eat 7
ite
; eee

itt

i tlh ttt f

—

Sg ae a a

= et
eS

REPORT

OF THE

- TWENTY-SECOND MEETING

BRITISH ASSOCIATION

FOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE;

HELD AT BELFAST IN SEPTEMBER 1852.

LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
| 1853.

; PRINTED BY
RICHARD TAYLOR. AND WILLIAM FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

Sao

CONTENTS.

Page
Ossecrs and Rules of the Association .........scseeeeseseeseeeneneenenes Sill
Places of Meeting and Officers from commencement .........ss6e00008 = XVI
Table of Council from commencement ..........0.sseseeseseerseseseeeeeee XViil
BPRCASUTEL S ACCOUNE cin esecen nec centes cee ceesecconvecnisivessoeswessscussanecs XX
ae PME NEN EE 8 7 oc cca anaes cc atedeccacaasasuccedgtivsstenesssss. SxaE
Officers of Sectional Committees .........sssccceeececeee ceeeeeecseeeveee | SXili
Corresponding Members.. Dede W ed eee asd PERI
Report of Council to the Gogionl Bilanaltens egies). eed 0d
Report of the Parliamentary Committee .......:ssccsseeeeeetteeetereeeee | XXIK
Recommendations for Additional Reports and Beaten in Science xxxii
Dynopsis of Money Grants ......sescocsedeercercsesesccccepredsevetsccsedsase” XXXV
Arrangement of the General Meetings ............sssessscoceecescseees ves xl
Beeniress of the Presidenitay. <. Jas tpa.auascabacecged vas ictves veces das bande eee xii »

REPORTS OF RESEARCHES IN SCIENCE.

Third Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena. Catalogue of
recorded Earthquakes from 1606 B.c. to a.p. 1850. By Robert
MAL DET, Cols, MBDA. tie Gicays senseieserss Wien phe SN Es'sp$E <= anpteonvbank. ty 12

Twelfth Report of a Committee, consisting of H. E. StrickLanp, Esq,,
Professor Dauseny, Professor Henstow, and Professor Linpiey,
appointed to continue their Experiments on the Growth and Vitality
RES ORE swiss aaaad neem gn eanh «cast seb eace ape menue Tao dn dalek Paeisamnes 177

iv CONTENTS.
Page
Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1851-52. By the Rev.
Bapen Powe tt, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., Savilian Professor
of Geometry in the University of Oxford ...........cccecsecenceseceeevecs 178

On the Influence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers of Plants
growing under different Atmospheric conditions. By J. H. Guap-
AMONIEA ENG DD Su coctiocseeccsescceccsee'asia ses cwciesecudessleases adeuet Mee dae @eemeere

A Manual of Ethnological Inquiry; being a series of questions concern-
ing the Human Race, prepared by a Sub-committee of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, appointed in 1851 (con-
sisting of Dr. HopGKin and Ricuarp CuLt, Esq.), and adapted for
the use of travellers and others in studying the Varieties of Man ... 243

Mean Temperature of the Day and Monthly Fall of Rain at 127 Stations
under the Bengal Presidency, from official Registers kept by Medical
Officers, for the year 1851. By Colonel Syxes, F.R.S. ............... 252

On Experiments on the Laws of the Conduction of Heat. By J. D.
IDGRBESS cl eS sb Ornin mete seciccsicostteccd cscs chavacsoas ovorcs ast eeoameeee TLOU

On the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations. By Roperr Hunt... 262
On the Composition and GEconomy of the Flax Plant. By Dr. HopcEs,

F.C.S., Professor of Agriculture, Queen’s College, Belfast, and
Chemist to the Chemico-Agricultural Society ..........:.sseeeeeeeeeeeee 273

The Freshwater Fishes of Ulster, as enumerated in the MSS. of the late
WitiaMm TuHompsoy, Esq.. President of the Belfast Natural History
and Philosophical Society. Contributed by Rosert PATTERSON,
Reqs atid’ James: R. GARRETT BsG.: fie. sasncenes seve os onceccs ds exnvasavsaee ee

Supplementary Report on the Fauna of Ireland. By the late WitL1AM
Tuompson, Esq., President of the Belfast Natural History and Phi-

PGsopHiCal HOCLY... c<cecssasstepescameaes Cevmuiens cossebWatsccuasued Menderes 290

Observations on the pee: | of Birmingham. By WitL1AM WILLs,
Esq. F.G.S. .. FR RS CEB CR ORE IO oO ee scscase, LT
On the Vortex-Water-Wheel. By James Tuomson, A.M., Civil En- |
ginéers’ Belfast; :.cvecssvavsted tt skeet beet 00d 05 Seeds oat le a Slope a
On the Composition of Foods in relation to Respiration and the Feeding
of Animals. By J.B. Lawes, Esq., of Rothamsted; and J. H. Gi-
prs Ph.Ds, BO.9.5..71, Waa Ree elu Wise ds Sa

NOTICES AND ABSTRACTS

OF

MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECTIONS.

MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.

MATHEMATICS.
Page
Rev. Dr. Brycr’s Account of a Treatise on Arithmetic in the Chinese Lan-
guage, by the Rev. Dr. Moncrierr, late of St. Paul’s College, Hong Kong 1

Mr. W. GarTLAND on Criteria for real and imaginary Roots of Biquadratic
MUGUALIONS) asseancccsceseaneeasotincrsencdset bagabotsid ctiseendecpacon sobm onde oar acenneriaoe 2

Sir WILLIAM R. HAMILTON on Biquaternions ........-.sscesseseeecscneceeeveneenees 2

J. J. WATERSTON on the Gradient of Density in Saturated Vapours, and its
Development as a Physical Relation between Bodies of definite Chemical
Constitution .....ceeee Recidahantae ata ae aig treeh ls cons senestae Masten «aetawcke hivrtes

Lieut, Heat, Evectriciry, MAGNETISM.
Sir Davip Brewster’s Notice of a Tree struck by Lightning in Clandeboye

FISTS ceaeGeoSiGobiboce coke BR UnGoL NBDE CAI GoLE Dob ricca non ARoHeeT bof ts, IeSpRbE Enea tae to ae ace CEIAE 2
———— Account of a Case of Vision without Retina ............ 3
——_—_—_—_—— —— On the Form of Images produced by Lenses and
PeieMgns OL Hit ereMe SIZESl gece casera s-ceccicccessccerecthceitasdesrsseaststietocaeeesoeees 3
Mr. A. CLAuDET on the Stereoscopometer.........ssseseecseeerees Senpecbcrsagents) i
; on a Manifold Binocular Camera ..........csseecesscneeneens wiht 0
Professor Marrrucci on the Laws of Magnetism and Diamagnetism, in a
Letter to Dr. Faraday...... SHSaSEReE Reeas esi asnci vent aeens arsenic “acaente asst eeag 6
Captain E. J. Jounson on placing Compasses on Board Iron Ships ......,..... 10
Professor PowEL. on a peculiarity of Vision ...........++ eMac Spel etealchs dee 11
————— on Luminous beams .............sseeeeeeeene ehiibabeneannteditaiat 11
—_—__——_ on Converging Sum-beams: ...0c..0.scssecssedesccsvecsvenssscuers 12
Mr. W. J. Macavorn RANKINE on the Re-concentration of the Mechanical
Biter eg On thes Umi versete, cade caceasicdescar ss =psjarsasaniedishapioasqeeahiupmyennsegenacgy ech 12
Professor C. Piazz1 SMyTH on an Improved Form of Reflecting Instrument
BEM SCY At SOA ate vedslancscecdeReneaatee anced sateonytelecsastancassusesdscscentgaveuecesess 12
——_——————— Remarks on the Red Prominences seen during
_ the Total Solar Eclipse .............c.s00e plesins robin acto sie lee abieeaanmay ts «Saapgene del 13
Professor Strokes on the Optical Properties of a recently discovered Salt of
Quinine. .....6,...0.sc0 ee ea ne Lea spaodvan hassel Seconancgmngtone scents tes 15
Mr. J. P. JouLE and Professor W. THomson on the Thermal Effects of Air
Pushing through smallsAperiures ysiseesil. ce eaaes We evadetcacsedawecieetss seeeee 16

Professor W. Tuomson on the Sources of Heat generated by the Galvanic
ALLER V2 vuctascentriclavs'(Sers ves dtniaeens omeiblerseveln ee snus creer teeae Wr eswitwiunineesewes 16:

vi CONTENTS.

Professor W. THomson on the Mutual Attraction between two electrified
Spherical Conductors scccs....cc..ccsscweccescscssnscesceevcascQ@ncecersceuesess seceyoees

——__—_—_—__———— on certain Magnetic Curves; with applications to Pro-
blems in the Theories of Heat, Electricity, and Fluid Motion ...............06+

—__—_—_———— on the Equilibrium of elongated Masses of Ferromag-
netic Substance in uniform and varied Fields of Force ........cseesceeeeeseeeeees

Mr. R. W. TownseEnp on an Instrument for exhibiting the Colours of Liquids
De MANNOSE MIGDE | VI. Moench suecedecscdccuccscesteboctecscvses beudacceheeslehumeees

De IGN) Le N DATE On MOleei ar ACEOM <c..0000c50000e0cevces ocevoeucessssvanegeoees

——_—_—_———— on Poisson’s Theoretic Anticipation of Magnecrystallic
ACHON «2. s.5+ca0e pe aneNgece trite peesrsesey si cirenascceenasecceceenssceeaeseesncne=<caveteeaect

AsTRoNoMY, METEORS, WAVES.

Mr. H. Hennessy on the Connexion between Geological Theories and the
Theory of the Figure of the Earth ........-.....006- Seciee Waahiete a pe sige eee tetas

Mr. James NasmMytu’s proposed Theory of the Origin of the Asteroids ......

The Ear or Rosse’s Drawings to illustrate Recent Observations on Nebulz.
With Renigrks by Hever ROBINSON i..000.2 Mou clisccesccseaesceceatenssnadbenes

METEOROLOGY,
Sir Davip BREwsTER’s Account of a remarkable Case of Mirage ......+.-12+4+
on certain Phenomena of Diffraction ......,.ceseeee0+

Dr. G. Buist on four simultaneous Experiments in the Island of Bombay to
determine the Fall of Rain at different Heights below 200 feet............. cg

on Atmospheric Daily and Yearly Fluctuations ............se+e0e+ i

Communication from the Smithsonian Institution ‘on the Plan adopted for in-
vestigating the Meteorology of North America’ ............seseeceeseeseeseeeees eae

Lieut. W. H. H. Hooper on the Aurora .........- ny aeabelis® esse saapikeuacteeiae eta

Rev. H. Luoyn’s Notes on the Meteorology of Ireland, deduced from the Ob-
servations made at the Coast-guard Stations under the direction of the Royal
HSISHUACHGOMIV. Uenecsiunsensecsneseacsere:traecctesscs. scp eneipnessned canasssexehcn uate

Mr. M‘Faruanp on the Fata Morgana of Ireland..............ceessseeeeeeeees négeete

Mr. W. J. Macavorn Ranxrne on the Causes of the Excess of the Mean
Temperature of Rivers above that of the Atmosphere, recently observed by
M. Renou ........ sevapassusesecpecanvscchescrsesessccstescesssasaecas=secesesndcatacsiege

Rey. T. Ranxrn’s Meteorological Summary for 1851, at Huggate, near Pock-
REO avtsncteonensnscesuinbieosbuansnéwomsnTisiilichs tub sheashbabes dig 93-64). ced ies ae .

on an Aurora observed at Huggate .......srssccseseeeeseceennes
Rear-Admiral Sir Joun Ross on the Aurora Borealis ............ssssseeeveeesee ae
Captain Srracuey on the Formula for the Wet-bulb Thermometer ............
Dr. J. Tayxor on Tropical Hurricanes .........00eeeeeeeeee doeseveccctectces CMaghamene
Mr. J. K. Warrs on the Aurora Borealis observed at St. Ives, Hunts. ...... ei

MISCELLANEOUS.
Mr. Henry Twinine on an Instrument for Drawing ..........60cscceeeeeuees ives

CHEMISTRY,

Professor Tuomas ANDREws on the Discovery of Minute Quantities of Soda
by the Action of Polarized Light .............scsesseccsssseceneenn peuaadbos seep eeneet

—— on the Atomic Weights of Platinum and Barium

Page

33
33

CONTENTS.

vil

¥ : : _ Page
Professor THoMAsS ANDREWS On the Microscopic Structure of certain Basaltic

and Metamorphic Rocks, and the Occurrence of Metallic Iron in them ......

Professor JAMES APJOHN on the Results of Analysis of a Substance resembling
the Pigolite of Professor JobmstOn ........sessseccssscesscessensserseneggeesees Arrigo

Is the Mechanical Power capable of being obtained
by a given amount of Caloric employed in the production of Vapour indepen-
dent of the Nature of the Liquids? .........:.csccsccseseesceseaceeeeeeeeesssescnceees

Mr. SAMUEL Bateson on Glynn and Appel’s Patent Paper for the prevention
of Piracy and Forgery by the Anastatic Process .....sssssesssseseseeneees diagerens

Mr. James S. BRAzreR on Irish-bog Butter.......csccseseceesecsecesenccsessseceeecs
Professor T. GRAHAM on the Principle of the Endosmose of Liquids............

Professor Joun F. HopGeEs on the Phosphatic Nodules of the Greensand of
the North of Ireland ....... igen dhatgtvate dss aleswedcaicebtal casey dad lwawate ce vevteneetess

Mr. — Knox on the Effect of the Moon’s Rays ........csccseecsscescscesceececeees
Mr. A. MacponnELL on the Atomic Weight of Magnesium .................0008
Professor FREDERICK PENNY on the Estimation of Iodine ......... wei iraatETieis
Professor E. RonAuDS on the Oil of the Sun-Fish ..........ssseesesseccseseeeecees

Professor G. G. Strokes on the application of certain Optical Phenomena to
Chemistry .......sseeceeeees Beotcnaaet scar emery manos SP OCE SR ROE eSAUeL ER SECOCE SE ELOEE

Professor TENNANT on the Koh-i-Noor Diamond.............sceeeeeees Peo as

Mr. Taomas Woops on Chemical Combination, and on the Amount of Heat
produced by the Combination of several Metals with Oxygen ..............00 2

————— on the Combination of Metals with Oxygen ...............

GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Professor T. ANDREWS on a New Variety of Magnetic Iron Ore; with Re-
marks upon the Application of Bicarbonate of Baryta to Quantitative Ana-

LyS€S...eseeescesovesceees saseascunemcsanaceaarecuar c aeeaasaee Gencckednasssee etreree peaenee te

Mr. W. BoLuaeRrtT on the Sources of Common Salt............esceseees s paweeie yc
Sir Davip BrewsTER’s observations on the Diamond..........sssesceeseeeeeseeene
Mr. James Bryce, jun., on the Geological Structure of the Counties of Down
PEEVE ATAETUTID: oven s\cnnie eee ompaclgpasine scien aiene “Eedaaeae Seecaaeiwesdacaee’ eeeatuced eee scooters
—-—_—__-—-——. on the Disposition of Granite Blocks in Argyllshire ...
Major Cuarters on the Alps in the Vicinity of Mont Blanc .,.............ce0e0
M. Acuitite Deesse’s Account of the Changes occasioned during the Cool-
ing of the Granite of Mont Blanc........:0.-.s.scserereeens paait a terken na sper Saana®
Dr, ANDREW FLEMING on the Rocks of the Upper Punjaub .......... aageeageaie
person KE. Forsszs on the Fossils of the Yellow Sandstone of the South of
reland...... Ceereeee vere eevecnesece Pavecessvece Meme eee eeaeeese ence ns sseees bee Cesenreseesens

Mr. Joun GRAINGER on the Shells found in the Alluvial Deposits of Belfast...

Mr. RicHarp Grirritu on the Lower Members of the Carboniferous Series
of Ireland............ eas tale Ae ERE Be ite el Pane asics pute ks aban s Eee T a iaoae

—————— Notices of the Geology of Ireland ............0csecceeseee

Mr. Rospert Harkness on the Fossil Remains of the Lower Silurians of the
South of Scotland, and their Position ............. POE SCE AGAR APCs Cee heck ies

————— on the occurrence of Graphite at Almorness Head,
- Kirkeudbrightshire............ “BOS EL ETOAP EE a aptesmadepnnaepeldes aadeees et ey aReaa th ate

Mr. H, Hennessy’s Account of the Researches of German Geologists ......++»

39

39
40

4]
4]
41

42
43
43

43
43

43
43

46
47

48

50
51

vill CONTENTS.

Mr. J. Berre Juxes on Devonian Rocks in the South of Ireland ......... savant
Professor WiLLIAM KrinG on the Permian Fossils of Cultra ............seseeeees
Colonel LLoyD on the Mines of Copiapo .......cessssscssssscscscescesnecsencsseceons
Mr. Lone on Crag Formations and Coprolites .......cccecsscecasecteenseeeneeneeee
Mr. James MacApam on the Fossiliferous Beds of the Counties of Antrim and
WORT ice cis wits dace cote cu cee ean ates esemat tac aden sess cepee earin wane cageasaepieras
Professor M‘Coy on the Subdivisions of Lept@nd ...sss.ssesseeccsersseceeeeenes &
on the Structure of certam Fossil Fishes found in the Old
Red Sandstone of the North of Scotland ..............ssssscsssseecsesessececcsses
on the Mode of Succession of the Teeth in Cochliodus ......
Prof. J. Nrcou on the Structure of the South Silurian Mountains of Scotland
—_—_—_————. on the Occurrence of Glacier Moraines in Arran ......... Ras
Mr. C. B. Rosx’s Notice of the Discovery of a new Talpina? ............ wee eae
Mr. J. W. SALTER on the Lowest Fossiliferous Beds of North Wales ..... ddeend
—_—__— ——_—— ona few Genera of Irish Silurian Fossils ..........2.++e+eees :
Mr. W. D. Sauut on the supposed Action of Water in Geological Formations,
and the Position of the Poles of the Earth ............ccseeccvecssscctenscesscens
Mr. James Smiru on the Conditions under which Boulders occur in Scotland

Dr. Wiii1aM STANGER on Certain Furrows and Smoothings on the Surface
of Granite, caused by Drift Sand, at the Cape of Good Hope .............+
Mr. H. Twin1nc on some Peculiarities of Granite in Certain Points of the Py-
METEOR ck vce oe cohen Tune oto as Fscncce sen ba maPtaiento awk «np a0G onic alse adnan ee onemmemte
Dr. Vauuini’s Notice of a Skeleton of Mastodon angustidens found near
Montopollt ics.scsescsp.ss-siperetnastanr.seosvesnenssnsessnvcootesvssanveavhaseueenle a
M. De VeRNeEvIL on the Geological Structure of Spain ...... eves bean tanilee seen
Major Vicary on the Geology of a portion of the Himalaya Mountains.........
Mr. J. Kine Warts on the Geology of Saint Ives, Huntingdonshire, and its
Neighbourhood ........-....646 Gide Mee sea ciate chaencsaeNtnwsasws elas edvudereewe eee a
Mr. R. Youne on the Eskers of the Central Part of Ireland ..... EEalssatereerntt

BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY, incLupinc PHYSIOLOGY.
Botany.
Professor ALLMAN on the Development of Ferment Cells in the Warm-Water
Bax Steeps:.........ssccscvseeccnscscsecoseeteneecsacenteosoes Thicenesecodwasesnsesanamee
——_—_—_-———— on a Microscopie Alga as a Cause of the Phenomenon of
the Coloration of large masses of Water ......- ssh nitens te seeauematees <ehe peesee
Professor BALFouR’s Remarks on the Flora of the South and West of Ireland

Professor DicK1E on the Distribution of the Marme Algz on the British and

Trish Coasts, with reference to the Influence of the Gulf-stream ............
———____—— Notice of a Monstrosity of Bellis perennis .........sscsseeeees
— ———— Remarks on the Altitudinal Ranges of Plants in the North

Ofilrelanid VR eee oak 6s oe aes Wada eo hon Sel elon | « dvadeseehbpeeb eae Shoes. Po eoco

Professor W. Hincxs on an Anomaly of the Trifolium repens (white clover), in
which the Pedicles of the Flowers were very much elongated, and the Petals

and ‘Pisial converted into Svea ves). cwie<scenseosr-teceeorecsanecceuadumeaneemantens
Professor M‘Cosu’s Morphological Analogy between the Disposition of the
Branches of Exogenous Plants and the Venation of their Leaves...........-
Major Munro on the Transmutation of Aigilops into Triticum ...++ gdusbnennogy
Professor RoyLE on the Black and Green Teas of Commerce «..s..1sss+++0000 eae

CONTENTS.
ZoouoGcy.

Professor ALLMAN on a peculiar Annelidan Larvaseeseseee SES icocecee nce
_—_—- on the Universality of a Medusoid Structure in the Repro-
ductive Gemme of the Tubularian and Sertularian Polypes ....sssssseseeeees

—— on the Signification of the Ovigerous Vesicles in the Hy-
roid Polypes ...+++ssesssesereeeessee ees dev caeceeeencecteceeaeeasensaeaeeeetaes “riences

Dr. Marrin Barry on a singular Locality chosen for its Nest by the Black
Red-Start (Sylvia Tithys) ..+...ssesereeseeenes Reniaanie Ree Slecaiarasisticiis> onan 5

PRINCE OF CANINO’S Zoological Notices ...++++ssecsresserersrsnsersrereeseeer ee

Professor DicKIE’s Remarks on the Distribution and Habits of Echinus lividus

Professor E. Forpes on a New Map of the Geological Distribution of Marine
Life, and on the Homoiozoic Belts ccccwvcccsonssassexvceusardsiesceeaae)aqqcensenci

procured in the Neighbourhood of Belfast .--++.sssssssrssssrrsesteersteeertress

Mr. Joun Grarncer’s Catalogue of the Shells found in the Alluvial Deposits
Of Belfast..ccccssssscseceeccseceeccecas ceeuseeseeeccneres Boe, acaie vce = eaaemaae Sendoseer

Rev. Tuomas Hincxs on a peculiar Organ which oceurs on some of the Ma-
rine Bryozoa, and which appears to indicate a Difference of Sex ...+++++++++

Mr. Tuomas H. Huxvey’s Researches into the Structure of the Ascidians ...
Mr. Gzorce C. HynpMAN on a New Species of Acaleph from Belfast Bay...

Mr. Wit11aM Ocixsy on the Geographical Distribution of Animals im con-
nection with the Progress of Human Civilization sessesesesecneneneneeeeneeeees

Professor OWEN on the Homologies of the Cranial Vertebrae ...ccreceeseeereeres
Mr. C. W. Pnacn on some Fishes, Crustacea and Mollusca found at Peterhead
Dr. Wyvitiz T. C. THomson on the Character of the Sertularian Zoophytes

PHYSIOLOGY.

: Pate CiperenitacacaenAacnro tas senesacnsstmamennyabasenarsnTernatessinry sgrernconsaehi=* 420%.

Professor T. WuHarTon Jones on the Forces by which the Circulation of the
Blood is carried ON ....s.+eeseeseneeeee Phessget <ceptjesnios cnsenas Siatbanarh saa sess

Dr. RicHarp Fow er on the State of the Mind during Sleep ..ssseeeecsnees a

= ETHNOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.

ETHNOLOGY.

a
7
é
Dr. BraLLosiorzxKr’s Remarks on an Ethnological Collection, in illustration

of the Ethnology of Java .ssccsesssssssssccerereseeceeres seenenenanenaseeneae ess eee

Mr. Ricuarp Cutt on the Misapplication of the terms Evolution and Develop-
ment, as applied by Ethnographical Philologists to the Inflexions of a
Language....ccsssecceee veretecanerseseaeeseses Tae abeth doc cakiccs cusdvanaststeneses=

Notes on Blumenbach’s Classification of the Human Race ...

Mr. Joun V. Gruzs’s Description of a Samoied Family seen at Archangel,
in a letter to Dr. Hodgkin.........cseseeecsesenstesceceusnnerseccecananensengensenes®

Mr. Joun Grarran’s Notes upon a Collection of Irish Crania o.....s+e eaneenee

Rey. EpwarD HIncks on the Ethnological Bearing of the Recent Discoveries
in Connexion with the Assyrian Inscriptions veresrssperreersesrerseners Serer

——_

70

12

_____-_. Remarks on a species of Sepiola new to Britain, and first ©

82

82

84

84
84

85

x CONTENTS.

Rey. Epwarp Hincxs on the Forms of the Personal Pronouns of the Two
First Persons in the Indian, European, Syro-Arabic, and Egyptian Lan-
QUALES ceseseseveneens SURENASE LATS NewWe ble ee ees sdatececetbedeeWWn austria setabesae ie Phd

Rey. A. Hume on the Origin, Charactéristics, and Dialect of the People in
the Counties of Down and Antrim........... Vesvuct vest. oetb.tawetes vedgecudsasteuse

Professor MacDovaut’s Heads of a Paper “On the present state of Medo-
Persie Philology ” -ssseccsescseeensereeeeenesenersves piss avegnoneeeecotereese sovessdeas

GEOGRAPHY.

Capt. W. AuLen’s Attempt to account for numerous appearances of sud-
den and violent drainage seen on the sides of the basin of the Dead Sea...

on a Proposed New Line for a Ship Canal to the East Indie

oe

through the Dead Sea ......... Redctr cece teeteecs cetiteers cascseecerehens ateekeseests

on the Antiquities of the Island Ruad, the Ancient Aradus,
and on the ancient Harbour of Seleucia in Pieria «...+......0++ bescccdscctsaoes

Mr. W. F. Ainsworru on a Railroad through Asia Minor ......... sdausshedrarets

My. Witi1am BouuaAERtT on the Distribution of Common Salt, and other Saline
Bodies, with a view to show their Primary Origin and subsequent Forma-
ARTIS 3260550 coends LeeebdaueeadehaseencecesecaveoryesshUecdudkcesaessl avis ocdescavtatepar ius

CoLoneL CuEsNney’s Observations on the Euphrates Line of Communication
writihy TinGig ‘aif .csttedcnrcvdacsteccaseegenes siosesoubenae ee Hane qv0ess bdsoade sadushaynie

Mr. F. Gauron’s Expedition to the East of Walfisch Bay «........++++ seesseasaus
Dr. J. Gason’s Climatological Notes on Pisa and Lucca......... sveudivestt¥ iieens

Messrs. LioneL GisBorNE and Forp#’s Recent Survey for a Ship Canal
through the Isthmus of Central America .......66 sseeseees Bt ek: are

On a Recent Journey across Africa from Zanzibar to Angola, as communicated
from Her Majesty’s Foreign Office to the Royal Geographical Society......

Rev. Dr. HIncks on certain Ancient Mimes ..........ccseseseseeeceeeesseretesecenes

Messrs. Livineston and OsweE.v’s latest Explorations in South Africa to
the North of Lake N’gami.ss..s.ssccsecssessscneeeeeceseeneeeseseees edidaetbncdinnena

On the Expedition to the Interior of Central Australia in search of Dr. Leichardt

Lieut. L. Macieop on the Proposed Expedition to ascend the Niger to its
SSOUICE sssvscsiesisctcdeerccctetstecsacnces Wisteidid ats Pe Oe iavabb eves be swe

M.A. PrrerMANn’s Notes on the Distribution of Animal Life in the Arctic
ReQiONS .ssescsssvescnecnssesesseeseers abwads ti Levees een eDeassosesecassevansasasssnenons

Commercial Documents relating to the Eastern Horn of Africa ...... stdewsaseees

Lieut.-Colonel Syxxs’s Notes on the Possessions of the Imaum of Muscat, and
on the Climate of Zanzibar, with Observations on the Prospects of African
DISCOVEFY...0..00s0.ccsccescersovcesccessassenccssacnsacesoneaarsecens Sataceuecssahoeaes An

Capt. Synce on the most Rapid Communication with India vid British North
AMEYICA ...seeeeeeesee ene wea Saencssccsarcescsvanscstaseecossccrccces daessoctvscescrnvass

Chevalier Van DE VELDz’s late Explorations in Syria and Palestine ..... ane
@ousul \VANDEY on the Upper Nile.....0.....csccscassssoscesaneasvescens 3oatsRnaaeeae

STATISTICS.

Professor ALISON on the Present State of the Law of Settlement and the
Removal of Paupers in Scotland .........004 asdtare danetenatetae dadiveekuseyn?

Rey. Joun Epcar on the Neglected and Perishing Classes, and the Means of
their Reformation OeRES SEES eee eee eeEES I SeeeREEESE EE be eereneersaer Creeenovecre

Page

88
89

90

95
97
98
100
100

104
110
110.

110

110
110

112
112

112
112
113
113
114
114
114

114

115

“tes

CONTENTS.

Mr. J. W. Ginpart on the Laws of the Currency in Ireland, as exemplified in
the Changes that have taken place m the amount of the Annual Circula-
tion of Bank Notes in Ireland since the passing of the Act of 1846 .........

Professor Hancock. Should our Gold Standard of Value be maintained if Gold
_ becomes depreciated in consequence of its Discovery in Australia and
(COTO a tae Podaneiteicdctich eae ciaccigric Sct Onn On Cee CIcBICc ac ooo cGrE Sc rkga- nore anbcS
———— Are there any impediments to the Competition of Free

Labour with Slave Labour im the West Indies? ............ccececesseseceeteeaes

Mr, Jamus Heywoop’s Statistics of the Revenues of the University and some
of the Colleges of Oxford, compiled from the Report of the Oxford Uni-

Versity COMMISSION sssiseeriseeessccsescecsencceecsenetenccrsccaeestaees aveesecsens
Mr. Houpsn’s Notice of the Progress of the Sewed Muslin Manufacture in
Treland.......+.0060.. Web vi6ae's sd euviaviscendone esmanaahd «Musk woh alien cslvatincadcicwnenannee
Statistics of the Island of Portsea ....... uabanazeaas aaciicens ase ctussevsgencud essai

Mr, Joun Locke on Excessive Emigration and its Reparative Agencies in Ireland
Mr. Henry M‘Cormac on the Connexion of Atmospheric Impurity with Disease
Mr. D. M‘Cuuxocu on the Statistics of the Province of Nova Scotia.........00

Dr. A. G: Matcoum on the Sanitary State of Belfast, with Suggestions for its
Tmprovement ...scsccccsseceveeenesecens SGaebouevedeansooaedeasrtenurbaiies duseournsne

Mr. G. R. Portsr on the Productive Industry of Paris ...... vebevtvedabtaaveas ced

’ Dr. Joun StRane on the Progress and Extent of Steamboat Building in theClyde

Lieut-Colonel Syxxs on the Census and Condition of the Island of Bombay...
Mr. W. A. Witpz’s Statistics of the Deaf and Dumb in Ireland........ vesaatoual
A Short Account of the early Bills of Mortality at Dublin ...

MECHANICAL SCIENCE.

Mr. F. C. BAKEWELL on Telegraphic Communications by Land and Sea ......
Mr. JoHN BARKER’S Mechanical Proof of the Composition of Rotatory Forces
Mr. James Barton on the Permanent Way of Railways ............ssceceeeneee
on the Calculation of Strains in Lattice Girders, with practical

deductions therefrom. ,.....ssecsccsesseees sete ee Be masstaitahictacslatea siatate cd cfala buabiata'biot? vslatetd 1

Mr. J. F. BarEMAN on a series of Observations on the Discharge of Water
. ‘from actual Experiment............. ApongREce nha Hoe Sises cas ccaethiWh cca cad Mateos

Mr. Gzorce Cuarke on the Evolution of Gas in Wallsend Colliery............

Mr. James CooprEr’s Account of the Drainage of the Middle Level of the
Bedford Level; with Observations on Arterial Drainage ............sseeceseeees

Mr. Wituram FairBairn on the Mechanical Properties of Metals, as derived
from repeated Meltings, exhibiting the maximum Point of Strength, and the
Causes of Deterioration ..... Spopebonics A

Ceeveeeeseeese Cee ase rere ences eesseorensseeseaeeer?d

—_————_———— on the Tensile Strength of Unwrought Iron Plates

at various Temperatures.......c..sesee saseceeeeeee Pawione seutocigns vediieldoneaati desiees 1

ere Nem hulaplar Ouer.n..iccscccoveorsaciecessess “Breocncobic
Remarks on the Mimie Rifle ............ odédcecte Race
Mr. Roserr GARRETT on Improvements made in the Harbour of Belfast......
Mr. Toomas Murray GuapsTone on Malleable Iron for Beams or Girders...
Mr. Joun Gopwin on an Improved Cast-Iron Sleeper for Railways ..........-

M. Perreavx on a Dynamometric Machine for Measuring the Strength of
Textile Fabrics and other Substances ........

Cece eereseeseaee Ooecoesersesaoeerrartnee

xi
Page

115

116

117

118
119
119

119
119
120
120
12]
12]

128

xi CONTENTS.
Page

Messrs. W. J. Macavorn Rankine and JoHnN THomson on Telegraphic
Communication between Great Britain and Ireland, by the Mull of Cantyre 128

Mr. W. J. Macavorn RANKINE’s Remarks on the Mechanical Process for

Cooling Air ia Tropical Climates proposed by Prof. C. Piazzi Smyth ......... 128
Capt. J. SauNDERs’s Design for Safety Harbours ......-.+... Seeevacdsuneakeasans oe
Mr. W. H. Smiru on the Natural Peculiarities and Advantages of the Mineral]

Field and the proposed Harbour of Fair Head .......++4. Wonsiacedeasobnas evecnsees 129

Professor C. P1Azz1 SMyTH on Penrose and Bennett’s Sliding Helicograph ... 129

Mr. James THOMSON on some Properties of Whirling Fluids, with their appli-
cation in improving the action of Blowing Fans, Centrifugal Pumps, and cer-

Lars KPHOS GRP nT DINESiates. dette ese seis soo. canesuseushy copes odapsencadeseapoamadbeaneds 130
—_—_________——— on a Jet Pump, or Apparatus for drawing up Water by
the Power of a Jet .cc.-e.eeeee Seacion ce PHO RELOLIS oe wake ss Shoudedeanaen aaeeee es
Mr. W. S. Warp on the Production of Cold by Mechanical Means...... Po 1 131
Mr. Cuartes V. WALKER on Telegraphic Time Signals ........-sececseeseeeeeees 131
—_—_—-————_— on Graphite Batteries...sccccs.cseeeceeseecceeseneenee «. 132
Mr. Tuomas WEBSTER on the New Patent Law .........csccssseeevseensence Ceogat dae
Mr. MarrHew Wuytaw on a New Method of Scutching the New Zealand
Flax (Phormium tenaz) ...... OES Ss wtupe ices ab ceinisdturme twats «cull deawne demewegereee dents
Mr. ALrrep J. WoopHovsse on the Mould for casting Conical Bullets ...... 132
InDEXx I.—To Reports on the State of Science .........ccseseesecesseceeseeesenens - 133
INDEX II.—To Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections ans inde 5 aiaecaas ales

ADVERTISEMENT.

The Editors of the preceding Notices consider themselves responsible only
for the fidelity with which the views of the Authors are abstracted.

OBJECTS AND RULES

OF

THE ASSOCIATION.

———

OBJECTS.

Tue Assocration contemplates no interference with the ground occupied by
other Institutions. [ts objects are,—To give a stronger impulse and a more
systematic direction to scientific inquiry,—to promote the intercourse of those
who cultivate Science in different parts of the British Empire, with one an-
‘other, and with foreign philosophers,—to obtain a more general attention to
the objects of Science, and a removal of any disadvantages of a public kind
which impede its progress.

RULES.

ADMISSION OF MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES.

All Persons who have attended the first Meeting shall be entitled to be-
come Members of the Association, upon subscribing an obligation to con-
form to its Rules.

The Fellows and Members of Chartered Literary and Philosophical So-
cieties publishing ‘Transactions, in the British Empire, shall be entitled, in
like manner, to become Members of the Association.

The Officers and Members of the Councils, or Managing Committees, of
Philosophical Institutions, shall be entitled, in like manner, to become Mem-
bers of the Association. :

All Members of a Philosophical Institution recommended by its Council
or Managing Committee, shall be entitled, in like manner, to become Mem-
bers of the Association.

Persons not belonging to such Institutions shall be elected by the General
Committee or Council, to become Life Members of the Association, Annual
Subscribers, or Associates for the year, subject to the approval of a General
Meeting.

COMPOSITIONS, SUBSCRIPTIONS, AND PRIVILEGES.

Lire Memsers shall pay, on admission, the sum of Ten Pounds. They
shall receive gratuitously the Reports of the Association which may be pub-
lished after the date of such payment. They are eligible to all the offices
of the Association.

Annvuat Susscrieurs shall pay, on admission, the sum of Two Pounds,
and in each following year the sum of One Pound. They shall receive
gratuitously the Reports of the Association for the year of their admission
and for the years in which they continue to pay mithout intermission their
Annual Subscription. By omitting to pay this Subscription in any particu-
lar year, Members of this class (Annual Subscribers) lose for that and all
future years the privilege of receiving the volumes of the Association gratis:
but they may resume their Membership and other privileges at any sub-
sequent Meeting of the Association, paying on each such occasion the sum of
One Pound. ‘They are eligible to all the Offices of the Association.

Associates for the year shall pay on admission the sum of One Pound.
They shall not receive gratuitously the Reports of the Association, nor be
eligible to serve on Committees, or to hold any office. 4

1852.

XV RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION.

The Association consists of the following classes :—

1, Life Members admitted from 1831 to 1845 inclusive, who have paid
on admission Five Pounds as a composition.

2. Life Members who in 1846, or in subsequent years, have paid on ad-
mission Ten Pounds as a composition.

3. Annual Members admitted from 1831 to 1839 inclusive, subject to the
payment of One Pound annually. [May resume their Membership after in-
termission of Annual Payment. |

4, Annual Members admitted in any year since 1859, subject to the pay-
ment of Two Pounds for the first year, and One Pound in each following
year. [May resume their Membership after intermission of Annual Pay-
ment. |

5. Associates for the year, subject to the payment of One Pound.

6. Corresponding Members nominated by the Council.

And the Members and Associates will be entitled to receive the annual
volume of Reports, gratis, or to purchase it at reduced (or Members’) price,
according to the following specification, viz. :—

1. Gratis,—Old Life Members who have paid Five Pounds as a compo-
sition for Annual Payments, and previous to 1845 a further
sum of Two Pounds as a Book Subscription, or, since 1845 a
further sum of Five Pounds.
New Life Members who have paid Ten Pounds as a com-
position.
Annual Members who have not intermitted their Annual Sub-
scription.

2. At reduced or Members’ Prices, viz. two-thirds of the Publication
Price.—Old Life Members who have paid Five Pounds as a
composition for Annual Payments, but no further sum as a
Book Subscription.

Annual Members, who have intermitted their Annual Subscrip-
tion.

Associates for the year. [Privilege confined to the volume for
that year only. ]

3. Members may purchase (for the purpose of completing their sets) any
of the first seventeen volumes of Transactions of the Associa-
tion, and of which more than 100 copies remain, at one-third of
the Publication Price. Application to be made (by letter) to
Messrs. Taylor & Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet St., London.

Subscriptions shall be received by the Treasurer or Secretaries.

MEETINGS.

The Association shall meet annually, for one week, or longer. The place
of each Meeting shall be appointed by the General Committee at the pre-
vious Meeting; and the Arrangements for it shall be entrusted to the Offi-
cers of the Association.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

The General Committee shall sit during the week of the Meeting, or
longer, to transact the business of the Association. It shall consist of the
following persons :—

1. Presidents and Officers for the present and preceding years, with au-
thors of Reports in the Transactions of the Association.

2. Members who have communicated any Paper to a Philosophical Society,
which has been printed in its Transactions, and which relates to such subjects
as are taken into consideration at the Sectional Meetings of the Association.

RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION. XV

3. Office-bearers for the time being, or Delegates, altogether not exceed-
ing three in number, from any Philosophical Society publishing Transactions.

4, Office-bearers for the time being, or Delegates, not exceeding three,
from Philosophical Institutions established in the place of Meeting, or in any
place where the Association has formerly met.

5. Foreigners and other individuals whose assistance is desired, and who
are specially nominated in writing for the meeting of the year by the Presi-
dent and General Secretaries..

6. The Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretaries of the Sections are ex

officio members of the General Committee for the time being.

SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.
The General Committee shall appoint, at each Meeting, Committees, con-
sisting severally of the Members most conversant with the several branches
of Science, to advise together for the advancement thereof.
The Committees shall report what subjects of investigation they would
. particularly recommend to be prosecuted during the ensuing year, and
brought under consideration at the next Meeting.
The Committees shall recommend Reports on the state and progress of
particular Sciences, to be drawn up from time to time by competent persons,
for the information of the Annual Meetings.

COMMITTEE OF RECOMMENDATIONS.

The General Committee shall appoint at each Meeting aCommittee, which
shall receive and consider the Recommendations of the Sectional Committees,
and report to the General Committee the measures which they would advise
to be adopted for the advancement of Science.

All Recommendations of Grants of Money, Requests for Special Re-
searches, and Reports on Scientific Subjects, shall be submitted to the Com-
mittee of Recommendations, and not taken into consideration by the General
Committee, unless previously recommended by the Committee of Recom-
mendations.

LOCAL COMMITTEES.

Local Committees shall be formed by the Officers of the Association to
assist in making arrangements for the Meetings.

Local Committees shall have the power of adding to their numbers those
Members of the Association whose assistance they may desire.

OFFICERS.
A President, two or more Vice-Presidents, one or more Secretaries, and a
Treasurer, shall be annually appointed by the General Committee.

COUNCIL.
In the intervals of the Meetings, the affairs of the Association shall be
_ managed by a Council appointed by the General Committee. The Council
may also assemble for the despatch of business during the week of the
Meeting.

aoe ee

PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS.
The Author of any paper or communication shall be at liberty to reserve
_ his right of property therein...
ACCOUNTS.
The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually, by Auditors
appointed by the Meeting.
b2

‘SALT CVI ‘paysUy soss9jO1q Veteeteeeeeteneerent gral STO WH r “boa “ay “5 “erst “61 oune ‘aaraanvg
‘Sowa CV'W “bsg ‘surydoxy went Ay “aig ‘osury "9 Ao ag “taBYeID “fp “Ao fh OY “SUA “HU “IMHOSUAH ‘AA ‘A NHOL UIS
ft tees ee eeer esos eee OTAION JO doyste ou. ‘oMOLMpALTT JO [LLG OUT,

“bsg QsaAq Wey i ie © Peewee esee ee eeseee seeeeeeeeneguarer moore “A ‘AM ADT
‘Sua “Ont *Aqsa100g “M "AO ee ee ee ee et ee wwe oe Tmt W a ts i aye a “bs ‘Aupervy PECL *FPSI ‘Qu Jaquiazdag cies cs
“S'T'a “beg “Teudot semoyy, | “Sard “HM “teysMorg plavd NS “AI ‘AaIOM JaeNIg uyor "uOH ONL ( “°° “S'U'a ‘(ATH Jo wvaq) ‘did ‘MOOOVad ‘D ‘ADU MUL
‘s'D'a “bsg ‘prepeH wea Lent "Supt “qjedsoyy qunoost A SW MUTA [eT
“bs ‘xwo10 uM “*bsq ‘say M WITITAL ee PS ecersesccevceesssnevesvasesere wee ‘a a ‘MOSsuTqoz "WL Br *AOY > - P
: MUNG, “O'L'a WOsIUD “BOE “ADT 4 “oer tet te eee Peusorgareee fs sont yp ysaig uoytup “ay AL ats b oo... . eee oe eee a on Seas
WI “s7p2A098 uyor IOSS9JOIg en vue Meee cee we o alee onus oBleiee eee aaepy qunoast, *[aMO4SVT JO [ACGT
“o'r “bso ‘poomAayy soup (‘oot ste sere eeeennes se ee ween qieg ‘poomsoyy urueluog ag = ; ,
"CW “Burmayy “Ay 4 ‘sua Cav ‘A007 “0 “AA ‘SW WN WMspag “VA po... ee Ag Sut Sip i tip a GID Kaen a
‘Sv'wa “bsg ‘oreo wajag L'99R “S*Ta “WoqIoH "MA “ANY puruoE SUA “TO “GORE wor “ ML
“Ds “unt ‘ropkeg, pavrpny ‘bs ‘xo OOM WAGOYT [Th rete eee vee ause sees tecses te ss) qua ‘puepy ‘a AL 4S ee tree Raaiaewante
“ST “UIMMIG WOITUIEH *[09 SF or. sGvoatcen-aza oes eee ah > ets ate Seen: qaeg ‘uomay "9 tg } ...... oe we
‘sta “bsg ‘sup moug ‘ay Lote Artic SARBaee seeees can GOITSE PIO “faWOTy Jo peg ayy, | oy “SU “TTAMAH A UOSSAAOUd ‘ATU ML
‘bsq ‘Surg uyor { “-aqumooSpa JUNO JO [AVA OY, ‘SMa “weg ‘ounqsug "Tt VL us OPSI “ZT aaquiajdog ‘MonsvTH
‘C'17T ‘ON ‘ae AM “bsg ‘TeppyI Merpuy L- ‘swe ‘oISMAIG PUB UG “A'S WA “Yoousary psoy [wsouap-solwyy J ‘SU “ANVEATVAVAUE AO SINOUVA PUL
Beat SaRO MeO SW citar wd {ogra eg owing yop “ara uma 04 a} Serpe se ey a eaeainard
mae ah 4 ‘i . Cieeayo cr lieve ‘ bs 5
“o'ug “bem ‘aysug aB10aH | -eeeeeseer esc tte eee qjnounseq Jo [rem ‘aojdueygiony yo smbavyy J O78 “SHA “VW “SLUQOOUVH NONUGA “A ‘AT UL
Pahas vie soar Omi Se SRE See oa eee ee cee -sg61 toe in8ny “ENAgrNO-anZEVOMEN
‘oy gry ‘wostepy uyop | +++: s Bale tots Wowie aeigiaio a ate venga SSearay ‘uemanc jo doystg agg, 28 S94 'S'W'd “GNVTUGENOHLAON 40 ANAC UL
*jood o ere ac b 0.016 0 wie cle ge bev ciaim > 0 5 U6 © 0\sie © Ge s ais 0 aiwlsia a'sg Sat ore Temoy AA “M “AY "Lest * It qeqmajdos ‘TOOdUTAIT
~IDAVT ‘uonyysuy eso "sold “TONTEAN "N ydasor Se ee ea ‘SOW Sonar Sqn ‘U0 05 Kary ap dyiya se OR ea ae a ert eee ee uopuory ‘ATU
“bsry fauuMg aUeM “WA “CW “WL tossajorg (gaa “T'O'd “uoyed Uyor "SO “S' Td ‘you\uon jo doystg oy, J ‘UO “SDA “SUA ‘NOLONITUNG AO TUVA UL
‘bsyy “uapuaroy “TA f‘S*'a “a' ‘pxeyoud ‘of "SOA “Su ‘arvaqduog *q Ai SO} : *QE8I ‘Za ysndny “TOLsIug
Oa tag Me LAMAN AUS TUM, LOMO YON eT AU! *1Rie clare aie etale IS cine) 2 sin gegen Skee "Sara ‘uoyduivyzoN jo smbavyy op, S "OR “S*Ua “TO ‘ANMOGSNV AO SINOUVIN POUL
‘SH “port IOSSAJOIg *ADY ewes ce aniston sows sanscoesesasceceteoscces oN ow TOMOT AL "mA "AO “CEST ‘Ol ysnsny ‘NITIAG
Oy Spuvpory jo eho Teg yates) pieeccy sls bead Wy tes lke ae IORI SIDS ACUI SST IO ‘SVU “Sw ‘umojuvlUxG JuUMOoast, J Ot seeees cand ‘GAOTT LSOAOUd ‘AAU UL
r “pest ‘8 taquiejdag ‘noun aNiagq
“A'S'Y “09g ‘uostqoy uyor =i I SG I, GRID ORE Ep 2.9% Se aoe {ad uosurqoy APPT AGT i, «ole, s cvoja state Sets aie are lade Reena we ee em pT Sate
I ic i "Ty ‘SW ‘saqioy IOSSIJOIg eenee eee eeeees ee eee "OD ‘OW TOISMALT purqd Ig 1 9 a roy ‘AN VASTUE TIVO AOGMVIN “rT ug
*s° LY i a TPOMOT AA “MA AD weer este eeee er eee ee * ‘SU “Tord uoIed anor} u “B68 ( “8G aun ‘aDaIuaNvyg
‘SOT ogy: a Sirs W ‘Mo[sua Hy IOSsajolg ‘Ady Lt" seer Pe i eT oN Sehoy JgWIOUOLSY ora ‘Say "T'D) ‘COA “SUA “VW ‘SMOIMDGAS WYaV “AGU OU,
‘ON fo aa Cams Ww TeEMod IOSSaJOIg ‘AIT eee ee ce cere stew eee wees 20g *[OA4) "Solg Soar ay TOMoT AL “M ‘AoW . “GeBL ‘6I aun ‘aqu0axo
“09 oe Wal Lai ane ‘fuoqneq IOSSOJOIg le. 60.6 bimdwic cain es seu ec 0's cimels a oor RTS Wa “Ta}SMOIT plat ag ** "929 Soo ‘Sa “a'd ‘UNVTIMOOS AM "AMY AUG
‘Soa “S'u'ad ‘sd Wssajord f ....... eee Bsa : “1881 ‘Zz roquioydog x10 x
‘g'p'a “unt ‘Avay wera bo SOU CS Wa VN moo woUPA AOL} oy ogy OSUra “TOO MVITIIAZLLS TAYE OU,
‘SaIyWLAYOAaS 1V901 "SLN3AGISSUd-JSIA “SLN3GIS3ud

“JUSUIIOUIUIULOT) S}I WOAY ‘saqtejasoeg e00’T
pur ‘syuapisolg-so1A ‘sjUepIserg WIA “UOVISOSSY YsiIG oy} JO Suse] JO SOMIT, pue sode[q OY} SurMoYs [GUI “]

teeeneee re ey

“4S SOLULIpPaT [INP "sary “bes ‘sqooer pomag ea ““S'u'ad ‘sayhs ‘Too-ynery “Sra “bag ‘oouads weritAA
+ Kyowog ‘tijd BWM a’ A “ant ‘tadoog Axuazz ) Satioks “SOT 2B “WT TMH 94} Jo ‘satg “W's “bsox “so1q sepreyo
SUA CVI SmMBpas ‘Jord "aw = “SHA “T'O' ‘Aeperey qosseyord

*sogt ‘Z raquiojdeg ‘11047
rrevecstessereneareecee erases +208 "IUd “GUNG "802d

ips o\e'o laiginivie aly oe WENN ‘Qu0js}eoy AA TOSSazOIg
Reso “saa “Wi “bsa ‘SNINdOH NVITTIM

"1" “Sg “qsnor0qsapuoy pi0'T “SU “STD JO Ley GL,
visie eis «wine ‘A'T7T ‘ATOANS IOssajorg "Sara ‘Sax01S "1) *D Jossojorg
2-55 eS | eee ee SVU “ww sald “aa “WOSUIC OY "WD “L "ADIT
“HOSTIMA ‘d AA LOBSojorg, fc eee” ISUJPPA *[[09 S.uaanh *sarg “q*q ‘Amo ‘gs ‘g ‘Aoy ‘ess Er roquiajdag ‘ISVAITIG
‘Cit 905), amurerrpie Reese se ee a aera oe ke ai * ing VIWA ng a ‘syoulpy prem por "ADT ee ee . + Aya0g yedory aq} jo "TA
‘bsq ‘uaTTy ‘ocr AN |” Se Sy ay ae oe Se esate tt ‘ayoog, Bled AL Amoyy ug | 2Y ‘Sven, csroray teAo"d “ANIAVS GUVMGA TANO'TOO
Se eee ho ca om haan ok SU ‘Sead “WLW “essoy Jo avg” oy,
Pe es “OW aia Gre Wi @ | ‘aayoysuugy jo peg auL
srl a “Dea ‘guiosuexy 931005 er eens + ‘Ds *m10}89 AA ‘a ‘L “a W “bso “ploqqop G4) S|
“bs ‘Teppra SUMUEAG aSioaxny J MPa *dO}2]PPIN “AA UU ISS" “qieg “neaflog *q uyor ag | “rest ‘3 Ang “HOIAMSaT
“Dsgy ‘surg uA Ramen ssh aS “‘V'I ‘Mo[suayy 1ossojorg “Asay *yedoy Jom0u
‘SV “bse ‘Avy ese oe sonar ‘SU “VW Sprspog sossajorg “soy [ -omsy “Sua “1'O'd “bs ‘AUIV TIACCIA ANLOAD
SB ee qormzony Jo doystg pxory aU, ‘d'IM “Weyse[puey proT oyy,
ee ee ee “a's “UW "29S iat = + i a ‘saqioy ‘a “c IOSSIJOIg
a Deas UG a a aS Wa A a WW “uostty ‘d (AM Jossa}org “ysmquipa
Paes, Ss aS a ah melIC ‘poy, some | jo ApissoaTU SHE gO Tedpoug * “H'S'U'd' A “ad ‘aT uygor -sey Ara,
A ) ‘I i a a Sa" Af a W ‘“moyeg sossajorg ) +: ‘a s'y salg “S'U'aA “T'O'd “Meg ‘ouvqsiug “JT semoyy, 11g Te1suex ‘osst ‘1g Ainge ‘HOUN ANIA
TPS WA “VW ‘pury[ay tossojorg "say y sts ‘Sa ‘(qetauay-soysne pioy) aAog preg ‘uoy 4y3Iy (A RT ‘Sw “AIT “HM ‘UALSMaAUA GIAVG AIS
‘ow TO “LS ‘£raqos0y jo [req II,
eee eee ee i ic & sw “aos ‘ qABdyIVD jo eq ouL ~
oisie(W's e'Fieiele wine see eee e eee eeee ySmquips JO soaorg PLOT oy} ‘UOT FYB.
“bso ‘sounyg some [ST aoV' ‘SITE Jd AOU “SAL aa TT “HM pom PARC tS
seer eet, mtg some (SMALE BS LOTT nae Cangas | 35
H ‘eet sth HEA aS eg bates at | "S'D "095 “SU “Vv WW “Dsgy ‘urMaVd S9CYO > .o.cringe ge Co Wick Br xequiaydog eve ae 5 BS
“Ain aepiaa ene yor Sp Sad “TOE SAM “HVE ‘og Woqoy arg “uoH WIT Svad “Vrwn “ad NOSNISOU "HL “AMY ML
wie" elazo)eis\vinnn. «18h a)e's "sary ‘Ao[saq}01A\ PIOT OL “Aqmosiey Jo [Ivy oy,
"SPC “9g Jo doysia PIOT UL “SW “a “bsg “wert, “Hf ;
“aw ‘oun ca | ‘SaaS “bsg ‘aA0In AAAS" “bso “udm *A\ Stary "SPST 6 gsnsny ‘VISNVMS
“bsq‘aSpussoyy Mayyqeyy eee fete eeee esses some ‘Hepucyy Jo uo ayy ‘soy AtaA oy, Dieio's cie.e eum o olm sihyy Blah ate’ sis) ovale sinien ct ala TOI. SC f.5) ‘fqo100¢
E RO ee es ee 8D ‘Sed “SU Oo BT Od WL “A Is qedoxy Jo uapiserd ‘NOLdUIMWVHLUON JO SINOUVI 24
eri 's evslejalorwiels pin sce’ “s'yy'a ‘arepy JUNODSTA “L'a ‘oyng jo smbueyy oxy,
SW CVI ‘WeMog Jorg AoW OL, “SUA “A “Auoqneg sossajorg
“Wa “bsa ‘purpy yyzomuo yy -asy J ‘Sowa “ad “waqSUTUI} 83 AN po uvod eu “Aa A190, *pl0jxO, i “Zest ‘ee vung ‘auo0axo
“Sta “WAL “LOqTEAN wWoqory ‘Aexy ) JO ace ayy OF *d* W ‘ is ae) a “bsg ‘“janoojsqy [jeuyong “xy seuopy, S$ ott *** P1OJXO JO AVISIOATA) BY} 1OF “AW
is treba enter eee se ween ears eens AAISIVATUL) 99 JO AOTJaouryH-ar, oy, | ‘SUA “T'O'a “Med ‘SITONI AUUVH LUAGOU UIS
sesso sure “pr0jxo Jo doystg ploy UL ‘SUA ‘essoy jo req oy,
Pe eek: ac ToMog "Jord ‘Sd “dW “Ua “Jorg
El dpaseishabe nev chals ola otetaneta foe) tateregare states "Sa “pxoyxXQ Jo doyste prory ot,7, age
“bso ‘Apooyy ‘OcH | cree eee BR. ‘oot “TOE “alt “4g ‘woyMeIg “OFSI ‘OI toquiajdag ‘NoLaWVHENOS
“L 231005) I A
Is SHsIg Aina 4 -ceecccfzivus accee Coe Cop Guaer Aig SIO eee! Te 8S OO NOSIHOR AN Amar MOUACOU AIS
- DODO SORMOREL ch /\¢ ‘aoysiow[eg JUNODSTA "TO" ‘oj ysy ploy
tereeererpeor YSnoLOgIeA JO [AVA IT, *AaySOYOUT MA JO SMDIVAT oY,
. ‘

II. Table showing the Names of Members of the British Association who
have served on the Council in former years.

Acland, Sir Thomas D., Bart., M.P., F.R.S.
Acland, Professor H. W., B.M., F.R.S.
Adamson, John, Esq., F.L.S.

