, cylindrical, .007 to .008 in. long, .(i()045 to .0005 broad, eight-spored ; spores uniseriate, oblong, sometimes slightly curved, at first colorless and uniseptate, then colored and triseptate, .0008 to .(Mil 2 in. 40 Report of the State Botanist. long, .0003 to .0004 broad ; paraphyses slightly surpassing the asci, several times forked or niultifid at the apex. Dead branches of mesquit, Prosopis juliflo7'a. Austin, Texas. Kovember. Underwood. This species is apparently related to B. Braziliense, from which I have separated it because of its more slender asci and smaller spores. • Chsetophoma setigera n. sp. Perithecia minute, .003 to .005 in. broad, gregarious, epiphyl- lous and amphigenous, subglobose, black, seated on a thin efl'used superficial separable blackish stratum of interwoven filaments and adorned with a few slender erect or divergent black setae .003 to .0045 in. long; spores numerous, minute, elliptical or oblong, colorless, .00016 to .00024 in. long, .00008 to .0001 broad, often with a minute nucleus at each end. Living leaves of coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia. Berkeley, California. March. M. B. Howe. CylindrocoUa Dendroctoni Pk. (Flora of West Virginia, p. 516.) Sporodochia minute, forming irregular masses, white or whitish, somewhat waxy ; sporophores slender, abundantly branched above, often compacted below into a short stem-like base ; spores catenulate, short cylindrical, subtruncate, colorless, .00016 to .0002 in. long, .00008 to .0001 broad. Dead insects, Dendroctonus frontalis, and the inner bark of pine just about them. West Virginia. May. C. F. Millsjpaugli. The insects are probably killed by the fungus as they lie dead in the furrows which they had excavated in the inner bark of pine trees, Pinus inops. (E.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Anemone Virginiana L. The variety with white obtuse petals was found near Whitehall . Anemone nemorosa L. var. quinquefolia. Common near Delmar, also at Earner. May. ^A Report of the State Botanist. 41 Magnolia glauca L. This small but beautiful tree has long been credited to Long Island, but I have been able to find it in only a single locality . In this place the trees are ten or twelve feet higli and very slender, the trunk scarcely exceeding an inch or an inch and a half in diameter. The branches ai'e short, which give the trees a rather strict appearance. The flowers are creamy-white and the fruit globular rather than "oblong." In the N. Y. State Flora its blossoming time is said to be May and June, but the past summer the trees were yet in blossom on the fifteenth of July. It is greatly to be hoped that the owners of the land where these trees grow will not allow them to be destroyed . There are not many of them, and it is possible they may be the only wild representatives of the species in our State . Arabis perfoliata Lam. This rare plant still exists on the rockj?- banks of the Black river below AVatertown, where it was found more than fifty years ago. Buda rubra Bumont. Hempstead Plains. July. A small form three or four inches high. Hypericum Ascyron L. This plant which is not common in our State has been found in Washington county. Burnham. Erodium Cicutarium Z' Her. Fields near Schenectady. July. Wihhe. Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. Near Syracuse. Mrs. L. L. Goodrich. Vitis aestivalis Mx. var. bicolor Le Conte. Whitehall. Jidy, , Polygala polygama Walt. West side of Mount Defiance on thin soil covering rocks. June. A form having pale-pinkish flowers was collected near Riverhead; also near Amagansett. July. 1892. 6 42 Report op the State Botanist. Polygala sanguinea L. Alcove. Sej^tember. A late flowering form springing up in meadows and having the flowers wholly bright-purple. The common form on Long Island, which was in blossom in July, has the flowers greenish-purple. Vicia sativa X. var. angustifolia Ser. Adams. June. Vicia tetrasperma L. Bethleliem. June. This in troduced species of vetch is evidently not limited to places near the sea coast as indicated in the Manual. Vicia Cracca X. Roadsides. Ticonderoga and Brownville. June. Rosa blanda Ait. Rocky banks of the Black river below Brownville. June. The absence of spines in this species together with its glabrous ]ieduncles and calyx tubes and its persistent sepals, makes it one of the most easily recognizable of our native roses. The stems often have a few prickles toward the base but so far as I have seen they are always glabrous above. The rose found near Westport and which, in this Report I have referred to R. Sayi, seems to be intermediate between this species and typical R. Sayi. Its fruit is similar to that of R. hlanda., but its stems and often its branches are very prickly, its stipules which are either narrow or dilated are distinctly glandular-ciliate and its leaflets are more rounded at the base and their serratures occasionally serrulate. The prickly sj;ems usually have slender spines interspersed among the prickles. For these reasons it seems rather to be a variety of R. Sayi than of R. hlanda. Rosa Carolina L. This is the only wild rose I have found in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness. It occurs along the inlets of Raquette lake and at Forked lake. It is in flower there in August. In one instance a tendency to the formation of double flowers was shown, the blossom having seven petals. The species occurs in all parts of the State. The fine serratures of the leaflets appear to be the Report of tee State Botanist. 43 most available charactet* for distinguishing this species from its allies. The stems are sometimes very prickly, especially when young. Rosa lucida Ehrh. '' Margins of swamps or moist places " is given in the Manual as the habitat of this species. On Long Island it is not uncommon to find unmistakable forms of it growing in dry places and asso- ciated with IL huriiilis. The stout spines, which are either straight or curved, seem to be the most available character by which to distinguish it from R. humilis^ but it must be confessed that intermediate forms occur which are perplexing. I have not observed prickles on the stem of this species, but they are some- times present in R. humilis. Amelanchier Canadensis 7! ct- G. A form of variety rotundifolia, three to six feet high, occurs in sandy soil near Karner. Variety ohlongifolia also grows there, but generally with the leaves rounded or broadly oval. A dwarf form also occurs, three or four feet high and having three to six flowers in a raceme. The petals are short and narrow. Sedum. acre L. Very plentiful about Brownville, growing in thin soil covering rocks, Myriophyllum ambiguum Xxdt. Fisher's island, Suffolk county. Rev. ./. L. Zahriskie. The small variety limosum. Lythrum Salicaria L. Head of Lake Cham])lain. July. Cuphea viscossissima Jacq. Vaughn's, Washington county. Burnfutin. This is an exten- sion of its range northward. Opuntia vulgaris Mill. Specimens of an Ojjuntia iouiid growing in sandy soil near the mouth of Peconic river, with few or no spines, short leaves and fruit not over an inch long ai)])ear to l)e referable to this sj)ecies, to which they are referretl in the State Flora. 44 Report of the State Botanist. Galium pilosum^««. A small form six to nine inches high, with short internodes, leaves about half an inch long and flowers crowded in small dense clusters was collected on the north slope of Skylight mountain, one of the Adirondacks. It might be called variety parvum. Galium circsezans Mx. var. glabrum Britton. Leaves and stems nearly glabrous ; corolla glabrous. White- hall, New Scotland and Sandlake. July. Solidago bicolor L. A branching form, both of this and its variety concolor, is quite common. Each branch is terminated by a spike-like panicle of flowers. Solidago humilis Pursh. Top of Bald mountain, near Third lake, Herkimer county. Four distinct forms of this species occur in this limited station. First, a very leafy dwarf form, four to six inches high with a short dense panicle one to two inches long. Second, a very leafy form eight to twelve inches high, with an oblong leafy interrupted but dense panicle. The margins of the lower leaves are often wavy toward the base. These forms make a very close approach to the Western var. nam,a. Third, a still taller form in which the stem is less leafy, the leaves are smaller, more nar- row and scattered, and the panicle is elongated, narrow and spike-like, but commonly interrupted either in its entire length or toward the base only. This is one to two feet high. The upper leaves are entire, the lower and radical ones more or less bluntly serrate. The stem is either green or purple and is gla- brous below. This is the most abundant form. The fourth form is like this in all respects except that it has a broader, more branched panicle. The panicles in all the forms are so glutinous that they adhere to the drying papers when placed in press. It is a little remarkable that this species should exhibit such a variety of forms in such a limited locality. All the forms appeared to be growing under the same conditions of soil, tem- perature, moisture and exposure. I suspect this is the plant which in Paine's Catalogue is referred to Solidago speciosa var. migustata. It is separable from that species by its glutinous Report of the State Botanist. 45 panicle, more numerous rays and more narrow radical leaves. A large form of this species was collected on the gravelly bank at the outlet of the Lower Ausable pond. It is apparantly the same as that credited in the Manual to the " base of the White Mountains." Solidago uliginosa Nutt. In a " beaver meadow " about one mile southeast of the Forge House, Fulton Chain, a singular form of this species grows. The lower branches of the panicle are elongated and appressed, thus causing the panicle to take a pompon shape. In this locality the species was in blossom in August, and did not appear to be any earlier than Solidago arguta, S. Canadensis, S. rugosa and S. lamjceolata, all of which were in flower there at the same time. Solidago rugosa jSIUI. A variety pallida, having both ray and disk flowers a pale creamy yellow color, occurs at Shokan, Ulster county. Solidago nemoralis Alt. var. elongata Ph. Abundant about Shokan. Aster Herveyi Gray. Borders of woods. Blue Mountain lake and Voorheesville. August and September. In the Manual this is indicated as an " ambiguous species " approaching A. macrophyllus. It is indeed liable to be mistaken for that species, at least in some of its forms, if I rightly under- stand it. In the Xew York specimens the branchlets and peduncles are glandular-hairy and the involucral scales are glandular and the rays are violet as in ^4, Herveyi, though in some instances the color is ))ale violet. On the other hand, the leaves are not always lanceolate, but are sometimes ovate and distinctly serrate. They are also rough and rather thick as in A. macrophyllus. But this species, as described in the N. Y. State Flora, has a reddish-tawny pappus, while in our violet-rayed specimens the pa])pus is white or whitish, which is an additional reason for separating them from A. macrophyllus if this should prove to be a reliable character. It seems best, therefore, to consider them as a variety of A. Hei^eyiy and to 45 Report of tee State Botanist. indicate their character thus : Aster Herveyi Gr. var. intermedia Pk. Branchlets and peduncles glandular-hairy; heads large; rays violet ; involucral scales glandular, erect, all or all except the longer and more pointed inner ones, green or with green tips ; pa])piis white or whitish ; leaves rather thick and rough, ovate or lanceolate, the lower on naked petioles and more or less cordate, the upper sessile, the radical leaves large, broadly ovate- cordate, rough, on long naked petioles. Apparently intermediate between ty])ical A. Herveyi and A. maerophyllus. With this it has probably been confused, but from it it may be separated by the larger heads, color of the rays and pappus and glandular peduncles. Aster corymbosus Ait. A pale, violet-rayed form witii white pappus was obtained at Shokan. In general ap])earance it is quite like ordinary forms, but the color of the rays and of the pappus mdicates a slight variation toward A. Herveyi. Aster cordifolius X. var, Isevigatus Porter. This variety, well-marked and easily recognized, though not indicated in the Manual, extends northward to Shokan, in the Gatskill mountains. Aster Isevis L. West Albany. Septeml^er. A form having rays nearly white. This is apparently the same or nearly the same as the white-rayed form found at Fort Edwartl l)y Dr. Vandenburg and mentioned in the Flora of North America. The color of the rays becomes a little more bluish-tinted in drying. Aster diffusus Ait. var. variifolius n. var. Reads scatteretl, mostly on bracted peduncles one-half to one inch long; branches horizontally spreading or slightly ascending; leaves sharply serrate with prominent teeth, varying from very long and narrow!}' lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, the broadest ones abruptly narrowed towards the base as if into a widely margined petiole. Sandlake and Gatskill mountains. September. In the Manual this species is described as having the leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lower somewhat serrate in Report of the State Botanist. 47 the middle. In our specimens all the leaves have very distinct serratures and they vary greatly in shape. Because of the scattered heads on long peduncles it seems to connect with A. Tradeseanti^ from which, as well as from A. dijfusus var. hifrmis, it differs in the character of its leaves. Aster prenanthoides Muhl This species which, in the N. Y. Flora, is credited to the western part of the State only, is abundant and variable in the Catskill mountains. The heads are corymbose or paniculate, the rays are white, bluish-white, violet or blue and the leaves vary from the typical ovate acuminate form with its long abrupt and conspicuously contracted base to a narrowly lanceolate form in which the basal contraction is scarcely noticeable. They vary in length from two and a half to six or seven inches. They are generally distinctly serrate, but in a form which seems sufficiently well marked to merit designation as variety difusifolius, the serratures are less prominent, the leaves are shorter, widest in the middle and less abruptly contracted, so thai in shape they are strongly suggestive of those of the ordinary form of A. diffusus. The paniculate heads are about tliree lines high and the scales are less spreading than in the type. This variety seems to run into A. prenanthoides on one band and into A. jjunicev.s on the other. Its agreement with the description of A. puniceus var. IcBvicauUs is very close, and I have not referred our specimens to this variety because of the character and arrangement of the hairs of the upper ])art of the stem and its branches and because of its apparently more close connection with A. prenantfcoides in habitat size and appearance of the heads and shape of the leaves. The plants were asso- ciated in locality with both these species and may perhaps be a cross between them. Senecio aureus L. var. Balsainitee 7! enibles that of the Limellge of ClitoGyle laccata or ^\ ochrojpur- pnrcii, was discovered on Long Island in 1^80, but until this year 1 had not observed it again. The filaments of the veil are some- times very opious. Paxillus involutus Fr. In the uncooked state this fungus has a harsh unpleasant flav r, but it loses this to a great extent in cooking. The flesh also assumes a dark color in cooking, for which reason, together with its want of delicious flavor, I should class it as a second- rate edible species. Boletus afi&nis Pk. Sandy soil. Amagansett. July. This has been tested as to its esculent properties. It has an agreeable flavor and is moderately tender. The flesh is white, at first firm but becoming softer with age. The color of the pileus also becomes paler with age. Polyporus circinatus Fr. Var. proliferus. Like the tjqiical form but having one or more pilei developed from the upper surface of the first one. Fulton Chain. August. Polyporous cuticularis Fr. Standing trunk of maple, Acer saccharinum. Shokan. Sep- tember. The incurved margin of the pileus is a very noticeable and good distinguishing feature of this species. Polyporus sulphureus Fr. If taken when fresh and young, before the pores have formed, and carefully cooked, this fungus makes a very palatable dish. y ^' Report of the State Botanist. 57 Trametis Sepium Berk. This species often occurs in a resupinate form, which, when growing in the woods, is sometimes several inches in extent. The pileate form is generally very narrow though sometimes greatly elongated laterally by the confluence of several individuals. Stereum complicatum F^. Var. laceratum. IMargin of the pileus lacerated or multifid. Shokan. September. Pterula setosa Pk. Dr. Patouillard has founded a new genus, Hirsutella, to which he has transferred this species. He also transfers Thelephora pedicellata Schw. to a new genus, ISejytohasiclium.. Comatricha aqualis Pk. Mr. Geo. Massee, in his Monograph of the Myxogastres, con- cludes that the genus Comatricha is so intimately connected with the genus Stemonitis that it is untenable. He therefore places this and other species of Comatricha in Stemonitis. This species is sometimes abundant on decaying wood of sugar maple in the Adirondack forests. The thin fugacious walls of the sporangia have a silvery luster. Trichia reniformis Pk. Bark of striped maple, Acer Pennsylvanicum. Fulton Chain. August. A rare but well-marked and very distinct species. The clustered or subc£espitose mode of growth, the brown color of the peridia and the short elaters are peculiar features. It has also occurred at Karner on bark of red maple, Acer ruhrwn. Didymiuin microcarpum. Rost. An apparent variety of this species has spores a little larger than in the type and on smooth surfaces the stem rises from a circular h3'pothallus, which is adoi'ned with radiating lines as in D. radiatum. Chrysomyxa Pyrolae Rosir. Living leaves of Pyrola chlorantha. Delmar. June. The uredo form on this host has the sori much move scattered than on the leaves of Pyrola rotundifolia. 1892. 8 5g Beport of the State Botanist. Plow^rightia morbosa Sacc. This noxious fungus is subject to considerable variation in its behavior and in its time of fruiting. Specimens were collected on choke cherry, Prunus Virginiana, near Karner, May 16th, in which conidia and ascospores were both present in abundance. Conidia-bearing excrescences were also found which were evi- dently due to the sowing of spores, as they were alone on branches containing no others. These probably were due to last year's sowing of spores, for if of the present year's sowing they must have developed with unusual rapidity. Specimens of this fungus were also collected on the wild red cherry, Prunus Penn- sylvanica, on the slopes of Blue mountain. The excrescences were mostly single on the branches and gave no evidence of a dispo- sition to spread by the extension of the mycelium. In many cases the affected branch was already dead or in a dying condition, in which cases there would, of course, be no spread of the disease by the mycelium. Cryptospora sufEusa Ttd. Var. nuda. Stroma not suffused with a yellowish dust. On dead stems of alder and hazel-nut. Karner and West Albany. The black circumscribing line is also apparently absent in some cases. (F,) NEW YORK SPECIES OF PLUTEOLUS. Pleuteolus Fr. Pileus slightly fleshy, conical or campanulate, then expanded, viscid, the margin at first straight, appressed to the stem ; stem subcartilaginous, distinct from the hymen ophorum ; lamellae rounded-free. Hym. Europ., p. 266. This genus corresponds to the genus Pluteus in the pink-spored series. The species are similar in structure to the species of that genus, but they differ somewhat in the character of the stem and in the color of the lamelhe and spores. Its species were sep- arated by Fries from the genus Galera because of their viscid pileus and free lamelUe. I have included in it two species formerly referred to Galera by me. They are Galera est^ansa Report of the State Botanist. 59 and G. callista. They do not quite fully meet the requirements of the generic character inasmuch as their lamelke are not entirely free, but in other respects, and especially in the viscid pileus, they agree better with this genus than with Galera. The attachment of the lamellas to the stem is very slight, but just enough to show the intimate relationship of the two genera. Synopsis of the Species. Lamellae wholly free ' 1 Lamella slightly adnexed 2 1. Plant growing on dung or rich soil coprophilus. 1. Plant growing on decaying wood .... reticulatus. 2. Plant growing on damp soil in exsiccated water holes callistus. 2. Plant growing on decaying wood or rich soil . . . expansus. Pleuteolus coprophilus n. sj?. DuNG-LOVING PlUTEOLUS. Pileus thin, submembranous, fragile, conical or campanulate, becoming nearly plane, some^A'hat viscid when moist, finely striate on the margin, pinkish-grey; lamellae narrow, crowded, free, pale cinnamon ; stem long, straight or somewhat flexuous, hollow, white, sometimes tinged with pink; spores elliptical, dark-ferruginous, .0005 to .0006 in. long, about .0003 in. broad. Pileus 1 to 1.5 in, broad ; stem 2 to 3.5 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Dung heaps. Albau}'^ and Warren counties. May and June. The plants sometimes are caespitose. The striations of the pileus are similar to those of Galera lateritia, from which this species is separated by its more expanded viscid pileus, different color and free lamellae. Pluteolus expansus Pk. Expanded Pluteoms. iGalera expansa Pk. Twenty-sixth State Mus. Rep., p. 58.) Pileus submembranaceous, becoming nearly plane or centrally depressed, viscid, plicate-striate on the margin, brownish-ochra- ceous, often tinged with yellow, grey, pink or greenish hues; lamella? narrow, close, rounded behind, slightly adne.xod. pale QQ Report of the State Botanist. cinnamon or ferruginous ; stem rather long, slender, fragile, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, faintly striate, pruinose, yellow or greenish-\^ellow ; spores .00045 to .0005 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Pileus 1 to 1-5 in. broad; stem 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Decaying wood and rich ground. Onondaga and Rensselaer counties. June to August. Var. terrestris. Pileus grayish-yellow, tinged with green, stem greenish-yellow. Growing on rich or well-manured soil. The plicate striations of the pileus are similar to those of Galera Jlava and G. cojyrinoides. The species has been removed to this genus because of the viscidity of the pileus, nevertheless it must be confessed that such a feature is scarcely satisfactory for generic distinction. Pluteolus callistus Pk. Most Beautiful Pluteolus. ((Jalera callista Pk. Twenty-sixth State Mus. Rep., p. 59.) Pileus thin, expanded, subumbonate, smooth, viscid, striatulate on the margin, olivaceous or ochraceous, the umbo bright chest- nut color; lamellfe thin, close, ventricose, adnexed, easily sepa- rating from the stem, yellowish becoming bright ferruginous ; stem equal, hollow, pruinose, yellow ; spores elliptical, .00035 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 6 to 10 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, .5 line thick. Exsiccated water holes in low swampy woods. Lewis county. September. This pretty little agaric was discovered in 1872, but has not since been rediscovered. It may, therefore, be regarded as very rare. In the dried specimens the lamellae are white on the edge, and the pileus has assumed a dull metallic green color. The species is placed in this genus because of its expanded and viscid pileus. Pluteolus reticulatus Pers. Reticulated Pluteolus. (Hym. Europ., p. 266. Sylloge vol. v., p. 859.) Pileus slightly fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, viscous, reticulate with anastomosing veins, pale violaceous, striate on the margin; lamella) free, ventricose, crowded, saffron-ferruginous; Report of the State Botanist. 61 stem hollow, fragile, fibrillose, mealy at the top, white; spores elliptical, ferruginous, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .0002 to .00025 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in. broad; stem 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to 2 lines thick. Decaying wood. Cattaraugus count}'-. September. The specimens which I have referred to this species appear to be a small form with the pileus scarcely more than an inch broad and merely rugose on the disk, not distinctly reticulate as in the type. In the dried specimens the pileus has assumed a dark violaceous color. The dimensions of the spores have been taken from the American plant. 1 do not find them given by any European author. NEW YORK SPECIES OF (lALERA. Galera Fr. Veil none or tibrillose. Stem subcartilaginous, continuous with the hymenophorum, tubular. Pileus more or less membranaceous, conical or oval, then expanded, striate, the margin at first straight and appressed to the stem. Lamellas not decurrent. Hym. Eiiroj).^ p. 266. The species of this genus are small and mostly rather fragile. The pileus is thin and when young is conical, oval or bell-shaped, but in some at least, it becomes expanded with age. When young or moist it has a watery, or hygrophanous appearance, and is then either striate or striatulate because of its thinness. The colors are either whitish, yellow, ochraceous, cinnamon or ferru- ginous in nearly all of our species, but owing to the hygrophanous character these generally become paler in the dry plant. The lamelhu are commonly yellowish, tawny, cinnamon or ferruginous. The stem is slender, often straight, fragile and hollow and colored like the pileus. The genus holds the same place in the ochra- ceous-spored series that Mycena holds in the white-spored series and Nolan ea in the pink-spored series. Some grow on dung or in rich grassy, ground, others are found in woods, either on naked soil or on decaying leaves, wood or branches and others still occur habitually in wet or damp places among Sphagnum or other mosses. Ql Report OF tse State Botanist. The P])ecies have been arranged by Fries in three groups or sections. Of the first section we have six representatives, of the second, three, and of the third, one. An additional section has been formed which contains two species One-half of our twelve species appear to be peculiar to this country. Synopsis of the Species. Plants growing among mosses 1 Plants not growing among mosses 4 1. Pileus commonl}^ 4 to 6 lines broad 2 1. Pileus commonly 9 to 12 lines broad Sphagnorum. 2. Margin of the pileus naked or not fibrillose 3 2. Margin of the pileus adorned with white fibrils . . . rufipes. .3. Stem pruinose at the top Hypnorum. 3. Stem naked at the top aquatilis, 4. Plant growing on dung or in grassy places 5 4. Plant growing in uncultivated places 8 .5. Pileus plicate-sulcate coprinoides. .5. Pileus not plicate-sulcate 6 6. Pileus ferruginous when moist ovalis. B. Pileus paler, yellowish or tawny-cinnamon when moist. . 7 7. Pileus narrowly conical, striate when dry lateritia. 7. Pileus broadly conical, not striate when dry tener. 8, Plant growing on hulls of buckwheat sulcatipes. 8. Plant having some other habitat 9 9. Pileus pale-yellow . flava. 9. Pileus some other color 10 10. Lamellse narrow, close teneroides. 10. Lamellae broad, subdistant inculta. OoNocEPHAL*:. Pileus conic -campanulate, hygrophanous, nearly even, when dry sprinkled with soft atoms ; stem straight ; lamellae ascending, inserted in the top of the cone, somewhat crowded. Veil none. Galera lateritia Fr. Bkick-red Galera. (Hym. Europ., p. 267. Sylloge Vol. v, p. 860.) Pileus thin, narrowly conical or acorn-shaped, often becoming campanulate, hygrophanous, yellowish when moist, whitish or ochraceous when dry, finely striate on the margin ; lamellae ^^ Report of the State Botanist. 63 narrow or linear, crowded, ascending, nearly free, pale-cinnamon or tawny-ferrug-inous ; stem straight, 'slender, fragile, hollow, minutely striate, sprinkled with minute mealy particles or clothed with a minute villosity, white; spores elliptical, ferruginous, .OO.Jo to .00055 in. long, .0003 to .00035 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. long, scarcel}^ 1 line thick. Dung or rich grassy ground. Albany and Rensselaer counties. June to September. This may be se]iarated from the next follo'uing species by its more elongated narrowly conical pileus distinctly striate on the margin and by its narrower linear lamellse. The striations are fine and close and often reach half way to the center of the pileus. In our specimens they are distinct even in the dried plant. "We have seen no specimens having the pileus as dark colored as in the Friesian figure of the moist plant, but many of our American agarics are paler or have paler forms than the European figures indicate for the same species. The hygrophanous character of the pileus is less clearly shown than in Galera tener. As in that species, there are forms in which both pileus and stem are clothed with a minute downy pubescence. When partly dry the pileus feels sticky when pressed between the thumb and lingers. Galera tener -VcA'^y. Tender G-aleea, (Hym. Europ.. p. 267. Sylloge Vol. v. p. 860.) Pileus thin, conical broadly and obtusely conical or campanu- late, hygrophanous, pale-ferruginous or tawny-cinnamon color and striatulate when moist, whitish or creamy-yellow when dr}', often sprinkled with shining atoms ; lamelhe broad, rather close, ascending, adnate, cinnamon color ; stem straight, slender, fragile, hollow, somewhat shining, commonly finely striate, colored like the pileus ; spores elliptical, dark ferruginous, almost rubiginous, .0005 to .00005 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad. Pileus 4 to 10 lines broad ; stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, scarcely 1 line thick. Dung and rich gra-ss}' ground. Common. »liine to September. This is our most common species of (xalera. It sometimes grows in great abundance where cattle have been yarded and in 64 Report op the State Botanist. rich lawns or pastures. It is often found growing on dung in company Avith Payueolus campanulatus. It varies much in size. A small form, fovm.m,ivor^ occurs having the pileus hemispherical and only three or four lines broad. Var. pilosella (Agaricus pilosellus Pers.), has both pileus and stem clothed with a minute erect pubescence when moist. A form is sometimes found in which the center of the pileus is brown or blackish-brown. Galera teneroides Pk. Wood-loving Galera, (Twenty-ninth State Museum Report, p. 39.) Pileus thin, campanulate or expanded, hygrophanous, brownish- cinnamon and striatulate when moist, paler when dry ; lamellas narrow, close, yellowish-cinnamon ; stem straight, slender, hollow, colored like the pileus ; spores nearly elliptical, subluteu^, .0003 to .00035 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, about half a line thick. Ground, dung and decaying wood and branches in woods. Adirondack mountains and in Albany county. June to September. This species is closely related to Galera tener as may be inferred from the name, but it is nevertheless distinct in its more brown or smoky-tinted color, more expanded mature pileus, more narrow lamellse and smaller paler spores. Galera ovalis Fr. Oval Galera. (Hym. Europ., p. 268. Sylloge Vol. v, p. 863.) Pileus somewhat membranaceous, oval or campanulate, hygro- phanous, brownish-ferruginous and obscurel}^ striatulate on the margin when moist, paler and even when dry, fragile ; lamellae nearly free, very broad, ventricose, ferruginous ; stem straight, slender, hollow, slightly striate, colored nearly like the pileus ; spores elliptical, dark-ferruginous, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Pileus 8 to 12 lines broad ; stem 3 to 4 in. long, about 1 line thick. Dung. Albany county. June. Report of the State Botanist. 65 The specimens Trhich 1 have referred to this species were collected many years ago. I have not found any like them since. They differ from Galera tener chiefly in their larger size and darker color, both when moist and when dry. The species is evidently a very rare one. Galera sulcatipes Pk, SULCATE-STEMMED GaLEKA. (Thirty-fifth State Mus. Rep , p. 132.) Pileus thin, ovate, conical or subcampanulate, hygrophanous chestnut colored and mostly stria tulate on the margin when moist, paler when dry; lamellEe ascending, subdistant, adnate, whitish becoming ferruginous-cinnamon ; stem slender, straight or flexuous, equal, hollow, rather tenacious, striate-sulcate, silky, floccose-pruinose toward the base, white ; spores elliptical, ferruginous-cinnamon, .00025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 broad. Pileus 5 to 8 lines broad ; stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, about 1 line thick. Gregarious on a pile of buckwheat bran lying on the ground in woods. Albany county. August. The white and almost shining stem is striate and silky above, pulverulent or floccose-pruinose toward the base where it generally assumes a greenish-blue color if handled when moist. The pileus fades in drying to subochraceous. The lamellae are sometimes white on the edge. Found in 1881 but not detected since. A rare species but very distinct in the character of its stem and in its peculiar habitat. Galera inculta Ph. Rude Galera. (Forty -first Stat« Mus. Rep., p. 69.) Pileus thin, somewhat fragile, campanulate, then convex or nearly plane, obtuse or rarely with a small umbo, hygrophanous, cinnamon color and striatulate when most, bulf color and atomate when dry, sometimes minutely pitted or corrugated, rarely rimose-squamulose ; lamella? broad, subdistant, ventricose, adnexed, white crenulate on the edge, at first pallid, then pale- cinnamon ; stem straight or subflexuous, hollow, brittle, sliglitlv silky, reddish-brown, sometimes mealy or pruinose at the top and 18y2. 9 ^g Report of the State Botanist. white- villose at the base ; spores subelliptical, pointed at each end, brownish-ferruginous, .0000 to .000o5 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, .5 to 1 line thick. Damp ground under willows and alders. Catskill mountains. September. The moist pileus resembles in color that of the small glabrous striatulate form of Clitocyhe laccata, the dry one that of Galera teller. The specimens were found growing with Naucoria palu- dosa, from which they may be distinguished by the more cam- panulate pileus, the broader and more distant lamellae and the larger spores. BKYOGENiE. Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, striate, glabrous, hygraphanous, even when dry, opake, slightly silky ; stem thin, lax, flexile; lamellae broadly and plainly adnata, broad, subdenticulate. Slender, growing among mosses, the veil very fugacious. Galera aquatilis i^. Aquatic Galera. CHym. Europ., p. 870. SyUoge Vol. v, p. 869.) Pileus membranaceous, campanulate or convex, glabrous, watery, hygrophanous, pallid-honey color and striatulate on the margin when moist, soft and whitish when dry, often with a yellowish papilla; lamellae distant, triquetrous, plane, adnate, pallid ; stem very long, slender, even, glabrous, whitish or yel- lowish ; spores elliptical, .0004 in. long, .00024 broad. PUeus 5 to 6 lines broad; stem (in our specimens) 2 to 3 in. long, scarcely 1 line thick. Among mosses in wet places. Catskill mountains. July, A rare species. In our specimens the stem is less elongated than in the European plant. Galera Sphagnorum Pers. Sphagnum Galera. (Hym. Europ., p. 270. Sylloge Vol. v. p. 869.) Pileus thin, conical convex or expanded, sometimes with a small umbo or papilla, hygrophanous, tawny or subochraceous and usually striatulate on the margin when moist, pale-ochraceous or buff when dry; lamellae thin, subdistant, tawny-ochraceous ; Report of the State Botanist. 67 stem slender, hollow, more or less fibrillose, subflexuous, colored like the pileus; spores elliptical or subovate, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad; stem 2.5 to 5 in. long, 1 to 1.5 lines thick. In marshes among Sphagnum. Fulton, Rensselaer and Seneca counties and Adirondack mountains. June to Auo-ust. This is easily distinguished from Galera Hypnorum, to which it has sometimes been subjoined as a variety, by its larger size, more expanded pileus, fibrillose stem and peculiar place of growth. There is a notable form with a well-developed veil which may be designated var. velata. Yeil white, webby or almost mem- branous, breaking up on the up]Der part of the stem and forming floccose scales, often evanescent Avith age. In this variety the moist pileus is sometimes chestnut color or bay red, beings darker than in the ordinary forms of the species. Very often the fibrils of the stem are grouped in flakes or patches in such a way as to give a wavy appearence to the stem itself. Galera Hypnorum Batsch. Htpnitm Galera. (Hym. Europ., p. 270. Sylloge Vol. v, p. 868 ) Pileus membranaceous, conical or campanulate, obtuse or papillate, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery-cinnamon or suboch- raceous and striatulate when moist, paler when dry, often fading to yellowish or buff; lamellae broad, adnate, ventricose, distant, tawny or cinnamon color, often whitish flocculose on the edge ; stem slender, hollow, flexuous, smooth, pruinose at the top, commonly colored like the pileus; spores elliptical, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00024 to .0003 broad. Pileus 3 to 6 lines broad ; stem 1 to 2 in. long, less than a line thick. Among mosses in woods, either on the ground or on prostrate decaying trunks. Common in hilly or mountainous districts. June to September. This is a small species but it varies considerably in size and color. Yar. iiiyripes has a blackish-brown stem, Ekiodeem^. Pileus submembranaceous, the veil manifest, superficial, separating, at first silky or squamulose, especially on the margin. 68 Report of the State Botanist. Galera rufipes Fk. Reddish-stemmed Galera. (Forty-secoud Slate Mua. Rep p. 80. Botanist's Edition.) rileus campanulate or convex, hygrophanous, reddish-tawny and striatulate when moist, whitened on the margin, by the remains of the white fibrillose veil, pale-ochraceous when dry ; lamull^ broad, subdistant, emarginate. yellowish or subochraceous, slightl}' crenulate on the whitish edge; stem slender, hollow, hlightly fibrillose below, pruinose at the top, reddish -brown ; spores elliptical, subochraceous, .Oii025 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 4 to (j lines broad ; stem about 1 in. long, .5 line thick. Mossy ground in woods. Essex county. September. This species is easily separaed from Galera Ilypnorum by i\ie whilenra librillose margin of the pileus and by its smaller spores. Plicatell^ sec. nov. Pileus membranous, conical or campanu- late, more or less expanded in maturit}'^, plicate-striate. The two species here described differ so much in the character of the pileus and its striations from the other species of the genus tliat I have thought it best to institute a new Section for their reception. I find no description of any similar European species. They are probable peculiar to this country. Galera flava Ph. Pale-yellow Galera. (Forty-fifth State Mus. Rep., p. 19.) Pileus membranous, ovate or campanulate, moist or subhygro- phanous, obtuse, plicate-striate on the margin, yellow ; lamelljE thin, narrow, crowded, adnate, at first whitish, then yellowish- cinnamon; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, slightly striate at the top, sprinkled with white mealy particles, white or yellowish ; spores ovate or subelliptical, brownish-ferru- ginous, .0005 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to 1.5 lilies thick. Damp vegetable mold in woods. Tompkins county. July. This species is well marked by the pale-yellow color of the pileus and its plicate striations which are very distinct even in Report of the State Botanist. 69 the dried specimens. They extend half way to the disk or more. When dry the pileus is seen to be sprinkled with shining atoms as in some other species of the same genus. Occasionally the yeUo\y cuticle cracks into squamules or small scales. Galera coprinoides Pk. CoPEiNus-LiKE Galera. (Twenty-sixth State Mus. Rep. p. 59. Agaricus plicatellus Twenty-ninth Rep. p, 66.) Pileus membranous, campanulate, soon expanded, often split on the margin, plicate-sulcate to the small even disk, yellowish or ochraceous-yellow ; lamella narrow, close, rounded behind, colored like the pileus; stem slender, equal, hollow, minutely hairy or pruinose, white ; spores elliptical, .00028 to .0003 in. long, .0002 broad. Pileus about 6 lines broad ; stem about 1 in. long, half a line thick. Grass3'^ ground. Cayuga county. August. This small plant was discovered in 1872, but I have not found it since. It is manifestly very rare. The structure of the pileus and its plications are strongly suggestive of the character of the pilel of some of the small species of Coprinus, as is indicated by the name. The name Agaricus plicatellus was substituted for Agaricus coprinoides when it was found that the latier name had been previously applied to another species, but since the former sub- genus Galera has been raised to generic^ rank it permits the restoration of the original specific name. J^J [From the 47th Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History.] ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST OF THE State of New York. Made to the Regents of the Universit3^ Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883- BY CHARLES H. PECK. ALBANY : JAMES B. LYON, STATE PRINTER. 1894. State of New York. No. 89. IN SKNATK, Jaituaky, 1894. Al^l^UAL REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Office of the State Botanist, \ Albany, January, 1894. i To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State New Yorh : I have the honor to present to you my annual report for the year 1893. Very respectfully. CHAKLES H. PECK. RE PORT. To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State of New York: Gentlemen. — I have the honor of communicating to you the following report : Specimens of plants to represent the flora of the State in the Herbarium of the Stale Museum have been collected by the Botanist during the past season in the counties of Albany, Cayuga, Dutchess, Kssex, Herkimer, Jefferson, Onei«la, Onondaga, Rensselaer, Saratoga, St. Lawrence and Sullivan. Specimens contributed by correspondents were collected in the counties of Albany, Erie, Essex, Kings, St. Lawrence, Suffolk, Richmond and Tompkins. Specimens of 261 species of plants have been added to the Herbarium of which 245 were collected by the Botanist and 16 were contributed. Of the added plants 40 belong to species not before represented therein and of these 11 are deemed new species. The remaining specimens, though not representing species new to the Herl)arium, are intended to make more complete and satisfactory the exhibit of the species to which they belong. A list of the species of which specimens have been added is marked A. Specimens have been contributed to the Herbarium by 15 contributors. Some of these are plants found beyond our limits but they are valuable for reference, comparison and study. A list of the contributors and of their respective contributions is marked B. A record of species not before reported, together with their localities, time of collection, descriptions of new species and other matters of interest, also descriptions of a few extraliniital species of which specimens were sent for identification, will be found marked C. 6 Report of the State Botanist. A record of observations on species previously reported, remarks concerning them and descriptions of new or peculiar forms or varieties will be found under D. An inspection of this part of the report will show that more attention than usual has been given to the study of the variations in our flowering plants and that there are many deficiencies in the descriptions of the Manual. The study of these variations and their causes is a most interesting one and is not without its practical value. It is necessary to give us a more complete knowledge of the limits and behavior of species and to enable us to write complete and satis- factory descriptions of them. It is noticeable that most of our cultivated plants are very variable. By cultivation, selection, crossing and close pollination the natural variations have been fixed and even intensified so that we have varieties apparently as distinct as species themselves. Differences in soil, climate, degrees of moisture and prevailing temperature appear to be causes of variation in some cases but these external influences are not sufficient to explain all cases of variation. For example in a low strip of land lying along the railroad near Narrows- burg, five distinct forms or varieties of the common racemed loosestrife were found. These, so far as could be ascertained, all grew in the same kind of soil and subject to the same external conditions. In a single patch of the bland or early wild rose growing near the station at Cooperstown Junction although the patch was but a few feet in diameter, some of the young shoots have infrastipular spines, but most of them, as usual, were destitute of these spires. What should cause the differences noted in these instances? It is sometimes said that plants have an inherent tendency to vary, but this scarcely enlightens us or gives a satis- fact)ry explanation of the results observed. Even the influence of cross pollination and the action of the laws of heredity do not seem a sufficient or satisfactory explanation in all cases. But whatever the hidden or unknown causes of such variations may be the resulting phenomena are certainly interesting to the student of nature and in the case of useful plants they are not without utility. They indicate a peculiar kind of adaptability in the species to varying conditions of growth and to wider fields of usefulness. Report of the State Botanist. 7 Some special effort has been made to perfect the representa- tion of our native pond weeds in the Herbarium. At the time the State Flora Avas written by Doctor John Torrey nine species of Potamogeton were recorded as inhabiting New York waters. In the Monograph of the Naiadaceae of North America recently prepared by Doctor Thomas Morong, 27 New York species are recognized. Of these 26 are now represented in the Herbarium. Some of these species are extremely variable and require many specimens to properly represent them in all their variations. Many forms and varieties new to the Herbarium have been collected, also one species new to the Herbarium and one new to the State. Potamogeton lucens var. Connecticutensis was discovered by Mr. L. H. Hoysradt in Stissing pond sev- eral years ago. This still remains its only known locality in our State. From it specimens of this rare form have been obtained. More typical forms were collected in Oneida and Cayuga lakes where the plants are by no means scarce. A list of the New York species of Potamogeton is given in another part of this report. " The Plains " is a name given to a tract of land lying along the upper waters of the Oswegatchie river in the southern part of St. Lawrence county. Being desirous of observing the character of its vegetation this place was visited. It is destitute of trees with the exception of a few scattered poplars and tama- racks. Clumps of willows and of the common meadow sweet with some mountain fly honeysuckle, an abundance of Canadian blueberry and some choke cherry and choke berry bushes are the principal shrubs. The prickly blackberry, Rubus setosus, a northern species, is here and the common winter- green. Goldenrods were abundant, the Canadian goldenrod prevailing and showing marked variations. The willow-leaved goldenrod, Solidago uliginosa, which usually grows in swamps and wet places, here grows on dry sandy soil. A peculiar depar- ture from the ordinary habitat was also noticed in two grasses, the white-grained mountain rice, Oryzopsis asperifoUa, and th« purple wild-oat, Avena striata. These usually grow in the shade of trees or i^n woods, but here both were abundant and growing exposed to the full sunlight. The land of this tract is not level but rises gradually as it recedes from the river, and in some 8 Report of the State Botanist. places there are depressions or swales. In these, several species of sedge grow and other plants fond of moist or wet soil. The whole area was strongly suggestive of an old worn out or aban- doned farm. There was no evidence of former forest growth on it nor was it clear why trees had not occupied it. One guide claimed that fire had destroyed the timber but I saw no remains of charred trunks to bear out this claim. The indications point rather to poverty of soil as a partial explanation of the absence of forest trees and yet this is evidently not the whole nor a very satisfactory explanation. The newspapers have recently reported several cases of mush- room poisoning. This emphasizes the importance of a more general and better knowledge of these plants and more care in selecting and eating them. It indicates that the action of the Board of Regents in directing the preparation of life-size colored figures of our edible and poisonous species of fungi and plain and simple descriptions of them was wise and needful. It is very desirable that the appropriation necessary for the publication of these plates and descriptions be made at the coming session of the Legislature. The question is often asked, how shall the edible mushrooms be distinguished -from the poisonous or danger- ous species. The answer is, there is no simple or peculiar mark, or character by which they may be distinguished. It is necessary to know and to be able to recognize each species used for food by its own specific characters. All not known to be safe eating, should be rejected. This is the rule in the case of the higher orders of plants. A considerable number of species are known to be good for food, a few are known to be poison- ous, either in root, herbage or fruit and a much larger num- ber, while neither hurtful nor edible, are regarded as either worthless or useful for other than edible purposes. We invariably recognize those used for food by their own specific characters and do not look for any single mark or character by which to distinguish poisonous plants or fruits from edible ones. Sometimes the good and bad are closely related botanically and accidents happen from a failure to recognize specific characters. Thus poison hemlock is sometimes mistaken for sweet cicily, both belonging to the Report of the State Botanist. 9 same family and having a similar general appearance. In the Nightshade family or Solonaceae we find such food plants as the potato, tomato and eggplant associated botanically with such inedible or hurttul species as tobacco, henbane and thorn apple or stramonium. If we would avoid accidents we must know each species so well that no dangerous species will be mistaken for it. So among fungi we find that really excellent esculent, the royal mushroom, often called Caesar's mushroom, Amanita coesarea, associated not only in the same genus but even in the same group or section with the delusive and deadly phalloid mushroom, Amanita phalloides. Both are attractive in appearence, tender in substance and not at all repulsive in taste or odor, but to eat one is health and life, to eat the other is sickness and death. But the species of fleshy fungi are so numerous and so similar in structure that much greater care is required in discriminating between the good and the bad, than is nect-ssary in the case of flowering plants. It is scarcely to be expected that people generally will acquire sufficient knowledge to enable them to do this in all cases, but all who desire to use these plants as food may easily acquire from faithful figures and simple descriptions a sufficient knowledge to enable them to distinguish the more com- mon and important species. There are at least 75 edible species found in our State, though many of them are rare or seldom seen in abundance. Some are both common and abundant and these may easily become familiar to those interested. In some countries of Europe where mushroom eating is more common than it is here, it has been found expedient to appoint inspectors of the markets whose duty it is to see that no hurtful species is offered for sale. But if people in the Qouutry sre fit to run the risk of collectiuii; and eating such as are not known to be safe and edible they must suffer the consequences. There are certain rules that guile the mycologist and the skilled experimenter in estimating the probable character or edibility of untried species, but to these there -ire so man\ excep- tions that they are not wholly reliable. One rule is to reject all which are tough leathery or corky in texture. Even in the absence of any deleterious quality they would at least be indigestible. The fairy ring mushroom, J/ara*- mius creades^ is an exception to this rule, for though it is rather 2 \Q Report of the State Botanist. tough it is often eaten with relish and with proper preparation its toughness is overcome. Some species are tender when young though tough when old. Some tough species may be utilized in making soups or in giving flavor to other dishes. Another rule says reject all such as have an unpleasant taste or odor in the fresh state. The honey colored mushroom may be cited as an exception to this rule. Its taste is harsh and unpleasant when uncooked, but this to a great extent removed by proper cooking, and a very good and harmless meal may be made of it. Some species of Lactarius have a very hot, acrid or peppery taste when fresh, but this in some cases may be dispelled by cooking. Even the delicious lactarius and the chantarelle, whose edible qualities are highly commended, are not very pleasant in flavor when fresh. In some species of Boleti the flesh where bruised or wounded quickly assumes a blue or greenish-blue color. The rule is to avoid all such species as dangerous. One author counsels avoidance of all such as have pink or flesh-colored spores. An exception to this rule is found in the plum clitopilus, Clitopilus prunulus, which is regarded as a very good mushroom, notwithstanding its pink spores. Even mushrooms which in good condition are palatable and nutritious may become unfit for food and even hurtful by age and decomposition or by becoming water-soaked or infested by the larvae of insects. Even too long keeping before cooking has been known to make them deleterious. In one instance a large quantity of a species known to be edible was collected. The family made a meal of a part of them the same day. No evil results followed. The remaining part was reserved till the next day, then cooked and eaten. Those partaking of these stale samples were made sick and vomiting ensued. But all except one soon recovered after the rejection of the noxious material. Even the common edible mushroom is said to keep in good condi- tion longer if cooked soon after it is gathered than if left in its raw state. Several edible species have when fresh a farinaceous or meal- like taste and odor. From this some have drawn the inference that this is a mark of edible species, or at least that all which Report of the State Botanist. \ \ have this flavor are esculent. But there are many exceptions to this, for some when first tasted have a pleasant farinaceous flavor, which is quickly followed by one that is bitter or otherwise unpleasant. From all this it will readily be seen how difficult it is to devise any general practical rule by which to separate the esculent from the dangerous species. Probably the phalloid amaniia, Amanita jphalloides, is the one species above all others that causes the most of the deaths attributed to mushroom poisoning. The cap of this species varies somewhat in color, the form, which is entirely white, being the most common with us and the most often mistaken for the com- mon mushroom. Only gross carelessness, however, could make such a mistake, for in this deleterious toadstool the stem is nearly always much longer proportionately than in the mushroom, it has an abrupt and large bulb at its base which is wanting in the mushroom, and its gills or lamellaB on ihe under surface of the cap are always white, while in the mushroom they are, when young, a beautiful pink or flesh color, but when old this changes to a bro'A n or blackish color. Considerable time was occupied in the early part of the year, as will be shown by the monthly reports, in preparing an exhibit of specimens of economic fungi for the World's Columbian Exposition. The questions asked me and the remarks of visitors overheard by me while placing this exhibit in po>ition in the Horticultural Building indicate that it may be a valuable part in the Museum's exhibit as an educator of the public. It is com- posed of 61 species of edible fungi, 63 species of fungi growing on and injurious to wood, 18 species of parasitic flingi which are • injurious to cultivated or useful wild plants, and six species that are injurious to noxious weeds and animals, and therefore bene- ficial to man. A list of the names of these species and varieties is marked E. A preliminary list of Hyraenomycetous Fungi inhabiting our principal coniferous trees is marked F. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES H. PECK. Albany, Septemher 19, 1893. 12 Report of the State Botanist. (A.) PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM. New to the Herbarium. Hieracium Marianuni Willd. Polygonum Douglassii Greene. Potamogeton Vaseyi Robbins. P. pulcher Tuckm. P. lucens L. Carex glabra Boott. Panicum miliaceum L. Psathyrella tenera Pk. Hydnum subcarnaceum Fr. Merulius tenuis Pk . M. irpicinus Pk. Stereum populneum Pk. Lepidoderma fulvum Muss. ^cidium Actseee Opiz. Phoma enteroleuca Sacc Cytospora ambiens Sacc. C. carbonacea Fr. Septomyxa persicina Sacc. Discosia magna PA;. Septoria Pisi West. Septoria Scutellariae Thum. S. conspicua E. & M. Haplosporella Symphoricarpi Pk. Rhabdospora rhoina Pk. Camarosporium metableticum Trail. Volutella stellata Pk. Epicoccum nigrum Lk. Penicillium candidum Lk. Cercospora tenuis Pk. » Cladosporium episphsericum Schw. Zygodesmus granulosus Pk. Peronospora Hydrophylli Waite. Peziza Dudley! Pk. Exoascus Potentillse .Sacc. Diatrype Hochelagae E. & E. Sphserella Chimaphilae Pk. Diaporthe decedens F'r. Massariella Curreyi Tul. Melanconis occulta Sacc. Amphisphseria umbrina Wint. Not New to the Herbarium. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. R. septentrionalis Poir. R. Pennsylvanicus L. Coptis trifolia Salisb. Thalictrum purpurascens L. Actsea alba Big(l. Asimina triloba Dunal. Nymphsea reniformis DC. Nuphar advena 'Ait. Dentaria diphylla L. Cardamine rhomboidea DC. Arabis perfoliata Lam. Nasturtium palustre DC. N. hispidum DO. Hesperis matronalis L. Brassica oleracea L. Raphanus sativus L. Viola Canadensis L. V. rostrata Pursh. Silene stellata Ait. Stellaria media Svi. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf. Acer spicatum Lavi. A. saccharinum Wang. Prunus Americanum Marsh. P. Persica B. & H. Rubus Millspaughii Britton. R. Canadensis L. R. hispidus L. Fragaria vesca L. Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Rosa blanda Ait. Saxif raga aizoides L. Tiarella cordifolia L. Mitella diphylla L. Ribes Grossularia L. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Sambucus racemosa L. Galium Aparine L. G. asprellum Mx. G. trifidum L, Solidago uliginosa Natt. S. juncea Ait. ^y Report of the State Botanist. 13 Solidago Canadensis L. Aster macrophyllus L. A. Novi-Belgii L. A. acuminatus Mx. A. nemoralis Ait. Erigeron strigosus Muhl. E. Philadelpliicus L. Rudbeckia hirta L. Bidens Beckii Torr. Calendula officinalis L. Anthemis Cotula DC. Achillea Millefolium L. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. Prenanthes Serpentaria Purtsh. P. altissima L. Lactuca Canadensis L. L. integrifolia Bigel. Sonchus asper Vill. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Rhododendron viscosum Torr. R. maximum L. Primula IVDstassinica Mx. Steironema lanceolatum Or, Lysimacliia stricta Ait. L. quadrifolia L. L. Nummularia L. Fraxinus Americana L. F. sambucifolia Lam. Apocynum cannabinum L. A. androsaemifolium L. Asclepias tuberosa L. Gentiana linearis Frcel. Lithospermum officinale L. Physalis lanceolata Mx. Mimulus ringens L . M. moschatus Dougl. Veronica Virginica L. Utricularia vulgaris L. Verbena hastata L. Teucrium Canadense L. Pycnanthemum incanum Mx. Blephilia hirsuta Benth. Brunella vulgaris L. Rumex Patientia L. •Polygonum aviculare L. P. amphibium L. Asarum Canadense L. Saururus cernuus L. Dirca palustris L. Pinus Banksiana Lambert. P. resinosa Ait. Picea nigra Lk. P. albal/fc. Larix Americana Mx. Elodea Canadensis Mx. Microstylis monophyllus Liridl. Habenaria bracteata R. Br. Cypripedium acaule Ait. Clintonia borealis Raf. Lilium Canadense L. Pontederia cordata L. Juncus miUtaris Bigel . Luzula vernalis DC. Typha latifolia L. Potamogeton natans L. P. NuttalUi C. & S. P. Spirillus Tuckm. P. lonchites Tuckm. P. ampUfolius Tuckm. P. heterophyllus Schreb. P. praelongus Wulf. P. perfoliatus L. P. crispus L. P. zosteraef olius Schum. P. pusillus L. P. major Morong. P. ffiiformis Pers. P. pectinatus L. Fimbristylis autumnalis R. <& S. Scirpus lacustris L. S. sylvaticus L. Eriophorum lineatum B. & H. E. cyperinum L. E. gracile Koch. Carex tribuloides Wahl. C. cristata Sclno. C. foenea Willd. C. straminea Willd. C. mirabilis Dew. C. siccata Dew. C. bromoides Sclik. C. Deweyana Schw. C. trisperraa Deio. C. canescens L. C. sterilis Willd. C. Muhlenbergii Sehk. C. rosea Schk. C. vulpinoidea Mr. C. stipata Muhl. C. laxiculmis Schw. 14 Report of the State Botanist. Carex digitalis Willd. C. laxiflora Lam. C. albursina Sheldon. C. (Ederi Ehrh. C. gracillima Schw. C. aestivalis Curt. C. debilis 3Ix. C. virescens Muhl. C. limosa L. C. torta Boott. C Houghtonii Torr. C. squarrosa L. C. utriculata Boott. C. oligosperma ilfa;. C. intumescens Rudge. C. lurida T^a/iZ. C. communis Bail C. Pennsylvanica Z/aw. C. longirostris Torr. Panicum latifolium L. P. clandestinum L. Phalaris arundinacea L. Brachyelytrum aristatum Bv. Agrostis alba L. Arrhenatherum avenaceum Bv. Avena striata Mx. Danthonia spicata Bv. D. compressa Aust. Poa annua L. P. compressa L P. debilis Torr. P. serotina Ehrh. Festuca ovina L. F. elatior L. F. nutans Willd. Bromus ciliatus L. B. purgans L. Agropyrum repens Bv. Agropyrum violaceum Lange. Flammula alnicola Pr. Pluteolus expansus Pk. Cortinarius argentatus Fr. Russula uncialis Pk. Cantharellus minor Pk. Coprinus micaceus Fr. Boletus subtomentosus L. Polyporus resinosus Fr. P. salicinus FY. Poria radiculosa Pk. Porothelium fimbriatum Fr. Corticium incarnatum Fr. C. subaurantiacum Pk. Entomosporium maculatum Lev. Chrysomyxa Pyrolae Rostr. Ustilago anomala Kze. Sphacelotheca Hydropiperis DeBy. Uromyces Limonii Lev. U. Trifolii Lev. U. Polygoni Fckl. U, Euphorbise C. & P. Puccinia .Galii Schw. Sphasropsis maloruni Pk. Vermicularia liliacearum Schw. Coryneum niicrostictum B. & Br. Peridermium balsameum Pk. A^ctinonema Rosse Fr. Cystopus candidus Lev. C. spinulosus DeBy. C. Amaranthi Berk. Ramularia Armoraciae Fckl. Fusarium oxysporum Schl. Diatrype virescens Schw. Hypoxylon perforatum Schw. H. atropurpureum Fr. Plowrightia morbosa Sacc. Urocystis Waldsteinise PA;. (B.) CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. Mrs. E. G. Britton, New York, N. Y. Ephemerum crassinervium Harape. Rhabdoweisia denticulata B, cfc S. Dicranella heteromalla Schp . Dicranum fulvum Hook. D, flagellare Hedw. D. longifolium Hedw. D. viride Schp. Dicranum ful vellum Sni . D, Sauteri Sch . Cynodontium gracilescens Schp. C virens Schp . Dicranodontium longirostre B. & S. Didymodon cylindricus B. & S. Barbula tortuosa W. & M. ^ / Report of the State Botanist. 15 Trichostomum vaginans Sulliv. Blindia acuta B. & S. XJlota crispa Brid. Grimtuia conferta Fnck. Racomitrium microcarpum Brid. R. fasciculate Brid. Anacamptodon splachnoides Brid . Aulacomnium palustre Schwcegr . Anomodon apiculatus B. & S. Homalia trichomanoides B. & S. Neckera oligocarpa B. & S. Eurhynchium strigosum B. cfr S. Plagiothecium denticulatum B. & S. Linmobium montanum Wils. L. eugyrium Schp . L. ochraceum B. & S. Hypnum reptile Mx. H. umbratum Ehrh. H. strigosum Hoffm. Rhynchostegium Jamesii Sulliv. Mrs. P. H. Dudley, New York, N. Y. Chondrus crispus Lytig. Mrs. E. C. Anthony, Gouverneur, N. Y. RudbecMa hirta L. Rev. J. L. Zabriskie, Flatbush, N. Y. Nostoc sphsericum Vauch. I Zygodesmus granulosus PA;. Vollutella stellata Pk. \ George Green, Katonah, N. Y. Cladosporium fulvum Cke. S. M. Tracy,' Agricultural College, Miss. Cerebella Paspali C. & M. \ Cerebella Spartinse E. & E. C. Andropogonis Ces. \ Cercospora personata B. & C. R. B. Hough. Lowvllle, N. Y. Pinus inops Ait, C. L. Shear, Alcove, N. Y. Carex debilis Mx. j Diatrype Hochelagae E. & E. Solenia anomala Pers. I Melanconis occulta Sacc. Haplosporella Symphoricarpi Pk. \ Smith Ely JeUflfe, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. Camarosporium metableticum Trail. Amphisphaeria umbrina Wint. William Herbst, M. D. Queletia mirabiUs Fr. N. Ringuenberg, M. D., Lockport, N. Y. Asimina triloba Dunal. L. H. Hoysradt, Pine Plains, N. Y. Carex arcta Boott. C. glabra Boott. C. stenolepis Torr. C. bullata Schk. Lycopodium alopecuroides L. L. Carolinianum L. Asplenium viride Hiids. E. S. Miller, Floral Park, N. Y. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckm. B. D. Halsted, New Brunswick, N. J. Exobasidium Peckii Halst. ]6 Report of the State Botanisi. W. R. Dudley, Palo Alto, Cal. Hydnum subcarnaceum Fr. Merulius irpicinxis Pk. M, tenuis Pk. Lepidoderma fulvum Mass. Polyporus versicolor Fr. Penicillium candidum Lk. Peziza Dudley! Pk. Gyromitra sphaerospora Sacc . Daedalea unicolor Fr. ■ (c.) SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Ranunculus hispidus Mx. ISTorth Greenbush. May. This is included, in the New York State Flora, with Raminculus repens as variety Marildndicus^ bu+ ^t is now regarded by good botanists as a distinct species. It is one of our earliest flowering buttercups. Aster leiophyllus Porter. Lake Mohonk and Shokan, Ulster county. Sept. This beau- tiful aster was at first described by Professor Porter under the name Aster cordifolius var. Icevigatus., but having concluded that it is a distinct species, he has published it as such under the name here given. It certainly appears to me to be a good species easily distinguished from A. cordifolius both by the character of its leaves and of its flowers. Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. Rocky banks of Black river below Brownsville. June. This plant is Senecio aureus var. Balsamitce of the Manual, but it has recently been raised to specific rank, a position which, in my opinion, it justly merits. According to Dr. Rusby's description, the typical form of the species is two to three feet high, glabrous, with the root leaves sharply and unequally serrate. In our speci- mens the root leaves are crenately serrate, the plants are one to two feet high and show a cotton-like tomentum at the insertion of the leaves and also, under a lens, a minute loose tomentum on the leaves and stems and at the base of the involucres. The peduncles originate at nearly the same point at the top of the stem, giving to the corymb an umbellate appearance. In conse- quence of these variations from the type I would designate our Report of the State Botanist. 