Adare, Edwin, Viscount, M.P., F.R.S.

Ainslie, Rev. Gilbert, D.D., Master of Pem-
broke Hall, Cambridge.

Airy, G. B.,D.C.L., F.R.S.,Astronomer Royal.

Alison, Professor W. P., M.D., F.R.S.E.

Ansted, Professor D. T., M.A., F.R.S.

Argyll, George Douglas, Duke of, F.R.S.

Arnott, Neil, M.D., F.R.S.

Ashburton, William Bingham, Lord, D.C.L.

Babbage, Charles, Esq., F.R.S.

Babington, C. C., Esq., F.L.S.

Baily, Francis, Esq., F.R.S.

Balfour, Professor John H., M.D.

Barker, George, Esq., F.R.S.

Bengough, George, Esq.

Bentham, George, Esq., F.L.S.

Bigge, Charles, Esq.

Blakiston, Peyton, M.D., F.R.S.

Boileau, Sir John P., Bart., F.R.S.

Boyle, Right Hon. David, Lord Justice-Ge-
neral, F.R.S.E.

Brand, William, Esq.

Brewster,Sir David,K.H.,D.C.L.,LL.D.,F.R.S.
Principal of the United College of St. Sal-
vator and St. Leonard, St. Andrews.

Breadalbane, John, Marquis of, K.T., F.R.S.

Brisbane, General Sir Thomas M., Bart.,
K.C.B., G.C.H., D.C.L., F.R.S.

Brown, Robert, D.C.L., F.R.S.

Brunel, Sir M. I., F.R.S.

Buckland, Very Rev. William, D.D., Dean of
Westminster, F.R.S.

Burlington, William, Earl of, M.A., F.R.S.,
Chancellor of the University of London.

Bute, John, Marquis of, K.T.

Carlisle, George Will. Fred., Earl of, F.G.S.

Carson, Rev. Joseph.

Cathcart, Lt.-Gen. Earl of, K.C.B., F.R.S.E.

Chalmers, Kev. T., D.D., late Professor of
Divinity, Edinburgh.

Chance, James, Esq.

Chester, John Graham, D.D., Lord Bishop of.

Christie, Professor S. H., M.A., Sec. R.S.

Clare, Peter, Esq., F.R.A.S.

Clark, Rev. Prof., M.D., F.R.S. (Cambridge).

Clark, Henry, M.D.

Clark, G. T., Esq.

Clear, William, Esq.

Clerke, Major Shadwell, K.H., R.E., F.R.S.

Clift, William, Esq., F.R.S.

Cobbold, John Chevalier, Esq., M.P.

Colquhoun, J. C., Esq., M.P.

Conybeare, Very Rev. W.D., Dean of Llandaff,

M.A., F.R.S.

Corrie, John, Esq., F.R.S.

Currie, William Wallace, Esq.

Dalton, John, D.C.L., F.R.S.

Daniell, Professor J. F., F.R.S.

Dartmouth, William, Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S.

Darwin, Charles, Esq., F.R.S.

Daubeny, Prof. Charles G. B., M.D., F.R.S,

De la Beche, Sir Henry T., C.B., F.R.S., Di-
rector-General of the Geological Survey
of the United Kingdom.

Dillwyn, Lewis W., Esq., F.R.S.

Drinkwater, J. E., Esq.

Durham, Edward Maltby, D.D., Lord Bishop
of, F.R.S.

Egerton, Sir Philip de M. Grey, Bart., F.R.S.

Eliot, Lord, M.P.

Ellesmere, Francis, Earl of, F.G.S.

Enniskillen, William, Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S.

Estcourt, T. G. B., D.C.L. 2

Faraday, Professor, D.C.L., F.R.S.

Fitzwilliam, Charles William, Earl, D.C.L.,
F.R.S.

Fleming, W., M.D.

Fletcher, Bell, M.D.

Forbes, Charles, Esq.

Forbes, Professor Edward, F.R.S.

Forbes, Professor J. D., F.R.S., Sec. R.S.E.

Fox, Robert Were, Esq., F.R.S.

Gassiot, John P., Esq., F.R.S.

Gilbert, Davies, D.C.L., F.R.S.

Graham, Professor Thomas, M.A., F.R.S.

Gray, John E., Esq., F.R.S.

Gray, Jonathan, Esq.

Gray, William, jun., Esq., F.G.S.

Green, Professor Joseph Henry, F.R.S.

Greenough, G. B., Esq., F.R.S.

Grove, W.R., Esq., F.R.S.

Hallam, Henry, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.

Hamilton, W. J., Esq., Sec.G.S.

Hamilton, Sir William R., Astronomer Royal
of Ireland, M.R.1.A.

Harcourt, Rev. William Vernon, M.A., F.R.S.

Hardwicke, Charles Philip, Earl of, F.R.S.

Harford, J. S., D.C.L., F.R.S.

Harris, Sir W. Snow, F.R.S.

Harrowby, The Earl of.

Hatfeild, William, Esq., F.G.S.

Henslow, Rev. Professor, M.A., F.L.S.

Henry, W. C., M.D., F.R.S. ;

Henry, Rev. P.S., D.D., President of Queen’s
College, Belfast.

Herbert, Hon. and Very Rev. William, late
Dean of Manchester, LL.D., F.L.S.
Herschel, Sir John F. W., Bart.,D.C.L., F.R.S.

Heywood, Sir Benjamin, Bart., F.R.S.

Heywood, James, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.

Hill, Rev. Edward, M.A., F.G.S.

Hincks, Rev. Edward, D.D., M.R.I.A.

Hodgkin, Thomas, M.D.

Hodgkinson, Professor Eaton, F.R.S.

Hodgson, Joseph, Esq., F.R.S.

Hooker, Sir William J., LL.D., F.R.S.

Hope, Rev. F. W., M.A., F.R.S.

Hopkins, William, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.

Horner, Leonard, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.

Hovenden, V. F., Esq., M.A.

Hutton, Robert, Esq., F.G.S.

Hutton, William, Esq., F.G.S.

Ibbetson,Capt. L. L. Boscawen, K.R.E., F.G.S.

Inglis, Sir Robert H.,Bart.,D.C.L.,M.P.,F.R.S.

Jameson, Professor R., F.R.S.

Jeffreys, John Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq.

Jenyns, Rey. Leonard, F.L.S.

Jerrard, H. B., Esq.

Johnston, Right Hon. William, Lord Provost
of Edinburgh.

Johnston, Professor J. F. W., M.A., F.R.S.

Keleher, William, Esq.

Kelland, Rev. Professor P., M.A. _

Lansdowne, Henry, Marquis of,D.C.L.,F.R.S.

Lardner, Rev. Dr.

Latham, R. G., M.D., F.R.S.

Lee, Very Rev. John, D.D., F.R.S.E., Prin-
cipal of the University of Edinburgh,

Lee, Robert, M.D., F.R.S.

Lefevre, Right Hon. Charles Shaw, Speaker
of the House of Commons.

Lemon, Sir Charles, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.

Liddell, Andrew, Esq.

Lindley, Professor John, Ph,D., F.R.S.

Listowel, The Earl of.

. Lloyd, Rev. Bartholomew, D.D., late Provost

of Trinity College, Dublin.
Lloyd, Rev. Professor, D.D., Provost of
Trinity College, Dublin, F.R.S.

‘Lubbock, Sir John W., Bart., M.A., F.R.S.

Luby, Rev. Thomas.

Lyell, Sir Charles, M.A., F.R.S.

MacCullagh, Professor, D.C.L., M.R.I.A.

Macfarlane, The Very Rev. Principal.

MacLeay, William Sharp, Esq., F.L.S.

MacNeill, Professor Sir John, F.R.S.

Malcolm, Vice Admiral Sir Charles, K.C.B.

Manchester, James Prince Lee, D.D., Lord
Bishop of,

Meynell, Thomas, Jun., Esq., F.L.S.

Middleton, Sir William, F. F., Bart.

Miller, Professor W. H., M.A., F.R.S.

Moillet, J. L., Esq.

Moggridge, Matthew, Esq.

Moody, J. Sadleir, Esq.

Moody, T. H. C., Esq.

Moody, T. F., Esq.

Morley, The Ear! of.

Moseley, Rev. Henry, M.A., F.R.S.

Mount-Edgecumbe, Ernest Augustus, Earl of.

Murchison, Sir Roderick I., G.C.St.S., F.R.S.

Neill, Patrick, M.D., F.R.S.E.

Nicol, D., M.D.

Nicol, Rey. J. P., LL.D.

Northumberland, Hugh, Duke of, K.G., M.A.,
F.R.S.

Northampton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne, Mar-
quis of, V.P.R.S.

Norwich, Edward Stanley, D.D., F.R.S., late
Lord Bishop of.

Norwich, Samuel Hinds, D.D., Lord Bishop of.

Ormerod, G. W., Esq., F.G.S.

Orpen, Thomas Herbert, M.D.

Orpen, J. H., LL.D.

Owen, Professor Richard, M.D., F.R.S,

Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, D.D.,
Bishop of, F.R.S., F.G.S.

Osler, Follett, Esq.

Palmerston, Viscount, G.C.B., M.P.

Peacock, Very Rev. George, D.D., Dean of
Ely, F.R.S.

Peel, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert, Bart., M.P.,
D.C.L., F.R.S.

Pendarves, E., Esq., F.R.S.

Phillips, Professor John, F.R.S.

Porter, G. R., Esq.

Powell, Rev. Professor, M.A., F.R.S.

Prichard, J. C., M.D., F.R.S.

Ramsay, Professor W., M.A.

Reid, Lieut.-Col. Sir William, F.R.S.

Rendlesham, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.P.

Lord

Rennie, George, Esq., V.P.R.S.

Rennie, Sir John, F.R.S.

Richardson, Sir John, M.D., F.R.S.

Ritchie, Rev. Professor, LL.D,, F.R.S.

Robinson, Rev. J., D.D.

Robinson, Rev. T. R., D.D., Pres. R.I.A.,
F.R.A.S.,

Robison, Sir John, late Sec.R.S.Edin.

Roche, James, Esq.

Roget, Peter Mark, M.D., F.R.S.

Ronalds, Francis, F.R.S.

Rosebery, The Earl of, K.T., D.C.L., F.R.S.

Ross, Capt. Sir James C., R.N., F.R.S,

Rosse, William, Earl of, M.A., M.R.I.A.,
President of the Royal Society.

Royle, Professor John F., M.D., F.R.S.

Russell, James, Esq.

Russell, J. Scott, Esq.

Sabine, Col. Edward, R.A.,Treas. & V.P.R.S. -

Saunders, William, Esq., F.G.S.

Sandon, Lord.

Scoresby, Rev. W., D.D., F.R.S.

Sedgewick, Rev. Professor Adam, M.A.,F.R.S.

Selby, Prideaux John, Esq., F.R.S.E.

Smith, Lieut.-Colonel C. Hamilton, F.R.S.

Spence, William, Esq., F.R.S.

Staunton, Sir George T., Bart., M.P., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.

St. David’s, Connop Thirlwall, D.D., Lord
Bishop of.

Stevelly, Professor John, LL.D.

Stokes, Professor G. G., F.R.S.

Strang, John, Esq.

Strickland, H. E., Esq., F.G.S.

Sykes, Lieut.-Colonel W. H., F.R.S.

Symonds, B. P., D.D., late Vice-Chancellor of
the University of Oxford.

Talbot, W. H. Fox, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.

Tayler, Rev. J. J.

Taylor, John, Esq., F.R.S.

Taylor, Richard, Jun., Esq., F.G.S.

Thompson, William, Esq., F.L.S.

Tindal, Captain, R.N.

Tod, James, Esq., F.R.S.E.

Traill, J. S., M.D.

Turner, Edward, M.D., F.R.S.

Turner, Samuel, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.

Turner, Rey. W.

Vigors, N. A., D.C.L., F.L.S.

Vivian, J. H., M.P., F.R.S.

Walker, James, Esq., F.R.S.

Walker, Joseph N., Esq., F.G.S.

Walker, Rey. Robert, M.A., F.R.S.

Warburton, Henry, Esq., M.A., M.P., F.R.S.

Washington, Captain, R.N.

West, William, Esq., F.R.S.

Western, Thomas Burch, Esq.

Wharncliffe, John Stuart, Lord, F.R.S.

Wheatstone, Professor Charles, F.R.S.

Whewell, Rev. William, D.D., F.R.S., Master
of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Williams, Professor Charles J.B., M.D.,F.R.S.

Willis, Rev. Professor Robert, M.A., F.R.S.

Wills, William.

Winchester, John, Marquis of.

Woollcombe, Henry, Esq., F.S.A.

Wrottesley, John, Lord, M.A., F.R.S.

Yarrell, William, Esq., F.L.S.

Yarborough, The Earl of, D.C.L.

Yates, James, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE

THE GENERAL TREASURER’S ACCOUNT from 2nd of July

RECEIPTS.
* £9. a Es, Sa.
To Balance brought on from last account .............cc..ceeseeeeeeees 693 5 11
Life Compositions at Ipswich and since ..............08 rec oe Se 909 0 0
Annual Subscriptions at Ipswich and since ............cs0eeesseeee 202 0 0
Associates’ Subscriptions at Ipswich ................seccceeessneeenes 244 0 0
Harpies? Tickets at Mpswiehl es 0.i% . sovicesdessscacedescseseseideeasece 141 0 0
IG AE OTR POSH testes irae tsar taste E et ce vanccosiectasnceescca scene 5.0 0
- Dividends on Stock (eighteen months’ Dividends on £3500
eo MEM CENESMOUNGIN) Ce is Panahes Pease vs isoseesalasodeossie eens ccs 152 18 3
From the Sale of Publications :—Reports, Catalogues of Stars, &c.:—

RVOLU TGR Gare epee senataets § duty cee tpl edetansse Ss 018 0

Draka decenteer Asada sta: a ited cus rete pee Th oe 016 0

Rib idbentiey ok tie vaess (ac sisGe nasties bigs Ss oboe lywd 0

SEU meen as Saeccoh tte cede losis uiandtrat ives 013 0

GS hace ee hae See yeneacecccccessecceeess 1 iii Bi

Weta tcals catyassadt se oc uiccoecstas Medaet dare en 016 6

UNM tetas RECN so escercnas ccenterascnite 015 0

Oh Sav cdyenanveccnccann 2p Ortassostesen eat Meenas 215 0

Laan cepa re Peo ARSE COOBL ARES Secon OAD O

LD eer eerccet geuet ib esasa. Sass 5. vccs caput 010 6

D2 tes tn der tires k Sema Ne nak cee. sac eteney ease 016 0

Di Seneragnaaan trate fe-assseucy sretesewarsccanehs iL GES

Ee Micine stone teedecnade mpeaicvaacindniearrsches es 2 0 0

ee Aa Schnsmsnddeciee sosuckteccerntecteseatae 015 0

UG? 5 essd6 ne beer sane en eo (en ed sSSonp voemnreteane 5 8 0

NZ) Septesi vais cateds Stent daeaanien ery mes anaaats 2 8 0

ED Ceseasaressaetred Pi des os Saveanebates Bass 5 6 8

UM peer pcaseatmetUats osviecssddcns ON corns 6410 0

British Association Catalogue of Stars.........cccsssceeeeeues 56 3 6

Lalande’s Catalogue of Stars............ gedsuscurpushesaacerteed 5 3 0

Lacaille’s Catalogue of Stars..........0s00ssscsssssessovecesonde 016 0

Dove’s Isothermal Lines ...........seseseseseees adenae « eseaeen 9 ed

Lithographic Signatures ......seccsssees Ser pane nad teadrasaaacen 0, 7940
—_——_ 162 13

1690 17 6

Audited and found correct,
CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Auditor.

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

1851 (at Ipswich) to 1st of September 1852 (at Belfast).

PAYMENTS.
£sda & s&s a
For Sundry Printing, Advertising, Expenses of Ipswich Meeting,

and Petty Disbursements made by General and Local Trea-

PRMCE Sn estes ate seh cigat pie steiay a ceiver cases stele s.sicw si sis iP acuaultecawitucpe ee paas 206 14 2
Printing Report of 20th Meeting (paid on Account) ............00 300 0 0
Engraving, &c. for Report of the 21st Meeting ..............c0s000 17 610

Salaries, Assistant General Secretary and Accountant, (eighteen

AULD) acc acne a5 co wnachieersasaccucsciancesicenaas dopwieve aueslars sored 525 0 0
Moyers tsothermal Lines) \iicencesecess cn ccscogesssscnssessensscecesacas 100 0 0
Maintaining the Establishment at Kew Observatory :—

Balance of Grant of 1850 .........csesseccseeusecnseetrneeneees aie west DOL! oO

atigOh Grant TONE BOM clips sca dedstceroecdsssscsceovassexesuensees 204 4 8

. —— 23317 8
On account of Grant—

For Experiments on the Conduction of Heat .............00008 5° 2 9

Influence of Solar Radiations ...........cccececacneasceeteeeoeees 20 0 0

For a Geological Map of Great Britain and Ireland ......... 1 00

Researches on the British Annelida........... peasinas a anun seit pice 10 00

Data OyNOE SECON M aetebuestenasdovemwar ae dries canoccbcensatlacts wana 10 6 2

Sirength Of Boiler Plates ......s0r.dsesessssecccevscadceccucedeees 10 0 0
Balance at the Bankers.........s00.csessssssceeeeenecvees Da ASN Aes ois 22617 3
Ditto in the hands of the General Treasurer and Local Treasurers 1012 8

Se a7 9) Tt
vA
ve
t
1,
s 1690 17 6

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1852-53.

TRUSTEES (PERMANENT).
Sir Roperick I.Murcuison,G.C.St.S.,F.R.S. The VeryRev.Gzorcz Peacock,D.D., Dean
Joun Tayxor, Esq., F.R.S. of Ely, F.R.S.
PRESIDENT.
COLONEL EDWARD SABINE, R.A., Treasurer and Vice-President of the Royal Society.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.
The Eart of ENNISKILLEN, D.C.L., F.R.S. Rev. T. R. Rozrnson, D.D., Pres.R.LA.,
The Ear of Rosse, M.A., M.R.I.A., Presi- F.R.A.S.
dent of the Royal Society. Grorce GABRIEL STOKES, F.R.S., Lucasian
Sir Henry T. De ta Becue, C.B., F.R.S., Professor of Mathematics in the University
Director-General of the Geological Survey of Cambridge.
of the United Kingdom. Joun Streve.ty, LL.D., Professor of Natural
Rey. Epwarp Hrincxs, D.D., M.R.LA. Philosophy in Queen’s College, Belfast.
Rey. P. S. Henry, D.D., President of Queen’s
College, Belfast.
PRESIDENT ELECT.
Wir1am Hopxuys, Esq., M.A., V-P.R.S., F.G.S., Pres. Cambr. Phil. Soc.

VICE-PRESIDENTS ELECT.

The Eart of Caruisxe, F.R.S. Cuartes Frost, Esq., F.S.A., President of
The Lorp LonpEssorovuGH, F.R.S. the Hull Lit. & Philos. Society.
Micwaet Farapay, D.C.L., F.R.S., Pro- Wixxram Sreence, Esq., F.R.S,
fessor of Chemistry in the Royal Institu- Lt.-Colonel W. H. Syxzs, F.R.S.
tion of Great Britain. Cuar.tes WuHeatstong, Esq,, F.R.S., Pro-
Rey. Apam Sepewrck, M.A., F.R.S., Wood- fessor of Experimental Philosophy in King’s
wardian Professor of Geology in the Uni- College, London.

versity of Cambridge.
LOCAL SECRETARIES FOR THE MEETING AT HULL.

Henry Cooper, Esq., M.D., V.P. Hull Lit. & Phil. Soc.
Beruet Jacoss, Esq., President of the Hull Mechanics Institution.

LOCAL TREASURER FOR THE MEETING AT HULL.
Epmunp Smiru, Esq.

ORDINARY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.

J. C. Apams, Pres.R.A.S. Joun P. Gassror, F.R.S. Prof. OwEn, LL.D., F.R.S.
C. C. Banineton, F.R.S. Witiram R, Grove, F.R.S. Francis Ronaups, F.R.S.
Professor BELx, Sec.R.S. Rozert Hutton, F.G.S. SirJ.Ciarx Ross, R.N.,F.R.S.
Prof.Dauseny, M.D.,F.R.S. James Heywoop, Esq.,M.P. Prof.H.E.SrrickLanp,F.R.S.
Sir P. Ecrrton, Bart., F.R.S. Rev. Dr. H. Luoyn, F.R.S. Lt.-Col. W. H. Syxzs, F.R.S.
Professor E. Forses, F.R.S. Sir C. Lemon, Bart., F.R.S.. Prof. Wanker, M.A., F.R.S.
Professor GRAHAM, F.R.S. Prof, W. H. Mriiuer, F.R.S. Lorp Wrotrestey, F.R.S.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.

The President and President Elect, the Vice-Presidents and Vice-Presidents Elect, the Ge-
neral and Assistant-General Secretaries, the General Treasurer, the Trustees, and the Presi-
dents of former years, viz. The Earl Fitzwilliam. Rev. Dr. Buckland. Rey. Professor Sedgwick.
Sir Thomas M. Brisbane. The Marquis of Lansdowne. The Earl of Burlington. Rey. W.
Y. Harcourt. The Marquis of Breadalbane. Rev. Dr. Whewell. The Earl of Ellesmere.
The Earl of Rosse. The Dean of Ely. Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart. Sir Roderick I. Mur-
chison. Sir Robert H. Inglis. The Rev. Dr. Robinson. Sir David Brewster. G. B. Airy,
Esq., the Astronomer Royal.

GENERAL SECRETARY.
J. Forzes Royte, M.D., F.R.S., Prof. Mat. Med. & Therap. in King’s College, London.

ASSISTANT GENERAL SECRETARY.
Joun Pures, Esq., F.R.S., York.

CENERAL TREASURER.
Joun Tartor, Esq., F.R.S., 6 Queen Street Place, Upper Thames Street, London.

LOCAL TREASURERS.

William Gray, Esq., York. Professor Ramsay, Glasgow.

C. C. Babington, Esq., Cambridge. G. W. Ormerod, Esq., Manchester.

William Brand, Esq., Edinburgh. J. Sadleir Moody, Esq., Southampton.

J. H. Orpen, LL.D., Dublin. John Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq., Swansea.

William Sanders, Esq., Bristol. J. B. Alexander, Esq., Ipswich.

W.R. Wills, Esq., Birmingham. Robert Patterson, Esq., Belfast.
AUDITORS.

J. W. Gilbart, Esq. J. P. Gassiot, Esq. C. C. Babington, Esq.

Ee

OFFICERS OF SECTIONAL COMMITTEES. XXill

OFFICERS OF SECTIONAL COMMITTEES PRESENT AT THE
BELFAST MEETING.

SECTION A.—MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.
President. Professor William Thomson, M.A., F.R.S. L. & E.

Vice- Presidents. J.C. Adams, F.R.S. Sir David Brewster, K.H., F.R.S.; Right
Rev. Dr. Denvir, Sir W. R. Hamilton, Astron. Royal for Ireland; Rev. Dr. Lloyd,
F.R.S.; Professor Stokes, F.R.S.

Secretaries. W.J. Macquorn Rankine; John Tyndall, Ph.D.; Professor Dixon,
F.T.C.D.; Professor Stevelly.

SECTION B. CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY, INCLUDING THEIR APPLICATION
TO AGRICULTURE AND THE ARTS.
President.—Thomas Andrews, M.D., F.R.S.

Vice-Presidents. Professor Apjohn, M.R.I.A.; Professor Connell, F.R.S.E. ;
Professor Graham, F.R.S.

Secretaries. Professor Hodges; Professor Ronalds; Dr. Gladstone.

SECTION C.—GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
President.—Lieutenant-Coionel Portlock, R.E., F.R.S.

Vice-Presidents. Richard Griffith, F.G.S.; Sir H. De la Beche, F.R.S.; James
Smith, Esq., F.G.S.

Secretaries, James Bryce, F.G.S.; James MacAdam, F.G.S.; Professor M‘Coy,
F.G.S.; Professor Nicol, F.G.S.

SECTION D.—ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, INCLUDING PHYSIOLOGY.
President. W. Ogilby, Esq.
Vice-Presidents. Professor Allman; Professor Walker Arnott; Dr. Robert Ball;
Professor E. Forbes; Professor Owen.
Secretaries. George C. Hyndman, Esq. ; Edwin Lankester, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. ;
Dr. Dickie.

SECTION E.—GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNOLOGY,
President.—Colonel Chesney, R.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., &c.
Vice-Presidents.—Sir R. I. Murchison, G.C.St.S., F.R.S., Pres. R.G.S.; Rev.

Dr. E. Hincks.

Secretaries.—Richard Cull, Esq., Hon. Secretary Ethnological Society, London ;
Robert MacAdam, Esq.; Norton Shaw, M.D., Assistant Secretary Royal Geogra-
phical Society, London.

SECTION F.—STATISTICS.
President.—His Grace the Archbishop of Dublin.
Vice-Presidents.—Lord Dufferin; Mountiford Longfield, Esq., LL.D. ; Major

Thomas A. Larcom, R.E.; Lieutenant-Colonel Sykes, F.R.S.; Valentine Whitla,
Esq. ; the Earl of Mayo; James Heywood, Esq., M.P., F.R.S.

Secretaries.— Professor Hancock, LL.D. ; James MacAdam, Jun., Esq.; Professor
Ingram, F.T.C.D.
SECTION G.—MECHANICAL SCIENCE.
President.—James Walker, Esq., C.E., LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E.
Vice-Presidents.—William Fairbairn, C.E.; John Godwin, Esq., C.E.; C. Lan-
yon, Esq., C.E.; Alex. Mitchell, Esq., C.E.

Secretaries.—John Frederick Bateman, Esq.; Charles B. Hancock, Esq. ; Charles
Manby, Esq., Sec. Inst. C.E.; James Thomson, Esq., C.E.

XxXlv REPORT—1852.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Professor Agassiz, Cambridge, Massa- | Dr. Langberg, Christiania. |
chusetts. M. Leverrier, Paris. 4

M. Arago, Paris. Baron de Selys-Longchamps, Liége. — - 3

M. Babinet, Paris. Dr. Lamont, Munich. |

Dr. A. D. Bache, Philadelphia. Baron von Liebig, Munich. p|

Professor H. von Boguslawski, Breslau. | Professor Gustav Magnus, Berlin. |

Mr. P. G. Bond, Cambridge, U.S. | Professor Matteucci, Pisa.

Monsieur Boutigny (d’Evreux), Paris. Professor von Middendorff, St. Peters-

Professor Braschmann, Moscow. | burg. ;

Chevalier Bunsen (Prussian Embassy), | Professor Nilsson, Sweden. |
London. | Dr. N. Nordengsciold, Finland.

Prince Charles Buonaparte, Paris. | Chevalier Plana, Turin.

M. De la Rive, Geneva. M. Quetelet, Brussels.

Professor Dove, Berlin. | Professor Pliicker, Bonn.

M. Dufrenoy, Paris. | M. Constant Prevost, Paris.

Professor Dumas, Paris. Professor C. Ritter, Berlin.

Dr. J. Milne-Edwards, Paris. |

Professor H. D. Rogers, Philadelphia,
Professor W. B. Rogers, Virginia.
Professor H. Rose, Berlin.

Professor Ehrenberg, Berlin.
Dr. Eisenlohr, Carlsruhe.

Professor Encke, Berlin. | Baron Senftenberg, Bohemia.

Dr. A. Erman, Berlin. | Dr. Sihestrom, Stockholm.

Professor Esmark, Christiania. | M. Struvé, St. Petersburg.

Professor G. Forechhammer, Copenhagen. | Dr. Svanberg, Stockholm.

M. Frisiani, Milan. | Dr. Van der Hoeven, Leyden.
Professor Asa Gray, Cambridge, U.S. | Baron Sartorius von Waltershausen,
Professor Henry, Washington, U.S. Gotha.

Baron Alexander von Humboldt, Berlin. | M. Pierre Tchihatchef, (Russian Em-
M. Jacobi, St. Petersburg. bassy), Paris.

Professor Kreil, Prague. Professor Wartmann, Lausanne. ;
M. Kupffer, St. Petersburg.

4

REPORT ON THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE COUNCIL IN 1851-52, AS PRESENTED
TO THE GENERAL CoMMITTEE AT BELFrast, WEDNESDAY, SEPT. 1,
1852.

“J, With reference to the subjects referred to the Council by the General
Committee at Ipswich, the Council have to report as follows :—

(a) The Council having requested the President, Mr. Airy, to use his best
endeavours to obtain from Government a grant towards the publication of Mr.
Huxley’s Zoological and Anatomical Researches, made during the voyage of
H.M.S. ‘ Rattlesnake,’ have been informed by Mr. Airy that the Govern-
ment have expressed their inability to make a grant for that purpose in the
present year: the Council recommend that the application should be re-

eated.
‘ (6) The Council requested the President, Mr. Airy, to communicate to
Her Majesty’s Government, and to the Court of Directors of the East India
Company, the recommendation approved by the General Committee, that
the necessary aid should be given for the speedy publication of the Bo-
tanical Researches of Drs. Hooker and Thomson, Captain Strachey and Mr.
Winterbottom, so as to constitute, by combination with former publications,
a general Indian Flora. The Council have been informed by Mr. Airy, first,
that Dr. Hooker is engaged under an instruction from Government, in
arranging his materials for publication, in three volumes, the first of which
will not be ready before November 1852; and that no immediate application

e REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. XXV

for further assistance is required ; and secondly, that, having ascertained the
state of preparation of Dr. Thomson’s researches, he has laid the case fully
before the Court of Directorsin a letter to Mr. Melvill, to which he has as
yet received no reply.

(ce) The Council requested the President, Mr. Airy, to make the necessary
application to the Court of Directors of the East India Company to afford
Captain Strachey such aid as would enable him to publish his explorations
in the Himalaya Mountains and in Thibet, with the necessary maps and
illustrations; and have learned from Mr. Airy that he has been informed
that the Chairman of the Court of Directors has signified his intention of
giving to Captain Strachey the assistance contemplated by the Association,
and that he has therefore taken no further step.

“TI. The President, as one of the Committee for Tidal Observations in the
Atlantic appointed by the General Committee at Ipswich, has communicated
to the Council the Memorial which the Tidal Committee has presented to
Government. It is as follows :—

“*We beg leave to make to Her Majesty’s Government a representation
with which we have been charged by the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, respecting the importance of ‘sending out a ship or
ships to extend our acquaintance with the phenomena of the Tides of the
Atlantic Ocean.

« «The importance of an acquaintance with the phenomena of the Tides,
both for practical and theoretical purposes, is sufficiently obvious, and has
been recognised by the Government of this country in many ways. At
most of the points of our own coast, and at several places in other countries,
observations have long been made which suffice for most of these purposes.
But perhaps it is not generally understood how far these observations,
hitherto, are from giving us such a connected knowledge of the subject as
may enable us to follow the course of the tide over any considerable portion
of the Ocean. Even with regard to our own shores, such accurate know-
ledge hardly existed till observations were made and continued for a fortnight
at the coast-guard stations of Great Britain and Ireland in June 1834, and
again in June 1836. On the latter occasion application was also made to
foreign maritime states, to make a similar and simultaneous series of obser-
vations, the Duke of Wellington, at that time Foreign Secretary of State,
promoting the object in a manner which procured from them the most cordial

and effective co-operation. The results of these observations were inserted

and discussed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836 (Part II.); and, in
consequence, the course of the tides along the shore from the Strait of
Gibraltar to the coast of Norway, was made out, as to some general features
and also along the coast of the United States. But beyond these limits we
may be said to have no connected knowledge of the course of the tides of
the Atlantic; and even within these limits it is impossible, for want of other
observations, to counect those which were made; for instance, the tides on
the American and the European shores. Along the coasts of Africa and of
South America we are ignorant of the course and progress of the tides,
although we know some of the phanomena at detached points, and know
some of them to be remarkable and perplexing. Nor is it at all likely that
these defects in our knowledge will be removed by any collection of de-
tached observations. It is only by systematic observations made with the
express view of connecting our knowledge on this subject, and pursued from
place to place, as the results themselves suggest, that we shall ever obtain a
general view of the facts. Such observations might be made in no long

XXvl REPORT—1852.

time if an expedition were sent out with this special and exclusive object ;
and might, in that case, be so conducted as to lead with certainty to the
result.

«“ «The best mode of making observations would, probably, be found to be
to place observing parties at certain distances along the coast, the intervals
being various according to the nature of the phenomena; and to direct
them to make simultaneous observations for a few daysyand then to proceed
farther along the coast with the expedition; or the tides at any place might
(on any day) be referred to the moon’s transit, and this would afford suffi-
cient means of comparison with any neighbouring case, unless the phzno-
mena were peculiar. In this way the progress of the tide-wave along the
coasts of Africa and America would be determined; from what points it
diverges, and towards what points it converges ; the latter points being, it is
presumed, generally those of very high tides, such as occur on the east coast
of Patagonia. With these observations, combined with others at oceanic
islands, the general course of the tide elevation might be traced ; and if this
were done for the Atlantic, it would be the first time that the course of the
tide in such an ocean-space has been made known to us.

“<Tt would also be desirable to observe at the same time the streams of
flood and ebb. From such observations, combined with those of High and
Low water, it has appeared in Captain Beechey’s recent researches, results
may be deduced, giving a new and unexpected view of the tidal movements
of the sea, and supplying knowledge useful for the practical purposes of
navigation.

“¢ As has been said, it is probable that an expedition devoted especially to
such a purpose might attain the leading features of the required results in no
long time; perhaps in a year or eighteen months. This must be on the sup-
position that it did not attempt to follow the details of the tides out of the
oceanic space into collections of islands like the West Indies, the details of
which would employ a much longer time.

‘«<« One ship, with several boats to set down and take up observing parties,
would probably be the fittest scale of the expedition ; and standard points,
where the observations should be longer continued, and to which the obser-
vations at secondary points should be referred, would be established from
place to place in the course of the operations.’

“III. It has been reported to the Council, by the officers of the Associa-
tion, that from accidental circumstances, the three following recommenda-
tions from the Committee of Section C, at Ipswich, had not reached the
Committee of Recommendations in sufficient time to be included in their
Report to the Committee :—

“1. That a Committee be appointed to take into consideration and report
upon the exact position, number and nature of the phosphatic beds of the
Crag, and to connect this subject with that of mineral manures generally
with reference to their scientific and economic value; and further to investi-
gate the geological conditions under which the so-called ‘ Coprolites’ and
other drifted Organic and Inorganic bodies occur in the Red Crag, and the
probable sources from which these bodies have been respectively derived.
The Committee to consist of Professor Henslow, Mr. Searles Wood and
Mr. Long, with power to add to their number.

“2. That Mr. Searles Wood be requested to prepare for the next meeting
of the Association, a Report of the observed distribution of the specific forms
of Vertebrata and Invertebrata in the supracretaceous deposits in the vicinity
of Ipswich...

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. XXVil

“3, That Mr. Logan’s paper on the Geology of Canada be printed in full
in the next volume of the Reports of the Association.

“The Council have requested the gentlemen named in the two first recom-
mendations to proceed in the matters referred to, pending a decision of the
General Committee, that may be taken at Belfast; and have ordered that
Mr. Logan’s paper on the Geology of Canada should be printed in full in
the Ipswich volume of Reports.

“TV. In concurrence with the Belfast Provisional Committee, the Council
directed that the meeting should commence on Wednesday, the 1st Sep-
tember; and requested the following gentlemen to undertake the offices of
Presidents, Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of Sections respectively, subject
to confirmation by the General Committee, viz

Section A.—President, William Thomson, Esq., Professor of Mathe-
matics, Glasgow. Vice-President, Rt. Rev. Dr. Denvir.
Secretary W. J. M. Rankine, Esq.

B.—President, Dr. Andrews, M.R.I.A. Secretaries, Dr. Hodges,
Dr. Blyth.

C.—President, Lieutenant Colonel Portlock, R.E. Secretaries,
James M‘Adam, Esq., J. Bryce, Esq., Professor Nicol,
Professor M‘Coy.

D.—President, Wm. Ogilby, Esq. Secretaries, Dr. Lankester,
J. C. Hyndman, Esq., Dr. Dickie.

E.—President, Colonel Chesney, R.A. Secretaries, R. Cull,
Esq., Dr. Norton Shaw, R. M‘Adam.

F.—President, the Archbishop of Dublin. Vice-President,
V. Whitla, Esq. Secretaries, Professor Hancock, J.
M‘Adam, Esq,, jun.

G.—President, James Walker, Esq., F.R.S. Vice-President,
Ss at he Esq., C.E.. Secretary, James Thomson, Esq.,

«“V. The Council have added the names of the following cultivators of
science who attended at the Ipswich meeting to the list of Corresponding
Members of the British Association :—

M. Babinet, Paris.
Mr. P. G. Bond, Cambridge, U.S.
M. Dufrenoy, Paris.
M. Constant Prevost, Paris.

* M. Pierre Tchihatchef, Russian Embassy, Paris.
Dr. N. Nordengsciold, Finland. A
Professor Asa Gray, U.S.

«VI. The Council have great pleasure in submitting the following list of
invitations from which the General Committee will have to select the place
of meeting in 1853, viz.—

“Hull: from whence invitations were also received in 1838, 1839, 1842,
1849, 1850 and 1851; in which invitations the Municipal Council and all
the other public bodies of the town united.
_ “Liverpool: from the Mayor and Corporation; the Literary and Philo-
_ sophical Society; the Royal Institution; the Architectural and Archeolo-
gical Society ; the Polytechnic Society ; Historie Society of Lancashire and
Cheshire; being a renewal of the invitation presented at Edinburgh in 1850.

“Brighton: from the Earl of Chichester and sixty-eight other gentlemen,

XXVi REPORT—1852.

in addition to the application made to the meeting at Ipswich, on the part of
the Commissioners of Brighton, by their clerk.

“Glasgow: from the Magistrates and Town Council, and from the
Glasgow Philosophical Society.

“Leeds: for a meeting some year after the year 1853.

“ VII. The Council are happy to have it in their power to report most
favourably on the proceedings in the last year at the establishment at Kew.
The experimental trial of Mr. Ronalds’s magnetographs, which was in pro-
gress when the last Report of the Council was made, has been completed,
and detailed statements of the performance of each of the three instruments
have been furnished by Messrs. Ronalds and Welsh, and are inserted in the
volume of Reports for 1851. The Council have great pleasure in referring
to these statements as showing that Mr. Ronalds’s adaptation of photography
to record the magnetic variations is an effective and practically useful in-
vention, supplying to those who may desire it the means of making and
preserving a continuous registry of the phenomena. The processes employed
for the construction and verification of standard thermometers, have proved
remarkably successful, and will form the subject of a distinct and detailed
Report from the Committee of the Kew Observatory. The thermometers
prepared by Mr. Welsh, under the direction of the Committee, have been
found, on intercomparison, and also on comparison with Mr. Regnault’s
standard, to furnish results highly satisfactory. They have already been
supplied on application to the observatories at the Cape of Good Hope and
Toronto, and to several persons under the following regulation of the
Council:—‘ That standard thermometers made at Kew be supplied on ap-
plication to members of the British Association, and Fellows of the Royal
Society, at 17, each.’ The Council have also directed that the Kew Com-
mittee be authorized, at their discretion, to supply standard thermometers
on official application to any department of Her Majesty’s Government, or
to the East India Company ; and 2nd, that the Committee be authorized, at
their discretion, to present standard mercurial thermometers to certain of
the philosophical instrument makers. In compliance with the first of these
regulations, the Committee have supplied, on application from the Admiralty,
fourteen thermometers graduated to extreme low temperatures, to be em-
ployed in the Arctic Expeditions; and, in compliance with the second
regulation, they have presented standard thermometers to each of the follow-
ing artists, viz—Messrs. Adie, Barrow, Watkins and Hill, Negretti, Newman,
and Simms. Applications have been received from Professors James Forbes
of Edinburgh, and William Thomson of Glasgow, for suitable thermometers
for very delicate experimental researches in which these gentlemen are en-
gaged, and which thermometers are now in preparation.

“The preparations for the construction of standard barometers are far
advanced ; and with a view to the further prosecution of these objects, the
Committee for the construction and verification of standard instruments have
taken steps for procuring authentic standards of length and weight, by placing
themselves in communication with the Commission appointed by Her Ma-

jesty’s Government to prepare such standards. -

*‘ At the request of the East India Company, twenty sets of instruments
for proposed meteorological observations in India have been examined and
verified at Kew.

“ The arrangements required for Professor Stokes’s experiments have been
completed, and the experiments are now in progress.

«The Council haye great pleasure in repeating their former expressions of

)
j
y
d

REPORT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. XXIX

entire approbation of the zeal and intelligence with which Mr. Welsh con-
tinues to discharge the various duties entrusted to him from time to time,
by the Superintending Committee. These qualities have been especially
shown in the manipulations required in the construction of the standard ther-
mometers, and in the processes for their verification.

“ At the request of the Council, the Superintending Committee have made
arrangements with Mr. Green for four ascents of the Nassau balloon, for the
purpose of investigating the meteorological phenomena of the atmosphere.
Two of these ascents have already taken place, one on the 17th and the
other on the 26th of August, on each of which days Mr. Green aseended
to between 19,000 feet and 20,000 feet, accompanied by Mr. Welsh and
Mr. Nicklin, taking with them instruments prepared in the Kew Observatory.
The observations made in these two ascents had reference chiefly to the laws
of the decrement of temperature and of aqueous vapour in ascending into
the atmosphere, and will be the subject of a communication from Mr. Welsh
to the Mathematical and Physical Section.

“Tn closing this report of the proceedings at the establishment at Kew, the
Council are glad to be able to state that the expenditure during the year has
not exceeded the sum placed at their disposal by the General Committee,
and that there are no debts; and the Council strongly recommend that the
establishment should continue to receive the support of the British Asso-
ciation.”

Report OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE OF THE BriTISH Asso-
CIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, PRESENTED TO THE
GENERAL CoMMITTEE AT BELFAST, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1852.

The Parliamentary Committee have the honour to report as follows :—

The Committee met for the first time on the 3rd of February last, they
met again on the 11th of March and on the 17th of June.

_ At these several meetings the following, among other business, was trans-
acted. The Committee agreed to meet yearly on the day succeeding the
meeting of Parliament, and on the second Thursday in July.

In consequence of the dissolution of Parliament, the meeting of June was
this year substituted for that of July. The Committee resolved to cooperate
with the President and Council of the Royal Society, who had already taken
steps in this behalf, in urging upon the Government the expediency of facili-
tating the cheap and rapid international communication of scientific publi-
cations ; and the Council of the Royal Society, by a resolution dated the 19th
of February, informed this Committee that they would be much gratified by
such cooperation.

In pursuance of these resolutions, Lord Wrottesley, as Chairman of this
Committee, in company with the Earl of Rosse as President, and Colonel
Sabine as Treasurer of the Royal Society, had, on the 10th of March, an in-
terview with Sir Thomas Freemantle, the Chairman of the Board of Customs,
who suggested a plan by which eminent scientific individuals and institutions
might be permitted to receive from abroad their presentation copies of scien-
tific works duty free, through the medium of the Royal Society, and whereby
certain facilities in this behalf might likewise be afforded to the Smithsonian
Institution of the United States, in return for privileges conceded to that

Institution by the Government of those States; and he recommended that a

letter should be written to the Lords of the Treasury embodying these sug-
_ gestions.
1852. €

D.0.9.4 REPORT—1852.

In conformity with this recommendation a letter was addressed to the
Lords of the Treasury by the Earl of Rosse, as President of the Royal So-
ciety, in concurrence with Lord Wrottesley as Chairman of this Committee.
. To this letter no reply has as yet been received.

With the view of promoting the same general object, viz. the cheap and
rapid international communication of scientific publications, it was resolved
that Lord Wrottesley should address, and he addressed accordingly, a letter
to the Earl of Malmesbury, as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, of which the
following is a copy :—

“March 15, 1852.

‘*My Lorp,—As Chairman of a Committee composed of Members of both
Houses of Parliament, selected by the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, to watch over the interests of science and inspect the various
measures from time to time introduced into Parliament likely to affect such
interests, and which met for the first time on the 3rd of February last, I ant
requested to represent to your Lordship the great inconvenience to which
the cultivators of the various branches of science in this country are now ex-
posed by the extravagant charges levied by Foreign Governments on the
conveyance by post of Presentation Copies of Scientific Publications sent from
this country to eminent scientific men, pursuing similar branches of science
in foreign parts ; and I am further directed respectfully to request your Lord-
ship, by negotiating Postal Conventions or otherwise as you shall think pro-
per, to endeavour to prevail on the governments of other countries to afford
greater facilities for the transmission by post of such publications.

“ The undersigned believes that he cannot better illustrate the extent of
the evils complained of than by subjoining the followiug list of charges for
the conveyance by post to the various countries named therein, of a commu-
nication printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1851, and which was
conveyed by our own post office to every place within the United Kingdom
at a charge of 8d. :—

t eatin 4 eo:

To Modena... o.oo VE oe tae Benin. oe ere Gat
CEG: 10 ew ces, weer 15 0 Neenerp fe. iar. eee
Wittar, . ae ee 18 4 Dreikcen 2, eee rg
Turin (2S prussels, oo) yee 5 O
Padua 18 4 Cadiz. 2...) eae 7 4
Bonn ao Goranen: 2), ee

“Your Lordship will at once perceive that such charges as these are far
beyond the means of many of the most distinguished cultivators of science,
who are absolutely disabled thereby from forwarding by post to their friends
abroad the copies of their scientific memoirs which are presented to them
gratuitously for the purpose of distribution by the respective societies, to
which such communications are sent and in whose Transactions they appear.

“ From this cause, combined with the duties levied at the Custom House on
similar publications imported from abroad, at present the interests of science
are very injuriously affected, for it happens continually, to use the expressions
of the Treasurer of the Royal Society in a letter addressed to the under-
signed, ‘ That a quantity of intellectual labour of a very high class is un-
productively consumed in doing over again in one country that which has
already been done in another, from the want of a more rapid interchange of
knowledge.’

“Mr, Rowland Hill of the Post Office Department, has suggested a mode

’

REPORT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE. XXxi

by which these evils might be remedied, viz. if Foreign Countries could be
induced to adopt the arrangement, by which books are now forwarded to
some of our Colonies, at charges very reasonable as compared with the above.
“T remain, &c.,
« WROTTESLEY.”

To the above letter the following reply was received from Mr. Addington,
the Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs :—

“ Foreign Office, March 17, 1852.

« My Lorp,—I am directed by the Earl of Malmesbury to acquaint your
Lordship that he has referred to the Postmaster-General your letter of the
15th inst., urging that steps be taken by Her Majesty’s Government to induce
Foreign Governments to reduce their rates of Postage on printed papers, with
a view of facilitating the distribution of scientific works.

. “Tam, &e.,
«H. U. AvpINGTON.”

The Committee also requested Lord Wrottesley and Sir Robert Inglis to
represent to the Earl of Derby the inadequacy of the present fund out of
which Pensions are provided in certain cases for eminent scientific men.

In pursuance of this resolution Lord Wrottesley and Sir Robert Inglis re-
quested and obtained an interview with the Earl of Derby on the 19th of March
last, at which they directed his attention to the ill-success which had lately
attended the applications for Scientific Pensions, and instanced the cases of
Mr. Hind and Dr. Mantell, in whose behalf the Earl of Rosse, as President
of the Royal Society, had applied for a grant of Pensions.

The Earl of Derby, in reply, stated it to be the wish of the Government
to apportion the fund equitably amongst all the separate classes into which
the List is divided, or to that effect, and requested to know the share of the
whole fund which had in fact been allotted to Science. In answer to this
latter question Lord Wrottesley addressed to the Earl of Derby a letter, of
which the following is a copy :—

“ Wrottesley, April 24, 1852.

“ Drar Lorp Dersy,—When I had the honour of an interview with you
in the matter of Pensions to Scientific men, you asked me for the exact
amount of those that had been granted in favour of Science. I could not
answer this question, as I had not then been able to obtain either the earliest
or latest returns. I have since procured all the papers and the account stands
as follows: out of £16,800 (1200 x 14:), the total sum granted for Pensions,
since the Civil List was settled at the commencement of the Queen's reign,
a sum of £2150 has been appropriated to Science, properly so called, or not
quite 13 per cent.

“I give this detail because it was required from me; but I would not be
understood to ground any argument upon it: our complaint is, that in a
country like this, which owes so much to Science, there should be aé any
time no means of rewarding, either by money payments, or in any other
manner both appropriate and acceptable to the candidates for distinction,

eases of great merit, which have been brought to the notice of the Govern-

ment by Scientific Societies in whose recommendations confidence may be
securely reposed. 1 say Scientific Societies, for however trustworthy an in-
- dividual may be, there can never be the same reliance on a single opinion in
cases of this description*.

* * * * * * *
“J may add, that when I saw you I was not aware that Lord Rosse had

* A paragraph is here omitted as referring to personal matters.
e2

XXxii REPORT—1852.

applied on behalf of Mr. Ronalds of the Kew Observatory, and that this
would likewise seém to be a very deserving case; it was favourably enter-
tained, but the funds were exhausted *.
“ Yours, &c.,
‘“‘ WROTTESLEY.”

In closing their Report the Committee cannot but express a hope that
their negotiations with the Government, with respect to the cheap and rapid
international communication of scientific works, may ultimately result in the
complete accomplishment of this desirable object.

June 17th, 1852.

RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL COMMITTEE AT THE
BeLrast MEETING IN SEPTEMBER 1852.

Involving Grants of Money.

That the sum of £200 be placed at the disposal of the Council for the
maintenance of the establishment of the Observatory at Kew.

That Dr. Hodges be requested to investigate the chemical changes which
are observed to occur in the technical preparation of flax; and that £20 be
placed at his disposal for the purpose.

That Mr. Robert Hunt and Dr. Gladstone be requested to continue their
experiments on the influence of the solar radiations on chemical combinations,
electrical phenomena, and the vital powers of plants growing under different
atmospheric conditions; with £15 at their disposal for the purpose.

That Mr. Mallet be requested to continue his experiments on the propa-
gation of earthquake waves, availing himself of the operations now carrying
on at Holyhead ; with £50 at his disposal for the purpose.

That Dr. Lankester, Professor Owen, and Dr. Dickie, be a Committee to
continue the superintendence of the publication of tabular forms in reference
to periodical phenomena of animals and vegetables; with £10 at their dis-
posal for the purpose.

That Mr. H. E. Strickland, Dr. Lindley, and the other members of a
Committee already named, be requested to continue their experiments on
the vitality of seeds; with £5 10s. at their disposal for the purpose.

That Mr. R. Patterson, Dr. Dickie, Mr. Hyndman, and Mr. Grainger, be
requested to carry out a system of dredging on the North and East coasts
of Ireland; with £10 at their disposal for the purpose.

That Mr. Wyville Thomson, Professor Balfour, Professor Goodsir, Mr.
Peach, and Dr. Greville, be requested to carry out a system of dredging on
the East coast of Scotland; with £15 at their disposal.

That Professor E. Forbes and Professor T. Bell be requested to assist in
the publication of the remaining part of Dr. Williams’s Report on the Struc-
ture of the Annelida; with £10 at their disposal for the purpose.

That the sum of £5 be granted for defraying the expenses attending the
distribution of a Manual of Ethnological Inquiry prepared by Mr. Cull and
a Sub-committee appointed in 1851.

That a large outline Map of the World be provided for the use of the
Geographers and Ethnologers; and that Sir R. I. Murchison, the Lord
Bishop of St. Asaph, and the Secretaries of the Geographical and Eth-
nological Societies, be a Committee for carrying this into effect; with £15 at
their disposal for the purpose.

* See page xi.

RESEARCHES IN SCIENCE. XXxiil

Involving Application to Government or Public Institutions.

That in order to meet the growing wants of science, and remedy, in some
degree, the inconvenience caused to its cultivators by the dissociated, incom-
plete, and discontinuous publication of scientific researches, it is expedient
that the British Association, which, by its constitution, includes representa-
tives of the various scientific institutions of the empire, should propose such
general views on the subject as may be suggested by the experience of its
members.

That a Committee be formed for the purpose of considering of a plan by
which the Transactions of different Scientific Societies may become part of
one arranged system, and the records of facts and phenomena be rendered
more complete, more continuous, and more convenient than at present.

That it be an instruction to this Committee to place itself in communica-
cation with the Council of the Royal Society, and the Councils of other Sci-
entific Societies which receive scientific communications at regular meetings.

That the Committee consist of Prof. W. Thomson, Prof. Andrews, Lec-
nard Horner, Esq., Prof. Owen, Sir R. I. Murchison, Col. Sykes, W. J. Ran-
kine, Esq., J. C. Adams, Esq., Dr. Lloyd, Prof. Wilson, Dr. Robinson, Prof.
Bell, Prof. Graham, W. R. Grove, Esq., Sir D. Brewster, and ex officio the
General Officers, with power to add to their number.

That it is important to have a Quarterly Record of British and Foreign
scientific publications and discoveries, and that the consideration of the prac-
ticability of obtaining this be referred to the same Committee.

That a representation be made to the Royal Society of the importance at-
tached by M. Otto Struvé to the determination of the constant of “Irradiation”
for the Huyghenian object-glass of 123 feet radius.

That it is expedient to proceed without delay with the establishment in
the Southern Hemisphere of a Telescope not inferior in power to a three
feet reflector ; and that the President, with the assistance of the following
gentlemen, viz. Lord Rosse, Dr. Robinson, Lord Wrottesley, J. C. Adams,
Esq., the Astronomer Royal, J. Nasmyth, Esq., W. Lassell, Esq., Sir D.
Brewster, and E. J. Cooper, Esq., be requested to take such steps as they
shall deem most desirable to carry out the preceding Resolution.

That the publication of the reduction upon a scale of one inch to the mile.
of the Townland Survey of Ireland, ordered to be made in connection with
the Geological Survey by the Ordnance, and for which a vote was taken for
1852-53, upon the Estimates of that department, be recommended to the
Government to be accelerated.

That the Council of the British Association be requested to continue their
efforts to obtain the assistance of the Government for the publication of Mr.
Huxley’s researches.

That, with the view of obtaining an accurate knowledge of the countries
on and near the Eastern coast of Africa, from the Red Sea to 10° S. lat., the
very important products of which have been enumerated by the late Sir
Charles Malcolm and Mr. D. Cooley, the British Association do call the
attention of the Court of Directors‘ of the Honourable the East India Com-
pany, to the desirableness of sending an expedition thoroughly to explore
that region, as recommended by the Royal Geographical Society of Londox.
The deputation to consist of the President of the British Association, and
the President and Vice-Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society.

That most important meteorological data are attainable by balloon ascents ;
and that the Council be requested to solicit the cooperation of the Royai
Society in this investigation.

XXXIV REPORT—1852.

That it ‘is important that Professor W, Thomson and Mr. J. P. Joule be
enabled to make a series of experiments, on a large scale, on the thermal
effects experienced by air in rushing through small apertures ; and that a
representation to this effect be made to the Royal Society.

That the Government be requested, on the part of the British Association,
to connect with the survey of the Gulf-stream an examination of the Zoology
and Botany of that current; and also of the temperature of the sea round
the shores of the British Islands.

The Committee having been informed that an expedition has been pro-
posed for ascending the Niger to its source, by Lieut. Lyons Macleod, R.N. ;
and that it has been recommended to Her Majesty’s Government by the Royal
Geographical Society and the Chamber of Commerce of Manchester, resolve
that the President be requested to concur with the President of the Royal
Geographical Society in bringing the subject before the Government.

The Committee having understood that Dr. Bakie, Mr. A. Adams and Mr.
W. T. Alexander, each of them in the medical branch of Her Majesty’s Navy,
have proposed to undertake a thorough exploration of the countries watered
by the river Magdalena in South America, in respect to their botanical,
zoological, and geological products, on the condition of being allowed their
full pay, request the President of the Association and Sir R. I, Murchison
to urge the Government to accede to this proposition.

The Committee being aware of the liberality with which the Master-
General and Board of Ordnance have supplied the several engineer stations
with instruments for meteorological observations, would suggest the advan-
tage of adding to their instruments, in the Ionian Islands, others for measu-
ring the direction and amount of earthquake vibrations, so frequent in these
islands.

That a systematic collection of the Agricultural Statistics of Great Britain,
of asimilar nature with the returns of the agricultural produce of Ireland,
prepared under the care of Major Larcom, R.E., is a desideratum, and would
be of great public utility; and that the President, Mr, Heywood, Major
Lareom and Col. Sykes, be requested to communicate the above resolution
to Her Majesty’s Government.