17 plant as var. suhtomentosus. Unlike the typical form our plant grew in thin dry soil covering rocks. It was partly shaded by trees. Hieracium Marianum WiUd. Highland lake, Sullivan county. July. Rare. Polygonum Douglassii Greene. Rocky summit of Cobble hill near Elizabethtown, Essex county. September, This was formerly referred to P. tenue, but it is easily distin- guished from that species by its drooping fruit. Potamogeton Vaseyi Bobbins. Thompson's lake, Albany county. August. Dr. Morong finds it in Greenwood lake, Orange county. In general appearance it resembles P. diver sif alius, from which it is easily separated by its larger fruit with the middle keel rounded. Potamogeton pulcher Tackm. Riverhead, Suffolk county. E. S. Miller. Rare. Potamogeton major {Fr.) Morong. Cayuga and Seneca lakes. August. This is P.pusillus of the State Flora where it is credited to Crooked lake on the authority of Dr. Sartwell. In the Manuals it stands as P. pusillus var. major and P. mucronatus. I follow Dr. Morong in considering it a good species and I have adopted the name under which he publishes it. Carex glabra Boon. Taberg, Oneida county, and Cooperstown Junction, Otsego county. June. In the Taberg station it was growing in the midst of a patch of C. debilis. Its heavier spikes and dijfferent appearance at once attracted attention. Carex albursina Sheldon. This plant has been considered a variety of C. laxifora and is subjoined to that species as var. latifolia in the Manual. But it 3 jg Report of the State Botanist. is so constant in its characters and so easily separated from all forms of C. laxifora^ by its broad bracts and short inconspicuous staminate spike that I can readily admit its claims to specific rank. We have it from the Helderberg mountains and from Sanfords Corners, Jefferson county. June. Panicum miliaceum L. Port Jervis and Albany. July. This millet has been intro- duced and is frequently found growing in waste places about cities and villages. Prof. Dudley reports it at Ithaca, and Dr. Howe at Lansingburgh "and in various places in the valley of the lower Hudson. Psathyrella tenera n. sp. Pileus thin, campanulate, obtuse, moist or subhygrophanous reddish-cinereous when moist, paler when dry, slightly rugulose and atomate ; lamellae broad, adnate, plane or but slightly ascending, subdistant, at first pallid or subcinereous, then umber and finally blackish, white on the edge ; stem slender, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, white, with a white floccose mycelium at the base ; spores narrowly elliptical, ,0005 to .00055 in. long, .0003 broad. Pileus 3 to 5 lines broad ; stem 1 to 1.5 in. long, scarcely half a line thick. Damp mucky ground in open woods. Pierrepont Manor, Jef- ferson county. June. This plant resembles small forms of Galena tenera in color and shape, but it is readily distinguished from that species by the darker color of the mature lamellae and of the spores. The plant is much smaller than P. gracilis and P. graciloides to which it seems to be related. Hydnum subcarnaceum Fr. Decayed wood. Ithaca. Pi'of. W. E. Dudley. Merulius irpicinus n. sp. Resupinate, thin, soft, more or less tomentose beneath, whit- ish, the margin sometimes free or slightly reflexed ; hymenium at first gyrose porose, the dissepiments at length prolonged into subulate or irpex-like teeth, subferruginous ; spores subglobose or elliptical, colored, .0002 to .00028 in. long, .OOOiti to .0002 broad. Decaying wood. Ithaca. October. Dudley. Report of the State Botanist. 19 This species resembles M. lacrymans in habit and color, but it is thinner and more fragile, with smaller pores and spores, and it is especially distinguished by the elongated or Subulate teeth that project from the older parts of the hymenium. It is referable to the section Coniophori. Merulius tenuis n. sp. Resupinate, very thin, tender, reddish-brown inclining to liver color, the margin webby-tomentose, whitish ; dissepiments nar- row, irregular, forming shallow unequal pores ; spores colored, .00035 to .0004 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Much decayed wood. Ithaca. Dudley. The color of the dried specimens i;esembles that of Persoon's figure of M. pulcher, but the dissepiments and pores are different. This species also is referable to the section Coniophori. Stereum populneum n. sjx Resupinate, very thin, orbicular, often confluent in patches, minutely rimose, brown tinged with liver color, minutely whitish- punctate under a lens, the thin radiate-dentate margin a little paler, at length becoming more or less free ; spores oblong, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .00016 broad. Bark of prostrate trunks of poplar, Populus tremuloides. Adirondack mountains. August. This is distinct from all allied species by its peculiar color, its minutely chinky and punctate hymenium and its subfree dentate margin. It is related to S. albobadium. Stereum ambiguum n. sp. Resupinate, suborbicular or irregular, soon confluent in patches, one-half to one line thick, dry, subcork}"^ but brittle, tawny- brown and subtomentose beneath ; the hymenium !:awny-brown becoming paler or grayish tawny with age, rimose when mature, with a faintly pulvei'ulent or pruinose-velvety appearance ; the margin vellowish, generally becoming free; spores oblong or subfusiform, .0005 to .0007 in. long, .0002 broad. Wood and bark of prostrate trunks of spruce, Picta nigra Adirondack mountains. June. 20 Report of the State Botanist. This singular species is apparently related to Stereum abietinum, to which it was formerly referred, but from which it was seen to be distinct when the spore characters of that species were published. The thick interior stratum is similar in color to the hymenium and appears to be composed of densely compacted erect fibrils. The h^nnenium, under a lens, is seen to possess both setae and metuloids, thus combining the characters of the genera Hymenochaete and Peniophora, and obliterating the distinction of these as Dcedalea confragosa, in its various forms, destroys the distinction between Trametes and Lenzites. Moreover when these setae and metuloids are more highly magnified they are found to vary among themselves, being sometimes smooth and sometimes w^arted, acute or blunt, colored or colorless, and some- times even partly colored and smooth and partly colorless and warted. Also the hymenium, though dry and firm in texture, becomes rimose as in many of the species of Cortioium with a soft and waxy hymenium. , Lepidoderma fulvum Mass. Decayed wood. Ithaca. Dudley. This is a small form scarcely one line high. The scales of the peridium are white, the few large spores intermingled with those of the prevailing size are .0007 to .0008 in. broad, and the slender threads of the capillitium are sometimes furnished with thickenings as in those of Z. iigrinum. The plants grow either singly or in groups of three to five. -fficidmm Actseae Opiz. Living leaves of baneberry, Actcea sjpicata v. rubra. Adams, Jefferson county. June. Phoma enteroleuca Sacc. Decorticated branches of apple tree. Bethlehem, Albany county. May. Our specimens differ from the typical form in growing on decorticated branches and in having the spores slightly broader. /<^y Report of tee State Botanist. 21 Cytospora ambiens Sacc. Dead stems of raspberry, Buhus strigosus. Menands, Albany county. April. Cytospora carbonacea Fr. Dead branches of elm, ZJlinus Americana, Elizabethtown. May. The mass of ejected spores is black when dry. Septomyxa persicina ( Fres) Sacc. Kind of squashes. Menands. January. Yar. nigricans n. var. Forming large irregular black patches ; heaps minute ; spores oblong, roundt d at each end, more or less narrowed in the middle, olten two to four- nucleate, colorless, .0003 to .0U05 in. long, .00012 to .00016 broad, oozing out and forming a pale wine-colored or peach-colored tendril or mass. Discosia magna n. sp. Perithecia gregarious, suborbicular, large, .014 to .024 in. broad, black, opaque, even or obsoletely rugulose, ostiolate, rarely con- fluent ; spores oblong-fusoid, curved, obscurely two to three- septate, .0005 to .0008 in. long, the bristle at each end .0004 to .0005 in. long. Fallen trmt oi Sish.,Fr axinus Americana. Elizabethtown. May. The species is easily known by its large opaque perithecia and simple or obscurely septate spores. Septoria Pisi. West. Living pea leaves. Adirondack mountains. August. Septoria Scutellariae 77m77i Living leaves of scull-cap, Scutellaria galericulata. Adirondack mountains. July. Septoria conspicua F. <0 M. Living leaves of fringed loosestrife, Steii'oneraa ciliaimn. Long Island. July. 22 Report of the State Botanist. Haplosporella Symplioricarpi n. sp. Stroma small .02 to .06 in. broad, often confluent, erumpent, suborbicular, closely surrounded by the luptured remains of the epidermis, black, the upper surface plane or slightly convex, dotted by the slightly prominent ostiola; spores oblong, colored, con- tinuous, .0006 to .0008 in. long, .0003 broad. Dead stems of snowberry, jSi/mjjhoricarpiis racemosus. Alcove, Albany county. March. C. L. Shear. Rhabdospora rhoina n. sjy . Perithecia numerous, sunk in the bark, covered by the slightly pustulated epidermis ; spores subfiliform, slender, curved, .0005 to .0006 in. long, oozing out and forming slender yellowish or pallid tendrils. Dead branches of sumac, Rhus tyjphina. Cooperstown Junc- tion. June. Volutella stellata n. sp. Sporodochia minute, sometimes confluent in irregular masses which are one to two liDes long, covered by the mostly stellately branched brownish-tawny setae ; spores globose or subelliptical, .00016 to .0002 ia. long. Much decayed wood of chestnut. Flatbush. September. R&v. J. L. ZabrisJcie. This is a peculiar and somewhat aberrant species but it appears to be connected with normal forms by V. ochracea. The setae are variable in length and in ramification. Some are simply dichotomous, others are stellate below and dichotomous above. Epicoccum nigrum. Lk. Dead stems of blackberry lily, Balamcanda Chinensis. Menands. May. Penicillium candidum Lh. On mushrooms, Agaricus campester., in a greenhouse. Ithaca. Dudley. YdijV.subcandidu7n. Fertile hyphae irregularly branched above, the color at first white, then whitish or cinereous. I Report op the State Botanist. 23 Cercospora tenuis n. sjy. Spots large, sometimes discoloring the whole leaf, reddish brown ; hj-ph^e fasciculate, short, .0016 in. long, .00016 broad, colored, obscurely septate, the tufts appearing like minute black dots on the upper surface of the leaf ; spores very slender, gradu- ally tapering to the apex, continuous or with one to three septa, hyaline, .0016 to .0021 in. long. Living leaves of hairy bedstraw, Oalmm pilosuTn. Riverhead. July. The species is quite distinct from C. Galii. Cladosporium episphaerium Schto. On Daldinia concentrica. Elizabethtown. May. Zygodesmus granulosus Pk. Decayed wood of chestnut. Flatbush. August. Zalriskie. Peronospora Hydrophylli Walte. Living leaves of Virginian waterleaf, Hydrophyllum Virgini- Gum. Bergen, Genesee county. June. Peziza Dudleyi n. sp. Cups irregular, one to two inches broad, sessUe, externally with a minute appressed white tomentum; hymenium bright yellow inclining to saffron or orange, often rimulose ; asci cylin- drical ; spores oblong, even, binucleate, somewhat granular within, .001 to .0012 in. long, .0005 to .0006 broad; paraphyses filiform, slightly thickened at the tips. Ground and decayed wood. Ithaca. October. Dudley. This fungus appears to be related to such species as P. aurantia and P. ineequalis, from both of which it is at once distinguished by its yellow hymenium and larger spores. Exoascus Potentillae Sacc. Living leaves of cinquefoil, Potejitilla Canadensis. Coojiers- town Junction. June. Middle Grove. July. This fungus produces greenish yellow spots on the leaves. These spots are usually convex above, concave below. 24 Report of the State Botanist. Diatrype albopruinosa Schw. Dead branches of oak, maple, hop hornbean, etc. Albany and EeDsselaer counties. Diatrype Hochelagae E. S E. Decayed wood. Alcove. January. Shear. Sphserella Chimaphilae n. sp. Perithecia minute, .0025 to .003 in. broad, numerous, mostly hypophyllous, seated on indefinite blackish spots or occupying the whole surface of the leaf ; asci subcylindrical, .0016 to .002 in. long ; spores crowded in the ascus, subclavate, colorless, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .00016 broad. Dead and fallen leaves of Princes Pine, Chimaphila umbellata. Cooperstown Junction. June. The septum of the spore is obscure. Diaporthe decedens Fr. Dead stems of hazelnut. Elizabethtown. May. Massariella Curreyi Tul. Dead braaches of basswood, Tilia Americana. Selkirk, Albany county. June. Our specimens are not typical, but may be called Var. Ameri- cana. Asci very variable in length, .007 to .009 in. long ; spores .0016 to .002 in. long; .0005 to .0006 broad. Melanconis occulta {FcJcl.) Sacc. Dead branches of poplar. Alcove. Shear. The following species and varieties are described from extra- limital specimens sent to me for identification and are not known to belong to our State Flora. Clavaria Macouni n . sp . Clubs single or clustered, 6 to 10 lines high, obtuse or subacute, dingy greenish-yellow or pale cinereous ; spores minute, elliptical, .0002 in. long, .00012 broad. Among mosses under cedar trees. Canada. September. Macoun. The species belongs to the section Syncoryne. Report of the State Botanist. 25 Clavaria muscoides L. var . obtusa n. var. Tips of the ultimate branches obtuse. Otherwise like the type. Under cedar trees. Canada. September. Macoun. Hypochnus subviolaceus n. sp. Effused, very thin, floccose-membranaceous, adnate, violet- gray, whitish on the margin ; spores subglobose, nearly hyaline, .0002 to ."0024: in. broad. Dead decorticated wood. Canada. September. Macoun. Leptothyrium Spartinae n. sp. Perithecia minute, depressed, suborbicular elliptical or oblong, sometimes subconfluent m series, rugulose, black, brownish on the margin, easily separable from the matrix; spores narrowly ellip- tical, subacute, hyaline, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .0002 to .0003 broad, usually containing a single large nucleus, adorned with a filiform appendage at each end. Dead stems of Spartina juncea. Biloxi, Mississippi. Septem- ber. Number 1835. S. M. Tracy. This is a very distinct species and one that departs from the usual characters of the members of the genus, in its large spores and their filiform appendages. These are sometimes longer than the spore itself. The thin margins of the perithecia have a radi- ate structure. Ceratium hydnoides A. & S. var. ramosissimum. n. var. Stromata very numerous, forming patches and dividing above into exceedingly numerous slender snow-white branches which interlace wath each other and with those of neighboring stromata and thus form continuous masses. Var. subreticulatum. n. var. Stromata creeping or ascending, pure white, sparingly branched and uniting with each other in a somewhat reticulate manner. Both varieties grow on soft much decayed wood. They have a very different appearance but the character of the spores is the same in both and indicates a merely varietal difference. Canada. Macoun. 4 26 Report of the State Botanist. Zygodesmus tenuissimus n. sp. ' Effused, pulverulent, very thin, yellowish-gray or subcinereous, the concolorous margin inclelinite; the hyphse short, septate, equalling or exceeding the spore in diameter ; spores globose, spinulose, slightly colored, .0003 in. broad. Decayed wood. Canada. September. Macoun. The species appears to be related to Z. marginaius from which it is separable by its thin pulverulent character, short hyphge and concolorous indefinite margin. Asterula Tracyi n. sp. Subiculum thin, hypophyllous, composed of slender flexuous septate colored filaments about .00016 in. thick; perithecia very minute, .004 to .005 in. broad, hemispherical or depressed, subastomous, black; asci oblong-clavate, .0011 to .0014 in. long, .0003 to .0004 broad; spores oblong, slightly narrowed toward one end, obscurely 2-to 4-nucleate, colorless, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00012 to 00015 broad. Living or languishing leaves of Spermacoce parmflora. Biloxi, Miss. August. Number 1842. Tracy. Melogramma effusum oi. sp. Stroma effused, thin, superficial, black ; perithecia minute, carbonaceous, crowded, convex, opaque, black, white within ; asci subcylindrical ; spores subfusiform, generally slightly curved, colorless, triseptate, .0008 to .0011 in. long, .00016 to .0o02 broad, the second rell usually swollen. Decayed wood. Canada, Macoun. This species does not harmonize well with the character of the genus to which it is here referred, for the spores in this genus are typically colored. The colorless spores indicate relationship to the genus Zignoella, but the presence of a stroma, which with the perithecia forms a thin rugose carbonaceous crust, shows its relationship to the genus Melogramma and forbids its reference to Zignoella. Stereum balsameum Pk. form reflexum. Pileus coriaceous, firm when dry, villose-tomentose, obscurely zonate ; hymenium smoky-purplish, changing to red where wounded. Canada. Macown. Report of the State Botanist, 27 (D.) REMAEKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Anemone Virginiana L. var. alba Wood. This variety is common in the hilly parts of Sullivan county, where it is the prevailing form. It sometimes forms patches of considerable extent. It does not, so far as I have seen, mingle with the t}^ical form and I am disposed to think that it is a good variety. Ranunculus circinatus Sihth. Fine specimens of this w^ater crowfoot were obtained in Cayuga lake. The peduncles become deflexed or curved down- wards in fruit. Silene stellata Ait. A form of this plant occurs near ISI arrowsburg, Sullivan county, in which all the leaves, or all except those of a single whorl, are opposite. It is not uncommon to find a few of the uppermost and of the lowest ones opposite, but this form is apparently rare. Another form has the leaves beautifully crisped or undulate on the margin. Prunus Americana Marsh. The flowers of this native plum are usually white. A form occurs near Meadowdale, Albany county, and near Westport Essex county, in which they have the rosy hue of peach blos- soms. It might be called variety rosea. Rubus Canadensis L. This low blackberry or dewberry is capable of adapting itself to a great variety of soils and circumstances. These sometimes affect its mode of growth. Plants were found growing among bushes in low^ swampy ground iiear Pine Plains, Dutchess county, in which 1 he f- tem w^as quite as erect as in Ruhus villosus. I have indicated in a previous report that whenever, through poverty of soil or for other reasons the prickly stemmed species of Rubus are unable to develop fully or grow freely this starved condition is shown by the failure pt the prickles. The same thing has been observed to be the result of an attack of ras})- 28 Report of the State Botanist. berry rust, Cceoma nitens, both in the dewberry and the black- berry. Plants badly infested by this rust are generally destitute of prickles. Rubus setosus Bigel. This northern species occurs in the open region known as "The Plains." This is in the southern part of St. Lawrence county near the headwaters of the Oswegatchie river. Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Pine Plains, The plants were not yet in flower early in August. Rosa blanda Ait. The variability of our native roses is the source of considerable diflBcultyand perplexity in their classification. In the last edition of the Manual this species is said to have no infrastipular spines, yet in a specimen collected at Cooperstown Junction these are plainly present. The stipules are described as dilated, but in a.nother specimen from the same locality, they are very narrow. The fruit is described as globose, but in specimens collected at Thompson's lake, the fruit is pointed at the base and somewhat pyriform. In these specimens also the stipules are very narrow, even on young shoots. Ribes Grossularia X. Bethlehem. May. An introduced species and escaped from cultivation. Saxifraga aizoides Z. Nearly thirty years ago this plant and its companion, Primula Jlistassinica, were discovered by Kev. J. A. Paine on the wet and dripping precipices that lie along Fish creek, above Taberg. Both these plants are still abundant in that locality, and the nature of the place is such that nothing but the greed of botanists is likely soon to exterminate them. The yellow saxifrage is especially lux- uriant, and often exceeds the dimensions attributed to it in the Manual. It is in flower when the primula is developing its fruit. Drosera rotundifolia Z. This pretty little sundew is common in the Adirondack region. A favorite habitat of it is on decaying trunks of trees lying in the water of lakes and ponds. -»^ Report of the State Botanist. 29 Solidago uliginosa N^utt. This pretty golden rod is common in the Adirondack ret^ion. It usually inhabits bogs, marshes or wet places, but sometimes it is found growing in dry soil. It grows in such soil on "The Plains " and on the banks of the upper Oswegatchie river. Solidago juncea Ait. Though described in the Manual as " smooth throughout," a form occurs on the Helderberg mountains in which the stem and branches are distinctly, though somewhat sparsely, hairy. This is the earliest in flower of the goldenrods about Albany. Solidago Canadensis Z. A form is common on "The Plains" in which the stem is but slightly hajry and the leaves are nearly smooth. They are either sharply serrate or almost eatire. This form makes a close approach to S. serotina. Aster nemoralis Ait. Several years ago a single specimen of this neat little aster was brought me by Judge Addison Brown, of Xew York, who col- lected it near Hitchings Pond. Recently, fine specimens were collected by myself on the marshy borders of one of the " Five Ponds" in the northern part of Herkimer county. The heads of flowers are large for the size of the plant and vary in number from one to seven in the specimens collected. There was also found on the rocky shore of this pond, near its outlet, a patch of a much larger form of this aster, for which I propose the name variety major. Stem one and a half to two feet high ; heads of flowers, ten to thirty ; leaves larger, two and a half to three inches long, five to S3ven lines broad, distantly dentate-serrate. This variety grows in patches, but the typical form, so far as I have observed it, is scattered. In both forms the lower surface of the leaves is minutely resinous or glandular-puberulent, although this character is not noticed in the description of the Manual. The plants in press stick slightly to the drying papers because of this character. This aster occurs also in a marsh near Jayville. It appears thus far to be limited in its range to the northwestern part of the Adirondack region. 30 Report of the State Botanist. Rudbeckia Mrta X. A form with the lower half of the rays of a beautiful brown color occurs near Middle Grove. Mrs. Anthony sends the same form from Gouverneur. Erigeron Philadelphicus L. This handsome fleabane often grows from the crevices of wet shaded or dripping cliffs. Tragopogon pratensis L. The goatsbeard has been introduced into this country from Europe and is becoming more common each year. It is already beginning to assert itself as a troublesome weed, and those interested should carefully guard their fields and prevent its obtaining a foothold in them. It closely resembles the oyster plant, which sometimes escapes from cultivation, but which seems to be much less common and aggressive. The oyster plant has purple flowers, the goatsbeard, yellow flowers. Hieracium praealtum Vill. This troublesome weed is gradually extending its range south- ward. It was observed the past summer at Pierre pont Manor. It has also followed the Carthage and Adirondack railroad east- ward and is now found at Jayville. It would be well if farmers would make a special effort to keep this weed in check and also its near relative, the orange hawkweed, Hieracium aurantiacum. They are similar in habit and appearance, but one has a yeUow flower, the other an orange or reddish blossom. This one is known in some localities as "red dais3\" Both form dense patches and spread readily by seed which is easily wafted by the , wind by reason of the cottony plumes. Rhododendron viscosum. Torr. This beautiful azalea is abundant about Highland lake, Sullivan county. A single plant was found in which the flowers were as bright and rosy as those of Rhododendron nudiflorum. Nearly all the plants have white flowers. Report of the State Botanist. 31 Rhododendron maximum L. This showy shrub orows in great profusion about Barry ville and in other places in Sullivan county. The spots in the upper side of the corolla are described as yellow, reddish or orange, but in the Sullivan count}' plants they appear to me to be constantly green. It may be designated form viridimaculatum. Lysimachia nummularia L. Near Brewerton, Onondaga county, the moneywort has become so well established that it forms extensive carpets over the ground and extends for a considerable distance in the damp woods that skirt the outlet of Oneida lake. Lysimachia quadrifolia L. At Highland lake a form occurs in which the petals are tipped or margined with orange. The leaves are commonly in whorls of five or six. I have labeled it variety variegata, though per- haps it should be considered a form, rather than a variety. Lysimachia striata Ait. This loosestrife is very variable. In a small swale near Narrowsburg five forms. or varieties of it were collected. The typical form has the leaves lanceolate, opposite and acute at both ends and a rather long and closely flowered raceme with minute subulate inconspicuous bracts. Two varieties have been desig- nated ; one, var. jyroducta., which has a long loose raceme with conspicuous foliaceous bracts ; the other, var. angustifolia, which has the leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear and only one or two lines broad, the raceme being rather few flowered. In the locality mentioned, the typical form, the variety ^)ro- ductii., a form near var. angustifolia and a ternately leaved form of the first two were found growing together and apparently under the same conditions. What should cause these vai iatious ? The narrow leaved form differs from variety angustifolia in having the leaves two to three lines broad, instead of one or two lines, and the raceme wirh numerous flowers. It is therefore intermediate between variety angustifolia and the ty])ical form. I call it form intermedia. 32 Report of the State Botanist. Commonly the leaves in the typical form are two inches or more in length, but there is a form in which they are less than two inches Vmg. In these short leaved forms the raceme and the pedicels are generally shorter than in the type and the leaves are somewhat blunt at the apex. This might be called form hremfolia. The form which bears bulblets in the axils of the leaves and which is generally without flowers might be desig- nated as form bulbifera. All of these forms and varieties may have the stem either simple or branched. All of them except variety angiistifolia, which is found in the Southern States, occur in our State. The following synopsis will show at a glance the distinctive features here noticed. Flowers in a loose raceme, bracts subulate, incon- spicuous 1 Flowers in a loose raceme, bracts foliaceous, con- spicuous Var. producta Flowers usually wanting, bulblets in the axils of the leaves Form bulbifera 1 Leaves lanceolate 2 1 Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear 3 2 Leaves two inches or more in length. (L. stricta). Form typica 2 Leaves less than two inches in length Form brevifolia 3 Leaves one to two lines broad, raceme few flowered, Var. angustif olia 3 Leaves two to three lines broad, raceme many flowered Form intermedia Steironema lanceolatum Gr. Port Jervis. July. In the Flora of ISTorth America the leaves of this species are said to be " an inch or two long." In all the specimens that I have seen they are longer than this, averaging about three inches. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Highland lake. A form with pale blue flowers. Apocymim androssemifoliuni L. Narrowsburg. July. A form, jpauciflora, with flowers smaller and whiter than usual. I do not find this form mentioned in our botanies. ^5 Report of the State Botanist. 33 Apocynum cannabinum L. The Indian hemp is very abundant along the Delaware river at Port Jervis and at Narrowsburg. It is often procumbent or spreading in its mode of growth. Yar. hypericifoliura was collected at Narrowsburg. Asclepias tuberosa L. Port Jervis. The form with 3"ellow flowers. Mimulus moscliatus Dougl. This plant is native in the Pacific coast States and has probably been introduced here because of its musk-like odor. It was found in a bog near Locust Grove, Long Island, in 1886, by J. A. Bixby. In 1891 it was discovered in a swampy locality near Middle Grove, Saratoga county by Rev. J. H. TVibbe. It still exists in this station and is apparently permanently established. It was also reported to me as being well established in two other stations in Saratoga county; one on the farm of T. H. Fuller, two miles southwest of Middle Grove, and the other on the fartn of Robert Morris near Greenfield Center. Utricularia vulgaris L. This bladder wort makes a luxuriant growth in Cayuga lake. Specimens were obtained there having scapes nearly two feet long and 12 to 16 flowered. Blephilia hirsuta Benth. Taberg. June. A form with white flowers. Rumex Patientia L. Pierrepont Manor and Middle Grove. A form of this species with leaves closely resembling those of the yellow dock, R. oris- pus, is becoming quite common. Its whitish root more dense panicles and the larger nearly grainless valves of the fruit easily distinguish it. I have not seen the form described in the ^Eanual, and credited with root leaves two to three feet long. Larix Americana Mx. On the shore of Highland lake an interesting tree of this sdecies was observed. All the cones on the tree had the edges 34 Report of the State Botanist. of the cone scales incurved in such a way as to give to each scale a globular shape and to expose to view the bracts of the cone. The cone itself presented an appearance which might be compared to a mulberry or blackberry with very large drupelets. Other trees standing near had cones on ihem of the usual form. There was no appearance of injury to the cones by insects nor by any other agencies. While this may not be a permanent variety, perhaps a mere sport only, for the sake of convenience I designate it as variety inourva. Picea alba Lie. The white spiuce is much less frequent in the Adirondack region than the black spruce. I have observed it in Essex county only. It is a handsome tree though generally of small size, branching nearly or quite to the base, and consequently not of much value for timber. There is, however, a large tree on the northern slope of Raven hill, standing near the road between Elizabethtown and Wadhams Mills. It is about two feet in diameter at the base but its branches extend nearly to the ground. The resemblance between the white spruce and some forms of the black spruce is so close that it is not always easy for an unskilled person to separate them. The descriptions of these trees, as given in the Manual, indicate but a part of their distinctive features, and the characters there ascribed to the edges of the cone scales do not in all cases hold good. Having compared these trees at fl-owering time the following characters seem to me to be the most available ones for distinguishing them. White Spruce. Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves six to eight lines long. Cones oblong or cylindrical, deciduous before next flowering time. Sterile aments pale, supported on slender whitish pedicels exserted from the basal cup of scales. Fertile aments eight to ten lines long. Young leaves visible at flowering time. t Black Spruce. Young branchlets pubescent. Leaves four to seven lines long. Cones ovate or oblong, still on the tree at next flowering time. Sterile aments tinged with red, sessile in the basal cup of scales. Fertile aments five to six lines long. Young leaves not yet visible at flowering time. These trees are in flower at the same time in the same locality. They were in bloom the past season in the vicinity of Elizabeth- town the last week in May. Report of the State Botanist. 35 Microstylis monopliyllos Lindl Up to this time, fruiting specimens only have represented this very rare and delicate little orchidaceous plant in the State Herbarium. Two flowering specimens were found in June near Taberg. Clintonia borealis Raf. Form lateralis. Like the typical form except in having a lateral umbel or two on the side of the scape. These lateral umbels consist of two to five flowers and aro usually two or three inches apart. Commonly there is but one, which is one and a half to three inches below the terminal one. When there are two the lower one has fewer flowers than the upper, and this always has fewer than the terminal one. In one specimen there are seven terminal flowers and five in the lateral umbel below them. I do not deem this a variety, but a mere form which grows intermingled with the typical form. I have observed it in several places in the Adirondack region, where it is not rare, and also near Cooperstown Junction. It seems singular that such an interesting form has not yet been noticed in any of our botanies. It was first recorded by me in the Fortieth Report, p. 73. Juncus militaris Bigel. Highland lake. July. The plants are plentiful along the shore of the lake, between Myers House and Sand beach. The descriptive character, " rather contracted panicle," given in the Manual, does not apply well to these plants, for they have the panicle large and loose. It is generally about four inches long and nearly as broad. In many of the plants the stem is rather abruptly bent about midway between the insertion of the long leaf and the panicle, or at the place of the large bract-like sheath- ing base of an abortive upper leaf. Probably this abrupt flexure has suggested the common name " bayonet rush," which is some- times applied to the plant, and perhaps, also, the specific name "militaris." Nevertheless no notice is taken of this very noticea- ble character in the description given in the Manual. 36 Report of the State Botanist. Typha angustifolia L. Professor Dudley has described a variety of Typha latifolia^ under the name elongata. In it both the leaves and spikes are elongated, the former being " 2 to 3^ meters " long, the latter " often 30 centimeters." A similar variety of Typha angustifolia is found along the shore of Cayuga lake, between the railroad bridge and the outlet. In it the fertile part of the spike is eight to ten inches long. It may be designated var. longispicata, though I suspect it is merely a luxuriant development of the common form. Pontederia cordata L. Specimens of this plant were collected in Highland lake in which the fibrous roots had a beautiful purple color. Var. angustifolia Torr. occurs here ; also in Stissing pond, Dutchess county. Potamogeton Nuttallii Ch. <& Sch. A form of this species was collected in the upper waters of the Oswegatchie river near Sternbergs, in which the stem branches freely, and the leaves are unusually narrow. It is here character- ized as var. ramosus. Stem slender, branched; floating leaves with blades 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, 3 to 6 lines broad; submerged leaves 1 to 2 lines broad. The name P. Pennsylvanicus Cham, is applied to this species in the Manual. I have followed Dr. Morong in nomenclature. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckm. This is one of our most common species. It occurs in all parts of the State, in still or flowing, shallow or deep, soft or hard, warm or cold water. In deep water it is destitute of floating leaves. In Thompson's lake it skirts the whole western and a part of the eastern shore in water four to six or eirht feet deep, and is always destitute of floating leaves. The foliige generally has a rufous tint. It seems to avoid more shallow water. The same form occurs in "Warner's lake and behaves the same way. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckm. Specimens were collected in and near the outlet of Seneca lake in which, though in flower, the floating leaves were wanting or Report of the State Botanist. 37 but little different in texture size and shape from the submerged leaves. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreh . Specimens referable to form longij>edunculatus Morong were collected near the outlet of Seneca lake. Potamogeton lucens L. This species occurs in Oneida and Cayuga lakes. The var. Connecticuten.d>i Robbins was collected in Stissing pond near Pine Plains. This is the .only station recorded for it in our State. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Cedar lake, Herkimer county. July. This is P. marinus of the Manual. It is scarcely separable, in some of its forms, from P. pectinatus in the absence of fruit, and it has probably been often confused with that species. Potamogeton pectinatus L . A form of this species is abundant in Warners lake, Albany county, in which the peduncle is whitish and 8 to 12 inches long. In the j^. Y. State Flora nine species of Potamogeton are recorded. The number of species now known to belong to the State is twenty-seven, all of which, except P. lateralis, are repre- sented in the Herbarium. The following is a list of the names of the species, varieties and forms as given in the Monograph of Dr. Morong and in the Manual : MoRONG's Monograph. Potam ogeton natans L. Potamogeton luceus L. P. Oakesianus Robbins. Var. Connecticutensis P. Nuttallii C. & S. Robbins. P. aiuplifolius Tuckm. P. praelougus Wulf. P. pulcher Tuckm. P. perfoliatus L. P. alpiuus Balb. Var. Richardsonii Ben- P. lonchites Tuckm. nett. Var . Noveboracensis P. confervoides Reichb. Morong. P. crispus L . P. heterophyllus Schreb. P. zosterivfolius Schum. Form graminifolius (Fr.) P. obtusifolius M. & K. Morong. P. Hillii Morong. Form longipedunculatus P. foliosus Raf. (Merat) Morong. Var. Niagarensis (ThcA-v/i.) Form maximus Morong. Gray. P. angxistifolius B. & P. P. pusillus L. 38 Report of the State Botanist. Potamogeton major {Fr.) Morong. P. Vaseyi Robbins. P. lateralis Morong. P. diversifolius Raf, Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckm. P. filiformis Pers. P. pectinatus L. P. Robinsii Oakes. Gray's Manual. Potamogeton natans L. Potamogeton perf oliatus L. P. Oakesianus Robbins. Var. lanceolatus Robbins. P. Pennsylvanicus Cham. P. Tuckermani Robbins. P. amplifolius Tuckm. P. crispus L. P. pulcher Tuckm. P. zosteraefolius Schum. P. rufescens Schrad. P. obtusifolius M. & K. P. fluitans Roth. P. Hillii Morong. P. pauciflorus Pursh. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Var. NiagarensLs Qray. Var. graminif olius (^r.) P. pusillus L. - P mucronatus Schrad. P. Vaseyi Robbins. P. lateralis Morong. P. Zizii M. & K. P. hybrid us Mx. P. lucens L. P. Spirillus Tuckm. Var. Connecticutensis. P. marinus L. Robbins. P. pectinatus L. P. praelongus Wulf. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Eriophorum lineatum -B. & H. Low moist ground near Middle Grove. July. Carex trisperma Dewey. A form with the leaves more narrow than usual was collected on the boggy shore of Highland lake. Carex retroflexa 3fuhl. In the Manual, this sedge is subjoined to C. rosea as a variety. It differs considerably from that species in its rane:e as well as in its appearance and characters. I do not find it at all in the northern and northeastern counties of the State, but it is not rare in some of the southern and western counties. C. rosea is common everywhere except perhaps in the coldest mountain regions. Carex rosea Schk. var. staminata n. var. Culms very slender but erect or nearly so V2, to 20 inches high, much surpassing the very narrow leaves; spikes commonly 4, distant, each terminated by a conspicuous staminate part sub- /6. Report of the State Botanist. 39 tended by 1 to 0 perigynia, or sometimes one or more wholly staminate, the lowest one either with or without an exceedingly slender setaceous bract ; perigj^nia either horizontally spreading or conspicaously deflexed. Cooperstown Junction. June. This plant seems to approach variety Texensis but it differs in its distant spikes, deflexed perigynia and conspicuous staminate flowers. Carex aestivalis Curt. This rare sedge is plentiful on the high wooded hills near East Worcester. It grows both in the woods and in open places by the roadside. Carex retrocurva Deio. This is C. laxioulrais Sch w, in the Manual. It has a form serotina^ in which the new growth of the season, after the usual fruiting time, sends up short culms and produces another crop of fruit. In this case the pedicels are rather short and erect and the spikes are few flowered. Taberg and Helderberg mountains. Carex debilis Mx. A variety interjecta Bailey in litt. to C. L. Shear, was discovered by Mr. Shear near Alcove, Albany county, and has since been found by myself near Pierrepont Manor, Jefferson county. It fruits in June. It differs from the ordinary form in its shorter perigynia, which by being looseW arranged on the rachis often give a moniliform appearance to the fertile spikes. The stami- nate spike usually has 2 to 4 perigynia a short distance below its apex. Sometimes the fertile spikes are also conspicuously stami- nate at the apex, and occasionally one has a short branch at its base. Yar. strictior Bailey. A form of this variety, having culms 12 to 18 inches high and yellowish green foliage, occurs near East Worcester. June. The broad leaves overtop the culms and the spikes are noticeably erect. Carex CEderi Ehrh. This sedge was found growing with C. fiava on the shores of Thompson's lake, Albany county. The two were so markedly different in " a))pearance that it is very unsatisfactory to me to make the former a variety of the latter, as is done by some botanists. 40 Report of the State Botanist. Carex Emmonsii Deic var. elliptica Boott. In the Eic^hteenth Report on the State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 155, the characters of this sedge are published. It is described as having the spikes crowded ; the perigynia rather long (iiij-To o^ ^ 1^^® long, -j^ broad), hirsute, nearly twice the length of the scale ; achenium elliptical-triquetrous (1^ of a line long, ^ a line broad), style deciduous at the base. New York, Knieskern. The variety has a longer body to the perigynium and a longer achenium, and the pubescence is softer and longer, and the pro- portionate length of the perigynium to the squamae gives a pecu- liar aspect to the spike. It has not been noticed by authors : F. Boott. Penn Yan ; Rochester, Dewey. This sedge has not to this day been properly recognized in the Manual. Dr. E, C. Howe, who has made a special study of carices and to whdm specimens of this plant were sent for examination, con- siders it a good species, and has sent the following description of it under the name Carex Peckii nov. sp. Stems 3 to 16 incnes high, culm leaves 2 to 5, very short, nar- row, radical leaves 3 to 10 inches long, about one line broad; staminate spike small, sometimes inconspicuous ; fertile spikes 2 to 3, aggregated, the two uppermost 3 to 8-flowered, the lowest 2 to 6, bracteate ; perigynia 1.5 to nearly 2 lines long, about half as wide, elliptical- triquetrous, prominently beaked, strongly hirsute, longer than the ovate acute or acutish-mucronate scarious margined scale, long and tapering at the base; scales centrally green, the sides tinged with brown or purplish-brown ; achenia triquetrous-elliptical, strongly 3-ribbed, prominently stipitate, 1 line or more long. Helderberg mountains, Albany county ; Brownville, Jefferson county ; Elizabethtown, Essex county. Also collected by the late Professor Dewey in Yates and Monroe counties, and else- where in New York by the late Dr. Knieskern. The largest specimens were collected at Brownville, the small- est near Elizabethtown. The plants grow in thin woods or their borders or where they are partly shaded by trees. The specimens Report of the State Botanist. 41 were collected in June. Doctor Howe considers the species * related to Carex dejlexa rather than to C. Emmonsii. Both its peculiar appearance and its distinctive spikes and fruit lead me also to tbink it is a valid species. Carex Hough tonii Torr. Near Elizabethtown. May. This rare species has been observed in several places by Prof. Burt and myself in Saratoga and Essex counties, but I am not aware of its occurrence else- where in the State. It is an early flowering species, and delights in light sandy soil, through which it extends its creeping rootstocks. Carex utriculata Boott . A small form of this species is found in the Adirondack region. Its spikes are scarceh" more than an inch long, being smaller even than those of variety minor. Setaria viridis Bv. The form of this grass noticed in the Thirty-fourth Eeport, p. 56,, still persists about Albany and in its streets and yards. The same or a similar form is said, by Dr. Yasey in his Monograph of the Grasses of the United States and Canada, p. 38, to occur in the South. It is easily distinguished from the ordinary form of the species, and appears to be very constant in its characters. I have labeled' our specimens Yar. purpurascens, and the grass has been published and essentially characterized under this name by Prof. Dudley in his Catalogue of Cayuga plants, p. 122. Its spike-like panicle is more slender than in the type, 2.5 to 3 inches long, about 6 lines broad, iucludiag the setae, 2.5 to 3 lines exclu- sive of the set£e, the clusters toward the base separated and verticillate as in S. verticillata, the setie tinged with purple. Its resemblance to S. verdcillata is closer than to ^S". viridis but its setas are barbed upwards. Festuca ovina X. The sheep's fescue is rare with us. A small patch of it was observed on the banks of the Delaware river at Narrowsburg. July. The specimens have the tall cuhns of variety duriuscula, but the panicle is contracted and the leaves involute. 6 42 Re FORT OF TEE State Botanist. Bromus purgans L. This was considered a distinct species by Linnaeus and stands as such in the N. Y, Flora. But modern botanists have gener- ally connected it with B. ciliatus as a variety. I could wish it might be restored to its original position, for as far as my obser- vation goes it is easily distinguished from B. ciliatus by its smaller, differently colored, le-s drooping panicle, its fewer spike- lets, its more hairy flowers and its different habitat. It likes shade and most often grows in rocky woods. I have not observed it in the Adirondack region where B. ciliatus is quite common. Danthonia spicata Bv. The panicle in this grass is contracted after flowering. It varies in length from less than a a inch to two and a half inches. Two forms occur. In one the leaves and sheaths are glabrous except a tuft of hairs at the throat of the sheaths. In the other the leaves and lower sheaths are clothed with long soft hairs. To distinguish this form I designate it Yar. villosa. Specimens of it were collected at Brownville and Taberg. Coprinus micaceus JPr. var. granular is n. var. Pileus sprinkled with whitish granules or furfuraceous scales. Fulton chain, Hamilion county. August. Polyporus versicolor i^r. var. carneiporus n. var. Pores dull flesh-color. Ithaca. Dudley. Dsedalea unicolor I^r. var. fumosa n. var. Pores smoky-brown. Dead birch, Betula lutea. Ithaca. October. Dudley. Solenia anomala Pers. var. orbicularis n. var. Receptacles collected in orbicular groups and seated on a con- spicuous, dense, persistent, tomentose, tawny subiculum. Dead branches of appletree. Alcove. March. Shear. Tubercularia carpogena Pk. This name is preoccupied and I substitute for it Tubercularia decolorans. 'i*' Report of the State Botanist. 43 Gyromitra sphaerospora {Pk.) Sacc. Ithaca. Dudley. This species was discovered twenty years ago. A single specimen was received from Prof. Dudley, which is the first one I have seen since the original discovery. The species is evidentl}^ rare. I am not aware that any specimens except the New Yorli ones are in existence. TJrocystis Waldsteinise Pk. Cooperstown Junction. June. Usually every leaf on the dis- eased plant is affected by the fungus. The attacked plants do not flower so far as observed. In some instances an old dead and dried leaf of the previous year showed the marks of the fun- gus, thus indicating that the fungus is perennial. (E.) LIST OF NEW YORK FUNGI REPRESENTED AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION AT CHICAGO, IN THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING, SECTION S, COLUMN 33, SPACE 804. Specimens from New York State Herbarium. Exhibitor — Chas. H. Peck, Albany, N. Y. Edible Fungi. 1 Amanita caesarea Scop. 2 A. rubescens Fr. 2a A. " Wartless forru. 3 Amanitopsis vaginata(Btt7/.)Ro^;. 3a A. " var. livida (Pers.). 36 A. " var. fulva (Schceff.) 3c A. " var. nivalis {Orev.) 4 Lepiota procera Scop . 5 L. naucinoides Peck. 6 ArmiUaria mellea Vahl. 6a A. " clustered specimens. 66 A. " var. bulbosa Peck. 6c A. " var. albida Peck. 6d A. ." var. glabra GUI. 6c Abortive mushroom. 7 Tricholoma transmutans Peck. 8 T. imbricatum 1&. 9 T. personatuiu Fr. 10 Clitocybe nebularis Batsch. 11 C. media Peck. 12 C. infundibuliformis Schceff, 12a C. " Pressed specimens. 13 C. eyathiformis Fr. 14 C. laccata Scop, 14a C. " Pale irregular form. 146 C. " var. amethystina (Bolt.) 14c C. " var. pallidifolia Peck, lid C. " var. striatula Peck. 15 Pleurotus ulmarivis Bull. 15a P. " Pressed specimens. 16 P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr. Ua P. " Large tuft. 17 P. sapidus Kalchh. 18 Hygrophorus virgineus ( Wiilf.)Fr 19 H. pratensis (Pt'rs.)i'>. 20 H. miniatvis Fr. 44 Report of the State Botanist. 21 Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Fr. 22 L. volemus tY. 23 L. subdulcis(BMZi.)^''. 24 Russula virescens {Sehceff.) Fr. 25 Cantharellus cibarius Fr. 26 Maras'uius oreades F¥. 27 Cortinarius coUinitus (Pers.) Fr. 28 C. violaceus (L.) Fr. 29 C. armillatus (^ . cfc S. )-^ 29a C. " Pressed specimens . 30 C. cinnamomeus(L.) i^?". 30a C. " var. semisanguineus Fr. 148 Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. 31 Agaricus arven-is Sehceff. 32 A. silvicola Vitt. 33 A. campester L. 33a A. " Cultivated form. 34 A. placomyces Peck. 35 Coprinus comatus Fr. 36 C. atramentarius (Bull.) Fr 36a C. " var. silvicola Peck. 37 C. micaceus (Bull.) Fr. 37a C. " var. conicus Peck. 38 Boletus scaber Fr. 38a B. " var. niveus Fr. 39 B. subluteus Peck. 40 B. subtomentosus L. 41 Boletus affinis Peck. 42 B. castaneus Bull. 43 Polyporus sulphureus {Bull.) Fr. 43a P. " thicker form. 44 Hydnum repandum L. H. rufescens Pers. H. coralloides Scop . Fistulina hepatica Fr. Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. Clavaria botrytes Pers. C. flava Sehceff. C. cristata Pers. 51a C. " Large form. 51 & C. " Dense form. 52 Lycoperdon cyathiforme Bosc. Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr, Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. M. conica Pers. M. angusticeps Peck. 56a M. "Small form. 57 M. deliciosa Fr. 58 M. semilibera DC. 59 Helvella crispa (Scop.) FY. 59a H. "Small form. 60 Mitrula vitellina (£ res.) (Sacc. 60a M. " var. irregularis Peck. 45 46 47 48 50 51 53 54 55 56 Fungi Growing on and Injurious to Wood. 61 Panus stipticus {Bull . ) Fr. 62 P. operculatus B. & C. 63 Lenzites betulina (L.) Fr. 64 L. ■ vial is Peck. 65 L. sepiai'ia Fr. 65a L. " var. porosa Fr. 66 Schizopbyllum commune i'V. 67 Polyporus elegans {Bull.) Fr. 70 71 71a P. 72 P. 73 P. 74 P. 74a P. 75 P. 76 P. 77 P. osseus Kalchb. chioneus Fr. guttulatus Peck. undosus Peck. Resupinate form, crispellus Peck. f umosus {Pers .) FV. adustus {Willd.) Fr, var. carpineus {Schw.) Weinmanni Fr. borealis {Wallr.) Fr. pubescens {Schum) FY. 78 Polyporus cuticularis {Bull.) Fr. 79 P. nidulans Fr. 80 P. gilvus Schw. 81 P. glomeratus Peck. 82 P. resinosus {Schrad.) Fr. 83 P. betulinus FY. 83a P. " Spotted specimens. 83b P. ' ' Young and old plants. 83c P. " Brown pubescent form. 84 P. volvatus Peck. 85 P. lucidus {Leys.) Fr. 86 P. pinicola Fr. 86a P. ' ' Older plants. 86b P. " Pale margined speci- mens. 36c P. " Various forms. 87 P. applanatus(Pers. ) TFa Wr 87a P. ' ' Dusted by its spores. 876 P. " Various forms. 88 P. fomentarius {L.) FY. ?y Report of the State Botanist. 45 88a Polyporus 886 P. 88c P. 88d P. 89 P. 89a P. 90 P. 90a P. 906 P. 90c P. 91 P. 91a P. 92 P. 92a P. 926 P. 92c P. 93 94 94a P. 95 P. 9oa P. 96 P. 97 P. 98 P. 98a P. 986 P. 99 P. 100 P. 100a P. 1006 P. 100c P. lOOd P. 101 P. 101a P. 1016 P. 101c P. lOld P. 02 P. 103a P. fom. Older plants. Elongated forms. var. zonatus Peck. Various forms, igniarius (L.) Fr. Old plants, nigricans Fr. Old plants, var. applanatus Peck. >ubresupinate forms, connatus Fr. Resupinate form, cameus Nees. var. subzonatus Peck. Resupinate form. Various forms, conchatus (Pers.) Fr. piceinus Peck. Resupinate form, biformis Klotz. Resupinate form, conchifer Schw. aureonitens Pat. hirsutus FV. var. albiporus Peck. var. nigromarginatus {Schw.) zonatiis Fr. versicolor Fr. Dark-colored forms. Pale-colored forms, var. fumosiporus Peck. Various forms, pergamenus Fr. Effused mycelium, var. pseud opergamenus {Thum.) var. elongatus (Berk.) Old plants, abietinus Fr. Form zonatus. 10^6 Polyporus abiet. var. irpiciformis Peck. P. " Resupinate form. Gloeoporus conchoides Mont. " Resupinate form. Poria subacida Peek. Trametes suaveolens (L.) Fr. 102c 103 103a 104 105 106 107 108 T. cinnabarina (Jacq.) FY. T. Trogii Berk. T. mollis Fr. " Resupinate form, sepium Berk. " From railroad ties. Dsedalea quercina (L.) Pers. unicolor (Bull.) Fr. " Old plants. • ' Plane form. " Complicate form. " var. furaosipora Peck. confragosa Pers. " Brown specimens. " var. Cookei Peck. ' ' var. rubescens Peck. " var. Klotzschii Peck. " Irregular forms. Merulius tremellosus Schrad. M. lacrimans (Jacq.) FY. Irpex cinnamomeus Fr. Odontia lateritia B. & C. Stereum complicatum Fr. 117a S. " var. laceratum Peck. 145 S. bicolor (Pers.) Fr. 145a S. "Old plants. 146 S. versicolor {f>w.) FY. S. sericeum (Schw.) Chlorosplenium ajruginosum iCEd.)DeN. Wood stained by its Myce- lium. Wood permeated by Mycelium. Bark overrun by Mycelium . 108a T. 109 T. 109a T. 110 111 D. Ilia D. 1116 D. lllc D. Hid D. 112 D. Il2a D. 1126 D. 112c D. U2d D. 112e D. 113 114 115 116 117 147 118 118a 119 120 Fungi Injuriaiis to Cultivated and Useful Piaiits. Gloeosporium lagenarium (Pass.) 122fZ Plowrightia morbosa on culti- vated plum. 123 Monilia fructigena Pers. 123a M. ' ' on plums. 1286 M. "on pears. 123c M. " on twigs and leaves of apricots . morbosa (Schw.) 121 S. & R. 122 Plowrightia Sacc. 122a P. "on wild red cherry. 1226 P. " on wild black cherry. 122c P. "on beach plum. 46 Report of the State BoTAmsT. 124 Entomosporium maculatum Lev , 124a E. mac. on pear leaves and fruit. 125 Plasmopara viLicoln {B. & C.) B. & DeT. 125a Plasmopara " on fruit of wild grape. 125& Plasmopara " on leaves of Niagara grape . 126 Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) DeBy. 127 Peronospora parasitica (Pers.)T'?tZ- 128 Cladosporium fulvum Cke. 139 140 141 142 129 Cercospora Apii Fres. 130 C beticola (Sacc. 131 Puccinia Mai vacearum i^fo«.^ 132 Ustilago Maydis (D. C.) Cd. 132a U. "on ears of Indian corn. 133 U. Tritici (Pers.) Jensen. 134 U. Hordei (Pers.) K. & S. 135 U. Avenge (Pers.) Jensen. 136 Cryptospora Goeppertiana Kuhn. 137 Dimerosporium Collinsii {Schw.) rhum. 138 Hypoderma Uneare Peck. Fungi Injurious to Noxious Weeds and Animals. Empusa Muscae Cohn. Sporendonema myophilum Sacc . Cystopus candidus Lev. Peronospora Linarige Fckl. 143 Puccinia suaveolens {Pers.) Rostr. 143(i P. " Later form'. 1 144 Ustilago Cesatii Wald. Recapitulation. Species. Edible fungi 61 Fungi growing on and injurious to wood 63 Fungi injurious to cultivated and useful plants 18 Fungi injurious to noxious weeds and animals 6 148 (F.) PRELIMINARY LIST OF HYMENOMYCETOUS FUNGI INHABITING THE WOOD OR BARK OF THE TRUNKS OR BRANCHES OF OUR PRINCIPAL CONIFEROUS FOREST TREES. TsuGA Canadensis. Carr. Hemlock. Armillaria mellea Vahl. Tricholoma decorosum Pk. T. multipunctum Pk. Clitocybe ectypoides Pk. Collybia platyphylla Fr. C. abundans Pk. C. rugosodisca Pk. C. succosa Pk. Mycena Leaiana Berk. M. epipterygia Scop. Omphalia lilacifolia Pk. O. Campanella Batsch, Pleurotus porrigens Pers. P. striatulus Fr. Naucoria bellula Pk. N. geminella Pk. Paxillus atrotomentosus Fr. P. panuoides Fr. Panus stypticus Btdl. P. lacunosus Pk. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. L. betulinus Fr. Lentinus lepideus Fr. Polyporus lucidus Leys. Report of the State Botanist. 47 Polyporus benzoinus Fr. P. pinicola Fr. p. epileucus Fr. p. csesius Fr. p. undosus Pk. p. crispellus Pk. p. maculatus Pk. p. Weinraanni Fr. p. borealis F'. Polystictus abietinus Fr. Poria \, vulgaris Fr. P. subacida PA; . P. Vaillantii Fr. P. rhodella Fr. Trametes cinnabarina Fr. Trametes sepiura Berk . Merulius himantioides Fr. M. subaurantiacus Pk. Solenia villosa Fr. Hydnum farinaceum Fr. Mucronella calva Fr. Treriiellodou gelatinosum Pers. Stereum sanguinolentum A. & S. S. lugosum Fr. S. ratliatum Pk. 1 1 ymenochaete tenuis Pk. Corticium amorphum Pers. Dacrymyces deliquescens Duhy. Ditiola radicata Fr. Clavaria abietina Fr. PiCEA NIGRA Lk. Spruce. Clitocybe sulphurea Pk. Mycena purpureofusca Pk. M. hiemalis Osb. Omphalia Austini Pk. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. L. heteromorpha Fr. Lentinus lepideus Fr. Polyporus Schweinitzii Fr. P. picipes Fr. P. aurantiacus Pk. P. volvatus Pk. P. dualis Pk. P. carneus Fr. P. pinicola Fr. P. borealis Fr. Polystictus piceinus Pk. P. versicolor Fr. P. balsameus Pk. P. abietinus Fr. P. variiformis Pk. Poria subacida Pk. Poria vaporaria Fr. P. vulgaris Fr. P . odora PA; . P . rnutans PA; . P. marginella PA;. Trametes serpens F'. MeruUus Raveuelii B. & C. .M . moUuscus Fr. Hydnum farinaceum Fr. Caldesiella f erruginosa Sacc . Irpex fuscoviolaceus Fr. Odontia fusca C & E. Stereum rugosum Fr. S. radiatum PA;. S. ambiguum PA;. Hymenochfete abnorniis PA;. Corticium sulphureum Fr. C. subincarnatum Pk. C. subaurantiacum PA;. C. cremoricolor B. & C. Hirneola auricula-Judie Fr. Clitocybe sulphurea PA-. Pleurotus mitis ,Pers. Lentinus strigosus Schw. Polyporus pinicola Fr. P. volvatus Pk. Polystictus abietinus Fr. Abies balsamea Mill. Balsam fir. Polystictus balsameus PA;. Merulius aureus Fr. Stereum balsameum PA;. Corticum sulphureum Fr. C. amorphum Pers. Hirneola auricula-Judse Fr. 48 Report of the State Botanist. Tricholoina flavescens Pk. T. riitilans Schceff. CoUybia rubescentifolia Pk. Pieurotus striatulus Pr. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. L. vialis PA;. Lentinus lepideus Fr. Paxillus atrotomentosus Fr. P. panuoides Fr. PiNUS Strobus L. White pine. Boletus hemichrysus B. & C. Polyporus osseus Kalchb. P. pinicola Fr. Poria pinea Pk. Merulius lacriinans Fr. Tremella pinicola Pk. T, foliacea Pers. Dacrymyces deliquescens Duty. Pluteus umbrosus Pe7's. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. Polypprous circinatus Fr. P. volvatus Pk. P. Weinmanni FY. PiNUS RIGID A 3Iill. Pitch pine. Polystictus abietinus Fr. Poria vaporaria Fr. Trametes Pini Fr. Stereum sanguinolentum Fr. i REPORT OP THE STATE BOTANIST. 1894. REPORT. To the Ilonorahle the Regents of the University of the State of New York : Gentlemen. — I have the honor of communicating to you the following report, covering the time from September, 1S93, to July, 1894. Specimens of plants for the State Herbarium have been col- lected by the Botanist in the counties of Albany, Clinton, Essex, Oneida, Rensselaer, Suffolk, Ulstef and "Washington. The number of species of which specimens have been added to the Herbarium is 115, of which i-t were not previously represented therein. The species described as new are 10. A list of added species is marked A. Correspondents to the number of 11 have contributed specimens. Most of these specimens represent extra-limital species, but five species new to the State are represented by them and four new to science. A list of the contributors and of their contributions is marked B. A record of species not previously recognized as belonging to our flora, together with descriptions of new species, is marked C. Xotes and observations on species already recorded will be found under D. The genus Carex is one of the largest, and at the same time one of the most distinct and most easil}'^ recognized, of all our plant genera. In the Flora of the State of Kew York, Dr. John Torrey records 91 species belonging to this genus. In ISSl the number of New York species had increased to 119. At the present time we have more than 130 species. Only 29 are recorded in the Manual that have not been found in our State, and six of these are introduced species and yet ([uite limited in their range. The 104 NEW TOEK STATE MUSEUM genus is a most interesting one to botanists who have acquired even a limited knowledge of it, but many pass it by as unworthy their attention or too full of difficulties to permit of the easy identification of the species. To many beginners in the study of botany these plants have been a kind of botanical bugbear. The difficulties attending their study seem to have been needlessly increased by defective descriptions, by a failure in some cases to detect the proper limits of species, and by throwing together and describing as one species forms that should be kept separate. In the last edition of the Manual there are many instances of the reduction of forms which in earlier years were considered good species by our most eminent botanists, so that they now stand as mere varieties to other related forms. Such a grouping of distinct forms seems to me to be opposed to that clear and accurate discrimination which the study of natural science ought to cultivate, and its tendency seems to be to encourage habits of careless observation and loose general- ization. Some carices, it is true, resemble each other closely, but so long as they have constant characteristic differences, even though these may be slight, it seems to me much better to recog- nize these differences and give them their just value in classifica- tion. And just here appears to be one cause for the absorbing interest with which the study of these plants is invested. The close observation and the nice discrimination requisite in distin- guishing closely allied species is most gratifying to an ardent student of nature intent on finding her hidden truths and solving her most intricate problems. And it is no mean accomplishment to be able to recognize accurately the characters that require the separation of closely related species of this genus. One species not recognized in the Manual has recently been detected by Dr. Howe, others that have hitherto been regarded as mere varieties are, I am confident, worthy of specific value, and still other forms that have not been recorded have occurred. Influenced by these facts, and having in view the large number of species that belong to our flora, it has seemed desirable to me to bring together in one report the revised descriptions of aU our Kew York species and varieties of the genus Carex. • This will facilitate the study of the carices of our State and give to Xew York botanists an additional incentive to the study EEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 105 of these interesting plants. I deem myself fortunate in having enlisted, the interest and the aid of Dr. E. C. Howe in this work. Dr. Howe has long made a special study of the carkes and his thorough knowledge of our species eminently qualifies him to speak and write about them with authority. He has prepared the monograph of our species which is here submitted and marked E. In consequence of unexpected delay and dijEculty in issuing the descriptions and illustrations of our edible and poisonous mushrooms in a separate publication, as was at first contemplated, it has been thought best to include them with other matter in the present report. The edition will be somewhat limited and may not be sufficient to supply the demand unless the issue of extra copies shall be authorized, but it will be better than a longer delay, and is apparently the best that can be done at present. This part of the Report is marked F. The specimens of fungi that were taken from the Herbarium and placed on exhibition at the "World's Fair in Chicago last year have been returned, None were lost, but owing to damp- ness a few were injured by mold. They are yet in the boxes in which they were returned, not having been removed because of the possibility that the New York State exhibits might be required for a permanent exhibit at home. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES H. PECK. Albany, July 1, 1894. 14 106 NEW YOKE STATE MUaEUM (A.) ADDITIONS TO THE HERBARIUM. Nexo to the Herbarium. Aster longifolius Lam. Stachys palustris L. Carex littoralis Schiv. Inocybe subtomentosa PA;. Cortinarius rimosus Pk. Gomphidius nigricans PA;. Hydnum scabripes PA;. Radulum molare Fr. Pyrenocliajta collabens PA;. Vermiculare Hepatic^ PA;. V. Schoenoprasi Alters. Sphaeropsis ulmicola E. & E. Diplodia subtectoides'PA;. Septoria centaureicola Brun. S. Divaricata3]£'. & E. Tolyposporium buUatum Schroet^ Ovularia decipiens Sacc. Cylindrosporium Padi Karst. Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.. Dendryphium nodulosum Sacc. Coniothecium Rubi PA;. Sphserella rubina PA;. Diaporthe robusta PA;. Cucurbitaria Comptoniae E. & E, JVbt New to the JBerbarium. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Hypericum perforatum L. Ehus Toxicodendron L. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf. Vitis riparia Mx. Eosa blanda Ait. E. humilis Marsh. Pyrus arbutifolia L. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. Spiraia salicifolia L. Sium cicutsefolium Gmel. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Solidago C89sia L. S. Canadensis L. S. nemoralis Ait. Aster linariifolius L. A. laevis L. A. ericoides L. A. multiflorus Ait. A. diffusus^ii. • A. Tradescanti L. A. paniculatus Lavi. A. prenanthoides Mulil. A. puniceus L. Bidens connata Mulil. B. cernua L. Xanthium Strumarium L. X. Canadense Mill. Hieracium aurantiacum L. Verbascum Blattaria L. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Sonchus arvensis L. S. oleraceus L. Ipomsea purpurea Lam. Callitriche verna L. Potamogeton Spirillus Tiickm. P. heterophyllus Schrad. Urtica gracilis Ait. Amaranthus retroflexus L. A. chlorostachys Willd. Polygonella articulata Meisn. Polygonum aviculare L. P. erectum L. P. Douglassii Greene. P. ' Hydropiper L. P. lapathi folium L. P. Muhlenbergii Wats. P. Virginianum L. P. dumetorum L. Fraxinus Americana L. Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Thymus Serpyllum L. Smilax herbacea L. Eieocharis acicularis R. Br. Carex varia Muhl. C. prasina Wahl. C. arctata Boott. C. aurea Nutt. Panicum capillare L. Agrostis perennans Tuckm. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I Zizania aquatica L. Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. M. Mexicana Trin. M. sylvatica T. & G. Avena sativa L. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Vasey. Agropyruni caninum R. & G. Glyceria grandis Wats. G. nervata Trin. Hordeum vulgare L. H. distichum L. Lycopodium clavatum L. Tricholoma terreum Schceff. Hebeloma Colvini PA;. Stereum sericeum Schiv. Cteoma nitens Scliw. Uromyces Desmodii Cke. Puccinia Convolvuli {Pers). P. graniinis Pers. Ustilago neglecta Niessl. Urocystis Waldsteiniae Pk. Septoria Lobelise Pk. S, Dentariaj PA;. S. Scrophulariae PA;. Cercospora clavata {Ger.). Plasmopara viticola {B. <& C). Taphrina rubrobrunnea (Pk.). Helvella crispa Fr. Leotia marcida Pers. L. circinans Pers. Diatrypella prominens {Howe). (B.) 107 CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. Blephilia ciliata Raf. E. J. Durand, Ithaca, N. Y. Wm. T. Davis, New Brighton, N. Y. Populus heterophylla L. I Pinus inops Ait. Quercus Brittoni Davis. I E. W. D. Holway, Decorah, Iowa. Ravenelia Holwayi Diet. J. Dearness, Calamintha acinos Benth. Armillaria mellea Vahl. Phoma paniculata E. & D. Septoria Negundinis E. & E. Rabenhorstia Tiliaceae E. & E. Hendersonia discosioides E. & D. Strumella stagonosporioides E. & E. Aschersonia carpinicola E. & D. Cylindrosporium Chrysanthemi^.cfcD. I Puccinia Cr^^ptanthes D. & II. London, Can. Cercospora Lespedezas E. & D. C. Symphoricarpi E. & E. C. racemosa E. & M. Botrytis affinis E. & E. Didymosphasria vagans E. & E. Lasiosphasria striata E. & E. Teichospha?ria subcalva E. ct E. Massariovalsa caudata E. & E. A. P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio. Cladotrichum polysporum Cd. Sporotrichum inirabile B. & Br. Synthetospora electa Morg. CyHndrocladium scoparium Morg. Ophiocera Ohiense E. <& E. Ceratostoma setigerum E. & E. Hypoxylon Morgani E. A E. H. albocinctuni E. & E. Hypocrea tremelHcola E. & E. Wright Rives, Washington, D. C. Agaricus subrufescens Pk. 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM C. V. Piper, -lEcidium porosum Pk. JE. Clematidis DC. ^. Hydrophylli Pk. ^. Pentastemonis Sacc. Uromyces Erythronii (DC). U. Fabc-e (Pers.). U. Glycyrrhizae (Rabh.) Puccinia Caricis (Schum.). P. suaveolens (Pers.), P. Symphoricarpi Hark. P. congregata E. & H. P. Galii Pers. P. Scirpi DC P. Balsamorhizae Pk. P. Circa3ae Pers. P. Saxifragae Schlect. P. Troximontis Pk. P. McClatchiana D. & Hal. P. Zizije E. & E. P. mirabillssima Pk. Chrysomyxa Ledi A. & S. C. Rhododendri (DC.) Calyptospora Goeppertiana Kulin, Coleosporium Solidaginis (Schw.). Melampsora Tremulae Tid. Dasyscypha Gaultheri^ E. & E. Ehytisma punctatum Fr. R. Salicis(Pers.). Coccomyces coronatus Schum. Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb.) Uncinula Salicis (DC). Pullman, Wash. Ascochyta achlyicola E. cfc E. Marsonia Veratri E. cfc E. Phyllosticta rhamnigena Sacc. Septoglaeum Nuttallii Hark. Septoria Rubi West. S. Populi Desm. S. saccharina E. & E. S. (Enanthis E. & E. S. alnifolia E. & E. S. Megarrhizse E. & E. S. cornicola Desm. S. circinata E. & E. S. Symphoricarpi E. cfc E. S. Brunellee E. cfc H. S. Rudbeckiae E. cfc Hal. Macrosporium hybridum E. & E. Ramularia Philadelphi Sacc. Cercospora rosicola Pass. C ribicola E. cfc E. C. sambucina E. cfc K. Cylindrosporium Filipendulae Thum. Peronospora ribicola Schrcet, Physoderma Menyantliis De By. Physarum papaveraceum McB. Linospora Brunellae E. & E. Sphserella arbuticola Pk. Sphserotheca Humuli DC. Microsphgeria Alni (DC.) M. Symphoricarpi Hoive. Erysiphe Cichoreacearum DC. Arthur K. Harrison, Lebanon Springs, N. Y. Stachys palustris L. Thymus Serpyllum L. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckm, Lycopodium clavatum L. Geaster limbatus Fr. Hymenochaeta rubiginosa Lev. L. M. Underwood, Greencastle, Ind. Gyromitra brunnea Undio. E. C. Howe, M. D., Lansingburgh, N. Y. Carex deflexa Hornem. C. Emmonsii Dew. C. Pennsylvanica Lan, Carex sterilis Willd. C crus-corvi Shutt. C. torta Boott. C. L. Shear, Alcove, N. Y. Pyrenoch^te coUabens Pk. I Ovularia decipiens Sacc. Diplodia subtectoides Pk. \ Diaporthe robusta Pk. BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 109 (C.) SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED. Carex littoralis Schto. "Wet places near Islip, Long Island. May. Volvaria Peckii Atk. n. sp. Pileus thin, convex, glabrous, viscid, finely striate on the mar- gin, whitish; lamellae rather close, thin, pale-flesh color; stem slightly tapering upward, glabrous, solid, whitish, with a loose^ well-developed membranous volva at the base ; spores even, subelliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00024 broad, usually containing a single large nucleus. Pileus about 3 in. broad; stem 3 to 3.5 in. long, 3 to 4 lines thick. m Decaying wood. Ithaca. Sept. G. F. Atkinson. This species differs from Y. speciosa in its striate margin and smaller spores. It is probably very rare and but one specimen is known to be in existence. I Inocybe subtomentosa n. sp. Gregarious or subcaespitose ; pileus thin, dry, convex or plane, minutely hairy-tomentose, brownish-tawny ; lamellae thin, close, adnate, slightly emarginate, at first whitish, then tinged with yellowish green, finally brownish-tawny ; stem short, solid, slightly silky-fibrillose, colored like or a little paler than the pileus, often with a conspicuous white mycelium at the base ; spores subelliptical, .<.UU3 to .0004 in. long, .00(i2 to .00024 broad. Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem about 3 in. long, 1 line thick. Gravelly soil among fallen leaves Rouses Point. Sept. This species differs from 1. tomentosa by its darker color, larger spores and the entire absence of an umbo. Its prominent features are its small size, minutely tomentose pileus and nearly uniform brownish- tawny color w-hen mature. The lamella^ are usually whitish and minutely crenulate or beaded on the edge. The species appears to belong to the section Laceroi, although the pileus scarcely shows any laceration, and even the tdmentose hairiness is hardly noticeable except on close inspection. It is distinguished from I.jihrillosa by its solid merely fibrillose stem and by the absence of scales on the disk of the pileus. 110 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM Cortinarius rimosus n. sp. Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or plane, glabrous, at first pale grayish violaceous, then tinged with reddish-brown, the surface cracking into appressed scales or becoming variously rimose, flesh whitish ; lamellae rather broad, distant, subventricose, emar- ginate, violaceous when young, becoming brownish- ochraceous with age; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, white and silky with the white veil, tinged with violaceous within; spores subelliptical, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00024 to .00028 broad, usually containing a single large nucleus. Pileus 2 to 4 in . broad ; stem 1.5 to 8 in . long, 4 to 6 lines thick. Grassy ground in open places in thin woods. Westport. September. This species belongs to the subgenus Dermocybe. It is a rather large and stout plant and remarkable for the tendency of the epidermis to crack in areas. The thin margin is often split. The species belongs to the same group as C caninus and C. azureus, from both of which it differs in its rimose pileus and distant lamellae. The color of the young pileus is suggestive of that of Tricholoma jyei'sonatum. Gomphidius nigricans n. sp. Pileus convex or nearly plane, pale brownish-red, covered with a tough gluten which becomes black in drying, flesh firm, whitish; lamellae distant, decurrent, some of them forked, white becoming smoky-brown, black in the dried plant; stem subequal, longer than the diameter of the jDileus, glutinous, solid, at first whitish especially at the top, soon blackish by the drying of the gluten, whitish within, slightly tinged with red toward the base ; spores oblong-fusoid, .0006 to .001 in. long, .00024 to .0003 broad. Pileus 1 to 2 in . broad ; stem 1.5 to 2 . 5 in . long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Under pine trees. Westport. September. This species is easily known by the blackening gluten which smears both pileus and stem and even forms a veil by which the lamellae in the young plant are concealed. In the dried state the whole plant is black. keplRI of the state botanist 111 Hydnum scabripes n. sp. Pileus fleshy, firm, coavex, glabrous, pinkish-gray, the decurved margin ex'.ending beyond the aculei, flesh white ; aculei whitish or subcinereous, becoming ferruginous-brown, decurrent ; stem stout, nearly equal, scabrous-dotted ; spores subglobose or irregu- lar, somewhat nodulose, colored, .0003 in. broad. Pileus 4 to 5 in. broad ; stem 4 to 5 in. long, about 1 in. thick. Under hemlock trees, Tsuga Canadensis. Elizabeth town. September. The prominent characters of this species are its peculiar color and its scabrous or rough-dotted stem. Radulum molare Fr. Dead bark of elm, JJlmus Americana. Cooperstown Junction. June. I have seen no description of this species which gives the spore characters. In our specimens the spores are naviculoid-elliptical, .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Sometimes the plant is effuso-reflexed, in which case the upper surface of the pileus is coarsely strigose or fibrous and somewhat resembles the pileus of Merulius tremellosus. Pyrenochaeta collabens n. sp. Perithecia .014 to .018 in. broad, superficial, crowded or closely gregarious, submembranous, subglobose, often collapsing when old, the upper part sometimes falling away and leaving a cup- shaped base, black, the setas few, black, mostly near the base of the perithecia; spores narrowly elliptical, nearly colorless, .0003 to .00045 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Bark and wood of apple tree. Alcove. October to January. C. L. Shear. Vermicularia Hepaticae n. sp. Perithecia minute, .003 to .00 1 in. broad, epiphyllous, furnished with black diverffing setae which sometimes have one or two septa near the base; spores narrowly fusiform, slightly curved, acute at each, end, .0007 to .0009 in. long, sometimes appearing to be spuriously septate in the middle. Dead spots on leases of IFepatica acutiloha. Helderberg mountains. July. This fungus sometimes occurs in coni)>any with Protomyces fuscus. It is so small that it is scarcely visible to the naked eye. 112 NEW TOBK STATE MUSEUM Vermicularia Schoenoprasi Auers. Dead leaves of wild leek, AUiurn tricoccum. Pierrepont Manor. June. Sphseropsis ulmicola K ct- K Dead branches of elm. TJlmus Americana. Cooperstown Junction. June. In our specimens the perithecia are sometimes collected in clusters of two or three as in the genus Haplosporella, and they are erumpent and exposed, not covered by the epidermis. The spores are very pale, almost hyaline. But in other respects they agree well with the description of the typical form. Diplodia subtectoides n. sp. Perithecia small, numerous, erumpent, arranged in a some- what seriate manner or in short interrupted straight or flexuous lines ; spores obovate or elliptical, continuous or uniseptate, .0005 to .0006 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad. Dead bark of maple, Acer saccharinum. Alcove. November. Shear. This species may be separated from its near relative, D. subtecta^ by its smaller spores, with simple ones often intermingled with those of normal form. Septoria centaureicola Brun. Living leaves of seedling plants of bluebottle, Centaurea Cyanus. Menands. November and December. In our specimens the spores are a little shorter and broader than the dimensions given in the description of the typical form. The plant is therefore designated Variety hrevisjpora. Spores .0012 to .0016 in. long, .00012 broad. Septoria Divaricatse E. d E. Living or languishing leaves of divaricate phlox, Phlox divari- cata. Pierrepont Manor. June. Tolyposporium. bullatum. {SchrceU) In the ovaries of barnjard grass, Panicum crus-galli var. muticum. Whitehall. September. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 113 In our specimens only a few of the ovaries of a panicle are affected. These swell to an unusual size. They are green or greenish externally, and are filled with a mass of olive-brown spores collected in glomerules varying much in size and shape. Ovularia decipiens Sacc. Living or languishing leaves of buttercups, Banunculus acris. Alcove. June and October. Shear. Cylindrosporium Padi Karst. Living leaves of cultivated plum, Primus domestica. Helder- berg mountains. September. Some mycologists appear to have confused Septoria cerasina Peck, with this species, but the two are clearly distinct and may easily be separated at a glance. In S. cerasina the spores ooze out in a gelatinous mass or in tendrils ; in this species they form a white flocculent mass on the surface of the matrix as do other species of this genus. Cladosporium carpophiluin Thum. On peaches. Menands. August and September. The fungus forms small olive-green spots on the fruit. Sometimes these spots become confluent and form patches. They are often more numerous on one side of the peach than on the other, and the affected side fails to develop as rapidly as the other, giving the fruit a flattened or deformed appearance, and the flesh beneath the fungus is more tough and less succulent than the unaffected part. The fungus is, therefore, to be classed among the injurious. species. Dendryphium. nodulosuin Sacc. Dead stems of bleeding heart, Dicentra spectabilis. Menands. April. The fungus bears some resemblance to Ilelmiiithosporiwn interseininatum, but is separable even by the naked eye, by reason of its more ferruginous color. Coniothecium Rubi n. sp Thinly effused, olive-green ; spores coalescing in glomerules varying much in size and in the number of component spores or cells, separate spores .0000 to .0007 in, broad, glomerules about .0016 in. broad. 15 114 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Injured stems and branches of cultivated raspberry. Menands. April. The fungus is found in places where the epidermis has been broken or removed by the swaying of the plants in the wind and rubbing against each other. Numerous hyaline elliptical spores about .0003 in. long, .0002 broad, are intermingled with the larger spores of the species. Sphserella rubina n. sp. Perithecia minute, .007 to .009 in. broad, commonly gregarious, sometimes forming extended patches, submembranous, obscurely papillate, pertuse, subglobose or depressed, at first covered by the epidermis, becoming superficial when the epidermis falls away, black ; asci cylindrical, subsessile, .003 to .0035 in. long, .000 i 5 to .0005 broad; spores uniseriate or subbiseriate, oblong, obtuse, uniseptate, generally constricted in the middle, hyaline, .0006 in. long, .00024- to .000 i broad, the upper cell often a little larger than the lower. Stems of cultivated raspberries. Menands. April and May. This species is injurious to the plants it attacks. The affected plants either die from the disease or are so weakened by it that they are winter-killed wholly or in part. Generally the epider- mis is whitened over the patches of the fungus, but sometimes brown spots indicate the presence and location of the fungus. The mycelium consists of brown septate filaments. From Didy- mella applanata^ which this fungus resembles in some respects, it is separated by the absence of paraphyses. Diaporthe robusta n. sp. Pustules numerous, erumpent, surrounded by a black circum- scribing line and covered by a black crust ; ostiola obscure or prominent and distinct ; asci subf usiform, .003 to .0035 in. long, .0006 broad in the widest part ; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, strongly constricted in the middle, .0005 to .0007 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad, each cell usually containing a single large nucleus. Bark of maple, Acer saccharinum and Acer dasycarpum. Gansevoort. Fech. Alcove. Shear. This species is allied to D. aoerina, but is distinguished from it. by the more numerous pustules, larger asci and larger, more obtuse and more strongly constricted spores. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 115 Cucurbitaria Comptoniae E. & E. Dead stems of sweet fern, Comptonia asplenifolia. Coopers- town Junction. June. (D.) REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Hesperis matronalis L. This introduced plant is abundant along the Susquehanna river near Binghamton. W. N. Clute. Rosa blanda Ait. The fruit of this species is described as globose. On the hills near Elizabethtown, specimens were found in which the fruit was pointed at the base and subpyriform. These were some- times intermingled with fruit of the normal form, even on the same plant. The stems of some of the plants were quite prickly toward the base. The species is manifestly quite variable, and in this case the variation is toward the western Rosa Sayi, Eupatorium perfoliatum. A form of this plant occurs near Shokan, in which the flower heads are purplish. Aster cordifolius L. The white-rayed form occurs occasionally about Whitehall, also near "Westport. Aster laevis L. The prevailing form of this beautiful aster, about Whitehall, has all the leaves, except the two or three lower ones, very narrow and tapering from the base to the apex. They are from three to six lines broad and three to six inches long. Aster paniculatus Lain. A form grows about Whitehall in which the stems and branches are slender and weak or half reclining, and the flower heads are more scattered than usual. Aster longifolius Lalustris, has not been represented in the State Herbarium. Polygonum Douglassii Greene. This plant grows in thin soil covering rocks on Cobble hill near Elizabethtown. It was first found near the summit, but it occurs also near the base. Its branches are usually rather long, slender and somewhat straggling, bent or crooked. It blossoms as late as September. The sepals are greenish or red. The fruit is drooping and drops easily. EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 117 Polygonum nodosum Pers. Shore of Lake Champlain near Rouses Point. September. Potamogeton heterophyllus S^hreh. Both variety tnaxivius and variety minimus are found in War- ner's lake, near East Berne. The latter ^as in fruiting condition in September, but the former at the same time bore no fruit, although it had flower spikes. Panicum capillars L. var. flexile Gatt. Rocky places near Whitehall. September. Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. This grass is found as far north as "Whitehall, where it grows in dry soil about rocky cliflPs. Lycopodium clavatum L. A singular sterile form of this clubmoss was found by Mr. Harrison near Lebanon Springs. The usual peduncles, instead of terminating in fruiting spikes, are excessively prolonged, some of them being 12 or li inches long, and they remain wholly sterile, no fruit spike developing. Tricholoma terreum Schceff. var. fragrans Feck. Near Ticonderoga, also near Elizabethtown. September. If this species was not very variable, the variety here noticed might easily be regarded as a distinct species. It has a decided farinaceous odor and flavor, the pileus becomes paler with age and the young moist flesh, which is brownish, fades to white when dry. The lamella} are rather thin, close and adnate, and the stem, in some forms at least, is solid and white. Hebeloma Colvini Pk. var. velatum 71. var. Scattered or caespitose ; pileus convex, ])lane or even slightly depressed, brittle, obtuse or uml)onate, adorned with a tomentose veil, which either disappears with age or persists and makes the pileus obscurely floccose-tcaly or its margin silky or lloccose ; lamella} rather close, subventricose, adnexed ; stem equal, brittle, hollow, silky fil)riIlose and often somewhat lloccose-squamose toward the base, sometimes annulate with a thick, soft, cottony 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ring; spores subelliptical, even, .0004 to .0005 incli long, .00024 to .0003 broad. Pileus 1 to 2.5 inches broad; stem 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, 2 to 3 lines thick. Gravell}^ ground under cotton wood trees, Populus monilifera. Rouses Point. September. Three forms were found growing together. The first and most abundant has the mature pileus glabrous or slightly silky on the margin only ; the second has the grayish or reddish-gray pileus adorned with appressed fioccose scales ; the third differs from the second only in the dark chestnut color of the pileus. The veil is grayish-white and when well developed it adheres partly in fragments to the margin of the pileus and partly as an annulus to the stem. The cavity of the stem is very small. A slight odor like that of radishes is perceptible. The species belongs to the section Indusiati. The variety differs from the type especially in its strongly developed veil. Poria attenuata Pk. var. subincarnata n. var. This differs from the typical form in the paler color of the pores. It grows on hemlock bark and forms small patches rarely more than one inch in diameter. Alcove. September. Shear. Septoria Cucurbitacearum. Sacc. A form of this fungus sometimes develops on the fruit of squashes. It produces small orbicular whitish spots on which the perithecia develop. The epidermis on these spots sometimes ruptures in a stellate manner. Menands. November. Septoria Dentarise Pk. var. arida n. var. Living leaves of Dentaria dijylujlla. Pierrepont Manor. June. Spots definite, arid, whitish. Otherwise like the type. (E.) NEW YORK SPECIES OF CAREX. By E. C. Howe, M. D. The object of the following monograph of the species of Carex hitherto foand in the State of New York is to aid young botan- ists in acquiring a knowledge of these interesting but too often much neglected plants. It has been too much the custom to omit REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 119 the study of them until nearly every other genus has received attention. That beginners in the study of botany should distrust their abilit}^ to cope with these plants is not strange, since both teacher and text book have sometimes warned them to " beware of this extremely difficult genus, as none but the most experi- enced should approach it." This should not be so. There certainly are difficulties to be encountered, but the}'' are no more formidable than those with which we meet in other genera, such as Aster, Euphorbia and Aspidium. If we except two or three groups containing two or three species each, and certain allied forms which have been considered good species in one generation and mere varieties in another, and which are now considered species by one botanist and varieties hy another, if we except these which are less than a dozen in number, there are no serious difficulties in the study of the carices. Specimens with mature fruit are desirable and even necessary for the satisfactorj" identification of species of this genus, for the descriptions are based upon such specimens, the fulh^ developed spikes, perigynia and scales furnishing the most distinctive and reliable specific characters. The perigynia, or a few of them, should be removed from the rachis for study, for in this way their characters are more clearly seen. Ordinarily the achenia or seeds are neglected, but in some instances they furnish import- ant distinguishing characters, and will be a valuable aid to a beginner in deciding upon the identity of certain closely related species. C. lupulina and C. Jupuliformis are cases of this kind. In the descriptions that follow, the plan is to detine the char- acters of each species fully, dearly and minutely without reference to its likeness to other species. This his been done even at the risk of being thought unnecessarilj^ repetitious. Measurements of the different parts of the plant have been freely given, and it is believed that in many instances they will be found a most satisfactory aid in the identification of the species. A'arieties are compared with the typical form of the species. Carex X. Flowers of two kinds, one starainate, consisting of three sta- mens in the axil of a scale-like bract (scale), the other pistillate, consisting of a pistil terminating in two or three stigmas and forming in maturity a dry hard lenticular or triangular seed 120 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM (achenium) enclosed in a thin or membranous seed vessel (peri- g^mium), which is also in the axil of a scale-like bract ; both kinds of Howers arranged in spikes which are staminate (sterile) when composed of staminate flowers, pistillate (fertile) when composed of pistillate flowers, and androgynous when composed of both kinds. The spikes may be either sessile or borne on a peduncle, and they are usually subtended by scale- like or foliaceous bracts. When both kinds occur on the same plant the inflorescence is monoecious, on different plants, dioecious. The stems or culms are triangular and solid ; leaves three-ranked, narrow, linear or setaceous, often rough on the margins, clasping the stem at the base and forming a closed sheath around it. Perennial herbs growing chiefly in wet, moist or swampy places, and most of them perfecting their fruit in the first half of the summer season. They may be distinguished from the true grasses by their triangular solid stems, their closed sheaths and their seed being wholly and singly enclosed in a thin seed vessel. For the sake of brevity the following characters have been employed : The sign of degrees (°) stands for "foot" or "feet," The sign of minutes (') stands for " inch" or "inches." The sign of seconds (") stands for " line "or ■" lines." The dash between two numbers stands for " to," and with the numbers indicates the degree of variation in measurement. Synopsis of the Gkoups. A. Staminate and pistillate flowers in small globose or oblong androgynous spikelets placed one above the other and forming clusters or interrupted spikes or heads at the summit of the culm, or panicled heads (decompound) in 3, 4 and 5. Sometimes the lower spikelets in several species are branched. Androgynes. ^' Siigmas 2; achenium lenticular. t Spikelets staminate at the apex, pistillate below. Spikelets 2-5 flowered, capitate or in a short interrupted spike; root-stock extensively creejnng. 1-2. Spikelets in a close or open panicle or densely clustered in an interrupted spike I'-i' long or more; perigynia hlacMsh-brown or tawny. 3-5. EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 121 Spikelets contiguous above, separate below, or all contiguous, sometimes the lower ones compound ; perigynia lanceolate, without a distinct margin^ divergent. 6-7. Spikelets approximate above, separate below, or all contiguous, (capitate in 10) ; perigynia loith a distinct margin, loidely diver- gent or rejlexedat maturity. 8-13. t Spikelets staminate at the base, pistillate above. Spikelets 3-8, 3-5 flowered, the upper ones approximate or subdistinct, the lowest distinct or remote (capitate in 15), or 12-30 flowered and disposed in an interrupted spike 1^-2^' long, silvery green and shining; perigynia spreading but not rejiexed. 14-17. Spikelets 3-8, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, separate below, or all contiguous (spikelet single in 18); perigynia slightly con- cave, widely divergent or refiexed at maturity ; plants hright green hecoming yellowish. 18-21. Spikelets 3-15 or more, aggregated or approximate, or the upper contiguous and the lower separate (clustered in 31); perigynia concave, thin, mostl}^ wide winged margined, the tips erect or spreading, not rejiexed. 22-31. t Staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated ; spikelets often wholly sterile or wholly fertile. 32-3-t. * Stigmas 3 ; achenium triangular. Flowers borne in a short spihe or head, staminate at the apex^ pistillate below ; pistillate small, caducous, the staminate mostly conspicuous. 35-36. Pistillate scales green and leaf-like, persistent, the lowest as long as the spike ; perig3''nia globular, with a long slender beak. 37-39. B. Staminate and pistillate flowers disposed in separate spikes on the same culm or plant (monoecious), or on separate plants (dioecious), the former frequently androgynous. — Carkx proper. * Stigmas 2 (rarely 3) ; achenium lenticular. Plant dioecious. Sterile spike linear, 5" long or less ; fertile spike 3"-5" long, densely flowered ; perigynia oblong, reflexed at maturity. 40. Sterile spikes 1-4, stalked or sessile; fertile spikes 2-5, erect or recurved, sessile or short stalked, densely or subdensely flowereil ; perigynia with a short point or pointless; scales Uacl-ish -purple or reddish hr own, not awned. 41-46. 122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fertile spikes 2-4' long, pendulous on stalks l'-2' in length or more ; perigynia slightly turgid, scales light hrown with long rough aions. 47-48. * Stigmas 3 ; achenium triangular. t Perigynia biconvex, without a beak. Sterile spike single, (rarely 2 or 3) stalked ; fertile spikes 2-4 onfliform droojnng peduncles, the upper approximate, the lower sometimes distant ; perigynia with a minute point or pointless ; scales blackish-purple or brown. 49-51. Spikes 2-5, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile, sterile below, the others fertile, sessile or short-stalked, erect, green or dark purple ; perigynia smooth or pubescent. 52-54. f Perigynia obtusely 3-angled, not compressed^ mostly con- tracted at each end ; obtuse or acutish at the apex. Sterile spike cylindrical, usually fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 2-5, linear or cj^lindrical, densely or loosely flowered, on drooping or sub erect partly included peduncles (sessile or short- peduncled and mostly erect in 55) ; bracts leaf^^", usually surpass- ing the culm; perigynia ovate-oblong or elliptical, nerved, con- tracted at each end, the apex entire or pointed and notched. 55-58. Sterile spike single (sometimes 2 or 3 ia 59), clavate, long- peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-4, sessile or stalked, erect, mostly dis- tant, or remote (the upper 2 approximate in 60); bracts shorter than the culm or about equaling it in 59 and 03 ; perigynia with a short terete beak in 61. 59-63. Sterile spike sJ tort- stalked or sessile; fertile spikes 2-5, cylin- drical or oblong, densely or subdensely flowered, the upper 1 or 2 usually sessile at the base of the sterile spike, the others subdis- tant or the lowest remote, stalked and erect (all approximate in 64) ; bracts leafy, longer than the culm; perigynia oblong, obo\ ate, or ovate, nerved, without a beak. 64-67. t Perigynia with a distinct beak. - Sterile spike long or short-stalked ; fertile spikes loosely 2-8 flowered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile near the base of the sterile spike, the others distant, sometimes remote, erect, subflexuose ; peri- gynia dersely striate-nerved, with a straight or oblique beak;, leaves and bracts thin, bright or glaucous green. 68-69. KEPOET OF THB STATE BOTANIST 123 Sterile spike clavate or linear, sessile or stalked ; fertile 2-5, usual]}^ the upper one or two sessile at the base of the sterile spike, the others scattered, the lowest often remote, all on short or long peduncles and erect, or sometimes the one or two lower ones spreading; densely or loosely flowered; bracts leafy, partly sheathing, mostly exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate, obovate or subovcil, nerv^ed, with a short, abruptly bent, or long tapering recurved bifid beak (the latter short and barely curved in 74; fruit easily detached. 70-74. ft Perigynia acutely angled. Sterile spike clavate, short or long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 3-5, mostly scattered 07i long filiform drooping or erect-sjyread- ing peduncles. Leaves narrow, three-veined. 75-76. Sterile spike clavate, stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, mostly distant on erect,partly or icholly included stalks^ 3-S flowered; bracts as long as the sheaths or obsolete. Leaves 3"-12" wide or more, three- veined, (narrow and one-veined in 80). 77-80. ft Perigynia obtusely angled^ Sterile spike linear, ^" wide ; fertile spikes small, erect or drooping ; bracts obsolete, or leafy and equaling their sheaths ; perigynia rainxite^ light or olive-broion. Leaves setaceous, or involute when old 81-82. Plant dioecious Fertile spike cylindrical, dark purple ; peri- gynia ovate, densely pubescent. A mountain species. 83. Sterile spike clavate or linear, sessile or short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 1-5, the upper one or two near the sterile, the others sub- approximate or sometimes subdistant and the lowest remote, (umbellate ia 8t), 3-10 densely or subloosely flowered, globose or short oblong, mostly sessile ; perigynia subrotund, suboval, obovate or ovate, densely or lightly pubescent^ with an abrupt bifid beak; bracts mostly scale-like, sometimes short leaf -like, (perigynia acutel3^ angled in 93.) 84-93. •ff Perigynia slightly intlated. Sterile spike clavate or linear, stalked, often fertile at the apex; fertile spikes 2-4, straight or flexuose, cylindrical or siib- clavate, densely or loosely flowered ; bracts leaf-like, the lowest sheathing, mostly exceeding the culm, (the up]>er ones setaceous in 98); perigynia three-angled, ovate or spindle-shaped, with a long or short tapering beak. 94-98. ft Perigynia moderately inflated. 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sterile spikes 1-5, stalked or sessile ; fertile spikes 2-5, cylin- drical or ovoid, densely flowered, approximate above and distant and remote below, short peduncled or sessile, erect or the lower sometimes long-peduncled and spreading; bracts shorter or longer than the culm ; perigynia ovoid or oblong-conical, nerved, densely hairy or smooth, with a short bidentate beak ; mostly coriaceous in texture, (granular dotted and thin in 103). 99-106. Sterile spikes 1-5, stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, cylindrical, densely or subdensely flowered, erect on short stalks or sessile ; perigynia ovate lanceolate, smooth or hairy, with a long tapering deeply- cleft heah, the awn- like teeth mostly recurved ; perigynia not reflexed. 107-109. Sterile spike single ; fertile spikes 2-4, cylindrical, on long drooping peduncles ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, with a long deeply-cleft beak, the awn-like teeth spreading or recurved ; perigynia strongly reiiexed at maturity. 110-111. ft Perigynia much inflated. Sterile spike solitary, (very rarely 2), stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, cylindrical, densely flowered, the upper 2 sessile or nearly so, ascending, the others subdistant, short-stalked and horizon- tally spreading or all separate on drooping peduncles, the lowest sometimes remote, 2' long or more, 5"-6" wide ; perigynia ovoid, nerved, with a long bifid beak, horizontally spreading at matu- rity, having a comose appearance. A mountain species (114) has 1-3 straw-colored spikes, sessile, erect or ascending, 3" wide, with ascending perigynia. 112-114. Sterile spike long and sometimes long-peduncled ; fertile spikes l^'-Si' long, 9"-12" wide on stiff erect stalks or sessile; perigynia ventricose and stijntate, G" in length or more. Spikes hop-like in aspect. 115-116. Sterile spike single (sometimes 2 in 122), stalked or sessile ; fer- tile spikes 1-6, globular, ovoid or oblong, compactly or loosely flowered, the upper two sometimes contiguous, the others sep- arate, or all distant or remote, sessile or pedunculate, rigidl}'" erect, bright or yellowish green ; bracts with or without sheaths, mostly surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovoid or lanceolate from an ovate base, or awl-shaped, nerved, smooth, with a long taper- ing hidentate, or short notched heak, horizontally spreading or reflexed at maturitv. 117-125. BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 125 Spikes 1-4, rarely 5, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile, sterile below, the others all fertile, cylindrical, 9"-12" long, 4"-6" wide, stalked, erect ; perigynia with a slender heah longer than the lody, horizontally spreading when mature. 126. Sterile spikes 1-5, clavate or cylindrical, stalked, sometimes androgynous ; fertile spikes 1-5, clustered or scattered, or the upper 2 approximate, the others subdistant or distant, peduncu- late or sessile, mostly erect or ascending (pendulous and loosely flowered in 133) the lowest sometimes spreading, densely flowered, frequently sterile at the apex, cylindrical or oblong ; perig3^nia globular-ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, nerved or nerveless, mostly much-inflated and thin, straw-colored or tawny, ascending, widely divergent or reflexed, with a tapering bidentate beak, the latter needle shaped in 133. 127-133. Descriptioks of Groups and Species. A. Staminate and pistillate flowers intermingled in small globular or oblong spikelets which form clusters, heads or spikes or are panicled in 3, 4 and 5. Stigmas 2 ; achenium lenticular. Spikelets staminate above, pistillate below. Inflorescence simple, both staminate and pistillate flowers found in the same spike or spikelets. Spikelets 2-6, 2-5 flowered, in a short interrupted spike, or aggregated in an ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, nerved, of a thick coriaceous texture, with a minute entire or notched point ; bracts scale-like, the lowest bristle pointed ; rootstock extensively creeping. Culms slender, leafy at base; spikelets distant tenella. Culms rigid, naked; spikelets capitate chordorhiza. 1. Carex tenella St'hk. Stems 6'-18'high, slender, erector spreading, rough above; leaves about equaling the culm, V wide or less, thin, slightly rough on the margins, the loosely tufted radical leaves longer, about 1" wide, suberect or spreading ; spike V-V long ; spikelets 2-4, separate, the lowest usually with a bristle-shaped bract ^'-1' in length, 1-4 flowered, the highest rarely 6 flowered ; perigynia ovate or elliptical, subterete, 1^" long, prominently finely nerved, the 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM apex tipped with a short entire point ; scale ovate, acute or mucronate, thin, white, about one-half the length of the perig3mium. Readily distinguished by the n^^ked or unprotected appearance of the well-rounded perigynia. A small form occurs which is 4-6' high, rather rigid, with 3-5 spikelets and the bristle shaped bract of I he lowest spikelet often wanting. Svramps and wet places. Not rare. June. 2. Carex chordorhiza Ehrh. Stems 6'- 1 8' high, erect, smooth, naked, or the prominent basal sheaths terminating in narrow blades i^'-l' in length ; leaf- stems branching and rooting at the base, springing from the large creeping rootstock, 3-5' high ; leaves variable in length, the lower i'-2' long, those above, usually partly tufted, 3'-6' in length, erect or spreading, 1" wide or less, flat or involute, rough margined ; spikelets 3- 5, aggregated in an ovoid head 3"-6" long, brown; perigynia elliptical-ovate, biconvex, nerved, 1|" long, contracted into a short entire or notched beak about the length of the ovate, acute brown scale ; bracts scale-like and inconspicu- ous except the lowest which is sometimes short setaceous. Easily determined by its chord-like, extensively creeping rootstock. Sphagnous swamps and swampy shores of lakes and streams. Rare. July. Herkimer, Oneida and Seneca counties, and boggy margins of lakes in the North woods Paine^s Catalogue. Inflorescence branched, the spikelets panicled or densely clustered. Perigynia biconvex, blackish, shining 1 Perigynia compressed-ovate, not shining vuljnnoidea. 1 Perigynia ovate, stij)itate • teretiuscula. 1 Perig3^nia obovate, sessile decomposita. 3. Oarex teretiuscula Good. Stems 18'-30' high, slender, erect, obtusely angled, rough near the spike; leaves usually shorter than the culm, 1"-1|" wide, somewhat involute when dry, rough on the edges ; spike panicled, l'-2' long, brown; spikelets small, crowded on short KEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 127 appressed branches, or the 2 lower sometimes distinct; bracts scale-like, acuminate, the lowest bristle pointed ; perigynia stipi- tate, somewhat thick and corky, ovate, faintly nerved at the truncate base, dark brown and shining, tapering above into a slender, bifid, greenish beak, nearly covered by the ovate aoute brown scale. The small, short-stalked, ovate, acuminate, shining perigynia, as well as the short, appressed branches of the narrow panicle distinguish this species. Not rare in swampy fields. June. Yar. ramosa Boott. Head longer and somewhat ' nodding, spikelets compound, sometimes on appressed branches, looser or more scattered. Albany county. 4. Carex decomposita 3£uhl. Stems 20-36' high, flaccid, erect or spreading, smooth ; leaves exceeding the culm, stitf, channeled below, 2"-3" wide, rough- margined, filiform at the end ; spike decompound, 2-5' long, dark or sometimes blackish-brown when mature ; spikelets numerous on spreading branches, the lower of which are distinct or sometimes separated i'-^' or more and l'-2' long, those above shorter and less distant, gradually' tapering to the dense apex; bracts of the long branches green and filiform, the others scale- like and awn-pointed ; perigynia sessile, thick, corky, rounded or obovate, biconvex, nerved on both sides, dark-brown and shining, abruptly contracted into a short bifid beak ; scale thin, ovate, pointed or cuspidate, tawny or brownish. This s(pecies differs from others of similar growth in its thick, nearly round stem, in its stiff, long, slender-pointed leaves, and especially in its panicled spikelets. Swamps. July. Very rare or local. Yates and Seneca counties. Paine's Catalogue. 5. Carex vulpinoidea Mx. Stems H°^2i° high, firm and erect, acutely angled and rough above the smooth terete base; leaves rough-margined, W-'i," wide, slender-pointed and often surpassing the culm ; spike V-i' long, dull brown or sometimes with a [tinge of green ; spikelets clustered on branches 3"-9" long, usually densely aggregated above, in the lower half the clusters are mostly o'-b" apart; 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bracts prominent, bristle-form or the lower filiform and sometimes exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, flat beneath, 2-3 nerved above, contracted into a narrow bifid rough margined beak, about as long as the ovate awn-pointed scale, widely divergent at maturity. A coarse, homely species, somewhat variable, but the main characters are too manifest to be confounded with any other species. Comcnon in swamps, ditches and fields. June. Inflorescence simple or the lower spikelets sometimes branched; perigyna piano convex, stipitate, thin, spongy at the base, margioless. Spikes brown, perigynia compressed-ovate alopecoidea. Spikes green, perigynia teretish-lanceolate slipata. 6. Carex stipata Muhl. Stems H°-3° high, erect, flaccid, the acute angles rough above the middle ; leaves about as long as the culm, 1^"-2|" wide, smooth, rough margined ; spikes l'-3' long or more, light green ; spikelets 6-15, ovoid or oblong, contiguous above, the lower sepa- rate and sometimes branched, the lowest often ^'-V in length; bracts bristle- form and inconspicuous or the lowest i'-l' long; perigynia sub terete, lanceolate, prominently nerved, 2" long, tapering from a stalked truncate base into a slender rough mar- gined bifid beak twice longer than the body, widely diverging at maturity; scale lanceolate, thin, light brown, about one half the length of the perigynium. Very easily determined by the fruit, or by the color and bristly appearance of the spikes. Everywhere common in swampy fields. June. Var. crassicurta Peek n. var. Spikelets 7-12, aggregated in an ovoid or oblong head 9"-12" long, the perigynia horizontally spreading or somewhat deflexed at the base, giving the spike an unusually bristly appearance. This well-marked variety is of a deeper green, and has a more rigid aspect than the type, whereby it may be readily recognized. Var. subsecuta Pech n. var. Spikes 2^'-3|' long ; spikelets 9-12, globular, or the lower short-oblong, all conspicuously dis- tinct, pale green, mostly smaller than the type, but otherwise agreeing with it. KEPOKT OF THE STATE B0TANI8T 129 7. Carex alopecoidea Tuckm. Stems 18-30' high, erect, acutely angled, flaccid, rough on the angles above ; leaves about the length of the culm, erect-spread- ing, 1^"-2Y wide, rough beneath and on the margins ; spike i'-li' long, brown ; spikelets 6-10, mostly aggregated, or the lower 2 or 3 sometimes distinct, the lowest sometimes with a few-flowered branch, ovoid or oblong, 2i"-3" long ; bracts bristle-shaped, the 1 or 2 lower J'-l' in length ; perigynia compressed-ovate, stalked and truncate or subcordate at the base, obscurely nerved on the upper surface, tapering into a flat rough-margined bifid beak, more or less divergent at maturity ; scale ovate, acute or cuspi- date, brown with whitish margins above the middle, nearly covering the brown, or sometimes greenish, perigynium. Distinguished by its brown spike and compressed, stalked, obscurely nerved fruit. Xot common. Mostly in the central and western part of the State ; rare in the eastern part. June, July. Spikelets more or less aggregated, light or deep green (brown- ish in 13 when mature); perigynia compressed, sessile, distinctly margined. Leaves 2"-4" wide 1 Leaves less than 2" w ide 2 1 Spikelets distinct below sparganioides. 1 Spikelets contiguous or aggregated cephaloidea. 2 Spikelets densely aggregated in an ovoid head . . . cephalophora. 2 Spikelets contiguous in an oblong head or approx- imate above, distinct below 3 3 Perigynia orbicular-ovate Muhlenbergii. 3 Perigynia ovate-lanceolate 4 4 Beak of perigynia rough-margined rosea . 4 Beak of perigynia smooth retrotlexa . 8. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Stems 18-36' high, erect, robust, smooth, except near the top; leaves numerous, light green, smooth except on the edges, 2"— i' wide, shorter or longer than the culm, the longest with liliform extremities; spikes 2^'-6' long, strict; spikelets 5-12, the 3 or 4 upper globose, aggregated, the others more or less oblong, I'-V 17 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM apart, the 2 or 3 lower 4"-8" in length, 2^"-S" thick, sometimes branched, slightly spreading on the straight or flexuose rachis; bracts bristle-shaped, inconspicuous ; perigynia 1^" long, broadly ovate, margined, nerveless, tapering or contracted into a short rough-edged, bidentate beak, usually divergent but not reflexed at maturity ; scale thin, white, ovate, acute or cuspidate, about one-half as long as the perigynium. A reduced form, 18-20' high, with closer spikelets, usually occurring ia glades and on shaded rocky banks, is Yar. minor Boott. This robust, handsome species is readily known by its ample graceful foliage and large strict spikes. ^ Common in rich soil about woods and in copses. June, July. 9. Carex cephaloidea Dew. Stems 2°-3° high, slender, erect or weak and somewhat spread- ing, flaccid, the upper half rough on the angles, smooth below ; leaves shorter than the culm, 2"-3" wide, thin, smooth, rough- margined, dark green ; spikes i'-l' in length, rarely capitate ; spikelets 4-7, globose, contiguous, the two lower sometimes dis- tinct or 2" apart, 2|^" long and broad, ascending ; bracts incon- spicuous; perigynia 1^" long or more, nerveless, dark green, soft, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a fiat, rough-edged, bidentate beak, spreading at maturity ; scale thin, white, short-ovate, blunt, mucronate, about half as long as the perigynium; achenium obovate ; style slightly enlarged at base. Moist or swampy places, mostly in woods or copses. June, July. In the eastern part of the State this species is less common than the preceding one to which it has sometimes been added as a variety, but from which it is easily separated by its spikelets being collected in an oblong head. From C. Muhlenbergii it is distinguished especially by its broader leaves. 10. Carex cephalophora Mahl. Stems 10-30' high, stiff, erect, smooth or a little rough near the head, often branched at base as if stoloniferous; leaves rather stiff, the longest sometimes exceeding the culm, gradually tapering to a setaceous point, 1"-1^" wide, smooth or the margins slightly rough ; spike capitate, ovate or short oblong, 3"-9" long, pale green ; spikelets 4-6, globose, densely aggregated, spreading ; bracts KEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 131 setaceous, 3"-^" long, the upper mostly concealed .by the crowded spikelets; perigynia 1^" long, firm, sometimes faintly nerved near the distinct margin, round-ovate, tapering into a short, rough-edged, bidentate beak, widely spreading at maturity ; scale white, thin, ovate, with a rough-awned point, a little smaller than the perigynium ; achenium round-ovate, the short style with a conic base . This is one of our commonest species and can not be con- founded with any other. It grows in open fields and in and about woods and copses. June. From forms of C. Muhlenbergii, which sometimes approach it in the shape and size of the head, it is easily separated by its smaller perigynia. 1 1 . Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Stems 15-30' high, firm, erect, triangular, rough on the angles near the head, smooth below ; leaves shorter than the culm, l^*-2' wide, open, flat, or sometimes slightly involute, smooth except on the margins, the ends slender and setaceous; spike i'-l-J' in length, 3" broad or more, green ; spikelets 4-9, globose, contigu- ous, 2"-3" loTig, spreading or the 3 upper erect ; bracts bristle- shaped, conspicuous, 3"-6" long; perigynia l^"-2" long, firm, broadly round-ovate, strongh'- nerved on both sides, terminating in a short, rough-margined, bidentate beak, spreading but not reflexed ; scale ovate, pointed or rough-awned, about as long as the perigynium ; achenium round-ovate, the short style with a conical base. Common ; growing in a variety of soil, but especially in light sandy or sterile places. In some forms the head is ovate, resem- bling that of the preceding species. June. Var. enervis Boott. Differs from the type in its slender, spreading, sometimes reclining stems, its soft leaves 1" wide, and its shorter spike and fewer-flowered spikelets, its smaller, less firm, exactly ovate, nerveless perigynia, the scale thin, mostly smooth- pointed or mucronate. This slender form is, perhaps, peculiar to south-eastern New York (Wesichester county), where it inhabits open and slightly shaded grounds. The form which differs from the type only in its nerveless perigynia (Gray's Man.) occurs farther north. Rensselaer county. 132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 12. Carex rosea Schk. Stems usually clustered, r-2° high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, |'-1" wide, smooth, rough- margined ; spikes I'-lf ' long, green ; spikelets 4-6, globose, the 2 or 3 upper contiguous, the others 2"-9" apart, 5-12 flowered; bracts bristle-shaped or filiform, extending from an ovoid or deltoid base ^'-2^' ; perigynia lanceolate, thin, nerveless, gradually tapering to a flat rough edged bidentate beak, twice longer than the broad blunt thin white scale ; achenium ovate, apiculate. The base of the beak above is usually clearly defined by an abrupt depression of the perigynium. The fruit is strongly diver- gent or reflexed at maturity. Very common and variable. Woods and open places. June. Var. radiata Deiv. Culms almost capillary, 6-12' high, the leaves often longer, |^"-1" wide, the spikelets 2-4 flowered, the 1 or 2 lower often distant, each subtended by a filiform bract exceeding the culm ; perigynia oval-lanceolate, erect or spreading ; scale broadly ovate, cbtnse or acutish, sometimes mucronate. Var. minor Boott. This differs from the last in its larger and longer culms, and its erect or ascending perigynia, their scales ovate, acute or mucronate, or sometimes rough-cuspidate. Var. pusilla Peck., n. var. Stems 3-8' high, stiff, smooth ; leaves a little longer than the culm, ^" wide, rough-margined ; spikelets 2-4, the upper 2 contiguous, the others ^' apart, the lowest usually with a setaceous bract i'-l' long, 3-9 flowered ; perigynia ( vate-oblong, about < ne-third longer than the ovate obtuse or acutish scale, divergent but not reflexed. Var. staminata Peclc, n. var. Stems 15'-2U' high, slender and somewhat spreading ; leaves ^"-f " wide ; spikelets 1-5 flowered, each A^ith the staminate portion conspicuous and persistent, the mature perigynia horizontally spreading or reflexed. 13. Carex retrofiexa Mahl. Stems tufted, 6'-18' high, firm, erect, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, ^"-l" wide, smooth, rough-margined; spikes 4"-10" or more in length, light green, becoming brown when mature ; spikelets 3-8, globose, 3-9 flowered, the upper con- tiguous, the 1 or 2 lower sometimes 2'-3" apart, the lowest with EErORT OF. THE STATE BOTANIST 133 a setaceous or filiform bract 2>"-2^' long ; perigynia ovate-acumi- nate or lanceolate, with a thick, spongy base, nerveless, tapering into a smooth-margined bitid beak, a little longer than the ovate obtuse or pointed brown scale, reflexed at maturity ; achenium broadly ovate^ apiculate. Separated from the last b}'- its more rigid culms, its more aggre- gate spikelets, and by its smooth-beaked fruit. Open woods and fields. Infrequent. June. It occurs chiefly in the southern central and western parts of the State. It is rare or wanting in the northern and eastern parts. Spikelets pistillate above, staminate at the base. Leaves mostly narrow, soft and spreading, shorter than the culm; spikelets 3-8, approximate or more or less distant, (capitate in 15), silvery-green ; perigynia plano-convex, ovate, somewhat coriaceous or thickened at the base, turning silvery or brownish when mature ; bracts scale-like or bristlef orm. Spikelets commonly lO-SO-flowered or more canescens. Spikelets commonly 2-5-flowered 1 1 Spikelets aggregated in a dense head tenuitlora. 1 Spikelets not aggregated 2 2 Leaves less than 1" wide trisperma. 2 Leaves more than 1' wide Deweyana. 14. Car ex trisperma JDeto. Stems l°-2° high, very slender, spreading, sometimes prostrate, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm, about |" wide, smooth except the margins, flat, soft and thin ; spikelets 2-3, the 2 upper I'-V apart or all l'-2^' distant, the lower with filiform bracts ^'-2^' long, the highest sometimes with a setaceous bract 'S'-b" in length, 2-i flowered ; perigynia oblong-ovate, prominently finely nerved on both sides, thick or coriaceous, suberect, terminating in a short entire beak ; scale oblong-ovate, pointed or obtusish, usually shorter than the perigynium, achenium elliptical, the base tapering. Swamps and wet places. Common. June, July. A form is sometimes found in sphaguous swamps witli aluut.st filiform leaves. 134 NEW YORK STATE >IUSEUM 15. Carex tenuiflora Wahl. Stems 6-18' high, slender or capillary, erect or spreading, mostly naked, smooth ; leaves smooth, flat and involute, i"-l* wide, usually shorter than the culm ; spike capitate, silvery- green, becoming whitish at maturity ; spikelets 2-1-, 3-5 flowered, aggregated in an ovoid head, or rarely the lowest 2"-3" distant ; bracts bristle-form, mostly shorter than the spike; perigynia ovate oblong, thick, nerved, light- brown, beakless, nearly covered by the ovate-oblong whitish scale. Stems tufted and branched at base, the shortest often firm and erect, the longest flexile. The silvery- green spikelets collected in a head distinguish this very rare or local species. It has been reported from Oneida and St. Lawrence counties. June. 16. Carex Dewey ana Schw. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect or diffuse, smooth ; leaves numerous, smooth, slightly rough-edged, I'-l^" wide, shorter than the culm, pale green becoming yellowish with age ; spikes 9"-2' long, flexuous ; spikelets 2-4, the 2 or 3 upper ones approxi- mate, the lowest distant or subdistant, 2-6 flowered, silvery- green; bracts bristle-shaped or. filifoim, the 2 lower sometimes exceeding the culm ; perigynia oblong-ovate, acuminate, obscurely nerved, thin, 2" long, with a long, rough-margined, bidentate beak ; scale thin, whitish, oblong-acuminate or rough awned, as long as the perigynium. Woods and open places. Common. June. Easily recognized by the somewhat bristly aspect of the soft silvery spikelets and the somewhat drooping or flexuous character of the spike. 17. Carex canescens X. Stems 15-30' high, erect, rough above the middle; leaves glaucous, smooth, the margins rough, 1"-!^" wide, the extremities filiform, shorter than the culm, or the radical ones sometimes exceeding it ; spikes l^'-3' long ; spikelets 4-8, densely 10 to 30 flowered, ovoid or globose, the 2 or 3 upper ones approximate, the others 3"-12" apart, all more or less contracted at the base^ silvery-green ; bracts scale-like, sometimes with a bristle-shaped BIPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 135 prolongation, or the lowest setaceous or leaf-like; perigynia ovate, nerved at the base, minutely punctate, whitish, tapering into a short bifid or entire beak, divergent at maturity, a little longer than the ovate, acute or obtuse scale ; achenium elliptical. Swamps and low wet places. Very common. May, June. Readily determined by its silvery spikes and -glaucous-green foli- age. Small, slender forms with fewer flowered spikelets, but glaucous foliage approach the following variety. A form occurs in Suffolk county in which the terminal spikelet is wholly stami- nate or bears but few perigynia. Yar. vulgaris Bailey. Differs from the type in its more slender, erect, or diffuse stems ; its narrower, green, not glaucous, leaves ; its fewer and smaller spikelets, with fewer flowers, and in its green, horizontally-spreading perigynia with more pronounced beaks and shorter scales. Tar. alpicola Wahl. Stems 6-15' high, firm, erect or spreading; leaves green, 1" wide; spikelets 3-5, globular, 6-15 flowered, the lowest sometimes with a filiform bract 2-24^' long, sometimes the next above with a bristle-shaped bract ^' or more in length ; perigynia green with brown spots or tawny ; otherwise as in the preceding. A lowland form has capillary stems 15-20' high, leaves V wide or less ; perigynia green slightly dashed with brown. Spikelets 3-8 (single in Is) ovoid or oblong, approximate above, interrupted below, or all scattered ; perigynia slightly concave, rough or smooth-rairgined, nerved or nerveless, usually strongly reflexed at maturity ; bracts bristle form or rarely the lowest leaf-like. 'Plants rather rigid, green, often becoming yellowish with age. In all the species of this group the terminal epikelet appears to be stalked, the lower part being much contracted and clothed with the scales of the staminate flowers. Perigynia ovate, small 1 Perigvnia ovate or ovate lanceolate, large 2 1 Spikelets scattered; perigynia with a sliort smooth beak. . . seorsa. 1 Spikelets contiguous or approximate, perigynia rough- beaked interior. 2 Si)ike]et single, sometimes wholly fertile or wholly sterih*. exilis. 2 Spikelets approxini ite or scattered sterilis. •'•36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 18. Car ex exilis Deio. Stems l°-2° high, firm, erect or suberect, rough above ; leaves involute, stiff, smooth, as loDg as the culm, or much shorter ; spikes densely flowered, cylindrical or short oblong, contracted at the base by the numerous scales of the staminate flowers, sometimes wholly staminate or wholly pistillate, i'-l' long, light brown ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, few-nerved above, spreading, tapering to a flat, rough-margined bidentate beak, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. Cold swamps in the northern and eastern parts of the State ; also on Long Island. Rare. June, July. This is a very distinct and easily recognized species. Some- times an additional spike or two may develop at the base of the usual one. 19. Carex sterilis Willd. Stems 15-30' high, firm, erect, rough above ; leaves rough on the edges, longer or shorter than the culm, Y->!' broad, some- times involute above; spike i'-H' long, strict or flexuous, yellowish-green or tawny ; spikelets 3-6, globose, i,"-3" in length and thickness, H"-3" apart, or the upper 2 or 3 contiguous, the terminal contracted below and stalk-like from the several staminate scales, or sometimes all staminate or again each spikelet partly or wholly sterile ; bracts scale like or bristleform, the latter ^'-1' in length ; perigynia variable, ovate or evenly lanceolate, subcordate, one or both surfaces nerved, contracted into a short or long, narrow, rough-mar- gined, sharply toothed beak, widely divergent at maturity; scale ovate, obtuse or acute, whitish or brown, shorter than the perigyniura ; achenium ovate. Culms with a single sterile spike frequently occur, and more rarely with the lower half of the spike fertile. The perigynia are mostly thin, but sometimes spongy at the base, strongly divergent at maturity, their bristling tips occasionally bent or deflexed. Swamps and wet places. Yery common. May, June. Var. excelsior Bailey. Differs from the type in its taller, more slender culms, mostly 2°-2^° high ; its larger, greener, more scattered spikelets, 3"-4:" long ; its larger perigynia prominently nerved on both sides, and in its oblong-ovate, acute or pointed scale. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 137 This and the following varieties constitute the species C. stellulata Z. of Gray's Man., 5th ed. Common in swamps and wet meadows. Yar. cephalantha Bailey. Eesembles the last, but has stouter, stiffer culms, l°-2° high ; spikes l|'-2' long ; spikelets 5-8, 15-30 flowered, 3"-4:" long, aggregated or approximate, sometimes becoming yellowish with age; perigynia horizontally spreading at maturity. Long Island. May, June. Yar. gequidistans Peck n. var. Stems 12-30' high, rough, stout, or rarely slender; spikes 1^-24^' long; spikelets 4-6, 15-30 flowered, globular or oblong, 3"-6'' apart ; perigynia horizontally spreading, usually the lower onesdeflexed. Wet places. Oneida and Essex counties. June. July. Yar. angustata Bailey. Stems 3'-12' high, very slender, wdry, erect, the setaceous or flat leaves less than ^" wide ; the 2-4 spikelets 2'-3" apart, 2-G flowered, the terminal erect or oblique ; perigynia lanceolate, nerved, tapering into a long, slender bifid beak much longer than the scale. Easily recognized by its spikelets. (C. stellulata var. angustata Carey). In swamps and wet meadows. Infrequent except in the north- ern part of the State where it is common in swamps and wet places. June, July. 20. Carex interior Bailey. Stems 8'-20' high, erect, rough near the spike; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, ^"-1" wade, sometimes involute when dry; spikes H"-6" in length, greenish brown; spikelets 2-i, contiguous, or 2 "-3" distant, the terminal one plainly staminate at the base, 4-10 flowered, a little divergent at maturity; bracts scale-like or bristleform ; perigynia widely spreading, small, ovate, nerved on the upper side, thick and spongy at the round or subcordate base, f "-1" long, contracted into a slender rough-margined bifid beak, longer than the ovate, acute or obtuse brown white- margined scale. Swamps and wet places. Common in the central counties of the State. June. Yar. capillacea Bailey. Slender, 6'-HV high, stems ami leaves capillary; "perigynia broader and more conspicuously nerved on both sides." In our specimens the two lower spike- 18 138 KEW YORK STATE MUSEUM lets are often S"-i" apart, the perigynia nerveless or obscurely nerved on the upper surface only, and widely divergent at matur- ity, agreeing with a form occurring in West Albany and Junius, having slightly wider leaves (^-" wide or less) which connects the variety and the type. Low grounds along streams and shores. Long Island. May, June. 2 1 . Carex seorsa Ilcnoe . Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves mostly a little shorter than the culm, 1"-1|-" wide, rough-margined ; spike l'-2^' long, erect, green ; spikelets 4-G, 6-20 flowered, globular or oblong, 2"-y|^" long, the upper two approximate, the others scattered, the lowest ^'-V distant from the next above, usually subtended by a bristle form bract, rarely by a leafy one li;' long 'y. the terminal spikelet pistillate at the apex, rarely wholly stami- nate ; perigynia small, broadly ovate, nerved on both sides^ contracted into a short, smooth-margined, bifid beak, much longer than the green and brown white-margined subacute scale. Swampy woods and groves. May, June. Lansingburgh, Rens- selaer county. Howe. East Islip, Suffolk county, and near Rome, Oneida count}'. Peck. This species grows in tufts and is separated from C. interior by its taller, stouter culms, its longer spikes, more numerous and more scattered spikelets, and by its smooth-beaked perigynia. Spikelets 2-15 or more, approximate or more or less aggregated^ ovate, obovoid, globular or clavate, sessile, erect or spreading, green, fulvous or silvery -green, whitish or tawny ; perigynia concavo-convex, ovate, obovate or lanceolate, mostly nerved, prominently wing-margined, with a flat mostly rough-margined bifid beak. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, narrowly winged. ...... mirabilis* Perigynia linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate . . 1 Perigynia orbicular-ovate, broadly winged 2 1 Spikelets in a dense cluster partly concealed by long bracts sycl nocephala. 1 Spikelets contiguous, bracts not concealing them ... 3 3 Spikelets densely a^rgregated, perigynia widely spreading or reflexed crietata. 3 Spikelets contiguous or aggregated, perigynia not reflexed 4 EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 139 4 Spikelets 8-15 obovoid,tips of perigynia ascending.. tribuloides 4 Spikelets 4-8, ovate, acute, perigynia erect scoparia. 2 Spikes often drooping, spikelets green or fulvous, perigynia loose, ascending straminea. 2 Spikes mostly erect, spikelets with a slight yellow- ish tinge, silvery -green, whitish or fulvous 5 5 Spikelets globose-ovate, acutish, perigynia erect. .. . albolutescens. 5 Spikelets whitish, silvery-green or fulvous 6 6 Spikelets obovoid, perigynia somewhat spreading. . foenea. 6 Spikelets 5"-10" long, ovoid or clavate 7 Y Spikelets whitish, perigynia appressed silicea. 7 Spikelets straw-colored, perigynia ascending alata. 22. Carex cristata Schw. Stems 2°-3° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above the middle, prominently leafy ; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, their sheaths enlarged upward, 2"-3" wide, scabrous on the margins; spike f -1^' in length, erect or oblique, cristate; spikelets 7-12 or more, globular, densely aggregated, squarrose, the lowest. with a setaceous or sometimes leafy bract V-IV long; perigynia elliptical-lanceolate, winged, nerved, tapering from the middle to a rough-edged bidentate beak, recurved or spreading at maturity ; scale lanceolate, obtusish, brown, one-third shorter than the perigynium ; achenium oval, short-stalked. Fields and open woods, mostly in wet places. Common. July. This fine species is at once known by its squarrose globose spikelets and light green foliage. It is not very variable. It is regarded as a variety of C. tribuloides in the Manual, but it is so constant and so peculiar in its appearance, being easily recogniz- able at sight, that it seems worthy of specific distinction. 23. Carex tribuloides Wa/d. Stems 2°-3° high, firm, rough on the acute angles above; leaves iy'-2y wide, their sheaths loose and wide above, rough beneath or mostly on the margins, usually shorter than the culm ; spikes I'-H' long or more, erect, green ; spikelets 8-15, aggregated or a little interrupted below, subglobose, the lowest with a setaceous or leafy bract l'-2^' in length ; perigynia narrowl^-^ lanceolate, nerved, winged, 2-2^" long, tapering from the middle to a long, rough-edged, bidentate 140 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM beak, erect or spreading at maturity ; scale lanceolate, obtuse, one-half as long as the perigynium ; achenium oval, stalked. Low moist ground and swales in. fields or thin woods. Com- mon. July. Var. reducta Bailey. More slender than the type ; spike l'-2' long, straight or flexuous, often nodding or recurved, somewhat evenly interrupted or moniliform ; spikelets 3-10, 2"-2^" long, subglobose or obovate ; bracts, when present, bristle-form ; peri- gynia lanceolate, spreading, a little longer than the scale ; achen- ium short-stalked or sessile. Swamps or wet places in fields or the borders of woods. Common. July. The spikelets are smaller than in the typical form of the spe- cies, and in general appearance the plant is quite distinct and probably worthy of specific distinction. Var. Bebbii Bailey. Slender, erect ; leaves l^"-2" wide, much shorter than the culm, their sheaths not enlarged above; spike- lets 4-6, ovoid, 2"-2|^" long? aggregated into an ovoid head 5"-6" long, greenish-brown or tawny ; bracts usually present, bristle- form ; perigynia lanceolate, narrowly winged, erect-spreading, a little longer than the acute brown scale ; achenium oval, sessile. Wet places. Kensselaer and Cortland counties and in the northern part of the State. July. This also might easily be regarded as a valid species. 24. Carex scoparia Schk. Stems J^°-2^° high, slender, erect, rough at the top; leaves shorter than the culm, 1"-1-|" wide, rough-margined ; spike f'-l^' in length, straight or a little flexuous, greenish brown or tawny ; spikelets 4-8, oblong ovate or elliptical, acute, the upper contigu- ous, the others distinct, or often aggregated into an ovoid head, sub-erect ; bracts usually early deciduous, leafy when present ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, nerved, winged, tapering to a pointed bifid beak, slightly spreading at maturity ; scale lance- olate, acute, brown, about one-half the length of the perigynium ; achenium narrowly oval, long-stalked. Common in open fields and in ditches by roadsides. July. This species is very easily .distinguished by its ovate acute brownish or tawny spikelets and appressed perigynia. 4 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 141 Yar. minor Boott. A much reduced form, 6-10' high, the spikelets 2"-4:" long and darker than in the type. It often grows in drier places. Apparently an off-shoot of this is forma elatior Peck, in litt. which is taller, the spikes darker, and the perigynia more spreading, a not unusual condition in the Adirondack speci- mens. A noticeable feature is the filiform bract, which subtends the lowest spikelet. 25. Carex albolutescens Schw. Stems l^°-2° high, erect, or slender and recurved at the sum- mit ; leaves 1"-1^ " wide, rough margined, mostly shorter than the culm ; spike f'-l|^' in length, erect or subflexuous and droop- ing, light yellowish-green ; spikelets 3-8, approximate, ovoid, obtuse or subacute, the terminal one conspicuously staminate and contracted at the base ; the scales acute or cuspidate ; bracts scale-like or bristle-shaped, that of the lowest spikelet i'-l^' long; perigynia broadly ovate, nerved on both sides, thin, erect, with a slightly rough-margined bifid beak, a little longer than the ovate pointed or cuspidate scale; acheniuni oval, short-stipitate. The spikelets are sometimes globose and green rather than pale yellowish-green, but the species is well marked by its erect perigynia, sharply pointed scales and bristle-shaped bracts. — (C. straminea var. foeaea Torr. Gray's Man., 6th ed.) Suffolk county. July. A"ar. cumulata Bailey. Stems taller and leaves shorter ; spike- lets 5-30, aggregated, abruptly contracted at base, spreading; perigynia obscurely nerved, appressed, otherwise as in the type. Suffolk county. July. 26. Carex foenea Wdld. Stems 15'-30' high, slender, erect or recurved-spreading, smooth ; leaves light green, 1 "-1^" wide, smooth, shorter than the culm, spike |'-U' in length, recurved or flexuous, silvery or whitish green ; spikelets 5-8, the upper 2 or 3 contiguous, the others more or less separate, globose or obovate, contracted at the base into a short or long slender stipe, the lowest sometimes with a colored bristle-tipped bract \' long ; perigynia broadly ovate, prominently nerved on both sides, broadly winged above the middle, finely scabrous margined, with a short bidentato beak, somewhat loosely spreading when mature; scale ovate. 142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM acute, whitish or tawny, about the length of the perigynium ; achenium ovate, apiculate. A fine species, easily determined by the slender lax stems, and silvery-white, subsquarrose spikelets. Woods and copses, especially in hill}^ and mountainous parts of the State. Common. June, July. Var. perplexa Bailey. Larger, stouter, erect; the spikelets larger, the staminate portion less conspicuous, approximate, or aggregated into an erect head, the lowest sometimes prominently bracteate, perigynia of a firmer texture. A form occurs which has stiff, subflexuous spikes, silvery-green spikelets, ovate above but narrowed below, and somewhat club- shaped; perigynia thin, spreading, about as long as the pointed scale. Dry ground. Washington and Otsego counties. June, July. Var. Bparsiflora Olney. Differs from the type in its more slender culms, the spikes mostly nodding, and in its fewer, smaller and fewer-flowered spikelets. 27. Carex silicea Olney. Stems l°-2° high, firm, often recurved at the summit, mostly smooth ; leaves stiff, erect, flat or involute, rough beneath, as long as the culm ; spikes l^'-3' long, often flexuous ; spikelets 4-8 or more, separate, moniliform, ovate, acute or obtuse, with a club shaped base, silvery-white or tawny, 3"-5" long, erect or spreading ; bracts scale-like, lanceolate, as long as the stipe-like base ; perigynia broadly ovate, nerved on both sides, wrinkled on the broad wing above, tapering into a short, smooth or ruughish bifid beak, about equal to or a little surpassing the ovate, pointed scale ; the tips of the perigynia mostly appressed. Sandy soil. Suffolk county. July. This species is abundant near the sea shore. Forms sometimes occur in which the spikelets are contiguous or the upper ones even aggregated. Occasionally the lowest one is borne on a long pedunale or branch, and rarely it is compound. 28. Carex straminea Willd. Stems l5'-30' high, erect or the summit drooping, smooth ; leaves usually shorter than the culm, l"-\^" wide, smooth or rough-margined, yellowish green; spike I'-l^' long, flexuous; KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 143 spikelets 3-8, contiguous or 3 "-4" apart, ovate or subglobose above the contracted staminate base, 2" -2^" wide, erect or ascend- ing ; bracts scale-like, pointed, or the lowest bristle shaped, rarely leaf -like ; perigynia ovate, faintly or conspicuously nerved on one or both side', moderately winged, with a short or long bifid beak, the tips loosely spreading, a little longer than the ovate acute tawny scale; achenium oval or obovate, apiculate. — (C. tenera Dew., Wood's CI. B., C. straminea var. tenera BootL, Gray's Man., 5th ed.) A common species in copses and open fields. June, July. Yar. brevior Dew. Every way larger than the type ; spike stiff and erect ; spikelets approximate or separate, ovate or sub- globose above the staminate base, '6"-b" broad; perigynia orbicu- lar-ovate, broadly winged, nerved, with a conspicuously short bifid beak, the points loosely spreading. Yar festucacea Boott. Spike erect, or slightly flexuous and recurved ; spikelets 4-10, club-shaped, the sterile portion usually exceeding the fertile, 4"-6 " long, the upper 3 or 4 contiguous, the others separate, forming an open or interrupted spike 1^-3' long, straw-colored or tawny. Yar. Crawei Boott. Differs from the last in its more robust habit, its weaker and sometimes drooping spikes, its larger globular spikelets, usually only the highest with a conspicuously contracted base, and in its broader winged, longer beaked perigynia. Saratoga county. Yar. aperta BootL Eesembles the type in its slender habit and nodding spikes, but has larger spikelets all prominently tapering at the base, the perigynia more broadly winged, longer beaked, twice the length of the rusty brown scale. Yar. invisa TF. Boott. Stems r-2° high, lax at the summit; leaves as long as the culm, 1" wide or less ; spike narrow, flexuous ; spikelets aggregated or separate, the lowest often distant or remote, 2.V"-3" broad, rusty brown ; bracts filiform, 2'-5' in length. Sandy soil. . Suffolk county. 29. Carex alata Torr. Stems l^°-3° high, firm, erect, smooth below; leaves stiff, rough-margined, I'-l^" wide, shorter than the culm ; spike I'-H' long or more ; spikelets 4-10, ^'-G' in length ; ovate or obovate, 144 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM acute, contiguous or separate, greenish or straw-colored, some- times tawny ; perigynia orbicular-ovate or obovate, cuneate or cordate at the base, nerved, broadly winged, with a short abrupt beak, longer and broader than the lanceolate, acute or rough- awned scale — (C. straminea Willd. var. alata Bailey.) Swales and wet places. Suffolk and Seneca counties. July. 30. Carex mirabilis Dew. Stems 15'-36' high, erect, smooth; leaves about equaling the culm, l^"-2" wide, rough-edged ; spike l|^'-2' in length, erect, often flexuous; spikelets 4-11, globose, contiguous, or the 2 or 3 lower ones sometimes 2"-3" apart, ascending or widely spreading, green becoming tawny or rusty when old ; bracts scale-like, or the lowest usually short setaceous ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, lightly nerved on both sides, narrowly winged, gradually taper- ing into a short or long rough-margined bifid beak, widely diverging when mature; scale narrowly ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the perigynium ; achenium oval, apiculate and stipitate. Easily determined by its coarse, rigid aspect and squarrose spikelets. Common in copses and fields. June. This is added to C. straminea as a variety in the last edition of the Manual. 31. Carex sychnocephala Carey, Stems 8' -16' high, erect, smooth; leaves 4' -9' in length, I'-l^" wide; spikelets 4-5, densely aggregated in a head, 6"-9" long, 3"-5" wide, partly concealed by 3 leaf-like bracts 3' -6' in length ; perigynia linear-lanceolate, 2^"-Z" long, pointed at the base, nerved, the long slender beak sharply toothed, twice the length of the blunt or mucronate scale. Low wet meadows and moist places. Very rare. June, July. Collected about fifty years ago in Herkimer and Jefferson counties, but it does not appear to have been found in our State recently. Staminate flowers situated above or below the pistillate or the middle spikelets sometimes wholly sterile or wholly fertile. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, perigynia linear-lanceolate. . bromoides. Spikelets 4-8, perigynia lanceolate siccata. Spikelets 10-15 or more, perigynia ovate-lanceolate Sartwellii. EEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 145 32. Carex Sartwellii Deio. Stems 18-30' high, erect, smooth ; leaves usually shorter than the culm, 1"-!^" wide, rough on the slender points ; spike l'-2' long, erect, brown ; spikelets 12-20, contiguous or the lower 2' or 3" distant, ovate, widely spreading ; bracts scale-like, or the lower ones setaceous, 3"-6" long; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, nerved, gradually tapering into a short, rough-edged, bifid beak, a little exceeding the ovate acute brown scale, loosely spreading at maturity. Bogs and swamps. Very rare. Seneca county. July. The numerous spreading spikelets disposed in a rather compact spike distinguishes this species. It is C. disticha Huds in the fifth edition of the Manual. 33, Carex siccata Btw. Stoloniferous ; stems 1 5-30' high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, about 1' wide, smooth; spikes f'-H' long, brown, dry and chaffy; spikelets 7-16, i'-e" long, ovate or elliptical, acute or blunt at the apex, mostly aggregated ; bracts scale like, the lower lanceolate acumi- nate, sometimes rough-awned; perigynia lanceolate, nerved, with a long rough bifid beak scarcely spreading at maturity ; scale broadly lanceolate, acute, brown, with broad white margins above the middle. A special feature of this species is the dry or over-ripe appear- ance of the spikes. Rich soil in open woods and copses, also on sandy plains. Rare in the western part of the State, but more common in the eastern and southern part. June, July. 34. Carex bromoides :ve the middle ; basal sheaths with fibr'llose margins, the fibrils either reticulated or parallel; leaves V-l^" wide, rough margined, more or less involute when dry, glaucous-green, mostly shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, i'-li' long, the highest on a stalk BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 151 I'-V in length, the others smaller and sessile, usually with a scale- like or short setaceous bract ; pistillate spikes 2-5, ^'-2' long, the upper approximate, sessile, the lower subdistant or remote, short peduncled, erect or spreading, cylindrical or clavate, densely flowered above the middle, more loosely at the usually tapering base, often barren at the summit ; bracts of the upper spikes short setaceous, of the lower ones leafy, and mostly shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate or elliptical, usually with two or three short nerves at the base, minutely pointed, of a creamy white color, often dashed with dark purple or sometimes wholly blackish purple ; scale narrowly oblong, obtuse, reddish or dark brown, about the length of the perigynium, or sometimes lono-er. A common species in wet places. May, June. It almost always grows in tufts. It is quite variable. Yar. strictior Carsy. Pistillate spikes 2-3, approximate, or the lowest subdistant, densely flowered ; perigynia ovate, brio-ht green, about the length of the acute rusty-brown scale. Yar, xerocarpa S. R. Wjnght Slender; pistillate spikes 2-3, linear, more narrow than in the t^'pe, on filiform erect spreading or drooping peduncles i'-l' long; perigynia lenticular; scales mostly green with rusty brown points. A graceful variet\' about one half smaller than the type. Yar. angustata Bailey. Pistillate spikes cylindrical, strict, 2-3' long, densely flowered ; scales more acute, dark-brown or rust-colored, often exceeding the perigynium. Yar. curtissima Peck n. var. Stems 18'-24' high, very slender, erect, rough, exceeding the narrow {V wide) rough leaves; staminate spike with a minute one at its base, linear clavate, ^ -10" long, short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2, ovoid or oblong, densely flowered, sterile at the apex, 3"-6" long, S'-IO' apart, sessile ; the lowest bract leaf-like, 1 -1| in length, the uppermost setaceous; perigynia oval with a minute orifice, longer than the blunt brown scale. 46. Carex torta lioott. Stems 15'-30'-high, erect or spreading, acutely angled, mostly smooth; basal sheaths short, brown, tibrillose, leaves l^'-O' or more long, IV-'i" wide; staminate spikes 1-2, cylindrical, \'-\^' long, the terminal one short or long-stalked, the lowest sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-5, |'-'?i' long, cylindrical, densely flow- 152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ered, or sometimes loosely flowered toward the base, often sterile at the apex, approximate, or sabdistant, or even remote, the uppermost sometimes erect, the others spreading, recurved or drooping, all sessile or the lowest on short, slender peduncles ; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest about equaling the culm, the others shorter or longer than their respective spikes ; perigynia lanceolate, thin, deep-green or olive-colored, nerveless, oblique and tortuous or recurved at the empty apex ; scale narrowly oblong obtuse or acute, a little shorter than the perigynium. Wet places, especially along streams. Common. June. 47. Carex crinita Lam. Stems 2°-4:° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above ; sheaths smooth, fibrillose at the base; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 'J'-^' wide, hispid beneath and on the margins; staminate spikes 1-3, ^'-3' in length, the longest on filiform stalks ^'-1' long, more or less recurved, or even pendulous ; pistillate spikes 3-5, 2'-4' long, cylindrical, curved, densely flowered, or loosely flow- ered and tapering at the base, sometimes staminate at the apex, approximate, all on filiform stalks i'-li' long, recurved-spread- ing or pendulous ; lower bracts leafy, surpassing the culm, the upper short, filiform, longer or shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roand-obovate, stipitate, a little inflated, thin, faintly nerved or nerveless, with a conspicuous entire point ; scale brown, oblong, obtuse, with a rough, green awn, twice the length of the peri- gynium. Common in swamps, ditches and wet fields. June, July. A tall, robust, coarse-looking species, distinguished by its long, recurved or pendulous bristly fertile spikes. Var. minor Boott. This is every way smaller ; fertile spikes more compactly fruited, usually shorter peduncled, the upper less drooping ; scales with less conspicuous awns ; plant paler and of finer aspect. 48. Carex gynandra Schw. Stems 2°-4° high, stout or slender, erect, rough on the angles and sheaths, those at the base fibrillose ; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, 2"-4" wide, hispid beneath and on the margins ; staminate spikes 1-3, cylindrical, the terminal one on a filiform, curving peduncle 1' long, the others short-stalked or substssile, BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 153 each with a scale like or bristle-form bract ; fertile spikes 3-6, subdensely flowered, 2'-!' long tapering at the base, usually one or more sterile at the apex, all short-peduncled and recurved or drooping, the lower subtended by foliaceous bracts longer than the culm, the upper bracts filiform or setaceous and shorter than the stem ; perigynia oblong-ovate, subinflated, nerveless or obscurely nerved, with a distinci entire point ; scale oblong, obtuse or lanceolate, with a long rough awn, twice or thrice the length of the perigynium. Separated from the last, to which it is closely related, by its hispid sheaths, soft fertile spikes, and by its ovate or oblong- ovate perigynia. Both species often grow together and in both the staminate spike often bears a few perigynia. Stigmas 3; achenium triangular. Staminate spike single (sometimes 2 or 3 in 4^) ; fertile spikes 1-1-, on slender drooping stalks; perigynia compressed-triangular with a few indistinct nerves ; scales dark purple or brown. Perigynia oval or oblong-ovate, scale ovate, blunt or acute littoralis. Perigynia ovate, scale ovate-mucronate limosa. Perigynia orbicular-ovate or obovate, scale slender pointed Migellanioa. 49. Carex littoralis Schw. Stem 15-24' high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth; leaves much shorter than the culm, i"-lf" wide, stiff and erect, smooth ; staminate spike (rarely 2 or 3) subclavate, C-IS " long, short stalked, scales brown or blackish-purple ; pistillate spikes 2-4-, densely flowered, cylindrical, all usually staminate at the apex, subapproximate, the uppermost short-peduncled and sub- erect, the others on filiform drooping stalks i'-O' long ; bracts sheathless, the upper setaceous or scale-like, the lower leaf-like, shorter than the culm; perigynia compressed-oval, or oblong- ovate, lightly, few-nerved, with a minute entire orifice, about the length of the obtuse or acute dark purple scale. Wet places Suffolk county. May. This species has not before been credited to our State. In the Manual, New Jersey is given as its northern limit. It is doubt- 20 154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ful if it will be found north of Long Island and Staten Island. Our specimens were collected near Islip. It is C. Barrattii, Schw. and Torr., in the 5th edition of the Manual. 50. Carex limosa L. Stoloniferous ; stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, acutely angled, rough abov^e the middle; leaves ^"-1" wide, thick, some- times involute, rough-margined, shorter than the culm; staminate spike solitary, linear, |-'-li' in length, usually equaling its peduncle ; pistillate spikes 1-3, approximate or subdistant, ob- long or ovoid on recurved or drooping stalks ^'-1' long, 10-20 subloosely flowered, often barren at the summit, ^-V long, 1^-3" wide; bracts slender-setaceous, shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate or elliptical, nerved, light green, with a minute, entire point; scale lustrous brown, ovate, acute or obtuse, sometimes cuspidate, as long and wide as the perigynium. Cold swamps and bogs. Rare except in the central and northern parts of the State. July. It bears some resemblance to C. castanea, but that species has pubescent leaves and lanceolate perigynia. Yar. radicalis Paine. Staminate spike terminal on the naked, erect stout culm ; pistillate spike single, drooping, on a filiform radical peduncle 4-9' long. Herkimer county. Paine 51. Carex Magellanica Lam. Stems 10-20' high, slender, erect, a little rough on the angles above ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 1"-1|-" wide, erect, rough on the margins; staminate spike single, subclavate, ^' long, its peduncle filiform and drooping; pistillate spikes 2-4, ^' in length, 10-21 subloosely flowered, approximate, all on filiform drooping stalks |-'-l' long; bracts leaf-like, the 2 lower usually surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovate or elliptical, lightly nerved, pale green, with a minute entire point, one-half the length of the lanceolate, pointed, dark purple scale, the latter a little divergent at maturity. Cold sphagnous swamps, often in company with C. limosa. July. This handsome species may be identified by its short, mostly pendulous mottled spikes with long-pointed, dark-purple scales. J KEPOET OF THE STATU BOTANIST 155 Spikes 2-4, oblong, ovoid or cylindrical, densely flowered, erect, ^'-o" broad or more, ^'-1' long, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile, staminate and stalk-like at the base, the others all fertile or nearly so; bracts leaf-like, the lowest shorter or longer than the culm. Spikes brown f usca. Spikes green, perigynia pupescent virescens. Spikes green, perigynia smooth triceps. 52. Carex fusca All. Stems 15-30' high, erect, or sometimes curved at the summit, acutely angled, rough above; leaves subradical, V wide, shorter than the culm, rough-margined ; spikes 2— 4-, the terminal one staminate at the base, all approximate, or somewhat scattered, sessile, erect, the upper ones with filiform or bristle-form bracts, the lowest short-peduncled or sometimes on a spreading stalk 1' long and subtended by a leafy bract l'-5' long, mostly densely flowered, oblong-ovoid, or cylindrical, 3"-12" in length or more, 2i"-H" thick, dark-brown or mottled ; perigynia elliptical, prominently nerved, light green, with a minute, entire or slightly notched point, shorter than the lanceolate, cuspidate, dark- brown scale, the latter more or less divergent at maturity. (C. Buxbaumii Wahl.) Bogs and wet places. Albany, Essex, Genesee and Seneca counties. June, July, The slender, mostly naked culms, and the short thick erect dark-colored or mottled spikes sufficiently distinguish this species. 53. Carex triceps Mx. Stems 12'-20' high, stiff, scabrous above; leaves about the length of the culm, 1"-1^' wide, erect, more or less pubescent, the sheaths densely hairy, pale-green ; spikes 3-4, the terminal stami- nate at its base, all contiguous, sessile or nearly so, erect, ovate, ovoid or oblong, 3"-S" long, 2''-3'' thick, densely flowered ; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest, and sometimes all, exceeding the culm, perigynia ovate, obtuse, nerved, smooth or hairy before maturity, longer than the ovate, acute, short-awned, variable scale. Dry soil in pastures copses and thin woods. Common. June. 166 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This species is easily distinguished by its three or four short thick erect contiguous spikes, at first pale green but turning brownish when old. 54. Carex virescens Muhl. Stems 12-30' high, slender, erect or sometimes spreading, rough near the summit; leaves pubescent, I'-l^" wide, mostly tapering to a long filiform point, often equaling the culm ; spikes 2-5, the highest staminate at the base, all approximate or con- tiguous, ovoid or oblong, 4"-12" in length, about 2" thick, com- pactly flowered, all on short stalks, the lowest sometimes spreading; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate prominently nerved, scabrous-pubescent, longer than, or equaling the ovate, mucronate scale. Similar to C. triceps in its place of growth and time of maturity. It is separated from it by the narrower and often longer spikes, and by its hairy perigynia. Var. costata Dew. Stems 20-30' high, spikes cylmdrical, erect or slightly spreading ; perigynia strongly nerved or ribbed. Equally common with the type. Terminal spike pistillate at the summit, staminate below; fertile spikes 3-5, linear or cylindrical, on short, erect or long filiform peduncles, approximate, or the lowest sometimes distant, subdensely or loosely flowered ; perigynia oblong with a short, notched point, or obtuse and pointless. Spikes narrowly cylindrical, less than 2" wide 1 Spikes broadly cylindrical, 2" wide . 2 1 Spikes loosely flowered, perigynia acute aestivalis. 1 Spikes densely flowered, perigynia obtuse gracillima. 2 Scale shorter than the perigynium f ormosa . 2 Scale as long as the perigynium Davisii. 55. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect or spreading, rough above the middle ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, I'-l^" wide, sparsely hairy, bright green, sheaths pubescent ; staminate spike fertile at the summit, linear or clavate ; pistillate spikes 3-i, linear, erect or spreading, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, the uppermost some- times sessile at the base of the staminate, the others short-stalked. II REPORT OF THE STATE BOTAinST 157 the lowest often distant or remote on a filiform spreading peduncle 1-2' long, loosely flowered ; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest surpassing the culm ; perigynia small, ^" wide, ovate, acutish at each end, nerved, entire at the apex, twice longer than the ovate, hyaline scale ; achenium obovate, substipitate. Shaded soil in woods. Eare. July. Otsego county. This delicate carex is distinguished from its near relatives by its slen- der, loosely-flowered, erect or spreading spikes and its hairy sheaths. 56. Carex gracillima Sckw. Stems 18-30' high, erect, mostly smooth; basal sheaths promi- nently fibrillose ; leaves shorter than the culm, l"-2" wide, radical leaves tufted, 2"-3V' wide, rough, light green ; staminate spike with or without pistillate flowers at the apex, linear ; pistillate spikes 3-4, linear, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, the lowest dis- tant, all drooping on filiform peduncles, subdensely flowered, or loosely flowered at the base; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest as long as the culm ; perigynia ovate, nerved, entire at the obtuse apex; scale ovate, obtuse, hyaline, one-half as long as the perigy- nium ; achenium oblong-ob ovate, apiculate. Woods and fields in moist or dry soil. Ver\' common. June. Yery rarely the lower spikes have 1 or more additional branches at the base. This species is well marked by the blackish purple, fibrillose basal sheaths, and the obtuse perigynia of the linear, subdensely - flowered, drooping spikes. Var. humulis Bailey. A much reduced form with 2-12 flowered spikes and smaller perigynia. C. gracillima X pubescens Howe. Stems 15'-30' high, stiff", rough; leaves l^-^V wide, roughish and sometimes hairy, shorter than the culm ; spikes ap|)roximate or the lowest distant, sessile or stalked, erect; perigynia ovoid, hairy with a short bidentate beak, not unlike an abortive peri- gynium of 0. pubescens. (Botanical Gazette, Feb., 1881, p. 1()9.) (C. Sullivantii'^oo«.) In a swampy meadow. Yonkers, Westchester county. 1^78. A similar hybrid, but one more closely resembling C. gracil- lima, occurs in Albany and Greene counties, where it was detected by Mr. (J . L. Shear. 168 NEW TOEK STATE MUSEUM The terminal spike bears perigynia at its apex ; the perigynia are smooth and the scale is acute or barely mucronate, not awned. In these respects it approaches C. gracillima more closely than it does C. pubescens. This has been somewhat doubtfully con- sidered by Professor Bailey to be a hybrid between C. gracil- lima X aestivalis, but it is only necessary to suppose that in this case the prepotency lies with C gracillima and in the other with C. pubescens to make both forms descendants of the same parent plants, as they probably are. 57. Carex formosa Dew. Stems 15-30' high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves short, the uppermost sometimes equaling the culm, l^"-2-|" wide, slightly hispidly pubescent beneath, yellowish green ; spikes 2-5, the ter- minal with 6-8 perigynia at the apex, staminate below, long peduncled, the others subdistant or approximate, secund, all on filiform recurved or drooping peduncles, subdensely flowered, with 2 or 3 empty scales at the base ; bracts leafy or filiform, about equaling the culm ; perigynia ovate, turgid, nerved, thin, tapering to a short entire or minutely-notched beak ; scale ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, white or brownish, one-half as long as the perigynium. The spikes are i'-l' long, and about 2" wide ; the perigynium 3" long and 1" wide, giving to the former a thick and heavy appearance, by which the species may be distinguished. Woods and wet places. Rare. June, Columbia, Oneida and Yates counties. 68. Carex Da.visii ISchw. & Torr. Stems l^°-8° high, erect, rather stout, smooth or with a soft pubescence; leaves mostly equaling or exceeding the culm, l^"-i" wide or more, clothed with a soft pubescence beneath, hispid on the veins and margins; spikes 3-5, the terminal, pistil- late above, erect, the 2 upper fertile ones contiguous at the base of the staminate portion, subsessile or short-peduncled, the low- est distant or remote on a short, erect, or rarely long, spreading stalk i'-H' long, densely flowered, 3"-4" wide, light green, erect or somewhat spreading ; bracts leaf -like, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate, conspicuously nerved, turgid, taper- ing into a short bifid beak, about the length of the ovate obtuse awned scale. BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 159 Wet meadows Not common. June. Oneida county. The drooping of the lower spikes depends on the splitting of the long sheaths whic'i, for a time at least, include their short peduncles. This species is conspicaously marked by its short, thick, mostly erect spikes and large turgid perigynia. Staminate spike club-shaped, long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-4-, subapproximate or mostly remote, erect ; bracts shorter than the culm ; perigynia oblong, ovate or obovate, b 3akless except in 60. Upper spikes appproximate or nearly so 1 Upper spikes not approximate 2 1 Perigynia oblong, lightly nerved or nerveless livida. 1 Perigynia with impressed nerves conoidea. 2 Sheaths dilated vaginata. 2 Sheaths not dilated 2 Leaves and bracts I" wide, shorter than the culm tetanica. Leaves and bracts l"-l^" wide, nearly equaling the culm . . . Crawei. 59. Carex Cra-wei Dew. Stoloniferous ; stems 6-12' high, slender, erect or diffuse, smooth; leaves short, sometimes equaling the culm, V-IY wide, smooth, rough-margined; staminate spike clavate ^'-1' in length on a stiff, erect stalk l'-2' long, sometimes with 1 or more short additional ones at or near its base, and sometimes with a few fer- tile flowers at the apex ; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindrical, densely flowered, G" -9" long, distant or remote, sometimes the lowest sub- radical on a short exserted stalk ; bracts leafy, sheathing, about equaling the culm; perigynia ovate, lightly nerved, slightly turgid, roughish, tapering to a small entire point, longer than the ovate, cuspidate scale. Limestone soil. Rare. June, July. Genesee, Herkimer and Jefferson counties. Distinguished by its low stature, creeping root-stock, and densely flowered distant dull brown nearly sessile spikes. 60. Carex livida Wilttf. Stems 6-18' high, slender, erect, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, i"-l" wide, flat or involute, stiff, rough margined; staminate spike cylindrical, acute, S' -V in length, on a stiff stalk ^'-1' long; pistillate spikes 1-2, contiguous, rarely a third sub- 160 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM radical one, short oblong or cylindrical, i'-f long, 15-20 loosely flowered, sessile ; bracts small, leafy or setaceous, scarcely equal- ing the culm; perigynia ovoid-oblong, lightly nerved, pale green, taperiug to a small, straight, entire point, a little exceeding the ovate, light brown scale. Cold swamps. Very rare. June, July. Oneida and Herkimer counties. 61. Carex vaginata Tausch. Stoloniferous ; stems 10-24' high, mostly weak and diffuse, smooth ; leaves subradical, half the length of the culm, l^"-2" wide, smooth, slightly rough on the margin, radical leaves tufted, nearly as long as the culm, 2''-3" wide ; staminate spike clavate, or ovoid- oblong and acute, erect or oblique, i'-f' long, its stalk f '-1^' in length, or more ; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, remote, 4-10 loosely or 12-15 compactly flowered, ^'— |' or more long, on exserted, filiform erect or drooping peduncles i'-li' in length, the latter partly included in the conspicuously dilated sheaths of the short leafy bracts ; perigynia oblong ovate, nerved, tapering to a short round oblique-notched beak, longer than the ovate acute or obtusish thin brown scale. Swampy places. Very rare or local. June. Genesee county. This rare species is conspicuously marked by its dilated sheaths and round beaked perigynia. It stands under the name C. Saltuensis Bailey in the sixth edition of the Manual. 62. Carex tetanica Schk. Stoloniferous ; stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, rough at the summit ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm ; ^-1" wide, stiff, flat or involute above, roughish on the margins, bright green or glaucous ; staminate spike clavate or cylindrical ^'-l' in length, on a slender, mostly erect peduncle 2-4' long, light brown ; pis- tillate spikes 1-3, remote, loosely flowered, cylindrical, usually with a tapering base, ^'-V in length ; the uppermost short- stalked or nearly sessile, the lower on slender, erect or spread- ing peduncles ^'-3^' long ; bracts foliaceous, much shorter than the culm ; perigynia triangular-obovoid, prominently nerved, abruptly contracted into a short curved entire point, longer than the ovate obtuse, sometimes raucronate or cuspidate thin white and brown scale; achenium short-obovate, tricostate, with a short, bent style. EEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 161 "Wet swampy places. Rare. June. Cayuga, Seneca and Jefferson counties. This is distinguished from its congeners by the long-pedunoled spikes and obovoid, nerved perigynia. Var. Woodii Bailey is a lax form growing in deep shade and having longer spreading leaves and shorter fewer flowered fertile spikes. ^ 63. C'arex conoidea Schk. Stems 12-20' high, stiff, rough above ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 1" wide, rough margined ; staminate spike ^'-1' long, clavate, long or short-peduncled, erect, light brown ; pistil- late spikes 1-3, 6"-9" long, subdensely flowered, the upper 2 approximate or distant, short stalked or sessile, the lowest remote on a spreading or erect peduncle ^-'-l^' long ; bracts f oliaceous, usually shorter than the culm ; perigynia oblong-conic with impressed nerves, and a short straight or curved entire point, about the length of the ovate roughawned scale, the latter more or less divergent at maturity ; achenium obovate, apiculate. Moist meadows and grassy places. Common. June. This is easily recognized by the shape and nerving of the perigynia. Fertile spikes 2-6, erect on exserted stalks or the uppermost sessile, approximate or the lower distant; bracts leaf-like, exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong or pyriform, obtuse, nerved (obscurely in 6-1 and 65). Perigynia obscurely nerved 1 Perigynia distinctly nerved 2 1 Perigynia oblong pallescens. 1 Perigynia pyriform aurea. 2 Perigynia oblong-ovate, \\" long glaucodea. 2 Perigynia oblong, 2" long grisea. 64. Carex pallescens L. Stems 6-24:' bigh, slender, mostly erect, hispid on the angles near the spikes, smooth below; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 1"-!^" wide, rough-margined, 'slightly pubescent on the sheaths ; staminate spike often clavate, 4"-S'' long, short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, densely flowered, 3'-6" long, con- 21 162 NEW YOBK STATE MUSEUM tiguous, the uppermost sessile, the others on short peduncles, erect or spreading ; bracts leafy, sheathless, often transversely wrinkled at the. base, exceeding the culm ; perigynia oblong, faintly nerved, pointless, as long as the pointed scale. Fields and grassy places. Common. June. The species is well marked by the somewhat clustered, short- peduncled, fertile spikes, and the oblong obscurely-nerved point- less perigynia. » 65. Carex aurea Nutt. Stems 3-18' high, slender, erect or subprocumbent, smooth below, roughish above ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm (or exceeding it in pigmy forms) ^"-1" wide, smooth, slightly rough on the margins, bright green ; staninate spike clavate, S^'-S'^long, sessile and inconspicuous, or stalked and manifest ; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindrical, 3"-9" long, the upper 2 contiguous, sessile or subsessile, erect or slightly spreading, the lower subdistant, on slender peduncles ^'-1' in length, suberect or spreading, some- times a subradical spike is present on a long, suberect peduncle ; bracts leaf-like, sheathing, exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovoid or pyriform, nerved, thick, yellowish or golden brown at matur- ity, obtuse at the apex, longer than the ovate, acute ormucronate scale ; stigmas 2 or 3, achenium lenticular, apiculate. Wet springy ground and banks of streams June, July. This interesting and infrequent species may be distinguished by its small pyriform yellowish-brown perigynia and lenticular achenia. 66. Carex glaucodea Tuckm. Stems 6-20' high, erect or spreading, smooth ; leaves mostly subradical, usually shorter than the culm, l^'-4" wide, rough at the extremities, smooth on the lower half, glaucous or pale green ; staminate spike subclavate, 6"-9" long, sessile, sometimes incon- spicuous; pistillate spikes 2-4, subdensely flowered, perfectly cylindrical, i'-l' long, the upper 2 usually approximate, the lower on ere3t, exserted stalks ^'-l' in length, or the lowest remote on a filiform spreading or recurved peduncle 2-5' long, glaucous, turning to a dull brown ; bracts like the leaves, sheathing, all but the lowest exceeding the culm ; perigynia oblong-ovate, numer- ously finely nerved, of a thick or leathery texture, tapering to an acutish, entire or notched apex, about twice longer than the J KEPOBT OF THB STATE BOTA'nST 163 ovate, acute or cuspidate scale ; acheniurn obovate ; style even (not tumid), curved or abruptly bent at the base. Thin woods and moist places. Rare. June, July. Cayuga and Dutchess counties. This species may be separated from C. grisea, which it resem- bles, by its shorter stems and leaves, its more cylindrical spikes, and shorter perigynia, and by its curved styles. 67. Carex grisea Wahl. Stems l°-2^° high, firm, usually somewhat robust, smooth, or sometimes roughish at the summit ; leaves slightly hispid on the upper surface, smooth beneath, l|"-3" wide, the highest exceeding the culm, pale green ; staminate spike 3"-9" long, sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, thick, loosely or subloosely flowered, ^'--1' in length, the upper 2 usually contiguous, the uppermost sessile, the others more or less distant on stiff, erect peduncles ^'--1' long, light green or fading to tawny; bracts leafy, sheathiag, ereot- spreading, or the upper divergent, much longer than the culm ; perigynia oblong, obtuse, turgid, finely nerved, about the length of the ovate, cuspidate or rough-awned scale ; acheniurn obovate, sometimes apiculate, with a straight, tumid or bulbous-thickened style. Moist ground and grassy places. Common. June. This species frequently forms tufts. Its straight, tumid or bulbous-thickened style articulates at or slightly above its base. A slender narrow-leaved form occurs whijh closely approaches, and which perhaps is referable to Var. angustifolia Boott. Leaves and bracts alike, sheathing, conspicuously thin, the latter exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovoid or ovate-tric|uetrous, finely striate or nerved, distinctly beaked, shorter than the tri- nerved, pointed or rough-awned scale. Spikes 3-8 flowered, sheaths smooth oligocarpa. Spikes 3-10 flowered, sheaths pubescent Ilitchcookiana. 68. Carex oligocarpa .V/i^-. Stems 6'--18' high, slender, erect or somewhat diffuse, rough on the upper portion ; leaves short, or sometimes equaling the culm, about I" wide, slightly rough on the veins beneath and margins ; 164 NEW TOBK STATE MUSEUM st.itniaate spike linear or subclavate, subsessile or on a stalk Y-V in length ; pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper 1 or 2 contiguous or distinct, short-pedunculate or sessile, the others distant or remote on stalks |-'--l|-' long, all erect, loosely 3-8 flowered on a flexuous rachis ; bracts with smooth sheaths, thin, longer than the culm ; perigynia o bo void-triangular, with a distinct straight or slightly oblique beak, shorter than the rough pointed or awned scale achenium obovate, apiculate ; style tumid above the minute persistent base. Woods and shady places. Kare in the eastern part of the State, occasional elsewhere. June. This species is distinguished by its thin, narrow foliage, few and loosely flowered spikes, nearly straight-beaked striate peri- gynia, and tri-nerved awned scale. 69. Carex Hitchcockiana I>ew. Stems l°-2° high or more, erect or spreading, rough, or smooth below ; leaves short, or the upper equaling the culm, V-1^' wide, thin, more or less hispidly pubescent ; staminate spike linear or subclavate, ^'-V in length, on a slender, erect peduncle ^'-1^' long ; pistillate spikes 2-4, loosely 3-10 flowered on a fllexuous rachis, the upper two approximate, mostly on included stalks or the highest sessile, the lower distant or remote on erect, slightly- exserted peduncles ; bracts and sheaths roughly pubescent, the former mostly surpassing the culm ; perigynia oval or obovate, obtusely triangular, striate-nervi^d, 2" long, with an abrupt or tapering oblique recurved truncate beak, a little shorter than the broad tri-nerved rough-awned white scale ; achenium and style like the last. Woods. Kare in the eastern part of the State. June, July. This may be distinguished from the preceding species by its pubescent sheaths, rougher foliage, shorter-stemmed fertile spikes, and by its perigynia, which have a conspicuously oblique or recurved beak. Var. triflora Peck n. var. More slender, with the fertile spikes 1-3 flowered. Collected on Mt. Defiance. June. Pistillate spikes 2-6, more or less flexuous, the upper 2 con- tiguous or approximate, sessile or nearly so, the rest scattered KEPOET OF TBE 8TATK B0TA.NI8T 165 and stalked, or sometimes all subdistant ; bracts mostly exceed- ing the culm; perigynia obtusely angled, prominently nerved and having an abruptly bent or recurved rarely straight beak. Lower or radical leaves 8" broad or more albursina. Lower leaves less than 8" broad 1 1 Pistillate spikes densely flowered, perigynia ovate. , . . granulans. 1 Pistillate spikes subdensely or loosely flowered ...... 2 2 Upper spikes usually contiguous, the sterile subsessile, blanda, 2 Upper spikes rarely contiguous, the sterile stalked . . 3 3 Spikes subloosely flowered, bracts shorter than the culm, styloflexa. 3 Spikes loosely flowered, bracts longer than the culm. . laxiflora. 70 . Carex laxiflora Lam. Stems l°--2° high, erect or spreading, triangular, smooth leaves mostly subradical, short, 1^"- -i " wide, smooth except on the margins, the radical often wider and half as long as the culm ; staminate spike linear or clavate, ^'-1' long, conspicuously stalked or subsessile ; pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely flowered on a flexuous rachis ^'--1' in length, the uppermost (rdrely 2) sessile or short-stalked at the base of the sterile, the others subdistant or the lowest remote, all on erect, exserted peduncles i'-H' long; bracts leafy, short-sheathed, shorter or slightly longer than the culm; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, with a straight or slightly recurved beak, exceeding the ovate, obtuse, mostly mucro- nate white scale. A subradical spike on a slender, flattened peduncle 2'-2^' in length is not rare. Woods, ravines and open places. Common. June. Yar. varians Bailey has stouter culms and broader leaves than the type, the fertile spikes a little closer flowered, the upper 2 mostly contiguous to the sterile, the highest sessile, bracts often longer than the culm, the perigynia less strongly nerved. Yar. patulifolia Carey., differs from the type chiefly in its broader root leaves, 5 "-7" wide, and in the usually longer bracts, equaling or surpassing the culm. Yery common in damp shades and ravines. Alay, June. 7 1 . Carex styloflexa Buckley. Stems 12'"18' high, slender, erect or dilfuse, smooth, leaves a'--4' long, 1" wide, the radical longer and I'-l^" wide; staminate 1fi6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEDM spike about ^' long on a slender, smooth stalk ^'--f in length; scales oblong, blunt, light brown; pistillate spikes 2-4, I'.-i-' in length, 5-10 subloosely flowered, scattered, all but the highest stalked, the lowest usually on a filiform recurved peduncle ; bracts mostly shorter than the culm; perigynia obovate, lightly nerved, with a straight or recurved beak, longer than the ovate acute brown scale. Grassy places. Kare. June. Albany and Cattaraugus counties. This has been regarded by some as a variety of the preceding species, but it is easily separated by its short spikes. 72. Carex blanda Dew. Stems b'-20' high, erect, triquetrous, rough on the angles; leaves l^'-S" wide, rough above the middle, equaling or shorter than the culm ; staminate spike clavate, 4"-9" long, sessile or on a stalk ^'-1' long ; pistillate spikes 3-4, 3"-9" long, subdensely flowered, the upper 2 usually contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile or nearly so, the lower pedunculate, erect, or the lowest remote on a setaceous peduncle 2-3' long, suberect or recurved ; bracts leafy, mostly exceeding the culm ; perigynia obovate, with a long or short tapering base, prominently nerved, terminating in a short recurved or abruptly bent beak, longer than the ovate, acute or mucronate white scale, more or less diverging at maturity. Woods and fields. Very common. June. Karely among the large forms 1 or 2 of the lower spikes are compressed ; occasionally there is but 1 spike, stalked or sessile and contiguous to the staminate, in which case the latter is usually long-peduncled, exceeding the bracts. This species has been considered by some as a variety of C. laxiflora to which it is joined in the Manual, but its short dense pistillate spikes and commonly short sessile staminate spike give it such a distinct aspect that it may be distinguished at a glance. 73. Carex albursina &held. Stems 12'-20' high, erect or spreading, flaccid below, acutely triangular and somewhat winged above, smooth; stem leaves 2'-6' long, l^"-3" wide, the radical longer, %"-\h" broad, smooth ; staminate spike linear, 3"-15'' in length, mostly sessile and often KKPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 167 inconspicuous; pistillate spikes cylindrical, loosely flowered on a slightly flexuous rachis ^'-1' long, the upper 1 or 2 contiguous to the stamina te and sessile or nearly so, the lowest on a filiform peduncle l'-2' long, all erect or slightly spreading; bracts leafy, 2"-4:'' broad, acuminate, the lowest much exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovoid-elliptical or obovate, nerved. If "-2" long, half as broad, with a short recurved beak, twice the length of the obtuse mucronate white scale. Rich moist soil in woods and shaded places. Not common. June. Albany, Cayuga and Jefferson counties. This species was separated from C. laxiflora, to which it was formerly joined as Yar. latifolia Boott, because of its broad leaves and bracts and its short sessile staminate spike. Its large perigynia also confirm the validity of its separation. The fruit of this and the three preceding species shells easily, and the specimens should be collected while it is yet scarcely mature. 74. Carex granularis Muhl. Stems 10-24' high, mostly erect, smooth ; leaves short, usually much shorter than the culm, 1 "-4" wide, smooth, rough near the apex, sheaths prominently glaucous; staminate spike subclavate, ^-1' long, sessile or short-peduncled, often inconspicuous; pistil- late spikes 2-5, cylmdrical, compactly flowered, ^'-1' in length, the upper 2 mostly contiguous to the staminate spike, sessile or slightly stalked, the others more or less distant on exserted peduncles ^'-2' long, erect or the lowest spreading, or rarely on a filiform drooping stalk 3' long ; bracts leafy, rough, the lower sheathing, exceeding the culm ; perigynia round-ovate or oblong- conical, prominently nerved, slightly turgid with a short bent entire or notched apex, nearly twice longer than the ovate pointed thin white scale; achenium obovate, minutely dotted, tipped with the abruptly bent style. Wet or moist ground in meadows and grassy places. Common. June. It is distinguished by the dense, cylindrical fertile spikes, and the strongly -nerved perigynia. Var. recta Dew. is usually smaller, the spikes less densely flow- ered, the perigynia with a straight acute or acuminate point. 168 NEW YOKK STATE MU8ECM Staminate spike clavate, pedunculate; pistillate spikes 2-t, short-cylindrical, 3-9 loosely or subloosely flowered, all on exserted erect or spreading filiform, stalks, the lowest often sub- radical or even radical; bracts leafy, sheathed, shorter or longer than the culm ; perigynia acutely triangular, finely and closely nerved, with a short recurved or sometimes obsolete point; scale thin, white or brown. Pistillate spikes pendulous; leaves 2"-b" broad laxiculmis. Pistillate spikes erect-spreading, leaves V'-l^ broad. . . . digitalis. 75. Carex digitalis Willd. Stems 6'- 18' high, slender, almost capillary, erect or at length spreading, smooth; leaves about the length of the culm l"-!^" wide, rough-margined, bright green ; staminate spike 6"-9" long, its stalk V-'l^' in length ; pistillate spikes 2-1-, loosely 6-9 flow- ered, the highest subsessile or long-peduncled, the lower sub- distant or remote on filiform spreading peduncles l'-2|^' in length or more, the lowest sometimes pendulous ; bracts leafy, sheathing, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia triangular-ellipticalj finely nerved, with a short, obliquely bent point, nearly twice longer than the acute white scale. Woods and ravines. Not very common. June. The species is known by its narrow, 3-veined leaves and the small triangular perigynia. It usually grows in tufts. 76. Carex laxiculmis Schw. Stems 10'-20' high, slender, suberect or prostrate, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, li"-5'' wide, conspicuously 3-veined, glaucous, rough on the margins ; staminate spike clavate, 6"-10" long, sometimes subtended by a slender green bract 2"-5" in length, mostly long-peduncled, exceeding the leaf- like sheathing bracts ; pistillate spikes 3"-6" long, densely 3-8- flowered, all except the subsessile highest one on drooping fili- form peduncles H'--^' long; perigynia triquetrous, elliptical, densely nerved, with a short oblique or curved point, exceeding the ovate, obtuse or pointed brown or whioe scale. (C. retro- curva Dew.) Thin woods and copses. Common. June. EEPOET OF THB STATE BOTANIST 163 The broad glaucous leaves and drooping spikes on long fili- form peduncles characterize this species. There is a late form (Forma serotina) in which the new growth develops fruit soon after the old fruit has matured. In it the starainate spike is inconspicuous or abortive, and the pistillate spikes are erect and on peduncles much shorter than usual. Staminate spikes clavate ; pistillate 2-5, erect, mostly on in- cluded stalks ; bracts about the length of their long sheaths or obsolete ; perigynia acutely angled, finely nerved (obscurely in 80) with a short recurved or straight beak ; leaves radical, prom- inently 3-ribbed (narrow and 1-veined in 80). Leaves narrow, 1-veir.ed pedunculata. Leaves 3 ribbed, bracts conspicuous 1 Bracts obsolete, sheaths purple plantaginea. 1 Leaves 2"-5" broad, dark green Careyana. 1 Leaves 3 "-12" broad, whitish-green platypbylla. 77. Carex Careyana Torr. Stems 1°-^^ high, erect-spreading, smooth ; leaves rough be- neath or smooth throughout, 2"-5" wide, shorter than the culm, dark green ; staminate spike clavate, 5 "-10" in length, its stalk ^'-1' long, usually with a scale-like or slender green bract, scales purplish or brown ; pistillate spikes 2-3, loosely 2-S flowered, the uppermost sessile at the base of the sterile, the others scat- tered, sometimes the lowest remote on a partly included stalk 1-1^' long; bracts leafy, as long as their sheaths; perigynia acutely triangular-ovate, 2"-2|^" long, closely nerved, with an oblique or recurved beak, twice the length of the ovate, acute or mucronate purple-brown scale. Woods and ravines. Rare. May. Cayuga, Genesee and Jefferson counties. 78. Carex platyphylla Carey. Stems 8'-l5' high, slender, erect, at length widely spreading, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm or rarely exceeding it, ^'-1' broad, smooth, glaucous or whitish green; staminate spike 4"-lo" long, its peduncle I'-l' in length or rarely subsessile, usually with a scale-like or bristle-shaped bract ; pistillate spikes 2-3, 2-10 loosely flowered, scattered, all erect on included stalks : 22 170 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bracts leafy, about twice the length of the spikes ; perigynia ovoid, acutely angled, closely nerved, with a recurved, entire or notched beak, 1^" long, a little longer than the pointed brown scale. Woods, hillsides and ravines. Common. June. This species is easily recognized by its broad pale or glaucous leaves, conspicuous leaf-like bracts and short, loose, few flowered spikes . 79. Carex plantaginea Lam. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, at length spreading or pros- trate, smooth ; basal bracts 4-7, acute, dark purple; lea vrs shorter than the culm, \'-V broad or more, smooth, prominently 3-ribbed ; staminate spike subclavate, acute at each end, \' in length, its stalk h"-\li" long, with dark purple scales ; pistillate spikes 3 -4, 3-10 loosely flowered, ^'-f ' long, distant, erect on included peduncles, or the lowest subradical on an exserted stalk l'-2' in length; bracts -^"-M' long, acuminate or bristle-tipped, purple, with dark purple sheaths i -1' long or more ; perigynia triangular ovate, finely nerved, with a short recurved beak. 2*-2i" long, a little exceeding the ovate, acute, purple-pointed scale . Shaded banks, hillsides, copses and open woods. Infrequent. May, June. This is a very distinct species, recognizable at a glance by its broad radical leaves and its purplish sheaths, bracts and scales. 80. Carex pedunculata J!/ied, 5 '-9' long, usually sessile, scales oblong obtuse or ])ointed, brown, or blackish brown ; pistillate spikes 1-4, usually 3, globular or oblong, densely or loosely flowered, the upper 2 contiguous, sessile, the lowest 2" (^ distant, sessile or slightly stalked, bracts scale-like acute or 174: NEW YOEK STATE MUSIUM bristle-tipped, or sometimes the lowest leaf like and 9 "- 1 8" in length ; perigynia subrotund or obovate, obtusely angled, densely or lightly pubescent, indistinctly nerved, abruptly contracted at the base, and narrowed above into a short bifid bsik, covered by the ovate acute or acuminate, dark purplish or light brown scale. Dr3nsh soil in woods, copses or open places. Very common. May, June. Yar. separans Peck. Pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, the upper- most approximate to the short-stalked dark-brown sterile spike, the lowest 5'-10" distant; perigynia with a longer and more slender beak ; otherwise like the type (Yar. distans. Report 46, p. 51). Along or within the borders of woods. Jefferson and Otsego counties, June. Yar. gracilifolia Pzck, n. nom. Leaves long and slender, -^"-Y wide, sometimes slightly involute and almost capillary, about equaling or sometimes considerably surpassing the slender culm. (Yar. angustifolia 1. c.) Light or sandy soil in woods or open places. It often grows in tufts. This variety is common on Long Island. May. Because of the frequent previous use of the varietal name under which this plant was published it is thought best to give it a new name. Yar. glumabunda Peck^ n. var. Stems 8'-18' high, rather weak and often somewhat drooping, frequently growing in definite tufts ; pistillate spikes mostly short and sessile as in the type, but sometimes the lowest 3"-8" long, conspicuously stalked or on a capillary peduncle W~%' long which issues from the axil of the uppermost leaf, the others near the staminate spike and contiguous to each other or the lower sometimes 4"-6'' distant, these occasionally sterile and acute at the apex ; scales conspicu- ously brown or blackish brown, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, sharp, pointed or cuspidate, longer than the perigynia and widely spreading at maturity. (Forma paleacea in part, 1. c.) Sandy soil. Albany and Suffolk counties. Yery rarely a second long-ped uncled spike issues from the axil of one of the lower leaves. In all these varieties the bract of the lowest sessile spike is sometimes longer than its spike and green or foliaceous. BEPORT OF THB STATE BOTANIST 175 86. Carex varia Muhl. Stems 6'-18' high, rather stout, erect or spreading, roughish above the middle ; basal bracts bright purple, fibrillose ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, l"-2" wide, rough ; staminate spike clavate, 4"-! 2" long, sessile or short-stalked, tawny or brown ; pistillate spikes 2-5, usually 3, globular or oblong, sessile or sometimes the lowest short-peduncled, all separate or the upper 2 occasionally contiguous, each with a scale-like bract or the lower 2 subtended by leaf like bracts ^'-2' long; perigynia sub- rotund or obovate, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short bifid beak, covered by the ovate, pointed, pale-greenish, whitish or tawny-brown scale, (C. communis Bailey, Gray's Man., 6th ed.) It is noteworthy that the smallest plants often have the long staminate spikes, and commonly the tall plants the short spikes which are 4""6" long. In his description of this species Muhlen- berg remarks, " variat spica mascula abbreviata etelongata." No other species in this group is known to have such a variable staminate spike. In some of its forms C. Pennsylvanica approaches this species, but the absence of creeping rootstocks, the paler scales of the pistillate spikes and the more constant green foliaceous bract of the lowest spike will distinguish this plant. The scale of the pistillate spike is often entirely whitish or scarious except the green midrib. The species is found chiefly in hilly or rocky places in loose or gravelly soil. It seems to avoid sandy soil. It matures its fruit in May and June. The name C. varia Midd. formerly applied to this species was referred by Prof. Bailey to C. Emmonsii Dew.^ and in its place he substituted C. communis Bailey. This name was discarded in the List of Plants of Northeastern North America, and C. pedi- cellata Brltton adopted in its stead. 87. Carex Emmonsii Dew. Stems capillary, 3'- 15' high, suberect or procumbent, smooth; basal sheaths dull purplish-brown, mostly green at the extremi- ties, slightly fibrillose ; leaves lax, about V wide or more, flat, rough-margined, shorter than the culm or s.^raetimes surpassing it; staminate spike slender, subclavate, sessile about 3' long, 176 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM acute or obtuse, commonly pale, but dark brown in the variety ; pistillate spikes 2--4-, ovoid, sessile, the upper 2 contiguous, the other distinct, densely 3-8 flowered, each with a scale-like bract, the lowest often bristle-tipped, or rarely leaf like ; perigynia tri- angular-oval, pubescent, with a long slender base, contracted above into a narrow, oblique, bifid beak, usually about the length of the body; scale ovate- 3blong, pointed, whitish, barely tinged with brown, as long as the perigynium. Commonly in dry places but sometimes in low wet soil. Com- mon. May, June. The species is easily recognized by its weak reclining or pros- trate stems, contiguous or approximate pistillate spikes and short, narrow, sessile, staminate spike. Yar. distincta Howe n. var. Light or glaucous green ; stam- inate spike linear ^" wide, 2"-5" long; pistillate spikes distinct, 2"-5" apart, the lowest with a green bract 2-4 times the length of the spike, 3-5 flowered ; perigynia obovoid, minutely pubescent, with a rather short, straight or oblique bifid beak, about the length of the acute white scale. This variety seems to be intermediate between the type and C. Novae-Anglise. Yar. colorata. Differs from the type only in its dark purple scales, which give a much darker color to the spikes than in the type. Common in Westchester county. It is C. varia Muhl. var. colorata Bailey in the Manual. 89. Carex Novae-Angliae Schw. Stolonif erous ; stems 4'-12' high, slender, diffuse or erect, slightly rough above the middle, usually purple and a little fibrillose at the base ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, ^"-1" wide, flat, erect or spreading, rough-margined, bright green ; staminate spike linear, 3"-6" long, Y w^ide, short-peduncled or subsessile, light brown ; pistillate spikes 1-3, ovoid, densely flowered, the upper 2 contiguous, or sometimes 3" -6" apart, sessile or the lower one on a short pedicel, each with a scale-like awned bract longer than the spike, the lowest distant, con- spicuously stalked, subtended by a green filiform bract nearly or fully equaling the culm ; perigynia triangular obovoid, slightly pubescent, tapering to a sliort base and abruptly contracted REPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 177 above into a short, slender, bidentate beak, mostly covered by the ovate acute or ])ointed whitish scale. Damp soil in shaded hilly places. Rare. Rensselaer county. June. The distant lowest pistillate spike with its long slender green bract and the very narrow short-ped uncled staminate spike are noticeable features of this species. 90. Carex Peckii Howe. Strongly stoloniferous ; stems 3'-lS' high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth, purplish and lightly fibrillose at base ; leaves mostly much shorter than the culm, 1"-U" wide, open and Hat, soft, erect or spreading, rough-margined, bright green ; staminate spike linear, ]|-"-3" long, sessile, often invisible, scales brown, white-margined ; pistillate spikes 2-3, ovoid, sessile, 2-8 closely flowered, the upper two crowded, usually concealing the stamin- ate spike, each with a green setaceous or short awned, divergent bract mostly not longer than the spike, the lowest H'-S" distant, subtended by a green divergent bract about twice the leng.h of the spike; perigynia triangalar-elliptical, If "-2" long, f" broad, hairy, ^yith an evenly tapering base and a short bidentate beak, longer than the ovate acute or cuspidate whitish or brownish scale ; achenium exactly elliptical, f" wide, substipitate, the style deciduous at its base. Dry soil in woods and open places. May, June. Albany, Essex, Jefferson, Cayuga and Yates counties. This is C. Emmonsii Dew. var. elliptica Boott. 91. Carex deflexa Ilomem. Densely tufted ; stems 2'--6' high, capillary, curved, ' long, the 2 or 3 upper approximate on drooping stalks ^'-2' in length, or the highest nearly erect, the lowest remote, pendulous on a penducle 2'-3' long, rarely branched at the base ; bracts leafy, sheathing, exceeding or equaling the culm; perigynia fusiform, nerved, o" long, tapering into a long slender I EEPOBT OF THE STATE B')TAmST 181 hyaline bifid beak, twice the length of the obtuse or acutish ■\thite scale; acheniam exactly elliptical, stipitate, apiculate. Fields and woods. Yery common, June, July. The species is distinguished by its long flexuous fertile spikes 1(1 its spindle-shaped perig^^nia. Var. strictior B dleu. Stems taller and mostly erect ; leaves firmer, 2" wide, spikes stiff and erect or erect-spreading ; peri- gynia deep green, a little longer than the scale. Var. interjecta Bailey. IStems tall, erect ; pistillate spikes nearly erect, often-cornpound at base, alternately flowered ; peri- vnia shorter than in the type. Differs from the last in its nar- Aver leaves and more loosely flowered spikes. 97. Carex glabra Boott. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading, smooth ; basal bracts dark purple ; leaves about the length of the culm or less, 1"-1-J-" wide, rough, bright green ; staminate spike linear, 1' long or more, short-pedancled, often fertile at the apex; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, flexuous, subloosely flowered, l'-l|' long, the upper 2 approximate, the lowest remote, all on filiform drooping peduncles 1-6' long, or the uppermost short- stalked and suberect ; bracts leafy or the upper ones filiform, sheathing, usually exceeding the culm; perigynia narrowly oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, nerved, 2y'-3" or more in length, gradually tapering into an empty sharply bidentatt- Ivak, twice the leno;th of the obtuse brown-margined scale. Wet places. Hare. June, July. Onei"-t>" long, on a stiff stalk ^'-L' in lea.,'th, bright bro.vn; pistillate spikes 2-A, oblong, or cylindrical, densely flowered, sometimes sterile at the apex or base, ^'-1' long, 2 " witle, the upper 2 or 3 aggregated on 182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM drooping stalks i'-l' in length, the lowest distant and pendulous ; bracts variable, the lowest leafy, 2-3' long, sheathing, the upper setaceous ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, ^IV long, turgid, 2-ribbed, obscurely nerved, spreading, tapering into a long smooth or roughish, mostly entire beak, about one-third longer than the acute, fringed, brown scale. Yery rare. May, J une. Oneida and Herkimer counties. "Well marked by its glaucous leaves, and its short, }'- ell o wish or brown spikes, the upper subtended by setaceous bracts. This is C. fiexilis Budge in the older botanies. Perigynia moderately inflated, Staminate spikes 1-4, the terminal stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-stalked (the lower ones long-stalked in 99), approximate or distant, ovoid, oblong or cylindrical ; bracts leafy, longer or shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovoid or oblong- conic, nerved, smooth or pubescent, somewhat coriaceous in tex- ture, with a short bifid beak. Perigynia scabro-pubescent scabrata. Perigynia smooth or granular, pistillate spikes distant, purple polymorpha. Perigj^uia pubescent 1 Perigynia smooth or slightly rough, spikes not purple. . 2 1 Pistillate spikes cylindrical, leaves involute . filiformis- 1 Pistillate spikes cylindrical, leaves not involute 3 3 Leaves and bracts exceeding the culm lanuginosa. 3 Leaves and bracts shorter than the culm 4 4 Spikes ovoid or oblong, approximate vestita. 4 Spikes oblong-cylindrical, distant Houghtonii 2 Pistillate spikes 6"-12" long, 2'''-4'' wide, leaves involute, striata. 2 Pistillate sj^ikes 2-3' long, \"-b" wide, leaves flat. . . . riparia. 99. Carex scabrata Schio. Stems l°-2° high, rather stout, rough on the angles ; leaves numerous, the upper ones surpassing the culm, 2'-3" wide, rough, light-green; staminate spike clavate, 6'-9" long, its peduncle 2"-6" in length ; pistillate spikes 3-5, cylindrical, densely flowered above, thinly at the base, approximate or scattered, the upper 2 sessile and erect, the others on erect or spreading stalks ^-2^' in length ; bracts leafy, sheathless or sometimes the upper ones short-filiform, the lowest surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovoid. KEPOKT OF THE STj.Tii BOTANIST 183 nerved, slightly turgid, scabro-pubescent, contracted into a short obliqaely toothed beak, exceeding the ovate acute or cuspidate brown scale ; achenium obovate, acutely triangular. Scattered or in patches along streams and in wet places. Common. June. A rather coarse but bright-green species with the fertile spikes of a bristly or squarrose appearance when mature. It is some- what stoloniferous. 100. Carex filiformis L. Stems l°-3° high, slender, erect, obtusely augled, mostly smooth ; basal bracts l'-2|-' in length, pointed, purplish-brown, more or less fibrillose ; leaves l"-ly" wide, carinate, prominently grooved, smooth, rough margined, becoming doubled or involute when dry, shorter than the culm, the radical ones numerous and longer; staminate spikes 1-3, rarely 4, clavate or cylindrical, l'-2' in length, on a slender peduncle l'-2|-' long, subtended by a scale-like, bristle-tipped, or short setaceous bract; pistillate spikes 1-4, usually 2, cylindrical, densely flowered, or somecimes loosely at the base, subdistant or remote, sessile, or the lowest short- stalked, often staminate at the apex, \'-\\' in length ; perigynia obtusely triangular, ovoid, nerved, of a thick coriaceous texture, densely pubescent or tomentose, slightly inflated, contracted into a short, sharply toothed beak, mostly covered by the ovate lanceolate, pointed or rough cuspidate brown scale, the latter usually widely spreading at maturity. Swamps and wet meadows. Common. June, July. This species may be recognized by the long sterile, and gray- ish fertile spikes, and by the usually erect, narrow, carinate leaves. It seems to prefer cold elevated swamps and bogs, though by no means limited to them. 101. Carex lanuginosa Mz. Stems l°-2° high, stout, erect, acutely angled, roughish above the middle; root stock somewhat cree])ing; leaves open and Hat, smooth, 1"-1^ ' wide, shorter thai the culm ; staminate spikes 1-3, \'~\\' long, on stiff peduncles A'-lo-' in length; pistdlate spikes 2-4, \'-V in length, 2V'-ci" thick, densely llowered, cylin- drical, the uppermost usually sessile, the lower distant on short stalks, or the lowest remote on a slender peduncle I'-l^-' long, 184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM spreading or suberect, the others mostly ascending ; bracts leafy, the lowest sheathing, longer or shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate, nerved, densely hairy, abruptly contracted into a short bidentate beak, about the length of the ovate cuspidate brown spreading scale. Wet meadows, marshes and swales. Kot rare. June. This differs from the preceding in its open flat leaves, shorter bracts and stalked fertile spikes. The carinate or involute leaves of the former cause them to appear to be much more narrow than those of this species, which is considered by some to be a mere variety of C. filiformis. 102, Car ex vest it a Wllld. fetoloniferous; stems l°--3° high, rigid, acutel}^ angled, rough at the summit; basal bracts fibrillose ; leaves V-l^ broad, rough, shorter than the culm ; staminate spikes 1--2, clavate, mostly sessile, f --H' long ; pistillate spikes 2 -4, ovoid or short-oblong, 5"-9" in length, compactl}^ flowered, approximate or distant, rarely remote, sessile, erect, frequently with a few staminate flowers at the apex ; bracts leafy, as long as the spikes, or the lowest 1^' long; perigynia ovate, nerved, densely hispid-pubes- cent, contracted into a short beak, the white orifice erose or slightly notched ; scale ovate, cuspidate, brown with a white margin. "Wet or dry sandy places. Rather rare. Albanj^, Richmond and Suffolk counties. It is credited by Dr. Torrey to the western counties of the State, but if there, it must be very scarce. 103. Carex polymorpha Muhl. Stems l°--2° high, stout, strict, acutel}'' angled, smooth ; leaves l'--6' long or more, l"-3'' broad, smooth; staminate spikes 1-4, the terminal short or long -ped uncled, clavate, ^'-1' long, fre- quently with a few pistillate flo vers at the base ; pistillate spikes 1-2, usually cylindrical, densely flowered, occasionally sterile at the apex, ^-1^ long, on exserted erect stalks ^'-V in length ; bracts leafy, sheathing, mostly as long as the spike ; perigynia oblong-ovate, nerved, conspicuously turgid, minutely papillose or smooth, abruptly contracted into a slender purplish beak with KEPOK? OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1S5 an oblique, entire or slightly notched orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse, dark purple scale. "Western counties." Dr. Torrey in the N. Y. State Flora. It does not appear to have boen collected in the State recently. 