That a Committee, consisting of Rev. Dr. Robinson, Prof. C. P, Smyth,
W. Fairbairn, Esq., W. J. M. Rankine, Esq., C.E., and W. 8S. Ward, Esq.,
be requested to take into consideration the methods of cooling air for the
ventilation of buildings in tropical climates by mechanical processes, and
should they see fit to prepare a memorial in the name of the British Asso-
ciation to the Hon. the East India Company, representing the.advantage of
‘making a trial of a process of that kind on a large seale, e.g. in a hospital.

Not involving Grants of Money or Application to Goveraiment, se.

That the thanks of the British Association be given to the Smithsonian-
Institution for the communication of Charts illustrating the plan adopted by
that Institution for deducing the general facts of the Meteorology of North
America, bearing on the laws of the great North American Storms; and
that it be referred to the Council to consider what steps it may be advisable
to take for the purpose of extending the system of observations over the
British portion of North America.

That the thanks of the British Association be given to Prof. Doye for his
valuable communication respecting the lines of abnormal temperature on the
globe; and that it be referred to the Council to consider of the expediency
of procuring copies of the map of the abnormal temperatures in different
months of the year, for the supply of members of the Association.

RESEARCHES IN SCIENCE. XXXV

That Mr. Sylvester be requested to draw up a complete Report on the
Theory of Determinants, to be laid before the next meeting of the Associa-
tion.

That the Earl of Rosse, Dr. Robinson, and Professor Phillips be requested
to draw up a Report on the physical character of the moon’s surface as com-
pared with that of the earth.

Printing of Communications.

That the observations of mean daily temperature and fall of rain at 127
stations of the Bengal Presidency, be printed at length in the next volume
of Transactions.

That Mr. James Thomson’s paper, on Vortex Water-wheels, be printed at
length in the Transactions of the Association.

Synopsis of Grants of Money appropriated to Scientific Objects by the
General Committee at the Belfast Meeting in Sept. 1852, with the
Name of the Member, who alone, or as the First of a Commitiee, is
entitled to draw for the Money.

Kew Observatory. Eide Piet
At the disposal of the Council for defraying Expenses ....,. 200 0 O

Chemical Science.
Hopces, Prof.-—Researches on Chemical plsaican in the pre-
paration of Flax. . Ar PAO am On 8)
Honrt, Mr. R. SS rafthanes ‘ai the Solar Radiations on otGhamiod
Combinations, Electrical Pheenomena, and the Vital Powers
of Plants growing under different atmospheric conditions, 15 0 0O

Geology.

Ma tet, Mr. R. iis anal on the Pisce ses of Earth-

quake Waves....... SEO Gs. O

Natural History.

LANKESTER, Dr. E.—Periodical Phenomena of Animals and

A ae “ae eee ee ee eee 10 0 O
Parrerson, Mr. R.—Dredging on the North and East Coasts

SIV gs soet RAR RE a a tee eek a 10 720%) 0
STRICKLAND, Prof. H. E.—Vitality of Seeds.............. 5100
Tuomson, Mr. Wyville-—Dredging on the EastCoastof Scotland 15 0 O
Forses, Prof. E—Researches on Annelida .............. 10 0 0

Geography and Ethnology.

Cutt, Mr. R.—Manual of Ethnological Inquiry .... 5 0 O

Mourcuisoy, Sir R. I.—Large outline Map of the World. 15 0
rama eee £355 10 O

XXXVI

REPORT—1852.

General Statement of Sums which have been paid on Account of Grants for Scien«

1834.
£
Tide Discussions.......... 20
1835.
Tide Discussions.......... 62
British Fossil Ichthyology... 105
£167
1836.
Tide Diseussions.......... 163

British Fossil Ichthyology... 105
Thermometric Observations,
SCOR GH at. ani ee 50

Experiments on long-conti-

med. Eeats cate p Ree We
Rain Gauges) j...... «nie. 9
Refraction Experiments.... 15
Lunar Nutation.......... 60
Thermometers .......... 15
£434
1837.

Tide Discussions.......... 284
Chemical Constants ...... 24
Lunar Nutation.......... 70
Observations on Wayes.... 100
Tides at Bristol .......... 150

Meteorology and Subterra-
nean Temperature ...... 89
Vitrification Experiments .. 150
Heart Experiments........ 8
Barometric Observations .. 30
IGHTOMICLETS «., Sayerscsvedasscehin h 1]
£918

1838.

Tide Discussions.......... 29
British Fossil Fishes ...... 100

Meteorological Observations

and Anemometer (con-
SIMAGHOM) T shitrs ove se aw, 100
Cast Iron (strength of).... 60

Animal and Vegetable Sub-
stances (preservation of) 19
Railway Constants........ 41
emistOl Des: «mete dca» oe 50
Growth of Plants.......... 75
Windiin (RIVES: . ces he wc es 33
Education Committee..... 50
Heart Experiments........ 5
Land and Sea Level ...... 267

Carried forward #800

tific Purposes.
CT
Suds Brought forward 800 12 9
‘0 0 | Subterranean Temperature 8 6 0
Steam-vessels............ 100 0 O
Meteorological Committee 31 9 5
0 O| Thermometers............ T6011 10
be £956 12 2
0 0 =
<2 1839.
0 0 Fossil Ichthyology..... aie EOC OG
Meteorclogical Observations
0 0} at Plymouth .......... 63 10 0
Mechanism of Waves...... 144 2 0
eC iristdl Tides.’ 2) to 35.18 6
Meteorology and Subterra-
1 0 neav Temperature ...... 21 eo
13 0) Vitrification Experiments.. 9 4 7
0 0} Cast Iron Experments.... 100 0 0
0.0 Railway Constants........ Side
6 ©) Land and Sea Level ...... 274 1 4
14 0 | Steam-Vessels’ Engines.... 100 0 0
Stars in Histoire Céleste .. 331 18 6
Stars in Lacaille.......... 11 0 0
1 © | Starsin R.A.S. Catalogue... 6 16 6
13 6 | Animal Secretions ........ 1010 0
0 © | Steam-engines in Cornwall 50 0 0
12 © | Atmospheric Air.......... TG LO
0 | Cast and Wrought Iron.... 40 0 0
Heat on Organic Bodies.... 3 0 0
5 3 | Gases on Solar Spectrum... 22 0 0
0 © | Hourly Meteorological Ob- x
ANG servations, Inverness and
0 0 MEMO USSIE ans ssc eaters Eller sigh
18. 6.) Hossil_-Keptiles).": 0)... er 118" 2°°9
14 6 Mining Statisties......... 50 0 O
£1595 11_ 0
1840,
O10} Bristol ides t..4.6 tmx foe 100 0 0
O 0 | Subterranean Temperature. 1313 6
Heart Experiments ...6.. 1819 0O
Lungs Experiments ...... 8 13 0
0 0 | Tide Discussions ........ 50 0 0
O 0 | Land and Sea Level ...... 6101
Stars (Histoire Céleste).... 242 10 0
1 10 | Stars (Lacaille) .......... 415.0
12 10 | Stars (Catalogue) ........ 264 0 O
0 0} Atmospheric Air.......... Tovls. 0
0 0 | Water on Tron -.). eqn 10 0 0
6 6 | Heat on Organic Bodies .. 7 0 0
0 0 | Meteorological Observations 5217 6
3 0 | Foreign Scientific Memoirs 112 1 6
8 7 | Working Population ...... 100 0 0
12 9 Carried forward £1006 15 7

GENERAL STATEMENT.

SR |
Brought forward 1006 15
School Statistics.......... 50 0
Forms of Vessels ........ 184 7
-Chemical and _ Electrical
Phenomena .......... 40 0
Meteorological Observations
at Plymouth .......... 80 0
Magnetical Observations .. 185 13
£1546 16 4
1841.
Observations on Wayes.... 30 0 0
Meteorology and Subterra-
nean Temperature ...... 8 8 0
Actmometers ..........5. 10 0 O
Earthquake Shocks ....., Lee 10
Acrid Poisons............ 6 0 0
Veins and Absorbents .... 3 0 O
Mud mm Rivers 2... 0067. 5 0 0
Marine Zoology .......... 1512 8
Skeleton Maps .......... 20 0 0
Mountain Barometers .... 618 6
_ Stars (Histoire Céleste).... 185 O O
Stars (Lacaille) .......... 79 5 0
Stars (Nomenclature of) .. 17 19 6
Stars (Catalogue of) ...... 40 0 0
Wateron Iron .......... 50 0 0
Meteorological Observations
at Inverness .......... 20 0 9
Meteorological Observations
(reduction of)......5..3 25 0 0
Fossil Reptiles .......... 50 0 0
Foreign Memoirs ........ 62 0 0
Railway Sections ........ 38 1 6
Forms of Vessels ........ 193 12 0
_ Meteorological Observations
Bivelymouth ie... . oe 55 0 0
_ Magnetical Observations .. 6118 8
| Fishes of the Old Red Sand-
BUSTOUO i ee ee 100 0 O
Tides at Leith............ 50 0 0
_ Anemometer at Edinburgh 69 1 10
_ Tabulating Observations .. 9 6 3
Races of Men............ 5 0 0
Radiate Animals.......... 2.0 0
£1235 10 11
1842.
| Dynamometric Instruments 113 11 2
| Anoplura Britannize ...... 52 12 0
a fides at Bristol .......... 59 8 O
| Gases on Light .......... 30 14 7
_Chronometers............ 2617 6
_ Marine Zoology .......... 1 5 0
British Fossil Mammalia .. 100 0 0
| Statistics of Education .... 20 0 0
' Marme Steam-vessels’ En-
Bets cess Pee ates 23 0 0
Carried forward £432 8 3

is
0
0:
0
0
9

XXXVI

£ s. d.
Brought forward 432 8 3
Stars (Histoire Céleste).... 59 0 O
Stars (British Association
Catalogue of) .......... 110 0 0
Railway Sections ........ 161 10 0
British Belemnites........ 50 0 0
Fossil Reptiles (publication
ob fReport) ie tartar se «et 10 0 0
Forms of Vessels ........ 180 0 0
Galvanic Experiments on
Gc gts tes meee ear ee 5 8 6
Meteorological Experiments
at Plymouth .......... 68 0 0
Constant Indicator and Dy-
namometric Instruments 90 0 0
Force of Wind .......... 10 0 O
Light on Growth of Seeds.. 8 0 O
Vital Statistics «.......... 50 0 O
Vegetative Power of Seeds.. 8 1 11
Questions on Human Race. 7 9 O
£1449 17 8
1843.
Revision of the Nomencla-
ture of Stars .......... 20 0
Reduction of Stars, British
Association Catalogue .. 25 0 0
Anomalous Tides, Frith of
ROPES Biche) Views Sabo acne 120 0 0
Hourly Meteorological Ob-
servations at Kingussie
and Inverness.......... 77,12 8
Meteorological Observations
at Plymouth .......... 55 0 0
Whewell’s Meteorological
Anemometer at Plymouth 10 0 0
Meteorological Observations,
Osler’s Anemometer at
Plymouth arise rset. 20 0 0
Reduction of Meteorological
Observations .......... 30 0 0
Meteorological Instruments
and Gratuities.......... 39 6 0
Construction of Anemometer
at Inverness .......... 56 12 2
Magnetic Co-operation.... 10 8 10
Meteorological Recorder for
Kew Observatory ...... 50 0 0
Action of Gases on Light.. 1816 1
Establishment at Kew Ob-
servatory, Wages, Repairs,
Furniture and Sundries.. 133 4 7
Experiments by Captive
Balloons 22s sachs 1 81 8 0
Oxidation of the Rails of
Ranways. isos eee a ene: 20 0 O
Publication of Report on
Fossil Reptiles ........ 40 0 0
Carried forward £789 8 4

XXXVili
eo. Gs
Brought forward 789 8 4
Coloured Drawings of Rail-

way Sections ....+.+-:: 147. 18.3
Registration of Earthquake

MO GE tais <)c0'0; + Playgalaly 30 0 0
Report on Zoological No-

menclature ......+.++:- 10 0 0
Uncovering Lower Red Sand-

stone near Manchester... 4 4 6
Vegetative Power of Seeds. 5 3 8
Marine Testacea (Habits of) 10 0 0
Marine Zoology ......++:+: 10.0 40
Marine Zoology .......++: 2 14 11
Preparation of Report on

British Fossil Mammalia . 100 0 0
Physiological operations of

Medicinal Agents ...... 20) 10) -0
Vital Statistics ........+, 36 5 8
Additional Experiments on

the Forms of Vessels.... 70 0 O
Additional Experiments on

the Forms of Vessels.... 100 0 0
Reduction of Observations on

the Forms of Vessels.... 100 0 0
Morin’s Instrument and Con-

stant Indicator ......-- 69 14 10
Experiments on the Strength

of Materials..........- cy 60.0.0

£1565 10 2
1844.
Meteorological Observations

at Kingussieand Inverness 12 0 O
Completimg Observations at

Plymouth ....++.+:+- 35.0 0
Magnetic and Meteorological

Co-operation .......... 26 8 4
Publication of the British

Association Catalogue of

BIS oe Medd slasba palit 35.0 0
Observations on Tides on the

East coast of Scotland .. 100 0 O
Reyision of the Nomencla-

ture of Stars ...... T8422 96
Maintaining the Establish-

ment in Kew Observatory 117 17 3
Instruments for Kew Ob-

REPU ARON Ss co acnial os ncn s ical 56 7 3
Influence of Light on Plants 10 0 0
Subterraneous Temperature

fra Areland viene Saiheie s/s Ven URC)
Coloured Drawings of . Rail-

way Sections ....-...:. Vac 7. 46
Investigation of Fossil Fishes

of the Lower Tertiary

RGrAt Wray iatetduds sieve eois ete 100 0 0
Registering the Shocks of

Earthquakes, 1842...... 23 11 10

Carried forward £538 11 8

REPORT—1852.

£

Brought forward 538

Researches into the Struc-
ture of Fossil Shells ....
Radiata and Mollusca of the
Aigean and Red Seas, 1842

Geographical distributions of

Marine Zoology ....1842 0

Marine Zoology of Deyon

20
100

and Cornwall .......:.. 10
Marine Zoology of Corfu... 10
Experiments on the Vitality

Of Seeds .<:.:. . sishererp state 9
Experiments on the Vitality

GP Seeds... wprew ~ 1842 «8
Researches on Exotic Ano-

pluray fs ve. ene 15
Experiments on the Strength

of Materials ..... 55% 100
Completing Experiments on

the Forms of Ships...... 100
Inquiries into Asphyxia.... 10
Investigations on the internal

Constitution of Metals .. 50

Constant Indicator and
Morin’s Instrument, 1842 10

£981

1845.

Publication of the British
Association Catalogue of

Sie aeigeaisotaniccd * ol
Meteorological Observations
at Inverness .. .:\- wines 30
Magnetic and Meteorological
Co-operation .......... 16
Meteorological Instruments
at Edinburgh .......... 18
Reduction of Anemometrical
Observations at Plymouth 25
Electrical Experiments at
Kew Observatory ...... 43
Maintaining the Establish-
ment in Kew Observatory 149
For Kreil’s Barometrograph 25
Gases from Iron Furnaces.. 50
Experiments on the Actino-
Gtaph on... «ieaiaett eee 15
Microscopic Structure of
Shella wi: kissin 0 sires 20
Exotic Anoplura...... 1843 10
Vitality of Seeds...... 1843 2
Vitality of Seeds...... 1844 7
Marine Zoology of Cornwall 10
Physiological Action of Me-
GICINGR. .\-/«::sjetatatelatelaleig 20
Statistics of Sickness and
Mortality m York ...... 20

Carried forward £814

Ss.
ll
0
0
10

Eo 5 4S tee tS, a O'S

12

~
So oo ScoeTroDm © opt

15

Iie co soo oO wo @ o6 Co oc © of

_
— a

=|o Dm Scowonm coc coo @G@ o& FS @

GENERAL STATEMENT.

: #£ s. d.
Brought forward 814 15 1

Registration of Earthquake

DAHOCKS. .. 0.6.0 00 ee 1843 15 14 8

2338) a,

1846.
British Association Catalogue
Gt SHBTS oss ae es 1844
Fossil Fishes of the London
MUM. sic fie as sles
Computation of the Gaussian
Constants for 1839......
Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory
Experiments on the Strength
Gi Materials... cc cee. a
Researches in Asphyxia....
Examination of Fossil Shells
Vitality of Seeds...... 1844
Vitality of Seeds...... 1845
Marine Zoology of Cornwall
Marine Zoology of Britain. .
Exotic Anoplura...... 1844
Expenses attending Anemo-
PRCTETS ie ae wen ee ns
Anemometers’ Repairs ....
Researches on Atmospheric
| DNS Golo IDS eng
Captive Balloons
Varieties of the Human Race
RRA chs Sop «0k 1844
Statistics of Sickness and
Mortality at York

1847.
Computation of the Gaussian
Constants for 1839......
Habits of Marine Animals. .
Physiological Action of Me-
BMRGICINGS. 0. we ey sees
_ Marine Zoology of Cornwall
_ Researches on Atmospheric
MMMMMNMAVES so leas ace cieiee
Vitality of Seeds..........
Maintaming the Establish-
~ ment at Kew Observatory

1848.
Maintaining the Establish-

Researches on Atmospheric

DRPATE ar) 5%. a ors sis aha
Vitality of Seeds..........
Completion of Catalogues of
Stars

ee

211 15 O

100
50

107

0
0

mo mso Coco oo

£208

So “Ss aor AD coooomogdcono os. >

“Ino OO Oo

BID

ment at Kew Observatory 171 15 11

9
0
0
0
0
8

1849.
Electrical Observations
Kew Observatory ......
Maintaining Establishment
abiditio® kOe A Te
Vitality of Seeds.......... 5
On Growth of Plants...... 5
Registration of Periodical
Phenomena ..........
Bill on account of Anemo-
metrical Observations....

at

10
13

£159 19

1850.
Maintainmg the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory 255
Transit of Earthquake Waves 50
Periodical Phenomena .... 15
Meteorological Instrument,
Azores...... BF aie nrg:

alo oOo OfFn Oo

Colo ocSo

1851.

Maintaining the Establish-
ment at Kew Observatory
(eludes part of grant in
BE iis ote teh vin hth 309
Experiments on the Theory
Ge testis. oar rs tare
Periodical Phenomena of
Animals and Plants .... 5
Vitality of Seeds.......... 5
Influence of Solar Radiation 30
Ethnological Inquiries .... 12
Researches on Annelida.... 10

20

£391

Crooconeo

NI OOCORS

1852.

Maintaining the Establish-

ment at Kew Observatory

(including balance of grant

for IBS) 4p). ken tawl 23
Experiments on the conduc-

tion of Heat
Influence of Solar Radiations
Geological Map of Ireland
Researches on the British

HANG lidayee homre eects tin 1-5
Vitality of seeds........., 1
Strength of Boiler Plates 10

£304

AlJoOno cow

NS/oneo oow @

xl REPORT—1852.

Extracts from Resolutions of the General Committee.

Committees and individuals, to whom grants of money for scientific pur-
poses have been entrusted, are required to present to each following meeting
of the Association a Report of the progress which has been made; with a
statement of the sums which have been expended, and the balance which
remains disposable on each grant.

Grants of pecuniary aid for scientific purposes from the funds of the As-
sociation expire at the ensuing meeting, unless it shall appear by a Report
that the Recommendations have been acted on, or a continuation of them be
ordered by the General Committee.

In each Committee, the Member first named is the person entitled to call
on the Treasurer, John Taylor, Esq., 6 Queen Street Place, Upper Thames
Street, London, for such portion of the sum granted as may from time to
time be required.

In grants of money to Committees, the Association does not contemplate
the payment of personal expenses to the Members.

In all cases where additional grants of money are made for the continua-
tion of Researches at the cost ak the Association, the sum named shall be
deemed to include, as a part of the amount, the specified balance which may
remain unpaid on the former grant for the same object.

General Meetings.

On Wednesday, Sept. Ist, at 8 p.m., in May Street Church, Sir Roderick
I. Murchison, G.C.St.S., F.R.S., on the part of G. B. Airy, Esq., M.A,
D.C.L., F.R.S., Astronomer Royal, resigned the office of President to
Colonel Edward Sabine, R.A., Treas. and V.P. R.S., who took the Chair
at the General Meeting, and delivered an Address, for which see p. xli.

On Thursday, Sept. 2nd, a Soirée took place from 8 to 10 P.M., in the
rooms of Messrs. Workman, which had been arranged for the purpose.

On Friday, Sept. 3rd, at 8 p.m., in May Street Church, G. G. Stokes,
F.R.S., Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, delivered a Dis-
course on some recent discoveries in the properties of Light.

On Saturday, Sept. 4th, at 8 p.m., a Soirée took place in the rooms of
Messrs. Workman.

On Monday, Sept. 6th, at 8 p.m., Colonel Portlock, R.E., F.R.S., delivered
a Discourse on the recent discovery of Rock-salt at Carrickfergus, and the
geological and practical considerations connected with it.

On Wednesday, Sept. 8th, at 3 p.m., the concluding General Meeting of
the Association was held in May Street Church, when the Proceedings of the
General Committee, and the grants of Money for scientific purposes were ex-
plained to the Members.

The Meeting was then adjourned to Hull*.

* The Meeting is appointed to take place on Wednesday, the 7th of September, 1853.

ADDRESS

BY

COLONEL EDWARD SABINE, RA,,

TREASURER AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL Society.

GENTLEMEN OF THE BritisH ASSOCIATION,

My first duty in addressing you from this Chair, must be to express my
| grateful thanks for the high honour you have conferred upon me by placing
me in so distinguished a position. My acknowledgements are due in the
first place to the gentlemen of Belfast, who by their Provisional Committee
brought my name before the Council as that of a person whose nomination
to the Presidency would give satisfaction at Belfast; next, to my colleagues
in the Council, who adoped the suggestion of the Provisional Committee,
strengthening it by their approval; and finally, to the General Committee
(the governing body), by whom it was confirmed. The strong attachment
which I am known to have felt for so many years to the British Association
will be my best guarantee that no endeavours shall be wanting on my part
to perform the duties of the Office to the utmost of my power.
i Gentlemen, we meet for the third time in the Sister Kingdom, on the
invitation, which has been most welcome to us, of a part of the kingdom
which has furnished to the British Association so large a proportion of dis-
| tinguished members actively engaged in almost every department of science.
On our arrival, we find ourselves surrounded by faces familiar to us in the
| recollections of many previous meetings, and long recognised as amongst the
“warmest and steadiest friends of our Association. Our meeting is graced
“and honoured by the presence of Her Most Gracious Majesty’s representa-
tive in Ireland. With ample and excellent accommodation liberally provided
in the fullest anticipation of our wants, and with the evidence which forcibly
impresses itself on every side of rapidly increasing prosperity, opening a wide

pr ae

xhii REPORT—1852.

field for the practical applications of science, our satisfaction in assembling
here would be complete, were it not clouded by the absence of one friend
who would have been among the foremost to have welcomed us to this
meeting which he prepared, the Naturalist of Ireland, whose memory will
long be honoured and cherished by the members of the British Association.

The ever-increasing activity of the various branches of science embraced
by the British Association is such, as to render it scarcely possible to com-
prehend within the limits of an address of the usual length, even a brief
review of the progress made in the seven departments which constitute our
Sections. In the selection which I have thus found myself compelled to make,
I have been guided by a practical principle, which appears not unsuited to
an Association in which the Presidency is an annual office, viz. that the
President for the year should notice by preference those subjects with which
he is most familiar, in which the Association as a body have taken a part, or
which are likely to be discussed at the meeting over which he presides.

Among the subjects which are likely to come before the Mathematical and
Physical Section, there is none perhaps of greater importance, or requiring
more careful consideration, than the question whether the time is arrived,
when the establishment of an Observatory in the Southern Hemisphere, fur-
nished with instruments of suitable optical power for the examination of the
Nebule of the southern heavens, and devoted exclusively to that branch of
sidereal astronomy, should be again brought under the consideration of Her
Majesty’s Ministers. I need not occupy your time by restating on this
occasion the reasons both of scientific and national concernment, which in-
duced the two principal Scientific Institutions of the United Kingdom, con-
jointly, to recommend to those entrusted with the administration of public
affairs, the formation of an establishment of this description in some fitting
part of Her Majesty’s southern dominions. I would rather refer you to the
memorial presented to Government by the Earl of Rosse on the part of the
Royal Society, and by Dr. Robinson on the part of the British Association,
not only because it contains such a complete and formal exposition, as may
be most advantageously consulted by those who will now be called upon to
take part in the reconsideration of the subject, but also because it appears to
me to furnish an admirable model both in spirit and in matter, for communi-
cations designed to fulfil the important purpose of conveying in an official
form the opinions and suggestions which the united body of scientific men
of this Kingdom may desire from time to time to bring under the considera-
tion of the Executive.

In the discussions which took place at a former period, the only difficulty ~
which appeared to be apprehended in reference to the successful working of
such an establishment, arose from a doubt whether mirrors of the required
magnitude could be repolished, as they would frequently need to be, on the
spot. This difficulty has now it is understood been entirely removed by the
improvements which the noble Earl, the President of the Royal Society, to

t ADDRESS. xii

whom science is so deeply indebted for the instrumental means of prosecuting
these researches, has made in the apparatus for repolishing the mirrors,
and in the instructions for the guidance of those who may have occasion to
employ it, which his own great personal experience has enabled him to
prepare. ;

In this happy country, in which men are free to consider and to discuss the
propriety of public support being given to undertakings conducive to national
honour, and are encouraged to do so by the experience that public men of all
parties who succeed each other in administration, seek to be guided by en-
lightened public opinion, we may justly entertain the full conviction that
- meastires which from their intrinsic importance deserve to be adopted will

sooner or later obtain the consideration they merit. When such propositions

ate brought in the first instance,—as in the class of subjects with which we
are here concerned it is desirable they should be,;—before those public bodies
which are justly regarded as possessing the highest scientific authority in this
country, and as most competent to judge of them, they cannot be too carefully
considered and discussed, before by their adoption they become invested with
the authority and weight which those bodies have it in their power to impart:
But when after due deliberation they have been so adopted, it is equally fitting
that those publie bodies should be true to their own convictions, and should
steadily persevere in urging on all proper occasions, both publicly and pri-
vately, the measures which they believe will‘add to their country’s honour,
as well as to that general advancement of science by which all nations benefit
freely and alike in proportion tu their degree of mental cultivation. That an

Observatory for the purpose specified, in a part of the globe where it can

render peculiar service, and where we possess facilities which other nations

do not possess, will ere long be established, no one I believe entertains a

doubt. The importance was admitted by the Ministry to whom the reeom-
mendation was made, the only question with them appearing to be one of
time. When therefore we view the intrinsic merit of the proposition itself,
the general interest which it has excited at home and abroad, and its already;
to a certain extent, favourable reception by Government, we cannot doubt
‘that we have but to persevere, and by a judicious selection of times and
opportunities the object will be secured. It will be for the Members of the
‘Mathematical and Physical Section to consider in the first instance, and for
3 the General Committee, subsequently, to consider and decide whether any
Official step shall be taken by the British Association in the present year.
Should such be your decision, it will be the duty of the Officers and Council
of the Association to confer with the President and Council of the Royal
_ Society, and in conjunction with them to take such steps as may appear most
fitting to bring the subject again, and in the most impressive manner, under
the consideration of the Authorities of the State. On the former occasion it
was thought most respectful to abstain from any suggestion in regard either
to a suitable locality, or to the Astronomer who might be advantageously

xliv REPORT—1852.

selected to direct an establishment of this novel description. Such may still
be deemed, perhaps, the least exceptionable course; but at the same time it
may be desirable that it should be fully known, that we are not unprepared.
on these and other points, if it be the pleasure of Her Majesty’s Government
to desire our opinion.

Hitherto the researches of Sidereal Astronomy, even in their widest exten-
sion, had manifested the existence of those forces only with which we are
familiar in our own solar system. The refinements of modern observation
and the perfection of theoretical representation, had assured us that the
orbits in which the double stars, immeasurably distant from us, revolve
around each other, are governed by the same laws of molecular attraction which
determine the orbits of the planetary bodies of our own solar system. But
the Nebulz have revealed to us the probable existence in the yet more distant
universe, of forces with which we were previously wholly unacquainted. The
highest authorities in this most advanced of all the sciences, acknowledge
themselves unable-even to conjecture the nature of the forces which have
produced and maintain the diverse, yet obviously systematic arrangement of
the hosts of stars which constitute those few of the Spiral Nebule which
have been hitherto examined. Hence the importance of increasing our
knowledge of the variety of forms in which the phenomena present them-
selves, by a similar examination of the Southern Heavens to that which Lord
Rosse is accomplishing in the Northern Heavens; hence also, we may believe,
in great measure, the devotion with which his Lordship has directed the un-
precedented instrumental power which he has created almost exclusively to
the observation of nebule. But whilst we cannot but admire the steadiness
of purpose with which an object regarded as of paramount importance is un-
deviatingly pursued, we can scarcely forbear to covet at least an occasional
glance at bodies which from their greater proximity have more intimate
relations with ourselves, and which, when viewed with so vast an increase of
optical power, may afford instruction of the highest value in many branches
of physical science. In our own satellite, for example, we have the opportu-
nity of studying the physical conformation and superficial phenomena of a
body composed, as we believe mainly at least, of the same materials as those
of our own globe, but possessing neither atmosphere nor sea. When we re-
flect how much of the surface of the earth consists of sedimentary deposits,
and consequently how large a portion of the whole field of geological research
is occupied with strata which owe their principal characteristics to the ocean
in which they were deposited, we cannot but anticipate many instructive
lessons which may be furnished by the points of contrast, as well as of resem-
blance, which the surface of the moon, viewed through Lord Rosse’s telescope,
may present to the best judgement we are able to form of what the appearance
of the earth would be if similarly viewed, or with what may be more difficult
perhaps to imagine,-what we may suppose the earth would appear if it
could be stript of its sedimentary strata, which conceal from us for the most —

ADDRESS. xlv

part the traces of that internal action which has played so large a part in
moulding the great outlines of the present configuration of its surface. It is
understood that Lord Rosse himself participates in the wish that such an
examination of the surface of the moon should be made, and, should the
desire of the Association be expressed to that effect, is willing to undertake
it in conjunction with one or two other gentlemen possessing the necessary
physical and geological knowledge. It will be for the Members of the As-
sociation to determine the form in which a Report on the “ Physical Features
of the Moon compared with those of the Earth” may most appropriately be
requested.

In connection with Astronomy, I permit myself to notice the publica-
tion, now in progress, of two works of considerable magnitude and value,
because they do honour to the science and public spirit of the part of the
United Kingdom in which we are assembled; I refer to the Markree
Catalogue of Ecliptic Stars, and to the results of the Observations at the
Armagh Observatory. The establishments from which these publications
emanate belong to the class which owe their endowment and support to
private munificence, but by the extent and character of the work they per-
form entitle themselves to rank with the Institutions, which in this and
other countries testify the liberality of a nation’s patronage. The Markree
Observatory, which has already distinguished itself under the personal -
superintendence of its founder, amongst other services by the discovery
of one of the thirteen planets by which our knowledge of the solar do-
main has been enriched in the last seventeen years,—will hereafter take
its position amongst the establishments which have most largely contributed
to the perfection of modern astronomy by its catalogue of the approximate
places of all the stars in the ecliptic down to the twelfth magnitude inclusive ;
by which catalogue the detection of any still undiscovered planetary bodies
belonging to our system will be greatly facilitated. One volume has already

been published in the year which has elapsed since our Ipswich Meeting, and
"a second is in preparation, and both, by the aid of funds supplied from the
annual grant now placed at the disposal of the Royal Society, to be applied
- in the advancement of science. The publication of the results of the ob-
servations of the Armagh Observatory, since it has been under the very able
direction of Dr. Robinson, has been for some time a desideratum. At the
instance of the Royal Irish Academy it was recommended by the Irish
Executive, but without success. It is now being accomplished by aid
_ from the same source as the Markree Catalogue. I have the more satis-
faction in noticing these appropriations in favour of Irish science from funds
designed for the general benefit of the United Kingdom, because they indicate
_ the fairness and equality with which the distribution of those funds is ad-
ministered: it is also I believe strictly in character with the prevailing
principles which sanction public aid, that it should be given, when needed, to
1852. d

xlvi REPORT—1852.

those who, as in the case of these private observatories, have already largely
contributed from their own resources.

The Mathematical and Physical Theories of Zight have afforded subjects
for many interesting and profitable discussions in Section A, and have usually
had one day in the six specially allotted to them. Those discussions will
derive a more than usual interest at this meeting from the remarkable dis-
covery recently made by Prof. Stokes, that under certain circumstances a
change is effected in the refrangibility of light, and from the advantage we
possess in having amongst us on this occasion the eminent mathematician
and physicist by whom this most important contribution to the science of
physical optics has been made. His researches took their origin from an
unexplained phenomenon discovered by Sir John Herschel and communicated
by him to the Royal Society in 1845. A solution of sulphate of quinine exa-
mined by transmitted light, and held between the eye and the light, or
between the eye and a white object, appears almost as transparent and colour-
Jess as water; but when viewed in certain aspects and under certain
incidences of light, exhibits an extremely vivid and beautiful celestial blue
colour. This colour was shown by Sir John Herschel to result from the
action of the strata which the light first penetrates on entering the liquid;
and the dispersion of light producing it was named by him epipolic disper-
sion, from the circumstance that it takes place near the surface by which the
light enters. A beam of light having passed through the solution was to all
appearance the same as before its entrance ; nevertheless it was found to have
undergone some mysterious modification, for an epipolised beam of light,
meaning thereby a beam which had once been transmitted through a quini-
ferous solution, and had experienced its dispersive action, is incapable of fur-
ther epipolic dispersion. In speculating upon the possible nature of epi-
polised light, Prof. Stokes was led to conclude that it could only be light
which had been deprived of certain invisible rays which in the process of
dispersion had changed their refrangibility and had thereby become visible.
The truth of this supposition, novel and surprising as it at first appeared, has
been confirmed by a series of simple and perfectly decisive experiments ;
showing that it is in fact the chemical rays of the spectrum more refrangible
than the violet, and invisible in themselves, which produce the blue superficial
light in the quiniferous solution. Professor Stokes has traced this principle
through a great range of analogous phenomena, including those noticed by
Sir David Brewster in his papers on “Internal Dispersion,” and has distin-
_ guished between: “ cases of false internal dispersion” or “ opalescence,” in
which the luminous rays are simply reflected from fine particles held in me-
chanical solution in the medium, and those of “true internal dispersion,” or
“fluorescence,” as it is termed by Mr. Stokes. By suitable methods of ob-
servation the change of refrangibility was detected, as produced not only by
transparent fluids and solids, but also by opake substances; and the class of

ADDRESS. xlvii

media exhibiting “fluorescence” was found to be very large, consisting chiefly
of organic substances, but comprehending, though more rarely, some mineral
bodies. The direct application of the fact, as we now understand it, to many
highly interesting and important purposes, is obvious almost on the first an-
nouncement. The facility with which the highly refrangible invisible rays of
the spectrum may be rendered visible by being passed through a solution of
sulphate of quinine or other sensitive medium, affords peculiar advantages
for the study of those rays; the fixed lines of the invisible part of the solar
spectrum may now be exhibited to our view at pleasure. The constancy
with which a particular mode of changing the refrangibility of light attaches
to a particular substance, exhibiting itself independently of the admixture
of other substances, supplies a new method of analysis for organic compounds
which may prove valuable in organic chemistry. These and other applica.
tions of the facts as they are now explained to us, will probably form subjects
of notice in the Chemical and Physical Sections, and a still higher interest
may be expected from the discussion of the principle itself, and of the founda-
tion on which it rests. A discovery of this nature cannot be otherwise than
extremely fertile in consequences, whether of direct application, or by giving
rise to suggestions branching out mure and more widely, and leading to
trains of thought and experiment which may confer additional value on the
original discovery, by rendering it but the first step in a still more extensive
generalization.

As the interest of this discovery is not confined to a single branch of
science, the Officers, with the approbation of the Local Committee, have
requested Mr. Stokes to favour the Association with an exposition of the
subject at an evening meeting, when the members of the different sections
may be able to attend without prejudice to their respective sectional duties :
and in that view I have thought that this brief introductory notice might not
be misplaced, a notice which I cannot conclude without adverting to the
gratification which all who cultivate science in this part of the United
_ Kingdom must feel at the rising eminence of their highly accomplished
fellow-countryman.

Among the subjects of chemical inquiry which may well deserve the
attention of a combination of philosophers, perhaps few could more usefully
occupy their joint labours than the revision of the Equivalent Numbers of the
Elementary Bodies. This is a task which must necessarily require the co-
operation of several properly qualified individuals, if it be accomplished
within anything like a reasonable period of time. Most of the Numbers now
in use depend upon experiments performed by Berzelius, at a time when the
methods of research then known were inadequate, even in such hands, to
determine these constants with an accuracy sufficient for the wants of science
at the present day. So much has this been felt to be the case, that many
of the most accomplished chemists now living have undertaken extensive
and laborious, though isolated researches, upon the combining quantities of

d2

xviii REPORT—1852.

some of the most important elements. But much more than has been already
performed still remains undone. Such a subject it is believed might be
highly proper for consideration by the Chemical Section, to whose notice it
would be introduced by the distinguished chemist, Dr. Andrews, who pre-
sides over that Section, and than whom no one could be named as more
competent to estimate the importance of such a revision, or to judge more
truly of the qualifications that would be required for its execution.

We are deprived by the illness, I trust only temporary, of our valued asso-
ciate Prof. James Forbes, of the Report he would have given us of the progress
of the experiments which he has undertaken at the request of the Association
to test the Theory of Heat. But this branch of Physics abounds more
perhaps than any other at the present time in subjects which may be most
profitably discussed. The theory of Heat has made great advances within
the last ten years. Mr. Joule has by his experiments confirmed and illustrated
the views demonstrated about the end of the last century by Davy and Rum-
ford regarding the nature of heat, which are now beginning to find general
acceptance. He has determined with much accuracy, the numerical relation
between quantities of heat and of mechanical work. He has pointed out the
true principles upon which the mechanical value of any chemical change is
to be estimated, and by very careful experiments he has arrived at numerical
expressions for the mechanical equivalents in some of the most important
cases of chemical action, in galvanic batteries, and in combustion. These
researches appear to be laying the ground-work for the ultimate formation
of a Mechanical Theory of Chemistry, by ascertaining experimentally the
mechanical equivalents expressed in absolute motive force of the thermic,
electric and magnetic forces. Mathematical developments of the theories of
heat and electro-dynamics, in accordance with these principles, are given in
various papers by MM. Helmholz, Rankine, Clausius and Thomson, published
principally within the last two years. In discussing these subjects the Sec-
tion will have a great advantage in being presided over by the last-named of
these gentlemen, a native of Belfast, who at so early an age has attained so
high a reputation, and who is taking a leading part in the investigations
to which I have referred.

In connexion with the subjects of Heat, I would advert to the experiments
in which Mr. Hopkins is engaged for investigating the possible influence of
high pressure on the temperature at which substances, in a state of fusion,
solidify—an inquiry which was shown by Mr. Hopkins, in a report recently
presented to the British Association, to have an important bearing on the
questions of the original and present state of the interior of the earth. It is
well known that the temperature of the earth increases as we descend, and
it has been calculated that at the rate at which the increase takes place in
such depths as are accessible to us, the heat at the depth of eighty or a hun-
dred miles would be such as to fuse most of the materials which form the
solid crust of the globe. On the hypothesis of original fluidity, and assuming

; ADDRESS. xls

that the rate of increase known to us by observation continues further
down, and is not counterbalanced by a considerable increase in the tempe-
rature of fusion occasioned by pressure, the present state of the earth would
be that of a solid crust of eighty or a hundred miles in thickness, enveloping
a fluid nucleus. Mr. Hopkins considers this state to be inconsistent with the
observed amount of the precession of the equinoxes, and infers that if the
temperature of fusion be considerably heightened by pressure, the conclusion
_ must be unavoidable that the earth is solid at the centre. Mr. Hopkins is
assisted in these experiments, which are carried on at Manchester, by the
well-known engineering knowledge of Mr. Fairbairn, and the equally well-
known experimental skill of Mr. Joule. The principal difficulties attending
the experiments with substances of low temperatures of fusion have been
Overcome, and strong hopes are entertained of success with substances of
more difficult fusibility. ‘The pressures employed are from three to four
tons to eight and ten tons on the square inch. The latter is probably equal
to the pressure at several miles beneath the earth’s surface.

From Heat the transition is easy, and by many may be deemed natural, to
Terrestrial Magnetism, a science which, more perhaps than any other, has
profited by the impulse and systematic direction communicated to it by the
British Association, and which perhaps more than any other required such
external aid. In the infancy of a science, the phenomena of which present
on our first acquaintance with them a great appearance of complexity, the
path by which its progress may be advanced may be by no means easy to
discern ; and individual explorers inay well, under such circumstances, be
discouraged by doubts whether their labour will be recompensed by pro-
portionate success, as well as disheartened by the little sympathy which is
usually given to investigations which hold out but little immediate prospect
___ of practical utility. Some there have been however from time to time, who,
& impressed with a persuasion of the position which magnetism deserves to
_ take, and which sooner or later they believe it will take, amongst the phy-
_ sical sciences of the highest order, have not spared this precursive labour,
and have been uniformly conducted by it fo the same general conclusion,
viz. that in order to obtain a sufficient foundation of facts upon which to
) raise a fitting superstructure of inductive reasoning, it would be necessary to
q organize a system of cooperative research, in which the labours of many
- might be united agreeably to concerted arrangements ; and that as such re-
searches would require to be carried on nearly at the same epoch at many
distant parts of the globe, for which private resources were inadequate, public
assistance must be sought. That this conclusion was extensively recognised
. and acquiesced in is sufficiently attested by the readiness so renerally mani-
_ fested by governments and individuals in all countries where mental cultivation
is regarded to take part in the general system of magnetic cooperation pro-
posed by this country in 1838. Inthe years which have since elapsed, the
energy and zeal of those who have engaged in these researches have accumu-

dak or

1 REPORT—1852.

lated a mass of observations, which, as the fruit of systematic and concerted
labour, is, I believe, wholly unprecedented. The labour of digesting, com-
paring, and coordinating the body of facts thus obtained may certainly be
stated to be not less than that expended in obtaining them; and as the one
process must necessarily be in great measure carried out subsequently to the
other, we are only now beginning to reap the first-fruits of this great co-
operative undertaking in the bearing of its results upon theory, At the
Ipswich meeting of the British Association, I was requested by the General
Committee to draw up a report on the state and progress of the magnetic
researches consequent on the application of the British Association to Her
Majesty’s Government in 1838. I regret that, from the other very pressing
duties above alluded to, I have not been able to complete this report in time
to present at this meeting, but as I may assume, from the request just made
to me, that the subject retains with the British Association the interest which
it there so happily acquired, I may venture to avail myself of this opportunity
to make a very few remarks on some of its most important results; confining
myself for the most part to results obtained by persons of our own country
as the direct and immediate consequences of the recommendation of the
British Association, leaving to a more fitting occasion a more general and
comprehensive view.

We recognise in terrestrial magnetism the existence of a power present
everywhere at the surface of our globe, and producing everywhere effects
indicative of a systematic action ; but of the nature of this power, the cha-
racter of its laws, and its economy in creation, we have as yet scarcely any
knowledge. The apparent complexity of the phenomena at their first aspect
may reasonably be ascribed to our ignorance of their laws, which we shall
doubtless find, as we advance in knowledge, to possess the same remarkable
character of simplicity which calls forth our admiration in the laws of mole-
cular attraction. It has been frequently surmised, and the anticipation is I
believe a strictly philosophical one, that a power which, so far as we have the
means of judging, prevails everywhere in our own planet, may also prevail
in other bodies of our system, and might. become sensible to us, in the case
of the sun and moon particularly, by small perturbing influences mea-
surable by our instruments, and indicating their respective sources by their
periods and their epochs, As yet we know of neither argument nor fact to
invalidate this anticipation; but, on the contrary, much to invest it with
a high degree of probability. Be this however as it may, we have in our
own planet an exemplification of the phenomena which magnetism pre-
sents in one of the bodies of our system, on a scale of sufficient mag-
nitude, and otherwise convenient for our study. Accordingly the first
object to which the British Association gave its attention was to ob-
tain a correct knowledge of the direction and amount of the magnetic
force generally over the whole surface of the globe corresponding to a
definite epoch. It has been customary to represent the results of magnetic

ADDRESS, hi

observations by three systems of Lines, usually called isogonic, isoclinal,
and isodynamic lines. [Lines of equal horizontal direction, of equal
inclination, and of equal force.] | In the maps of these lines existing
in 1838, large spaces of the earth’s surface were either blank, or the lines
passing across them were very imperfectly supported by observations. In
the more frequented parts, where observations were more numerous, the dis-
crepancies of their dates impaired their suitability for combination; for the
position and configuration of the magnetic lines has been found to undergo
a continual process of systematic change, with the causes of which we are as
yet wholly unacquainted, but which has obtained the name of secular change
to distinguish it from periodical variations of known and limited duration.
Amongst the most marked deficiencies in these maps, were the greater part
of the extra-tropical portion of the southern hemisphere,—the British pos-
sessions in North America, and British India;—magnetic surveys of these
were expressly recommended, and the practicability and advantage of
making the observations on board-ship, and of thus extending them over the
surface of the ocean, were pointed out. It is most pleasing to recall to recol-
lection, and gratifying to acknowledge from this chair, the favourable manner
in which the recommendations of the British Association were received by
Her Majesty’s Government and by the East India Company, and how
promptly and effectually they have been carried out. The blanks in the
southern hemisphere have been filled up by maritime expeditions appointed
expressly for the purpose. Magnetic surveys have been completed of
British North America at the expense of our own Government, and of the
Indian Archipelago at that of the East India Company, and India ‘itself is
now in progress; whilst from the zeal of our naval officers contributions
have flowed in from almost every accessible part of the ocean. The coordi-
nation and mutual connection of so large a mass of materials is necessarily a
work of time, but is progressing steadily towards completion, and when pre-
sented in one connected view, will form the groundwork on which will securely
rest a general theory of terrestrial magnetism corresponding to the present
epoch. Until these combinations and calculations are performed, it would be
obviously premature to speak of numerical values by which the magnetic
forces at’ one part of the globe may be compared with those of another, or
with forces of other descriptions; and for the same reason it is desirable
to abstain for the present from notices of the geographical positions which
particular lines, or as some may deem them, critical points in the magnetic
resultants may occupy on the earth’s surface at the present epoch. Such
notices could only be as yet provisional and liable to the amendments which
more exact and extended calculation must be expected to produce. But
thus much may be safely stated in reference to the general character of the
three systems of lines which have been spoken of, that when derived afresh
and exclusively from the observations of the last few years, they do most
fully confirm the general conclusions derived from the observations of earlier

lii REPORT—1852.

date, which were submitted to the British Association in the Report on the
* Variations of the Intensity of the Magnetic Force at different points of
the Earth’s surface,” which preceded the recommendations of 1838. The
mnagnetic phenomena, or as it is now customary to call them, the three mag-
netic elements, appear to be everywhere and in both hemispheres the
resultants of a duplicate system: of magnetic forces, of which one at least
undergoes a continuous and progressive translation in geographical space,
the motion being from west to east in the northern hemisphere, and from
east to west in the southern. It is to this motion that the secular change in
all localities is chiefly if not entirely due, affecting systematically and ac-
cording to their relative positions on the globe, the configurations and geo-
graphical positions of the magnetic lines, and producing conformable
changes in the direction and amount of the magnetic elements in every
part of the globe. The comparison of the earlier recorded observations
with those of the present epoch gives reason to believe, that viewed in its
generality, the motion of the system of forces which produces the secular
change has been uniform, or nearly so, in the last two or three centuries.
Under favourable conditions the regularity of this movement can be traced
down to comparatively very minute fractions of time; by the results of
careful observations continued for several years at the observatory of St.
Helena, where, in common with the greater part of the district of the South
Atlantic, the secular change of the declination exceeds eight minutes in the
year, and from its magnitude therefore may be advantageously studied,—
every fortnight of the year is found to have its precise aliquot portion of the
annual amount of the secular change at the station. This phenomenon of
secular change is undoubtedly one of the most remarkable features of the
magnetic system, and cannot with propriety be overlooked, as too frequently it
has been, by those who would connect the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism
generally, mediately or immediately, with climatic circumstances, relations of
land and sea, or other causes to which we are assuredly in no degree entitled
to ascribe secular variation, and who reason therefore as if the great magnetic
phenomena of the earth were persistent instead of being as they are subject
to a continual and progressive change. It may confidently be affirmed that
the secular magnetic variation has no analogy with, or resemblance to, any
other physical phenomenon with which we are acquainted. We appear at
present to be without any clue to guide us to its physical causes, but the way
is preparing for a future secure derivation of its laws to be obtained by a
repetition, after a sufficient interval, of the steps which we are now taking to
determine the elements corresponding to a definite epoch.

The periodical variations in the terrestrial magnetic force, which I have
before adverted to as distinguished from its secular change, are small in com-
parison with the force itself, but they are highly deserving of attention on
account of the probability that by suitable methods of investigation they
may be made to reveal the sources to which they owe their origin and the

4
q
a
7
'
a
a
=|

ADDRESS. lait

agency by which they are produced. They formed accordingly the subject
of a distinct recommendation from the British Association, which met with
an equally favourable reception. To investigate these variations by suitable
instruments and methods, to separate each from the others, and to seek its
period, its epochs of maximum and minimum, the laws of its progression, and
its mean numerical value or amount, constituted the chief purposes for which
magnetic observatories were established for limited periods at certain stations
in Her Majesty’s dominions, selected in the view that by a combination of
the results obtained at them, a general theory of each at least of the principal
periodical variations might be derived, and tests be thus supplied whereby
the truth of physical theories propounded for their explanation might be
examined. We are just beginning to profit by the collocation and study of
the great body of facts which have been collected. Variations corresponding
in period to the earth’s revolution around the sun, and to its rotation around
its own axis, have been ascertained to exist, and their numerical values ap-
proximately determined in each of the three elements, the Declination, In-
clination, and Magnetic Force. We unhesitatingly refer these variations to
the sun as their primary source, since we find that in whatever part of the
globe the phenomena are observed, the solstices and equinoxes are the cri-
tical epochs of the variation whose period is a year, whilst the diurnal varia-
tion follows in all meridians nearly the same law of local solar hours. To
these unquestionable evidences of solar influence in the magnetic affections
of the earth, we have now to add the recently ascertained fact, that the mag-
netic storms, or disturbances, which in the absence of more correct know-
ledge were supposed to be wholly irregular in their occurrence, are strictly
periodical phenomena, conforming with systematic regularity to laws in which
the influence of local solar hours is distinctly traced.

But, whilst we recognise the sun as the primary cause of variations whose
_ periods attest the source from whence they derive their origin, the mode or
_ modes in which thé effects are produced constitute a question which has been
_ and may still be open to a variety of opinions: the direct action of the sun
as being itself a magnet, its calorific agency occasioning thermo-electric
_ and galvanic currents, or in alternately exalting and depressing the magnetic
_ condition of substances near the surface of the earth, or in one of the consti-
_ tuents of its atmosphere,—have been severally adduced as hypotheses afford-
ing plausible explanations. Of each and all such hypotheses the facts are the
_ only true criterion ; but it is right that we should bear in mind that in the pre-
sent state of our knowledge, the evidence which may give a decided counte-
nance to one hypothesis in preference to others does not preclude their possible
coexistence. The analysis of the collected materials and the disentanglement
of the various effects which are comprehended in them, are far from being yet
complete. The correspondence of the critical epochs of the annual variation
with the solstices and equinoxes rather than with the epochs of maximum
| and minimum temperature, which at the surface of the earth, in the subsoil

liv REPORT—1852.

beneath the surface, or in the atmosphere above the surface, are separated
by a wide interval from the solstitial epochs, appears to favour the hypothesis
of a direct action; as does also the remarkable fact which has been established,
that the magnetic force is greater in both the northern and southern hemi-
spheres in the months of December, January, and February, when the sun
is nearest to the earth, than in those of May, June, and July, when he is
most distant from it: whereas if the effects were due to temperature, the two
hemispheres should be oppositely instead of similarly affected in each of the
two periods referred to. Still there are doubtless minor periodical irregular
variations yet to be made out by suitable analytical processes, which, by
their possible accordance with the epochs of maximum and minimum
temperature, may support in a more limited sense, not as a sole but as
a coordinate cause, the hypothesis of calorific agency so generally received,
and so ably advocated of late in connection with the discovery by our great
chemist and philosopher of the magnetic properties of oxygen and of the
manner in which they are modified and affected by differences of temperature.
It may indeed be difficult to suppose that the magnetic phenomena which
we measure at the surface of the globe, should not be in any degree influ-
enced by the variations in the magnetic conditions of the oxygen of the
atmosphere in different seasons and at different hours of the day and night ;
but whether that influence be sensible or not, whether it be appreciable by
our instruments or inappreciable by them, is a question which yet remains
for solution by the more minute sifting of the accumulated facts which are
now undergoing examination in so many quarters.

To justify the anticipation that conclusions of the most striking character,
and wholly unforeseen, may yet be derivable from the materials in our
possession, we need only to recall the experience of the last few months,
which have brought to our knowledge the existence of what may possibly
prove the most instructive, as it is certainly at first sight the least explicable,
of all the periodical magnetic variations with which we’ have become ac-
quainted. I refer to the concurrent testimony which observations at parts
of the globe the most distant from each other bear to the existence of a
periodical variation or inequality, affecting alike the magnitude of the diurnal
variations, and the magnitude and frequency of the disturbances or storms.
The cycle or period of this inequality appears to extend to about ten of our
years; the maximum and minimum of the magnitudes affected by it being
separated by an interval of about five years, and the differences being much

too great, and resting on an induction far too extensive, to admit of uncer- —

tainty as to the facts themselves. The existence of a well-marked magnetic
period which has certainly no counterpart in thermic conditions, appears to
render still more doubtful the supposed connexion between the magnetic and
calorific influences of the sun. It is not a little remarkable that this periodical
magnetic variation is found to be identical in period and in epochs of maxima
and minima with the periodical variation in the frequency and magnitude of

ADDRESS. ly

unremitting labour. From a cosmical connexion of this nature, supposing it
to be finally established, it would follow, that the decennial period which
we measure by our magnetic instruments is, in fact, a solar period, mani-
fested to us also by the alternately increasing and decreasing frequency and
magnitude of obscurations on the surface of the solar disc. May we not
haye in these phenomena the indication of a cycle or period of secular
change in the magnetism of the sun, affecting visibly his gaseous atmosphere
or photosphere, and sensibly modifying the magnetic influence which he
excicises on the surface of our earth?
The determination of the figure and dimensions of the globe which we
- inhabit may justly be regarded as possessing a very high degree of scientific
interest and value, and the measurements necessary for a correct knowledge
thereof, have long been looked upon as proper subjects for public underta-
kings and as highly honourable to the nations which have taken part in them.
Inquiries in which I was formerly engaged led me fully to concur with a
remark of Laplace, to the effect that it is extremely probable that the first
attempts were made at a period much anterior to those of which history has
preserved the record; the relation which many measures of the most remote
antiquity have to each other and to the terrestrial circumference strengthens
this conjecture, and seems to indicate, not only that the earth’s cireumference
was known with a great degree of accuracy at an extremely ancient period, but —
that it has served as the base of a complete system of measures the vestiges of
which have been found in Egypt and Asia, In modern times the merit of re-
suming these investigations belongs to the French nation, by whom the are of
the meridian between Formentera and Dunkirk was measured towards the close
of thelast century. The Trigonometrical Survey of Great Britain, commenced
in 1783, for the specific object of connecting the Observatories of Greenwich
and Paris, was speedily expanded by the able men to whom its direction was
then confided into an undertaking of far greater scientific as well as topo-
graphical importance, having for its objects on the one hand the formation
of correct maps of Great Britain, and on the other the measurement of an
are of the meridian, having the extreme northern and southern points of the
Island for its terminations. A portion of this are, amounting to 2° 50’, viz.
_ from Dunnose in the Isle of Wight to Clifton in Yorkshire, was published in
_ the Phil. Trans. in 1803. As the whole arc, extending from Dunnose to
Unst and Balta, the most northern of the Shetland Islands, would comprise
- more than 10°, and as nearly half a century had elapsed since the publication

| the solar spots which M. Schwabe has established by twenty-six years of

use, and by those who were interested for the scientific character of the nation,
that the general results of the Survey applicable to scientific purposes should
at length be given to the world. Accordingly, at the Birmingham Meeting

lvi REPORT—1852.

deputation to confer with the Master-General of the Ordnance, and a similar
resolution was passed about the saime time by the President and Council of
the Royal Society. On communicating with the Master-General, it appeared
that the want of special funds for the requisite calculations formed the only
obstacle, a difficulty which was happily immediately surmounted by an appli-
cation of the President and Council ef the Royal Society to Lord John
Russell, then First Lord of the Treasury. The Report of the Council of the
British Association to the General Committee at the Meeting of the last year at
Ipswich, contained an official statement from the Inspector-General of Forti-
fications of the progress of the reduction and examination of the observations
preparatory to the desired publication, and concluded with expressing the
expectation of the Director of the Survey, that he “should be able to furnish
for communication to the British Association that would probably assemble
in 1852, the principal results obtainable from the geodetic. operations in
Great Britain and Ireland.” By a recent letter to my predecessor from
Captain Yolland of the Royal Engineers, who is entrusted with the direction
of the publication, I am enabled to have the pleasure of announcing that the
“ printing of the observations made with the Zenith Sector, for the determi-
nation of the latitudes of stations between the years 1842 and 1850, is
finished, and will be presented in time for the meeting of the British Asso-
ciation, and that the calculations connected with the triangulation are
rapidly advancing towards their completion.”