104. Carex striata -Me. Stoloniferous ; stems 15'--3o' high, stiff and erect, acutely angled, rough near the summit; basal bracts purple, fibrillose; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, l"--2" wide, the upper sur- face rough, involute when dr}'- ; starainate spikes 2--3, the terminal one l'-3' long, short stalked or subsessile, the lowest with a seta- ceous bract -I'-l' in length; pistillate spikes 1--2, distant or remote, the highest sessile, the lowest short-peduncled, densely or subdensely flowered, h"-li," long, erect; bracts leaf}', shorter or longer than the culm, or the highest about equaling it ; peri- gynia oblong-ovate or subglobose, prominently nerved, smooth or roughish with a scattered pubescence, somewhat divergent, abruptl}'' contracted into a short bifid beak with whitish teeth, about twice the length of the ovate, obtuse or acute, thin scale. Wet places and boggy shores of ponds. Suffolk county. June. Yar. brevis Bailey. More slender, the leaves and bracts shorter and narrower {I" wide), the fertile spikes narrower, the highest sometimes sterile at the apex and the perigynia pubescent ; other- wise like the type. 105. Carex Houghtonii Torrey. Stoloniferous; stems 1° 2° high, stiff, erect, acutely angled, rough at the summit; leaves shorter than the culm, 1"- "l" wide, rough-margined ; starainate spikes 1-2, clavate, the terminal one on a stiff peduncle -|^' -1' long, the lowest often with a setaceous or bristleform bract as long as the spike or longer; pistillate spikes 1-3, cylindrical or short oblong, subdensely flowered, ^'-1' long, subdistant, the upper two sessile, the lowest on an exserted stalk 3"-9" in length, all erect ; bracts leafy, sheathless, or the lowest short-sheathed, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia broadly ovate, prominently nerved, rough-pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short, slender, sharply t(X")thed beak, a little exceeding the ovate pointed or rouirh-awncd brown scale ; achenium broadly obovate, minutely dotted. 24 186 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM Sandy soil. Eare. Essex and Saratoga counties. June, July. Sometimes the mature perigynia become reddish-brown or almost chestnut color. 106. Carex riparia Curtis. Stoloniferous ; stems 2°-3|-° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above the middle, flaccid at the base; leaves longer than the culm, 2''-5" wide, mostly smooth on the upper surface, rough beneath, erect or spreading, glaucous; staminate spikes 2-5, cylindrical, the highest l^ in length on a stalk 1' long or less, the lowest with a setaceous bract l'-l|-' long ; pistillate spikes 2-i, densely flowered, or loosely at the base, cylindrical or clavate, 1^-3' long, 4"-5" thick, distant, the uppermost subsessile, the others short-peduncled, all erect, or the lowest sometimes spreading; bracts leafy, equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong-conical, finely nerved, smooth, gradually taper- ing into a short conical bidentate beak, a little longer than tha ovate-lanceolate, awned scale; achenium narrowly obovate, apiculate. Bogs, swamps and wet places. Common. June. This is readily determined by the large erect spikes and oblong-conical, finely -nerved, olive brown perigynia. It is C. lacustris Willd. Staminate spikes 1-5, stalked or the lovwer ones sessile, rarely fertile at the apex ; pistillate spikes 1-1, cylindrical or short- oblong, densely or subdensely flowered, subapproximate, distant or remote, sessile or nearly so, erect ; bracts leafy, the lower short-sheathiui^ or sheathless, .mostly surpassing the culm; perigynia turgid, ovate-lanceolate, nerved, pubescent or smooth, with a long bifurcate beak, the teeth mostly recurved spreading. Perigynia smooth aristata. Perigynia hairy 1 1 Staminate spikes 1-2 hirta. 1 Staminate spikes 2-5 trichocarpa. 107. Carex hirta L. Stoloniferous ; stems 8-24' high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth below the summit, obtusely angled ; leaves shorter than the culm, or, in low forms, the radical surpassing it, V-i^' wide, EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 18T scabro-pubescent, densely hairy on the sheath?, light green; staminate spikes 1-2, cylindrical, i'-H' long, on a slender peduncle 1-2' in length, the lowest V long and sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, distant or remote, the highest sessile, the lowest on an included stalk ^'-1' in length, erect, subdensely flowered, f -1^' long; bracts leafy, the lowest sheathing, surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovate-oblong or lanceolate, prominently nerved, turgid, downA^-pubescent, 3' long, tapering into a long slender bifurcate beak, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale. Introduced. Rare or local. Cayuga county. June, July, It is separated from the next by its light green foliage and downy sheaths, and by its fewer, softer fertile spikes. 108. Carex trichocarpa JIuhl. Stems 2°-S° high, rigidly erect, acutely angled, smooth or his- pid on the angles above ; leaves stiflF, rough, 2"-3" Avide, longer than the culm ; staminate spikes 2-5, linear or subclavate, ^'-1|-' long, the terminal short-stalked, rarely with a few fertile flowers at the base or apex, the lowest, which is frequently the longest, with a bristleform bract, each tapsring to an acute apex; pistil- late spikes 2-t, distant, short-peduncled, or the highest subsessile, erect, cylindrical, closely flowered above, somewhat loosely at the base, I'-Sy long or more ; bracts leafy, sheathless, longer than the culm ; perigynia ol)long-ovate, prominently nerved, hispidly pubescent, gradually tapering into a long bifurcate beak, the teeth sharp and spreading; scale ovate-lanceolate, thin, brown with scarious margins, shorter than the perigynium; achenium obovate, apiculate, smooth. Marshes and wet places. Common. June, July. Prominently marked by . its 2-5 narrow acute sessile sterile spikes, and its rough-hairy, deeply cleft perigynia. A^ar. imberbis G?'ay. A. reduced form with rough sheaths, smooth perigynia and mostly longer scales. 109. Carex aristata ii. J^r. Stems l°-2^^ high, erect, stout, acutely angled, smooth below the spikes; leaves longer than the culm, li"-3" wide, smooth, rough on the margins, stiff, yellowish green ; staminate spikes 1-i, club-shaped, the uppermost on a stalk }/ -I' long; ])istillate 1S3 NEW yjrk state mcseum spikes 2-4, distant, the upper two sessile, the lowest on a short included stalk, densely flowered, d"-2V in length ; bracts leafy, the lowest sheathing, mostly longer than the culm ; perigynia oblong-ovate, smooth, prominently nerved, 3"-3y in length, gradually tapering into a long and slender bifurcate beak, the awn-like teeth recurved, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, hispidh'-awned scale; achenium elliptical, apiculate, very minutely papillose. Ver}^ rare. June. Jefferson county. Staminate spike solitary; pistillate spikes cylindrical, pendu- lous; perigynia stipitate, lanceolate, finely and densely nerved, with a slender deeply cleft beak, strongly reflexed at maturity, Perigynia with long, very strongly recurved teetb . . comosa. Perigynia with long straightish or divergent teeth . . Pseudo-Cyj^eius. 110. Carex comosa Booft. Stems 2°-3° high, robust, erect, acutely angled, flaccid at the base, rough above the middle smooth below ; leaves surpassing the culm, 4"-5" broad or more, rough toward the extremities ; staminate spike cylindrical, l|-'-lf' in length, subsessile or short- stalked, with a filiform br.act mostlj'- exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes 3-5, I -2^' long, 5"-7" wide, compactly flowered, the upper two, or sometimes three, approximate, the lowest dis- tant or remote, all on slender pendulous peduncles, frequently sterile at the apex ; bracts leafy, sheathless, surpassing the culm; perigynia stipitate, lanceolate, densely nerved, gradually tapering into a long, slender bifurcate beak, the awn-like teeth strongly recurved ; perig3mia reflexed at maturity ; scale lanceo- late, bristle- tipped, a little shorter than the perigynium. Shores and wet places. Common. July, August. The strongly recurved teeth of the reflexed perigynia, the former as conspicuous at the time of flowering as at maturity, are characteristic of this species, which is closely allied to the next following one, of which, by some, it is considered a variety. 111. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus X. Stems 2°-3° high, stout, sharply angled, smooth below the spikes, slightly flaccid at the base ; leaves rough, 2''-4" wide, much surpassing the culm; staminate spike cylindrical, U'--^' in I EKPOKT OF IIIE STATE BjTAN ST 1S9 length, short-peduncled, with a lilifonn bract one-half the length of the spike or more; pistillate spikes 2-5, compactly flowered, exactly cylindrical, 2'-3' in length, usually one or more compound at the base and sometimes sterile at the apex, the upper ones mostly approximate and the lowest distant, all pendulous on fili- form peduncles ^'-A' long ; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, rough on both surfaces, much surpassing the culm; perigynia triangular- lanceolate, prominently nerved, smooth, stalked, gradually tapering into a short forked beak, the sharp teeth straight or spreading; scale lanceolate, rough-awned, about the length of the perigynia which are strongly reflexed at maturity. Shores and wet places. Common. July, August. Closely like the preceding when mature, but the spikes are more evenly cylindrical, and the teeth of the jjerigynia* less spreading, and not so strongly recurved. Also, in its early stage it has been confounded with the next following species, which it resembles, but its longer spikes and peduncles should distinguish it. Perigynia much inflated. Staminate spike single (rarely 2), stalked, sometimes fertile at the summit or base ; pistillate spikes 1-i, approximate, or the lowest distant and spreading, the upper subsessile and suberect or all on short stalks, spreading or drooping, densely flowered, squarrose. Pistillate spikes erect, 3" wide, perigynia S -nerved . , , Baileyi. Pistillate spikes 6" wide, ptrigynia 10-nerved tentaculata. Pistillate spikes b"-6" wide, the lower drooping liystricina. 112 Carex hystricina 3fu/(L Stems 15'-. 4' high, 'erect, acutely angled, rough above the middle or near the summit, smooth and flaccid at the base ; leaves mostly surpassing the culm, l^"-3" wide, rough above the middle and on the margins ; staminate spike single (rarely 2), cylindrical, l'-2' long, mostly short-peduncled, light brown ; pistillate spikes 2-3, oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, £'-11' long, the lowest often with I or 2 short branches at the base, approximate, the uppermost subsessile and spreading, the others on short nod- ding peduncles ; bracts leaf-like, with obsolete sheaths, much surpassing the culm; or the highest often filiform and about equaling it ; perigynia ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, smooth, many- 1'90 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM nerved, gradually tapering into a long, sharply toothed beak; scale, ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned, shorter than the widely divergent or horizontally spreading perigynia. Wet places. Very common. June, July. This species may be distinguished from the next by its longer- stalked drooping spikes and by its smaller^ many-nerved peri- gvnia. In cold, springy, sterile soil a small form occurs with only one or two fertile spikes which are erect and nearly sessile. The scales of the sterile spikes of this species and C. Pseudo- Cyperus are strikingly alike. 1 I 3 . Carex tentaculata, Ilahl, Stems 18-30' high, erect or spreading, acutely. angled above the middle, rough at the summit, mostly smooth below ; leaves 11. "_3" wide, rough, longer than the culm ; staminate spike linear, very rarely with an additional short spike at its base, 1^'-2|-' long, short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2-4, compactly flowered, ovoid-cylindrical, V-l^' long, the upper two contiguous, sessile or nearly so, erect or divergent, the others approximate or the lowest sometimes remote on a short stalk, horizontally spreading • bracts leaf-like, far surpassing the culm ; perigynia turgid-ovoid, thin, about 10-nerved, widely divergent when mature, tapering into a long, slender, roughly-toothed beak, about twice the length of the linear-lanceolate, rough-awned scale; achenium ovoid, minutely papillose, with a long curved persistent style. Wet places. Very common. June, July. This species may be identified by the short-stalked, horizontally- spreading lowest spike, and by the spreading, slender beaks of the perigynia, which give to the spikes a coarse, comose appear- ance. The name C. lurida, Wahl., is applied to this plant in the last edition of the Manual. Karely the staminate spike is fertile at the apex. Var. flaccida {Bailey). Smaller, with 2-4 loosely flowered, approximate, sessile spikes V long or less ; the fruit longer than in the type and less abruptly contracted into the beak ; the spikes of a dull or reddish-brown color. Var. parvula Paine. A diminutive form 5'-10' high with one or two globose or ovoid sessile densely flowered reddish-brown spikes. KEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 191 C. tentaculata x lupulina {Bailey.). Resembles C. lupulina, but is every way smaller ; staminate spike stalked, pistillate spikes approximate, sessile, erect-spreading, dull yellowish, or greenish; perigynia turgid-ovate, about 15-nerved, the long slender beaks widely divergent : scales with long rough awns shorter than the perigynia. In a meadow bog in Poestenkill with the above-named species and C. hystricina, the latter being the most abundant. 114. Carex Bailey i Britton. Stems 19-20' high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth or rough near the spikes; leaves 1"-14^" wide, rough, longer than the culm ; staminate spike linear, V-V long, short-stalked or sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, compactly flowered, ovoid or exactly cvlin- drical, V-l\' in length, 2"-"i" thick, rigidlv erect, sessile, or the lowest subsessile ; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, far surpassing the culm ; perigynia turgid-globular, about eight-nerved, evenly divergent, very abruptly contracted with a long, slender biden- tate beak, a little exceeding the long, rough-awned scale ; achen- ium triangular-elliptical, tapering to each end, minutely papillose, with a strongly curved style. (C. tentaculata var, gracilis Boott. C. lurida var. gracilis Bailey.) Swamps and wet places. Adirondack mountains. July. This slender handsome species bears but a slight resemblance to the preceding, of which it was long ago made a ■variety by Dr. Boott; nor have intermediate forms been found which might possiblv connect it with that species. On the other hand, it has, since it was first discovered, maintained its perfect identity as a mountain-loving species. It does not appear to descend into the lower regions, where the other species is so common. Even, dwarf forms of the allied species have their fertile spikes thicker than those of the most luxuriant forms of this, and the two main- tain their distinctive characters when growing side by side and under similar conditions. The name C. montaraans was given to this species in the manuscript of this Re])ort, but owing to the delay in its publication it becomes necessary to substitute for it the earlier published name of Prof. Britton. Pistillate spikes 9 "-12" broad, erect on stitF peduncles or the upper sessile; bracts prominently sheathing; perigynia (>" long and 2' broad, ascending. Spikes hop-like in appearance. 192 BEW YOEK STATE MUSEUM Pistillate spikes l'-2' long, aclienia without prominent I mammillate angles lupulina. Pistillate spikes 2'-S' long, achenia distinctly mammil- late on the angles lupuliformis. 115. Carex lupulina 3fuhl. Stoloniferous ; stems 2°-3'' high, erect, robust, acutely angled, smooth ; leaves 3"-6" broad or more, smooth, rough-mar- gined, conspicuously nodose, reticulated on the upper surface, much surpassing the culm ; staminate spike single (rarely two), cylindrical, l'-3' in length on a peduncle i'-li' long; pistillate spikes 2-6, closely Hoovered, l'-2' long, 8"-10" broad, the upper ones approximate, short-stalked or sessQe, the others some u'hat scattered and longer peduncled,or sometimes all sessile or nearly so, the lowest usually on a stalk i'-l^' long ; bracts leaf like, prominently sheathing, muah surpassing the culm ; peri- gynisi ovate-lanceolate, conspicuousl}'- stipitate, prominently nerved, thin, 6' -9" long, erect-spreading, gradually tapering into a long biientate beak, nearly twice the length of the lanceolate, awnpointed scale; achenium triquetrous, sharply angled, stipitate, about 1^" long, scarcely 1" broad, tapering each way from the middle, the apex continuous with the persistent tortuous base of the style. Swamps and water holes. Common. July. Tar. pedunculata Deiv. Differs in its more scattered promi- nently ped uncled spikes, its usually long-stalked sterile spike and the more divergent perigjmia. C. lupulina x retrorsa Dudley. Perigynia straw-colored, hori- zontally spreading ; scale acute or short-awaed. 116. Carex lupuliformis Sartioell. Stems 2°-3° high, stout, smooth, usually stoloniferous ; leaves longer than the culm, 3"-G'' wide, smooth, rough-margined ; staminate spike clavate, 1^-3' long, often long-stalked; pistillate spikes 2-5, mostly 4, cylindrical, closely flowered, the upper 3 contiguous, sessile, the others short peduncled, the lowest distant or remote on an exserted stalk ^'-1' in length, all erect and stiff, 2-3' long, 9"-12" broad or more ; bracts foliaceous, sheathing, far surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate, 5"-9" long, much inflated, strongly nerved, thin, more or less spreading, KEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST l93 tapering from a stalked base into a long cylindrical, bidentate beak, about twice the length of the ovate lanceolate, pointed or rough-awned scale ; achenium nearly as broad as long, with a mammillate protuberance on each angle, and a long curved style. (C. lupulina var. polystachya Schiv. and Torr.) Marshes. Rare. Yates and Putnam ccunties. July. The long spikes and peculiar achenia characterize this species. Perigynia moderately or much inflated, ascending, divergent or deflexed. Staminate spike single (rarely 2), clavate, stalked or sessile, rarely androgynous; pistillate spikes 1-5, globose, oblong or short cylindrical, sometimes sterile at the apex, compactly sub- densely or alternately flowered, sessile or peduncled, erect or spreading, the upper contiguous or approximate, the others dis- tinct or scattered or all scattered, green or yellowish-green at maturity; bracts leaf-like, with conspicuous or obsolete sheaths, erect or divaricate, longer than the culm ; perigynia ovoid, lan- ceolate or awl shaped, nerved, mostly smooth with a short notched or long bifurcate beak. Spikes short-cylindrical, leaves involute extensa. Spikes globose or ovoid, distant, bracts sheathing 1 Spikes globose or oblong, contiguous above, bracts obsolete „ 1 Spikes 4-8, distant, perigynia awl-shaped Collinivii. 1 Spikes subdensely or densely flowered, perigynia not awl-shaped „ 3 Leaves2"-6" wide \ Z'.\'.\'.'.'.' '.''.'. folliculata. 3 Leaves about I" wide Michauxiana. 2 Spikes 3-8-flowered, leaves involute oligosperma. 2 Spikes more than 8-tlowered, leaves not involute * 4 4 Perigynia deflexed when mature, its beak bent Hava. 4 Perigynia with a straight beak 5 5 Perigynia small, with a short, minutely notched beak . . a: leri. 5 Perigynia much inflated, b"-8" long q 6 Spikes 15-30 flowered, perigynia 25-30 nerved Gravii. 6 Spikes 3-12 flowered, j,erigynia 15-20 nerved inturaescens. 117 Carex Gray ii Carey. Stems 12'-30' high, stout, acutely angled above, smooth ; leaves surpassing the culm, ii"-3" wide, rough, light green ; staa- 25 194 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM inate spike linear or sub-clavate, 1' long, often inconspicuous, sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, densely flowered, globular, contiguous or subdistant the uppermost ses- sile, the lower short-peduncled, erect, C^"-9" thick ; bracts leafy, longer than the culm; perigynia turgid-ovate or ovoid, 25-30 nerved, 6"-9" long, smooth, widely spreading and deflexed, taper- ing into a long bidentate beak, about twice the length of the broadly ovate, acute scale. Wet places in the central and western part of the State, rare in the eastern part. July. The large yellowish-green spikes, mostly contiguous and of a bur-like aspect, sufficiently mark this fine species. It is related to the next following species to which it has sometimes been sub- joined as a variety. It is C. Asa-G-rayi Bailey. Yar. hispidula Gray. Perigynia hispidly-pubescent, Greene county. 118 Carex intumescens Budge. Stems 15^-30' liigij, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth be- low the middle, sometimes with a few short stolons ; leaves H"-3" broad, rough, longer than the culm, dark green ; staminate spike cylindrical, f '-2' in length, subsessile or on a stalk i'-l^ long ; pistillate spikes 1-3, 5-10 loosely or subdensely flowered (rarely 1-3 flowered), globular, contiguous or approximate, ses- sile or the lowest on a short stalk 3"-6" in length, dark green, often becoming blackish in drying ; bracts leafy, sheathless, much surpassing the culm ; perigynia turgid-ovoid, 15-20 nerved, widely spreading, tapering into a long, smooth or roughish bi- dentate beak, about twice longer than the oblong-ovate cuspi- date scale. Wet places in fields or woods. Very common. June, July. This species has more slender culms, darker foliage, fewer flowered spikes and fewer nerved perigynia than C. Grayii, to which it is closely related. It is quite variable. In shaded places there is a very slender form with one to three perigynia in a spike; aleo in open places there is a very slender form with two to three scattered spikes having one to five rather small perigynia in each. These sometimes assume a reddish-brown color even before maturity. REPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 195 119. Carex folliculata L. Steins 15'-30' high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves 2"-6" wide, rough beneath, the lowest short and long sheathing, the upper surpassing the culm; staminate spike small and often inconspicu- ous, \' long or more, sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 3-4, 10-20 subloosely flowered, globose-ovoid, 5 "-8'' broad, approximate, distant or remote, the uppermost sessile, the lower on exserted peduncles ^'-1' long, all erect, green or tawny; bracts leafy, sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia ovate- lanceolate, many-nerved, inflated, smooth, widely spreadiDg, gradually tapering into a short bidentate beak, longer than the ovate rough-awned, while scale. Swamps and wet places. Common. June, July. The species is easily recognized by its short, lower stem leaves, and by its usually distant green or yellowish, subglobose spikes. On the sand plains west of Rome and in sphagnous marshes of the Adirondack region a short form occurs, having the pistillate spikes approximate, four of them being included in a space of 2^-3'. 120. Carex Michauxiana BcecJcl. Stems 10-20' high, stiff, smooth ; leaves exceeding the culm, I'-H" wide, rough or sometimes smooth below the middle, yellowish-green ; staminate spikes 3"-6" long, sessile, mostly inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, densely flowered, globose- ovoid, the upper contiguous and sessile, the lowest distant or remote on an exserted peduncle l-'-V long, yellowish-green; bracts leafy, sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia lanceo- late, numerously nerved, inflated, smooth, ere^t, spreading or widely divergent, tapering into a short, slender bidentate beak, twice longer than the oblong, obtuse, light-brown scale. (C. rostrata Mx., C. Michauxii Schw.) Swamps and bogs. Adirondack region. July. More slender than the last; spikes fewer, more densely flowered, with the perigynia shorter and more slender, and the scale much smaller and awnless. An occasional form has the lowest spike on a peduncle five or six inches long. 121. Carex CoUinsii Xutt. Stems 6'-20' high or more, slender, erect, rough above the middle; basal bracts purple; leaves exceeding the culm, 1-1^" I 196 N1.W TOKK STATE MDSEtJM wide, rough, bright green ; staminate spike linear, S" long y' wide, sessile; pistillate spikes 2-i, distant, sessile or the lowest on a short exserted peduncle, all erect, 4-8 loosely flowered, green ; bracts leafy sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia awl-shaped, finely nerved, smooth, slightly inflated, 6" long, reflexed, with a long, slender, deeply cleft beak, the awn-like teeth deflexed at maturity ; scale lanceolate, cuspidate, less than half the length of the perigynium. (C. subulata Mx.) Swamps and wet places. Yery rare. Long Island and Rich- mond county. June, July. 122. Carex oligosperma iH/ic. Stems 15'- 30' high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading, slightly rough on the acute angles above ; leaves as long as the culm, 1" wide, becoming involute, smooth or rough-margined ^ staminate spikes 1 or 2, clavate, V--iy long, on stalks I'-l' in length ; pistillate spikes 1-2, globular or ovoid, 3-8 flowered, subdistant, the uppermost sessile, the lowest usually short-stalked, sometimes half staminate ; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, shorter or longer than the culm; peri J^ynia turgid ovate, 2"-2i-" long, ly wide, prominently nerved, ascending, contracted into a short slender bidentate beak, longer than the ovate obtuse brown scale. Bogs and marshes. Northern part of the State. July, August. Conspicuously marked by its tall slender stems, involute leaves and few flowered, ovoid spikes. 123. Carex flava X. Stems l°-2° high, erect, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm, 1".-1^" wide, mostly smooth, yellowish-green; staminate spike subclavate, about ^' long, sessile or short-stalked, erect or oblique, sometimes small and inconspicuous ; pistillate spikes 1-1, ovoid or globular, compactly flowered, aggregated and sessile or the lowest subdistant and short-peduncled, yellowish-green or fulvous ; bracts leaf -like, sheathless, divaricate, longer than the culm ; perigynia turgid-ovate, prominently nerved, smooth, tapering into a long, slender bent or recurved bidentate beak, strongly reflexed at maturity ; scale oblong-ovate acute or obtusish, brown, much shorter than the perigynium ; achenium short, triangular, obovate, apiculate, blackish-brown. BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 197 B)gs shores and wet places. Very common and variable. June to August. A form sometimes occurs in which the staminate spike is fer- tile at the apex. Var. graminis Bailey. Differs from the type in its much smaller size, longer leaves which exceed the culm, its mostly .erect bracts, and in its smaller, usually straight perigynia. The beaks are deeply cleft as in the type and occasionally slightly rough. This variety is not rare in the Adirondack region. Yar. fertilis Feclc n. var. Stems 15'--20' high, firm and erect, smooth; leaves 1 1^''-^" wide ; staminate spike invisible; pistillate spikes 4--5, ovoid or short-oblong, 5"--6" long, 3'' wide, compactly flowered, the upper 3 aggregated,' sessile, the lowest subdistant on a partly included stalk 3"-5" in length ; bracts short-sheathed, divaricate and recurved, 3'~S' long, or the upper sometimes setaceous ; perigynia yellowish-green with long rough beaks, a little longer than the oblong, acute deep brown scale. Low moist ground. Dutchess county. June. The staminate spike is apparently almost or wholly fertile. 124. Carex CEderi Ehrh. Stems 5'-20' high, slender, smooth ; leaves mostly exceeding the culm, 1" wide or more, smooth, yellowish green, fading to fulvous when old ; staminate spike Z"-'d" long, often androgynous, sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-4-, ovoid or short cylindrical, 3"-S" long, densely flowered, aggregated, or the lowest subdistant, all sessile and erect, sometimes 1 or 2 proliferously branched at the base, yellowish-green ; bracts leaf-like, erect, longer than the culm, or the upper sometimes setaceous; perigynia obovoid, straight, prominently nerved, divergent or ascending, contracted into a short bifid or slightly notched smooth beak, longer than the ovate acute thin brown scale ; achenium triangular, obovate, apiculate, sharply angled, blackish-brown. Wet places. Common, especially in the western part of the Sta'e. July, August. This is easily separated from C. Ilava, to which it is closely alliei, by its much smaller spikes and smaller perigynia with a shorter, straight, smooth, slightly notched beak. In the last edi- tion of the Manual it is referred to C fiava as Xwv. viridula Bailey. 198 NEW TOBK STATE MUSEUM 125. Carex extensa Good. Stems l°-2° high, slender but strict, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm or sometimes surpassing it, involute, smooth ; staminate spike clavate, 8"-10" long, subsessile ; pistillate spikes densely flowered, ovoid or short cylindrical, 4''-9" long, 2^"-3" wide ; the upper ones approximate, sessile, the lowest remote on a short partly included stalk ; bracts like the leaves or the upper- most often setaceous, the lowest sheathing, surpassing the culm; perigynia ovate, prominently nerved, ascending or widely diver- gent, gradually tapering into a short bifid beak, longer than the ovate acute or obtuse macronate deep-brown scale; acheniam elliptical, substipitate. Introduced and local. Coney Island and Long Island. Distinguished from the last by its stiff involute leaves, less approximate spikes and larger, firmer perigynia. Spikes 1-4, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertUe, sterile below, the others fertile, densel}'' flowered ; perigynia long- beaked, squarrose at maturity. 126. Carex squarrosa L. Stems l^°-3° high, stiff and erect, acutely angled, smooth; leaves surpassing the culm, \V-^' wide, lax and spreading, smooth, or rough above the middle ; spikes 1-4, ovoid or cylin- drical, densely flowered, 6"-12" long, 4"-6'' wide, usually approxi- mate, short-ped uncled, or the lowest on a stiff stalk ^-V long, all erect, the terminal one pistillate above, stami- nate below ; bracts leafy, longer than the culm, or the upper- most sometimes not exceeding its spike ; perigynia turgid, obovoid, lightly few nerv^ed, thin and papery, abruptly con- tracted into a long slender bifid beak as long as the body, the teeth short and thin, horizontally spreading at matur.ty; scale lanceolate, mostly concealed by the crowded perigynia ; achenium elliptical. Moist meadows and swales. Common. June, July. This is a very distinct and peculiar species not closely related to any other in our limits. Forma robusta Peck. Stouter, leaves firmer, mostly erect ; spikes 8'-12" long, 6"-7" wide, 2' apart, the lowest on a slender drooping pedundcle 2' long. i I KEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 199 Staminate spikes 1-1-, short or long-stalked, often pistillate at the base or apex ; pistillate spikes i-5, cylindrical, usually densely flowered, the upper approximate (clustered in 127), sessile or short-stalked, erect or spreading, the lower sometimes drooping, or all distant, short stalked or sessile, erect or ascending, some- times sterile at the apex, stra ^r-colored or tawny ; bracts like the leaves, the lower sometimes sheathing, equaling or surpassing the culm; perigynia ovate or globular-ovoid, much inflated, nerved or nerveless, ascending or spreading (reflexed in 127) shining, with a prominent bidentate beak. (Spikes pendulous, loosely flowered and perigynia globular with a needle-shaped beak in 133.) Perigynia large, l^"-3 " wide. 1 Perigynia small, less than 1^" wide 2 1 Pistillate spikes 2 or more, ascending Tuckermani. 1 Pistillate spikes 1 or 2, perigynia M'i lely spreading. . . buUata. 2 Pistillate spikes less than 4 " wide 3 2 Pistillate spikes 4" wide or more 4 3 Spikes erect or spreading monile. 3 Spikes drooping longirostris. 4 Spikes contiguous, perigynia reflexed retrorsa. 4 Spikes approximate or distant, perigynia not reflexed, 5 5 Spikes distant utriculata. 5 Spikes approximate or the lowest onl}^ distant Schweinitzii. 127. Car ex retrorsa Schic. Stems densely clustered, 2'-3^ high, firm and erect, smooth with obtuse angles ; leaves much longer than the culm, H'-t" wide, rough, bright green ; staminate spikes 1-3, often slightly pistillate above or at the base, cylindrical, 1-2' long; pistillate spikes 3-5, densely flowered, cylindrical, 1-2' long or more, 4"-5" thick, the upper contiguous and erect on short included stalks, the lowest sometimes distant or remote on a short or long partly drooping peduncle, one or more often compound at the base; bracts leaf-like, short-sheathing, or sometimes the uppermost filiform, all much surpassing the culm ; perigynia ovoid, prominently few- nerved, thin, strongly reflexed, tapering into a long bidentate beak ; scale short lanceolate, usually invisible. Wet places and water holes. Common. .lune, July. 200 NBW YORK STATE MUSEUM Readily identified by the clustered spikes and reflexed perigynia. Var. Hartii Gray. Slender; fertile spikes more or less dis- tant, stalked, loosely flowered ; perigynia slightly reflexed. (C. Hartii Dew) This is regarded by Prof. Britton as a distinct species. 128. Carex Tuckermani Dew. Stems l|°-3° high, stout, the acute angles rough ; leaves rough l^"-2" wide, exceeding the culm; stiminate spikes 1-3, cylin- drical, I'-H' long, on a stalk i'-V in length, the lowest some- times with a few pistillate flowers at its base; pistillate spikes 2-4, densely flowered, oblong or cylindrical, ^'-J,' in length, 4:"-6" thick, rather distant, the uppermost sessile, erect -spreading, the remainder peduncled, the lowest sometimes remote and droop- ing ; bracts leaf like, sheathless, longer than the culm ; perigynia large, ovate, prominently nerved, thin, 4^"-b" long, 2|"-3" thick, contracted into a slender bidentate beak, twice the length of the lanceolate acute or pointed scale. Wet places in shaded stations or open fields-. Common. June, July. The rather short thick spikes and the large ovate shining peri- gynia are characteristic of this species. When very young the perigynia of this species and of C. intumescens, C. Grayii and some others with inflated perigynia are very pale or almost white. 129. Carex bullata Schk. Stems l°-2° high, slender, erect, acutely angled, rough above, smooth below the middle, dark purple and tibrillose at the base; leaves smooth or roughish, stiff, mostly erect, l"-li" wide, about the length of the culm ; staminate spikes 2-3, cylindrical or sub- clavate, i -1^' in length on stalks Q"-9" long ; pistillate spikes 1-2, densely flowered, ii'-'d" (rarely 1') long, 3"-5" thick, sessfle and erect, or, when 2, approximate or remote, the uppermost short-stalked or sessile, the lowest on a slender peduncle 1' long or less, erect or slightly spreading ; bracts leafy with obsolete sheaths, usually exceeding the culm ; perigynia ovate, much in- flated, nerved, thick, shining, widely divergent, tapering into a long, smooth or minutely roughened, bidentate beak, longer than the lanceolate acute or obtuse scale. BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 201 A very rare species but one well marked by its 1-2 short thick spikes, and its large shining widely divergent perigynia. No specimens of it are in the State Herbarium, but it is said to occur in Westchester county and in the valley of the Mohawk. 130. Carex monile Tucl-m. Stems 2°-3° high, slender, erect, rough on the acute angles above the middle; leaves longer than the culm, l|-"-2^" wide, rough at the top and on the margins, lax ^ and somewhat spread- ing; staminate spikes 2-i, cylindrical or clavate, V-l^' in length, usually on a stalk V long; pistillate spikes 1-3, densely flowered, cylindrical, V-U' long, S'-i" thick, scattered, the upper ones sessile and erect or erect-spreading, the lowest on a slender spreading stalk |'-1' in length, or sometimes sessile and erect ; bracts leaf-like, with obsolete sheaths, far surpassing the culm; perigynia globose-ovate, much inflated, thin and papery, nerved, somewhat divergent, gradually tapering into a long bidentate beak, about twice the length of the acute or pointed scale. Wet places, margins of streams, etc. Common. July. It may be known by the slender stems and lax leaves, and by the 2-3 distant or remote, mostly erect, narrow, densely flowered spikes, and the globose thin shining perigynia. Forms some- times occur with a single pistillate spike, and such forms having the spike unusually thick might easily be mistaken for C. bullata. The species is very common in the Adirondack region. 131. Carex utriculata Boott. Stems 2°-4° high, stout, acutely angled above the leaves, smooth, flaccid, conspicuously reticulated below the middle; leaves sur- passing the culm, 3"-5" broad, nodulose-roughened, dark green; staminate spikes 3-4, the terminal one short stalked, the others sessile, ^'-W in length, the lowest with a slender bract exceeding its jpike; pistillate spikes 2-5, densely flowered, sometimes one or nore staminate at the apex, cylindrical, U -4 long, 4"-()" thick, scattered, the upper sessile, the lower short-stalked, all erect or learly so ; bracts leafy, the lowest short-sheathing, far surnass- Dg the culm ; perigynii small, turgid-ovate, of a thick texture, ew-nerved, divergent, abruptly contracted into a cylindrical, 26 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sharply-toothed beak, longer than the lanceolate acute or awned scale. Swamps, bogs and margins of streams. Common. June, July. The spikes are longer than in the last species, the perigynia are smaller and firmer. The species may be recognized by the nodose-netted stems and Leaves. It is common in the Adirondack region where there are small forms, Yar. minor Boott, with spikes scarcely more than 1-1^' long. 132. Carex Sch"weinitzii Beto. Stoloniferous ; stems l°-2" high, erect, rough on the acute angles ; leaves longer than the culm, l|"-3" broad or more rout^h, yellowish-green; staminate spikes 1-2, clavate, 9"-12, long on peduncles \'-l' in length ; pistillate spikes 3-4, densely flowered, often loosely at the base, and sometimes compound, occasionally staminate at the apex, cylindrical, 1-2' long or more, 3"-4" thick, approximate, mostly on short Spreading stalks, or sometimes the lowest remote on a filiform nodding peduncle 2'-2y long; bracts leaf-like, short sheathing or not sheathing, longer than the culm ; perigynia small, turgid-ovoid, few-nerved, thin, divergent, gradually tapering into a slender bidentate beak, nearly twice the length of the rough-awned scale. Swamps and borders of streams. Oneida and Herkimer coun- ties. Apparently rare or wanting elsewhere. June. 133. Carex longirostris Torr. Stems 10'-30' high, slender, erect, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm, l^-^" wide, rough, light or glaucous green ; staminate spikes 2-3, clavate, ^'-l' long, short-peduncled, yellowish-white; pistillate spikes 2-5, loosel}^ flowered, cylindrical, l'-2' long, distant, the uppermost short-stalked and mostly erect, sometimes half staminate above, the others on filiform, drooping peduncles iy-6' in length ; bracts leafy or the uppermost setaceous, the lowect barely sheathing, shorter than the culm ; perigynia turgid-globular or globose-ovoid, 2-ribbed, nerveless, divergent, smooth, very abruptly contracted into a slender bifid beak longer than the body ; scale lanceolate, whitish, often with a long awn- like point, equal to or a little shorter than the perigynia. Dry rocky places in woods or clearings. Xot common. June. A form with spikes less than one inch long is Var. minor Boott. EEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 203 EDIBLE AND POISONOUS FUXGI OF NEW YORK. The figures and descriptions of the '• Edible and Poisonous Fungi of New York" here gi^en have been prepared with a view to meet a growing and popular demand for information concerning a much-neglected department of economic botany, and to facilitate and encourage a more general acquisition of a knowledge of the natural food products of our State. Many who would gladly avail themselves of the agreeable and highly nutritious food afforded by our edible fungi are debarred from doing so by a lack of the knowledge necessary for a proper dis- crimination between the edible and the poisonous or worthless species. With this knowledge, the fear of the bad would no longer prevent the use of the good. With it many whose cir- cumstances are such as to make it difficult or impossible to ])ro- cure an adequate supply of animal food might often obtain a very good substitute for it by the slight labor of gathering it in the fields and woods. European works on this subject are less satisfactory, because the species in this countr}^ are not wholly the same as in that. Some of them are not readily procurable because of their high price, others and cheaper ones are less desirable because of deficiency in the number or the character of their illustrations. It has been the purpose of the writer in his attempt to elucidate this subject to be satisfactorily profuse in illustrations. The plates are of such dimensions as to admit of figures of natural size in all except a single species. Whenever it was necessary a whole plate has been devoted to a single species. In nearly all cases the appearance of the young as well as of the mature plant has been shown, and in several instances well-marked varieties have also been illustrated. For the benefit of the botanical student the spores of each species have been figured, magnified to a uniform scale of four hundred diameters. A compound microscope and a micrometer are necessary to ascertain the shipe and size of the spore. Of each species a brief diagnosis or botanical description is first given for the use of botanists. This is followed b}' a more full description in plain and simple language which may readily 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM be comprehended by the general reader. This description has been made as concise as was compatible with completeness and with the avoidance of technical terms. It is supplemented by a statement of the usual dimensions of the plant, its habitat or usual place of growth, its time of appearance, its qualities as an esculent and its relations or resemblances to other species. Sixty-three edible species have been figured on thirty-nine plates, three poisonous ones on three plates and one unwholesome one on one plate. Of the sixty-three edible species, about forty have been tested as to their edible qualities by the writer. Of the remainder, all save four have been eaten without harm by some of his acquaintances or correspondents. The four unproved species have been recorded as edible by various writers and no word of suspicion has ever been raised against them, so that it may be asserted most confidently that no species here represented as edible is at all dangerous or deleterious if used with modera- tion and after proper selection and preparation. All the species are not equally sapid, tender or desirable, but any of them may be eaten with perfect safety, if collected in good condition and eaten in reasonable quantity. Nine of these species were first published as edible in the State Museum reports, seven having been proved by the writer, two by his friends. Other species belonging to our flora have been classed as edible by various writers, but they are not included in the present work, because opportunity has not yet been found for a personal trial of their edible qualities or for making accurate figures of them. It is to be hoped that in due time it may be possible to include them in a supplementary publication which shall com- plete this work. That there are dangerous species whose use as food should be most carefully avoided is an acknowledged fact, but the number of such species is far less than many suppose. According to the authority of those who have especially investigated this subject, the dangerously poisonous species found in this country all belong to a single genus, Amanita. About a dozen species of this genus have been found in our State, and of these, two are known to be harmless and edible, three or four only are commonly classed as poisonous, and probably a single one of these is responsible for a vast majority of the fatal accidents EEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 205 resulting from "mushroom poisoning." There are, however, some species in other genera that are capable of causing nausea, vomiting and derangement of the digestive organs. They are unwholesome because of their persistently bitter, acrid or other- wise disagreeable flavor, or because of toughness of texture or the possession of some quality repugnant to the stomach. They may indeed cause sickness and vomiting, but the irritation they induce is soon apparent and quickly causes the rejection from the system of the offending substance and then the normal condition of the system is soon restored. Sometimes recovery in such cases may be hastened by the administration of some simple emetic which will assist the stomach in its efforts to expel the unwhole- some material. The dangerous species do not appear to possess such irritating qualities. The symptoms of sickness do not appear till several hours after eating, generally eight to fifteen. Then the face exhibits an ashy paleness, there is distress in the region of the stomach, resulting in nausea, vomiting and relaxation of the bowels, the extremities become cold, the pulse feeble, the sight affected, and finally stupor and death follow if relief is not obtained. To this kind of poisoning, atropine, the active principle of Atropa helladonna, has been found to be an antidote. It has been administered in doses of y^J ^ to -i^^ of a grain accord- ing to the severity of the case, and the dose may be repeated if necessary. It should be administered in subcutaneous injections. For two thousand years or more people have made use of mush- rooms for food and from time to time death has resulted from their use, either through ignorance or carelessness. Still men persist in their use, and those who would use them if they dared frequently ask how they may distinguish mushrooms from toad- stools, the word " toadstools " indicating to them poisonous or harmful species. Many attempts have been made to answer this question and many rules have been formulated by the observance of which, it has been claimed, all ditficulty and danger would be avoided. Some of these rules are entirely unreliable and to others there are so many exceptions that they are misleading and practically worthless. The rules vary according to the stand- point of the one proposing them. One who considers the Com- 206 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM mon mushroo^i the only edible species seeks to separate it from all others, and says " avoid all which have Tvhite gills and a hol- low stem." This rule precludes the use of many mushrooms which are just as good as the one it sustains, and at the same time it is not definite enough to limit the selection to the one intended. Another, thinking of the Delicious lactarius which has an orange-colored juice, says " reject all such as have a white milky juice." This rule forbids the use of several species of lac- tarius that are no more harmful and scarcely less sapid than the Delicious lactarius. Again we are told by some one who has in mind the poisonous amanitas, to "discard all mushrooms that have a warty cap or a membranous sheath at the bottom of the stem." This would be a very good rule if we might add to it the sentence, unless you know the species to be edible and safe. The Orange mushroom, which is deemed an edible species of first quality, has a membranous sheath at the base of the stem, and the Tveddish amanita has a warty cap and yet is not only harmless but very good, so that the rule which would forbid the use of these species excludes more than is neces- sary. The same may be said of those directions which require the rejection of all mushrooms having a viscid cap or an acrid taste or whose flesh on being broken quickly changes to a blue color. And as to the old-fashioned silver spoon test, by which it was thought that a silver spoon thrust among cooking mushrooms would be quickly tarnished if they were poisonous and remain bright if they were edible, that was long ago proved to be most unreliable by a fatal experiment in which several persons lost their lives because the cook put confidence it. We are, therefore, forced to conclude that no abstract rule is at present known by which the good can in every case be separated from the bad. The only safe and reasonable way to do this is to learn to recog- nize each species hy its own peculiar specific characters. It is in this way that we recognize the useful and esculent species among flowering plants, and it must be in this way that we select our edible mushrooms. A little more care may be necessary in one case than in the other, because of a closer resemblance in some cases between good and bad mushrooms than between good and bad flowering plants. The principle that is to govern in this KEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 207 matter is the same in both cases. The greater the number of edible species clearly recognizable by any one the greater the field from which he may draw his supplies. If he is acquainted with but one species he should limit his use of mushro )ms to that one species, unless he can avail hitnself of the more extensive knowledge of some one else or unless he is willing to take the risk of eating some poisonous or unwholesome species. In a few instances it is possible to affirm of certain groups of species or of certain genera, that no deleterious species are known in them. Thus we have in this State six species of morels and no morel is known to be poisonous. It is, therefore, possible for any one who is able to separate a morel from all other fungi, to eat morels with considerable confidence though he may not be able to distinguish one species of morel from another. The same mav be said of puff balls. No harmful species is known among them, and he who can discriminate between puff balls and all other fungi does not incur ver}'^ much risk- in eating any puff ball of good flavor, though he may not be able to distinguish the species from each other. The probability is that he will suffer no harm by so doing, but there is not absolute safety. It is possible that some rare species exists having deleterious qualities which have not yet been ascertained by experiment, hence the lack of absolute certainty; for we know by experience among the amanitas that excellent edible species may exist in the same genus with and be closely related botanically to dangerously poisonous t-pecies. Therefore, those rules which say all morels, all puff balls, and all fairy clubs may safely be eaten are too sweeping, and would be better if modified by the words, "so far as known." Many mushrooms have a farinaceous taste or odor, or both taste and od .r are of this character. Some have thought that all species having this meal like flavor are edible, and indeed many of them are, and no dangeroush^ poisonous species is known to have it. But occasionally a species has this flavor combined with or followed by a bitter or otherwise disagreeable flavor which would at leastrender the mushroom undesirable if not unwhole- some. So that rules designed to aid in the selection of edible species have their exceptions and their weak points as well as the rules designed to protect us against the poisonous sjiecies. There 208 NEW YOBK STATE MUSEUM is, therefore, no escape from the necessity of acquiring a knowl- edge of each species we would utilize, sufflciendy clear and exact to enable us to distinguish it from all others. Whatever value investigators and experimenters, who are willing to take some risks for the good of others, may find in such rules or general principles, it is evident that they are not sufficiently definite, exact and reliable for general use. To any one willing to avail himself of the experience of others and to apply himself suffi- ciently to learn to recognize the^species they have found to be edible, nature opens a field productive of much palatable and nutritious food, which is too often left to decay where it grew. But some care is necessary in the selection of specimens of species known to be edible. The plants selected should be in good condition. Well grown, sound, fresh specimens only should be chosen. Old, partly-decayed, water-soaked, worm-eaten or withered plants should be discarded. Even young and sound ones should not be kept- too long before they are cooked. They are in some cases very perishable and deteriorate rapidly. If more have been collected at one time than are needed for a single meal it will generally be better to cook them all at once and keep them in a refrigerator in the cooked rather than in the raw state. As a rule it is better to cook them the same day they are col- lected. In the case of the inky fungi this will be absolutely necessary, for they will not keep in good condition from one day till the next. Some of the species literally grow up in a night and perish in a day. These also should be cooked with great prompt- ness, for they are only desirable while young'and before the gills have begun to change to a black inky liquid. Puff balls should only be used while the inner flesh is pure and white. When the yellowish stains of maturity begin to appear they are no longer fit for food. No one would think of eating them after the flesh has changed to the cottony dusty mass of maturity. Many insects are fond of mushrooms. Both they and their larvae feed on them and the latter often live in them. A mush- room may appear fair externally, but if it is cut or broken its flesh may be seen to be full of holes or galleries excavated by larvae, and perhaps a colony of the larvae themselves may be found within. It is needless to say that fcuch specimens are BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 209 unfit for food. Strange as it may seem, a colony of larva3 in the lower part of the stem of a mushroom will some- times affect disastrously the flavor of the cap or upper part which they have not yet invaded. This fact may explain in part the varying opinions of different writers concerning the flavor and edible qualities of certain mushrooms. Slight differ- ences in flavor may also be attributed to differences in the char- acter of the soil in which they grow, the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, degree of temperature, age and rapidity of growth and to exposure to the sun and wind. Old and slowly- developed individuals are likely to be less tender than young and rapidly growing ones. Differences in individual tastes will also account in part for differences of opinion on this point. There are also peculiarities of constitution which have given origin to the saying, " What is one man's meat is another man's poison." One person can eat no egg, nor anything into which egg enters as an ingredient, without suffering or sickness. Another is made si?k by eating strawberries, nevertheless egg and strawberries are not classed as poisonous. Still it is possible that some fungi as harmless as egg and strawberries may have been charged with poisonous qualities from some such accidental circumstance or individual peculiarity. In collecting mushrooms for the table it is well, in all cases in which the stems are too tough for food, to cut the caps from the stems. In this way much dirt and useless material will be left where it belongs, and it wiU be possible in many cases to ascer- tain if the caps have been attacked by insects. Most often the larvae mine their way up from the ground through the central part of the stem to the cap, and by cutting the cap from the stem their holes or galleries are exposed to view. In but few species are the stems sufliciently tender to be used. Some have recommended that the caps be placed in the collecting basket in an inverted position, for if placed in their natural position with gills downward they will dro]) their spores and their flavor will be impaired. It is ver}- doubtful if this partial loss of spores affects the flavor in any appreciable degree. If more than one species should be taken during the same excursion it would be well to keep them separate from each other by wrapping each 27 210 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM species in a piece of paper by itself. This precaution is not necessary if the species are so distinct in color, shape or size that they can readily be separated from, each other at home, or if they are so similar in flavor and texture that they may be treated alike in cooking without any detriment to their esculent qualities. Should a doubt arise at any time, concerning the identity of a supposed edible species, do not use such a mushroom until all doubt on this point has been banished. If it is thought desirable to compare the plant with the published figures and descriptions for the purpose of identifying the species, select for this purpose sound specimens which represent both the young and the mature forms, that all the specific characters may be shown. Take the specimens up carefully from, their place of growth, removing all the loose dirt from the base of the stem. Wrap the specimens carefully in soft paper or large green leaves that they may be kept as fresh as possible till the time of examination. On reach- ing home, lose no time in making the examination for in some species there are evanescent characters which will not be available after a few hours' delay. In one family of fungi the color of the spores is an important character and a great aid in the identi- fication of species. The color of^the spores in many species is the same as or similar to the color of the mature gills, but there are so many exceptions that explicit directions for ascertaining their color will be given in another place. In the preparation of mushrooms for cooking, the utmost cleanliness should be observed. Some have the upper surface of the cap covered with a sticky, viscid or glutinous substance when fresh. This often causes bits of dirt, leaves or sticks to adhere to the cap tenaciously. In such cases it is generally best to remove this rubbish by peeling the caps. In other cases the dirt may be wiped away with a damp cloth or towel, or washed off and then the surface dried with a towel. It is also well to peel those having a thick tough skin. In boleti, the stratum of pores on the lower surface of the cap is apt to form a mucilaginous or slimy disagreeable mass in cooking. It is, therefore, well to remove it before cooking. It is easily separable from the cap and can readily be removed by pressing it outwardly from the stem with a knife blade. In very large thick-fleshed specimens it is best to cut in slices or chop in small pieces. I KEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 211 The proper method of cooking will depend somewhat on the kind of mushroom, the tastes of those that are to eat them and the conveniences at hand. Many of them can be cooked iu the same manner as a beefsteak. It is customar}^ to cook them in a very simple manner, either by frying in butter or broiling gently with a little butter added and seasoning to taste. They may also be stewed or baked. The skillful cook will devise many ways of cooking them and various recipes will be found in cook books and in works on edible fungi. Too much cooking may spoil a mushroom as well as an oyster or a tender beefsteak. My efforts to make a tough mushroom tender b}^ steaming have not been successful, but the experiments have not been numerous nor long continued. Species too tough to be eaten with pleasure or digested with comfort have sometimes been utilized by making of them a kind of soup or broth which could be eaten with relish and comfort. Sometimes mushrooms are used in small quantity to give flavor to meats or other dishes. Those of inferior flavor are sometimes made more agreeable by cooking with them a few specimens of some more highly flavored species. The same species may vary in flavor according to the method of cooking and the kind of seasoning used as well as by reason of the circumstances previously mentioned. Mushrooms may be dried and kept for future use. The best method of drying them is to place them in a current of warm air. Dry them as quickly as possible without burning them, and keep the drying process in operation till completed. A common fruit evaporator w^ould doubtless be a good instrument for drying them. The drying of thick and moist ones would be facilitated by cutting them in slices. The general opinion is that mushrooms constitute a very nutri- tious and sustaining diet. Chemical analysis and personal experience indicate this. The former has shown that in their dry matter they contain from twenty to fifty per cent, of protein or nitrogenous material. They may, therefore, well be called a kind of vegetable meat and be used as a substitute for animal food. Like other vegetables, they are largely composed of water, which is from eighty to ninety per cent, of the whole. In consequence of this they shrink greatly 212 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in drying and lose much weight. The presence of so'much nitro- genous material induces rapid decay and loathsome decomposition in them. It should also teach moderation in their use as food. A hearty meal on mushrooms alone would be about as reasonable as a dinner on nothing but beefsteak, and might be expected to be followed by similar ill consequences. Gormandizing is not commendable under any circumstances nor with any kind of food. But especially should it be avoided in mushroom eating, for the human system demands but small quantities of the nitro- genous elements which enter into its composition. An excessive amount is sure to be hurtful, but eaten in moderate quantity it is easily digestible, acceptable and beneficial. The digestive organs of the writer are not strong by nature and are easily affected by unfavorable treatment or indigestible substances, yet he has never experienced any discomfort from eating mushrooms. He has eaten them frequently, partaken of many different species, and experimented with a considerable number of species not classified as edible. The explanation is simple. They have always been eaten in moderate quantity. In my opinion, cases of sickness and digestive derangement that have been attributed to poison- ous properties of mushrooms are sometimes really due to the excessive use of species that otherwise are perfectly harmless. In some countries where edible fungi are commonly and exten- sively employed as food, even species which we regard as unwholesome are utilized. They are soaked in vinegar or in salt water for the purpose of destroying or rendering inert their noxious properties. They are then carefully washed and thrown into hot water for a short time, after which they are treated in the usual way. This practice is not recommended. Aside from the danger arising from tbe inefficiency of the treatment in some cases, it is very improbable that any mushrooms so treated would still retain a very agreeable flavor. There is, besides, no need of running any risks with doubtful or suspected species, for the number of those known to be good and safe is sufficiently great to satisfy all reasonable demands. Possibly the time may yet come when the noxious properties of poisonous mushrooms may be utilized with advantage in medicine, but such species should not be used as food. He who is too ignorant to recognize with confidence the species known to be good, would better abstain 11 BEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 213 from such food entirely unless he can avail himself of the knowl- edge of some one who can recognize them. A few edible fungi appear early in the season, but with us July, August and September are the months when the greatest variety is to be found. The morels occur in May and June. The Fairy-ring mushroom and the Glistening coprinus sometimes appear in June, and successive crops follow from time to time whenever the] weather is favorable. During warm, showery weather in July and August most of our edible boleti are to be found. A few of the species continue in September. The latter part of August and the first half of September will bring the Common mushroom and the Horse mushroom, the weather conditions being right. Excessively dry weather and prevailing cold weather are unfavorable to mushroom growth. Heat and moist- ure combined are favorable. It sometimes happens when the fields and open country are too dry for mushroom growth, a scanty supply may^be found in deep woods and shady swamps. It would be useless to look in such places for the Common mush- room and the Fairy-ring mushroom, for they do not grow in woods; but 'the Delicious lactarius, the Involute paxillus, the Ptough-stemmed boletus and the Chantarelle may be found there. The Oyster pleurotus and the Sapid pleurotus may be found in woods or clearings at any time between June and October, pro- vided there is sufficient rain to induce growth, but the Honey- colored armillaria, the Imbricated tri^holoma, the Masked tricho- loma and the Ehn pleurotus will rarely be found before the last week in August or the first of September. Let no one expect to find the Granulated boletus, the Yellowish-brown boletus or the Small Yellowish boletus except in the immediate vicinity of pine trees or in places where pine trees have grown. These hints may be something of a guide to the inexperienced mushroom hunter. The dates and habitat given under the description of each species will furnish more full and definite information on this subject. Before proceeding to the description of species it may be well to explain certain technical terms it may be convenient or necessary to use. For illustration of some of the following terms see Plate A and its explanation. 