In the meantime the great are of Eastern Europe has been advancing
with unexampled rapidity and to an extent hitherto unparalleled. Originating
in topographical surveys in Esthonia and Livonia, and commenced in 1816,
the operations, both geodesical and astronomical, have been completed be-
tween Izmail on the Danube and Fugleness in Finnmarken, an extent of 252

meridional degrees. Next to this in extent is the Indian are of 21° 21! be-

tween Cape Comorin and Kaliana; and the third is the French are already
referred to of 12°22’. It appears by a note presented to the Imperial
Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburgh by M. Struve, that a provisional
calculation has been made of a large part of the great are of Eastern Europe,
and that it has been found to indicate for the figure of the earth a greater
compression than that derived by Bessel in 1837 and 1841, from all the ares
then at his command,—Bessel’s compression having also been greater than La-
place’s previous deduction. It is naturally with great pleasure that I perceive
that the figure of the earth derived by means of the measurement of ares of
the meridian approximates more and more nearly, as the ares are extended
in dimension, to the compression which I published in 1825 as the result of
a series of Pendulum Experiments, which, by the means placed by Govern-
ment at my disposal, I was enabled to make from the equator to within ten
degrees of the pole, thus giving to that method its greatest practicable ex-
tension.

The observations hitherto made on the ¢ides of the ocean have been insuf-

4

ADDRESS. lvil

ficient to furnish such a connected knowledge of the subject as would enable
us to follow the course of the tide over any considerable portion of the ocean,
and in the opinion of persons most competent to judge, it is only by systematic
observations specially directed for the purpose, that this connected knowledge
is likely to be obtained. Accordingly a resolution was passed at the Ipswich
Meeting of the Association, appointing a Committee to prepare a Memorial
to Her Majesty’s Government, representing the importance of determining
the progress of the tide-wave along the coasts of Africa and South America
by an Atlantic Tidal Expedition. This Memorial was presented to Govern-
ment by my predecessor, and, having been referred to the Hydrographer, has
been most favourably reported upon. We may therefore expect that the
survey will be very shortly commenced. The recent researches of Captain
_ Beechey, which have given a new and unexpected view of the tidal movements
of the ocean, show how much yet remains to be learnt respecting the tides
even for the practical purposes of navigation.

_ The facts derived a few years since from the barometrical observations at
St. Helena, showing the existence of a lunar atmospheric tide, have been
corroborated in the last year by a similar conclusion, drawn by Captain Elliot
of the Madras Engineers from the barometrical observations at Singapore.
The influence of the moon's attraction on the atmosphere produces, as
might be expected, a somewhat greater effect on the barometer at Singapore,
in lat. 1° 19’, than at St. Helena, in lat. 15° 57'. The barometer at the
equator appears to stand on the average about 0006 in. (more precisely
0°0057, in lat. 1° 19') higher at the moon’s culminations than when she is
six hours distant from the meridian.

We have received from our valued corresponding member Prof. Dove, for
presentation to this Meeting, an important continuation of his researches on
the temperatures at the surface of the globe. In former communications he
has furnished us with maps showing, so far as observation permits, the
: isothermals of the whole globe in every month of the year. He has now
_ given us, first; the normal temperatures of each parallel of latitude in each
P month; being the average of all the temperatures in that parallel in such
- month; and second, the abrormal temperatures, or the difference between the
1 temperature of each place and the mean temperature of its parallel. From
- these again are formed lines of abnormal temperature for each month, sur-
_ rounding and marking out those districts or localities, which, from peculiarities
_ of the surface or other causes affecting the distribution of heat, are charac-
"terized by excessive abnormal heat or abnormal cold. The importance of
_ these researches on the general theory of the causes which interfere with the
equable distribution of heat according to latitude is obvious.

_ The activity which has prevailed so greatly of late, in the collection
of meteorological data, has been almost exclusively confined to that portion
of the surface of the globe which is occupied by land, although the portion

lviii REPORT—1852.

covered by the ocean is not only much greater in extent, but is also better
suited for the solution of several meteorological problems. Many striking
examples might be adduced to show that it is “systematic direction,” and
not “individual zeal” in naval men, which has been wanting, and it has been
therefore with great satisfaction that meteorologists have learnt that a pro-
position has recently been made from the United States Government to the
British Government, to undertake, conjointly and in cooperation, a system
of meteorological observations, to be made -at sea in all ships belonging to
the naval service of the two countries, and sufficiently simple to be parti-
cipated in by the merchant service also. In a partial trial which has been
already made of this system in the United States, it has been found to produce
results which, exclusive of their scientific bearing, are of great importance to
the interests of navigation and commerce, in materially shortening passages
by the knowledge of prevailing winds and currents at particular seasons.
The practical advantages arising from the coordination of the observa-
tions in the Hydrographic Office of the United States, and of the circu-
lation of the charts of the winds and currents, and of the sailing direc-
tions founded on them, have been such and so appreciated, that there
are now, as it is stated, more than 1000 masters of American ships en-
gaged in making them. The request for British cooperation in an uh-
dertaking so honourable to the country in which it originated, was referred
in the spring of this year by the Earl of Malmesbury to the President and
Council of the Royal Society for a Report; from which I permit myself to
quote the concluding sentence, in the persuasion that it would find an echo,
if necessary, in every part of the United Kingdom, and that it cannot fail to
be promptly acted upon by the Government of a country in which
maritime interests hold so prominent a place :—“To the Government of
this country the demand for cooperation and for the interchange of obser-
vations is most earnestly addressed by the Government of the United
States; and the President and Council of the Royal Society express their
hope that it will not be addressed in vain. We possess in our ships of war,
in our packet service, and in our vast commercial navy, better means for
making such observations, and a greater interest in the results to which they
lead, than any other nation; for this purpose every ship which is under the
control of the Admiralty, should be furnished with instruments properly con-
structed and compared, and with instructions for using them; similar in-
structions for making and recording observations, as far as their means will
allow, should be given to every ship that sails, with a request that they will
transmit the results to the Hydrographer’s Office of the Admiralty,
where an adequate staff of Officers or others should be provided for their
prompt examination, and the publication of the improved charts and sailing
directions to which they would lead; above all, it seems desirable to establish
a prompt communication with the Hydrographer’s Office of the United States,

ADDRESS. lix

so that the united labours of the two greatest naval and commercial nations
of the world may be combined, with the least practicable delay, in promoting
the interests of navigation.”

Amongst the most valuable results which the Physical Sciences may expect
to obtain from this extensive system of nautical observation, we may reckon
the construction of charts of the isothermals of the surface of the ocean cor-
responding to every month in the year, similar to Dove’s monthly isothermals
of the temperature of the air; and a knowledge of the normal condition as
well as the abnormal variations, with their special causes and effects, of the
great Gulf-stream which connects the shores of the Old and New World,
and in its normal effects is influential in many ways on the climate of the
United States and Western Europe, whilst its abnormal effects are principally
known, so far as we are yet aware, by the peculiarities of climate they
oceasionally produce on the European side of the Atlantic. Of the extent,
depth, and limits of this remarkable current in ordinary and extraordinary
years we are as yet very imperfectly informed. Of the zoology of the great
tracts of ocean which are covered by its banks of: seaweed, we know nothing
beyond the fact that they are the habitation of a countless number of oceanic
animals,— giving rise possibly to deposits which may have distinctive
characters from littoral deposits or from those of marine estuaries. But
doubtless, we can now estimate only a very small part of the advantages
which Terrestrial Physics as well as Hydrography and Navigation would
derive from the concurrent exertions of the two great maritime nations in
the way that has been pointed out.

The analogy of the configuration of the land and sea on the north of the
continents of Asia and America, has for some time past caused an opinion
to be entertained that the sea on the north of the Parry Islands might be as
open as it is known to be throughout the year in the same latitude on the
north of the Siberian Islands. The expectation that Wellington Strait might,
as the continuation of Barrow’s Strait, prove a channel of communication
from the Atlantic into that part of the Polar Ocean, has been considerably
strengthened in the last year by the discoveries which we owe to the hardi-
_ hood and intrepidity of our merchant seamen. The access to the Polar

covery or of scientific research, are amongst the few geographical problems
of high interest which remain to be solved; and we may confidently look
for a solution, in the direction at least that has been adverted to, by the

| up the discovered traces of Sir John Franklin’s vessels.

The success which the Kew Observatory Committee have had in their un-
_ dertaking to make Standard Thermometers, encourages us to hope that they
_ will be equally successful in the endeavour in which they are now engaged
_ to introduce a greater degree of precision in the construction of meteorological
instruments generally, as well as in the more delicate kinds which are so fre-

lx REPORT—1852.

quently required in physical experiments. An establishment has long been
a desideratum in which instruments for various physical researches employed
in foreign countries should be tried in comparison with the instruments used
here, and the relative merits of each examined, and in which new and pro-
mising inventions and suggestions should receive a practical trial. Amongst
its other services rendered to Science and to the country, the British Associa-
tion is now entitled to claim the merit of having organized an establishment
which appears extremely well-suited to supply this deficiency, and needs only
more extensive means to supply it to any required extent. The applications
which have been made to Kew in the past year by Profs. Forbes and Thomson
for thermometers of particular kinds, required in very delicate experiments in
which those gentlemen are engaged, and by the Admiralty for Standard Ther-
mometers for very low temperatures to be employed by the Arctic Expeditions,
show that the advantages to be derived from such an establishment are already
beginning to be recognised ; and as these become more known and felt, it may
confidently be anticipated that means will not be wanting for such an exten-
sion of the establishment at Kew, as may be necessary to meet fully the
public requirements. The desire which isso frequently manifested- by
voyagers and travellers in distant countries to contribute to our knowledge
of terrestrial physics, would be greatly aided by increased facilities afforded
to them of obtaining suitable and well-assured instruments, and still more if
practical instruction or advice could be added. It is not from deficiency of
interest, or of a desire to be useful in such inquiries, that our British travellers
do not reap the full advantages of the great opportunities which they possess,
so much as from the absence of any provision for supplying instruments on
which reliance can be placed with practical instructions for their use. In no
department is the “systematic direction,” which it is the object of the British
Association to communicate to the sciences generally, more needed than in
Physical Geography. To carry this desirable purpose into effect, might with
great propriety and public benefit be made to form a branch of the duties of
the Kew Observatory.

In compliance with a resolution of the Council, the Kew Committee have
made arrangements for four aéronautic ascents in the Nassau Balloon, chiefly
for the purpose of investigating the laws of the decrement of temperature
and of aqueous vapour in ascending into the atmosphere. The two first of
these ascents took place on the 17th and 26th of August, attaining in each
case between 19,000 and 20,000 feet, and will be the subject of a commu-
nication to the Association, which will doubtless excite much interest, from
Mr. Welsh of the Kew Observatory, who was charged by the Superintend-
ing Committee with the conduct of the observations.

The opportunity which the Observatory furnishes to the Association, of a
convenient locality, presenting many facilities for carrying on a series: of
delicate experiments, has been taken advantage of by Professor Stokes for
experiments in which he is engaged on the Index of Friction in different

ADDRESS. lxi

Gases. Experiments reported by myself to the Royal Society in 1829,
showed that the retardation of a pendulum vibrating in different gases
was not proportionate to their respective densities, but appeared to depend
also on some inherent quality, whereby the different gases present different
degrees of resistance to the motion of bodies passing through them. I was
interrupted in the prosecution of this subject by a recall to military duty, and
I now rejoice to see it in hands so far more able to do it justice.

The Parliamentary Committee appointed at the Ipswich meeting to watch
over the interests of Science, consisting of Members of the British Asso-
ciation who are also Members of the Legislature, have this morning made
their first Report to the General Committee, and some notice of the subjects
which have chiefly occupied them in the past year may not be unacceptable
to the Members of the Association at large. One of these subjects is that of
Scientific Pensions. It is known to all that since the commencement of the
reign of Her present Majesty pensions to the amount of £1200 have been at
the disposal of the First Minister of the Crown, to be granted each year in
recompense of civil services, chiefly, though not exclusively, in literature and
science, and that several persons of various degrees of literary and scientific
eminence have received pensions accordingly, many of which have given
much public satisfaction. On examining the appropriations which have
been made in the fourteen years since this fund became available, it appeared
that only about thirteen per cent., or an eighth part of the whole amount, had
been allotted to scientific pensions. Considering this to be a proper subject
to be brought under the notice of Government, Lord Wrottesley, the Chair-
man, and Sir R. H. Inglis, one of the Members of the Committee, obtained
an interview with the Earl of Derby for that purpose. The readiness of
Government to attend to such representations has been fully shown in the
scientific pensions granted in the present year, amounting to nearly a third
_ of the whole sum available for the year. These pensions have been granted,
on the recommendation of the President of the Royal Society,—to Mr.
Hind, who has the unique distinction of being the discoverer of no less than
six out of the twenty-five known planets of the solar system,—to Dr.
_ Mantel, so well known for his successful researches in palaontology,—and

to Mr. Ronalds, for the electrical and kindred researches in which he has

been engaged for so many years. The intimate association of the scientific
_ services of Mr. Ronalds for several years past with the Observatory of the
_- British Association at Kew, must render this last selection peculiarly gra-
‘ tifying to our Members.
} Another subject which has occupied the attention of the Parliamentary
_ Committee in the last year, is one to which their attention was requested by
_ the Council of the Association, with a view of carrying into effect the desire
_ of the General Committee for a more cheap and rapid international commu-
_ nication of scientific publications. The credit of the first move towards the
accomplishment of this desirable object is due to the Government of the
1852. e

Ixii REPORT—1852.

United States, by whom an arrangement was made for the admission duty
free of all scientific books addressed as presents from foreign countries to all
institutions and individuals cultivating science in that country, such books
being sent through the Smithsonian Institution, by whom their further dis-
tribution to their respective destinations was undertaken. This arrangement
was notified to our Government through the British Minister at Washington,
and a similar privilege was at the same time requested for the admission
duty free into England of books sent as presents from the United States to
public institutions and individuals cultivating science in this country, under
such regulations as might appear most fitting. This proposition gave rise to
communications between the President of the Royal Society and the Chair-
man of the Parliamentary Committee on the one part, and the Treasury and
the principal Commissioner of Customs on the other; the result of which
has been the concession of the privilege of admission, duty free, into England
of scientific books from all countries, designed as presents to institutions and
individuals named in lists to be prepared from time to time by the Royal So-
ciety, after communication with other scientific societies recognized by charter,
under the regulation, however, that the books are to be imported in cases
addressed to and passing through the Royal Society. This arrangement has
come into operation; and it may be interesting to notice, as giving some
idea of its extensive bearing, that the first arrival from the United
States which has taken place under these regulations consists of packages
weighing in all no less than three tons. There is another branch of the
same subject which is more difficult to arrange, viz. the international com-
munication by post of scientific pamphlets and papers at reduced rates of
postage; the Parliamentary Committee have directed their attention to this
part of the subject also, and I earnestly hope that their exertions will be
successful.
Allusions have been made by influential men, and in influential places, to
a direct representation of Science in Parliament; and we frequently hear
opinions expressed that Parliament might be improved by a greater admix-
ture of men who might be chosen as the representatives of the intellectual
cultivation of the nation, amongst those who represent its material interests.
The benefit which the Legislature might derive from a change of this descrip-
tion, is a question rather for statesmen than for men of science, and would
be quite unsuitable for discussion here: but in respect to the influence which
such change would exercise on Science itself and on its cultivators, it does
belong to us to consider both its probable advantages and disadvantages. I
have no hesitation in expressing as an individual opinion, my belief that the
possible gain would be incaleulably outweighed by the too certain evils; and
that scientific men cannot too highly value and desire to retain the advantage
they now possess in the undisturbed enjoyment of their own pursuits un-
troubled by the excitements and distractions of political life. Some there
are amongst us, and some there ever have been, who, born to a station which

ADDRESS. lxili

brings with it public duties, but gifted with a strong natural taste for the
pursuits of science, do manage to succeed in a greater or less degree in com-
bining both. Success is in such cases the more honourable, and is the more
admired, because it manifests the strength of the original disposition, and in-
dicates how much more might probably have been accomplished by an
undivided attention. The economy of human labour points specially to such
‘men as the most suitable representatives of science in the legislature of which
_ they already form a part. The selection from amongst them of a certain
number to be particularly charged with the duties of watching over and pro-
moting the interests of science, either with Government or in the Legislature
appears in this view a most happy expedient. We cannot read over the
_ names of the noblemen and gentlemen who form the Parliamentary Committee
_ of the British Association, without being satisfied that science would not be
likely to be more honourably or more ably represented by any system of
direct representation ; nor can we look to the discretion and practical wisdom
with which the proceedings of the Committee have been conducted in the
first year of its existence, without being impressed with the belief that it is
destined to render important services both to the country and to ourselves.
Gentlemen, I have now occupied fully as much of your time and attention
as I can venture to trespass upon, and yet have found it impossible to com-
prehend within the limits of a discourse all the topics to which I would gladly
have called your notice, even in those branches of knowledge in which I
may consider myself least uninformed, in three of the seven departments
into which our science is divided. I have left wholly untouched those wide
fields of Geology and Natural History, which would of themselves have
furnished fitting subjects for an address of still longer duration. No one can
be more sensible of this, and of many other imperfections and deficiencies,
_ than the individual who addresses you; yet, if he has not wholly failed in
_ the purpose he designed—if the impression which he has endeavoured to
_ convey, however faint may be the image, be true to that which it is intended
_ to represent,—you have not failed to recognise the gratifying picture of
_ British Science in the full career of energetic action and advancement, press-
_ ing forward in every direction to fill the full measure of the sphere of its
activity in the domain of intellectual culture ; regardful on the one hand of
the minutest details in the patient examination of natural faets, and on the
other hand diligent in combining them into generalizations of the highest
order, by the aid of those principles of inductive philosophy, which are the
| surest guide of the human intellect to the comprehension of the laws and
order of the material universe.

a aay ea Oras? peer ne Porras? Sa Ne tt at Pia oe
es : - 4
Y
REPORTS. *

THE STATE OF SCIENCE

Third Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena.
By Bowens MALLET, Cult M.R.LA.

ERRATA IN MR. MALLET’S SECOND REPORT ON EARTHQUAKES.

Since the printing of the preceding Report the following errata have been
discovered :—

In page 288, line 5 from bottom, for 0'-014206 read 0'-014286.
-— 289, line 14, for 0'013910 read 0'-013903.
—— — line 30, for 0'"41743 read 0'"41726.
—— — lune 31, for 0"-013914 read 0"-013909.

[The preceding corrections apply also to the table of chronograph ratings
at foot of p. 289. ]

In page 290, line 2, for 0013914 read 0'013909.

— —- — for 0""006956 read 0"-006954.

—— 293, line 1, for ratio read rate.

—— 298, line 33, for 307-05 read 307°50.

——— 299, line 12, for 9:607 read 9°609.

—— 306, line 13, supply a comma after the word “ dial”’.
—— 306, line 4 from bottom, supply a comma after “ dial ”’.

These errors are all small, and affect the results within limits much less
than those of the differences between one experiment and another. A single
arithmetical mistake remains however to be noticed, which alters consider-
ably the constant of wave transit im sand as deduced from the experiments ;
namely, that in page 292, line 3 from bottom, *8 was read instead of *3, at
the beginning of the number representing the average of col. 4. The result
of the subtraction should therefore be 3!'"411639 instead of 2!911639, and
hence the gross rate of transit in sand =774°568 feet per second. Using
this corrected number in the calculation (p. 307) of the distance lost in
raising the wave in the seismoscope, and applying throughout the small
corrections mentioned above, the true rates of transit are—

LETS} 07 RES A Apapeemee nocpoooececsocopocoanscen 824915 feet per second.
In discontinuous Granite .......seeceeee 1306°425 be
In more solid Granite .......c.seeseeeee 1664°574 -

which numbers should therefore be substituted for those given in pp. 307,
308.

This correction still further removes any probability of aérial commotion
having at all interfered in the Killiney experiments: see pp. 303-305.

The Catalogue of Earthquakes contained in Mr. Mallet’s Report will be
continued in the next volume.

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PiIENOMENA.

‘op ‘Suryeeds xo uv se ‘sorsip
-o1d Tat730 Aq SAVY 02 Surpi000e8 ‘porueduoady | "eter st seeteseeere eres POOP e Pen EP ee eee res oneeneees

eocsee SOLLO}II10} UvULoy set eeeeeetee 67
"gle -d ‘saauatdg sap “angen

‘OL ‘9 “Ht "qt a
"ISIJJ J B AtAtas inod ‘way ‘nosseyeg

*SOTJIUL
-P[eo YONs Woy daJf sz 41 Jo yrds osye s1eT3.O
‘syoys syenbyyiva pooustiedxea pey purist
"ETE “dal "x “qIT |stqy yey ‘ajo1m oY YouyA ye ported ay} 07 dn

foqeryg pue gg ‘oxy ‘snJOpOASFT|‘OUNT} ASI DIT] SCAA STU} JLY} SHACMIAT SUJOPOTOFT | es eet tse eeewe leet ew esse eres eeeeweeeeens

or reer rr erry eqiedg seeseesecees 69F

"+ sojaq JO purysy ayy)""*"'"""** 9By

‘OE¢ pue
SIt) WaaA\4aq
ween eeeeeetan “uomepsovy 10 ‘occ ynoqy

(18) 62 9 “HE “qty ‘Am
pue £70g “d ‘Mt “mA “qu ‘oquayg|***s"UMOp UMOITZ SNZDTART, GUNOF JO UOTPTOM Wier setts sete te ececlser eer eeseer ess ewaeeser ene

‘gee “dt
‘my TI ap mOT}d110sa (qT ‘apyeyy ng Peet E HEH O CEE SHORE HHH REECE ETHER EEEE SEES HOES EEO TEESE ITO ESET ED EE HH EHH wes Odeeeteeel ner eed nse mt Bere eee ne etetoen|**Seeeeesteseesestene eulyg seen eweeeee C6¢c
‘028 pur stqy
*G “AIX ‘yeleyoa7, pue rer ‘soumy|" eisierea Cecscascecncces sete ee eet eeen es acerenvancteseesssensawa leer etnceteserussessnertnsslsasensssencareresnsuseensasltrreeereeeesessses auNso[eg|,499q 10 ‘98g
*TL°9 EQ olyey “Wor, pue + gto
“OY “qu00 “B10 ep 1O1OT A, *joany) en TAH e nema ewes as ese raeeesesese es eeareseesseesessees PERCENT TS CeCe See eet ee Ta ‘oye'y ueqiy euLI"*’ 006 qnoqy
‘Il “XIX ‘sSury T eee uaAvoy woIy ured IOy posed pey yet yy seeees see wee Seorererelsscecesarsesseseee auysaleg see 006 qnoqy
"ST ‘008
“2-0 WAX "QI, “TJooIeyy “wULW
pue!gzt-d °g ‘as It -foa ‘maqsg ‘govyd *ATR4T

‘pa ‘do ‘yoystty ut pajzonb ‘uonyog|syt ut poonpord oye] e pue ‘dn pamorpeas AzI Wlrrteeesssstete reese sees

[e.ued UT ‘UTWITD snovq|"*"OGFT nOqy
“TA ‘enysor eee w ener teesees uMOp UAMOLY} Ayia ayy jo S[@aa aL POR ener test eres esos seeesee

rereeeetseseeretses-OgTIg | tt" QOGT
“98ST pue
srereseearereeseeeses pravry BOT Udad\yaq

‘Te ‘TAX ‘staquain Ny seeere dn paaoy[eMs weg Vy pue ‘ueqyeqd ‘qe10y OOO Re eee e mee ee te eerste ga|s ster eeenaseersaesstsaasees
*AMPT OY} JO AIBAT[ap 9q} JO uOIsedI0

*QT “XIX ‘snpoxiy ayy uo £ Suruyy SIT pue Japunyy Aq poruedmoo0y See e ears cieinen acon aa sis criresleueisiccsicn'e vices eeiciwessanwnciineescciessians reulg qunoyy seeeerees 9091

.

“Das a umn ‘syaoys fo daquinu pup ag be
*hpasoyugny ‘nuauounyd sayjo pup poorbopo.oajzayy pajoauuoa LOR anes Wd a i oa se yaa 4 a “Aqyva0T quoATgT
"gD
1) : ¢ v ‘€ 6 ‘I

‘OSS ‘a'v 07 ‘O's QOOT WoLf sayonbyzuny papsosas fo anSojnj0D

=

REPORT—1852.

“4styy ‘AuTTg pue 9g *d “IA “qty ‘AATT|-10}y7e YOM ‘tno; 943 UT pouado tuseYD year VW

sty pue ‘osimoo maT WOIy peuany ‘SHOAL
‘pakorysap o19M sarqto Aue yy “quomAseay, Ye] i
t*qqy ‘Kang $ £9 ‘0"A “ql ‘Kary ay} 4B [eqLUULTT YIM 9199Uq yy Jo kep yt 179 | Abe RCo ce ccoec ene.)

‘o'E COT =prlduid[g TIggT OY} UT
*pajonb AyroyyNe jaduaTINd90 stg} suOTyNOU (sz pu Gez “d mt)

ON ‘6PL'A AL ‘[OA ‘YIMOMYH ‘YOR “Ajsuiqasny ‘aMOp UMOIYY sapoyY JO snssopoo ayy!

"98 '0'T

“pO AL “QT SSMISOIQ| teers aLOSeay OpuaLAOY ,, patuedmMOdDY| steer r retest ete eee:

“‘Zuruuiseq 943 4e $TAX "QUT ‘snunsne Seen emacs ee ewnn ee enes paso.ysep BItOVULIsArT Agro Fen T | [°> GENS CORD ORE ccc
‘Tey JO UII0}S yuozorA B Aq paAroT[OF
*g ‘OD *AIXX "QT ‘SnUSNfoyenbyyAva ayy f UMOP UMOIYY [ITY BJO WOMAOd Wires teste
‘dn umoryy sem ‘ouvojoa
PATIOV Uk [[1}S‘VUIe X -OU-IsNo,y UIeJUNOMT ay} pus
"77 ‘d ‘1 [OA oy 13095) |‘suorydnza orueo[oA BSNOINOg UT ‘apIa $ZT pue
ap ‘Seaq ““pjoqumyy a fQ6T “d = |Suoy sop Sgr oye] v Surumz0f “yys1u euo ut
‘T ‘joa ‘ueder (‘myog *A) ‘xayduny|syurs purl jo yor. 98.10] BTWOG Jo DIUIAOIE SUA pense se ue ens rere tress
“E181 “99 10F
‘moydy ‘ydersoe3 “wos oy} Ur
sopqoAsoyy pue soumory uodn gray] treet Vas OY} OFUL YUNS SLA PULIST OYT|
‘ayenbyzes ue Aygngoug “sniyang
°(0Z) ST ‘9 “AX ‘QI 3eN [snore] ay) Surcmsog ‘roywm YIM poy spawn
‘SOL “d mr ai “Tq[eq eee eee eee reer rere Peer rere rer er eee eee reer
‘OOH Sur
"Go— 7G "9 “BOIeYOY * HA “ql ‘suru “WPT AIIAO “vas ay}
-esneg pue $*TITA pue I “qty ‘oquiyg Tet eneneeeecaeeeeeesracsareeeesecssesstesssasegasesssreesereliyy suolepunut qeary
*ZOL‘d *t “4 ‘Tesnz.10g op auine
-AOY eI ans anbyrjod ress qqregq Peete ccecscvecccnt eee eeer ceeecnvesccecevecesecccasrescecese
"ZG *O “AT “Qu ‘saprpAonyy) st st'** uns aq9 Jo asdyoa uv aaqze Aa0qg)""
“6G °9 "IX “qT ‘sn.top "298 OY Jo SuOTyepUNUT
£68 *O “TIL qTT ‘saptpAonyy, Peete ee een e eaters eneeee APO O nee e meen et een ew eee enaeseeetuees years Aq parurdwooay

-o1gg pur

“18 4) TI “ay ‘soprpsony y, RRR eee eee e ee eae ee ee Eee Hage sete tener eereseeetstseseus|s®

Prrere rere rere rr rere re

3 4) “TL “qty ‘saprpAonyy, OUP eee Pere reer er ere reer rrr eerie r errr ere rere reer errr errr err ery T eee
“IZ "9 “AL “qi ‘KAVT HAP ewe tae e esse ee eeenee uaMop uUMOITY OOM sasnoy] weet eres eraser emesseseeers

9 ‘g *

Cee

Serer rer iy i

1 7 eta ;
aq} Zutmp pexmo
~00 SyooYs waaas-Aggeg |e *** Apeay [RIquag|*********** Tey

*Sopouy ;
TOPO ee weae tet eaert toes $e) puryst aq} pur ‘eLieg sete ween ene aa
“eiuedmegyjoyynos ogy "T1z sdey

steceseoecsececeosseseoers slut Brquaoig IBIUATGUqoIg -1ad 10 ‘OLZ
“yuodsoq[2 FT pue snsauos} ‘“atTyaMIes
ween cette rereeeseseesseuses -199 aU qnoqe Aajyun09 a} qnoqy

PPrerereeieerererer irre rr

Sete t eee eseeeeerreee Tydpog eee eeeeesees 282

‘uoyd
‘IN puryst ssourder
aq} Jo esnoimog pur
Pee ee TUOQ, saoutaoid at Uj “E00 Io ‘e8z

*soumlay
twou ‘askiqg jo purjsy|"** egg wo

seeleweses

SUIOW | -- eco FOE
aiscinsenes >> OUNCE Po cecdteueee ole

‘BING pure IAI] 32
treseereereeel Crpigadsa ‘snsouuodojag

see eeesensenes

“sHeseeeres oye

uogsry| ttt Le
sr+le***-snsgumodoja fou} uy sutids uy "pop
‘aquryeyy pue ‘eoquiy
eee eee eee ees weer ul Aqyetoadsa 9090.1) uy
*sousut
-oyo19 Ayjeadsa pur
Peer eee een seer eweresenetet “eyoMg ‘eaoquy ‘suaqyy Trerirrr iy OCF
*199Je
Preece ee eee eee sopeqd uoos Jo ‘ler
SOTIO}LIIO} ULWUOY]|"*" [EF 10 ‘Zep

S ei

sitteteeeens Oe,

APP e eee e eee e tem eaeeteresens

wees wneee

-kZofouory9 ‘
apy.ty ‘erpadopAoug young vipa SEO E OOO D ROO eRe D AED eed eR eOe rea PEN ODE NDOT EMSS OHH O NSRP EDO EGE eH OCTEOOPTORTOOETODEHS GSH HOe ce R DEES Dees neeeneueuses|VeueDeeoeEetesedeonen Bury seenteoneegs It
"g9ge d+ *sho]
‘ny RI op uordiosaq ‘opreEy Nq|-Tea 93 pay pue soord Aueut UL [Ia sureyunoy|"****** Seat ae ses mene one. BALE) seeeetegenne pAY
“SUOMDOSG() SMI[M|*estreereeereseeweereensenererecseseeeeseerersanetaceneeeaslseceaduneneeeaessensareers “+ gwajodg|"* 99—L9
*O9SLOU UPIUBIIOFGNS fq pepus}je “soulqeg ati}
‘suanbasqoO snque| oz ‘saSprrq ‘sSurpping 03 ovop oSemep year] ttrrrtrseereeeesreessee|oesereeceevereerreereressltg KrgmNOd a} Ul ‘oqoy|***"** 62—08
eget 4 ‘O'a Cgz Ieak oy} UT paonpoad oye] 94} UL suede ‘uoyd
“yeisy “13095 op ‘SUL ‘gpjoqumyy *A/pastet SVA\ (VUNIS-Oq-NOYIS J, pe[eo AOU) Dee SEO ee eee een ese e aire es eeeeesenet-eeseeeS TNE G) JO dOUIAOIg|"*****Zg 10 ‘ag
“Aqtoyyne Suryonb *snadAg ;
quoyytan £/eT ‘d “It *[OA ‘Hoy eAlereees POEUUUPTULILILCOOSEEEEOET TTT eee eee ed ea erdi iii iri Try iry seseseiet (TD purysy oq} pue erty weer eeeseee 26
‘suanbasqg snag sete ee mete tenes t eet eeersteeeenese? pamnfut sSurpring HOP Roe eens roses HOPS OOH OSs | SOS DOOOOOSE Seer anes eeoensrn|Hereeerersestirnes manIsayy tater +6—S6
“suanbesqg snqnp|*** (suqrored}) estou TRIUL.LIO}qUS {nq ‘yooys ON FEVCC Crone DOeeHoEnOeT DEEDES CESS E ERODE LESTE EDESOPSGOr| vaneneegerernessisees wxnsagq etteee G6—96
“uMOp yuUes : ‘
-suonbasqo sniue pue pouedo yye9 eq} ¢ paworyuout yooys ON OCU Cae P DOOD e cera rer are| need COTA OhOEEF TOF OEseorene| veDPesetsseseen wnayeus A, saveee 86-66
*suonbasqg sno uMop UMOIYY sSarpymq $astow kq poiuedmo00y SOOPOTOOM HOHE OETA HTH HEHE HOD OHHOEESEOOOE PED EEH eee ts|sae eS teers dere asus tee oresag eee 00I—T0T
“dSIOU UPIUPLIO}
*suonbasqg snr -qus kq patueduiosoe § ¢ mMOop WAOITY sduipymg FORPP OOO eG Or ORE TeDE ren eeaa | FOREDH OOD er resese TOON DOUHO=|sEoeHTaneseneesereneD RISINN oe Z0I—E01
‘ “TInu
PTTVITI TTT oy POF e meee sO OODOF EO OHEH SES OO rT GeseereEHsenoeseedoesesouers “201d jo AIOFIIIO} aq} uy eee
: “potlorjuol Jou
‘suonbesqg snqyne aeererescveccee estou uvauediajqus Aq porureduoo0y SOOO OHO OTA ODO D OTH cereoreer|sHFCUT TDSC TORE SS HOD UEH EE: goed 790103 ye Ayqeqoig eee 121221
“oyenbyjyaes ue 40m
*suonbasqo snes sdeyiag *}1v9 VY} OFU YUeS PUL] JO S91Ov WAAVS Pe Ce **"cOnT}e'y UL ‘TUNUIOATIg o GGL Sok
*suonbasqg STUT[TU(|*eesesssecesseecnscsswcncassce dyspuey z 4juo sdeyiog Oe eee er ee rr **8-*-BIBTIEO Iveu ‘euny sey snebexs] arp
“reak sty}
“261 ‘d I *[OA ‘aeder ‘rojdue yy PrerIeeTTITTe eee eee ee e ur soxyenbyy.ee eI], Ode vert etoncgoererase eulyg ser oereenee OL
“£Sofouory9
apury ‘epadojfoug ySmquipgl: sovepeaestevereoesvererceesesmesoscens [sus erleeeeereneesersenrens Buggies eeeee GIT
*9z ‘9 “IIX ‘qIT ‘Kary . * uMop UMOIqY ssuiprmq Aury Peet eeseeverseceeoeeses Oem eee ee en werereeresseere soulqeg at} Jo Axyunog “SLT 10 ‘LAT
"6S 2 "Ix “aT KATY +e" DAOUL OOM spos au jo sonyeys arqud aL APR e eee eres eeee nee Desesser|HEOPOF ONTOS sEDEOH DOS HEH ene SPOUSE HOSP HOR eset aes auloy *O0T 10 S81
“LOUTTAL “OUIT} JULeS
So *O "Xxx ‘a ‘snuysn CCOSEOECE CER G UICOCROLCOCEMOCCIO ssa ing | SUA\OY Aueyy bee eeeeneesenranesestbsees Pace eererractaseoreeeeneres RIsy josyaed pur ‘sopoyy ayy ynoqy
"OF *) *AXXX “qu ‘Lavy seeeereee sXep qysta-A4.10y4 IO} Sumuyuo0o sypoys eee eenserenvedevsuvesesses ile ball aL sbieia ace tig glade “OGL Io ‘161
unot
"GG 9 *ATXXX “qT LAT] HOMO e er Ober ee OOO r OH Oes sme dbes Oh sreesneOGEtersHesHs OE nse| SETHE HSSHSS EOneeessueHel eee Oe SOOO OHOROSs ane agseenes Axyunoo uy a ‘uo *Oreereessee 161
“I9UUeUL Areurpi0esyxa ue UL TAO} ‘ (o1a4suy !
“OT "0 °ATXX “at ‘Kary qsnq Tres @ JO 19}eM JY, *pouorusuL HOU ON erent P Saat ecb ecehseaeebcryicosthaaet OeeeetRauaseee sess 10) OOTI4ST OOIA Ul, * 813}
; *Ioqye MOOS

ee

BQ

*suanbasqg snap PTEPTeUI ETT erie ii)

S0I—P0T

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

ee
Terre er eee

REPORT —1852.

Tqasn yy] Peeeessaveves:

6°9°Kt “qu'on 010 $442 °d*s ‘pew

th

SY M.IDAO SOTTO dart" feetessees

‘dyspur] @ Ajuo sdeysod
$ JaqyOUR 07 9deId BNO WOI, PAAOTI SOATIO WIT
*(68) €8 °O "HQ “JUN “ISTH ‘Aur pozurtd play pur aopeaur y “papsIOdaT YOoys ON] ssteteeerss se teaeeeeseeees

“£% pur [ °9 “T-qt “Nd 3N

*eoaug £82 *) “AX “qty “4SIET ‘snq1oe y, PPP eee eee eee eee errr eee rr. err rrr rrr rr
*T 9) “IA “qt “4qsent *[BIN}e Ny ‘eoauag Pe eee eee ere reer eer errr cere) Pere ree er ee ee rrr Serer rrr

‘uyeT pue ue

“duly oy} ut AjUQ “zzz ‘d ‘sniqasnq)*
*IAX ‘S}O|"

“Aquioyyne Buyonb

POPE O Meer eee Hee amet es ae et es BEE EEE EEEEH HEHEHE EEE E SEE H nue es stbteeeteeeesee®

PPP Pee eee eee eee ee rere ere eee errr Tree eee ee re errr

qnoyjIM £1Zz “d 1 *[OA ‘HoH HAl teeth eee teteeeerr serene sseseesssersseessseensuren sree sens esleeeeeseesssnnn esr seteentses

"eg ‘d ‘sniq
OSM S*INXX ‘NNT SMAXX ‘MayyIVPY|-Op SUA BASIN’ Jo ApO oY,
"¢9¢ ‘d ‘sniq

*pasorys
“MOIXYIONAD OY} P| cteeeteteeeereeeeeeaeeee

-osn ‘ *O ‘IT "Qty ‘jeuu ‘snq10e even eeeneeererens aXk01}89 930U 0 sarqto u99d}I0 Pee Pee errr re eee ree errr
@ LP 9 ie qty "jeuny el Pp P JO Sal TL

*SIUISTATE) eee ee eer tenereesseeeees uoyonasap 4vo13 POONPOTG|***eerrerreeserssesssececes

“A ‘au “130 WISOD, $,1a}Sunyy eo ee reer rrr re reer reece Creer eer nee

"399TH a} UI JON “19g “d ‘sntqasng"

APOE RO REO OO Teer ee eater essa ees HOEEeens ena EEEEHHESEEOOL EHH Gu eee en edesandnegtinens

‘suanbosqg sno HARE E ROR HH eee ee HEHEHE erases eens ae sete eeee Hanes eEEEEEOsleneeeees ter eteeesstiteegene

"90.1 OY} Ur ON “Gg “d ‘suIqasng|"*

*SuoT]e]
SURI} UlYeT] PUL ULINEUIIY 94} UT

eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ere eer eee ee ee ere rr rrr

punoy ATuo ysey ayy or “suiqasng RC sshwenaeSen.e Ue eosniacveWand clasaVecccstaangaeress Sacsadlter torte ran teen eae

(4x09 yoary oy} Ur

punoy 40N) LSZ “d “It ‘d ‘sniqosniy PAPE OOOO eRe OE EH Ee HEE aae Tee EET ere sHETT THEE TET EES HESS EEE looney essere eestenesesseeees

"9 ‘0 “AX “qr ‘nbywy pue

PL OT “QU “pug OT[aq ap suydasor|:s***++ereereeetereseee> SOATT ALOU} JSOT UOUL QYO'OE| re srerttettteereeeeaseafeeteeeeaccesercesceweeesesslecsteseassseuaees auNysazeg|*"*****ze 10 ‘ge

‘9 “G

v

ee —————
eee eee soeuserse arly 9) jo purysy teres Q

*snuIoyy

dI[} UO “vas O1YVLIpY oy
SOO e eee ee ter Oeeestsessesens reou SNUTONLIe A, 13y ee gar (+) 10 "19
“sojden pur
‘CUNIOUTIBINN BIO;OD
Oe Ue eee ETE rere rrr ry ey ‘umnaue[NdAaT] ‘redm0g 250 “qayt “9
eerereereeseeeeeseeseseeeel gruopagUy, pUv UIeyoy yt ZO
“eIBAIY UL
asso[oD pur ‘stjodezarpy
pa senstetreatossesste ees aot Oba jo satya aul "eres 0) 10 ‘8c
Poe e PETE OST Cee eEECCSEE TOTES Bluopaor jy UL “ddyiyg Hee eee tenes os

ssoreeenaeennecnnnestnttansleseesneessieessenties frgtgleeeses pe

Poe eee CERES OOSS TCC eer ery yy “auiysaeg pue eudyqtg tte aces €¢
“up owes
aq} UO syooys OA,

Peete eee t ees eeeeereeeeessesleweneeee

IOUIpY vIsy|" ay
sees omy er

Pee ee reeseeseeeeesesserees treseeeee DID ArT ul ‘sal[va, serene 77 IO TT
‘ININO(QONNY

gs810y}0033ut
Seen eer ereeeeneteteeasssses o8vjadiqory ou} ul ‘S09 -pi000e 10 ‘OL
‘soutuuody ay} JO yooy
at} 72 ‘snysnsny Jo 410s
“WODIYI ‘VIAL JOUTIADYT| ss 1z
Or WOO ecccccrecncccereearsslsseeesvaseeeeeresecss snadiy SOT IES, (7
*199J8
10 a10joq AT
-1.LOYS.10 “auty
terreceereceeseeceesserses sad {Sq raddy ur ‘saqayzjawesoyyqnoqy
*(eO}GY pure eIsATY
‘eIuoy UL OSs[e sarqI0
Aueur‘onbimaproy uo ‘
-O9][09 94} 0} Sutp.s0o : ,

Deemer ee eeee ratte eeeessens -ov ‘pue) eIpAq ur ‘saq[ery, teen IO Te

PO eee essen earewesesrears

*e % T

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA,

“eee “d
aa *[OA ‘Zunqia1yosaqpagqy $9991] “yf Oe RU EPO ECESESELEOeTeSeCI Cee rruererr rrr rrr yy Trai ieee rer eer ere eee ery ire yey Tye yy

“FL. d

“UL *[OA ‘HOTT SAP ee acee Nee CeRe yee cece sees emasecsadeseteceussese creer erese| HOCCU Verh eNeereseurersseede

"CZ "9 “UIA “qty ‘SnISOIOQ LO OUCRIOE OO H ate ta tae Aygeoas uopIg pus dIh], sea eseeeserecearousecnaas

*J61 ‘d on ‘(uo *A) Joyd ure y eer errr ree cri rrr errr rr iri rer ee ee yy
*pavoy Sastou UvoURLIA4qns [Ny

‘SNISIATVO |-pvarp : 4no paysnd zoyem 4Ies puv soovyd Aveo
*g ‘0 “Ik UOTT[eH UI O[Og sniTjeqarp|ur pousdo yaea on,

seeeesces BOG au} kq
‘asdijoa ue Aq popuszzy|peyepunut sory10 Aue

Orr Terr

‘OIG T48BJ sojONb snistAyeo

e6¢ ‘d ‘surqosng

‘IS “d ‘7,19 UIIg FTP EO TOO w erm et H eee eet eens ereeuseeestt Hee eeneeeeH ees

‘OFT ‘d TL ‘JOA ‘Yor OA[T TTS ASO E eee eeeereneeeesareaneetenssenasesenvasasesessaneeslseereseeeeeseassesseseaeses

*peoly

UI seluvsneg 0} siayoI snistayeg|"
*pajonb you

"£66 ‘d “Tt “JOA ‘Yo *A

masa eos cciheaee asdyjoo uv Aq paruedioooy er

eee eer errr rr rere

POT P OOOH S ee ROH Pewee rene t heen enee see sH EHH HEHE SHSOEEhessnslsenrerees

Pee e eet OTe area Heese aera e een ee HE Ee eee ESTE OESE EE BE Hes | SOOHP USOT SETH ESHSES HEHE EES

Ayoqyny

"C8z ‘d ‘sniqosny Pree TO eee ECE err eer Terr ere eer rrre rr errr irri rl err err Terre rere yy

“991 OY} UL ION “Egy “Ad “sniqasmg|ssserreersttteeeteteeeeteeetssecsesesteeeesenaseenstecesleetseraeeretesteetsecseeees
*SMISIA[2D ‘ayenb

*Y9oIy 943 UL ION “Egz'd ‘sniqesnq|-131e9 94} popedaqd AapUNY) PUL SPUTAL JUQTOTAI er TT ttt eee
*JUI[OTA JSOUL JY} SEM SIZ TOM Jo ‘vuLyD ut

"ggg ‘I ‘opreyT nq|aovjd x00} sayenbyyaea [etgaos GL LT 0} LOT Wor] ese seee seen

“or 9

“ITA “qu ‘snIsolQ £e8z ‘d ‘sniqosng SO eee teeta neers steneseseeeens pesoxsap 891710 CER AD errr errr errr rrr rr

“ol ‘9

“TIA Qi] ‘SNISOIQ $ Ul4e'] pue UeIUaUT

“IV ay ur AU *18z “d ‘sniqosnry PPeePEPTTTT TTT eee reer Terre eee eee eee ete eee eee ere eee ee ee

*peAoysop oJ9M traduiog pue umen

A UL SORES A, jo aoe ous

rae a ee

299
SS OO OTC LG au} uo ‘stodoary seeeeersenee cI¢
OPP eee ery 900014) ur ‘sndg Seerervessee 90¢
“LOE pue
SOOO meee erode ree eeseeaeesingnerttoneretareseeeee erks 183 waeM{Og
‘00% Woy sported sno

“LIA 4v syoys gear sede SO Oe uedep]ssssee 277

“IOUT,
eee enen *sxpOOys 4UOTOTA, RISV pue ‘ehQuy ‘Qul0y sp eeesceveee 296
*(snistayeg
0} Zurpi0008
‘raqu909(T
WILT Puen

JUdTOTA Ores eaerereectvarene auLoy lay} uQ) "E2S

sereeeees purrduagl*7 77 10 ‘QLT
Auvurior) Jo syeg| es EQT

Ameer neta ee tessa sare enseas vests sedeggstesene eurhuig]: sereeens 091
| *sapory jo puryst *a10JOq
se eeenerareeeerereanereeees Eig} pue BI0AT ‘e11e9g Apstoys 10‘QST

ROO emer eee eee ee heme e esse ieee ees ssressesseueses

*skep 901}

I0f syooys

Apis reseeeesvene TOT
sasnovikg 4e

Os[@ SvIpawooIN pue

‘asnovidg ye |‘eao1poey ‘stjoderarpy

a0IM} paouatiodxa |pue ‘snyuog Ut voles
sem oyenbyjiea ayyp\-woooN pur stjodooryy "971 10 ‘121
*erudyyig: UT

csteteesessraeereesercsessi@aOTNT DUR BIPSULOIIN|'*ZZI 10 ‘TST

AO eee mm eee ee eens eeeeeeeres

See coe ea AT BE zo‘ CLL

Pena be emereseesaeeeeernsces Saad bia ees “OIL Io ‘601

999919) :

rabies Naehisensy 0 syed pue ‘IOUTTAL BIS ““OOL 10 ‘COT

eee et eewensnce ses eanesteenal mem an, ey 1

Jaye |)
‘11z “d *AT 4 ‘snore g osstasnss pores tes caken*nercy) Saeseer eevee nuescsye str FP RA Dee eee Rae ReEHEH Ser Se HE RETO OEE nar e OOOO RES oourernne quodsayjoxy ELAR ou V *g9¢
"snistayeg $6Fz “d ‘sntu ;
0319 ‘LOE ‘d ‘ayeyoseg woormo14yy POUUeeUEREU eee Peer reer eee errr cee eec re rer rere Tiree reid reer e eee errr TT eee eee eres eerie ir rere VROIN IT ‘°~PO *g9¢
SIUMPORDAM AH tts ttsceesneresceeessoensnneseccnacsspacenanrenanenamilaccensaesssseandversasereanly7-0es7"s GS HOOTH Aueyy| “V@o1y pue vorese2d0aNI|"****+*"""** goe
‘adeurep 4evoid
SuLlop ‘QOUaTOTA TATA .
*SNISTATL) urede urpeMoy usyy *aa19 osye
£geg‘d ‘snmoSig ‘gtd ‘snuoieg|******** SuLuyzYS] pue ropunyy fq parusduoooy|pue ‘pamjor vas oy) TOUTPY VIsSy pue edeeID/1Z Ajne “EOE
“Qed
83S ‘d ASruRaTIn dane [pose sAnteuemeresiersoteusreiesstaeetnesseac esr eAcr eam eouagrepssersetes 22 ucevievp) /erenceAvessinsiccssiess sees er ee ene ajdoutjzueysu09|10 “ues *ege
“Buruaaa
“s11 a SpACMOT,
“AL i ‘sntuo1e g ! 18% «d ‘sniluosig SERRE eee eee HRT HEHE EEE HEHE REET HEE EEE HEHEHE HOO EE le ee sagt OEH EE HEHEHE OEEFE HEHEHE HE Hee eEEE HHO EH ETHERS HOE **"BwOIN pur BIPOULOOINY re ae S98
"(0%
-atacqtad Apy
“eg ‘d ‘sniq asus) “29q]
Scar macs prrraecl ctor a aaTNMeN aR feo Ta“ = canst. oANATAEAsoanressacs nscsbac atthe sh esdeVar |tacrashacsbvsensstsrsaschst!|oxbcs di ¥vas odexser Or<bahes vimkttg UL erpamoorny|10 “AON “668
"36g dy ‘eluopadtyy pug
qTeUULY ‘L10yVIN TAL £02 “d ‘sntuoSig PEO m ee eRe Re eee treet O EAE E HEHE EM TIES HOHE HSE HOOPS ES EHTR HH emer eee HOERFO HH sear et HF HOF OH ees s ease EOF t Heeee eee seee ‘erm dy ‘IOUT eISy #3 “any *gce
*t¢ ‘d ysnp *qaa op *19UL
serqyesy {esp ‘d 720 “907 SaMIINMD Elgg nto "7 asehvonesatvea tices ncesacestsensepnncsataensun sees cny |enNareuahungfesennoncusiape icon nosorssansernaneee tins |sessusves ekg ut snydzag|-ums uy “gfe
‘amOY ye pur
“APYSTS UIyY ul Surrayip sxoyyne TergvAaes fvtuedmeg ur suo}
‘areqyaoun Ar1aA oq 07 rvadde Surpaoaad AJayerp ‘aMOY = jaAjamy pue ‘unmorr
‘snuaIpag { OL1 d "729207 ‘sntuoStg|-amMuN steak IMOJ IO BaAY} OY} LOF sazep oyp| wetter ye Shep VII paysey]|-1sq ‘sopoyy Jo puvjs]|*s--++""* FHE
“STIT[OS
-4hay £691 “d “A “qt T EOrITORI a gee caer see ses se slenrasinenss sees pouma Ayo oTL Fee e meee wernt eet aeserewer|tHOH OHHH HEH eae nareaarane seeseseeseceees BOTBSWIO9N eecvescos ig
‘sntyosy Aa pure souoyysoosy APR e THEO Reet EET Oe ne meee Eee es HSE EET ENTS SEES OME EEE ESAs eH EO HHO ESE EEE eEE Stans GOEEHe HHH THEE HTeeHE sss see eeOHEHinnasaesnatetauasense 071d anew reeeene ore
‘281 “‘d “480d “aI TIqasngy “noIyg Seapmcssn eRe stserce seen <® NST IRAOLSaIgIO Auryy seeeeeeecerecernascoevseens|sstenererercceseosereeeseesleve AeBrT Quy qnoysno1yy, saaeests sas] o
“yoory
POeUUUOU TTC E Cee TOCT is Iti ri erer rT eee ee eee ae ould “UV qv Ayyetoodsa ‘oy seer ereeneee Ire
“4xou 94} “SyOOYS JU
“ge ‘d “1t"y ‘sutuoreg ssauayysoodq [panutytod o19M pue rvok sty} ueSaq syooys ay) tors pue Auvur Ara," yseq oy} YSno.syy [pLy|********** OFS
‘SES “d Talpseg HP ee meth eee e eRe tame SO TEE SEO NaH HTH DERE Hees HEHE OOF EES uuu B OPE F EEO HEFHaeHEBa taal HHH HHH HOE eHEaessEeHttesaaalnuaeresuassasennernee auloy seeeeeeereee 9¢¢
“Sol “A “ME “qT
1 9 “duty “prog ap “4STET ‘sntmosig atccaie aresupssbwanss¥shssessenn (QIN Op) SUMO} DATIM tena Owen ar renes ener erntees peeasszd=s serennyie Ns sc sRe teccecooseesvesoonTBdUluy eect ecences CZe
“eZ ‘d “481 1 ‘Iseqseuy THRO eee eee ease DEO PEN OO REEF Terres teers eeeeeeeeSeseseaseee Pier bhi weal AEC SOO Oe reer ensen aera etraeenesions pouorjueul jou aR see teneeeree Zee

REPORT-—1852.

‘OL "9 ‘I “qt ‘saye100g *SNISIATCO SRE RO eee OO HORE H eT OEE E STOP SORT eee ETS HOE DE eseres

9 “c "P 0 S As

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

“Z1¢ A ASI “JOU “p[IOM pazttAto

“TRIN “9st tue “d ‘TA "4 ‘snimo0reg seovenscrcgytonessscenoscessooesseeSTiITOUL XIS Zuryse'y PETTY TTT Teed ee ay jo 4soul qnoysnoryy, Prey ris OFF
“04 'F

-preqpg ‘umavoTuMattag uNIOY “y8tTy) tT ++ gyguout moj 105 Suse syooyg| sets beaeemen te

Al “d ‘TA 3 ‘sniuo1eg see seeeeseress MOD UMOIGY sSurpling seotsrecvae

-aqoq) Hp suoHNpOAgy satuaruy|"**"*****syyWOUL MOF Loy Suysel SOUS IUPLOLA |

seeesecen a{douryueysu0; wee eenerenee TTF
seecenetsecteeeaeen[eesscseeererseerere® QUTOM [LOVUTAL UY "SPF
epee snereregncesaass | seracesesressoescaseraaaseeisenssesee atdotiiyuessu0g nae eeeencoes PoP

‘SYST Bt

: FO AMO WHF
SeecneeK tC CeReqUonavieseussnsudestARvos ns uhusuheres@sleqn any, sepa serene seerepeePODRPage|*terssverseecssssrasenesessisee pouorrew 40u soe g £0Z aune *1oPp
“7pP re9k oy} ul ayenbyyaes siyy
LP “d ‘sam0g SNUIT[[9IIe IAL sooeyd HOH “A $ uMOop UMOIg S10MO} uaaos-AIgty see een seen eaeeteseese ewer cee renessesesiersersene a[dounueysuo9 nee eesecees® Lav

-saulor) SNUT[20Ie P| SF baer een ee can Ub galsioainivs anwelssttaiee(ouasah'eusinnienyansrsnice (Xeuennsir#ns sreleseccesseevecesteevsersners]-srees SIQOT SIPMUL UT y,|"*°7*8***

eWd lO WV

yP0P,9 OT
serseees gardounqueysuog|! Z dy “¢Zh
¢apdouryueysuog}**"**""*"""" SOP
seesesnessrseeeees oungsaqeg| nt!" GLP

“IOUT, VISV

ut vioqAy ose ‘ aydou
Vesa pga viaaeesuaelssleinsleedisies nls cause Se punnstsicsse satin sans tS WsinnGugtnsis sever seceeeeenneenseveceseoreees| TUUBISTIOD Ayqeqoig 02 qudy “11h

“229 *d ‘snwoieg

Scacucvicccvegeevsocmeccccaceuerascnnceangesnuuveraneepestcen see

Ont Ricviidteriscenethasteunes gygogs ART
“OE “d ‘ayeyoseg moormo01y) ee eee ta weeeweee poreadde youro0o 2 qeok oues ou} Uy ee eeee renee ests eeeenseareaai(seusersssserascsscesere®
“ge ‘d ‘sauog SHUT] [ed1e JAI \** Keep pesorsep sasey[tA pue SUMO} Aury BUSOU LSOOG S501 COQDOSTA

*saul07)
snurjaore yy SOLE “d “Yoseg “uoryD|"’

“499 °d “1-4 “ond
“nog wo {*uoryD sIMorAy, qadsoig|"***** 48e] tI} WIM pepunojwoo sceqed sOING\e ss see sr cs iad
“saul0g snurjaore yy eG g *d‘sntM0sig sere gKep WOAIS IO} PIVOT sastou uLatIeLIe3qng Reatiseawabesctsaitouneces

scence ee sserenrsaceereasterisegerrareee®

~ vouglt

seveeeeeseees guage ttt BOF
“qs 3u4
yo © Sutuurs
sadou |-aq ‘(ooryy
-yuejsuoy A[qeqoad j-we x asueut)

*80¢ ‘d ‘ayeyoseg mosTuOIyD eee mere ereer er sarees te eeeeree Japunty YTAN pepe Vy ee eveecee carer esseaneseeoonissergsrsseraserenereerarere ‘ pouorjueUt 400 aed I qudy *LOF
“qqstu any

“gy 1 ‘d ‘A “3 Ssntuoreg be Era Aone rato todos sian ches ssmrece amen vnlosmmue ne CeMesEtzaazes rnin assis acne sifey seseeveeesersouseseresasansleoeersens QTCOUTIULISUOD, Suung "SOF

+(Aar1ag—erIome ue £qqeqord) aay wo atem Soyy
Jt se suaavay oy) ur souvreodde uv ‘QuiTy OUIeS “sXup [e1OAos -ajdou
“cge ‘d ‘sntuoSig|oq} 32 Su~Mos0 sev ‘stuoyjUUT SAVLO;) snurooueyyy etree LF syooys qUITOTA|-1yULysUOD ye Ayjedtourt

rieeereenees Ge:

“SuIMOT[OF URL

04 “3dag ise

“AON 03°400g

"1g “d ‘soru0g SnuTT[aore FL caowstogahos so¥ahecnanassuSuduns sar e™ = enu=s=SUe Se SUT IEA pusciseseis sists ata eNs te SAREE LEDER oe edomy qnoysnoryy, wor , "h6E

‘ *aul0Y

TAyseg ¢ sn1Seaq segcnseasscssenerenensesencnnecseorsnsersreness cies i# tee cbecceeccscccecncccosercece seerereeeeelUR a[douyueysu0g gids Saas

eee s . “6L¢ 0} Log wosy Surkrwa sn gsil dias . en yn

ee ie == | sess vera lebeesseveecceperscenscuuesulaanes

"904 ‘d ‘snimoreg, Sere “d ‘snTuosIg sanpcacvusvnctpeeneecacedocnunncessVeRmevlss sree ss Ree Iams a eeeeeeserttoneerettissseee

eee ee ereeetarensesasesssses ge ay bor lege 07d

QTATIS"

+

REPORT—1852.

ae ‘orp ‘sduTpting 04

‘ auop aSemep yworr) “YJ1OJ OULD IozeM SuTTIOG
’ ZOLA tA 4 GOYA. Jo aUIOS WOIZ ‘TYP UT 4aaz BATAA} JO
‘sniuoieg £0¢ “d ‘sam09 SNUT[[OOIV I 494 Xo ayy 0} soovyd Aueu ul pouedo yaa ouL PTEePTTELUTELeee TT Tee ee
*90G 03 dn sano
"LES “d “TA *} ‘snTUOAeg |SNOTIVA SuraS s19y}0 ‘ure}z20uN AIOA SLOUpEMT Ne Bye acbhing Vas pale SiS an

“+ PAUIPOYAMAGAO 919A. pouoyuUste sarztd aI, eee e teen tener ensetenersnses leet eeeaetsespeeeassesennees

eee T eee eee eee eee ee

‘oF *d ‘somog snurjeo1eyf{]"
“OLS “d ‘sntuoSig mec c creer ete a ste serceeressenereessceseeeresssseeseegsoesesl|rrsseseeer ee eeseneseseneeee

*autTy
qaoys @ yng poysey

Pence rrerrees| seat ee eeressseesrrsrresere?

“228 “d ‘gyeyoseg uodTUOIYD Sptapasicrese sxx snbins (asr* "anal bir Vee er
0% ‘GI 100 “Il qi] “WoINY, “1039.15

PPT

cece secret ese pecceeleces ss cseeeesesvcresepesces|esrereseseeeresaogvebossers

“909 +20) ‘TATLBEG see eee ee eee eee ttt ene

“pL 19 ‘UW “qq ‘sos *skUp MOF
-vAq ‘snuerpag ‘saml0Q SNUT[[O0IR fA] seeeetecerececeseeecestsegecsesstesessssstenecsaccseegerenselessesecereessassceceseseseslT0T NOISBT SHIOYS IL,
"SWOT SLUT] [BITC IY teesreeeseeesceresoseess DOTOTTIUMIIAO SOT}TO [BIOAIS eee cee reteset eesesssesaseres
*geG ‘d "40a *20] ‘sntuosig eet e ere eeeeec eee es eseeeeesstsssengeesscsees deeucvecen

‘oop ‘sIsuau

“OJ, suTIOZIINH | WNQLoUeI pe ;

‘red “HA “qq ‘slvuTjody sntuoprtg|*** dou9TIMIIO SIt]} TOF MLOATS SOTA TITAN TORA GS |ee ee ene a oo ee
*saul0g ANUNTAOIBYY lees sees eeetseeeretesee etna eeeneenttseeencenserregnaess Ree cekicariantevtecsiane sense

PPreeeee SRST eee

Z9F pue 09F ‘OGr saqyep ayy OAs s.10I10 Orne eee weeeeeeeeeeeeaeees

ew ccccc ence cetccnresescepel{* Cereresnveesssessstosegee

nee eee ete meee t ewer eeseseee

snyepy ‘PFs “A ‘1A *9 ‘sntuoreg
modIMOIYyD ‘suiyepy

‘OIG “d "AIX “ai ‘snIuosig TTT TPT Ter Tee ee)

"ese d “StH ROL “WPI

4st) £61e ‘81¢' dd -yoseg “woryD|pEp a}ep ayy SoAls sauarysoosT *SyOOYS JUI[OTA
*UOdTHOAYD ‘snijep] PTUuERUT TURE ee Ferree eee eeet tte enseee

eee ee tone cesses eertseseeees

Reena twee en ween nears teee

Seer ee ee ee anes se eeaserees

“LTE *d ‘g[eyostg UootmosryD|***4se] oy} UT popnpour Ayquqord £ syooys FUITOIA|"”
9 ‘g ae, $

(,ceraepaeq
eroutaord ut,,) AavBungy|* "88" QTS
*snqyuog jo
4soi OY} pur ‘vaIeS@I09NI)"*
“UNdIYIVSy pur
‘grodiay, ‘sijodeaarpy
Sean tpor’y 38 Ayjeroodsa
$ IOUT vISy pue eriks Fete e ween ¥6P
“* pauOIUsUE JOU adR[g] f£ WUNE *ZEP
“snine], 8B Ivy se pa
-puayxa sopdourjueysu09] 9g “3dag "1 8p
“** HaUOTJUIUL JOU 9dV][q|"AON 1 810°ORF}
€% “ydag

“""" 66F

Siteesereeeerrrseres QUTOM
*sOplug put ‘sod ‘saprja
-Aq ayy ‘yuodsayjayy ayy |"** eg ‘ydag
ye osye £ ajdouruejsuog)***g/p 10 ‘7 7p
reemeks se TONAL RIsSy tg r*OLP Io TLE
seteereeesreves® BUTQABYT| TTT LOE

"1G Yoleyy

“+ urdned ut ouuat,|" "gop 10 ‘cgFr
seeeeeoeopIsdTy UL SNOIZAD]"** FOF 10 ‘OOF
‘aoUIY I, UL pue | “4YysIU 943

‘IOUTJ VISY hoySnoayy |Jo noy WF
yoy ose =f YOonuy| T{ydag “gcF
soeene’* TBA ur viIoT]ey seererees

“Biuou “(-$'0)
“ut UT (ava\Ieg) BUURqeS|OL Ane “Gop

sereseses gr ToOUuTzURysUO|*** *Uee "QeF

tee ewewee wredg ur BIOIeyH Sane eeeens Str
“quodsa|[ayy oyy

pur ‘eiddayg ‘eruAqytg

‘peoty, oy} ‘susauos

“19YQ 97} ‘aoriyy, Ut

qoy ospe Saydourzurysuo0g)’*’g "AON “LHP

% ac

sreaX a[OTLM
94} Sutinp syooys Aueyy ‘astou weauesi0}qns “900
osye {:029 ‘sieys Surjooys ‘ropunyy ‘Suraqy Sty se ‘sep U9} 10} Sumu [ye ose ‘sory10 rayQ0
“oni |‘euamouxyd [eo1soforoajaur snormwa Aq papuazzy| tresses seeesssl-aOD ‘syooys Aueyy|pue Yyoouuy ye pue‘oyyIq| FL °99q ——
‘ay ‘sniuoirg ‘oge -d :

Pee meee eee e esas rere sees sees s HBOS aeee eres sstacessstresseeaseseesene

‘snuaipay £961 ‘G6, dd ‘sourydooyy, seneeevece steers syDOTS Aue seceaueereeserescrrs QaaTTl##*9 "990 "6G
"C6L ‘d ‘souvydoory, . PA meee ees e sees eerres weet tance sees eens es eeeatelesnneeesersrssssetnes oud) 2 judy ‘9GG

*gge'd ‘snuaipag ‘p61 d‘soueydoayy, Pe eee mens eee ere ewer see ees reese rousseetarssees eopesrere a[douyurjsu0g Il syne ‘PSG
; ‘ qdASq Jo yaed 03 :

; Zurpusyxe udAa ‘ppioM “UMep

‘stlyjesy {sniseyseuy {psp -d sskup jeyyjosyredioyjohuemt (ye f¢e_ ‘Suy
‘MA “4 ‘sntuoteg {pge ‘d ‘snuatpag| ses +***+**** pauma sem sngdiaq Jo A410 oy, Aja0} payse[syooysoyy |pue ‘gidounurysuo0n|c¢g 30 ‘eae
*sMISTATLS) Aq pajyonb ‘snidoo01g tteeeseeeree NOUN “Ox “E0109, ‘eljag ‘qjoedneN Peete tee e nee e arenas see eeeslsnsreseanees eee eeeeeeeeenealsssarssessoneetassane adaoIy| tt" ZEG
“90001%) ;
UL Ose «=F RIO
099 ‘g7¢ -d pue wrutg ‘ermejod |g 10 ‘7 dine
‘snueipag £261 “d SOUP OCU IT ees cit aes ene ee wean ser acindaioa sense ib Neer Npslaisaraa Peete es eee nett ne seepeseens Pireiceersessn sane revee se" s2OSOTAT e1quiy ‘guysaleg "IGG 10 ‘occ
‘OIF ‘d

“TI '} ‘anbnog “U0 $uoing, “Bain Femme meee e eet e Bere eee tees ene sett OGeH Hee teeesartetenenstlecestseseunssteuesstacees tla eer eeeneetoeeenaesssssoas serseeenerecerees* OTS IOANY coo 6FS qnoqy
‘orp ‘gz “d “gag ur Ay

‘snuampag $16 “d ‘saueydoayp| rsteerteeteetees urex yva13 Aq POTUBAUMODDY | rrsesrerrerseesee sre eeecnalecasecsencersssesecensteseeleoensrens a[douryueysu0g|-jeradsg “gF¢

: *SOTqT] LOOT
*somayysoodry ‘sntyosyAagy Ce eer errr Perr Oo red here SU saness” syooys Aue 1930 pue wuniyuEzdg! Cee eeeeeesee LES
*souotys
“ooh ‘snidooo1g £#9 “d ‘sniseseuy SOCUOLOOUD 5 27,1 sty} ysiy Ajrensnun esol OTN aL SOUS OO GGG Ung OOO Prin nt ero! srr rr rrr a[douryurysu0og See erescesee 9FS
“Tage reak ayy “pLIoM UMOTI

Saad saueydoayy, ‘TL9°d ‘snuatpag| tts pakonsap snoizky jo Agro OY} JO FLOPT errs reser et eeeee ewes se neneeenseecerecsereasens way} 944 qnoySnorqy, "9 ‘dag "EPG

“SOL “d ‘souvydoayy, POPPE HH Seer eres tet neers SHE eer eessseete=saHTSSessasseesansieuny Pee eRe eee es Seer a[dourjweysi09 91 “‘Sny Waa

+29 ail ‘sniseiseuy fegT “d *ydoayy, Tare meet tere eee ogee eee Eee eset ners teense rete PEE E Sees segseessestavere #inivia\l (gaia. . Rist ul stjodoredmog SOE COOL 98S
“BUTUDAD 944

‘IPE “d ‘ayeroseg moomMoryO POP e Ree OEP ae aTe sees re Reese HC enenneteP eee nner SCLereenor eens! eeeeneseccserrrodevecccent|cereccccavaetececevecenvosclsteapesce a[dounueysu0g uy “AON, "CEG

"UMOp “Aep oy}

‘OM | UMOIQ o10M ‘oyenbyyIva IOUTIOZ 9Y} 19438 t “n0Yy 910 Suysey . {JO oy pig

‘peg “d ‘sntuosig { ggg ‘d ‘snuerpag|payonaysuooea udaq pey YOLyar SSUIpTING oy} [[Y| reece eet ewer eee Ssyooys yuaTorA Auepy| sss YOoUW|'6z “AON *9zG}
: ‘uleyraoun Ar0A
SI <taAoMoY ‘ead ay} JO ofep og, *19q0}009
Up 24} UO VOUITOIA YIM patindai savy 04 Ivad
‘op ‘sntaseagq £629 -d_ |-de pue ‘xeaX ajoym & AOF speasozUL 4v ponuy
"929 90] ‘sutuosIg ‘ egg ‘d ‘snuarpan|-uoo syooys oy, “3evey Tensnun <q patueduosoy\-

aii “ggg ‘d ‘sn pa: pceepeneniee acre car te yee seusecsecseesscnssesk'eesbewees

<q
Zz
g
a
(=)
a
q
Py
io
4
<4
Dp
g
q
ie
fa
<4
13)
Ea
°
wm
oy
oO
a
fe
a
x
S!
4
°

saidouryueysu0g “1001
OPO O OHH eee eeees treet et lees ease Hines ths gaeeeeerecs qv 4123 os[e ‘ OOTUYy 6 ke . ZS

See eee ees eonseesereesenvones:
ee Se ee

REPORT—1852.

10

SSA Ih

of we - we woe es ie ¥ vee we wer ~~

a[OTM Jf} qnoySnomy}

"fOG “de “TOA “MOG “Aa ‘1azduamy|sserereeeereseresestseststeesesesesesenteeeteteeeteenaneee|steasenenaeertsenenenensanalcecreeereeceeteceseeser ee DODUQINT ‘
: ‘a0UeI yy UL eqou

“6L4E “d 1} “onbnog WO fasistee tes te ah slat ee es Sep aemiee d - t 4

"gO TA “qr ‘suriseag £606 “d
“IL *1 ‘aiSojouory9 ap Fey CON if SOC oC SSO 1300095 GOCE SETL | EEC CE aa ie fae cna a ra a gee teem w eee tent tenenee ota 1z "400 68S

“Fy STA
199}8 SIMOY ¢
ee rrr rrr Terr rrr rrr rrrrr rr rrr ry Tri rrr terrier errr rere rrr Terre r rr yoouwy ‘og 4dag *198¢

Ceres eee r eter eaceestanesesaeesesessesssesicsasssecs stenepireprentteserensenerssesete|ieasersceunsnnseersercscon|quccesem*nencecsczebs ATOR nar creas na OTe

‘gzp “a
‘seimey "U0 £669 “d ‘sntuoseg|"
‘apg “d “ayseg)"
"ere “d
“IIL "4 °26Z “d 9 “anbnog OCT oe ses ees teteeee . seees . : . . seers snerssaseesss = CTO ATIY “**(s°09q) #8S
"Pr6E “d “uaIpag ‘ €1z “d ueydooyy, . oe wee . Serre ¢ e[douyueysu0g errr errr re Tt €8g
"pes purge dd-ury 77g °d-1t'y ‘oI . Sere e we eeen ee eeteneeee suoT}OUIW09 uvaue.19}qug TOPE Teese meee se eewen ree EEt lees eens reser eeeeaeesrereuesl ere siosuy pur SUOSSIOg senna neneeee Z8S
"122 pure ¢g ‘dd nt *4 *SUIRJUNOU JY} WOIT *soouor gy
“G0F pue sez ‘dd ‘11° ‘Ganbnog wog|UMop paT[or a19M sau0ys eats saaueitg aq} uy|"**”” : ‘loyy Ul pue xnevepsog|''gge 10 ‘67G
“SNLISVAT £9z9 ‘d ‘sntuoieg|" AER wee w eee EHH EEE eee HH aeareeHHtsseeesaee ist auydecy pue YIorjuy|uoou JW “6L¢S
*QDTAIOS OU}
"CES “d 4 “anbnog ‘mOg|Jo UONeAgaye0 a4} Surnp payquiery yoanyo oy, su eteeetcescrveransnsessions|sneecreeneeassseoererecsros|csscocseevencreness= "TOTTI ss uleneteas lip
*SIR[RA
“MOTIQ oq} Ul IPI, up qwod
‘om ‘snryoszhag STE ‘a jorIvers ayy oyur ‘441 Uodn ‘ox ‘uaa ‘sasnoYy TIM ay ‘Yory *A 0} Sut
‘TA “Ql[ ‘Womny, s0Se1g Seg, -d [joy ay? pue ‘skep ouUIOS 10J Surmoyjeq eX] -piooov { auOYY 93 JO
‘L “ql ‘194SULUIYSO AA jo Matazeyylostou uvaueRLIayqns @ YLOJ dard uleqUNOUL Bier ic senecen ees sben ances soe stresereeceseveneveveensenslSUBd JU} UO UIVIUNOUL Y|"""EgE 10 ‘Z9G
"6G3 “d “ut “4 orSu0TT "809 Jo
ua asvAog ‘{UOUNIR IN $sniosy Ary wee c terre reece enn eee ereteeeerersenccesneneesteeseeonscerene| st ONS DOSED esengerersteuslessoeeserrererseseeseoreneD puUrjsiey3 UI puv‘snyzArag ose. spe oe
*(aaoqe pajonb
‘uuy “s50g
‘orp ‘£90 'd 0} Surpaoo0e
‘snuampag {661 “d ‘saueydoayy|wod oures 043 ur aouarysed & pur MOTIUSET MOD Bans ecsete nese en tear enns las soaee canrodanahosvasapeaiatriecstewhrenacees+s> — eagngl ia) oad “098
“(OG9"a "TAT:
oun “S30g

0} Surp10008
: Sine 1d (atuiaasaey) Aetehaneeee speparseuosascazesarapencense tans onvmnavecnees|sesseeyerocedneesendbae che Sumuruooppyssyooyg|***"""* gidounurysnog|‘e Aepy) seg

"9 ; “¢ 4 ri

11

- + “snsvo
‘OFT ‘d Seuemysory ¢ £197 ‘d “ne9 oy ur ‘(fare jo :
‘snuerpag ‘qe -d ‘souvydoot(y, ste reveegpecensananeenersccecscossseransancsssucscecassasseslesecgnansevecdsearseesseaes|scsseasscareesnveseen sense loon som) wyaod aardseg|*""-*""""* epg
“PEL “d ‘sntuoivg ‘g9p7 *d *UMOP UMOIQ} SureyUNOM JO ‘eee erqery UL Bqeg
‘snuaipeg ‘f6Ppe “d ‘saueydooyy|suoysz0g saoetd gog 42 4[a} ueeq aavy 07 Pres Pracevaneaeseesceeuersceed: [csottceescsevesshszep*-* 5:10 4 108A) OMDSP EB IU AM os ose 5 eae
“purl *Sy}UOU WaAgTO ‘ON “Kep oy
029 ‘sntuosig £ ‘sniseysemry { cP d oq} Woy porlyot j1Of SpeatozUL ye j|‘ToUT;Y vIsy ‘aoRIG, Ur jJO anoy 44g
‘sounydosyy, ‘4op ‘d paromed veeeereseacor soAT]T ABUL pue eon SOI}TD [BIOAIS vas oY} Sade] BUMS UT/panuIjWoOd syooysS ay, /919F osye fajdouyueysuog/' 92°90 ‘OFZ
‘ESP ‘d ‘enuazpap, § ‘ze. -d-
‘snisvyseuy { {pee “d Sas, FOO eer rene deaasereasenersenssaesanasssseereseestreees set Gesl seeee EHD OEE EH HEED FE OPEDOOE CH OUEO eS HOGS EEEEEDDESHO Geese reereereroneernte® BLkg “ST, Io "WIL
“GOL *
‘sniseyseny {0Ze ‘d ‘saueydooyy, wheceedoevanveucreuoscreccercssccoecauceranccszeneneareseun|sesesesenaeeuccntensescsovi|secasenanenevsusvusens0ve0s|.00c00sewesenecsassne Big 85 ‘Gd “SIZ
‘OPP “d xx "4
PIO TENY “BIZoMOA Ip TAT SPOpLA I? ssseerieerssseoneeeseeanspatrewcressbensessssseuyeensenh spe ssenVadejedntvaxeanec+neh) ss-senesanerversidvevers ae |inissscerawasgeeverest ra nraig | 2 aeee ea 104
*(uvtuamtry ur) gt ‘d : “Amy
Tt “3 ‘ounoyyeyyeyg anbeaq.1 : “snseoney = |-u90 74g 8Yy
Ted wispelOAOpT,p WoOUdLOsagy| rrrcrrsecscresersceee ss sseere eee e cee e wee aeeeeweewaawetseelseacsceeteageseneeeneeeeten sweevsdeceeesansvsess"O"MBlanry I IOUS JO Kaye, Jo SurautSeg
: ‘PIOUS Purest oy} Jo
“FES. “d 1-4 ‘sonby - ton.tod u104s9M-yyn0s
Bey suawsely ‘“yploquinyy “A “BOS ay} SI OIA ‘esoy, Jo .
£10¢ ‘d T “JOA ‘myo, "A ‘Joydure yy au} oyur yues purl jo so10e 000‘ 00S ueqy 9107] Pee c een teense ree teeert toes Gers cise sea Geese. er bl S (TKO osouvder oTL "C99 10 ‘589
*s1e “dt 4 ‘sostias
-Iugepseyy «weunjueg fetta ;
‘sniseyseuy {96 “d ‘sgueydoay yy, eee Pee eee eee er s|eneeeseencee erme,odosapy “989 x0 ‘8/9
“QNDIUIQPBOY WOMDIT[OD|" te ests tee teean teresa ertcaapeercececeseercoserercesuel i a[dourjueystiog seereettens 17g)
982 ‘d ‘souvydoayy, Sra nae t eoi e W a ak ' aseurep 4yeory TOPE P ee eet ee esc ee ee OB wane ee reer ere eees hPa Seeeeesans sprig pue aulysoreg “-oune *gG9
‘OUBIIOA [[UIS
“oI |e jo 4no Sunyearq ou toe Aq poaMoy[og ehitnadacsasntevcccseqseonehlébebsese cons ete ss cies seve sesecuenesercoseeos*OOTUOTA seregeenaaee 0s9
*pooymoq ;
-ysiou oy} pue vurp
“6ee ‘d “II *[OA ‘gpunypay 1999 yf Fee ee eeeneereer seer reese settee eeeee te eastOPEOTEESEPESED OSH leans sar ngeestraseeteetessalesertnsttnpesesenarttsbiees “9 Ayaeqnorjred ‘erqeiy see erovereoe 079
qqsa
o moy pig -
woteeneeneeerrees Gooyuyinoqy “69,

HOOP meee mest ae memes set eeeesiesmsssseHeesesseonesesinseslase

‘ ”

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

*souayysooAry eee eee eecscccaceee estou [nzpearp e &q peruedmioo0y eee e reer sence reese Pee been| Herne eeereeetveaseeeesecos
“ony ‘OF “d. “skep £43143 :
‘senyqe yA, ‘10 £638 J ‘preqas uowtg oe Deereveerteneouer® ure}190un ayeq’ sPOseerercoseerocevensieeas pajse] _ sypoys audi" viqviy pue aulsayed "70g Jo ‘[T¢9 t
“O99 ‘ziaqusieg £ Taqyag “UI}1QOUN JeYMITIOS : . F
fgg'd 1 4faTeyy oudoy oq‘ SNOSIG ayep ou, Pisa [uypeorp zB fq peaoyo,y AHO Reece eee eee R TORT FORD OT eee OP Er eee eth eeesentetees

‘ a wate . on * tee

REPORT—1852.

12

— "09%

‘deny

‘ougqong * ore “d “HOA, THOUITY
‘op ‘puring ya ougyrey f99g ‘d

“AEG °Z ‘yey ouday 2p ‘sntuodtg
amt preys nouns § augyonq,

‘tae ‘1¢2 ‘pg ‘dd *a 4 ‘sonbnog wog
016 “d *11*4 ‘[ouoIYD op TeHOUID

$6zr ‘ad “A0qstpY weg, ‘puenieg

‘oxy ‘UMIOOURI “TeuUUY J1opuoTzy
Spaeyog uoullg f augyong ap u014
021109 ‘cge ‘Fgvdd ‘yaonbnog wog

01

“cot “d
£46¢ *d ‘soueydoauy,
“eFTeYO Wospr
‘arg “d ‘TAyseg

‘0x9 ‘ZgT ‘d ‘suiseyseuy ‘ [Zp d
‘snueipag ‘zee ‘d ‘saueydooyy,

‘snise}seuy

auy UT
“ql ‘[euuy “yuary sajonb 19yyneg
og ‘da 44 ““onbnog woqg

"ELT “d “Wt “JOA ‘yor “A

"T6F'd ‘Sngopseyy wviunjzusg ‘oF {d
‘sniseyseuy ‘19g ‘d ‘souvydoayy,

“TIL

‘orp ‘sntuoleg ‘sniseyseuy ‘ egp'd
‘snuaipag

"PST ‘d ‘sniuo4r
-egq ‘epr ‘d ‘sniseyseuy ‘zop d
‘snuatpag

4)

seeeeeeee nO Sp DOs Oo (030 Coo Bet oS BeOS rere ages
PTUTTTEPETE LT eee ee

PITT ELIPTTTLETTirererir Tee ee

vteeererereerrees goniatysad ayquuay B Aq pamor[og

‘ow ‘gouerg ‘AueulIeD
ut sv Aye3] Ul YyWOUT WaAd 10 Aep ous aq} UO
poueddey syooys ay} yey} UleI199 Waas JOU SaOp
qo «‘omMoYy 4e [neg “yg Jo voTTISeq oY} S19T}0
yssuomy “UMOp UMOITY ATeYT UT supp Aue

PTUUSUUEURT TUTTI eee eee ee

. seer Pree TET eee eee eee

sereeeeeeeeseererers NOTINIIAO SILI UL,

PPPTTELETIE LITTLE TTT er re rr

CeO TeRU Peer Terre eee reer err ey

eeeeeeeeeeT ere rere Tere errr rere ere errr ee

“pare ajdood yy 810-4410 SuMOp UMO.IgY sSuIppmg

eeeeeeeereeeeer ee erer eer reer ere er Terr ee reer rr es

POeCeTOCOUOOTTeLere Ter eer eerie r reer reser ree rr

*UIL}IIOUN JLYMOWOS 93Lp IT,
‘Buoy, svovd QOOT uey} o10m Jo YQAva OYA UT

°G

Beet emaeeeseeetssoetesseee

See ewe re taeeserseneeseeseee

seer en eereeerserrrerraaeses

Coo oor rrr

Peewee em tees ees eeeannees

err rr reer

PO ene e neem een essere tanneee

PAPO meme eee ee essere tee eeae

Seer e eee senamsaneeeeserees

TOPO t ewe rere esseeeeeeeeene

yee -d ‘sourydooyy|pouado wseyo y *UMOp UMOAT STII 9YA JO spat} ste estt ett Tee

fpeg ‘d ‘sourqdoayy)-s-ayt, pue sSurppinq 04 y30q ‘auop aBemep yearn] s**t tssteeeetesse tees

Be

Fessee NOONE Toso Dey erererienteneC Op Re ae
: ‘ajdourjueys
ss sep aay payst'y|-uog ye Ayieroodso aoe) ysndny “cts

Pectececosecevacsecccpasces|sosenuscs ayjaderyg-ey-xty 1ajUIM UT “E08
“purely
ane e neem ere tneeeeeeeaeneese ~IOZITMG ie qnoysnoryy) cL Judy "208
‘(og Indy
10 “Tg yore
ayep oy} SOAs
BoH “A) 331m
2q} jo moy
‘QUI VY} UO pue |pug fog 10
Fete e teat et eee eeestaneses ‘Ayeqy. ‘Aueutary ‘Qouvly ‘oz aidy "108
(yoy "A
0} Surpazooov ‘ATWOIg Ut
qo} OSTR SV] OU} 10 STqy
seeseaenorsevensscecerseon ol TOTAIT) *adouruejsu0g y ‘KEW
“4qysi oy}
suung “dy
9}019 JO purjsy|"Z6L 10 “GGL
eee 4d Sq ul SLIPURXETY set eeweeeeee #6
— mete gttoy"

Peete tener eres ee eeeeeeeaseeeleseserere

Peers erste eeesesseeeesneee

Preeeee ey Tae eee eee

SVEN e eee ewe eee nee seseesnens

sateeeeee a[douryurysu0g gene “qaqa "68Z
*rvak ay} JO

‘RLIVACG | SYJUOT 10440]

ur Ajedrourg “Auewieyjey3 uy “987

‘oN “eSTAOL I], qr ‘Ayeq] sewn naretene SLL

Certreeeeeterees” UoOMMyl ett Off

Pee eset rane eemessensene

Hee ee ett eseeeereeeeereenee

“eeguiysaye pur wiidg 6 Yorepy *LG4

vrumezodosayy pur viatg}"**(2"uer) GFZ
“uIa]es

-nar punos ATpe1edsa “Moy WP

‘auysopeg pur eptsigt “uer “9Fs

“¢ E % T

ree uerer ii ree tee yy

*ptooas oq}
uo Aep 943 Jo
sinoy puodes
pure ysiy oyy
qe SAvp ys1y

° ayy uo yYyStu

» {94} JO o[pprur

ay} pur uaep

4 *, pue

LP ‘d "IA 4 Sanbnog mod COO e meee e sense eesansesensraanstssassasseseesasiatnsessaares|FeTHeeeTeaants HET TOES SES gagaensttstEenseanseteesentlegeseesrrseeeetyrsens 0331q A be
‘parp Aueur yor Jo ,,‘stssny,, 919A08

k1aA @ Xq pamo]fog “Zutus0Ut oyy Jo Suruurseq

Io 4qStu 93 JO apple 94} UL JO ‘qWUIU 943 ‘skep waAes poise] S | “qq s1u ayy
qe 10 ‘Aep ay} Jo MOY 4s1y 943 4e JoyIIe pavay aslou WeaUes1a}qns "Ney JO YOU ay} «Jo anoYy 4ST
“Lp pue ge ‘dd “11a 3 Gonbnog wog|seam yorym ‘asiou uveueLioyqns ITAL POpuazpy/ ***rrererrrreeerreeeereres Borkueduoooe aypitte ysouje ynoysnomyy|¢z ‘0 ‘ZFS

*sauot]4S00

-Ary satu *byuy ‘o1u0.1y9 sajonb

ZiayuIeg “sniooung sajonb 103ey\""
‘ouIq)"

“Sypooys
Care rereaeneseaenes “0 ‘Butujyy sty yim SUIIO}S SOOO Our y hig Ayuamy ueyy OIOJN setae eoneesees dinqzin Ay z aun "1*8

vitae Sraseeconnse soe oue srrtereneneacdossseselessareggasseserereseressateleteesecsesedencoeseeeegaTpglens ggg aes

skep ¢ Sutmp syooyg)'******** apdourjurjsueg| asn3ny “oFs
,cosuaunpeqoy 42
‘asnaitdg Ut ‘asueUIO A '
ur (souakepy Jo Ar09L1 “Bur
-19} ‘Wjoysemney Mou) |-uaAe ay} UT
Sr Rare pro seer fas Teeere? eR ENOZE AT ar pndy ,,|‘gt “qaq “8E8
“44310 4V
seereeeee Sy QOS QUSIG| sc ottetsetseeseeeese BAe |"0e ‘2aq “198

Cente eter ver eeeseescasasees reeves Kreqy jo sqred aul0g deetesaesene ZE8
spurm quazora Ax9A Xq POMMOT[OT] Te ttaseeereereeeeelecseeesececerseaseereceess TTeeseeeeeeeree DUBTIOTAIMG| tert tees

‘aysiu 4V
(a04seq e10JOq
shep F) (¢ $8)
aTadey-e[-xty| Yoreyy 638
‘aaspuary ay) ynoqe
Aqe1oedsa pue ‘Auoxeg
toddgq ut Ajjediourd |-*- xeod ayy
‘Auenliey josyred 19430 |jo puso oy}
HO eee eeeeerescsaseeneneese jpue ‘ayjadeyqg-e]-xty) SprvMoy, *eZ8

. ‘skep Ayuaaas Oz ee 31): es eee eee ree

Pew Ore seme easessseereseesses

FOOO Tee rere e nen ese soe ea sets SEH eas HSE TET SEOEEEH OSES E SEs ERODE EHE He eeedSouetttoneees

"012 ‘d ‘14 “3 onbnog wog|""

‘OSS pue 902 “dd ta “4 ‘4anbnog wog Te eee eee reer err ee ee ere rere rere rr ricer errr Pere rt rr rrr
‘layjueg *uety sajonb 103ey|"
“62 “d ‘pueryieg eee weetreseees

Tee emma tetera sees e sree ee eaa stresses eOEss arenes ete ee sears seeeseeeseasess

“68F ‘d ‘xt +4 ‘sntuoing
£90¢ pue 21g “dd “1 - ‘ouguyong
‘€EZ-OLL ‘dd aN “4 ‘anbnog mwoqg COP P Owe OEE seers ses eehs rhe er HSE EEO EEE THEE HEE EE HOLE H HOES ET OSEHOH HG SHEEE UT G EEC EE Eeslessaeteeseuseseeesueedetees
*pasueyo soxey yer
“aA98 JO WI0J oY} puv ‘peavaydn pu paqanysip

‘on ‘lade Yorey vysay ya eytA [Apes sem Yav9 oY} punox AQUNOD 94} pur
‘LOL 10} ‘preyosg uoultg {egg pue joaspusry yy “padsosqo osye sxeqs Sue, ‘ostou
802 ‘IST “dd ‘14 3 Genbnog mog|uvouestayqns fq apjedeyg-el-xty ye potueduoooy)********

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

— ol “088 3rd "TE ‘Joa ‘epunyprg, ‘10490 x 7

ink

sennee 4SBy ou} TITAN oures em Alqeqoig Pongeladates sigaemonamnaeny OL

it a , ‘ "S61 “d Sil ‘snimoreg PPPTTTITTTTEEL eT , LOF Surysey syooys seeoeenne g[dounueysu07 eco ‘Sny "198
; *pasopd SBAL a *
Pia AUITY 94} JO syINoU oy} Jo ou + “pueljoyy Ut | ‘adomy jo seryun0d
tt ‘onbimapeoy woreT[09| aoxjd yoo, yyAea ayy Jo Suraamgdn opquraprstog plete eestor sous Auvpy| Aue pur feutkg ‘eisaag|*****'tte** ggg!

* ‘arojeq Ivak ayy ut snuerpag Aq pouorueut
a0 ay} SB oUTES BYy ATqISSOg “Bas AY} FUT T[OF ’

“OGL °d ‘ure, 1a £991 A |eaorpoey avou sowzysy ureyunow oy} Jo 410d Vy "eLIXg JO SUMO} JOO
‘qospurynqy {Rey Wospey|qouuy yw UMop UMOIY sasnoy OOGT Ue} aLOPy| er s**t eeetteeeeetyceseeeeeereeeerseecereeeeee PU “BOOTPORT Sqoonuy| tt? ee
“88 UI auO ot}
: YIM papunozuoo A[qeqord st ayenbyjaee sup,
ig “peg ‘d “ma 3 “anbnog wo} soya azaaas Araa 8 Aq ‘avodk yxou oT} ‘paMmorog| Tt ett essere syooys Amey tet en aouakeyy|******* GGg
“Gz GE PUPETIG |e reeevetvennretennseeses eneusssencnenssernsnnsenesanas|toronesnasnnvenerseueecaren|ieraeererenorsceence ener ses Heeeeteeeeeeees DUTBEZTIMG| 18 tt88* em

(¢ 4oquTA
sadessesentenseasensleaneeerseeereentersrreetesleeere gynoug quaTorA| aTdourueysu0g qnoqy) ——
ep
pue yyaru fq syooys
‘e) “d ‘TIA *} ‘ganbnog TOU |pecsste sae steerer gece nenter ends Socshoves ns Senet eon e ROO COICO LOCC alli es) (01 04 pue AUB Til as facccmnrei sae op Gs 09 Se eomeand
-aouadryy 32
"pg ‘d ‘tm “4 ‘augiyo Aqeroddsa ynq ‘saaoy
qd £991 “d “ITA "4 “anbnog woq cece ethene rere et ert erent SO Peedeenaeeeseosssressgnerssccsscnlsetonseessansssesessesssoee syooys qUTOTA Aweyy|pue solqyun0o Auvyy T ‘uee "908
‘uepeMmepy
pue ‘ey ‘siuny 48
“quIIIO “[qIq ‘}0[9q.10FT,.C Ajyetoodsa pur ‘eiqery
foe, ‘d ‘uryeyy iy f eyreyg wyospepy|'*****"** PULA Jo suIIOys yuaToIA Aq patuBduToddy|* "tte Tet TTT eeeeeeceeeecceneecceseecess ‘eudg ‘uesseloyy ‘visiog|"******** ——
“sO pue
"LLz *d ‘a °3 ‘puemncy yo auazeyy|suteyNOU 94} UT soovyd Ameur ur pauado suusegg| streets tet eetenstte|seeeeeseeeseeeesseeeseeces sereteeveneeecrsoreees grperl OF “Q9QT "OCR
eg “d "I JOA ‘uayog “A ‘ode y st ecuteeecrenecstseceerststeuersrassuscceccscansacaescslsscersessscesceresseeseees! SYOOTIS IUOTOTA gr uedep} sts ——
"egg “d “1-9 ‘ougyonqd ;
‘eee pue sig “dd “ma 4 “yaub
“nog mod !60I *[OF ‘paeyos MOUIIg Ooty.) rey ‘SurmyySI] ‘Jepuntyy &q paturdmooy 5 SOROROCO ROG EO OOOO | oCeid 5: faTo\ hf Ayuamy, SULIO Ai 42 osye sgouakeyy tT uee “ecg
*pURLIOZIIMG
ut ‘gourysuog Rau “74310 ayy
"ZLZ pure GEz (meuaypory Mow) asny Jo mm0y WOT
Serene Ad te “a LgorbiniGer UAB ep ise: attests ts ag scat arate eetennes heed sagaeneegsa|aesonenssorssesoeesessars ssereveeeeevereseesrererersla@ QSTB f[NVD YSNoAy]|"Z1 “42d “6S
‘orp ‘gop 'd ‘sermjeyy “ysuiyg Seg *d “TINJUDADUNG pues
een ‘sntuo1e g ‘Loe ‘d ‘sntu0Stg eee heer e eee red rece veed EO cesceereseveerecevececcsoneecsces|eprereerssesgs tases HOOseresiouredsnesegessesscrecgngere ouloy m99M4aq Axyunog soe oun "LES
: *syooys
i *Z0Z “d "It ‘JOA “ory sjlrcereteessaresneessacescseustresssascesscssencersacsessereseieproscssssarosveorssrer"49°0TTQ7OTA DUB Aueyy Ayeay jo sqred quaragiq |" BRS

20g “d ‘snuai1pag Peace eee eee t tenet te taae tr raeranaeee

REPORT—1852.

——

oy aa Ft § % ‘Tt

14

15

“1942 [9]49T] BIO
qsndny pug
oy} U0 uedaq
¥ Gory “19a,
10 anqty, jo
"SyURIy UIA\sSOA, j[touno0d an3
oy} JO suotder Aueut uz|surmg egg
2 ‘unog jo uMo}y
“UBMOFWMOYIT [OVYOIP[ OUNoYIVyCYD|eerserssreeerseee* SOATT ATIYZ FSOT SUOSTO QOOOT| trrresreteeneessereesseleceeasseccssrercesssweseres SUBALI «JO suorAug| ter" pag
“SuyysI] pue sapunyy Aq ‘
potuedumoooe ‘Taf souojs o1oajou1 yortq pue
ayIYM Tok OUIVS OY, *STU10}8 yvo19 Aq PoMoT
-[oJ puv ‘uns oy} Jo osdipoa ue Aq popaooig
‘poysiiod ust Qoo‘ost pue ‘padoysap sem
“Urye yy Ia £0s-821'd ‘qospeareyynqy (uoa13 4ou SI Ayo sty} jo ouvu ot) yeqideo oud ed Ce ee ern een enn vIpuy seeeneattonn £68
“SI} WIM ous ay3 Ajqeqord :
ULLAL 1a €88 ul ayenbyyave ue Teco) @hicyiet yosprarynqy Hemme moar seer neeteeetesen seeeeeeees nT QTOTA Ara, A, Soetoro weet teeseueres qd ky seaeestooees 188
‘aor|d ames oy} ye soxenb
“Sey |-ty19 JoyJO oy} Jo 9UO YYTM papunojuoo ATquq
‘quaQ SerydesSouoryg ur snuozimpy|-org “WAO.TYYIOAO sea URQTY “3g Jo YounYD OY] | eeteseereseseeeneseenecetasceeesusersessersreeeeseclesteesseseeseeseeses QUTcTfetessseet ggg
*yooo ou
‘om “qopseyy jo SutMoso
yuog ‘anbrmgproy uory097[09 aq} sa0joq
topz pur tp dd “TAY “enbnog woq One meee teeta tease nets tamara eteeteeneee ener er eeeeenestens csvaevsssseostessaccdasesunesaaseqtaTOTA A194 mrsecenevesransesere QaatcEige “O8CL “188
“op ‘oyyNog “oBey|sstreerr* uns ayy Jo osdyoo ue Aq porurdmosoy|** soaeealiecweeeausenscuegatseseserslescuscaecsaeeensesees ova)" Tuer 08g
‘ony “gang ‘ayenbyyiea pour, : *Inoy 48ST
“yURIY WOA YLUOAYH §,1ouIay *044Tq|-uoUI-9sv] aq} WIM pepunozuoa Ajqeqoad GSOJA| TTP the eeeceensvecsacclensesvevenuerssessvesseeeelacsnsenseseesesessens ong ‘eo ‘20 °ZZ8

“96 “Inoy 4ST
pue 9LT ‘dd ‘TIA "4 ‘“anbnog moc SOC eem eee red eerrer nee TE ee sT OTe reese OEE M SCOTT O OE CLOTURE SES load GUOU TESTE DECHEE CROCE ee serseoeterrneresredsrecedelesecceecerececccee aouake ‘e 00 ‘0L8

“2009,

oO Pooymmogystan|****"*****"* 198
"*PUR[TOZIIMG | "89048 mene

"9G “d “IITA 4 ‘anbnog wo, TTP OH OPEC ewe e eae eee ETOH O RESO OHHH EAH EGO TERETE OEHE HHH EDHEHOER craves HE ODO G KERHD ES HES HSS ee Huet eeerreseepanseesesed®

‘ ‘O16'd "1t'4 ‘aisopouoryy op eLiowme jy searcecvonsens tease oaes FITTMOL paddoys S[[OA. OY4 lv
*rezqoneyos £o¢ “d *puriy1ag (il ieadeaitebbis tae AAG eet gb Stet Co tb hla TO ee Tee eee eee eenes

“Glo pue ces }
‘802 ‘IT ‘dd “TTA 4 ‘aubnog m0g Webbie cab agh apatite ass 2 an idl! a RET

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZNOMENA.

tteeeeertees BOOT BUEN Jog ,,| 6 °Q —

“ppg ‘d ‘roduy tou ‘uopy 131005
Sozr'd ‘Zouo1y9 “qVULWUe.) ‘stmoarT PP er rer rr err

‘

*|shep £910} IO¥ syOoYs|***++**** afdouryueysuog|***g “wer *Z98 |
“UvA ee)
J *720°90) ‘ounoyyeyeyO ‘My ,p.10PIY ATW, seeeee ast pue sSurprmq 0} aseuep SSMOULOMT rid TTP ECMON Nr er eeeneesaereeesslesteneses quayora A190) “gq 0 pooymog q:
| e12‘d ‘snquoreg ‘zg7 ‘d‘sereuo7z ; Sie , | eerie tee ee v JO OOUTAC

m9 $seuoins furmem ralsss*** nae pur cece sairn au DALG SIOWING TATION Asstt estesesesesses

ax
te teweee of. e

319

y

f

os ane

m ie 2 o

*

" pe - et ee ee ey eee eed
anbrurspwoy '

WOT}D9T[OD £ sisuatmjaunc uoalutg TORO Renee eee n eee t ee eeeeeeeeeees sense sseeesseeseerensnante alesse HEHE POD Ease DOE EEO EOS
‘anbratgproy WOT}OT[OD ‘ ZIayUIEg ere re Tere errr eererrrerrre rr ee i TT eee terre rere rere eee eee rer rere eee

7.

FOP e mame e tte e ee eet eter ee nets teh HHSeee EEE bP EHH Hewes eeaeesssiSeetHF OSes eRe ee eeeneeeesee®

*96L “d ‘sntoreg
"TP *d ‘oroviq uos'T
£902 °d ‘seavuoz {999 ‘d ‘snuaapag|**ttrtttercttttreseeseeeeeeoeess QeTOU UYIM PIPUa} TY
"69g d-A'9 ‘urzeseyy s,Surosng ut
aysioy "A 4zjostaqn ‘uaydAdoy “A
remorse | ODE SIU GOMMIES ye SIBIGTAY sons meoscre sss sseenssiveaFenessnenenshem asses bantonases

Pee ee ey

ere e ere rr eee eer)

“MOTA 0} SPULIST MOU
Sutsopostp ‘saroys
S}t wo pozreq
-ar vas (cuvidseg) ayy,

“UTye YL Id SO61 ‘d ‘qosprinyaqy eee ee ee eer eer errr rrrerererirerr iter ere Terres)

“UTI [ys SN@AqozT
eg fepyeyg wyospeyy ‘ sgp “d
“IL uly “epaynqy ul IIs} V ie) 100 ea A adic ela ig LN ep
“O7y “MOTD, 956
Wdeqosig §'r ‘qiT “xeg vysexy [sv ary] se ‘sntATAg sevauy UoIy ‘ayep ay} SATS
*PULYO}TAA fOSMIISNVsAITP] WooUOTYO| YOR “A ‘UMOIYJIOAO so0I} pue ssurpring Auepy
‘ony ‘puriyiog
S108ey SpSeyy “yuag $ZG°d °x13
pue ‘{¢z ‘d ‘ma 4y ‘yanbnog wmoq|'***** Jomums Luter [Zutpaaoxa ue Aq pamoyoy
“p00 +20] ‘uyog “A ‘rajduey ROOT T HT EEOE HEHEHE HHO E EEE TH HEE H HEHEHE Ewe OE

eeeeeee

eee e arene eeeres

REPORT—1852.

eee ee eer er ere rrr yy

“sasuaSimqopSeyy, ealinjued OOo OOP ere c eee Cee eee Oe cree oeee DOO OCereceseeeeeesonces

“C1Z “d T ‘JOA ‘uljoq “A ‘royduue yy Hwee wee eee mn seer taaere ness s ee saee eens Core reeereesee
"E8¢ puv ggF ‘gcz “dd
‘snisyaquioy ‘xunurzkg “4SITy

£Z0g ‘d ‘jouo1yg WYyeMMRID *uoOOT
“26g “d “IE “3 ‘augyo

“ng ‘621d ‘ma 4 “enbnog wog
ied

*20) ‘IAt[Seg ‘anbimaproy woTrj09][09

“ByTeqO Mpspey

HAO eee eee e tem eeetaeenensseeeneeeeee pauedo Yyava ouL Peete seme neesert st eenaarsee

WAR eee terete eeeneee uaop uMoIyy ssurprinqg Aury AO teen meee nese s enemas eenees

POeeeeeEREUCOCTOCeO Tere Tee eee ere eee errr ery ee eee w eee e ewer eeeeeeeteees

seer rere tecsees

gt ‘d *xt4
pue ‘gz¢‘d ‘uta 4 “yanbnog woqg
19° ‘d ‘snTuoSIg sees * "TT MOD uMOIyY ue19}e] au} jo vorpiseq ouL eee eee eeaeeeteeessseetens

g ¥

oe eeOeeCeerr Tere rere rerere re eee e rece rer reer reer ere revere irre rere er ee eee erred

9

16

Surmp syooys vay,

quayOrA AIDA

sreak
Butpaoaid +9} jo
424 ULY UITOTA 10 PY

.

Pee e amen eee ee tamer eteneees

SOOYS JUITOTA [RADADS

errr rere reer ere re reer Ty

Steen meme weer tener eeetaes

seeeeeeeeeaQTOTA AIO A,

rere Te reece rere eens
Orne e eee erenseeetoseene
One e twee eee e eerste etessaee

See oor rr

ere errr rere rere rr ee rere

aoe [eee SST aS ie
puepsug|:
Auewiiay)"

"LT “AON 896
“aq StupI
%yeg “196

“*** snydt10g JO purysy
‘sjodoipney[g pur ‘seri
-ouoyy ‘etuosepydeg uy

Peete eeeewerneeeeees 4dh3q
*punos 41

-un0d 9t{} pue ‘visiag

UL BLYsey pue uesieg

"£96 10 ‘G96

Hiteerenuees Gog

UeyIeYL pur wy cog

«BOOT BTI[VH 49 656
BUCUMIH VI[MUL 19g ,,|10 ‘[ GG 10‘'QGG
(‘aoefd Aue |. sumnquvo wna
WOU JOU Op s10y} j-oT[nd vo.mtg ,,
“Ne 19YIO) “puryrezzMg/ OT dy “PEGE
neteqsemoettenesssnao\ rudy |ts**ereennes 886
ésu9g yW “eq
“MO0[OD *g Jo AtoysvuOy|"*****uRP "CEG
so veccasseaneeneaniees otrniiap pes scenes mano

spicwe* eaexeseseereces OULU "086 10 ‘626
*(sisprqueg)
,, IuaDRIAMLD OFed UT,,|"* "ZB ZG

isttteseeeseneteeees gutoggltereeteess 176
“++ ueqsaxeqeyyy, pue wey) ett

«¢ SLULBILA,
aqunoy “g wniq
“OUR BIITD ,, ¢SMIG FV/"""G “UBL “868

—_——

%

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHAINOMENA.

o> tiadinal oN u

ee ee eee SS a ee ee rere
“116 ‘d “1 +4 *[ouoryD ap <cUINOS 13 Jo sary
[eMowsyy ‘ onbimaproy U0T}OITIOD teeeerneraaessaeesecenasncccussscsarscssssaaaserssasesenaeselsssssettssssaacsccasatitaaaleacsessssstseassssret et eeeslatTTi(yy ou} pue ‘moqst'y ons 600T
y “MOUS JeI3 pepSeg yy “Whee
“612d joyy Aq du pomoyems orom Auem pure ‘sSur
‘qosperryinqy SUEY — Tyspey|-pjinq Jo sutnx ayy wr poring ara suosiod QOO‘OT| eters teeeeeveeccdeoeeces BIT UL BUTE" Z00T
*929 *90] *potonueut *YOIe TN
TATpseg ‘anbiuaproy 101909109 Peete eee te teeeeeatereteeeersesesenese weleeecerrerecettaeaetscsseees aU} 9Y}SuLAMpsyooys se erereeertssececcse® au0Y 04} “ue "COOT
*ZUTMO][O} 9UO UY} TYLA oploutoo 41 ayeur A[qeqord
P[NOM Yorym ‘GoOT e4ep ay} saATs osnoy oI AL
JO spotuoAryO oy} ‘ouIsseg-ayuoy Jo A1oyseuom
"PLP “d ‘sniu03tg att} s19q30 q4s8uoure $ sSurpinq Auvu MMOAGATON()| acess cess tnrowe=eneenss “+ skep Ud} POyse| sec srerereee eruedueg COOL 10 ‘F00L
‘9[¢ ‘d ‘anbimapeoy "T109 ‘pueyieg ree teeteeeeeeeeees crO ga guy snoaust &q patueduoo0y Bee rctee nese denevaaatsiedeeesutenssldessnasdleneteeed|ManeneVeWereeue HU TMOZATANG |) 99>" === mT (h
“gua “907 ‘TASeg| °° eee pteneecccgouccsoneeacsesiesiens AC seeeereeeseceuasnvens QTTOMT|serserees
"G/T “WAT ‘JOA “Sey SwewMopUer
SO8/L judy uF ‘gourry op 9949Zzty TOPO m weer eat t ee en ee reeset sane tt ent SHEFF He saeeea tes ees| HHS EHeeenaerereeHsrEeseng sl STOSEFEeHSeseeesssEsesHsees pecstunevectss ches TBO SO cc
*pou0y
-uaut dovfd rzejnorsed
“SULT OUI JO SOTOLMOTYO a3 [Le SOUTTY| er eeseesteseseseeeseseaeeeesetseecaursnesessrenessasseses|issessrsesesrsreaseeasteees|seseetatsserersesesseestoeslonr «gdoIny MOYSNOMLL GZ “IRIN “OOOT
“pSept 3uag ‘onbrurepeoy uoroo] *OUIT} SIU} 4B UBS BIO SIOIJIUT YY} Sppe
“[0D SOLD ‘1aponeNsoyonb raynegionbrmspeoy uoroaTOD oy, “IYBNOrp oULaApN| eerste eeseee|serewereeseeeecererseseeresleee HOUOTUIUL JOU VI d|'FL “29 “666
“SNTOTTGR] SOON TOYyNAG|*ereseerseees teeters etesceeeeenteseceeesevasaceesseaneaeslsastsreeecececseaesestererelesserees SHOOUS [BIOAGG| st sHeeeeer+* SmGapSepy|eeses| —
SULSRYAL [alee eeeseseeee et enesescetewaceenaesasceseeesreceeereeecens sresseees gurgTOTA Ada A|*stsrteserstessersees a AGig|seeesseesess 166
“986 “TOF
“u01yg ‘Iddng *yemos.1og tddiqiyg CONC eee eer See e Otc ser cece Oeenseuead ere neeueceseseeuescgan|ssscecescccrsscteveccceeseelssveesecneerettesssecacuserloee pauonusut 4ou d0vT |" “‘Sny 066
*(xeydeg) yyuou ‘
: Surmopjoy oy} jo
"Zoe “d ‘autor Aep WPT 92 [oun
ay red syryeyo 67 sop OIA ‘Toye A tere cceeerereeeneatiteserssecncessesseeees on aseao you pip syoous eeeeeeeeseceees snosemeq|**" ‘3ny ‘266
*e ‘deo ‘TqOUId.1194 Ins ye see eneeeeeees seeeveee seeeeeee Pee e reer teases eeenseeresens . o10Todeg ‘sg 03.10g seereceesons 166
"POL “d ‘ITA “4 aoyen yy dae, 0.0 viniaaiein'nie walnwretdidie cite oolbid'oValsleltcaviiscvecs eehieieda agidaslicist| slosceeuvecacwontieuensnesicae danssbanawicsenesan stein Fnetyry pur uMyuaAatag|********"++" Eg
"PSG d ‘see
‘40 ‘erg ‘d ‘sntuoreg {60¢ “d
‘seok[ yeeqorN £969 ‘d ‘snueipag eee er Peer eee rere eye ere reer ere reer rer rere rr err errs Terre reer re errr rere ere reer Ty yy
‘anbrmaproy PODS |[OD |" scrtesstetessscereresesseecssssecerearssacesessersnasecelnesearecssansessenescuscead|sessaorecconsesenscreceenelesoo MOTTE) UL BOUGABT| tess ae
“MOLIeD “MoIyD “yxed *¢ *saouid 13q40 :
“yisodxa Ut TIMI SaONh AY MA] *eseesteeseeseeeeeerseeeeeeeseeeerececeseeseeseeseteessees sensnranennsenssatessoenca|uasnmvsnavdvesvocserspaeen nine =Cyeagmer SUTIDIZAQ "tg ‘4dag “¢g6
E36 UL aouTd yoo} sntAnsaA Jo uoNdnis uy :

r

909015) YSno.1y} Te
see eeteeseeseseestestenecee q2F osTe fajdounueysu0p "190309 "086

"G9Z ‘Toy |exoane ue fq patueduioode sem 41 yey} Surces ;
*|ddug ‘ *yemos10gq tddiqtyg ‘166 JO qeqy s1ayyo pue ‘e96 ayep ay aad siaq10 eee eeeeet tees eeeseerenseas Fabia eee aeencege umjuaseupg pue endey ese ee

ee eee

“worqy

ArT lees sedeenveseceece

REPORT—1852.