214 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM The substance of a mushroom takes the -name J^esh though it is quite unlike animal flesh in texture and appearance. Most mush- rooms have an expanded part called the cap botanically known as the pileus. This is generally supported on a stem, but in the absence of a stem the cap is sessile. It varies much in shape in different species and even in the same species in different stages of development. In some mushrooms thin vertical plates or membranes radiate from the stem to the margin of the cap, or in the absence of a stem, from the point of attachment of the cap to its free margin. These are called la?nellcB or gills. Shorter ones intervene toward the margin of the cap to fill the spaces that would otherwise be left vacant. The gills are attached by their upper edge to the lower surface of the cap and often by their inner extremity to the stem. They are adnate when attached to the stem by the whole width of their inner extremity adnexed, when attached by a part of their width only, decurrent., when they run down on the stem, gradually tapering to a point, andyV'^e when not attached to the stem. Sometimes their lower edge is notched or excavated at or near the stem, which fact is designated by the words emarginate or sinuate. In some, the lower surface of the cap is full of small holes or cells, called pores. These are so small in some species that they are scarcely noticeable but generally they are easily visible They stand like tubes in a vertical position, side by side, with the openings or mouths downward. Theoretically they may be sup- posed to be formed by numerous gills connected by frequent par- titions or transverse membranes. In still another group of mushrooms the lower surface of the cap has neither gills nor pores, but instead there are numerous spine-like or awl-shaped projecting points called teeth. It is very much as if closely placed gills had been deeply, regularly and finely notched or gashed, but the teeth are not arranged in reg- ular radiating rows, as they would be if actually formed in this way. The upper surface of the cap is glabrous when it is smooth or free from hairs, fibrils or scales ; even when it has no pits, ridges or other inequalities ; silky when adorned with soft, close-pressed fibrils ; fihrillose if these fibrils are harsher and looser ; Jioccose I EEPOKr OF THE STATE BOTANIST 215 when they are soft, short and collected in little floes or tufts ; tomentose when crisped and interwoven so as to form a woolly surface; squamose ov scaly when coarse and collected in tufts, also when the cuticle breaks or cracks into small flakes or spot- like patches. These same terms are also applicable under the same conditions to the surface of the stem. The cap is also said to be ujnbonate when it has a small projection or boss on its center ; unibilicate if it has a small central cavity or umbilicus, and hygrophanous when it has a soaked or watery appearance, the loss of which by drying is accompanied by some change in color. The margin of the cap is striate when marked by nearly parallel radiating lines. If these lines are very slight or are visible only in the moist or hygrophanous state the fact is indi- cated by the term stiiatulate. The stem is equal or cylindrical when it is of uniform diameter in all its length ; hulhouf^, when more or less abruptly enlarged at its base ; stuffed^ when its interior or central part is of a softer or looser texture than the exterior. In some mushrooms a thin membrane, in others a mass of webby filaments, stretches from the stem to the margin of the cap and conceals the gills in the young plant, but as the cap expands, this membrane, called the veil^ usually separates from the margin of the cap and adheres to the stem, forming around it a ring or collar, botanically known as an anjiulus. In a few species the young plant is wholly enveloped in a membranous or somewhat tomentose volva or wrapper, but this is soon ruptured by the growing plant and its remains are in some cases entirely left at the base of the stem, in others they partly adhere to the upper surface of the cap in the form of loarts, or more rarely and exceptionally in a few small irregular patches. The dangerously po sonous species occur in a geuus in which the volva is a prominent character. The spores are the seeds or reproductive bodies of mushrooms. They are as fine as dust and are invisible to the naked eye except when collected, together in great numbers or in masses. The Jtymeniutn is the surface i>r part of the plant immediately con- cerned in the production of the spores, and the /ty/mnojdiore or hyni'nophorum is the part that supports the hymenium. In the Common mushroom and many others as well, the sports develop 216 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM on certain specialized cells called hasidia (basidium in the singular) on each of which four spores usually develop. In the morels, these specialized cells are elongated into cylindrical membranous sacks called asci (ascus in the singular), in each of which eight spores usually develop. In germination the spores send out slender threads or filaments called mycelium by botanists, but commonly known as sj?aw?i. The mycelium, permeates the soil or other substance on which the mushroom grows and under favorable circumstances develops a crop of mushrooms of its own species. The method and place of spore development furnishes the basis for the primary classification of fungi. The best way to acquire a knowledge of our edible mushrooms is to study them in the liD-ht of the primary characters employed in botanical classifica- tion and, therefore, in their natural relations to each other. It is my plan to arrange and describe them in their respective classes, families and genera. It will be seen that the species here described are all included in three great groups or classes, whose names and distinguishing characters ma}^ be expressed in the following general manner : Gasteromyceteae. Fungi whose spores are produced in the interior of the plant. Example. Pujf halls. Discomyceteae. Fungi whose spores are produced on the upper or exterior surface of the cap and are contained in delicate membranous sacks. Example. Morels. Hymenomycetese. Fungi whose spores are produced on the lower surface of the cap. Example. Common Tntishroom. In the last class there are a few species in which no cap is developed. In these the spores are produced on the exterior of upright simple stem-like plants, or of the branches of upright bush-like plants, or on the upper surface of jelly-like irregularly expanded plants. None of the gelatinous plants will be described and only a few species of the other exceptional cases. These species all belong to the single genus Clavaria. The spore-bearing surface, or hymenium, is generally recog- nizable, even to the naked ej'e, by its smooth, delicate, waxy appearance, which is quite unlike that of the sterile surfaces. In most of the cap bearing mushrooms the lower surface of the cap is furnished with special organs on whose surfaces the spores are produced. These are in the forms known as gills, REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 217 pores and teeth, and these organs furnish the characters on which the three principal families of the Hymenomyceteic are founded. These characters will be more fully discussed in their proper place. Gasteromyceteae. Puff Balls. Puff balls belong to the class of fungi to which botanists have given the name Gasteromyceteae. This name may be translated stomach fungi. It has reference to the fact that those plants which belong to this class have their stomach, that is, their whole interior, filled with spores when mature. The spores are developed on basidia as in the Hymenomycete^e. These are among the most easily recognized of fungi and the larger species in their early state are among the best of our edible species. Almost every country lad is familiar with the globular plants with papery rind stuffed full of a mass of brown dust like material intermingled with cottony filaments. Time and again these have been seen lying on the ground or adhering to old stumps or the dead trunks of trees, and often have they afforded amusement by being subjected to sudden pressure between thumb and fingers that there might be seen the little cloud of dust-like spores belched forth like a miniature puff of smoke, and like smoke quickly vanishing in the air. But no one would think these good to eat, nor indeed are they while in this condition. But most puff balls are white within when young and their substance is then of a soft fleshy texture very unlike the dusty mass that fills theaa in mature age. And it is only while they are lohite ivithin that they are fit for food. AYhen they reach maturity the flesh at first assumes greenish yellow or brownish-yellow hues and is apt to become moist or watery. They are then spoiled for edible purposes. Lycoperdon Toum. Most of our puff balls and both the edible species here noticed belong to the genus Lyeoperdon. There are about twenty species of this genus found in our State, but most of them are quite small, being less than two inches in diameter. They are naturally and botanically divided into two groups characterized bv the manner 28 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in which they open for the dispersion of the spores. In one group the rind of the mature plant breaks into irregular frag- ments in the upper part of the plant, and gradually falls away exposing the mass of spores and permitting them to be disseminated by the wind. In the other group the rind opens by a small nearly circular but somewhat ragged apical aperture. This group includes nearly all of the smaller species, and the rind is generally thinner and more papery than in the others. Both the edible species here described belong to the first group. Some botanists have considered this group as worthy of generic dis- tinction and have applied the name Calvatia to it, but for our present purpose the original names of the species are deemed preferable. Ko deleterious species of puff ball is known, but so far as my experiments have gone the small species are inferior in flavor to the large ones, and these only are at present recommended for food. Possibly some of the untried small species may be as agreeably flavored as the large ones, and perhaps improved methods of cooking may give a more agreeable dish from those already tried. We have two species of Bovista, a kind of puff ball differing slightly from lycoperdons in the more perfectly globular shape and in the more tough and smooth rind of the mature plant. These are the Lead-colored bovista, Bovista plumhea, and the Ball shape bovista, Bovista pila, both of which are pronounced edible by 'Professor W. Trelease, but as I have not tried them they are dismissed from further consideration at present. The genus Scleroderma is allied to our common puff balls and would naturally be classed with them in the popular mind. The species differ from puff balls in their thicker rind and in having a colored flesh even in the immature state. I suspect that their disagreeable flavor has kept them out of the list of edible species, but one correspondent affirms that he has eaten these fuogi and considers them good. The tvro species of puff ball now to be described may be con- trasted as follows : Plant 8 to 15 inches in diameter, spore mass olivaceous, L. giganteum. Plant 3 to 6 inches in diameter, spores mass purplish . . . L. cyathiforme. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 219 Lycoperdon giganteum JBatsch. Giant Pdff Ball. Plate 1 . Peridium very large, globose or depressed-globose, sessile or nearly so, glabrous or slightly flocculose, white, whitish or slightly yellowish, becoming dingy with age; capillitium and spores greenish-yellow, then dingy-olivaceous ; spores globose, about .00016 in. broad. The Giant puff ball is our largest species. Its diameter is commonly eight to fifteen inches, but sometimes it attains even larger dimensions. Its horizontal diameter is often greater than its altitude. Its rind is smooth and white or whitish, but as it grows old it becomes yellowish and dusky. The flesh is at first white but with maturity it assumes greenish-yellow hues and when it becomes dusty it is brownish or brownish-olivaceous. It grows in grassy places and appears in August and Septem- ber. It is not common, but owing to its large size a single one is sufficient for a meal for a large family. Indeed one writer advises that, when one is found growing near the house, it should not all be taken at once, but that a sufficient quantity of it should be taken for a meal and another portion be cut from it the next day for another meal, and so on until it is all utilized or until it is too old for use. The largest specimens are apt to be depressed so as to resemble in shape a round loaf of bread. Lycoperdon cyathiforme Bosc. Cdp-Shap£D Poff Ball. Plate 2. Peridium three to six inches in diameter, globose or depressed- globose, smooth or minutely floccose or scah'-, whitish cinereous brown or pinkish-brown, often cracking into areas in the u]ii)er part, commonly with a short thick stem-like base ; capillitium and spores purple-brown, these and the upper part of the peridium falling away and disappearing when old, leaving a cu))-shaped base with a ragged margin ; spores globose, rough, purple-brown, .0002 to .00025 in. broad. The Cup shaped puff ball is smaller than the Giant puff ball and more common. Ordinarily it is from three to six inches in diameter. It is at first white, whitish or brownish, l)ut it is apt ■ 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to become darker with age, assutning brown or pinkish-brown hues. The upper part often cracks into angular areas or patches, the chinks being paler than the surface. When fully mature the upper part of the rind breaks up into fragments which fall away revealing the dull purplish-brown mass of spores and filaments within. After these have disappeared there still remains a cup- shaped base which is suggestive of the name of this puff ball and which sometimes persists all winter. From such an effete specimen the species was first named and described. This species grows in pastures, sometimes in cultivated ground. It appears in August and September. In preparing it and the preceding species for the table select immature specimens whose flesh is yet pure white. Peel them and cut the flesh into slices one-fourth to one-half an inch thick. These slices may be fried in butter and seasoned according to taste or they may first be dipped in beaten egg and then fried and seasoned. In this way they make a kind of mushroom fritters or omelet that is liked by almost every one. If preferred, the beaten egg may be thickened with bread crumbs or crushed cracker. Some who are very fond of the Common mushroom fry the plain slices in butter, adding a mushroom or two to increase the true mushroom flavor, or they stew them in milk or cream, adding mushrooms if convenient, as before. Discomycetese. Morels, Helvellas and Mitkula. The Discomycetese or disJc fungi are evidently so named because in many of the species the fertile or spore-bearing sur- face is flat like a disk. It includes also many cup-shaped fungi in which the fertile surface is concave like the inside of a saucer or cup. But in the group which contains the edible species here to be noticed the fertile surface is neither flat nor concave, but decidedly convex, conical, oval or even cylindrical or club shaped. In some species also it is very irregular or uneven. In all the species, however unlike they may be in other respects, there is this agreement, the upper or exterior surface is the spore-bearing surface and the spores are developed in thin mem- branous sacks, not on basidia within the plant as in the case of puff balls. In the morels and allied species the plant consists of a stem and cap as in an ordinary mushroom, but these are I KEPOET OF THE STATE B0TAN.8T 221 very unlike the stem and cap of a mushroom in general appear- ance. Our edible species are placed in four genera, whose prominent distinctive characters, so far as our species are con- cerned, may be ascertained from the following table : Cap coarsely pitted over its whole surface Morchella . Cap convolutely lobed Gyromitra. Cap irregular or reflexed Helvella. Cap club shaped, often irregularly so Mitrula. Morchella Dill. In the genus Morchella, to which the morels belong, the cap is supported on a hollow stem and its whole surface is very un- even by reason of a net-work of anastomosing or reticulated ridges and their intervening cavities. This gives the surface a pitted or honeycombed appearance. The ridges are blunt on the edge. The spore sacks are imbedded in the whole surface, both of pits and ridges, each sack usually containing eight spores, a fact which can only be ascertained for one's self by the aid of a microscope. In the mass, the spores are yellowish. Six species have been found in our State. All are similar in color, and the specific distinctions are not very sharp. They are found chiefly in the size and shape of the cap. All are deemed edible and similar in texture and flavor, and therefore the sepa- ration of the species from each other is not of much practical importance if they are sought for food only. The prevailing color of the cap in young and growing plants is buff-yellow or ochraceous, but as the plants become old or begin to dry, darker hues are assumed. The stems are rather stout, white or whitish, or barely tinged with yellow, and scurfy or at least not perfectly smooth and polished. They are hollow and in plants in which the margin of the cap is attached to the stem the cap also is hol- low, the cavity being continuous between cap and stem. The species may be arranged in two groups, in one of which the margin of the cap is wholly attached to the stem, in the other it is free. All the species occur early in the season. They may be sought in wet weather, in j\[ay and June. I have never found any of them later than June. Most of them seem to prefer to grow un- der or near pine and ash trees, though they are sometimes found under other trees. 222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are two or three species of stink horn fungi, species of Phallus, which, when old, bear some resemblance to morels. They have a pitted cap supported on a stem, but the cap has an opening in the top and the stem is porous, and besides, these plants have such an intolerable odor that no one would think of mating them. It is not likely that any one would mistake them for morels. In the annexed table the distinctive features of the species are indicated. All the species are so much alike that the usual botanical diagnosis will be omitted. Margin of the cap united to the stem 1 Margin of the cap free from the stem 3 1 Cap rounded or oval M. esculenta. l_jCap oblong or cylindrical M. deliciosa. 1 Cap conical or oblong-conical 2 2 Cap distinctly broader than the stem M. conica. 2 Cap scarcely broader than the stem M. angusticeps. 3 Cap free from the stem to the middle M. semilibera . 3 Cap free from the stem to the top M. bispora . Morchella esculenta Pers. Common Morel. Plate 3. Figs. 1 to 3. In the Common morel the cap is generally a little longer than broad. It is sometimes nearly globose and sometimes slightly narrowed toward the top. The pits or depressions in its surface are rather broader than in other species and more rounded, thereby giving the surface an appearance more like that of a honeycomb. The plant is commonly two to four inches high, with a stem a half inch or more thick. It has long been known as an edible species, as its specific name implies. Morchella conica Pers. Conical M- rel. Plate 4. Figs. 1 to 4. The Conical morel has the cap conical or oblong-conical, as its name indicates. The longitudinal ridges on its surface run more regularly from top to base than in the Common morel. They are connected by short transverse ridges which are so distant from each other or so incomplete that the resulting pits or depressions KEPOKT or THE STATE BOTANIST 223 are generally longer than broad, and sometimes rather irregular. The color in the young plant is a beautiful buff-yellow or very pale ochraceous, but it becomes darker with age. The plants are generally three to five inches high, with the cap one and a half to two inches thick in its broadest part, and dis- tinctly broader than the stem. This is similar to the Common moref in its esculent qualities and is generally admitted by writers to be an excellent food and of delicate flavor. It has been regarded by some as a mere variety of the preceding species. Both may be found growing on either sandy, gravelly or clayey soils. Morchella angusticeps Peclc. Narrow cap ]\1orel. Plate 4. Figs. 5 to 9. The Narrow cap morel differs from the Conical morel in its generally smaller size, more pointed cap and comparatively thicker stem. Generally the cap is scarcely thicker than the stem, even at its base, which is its broadest part. It is long and narrow and sometimes curved. In some specimens the stem is widest at the top and gradually tapers toward the base as shown in figure 5. The plants are commonly two to three inches high, with the cap generally less than an inch broad in its widest part, but some- times much larger specimens occur. Morchella deliciosa Fr. Delicious Morel. Plate 3. Flg8. 4 to 7. The Delicious morel is easily known by the shape of its cap, which is cylindrical or nearly so. Sometimes it is slightly nar- rowed toward the to]) and occasionally curved, as in the preced- ing species, but its long narrow shape and blunt apex is quite strongly contrasted with that species. It is usually two or three times as long as it is broad, and generally it is longer than the stem. Specinjens also occur in which the cap is slightly more nar- row in the middle than it is above and below, and rarely it is slightly pointed at the apex. The pits on its surface are rather narrow and mostly longer than broad. The stem is often rather short. 224 NEW TOBK STATE MUSEUM The plant varies from one and a half to three inches high. It is a rare species in our State. The name indicates that the illustrious Fries, who originally described the species, considered it an especially agreeable morel, and indeed he says it is more sapid than the Common morel. Roques sustains him in this opinion and Quelet speaks of it as very fine and fragrant. In the four species already described the margin of the cap is united to or continuous with the top of the stem. In the two remaining species the margin of the cap is free from the stem, and consequently an open space intervenes between it and the stem. Morchella semilibera D C. Half free Morel. Plates. Figs. 11 to 13. The Half free morel has a conical cap, the lower half of which is free from the stem. It rarely exceeds an inch or an inch and a half in length, and is usually much shorter than its stem. The pits on its surface are longer than broad. Deformed specimens occur in which the cap is hemispherical and very blunt or obtuse at the apex; in others it is abruptly narrowed above and pointed. The plants are two to four inches high. The species is rare with us. - Some writers claim that its flavor is less agreeable than that of the Common morel. The plants are so scarce that I have had no opportunity to test its edible qualities. The species was described by Persoon under the name Morchella hyhrida, a name having reference doubtless to the character of the cap, which, by being half free, partakes of the nature of the cap of an ordinary mushroom, while in other respects it retains the features of the true morels. This name is adopted in Sylloge Fungorum, but most English writers have employed the other. Morchella bispora Sor. Two-SPOBED Morel. Plate 3. Figs. 8 to 10. The Two spored morel is very similar to the Half free morel in external appearance. It is distinguishable by its cap which is free from the stem almost or quite to the top. The stem of the European plant has been described as stuffed, but in our plants it EEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 225 is hollow, though possibly in very young plants it may be stuffed. The remarkable and very distinctive character which gives name to the species, can only be seen by the aid of a microscope. In this species there are only two spores in each ascus or sack and these are much larger than the spores of the other species. They are two or three times longer and sometimes slightly curved. The spores of the other species are eight in an ascus and are very much alike in size and shape, and do not furnish decided specific characters ; but in this species their importance can not be over- looked. Their length is about .0024 inch, while in the others it is .0008 to .001 inch. This is probably our rarest species. I am not aware that it has been found in but one locality in our State. A few years ago Mr. H. A. Warne detected it growing among fallen leaves in a ravine near Oneida. I have not tested its edible qualities, but would have no hesitation in eating it if opportunity should be afforded. Some writers speak highly of the edible quality of the morels, others are less enthusiastic over them. My own limited experi- ence leads to the conclusion that, as a rule, they are not very highly flavored, though much better than some species classed as edible. One correspondent says, " I do not think much of morels. If cooked like mushrooms they become tough." And here, per- haps, is one cause of dissatisfaction with them. They may be spoiled by bad cooking. Some mushrooms are made more tough by too severe cooking. It is better to let such kinds simmer slowly over a gentle fire. One receipt for cooking morels says, cut clean morels in halves, place in a stew pan with butter and set over a fire. When the butter is melted add a little lemon juice, salt and pepper. Then cook slowly for an hour, adding from time to time small quantities of beef gravy. Cooke speaks of morels in general as about the safest and most delicious of edible fungi, and Cordier represents the Common morel as a delicate food and one that is in general demand in France. There is one thing in favor of morels. They are gen- erally free from insects, and on this account their natural flavor is unimpaired, and there is no loss from infested specimens. Their flesh is rather brittle or fragile and more dry than that of some mushrooms, in consequence of which they are easily dried for future use. 29 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gyromitra Fr. The genus Gyromitra differs from Morchella in the character of its cap. The surface of this is not pitted as in the morels, but it is nevertheless very uneven, some parts being prominent as if inflated, others depressed. These convexities and depres- sions are so irregular and lobed that they suggest a faint resem- blance to the convolutions of the brain. In other respects, and especially in the spore characters, the relationship to the morels is clear. Three species, Gyromitra esculenta, G. curtipes and G. sphoerospora belong to our State, but the first one only is common and known to be edible. Gyromitra esculenta Fr. Edible Helvella. Esculent Gykomitka.. Plate 5. Figs. 1 to 3. Pileus rounded, lobed, irregular, gyrose convolute, glabrous, bay red ; stem stout, stuffed or hollow, whitish, often irregular ; spores elliptical, binucleate, yellowish, .0008 to .0009 inch long. The Edible helvella, formerly known as Helvetia esculenta, is easily recognized by its chestnut red irregularly rounded and lobed cap with its brain-like convolutions. The margin of the cap is attached to the stem in two or three places. When cut through it is found to be hollow, whitish within and uneven, with a few prominent irregular ribs or ridges. The stem is whitish, slightly scurfy, and, when mature, hollow. In large specimens it sometimes appears as if formed by the union of two or more smaller ones. The plant is two to four inches high and the cap commonly two to three inches broad. Specimens sometimes occur weighing a pound each. It is fond of sandy soil and is found in May and June. It grows chiefly in wet weather or in wet ravines or springy places in the vicinity of pine groves or pine trees . Cordier says that this species has an agreeable taste and is highly esteemed. Also that it is sold in the German markets as a true morel. I have repeatedly eaten it without experiencing any evil consequences, but its flavor to me is not that of a first-class mushroom. But it was simply fried in butter and seasoned with salt. Perhaps with more elaborate preparation or with the addition of a little lemon juice or vinegar its flavor might be improved. BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 227 Care should be taken by those eating it to use it with moder- ation and not to cook very old or long-kept specimens. Sickness has been known to result from eating freely of specimens that had been kept twenty-four hours before being cooked. When old and beginning to dry, the cap is apt to assume a darker or brown color. Often the lower or unexposed surface of the cap is paler than that which is more exposed to wind and sun. Helvella L. In the genus Helvella the cap is neither pitted nor convolutely lobed, but it is, nevertheless, quite irregular and variously reflexed, revolute or contorted so that in no two individuals, even of the same species, does it appear exactly alike. The stem in some species is stout and conspicuously marked by longitudinal grooves or furrows and their intervening ribs or ridges. In some species these furrows are continuous, in others, some of them are interrupted or short. In one or two species the stems are slender and even. All the species are rather small and scarce. They grow chiefly in woods and do not appear as early in the season as the morels and the Edible helvella. Though all are deemed edible I have not found them in sufficient quantity to verify their edible qualities and will describe only one of them. Helvella crispa Fr. White Helvella. Plate 5. Fig8. 4 to 7. Pileus deflexed, lobed or variously contorted, white or whitish; stem equal or slightly swollen at the base, deeply and interruptedly grooved, white or whitish; spores elliptical, .ou07 to .0009 inch long. The White helvella is distinguished from all other helvellas by its white or whitish color and by its peculiar stem, which is strongly ribbed and deeply grooved, the grooves or furrows being interrupted and varying much in length. A transverse section of the stem shows that it contains several longitudinal cavities or hollows. The cap is scarcely alike in any two individuals. Often it is lobed or contorted in such a way as to form two or more projecting points. The plant is two to four inches high and the stem from one- fourth to one-half an inch thick. It grows in woods in August and September, but is not often plentiful. 228 NEW YOBK STATE MUSEUM Most French authors say that it is excellent when young, and Cooke says that when fresh it has a pleasant nutty flavor and is an excellent substitute for morels. Badham. also affirms that all helvellas are esculent and have a general resemblance, in flavor, to morels. I do not know of any deleterious fungus that could reasonably be mistaken for this or any other helvella. Mitrula Fr. The genus Mitrula has been made by Saccardo in Sylloge Fun- gorum to include species having a club-shaped cap. In conse- quence of this enlargement of the generic character we find Geo- glossum mtellinum Bres. and a variety of it, or a closely allied species, Oeoglossum irregulare Peck, placed with the mitrulas. This pretty little fungus might easily be referred to the genus Clavaria, but for the fact that its spores are contained in asci or sacks. Nor is it sharply separated from the genus Oeoglossum except by its spore characters. The New York plant differs from the European in its more compressed and irregular cap, and in consequence it has been kept distinct as a variety, in Sylloge, and stands as Mitrula vitellina Sacc. var. irregularis Peck. Irregular Mitrula. Plate S. Figs. 8 to 14. Pileus clavate, often irregular or compressed and somewhat lobed, obtuse, glabrous, yellow, tapering below into the short? rather distinct, yellowish or whitish stem ; spores narrowly ellip- tical, .0003 to .0004 inch long. When the Irregular mitrula is well grown and symmetrical it closely resembles the typical European plant, but usually the clubs or caps are curved, twisted, compressed or lobed in such a way that it is difficult to find two plants just alike. The plants are usually only one or two inches high, so that they would scarcely be thought of any importance as an edible species. But sometimes it grows in considerable profusion in wet mossy places in woods, so that it would not be difficult to gather a pint of them in a short time. Its beautiful bright yellow color makes it a very attractive object. It is our largest species of Mitrula and occurs in autumn. BEPOET OF THE 8TATK B3TANI8T 229 It was first reported as an edible species in the Forty-second Report. Its flesh is tender and its flavor delicate and agreeable. This plant was first described in 1S79 in the Thirty-second Report, under the name Geoglossum irregulare. In 1882 Bresa- dola published his Geoglossum vitelUnum, from which our plant differs so slightly that it has been considered a mere variety ; and in consequence of the irregularity in the publication of the Thirty-second Report, no extra copies having been ordered, the later name has been given precedence. Hymenomycetese. Mushrooms, Boleti and Fairy Clubs. The mushrooms hereafter to be described belong to the very large class of fungi known to botanists by the name Hymeno- myceteae, a word composed of two parts, signifying memhrane fungi, and in its present use indicating that in these fungi the spores are produced on thin or membranous parts or sur- faces. In the Common mushroom and in all others of similar structure, these spore-bearing membranes or surfaces are found on the lower or under side of the cap. They are commonly called gills, and have already been described. The spores are produced on both surfaces of the gills, and when mature they drop through the interspaces between the gills and fall to the earth below or are wafted away by currents of air. All fungi having a cap with gills beneath belong to the family Agaricineae. In the Edible boletus and other fungi of similar structure the lower surface of the cap is full of small holes or pores, previously described. The spores are developed on the inner surface of these pores, and when mature they are dropped or ejected into the open air below. All fungi having a cap with pores beneath constitute a family called Polyporea?. In the Spreading hydnum or Hedgehog mushroom the lower surface of the cap is furnished with closely-placed depending spine-like teeth. All fungi of similar structure are included in a family named Hydnea?, from the genus Ilydnum, the principal genus in it. In one species the cap is replaced by spreading branches with teeth on their lower surface. Spreading or thinly- expanded plants with no stems which belong to this and the pre- ceding family are not noticed, since there are no edible species among them. 230 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM In the Cornucopia mushroom the cap has neither gills, pores nor teeth on its lower surface, which is even or slightly and obscurely wrinkled. It, therefore, belongs to a fourth family which takes the name Thelephoreae. There is still another family with a few edible species in it. It is named Clavarieae, from its principal genus Clavaria. In this genus the edible species occur. It is composed of two kinds of plants. In one kind there is a simple upright club-shaped stem- like growth with no well-marked cap or expanded part. In the other there is a branching bush-like growth. In both these the spores are produced on the exterior surface of the plants or of their branches. A synoptical view of the five families is given in the annexed table. Cap present 1 Cap wanting Clavarieae. 1 Cap with radiating gills beneath Agaricineae. 1 Cap with jjores beneath Polyporeae. 1 Cap with spine-like or awl-shaped teeth beneath Hydneae. 1 Cap with neither gills, pores nor teeth beneath Thelephoreae. Agaricineae. Agabics. The family Agaricineae probably includes more edible species than any other. Its members are sometimes called " agarics." More than 500 species of this family have been credited to our State flora. For the sake of convenience in the identification of such a great abundance of material, botanists have divided the family into smaller groups or sections depending on the color of the spores. We can do no better than to follow this arrangement in the study of the species. It is not a difficult matter to ascertain the color of the spores of an agaric. Gen- erally they have nearly or quite the same color as the mature gills, but to this there are so many exceptions that to be exact we must see the spores themselves. Singly they are invisible to the naked eye, but when collected in a mass their color is plainly to be seen. If the cap of a mushroom is cut from its stem and placed in its natural position, gills downward, on any flat surface, say a piece of white paper as broad as itself, it will in a few KEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST ^31 hours drop enough spores on the paper to show their color, on removing the cap. If the spores are white, and we may infer that they are if the mature gills are white, white paper will not be so good for disclosing their color, as paper of some dark color. Black paper is sometimes used when it is suspected that the spores are white. Or the cap may be placed on a piece of glass and then the glass may be placed over a white or a colored background, according to circumstances. Fresh, sound, fully-developed specimens should be selected to furnish the spores. If the cap is thin it is well to invert a goblet or similar vessel over it to prevent it from drying and to exclude currents of air. Having ascertained the color of the spores the subjoined table will show in which section the species belongs. Spores brown, purplish-brown or black Melanospora?. Spores ochraceou-', brownish-ochraceous or rusty-ochra- ceous , Ochrospor». Spores rosy or pinkish Rhodosporre. Spores white, whitish or pale yellow Leucosporre. E Melanosporae. By some botanists the brown and purplish-brownspored spe- cies are grouped in one section, and the black-spored species in another ; but both are united in one section in Sylloge Fungorum and this is sufficiently simple for our purpose. Our edible spe- cies of this section are included in two genera, Agaricus and Coprinus. Agaricus L. The genus Agaricus originally included nearly all the species that now compose the family Agaricineiu, but it has been divided and subdivided until now it includes only such brown spored species as have free gills and a stem with a collar. There are several edible species in the genus, and, so far as I know, it contains no dangerous species. The edible species are closely related to each other, and in all here noticed the gills have a pink color in young or middle age, l)ut become dark- brown or blackish-brown in mature age. There is no simpler way of expressing the distinctive specific features than by an analytical table. The species may be arranged in two groups. 232 NEW YOBK STATE MUSEUM depending on their place of growth. This arrangement is not as exact and satisfactory as is desirable, but it brings together those species that are most closely related to each other. Plants growing in pastures, grassy or open places 1 Plants growing in woods or groves 4 1 Stem stuffed or solid 2 1 Stem hollow 3 2 Gills at first pink, about as broad as the thickness of the cap A. campester. 2 Gills at first white, breadth less than the thickness of the cap A. Rodmani. 3 Collar radiately divided on its lower surface . . A. arvecsis. 3 Collar floccose on its lower surface A. subrufeecens. 4 Flesh quickly changing to dull red where wounded A. hemorrhoidarius. 4 Flesh not changing to dull-red where wound( d 5 5 Cap with numerous persistent brown scales ... A. placomyces. 5 Cap without scales or with few evanescent ones . A. silvaticus. Agaricus campester i.* Common Mcsheoom. Edible Mushroom. Plate 6. Pileus silky or squamulose ; lamellae at first a delicate pink, becoming brown or blackish-brown with age ; stem stuffed, glab- rous, white or whitish ; spores elliptical, .00025 to .0003 inch long. The Common mushroom, sometimes called the Edible mush- room, as if it was the only edible species known, and also Meadow mushroom in common with A. arvensis, is perhaps more generally used and better known than any other. It is the one commonly cultivated and the one most often seen on the tables of the rich and of fashionable restaurants and public houses. It is so eagerly sought in some of our cities that it is difiicult to find the wild ones near these towns, for they are gathered almost as soon as they appear, and the cultivated ones usually bring prices beyond the reach of the poor. * This name is usually written Agaricus campestris, but in Sylloge Fungorum the more classical and grammatical term here adopted is used. BEPOHT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 233 In very young plants the cap is hemispherical or almost globose and the gills are concealed. Such plants of this and of the closely related Horse mushroom have received the name "button mushrooms," and are preserved in brine or other liquid and sold in the leading grocery stores. As the cap expands the veil separates from the margin revealing the delicate-tinted pinkish gills. When mature the cap is very broadly convex or nearly flat. It is generally a little silky with close-pressed fibrils, but these often vanish with age and the cap appears quite smooth. Its margin, especially in the younger plants, extends a little beyond the exterior extremity of the gills. The color of the cap is commonly white, but with age it may become a little tinged with dingy hues. The flesh is white, but sometimes exhibits a tendency to become slightly tinged with red when cut and exposed to the air. Its taste is mild and pleasant. The epidermis is separable from the cap. The gills are closely placed, rounded at the inner extremity and not attached to the stem. The beautiful pink hue of their early state gradually becomes darker and finally changes to a smoky brown, which, in dried specimens, becomes almost or quite black. This peculiarity in the coloration of the gills is so unlike anything known in the dangerous species that it seems surpris" ing that any such should ever be mistaken for this mushroom. A whole group of pink-spored species, some of which are suspected of being hurtful, have pinkish-colored gills, but they never assume dark-brown or blackish hues. The stem is generally shorter thaio the horizontal diameter of the cap and about equal in thickness from top to base. The cen- tral portion is a little softer in texture than the external part. A collar encircles it in the upper part. Sometimes this is so thin and slight that scarcely any vestige of it remains in old plants. The spores are sometimes described as purplish-brown but I have never been able to see any decided purple tint in them. They are not as dark as seal-brown but approach it. This mushroom, like many other plants that have been long and extensively cultivated, has developed into several forms which exhibit quite well-marked distinctive features. One of these, called the Garden mushroom, Variety horteiisis, is repre- sented by figures 8 and 9. It is often found in cultivation and 30 234 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM sold in the markets, but is rarely found growing in the fields. Its cap is of a brownish color and frequently adorned with darker spots or scales. Variety griseus has a grayish shining silky cap. I have not 3'et found it in New York, but it grows in Virginia. It occurs in France and is figured by Richon and Rose. Variety alba has the cap and stem white. It is our most common form. Cap two to four inches broad, stem one and a half to three inches long, one-third to two-thirds of an inch thick. The Common mushroom grows in grassy places, in pastures, manured ground and mushroom beds, never in thick woods. It occurs mosth" in August and September. In cultivation in a suitable place it may be had in midwinter. Owing to the attacks of insects it is better to raise mushrooms in winter than in sum- mer, unless the insects can be effectually excluded from the beds and the apartments and the temperature properly regulated. The wild ones are thought by some to have a better flavor than the cultivated ones, but the latter are good enough for any one and sometimes command surprisingly high prices. Mushrooms of all kinds are more eagerly sought and more extensively used in Europe than in this country, but with the great influx of Europeans into this country, bringing with them a taste for this kind of food, and with the rapid increase in population making an increased demand for all kinds of food, it is probable that the demand for and the use of mushrooms will soon be as great here as in Europe. The chief difficulty in the matter is the lack of a sufficient general knowledge of the species or of the means of acquiring the knowledge necessary to make it safe to use them. In the wild state the Common mushroom usually grows in groups or a single one in a place, but when cultivated they often form large tufts. A kind of out-door cultivation is sometimes employed in order to increase the abundance of mushrooms. Neglected places in fence corners, pastures or roadsides are dug up and manure incorporated in the soil if it is not already very rich. Mushroom spawn, after having been soaked in warm water or kept moist in a warm place for several hours to start it into growth, is then planted in the prepared places and a coat of fine manure spread over the surface. EEPORr OF THE STATE BOTANIST 235 It is well to mulch the surface with some coarse material like leaves, straw or hay, to keep the soil moist. If the planting is done in spring and the season is favorable a crop of mushrooms should appear in autumn. Almost every cook claims to know how to prepare this mush- room for the table, and recipes for cooking it will be found in cook books. No extended directions therefore are necessary here. One of the simplest methods and one which is applicable to all tender species is to fry gently in butter, seasoning accord- ing to taste. They may be stewed in milk or cream, broiled on a gridiron or in a steak broiler, or baked in an oven. To some they are very acceptable when eaten raw. Doctor Cooke says that when abroad on a day's excursion, one or two of these raw specimens are an excellent substitute for sandwiches, as they sat- isfy hunger, are nutritive and digestible, and very pleasant and grateful to the palate. Agaricus Rodmani Peck. Eodman's Mushroom. Plate 9. Figs. 1 to 6. Pileus rather thick, firm, glabrous, white or whitish, dingy- yellow or reddish-yellow in the center, flesh white, unchangeable ; lamellae crowded, narrow, at first whitish, then pink, finally blackish-brown ; stem short, solid, whitish ; spores broadly ellip- tical, .0002 to .00025 inch long. Rodman's mushroom may easily be mistaken for the common mushroom to which it is closely related. It has been separated from it because of its comparatively thicker firmer flesh, its more narrow gills, which are almost white when very young, and its peculiar collar. This seems to be double, and in the mature plant the two parts separate in such a way as to leave a deep groove or channel between them. In very short-stemmed speci- mens the collar is situated so near the base of the stem that it appears much like the remains of the volva or wrapper in some species of Amanita. The spores are a little shorter and broader in proportion to their length than those of the Common mush- room, so that at first sight they seem to be nearly globose. The cap is two to four inches broad, the stem one to two inches long and one-half an inch or less in thickness. 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This mushroom was first described and recorded as edible in the Thirty-sixth Keport. Subsequently Richon and Rose pub- lished a species found in France to which they gave the name Psalliota duriuscula, the Firm champignon. They speak of their plant as a suspected species with nothing to recommend it, with an unpleasant flavor and with a flesh so hard as to render it indi- gestible. The figure and description of their species indicate that it is not distinct from Rodman's mushroom. But Mr. Rod- man ate of his plant and found it perfectly harmless. It is, there- fore, classed as edible. I have had no opportunity to test its edible qualities, but would have no hesitation in eating it if I could find it in good condition. It grows in grassy ground and even in crevices of unused pavements and paved gutters in cities. It appears from May to July. I have not found it in autumn. It is rare. Agaricus subrufescens Peck. Slightly reddish Mushroom. Plate 7. Pileus at first deeply hemispherical, becoming convex or broadly expanded, silky fibrillose and minutely or obscurely squamulose, whitish, grayish or dull reddish-brown, usually smooth and darker on the disk, flesh white, unchangeable ; lamellae at first white or whitish, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown; stem rather long, often somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, at first stuffed, then hollow, white ; the annulus flocculose or floccose- squamose on the lower surface; mycelium whitish, forming slen- der branching root like strings ; spores elliptical, .00024 to .00028 inch long. The Slightly reddish mushroom differs especially from the Common mushroom in the peculiar deeply hemispherical shape of the cap of the young plant, in the white or whitish color of the very young gills, in the at length hollow stem, often some- what thickened or bulbous at the base, and in the collar, which has the exterior or lower surface covered with little downy flakes or scales. Beside these characters it has others which may aid in supporting its claim to specific distinction. Its mycelium seems strongly disposed to form strings which adhere to the base of the stem like white branching thread-like roots, and the flesh has a flavor like that of almonds. This flavor RKPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 237 appears to me to be more pronounced in the older plants than in those that are very young. When raised in large quantities in greenhouses it sometimes gives out a perceptible odor of bruised almonds. The reddish-brown color is due to the coating of fibrils that cover the cap. These are often collected in minute tufts, which give a slight fiocccse or scaly appearance to the cap. In the center the epidermis does not separate into fibrils and scales, and in consequence the disk or center of the cap is smoother and more distinctly reddish-brown than the rest. The flesh is white and unchangeable when cut or broken. In this respect it differs decidedly from the Reddish variety of the Common mushroom, Variety rufescens^ though it resembles it in having the very young gills white. The stem is generally rather long and more or less thickened at the base. It is white and usually slightly flocculose below the collar, very smooth above it. In the mature plant it is hollow, but the cavity is very small. One of the distinguishing features of the species is the flocculent or scaly lower surface of the veil or collar. It is apparently a double membrane, as in the Field mushroom, but instead of the lower membrane breaking in a radiate manner as in that species, it breaks into small floccose flakes or scales. By this character and by the color of the very young gills it may be separated from the Garden variety of the Common mushroom, Variety hortensis, which it approaches in the color of the cap. The plant often grows in large clusters of many individuals, one correspondent alfirming that as many as forty individuals sometimes occur in one cluster. In size it is similar to the Com- mon mushroom, but under favorable circumstances it seems sometimes to excel it, the cap attaining a diameter of six inches. It has been found but once in a wild state within our limits. Mr. Wm. Falconer, of Glen Cove, Long Island, discovered it growing on his compost heap composed chiefly of decaying leaves. From some of these specimens kindly sent me by the discoverer the original description was derived, but the specimens were not in satisfactory condition to Hgure. The present illus- trations have been made from specimens kindly furnished by Colonel Wright Rives of Washington, in whose greenhouse an 238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM enormous volunteer crop developed in soil prepared for forcing cucumbers. The species is apparently more easy of cultivation than the Common mushroom, less subject to the attacks of insects and not so intolerant of unfavorable conditions. It is very pro- ductive, develops sooner after the planting of the spawn and probably will keep longer in good condition. Specimens picked in "Washington on Monday night, reached Albany in a good state of preservation on the Thursday following, and some of them were eaten for supper on that day, making an interval of three days and three nights between the picking and the eating, and proving the possibility of supplying a distant market with this mushroom. Its flesh does not seem to me quite as tender as that of the Common mushroom, and its almond-like flavor may not be as acceptable to some tastes, but it is nevertheless an ex- cellent mushroom and one which may yet supersede the old kind, especially in the hands of private individuals who are often dis- appointed in their efforts to raise mushrooms Agaricus arvensis Schceff. Field Mushroom. Hobse Mushboom. Plate 8. Pileus smooth or at first slightly floccalent, white or yellowish ; lamellae at first whitish or very faintly pinkish, soon dull pink, then blackish-brown ; stem stout, hollow, somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, white, the collar double, the upper part membranous, white, the lower part thicker, subtomentose, radi- ately split, yellowish ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 inch long. The Field mushroom or Horse mushroom, also called Meadow mushroom, is so much like the Common mushroom that some botanists have supposed it to be a mere variety of that species. The most notable differences are its larger size, its hollow, some- what bulbous stem, its peculiar veil or collar and the paler gills of the very young plant. The cap in dried specimens is apt to assume a yellow color, which does not pertain to the Common mushroom. The collar appears to be composed of two parts closely applied to each other and making a double membrane, the lower part of which is of a thicker, softer texture and split in a stellate manner into broad yellowish rays. This is perhaps the most distinctive character of the species, and a more detailed BEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 239 description is scarcely necessary. Xo serious harm could come, so far as utility is concerned, if it should be confused with the Common mushroom. It grows in cultivated fields, grassy pastures and waste places. It is occasionally found under trees and even within the borders of thin woods. It has been supposed by some that its spores will not germinate unless they have passed through the alimen- tary canal of some animal. Whether there is any truth or not in such a supposition, it is common enough to find this mushroom growing in places where no trace of the dung of animals can be seen. It appears from July to September. A similar mushroom occurs in open places in woods or along the borders of thin woods. The color of its cap and stem is white as in the Field mushroom. Its cap is perhaps a little thin- ner and more fragile, and its stem is usually longer and has a very abrupt or flattened bulb at its base. Its collar is usually the same as that of the Field mushroom, but plants sometimes occur in which it appears to be a single lacerated membrane. Such plants have been referred to the Wood inhabiting mushroom, Agaricus silvicola ; but its general affinities seem to me to con- nect it more closely with Agaricus arvensis^ to which I would subjoin it as an abrupt variety. Variety abrujjius, the name hav- ing reference to the character of the bulb. I have eaten of this variety and consider it edible. Dried specimens assume a yel- lowish hue. Opinions differ concerning the esculent qualities of the Field mushroom. According to t^erkeley it is inferior to the Common mushroom, and Badham says its flavor and odor are strong, and it is generally shunned by English epicures. On the other hand, Persoon says it is superior to the Common mushroom in smell, taste and digestibility, and it is, therefore, generally j^referred in France. Vittadini also says it is very delicate and easy of diges- tion, but has a stronger odor than the Common mushroom. "Very sapid and very nutritious," "odor feeble, but flavor anise- like and very agreeable," " delicious when young and fresh, but tough when old," are opinions expressed by various writers. One author says it is edible and of exquisite flavor, and both these ex- pressions have been perpetuated in two of the synonyms of the species, Agaricus edulis Kromh. and Agariecics. When very young the cap and stem are contained in a white membranous envelope or wrapper not very mucii unlike a lien's ^gg in size, shape and color. As the parts withm develop, the 254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wrapper ruptures in its upper part, the stem elong'ates and carries upward the cap, while the remains of the wrapper surround the base of the stem like an open sack or loose sheath. The cap is at first red or orange, but with advancing age it fades to yellow on the margin. Sometimes the whole cap becomes yellow. In dried specimens the red color often wholly disappears. The margin, even in the young plant, is marked by distinct impressed parallel radiating lines or striations. The flesh is white but more or less stained with yellow under the separable epidermis and next the line of attachment of the lamellae or gills. Its taste is mild and pleasant. As in most of our other species of Amanita, the cap, when fully expanded, is nearly flat above, and when moist its surface is slightly sticky or viscid. The gills are rounded at the extremity next the stem and are free, that is, net attached or grown fast to the stem. They are yellow, and in this respect are unlike the gills of nearly all the other edible species of mushrooms here described. Generally the color of the gills in the mature plant resembles the color of the spores of that plant, but in this species we have an exception. The stem and the flabby membranous collar that surrounds it toward the top are yellow like the gills, though sometimes they are stained in places by darker or saflfr on-colored hues. The stem of the young plant contains in its center a soft cottony sub. stance or pith, but with advancing age this disappears and the stem is hollow. This character generally holds good in all the species of Amanita here described. In the very young plant the outer edge of the collar is attached to the margin of the cap and thereby it covers and conceals the gills, but with the elongation of the stem and the expansion of the cap, the collar separates from the margin and remains attached to the stem only. The expanded cap is usually three to six inches broad, the stem four to six inches long and a half inch or more in thickness. Sometimes these dimensions are exceeded. The plant grows chiefly during rainy weather or just after heavy rains, in July, August and September. It is found in thin woods and seems to be especially fond of pine woods and a sandy soil. It is not common. It sometimes grows in rings or in the arc of a circle. J KEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 255 This fungus has been held in high estimation as an article of food from very ancient times. It was used by the Greeks and Romans and having graced the table of a Roman emperor it received the name " Caesar's mushroom," whence the botanical name. One ancient writer terms it "Cibus Deorum," the food of the gods. Imperial mushroom, Orange mushroom, true Orange, Yellow-egg and Kaiserling are other names applied to it. All authors who have written concerning its esculent qualities agree in characterizing it as "delicious." Cordier says that it is an exception to the general rule that young plants are better for food than those fully grown. The inference is that the mature individuals are just as tender and sapid as the young ones. I have not tested this point. No charge or even suspicion of noxi- ous quality seems to have been entertained against it in any case. There is but one harmful species with which it is possible to confuse the Orange amanita. It is the Fly amanita, Amanita muscaria. These two resemble each other in size, shape and color of the cap, but in other respects they are quite distinct. The chief distinctive characters may be contrasted as follows : Orange amanita. Cap smooth, gills yellow, stem yellow, \\\\i\^- T^BT persistently membranous, white. Fly amanita. Cap loarty, gills lohite, stem white or slightly yel. lowish, wrapper soon broken into fragments or scales, white or yeUowish. In Europe there is said to be a variety of the Orange amanita with the cap wholly white or whitish, but no such variety has yet been recorded in this country, Amanita rubescens /K Reddish Amanita. Plate 16. Pileus warty, even or but slightly striate on the margin, more or less tinged with dingy-red or brownish-red hues; himolla3 white or whitish; stem annulate, bulbous at the bast', whitish, but generally with dull reddish stains, especially towanl tlu* base ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long. The Reddish amanita has a peculiarly sordid .uid uninviting appearance, owing to the dingy character of its [colors. The 256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wrapper which covers the young plant soon breaks up into small fragments, those on the cap being carried up with it in the growth of the plant and generally remaining on it in the form of small wart-like protuberances. The part remaining behind at the base of the stem is so fragile and fleeting that nearly all traces of it soon disappear, and were it not for the warts on the cap and the free lamellae the plant would scarcely be suspected of beino" an Amanita. The warts on the cap are easily removable and are sometimes washed off by rain, leaving the cap entirely smooth. The margin of the cap is generally even, but some- times, especially in fully matured individuals, it is more or less striated While the color is peculiarly dull and sordid it varies considerably. The cap may be whitish tinged with pink or red, brownish-red or dingy grayish red. Sometimes it is not uni formly colored but has the margin paler than the center, or there may be darker stains in some places. The flesh is white or slio"htly tinged with red. Sometimes wounds of the flesh, gills or stem slowly assume a dull reddish color, but this is not a constant character. The stem has a membranous collar near the top and a bulb at its base. In some cases this bulb is quite abrupt, in others it is pointed below and gradually narrowed iuto the stem above. The surface of the stem may be smooth in some plants, but generally it is more or less adorned below the collar with minute scales or mealy or branny particles. It is commonly of a whitish or dingy-white color, more or less stained with dull-red, especially toward and at the base. The center of the stem is of a looser, softer texture than the rest, and in mature plants it sometimes becomes hollow. Cap three to five inches broad, stem three to six inches long, and generally about half an inch thick. It grows either in woods or in open places, and may be found from July to September. The Keddish amanita, as found in New York, is generally of a paler color than that indicated by most of the published figures of the species. Frequently the cap is almost white, with but a slight reddish or brownish-red tint. The strong distinguishing character of the species is the almost entire, absence of any remains of the wrapper at the base of the stem. By this and by KKPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 257 the presence of the dull-red hues and stains it may be distin- guished from any of our poisonous species. Some writers have referred to this species as of doubtful (qual- ity, suspected character or as poisonous, but later authors agree la classing it with the edible species. According to Cordier it is largely used in the eastern part of France, and is one of the most delicate mushrooms. Gillet agrees with him in this opinion. Cooke says it is pleasant both in taste and smell, and is a very common, safe and useful species. Stevenson records it as delicious and perfectly wholesome. Amanitopsis Roze. The principal feature wherein the genus Amanitopsis differs from Amanita is in the absence of a collar from the stem. Its species were formerly included in Amanita. AVe have one edible species. Amanitopsis vaginata Roze. Sheathed Amanitopsis. Plate 17. Pileus rather thin, fragile, glabrous or adorned when young with one or more adhering fragments of the volva, deeply and distinctly striated on the margin ; lamelhe free, white or whitish ; stem destitute of an annulus, sheathed at the base by the torn remains of the rather long, thin, flabby volva ; spores globose, white, .0003 to .0001 in. broad. The Sheathed amanitopsis is distinguished from any species of Amanita by the absence of a collar from the stem. In this plant the cap is quite smooth except in rare instances in which one or two fragments of the ruptured wraj^por adhere to it for a time. The striations on the margin are deej) and distinct, as in the Orange amanita. The cap is (piite regular, but it is fragile and easily broken. In some instances a sligiit blunt |)n) tuberance or umbo develops at its center. It varies considerably in color, and several varieties depending on this variation have been described. The flesh is white, but in the darker-colored forms it is grayish under the separable epidermis. 