*onbrmmgpeoy woTPeT[OD Seeeeeerereneesecerereeseeeessrercsoenersseceueregssenseseee|seceperasnanenacenegansnens ‘syooys Q20UL Auey]| aamtdura oq} qnoySnomy seteerees QOOT

*MMOIY}.10A0 s8urprmq Aur] [SOP eer eee eeeeeeerarreersees
“pauorjuoUr 4sey

"Lez ‘d ‘snuampep

TF aug [yun Sunysey " , _ }

skep Ay103 IOF pous| weeesccceoeeoes Repeat seerseere Ceol

Aya *d ‘snuaipag ‘30 oq} T}TAn ayep 0} se pepunoyu0s ATqissog SOUP CR Ore emer ne ee tereneneee RAgaeminnasvivadansasSnaleiinest leccidos s omewssioveccssis eitkg “1 "qT "PoOL L

*eeg 'd‘yospereynqy osye ¢snuerpag tet eeneeeees FLO 10 ‘eeor oyep aut Soars HoH “A ena

“0G “d ‘snuaIpeg . eer reer r ry ZEOL ep 23 SOAI3 AO ETEOApesnesnnsncncustcena:sase>
Pere eeeteseeneeseeeees poutnt SUM. Ayt0 ou} JH errr errr e rere errr rere Ty

"UINRTN Ta)”
"0Z01 Ae
WISVT Bp 943 AAtd (HABQTY “WoT sv) stOqyne
BUIOG "psAtasqo a1aAM S1OI}9U SnoaUS] *sooeld
Aueut ut poonpoid otam suoyepuRUl yet
Suyonb kas boa 3 tanbamgpeoy *poorq AI] pat auredeq AuvUT UI 10yeM VY} pu
mowettog faazyoneyog ‘§ puezyr1og)‘payqnory atom \ puELTaZIUAS y3noryy Tre syjaa ot
“L1G “A "TE -} “[OUOAID ap [RULOMTAI | sees eeerreetsestestetttteeteatseteenstatenencantanensnstaleaessseceseseaseseeseececs
‘onbimapeoy u0Ty09T[09, PTTPTTTTTTETI TTT rire ee
“GJ [A ‘MAT ‘TOA “Bey S,UeWI}UIy
S984 ‘SL judy ‘QouRLy ap 9949Z85) OUR ERUE TOSCO OUEOCUCUe TEC e ere e ee rer errr rere reer)

‘om ‘preyog uoug ! gt “d
*x -y ‘ganbnog mOg, isnyery

OR e eae eee ease esetsersaen

"Ize pue giz ‘dd -x + “yonbnog
mo ‘sinqapseywuoryg § see"d
Ty ‘oqueyy ‘asuouarpoayT “uory | **ss********* ayep aq} 0} se ApuTeJZa9uN oTIOg
*snJayo
<Q PUR snoraqug soqonb Jayghag|****srsessrsseeeesesssawescsssnecsseesereanerssnecsneeanees

Peer ere errr re cre errr rrr ry)

Pe eee e eee eeeereeraseseere®

*LIOT O}8p 94} soats sntuoreg ‘astou

org “d

| ‘029 ‘ezexy ‘uoTeysy
fuayesnua rye se Settis
pue amysoreg ‘ydikq
o syed quarayip ur

( JOP °A 0} Sutps0908 )

ee TOPOS W ‘ajdourjzuejsu0g “9g qoIeyy "sSOL
“qu stu ou}
f yO anoy 48

wainnec cesecsccioesraccesecstioescccces aidourjueysu09 "CL ‘Sny* Teo li
snosemecy|***""'** 6Z0L i

See eee Se eewt ree eeeceomrrelerteenseseneee=

\
(]
t

-areg ye pue Serreaeg

ur Aqjetoadsa‘Auemsay
‘lurayynos jo syed Aueyy|'gt Ae *TZOT |
s[esreetaeessetereeeeee MOGsIgl ttt
PPererererT rire tet ee eee ey auloy |" *** L101 j

reseeessceaeserensaereenseslennsecesnnessseseee DTIBTO | :sseeere®

9101
~Aeppiur

qnoqe uwoIsed
-00 4SIy ayy
Aqqeqord saqmaydag jug ‘g] ‘AON
UIST ey Jo euo ayy’ |pue gt ydag
‘pouoyueMt 4OU BI d|PLOL 10S LOL

‘adavy ye Tey

eter emer neers ees eetereees

seetiseeretereereecsestelees DQUOTUIUL JOU BUgle** SLOT
“mor WOT

“Yor ayy 98 (qoue py

116 943 wo oN [edI0 496) Aep siqy
-unid ayy, “syooys UO *6 Yolryy

‘seokt9 peqoyw {904 -d ‘snuarpanjeyqri1sy ve Aq yore 16 ay} uo parueduos0y setseceeeeceeseeeseeeseeeeranarora puedueml AaAl"***'**'* afdouyueysuoDio, “ute “OLOL

9 “¢ -

3 6 ‘T

OO

19

ON THE FACTS OF BARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

| ‘QuryD, 2 ap “095 “4StEE ee Elai epeabiiens mnie ees eGo yO yes SOS Sal

"cre “d “IIA “3
‘suryg a3 | ap uay “7StET ‘ee aq acne eeeccesceeseseree uaop uMOIYY ssuIpring Aueyy ee crsceatersteceererscsece

*I01I94UI 9q} OFT as
[N09 au0 42173 Os ‘omy UT 4Ja]0 URTOSpxy Jo Ayo

"ep ‘d ‘it ‘epayNqyjeyy Jo pooyinogysiou ayy UL ULeyUMOUL OBIT Wie te eee
0g ‘d ‘1x 4 ‘yonbnog

wog £ Sey "quan SROU MISO DARED os estos # iasienisas a siaesigsiasst sins srs pieinsebiiene cea Pee ceereesessesesseesseeeee)

"Te "fos “ydtuog saysuy
Wniey ‘sqory up suornpoasay
sauusuy ‘anbimeproy uooaljog)yseeq pue uem yssuome Aqey10u B Aq pamorog| pertain sraccoessakesan

"CPST ‘WoIeN YI LZ ‘Slesuery 1at1In07)
"LIZ “d I *[OA ‘uyog “A ‘ajdwey Reem toca ee tan eres eee seers test oaerereaeseseHesenseeseesere

errr rere Pere Tere eee er Tier rr rr rer err rer rrr rr rrr ee ery

seme e dee eeseeneeetsteesese

‘OVI, seen eee neecensasacnerrescragacescrensecrs astssenessrsusseslngassarsseassenecnceneusens

"BPs ‘d ‘snuaipag emcee eae eee sett t eee e saw ere treet tts t tunes setts ass SPs eetleausen sere ee seesesessepnees
O18 d “arx 9
*TIOJEM Conti f@) TOVATL I “Iqoor rp" reer ee eee rere re rrr Creer reer eee cerry
“eushug 42
yey} se Aep aures oy} wo ATqeqorg ‘paystied

. ‘BplyeYD iyospep|suossed QQg‘og {uMOp UMOIYR SBurpying Auey|ers ss teeeees eee eee sees

"tP ‘d “4SIFT “Tei s Cr ‘d ‘snuerpa9 PTTITITITTTITET Terie ee rere Pere rrr rer re rrr rrr
°4l9 *907 ‘sniuoleg r “** STOFLTA auuezig oq &q paudoizUsU JON)"

“oer “d
"Tx 4 ‘sniuoreg { £0rZ “d ‘snueIped TEPPTErerTeer rere ee eeeer reer ry Tee ee ee eee ee rer rrr rt

"loz ‘a a. =

“dn poMOTVAS OI9M sadeTiIA OAT pus

“nyos}-nX =| "qUOUL IF

seceecccerascorsccsnceseeerlAQTlisi 3} Ul ‘eulyg ou} Ul “LeEOL]
“uBSselOy UT
ARYL JO 4z10 oy ur osye
Kueyospry Aj10 oq} Ul AT

N

Corre rer reerr rr errr re ee ry -Tewedsa pue ‘ueysosnyg Serre) ZcOL io)

*‘aUBH Ques JO aye] |g][ pu cy 10
"re" syaoys yuaporAeyy UO pue ‘gaueysuog|eT 390
“purpsug
o syed Jayo Auvul
piinsie wiser sige apenas ee Oe ‘fqueqy 639489010 AA |" [ AeqN "SP0L
Seer eee ewes seesawesassas|* "8 eet eaesstene puepsuy ses ewtees FOL
eee ersene guajora Ara, deen ee eee eteerenneas uedeg ser eesees
“syyuoUr (éF1
Mop.105 Suysey sysoyg] ett OIG] aq)
“Aep ou)
0.NOy WSL
Ce Ce a[doutyurysuog| orleune "I FOL
skyeqy ynoysnodiyy
Bsn OSS sis Se eee: STC ‘Apaequio'T [igi arte

"BOTLEY UE 41ey

na 88.86 spsin oie 4s \s es ccc ae ‘ BISIOg. ul ZAG?
*painfut os[e suMoz
sereeseecercecrcoesessseseelIQU1O [CLIAIG “eurAUlsg 4 "q2a ‘OFOL

secterfeeeeereesaceeeeeeres QUIT * 6201

MOL (BOH "A
kre oy | Su1p100

Hnuee SUIMOTLOF 9414 08 ‘g “AON)
Tun Suysel syooys|"******* ajdounueysuog/z -aon “geOT
(¢ yueq uso

4889 syt puoday (Soptut
18003 Z1=) 1 OST
lo} OYsuLOF] IIA 9y4
0 apis 4SaM ay} WlOIZ

“Sepoygjoinoy|

“

"612d “IX "4 qonbog
wog {uoueg TATA Tag “g “WOITD|"*
‘anbimapeoy worjoaT[09|"**

. ‘qudy

“OFFIC |O} ADQUIAAON WWOAF VXOAOS ATAA JIOM SJSOIZ OY P| Tess
eshivas TUTTE ETECLEPT STORET PTET TTP eee eer eee rT err
‘ow ‘gonbnog
woq fanbraproy woroaljog
fod “I'quy SJ9}SUIUL}SIAA JO MOYIILI PRODI OIE CO uvaurii9}qus Aq parurdmoo0y Teen wena m anne eens nesreae ene

“esses acaarey yuBpUngeE Ue kq pemoy[oy sa ee meee ees enberenesceeeees

*SIOATU() *ao1yg sojonb Jayyneg PPOTTTITITTTTE EET TTE Tee Tee ee eee

*k1yun09
oy} oepunur 0}
. sev aouaTIaYaA Yons

YIM poumyor uoy}
pue ‘Arp a10ys ot}
Sutavsy ‘4svoo 9t}
WOT polar vas oqJ,

“Bpos
“Nqy {URW I fVTeYD wospep| et saaTy tay} soy suosiad Aueyy

PrETTTTETISITEL TET E ee eee eer

*SNISTATRO,

REPORT—1852.

‘oN
‘ege “d ‘seokpp ‘¢2z *d ‘seaeu0z
fuontpa sueq ‘9{g ‘d *x0ystyy
*IVIAaIg “edoang wezyAog ‘uueor OOeeeETeCeeereeeererr rT Teer eeeerere rere rr rr ree er eee sy

oeeeeU ere eeeeeeerererery yy

° Ir ‘epaynqy teeteseeeserees UMOD UMOIUD ody, JOS PAROUP oo teen t oe es
"Zod “1x"3 “ganbnog moq ‘sausy4s

-ookry {Bey “quag {puenysog *‘Zuuyysy pur rapuny3

{snqyovrjuOD snuuroiiezy Ssngdungg|Aq vourysuog pur jayeyonayy ye potuuduoady|**s tt setts sees ese sees

OePeeTOET eT Tee errr er eee errr ee Tier reer err ice rr eee eee

“Uy, Tg eee
CFG “d ‘snim031g eee TUEEreere err eee Pere eee eee reer Teer errr rere eer er rere rer Terre rrr

“qraqnypg Sayonb zrayuragy| setetteseettesesseeetesteeeseeseenaeseeeseeeeeeeren seals
*T “HT ‘epayynqy|***asi, pue sZurprmngq 0} yy0q suop adeuep year)"

, eee

9 aa

20

a ee pe Fe

so

FE Sa

‘ny "zT209T |
PTeeeeereee Terie ey gsuag 4V Ane “6L01
eee epolureg ur youqae'y tet eeeeee *LLOT
*(uoom ayy
30 ep W361)
syooys aropy|ereeeteees ogtqlaz i law
tteeeeee gHQOyS LOIN | teeters ONTCT|"G ady ae

Peet weeresseeeeeseresee

errr ere er Peery To purpsuq 1e qnoysnoryy AR UT INE "9/0
‘puno.

eee eee ease r est eeesetseeees Axjyunoo ayy pue ausojo9 "TTA ‘OL0I

*4dk3q

UL ose fouTyseTeq jo

4SOM-YINOS IY} UL ‘LT
ereereseeaesesereeereeeeeslocnpar qe ATperoadsa ‘eLlig|"******* GQOT
*(Avp-109seq)
Seeceecerseceresssaccssseeslecesecsecens § AUBTIION) uyl2Z “BIN “SOOT
*4SOM OY} WOIT
peao01d 0} =~ paavad ‘CROIN pur
-de pue ‘savoX oaxy |snorzia ye Aprepnoaed

of poywodes ATyuenb |‘1owpy vIsy Ur Osfe |puodds ayy
al} WJM SyooYys ayy, |pue ‘adourjurjsuog |ynoqy “¢z

‘quajoIA =ATSulpodoxg|7e Ajjetoadsa ‘aoviyy, Uylydag = *FQOT
*yod
teerssres quraqota AIOA|-TLT, 38 Aqpetoadsa ‘etdg|*s******* got

“PUBlLOZ}IAS JO

sjred 191[30 pur ‘Jazeyo
sacnscescceseeeeeeseesense*latng iy ‘g0uR}sulog ‘greg *8°q91 ‘Z90T

*pouorquou st doe[d ou
setereeesecerseereereesseeelamatATqeqord 4s ayy uy | 1901
*(Avp-1048vq1)
sseeeeeersynoys TRIaAag| ttt elosatg| [udy ‘O90
st eeetereeeeas ** £ueunay|*: * 690T

MOY UL payserT|[Nsoy, pue vimejzodosayy|:* * col

i

"qysra
ay3 JO your

erro teense rseres

21

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PH NOMENA.

"pot “d
‘uOIY sisuoieg ruAuoUy
Oz “d “wor
ayosisunmag ‘“lapueany ‘§ snoqey

“A 4

"196 ‘d “Im “uuy ‘epezynqy
“9s, ‘d

‘TIA °} “WOLD TluepUIE[Zg Ippenuloy
“uoIyD

mmsyyay, §7gcG-d *xt “4 ‘sntuoieg

sent"
“Clq {snszapnen ‘sesry snuueutayy

‘cop ‘d ‘ux *3 ‘anbnog mog
“uomy, “uoIyg “Snesapy ‘uoryO

"saudqySOoATT

“oP “dx 44
‘anbnog ‘wog ‘tyuWexey *g ‘uoIyD

"“6LF (ad “ux “44 Yanbnog wog
"£9 ‘d “ut "3 “qopSepy “3099
£66¢ ‘d ‘sereuoz ‘eee ‘d ‘seodTy
‘19 ‘d
‘I “gq ‘uuRMYOsjny °A 4zasr1aqn
‘gpuog uorurdg ur uomep sq
*sa[0TUOAYO 191730 Aue pur ‘onbrur
-9peoy Uuorda][0D ‘snesseyy pue
sny1aqasig Sunonbiaqineg {TLS A,
exopAjod {preyog uous fyonbnog
wog 'g°d 1r-qy ‘1o3suru4sS9,\\ JO
Moye ! [Ld ‘14 ‘sueg Moye
| 06 9 TE OTT. Ree

| ‘mo010
1 ( babearoE

PreOvTRee ye re rr

see eeanereeee eee te Pertenece esas eee re est tenses ese seetsast et lseen sere ssseesseegts sees ses|sesses eset SF aeeetesHaneeee

PPPTTTereEee Terrase eer rere eer ee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee er Ce ere ey

PTTULEEEE UT TET ee ee ree Tee rer Cer rere err yer err

Meee mereesscenseearererteas Pea weeeweese rss eaeseseessssleceeessestsesssessesraggees

,,2UOISSNUOD Si1aeB UND ,,
“GOTT PUL OZ0T S97epP
aq} eats sioyiQ ‘atdood Auew paix pue
‘s1ads9A JO SUIT} SY} W Ta} YOANYO B ISMOBIAY FY| rrresserssseteettaeeeeeeeleeeeresetsereeesseeneneees
*spooy yard Aq aevak 4xou 04} paMoT[og “OU 10
9191] 4 [9} SA.194}R] OY} JOY JOY A Weg] APOUYNSTp
JOUUD OUO YIM Wo.y ‘aousjueS snONdIquie
ue UL oyenbyyazea oy} YQIM pajdnoo st vouer
-1N000 SIq} pue ‘autesiioTy Jo 41ed urTajseM 943
Ul papteaatd aavy 0} pres St aoUa]TSed ywoad lrcrreerrcceersresteseetee|eeseeetteeceeeseeteceesnns
‘soyenbyj1e9 Suipaoeid ay} JO suo YT
popunojuoo Ayqeqoig “pyoo qvor8 kq POMOT[O|"orserss tenes etces acer sccelsacvanssoessesesssenasecens

¢ OA, OTUBOTOA

Aq “ny *pauang uaeq aavy 0} pres SI qoanyo Vv Seema sees Oee ee ere manneet ss Et eeeessouraagttsosseuese®
“S80T e7ep 944

SOATS siasuy ,p uIqIV 49 jo 9910.19 Puodas au Sete eee rem Heer ase ter eresasleeettteeresers tess setannses

seerees* MOD uMOIYY soyoinyo pue sasnoy Aue See eee ese e ee eret seg erragalsssensaetenesesesrunesscess

*syoom AUBUL
PTPETTTELTPTTTTTT Tiere Tre ra tt Giese: peeeesecerescee cc SMOu 3ur4sey syo0ys

-Auvwiiey syoodsar se [njyqnop s1eedde
ajep oy, ‘“eslou uvaueiie4qns Ag poyueducooy stheeeeeeenensessceesaaneaslescsacuearesanaseerees

seeeeeees a]dourueysu07y *(2)¢840‘Z80T

“kep oy}
‘ueg-Ip jo Suruurdeg

“C119y, 9} Jnoysnosy yo L3deg, — }.
"* assay] pur eisurmy yp! Ae “8s0T

‘qseq ayy ur A{qeqo1g

“pauoruaut 40u 208d eeeerecce L801
“Aye.

ul mand eB] hoySnosrqy "s+"

se eeesttspanecress SUOSSIOg “prt Ane {801

"asnord “Buuaa9
“Ag ye Aqeyoadsa ‘ Aporsieq} Ul *980T

*OUIVLIOT Ut ATQISSOg
‘adorn qjosjziedquozoyiqg}'******

sereeeeereseees mBISUG UY] seeceeece CSOT

(¢ UIsnowry pue “(ayn
noyog uy) ‘sour |3g Jo seq
jeqjuad ur Ayqeqorg/g “490 ——

Pic epee trweavaveses SRO SLY "12 ‘Te "801
*9g *09q

sees

aver ereevesesers uredg oe

“e[OlUIeD UL pue
‘gouakey, 32 Aq[etoadsa “qu stu 943
‘AuBUIeD UL Ose puke |jo moy 4sT
: p Dole qnoysnomyy, ‘Z6°A2N “1801

ne) ome &,

— ~~

REPORT—1852.

“For “a
‘anbnog wo ‘iyuexeyl *S ae)
"egL “d
“xt "} ‘Tloyeanqy ‘BsusMAIeY UOITUOIYD
“AqOggne
Aue Zuyonb ynoyjztm ‘AZopouonyy
apyry ‘erpadopkoug ysmquipy
“arg “d ‘TAyseg
"89% ‘10g “gdt.0g
‘OSV wnszay Ul Uspaaopy ap.z9s0y
*‘yMo1yD S§,JoH *A ul sneqsi0g

“OU
‘oy
THUOXBY *S “UOITD * 18S
pue ¢1g ‘dd sax +4 ‘oqqey ‘per
pue egp ‘dd ‘ux 44 “onbnog woqg
"PIs d 14 ‘foqqey ‘gop d “ux 4
anbnog wo $ tyuaxeyy *g “uoIYD

‘6Lh A -uxx 4
‘TrowAN A *VIZOUIA Ip (YONCT Ap IITA,

“PTL dl Mx +4

Senbnog woq ‘per “3uag
{-Bnesitpy suoryg {prvyog uous
“TL ‘uu “epaznqy

‘ouepuayeg ur sniaqy

"2g ‘d ‘sempeyy ys f 6s “A
"aIx "3 “Zg¢ “d “Ux "7 ‘Ganbnog wo
"SPRL “ARN YL JO StvdURAT AOULINOD

‘om “onbnog
mog ‘anbimapray uwoyoayjog
£C1Z 12D 4SiH ‘sisuamjaun(y uoamIg

‘op 'd ‘A “4 “MOIyD wyedsojo1g Idny

9

rstoryepunuy snoxysestp <q pamoroy urea yvors |
pune Ur puw “4S01J 919498 e sea a10y} Arentqaiy MU reve tees! dS rae

~

hen veclvneeeie siesigsewaveleseets ore visigie veiunalewArensiuion © :ait eee /vie'e's]

COOP aeons eeneereeereoegese

seers

eee UeCUCeECeeTeIerererr rir rrr rrr ri Terre rr rrr

teen ene e weet ewewnse

TAO tema t ete wee ee eeenenees

weet eeeeee

, WNpuNoIqna ymaedde. umn] ,,

PreeeeeeT eT Ter Ee eee eee rrr rec

“G601 9q A[quqoad
‘gouatysod yugpvaap B Aq pamor[og

wocreveee seccetenenes

prnoys a3eq

“esters PUTA JO ULIO}S qvax8 v Aq poturduiodoy|"******" 7"

weeeee

*YPOANYD IY} JO 19M0} VBivy Oya JO SMOPUTA 944
JO SOYIAL JU} WLOIF UMOAYI 919M SIUOJS JRALD
‘Surujysy pue zapungy yeas Aq parusduioooy|'*****"""
treseescoeeeeeees asp Ot} YIM OWS OU} Sqeqorg weve visleew
“JOQ(WOAON YIOS 943 TQUN ur
}09 JOU SM 4SaAIeYy 9) pus ‘avad styy syMy Jo
Aytorwos yvai8 e@ sea aloyy, ‘uotsod 1104} 0}
uimjor pue spivadu dea] 0} u9es a10M sSosnozy

ste met ete eeee wee

eee eter eee et er eneeeeaee

seeewee

PoeEeUCEErT Teer ee eee eee eee rere errr Teer eee eee eer rr Ty Chere reer

f v

j

veeee Pete etree tree eeeree

é URI yerqua9
“vue JO |
TUTTLE Tee Ti goLysrp m1 qnoysnoay yz,

Pet ee ee wertteeeteseweeerees

eee e eee eweeweeeeees ATorg
amloy

purpsuy
“oe

* 09g
OIG

Bd cactee - omg
i C OOURAT [B.AQUID

Hie elpguonuaut 4om aav[d

Sa clef horasieluwa sing Sepitualnae’ ig Rem rete eeseeses got A

“Auvulsay ut A[qeqorg

* syooys Auvyy ‘pauouam you doVTq
ietereeeeeeeeeeeseeeeess! ospmEC’ PUR YOUU
“QUIVU ILS JO DYL].IY} JO

SOS ns 1c seeee*leo 1OYs OY} PUL IIULISUOD

Sua SU
steeeeee pursuy

err rierre rt tits tt tt) eT

Te ibe sven purpsuq le qnoysnory f,

eI ady “SOIT
g ‘uer "Fol
OOIT
"G “AON *660T

“qysiu og
JO YO}UM 4ST
tee cee

‘co —

"9¢'1099 8601

“E1390 "2601
“yy stu ayy
JO. 91PPUN
‘ydag 2 960T
‘sy stu Uy
0 29|PPTIN
‘017499 "G60T

‘8 G91 “360

‘6 AON “L60T
settee OBOT

“3y3ru oy}

jo Inoy pig
‘IL Suy 6801
“udAI3 oudey

‘'T

‘dag “g80T}

cuge

23

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

‘orp ‘seme “YD {woven

"16 “d “Tix 3
T10yR.NA Sonbratgpeoy uo1yz09][09

8031 "d "1 "Joa ‘soumgtg ‘seyoing|suMo} J9yI0 pur ‘eLystuRyy “MMosLIVyY “YJOPOLAT | **tssreesssereeeeeeeeees*|uIBA ayeredas omy |AaqyuNOD oy} pue Yoouuy|*******

"pap cd
“IXx "3 ‘oye, $ ggg “d “Wx 4

*qopseyy *4ua9) £18¢ “d ‘seiqje yi, 10 eee Pere eer Pere ero errr ere eer

‘06S ‘d “TIA 4 TRONUTINTAD ee senewes ores ces eM eis Es Gaye inci mleu Bet” SetuN cnr Mane ee wal E rai cias sac nwe ye sea e¥0 vs “np soyenbyy.eo OA, Se eererereeesee wmoyesnios seesesees

"81z “d Tl 4 ‘aqqe'T OS eee eee eee OO Oe tHe E eee eee eH HRT O Earn ean eseeueweee

“pee “d “M4

‘gusedsq.p aA104ST}] ‘SPIDLIO, op ULL, POSH HEE HM e meee eee ETT HOO OHHH HHH SO HE RE TEH EET HHT RH ee EHH Hwee

“106 ‘d 11x 4 ‘ganbnog woqg PRO tw eee ttre reese san ete eEs reeset eens eeeeeess eet seenenae®

"TH “qu “18ou
-s09 ‘snzaysuny £ sosuaSmgep
“Bey wlInquag ‘aubtmepeoy u0y

“6L€@ “[99
‘qditog “x ‘uoyyZhuy op tomuazy
“uolyg merdojeg pnde t [ez ‘Joo

“pL8 “d “p10 ‘90] “UOIYD MoeaTeyy “¢]"

‘98h ‘d “1x “4 Gonbnog wog!"**
: "gg ‘d

‘

‘98h pur ggp-d “ow ‘yong —
AP BA tTG¢ “d “tA +4 ‘ereyyp

| Yeauy ‘toyeinyy ‘G09 ‘d ‘sntu0dig/pue

“OR “royeinyy ¢ p3eyy -yue9

TO! lit

“482 94} YIIM ours

ay} ATqissog “pomfur Av0x8 o10M YOseleg pue
SUTye I $362 “d ‘sneiqey] reg ‘uvre yy ‘q(oonuy ‘qmoyesnier ‘ayesouleg Ooddapy|" *t*strttttseerseeeseoneae WO e eee b eee reset eens eee enelesteersanenseetentene erty

‘qzed ur 10 AyjoyM pokorjsep o10M

‘asnay, 94}

Jo siajem oyy Aq paqyepunut sem osye odaryT
“O9TTOQ SSnTposyAty fsauay,SOOAT |! UMOTYZAGAO SBA BinquayyzOY JO UMOY OY T|ree ss resrrerersrrereerseeeeseererseesesceeeescreeeeele CBMTIDL

‘cog “d "A 4 ‘pueing 490 JUIIALTA Saeed aia anaes a cig cis eee Dee eeeeve et erreseevesseeres iskep Ay103 Toy syooys sete ereeeesnees Aprequio7y seeeeeers Co

“dep aM) Jo

Anoy pity) oy} [UN Zurus0m wor penutyu0D
SIGL
‘qdiiog “xX 4Styy ‘sIsuamtpaung uoauiglos ‘y{Sue] ur aptu ev 10J poddoys yuoay, TOATI ayy) ret

“sniyosy Ay dn pamoyeMs o79M SISNOY pue pauedo yar ouL eee nero ewer eee ee sees ee reee | SOU Eee eee e seers everest e beslessertennsssesreee qooruuy Weeeerres 60IL

“j0a3 Arp YIM passed aq plnoo Wr 7eq}

“599-6 TT MOD UMOAY} S]{Il] UIAD PUL SOSMOPT| s erereescrss teers sewers

POOEUeeTTTECELe Ce Lere eee eee ee Tee eee rer ere errr irr re ry errr ere errr re eee ey

\
i

‘ayenb

|-qizeo ue’ Bump
“QOL 938p 94} SaATS [eas oy} Aq poydind

‘ayonbyzuva oy} Uol}uaUT 4Ou svop HopeIny, “03

SeVTCeK evar rerowes

Sem purjst ayy”

}w ee ewen ale’

Peeve cae cecsscauseesenecsersiaenssascegsesrcresseneceesiary qred pue *enihg IIV

Deemer reese eee e ees eworses tet eeessreaeseeserensseeren pees gorda e ye $ Alea]

SEER ee eee reese eseneessoerlseee Tere ere nesses eseese

retesensecesanercerconsens|anverecormuvveseessenrensel’ scormmuatig snqiysed UY |. "F ees

OSLT 107 ‘JOA ‘ourzeSe yj s,ueueyjuex OOEP TREE Pree ree eer eee reer r errr irr irri rire irr rity) Teer rrrr errr Terr Terrrrerrisd lacie rrr rir

i

"oz “00 |
moqy “CITT

‘soyenb | ‘punor

“IOUT. VISV

PLIIT
‘read a4} Butt

*sueIoUsey, CIITA

eeeereeee

“ opatod'e [dy “TLL.
“AueyIg Ul ;
ao puepsuq ur Arany

“IOWOIN OY} UO
Sanquayyoy ATe100dsa
ULIYINOS|"E “ULL “STIL

*Surm9A0
‘purjsug ul meysuy jo, Sutari0m
-joN pue AmysMoryg|morg ‘“OLIT

*pouoljuem you
prereatseisheasestnessoxees pigigedl qouxy “Ayea] wy "-ZOTT IMO
“But
“WOU 94} UY
Serre esneerers ¢ sdoBuy|"F Aen “OO1T.

lnc ee ee seseeereseeresees

spueysurg ut Apqi ts ——
[wer ysez oup
‘ooTua A ye OsTe § ||xaqze Aep 4389 |

fqseoo werpeyy oy} team §=|xo “MIF 2YD |
oovourejeyy JO pueysy/A{qeqoxg—

LOT HOH DATs hae we whe ue en
+ .

|

REPORT—1852.

Do
a

BA “ON ‘euryyor *poy FOO b eee ee eeerereeeenee

"SIP ‘dm uny ‘epaymqy} yooys oy} Aq pomlur sem voooyy 4v ofdure} ey)"

“oY
“pSey ‘yuag £797 ‘d ‘Tx *4 “yanb

Seer e tween eee eeeeeueeeesecseesteries

“nog mod ' CEI *[OJ ‘prvyosg uous iP ee od

"qopseyy “yuap| ss s**** pauma sZurprng Jo sraquinu yearg

“sntyos pny
'Z6Pr ‘d ‘uisseg “ysvuoyy ‘g ‘woryD

*sISuduI[aU
“nq woomtg ‘ onbrwaproy uso]

Pee eee ere eee errr rer errr errr rere

-109 $312 10} 4di19g “oysuy TUNA YT| Teese ete ee eset teeecewees eee ee reeseesseeueneeteessneeeaens

anbimapeoy UOOOTO| sersstsc sees eess ste eecweeceeceasereseeecceesceeseaseevens

"129d
“IITA *}

"62 “d

TLOJWANTA[ ‘BSUIUOIIA “UOAYD|* *reeessteseeseeeseseeteeeeesees quaqOrA AjSurpavoxy
O1Z “d "TIX “4 ‘anbnog woqg sete eee enaer esse taneee

eee teeta eee ates erate seseeeeieeees

ser eeeeeeoeen

Peete eee ne eeeerereeeeesene

Pee eee e eee e ee eeeresessees

Pee mere er eee rower sseeseee

Peete een eee ewer et aaeeenene

Prreee cece ere tere rere rer

“TE “Gly “1OqSUIMASAAA JO MaNZzVIII******""" POOTG JO AMOTOO 911} pateodde woot VYT| rrr reeset eee settee ee

HASgH Gl °

4SI]] sIsuatuopSuryunyT

*eak

SIq3 Zurmp porimos0 Zuravy se saporuo1yo 343
Aq pauoruasut ore 029 ‘Agpunty ‘puta JO sum103s
“Haqasig Jo aporuoayg Aur, “SuraqySt] puv sopuny, YIM papuagpy| scree eres

“SQDULISMINIM) JULVPII}4e

puv ajep 03 sv Tayjour auo wmorF A[QvIaptsuod
Jayip Say} qnq ‘saporuoryo oy} Te ysoue Aq

*SoPOIMOAYO Plo oy} Tle
ysoulje pue ‘anbimgproy uo0ydo]

PIULIYUOD ST 9UITy SII} ynoqe ayenbyjAve yvold
B uaaq SuIAey aay} Jo yous ayy, “Suruyy Sy
“J0D ‘puviyog ‘iosey ‘zieyuiog/pue saspunyy Aq soovjd outos ur parudmoooy} tt ststseeesses++s+|-ne am0s 07 Surproodylusayynog ‘A727 soddy ‘g‘ure “SILT

*pouliog epung Jo 410.145 oy) pur ‘paqeaedas a.10M

"BGs “A “I “Joa

Aaya worm Aq ‘ayenbyycea yuetor v poouart

TOUIUD PT] tees tes teeeeeceeseceenceereseesaeesceneasecececrssrerselacessusnsessosnseseaessrens

“GZ “d *1-JOa ‘wave JoAIOYSIF 8,Sapey|-9dxo ‘OU OIA OLOJO YOM ‘SPULTST OMY VSI |reereeerteerseeeersreeeeees

tH)

i I LE Se ee a ee ee) ee a |

AY

v

weseveds vee eI 3 apr
seeeerereses POP e eee oeeeelessessereeesese “8° BIqVly seeeeseee
*moy

Plg 90} TV
*pauoryuaul 4OU 9dV[q|"OT 29 ‘ZSLT

POOP Teoer eer eteessersaeeee

*kep yora
4[9F syooys AjuoMy
udAad pue ‘ua ‘uaAIg

cc BUUSPITT, OT[BA UW] ,,""*"*"*
“qqsra
*A[e}] UT OUIsseQ = fay}. Jo yore
seetoocetuegnssersenensssaleanIO TT 3G Axayseuoyy SAI ‘OZIT
“kep oy
‘puris |jo moy pag
tiretieeseeeeemeerlue go sqavd quatagic ‘ge'3dag GILL
"PpOlUARD Ur
COO meee teen ee eeeer st eeenee ERG ANGI G) pue youghey seeeeeees

See ee eet eer weneeeerseesees

pocsteenceassessepeseacATBaT "} aun SLIT
ee xnary smmaisnytd ug ,,|°9¢ —— ——
‘ays ayy
JO -9TPPHAL
steeeeteeeteeseoes DUBISIG 0li—_ —

AO meee emer er aeeeeeaeesenees

ERP ee meee tee reeereeeenees

“ounty
sty} gnoqe yuonb
-oag AOA 199 DALI, *[ Joquia00q7
0} avadde syooys ayy ee * Aparequiory|ynoqy —

POPE Oe ee eeertieeeertoreene

sneer eee eeeeeereeteee adery S At

“ean
‘skep |-10q ut wogsi'y pue
Aqroy pagsey ‘s10y3 |‘pueprozytg ‘Aueuntey

eee e reer tame eeeeeeweserslestnes vARe pure Biqeuing seatereee CLIT

*¢ % l

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

Gi NSRER ES,

*“SqUOUL OM}
; " uey} oiour payse, | ‘oddery 4e ATjetoadso
"6LP “d “Tit uy epoynqy POOP ee eee eee eee OME E Nene Se THEE OOOH EHH EH OOeDES eee eeseHees Ese larven cd bOnsere¥oneeseresece syooys eu} oddaty 4V “erue,odosayi, pue erakg eeebesene”
x ‘skep A£y107 poyse, pues Avy Jo 136 :
“TFL pue 79 ‘da 4 ‘1103 [ayy WO uedaq sntANsaA yUuNOy Jo uoydnzo’
“BIN {*UOAYD sisuouIsseD TAU juy “spreaseyze sep 90143 ysodtu9} 4UOTOIA
-ouy ‘souayysoody sajonb Jayneg|SuLuyYysT] puw JopuNyy ‘Trey JO ULI0IS @ BULN|| s**t teeeeeeeeseeeleorses SHOOYS AWUOMT! Ts GmqzmMle one “selt
"PI “d ‘snaeiqoy] reg reer errr reer rere rrr reer errr errr reer ey ere Pane eeeeecenrerscnweevceeeelerseesecesestttane pepseq we
“IPT pur zg ‘d “a “9 ‘Troyer
“ny $uory9 SISUBUISStO twAuouy Caer eee see nen eee ners eaeresuaer erase eeeereaaee teense nsaeeeelaessseenssssacesssersssvoealessers SHOOYS FUTOTA |*°°"""*"* Ateq] utr eungry seesesees GOTT
, “BUOY Ut
TACs “d Snw@elqoFy reg Pete eee wesw ee neee eset aseeseseeseneees ***pauINd Ayo aul COR eee me Hees er ee ee esse eerlersreceseeeresets* eesenere® ydopos0q jo Ayr ELAR seeoossee

-A[uappns
SB [OAQT [eNsN 871 07
paayoa pue‘s1y0n090
‘012 *d dq} oyepunur 0} se “qystu oy} +
‘mx 3 “ganbnog woq ‘ wnj10q POUSTOIA YONs YIM “SpuelIoyjON oY} pues |jzo aTPPUAL

-adig pe xIpuaddy aqutar WUpOSUy|******srrrerseerteeereeeceerereererccececseceeceececeeeeevenl Krug pn QS BIS OYE)" OF JOOS pueT ON|pUE[suq Jo syseoo oT! 790 “FETT
“purjsug Ul pauoluoUt 4st] au 944
YIM snosuezuunts Atqeqoid sem syenbyyz1ve
ay} “sn3ny jo pug 943 uo vorjd y003 dvoUuer
698 °d_ |-amov0 Jaur10} 94} sv pus f oyenbyyaee oy YT “yommyo ayy
“IEA “4 TLOPVAN A] ‘WAON WSSOT “UOAYD/ UOTDOUUOD UL POUOIFWOUT SI UNS AY} JO BSAIPOO Uy] sss es srerserseerereeererlevecseaeeeereeeversrresseeeltO SOIBIG VII UI OUBIIGD|"**ttt*" —

*sIsuatauNnC
uosmig {cez “d ‘p81, o10pAT “But
“Od §Gf ‘d ‘t ‘Joa ‘surg Moye -U10UI 9} UT

‘6 -Er ae zayeuUSe A FO MOMEH see estou weauedie4qns pnoy AIOA 2 kq popa001g SOG CBOUDECOUCRIOEELIDSR GU IOUC | UGGO i 4UOTOTA AIO A eee eereesonens purpsugq uj "Pp “Sny "CCLL

“6ST “@ 808T

‘TUIAY @ Up 9119} 9p Susma[qts1} % :

So] IMs tpueg i[esseA op qgtoddey Ree emer reer test ener e teense ee seeeeeeseseeareeHTTeeeEseseeeslesnn sd rseesetetecnseusssssslssesssessceessesseessessesslere BjolmreD Ut youqkery stv eo ees Tan
"808 “d ‘snerqoyy TOG | tres eseecereseeesseeseseccceesecscsnssasecsarssassccescnslesseencsasensenssrssacresselssrssssserssauseaseteanrers Sieeweeusun ces ofa? pepseg SO ates 4) |

‘ f é ‘skep Aq10J IO} syeA “oO M
enbruspeoy Raber Sere ce cece vesenversencsvernocceeesrareseesteepeveeereseesveslecccccccerevicreccseseneces -193U19e urs] syooys -asja pue pueplezzIMg| ss SZIT
ayy 0 Arejoro9g ‘[ousIssOY “TL .
hq Aaqiog ‘JX 0} ‘mm0g °*76 ‘d
T*4 ‘Ipeydg oy} may, woq enysor "SSI o4Up OY} OATS s19T}O

uaq Yydasor 1qqey jo soporuoryg ot, “poystiod ajdoad suewm pue ‘pousdo yyeo CE SIC COUR OOSEE Se eereeereeersreeerssrseees SOLS CORLD OEE EG ey seeeesese LZ11

‘ : ‘dx 4‘sniu | - 01 ee eee ee ee
Le ae eee . 10} ee RV

REPORT—1852.

26

‘QuaryT Jo u
-1nd90 sv 4tjo yeedssieyyOQ ‘ayep 0} se pazsodar
ApoarIoout yuVAa otUes ay} ATUo aq ATqeqoad)
jAraa Seva Loyy yeyy ‘osay 943 Url reps ATastooad|
Jos are saourysmnomo oy} aX fsyuaAa JUaIEyIP

‘ow ‘osmaovIUNTD ju9y3 ssoddns 03 pat oq plnom ouo 4se] a4} SUCT} “qq stu :
MOTD {mo0In J, “uoIYD OS[Y “OUI -u0ul oy 10y4Ne oules ayy Aq paytodeiZuteq wor, seeeerareeesoeeserosers sens lOTI( ul SOUT} 9914} 32q)""* eee ee eee c eee rere? og 81 “uee "SSL
“wah tj JOd}ep 94} 0} Sv JeYMOMOS JOYIp sIOyNY "qySra sures 3q} Sul
}*762 dix} Gyonbnog wog f419q = |‘aoefdsyt ur poxeadde yydap 4va13 fo 103emM Jo [ood [Np sour va1q3 4]aF

“pSeyy “jue ‘sauaqysooxry : : :
{paeyoy wong !zpT pure g9 “d ‘sayenbyj1e9
“A 4 *T10FVAN AL “nomg9 SISUaTISSeD AON e mate n ener esaweseserenaeeesseererssseesenereseaersssssoanisesesssasesrsosesusessssuas CTI(VIOMINUL pue yearn os siusiewowisieni si ie Sera ag Z2SIL 10 ‘ISII
qysta = |-adoan{yosjred s9yy0 pue

“par “yueg ‘pars pue ep suo Sump = f‘(uoqsiy ye Atperoadsa)
-raq {[e8ny10g op avuneXoyy a] ns Vay oto syooys fesnjsog ‘purypiezyimg
Tess] Aqeg $ asmalsnesaryy SERIA Gs eases de ssCnas Teper sbecraaie seca secev esses ececussaescaa iss tucse es eetdesheohs* Saggy aouake yylut osry ‘gouaAv IN 4V Besecea*! (OPTI
“URIURIIA}

“Ipay, 9y3 UT spurjst
wae Peri Cre rere rere eee ee Ja }O [BAIIAVS pure soydeg ‘FFL qnoqy

cies «Sei bew aie nete eee sessceneess[eeseressseesenssseeeseassesleeseeseserstsssesersereeslerteneessereneererees QUOM ett! ODTT

eee

“PEO ‘d “Tl 4 ‘sLieg MOYILIN, PTePeeeee CC OCeeer reer Terre errr tere!
"CPG ‘d TATU see seeeees

"PLL dx 4 “anbnog wo “gporuorq)
EngouaD sIstaay] “WOIYD axargluonoy a} UT pauONtoM you st ayenbyyaed styl cress eeeeeeeee|eeeeeteeteetee teens snes awww eeteeereenetees MaTiog fee
“proy UOL02] -kep ames ay}

j -[09 £992 ‘109 ‘sIsuatauN( MOOWTS ee ecw ec ecercccceccccseseseses eee cee cccee tenet epeecccsccees SexbosshisUewewsMe seh owen sl IT ITI sxjooys aL mascttitnpestpgecue upooury Bae, 6 | "SPIT

*(j) ragye Buoy prvay o19M

Sado asoy ‘usWUasIOY Ay1OJ dn pomoT[eMs pur *snyUN[ey
‘220 ‘d ‘sn@Iqoyy vg pauado qyyava onl “4]9F aq 04 pres yooys ON! Bisslvlon odie ie Wut rer amen anichs Serene amon ane een 0 pooyinogysiou am uy se eeeeeee
“LFL pur ~ApeVT ut A]qeqorg :
*9 “d “A 4 110}BAN TL $*m0Iy9 RAB gy ene sh” “Nevin ane w'e nh isiisis es Site eis are apicee= Sharioces pag scenic svc Nantnévjerenanaven pce ties eS soe “pauorjua ur j0u 2446 | peas OFII
; ; “requiy
i ‘aoeyd Sig 4@ WIV 9yy JO no ipue oddeyy ye ose pue
‘op ‘snaiqay ieg fSuryepy [gq jem rayem your ‘saat ey} Sursoy suos | j “euesuer) UMO} ULIS1dg
'6o¢ “d “epaynqy ‘ epyeyy Tyspeyy -iod 000001 ‘nakorysap SAL vuesuey UM0} gs ce tae ed ayy ye.AyT[eLoadsa “Vay Uy ee eeeeeee
| *yo00 94}
: JO SuUrMo10
"Tet “dea cg qsag oN} 4V
IOyeIN I, t-u0ryD *AQuag STUOITe | sehen ae ee eae eae ene ee eeeeneeaeeesseeetsssseeeseereweneeeealeesesstaeereeetesbouveuetsleenesterersseeteuesssuesessleseuucuessas TUNWaAIAEg "og ‘wer "6EII
9 { “G "p *e % |

27

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

i

“SPI ‘da *4 ‘puving 49
Jougqaey, {6p “d wx “4 “gonbnog eee 3 | SSR ees
: mwog ‘anmayeg UPUIIOT ‘Ss ‘moayy Pee ee COR eee east tae ee eer eter sees sen eeeernerereeeee awa] messes weet tt eoerererreeseseieeere sess esses aweeee eure nofay ut Ajqeqosd 4807, 02 aune —

‘avak @YY S€ FOTT SOAIS aporuo1yo “qystu
"POL a1 y ‘surg Money SZp°d joug “Sura 09 spew arom sijeq ay) pur ‘umop | lowns Pue HTOHION FV "9Z 10
| “qiy ‘X9q8UTOI}80 A JO MOYILAL[UMOAYQ J19M BUIpULZS UW99q PLY OYA SMOSTAg | rerssrreerereecrcsees|eeeeeseeceeeecereereeeeeeeeli(s) ATH JOSIUNOD 94 UT|‘'GZ ‘ULE ‘GOTT
"Yor *A fee “d « purysy ua a8vho, dees ee cnweeeeeeeesseameersseesestaegeseeeeestewswenssersseeelsetesvemarsrsresstenassrenalsssssrnssessssettessseaesas| eusieor zo qred WIIYIMOG|"""""* -FOLT
"616d "ty oqqryT
£optt ‘d ‘a ‘4 ‘pueing yo sueqeyyy
$zgp d ‘ax y “onbnog ‘wog i
| SeaaSuyy pp 30 mummeg ap saubmagyy|*s sees eet eres sets ess te weneeeseeeneneesenenamneenfneetiteseseennenteensuaeed seeteseeesheeeeeeeteseeelnofany uy Ayquqoxd ysoyylz “Sny “g9TT
‘HO “A 7

i

feted ‘premrey "yy ep uoyoanp oi

| a ‘aes orqnd “purysy na APS AN = Sate Teeel- mn) aMienieoe eke eae Mavala be aie cee See cemeesccencvessercerseresueera [occeeestererereeseeseeeeeel-goT Jo apd waaygnos ayy) ********

“31g 4 | | | “UMep py
“TA "9 ‘AOJVIN GY ‘AON wssoq “UOMO)"**""* TTT ELETEEE TEER TTEE EEE eee Cerny yer re eee Cee eee) sesereees AVOUT ul 0uv0090]"9T
s | “ApUBULAION UT |
‘pie “quay f Jory ‘4g Jo La0q1II194 943 «| + “ANOT 4ST
{sauayysood'y § LYL 3 ‘paeyog woulg, steers OOTT aep 2 SOAId aquoy, ap a | amamanalataa testa Sewer eet e nese eenereneeee ju soouvynog jo oBeqtAs'T “uve *LOIT
"19 ‘d ‘tA “4 | |
|“xoyeangy, ‘@AON @BSsOy “uoAT|"** hase eceescesvenvenevesesewertsseanlecesssseecereeressseseugeesl pysmicssy yas venti asnter amis ytrapngatwages® ouva099|S1 90 “0911
“eee 7d "1 *4 ‘uryog *A ‘saydurey seneeseeeeesenececceecsecesecesarseceasaauaccsmanesemscesendeereeseassauccsecsevauanundiereeeess GTQIOLA Kia pilereeteeeeneeree enone uedvy teeeeeeee
‘uaatS Agaoyyne yuatue oN | } |
"116 “d mit 4 ‘ouomg: op CRON ATSS ps Pee seine eee eaekeenngseesesmans Te RO ET ety SOOO SOn hong nrn inn eee ee ee UNES ake, dpipgie, ach ATOIS see tense 6SIL
‘aqOLD Np suonpoagy £ onbruaproy | *poyship | | ‘purysagq jo |
‘TJOD {sisueusoqo10g MseAray ‘uoryD|passed oq pynod 4 yey Os ‘dn porap somVYys, yg) tresses ee teeeleeeeesteeeeeeeeeeeeneseeeeleg ied 19430 PUB UOPUOT|*********
O9TT PUl GCIT
Sojep 94} VATS SoTIOYINE TayIQ + ‘“poulMraion | "N 0}
"ony ‘ “paew qua {yeu = |suMo4 roq}0 Aue pue ‘oddary ‘erosemay( | |S uoydomp 943 ur | ¢
“OD SVIOIIN § BPE ‘d Pap ivg ‘nodity ‘yoouuy pue ‘paystiod suosiod goo‘og ete] FTOF SBA YL VIFRTCIN FVI""* nee es) ‘epg soeseetee “OOTT
*£B0jouo149
apyay ‘erpadoposoug ysunquipy See preset sae es tit) Messy aig 0e Ja 17sec; Nees ne ae ella (eee on uyedg|**s++++ ZS11
| ! *qjod1ry,
“ou es oWaivetis'y Vv s'shiedetiwa swisha chor renee aI Ey suosazod 0002) OMe meee t eet eeereeeerenalertenetsteesesseeeeenasees® pue ‘snoseuieg ‘ yoorjuy se eeereee
‘o7p ‘unzodu9} ‘a10seg

toi.)

y

|
||
{
|

'

86% . Eyck 30 aaa
“866 ‘d “THX” + “senbnogurog, ‘ “yoq

REPORT—1852.

28

; "ZI “d
“A “4 ‘puving 4o duazIeyy f1AIeg
aoquiey ‘uoryg ‘ees d “mx 4

‘sanbnog wood ‘unotuoxeg uolyy eee Pee eee eH PPP P EPP aeeeeereere rarest HHH HSE SHEE EH EHSEEEe

"ere d

*TITAX *} ‘110 BINA, “euSojog 1p “u0lyy POO e meee eee Hee u ee ee ee ee res aeesae terse ee eEHeEse HE Eee sees eae

*ASojouoiyy

apuay ‘erpedopéoug ySinquipglayenbyyive years oy} yyIM pepunoyuoo sdeyieg

‘anbimaproy u01409][09 Preerr ere ee eee err Trier

69 “d

A’) ‘WOyeMy, “UOIYD sisuouisseglayy, ‘uoout oy} Jo asda ue Aq paluedmoooy

*sopotuo1yo 1ayj0 AueUL
pue ‘ope -d “mx 4 ‘“yonbnog wog
fsnwiqay] Jeg ‘ajuoy ap sngz0q

-oy fepaynqy {vyeyQ Wospey|oy ouop aSemep yearn

“p19 dA “4

"esp dnt 'y
‘guovdsq.p atoistpy ‘seigtiag op
weap OT TX ql] “XXX qt] STOTU

-edsipy snqor ap BLIOASI ET ‘euviiey] PTUTESTTT IPE Tee eee

oO
‘puri 49 augwteyy {ggg °d 1A °9

“royeinyy £F7O9 “A ‘Wx +4 ‘sntuoIeg|ojdood 990‘GT pure ‘pounds sumo}.194370 pus eIueyeD

og *d 1 4aed “ta *3 ‘ourreyy
OOLI0}S OTATYOIY [Jou ‘mnuestg

MOIYD SNjOA stuOSuvILI, Iprvusag|‘asiou uvauere3qns a[qeiapisuoo fq poruvdmoooy

"yor “A fete ‘d ‘purist ua o8efo,!
9

OF S9aTasuayy JO papunos sTjeq ouJ,
TOWVAN], ‘BAON WSs *“UOATH|Urx0173 UMOZ OY} JO S[[VM ay} Jo yxed 1oyvoId OY,

SS

z NE OER GS oe

“69LT JO

‘pauoyuom skep oy
ayy uo ava si} potinos0 uousMouayd 10998]

*Aqradoad pue oy, y30q

‘skep 19}
‘uMOp

*2090IH) UL Foy SEA 4 VTE Sppe pur ‘QOTT
UL #t sjtoder 1uoyZ0q = “EgIT UsAe pure ‘GJ TT

‘CLT ‘OLIT Soyep 24} OATS s19yIO “PeTIY

"Te 3e oxenbyyAvs ue 07
JajoL you seop siqyy sdeysod vouezy = ,,"NyL8nuT
WNO SIAOF SNNAITUO},, SOJIIM LoJVINP, ,,{nj1d
-NUL TUND SNUITXPUL snjoulatie},, JO pva}suy
‘901 BY} J9AO ssed p[nod UsMUas.OY 4Vq} Os ‘19A0
UdZOTZ SVM OULIY 9} YNZ 94} 03 49g 94} OAT

Pree TTTOer TTT eee eee

"g

4

POCO sO Peer saneeeeeseneroes

Peet twee eee rere eeeeseeesons

see mee en sewer eeereerseerane

“qUaJOTA A[8urpavoxy Dpoaslscvocsccovccsesveccecss

tenet een eee eee ee teaseeeens

errererer errr rere rd

Peer eee meee tees eeeerttone

eee eneeee esse eseoenereee

PY a ee ee re

Sekt ot ee
114 |

“FqstU oy

O Wem UIP

ayyuy “[Sny

** pomouon 4Ou V9e[q/"(O8TT10)6L 11
*(j) anoq

qguuIp 4V

teaeceneeeoesees + BUBOTOT ‘2'any ‘FL

See eee er ereeeereeeeseseee

Oem e ewan eee ener eeereseee

sestsseevencseescseseneeeefeneeranseeseneres BramaB|ttst Ex TT
“IOUT BISY 10 ‘eLthg
tererererecseveneeeeeeerenel KOBGOTG “4seq_ oyy Uy|ttetsssss

*A[e}J UT OUTS *s Aqog
“sv aquoyy jo Arayseu fio ‘ey, “uee
-OW ay} Awau ATqeqorg |sayyte A[qeq
HteseesereeeeeeeeelnguoruoM JOU avfgl-ord "ZLIT
“ROI Y

*aAy-AqUIAy IOJ [JO 4SVOd Y}IOU oT} pues
s19yjO 0} Sutpioooe |‘ATWOIg + ‘purysezjIMg
to ‘skep ueayy 107 |‘Auewsoy ‘AreSunzy
S[PAIOIUT 4e BuLLMoay\ur yay ospy ‘wldg uy/gz ouns ——

Preeee reer ee Ss eaneaceATMLT ur ouro0a9 6 Avy ‘OLIT

‘uredg jo "0Z 10
seeteeeresereresseereeeoreleqred JayJO pue OpafOs|‘gt “qaq ——

"el "g 10
Peewee neers eeteenseenseeeee -e[e9 jo 41nd pue ATWOIS as "qaq *691T

PTUTUTETELT eee eee eee

BSI FVIOT “UPL “BOTT
seteereneerasersseresesceesleneeeceennipTgoy JO YMOG|* “COT

a 3 % ‘T

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZNOMENA.

"GOST *X “100 “30LI0g

UI SISMOUTOGoIOGY MseATeXy) *WOIYO)"*’ FETT Ul ouo 9} YIM OMS at} Ayuo sdeyiog Hpi COLE COCO) Ch EOLA ale dl a tak SCH GI eeu L811

ON “nse
4u9q fanbiurspeoy 01091109
6g cd i qr ‘xaysuruysoy Jo
MOU ‘PHL "A 'T'4 ‘shreg mayyie

‘og ‘samuayysooky {7g9¢ ‘d *mtAX “4
‘sanbnog woq ‘stuaq 9 op “uoryD

ra
"209 ‘d
TTA “9 “TOyeIN, “WOIYD IpxBddIg
‘orp “qduog “osuy wniey {pues
“nq 42 sugyieW § gz¢g ‘gst ‘og “dd
"THAX “9 ‘gpd “TAX "4 Ganbnog wo

"04d *A*4 ‘Toye “UISseD “MOA

"128 ‘928 ‘dd
‘sntuoSig {247 “d “mA 9 ‘tOjBINT

"16% ‘TOF ‘woIYD ‘[ddng ‘yenr03
-rog iddyryg § g41°d “xt “9 Toye
"oe “d ‘puenig
‘anbimapeoy woIydaT[09 ‘HOR “A
"og ‘d ‘pueyiog
"19% “d “AIX “4 “FTOg 4° “STH
aindioyy § Ze ‘d “May o% ‘puryt9g

‘sauaqysooAy § gq ‘J ‘preys uoUlIg

“vIUUesIg SmopmeDy ‘Zee
| *[0

‘serojdiiog WNIEOsUYy wINIey!