33 258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The gills are white or whitish and are gradually more narrow toward the stem. The stem is often smooth but generally it is sprinkled with minute mealy or branny particles or floccose scales, especially in young and vigorous specimens and in the dark- colored forms. It is either hollow or stufifed with a cottony pith. It is not bulbous, but it is sheathed at the base with a soft, flabby, torn membrane, the remains of the wrapper. This adheres so slightly to the stem that if the plant is carelessly pulled the sheath is left in the ground. The cap is two to four inches broad ; the stem, three to five inches long and one fourth to one-half an inch thick. The plant grows singly or scattered in woods or in open places. It is common in the deep damp vegetable mold of dense evergreen woods in mountainous regions, but is not limited to such localities. It is found in almost all parts of the State and on a great variety of soil. It sometimes grows on much decayed wood. It occurs from June to October. In the white variety. Variety alha, the whole plant is white. This is A. nivalis (Grev.) and A. fungites (Batsch,). In YsiViQij fulva, A.fulva (Schjeff) figures 1 to 4, the tawny variety, the cap is tawny-yellow or pale ochraceous. In the livid variety. Variety livida, the cap has a livid or leaden brown color and the gills and stem are more or less tinged with a smoky-brown hue. This is A. livida and A. spadicea (Pers.). See figures 5 to 9. Some of the older authors placed the sheathed mushroom among the doubtful or suspected species, but more recent writers gener- ally admit that it is edible. My own experience indicates that it is scarcely first class, though sonie pronounce it " delicate," " delici- ous," etc. ' Lepiota Fr. The species of Lepiota have the gills typically free from the stem, as in Amanita and Amanitopsis, but they differ in having no superficial or removable warts on the cap, and no sheathing or scaly remains of a wrapper at the base of the stem. In some species the epidermis of the cap breaks into scales which persist- ently adhere to the cap, and this feature, indeed, suggests the name of the genus, which is derived from the Latin word lepis, a scale. KEPOKT OF THK STATE BOTANIST 259 Our State is favored with at least two very good edible species, both of which are easily recognized, if the generic characters are kept in mind. Cap scaly, umbonate L. procera. Cap smooth, not umbonate L. uauciDoides. Lepiota procera Sco}). Parasol Mushroom. Tall Lepiota. Plate 18. Piieus thin, umbonate, adorned with brown spot-like scales ; lamellae white or yellowish-white, free, remote from the stem ; stem very long, annulate, hollow, bulbous ; spores large, ellipti- cal, .0005 to .0007 inch long. The Parasol mushroom is a very neat, graceful and attractive species. When 3^oung the cap is brownish or reddish-brown and somewhat resembles an egg in shape. Its reddish-brown epider- mis soon breaks up into numerous fragments, and as the cap expands these become more and more separated from each other, except on and near the central boss or umbo. xVs the cap is paler beneath the epidermis it appears, when expanded, to be variegated by brown spots or scales. The paler surface has a somewhat silky or fibrillose appearance, minute fibrils radiating from the center toward the circumference. The cap sometmies becomes fully expanded, but usually it maintains a convex form like an opened umbrella or parasol. This form, togetlier with the prominent umbo and the long slender stem, is very suggest- ive of the common name of this fungus. The flesh is soft, dry. slightly tough and white. It has no unpleasant odor or flavor. The gills are whitish or slightly tinged with yellow. Tiioy aro closely placed side by side, narrower toward the stem than toward the margin, and their inner extremity is so far from the stem that a conspicuous clear space is left about it. The stem is very long in proportion to its thickness and i?, therefore, suggestive of the specific name prorera. It has a rather thick, firm collar, which in the mature phmt generally becomes loosened and movable on it like a ring. W the base it swells out and forms a bulb. Generally the part below tlu« collar is variegated by numerous small brownish dots or scalivs. but these are by no means a constant character. The stem is hollow or it sometimes contains a soft cottony or webby pith. 260 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM Cap three to five inches broad, stem five to ten inches long^ 5 one-fourth to one-half an inch thick. This plant grows in thin woods, in fields and pastures and by roadsides. It usually grows singly or scattered, but sometimes in clusters. It may be found from July to September, but, i unfortunately, it is not very common with us. The Parasol mushroom has been highly commended and is evi- dently a first class edible species. " One of the most delicate species, although the flesh is slightly tough," " almost the greatest, > if not the greatest, favorite with fungus eaters," " very delicate, of easy digestion and in great demand," are some of the recorded utterances in its favor. There is no poisonous species with which it can be confused or for which it can be mistaken. The very tall slender stem with its bulbous base, the peculiarly spotted cap with its very prominent darker colored umbo, and the broad space or basin about the insertion of the stem and between it and the inner extremity of the gills, easily distinguish this mushroom. There is a form in which the umbo and spot-like scales are paler than usual, and the whole plant, except these, is white. I regard it as a mere variety of the species. A form without an umbo and with a somewhat shaggy appearance to the cap has been found in the western part of the State. It closely resembles the Eagged lepiota, Lepiota rhacodes, a species which is also edible. Onr plant, however, differs from the description of L. rhacodes in having larger spores ; these being scarcely smaller than those of the Parasol mushroom. It is the opinion of some botanists that L. procera and L. rhacodes are forms of one species, so closely are they related, and in Massee's Fungus Flora the latter is considered a mere variety of the former. Lepiota naucinoides Pk. Smooth Lepiota. Plate 19. Pileus soft, smooth, white or smoky- white ; lamellae free, white, slowly changing with age to a dirty pinkish-brown or smoky- brown color ; stem annulate, slightly thickened at the base, colored like the pileus ; spores subelliptical, uninucleate, white, .0003 to- .0004 in. long. BEPOET OF THE STATE B jTANIST 261 The Smooth lepiota is generally very regular and symmetrical in shape and of a pure white color. Rarely the central part of the cap is slighth^ tinged with yellow or with a smoky-white hue, which is occasionally dark enough to be called smoky-brown. Its surface is nearly always very smooth and even. In rare instances a slight mealiness or granular roughness develops on the central part of the cap. A very unusual form sometimes occurs in which the surface of the cap is broken into rather large thick scales which give it a singular appearance. To this form the name Variety squamosa has been applied. The gills are a little narrower toward the stem than they are in the middle. At the inner extremity they are rounded and not attached to the stem. Thev are white or sliffhtlv tinsred with yellow until maturity or old age when they acquire a slight pinkish-brown or even a smoky-brownish color. In dried specimens this last color prevails. The stem has about the same color as the cap. It has a white collar of which the external edge is generally thicker than the inner. It sometimes breaks loose from its attachment to the stem and becomes a movable ring upon it as in the Parasol mushroom. Occasionally in old specimens it becomes torn and disappears entirely. Nearly always the stem gradually enlarges toward the base and forms a more or less distinct bulb. It is hollow, but as in most j^f the preceding species, the cavity often contains webby or cottony filaments, especially in the immature plants. Cap two to four inches broad, stem two to three inches long, one-fourth to one-half an inch thick. Tne Smooth lepiota grows in grassy places in lawns xxmX pas- tures or by roadsides. Rarely it is found in cultivated lields, and even in thin w-oods. It may be found from August to November. In my estimation this species is scarcely, if at all, inferior m us edible qualities to the Common mushroom. lis tlesh is tliii-k ami white and usually tender and savory. It is very free from the attacks of insects and growing, as it often does, in places where the grass is short and dense, it has a neat, clean and attractive appearance. Its gills retain their white color a long time, and in this respect it has an advantage over the Common mushroom, 262 NEW TORE STATE MUSEUM in which they soon pass from the delicate pink of youth to the repulsive blackish hue of age. One of my correspondents in speaking of this species says " it grows abundantly here and is one of our finest edible mushrooms. I have taught our people to eat it and it is now highly prized in this region." It being similar to the Common mushroom in size and color it is sometimes confused with that species. But a glance at the color of the gills is sufficient to separate the two. The color of the spores and the character of the stem and collar are also dis- tinguishing differences. It still more closely resembles the Chalky mushroom, Agaricus eretaceus, but the darker color of the gills and the brown color of the spores of that species will also abundantly distinguish it. Our plant is apparently the American representative of the European Lepiota tiaucina, to which it was formerly referred, and from which it scarcely differs except in the shape of its spores and in its smoother cap. The spores are described by Fries as globose in the European plant. All the species here mentioned are edible, so that discrimination between them would not be necessary for safety in using any of them for food. It is, however, more satisfactory always to recog- nize without any doubt the species used for food. Our figures and descriptions will enable any one to do so. The Smooth lepiota was first recorded as edible in the Twenty-seventh Report, where it stands under the name Agaricus naucinus. Armillaria Fr. The species of Armillaria differ from all the foregoing white spored species in having the gills attached to the stem by their inner extremity. Like them their spores are white and the stem has a collar, but there is no wrapper at the base of the stem as in Amanita and Amanitopsis. By the collar the genus differs from the other genera which follow. Armillaria mellea Vahl. HONEY-COLOKED ArMILLAKIA. Plate 20. Pileus adorned with minute tufts of brown or blackish hairs* sometimes glabrous, even or when old slightly striate on the margin ; lamellae adnate or slightly decurrent, white or whitish, KEPQET OF THE STATE BrfANIST 2»^*5 becoming sordid with age and sometimes variegated with red- dish-brown spots ; stem annulate, at length brownish toward the base; spores elliptical, white, .0003 to .0004 in. long. The Honey-colored armillaria is very plentiful and extremely variable. The cap is generally adorned with numerous minute tufts or scales of brown or blackish hairs, which are often more dense on the disk or center than toward the margin. In young plants they are often so crowded on the disk as to cover it and give it a darker hue than the margin has, and they sometimes are so fine and matted that they have a kind of woolly or tomentose appearance. In some forms of the species they are entirely wanting, or they disappear with age. The cap is sometimes charged with moisture, and as this evaporates the color becomes slightly paler. Its color varies from almost white to a dark red- dish-brown, which is shown in figure 4. The most common hue is a brow^nish-yellow shown in the lower figures of the plate. The margin of the cap in mature plants is commonly striated, but forms are not rare in which no striations ap])ear. The center of the cap is sometimes prominent, as in figure 3. The llesh is white or whitish and its taste is somewhat unpleasant or acrid. The gills are at first white or whitish, but with age they become less clear in color and are often more or less stained or spotted with reddish-brown. The inner extremity of those that reach the stem is attached to it and usually runs down slightly upon it. Sometimes there is a sight notch on the lower edge of the gills near the stem. The stem is adorned with a collar which may be membranous or of a thick cottony texture, or so thin and webby that it entirely disappears in the older plants. Externally the stem is rather firm and fibrous, but centrally it is soft and spongy or even hol- low. It varies considerably in color, but usually it assumes a reddish-brown or livid brown hue, especially toward the l)ase, remaining paler above. Sometimes a yellowish-green tomentum is noticeable at the base of the stem, and occasionally on tlu' loUur. The stem maybe of uniform thickness or slightly thii-kened at the base or even narrowed almost to a point here. In one variety it has a distinctly bulbous base, in another a tapering base like a tap root which penetrates the earth deejily. 264 NLW TOKK STATE MUSEUM Cap one to six inches broad, stem one to six inches long, one. fourth to three-fourths of an inch thick. The Honey-colored armillaria is very common and grows either in woods or in cleared land, on the ground or on decaying wood. A favorite habitat is about stumps and prostrate trunks in recently cleared places or in bushy pastures. Its mode of growth is either solitary, gregarious or in dense tufts or clusters. Tufts a foot in diameter and composed of twenty or more plants are not uncommon. The plants are especially abundant in hilly and mountainous districts in autumn. They rarely appear plentifully before the first of September, though occasional specimens have been seen as early as June. Monstrous forms sometimes occur, and there is an abortive form which consists of a whitish irregular rounded mass of cellu- lar matter without any distinction of stem cap or gills. This usually grows in company with the ordinary form, and is an inch or two in diameter. The mycelium of this fungus is thought to be destructive to the wood in which it grows. Probably most of the plants which appear to grow on the ground really take their rise from mycelium which permeates some fragment of wood or some root buried in the ground. It attacks both the hard woods and soft woods. Authors disagree concerning its edible qualities. Some of the older authors considered it poisonous, but modern writers gen- erally agree that it is harmless and edible, but of inferior quality. Cordier says it is edible and loses its acridity in cooking, but the stems are tough and not used. Richon and Roze affirm that its taste is astringent and that its acridity does not entirely disappear in cooking, but that it is edible though of indifferent quality. According to Yittadini, it is preserved in vinegar, salt and oil for use in winter, and its acridity is lost in cooking. Gillet also says that in reality it is harmless, though it has an acrid, disa- greeable taste, which disappears in cooking. " Esculent but not fcommendable," is the verdict of Berkeley ; " edible but tough," says Stevenson, while Cooke tells us that it is very common and much used on the Continent, but is not recommended. My own experience in eating it at various times, both fried and stewed, has alwavs been without anv harm. Cooking has EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTA.NIST 265 appeared to me to dispel the unpleasant taste of the raw plant, but sometimes when the dish was prepared by stewing in milk and water, a slight, unpleasant burning sensation was felt in the throat a short time after eating. I consider it a perfectly safe and edible species, but not of first quality. Only the caps of young and fresh specimens should be used. It is not improbable that such a variable plant as this may vary somewhat in flavor. We do not expect all varieties of apples to have exactly the same flavor, though the species may be one. The degree of toughness, too, may vary according to the age and the rapidity of the growth of the plants. Individual tastes may also differ, so that what would please one might be distasteful to another. Such facts may account, in part, at least, for the varying opinions concerning the edible qualities of this very common mushroom. The essential thing to know is, that the species is not dangerous. Then those who like it may eat it. The following varieties of this species may be noted : Yariety obsoura has the cap covered with numerous small blackish scales. Yariety fava has the cap yellow or reddish -yellow, but in other respects it is like the type. Yariety glabra has the cap smooth ; otherwise like the type. Yariety radicata has a tapering, root-like prolongation of the stem, which penetrates the earih deeply. Yariety hulbosa has a distinctly bulbous base to the stem. Yariety exannulata has the cap smooth and even on the margin, and the stem tapering at the base. The annulus is very slight and evanescent or wholly wanting. The cap is usually about an inch broad, or a little more, and the plants grow in clusters, which sometimes contain forty or fifty individuals. It is more common farther south than it is in our State, and is reported to be the most commoa form in Maryland. Notwithstanding the variability of the species, it is easily rec- ognized when its characters are once Icnown. I do not kn<»w of any dangerous species which could easily be mistaken for it. The abortive' form which often grows with it, is not ilislin- guishable from^ the abortive form of Clitopilm ahortivus. It lui.*; a farinaceous taste which is lost in cooking. It is not inferior to the normal form in flavor, and may be eaten with safety. 34: 266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tricholoma Fr. The species of Tricholoma^ and all the white-spored, gill-bear- ing fungi to be hereafter described in these pages, dififer from all the preceding species in having no collar on the stem. In this genus the gills are attached to the stem, and are excavated or notched on the edge at or near the stem. It often happens that this notch is so near the extremir.y of the gill that the part attached to the stem is more narrow than the gill just beyond the excavation and causes the gill to appear as, if rounded at the inner extremity. This is an important character, though not a very conspicuous one. The stem is fleshy and generally short and stout. Three species have been tried and approved, and are here described. Others reported as edible belong to our flora and await further trial. Cap viscid when moist T. transmutans. Cap not viscid, reddish-brown T. imbricalum. Cap not viscid, reddish-violaceous T. personatum. Tricholoma transmutans Peck. Changing Tricholoma. Plate 21. Figs. 1 to 5. Pileus viscid when moist, tawny-red, becoming reddish-brown with age ; lamellte whitish or pale-yellowish, becoming dingy or reddish spotted when old ; stem whitish, generally becoming red- dish-brown toward the base, stuffed or hollow, spores white, subglobose, .0002 in. broad. The Changing tricholoma has the cap moist and sticky when young and fresh, or during wet cloudy weather. Its color at first is tawny or tawny-red, but with advancing age it generally becomes darker, assuming a cinnamon-red or reddish-brown hue, but sometimes retaining a paler hue on the margin than in the center. The flesh is white and emits a mealy or farinaceous odor, especially when cut. ' The taste also is farinaceous. The gills are placed closely side by side and are notched at the inner extremity where they are attached to the stem. A.t first they are whitish or slightly tinged with 3'^ellow, but when old they are much darker and more or less spotted with reddish- brown. EEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 267 The stem is about as long as the diameter of the cap. It is generally paler than the cap, being whitish when young, but assuming darker hues with age, especially toward the base. It is often stuffed with a softer substance or pith when young, but it soon becomes hollow. Cap two to four inches broad, stem two to four inches long, about half an inch thick. It grows in thin woods or open places in wet weather. It may be found from August to October. It is often found growing in tufts or clusters, but it is usually gregarious. It seems to prefer a sandy or light gravelly soil. It sometimes grows in company with the next species in groves of young spruce, balsam-tir and tamarack trees. Its edible qualities are very similar to those of the next species, from which it is easily known when moist, by reason of the viscidity of its cap. It was first recorded as edible in the Forty-second Report. Tricholoma imbricatum Ft. Imbricated Tricboloma. Plate 21. Fig8, etoll. Pileus dry, innately squamulose, iibrillose toward the margin- brown or reddish-brown; lamellae white, or yellowish white, becom, ing reddish or spotted with reddish-brown; stem solid, white and pulverulent at the top, colored like but generally paler than the pileus toward the base; spores elliptical, white, .00U25 in. long. The Imbricated tricholoma does not differ very greatly from the Chanofiner tricholoma in size and color, but it can easily bo distinguished from that species by the dry, not viscid, upper surface of its cap and by its solid stem. The cap is generally a little darker colored and its surface often presents a somewhat scaly appearance as if the epidermis had been torn into minute, irregular, scale-like fragments. The color is a cinnamon -brown or dark reddish-brown. The flesh is firm, white or whitish, and has a pleasant farinaceous odor and taste when fresh. The gills have very nearly the same color and clmractor as those of the Changing tricholoma. The stem also is similar to the stem of that species, l.ut it has no central cavity. Sometimes when old it becomes holl..\v by the mining of insects. 268 NEW TOEK STATE MUSEUM Cap two to four inches broad, stem two to three inches long, one-third to two-thirds of an inch thick. This species grows under or near coniferous trees, such as pine, spruce, hemlock and balsam-fir. It appears in September and October. Like the preceding species it sometimes grows in clusters. It is often associated with Tricholoma vaccinum, a species very similar to it in size and general appearance, but which differs in three particulars. The margin in the young plant is covered with a soft djwny or cottony coat, the stem is hollow and the taste is bitter or unpleasant. Nevertheless some writers class it among the edible species. Gillet says it is edible, but not of a very delicate flavor. So much do the two species resemble each other that so good a mycologist as Persoon seems to have confused them under the common name Agaricus inifiis- A mistake of this kind by any one using thelmbrictedtricholoma for food would not be serious, since this closely related plant has no dangerous properties. Tricholoma personatum Fr. Masked Tkioholoma. Plate 22. Pileus moist, glabrous, variable in color ; lamelli^ crowded, rounded behind, free or nearly so, separable from the pileus, vio- laceous becoming sordid-whitish or fuscous ; stem short, solid, fibrillose, whitish, commonly tinged with lilac or pale violet ; spores elliptical, sordid- white, .0003 to .00035 inch long. The Masked tricholoma is worthy of a place among the escu- lent species of the first class. When young the cap is very con- vex and firm, but when mature it is nearly flat and the flesh is more soft. It is very smooth and usually quite regular in shape when young, but in older plants the margin sometimes becomes irregular or wavy. In young plants the margin is rolled inwards and often whitened with downy or mealy particles or frosted with a slight bloom, but in old ones it is naked, and in wet weather it may even be curved upwards. The cap is apt to become water-soaked in wet weather, in which condition it has an uninviting appearance. It varies much in color, but generally it has a pale lilac hue, which is apt to change with age to a russety shade in the center. Occasionally the color of the cap is EEPOKT or THE STATE BOTANIST 269 almost white or pale grayish. The flesh when dry is nearly white and has a pleasant taste. The gills are closely placed and rounded at the end next the stem, to which they are but slightly attached, or from which they may be entirely free in some cases. They are generally more brightly colored in the young plant than in the mature one. The stem is generally rather short and stout, its length being less than the diameter of the cap. It is solid, and externally adorned with fibrils and downy particles when young and fresh, but it soon becomes smooth. In color it is like the cap or paler than it. It is sometimes a little thicker at the base than at the top, and in one variety, which I have called var. bulbosum, and which is represented by figures 7 and 8, it is very distinctly bulbous. Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to three inches long, one-half to one inch thick. It grows in thin woods and in grassy open places. It does not often appear before September, but it may be found till freezing weather stops its growth. It generally grows singly or in groups, but occasionally it is found in clusters of several indi- viduals. Nearly all writers speak well of its edible qualities. Dr. Badham says that its taste is pleasant, and when not water- soaked it is a fine, firm fungus with a flavor like veal. Letellier states that it can be eaten with pleasure and without the least risk. Others pronource it edible, very good, highly esteemed, very savory. My own experience leads me to ]>lace it among the first-class mushrooms. In England this species is sometimes called Blewits and in France, Blue stem, although the color in our plant is more violet or lilac than blue. In Europe it is said to have been sometimes confused with Tricholoyna nudum, a very closely relateil species. and also wixh Cortinarius violaceus,ih6Y\o\Qt cortinarius. but such mistakes could result in no harm to the eater, for both theso are edible and perfectly safe. So far as known, we have no hurt- ful species with which the Masked tricholoma would bo likely lo be confused. Its gills are somewhat separable fn>m the hymenophore or flesh of the cap in the same manner as the gills of a Paxillus are, and for this reason the species has sometimes 270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM been referred to that genus, but mycologists generally place it in the genus Tricholoma. The spores, when dropped on white paper, have not the clear white color shown by those of most species of Tricholoma. The color is dingy-white or sordid-white. Clitocybe Fr. The genus Clitocybe differs from Tricholoma in the character of the gills. They are attached to the stem by their inner extremity as in that genus, but they are not notched or excavated on the edge near the stem, and they are generally decurrent. Several of our species have been recorded as edible, but trial has been made by us of only a few of them. Those here described are tabulated below. Cap thick-fleshed, with no reddish hues 1 Cap thin-fleshed, more or less reddish 2 1 Cap grayish, gills close together C. nebularis. 1 Cap brown or blackish-brown, gills wide apart . C. media, 2 Cap funnel shaped when mature C. infundibuliformis. 2 Cap convex or nearly plane when mature ... C. laccata. Clitocybe nebularis Batsch. Clouded Clitocybe. Plate 23. Figs. 8 to 13. Pileus fleshy, firm, at first convex, becoming nearly flat; lamellae crowded, adnate or slightly decurrent, white or slightly tinged with yellow; stem firm, fibrillose, generally thickened at the base; spores elliptical, white, .0002 in. long. The Clouded clitocybe is a rather large and firm mushroom with the cap at first convex, but when mature it becomes nearly fiat or a little depressed. It is smooth and of a grayish or clouded-gray color, often becoming paler with age and sometimes evidently with a slight yellowish tint. The center of the cap is sometimes darker than the margin. In the American plant the color is generally paler than that of the European plant, as indi- cated by the published figures. The color of the flesh is white. The gills are quite closely placed, and in the young plant are attached to the stem by the whole width of the inner extremity, but as the cap expands they appear to run down upon the stem and terminate in a narrow point. They are white or slightly tinged with yellow. KEPOET OF THE STATE B)TAN18T 271 The stem is usually rather short and stout. It is thickest at the base and gradually tapers upward. It is firm and more or less adorned with longitudinal fibrils. It is generally paler than the cap. Its center is somewhat softer in texture than the exterior parts. Cap two to five inches broad, stem one and a half to three inches long, one-half to one inch thick. The usual habitat is among fallen leaves in woods where it appears in September and October. I have never seen it in fields. It is a rare species with us. It sometimes grows in clusters. Some of the French mycologists do not admit this among the edible species, but English writers speak highly of it. C'ordier says it is bad ; Richon and Roze say that its flavor is scarcely agreeable, and that it should be placed among the suspected species. Quelet asserts that he has eaten it often and found it good, but that sometimes it is indigestible and nauseous. Roques classes it as edible. BuUiard says " it is very agreeable to the taste." According to Badham it requires very little cooking and the flesh is perhaps lighter of digestion than that of any other. Stevenson quotes it as edible and very good, with a somewhat pungent taste and an odor of curd cheese. Cooke regards it as one of his favorite mushrooms, to which he gives special atten- tion, and he thinks that no person, having a practical knowledge of its qualities, would place it among the suspected species. Clitocybe media Peck. Intermediate Clitocvbe. Plate 23. Figs. 1 to 7. Pileus at first convex, becoming flat or slightly do pressed, dry, dark grayish-brown or smoky-brown, the margin oflen wavy or irregular, the flesh white, taste mild ; laraelho broad, subdistant, adnate or decurrent, whitish, the interspaces somewliat venose ; stem not at all or but slightly thickened at the base, coloreti like or a little paler than the pileus; spores elliptical, white, .0003 in. long. The Intermediate clitocybe is very similar to the CMouded clito- cybe in size and shape. Imleed, it might easily be mistaken for a dark colored variety of that species, but when exaininetl closely it will be seen that the gills are not so close together as in lliat 272 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM species, the spaces between them being noticeably wider, and often marked with little ridges or cross veins. The stem is also more cylindrical, scarcely tapering at all from the base upwards. In this respect it differs also from the Clnb foot clitocybe, Clito- cyhe clavijpes^ a species scarcely differing from the Intermediate clitocybe in color, although it has a more soft and spongy flesh and its cap is more narrow and more gradually tapering down- ward into the stem. It therefore appears somewhat like an inverted cone, while the stem may be compared to a long and narrow cone whose apex is united with the apex of the inverted one formed by the cap. The Intermediate clitocybe is very scarce and has been found in cool deep woods only, growing among mosses that thickly carpeted. the ground. It occurs in September. Its flesh is well flavored and it is a mushroom well worthy a place among the most desirable species. It is a matter of regret that it is not more abundant, it was first published as edible in the Forty- second Report of the State Museum, its edible qualities having been tested by the writer. Clitocybe infundibuliformis Schcef. Funnel-form Clitocybe. Plate 24. Figs. 1 to 6. Pileus at first convex and umbonate, becoming infundibuliform, dry, flaccid, reddish or pale tan color, fading with age ; lamellae decurrent, white ; stem generally tapering upward from the base, colored like or paler than the pileus ; spores somewhat elliptical, white, .0002 to .00025 in. long. The Funnel-form clitocybe is a neat and rather pretty species, easily recognized by the funnel-like shape of the mature cap and its pale red color. When young the cap is slightly convex and often adorned with a very small prominence or umbo in the center. If observed closel}^ it will be seen to be coated with a slight down or silkiness, especially on the margin. But as the cap expands it becomes depressed in the center, and in wet weather it resembles somewhat a large wine-glass in shape. The color is apt to fade and sometimes the margin of the cap becomes irregular or wavy. Occasionally specimens occur in which the cap is almost white. The flesh is thin and white. BEPOET OF THB STATE BOTANIST 273 The gills also are thin and white or whitish and rather closely placed. They run down on the stem in the mature plant, ending in a narrow point. The stem is quite smooth and generally tapers upward from the base. It is sometimes white, but more often is colored like the cap. Usually a soft white down or felt is noticeable at its base. This is its mycelium which spreads in the soil or among the fallen leaves in which it grows. The cap is two to three inches across, the stem is two to three inches long and one-fourth to nearly one-half an inch thick in the largest specimens. It is not uncommon in woods in summer and autumn. Like many other species it is more abundant in wet weather It delights especially to grow among fallen leaves in mixed woods, and though generally single or scattered in its mode of growth it sometimes forms clusters, in which case the cap is apt to be more or less irregular. Although small in size and thin in flesh it affords a very deli- cate and delicious food. When once known it is easily recognized, and I do not know of any hurtful mushroom in our flora with which it is likely to be confused. Clitocybe laccata Scop. Laccate Clitocybe. Waxy Clitccybe. Plate 36. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes umbilicato, hygrophanous, glabrous or minutely scurfy squamulose ; lamella) broad, distant, adnate or slightly decurrent, more or less tinged with flesh color; stem slender, equal, fibrous, stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores globose, rough, .0003 to .OuO-l inch broad. The Laccate clitocybe is a small but very common species which has a very wide range and is sometimes very abundant. It is also very variable, but easily recognizable when its poouliar characters are understood. It is thin in llesh, not highly llav»)reecies. Sometimes they grow from dead spots or dead branches of living trees, and are often out of reach, being far up from the ground. Stem present, distinct 1 Stem wanting or indistinct P- ostreatus. 1 Spores white P- ulmarius. 1 Spores faintly lilac-tinted P- sapidus. Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. Elm Pleurotus. Plate 28. Figs. 1 lo 4. Pileus convex or nearly flat, firm, glabrous, white or centrally tinted with reddish-yellow or brownish yellow, tlesh white; lamellie rather broad, rounded or notched at the inner extremity, adnexed, white or^creamy white; utem firm, eccentric, generally curved, white or whitish; spores globose, white, .ooo-j to .0002.^ in. broad. The Elm pleurotus, or elm tree mushroom, is a conspicuous object, growing, as^itjgenerally does, from dead places in or on 276 NEW YOBK STATE MUSEUM the stumps of cut branches of standing elms. By its large size and white color it easily attracts attention. Its cap is broadly convex or nearly flat, quite smooth and usually white or whitish. Sometimes it is centrally tinged with a rusty or dull yellowish hue, and occasionally adorned with roundish spots as shown in figure 2. I have never seen the American plant as highly colored as some of the figures of the European plant. Some- times the epidermis will be found cracked in small areas giving to the cap a scaly or tessellated appearance, and occasionally it cracks longitudinally. The flesh is firm and white. The gills are quite broad and not very closely placed side by side. They are notched at the inner extremity as in species of Tricholoma. They are white, or when old, tinged with yellow. The stem is firm and solid and united to the cap a little to one side of the center. It is generally more or less curved. This is especially the case when it grows from the side of the trunk of the tree. It is commonly smooth, but sometimes a little downy or hairy at the base. In color it is white or whitish. Cap three to five inches broad, stem two to four inches long, one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick. It^appears from September to November. It is not uncommon to see this mushroom late in autumn growing on the elms that have been planted as shade trees along the streets of our cities and in our public parks. It grows especially on those that have been severely trimmed or had their tops cut away. Its time of appearance is so late in the season that it is not often infested by insects. It therefore persists a long time and will keep two or three days without harm. Its flesh is not as tender as that of many of the mushrooms that grow on the ground, but it has an agreeable flavor and is quite harmless. Most tree-inhabiting mushrooms grow more slowly and are, therefore, more tough and more slow to decay than those growing on the ground. They are also less easily collected since they often grow high up on standing trees. In consequence of their persistent character they are easily dried and preserved for winter use. The Elm pleurotus sometimes grows on other than elm trees, as the maple and poplar. Occasionally when growing from the cut surface of an upright stump, or from the upper side of a branch, its stem is straight and attached centrally to the cap. Such^a^form__^has received the name Ysirietj verticalis. A form BEPJBT OF THE STATK BOTANIST 277 is said to grow in Europe in which the whole stem is downy or hairy, but I have not found it in our State. According to Vitta- dini the Elm pleurotus is a fungus of first quality and very desirable. Letellier commends it as an article of food because of its large size, and Dr. Cooke mentions one specimen which was so large that it made a good meal for three or four persons. Quelet says that it is sapid, but should be eaten while young. When dried specimens are soaked several hours in water they resume their original size and are nearly as good as if fresh. Pleurotus sapidus Kalchb. Sapid Pleurotus. Plate 87. Pileus convex or depressed, glabrous, often irregular, variable in color, flesh white ; lamella3 subdistant, decurrent, whitish ; stems commonly tufted, growing from a common base, eccentric or lateral, glabrous, white or whitish ; spores oblong, pale lilac, .00035 to .00045 in. long. The Sapid pleurotus generally grows in tufts or crowded clus- ters, whose stems are more or less united at the base, and whose caps crowd and overlap each other. The caps are smooth and firm and in wet weather are somewhat moist. They are convex on the upper surface or centrally depressed, and owing to their crowded mode of growth are often very irregular in shape. They vary greatly in color, being white, yellowish, ashy gray, dull lilac or even brownish. The flesh, however, is white. The gills are rather broad and somewhat wide apart. They run down on the stem and there often branch and connect with each other. They are whitish or yellowish and sometimes pre- sent a ragged or torn appearance. The stems are generally short and two or more usually grow from a common base. They are commonly white and smooth, solid and firm, and attached to the cap laterally or a little to one side of the center, though specimens occasionally occur in wliich the stem is quite central. The peculiar character which distinguishes this species, ami about the only one that is available for separating it in all '.'uses from the next, is the lilac tint of the spores. When those are thrown down on black or brown paper they have a sordid, whitish appearance, but if caught on white paper the color of the mass 278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is a very pale dull lilac as represented by figure 9, It has seemed to me that they are whitish, even on white paper, when first thrown down, but after a short exposure or after a greater accumulation the lilac tint appears. Notwithstanding this pecu- liarity in the color of its spores the species is classed among the white-spored mushrooms, and it is perhaps a question whether it is, after all, anything more than a variety of the next species. Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one- fourth to two-thirds of an inch thick. The Sapid pleurotus grows in woods and open places from June to November. It is quite common and more abundant in wet weather. It inhabits decaying wood and may be found about old stumps, prostrate trunks of trees or even on dead or dying trees while yet standing. Sometimes it appears to grow from the ground, but a careful investigation would show that it starts from some decaying root or some buried piece of wood. In Europe it is said to grow on elm and oak, but in our State it inhabits other trees also, such as beech, birch, maple and horse chestnut. I have eaten it both fried and stewed and consider it about the same as the Oyster mushroom in edible qualities. In Hungary, according to Dr. Kalchbrenner, it is eagerly sought for food in the woods, and is also cultivated on pieces of elm trunks in gardens. Pleurotus ostreatus Fr. OrsTBR Pleurotus. Otstee Mushroom. Plate 26. Figs. 5 to 9. Pileus convex, soft, imbricated, glabrous, moist, whitish, ciner- eous or brownish, flesh white ; lamellaB broad, decurrent, anasto- mosing at the base, white or whitish ; stem short, firm, mostly lateral and indistinct or absent ; spores oblong, white, .0 03 to .0004 in. long. The Oyster mushroom or Oyster fungus, so named because of its shape probably, rather than because of its flavor, is very simi- lar to the Sapid mushroom. According to the descriptions of the European plant it is quite variable in color, but with us the pre- vailing colors are white or ashy-gray, changing to yellowish in the old or dried state. The stem when present is generally shorter than in the Sapid pleurotus and more often lateral. It is sometimes hairy at the base and sometimes wanting entirely. But the caps are REPORT OF THB STATE BOTANIST 279 clustered and overlapped very much as in that species, and the gills are the same in both. For table purposes there is little need of keeping the two distinct. Both are much more liable to be infested by insects than the Elm pleurotus. Both grow on decaying wood and at the same season and under similar conditions. The Oyster mushroom is apparently much less fre()uent in our State than the Sapid mushroom. It has long been classed among the esculent species, but in consequence of the toughness of its flesh it does not rank as a mushroom of first quality. Miss Banning states that she has eaten it both raw and cooked, but that she failed to detect any resemblance between its flavor and that o^ the oyster. Dr. Cooke says that it is a fleshy fungus, and when slowly and carefully cooked it is a pleasant and digestible one, but that it may be spoiled by bad treatment. French writers speak well of it and agree that it is both safe and excellent, but some recom- mend it only while young and tender. No charge of b ing dele- terious is brought against it. The remaining white spored genera here represented differ from all the preceding either in the character of the gills or of the flesh. Hygrophorus Fr. In the genus Hygrojyhoinis the gills of the mature jilant have a soft waxy texture which distinguishes them from all others. They are not easily separable into the two membranes which form their two surfaces, as in the preceding genera. As in Pleurotus, the gills of some of the species are rounded or notched at the end next the stem, but of others they are decur- rent on it. Those with decurrent gills bear considerable external resemblance to the species of Clitocybe, but the gills are generally thicker and much further apart than iti that genus. No species of Hygrophorus is known to be dangerous, though two or three have been classed as suspected. Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. Meadow HYoiiorHORUS. Pastukk llYOKiuHiun-e. Plate 2H. FIrb 11 to 17. Pileus compact, convex turbinate or nearly Hat, glul)rt)U.s, the margin thin ; lamellie thick, distant, decurrent, whitish or yellow- ish, the interspaces veiny ; stem short, glabrous, wliiii> «.r whitish. 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sometimes yellowish ; spores broadly elliptical, whitish, .00024: to .00028 in. long. The Meadow hygrophorus, also called Pasture hygrophorus and Buff-caps, is a rather small but stout-appearing mushroom, which is quite variable in the color of its cap. This is commonly buff or yellowish, more or less tinged with red or tawny hues. Sometimes it is almost white. When young, the cap is nearly hemispherical or strongly convex, but with advancing age the thick fleshy center becomes more prominent. In full maturity the thin margin is apt to be extended horizontally so- that the surface of the cap is nearly flat and its shape resembles an in- verted cone whose sides are fluted by the widely separated gills. The flesh is white or nearly so and has a mild taste. The thick gills extend far down on the stem in the mature plant, and in the bottom of the spaces between them cross veins may be seen connecting them together. The stem is mostly white, or if tinged at all with the color of the cap, it is paler than it. Sometimes it tapers downward, be- coming more narrow at the base than in the upper part. Its sur- face is smooth. Cap one to two inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one-fourth to one-half an inch thick. This species grows in old pastures and clearings or in thin woods. It is often found in old abandoned fields partly over- grown with brakes and bushes. It may be found from July to September. It has, for many years and by nearly all writers on this sub- ject, been classed with the edible species, and Dr. Cooke pro- nounces it to be thoroughly wholesome and of delicate flavor. Hygrophorus miniatus Fr. Yermilion Hygrophorus. Plate 28 Figs. 1 to 10. Pileus thin, fragile, at first convex, becoming nearly plane, glabrous or minutely squamulose, often umbilicate, generally red; lamellae distant, adnate, yellow, often tinged with red; stem slender, glabrous, colored like the pileus ; spores elliptical, white, .0003 in. long. RHPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 2 SI The Vermilion hygrophorus is a very highly colored, beauti- ful species. It is small, but in some localities it is so abundant that no difficulty need be encountered in procuring a quantity of it sufficient for a meal for a large family. The cap is thin and fragile, and it must be handled with care or it will be broken. In the young plant it is convex, but it expands with age until it is tlat or even centrally depressed. Its surface is sometimes smooth and even shining, again it is roughened as if coated with minute scurfy scales. Frequently there is a little central depres- sion or umbilicus in it. When vounor and moist the margin often shows slight striations, but in the dry or mature plant these are not seen. The margin is often irregular or wavy, and in very wet weather it may become curved upwards so that the cap be- comes concave. The color is usually a bright red or vermilion, but sometimes it fades to paler or orange shades, and there is a variety in which the whole plant is yellow. This I have called variety liitescens and have represented it by figures 9 and 10. The bright color of this plant is apt to disappear in drying. The gills are commonly yellow, but sometimes they are more or less tinged with the red color of the cap. They are not so wide apart as in the Meadow hygrophorus. They are generally attached to the stem by the entire width of the inner extremity, but specimens occur in which they are plainly notched at the inner end, and others are found in which they are slightly decurrent. The stem is rather slender. In young plants it is solid, but in older ones it becomes wholly or partly hollow. It is colored like or sometimes paler than the cap. Cap one-half to two inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one to two lines thick. The Vermilion hygrophorus grows in woods, swamps and old fields in soil either wet or dry, among mosses or fallen leaves «ir on naked earth. It is sometimes found in great profusion in recent clearings over which fire has run. In such places it com- monly attains a larger size than in dense woods, the cap attain- ing a diameter of even three inches. It is evidently fond of moisture and is more abundant in wet weather than in dry. It will grow even in the wot Sphagnum of |>eat bogs, and yet it is also found on the dry knolls and hillocks of the Adirondack 36 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ■ region, growing freely under the shade of the brakes {Pteris aquilina) that cover them. It thus shows a great adaptability to varying conditions. It grows either singly, in groups or in clusters, and may be found from June to September. It is especially abundant in the Adirondack region. Having experimented with this species twenty years ago I was agreeably surprised to find it scarcely surpassed by any in ten- derness of substance and agreeableness of flavor. It was first recorded as an edible species in the Twenty-sixth Report of the State Museum. A common species that closely resembles it is the Chantarelle hygrophorus, Hygropliorus Cantharellus. This is a smaller and more graceful plant, having a long slender stem and gills running very distinctly down on it. The colors of the two plants are the same, and they might easily be confused unless the character of the gills is noticed. Lactarius Fr. In the genus Lactarius the gills exude a milky or colored juice where cut or broken. This character alone is sufficient to dis- tinguish this genus from all others, but there are other features which are quite characteristic. The texture is such that while the flesh seems firm and rigid it is nevertheless very brittle and easily broken. The fracture is quite even and not ragged or torn as in more fibrous or filamentous substances. The species are mostly stout and fleshy in appearance and resemble in outline those of the genus Clitocybe. In the mature plant the cap is generally somewhat funnel-shape or like a broad inverted cone. The gills are more or less decurrent and the stem is mostly stout and short. Some of the species have the cap adorned with circular zones or bands more highly colored than the adjacent parts. This feature is rarely seen in any other genus. The taste of the juice and flesh in many species is very acrid or hot and burning, like that of cayenne pepper. Unless this can be destroyed by cooking or drying such species must be considered wholly unfit for food. There is much uniformit}" in the spores of all the species. They are globose or nearly so and roughened by minute points or protuberances. Their color may be white or yellowish, according to the species. II BKPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 283 Lactarius deliciosus Pr. Delicious Lactarius. Plate S9. Pileus at first convex and often slightly urabilicate, becoming nearly plane or centrally depressed, sometimes almost funnel- shaped, glabrous, yellowish-orange or grayish-orange varied with brighter mottled zones; lamellae orange-colored; stem glabrous, often marked with a few orange-colored spots, colored like or paler than the pileus ; juice orange-colored ; spores globose, yel- lowish, .0003 to .0004 in. broad. The Delicious lactarius is well marked by its peculiar colors and is easily distinguished from all our other species of Lactarius by its orange colored juice The cap is convex when young, but in the mature plant it sometimes becomes centrally depressed or even shaped like a funnel. It is smooth, and when fresh and moist its surface is slightly viscid. Its color is some shade of orange enlivened by mottled circles or zones of deeper hue. These zones often appear as if composed of numerous con- fluent spots. They are less distinct in old plants, in which also the ground color fades and becomes tinged with greenish hues, as shown in figure 4. Such plants have an unattractive appearance and should not be used for food. The flesh is whitish, but tinged with orange, especially along the line of attachment of the gills. There is often a slightly acrid taste to it when fresh. The gills are very similar to the cap in color. The orange- colored milk exudes from these in drops if they are cut or broken. This milk or juice pervades the whole plant and may e.xude from wounds in any part. Wounds and bruises slowly assume a ilull greenish hue. The stem is colored like or a little paler than the cap and is often adorned with a few bright orange spots. It is generally quite short when growing on nak-nl ground, but longer if growing among mosses. In some cases it is narrowed at the l)aso. in others not. It is generally hollow in mature i)lants. Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to four inches long, ono third to two-thirds of an inch thick. Common in woods, groves and dainj), mossy places. It is especially fond of pine woods and mossy swamps, though not by any means limited to these. It mav sometimes l>e found in 284 NEW YORK STATE MD8EFM swamps when dry weather prevents its growth elsewhere. It appears from July to October. The following are some of the many quotations that might be made concerning the edible qualities of this mushroom. It is one of the best mushrooms with which I am acquainted and fully deserves its name and the high estimation in which it is held. Its flesh is firm, juicy, sapid and nutritious. Badhain. It is the most delicate and the safest mushroom known, Vittadini. It is a species highly esteemed and generally liked. It is very good when properly cooked. It is also good preserved in vinegar. Richon and Roze. It is certainly very good when cooked with care. Quelet. It is most excellent. Berkeley. Fried with butter and salt it has a taste like lamb. Seynes. It is edible but it is not as good as its name seems to indicate. Gillet. Served at the annual Woolhope dinners, it has always given satisfaction. Cooke. It is the most delicious mushroom known. Smith. My own experience with it leads me to consider it very good but scarcely equal to the best. Doubtless differences of opinion concerning it may be due in part to different methods of cooking. It is said to require delicate cooking, for too long or too rapid cooking will make it tough. One of the best methods is to bake gently three-fourths of an hour in a close covered dish, having seasoned it with butter, pepper and salt. I consider it one of our most valuable mushrooms, because of its common occurrence and goodly size, and because of the almost total im- possibility of mistaking any deleterious species for it if regard be had to the color of its juice. From this it is sometimes called the Orange milk mushroom. Lactarius volemus Fr. Orangk-bbown Laotakius. Plate 30. Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes becoming centrally depressed or almost funnel-form, glabrous, dry, golden-tawny or brownish-orange, sometimes darker in the center; lamellaB crowded, adnate or subdecurrent, white or tinged with yellow; stem colored like or a little paler than the pileus, glabrous; juice white, abundant ; spores globose, white, .00035 to .00045 in. broad. The Orange-brown lactarius is a clean, firm and attractive species. It varies but little in color and is, therefore, easily recog- I REPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 285 nized. The cap is at first convex and, as in nearly all species of Lactarius, with advancing age it expands and becomes nearly flat or is somewhat depressed in the center and slightly funnel form. It is very smooth and generally quite regular. Sometimes it has a slight umbo or protuberance in the center as shown in figure 2. In the mature plant the epidermis sometimes cracks into small angular patches or areas. In the descriptions of the European plant this is given as one of the distinguishing charac- ters of the species, but it is by no means constant in the Ameri- can plant. Indeed, it is more often absent than present. The color of the cap is a peculiar mixture of red, brown and yellow, somewhat diflBcult to describe. It has been' called reddish - tawny, golden-tawny, brownish-orange and orange-brown. It varies somewhat in the depth of coloring, some being a shade darker or a shade paler than others, but the essential color is quite constant. In variety subrugosus, represented in figure 6, the margin of the cap is roughened with wrinkles which form irregular reticulations. In this variety the color is generally a little darker than in the normal forms. The flesh is white, some- times tinged with yellow. The gills are closely placed side by side and are attached to the stem by the whole width of their inner extremity, or in ma- ture funnel-form caps they run down on the stem somewhat. They are white or yellowish. Where cut or broken a white juice or milk exudes in drops, and wounds or bruises quickly assume a brownish hue. The stem is colored like the cap, but generally it is a little paler. It is quite firm and smooth and generally solid. It varit s in length but is not often longer than the diameter of the cap. Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to four inches long, one-third to three-fourths of an inch thick. It grows in thin woods and open places. It is especially found in woods and groves of chestnut and oak. It is a common s|>ecies and occurs from July to September. It is most abuiulant m warm showery "weather. Usually many individuals will bo found growing in company or in groups, so that it is not dilflcult to ob- tain a generous supply for the table. It is remarkably free from the attacks of insects, which is a point in its favor as an esculent. Sometimes in drying it emits an unpleasant odor, which js per- 286 NEW YOBK STATE MUSEUM haps an indication that the specimens should not be kept too long before cooking. Many writers affirm that this fungus is quite as good raw as it is cooked, but to me it often has a slightly acrid or astringent flavor in the raw state. All acknowledge it to be edible. Cordier says it is excellent and among the most agreeable edible mushrooms, and that in some countries it is eaten raw as well as cooked. Paulet declares it to be fine and delicate and that it is eaten with delight. Quelet asserts that it is better raw than cooked and that its sweet milk affords an agreeable drink for the botanist in the warm days of summer. Stevenson gives it as edible and delicious. My own experience with it would scarcely lead me to class it as more than an ordinarily good mushroom. Perhaps it might be improved by better cooking than I was able to give to it. I have not eaten it uncooked. There are two or three species somewhat similar to the Orange- brown mushroom in color, but none of them are hurtful. We are sometimes cautioned against mistaking the Red lactarius, Lactarius rufus, for it. This is reported by Fries as very pois- onous. I have found this on the high summits of the Catskills and in the cold mossy swamps and woods of the Adirondack region, but never in company with the Orange-brown lactarius. It is easily distinguished by its more red color, its smaller size, and especially by its exceedingly acrid burning taste. No one who had tasted it in the raw state could be induced to swallow the least particle of it. Russula i^r. The species of Russula are very similar to those of the genus Lactarius in size, shape, structure and texture. The spores also are of the same character. But this genus is at once separated by the absence of any milky or colored juice. The coloration is also peculiar in many of the species, bright or clear red and pur- plish hues prevailing. This character doubtless suggested the name of the genus. No species exhibits the colored circular zones seen on the caps of so many species of Lactarius. The taste of the flesh is very similar in both, in some species it being peppery or acrid, in others mild. The following is the only species which I have tried, though several have been recorded as edible. BKPOHT OF THE STATE IJOTANIST 2^7 Russula virescens Pr. Gekknish RcssiLA. Plat« 31. Pileus at first nearly globose, then expanded and convex or centrally depressed, firm, dry, adorned with small fiocculent patches or warts, greenish, sometimes tinged with yellow ; lamel- lae moderate!}^ close, free or nearly so, white : stem short, firm, white; spores nearly globose, slightly roughened, white, .<.mj()24 to .0u03 in. broad. The Greenish russula is quite distinct and easily recognized by its green or grayish-green and warty cap. In the young plant this is rounded or almost globular, but it soon becomes convex and sometimes w^hen mature it may even be centrally depressed. Its surface is dry, not viscid as in some other greenish species, and it is broken up into small scales or wartlike patches. The margin in the typical form is even, but specimens often occur in which it is marked with impressed lines or striations as in figures 3 and 4. The margin of the expanded cap often becomes split. The flesh is white and has a mild taste. The gills are white or whitish. They are narrow at the inner extremity and barely reach the stem. Generally some of them are forked and often a few shorter ones intervene between the long ones. The stem is commonly shorter than the diameter of the cap. It is smooth, white and solid or somewhat softer and spongy in the center. Cap two to four inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick. In grassy grounds, groves or thin woods. July and August. A green color in mushrooms is very rare, but in the genus Russula there are several species that exiiibit it or an approach to it. But these all lack the wart-like adornments that charac- terize the Greenish russula, and therefore need not be misUken for it. The color in our plant is not a bright greon, l)ut one more or less mingled with gray or yellowish. Somolimos the central part of the cap is more highly coloreil than the margin and sometimes it is paler, exhibiting here the yellowish tints. Vittadini places this among the most safe and delicate 8i>ecie8 of Russula. Roques speaks highly of it. and says it can bo eaten 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with entire confidence. According to Cordier it is a delicious mushroom with a pleasant taste and an agreeable odor. Richon and Roze say it has excellent qualities but it needs proper season- ing. One of the most commendable of the edible russulas, edible, but its flavor is improved by cooking, edible but in little demand, are other opinions recorded concerning it. My own experience indicates it as of second-rate quality, but entirely harmless. Cantharellus Adans. The genus Cantharellus is separated from all the preceding genera by the character of the lamellae. These have an obtuse or blunt edge, and are mostly forked or branched. They are generally narrow. In general appearance the species are not much unlike species of Clitocybe, for the gills are usually decur- rent, but their thick branching and anastomosing habit and blunt edge give a very distinct character to the hymenium. Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Chantahellb. Plate 33. Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, becoming expanded or slightly depressed, glabrous, yellow, the margin at first involute, then spreading and often wavy or irregular; lamellae narrow, thick, distant, decurrent, branched or anastomosing, yellow ; stem firm, glabrous, solid, yellow ; spores elliptical, pale yellowish, .0003 to .0004 inch long. The Chantarelle is beautiful in color if not in shape, and is most easily recognized. Its color is a uniform rich egg-yellow, which is very constant. This extends to all parts of the plant except the inner flesh, which is white. The suface of the cap is smooth, but owing to the lobing and wavy character of the mar- gin the shape is often irregular and unsymmetrical. The cap is generally convex or nearly flat above, but sometimes it is cen- trally depressed. It is gradually narrowed downwards to the stem, often presenting the general outline of a broad inverted cone. The gills are narrow, with a rounded or blunt edge and with irregular branches which often connect with adjacent gills. In some individuals they are more branched than in others. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 2S9 The stem is variable in length. It is often curved or slightly crooked, and sometimes tapers downward. It is smooth and solid, and by some it is considered as good as the cap for food. Cap one to three inches broad, stem one to two inches lon^ one fourth to one-half an inch thick. It grows in woods and open places. It is a common species, and may be found from June to September. A favorite habiUit is in the deep shade of hemlock or spruce trees, but it also grows freely in thin woods of deciduous trees in wet, showery weather. 1; commonly grows in groups but sometimes in curved lines, as if trying to form a '"fairy-ring." The European plant is said to exhale an odor like that of ripe apricots, but I have not been able to detect any decided odor in the American plant. The taste of the raw plant is often a little pungent or acrid. The ChantareUe has long been celebrated for its edible quali- ties. Fries says that it is justly enumerated among the most sapid fungi; Badham, that no fungus is more popular; Cooke, that it is alike esteemed in France, Germany, Austria and Italy, where it is eaten regularly and exposed in the markets for sale ; Gillet, that it is an excellent plant whether used as food or as a condiment; Stevenson, that it is edible and delicious. Accord- ing to Berkeley, it is occasionally served up at public dinners at the principal hotels in London on state occasions, when every effort is made to secure the rarest and most costly dainties. Miss Banninor affirms that she has eaten it both raw and cooketl and that by a confirmed fungus eater it would be pronounced most charming. My own trials of it would lead me to })lace it among the best and most important of our wild mushrooms. The Orange chantarelle or False chantarelle, CantliarcUm aurantiacus, is the only species liable to be mistaken for the edible chantarelle. It may at once be recognized by the orange color of its gills, which are also thinner and more close and are regularly and repeatedly forked. The color of its cap is a jialer aad more dingy yellow, varied with smoky-brown tints. Marasmius Fr. The genus Marasmim(\\iUYS from all the preceding genera by the tough texture of the small thin plants that coiuixkso it. The plant quickly withers or shrivels in dry weather aiul revives 37 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM a^aia under the inflaence of moisture. The gills are thin and have an acute edge. They are rather tough and flexible like the cap. The spores are white. Marasmius Oreades Fr. Fairy-eing Mushroom. Plate 14. Figs. 12 to 81. Pileus fleshy, tough, glabrous, convex or nearly plane, often somewhat umbonate, reddish or tawny red, becoming paler with age or in drying ; lamellee broad, distant, rounded behind or free, whitish or yellowish ; stem slender, tough, solid, coated with a close dense villosity, whitish ; spores nearly elliptical, white, .0003 to .00035 in. long. The Fairy-ring mushroom has received this name because of its tendency to grow in rings or circles. In France it is called False mousseron and in England, Scotch bonnets. It is also called Fairy ring champignon. When young and moist its cap is reddish, tawny-red or pale yellowish-red, but it becomes paler with age or as the moisture disappears. "When dry it is gener- ally pale-yellow or buff, as shown in figures 16 and 17. Some- times it is slightly striated on the margin, especially when moist, as shown in figure 12. Often it is prominent in the center as if broadly umbonate. This is seen in figures 13 and 14. The flesh is rather thin, white and inclined to be tough. The gills are rather broad and wide apart. They are rounded at the inner extremity and scarcely or but slightly attached to the stem. They are whitish or yellowish. The stem is rather slender but solid and quite tough. It is covered with a fine close villosity or tomentum which can be scraped away, revealing the smooth surface of the stem baneath. Its color is whitish or pale grayish. Cap one to two inches broad, stem one to two and a half inches long, scarcely one -fourth of an inch thick. Common in pastures, lawns and grassy places by roadsides. May to October ; appearing in wet weather or after heavy rains. It usually grows in groups, sometimes in arcs of circles or in complete circles or even in lines. It sometimes forms clusters. It has long been esteemed as edible, but owing to its small size and somewhat tough substance it has not gained the general REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 291 popularity it deserves. The following recorded opinions of it will not be without interest: It is very good while young. When young it may be eaten in an omelet. It has a verv aoree- able taste and odor and gives a delicious flavor to sauces, but it needs cooking a long time. There is little of it and it serves only as a condiment. It is edible and recommended especiallv as a condiment. It is delicious when broiled with butter. It may be pickled or dried for future use. It is very agreeable but in little demand because of its small size. It is a very delicious mushroom and the abundance in which it evervwhere Errows makes it a very valuable one. Its tendency to toughness is easily overcome by proper cooking. There are two or three mushrooms which are somewhat sim- ilar to the Fairy-ring mushroom in size and color, and which might by carelessness be mistaken for it. One of these, the Semiorbicular naucoria, Nauooria semiorhicularis, sometimes grows in company with it. It may be distinguished from it by the color of the gills, which in the mature plant are rusty brown. Its spores when caught on white paper have a dark rusty or ferruginous color, and its stem is smooth. The Oak-loving collybia, Collyhia dryojjhila, also resembles it in the color of the cap and gills, but its gills are more narrow and very closely placed side by side, and the stem is very smooth and hollow. This usually grows in woods, but sometimes it occurs in open places and then might be taken for the Faii\ -ring mushroom through carelessness. An esteemed correspondent gives the follovving meihud of cooking this mushroom : Throw the clean caps into sufiicient boiling water to make a nice gravy when done, and cook them half an hour. Then rub together a small tjuantity of butter and flour and water, with salt and pepper, and add to the mushrooms, stirriiiLT for a monieni. Pour on hot toast and serve in a hot dish. Another method is to put the caps in water wiih butter and seasoning and let them simmer slowly ten or fifteen minutes. Then thicken with flour and serve alone, or if preferr.»d \M^\\T over cooked meat. As a condiment, chop in small pieces and add U) conivin- u;i>i), stews, broths or meats just before time to serve. 292 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM Polyporese. BOLETI, POLYPOKI AND LiVER FcNGUS. In the family Polyporese the cap has no gills on the lower sur- face, but instead of them there are small tubes, holes or pores. The spores of the fungus are produced on the inner surface of these pores, and when mature, they are dropped or ejected from them into the open air. They may be caught in the same man- ner as the spores of agarics, but their color has not been em- employed in classification to the same extent that it has in that family. The edible species to be described belong to three gen- era, Boletus, Polyporus and Fistulina. The distinctive charac- ters of these genera are indicated in the subjoined table. Pores compacted together and forming a continuous stratum 1 Pores each in a distinct tube Fistulina. 1 Stratum of pores easily separable from the caj) Boletus, 1 Stratum of pores not separable from the cap Polyporus. Boletus Bill. The genus Boletus contains most of the edible species of this family. The substance of the cap is soft and fleshy and the cel- lular or porous stratum on the lower surface may be easily and smoothly removed by pressing it outwardly from the stem toward the margin. This is the chief character by which to separate a boletus from a polyporus. Nearly all boleti grow on the ground and have the stem centrally attached to the cap. Unfortunately for mushroom eaters, many of them grow only in warm and wet or showery weather when insects are numerous, and therefore they are very liable to be infested by larvae. Care must be taken to reject such plants. The stems also must be discarded, for they are too tough to be good. The tubes or pores are apt to form a disagreeable mucilaginous mass if retained, and it is well to remove them before cooking. Some species have a viscid surface to the cap which causes dirt, sticks and leaves to adhere tenaciously to it. The caps of such plants should be peeled before cooking. Cap viscid when moist 1 Cap not viscid 3 1 Stem furnished with a collar EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTAIHST 293 1 Stem destitute of a collar B. granulatue. 2 Stem dotted above the collar B. luteus, 2 Stem dotted both above and below the collar B. subluteus. 3 Stem rough with prominent colored dots 4 3 Stem with no dots 6 4 Margin of the cap adorned with adhering fragments of a membranous veil B, versipelHs. 4 Margin of the cap naked B. scaber. 5 Stem solid B. edulis. 5 Stem hollow or cavernous B. castaneus. Boletus luteus Z. Tellow-bkown Boletus. Plate 33. Figs. 7 to 12. Pileus viscid or glutinous, dingy or brownish-yellow, somewhat variegated with darker lines, spots or streaks, flesh white, some- times tinged with yellow ; tubes minute, yellow, becoming darker or ochraceous-yellow with age : stem short, stout, annulate, yel- lowish and dotted above the membranous annulus ; spores yellow- ish brown, .00025 to .0003 in. long. The Yellow-brown boletus is one of our rarest fungi. Its broadly convex or nearly flat cap is of a peculiar dingy color formed by a mixture of yellow and brown or reddish-brown, which is very obscurely varied by slightly deeper colored streaks or spots. When wet it is covered with a sticky gluten which is so tenacious that it can be peeled away with the cuticle. The flesh is white, but in mature plants it is sometimes tinged with yellow. The tubes are nearly plane in the young ]>lant, that is, their mouths are in a plane surface. They are at first concealed by the white membranous veil which soon breaks from its attachment to the margin of the cap and shrinks to the stem, on which it forms a kind of collar. The young tubes are yellow, but they assume dingy ochraceous hues with age. The stem is generally shorter than the horizontal iliamoteruf the cap. It is. yellowish above the collar and marked there with small brown dots. Below the collar it is generally more or less covered by a continuation of the veil, so that in very short- stemmed plants it appears as if sheath.Hl bv a wrapper as in llio genus Amanita. 