*pouint sumo} Aueur A[IOIg pue eLIqeleg
ML pue

"SSII 2q Atqeqoad prnoys ayep ayy,
“amoouwl oq} jo asdtpoa ue Aq [udy ul paaol[oy OLE OIC OIG

Pea erence eres ees e ee esta e eee reas se SEs saeess Hans eeGtH eles PERE AS TTE ESSE SESESE SES EES

"Gg THdy ‘OSTT A7ep oy soars aporuoryO
Yssuq soe “UMOP UMOIN O19M SBUT
-pung 1930 Aueuwt pue ujooury jo ye1paryeo. aul HOt aweeeer seers aessaeresees

*skep [R1dA0S 10}
SOYSE YILOF MOAY} SNTANSAA TVIA SIG} JO YOAV U]***** "esses sss tec ees eeeees
“S8IL
4U9AD SIY} JO 9}ep 1[} SOATS O[OIMOITO VILOIOA VW
‘MAOP UMOINY sIyVayyIydure VY} JO TOWI9}X9 YT | estes tsetse
*AIqUNOD OUIeS 94} UT
soyenbyj1ea IOUI0J 943 JO BUO YZIM papunoyz
-u0d ATqIssog ‘SWIT{OIA Q00OS UeyY 20]
-pouins Apaed ye ‘tjodtzy, pue ‘snosemeq ‘qoouuy)"*

PITITTTTIT Te

Ses eccnsesecteteacees

se eeeseeeres UMOIYZIIAO 09 ‘sZurpymq Auew Ara see eesesesesens
weeterensase uIeL pue pura jo SU1I0}S kq peoroy| Pence creneeesesseesasessoay

seseeesesees Gn poeMo]yeas SUA UeLIIy Jo M0} oud see eesecccereeresesecsetees

PPPTTTTTTTT TIPE PTeeLerTT err ee ee ere ee errr ry T

“u9aq PLY SUISI oy} IIIA
poreodde 193em Jo sjood mot 9014} 484} Tey
Os ulvse UMOpP YUeS osIOU POT B YIM Uayy
pue ‘ans oy} Jo Sur34as 943 0} Zura 94} UT
aurm mo FYySIOY 4va13 e 07. dn pajjoms YyAVa oyy|*****

a[resereeerseees

<¢CSMOIPOUL ,, WAOP
a@MOT pue ,,‘snoIp
-OUl UOU,, ade, UO
UL 4I S[[Vd LONINe ayy,

Cet cee cerseetstaseecesesees

Peete vesonessereessseecess

Coe reccereecseseesesseccess

Pee ne cece te teeesesseseseees

Pereeeceserecescasesesceees

SYIOYS VII} 10 OMT,

seeeeceuens

“(raq

-mojdeg jo

“ATOIS faTppIUA ayy
pue‘eLqeeg‘puejsugq ||1oqze) ung
ut Ayetoodso ‘odor |-ne jo Sui

‘umop UMOIYY o10M sasnoy puesuq uy Peer ree ee) COO Ooo “ny ut yestoaTun 4SOUl[V -uldoq pee

*9099I4)
ur ‘1043ne Joyjoue 07
Surpi0oy = “sTyOH

UL WMd190/-) 10 ‘mNdIt
-20() paleo Arjyun0d v UT|WIe “ORTT

Peeceersresesseese Ayeay Uy seerecoee

‘ujooury 48 |*Z1 10°91 ‘GT
yetoedse ‘pueysguq Ty\mdy “¢git

seteseerereeserees BLIGE EZ key ——

‘uve jo duu
seer ent ccsscens seus BTTOION -ulsaq "PSIT

seocce ewig .

seeeeeeeveseres DUTBTIOZIMG seccesces €8I1
seeeeeoeepoopne pue erkg te eeetecee 2811
seecesecs puepiazjimg uy CO
eee eeceseserssessene sojdeny ecevecece OSIT

"62 “ydag_
eeecesececesens puepsugq uy qnoqy ‘O8IL

ee :
“0g9 “d "qopse “40199 AO eee eee rete en rarer eee en sees essere rar eeeesHeeeenarens seers seeeeserereneroessennD XIS Sutmp syooyg seeeeeemererees: BLIBAUG UT asians {
SHA "A Pal:
*[ svoag ‘snomjeqes ‘ qapZeyy yuap|* !
09 “d *qopaey “uaQ SOO meee eee eee meee reeset ae es awer es eeseeeneeee® aitedane onan Oe er ee wouuy| eeeeereee a ka a q
| *OCh “d ‘sneeiqoy] Ieg POOR eee e ea enersesesnraseseeneeeererrarseeuesssesaaeeeeees
; "G1 ‘d “WIAX. " ‘ganbnog UOGE Se stesersetstetenceevencnneccesncssaensenensnecsrens
"Lee “d
‘MAX ‘3 “yonbnog woqg ‘Iq
-IV Ss “aeSapuy MOLY, epuappy seeseeeeeres TODUNGY jo sjead port £q pomedutoo0y sete cercretecccccsenseee
sayenbyyiva stqy fq 41
"2g ‘d ‘it ‘joA pue |uroay payeandas sem “eave jo purist 43 Jo yued
‘og 'd ‘t'JOA ‘vate Jo A04SIFy S,SopJey|PoUA0F aLojaq YOIyM ‘eg Jo purjst [eus i Saeeatiae ena.

: “qq STUpIAL
h Heeeewseeeree énoluy Upl"9z “G94 “LOST

{

ee

Sree r ee eww nese es eweeeel re eeereseeeeeeee sreeere BATT {td

“kporg pue snaddg |
(AOUTTY BISY ‘ety ‘VIMey
ee eeeeeseeereressessees -odosay, “ertkg ‘yd ABs eeees FOCI
“pura |
ses eae jo syaed yuosogiq | Zoe}
snaddg ur |
ae osTy ‘07 ‘ermejod

cressseeseaneasessenecesand] Oso ‘gQuiysareg ‘eth z0zt 10 ——

' | hep ony

“HIOFION §=fO Anoy WG

pur (Zyjoyng) yaszou = ppyy ynoqy
ae Log JO sotunoos oy} uy|"Z¢ Ae ——|]
‘pooy |
teeseerseereeerseenereeeseel mOgUSIaU OY} PUL YIOK|G “ULE “LOST
| |

i
Corer eee eee eer

pecsesesreeeereree QmBDDBDI + OORT

“cor “d ‘qospvr
-eyinqy {11ze ‘a ‘at cuuy ‘epaynqy| ts UMOp UMOIYR aA], JO spe OIL,

seeee Sento nee e se eenreree

"16 “d *TITAX 4 ‘“anbnog mog PTTERERULE LEE TTT ee
"ZOsT Ae

“cep -d ‘snaeiqeH] reg $cgr‘d |q3x0¢ 10 ‘MINg 10 ‘TET axep ayy 2419 (ueIquIy
“AL UULY ‘epaynqy $ ByLeYO WyospeFT|}ou) sAoyyne auI0g “painfut Apeasd su.n04 Auvyyy’ ceepstascsssiuscensess ass

REPoRT—1852.

*099 ‘d *ITAX “4 anbnog wo eerie teeeter qoay Richi wmory UMOIq} o19M suosiag Jee eee ee eet eee etewertee

“FOF *10} adtog ‘oysuy DUNO] tetteeeteeeeeeeeees agro fq poruedunoooy|tessssessrsreestseeesses
"98g “d
“TTA "9 ‘LIOJWINTA, ‘AON BSSO] “m0IG esa ACCESS Soa i sie babe ih paar seg ll pratsisiio vaiesis on Sela an\sisisiesasie'e
‘op | |
‘aqo[y up suoINpOAsy ‘GOL “19D ‘soovyd =|
"OJ2dI Op Y[Npey “4stp] ‘Udeuylamtos UL yooy MOY} WOIZ UMOINI 91OM suOSsIEg|
“4881 9} WIM oes
pet ‘d jou} Atuo A{qeqoad AraA © *paaimoo0 ayenby31ea sskep yeraaos | ‘aydounjueysu0d ‘NOON

4st] UNI £479 ‘d “pSepy “yuop|sty} Yor ut zwak oy} se QOZT UOMUoM s19YI0} ftrtsesseereeseeseereoeereelpoager syoOyS OYL Pe IPF OSpY “PUrlod re ABI “6611
* “19qje | I ;

YIUOUL W9VzqSIe10; | “erMoyog

“snIos}Aay pue souayysookq|"******** UMOP UMOIYY SSUIppMG Jo Jaqumu yearp] ett tpaLIMIIT syDoys oyLjut Avsuoy jo aSeqitat

Ae "S611
“SEG “d ‘TATpSeg, PPP TPTUTEL TUPLE eT TEETER Eee rrr | COE ERCEEPACHOEET | autoy|********* 6811

aoc al 1

1
| ‘aarysyasiamog ur |
Pesesenessnsscnerseneresers <qredrownad ‘ puepsug upp;

UJ

o 9 a "g
oq

31

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

“TOLYQ. OUBUIIE4

fj

ly
iy
i

“ey ‘sasuenuer

“19

"900T “d ‘HA * “Oyen, [sdeqiog ajdood gos port] pue worpey aney OF

‘om ‘snumuaay £73 ‘a *SUIEJUNOUT IY} WOIF TOF ur x1y,p stg mou) “190M
Tax} ‘suruoreg ‘ gep'd‘sauaqysoos] TOU 3/901 jo SossBul ayy Aq PITH suosiad 000¢ POOP RTT FF EOET EH re raeesesl on etsFousGassesessesssessees Taye ED jo ArOpAI9 J ul "LSU
‘ sg¢y *d “vora *Y9012,0 6

| -edsty VOTB IN ‘aout g *jouory) seen n enna pees eneenecggaraenerceretsnersnnemensensesaemarens|SeesRSOSeSSSSRHSSOHT se eetee| WHS eTNE RHEE E EES RENUTEOTOES| VENER ENE O RHEE He vuoporeg “GT AON "hOSI

"922 ‘d ‘snimoSIg
Ifgtt ‘d ‘tmax “3 onbnog woq |; *pouonuot “Ayeqy Ut “qq StupiAL
iSopd ‘euowmarg ip ystpy ‘odueg"yuy|Os[e st poo[q JO INo[oo oy} Jo pues Jo UTeL Yirr*rsrerserrre rah ‘syooys Auepy|op ‘eroserg ‘euomleig|1Z Ady “SZol

; “BIOS *
| *‘pouorjusm sooryd 913 JO You ye 4TOF -olg pue sud0[op
‘op ‘oub fe jou Ajqeqoid oxo sypoys oyg, “poeytod qe Aqjeroedsa ‘snadig, | "LL
-nog woq {sniuoSig sniuoiwg [-dnsysoq oy} sures UaATs oTOY oO oY} ING ‘pouoymeur omy jpue Aueunes ‘fordy, [wer “egzy OF

fgsualsnesupE] “UOT ‘snimoYgIIy|pesnguod AJA are YUAAO STU} JO} UOATS soyep OY)" log Sup syoysiayy Apaequiory ‘Ayeayl¢z ‘00¢q *

*60T “d *AL "4 ‘royemnyy| tt"

[ "eTe “d ‘pueysy ua aSekon ‘yoy aplececcrereaceerceeeseessssetnnaserasererenecerasacunesouasses lB fq poruedmoo0y seeeecennevecsanressseoseneltg qred wiaynos ayy uy)
“TAX “aL ropéjog sagonb reyneg PPP TTT eTTTTerrrrrrerrrr Tritt rrr rrr pues uy|" "6121

‘sniapneN Suyonb |-yjrva ue you Ayqissog ‘aut ggog dn pomoy
‘Fea “d "TA 4 ‘onbimaproy u01}09][09 -[e Ais pue pauedo ureyunoul e 4nq ‘yay yooys ON pay eee weteaceeeteveccescevesessee asians 930109) ayouery Uy "81a qnoqy

¢ pue ggg ‘dd ; ' : [eS er

| ‘dyspury e Ajuo |, :

“3 ap Tpreqory pres st uIeyUnoUr aq qnq ‘pauoyusur ypous ON SOTHO OTRO On erereeae PET OOOe | sesereorssOrenedesentecesse|ros Ayeqy utr elOsT aTUOTN ses Ae "SZZ1

*(aueyy np soyonog
1 sop yuowojredag. a3

|

| | _—__sanoy
| wouup Fy |
sees OUUTT gules ou} ye 0900S 4au100 Vv HOO eee eeseeererrees ss eeeeetlgaersrennegesseresonsrssresiacsessrstsessease® eusojog “‘Sny "SSSI
H “kryuM0d sty} 10F pouoruoeur saxenb
*squaqysooA'] -qy1v9 omy 4Se] aut YIM aus aq} Ajuo sdeyleg Sete ek, reeerr rier eee Cer puepsug uy woneeseee 1z21
. «dda
SSRN 4B 48800 O13 =
uondnse sureuqns “pur[aoy

*yonur A10A
AxBA QUOA® SI} JOF UAATS soyep oy, “exenb

i “TO}UTA
*qopseytl “qu99 ceccccene nse reeetseseseeeeesereeteearaseesenseeeHessesennsesl GOO EOesDesereaettaPHSOtPenlannnggnetssssesasesrcsssees|wnregaresesnees puepsug uq|Uuy, “S10L

*(j) anoq
"STP “A “TA "4 “TIOg woudip yy |.
sopeuuy creed dance snereceteceseeree eee ene ehereeewesigeerresesewnenTamererlerererersereerseesee ste sees ** QUIT} 41048 ® poqsey seteceserwsese sees BOUGL) Vv i) ‘uer "LIL | :
"eps “d “Tax “4 “ganb ems | “qqstupy |

‘Xp

ie ee

i Bo ee
‘wo, ‘deul0y a) tell deere ae F ee ee
: 10] fer ene ves ctor es resee senses eeessseeaerreserereeeseeeesrere Ree ree e se eerenererbergeste| nese, ‘ i yoocce

A eee

fs vr t eres SS

7 ues ’ ~~ Art[spue p Samii. i Ce
“49 quo 38 Tesstor ev Jo Ayt10y, |ATUOsdeysag ‘punor soSeqtA Aue pue “4007 “Araqurey9 ——
“ne ay} uo ‘gt ‘dita *TQTT ‘ON = |sqt ye Arajseuom v Suthoaysop ‘]]az yaved ouo wou onseeay e@ jey “stp,
“sadry Sof suep ded, “onssneg oq|pue pazred ureyUNOUL VYJ, “POPLODDT YOOYS ON| terrestres seeeteesesereeeecereeeeeeeeslisupria Jo sasskqe II|"PZSAON “GPSL
"JOU 919M SUOT} ' jerk ut pue ‘Aoaeg pue :
‘puriyiog —|-epunoy ray} 4ST ‘uayeys AT} UITOIA O1OA\ SSUT \UOTIpeTg UL 4a} OSTy
fsauayysoody £46¢e “d [81,4 a10p |-p[maq ay} Jo sziuUMNs 94} 4eY} payee sem "SII2MA pur YZeg Jo asa0

-Afog ‘ggz-d "4 ‘sueg Moyyeyy yy “pamnlur YONUL sea sTaA\ JO [eIPAYED OYT| ete eeeeeeeweeereeeesrerelOI OUT UL ‘puRlsuy Uyl|'LZ'29q —
“COOT “d “HA “3 ‘1104
-BIN] ‘eueqodva ny sapliowmoydg POeeeee TOU UOUCOS US OCeOOCCOCe rere rere eer ere rere reir r irs treet eres Titre) qUdTOTA AOA Pe ee sade yy G*AON “SPSL

*soulvty,

24} Uo Sutraprz0q (‘uop

‘ox ‘onbimeproy uo -uory Aqjetoadsa) ‘pues
“D9TTOD [ETL A 1g SL MOYYVIA| reer eteeeeteeteteeereeeeeeettteneneerersseeeslecccesscesescsscasesceuceaaleeeoeseseccecesoreserseseerlamiiT JQ sae JuaIaMIC eT dad ‘LEST
“IE QIL1OJOU A “YSTET TULIUTISN GE 11}9g]""'"** UMOP UMOATZ COULD UMOF OY} JO S[TOM YT | errs serreeseesssereseeewelecerereescnsesecsrees **+-"*-BIpUBD JO puvBysy| = —

‘ow ‘uapuey {apotuoIyD ‘20rd oor oyenbyyaee siyy “Udy “Inoy WIG

suedqey § votuomyospog sWapStpT]YOryAr uo Aep oy} sv AV] YIGL OU} SOATS JOT] cA srsreesseeeeseeeserewelecrereeeeereereeeeresereeestar ATreroadsa ‘puvpsug|! [ ene “9FgT

"168 ‘d “ApeyT Ur (0740

*AIXX"} ‘TLOJVAN TA FULTUUTPLe NMCOMNS) oot ott saesinnapiarcnseacssnecyssecessascsceeeseccsteescrnienreszessicss¢ncsivaesss0 pedaseceetcworenecserenvsec TG aourtaoid) opieN ee eeereee CHL
*L8ZT *d ‘1x °4 ‘110981
“nN ‘sisuaooty TRULO[0},J soreuuy see eeseee uMop UMOITY spuby SNOTIvA jo sZurpring Terme e meee tet eeeteseerone eee soyenbyy.1vo dL Fete werent ereereeeees Roon'y eeeeeeens PROL
‘99 *d : “‘Sum9ad oy} 0]
“IITA *4 “TIOPWANTAL “WOAYD PON “PUY errr eee seeetecrrseetteseeretccccseneccsceeneesececenseslesccenccsenceaarcscsasascaleceesoes® QIQTOTA Ai0,A ssteneeeseserereee : BZUQDIA "PS 100 “SFSL
“SSUN VINLOY Ivo
oul} omes 9} 4e “pue]
‘yoy SAl Sete e eer eeeeresreeeanessesesaueestasessaesensagetssescsssnas uoydn.a ouLIVUqns Vv ee ee ett tonstetaneeasessers -20] utyassks aSutrqplny seneeeeee OFZI
‘anbimapeoy uoNd9T[09
£aeT “d ‘g08T MAY % UP ata, ap
SUIUIA|GUIAL, So[ ANS tpuL|—essea|s eee aVak quUpuNge ysout v Aq poMoTog| seers testes eteeeeeeeereeeeeeelens IOTITED UL yoRqAET| = gegy
*snmposz Ay OePeECeOSTOOTTeCe Oe Teer Ter eeeree ere sceerir reer rere reer errr tere rer irre rT Tiree) seeeeeeestee ApunS.ing uy tet eeeeee €ezl

REPORT—1852.

*SpI@AK *amoy 0} ended
erg ‘d *INOPO PIyAoy -Jaqye YJUOM B UeyY |aO1; popusyxo oxenb
tarsegq $gzot‘d “WA +4 ‘oyempy |e payeyxo pure ‘smmoy OM} JO} 4[es pourentor SIO AOJS[VAIOJUT Ae |-yjva oY, ‘ule |'uoouyNOoqy
$moIyg oULUIIID “Gg Op IpreyoTy|iojem oy pue ‘porqnos, atom suIEzUNOZ OyT| re eee |paNUIyWOD SYOYS VL \-19y “yg Jo Araysvuoy|[ ounce “TEZT

“POL “d ‘AoYpA “ormLAT] “poyep :
OG WNIDY £°AX AI] ‘VOTMIYOY “4SIF{|-UNUL SEM PULT[O]{ JO yd UATy JuUVS YY YY] errr ereereeeree|seeeeeeeceecceceeeeesceeceslesceeeccseveres BITTGUO Up] "28828" mmm
*BlIqe[eg Te Juoysno.yy
pivay wsaq pey (sjusmiessisnul) sdutmorjoq
98g °d ‘erensnyT] eLIqeTUD ‘OL0KT “OluwoMerIA;GNS YOILPY YIGT BY} 0} 4ST OY} WOT] ssererererereeeesereeeeeese|eereterseeeseeneeeseereneleeseer BITGVTED UL o88oy|"¢ tady “oezt

on} 9 *¢ 4 Sy % ‘I

33

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA.

Ere penp e p TT CI O T a

*I9POIU
eott ‘d_ j-o1yo ayy Aq pouoruom Avp ay} Suioq Avpung
tA "g oye “Todvay “moydy|wmjeg ‘UAATT Os[e St OST YORI ISTS 9}Vp OYT| sesseererrrreeeererrress
"ge6 “d
“ATX *4 “TIOPOIN “noiq9 TOdATPIM “f seseeeeeseeesesee® QUIT] QUIGS OU} JB O[GISIA JOWOD Wlirereseereeseeessssssereeee

*A PPPTeUULUPeTeLePe reser Terre errr err err rs re

“BACL JO PULISI 94} JO apis UIey}A0U
ay) woay ayenbyy1va sty} fq poyeiedas o10M :

"ere -d ‘pueysy ua aSeso A$ SOH
"BE “d “It [OA pue

ez -d°1"[0A ‘eave JoAr04ST Fy SSOpLY|ULSuLAvTT puL BUl[I<) payed Mou spueyst [[eus oy7)"*
‘omy aeaeeeecer east |SeaiNd jvecteMigeatvescercea
"826 “d

OTT ETTTTEL LTT e Tree ee

‘TTA *4 ‘I1OJVINP, “BsSUaALD “UO.AYD

"OSG “d ‘myod. “A rade y Wee eeereeeeeenewes

“07 ‘2g ‘d ‘xisayig sopvuuny

£6ST ‘d ‘uojog ‘qar op WauwoI9 “J

“98LT

judy WPT JO aouvrq ap oy0ze5y

6 GIT “d *ITAT *[OA ‘Se § UBUey}UeD) POeeeEOU TOO CUCUECOCSU CPOE CSE)
‘29g ‘d*A ‘4 ‘sayney Sop o1104STF] *JIOSIL

‘guoyong {ope “d ‘Ix “4 ‘Leyy,qyo papunos raqzsoapig “4g JO [[eq 94} BMOY 4V

PPPPPTTTererrrrrreerrere reer eee ee eee re

eae eeeeeeeeeseresersestane

Pewee ete e ener ene eeteaaaees

“aes BY} AOTIG
Ajqerapisuod = paary
-al pue ‘[adgy [ensn
tray puokaq Ax4
-unoddt3 payepunur
Ayeyeuroyye © yor
‘soye] pute SIOATI

OUT} + fay} JO 19}eA\ OTT4 JO
“q[9J YPOYS-pury ON|uoryour Areurpsr0e.yxg

"3G “A “ATX “4 ‘LIOZeIM TT
‘mooIMOIYO asUdIXIIg MOVATeI Iqoorslay} 72 PUM OU SBA BIOT,

“eT[OJON UL pouts0y

*LLOT “d “tA “4 ‘1103

“BIN ‘eueyztodean, Rey O CE) Cle | pba aebtcabe La Uk al LL ab bo aco ET AO ea eee see eeeeressesensens Dhaka sini peta 3 ot} 4qno snorqy)’

ze ‘sog‘d | .
3 Sug mouneny ep d_ | — spauaqyStsy axa spxrq 1oy}0 pur suoodtg =

JO yey} SB oles 24
Ajqeou se WO0Tyer
poy, “sep sary
*g¢g°d "1447 onbrmaproy uornayog|sem oye, y “poystzad suosiad puvsnoyy Auvyy] sss trereeereerseeesees|toy SyOOYs a[qLLta]|-wa7,

abides a soveessal = seeeenetrens Ayes ut “eg OL dy "1921

seeeeeresesneeegencesseseneleseausseeresreseseemingge|esesseees
“purl
“a0, ‘pxroyepleig ut
Peewee w eee eeeenersessatttane ‘K949e]q JO PUL[SLOTIITOY,L, L9SL pur

FIST

elrete eee EEE eer Se UAGT eeccorece 0961

eveet teeseneusseduconpcenslenemainen Ayeay ur quedesy, entvwves) seein
*paytoads you

“leovd youxg “Ayeay Uy|P 400 “6SZT

RR e ee eee eer eres eeresnrreselessseteeasesseesaseens ueder eeeeesees J

SCOT Career eereeseereeenes Sen eeetene opig eeeertece 8GZL

SPC Oe eer eereeeeeeiseeees enieleieice e Rieie er cn ees UL LET eaerersee LGZ1

Seer er eereveseeerseausgereslessese ourusy pue awoy s"ndag ‘OCZL

"190

eo eeeerererepesesreeeneeetelcesvascousesers Aprequiory -uIns UT

*N 0} °S ‘ZEA ‘SCT

“IOUT VISY ‘PYSTATC,
yO 4OLIystp ‘seaIg jo *1eok
Heyosed oyy.ur ‘uel joy} Jo suru

IY 10 ‘ueSuezty yy|-useq “scot |
“sojden Jo wop “qysIU FV
r ad ‘AON "ESS ]

bi ae |

‘ys 5

“480, saat] Auem put isInoy OUI paystT (ye OsTe ‘ yosisry yo f
‘egg “d ‘snarqoyy Ieg|‘UMOp UAMOIYY 910M STUTpTING 19440 PUR ST[eAA IL|*****ereeer teeter eMEMOOYS OUP UBILD FV [ooutaord ayy ur “eysvoy|********* ——

"99g ‘d ‘1A *y ‘1104 “yosuns JV
“RIN ‘sgsuanuas) sorvuuy “eye FOR e ee ee REP e EERO eee e REE ERSTE ERSTE SEETHER EH EEEEOEH TES Sas H HOES ESHEETS SEEREEOEEAEITE REET ENP SET ERE EE TEESE NEE H a GEE E EEE EEE EER EOE rouay “Ane “OLZL
"egt “d “quour
rachactire SLC RUATIT A, AUG “MEU | Fathers eaaRenene storeoureneennannenduner ena rtsenieBanreesssosseeseseeees sade] RAMMmNN SANA» Chee Ds |TV AR Meer OURG Man mS ae) 2 8 oeemeee
“Aep ayy
jo sinoy pig
‘UOYSETD) LVIU JUOW-Np-[ayoIPY “3g JO pue 4ysT oy}

y2q} s1oq30 Suoure ‘poanfur 10 UMOp UMOIT WIM “TT
*pgg ‘d ‘1ajsuTULysaA\ JO MOTAILIY|PUL[ZUG Jo soyounyo snouey ysour ayy Jo Au} estes erreesssteteeeefreeeesesseesesersseeeerceesteeceeseseoerses NuBIsUGT UT dag — "GLBT
*mnazodui94

‘o1ostq £729 *90) SIA aropAjog “poojg fo UIDs 2 hq paruedmoooy stematanrnepnansterindusiaanelegerscesraseravsoesesrorertinevensses SOT I) OD) ssegis ———
“PLP ‘d ‘8a, or0psTog ‘uoboap hia p pure
ot fegg *d ‘xaqsurysoyy Jo MOUQIeIY|‘JoULOD v ‘BuruqY Sy pure sopunyy Aq poruudunoady|********trt ss ttteeeeesetee|esererseseseerrsceeesesesiee NUBIGUT JnoysNomyL| ¢ “al "FLS1
‘a0vly], Ul
= ; OS[Y ‘eisdag Ul Z11q
| “paeyy *4u09 {9rg “d ‘snaeiqoy STET |E eSs Smenreneriems sniceitaieatemoize 0/6 bar shenet>=aand='chaseaide chi verenesrannystseeerrensvese stepeasccoaevoosesconsoererlpe DUB UBYOSPIGIaZy|""*°°t** | ——
= "QOUTOIA YVOLD TIT
io] pazzip pue pozoviy
& -u00 Ajayeusroyye
i ata Ytva oy} JO
= ADRIAMS Iq} J Se po»
‘ayenbyyies oy} JO oUITy 94} ; -rvodde spreaioyye
‘Leg pue gp [oy dn Ajisuoqur ur pasrarzour Aypenpeas yor pus ‘A107;e [1080 4say ‘IVI JO Sura
‘dd +7 ‘oA ‘qty ‘T4StE] SMowAYORY|‘aUIM oULOS oF SastOU ULOURILO}qQnS Aq popadorg| TTT Teter! SBAL FUOUBAOUL oT} OZZBING|-ULBog "ELST
‘LS “d ‘yospereynqy “peter o10M suosiod 000‘09 eee re Pee EOCeCeOereCTOrrerey (Cerri eee ey iqussccioens calteeRPOnT uj aagseqvee oS

“quBpIouOD APORXxXe you
are sayep oy} YSnoyyye ‘aw1y sures ayy 4e aor ; ‘OULlAD ONL] It?
, ‘sIsuaTUOUOg snyZoqry pur 1opuvery|yoo} Ajquqord omg ysvy oy} pur ‘ayenbyyava supp | terete eeeeessereeeerereereag ‘sodeyy Jo wopsury
"OGL *d “MA *9 ‘oyeanpy
“uoIyD TUAUed IyowuoTy *G/¢ “d
*TITA. 4. *T1OJVIN TA, ‘enpedg BULUILSOY TERETE EERE ROE EEE EEE OTHE HEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE H HEH H ESTE EEOOEEEEHEN OEE EOS syooys qroid OM Peee eee eee eer eeeeer Ty enpeg

weer eseee

“7431 943 Jo
aTPPUA “7 10
CyA0N) =
"AON
pug pues 4st
OL ‘d ‘1x *4 ‘t109R1 *A[eaT ur [ayy Woaajeq
“nN ‘CIMISMOUTN A, So10}OA soreuuy ERROR ORE HRT ee eH H eH eH EHTS OH EEE HEDET ESTE HH ERO ER EEEEE HEEL OSE HEHE SEES SSE EEEREERESOEEH ITO EH THREE ETE SHEEEHE EES OEY JIN MOSTO pue ‘guapol ‘QuSIn *g9ZT

9 *g v g |

34

35

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHEZ NOMENA.

“"*B6eL ‘d 1x *4 ‘1103 *9UIT} JTRS O49 48

“vInyY ‘sIstedoNT TeUIO;o}g ‘uuy|pouoddey Ajqeqord OMY 48L] Ot} PUL UDA STILT | store sesserceeeeees

‘S16 “d m1’ 4 “muOIYNO, ap Telome yy TPH CCO ROR e reer eseeeseemerersssoneroeserssssreseseeenaneos

W094 I ee tea a cae det aki ch dai dt SIL SL

“qopSeyy sr oraraie Gat tran wae anes PNestvxysebmayps ser tad SAU SS Dare scribe

“TE “[09
T “4 ‘gudej01g ep OI10}ST FT ‘QOLI0TN Fg ens aN Ee Owe SUR Eases ASN AS SR gay ree cee

*qospereyinqy SOCORRO THEE EHE HEH erat atte s est bast eesaaess tHe weeeHesase
: ese ‘d
"AX 4 *T10}2IN IA ‘8U04Si CEA Ca)r A Ts Mideast SS A OSM lo
‘subitigpeoy woroaTjoo|'******** figs

Pree re

‘asvoney a] SUvp 9119} ap
SudTMO][qMax} soy ams ourYydjepepyg|***** SUMMA OUT [ax VYIIYASIZY JO [eapoyyeo oy

“qopsey “quay § Soprddo op uueyor POET O Teeter eee s menses sree ase sar ee OEE ES HH GOHtHs Saeseetee
oe ‘d ‘ta. *4 ‘onbiuou
-o1sy gourpuods9 i109 yoez splietetsaeeettaegrerueeressssagneesressssecersseesegsaaeaanees

toatl OS]e SI E8ZI Bep ot]
"eARQUING JO PURIST 944
"ee ‘d ‘It ‘JOA pue juror qt Aq pajeinds Buteg ‘axenbyjaea si

'gz‘d ‘r*[oa ‘eater Jo L10481f] § SopeylAq poonposd sem Suvreg Ofeg pUest 91371] OY],

‘PLS “d IZ9Ud A 1p Tong P OIA COCO e sete ereentreseeces

“TAX “atl 130A, aiopAjog|"* TOE C wee eee a esses ee ree eres eee ee ESET OEHEHEFSHEETOE GEESE HEOEHHETES TE OH HEHEHE GEES Ol oH OH ESE eeHeneeeeeEseseses “ug pue

1L¢ *d ‘eIzaua A

“AEN JO 4ST 94} UO 41 UOTUOUT
iP TONG Ap aA !16¢ “d “ux “4

urede s10y40 oTIqA ‘qyUOM pue skep oues a14

‘oye “uoIyD Fmpueq, werpuy Burar8 “G7 T Ut yuade sIqy pi SOTPLLOYJNE TOYJO| er estessss secs eeseeeees Pleat “quayora Axa, |e OUR DUB Coe) h

ii "g ‘0 ‘Houat9}

}
*oUll}

suo, @ panutju0o
*|torm ‘sxo0ys yuazora********* Ayexp UT eroxstg|***
. peseeseessacceceessssersses p sBive hte syyenetectos soueny seseccees
uid, |,
“‘Ihraqio? watistoATUN: 194 ,,)GT AINE *68zT
“*SHOOYS [BIBADG| eeereeeeeeeereeeeee QtHOMl TT seaT
*reah |). -
2 Jo} spBadojut ye | 00 198 9t9
permoex syaoys dy, | ‘souue, adojaq outty
Fee eesceernercssbedasersves ‘skep 44405 poyse'y oY Aqyetoadso ‘Aueqyiig uy au0g "9821
*poptie4 :
+xo ATapIM 9q 0} pres
{ peytoods jou. Ay17#00]
titesessarerseseteresesesesliseaserssestesesesreceeliemonie “yseg aug uyltert

——
bweeesesesesesesaesees

——
ee eeeeeecesesessstouse

Pee eeseecarsseseeseees

Ses eeeeseerenesseereseereselsecaceetvesessteresetnsteettictavsets Ayeay ut erert9g eT ‘Jaq "GZ
Commer etl eee eerer esses eeeebodatssesslesesesbetuusete puejsuq uy seeeeeeee FRCL
“kepung 109seq
uo poimooo utese
pue ‘Aepmyeg pur
Aepiq uo padimo .
-ar ‘Aepsinyy, uo “snisto *10}SUq
tereseeeeeeeeoreecerecereslpSag ayenbyyAva OY] |-Ne9 ay} Ul BUI ASIAITV “S8ZI
*soidtn
seWseceeveaccesececessurersiabasutececstoeueeseteansens lin nou sot Biot Oy Uy|™ 8!
Cn oe nd Cerri Aurydued utr dex Peete tee eS
“saad
-S9A JO INOFT
sts eeneceesteesesussseceeaslenncenseeseesescencesereees|seereeseneetars aDiUaA FV/LT UCL “ZEZT

eAer vou

ssregeeceorseasecevscceuscslescartecetertesenstesoouetlHanaming: puget egies Oger
pues
eouelg uy|"**
“T0€E

oy} uo urese par *ATeq] JO Sat OY

PEAT NRE

AS erect

REPORT—1852.

{ “I 4 ‘ayeajua9 aIsy ‘pjoquin yy BA[St treet tenccnereseresceces podorysap Sum eoryd SUT ace ote eee ey Reeccravecccessocecrsencues) 11 ‘atjoy]) wNIOyeIvy au} jo pug

36.

ynoqe pue

‘saodsaa 109Je

: ‘uoou ynoqe

*QOZL *d ‘AIXx *9 ‘TIO}RIN ‘pouojuam sinoy | “Ayey] UraToyMomog |‘umMep yy

‘stsuatpn(o10,7 “4SIFT LETTE ts PORE eR LC OCCrCECR OCLs CS CCR ERC R LS NSO SOIL peensersen seen dasesseserses Out ae ‘syooys IMoj|pouojusam you aovyg|*TTaune* 10gl
"PS" d ‘euouesy 1p “4ST ‘odur9* quy POR e reese eee renee te eee ee THESE MEO eH THF H eee t tS eeseesessl eet SOS EEEs EH eaeeeeeseee® “soos 4U9]OIA Auvyy seneee Aye qnoysnomy, ee eace

*alOy *puelaoy UL VpoazT
“Hoyy *Al-0q aUIty OUIOS AOJ WOIMNAI UL U|aq PBL] VpOFT eT TT leteeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeees “4s punoze = AyuN09 82°99, ‘00ST
‘OIL ‘d "BISY [eAqUad UI (ULIOYY | A.myuae WET

*£Zojou0149
apray ‘erpadopofouq ysanquipy aoe net eet e eee e sett asec ecole ecece ese eescneet eet eeenasel ress eens eeeeseeseenerccnccenseeleeccccencss! sabscccstoscene stteseeomeeeeee COBUTION) Uy" E6ST

orp ‘aqqey ‘ pueinqg

qa auaqiey, £19¢ *d “MIX *9 ‘T107e1 ‘sep [vio “ATT UL BIOYSTg
“NY ‘GZ °O “IA *qIT ‘TURTILA WuRAOID|"*********** QOST pue ‘GgzL soyep a3 aad SIO; ete |-as Toy Suysel syooys pue ‘nvay ‘ojazodg| gg son; ——
ay STTIMg 4
‘OV “d ‘TOISUIULYSI AA JO MOTAPLIV eer eee eee CEC EUCerererrrrrer rer rrr errr errr errr er rer reer Tere rir Tiree eee eee ereeer er rere errr ere re re rere ee Pe er rrr puepsuq uy c ‘ure S621
"BGT “d "4 0 °A “QU “T “qu Stu 94
‘stramAyorg $ Fol “d °G *O “tA “qty JO 9ePPIA

“quezig “4SIT] we109ai4) toydeorn OPerereererrrerer rr reer rete rere eee Tree reer Reeser stte* syDOS [BIOAOG]“*+788"** a[dounurysuog|*y oun "9621

g0uURISUOD 4v pu

*sn9qq £ “48TH wunperq § {sauayysoo ‘sXep [e19A = |‘sdry Oue4Y oY UI Os[y|"uoou ynoGy

“fT Se “quay ‘puny euozidg|-poto.ysep a19a sopysvo u9eqsy SdTy Ooty ayy Up] ttseser esses las payser ATqeqorg}‘samoy, jooudoysrq aypUuy|"F “ydog “eget

“OATJORUL I9Y}9S0}]V JAAS

SBA\ OULITOA 9} SIvaA SUIMOT[OF XIs 94 Sutnp

“HOY ‘Alpue ‘our siyy ye aise BOOP] JO Wordnza up| reer esses eee eee eee eteeneeeteeeees treteeeeeesserereeerpaprggg| tte? BET

"E28 ‘neg ‘saauasdg soy

ans SaTIOWI9 I xnvaANON, ‘nosseye gq ORTH TEER EEE EHH Ee EHH eee E EE EE H eae HHH EEE HE HOO anes ests ets HEHEHE HGS EE EEE EHH HEH T OEE HEHE EHH EHET SHE HEEEH EEE H OH age tt Het teen seeese uredg uy Wessesete
‘shep ~Z IO} posino

‘ezg ‘d -a1 Aay} vlowsig 3V “IT pur

“XI °} “Tloqzeanyy ‘asuemiwg “womyO]********* pUTAr Jo surt0}s yuofoa Aq patuedmodoyy tT etteess*|syooys quaporA AUBIA|****** vIOIsTgG pue vuueg|oy Ane “EEZT

*e "9 “Rg sees eee TeRer ere ee es Pee ree orojodag- g-0S10g eeccecees

"aFG ‘d TASeg « s/acqcereecerngadtesduammaesdt/ cuanguectenesesceeee (UNOS sAtscshal are

“9S JO FSV] OY} 7B

‘sqeredse Suoqgsry ye pur

; ; ) pur[iazjimg ‘puvpaoy ut
‘02 ‘purysy uo adeko A “reak ayy JO QUIT} ames JY} 4e 1INd90 you pip A]}UATOTA ysouL Wd, ‘ado.
‘ tonbrargproy LONDON { purzysog|soovtd snowea ut sayenbyyava aso TTB Apqeqorg| settee ISR as i casa UI [eSIaATUN ATIRAN |" OGZT
9 ‘g % a [| % | REESE

37

: : : *T aune 10
"gCT “d-astyy mnurig ¢ souayysooxr sucevuveccguectteveceeseeeseneeetseenesscsentesedeeneeenses|eeeneesssseneeesseessoaners *J9TOTA AjSurpasoxq seaseeeeeseeees KTPUTION) uy eatin aa
. ‘SP “d SaTsegq se ceeeeeeserennvcerrererooebevessscsreurevssssensssasesssese *poyepuUnur sea 90TUA A, Caer cere encseascctceerereeslasacseneeere seve oUOY|*""* -TZST
“£BoTOUoLyO) 3 ae
Grotera atteieaopa Stns cpamenymregyen |e neh w eee vee esN =the seteansnssesteseserersetes[enareeeeecersecsscersereeesleseceesecencons DUIBISHT Uy|rerseeses

*s}qyomm pue skep *daq, pus
PERO SCORE Pi O-OLE CIO 7h ia J.) Sutmnp syo0ys se reneeee Apeqy ul BUUIS 490 "0ZS1

wesc sence cee ser eer usatesesssessssecasesees

*2g'd’ax "4 TIOPOAN A, ‘gsourg mol) eet eceseeesteons
"6T ‘d ‘1 *4 ‘ommompeyyeyqg *UOI}IPUOD suIvS 94} 03 peonp
{792d Ay ‘aseoney np anoyne |-or or0M soSeiIA pues suMoz 10430 Auem pue "BIUBUITY Ul TWIG pur yet
saSeson ‘xnoiadjuopy ep stoqnq|‘panina Ajajatduroo sea vuy 10 Ty [eydea aug) sss sserstsesetteeeeieeessees GUaTOTA Ara a|-ery Jo sooutaord ayy uy|**s**""" GT ST
‘anbimepeay W01qd9T[09
ST1t ‘d “wion ‘Say ‘uepureg
Enea soratky soy Bonape A TORE |e ter mere ce beeen een anes ranenysracsersy sesseeeeseeererrvessarecesclonseeeeeseesoes DOBISUT Ul pL AON ——=
“40h “d *a “4 ‘pueang
POMERAT RUMI OMY MENON | MAIO WIT rege cae Ce ce ancaee oer er bere op ervenePsSerPsorey “+ guiry Buoy @ payse| sss ausojog 3y\""""3dog “81ST
*sInoy IMO
*19¢ “dea 4 ‘puring 49 auaIIe NI cece ence tree cece eee e eee saeeeeresseeet ts sssse tases ss ereseeses|COOe see OS cases sees seeeeeses =K4Ua M4 uIsyOYs OA], sere eeseeeeeeseces Ayeay uy "99 “TSI
“JAS fale a Mateo) esa 10 pea Phi eee ee ee i ake a iia | eS LEGO seeretseeeeseeeserersereersl out UL SIUIG 4S TW\"'"Idag “O1ST
"SST “4 ‘B08T TAY 3 UP 2410} op
RS CUATGMTINN SAT Otte TOUTE ARS Th sas ttt teenie tena th obo senses Geetaes seopsssnecbs ss see ens as tir aes eve? <2 2t Lay seeeeeeesessessoessoereereelees oreanTeg UL youqdel****""* [TST
“GpuOUL 38
"63S “d ‘(mod *A) Jeyduey PPPTTTTTTTTTTLT TT Co) Po) qua]OTA AIA Sete erst ooseetareene ueder au uy *LOET
“eIpuey ©
ut oxenbyyaee
“pag “d “xt 4 ou} 10178 OUTy
“T107B.IN FY “T0149 Ie, Ipeqoony sence tes eennccessereseee uAOp UMOIU} sosnoq Aurvyy Peewee cece tee eeeeeesunenesisccsenssvagassrssassseeressisegsessstonsersayeeee TUITUTY|aIMOg 29081
"gp “d “IAX *4 ‘T10}e1 "BZU90R]q PUe BiLAlay 42
ny “yueorg ‘wom ‘ [gg “d qazATquqoig *pouorjuem
"AX it TIONAL ‘gsuaysy “uolqy TEP ETTTTEE LEER Tee ee seeeecesrecevesseseoereees*la Qtr QORId JOUXT “ATRIA UTES 190, "FOST
“OSLI ‘HAY
FI ‘aouvtg op aqjozen ‘cst ‘d
“TIAT *[OA ‘Quizese yy $,Ueuley}Uox) cece eee meteren ese ere re senreessssses sss rseHOTe esses reseesessisrsaeused Gasssasessssssanelsssusssrsessasosesssrasnousisevansrrtessees purjog Uy eeeceecse J
“01Ud A 989]99T[ ING IAT
“Bag ONeUpY oy? Te
‘til d "FOSL PUue ZOST So3ep 943 ; pue ‘eipueg ‘snsonuod “But
“909 *307 BIZIUAA TP TONG Pp 1A jeAlS sdoporuoTyO JayIO eMIOG “UMOP UMOIY, . -ojed 8} yhoysnoryy |-u0Way} Uy
[61 'd-a‘epaynqy feeyQnpspey|Apaed orem wlpuexely pue BUIBHY JO STEM IY) re rsrrrrrrrereeerneees seeigiow pur pire ‘g ‘Sny “gost
“ATeqT P

geeihenien

oceoeressst

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHAINOMENA,.

; combrmmgpeoy WONDaTOg| trees etetesteeseseseseenenestacewaneetereteasananes sencessssenenancasscneninslucestscncnsceanensenenae®
ee "gcd | : [ho te

38

REPORT—1 852.

~

"694 ‘d “Mx *4 “TIoyeINPL ‘TURTTTA “O|-TeT opUOP, ‘axenbyzAvo siyi Jo eouenbasuoo uy

“6Fg “d

“THA 4 T10PBIN TAL ‘QSuUdUO19 A “u0IyQ COeeeee ee eeer rere eee eee re reer eee rere

*£GT1 ‘d

*ATX"} “TIOJVININ, MEO THMBRARPRQIBIMITY | TTT StUt Tt eeeserssesevevgnaceteseusnstcesvsnessnseased

“SLL pur gg “d ‘auyuezig

‘4st ‘sexoZarg “ydeory - $snsaqq|-omye quajora Aq ofdounuessuoy ye parurdumoo0y

‘ZSI1 “d

“ATX *3 “LloqwMYY ‘SaJBUISARD SATCU] eeeeeesererseseeseseteeseeeseeseseresseceeeeseeeaaaees “payeyiSe sea vas ayg|-np syooys uaaqy sige Ayeq] Ur vuasaglyoreyp, “LEST

"99 “d ‘1049.0

“91urayo g wins0y “Soy ‘ny ‘woIyD PRO O eH e Heme Hae aH eee aeEeHEHE HEHEHE EOE H EEE HH OOOEH Hee eaaa les HHE HEE HEE HOHE SEH E BESO ED sueeresspessesers saeco s ar line 4193 osly condvig 4V aa "6ZEL

“Oo ‘anbragpeay WOTjO9T[OD

£TURTTIA "D {SRT “10g ‘Bjouseorwy, *H|suostad QOOg + pourMA ATozo[mOD sea VIOTON| rete terete" aNUTVUOD SYDOYS OIL oy) Ur “02 ‘BIOION] ‘AMLOY)"[ “99q]_ ——

SYJUOUL OM} WLY} STOW TOF BST
SB Ie} SB PITqNoI O19 syUONPFe s}t puv oury
oy, “Sopttd Imoy wey} oxour Sutom yyIva
jo Apoq ayy ‘aovjd 3004 dyspuey osuaumut
ue pue ‘payeredos ouurmooaqg eau evuora}

*suoTyeqanjaed ouayds

“paystiod

“0uety UL pooustiedxa o1oM

Cee e meme teresa rere ee nbenes

Ae meee enon seer ereesrerenee

Peete twee en eeeee tt oaseeeeee

POO rome reeeereeeeseeeeens

"ees *d *20 “907 “WAayOY,C|stu109s yuaTOIA (19q030Q) YUOM Supoyjoy OUR UE secscoere scsrercuresesenag

“4q3n0.1p
pue yeoy omenxe Aq papovaid useq pey

29 “d ‘ontd Yor As ‘TOYO Aurea AIOA jo poted 1] 3urmq Se ee ee masenseeeresseseeeees

"gg “d “roygag “ora

og unsdy ‘aaBoyy aM Y UO | errreeseeetesesestteteseeeeteteresenenserenanencssseseeecleesaneseceerenerensneessees

"LLG ‘d ‘wrx +4 ‘oye

‘146% °2 *Xt ‘qty, “woryQ TweyIEA “9| “19958 4qstu ay} 109;0uL SED @ Aq POMOT[Og| ter tterseess tees ees

"gpg ‘d “IAXx 9 pure £966 “d

"AX 4 TOWN] *eslg 1p “uo1yD FETE HEHE OOH OOO EEE E EH EHE TETHER EEE ETHSSEH OHSS EEF EEEHHT SOO EEEH THEE E SESE H SEES HEEEe qUo[OIA AYOA Ter19A9g eee eee eeerereeeee RsIg qW eeneeeree

‘anbimepRoy m0T09T[0D $ puvijieg FORCE ETHER ee eH EOE HEE HEHE TOO ETE HEE TOE ESET OE HE TE EH EEE HHS EHT EEE HE EOEHES ESET ESSE FE ESHEEEEEEEEEHESEEE EEE TEEH Pea ae agtee PAQUIN) yy \jo pug Vat i

9

a

+ ;

sete ween nen este et tees nes eeelseeeerene Ayeay ur opesnqy CI Avy "Goel

'
|
sessetenteessetaeesesterttlecressestessseeess gUOIaA| ‘09 —
; “Bur

-UIOMI 94} UT
seveeeseresecerseceseeeeestlocssseeee ATBAT UT BUDSAO/"CG "GAT "FEET,
‘g{dounueysuog 3 OsTy |-Surmeasay3 uy
Hereeseecseessere sreeeeenslnggsrony qu PUR BLBULMGL| "ZT Gad “Bee
*YQUOUT B OJ asvId
Ajeayue you pip
Aoyg, 3q3tu Surmoy
-[oj puekep ayy Burt "SL

“BLIvARg UT pus BILL
-ayog jo Japureuiar ay} | Surusad oy} Uy

*spIVAOYe SYJUOUL PION] YU FWOTOTA ASOT
aMOS LOFS[VAIOIUTye fyYDINYD ay} JO So}v4s wv T |
*pooy.moq

-yStou 24} pue esnr |
steressseeeeererereeeernl ay ag Areroadsa ‘ATe1] ndag i
‘kep ayy

jo moy 48q |

SsteeneeerensesrerseeeeeerelecrerererorererserTnTg FUL SY ‘8281
-Auvuitay Jo sjaed 1ay30 é

pue ‘(¢ wassteyay) eLUsATy “Tour

see eeeeereenneneeseneeerene ‘ersuLInyL, ‘e1ulayog TINS UT 92k '
"2UIT} J10YSAIVA B BUT *y90]9,0¢
-4se] yng ‘yUO]OTA Ara\ Hteeeerereerereees QOTOIOTT TZ ACHL "ezel
*syooys

_ *SONT

% ae

*

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA. 39°

‘
i

i . ; {| -uvosng, ur sooryd | |
086 ‘d "419 *20] Suey, "nD PRSRS SE EASE SES TRESS ye Te Nn Se ory aoe eee pict ao a tah beet RRA Weae aah NE Relat Nrayjo pue “egouax0 Ty ZL ydeg —_
“gould oules 94} 3% CPET “uer TGS , | ‘skep u9d9qy /
‘snmosyAry ‘soueqysookq|yo oyenbyzAva 943 YIM papunojyuod Atqeqord istteesseressseeeeeeesensetlngageT — SHOOUS is | esemmnmerincosiges: | ‘qr —
‘09 ‘d
“TIHIAX 4 T10,IN AL ‘gsualsayy “u01q9 ene eee e selec ccen sees neds nccccgececad seer epecgnscceneces eevevervccesceses seve o a[qeieptsuoo Ar seeeereee Ayeay ut oLssoy Te-ure aaah
"6SEI |
reaX 94} ur uaAa sii syroder wesuor Wd |
\|-ury ‘uolepunut ue vonpord pue Aayjea ayy | :
‘soded SurMoyjoy pue pugg “mx dn axoyo 0} se staqap YonuL os 41 IM Burhueo | “KE MT1O NT
‘Joa ‘Gest ‘elueysiyD ,,‘outaqeys |pue ‘1aqye skep [estsAes Sutreoddeos ‘punoi3 i Ul UsTepyNNs) Jo BOUTA
-U9PIAINILN IO} ulzesey, oY} UI ‘xapun paaveddesip funy 10aAU oy} pue ‘fem | -oid oy} pue ‘ pur]
sayxenbyjyIwo WeIsIMION UO NeYy[I9}y|-ION Ul sserepney 4e pafoxsap a1aM SULTRY Agu Seenesiedisadimuteoredenieed|qoc cra ea ivwerwledgsnens iat eat TO. STIU MOUTON ees me
"00g “d
“TAX “ql “Ht “4 ‘auSedsyq,p ar10ystyy *48800 TOS
‘noquameyy 196 ‘d “AIX "4 ‘snimoreg sean snes eaves svavensestweuetasdnndubensnnwenieessaianssiseve}|esurnneesvesreesecs>eeess oR MOTTE sale Auey oy} Suojpe pur ‘aoqsr'T |
‘g]doury | “un
“pep d ‘caugnezgy “qSIFT | *SUOTJOUIUIOD j-Ue4SUOD ye satoYs -s0048 4dk3q pue j|-ne 943 jo

‘se109915) sista Bey tyospey oreydsomye Aq a[dounuejsuog ye pormedmoooy|s}t poyepunur vos sygijuefora ~=pue Aueyi‘erndg ‘ojdounueysuop|IPPlIN “FPEST
sdeoutid o4tpa }

ZL “ystda ‘a ‘qr “ystda ‘do ‘ meek sssstteanseneeeeceensssssvoscesreses qegdmtag @ BULIN TTT tteseets essen ~goideyi|gz “AON) ——_
"La. ‘d ‘neu ‘shep G[ 10x ssoq 10 *(ouIy Wer[ezy).

“Sey ‘69g *d ‘erdout, rp “ystHy “OFET O72 O43 SoArId wANOLIOISTET ALOU PONUTWOS FOr A es 4402.
‘oulAosuRg é TIGL “TOF ‘ejoudeore], wane «at, *poinfut 219M ssurpymq Aueyy Peer eneneeeeeeeeeneeeseeees ‘syooys quayorA Lec Aneto eeneneeoes “90TUa A ‘oz pa "SPST
sreak ary

"are “d | 0 pus ayy
punootemyG Tet Cepagy sypMg| ees creeesneseeceeeereveeeeenesne sete tteneasoenae sana ssesncaresesceseeceteceriabfisraeetenensterescsscastertlees guggzar] go @aUTAOIA SPICMOL, “ByST
*puelad] Jo [Nos ay} JO saouBoTOA OT} [Ie | |
HOH “A Serg ‘d ‘opurjsy us e8edo, yo uotdnse yuapora B.Aq 1Vak 4XOU IY} POMOTTO| "ee ete tee eceereeleeerereeeceesceeenseecoesesinrpIQaT Jo q1ed UIIYIUOG|"
ce Tae RE ea ap lag sida areata in: | ease caiman 5 EF wiIhg ur stpodtay|-"*"*"*** —

"6/3 ‘d .

*AIXX " ‘LIOJBIMI, ‘TUAITW SOPRUMY |: eee tenetesnenssemandesnrsicaavesesenmnsierbescraseacto ag
LL d‘euome19 1p" SUT ‘oduieg “uy . seer etaeeee eases sor eeesaseeeessessesr®
"eTg “d ‘apurysy ua a8eko, ‘premtey|: a deede ed sensscesesns

‘0g2 “d ‘uryog *A saydme yy)

Fee eee ee ee nesseeseesiseneseeserseneees

CE AR SR IE OE HN iC) CE Sg

a2 cciwusbe cchambuwue soi mauecnps Ayeay mi ozzary|"""* ——
"tees -aTIaTOTA ‘Kr0 4 sereeeeceeeee PUOUIDIQ|[Z AUN “eee
Snekattinaeaisuamenananianesnl te + puryaoy upper see
sa teeeeee qUa[OrA Aes eee ceseeeventetose ueder uy seeeeeeee |
“qq 3tu SULMOyT

|*[0¥ ay} JO

teeeee

PROP e eee reer acer eens este sees eSess HOOP SeeaH et SO Haseeals Heese HEOOSTEDesaeseseee

“GIT “d ‘jrppra = pue
“ATX 4 ‘oxen, ‘saqeuasce) so[evuny oe Pee ee eer eee neste ee eHee eee ener eseeTee THe eeeseness i: OPP eh Ur ee beet reneeene **syooys: HUITOLA seeeeeene ‘Area ur vues I |‘GT “uer “Zest
$ 698 ‘de - * * - } ie ae - - , , ; i x af oe -

ssadesecsssessrsesessrterntrereescesesess seeeesseeeeseverensecsseven| Pereeerere seeeree

ee RS shvabaneasies=ap|aiivabs

REPORT—1852.