294 NEW TOKK STATE MUSEUM Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one- half to three-fourths of an inch thick. I have found this species under pine trees only. It occurs in autumn. European authors have written about its edible qualities as follows : Edible and highly esteemed ; its flesh is very tender ; it is excellent ; it is good and extensively consumed in Germany. Boletus subluteus Peck. Small-yellowish Boletus. Plate 33. Fig^ 1 to 6. Pileus viscid or glutinous when moist, often obscurely streaked or spotted, dingy-yellowish or ferruginous-brown, flesh whitish or tinged with dull yellow ; tubes plane and yellow in the young plant, becoming dingy-ochraceous with age, and sometimes con- vex; stem slender, whitish or dingy -yellowish, annulate, dotted both above and below the annulus ; spores oblong or subf usiform, .0003 to .0004 in. long. The Small-yellowish boletus scarcely differs from the Yel- low-brown boletus except in its smaller size and its more slender stem, which is dotted both above and below the collar. Its collar is less membranous in the mature plant, for it collapses or shrinks into a thick, often discolored, band instead of persisting as a flexible membrane. It is quite probable that it has often been confused with the larger species, and so far as its edible character is concerned such confusion would not be serious for there is but little difference in their flavor. This species is much more frequent than the other. It may be found from August to October. It occurs only in pine regions or in places where pine trees once grew. It is especially fond of a light sandy soil shaded by a thin or scattered growth of pine trees. I do not know of any dangerous species with which these two boleti are liable to be confused. Boletus granulatus L. Gkanulated Boletus. Plate 34. Figs. 1 to 5. Pileus viscid or glutinous when moist, variable in color, usually grayish-yellow or tawny, the flesh white tinged with yellow; KEPORT OF THE STATE B3TANIST 295 tubes at first very pale-yellow, becoming dingy-ochraceous with age ; stem short, thick, solid, dotted above, whitish or yellowish ; spores oblong, rusty-ochraceous, .0003 to .OOOA in long. The Granulated boletus has the cap viscid or glutinous when moist. It varies much in color. It may be pinkish-gray, grayish-yellow, reddish or ferruginous-brown or tawny. It is sometimes obscurely spotted from the drying gluten. The flesh is rather thick and white except along the lower surface next the tubes where it is generally tinged with yellow. The tubes are at first pale-yellow or almost white, but they assume the dingy- ochraceous hue which is common to many species in maturity. When examined closely, the mouths of the tubes are seen to be dotted with minute granules which give rise to the name of the species. These are at first in the form of drops of a thick juice, but with age they become dry and form brownish granules. The stem is short, generally less than the horizontal diameter of the cap. It has no collar, but is dotted with small brown granules similar to those on the tube mouths. These granules are more numerous and distinct near the top of the stem. Sometimes they extend to the base, sometimes not. Cap one and a half to four inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one-third to one-half an inch thick. The Granulated boletus grows in pine woods and groves or under or near scattered pine trees. It may be found from July to October. It is one of our most common species in j)ine regions. It usually grows gregariously, many plants occurring in a small area. It sometimes grows in circles. The absence of a c<55 to .0007 in. long. The Rough-stemmed or Scabrous-stemmed boletus may well be called our most common and, in respect to color, our most variable species. Its cap varies in color from white to almost black. It also varies somewhat in shape. It is generally convex or cushion- shaped, but sometimes it is hemispherical or even broadly conical. Its surface is commonly smooth, but occasionally specimens are found in which it is slightly downy or even scaly. The fiesh is white or whitish, and the margin in mature plants is often thick and blunt by reason of the lengthening of the tubes. The tubes are long and mostly convex in the mass in the mature plants. They are much shortened around the stem, thus leaving a depression or cavity there. When young and fresh they are whitish, but they become darker and dingy or brownish with age. Bruises or wounds of the whitish tubes and llesh sometimes produce a slight change in color, it assuming pinkish or blackish hues. The stem scarcely differs in any respect from the stem of iho Orange-cap boletus, and its characters need not be repeated here. Several varieties have been described, most of which depend on the color of the cap. Yar. niveus has the cap white. Fig. 3. This is thought by some to be a distinct species. Var. aurantiacus has the cap orange-rod. Fig. 4. This differs from the Orange cap boletus only in the character (jf the margin of the cap. Nzx.fuligineus has the ca|) fuliginous or cinereous rni;..;,,..,,. Fig. 5. N^T.fuscus has the cap brown or dark-brown. Figs, -.tuuul 7. 3S 298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Other variations in color are sometimes seen. The epidermis of the cap sometimes cracks into small angular areas or scales, which ^ive it a peculiar appearance. This form has been desig- nated as Var. areolatus, but neither this nor the varieties depend- ing on color alone have a very substantial basis. They are probably mere forms rather than true varieties. Cap one to five inches broad, stem two to five inches long, one- third to two-thirds of an inch thick. The Rough-stemmed boletus occurs everywhere in woods, swamps and open places, and in sandy, gravelly, loamy or clayey soil. It may be found from June to November, It is easily recognized by its peculiar stem, no other species, except the Orange-cap boletus, having a stem like it. The dots are very different in character from those on the stems of the Granulated boletus and the Small-yellowish boletus. They are dry and fibrous, and not formed by the drying and hardening of a thick juice, as in those species. Authors differ in their estimate of the edible qualities of this boletus. Some simply pronounce it edible ; others say it is less agreeable than the Edible boletus, which is generally preferred to it. Gillet says that it can be eaten without the least fear, but that young plants should be selected for the table, old ones being generally more difiicult of digestion. My own experiments with it were highly gratifying, and lead me to consider it a first-class species for the table. Boletus edulis Bull. Edible Boletus. (Plate 36. Figa. 8 to 12.) Pileus glabrous, compact, becoming soft with age, grayish-red, brownish-red or tawny-brown, often paler on the margin, the flesh white or tinged with yellow, reddish under the epidermis • tubes soon convex, depressed around the stem, at first whitish, becoming greenish-yellow ; stem stout, equal or thickened at the base, reticulated in the upper part, sometimes wholly reticulated, solid, pale or brownish ; spores cblong-fusiform, .0005 to .0006 in. long. The Edible boletus is one of our large species, though it is by no means as common as desirable. When young the cap is firm and the tubes white, with their mouths very indistinct. "With REPORT OF THE STATB BOTANIST 299 advancing age the cap becomes softer and more yielding to pres- sure and the tubes assume a greenish-yellow or greenish-ocbra- ceous hue and their mouths are then distinct. In color the cap is quite variable, exhibiting a mixture of red, yellow and brown hues. It is most often tawny-brown or reddish-brown on the disk, with paler and yellowish hues on the margin. The flesh is tinged with red under the cuticle. The tubes form a convex mass, being depressed around the stem. The stem is stout, solid and firm. It is adorned with a tine network of raised lines just below the tubes, and sometimes these reticulations extend to the base. It is most often somewhat swollen or thickened toward the base. Its color is generally paler than that of the cap, it being brownish or yellowish-brown or dingy "white. Cap four to six inches broad, stem two to six inches long, one- half to one and a half inch thick. The Edible boletus grows in groves, woods and their borders, and sometimes in open waste places. It occurs in warm, showery weather, during July and August. It holds a prominent place among edible boleti, just as the common mushroom does among edible agarics. It has long been known as an edible species, and on this account its reputation has become widely spread. It has an agreeable, nutty flavor, even when raw, and it has secureil favorable mention from nearly all writers on this subject. Batl- ham recommends, especially, this and the Rough-stemnu-d boletus. Gillet says it is an excellent species, with an agreeable flavor, and that it is largely consumed in some parts of France. It is also cut in slices and dried for future use, and in this way is sold in the markets of Europe. Boletus castaneus Jiull. Chestnut Uoletds. Plate 88. FIrb. 1 to 7. Pileus convex, becoming nearly piano or depressed, ilry. linn, at first minutely velvety, commonly reddish-tawny or cinnamon, flesh white, unchangeable; tubes short, small, at first whif. becoming yellowish; stem firm, short, stulled or hollow, coU.roti 300 NEW YORK 8TATB MUSEUM like the pilaus; spores oval or broadly elliptical, pale-yellow, .0004 to .0005 in. long. The Chestnut boletus is unlike any other specieahere described, in having a hollow stem. Its cap is at first convex, but it becomes expanded with age and sometimes the margin curves upward, as shown in figure 4. There is a minute velvety down on its sur- face, which is scarcely noticeable except to a close observer. The color is generally reddish- tawny or cinnamon. It is not always as dark as is indicated by the name. The tubes are small and short. At first they are white, but they become yellowish as the plant matures. The stem is short and not always straight. It is clothed and colored like the cap. Sometimes it tapers towards the top. When young it is soft and spongy in the center, but it becomes cavernous or hollow when old, as shown in figure 6. Its pale yellow spores are also a peculiar feature. Some species of this genus quickly assume bluish tints where the substance is bruised or broken. The rule is sometimes given to avoid all such as poisonous. And yet one correspondent, an enthusiastic mycophagist, informs me that he eats such species, and has done so repeatedly without harm. In one instance how- ever, which was brought to my notice, sickness and vomiting followed the eating of the sensitive boletus. Boletus sensibilis, a species which assumes a blue color in a remarkable manner where bruised, cut or broken. Even the pressure of the fingers in handling it causes it to assume blue spots where touched. All the family partaking of it were made sick, but all recovered. Polyporus 3Iich. In members of the genus Polyporus the stratum of pores is not smoothly or easily separable from the cap. Most of the species grow on dead or decaying wood and are too tough for food. A few grow on the ground, but even these are inclined to be tough. Yery few of the wood inhabiting species have a central stem and many have no stem at all. In some the texture is dry, hard, corky or woody, such as no one would think of eating, and of those classed as edible, it is generally better to select only the very young plants for food. My personal experience with these has not extended beyond the single species here described. EKPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 3<'l Polyporus sulphureus Fr. SuLPHUEr Polyporus. Plate 37. Figs. 1 to 4. Pileus broad, somewhat irregular and wavy, growing in tufts and closely overlapping each other, uneven, reddish or orange color when young and fresh, fading with age, flesh white ; tubes very small, short, sulphur yeUow ; spores elliptical, white, .0003 in. long. The Sulphury polyporus is easily recognized by its clustered mode of growth and its attractive colors. The caps are often five or six inches broad and they closely overlap each other, sometimes forming tufts or clusters of considerable size. Gen- erally the flesh is not more than half an inch thick, white and easily broken. "When young it is soft and juicy, and in warm, moist weather it sometimes exudes a yellowish milk or juice if cut or broken. In maturity it is dry and almost friable. The color of the young cap is yellowish red or pale-orange, but the red or orange soon fades to yellow or becomes mingled with yellow. Its color is generally lost in drying. The margin of the growing cap is often beautifully yellow. It is more or less wavy or irregular. The tubes are minute and short. They are of a bright sulphur- yellow color, which is more persistent than the red color of the cap. There is no stem, but sometimes the cap is prolonged on one side into a stem-like base. This species has a wide range and is found in all parts of our State. It grows in woods and in the open country. Its showy clusters are sometimes seen growing from tlead spots in the trunks of living standing trees. It is perfectly at home on the (lead wood of nearly all kinds of trees. Even fruit trees some- times support it. It may appear at any time from .Tune to Se|v tember, but it delights in showery wet weather. A variety sometimes occurs which might well be named variety glomeratus. In it a multitude of small caps are so closely and intimately united that their individuality is lost in the largo mo.ss which they form. Irregular and unecjual holes or cavities in the general surface of the mass afford opportunity for a partial de 302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM velopment of the pores of the imperfect caps. This variety is said to be more common in some of the western States than it is here. In using the Sulphury polyporus for food, only the young and freshly grown caps were taken. These thinly sliced and fried in butter were much better than 1 had expected to find them. Mature specimens would probably be tough, dry, disagreeable and indigestible. Fistulina Bull. In the genus Fistulina the tubes stand close to each other, but are separate or distinct from each other and do not form a con- tinuous compact mass as in Boletus and Polyporus. They are at first very short and resemble minute warts or papillae, but they become cylindrical with age. We have only the single species iiere described. Fistulina hepatica Fr. Liver Fistqlina. Plate 37. Figs. 5 to 9. Pileus fleshy, juicy, soft, dark-red, flesh red, variegated with brighter streaks ; tubes small at first, yellowish or slightly tinged with pink, becoming dingy with age; spores elliptical, yellowish, .0002 to .00025 inch long. The Liver fistulina has received various popular names in countries where its edible qualities are generally known. Among these are Oak tongue. Chestnut tongue, Beef tongue and Beef- steak fungus. Its cap when young is roughened on the upper surface with minute papillfB, which, with its shape and red color, are suggestive of the name Beef tongue. These papilla dis- appear with age. In texture it is soft and juicy, but rather tough and somewhat fibrous. Its juice is reddish and the flesh is streaked with red. Its surface, when moist, is a little sticky or clammy to the touch. Generally there is a short lateral stem, but occasionally specimens are found without any stem. The tubes are on the lower surface of the cap and quite small. At first they are like small pimples or papillse, but they soon lengthen and become cylindrical. They are yellowish, more or less tinged with pink when young and fresh, but with age they assume a dingy, ochraceous hue which is almost indefinable. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 3* "3 The cap varies from two to six inches or more in breadth. It grows from old stumps of oak or chestnut in wet weather in July and August. This Vegetable beefsteak or Beefsteak fungus has been highly commended by European writers. It has a slightly acid flavor, which is by no means disagreeable to some palates. Its tough- ness may be an objection with some, but it is not more tough than beefsteak. Some authors recommend only the young plant for food, but another says it is best when fully matured, the young fungus being somewhat bitter and astringent. " It is good broiled with a steak and properh-- seasoned ; " " if it is not beef itself, it is sauce for it ; " " it is trulv a vegetable beefsteak, for the taste resembles meat in a remarkable man- ner;" "no fungus yields a richer gravy, and, though rather tough when broiled, it is scarcely to be distinguished from broiled meat," are some of the expressions concerning the edible qualities of this fungus. Hydneae. Hedgehog Mushrooms. In the family Hydneae, the cap, when present, has neither gills nor pores on its lower surface, but instead of these there are numerous spine like or awl-shaped teeth projecting downwards. On the surface of these teeth the spores are developed. There are several genera in the familv, in which these teeth are vari- ously modified in shape and size, but as there are no edible species among them, they do not concern us nov- '»■>.• edible species belong to the single genus Ilt/dn um. Hydnum L. The distinct awl-shaped teeth or spines on the lower surface •»! the cap, when the cap is present, characterize this genus. In one edible species the cap is replaced i)y numerous branches, on whoso inferior surface the teeth are developed. There are many sin-cics which are merely thin, effused membranous expansions, on wh..so surface the teeth are formed, but these furnish no cMliblo siKXjie*, Teeth on the lower surface of a cap • '• repandmn. Teeth on the lower surface of Hattened branoi.os .... H. coniUoidea. 304 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hydnum repandum L. Spreading Hydnum. Plate 38. Pileus fleshy, fragile, convex or nearly plane, often irregular, nearly smooth, variable in color ; spines pointed, whitish ; stem stout, whitish or paler than the pileus, solid, often eccentric ; spores globose, yellowish, .0003 in. broad. The Spreading hydnum, or "hedge hog mushroom," figures 1 to 6, is not rare with us. Its cap is somewhat variable in color. It may be a pale-buff or rusty -yellow or pale-red or sienna-red. It is not often well formed and regular. The margin is apt to be wavy or ]obed, and the stem attached to the cap a little to one side of the center. The substance is compact but easily broken. It is rather dry and whitish, but sometimes changes color slightly if cut or broken. The spines or needles of the lower surface are about one-fourth of an inch long. They are whitish, often slightly tinted with yellow or pinkish. The stem is mostly short, solid and stout, sometimes thickened at the base, sometimes at the top. It is commonly whitish, or at least paler than the cap. Cap one to four inches broad, stem one to three inches long, one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick. The Spreading hydnum grows in woods and in open places, either on naked soil or among grass or fallen leaves, either singly or in clusters. It appears from July to October. The Reddish variety. Variety rufescens {Hydnum rufescens Pers.), figures 7 to 10, is smaller, thinner and more regular, with the stem mostly central. Its color is more red than in the typi- cal form, and by some it is considered a distinct species. It is more common in woods. Its edible qualities are similar to those of the typical form. According to Badham, the Spreading hydnum is as good as oys- ters, which it somewhat resembles in taste. Stevenson says it is one of the most delicious fungi, but that it requires about four hours slow cooking. Berkeley also pronounces it a most excellent fungus, but one that requires a little caution in its preparation for the table. One method of cooking it consists in first slicing the caps and steeping twenty minutes in warm water ; then placing in a stew pan with butter, salt, pepper and beef gravy and sim- BEPOET OF THE STATE BDTANI8T 305 mering slowly for an hour. Cooke suggests that, owing to its slight pungency of tlavor both raw and cooked, it may serve a.s a good substitute for mustard, and be placed with the meat in sandwiches. It may be dried and preserved for future use. Hydnum coralloides Scop. Coral-like Hydnum. Plate 21. Figs. 11 to 13. Plant much branched, pure white, sometimes becoming yellow- ish with age ; branches numerous, spreading, dense, angular or flattened, bearing the numerous crowded awl-shaped teeth along the lower side; spores globose, uninucleate, .00o2 in. in diameter. The Coral-like hydnum departs very decidedly from the usual form of the species of this genus, and is so unlike the others that it might easily be thought to belong to another genus, and, indeed, some French authors have included it in a separate genus Dryo- don. It is 80 white, and its^branches and spines are so numerous and dense, that it has been cjmpared to a cauliflower in its general appearance. Others have evidently thought it resembles some species of coral. The plant is generally from two to four inches high and nearly or quite as broad, but sometimes it attains much larger dimensions The stem is very short, dividing into branches almost at the base. The larger branches are more or less angular or compressed. The terminal ones are often curved upwards and terminate in a crowded, somewhat spread- ing, mass of spines. Generally the spines are closely arrangeil along the lower side of the spreading branches and point down ward toward the earth. They vary from one-sixth to one-third of an inch in length. They are easily broken. The pure white color of the whole plant, when young and fresh, and the unusual appearance of the branches, densely and stillly fringetl by the pendulous spines, make this fungus a very noticeable and an attractive object. It is said that a desire to study fungi wa.s first awakened in the illustrious Fries upon his beholding for the first time this beautiful species growing in the woods. It occurs on prostrate trunks of trees of various kinds, but with us it seems to prefer the beech. It is ipiite common in hilly and mountainous woods in^ainy weather. It ai)pears from Angusi to October. 39 306 NEW YOKE STATE MU8EDM In our botanical expeditions in the extensive wilderness of the Adirondack region we were often obliged to camp in the woods several nights in succession. On such occasions this beautiful fungus sometimes contributed a luxurious dish to our ordinarily- very simple and, sometimes, very limited bill of fare. In such cases it proved as good as it was beautiful. It is scarely possible to mistake any deleterious fungus for this, and it also has the advantage of generally being free from the attacks of insects and from dirt. Theleplioreae. CoRNucoriA Mushrooms. In the family Thelephoreae the hymenium or spore-bearing surface is reduced to its utmost simplicity. It is a perfectly even surface of the hymenophore, or one rendered slightly uneven by obscure wrinkles or inconspicuous papilhi? or granules. But few species have a distinct stem and cap. Probably no edible species will be found outside the genus Craterellus. Craterellus Fr. In the genus Craterellus the spore bearing surface is even or slightly rugose or wrinkled. The caps are generally thin and ! sometimes long and narrowly obconical or funnel-shaped. A single^representative species is here described. Craterellus cornucopioides Ptrs. CoRNUcoi'iA Craterellus. Plate 24. Figs. 7 to 10. Pileusjthin, flexible, tubiform, hollow to the base, blackish- brown, iBometimes a little scaly ; hymenium even or somewhat rugose wrinkled, cinereous; stem very short, almost wanting; spores^elliptical, whitish, .0005 to .0007 in. long. The Cornucopia craterellus, or " Horn of plenty," is more common than attractive. It is easily recognized by its elongated tubular or narrowl}^ trumpet-shaped cap and its dingy-gray or sooty-brown hue. It takes its name from its peculiar shape. Its-flesh is quite thin, a little tough, flexible and dry. The. surface of the cap is smooth or but slightly roughened, with^a^few [obscure fibrous tufts or scales. The color varies frum grayish to a dark smoky-brown or sooty hue The KEPORT OF THE STATS B ink or creamy-yellow. It is easily recognized by the peculiar tips of tlie branches. These are rather slender and acute or pointed, and sometimes so numerous as to give a crested appearance to the apically-flattened branch they terminate. When old they usu- ally turn brown" or blackish-brown at the tij^s. I'nusual forms of the plant occur in which these acute terininat branchh't.s are wanting;. The branches then end abruptlv in a bhint point. Perhaps these forms are referable to C. cora//<>iut iliat is described as having the tips of the branches acute. 3X0 NEW YORK STATE MD8EUM The Crested clavaria grows in woods and in open places. It is especially common in the hilly and mountainous districts of the State. It loves cool, shaded and moist places, and grows on naked soil or among mosses and sphagnum. It usually grows in groups, sometimes in lines, and it is so plentiful that it is not difficult in some localities to gather enough for the table in a short time. Poisonous and Unwholesome Fungi. As has already been stated, the most dangerous fungi appear to belong to the single genus Amanita, and probably most of the fatal accidents from mushroom poisoning are due to two or three species. The characters of the genus need not be repeated here. The prominent distinctive features of the species here described are indicated in the brief tabular statement annexed. Cap warty, striate on the margin A. muscaria. Cap not warty, even on the margin 1 1 Remains of the membranous wrapper closely pressed to the base of the stem A. verna, 1 Remains of the wrapper distant from the base of the stem A, phalloides. These plants are not ordinarily poisonous to handle, nor are they repulsive in taste or odor. They are clean and attractive in appearance, and the symptoms of poisoning that follow their use as food are slow in appearing. On the other hand, those that are classed as unwholesome usually possess some character that may be taken as an indication of their unwholesomeness, though tais is not always a sure guide to follow. Their toughness of texture, their nauseous and acrid taste, or their intolerable odor, will in most cases sound a note of warning. A single species will here be illustrated and described as a representative of this class of fungi. It is the Bitter boletus, Boletus felleus. Amanita muscaria L. Fly Amanita. False Orange. Plate 42. Pileus warty, slightly striate on the margin ; lamellae white : stem annulate, bulbous-thickened at the base where it is more or BEPOBT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 311 less scaly from the fragments of the rupture! volva; spores broadly elliptical, white, .0003 to .0004 inch long. The Fly amanita is our most common poisonous species. It is also very variable in size and in the color of its cap. It is gen- erally a m st showy and attractive plant. The cap is adorned with numerous white or yellowish warts, the remains of the upper part of the wrapper. It is more or less striated on its margin, but individuals sometimes occur in which the striations are very inconspicuous or even wholly wanting. The color is bright-red, scarlet or orange in the young plant, but this nearl\' always fades to yellow on the margin in the mature plant. In one variety the cap is wholly yellow, and in another it is white. The fading process often goes on until the orange and yellow hues are replaced by whitish ones. The warts of the cap are sometimes washed off by heavv rains, so that it is possible to find specimens of this species without warts. The flesh is white, but except in white forms it is yellowish just under the epider- mis. The gills are white, or in some cases slightly tinged with yellow. The same remark applies to the stem. This is furnished with a collar and terminates in a bulb at the base. This bulb is not broad and abrupt above as in the Poison amanita, but is gradually'' narrowed into the stem so that it has a somewhat ovate form. It, as well as the base of the stem, is more or less scaly from the adhering fragments of the wrapper, the remains of which do not adhere in an entire membranous sheath as in the Orange amanita and Sheathed amanita. As in other species, the stem may be either stuffed or hollow. Cap three to eight inches broad ; stem four to six inches long: one-half an inch or more in thickness. It grows both in woods and in open places and pastures. It occurs from June till the freezing weather of October or November. Very diverse statements concerning the properties of this fungus have been recorded. While some have attributed to it edible qualities, others have asserted that it is a most active poison and has caused numerous accidents by being confused with the Orange amanita. It is said to have caused death even when eaten in small quantities, and again it is said to have been eaten in abundance without any evil result. According to (^leiet, 312 NEW TOBK STATE MUSEUM it acts as a cathartic if eaten in small quantity, but causes death if eaten freely. One of my own correspondents assures me that he has eaten of the yellow variety, var. formosa, Fig, 6, without evil results, and that he regards it as ver}^ good. But there is no disputing the fact that the species possesses intoxicating and poisonous properties. It has long had the reputation of possessing properties fatal to flies that sip its juice. This suggests the names muscaria, Fly amanita^ Fly agaric and Fly killer by which it is known. I have myself seen the cap of a single specimen surrounded by a circle of lifeless flies that had sipped the viscid juice from its moist surface and fallen victims to its virulent properties before leaving the place of their fatal repast. Some have attempted an explanation of the contradictory statements concerning this plant by supposing that its poisonous properties are not always developed, that in some localities or under some favorable circumstances it is harmless. This explana- tion violates our sense of the constancy of Nature, and is not at all satisfactory. In the case of my owji correspondent, the caps were peeled before cooking. May it not be that much of the noxious quality resides in the epidermis and the viscid sub- stance upon it, and that by discarding this the dish is rendered less dangerous? In some instances may it not be true that it was eaten in too limited quantity to produce evil consequences? In some cases it is said that those who eat it freely and without harm boil it a long time in water and throw away the water. In this way, doubtless, much of the poison is abstracted. Long soaking in salt and water, also in vinegar, have been recom- mended as a means of rendering suspected or noxious species harmless, and may have been practiced in some of the cases in which this fungus has been eaten with impunity.* Whatever may be the explanation of the contradictory statements, the only safe way is to consider this species as deleterious and avoid its use under all circumstances. There is no need of taking any risks with suspected species, since there are so many good ones against which no charge of evil has ever been established. * Since this was written another correspcn lent writes that he has eaten as many as fo*r caps of tht» yellowish form of this species at one ireal and without any evil consequences, and that the caps were not peeled. This makes pertinent the question, is this variety, indeed, a distinct and harmless spec es? It scarcf-ly seems possible that the different experiences are explainable by reason of Individual idiosyncrasy, or by variation in ihe properties of the plant. REPORT OF THE 8TATK BOTANIST 313 It is said that some of the people of northern Asia make an intoxicating liquor of this fungus by steeping it in water. Forms of this species occasion alh-^ occur which are wholly white or whitish. They are referable to A^ariety alba. Amanita Frostiana, Frost's amanita, is found in more dense woods. It might easily be taken for a very small form of the Fly amanita. Its cap is only one or two inches broad, its gills and stem are often yellow, its collar is slight and often evanescent and the base of the stem is not scaly, the bulb being slightly margined hj the remains of the wrapper. Amanita verna Bull. Yernal Amanita. Plate 41. Figs. 4 to 7. Pileus glabrous, even on the margin, white, viscid when moist : lamellae white ; stem annulate, white, floccose, stuffed or hollow, closely sheathed at the base by the remains of the membranous volva, bulbous ; spores globose, .0003 inch broad. The Vernal amanita scarcely differs from white forms of the Poison amanita except in the more persistent and more closely sheathing remains of the wrapper at the base of the stem. It is probably only a variety of that species, as most mycologists now regard it, and it should be considered quite*as dangerous. I have not found it earlier than in July, although in Europe it is said to appear in spring, as its name implies. Amanita phalloides 7^-. Poison Amanita. Plates 40 and 41. Figs 1 to 3 Pileus glabrous, evon on the margin, white, greenish or brown ; lamella? white; stem annulate, abruptly bulbous at the base, the bulb slightly and loosely margined above by the remains of the volva; spores globose, white, .0003 in. broad. The Poison amanita is very variable in tbe color of the cap, and yet is so definite in its structural characters that only the most careless -observer would be likely to confuse it with any other species. There is, however, a sort of deceptive character about it. It is very neat and attractive in its appoaranre and "looks as if it might be good enough to eat." This api>.'arancv 40 3U NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM is fortified by the absence of any decidedly unpleasant odor or taste, but let him who would eat it beware, for probably there is not a more poisonous or dangerous species in our mycological flora. To eat it is to invite death. The cap is wholly destitute of warts and of striations on its margin. It varies in color, from white to a dark smoky-brown. In the most common form it is white or a very pale greenish- yellow, as if it was white slightly tinged with yellow or green- ish yellow. I have never seen in it the decidedly green or olive- green colors which it appears often to have in Europe, and which are often indicated in figures of this species. There are two brown forms, one having the cap grayish-brown, as in figures 1 and 2, the other having it a dark smoky-brown, as shown in figures 3 to 5. The forms having a grayish or grayish-brown cap sometimes have the center of the cap darker colored or almost black. In Europe there is a white form with a black cen- ter to the cap. The gills are persistently white. They are rather broad, rounded at the end next the stem and free from it. The stem is white in the white-cap forms, but in those having a dark-brown cap it is usually tinged with brown, but is paler than the cap. The same is true of the collar. These dark-col- ored forms are more frequent in the cool woods of mountainous regions than elsewhere. When young the stem may be stuffed with a cottony pith, but it becomes hollow with age. The bulb at the base of the stem is an important character and should always be taken into consideration in the identification of ihe species. It is very abrupt, broad and distinct. Its breadth is often greater than its length. It is generally narrowly margined on the upper side by the remains of the wrapper. Sometimes this margin is reduced to a mere acute rim. It is distant from the stem, not closely pressed as in the Vernal amanita, and is frequently split or notched. The cap is three to five inches broad, the stem three to six inches long and one-third to one-half an inch thick. The bulb is from one to one and a half inches broad. The Poison amanita grows in woods, groves, open places and bushy pastures, and may be found from July to October. It is a common fungus. KEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 315 I suspect that fatal cases of mushroom poisoning are especially attributable to the Vernal amanita and the white forms of the Poison amanita. But such accidents could only occur through ignorance or gross carelessness, for the distinction between these and the common mushroom is plain and unmistakable. It may be exhibited as follows : Poison amanita. Gills jpersistently white; stem equal to or longer than the diameter of the cap, with a hroad distinct huUj at the base. Common mushroom. Gills pinh, hecoming hlackish-hi'OiDn; stem shorter than the diameter of the cap, with no hull at the base. From all forms of the edible Sheathed amanitopsis, the Poison amanita differs in its distinctly bullous stem, in having a collar on the stem and in the absence of striations on the margin of the cap. From the edible Reddish amanita, it is easily separated by the entire absence of any reddish hues or stains and of loarts from its cap. From the Smooth lepiota its distinct, abrupt and margined bulb at once distinguishes it. Boletus felleus Bull. Bitter Boletus. Plate 43. Pileus fleshy, convex above, glabrous or nearly so, grayish- brown, buff-brown, reddish-brown or tawny, tlesh white, taste bitter; tubes long, convex in the mass in mature plants, at tirst whitish, becoming pale flesh color; stem equal or tapering upwards, usually reticulated at the top only, rarely wholly reticulated, commonly a little paler than the pileus: spores oblong-fusiform, pinkish, .0005 to .0007 inch long. The Bitter boletus takes its name from the bitter tlav.)r which its flesh persistently maintains. It is a common species, and «)ne easily recognized by its reticulated stem ami llesh-colored tubes taken in connection with its bitter taste. The cap is rather thick, dry and smooth, but (luite variable in color. This is generally some shade of brown tinged with rod or yellow. The flesh is white, but when cut or broken an.! ex(x>scpMs \ Parasol Mushrtxjm ( Tall Lepiota SnuH)th I>-piota Uonev-colored Armill.irU 318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEDM Plate "^ I Figs. 22 oq i Figs. ^^iFigs. ( Figs. 24 - Figs. ( Figs. 25 26- 27 Figs. ) Figs. ( Figs. 28 - Figs. ( Figs. 29 30 31 32 qq ( Figs. 1 to 6 ^"^ I Figs. 7 to 12 04 j Figs. Ito 5 '^^ I Figs. 6 to 10 35 „„jFigs. Ito 7 "^^ i Figs. 8 to 12 „- 3 Figs. 1 to 4 ^' I Figs. 5 to 9 ( Figs. 1 to 4 39 - Figs. 5 to 7 ( Figs. 8 to 12 40 41 1 Figs Figs. 42 43 1 to 5 Tricholoma transmutans Peck. 6 to 11 T. imbricatum Fr. T. personatum Fr. 1 to 7 Clitocybe media Peck. 8 to 13 C. nebularis Batsch. 1 to 6 C. infundibuliformis Schceff. 7 to 10 Craterellus cornucopioides Pe7-s. 11 to 13 Hydnum coralloides Scop. Clitocybe laccata Scop. 1 to 4 Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. 5 to 9 P. ostreatus Fr. P. sapidus Kalchb. 1 to 10 Hygrophorus miniatus FY. 11 to 17 H. pratensis Fr. 18 to 23 Paxillus involutus Fr. Lactarius deliciosus Fr. L. volemus Fr. Russula virescens Fh: Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Boletus subluteus Peck. B. luteus L. B. granulatus L. B. versipellis Fr. B. scaber Fr. B. castaneus Bull. B. edulis BjiU. Polj^porus sulphureus Fr. Fistulina hepatica Fr. Hydnum repandum L. Clavaria flava Schceff. C. botrytes Pers. C. cristata Pers. Amanita phalloides Fr. 1 to 3 A. phalloides F)\ 4 to 7 A. verna Bull. A. muscaria L. Boletus felleus Bull. Changing Tricholoma Imbricated Tricholoma Masked Tricholoma Intermediate Clitocybe Clouded Clitocybe Funnel-form Clitocybe Cornucopia CratereUus Coral-like Hydnum Laccate Clitocybe Elm Pleurotus j Oyster Pleurotus ( Oyster Mushroom Sapid Pleurotus Vermilion Hygrophorus Meadow Hygrophorus Involute Paxillus Delicious Lactarius j Orange Lactarius I Orange-brown Lactarius Greenish Russula Chautarelle Small yellowish Boletus Yellow-brown Boletus Granulated Boletus Orange-cap Boletus Rough-stemmed Boletus Chestnut Boletus Edible Boletus Sulphury Polyporus Liver Fistulina Spreading Hydnum Pale-yellow Clavaria Red-tipped Clavaria Crested Clavaria Poison Amanita Poison Amanita (Whitish) Vernal Amanita Fly Amanita Bitter Boletus EXPLANATION OF PLATE A. Fig. 1 An Amanita; c the pileus or cap; m the striated margin of the cap; g the lamellce or gills; a the annuhis, ring or collar; s the stem; V the volva or wrapper; mc the mycelium or spawn. Fig. 2 A Boletus; c the cap; p the tubes or pores; a the collar; s the stem; mc the mycelium. Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 319 Fig. 3 A Hydnum; c the cap; t the acuhi or teeth; s the stem; mc the mycelium. Figs. 4 to 8 Vertical sections of caps and the upper part of their stenis showing the relations of gills to stems. Gills free from the stem; stem hollow. Gills adnexed; stem stuffed. Gills adnate; stem solid. Gills emarginate, also adnate and having a decurrent tooth. GiUs decurrent. A plant with its cap umbonate, also squamose, and its stem bulbous. A plant with its cap umbilicate, its gills decurrent and its stem equal. A basidium with its four spores. An ascus containing eight spores. PLATE 1. Lycoperdon giganteum Batsch. Giant Puff-ball. Fig. 1 An immature plant; about one-half the natural size. 2 A mature plant with, its rind above breaking into fragments, falling away and exposing the dusty mass of spores; about half the natural size. ' ' 3 Two fragments of filaments from the spore mass, magnified about 400 diameters. ' ' 4 Several spores, X 400. PLATE 2. Lycoperdon cyathiforme Base. Cup-shaped Puff-ball Fig. 1 An immature plant. " 2 A full-grown plant with even surface. " 3 A full-grown plant with the surface cracked into areas or broad spot-like scales. " 4 A mature plant with the upper part of the rind breaking into frag- ments, falling away and exposing the puri)lish spore mass. ' ' 5 The ragged cup-shaped base of an old plant after tl>o upper part of the rind and the spore mass have been dispersed. ' ' 6 Vertical section through an immature plant. ' ' 7 Two fragments of filaments from the spore mas ' ' 8 Seven spores, X 400. 400. PLATE 3. MORCHELLA ESCULENTA Pers. Comiiton Morel. Fig. 1 A mature plant. " 2 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant . " 3 A spore sack containing eight spores. X 400. 320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEuM MORCHELLA DELICIOSA Fr. Delicious Morel. Figs. 4 and 5 Mature plants, two forms. ' ' 6 Vertical section through the center of a mature'plant. " 7 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. MORCHELLA BISPORA Sor. Two-spored Morel. Fig. 8 A mature plant. ' ' 9 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 10 A spore sack containing two spores, X 400. MORCHELLA SEMILIBERA DC. Half-free Morel. Fig. 11 A mature plant. ' ' 12 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 13 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. PLA.TE 4. MORCHELLA CONICA Pers. Conical Morel. Figs. 1 and 2 Mature plants. ' ' 3 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. " 4 A spore]sack containing eight spores, X 400. MORCHELLA ANGUSTICEPS PccTc. \Narroio-cap Morel. Figs. 5, 6 and 7 Mature plants of various^forms. ' ' 8 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. ' ' 9 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. PLATE 5. Gyromitra esculenta Fr. Esculent Oyromitra. Edible. Helvetia. Fig. 1 A mature plant. ' ' 2 Vertical section through the center of Ja mature plant. ' ' 3 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. Helvella crispa Fr. Figs. 4, 5 and 6 Mature plants of various forms. * ' 7 A spore sack containing eight spores, x 400. MiTRULA VITELLINA SaCC. var. IRREGULARIS_;P«JCfc. Irregular Mitrula. Figs. 8 to 18 Mature plants of various forms. " 14 A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400. EEPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST 321 PLATE 6. Agaricus campester L. Common Mushroom. Fig. 1 A cluster of three young plants, in one of which the veil has just separated from the margin of the cap, thereby revealing the gills. " 2 and 3 Plants with their caps partly expanded and their gills yet pink-colored . •' 4 A mature plant with its cap fully expanded and its giUs blackish-brown. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an immature plant. • ' 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400 . Variety hortensis. Fig. ^: An immature plant. ' ' 9 A mature plant. ' ' 10 TTour spores, X 400. PLATE 7. Agaricus subrufescens Peck. Slightly Reddish Mushroom. Fig. 1 A young plant whose veil has just separated from the margin of the cap, revealing the whitish color of the gills. " 2 A cluster of four plants, two young, and two older ones with the caps partly expanded and the gills yet of a pinkish hue. 3 A single plant approaching maturity. • ' 4 A mature plant whose gills have assumed the blackish-brown color. • ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant. * ' 6 Vertical secti' n of the cap and upper part of the stem of a middle-aged plant. ' ' 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 8 Four spores, X 400.. ' ' 9 Branching strings of mycelium. PLATE 8. Agaricus arvensis Schreff. . Field Mushroom. Horse Mushroom. Fig 1 A young plant with the v. i! just separated from the margin of ih.< cap. • 3 A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the dingy pinkish hue of the gills. 41 322 NEW YOEK STATE MUSEUM Fig. 3 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded and the gills of a blackish- brown color. ' ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and the upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 9. Agaricus Rodmani Peck. Rodman'' s Mushroom. Fig. 1 A young plant. 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the pinkish color of the gills. " 3 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded. • ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an immature plant. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. Agaricus placomyces Peck. Flat-cap Mushroom. Fig. 7 A young plant with the veil just separated from the margin of the cap. " 8 A plant with the cap partly expanded. ' " 9 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded. " 10 Vertical section of Jthe cap and upper part of the stem of an immature plant. " 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. • ' 12 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 10. COPRINUS comatus Fr. Shaggy Coprinuf Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 and 3 Immature plants with the cap beginning to split on the margin ! and the gills beginning to assume the pinkish and blackish hues. " 4 A mature plant with the margin of the cap much split and recurved { and the gills blackened, dehquescing and dripping with an inkv fluid. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' * 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant approaching maturity. ' * 7 Four spores, x 400. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTAJ^IST 323 PLATE 11. COPRINUS MICACEUS Fr. Glistening Coprinus. Fig. 1 A cluster of seven immature plants. " 2 A mature plant showing the blackened gills. " 3 A mature plant with the margin of tlie cap split and somewhat recurved. ' ' 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma- ture plant. * ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant, the blackened deliquescing gills dripping with an inky fluid. ' ' 6 Four spores, X 400. Coprinus atramentarius Fr. Inky Coprinus. Fig. 7 A cluster of four plants, one of them young. ' ' 8 A mature plant. ' ' 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the 8t<>m of an imma- ture plant. ' ' 10 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant, showing the blackened dripping gills. " 11 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 12. CORTINARIUS VIOLACEUS Fr. Violet Cortinarius. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 3 A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the color of th^ gills. " 4 A plant with the cap fully expanded. ' ' 5 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of the stem ..r in imnm- ture plant. " 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem .ii .i iiumir.' plant. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 13. Cortinarius collinitus Fr. Smeared Cortinarius. Fig. 1 A younig plant showing the webby veil. " 2 and 3 Immature plants showing the color of the young gilln. " 4 A mature plant with the c.ii) fully expiui PLATE 15. Amanita cjesarea Scop. Orange Avianita. Figs. 1 and 2 Two young plants just emerged from the wrapper. • ' 3 and 4 Immature plants with the caps partly expanded. ' • 5 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded and its margin faded to a yellow color. • ' 6 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem showing tin- color of the flesh and gills and the cavity in the stem. ' ' 7 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 16. Amanita rubescens Fr. Reddish Amanita. Fig. 1 A young plant. 3 A plant with the cap partly expanded. 3 A plant with the cap fully expanded and with reddish stains on the gills indicating places where they have been bruised or wounded. 4 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. 5 A plant from whose cap the warts have disappeared. 6 A plant from whose cap the warts have mostly disappeared and (in the margin of which are slight striations. 7 Vertical section through the center of a plant. 8 Four spores, x 400. PLA.TE 17. Amanitopsis vaginata Roze. Sheathed Amanitopsis. Variety fulva (Shceff.) Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 and 3 Plants with the cap partly expanded, one having an uniWo mi the cap and the tawny tint to the wrapper. " 4 A plant with the cap fully expanded and darker rolonni in the Variety livida (Pers.) " 5 A young plant with two fragments of the wrapper adherinK' t.. (li.- cap. " 6 A plant with the cap partly expanded. " 7 A plant with an umbonate cap fully expanded. • • 8 Vertical section of a cap and tlie uppor part of its st.'rn. ' • 9 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 18. Lepiota procera Scoi>. Parasol Muahruuin. TnU l.> i>i"tlant with the cap fully expanded. 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant. ' ' 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. 6 Four spores, X 400. Variety uulbosum Peck. Fig. 7 A plant with the cap partly expanded. ' • 8 A plant with the cap fully expanded. PLATE 23. Clitocybe media Peck. Intermediate Clitocybe. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded. ' ' 3 and 4 Mature plants. 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma- ture plant. 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. • ' 7 Four spores, x 400. Clitocybe nebularis Batsch. Clouded Clitocybe. Fig. 8 A young plant. ' ' 9 An immature plant. " 10 A mature plant. " 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of :in imma- ture plant. ' ' 12 Vertical section of the cap and stem of a mature plant. " 13 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 24. Clitocybe infundibuliformis Schtrff. Funnel- form ClUocybv. Fig. 1 A young p.lant. " 2 and 3 Mature' plants, one showing inor.' fully tli- iipp<'r .Mirfa.-- of the cap. sj " 4 A mature plant with a wavy margin to tlif cap. " 5 Vertical section througii the center of a nmture piant. ' ' 6 Four spores, x 400. 328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Craterellus cornucopioides Pers. Cornucopia Craterellus. Fig. 7 A cluster of three plants of different degrees of development. " 8 A single mature plant. ' ' 9 Vertical section of a small plant . " 10 Four spores, X 400. Hydnum coralloides Scop. Coral-like Hydnum. Fig. 11 A plant growing from a piece of wood. " 12 A branch with its branchlets and spines. " 13 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 25. Clitocybe laccata Scop. Laccate Clitocybe. Figs. 1, 2 and 3 Plants showing the usual color when fresh and moist. ' ' 4 and 5 Plants showing the paler color of the caps when dry. ' ' 6 and 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stems of two plants of different form. " 8 Four spores, x 400. ' ' 9 and 10 Two plants of a larger form, their caps yet fresh and moist. " 11 A plant from whose cap the moisture has evaporated. ' ' 12 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. ' ' 13 Four spores, x 400. Variety striatula Peck. Figs. 14, 15 and 16 Three plants whose caps are yet moist and show the marginal striations. ' ' 17 A plant whose cap is dry and paler. " 18 Four spores, x 400. Variety pallidifolia Peck. Figs. 19 and 20 Plants whose caps are yet moist. " 21 A plant whose cap is dry and paler. ' ' 22 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem. Variety amethystina Bolt. Figs. 23, 24 and 25 Three plants with their caps yet fresh and moist. " 26 . A plant whose cap is dry and paler. ' ' 27 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 26. Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. Elm Pleurotus. Fig. 1 An immature plant. ' ' 2 A mature plant showing the central coloration and spotting some- times seen on the cap. I I EEPOKT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 329 Fig. 3 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a n)atnre plant. ' ' 4 Four spores, x 400. Pleurotus ostreatus Fr. Oyster Pleurotus. Fig. 5 A cluster of plants growing from decaying wood. " 6 A plant showing the upper surface of the cap. " 7 A plant showing the lower surface of the cap. • ' 8 Vertical section of a plant. ' ' 9 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 27. Pleurotus sapldus Kalchb. Sapid Pleurotus. Fig. 1 A cluster of three plants growing from decaying wood. 2 A cluster of four plants branching from a common base. 3 A plant of reddish-brown color showing the upper surface of the cap. 4 A plant showing the lower surface of the cap. 5 A small pale plant with a lateral stem, the upper surface shown. 6 Vertical section of a plant. 7 Vertical section of a cluster of three plants. 8 Four spores, X 400. 9 Color of tho spores as seen in a mass on white paper. PLATE 28. HvaROPHORUS MINIATUS Fr. Vermilion Hygrophorus. Fig. 1 A young plant. • ' 2, 3 and 4 Various forms of mature plants. " 5 A cluster of four plants ' ' 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of ii siuhII plant. ' ' 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of th.« stem of a larger plant with a hollow stem. ' ' 8 Four spores, x 400. Variety lutescens Peck. Fig. 9 A young plant. " 10 A mature plant. Hygrophorus pratensis Fi: Meadow HygrophoruK. Fig. 11 A young plant. ' ' 12, 13 and 14 Forms of mature plants. ' ' 15 and 16 Vertical sections of diir.Tent forms of matur»> plants ' ' 17 Four spores, x 400. 42 330 NEW YOKK 8TA.TE MUSEUM Paxillus involutus Fr. Involute Paxillus. Fig. 18 A young plant. ^^ ' ' 19 An immature plant showing the invohite margin of the cap. % ' ' 20 A mature plant showing spots on the stem and gills where they have been bruised. " 21 A plant with an eccentric stem. J ' ' 22 Vertical section through the center of a plant. il ' ' 23 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 29. Lactarius deliciosus Fr. Delicious Lactarius. Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded. ' ' 3 A plant with the cap full}' expanded and somewhat funnel-shaped, the gills wounded at 3a. ' ' 4 An old plant faded and tinged with green. ' ' 5 Part of a vertical section through the center of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant, showing the orange-colored juice oozing from a wound in the gill at 5a. ' ' 6 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 30. Lactarius volemus Fi: Oravge Lactarius. Fig. 1 A young plant. ' ' 2 A plant having a small umbo in the center of the cap. " 3 A plant with a broadly convex cap. " 4 A plant with the cap somewhat funnel-shaped. ' ' 5 A large plant with the cap broadly funnel-shaped, and the gills wounded, discolored and dripping the white milk at 5a. ' ' 6 A plant with the margin of the cap corrugated or wrinkled on its surface. ' ' 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a small plant, a drop of the white juice issuing from a wound in the gill at ?». ' ' 8 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 31. RUSSULA VIRESCENS Fr. Greenish Russula. Fig. 1 A young plant. 2 A plant with the cap partly expanded. 3 and 4 Two plants with the caps slightly striate on the margin, one mature and the cap fully expanded. 5 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded, split in two places on the margin and yellowish-green in the center, 6 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant whose cap is convex. 7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant whose cap is centrally depressed. 8 Four spores, x 400. 4 REPOBT Of THE 8TATB BOTANIST 331 PLATE 32. Canthaeellus cibarius Fr. Chantarelle. Figs. 1 , 2, 3, 4 and 5 Plants of various sizes and shapes. ' ' 6 A plant with the margin of the cap wavy. " 7 A stout plant with th > cap somewhat funnel-shaped. ' ' 8 Vertical section through the center of a plant. ' ' 9 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 33. Boletus sublutetjs Peck. Small yelloivish Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant with the tubes or hymenium yet concealed by the vtil. ' ' 2 An immature plant showing the yellow color of the tubes. 3 and 4 Mature plants showing the ochraceous color of the tubes. 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, x 400, BOLETTS LUTEUS L. Yellowish-brotvn Boletus. Fig. 7 A young plant with the tubes yet concealed by the veil. " 8 A plant whose veil has just separated from the margin of the cap. ' ' 9 and 10 Mature plants. ' ' 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. ' ' 12 Four spores, < 400. PLATE 34. Boletus qranulatus L. Crranulated Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 and 3 Mature plants differing in the shape and color of the caps ' • 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a maturo plant. ' ' 5 Four spores, x 400. Boletus versipellis Ft. Orange-cap Boletus. Fig. 6 A young plant. ' • 7 A plant with the dots on the stem of the same color as the cap. " 8 A plant with the dots on the stem of different colors. ' ' 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mulur*- plant. ' ' 10 Four spores, x 400. . PLATE 35. Boletus scabkk Fr. Rough- stem vied Boletu.t. Figs. 1 and 2 Young plants with differently colored caps. " 3 A plant with a white cap. " 4 A mature plant having a reddish cap. 332 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fig. 5 An immature plant having an ash-colored cap. ' ' 6 A mature plant with a blackish-brown cap. ' ' 7 A plant with a brown cap. ' * 8 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant. ' ' 9 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 36. Boletus castaneus Btill. Chestnut Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant showing the whitish tubes. • ' 2 and 3 Mature plants. " 4 A mature plant with the margin of the cap slightly curved upwards . ' ' 5 Vertical section through the center of a young plant. ' ' 6 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant. ' ' 7 Four spores, x 400. Boletus edulis Bull. Edible Boletus. Fig. 8 A young plant showing the white tubes. ' ' 9 A mature plant of small size. " 10 A mature plant of medium size. " 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. " 12 Four spores, X 400. PLATE 37. POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS Fr. Sulphury Polyporus. Fig. 1 A cluster of four plants growing from decaying wood. • ' 2 A single plant showing the upper surface of the cap and the yellow freshly grown margin. ' ' 3 Vertical section of a plant. " 4 Four spores, x 400. FlSTULINA HEPATICA Fr . Liver Mstulina. Fig. 5 A plant showing the upper surface of the cap . ' ' 6 A plant showing the lower surface of the cap. ' ' 7 Lateral view of a plant growing from decayed wood. ' ' 8 Vertical section of a plant showing reddish streaks in the flesh. ' ' 9 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 38. Hydnum repandum L. Spreading Hydnum. Figs. 1 and 3 Plants whose caps are of a pale color. " 2 and 4 Plants whose caps are of a reddish color. " 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant. ' ' 6 Four spores, x 400. EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 333 Variety rufescens (Pers.) Fig. 7 A plant whose cap is somewhat wavy on the margin. " 8 A plant whose cap is more regular. '•' 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant. '■ 10 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 39. Clavaria flava Schcef. Pale-yelloiv Clavaria. Fig. 1 A young plant. " 2 A full-grown plant. " 3 One of the principal branches with its branchlets. *' 4 Four spores, X 400, Clavaria botrytes Pers. Red-tipped Clavaria. Fig. 5 A young plant. " 6 A full-grown plant. " 7 Four spores, x 400. Clavaria cristata Pers. Crested Clavaria. Figs 8 and 9 Plants with few branches. " 10 A plant with many branches and a dingy whitish color. " 11 A mature plant in which the tips of the branches have assumed a brown color. " 12 Four spores, x 400, PLATE 40. Amanita phalloides Ft. Poison Amanita. Fig. 1 A young plant with the cap slightly expanded, and of a grayi:*li brown color. " 2 A mature plant with the grayish-brown cap fully expanded and l.lack- ish-brown in the center. " 3 A very young plant just bursting from its wrapper, two fragments of which still adhere to the cap. " 4 A plant with its blackish-brown cap partly expanded. " .5 A mature plant with its blackish-brown cap fully expanded. " 6 Vertical section through the center of an immature plant. '• 7 Vertical .section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. " 8 Four si)ores. x 400. I'LATE 41. Amanita phalloidks /•'/•. Poison Amavita. Fig. 1 A plant with its whitish cap partly expanded. •' 2 Aplant with its whitish cap fully expanded. " 3 Vertical section through the center of a mature i-lant. 33i NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Amanita verna Fr. Vernal Amanita. Fig. 4 A youn? plant just emerging from its wrapper. " 5 An immature plant with the cap slightly expanded. " 6 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded. " 7 Four spores, x 400. PLATE 42. Amanita muscaria L. Fly Amanita. Fig. 1 A young plant just breaking from its wrapper. "2 A plant with its red cap partly expanded. " 3 A mature plant with its cap fully expanded and faded to yellow on the striated margin. " 4 Vertical section of a part of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. " 5 Four spores, x 400. i Variety Formosa Fr. Fig. 6 A plant with its yellow cap partly expanded. PLATE 43. Boletus felleus Bull, Bitter Boletus. Fig. 1 A young plant. "2 A young plant showing the color of the young tubes. " 3 and 4 Mature plants with stems of different shapes. " 5 A mature plant with the stem reticulated to the base. " 6 Vertical s ction of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant. " 7 Four spores, x 400. CORRECTIONS OF PLATES; PLATE 1. Fig. 2. The exposed inner substance shown in the upper part of the figure is too black; it should be dingy-olivaceous. PLATE 6. Figs. 7, 10. The spores should be brown, not pink. PLATE 8. Fig. 5. The gills should be blackish-brown, as in figure 3. Fig. 6. The spores should be brown, not pink. PLATE 13. Figs. 2, 3. The gills should have no pink tint. Figs. 7 to 12. There should be no stripes on the caps. PLATE 14. Fig. 21. The spores should be white. PLATE 17. Fig. 9. The spores should be white. PLATE 19. Fig. 7 . The spores should be white. PLATE 24. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. The upper surface of the cap is too pale. Under the name Clitocybe infundibuliformis insert FISXEI^ FORM Clitocybe . PLATE 28. Figs. 8, 17. The spores should be white, not pink. PLATE 29. Fig. 4. The upper surface of the cap should have a dull greenish tint. PLATE 30. Fig. 8. The spores should be white. » The failure of the artist to follow tho -lopy aud corroctod proof cIo««ly m»kv n. corrections. M>r«if»l 334b REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. PLATE 34. Fig. 10. The spores should be brown, not pink. PLATE 35. Fig. 2. The stem should be dotted as in the other figures . Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9. The tubes and spores should have no pink hues. For the name soaber read scaber. PLATE 36. Fig. 4. The lower surface of the cap should be yellowish. Fig. 7. The spores should be yellowish, not pink. i INDEX. (Synonyms are in italics.) PAGE. Agaricinese 8S0 Agaricus 231 arvensis 53? campester 232 placomyces 240 Rodmani ... 235 Bubrufescens 236 Amanita 253 csesarea 253 muBcaria 3'0 phalloldes 313 rubescens 255 verna 313 Amanltopels . , . , 257 fulva 258 fungites 258 Uvida 256 spadicea 258 vaglnata , 257 Arinlllaria mellea 262 Aster cordlfolius 115 laevis 115 loDgifolius 115 paniculatua 115 ptarmicoides 115 Bldena connata 116 BoletUB 2f2 castaneus 299 eduUs 298 felleus 315 granulatus S94 luteus 29J scaber 297 subluteofl 294 YersipelliB 296 Cantharellus cibarius 288 Carex 119 sestivalia 156 alata :43 albolutescena 141 alburelna 166 alopecoidea , . . .• K9 aperta UO aquatlUa 160 arctata 180 arlstata 187 AtaOrayi 191 aurea 162 Backll 147 Carex— (Con/mued). paoi. Baileyi ]g] Barrattii J54 blanda jqi bromoldea 1 45 bullata ioo Buxbaumii J55 cacescena 1)4 capiUarla 171 Careyana jae castanea igj cepbaloldea ijo cephalophora uo chordorhlza m Collinaii m communu J75 comoea 188 conoldea 161 Crawel lU crinita ICS criatata 189 Davipil \ii debilia IfO decocDDOflita 1>7 deflexa ITT Deweyana 184 digitalis 100 disticha 14S durtfolia IC ebumea 171 Emmonali ITS exilis m extensa IM flllformis IM flava IH fiexilU !• f oenea • • • 1*1 foUlculata 1» f ormosa !•• fuaca '^ glabra '« glaucodea '* graclllfma — "'' granularU " Qrayll •" griRMk gynandra gynccratea hlrU Hitcho*ckUna :« u: xm IM 386 INDEX. Carex — (^Con tinned) . page . Houghtonii 185 hystricina 189 interior 137 intumescens 194 Jamesii f 147 Knieskernii 180 lacustris 166 lanuginosa 183 laxioilmis 16S laziflora 165 lenticularis ... 149 limosa 154 llttoralis 109, 153 llvida 159 longirostris 203 lupuliformis 192 lupulina 192 lurida 180 Magellanica 154 Micbauziana 195 Michauxii 195 miliacea 180 mirabills 144 monile 201 monosperma ■ 148 NovsB-AngliBB 176 CEderi 197 oligocarpa 163 oligosperma 196 paliescens ■■■■ 161 pauciflora 146 Peckii 177 pedicellata 175 pedunculata 170 Pennsylvanica 1' 3 plantaginea 170 platypby Ha 169 polymorpha 184 polytricboides 146 praBina 179 Pseudo-Cyperus 188 pubescens 178 retrocurva 16S retroflexa 13'^ retrorsa 199 Ricbardsonii 178 riglda 148 riparia 186 rosea 133 rostrata 195 Saltuensia 160 Sartwellii 145 scabrata 182 Schweinitzii 20. scirpoidea 172 scoparia 1^0 seorsa 138 siccata 145 eUicea 142 sparganioides 129 squarrosa 198 Carex — (.Continued) . page . sterllia 136 Steudelil 147 stipata 128 straminea 142 striata 185 Btricta 150 styloflexa 165 subulata 196 SuUivantii 157 sychnocepbala 144 tenella 125 tenera 143 tf ntaculata 190 tenuiflora 134 teretiuscula 126 tetanica 160 torta 151 tribuloides 139 triceps 155 tricbocarpa 187 trisperma 133 Tuckermani 200 umbellata 173 utriculata 201 vaginata 160 varia 175 vestlta.... 184 virescens 156 vulpinoidea 127 Willdenovli 147 Cladosporium carpophilum 113 Clavaria 307 botrytes 209 cristata 309 flava 308 Clavariese 307 Clitocybe 270 inf undlbuliformis 272 media 271 aebularis 270 Clitopilus 250 orcella 251 prunulus 250 Coniothecium Rubi 113 Coprlnus 241 atramentarius 242 comatus 241 micaceus 243 Cortinarius 245 clnnamomeus 247 collinitus 247 rimosus HO violaceus 246 Craterellus 288 cornucop'oides 268 Cucurbitaria Comptoniae 115 Cylindrosporium Padi 113 Dendrypbium nodulosum 113 INDEI. 337 PAOK. Diaporthe robust* jC Dlscomyceteea laj Eapatorlum perf oliatum 17 Flatulina hepatlca 204 Qi8teromycet€8B jl9 Oeoglossum 131 irregulare 131 viiellinum 131 OomphJdlua nigricans , 12 Qyromltra esculenta 12S Hi^belcma Colvlnl 19 Helvella crispa 129 Hesperls matronalis 17 Hjdneee 205 Hydniun 805 coralloldes 207 repandum 208 rufescent 206 •cabrlpyes 18 Hygrophorua 181 mlnlatus 181 pratensls 181 Hymenomyceteee 131 Inocyba eubtomentosa H Lactarlua 184 dellclosua 185 yolemus 186 Leplota 160 nauclnoidea 162 procera 161 Leucosporas 163 Lycoperdon 119 cyalhlf onne 121 glganteum 121 Lycop:)d]um claTatum 19 Marasmius oreades 192 Melanosporse 133 Mltrula vltellina 130 Morchella 123 angusticeps 125 bispora 1J6 oonioa 124 Morchella — (Continued). r^au. dellcloaa j]^ esculenta ^ hybrida j|g Bemlllbera igg Mublenbergia •obollf era if OchrotporaB 147 OTularla declpiens 15 Panicum caplllare 19 Paxlllua Involntua igo Pleurotus 177 ostreatua igo sapidus 179 ulmarius 177 Polygonum DouglassU is "nodoeum 19 Polyporeee 194 Poly poms sulphureua 90s Porla attenuata 90 Potamogaton heteropbyllua 19 Radulum molare it Rhodosporae 151 Roea blanda 17 Rusaula virescens 189 Senecio Robblnsli 18 Septoria centaurelcola 14 Cucurbltacearum so Dentarlas 90 Di7ari''at8e 14 Sphserella rublna II Spbaeropsls ulmlcola 14 Stachys paluetris 18 Thelephoreee tm Thymus Serpyllum 18 Tolyposporium bullatum 14 Trlcholoma 188 imbricatum 169 personat jm 270 terreum 19 transmutans IIH Vermlcularla Hepatlca? 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