40

are ; i eRe
“ISTE “kyeay «| SurmaAveq4 Uy

oq} [yun penuryuo0y) ut or10jodag-g-0810g "CZ '09q “SSEL

stetteeseeseneleetaseaseeteseteaseesteesesleerereses DUBTOZUIMG Uyf rete

‘6st ‘d
PAIX “4 *T10J2IN TA “TUeTITLA. Oxtyye IA RERstt se eelaces sep cares eeaponess Muon aranelrepears Ano Se5as>
“IFT ‘d ‘atsouS0ay s,coparmyog|*"*****axenbyjiva siq} Aq 4Jo[9 sax UreyUNOUT y\""****

“OT “S ‘Uaqeqpagt

ap wayorsiyy uap u0A ‘SoIly “A PrY cee eee er
"cng ‘d ‘AIXx

‘4 ‘lovey ‘UMUIYWaN “wom : “OpreN
$ onbimapeoy u01}09][09 ‘TAlaeg PTeeTIV ITT eee eee Sesivebesvars us iaheeese sive 4[9F OST “UL0Y te eereee OSSI
: ‘skep yqs1e jado.m@q Jo syaed raq30

uvy} V10UL pase, jay3zoysougnoysno.1yy
"gp ‘d ‘AIX “4 ‘1103 MOU poogueTIUIOD |;JaJosTy “ATeITJOYINOS

-eIN] UR]ILA, 79) {ZR “d TAT[Seg Seeeeeeeeere eee sSuiprmq 0} auop oSeuep 4qrarn eee eeeeeeeererseretesaneees yor syooys oypleyy Te pur‘sajdey ‘auoy ‘ol —__—-
*o2p ‘aSTOUISsed

014g SFP “d “WAX 44 ‘10zeL

sieseeneneneeancesneresslenetseeeeersees OGSITT qyltsertsee®

oe *SSvUl JO
1 ‘euZojog Ip ‘uo1yg ‘ FE9 “d “sep OATOM} “eSiq SB Ivy joy aq} F
"AX “1 ‘T10yBAN], ‘OJOIAIO,P “uoIyD ueyy 910 IO} perqnor4 O10 ‘Oy ‘SIOATI CELE NT| SSG SCE ead ha Pre reererersasersesensonseerlon pue ‘0J9TAIO, ‘eus0log 'f dag “GPE
"gg ‘d “Ix *4 ‘110} ex “44 3tu FV
“nj ‘WINIsUdUTNT SeteqaA soTeUUYy)"" ssensees|ereeeereeeseerees : BUONO Y "Gag
"FL “d *y SoU £ yuoay9 §,19UI0T Peer Rem ew eee tr HEH ORS e eee eH se EFHHEH OE OSEHEH SOHO EESHEH Hoes enerEHHeHHasesesstangee Sieectcevetinacacteooesnees QUuIvyN au} uo qloyyuRsy "9 “qo

Pree

*aUT} SIY} yHoge 4U9}xe 413 Jo oyenb a1eq

-YjIva 9UO ULY} VOU JOU SBM JIOT[} JV} UIEy pue ‘aoe, ‘amoy

190 WI9VS JOU ssop 4I ‘paaput pur ‘EPET 0} dn ye quezora ATeedsy

PET Wo. AeA s1OyyNe yUsTayIp sev ‘TnZQnop “purjog pur ‘Auruiiey

‘om |AI9A studs Ivak 94} Jo aJep ayy, 079 ‘sdur jo sjred ‘puryiezjimg

‘sniyosydag {souayjsoosy {Snes |-plinq 0} auop sem asvmUp yeatn “sorqI[LOOT ‘sep |ferpjumeg ‘vlvarg
-1F] UOIYD Eg d ‘neuazyorT*A [[etoAes UI Uae} Buaey se pauoryuou st Aq10J AOF spearojur ‘sade pus swoy
pequog {gor ‘d ‘Aix "3 ‘sntuoreg §|p0079 fo wns y “YQAOF OUMLO SUONLTeYXA [eIWUIT 4@ pormoor syooys |sB yynos Ivy se Ayeyy

‘poz ‘d ‘A *} ‘puving yo augieyy|-tsed pur ‘seovyd quoxayrp ut pouedo wyrea ayg | tee uy, quaota Ayoq ‘TOI, 0} ‘KavBunyy}¢g uve “gp ET
gc9°d MAT} ‘UayeULy Ss, yAopuess0g *sSUIpMg Jo uOToNAySop yas ALBA pasnEn| se eerste leeteeeeeeeevereeeeressereeederserses* QTCOULZULISUOD|****e72*
“GG Pur FZ
‘O1VG 32 juaAyoq IYSINY
‘onbimapeoy uoyoa][09 ‘ puriyieg ‘PURLIOZHIMS)AoN = ——
‘29 ‘d *BUUIAI oY} UT
“TAX *9 OJIN PARC ER PRM AOMITEN Sy rrnesrrerar enscns Peg cnteer vem stnenss*bexnaccpans4| gresentseonederensassnees pad icscennsWeesueeMusernne seas se eereeeeeeerre orSSay 9VI'eo"q2d “OFSI
“‘prloygeplaig ur
poyeasya sea yor
MOP] “Als ireeseeeetsaseseeesetseesneseverserevneasonsasnecoresseolUgORUN OMOUPY ‘Yltesreerereereseeeseese+eseel PURIST JO qed W19}89 A\|teeresse*
“Auvosny, ut saovyd “44310 yy
PAPO PER e eee eee HE EEO eee e et eH eee HH SESE H EF ES HESS HEHE | EH FOEEHESESEHHEESSOSEHH EHH enn naeeeseess estes seseee ees ayo pue ‘Q0Ud.LO[ "Go 09, “CEST

‘UMOp UMOIT sSurpymq Aur yy Seen semen eeeeeren ses eee eet lenessennseesansggeussrnsest Ajyetoadsa

"0g6 *d “720 *907 “TURTTIA “D
9

- *e % ‘T

41

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA:NOMENA.

“OBLT ‘THAY

FI ‘aourtg ap oyezey ‘cyt ‘d
“IAT *[OA ‘Quizeseyy, §,UBMUa]}UIy) OOOO eH eee errr eH Deere rE enetee neste OEE OrSeeeeeeneene®
‘onbrmapvoy UoToa]TOO|***""*"*******ss**4saaTey yuepuNqe ue Aq poarorog|:

oe
Cee roseeeretoes

seetlese eporured utr yougkery eeerreere 8SEI
"BAOPIOD PUR AaTTAIG 42
uredg ut pue ‘eiqeag
UrosTy § “pue[1ez}IMs
‘op ‘purr UI eMMeTOY pue oyeyo ‘WV
“lag ‘{sntyoszArg { saueyysooAT -JNON ‘aors,y Ysnorqy |g 40 / noqy
{puving 4999 4.10 AL -Bnvsipy uo01yO ooo ee err Teer rrr erry rr rr rere rei *sxO0Ys Lhe) (oA AYO A 2 pue ‘Bmqsv.ug ‘areg “pT Aen *LG8T
“41 poouatiadxe
Os]? slieg pue suTaqy
qeyy shes sidueN op
suINe][My “eIIeArg jo

Fee ee Oe Ome eh sere ree ueesasaseeees purjog soeccreee

Siap10g ay} pur ‘auieg
‘skep oulos 1oF poysindutyxo Ou ‘guuesney ‘g0uezsu0y
‘og ‘sidunNy jaro souley 913 pur ‘ary 31003 UMO} 94 ‘syooys ‘reok oy} JO VJOYM {jo yorysip ‘aleq pur
ap oumneyiny f-Snesiryy -woryQ oy s0ye ‘olegq yy ‘a0UeysuOD Jo ortdoysiq ay} Surmp oeg 3@ |[Sanqseayg ye Aqeroodsa “W'd OL

tsniqoszArg ‘sauayysooay fpuvajzogiayy ur peAorjsap ai0si XNwozPeYO FYBLa-AL| ere sressereereeereeeseoe(pQrMoVT SyOOYS IY, ‘suryy soddn 943 y}'81 390 —
‘Auvosny, ut AYSTs Ospy|"400 Jo Suruurs

"por ‘d “e[eseg pur ‘ay[tagg ‘eAop|-aq pue 4dag

*AIX "4 ‘TOPeAN A, TURTITA oxyyeyN Pee ee Perr eri rrr errr rrr rT rer Tyre Pere rrr Try syooys Auryy -109 48 Aqeroadse ‘uredg 0 pug Pom os
*1e9k @ IO} S[BA1I4

‘216d -ul 4@ ponyuos pue
‘k"} ‘[owoIYD op ‘way {sye3nq ‘moy ue jo 1031enb
“10g JOSSeM]BIOUTUT 21p Joqn ‘SoIvAvy, oer eecererccseteesves uMop uMOIT} sSurpiaq Aue ee ene ronson ereeaneesevens ly poqsey syooys aut PTYTTEE TTL ye woqst'y iz “‘Sny “OCT
7 ‘SES ‘d

aySeg fanbywapeoy UOspOaTOR|*eesrseersseeeseeseeeeeeerseseecssestresnrseresereseneeens el
*qU9A9 : “moy 446
°C6G ‘d SITY} UOTZUIUI JOU SBVOP PdzIO D[DIUOIYD {4 Jo oq, ynoqy
‘(uontpa *]0A-9U0) *ONCSITPT u0IyO wor}Ipa *[OA-OM4 ouL *uMOp uMoIyy ssuIping PUTS TITTITI TI TTTT TTT re Leer eee Simqsrayg pue aeg dag 4 *"GCeT
“dutids
jo Suruursaq
eee een eenseeserestone "g0vIYT, JO 48800 941 TTV|OUI UL “FSET
‘adounueysuoy 0} W9A9
"12g a pure 4svoo oy} duoyje [je
*ATX "4 {OPIN TUeyILA Oxyyey POOP OTe Hee Peer Hae HE Hae EH FETE HEHEHE HEHE OE EEH OE SEEE HE Ow Peer emer ererreseeneeseeee *syooys qudTOrA Axa.A|Surpuayxa ‘eudemoy uy *T yore, ——
“YjUOUW B UeYy
IOU TOF S[VAIOIUI 4B
"S19 ‘d *AX *4 ‘t1oyeAnyAY ‘osMaU : : penuljWoo pur “yUaTOTA
1 pue ‘ ue ty , Om 98] Hasiecr se eantnwstesenenen SOATT qeq} 480] ajdood 0002 SOO eee ee eneeeeretesetesess, AOA OAM. syooys oy,

POOR e eer ernaeewnreepannealerrsesegasrssetanensee dosunreepeeeeteusesn es OUIQS| . eee

*488] OY} YIM 4uaAd ous 943 ATUO ATquqorg
‘198 ‘d°z “4stpq ‘auoznoRWULD|'sSuIpjMg pu IFT] YIOG 0} BUOP IBeUIUp yVaTH]]|**rrrrrsrererereeereee

1852.

REPORT

42

*souatysooA'T,

*paarosqo
919M SASSO10 ON} PUL UNS 94} PUNO Zu v
ayenbyjava ayy s0ye skep oAty “pouorweut |
alay juaAa a[ZUIs ay} JOJ ayep UayezSI ©
ez Ajao Ajqeqord -st yr ynq ‘xvod ores ay1 JO
ATop asq ayy uo oxjd oures ayy ye ayenbyyiva |

r
}
:

fonbrnrgproy UOIaT[Og { pUuBIyJeg|pUoIas B SUOTWOUT enbiuleproy wooe}o9 ey,

"HOT “A fete ‘d ‘opurys] ud asvhoa Roe CO DT Ree er Ccareesayessneevocerncerssgeelenseseseee nye

TMA *} ‘WOpeInNJY “UOTaA “uOAO}

*THIAX "7 110}VIN TAL “eusojog Ip uoITD eee e mete teereeseseseswanrersssereeeneeen eee

“ATX 4 ‘110 FBIN IN ‘TURTLE A, Ow} eI eer eeet tree taaneee

‘

‘eoTUoIyQ sysisuLMG sepueary

"gar “d ite

“ggg “d

“un10}s yuaora @ Aq ‘Aep
“IF -d ‘01q|}xX0U OY} ‘paMmoT[oF pur ‘lapunty Aq poruedmoo0y

‘poqoaye SB BILLIOT SUOTJMOUT
“217d ‘oytg|ATuO pure ‘ore, 449 Bt sdes astia}sq “UOLYD OI)
1 Lt “d .

"eg “d “1x *y ‘Hoqea
“Ny ‘UIMIsMOMNYY $0.10j0A SepeUTTY seseeseeeenerseeesceesreesses ggtout £q parurdmoo0y

fax *9 ‘LLOZBINTAL

*

9

‘asaueg

‘sosvasip Aq pamor[og *8}U9} Japun pedurvoua

691 “d
*sSuIp[INg JO UOTJONAYSep FVI1H

“uoryO|seqqeyut oy,

"799 ‘d
poystied suosied QO0F TOS 7V,

*g

|
|

1 REE ae

PUTT Tee
|
seer eee ta meenreeeeeraeeeer

rrerererer te

see eweeeeeoeeeteneresestaee

PPT Te re

i]
PPPTTTTT TET Tee
|

“sum ay} ut 4da0 ;
-xa yay you ‘uOT}OUL | t
SsnoNutes? yy SIs amlog ae eee eres eoeeetens aed 4V I aun "ZLET
“purl
sesssereveeseseeeeeseeeeetlagoy UT SOATY JO BUTAOTG|"**"""" OLE
. (Av 481%
aq uo sureq
‘soovid seyj0 =| Aepung-31T A )
pur ‘yovuasig ‘uosney “yjoaM-uns
ponisnypeere fen n:eonee asec -[qn I qe ‘ergulIny J, uy “WY AA UT ‘g9¢
*puooas 2 Aq inoy
ue jyey jo yearay “uns 91} Jo
Suse 043 4V

. “oy ‘yooys qua]OIA VY ssterssereneeesesees BUOIOA "1399S "LOET

+88" gyDOYS JMITOTA see eneeeneeneeeene vusojog CZ Ane ’
weeeneeee “rs puMOL 444 {

soy = |-un0d aq} pur ‘eavdaq “4 3Il yW
UR IO} SHOOYS qwosy|‘estrdiy, “enped ‘eweA|P “IVIL “CCT

“sO JUS[OTA OAL, sessresseseererees spUSOIOGIT “Gad “FOST

“qustUpI
(-Avpsinyy,
sereeSer gyooys aomyp|er tt gBuapoyy|e U0) “E98T
‘|-skep Inof 1OF asvao ;
Ajeryua you pp
syooys ey, “sts
pue yrais ‘u90}
|-yZ1a 10 weequaAes ;
Jsamoy moj-Aju9My » . “Sut |

;
PTTTT Te
i

seem arte eeresererssersarere

qxou oy} Ul pue
‘gxj00YS a] qi4194 WdAI PTT ae ee

~ULOUL 911} UT
euUaIg V|"LZ'°09q ——

*sxadsaa
“sTeq] «(go Noy]
‘ereee “gyoOYs TUITOIA fur wysng wT Jo yorasiq) ZT Ane “19ST
) 3%. i ae

“¢ ;

43

“ATCT Ut

OSTy *pUuepIEZ4IMg pue

*STBSSB I ge “d ‘puedy.leg ene e eee ee eee eeat nage e reece easeeeeasenees Heer esneensaehesceslseenss ees ys OOSEOSOES HODES |CORSOOEeEEeesneees Essense ti aouey JO sjaed SNOTIe A ozTudy 801

*91dT], POTOYUSUL.yeY}. YILA OUTS ;

‘ambrmopeoy ayy Aqqeqord star ynq ‘ogel AToe 481 2p OU | ‘oyenb

UOTVa][O) { puerzszog {souaysooATleats onbimgproy UopIaT[OQ OY} PU PUBLAag|-***rrseeeeeteees*ererrrl-UAIBD BIquIapIsuoD Yi"*"*"**** pULpIaZiIMg UY]T oun ——
(ourgy ut “31pq)

Bol ‘d ‘1x ‘4 ‘auSedsq,p o1109S1P],] *mozoq ShaljvA OY} OFUT Taz pue

ap neaanou eSaaqy sajonb nosseyeg|saanerd g OY} WOIF PAYOLJop AIM YOOL JO. sassesy|* sss strrerrrrereessserees |e ever eeeeeeeeseeneeseererl seeds JO YOU IY} UP|"* "ULE “BLET

“LT pur Of

; d9ANOKq SIN

soggiqh tress QtOu TFTA. popUagzy| cette eeleee SHOOYS ATOM Mog! te ONT ‘Tady = oe

‘astou Aq potueduoooe oxenb .

-yqava ayy, ‘Suruaaa pue <ep oy} Sutmp sous “qu st yy
‘oI |pue [ey YOuy, *Te9]o pue qys11q SULUIOUL Af Pa eoaaaaa Gocco peas sess OLAGATO) Mone act sec hannah oni 6T —
“BPE Axenuer WyEz 943 JO ‘ayep sity} pue ‘00q “SUILIONL |
‘FEEL A = |qUY} Wey} JUSTOIA sso] you se ayenbyyAVo siyy WIGS 9M} ,4490q S190 oy UL “ST
HTX *9 TloyeanyN ‘TWAT SaeuMY|perapisuod suo ATaAm ‘astou Aq Pane nepeeasvocsestonsesee = Sse BAIUg Aq papadang|**"*""** Ayeqyy Ul VZUdOIA|yOIeY “OLST
“Koad "J 0} |
OISLID Op “WW WOT UOTZeorunMMUIOD } sreak oy} SUIT

SIN ‘Tayodyuoyy ap snuieyeyy, 40g \euisebG cbtewaee tb ae daewdauanae «aninss uinpuly ses spisagisien= see 'uaiad eee eevenseeesaceasercagens -np sayenbyy1ea moy *-90URLy ut JaTTodyuoyy wed eeneee FLET
“Vy ipa ee LRG ec cc Co COL CO el ae a ro set eeeecceneceeces APN Uibjet ees Aleck o1q| ¢ oune ere |

‘ayenb |
“gap "oop {OIL OULTETY| serach eneettet estenerseede neers saresennicesrersah laters scessers staceracne Hep -yyae9 qeaad royjouy| ttre 90m A 61 Aew —
‘OFZI “d “qysm yy |
“IX °} “LOJBAN TUTMAOTA sopeUMP| tee aston q parurdmoooy Se peveesenessveracreeneenilessacetereastesnesseaeneses|ssseesens Ayeay UI VzuedrA |*Ldy —
“IMs O43 |
yo 8=—- BuTy4aS +
3 9} OV
ayy i tteteeteeetttesteseteseencaneeereeevenensenensssasesesenslastsenttesssnantecosbeseenleeeess IOUS puogas less OMT] GT — ——

“Ty sTH.OUy
JO TPPHN ©

* uredg ut uoseary|'~] ———
nd “hep ayy

j

“6gz d
‘eoruedstyy Boley ‘asuaoeT[ A “MOIY abe ceen eet seeee cesses aneeaseaessesseseesseseese setae sr eeege He eereee esse OO Rereeseseeslenenttsnaree ypoys aug!
!

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

-|-ezg9 “d “1xx74 “Taoyernyyl ‘eizaua A. \ yO MOY, pug .
: 1p Tong ap at, ‘ojnueg ouLIeyy PTT TTTTPTTTeTTTTTTTeTi erie err Pree ee eer erry yee ere eee -|--ayenbyzaea qroi3 V eee ee tone eenseeresees EHUCHY "l “Te
“ep ouies
“OFSI “a 9q} UO sayenbyz1ve aoe
‘TOTUATA, Per | ame era Cee aston &q payndmanoy den eeettbereseseeereeeasces quayorA ‘AOA OME, eeeedoeee Ayeqy Ul VZU20T | “ue "eS

“uredg ‘ I0y Ut
D oat04sTFT “yonban Hose sdyspuel) summa 0} paonpar a10aK surequnioyy teeneeeee

REPORT—1 852.

44

SEER ae ae a ; OR SE PLO ELE TT 1 se
“qsoarey prea pue
"S16 ‘dt "4 “jouory9 yuepunge ue pur ‘yeeq aAtssaoxe Aq poMor[og ~Auvunier)
ap ‘MI ftezyoneyog § puvsysag|s}MuNs May} 0} WayeYs VIO SuIEIUNOMT ay) eT QupOTA A[Surpaaoxg|pue ‘aourly ‘puL[IazIMs|Zz “IV “F6ST
‘gce ‘d= |,-3sadua9 o[qt119} B SBA 919} TST 24} UO pues
“TAX"} ‘TOPeIN ‘euBopog rp ‘uomyO|‘xod-]jeus 94} PEY UOIPYO IPF] YITL 949 UG,,|"*rrereerrrreeeteetetsetseees SHOOYS FUBTOTAI *eeereeeeeess** BuBojog|¢ AINE ——
"L1G *d “WAXx *4 ‘110321 "GT oune 0}
“NY ‘WOQIOUTTY OL TP WOT] rrrserseersssesreeetereeesreee QBerep gear pasMEg| errs sHOOyS sNOJOUIMN| Aye ur eyeyenlog Avy “e6eT
“Sip aio0ys oy} Buta
09 ‘d *Ixx *y -vay ‘soovd QF uryy *pauoly
TZOPINT ‘MWIPWOOUTUOG SoTVUUY| ere rer eset tereese esses teeeseeeeseseeseeeeeeseesrerenelgronT paIaI BIS Op |-UIU YOYS PUL] ON}'4yse09 uegrodea Ny aut viZe ‘ure “2681
*puryeoy Jo ojoyM
"YOR "A fee “d ‘gpurysy uo aBeho, PTUTTUURTILEL TTT eee ee re Creer Teer eee ayy 4soulye qnoysnoiqy, CO )
‘gousT4sed pue
‘anbiur = |faurmey ‘suorepunut ‘surex yv013 Aq poMoT[oy SS
-oproy u0loeT[09 {sauayysoosT|‘AuvuraN JO afdoad ayy 03 pareadde yauog irre teet|ttteetseeteereretteeceeserlerroerees NUBTIIZIIMG Up]YOIRI “LEST
“ARI [1B ysowye
qnoySnosn3 423 A7qaay
"o1ojodeg-g-oF10gpue
"961 ‘d “IIXx *4y foyfeyeorayy, ‘OT[I}SVQ
10 FVINIAL ‘SOSUOTAT[OIOT SOTRUUW | eee essere ts tereeee TMOp UAMOITY ssurpymq Auryy rrr eerie ey 48 Ayjetwadsa ‘uvosny, uq|"* 490 —
"aSTIUNS 210Jaq
‘eo ‘d *soqnu Ajayerpauiuny
"AX "4 ‘T10VIN TAL ‘gsua4sq SUOTUG)| paumnuens saemetes her ar Condes ess she Ut rs esmpe cece ns adaace a giciesiorenaeencesnrsnsncn “10 Aquam4 pose] srrseeeeerene sepa! OL Gad *68E1
“Aep au3
JO = PIPPHAL
‘2921 “d "719 *90) “TUTYWAOTA SOTBUUY|*** rtettsse ttt teeeereees QgtOTL fq paruedmoooy sen eeeencresenssessnssensan|seeeeteeeseenenns seereeeeeeeeeesees B7UIQOTA *6L'ydag ——
*MOATS JOUSITIIGAJO
‘anbrmeproy uoryal[op £9z¢ pue yep yoexa ayy ‘Ieak
cite ‘d ‘wioN ‘omsuy ‘uepueg suesoyyoHenbyyAva “qysta 4V
“uy ‘ystpT ‘weySursye Ay ong aes St easeasenscenesseressesiseanressuerssrreseslonssseosserenssserrersoseeslIQOUBR AQ POMOTOA] puepsug uyl9T Ame ‘eget
*paystied suosied ggg “sums ut “somou
AIO [[@ F4SUpru rayy *ysadu103 @ Ur s9—aJ} *syooys Oo 8 86smoe
"06 ‘d ‘MAX * ‘110}BANJN OHI] OPIS 0} OPIS WOIZ payxOoI a19M SBuIpTING ayT| ete gMAjOIA «= ATA XG ‘amas 3y\"S0V = “E8ET
"18S e2ep 943 Seats souayysooAT art}
SPUIA JO adUaSqe 930;dmI00 & BuTeq 9104 ‘AuRUT |*"soABA\ 2} JO TOT}R}
-I94) UT OS[e se ‘AIQUNOD TOWAOF OY} UL asvasIp |-13e ayy Aq JoqJOUe *punox
‘oy ‘anbrmepeoy years pue ‘Aye}] pue purpiezjiMg ut aad sty, jouo ysurese paysep Aryunod 94} pur ‘sep
WOTWaTIOD $ gg “d ‘Ax +4 ‘snIMOIeg |syoous poxerajior 219M a1043 4eyy SXes onbimep {AjWUoTOIA 919M syas -Urpq ‘ueqeig ‘souely “hs pue
£tz¢ ‘d ‘a 43 ‘puemg yo oueye_|-voy uoyoeT09 ayy, “puLpsum ut JUS[OIA ysoyA|-saa ‘199Je SAep auIOg} TTT Oe OSTY “UII «UTILS Ae *Z8ET

“9 “¢ % I

a
a “pL “d
“AXE °4 ‘TIOJEINTY “ILLIA OLvIq|'**
“zez a ‘174 ‘wyog °A sojduey|***
“cor “dd “oUll} 410s B “uMep 4V
} *IITAX *4 ‘T10JVINI[ ‘sosuaqs a soreuuy Per Tee rr teraeereceuseeevoeseessooslang SUSE] PUG “Ust[s seuedeneacseverees SU IUIION ‘ouer “SOFT
“qystu ayy
"0201 “d jo mmoy pig
{ *IXX” 48 T1OPVINIY ‘ruesT[ode ny T[eu10ry eRe eee Rete TOOTH EOE T ETO OHH EOE HERES OOOH E SES e Ge sESenelessEHiaaeeesteHEHHTHESOHOES EHS OOST RITES EHD Og EET ees EO she so[den "913099 ‘90FT
‘ueder ut Aysjzourtg Jo aoutaord
“O11 ay} UI OUBITOA v JO tondnza ue <q paruedurosoy stteauessencsensesssewouenslecsecreecteecetagceoasceneclssesssaascegseserecs Qaat(Tisesessss? COET
“28S “d "4 ‘mod. "A Jodie y PTVUCTTLT RRC ReEeEe Teer Tre eee reer ee TT eee eee eed Cre errr ere rer Terre eee Ce ueder eeoserece
sonbrut
-9peoy m014991]109 $aPG “d ‘TATSUg serievduceucuiesseueveiecsns Guneencvccuivvavasteceslsstisctegestrs Sense ere raccseeeetesevesses
“Aqisonjeduit
ye913 YL pouInyor '
Tay} pue ‘yore Areu
-Ipi0 94} WLOAy O[LUL
2 ULIT} 91OUL 38 Uses

“uaLoxgy Jaq Pynod w0330q a4
"p16 A “WAX “4 “OPeINJY|-JaAO sUIeUNOUT pue ‘pauINA oLoM SUMO, AULTY|ZEHY OS ‘Pampa BOSOyT| tresses tesettsetteeeleeeeeeeeeseecetrens BLECGleerterers ZOET

“gy stu oy}
oO mmoy 49
eesaueeeseeeesseopranrag tz etal

‘ *sinoy

‘oroyM | *4stU 4
“289 JJ JON “BILLA g|-QT “Any *“GOFL

sssvenaaennnrensveuaeeesevs[eausrcsesecereceuccsecsrensleaavevevereveneeeres TB Bp|seeerrers

‘ayenbyyara quaTOIA Y teeeveaseneoseeeseees QUIOWIST “ACTH "COFL

"866 ‘d
*INIAX *} ‘LIOPBANI ‘SaSua}s| SaTeUUY]'***** TWad auURS JY} ‘AIZUNOD OY} UL GOUATIYSAd lrrrreeresssererssrseceseeesieareceecsevcessescecsecens

eg ‘d ‘1x *4 ‘110401 9 pue U4¢G
“Ty ‘mInIsusuyNy $9.10}9A soeuuy CeO Ohare ree ae ats Hose sete eee OF OHEEE DEES EEEHE THEA OOREEEES Sloot H ones sates tsetse Senele syooys qUd[OIA OA, seem eaeereressene ¢ BUOPOW ‘og Atur *66E1
“AaqIad “IW 0} [0981149 ’
ep *W JO uoyPoIUnUIMIOD ‘STV
‘Jaypedwuoyy op snurepeyy, gyag| se Ormraptda we Aq porued mod y|*srrrrrstrtsssteetteseereeeleccsecssscercwsrercereasees
‘apadOA “A ‘Ss “n ‘uUaqaqpig sep :
qeqn uasunyqoenog ayostyeorséyg oCUd ac evecUsaeeeuecwecsdegntedlWapeascndsesenecepeandveeccdsluccscccceneuenctssuensesgsUloscctssvectscsessecesiaccets
*hallag "JW *$9[QU} 94} MO 4Sar 4
0} qopajend “WW jo UOTVOTUNUINLOD uleulet 40u prom y,0) ‘saysip 4ely} que[OrA os POOP O THERE H aber eH ees eoeseS leer easesseegreseseessaneses seeeovevecesee dIQMIUY 4V seeeenene

; "07URO
"306 “d 0 aouraord = ay}

*ATXX "4 “LIOPVIN | ‘MMU N “wOIYD see emeeeen ess eneacsesnascranassesssteeseeereesssessaessasessleeessseneeasseeens neste eeelegeceseeetessessseesseeenes ysnory3 Te pue ‘opreNn poscecds: Meee
“raquia.aqy Jo

* Ayeay ur ounuareA a1PPHN ——}

‘gourd ut Jayjadyuoyy|** 26ET

seecetecsces Aueursay 1 | seo pose: |

<
“
po]
=
=)
4
q
x
A
ot
i
<t
2
g
x
a
a
<
&
te
°
mM
&
oO
a
&
a
=
&
a
°

“LOL “d "AX "4 ‘snimoieg POUeUTECO PTT UCReeeeT Tee eee eee reer irri rrrerr ii iii rr rir irre irre errr ry rrr rier ree te et
*soyse JO INO[od oy} pure “[[eus

“nosseeg { ouded a[quuLUIOge Ue JO 10zVA 43105 ened sureyunoy
°§q.p oreigues QIlOISITT ‘seraIIaTOM1 BIIOTY 7 *nanmis ‘aw §s

lovccuceserecseoseceseesee y ae marr co Br scirataoalter

REPORT—1852.

46

ee ee a

, = *AS opouory ; j
apyzy “erpadoyosougy ysainquipy PPTTTTETETTTI TERETE ee ec so[den on
} iy.) ; ‘W'V Z pue
‘qouoryD op ‘may { anbrasproy *sINOT] OA ‘uIeyIg ywory jo |{ uUseaMjog
woroat[og {ggg ‘d ‘speumy s,Moyg} st etttessss gsadure, [nJpearp @ Aq popadarg| sss treet sree OF PaysBl SHOOYS YL 9}OYA OY} qnoysnorgy|"6z°3d9g ‘9CFT
‘aye Jey @ pur
Inoy ue siayjo OM
‘gt ‘d “sys pue ‘pauoyusu omy
‘AIXX "J “HlOyeIN “AVAIA OLterq|oay yset oy} Aq UMOp UMOIA atom shomUMTD! ony ye sO guard aug te ereLtag|OLSNY “GSPFL
‘shep INO} 10F ;
“OFG “A “xx “+4 Tozenyy|oyenbyjavo sq Surmp syw9, ur paary adoad ayp| se tssseteees tees se Buyysey syooys WOLOtA ttrseeeecrrees aTIQdoIZON BL IG9S "LSP
“ole “d *(¢ Buoy
‘soouaifg sop “yeu dIIO\STPT,] v Moy roy) Aevp Ar0A9
HAtos mod ‘wayyy sop aytng ‘nossepeg|**'**"****''*** UMOIYJAOAO SVAA TOUTY JO UMOZ OT] re rete tse payquraay ae ay L|Ur ermoyeyeg Jo soutAOIg
*sdaqs
AQUA} OYVULOJ9HCY
‘ecp ‘d PlNoa au0 aut, ayy
“XIX ‘4 110eAN AL TT pce Cai [coe rhnsy o dae aesngcces ss saasve sssagsdesss sessed sass as pfreensesessseeneroess*seeelnonepT gy “qva13 A10\ sdeveuseveesscceeeoes BETTEDER EC 8" QU ET
(¢ Woryepunut ory
10 oyenbyyive ayy Aq) ‘paystied suossed 90g
ogg ‘d |pue ‘pours o10M sutqeo QQ9 ‘suIeJUNOUI OY *ATeI] UL OUIOT
"920 *90) “eIZaUIA IP THON ,op oA |WeeMJoq UOTepuNut ue pasneo oyenbyziwa ay eres SPIEMO} “BIUALL, BAO (é9d0g) “6LFT
*4UOTOTA
*THAMOIU}IOAO , |A9A *87SIu pure *Z-ady a10joq
026 *d “Uxx 7 ‘OJRaNPY/a]JSd B JO STB IY pu ‘pours sosnoy AUBPY| Tet ee |sdUpTeIaAVS UOSyooyg|""eyeUITE gnoysnoryy ONT V “SFL
‘Iazyoneyog $ sauayysooA'y
Sonbiarapeoy WOTdaT[09 $ pueayaeg|******"* . 4sv] ayy YIM oures amy Aquo ATQIssog eos Coe rece es ee reeerDesoslevccccreesrersseesseeeesesslesseneesrseresseeeeee ond zo Aque ‘OIFL
‘anbrmaproy "1190 pur puriy..ag nena eens eet ameeeerereee BX pojaue yoo} syuezIqeyut ouL Adee eee e ee Otte eter erseassleneeeseaeteeessaeeseranseee pire sennarcccchos tvs es SerBEy 12 aune ‘CLPL R
: ‘stadsoa pue
*9G6 “d : "STA OT} *syooys souou JOsmMoyy
“XIX "4 ‘TOJwIMPY ‘BZUAIOLT Tp at10}s]|Jo amos payout pu ‘skauUITYO YNZ AMoTyQIOAQ TTT Te yUMOTOTA — ATOA OMA eee eeeeees QOUALOTT!"Z
‘paystiod suosiad (gz pur ‘o1njodag-g-os10g pur | “Noy pugs
‘TA *} ‘OULITLIT OOLI0}S OLATOIY|‘UMOP UMOIY} VIIA SasnoY OLOTOdag-g-oBIOg FY] peer pasties Ara a|oouatopy ‘oon ‘estg|'¢ “SNY “FIPFT
*(¢ Suoy Moy
toy) Avp pue yysra
‘aepadg O[[ep OLATory] ets WAOP WMO. a10M *O2p ‘sosnoy Auey sireseeeresserseeeeeerereselnontTyUod SYQOYS OULP et BUUAIS|S ‘ny ‘OLFL
: “OLY 6 190M}
“ecg -d ‘aSvuep yeai8 prp yor “4sadureq a[qrr -2q) 0 USN,
“419 ‘207 “erzaua A. 1p TPN ,aP TA -10} @ &q ‘THOT ayy} jo Suru9A9 ay} uo ‘pamor[oq Prrrriy teeter ees sveeeeeseQOUS qq Sts Vv nent eee been eweeeereee 2019 A, ‘sny “OLFI

| _—__-_____- ——

9 *G SF d lL

47

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

LL LOL LC LC Sy er st ssesnastin
‘oy ‘Gop ‘cp ‘dd ‘ta “qt

*e ‘dap ‘IeBunyy wuNAsy ‘sntuyuog ; *Aresun yy
S$ eae ‘d ‘mojog ‘qoy op ‘tou019 : é ATjeroodsa =pue ‘purl
TUAe PL £181 ‘d ‘RIsaTIg soreuny HP e eer ete eee e terete seeseee peuma sSurprmq Arey Jeececcestuvetentiggerseess Emote tee eererereneceerssens “0d ‘21S9]IS ‘ermayog ¢ oun “SPPL
“qystu oy}
‘oyg ‘d ; *pooymoqysiau | Jo Moy ysvry
*xXxX “4 {IO }VANIAL “uryuo0RTg SOTRUUY|* tests s terse reeree ress soneeeee TEMOT LUMO] SOSNOPT|**eeettsseceeersrenseeanelecessenenneesancsseneencees ayy pu ‘eunreg ‘ eZUade] J|QLIUUL “SEPT
“yquoUl
ay3z JO puo
"gp ‘d ‘xx 4 “UMOITITOAO at} SpreMOT,
royemy, “UIMAG “4SITT “eepaeel “f)etoa sasnoy pue “pUNOS OF apUT JIAM STTOG OT" rreettreeseeessesseecfeserereee gtraTOTA Ata tetteerseseerees**ees BOUTS | YOR ‘OCPT
“ore “d 6
“suaIpeysiory “my “BISOTIS ay Pe eee rt Ce Cee eer er er rere bot eer ne **89° BISOTIS qnoysnoayy, seeeeowee
“OLY *

eereseee

“AT*QIT ‘UatuoMOg ‘ostda ap ‘SMIUOTIg|**tttttteetttttteettessenteeeerseeteseetteeceseeerseeeetees tereeoree) sgyooys quaporA Ata Alters eusojog “key "COPL
‘anbruapeoy WOO] trrersrreeeeesseeeeeees AgTTIAOF FOOLS Aq POMOT[Og]ssstertererertserreseeesenelenesevesssacencsoesereesees|see ejormiey ut youqaery

UIFSG 94} 19778
“OMIC| ett recttessttstesteessteesteeesacenensencasenssssseeslisseetannsnasnesassocassvalinracsnsnenncaesesseneanseesaceeeeersecerers BOETOIDIIUIN — IUI0S
‘ ‘ * ‘[eoy pepnig
"19g d ‘nosseeg ‘¢9¢ “d “1g “Aly ye OS[TY “UOTTIssnoy yw [wag “FZ

“AT “7 ‘oudedsy ,p atl0jSip] ‘WOJWOIVYO]|"*********** UMOP UMOAYI IIOM SHOLJLOYTYAOF QULOG| ste eeesssrerevereeeseene Ree 1s AjSurposvoxg|pue ‘uoSviry ‘emoyeyeg| [dy

“TEFL
‘qqsru ouy
‘axyenbyy.eo jo 1noy 139

‘Z1Z “d ‘Ly ‘SUQMOS “4SIFT (OWA [YP SOREOR CULE EIIDCOUGT. CSGLOUUP CCR ROUGH QIGOROL Rano HHOO eR eee esaeerescorseenses uappns pure years Gilar scosasasseeales TNO S Al ‘ny ‘ OSFI
"206 “d “aunty *Inoy UIST

‘XIX ‘4 T10JeM J, “ATTOIOT STOMA) see eat snce 7 cate eessacksaanse sees enesviateslensstaaansses|eeecventesteNesweaseas cans JIONS B YNq poysery|sssresseeee* Ajesy Ur TIoF OL: 4ydag “6ZFL
*u0JULD dq} NoYSNoIy} euop seM “SUL
‘rezyonsyg * § Sanbmigpeoy adeuep year ‘payoero syed pue ‘uMoryy ‘punor |-waAo ot} Uy

T0199 7[09 spuwsieg £ souayysooAry|-19A0 sKouUTIy ‘sfoot 94} WOLF UMOY] GIGAK SOTLT|****srererereeereesercereretercecverereverererereeeeee Krunnog ayy pus ‘ajeg|'eT ‘veg ——

G12 ‘d ‘xx *4

qIOFeN, ‘SOSuUOIAT[OIO,T soreumy| tt sooed Auew Ul UMOp UMOIY skoumiyo Oo Ch er Pore ers eusemoy ull Aqug aes,
*Sd][PUNOTJIPpe $330 NT

‘guomy 949 JO Ulseq 94} Jo soxenb
“Yyive oy} uo AdLiog “J JO Ttowou
ay} ur yaumog “Wy 4q payonb se
‘anoqe poyr0 gdtrosnueut were) auL saunannn sh owen 00 0dniinwonsie Seta emts'<TNT TAD suMOY Aueyy POPP OOO rear ree sen eeeeeseeel sod eee P AH ES Ser eetneeseness|smenesansteHerereeens OIG |Z “G28 “SZFT

(4dtaosnu |

“eur uLleyeo
quayoue ue OF

‘aovid yoo} oSejadipory oy} ut utr0queg
‘gs¢ ‘d ‘nossejeg [fo puvjst oy} Jo sButst1 UMOUY-[[9MK 94} Jo oUO
*d 1-4 ‘aiZojo9y op sng ‘yonqy|Avad sty} Uy *pamnfut yonut arom SUMO} Aqua, ESSeSt¥S>s SS

REPORT—1852.

48

er ee ¥ z - =——

-O1A 010M PHVA Np U0} jay} ur g shes
-ULD 94} [[@ puvouues |oyy*A) “yysTU

‘ow ‘anbimaproy u01d9, ‘ayenbyjavs sures ayy Atuo ATqrq ney “you Joy}ANy [ey Jo sanoy

“109 £ 6p ‘'d ‘A *y ‘puving yo 0u9} = |-o1d st 4t ynq ‘436 943 UO vUUAIG 4e 4IaF UIEq Ajqeqord pue ‘amoy |q3TT purqot

“Ie $2 ‘dnt 4 ‘odey ip ystzT |Sataey se yt sjzodex Weg “paystzed suossad *“SYOOYS ATIONAYS 92 4JoF OsTyY “sotdeN Jo ey, usddaMjoq

‘guouurrg {g/t *d ‘WAX '9 ‘sniuoreg|990‘09 “pernfur yonu AT9A suMO} AULUT QeaIs Wi eee -ap pue quapora A190 A |MIOpSuryeyyynogsnorqy|"¢ ‘09q ~=——
“KV Z

"L6F *d "A 4 ‘puemc 4a auayIe eePeeereEeEeeeere rere rT eee eer reer ere eer Tee eeeeer ery yee eee eee eee eer ever err err erred (eerie rrr er reece ee ier Pree e rer yer errr Tyee aSary ‘9%
"909 *907 ‘1YOULA1I94
i ns a1myjasu00 1p oss “aes PPUUTTTULUTTEEUE LETT Teer eee eee eee ee Tere eeeree rere reer ers errr ree ery Te rere eer ererrrrd Tier rire errr er ri rer er rere errr eee euuals 14d “Suy “OCF
“qydIU oy} JO

"888 “d “1G “99d 8vep oy SMoY Y76 pus

“INIXX *9 ‘LLOJeINY “UOMO ‘[euNY |seAIB sntuOSIg ‘astou Aq poiuedutooor stm pue *pouoruoul SInoy Meg ‘wep

‘ 6IL “d “419 +20) ‘guSojog 1p “uolyg “a9 ‘sKauurtyo aulo0s uMop Magy yooys 4say ouL HOO meee neereeraseeseeeees au} ze syooys dar, eee te seererseeeree eusojog 0g °00q "CCFL
*shep ‘sojdeny pure ‘svriq

"S16 “d ‘Ir'yalsopouoryyO ap eowa yy sunseccvecrasesececsbaceeneeesanstéscensaceostsseneeseauesse|sstuecescouceseossedteseeecino Tig 3uump SYOOYS|-e[eVQ oy ‘ersng ey uylp 00q “FGFT
"490 48ST pue dag
TIO 943 UO patmoax
Aoyy yey} shes evusoy
“Og Tp “uoIq) ML
‘egF cd ‘soy UIAIS po}Se| “qyStU 943 JO
*A "4 Spuemc jo suasieyy ‘ ¢ozZ ‘d SYOOYS 9Y} pUBINC 2 Moy YWI>S-F
MIAX'} 110VANTA ‘VUZOTOY 1p *uoryO;UAOp UMOIY} skouTITYO pur ‘payortd spe Avy] tess lQUOTIB LY OF SUIPIOD]***"*sts**ee*8** QoUaIOTT!'8gyadag"eGPT
‘xluRUley WostUOIyD
‘suayourrgy “yseqag $sgcy “ng
-yUBIy ‘uayoleziapun,, AIYOSIG
nd} pun JeYoI[3038 Bunqreryos *ApyeorB *sojden
-ogq ‘tmmAppoy ‘dseg {sntyoszhrq|porayns suo}, r9yJ0 pue ‘erVD ‘ouerlTy ‘so[deN| * quopora Ajaweyxq\Jo wopsury ey uy!
‘anbrmaptoy uoroaT[09, seeeeteneeeererers QOTIOTISAM yYsuy e kq POMOTTOT| *oeeerseretssteetseteeetee|teteneenee eee ereseveveeereelss BITIGULIBS UL yorqkery seeeneees
<¢S90eTd 19430
“SNASSBYY PUB BUTPD[ A] Terres eeeeeeteeteteeetencesesccsssnacecesenerneneclenssssccavoreasssssasssnarelossensacsousoansnesersereaslQuIOR DOG SIOPUB]I Ul,,\C% ICY “GPPL
"OLE *d 14 ‘sarosyoyy sop “091
‘uo[ousag ‘ onbruraproy wo1q09{[09, Sere tere eee e esters teee urer snonutju09 kq pops001g TOP e meter eee eee eee seseaeesslseseeeeHeseeesessEsest eas
ssntyosyAay {souayysoodr|'s*******ss*ee******paystsed ajdood puesnoy} autog|"****
“UL *4 ‘TIOJBINT “JYUOg “MOY 2yTA|"** “ayes YONUL aod Sasnoy 2q2 [T¥I"""*” sereeroes OTOMIP “AON “SPFT
‘SSI1 “d ‘gz yaed] *syooys oyenbyjive Aq poruedmoooe yore : y *Ostd
‘onbimiapeoy |‘spueyst wedry 94} Ut OuRd]OA pur ‘eu, Jo suUOT} ans a10jaq

seseseeeroreees BOTTOAUMIGFEL 10 SEPT

woNoaT[09 {1azyONeyoG { puvsysog|-dnro s1aM 910} IV9A SIqy JO Zurmutdaq ayy up| estes ees tse eseee *ayenbyyiea qYSTS W|"** SUOITAUA SIT PUL BTEq!'OS"AON "PPFL

‘9 “¢ 7 “9 "% T

“uayeys 4109] *(Surmaaa |

49

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHASNOMENA.

/

“qy3t0 oyy
Oo moyq %c¢
“BCs “d ‘909 °90] “eusojog Ip “uly errr reer rere rer errr reer yey Tere rT eee eee Terre errr reer Te rere rr err ery eee e reer er seeseoeerereess Sap IODOTA sereeeeeescevecees ; BUZOTOT "22 “Uee ‘COPFL
“SNLLOUTTEg PUL SMIDOUTA | ceetteereesee rs ttetteeseeeeeeseeseeanecsensersessesenseesleercestaeuanessasensarsrenalsecersaeseaecsncennaenaecns|sttenesesscrrscreres QUOMP + CObT
“oy “GEL -d A
MAX “9 ‘lOj}VInTY ‘eusorog “yy 31u oY4
Ip “wom $123 “d “xt “4 “Toyes 0 anoy UIG
“NY “uoIyD sutoreUsiy op tddryprygi setters SAAT] TOT} YSOT SuOSIad QOZ’! "Te es| SHOOYS quapota Ataal tt OIG,
‘gaz “d :
‘TIXX *} T1OFBINIA, “AT[OIOT GOCUMY | tose tree on eaeeees TT TTA TOAO WOSMON DUOG] « ""'soete' este eereulaecer> ost cos saemeersazceds) sevresrsvowe crc weunon eimby ‘0g ‘AON ——
*;43no1p ‘eSeurep yeoid
‘0n71q|pue yeoy yvarB Aq syQUOM auIOS Oy papadarg| ee |pIP YOM Yooys yl ow|le ydeag ——
"samo 1944dITs “sys. 944
* “GLL “d “MIX "4 zaq30 Aq pamorfoy jo Inoy Pug
T10}eAIN IAL “Tsaulag leq 14,9139] V ree rrr ee rrr oo reer ‘ooysquoporA A19A 90) Pecan seeereesaneenres Buus '%g——
“OPP(T| eee eeeeeesteeteeetsteseseseeseessccsceseneacesesslicceertssseceeceussanscsse[sersegunstecsansassnaseccuslercessesgsaveuecesoes QgaTCT|ees ‘Sny ——
“cee “d
“THIXX"} ‘TIOPBIN I, ‘gueqodey 811038] dacseeeeuueergsaceagevecerestscueestteashtensevauesrecnactsa|seeussteboorsseiebsseausen|secapeistsctsecissaressens|ancavescsesss=**rs"™ SGT OOM TOUT *LOFL
“qqatu ayy
oO mnoy YZ

“OUI eet eee tetetaneeteeessesensecesenesecawareeseonslentercessetessscasesesaceuslsesarecgssecesserssececnasalecsssrauasstesesteees QAITCTPAON

: “qs oy}
"01% ‘dl *xt “4 ‘Lroyer ; O Moy 48ST
“ny “uoryD auLUeUST'T ap iddyryg seevaarescorsasssduaeseecenasserusnsecestesesseccaveessecusslaceanseseusuaesevsesuerertoalassesauusssceassedrnas¥essee/seneseessohseceroesen BUTOIG OT Tell GCPT
“Gee ‘d
“TIXX "4 ‘LIOQBIMT, “*ATTOIOT sajeuuy|"***'ttt**t+* pauma WMO} OY} JO uoy10d adie] Plots sseseseeseeeeeleeeees syoons peraaag/ ts O7faIseg |Z judy *SChL
69% ‘d [oad “yaeg “eas ay} WOI, poster pur] Aq 9zI8 ‘osejadiyory
‘ag10J Ud oNbyyUEIOs UoTpodx||UL pasvasOUT SBA PURIST 9Y} SYOOYS 4} Bur ee eereeceeerereseeeterrres gHooys uaporA lay} UT eIPAT] JO pueysy| ss ——
*pauorjuaut :
SUMO} OM} OY} JO A1091.110} 4} puotaq papua;zxo “eISnd ‘moy £¢
terettesesenrrereccreteseessoseeres Onarclgngy 04 ceadde you op saxenbyz1wa aaiyy OSOyL|*ttsstrercerestsereeeeesess|seeseeseseereeeeeeeerrereslogy ag Arredroutd “0y91q|"9¢¢ —— —
“qUa[OLA
4SOUL 94} SPA 4Se]
aq? yorum Jo ‘pa ‘ “SUIUIOUI 0}
-molyueM ety 344 Surmeaa WoL
sseevencesenscesebestansssbeeseantes Qqgtet|ssersransryneceesnecevuseaneenenecersseesaesesssuaaaneatuessecesanseesssrerevssersssseslut eIDOUS QAY-AQUOME| oeeetsseees"*** OMT z pee ee,
‘oss d ‘QUOp SUM OSUUIep OU VISNIAg _ "| soy, pugz
“THAX"} ‘TIOBANA, ‘VUSO[Og Ip ‘uoIgD|1e ‘OT[9}seQ ye UMOP UMOIYZ VAM Sasnog QR TTT TTT eidnsog pue o[[a3seg|"9z ‘idy “Z¢F1 | ot
weesee Tne — oe, .

ST 7c | ieee

Gs re

ay) we GPOUUMUN NRW UTED ELUCC Ves vers ceescescccnecccccacscsscvdalegaeteniess so ¥ay eee Nene et

Mesh g | Te ee eee eee eee eee ere eee eee eee eee eee ee eee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee

‘TSZ ‘d ya *0) “yoI39TV eee Pee e CCE CE SOS eOeCCe TT OTe Tere ieee Creer e reer eri Tree rir errr errr rr yee e eee ee eee eee

“ar6 “d

“XX "4 TOPVINTY “TUUIIeLY sopeuuUy]'** YAWOUL spOYM 947 ISOLATE LOF SNONUTYMOD UTEY| seers terse eee es eee

*s339 YOL14s80

“*S8e [OF juryy roSxey souogsyrey Ayeyy ut avad sua [oz

‘uoryo ‘[ddns -yemoSiog iddipiy qjoroyy} yeyy sdvs ‘yuaAde sity} sjtodai OYM LOYINE OY | tt terete ttt

ozo1 “d 4
bee "a TIOJVIN IN “qnangq SXTOKHG) ui gress soueaen eens sess. asics em alee Peer ecesreeetvescceses®
“Gq IS1Z ep 94) Saad uvLayY “MoUs

‘anbimaperoy woNoaT[oD § purayteg|sjo [ey Aavay v pue poo years Aq poruedutoody|****r steer teeter eee eed

*aSuOUTar A, MBr1aqjase yy uoormo.nyD ARO ee meee eee ee eee ee ee eee ee te aetesaeeenene Heer eeeeewnne

1852.

*e9 “d "XX "9 {1OJVINTAY “uaa “4STT] eer eee reece eee rere ee eere rrr ete eee eee eee ee Cree er er eee ee ee ee eee eer rrr

"SZ “d “uryo(, "A ‘razdure y tet ew wees eee eT eee eee eee ee ee eee

REPORT

“etor “a
"IXX sit ATIOJVIM “qn3uy Mi Contt fg) POeeeeE eT ICES ESE SESE CE CCCr eT Tee eee eT Pere reer eT cece ee ee To

*SUIIO}S JVOIS pue doUETsSed vB

‘ *(-41pa “JOA ¢) 9zZ1 “d 1 "4 ‘TeIOZOIN Aq poruedmoooy “UMOp TAOIT} sSurprmq Aur Aen ee eee eee neeareeeeeenens

“pez
"TUX" {OJVIM AL ‘eurqode N ei10}s] Peete eee cere eee eee Tes eee e eee eee re Peer errr Terre ee eee rer ey

“6001 “4
*IXX "4 Bi ACOOLAL UD AY, ‘cUIqn3n gq “m01qD TIS TSETRRUSESSE SEN ESS SSONVUSUC USN esPSeRpyysrmastuunebevessie

Hs oe

50

seereeereeserseereereeseesluaieg snouysesip yi emt," gag “SOFT

Se Pee eet eet ew aeeereraweree ur sayenbyy.aee Auryy Tete eee emeeeatttane ueder weaeeenee

irre rere ere rere Teer er

teteeeeeereesesesererssicorlp jo omy 943 poyseq|Aryunoo oq} pue saldey “PL Ue ‘99FT

Peer crew enw este teweeetane

ay:

: |
“lsnoraumu pue yearyfer ss" gorqquy| yore “LLPT

' -Suruow

ou} Ul ZL

srreeteceees QOUS BUG ft tte oid|:gp————
| f anoy WIZ T

ieee syooys 4eo13 dALy eee eee ete Tere rere euUdaIg "LE 09q ‘PLPEL
‘ezuad =| “Noy WIST

SF oad bower tas cose UT Ey pue ‘eueg “we TT" ACI “ELPL

| moq PUBS

BIosaig|*G[‘Sny

see cc cere re reeeeseesesseslessesssneeeerssesss

“sys

‘Wd GC
Heeeseeees Moos QUOf TTT oElg Gar “OLFT
ayenb

“sep “qj uoUL
AQUoM, TOF Surysey eq} jo pug
‘syooys quapora AIO A, Pere ee eee ee eee eT euUdig sny *L9FI
“reaX aures oq}

nod GT

OF)'9s “09,

“8G pue 1%

199A\49q JUSTIN
Bet cant Ce OS

*pooy.moq eee clit

* soyenbyjive yeorp|-Ys1eu ay} pues suOssiog}-ums uy ——

*pua :

aq} SprvMO} JOUIT

-O1A Ul J9AdMOY Burs

-valoop — ‘avawas2ut

TAROT O rete ete e ewe eee eel eae eeeseerteesaetsnne

‘op ‘oursedoosarg ‘outa

-og 38 Ayjetoadsa ‘punos | — -m0y 416
“qu siu

ayy Surmp s9yvoe13 } :

THs pay e@ Aq

pomorjoy ‘sayenb “(EET

-yyaea qvoid Omy|trttettt eZ orgqny key) ‘COFL

"€ % ‘T

51

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

ee Ms 20 Od 6 ds a

‘anbimepeoy uoryoeT[o9 { puerysog
“STE “1OF

"AT "4 ‘OpuOPY [op “4SIP] “ejouseorey,
"86% “d “WL 4 “ueUL

-01309 amdmy J suep a8evA0A “IIA

“OTL “A 14 “Toon “ony
“ASopouo1y)D
apnty ‘eipedopsouq ysinquipa

‘o7p ‘9.nyje3u00 Ip o188eg ‘y.1eg]"
“CLE “TOF “729 *907 ‘ez0usvoIe |"

‘rt ‘d
‘om ‘ONUIAI} ap BI10}S] ‘OIZUAATA

"128 “d “720 ‘907 ‘HYo.199I[y

"Egor “d ‘tr yaed
“TIT “9 “LIOWVIN TA “JIQUO “URUIOY VITA

"992 ‘d
*AIXX “4 ‘WojBIN “IeIIaq OLIeIC,
P ‘od
"gat ‘d
"89GB ‘WALA ‘esndey t0q epala
yesuy top Jue usmiouryg-suoyeu
“0J9Q Sep 19qn yYOLIEg ‘Yosz1vgq [ue

‘onbrargpeoy uonoa[[o9
"ele ‘d +710 -007 ‘asuomreg weg
"69% “d “720 ‘907 ‘tuIOWITeg WINIIeIN

"rgg “d
“XX "4 WOyeMyy aN UNI

NMP INT 99 Arr44 OTT

PP ee rr eer rere errr eee ere eer erry

“C6PrLoyepoqy SOAI3 enbimeproy MOTIOIT[ON ITT,
“sum ou} qepun poystied ajdoad 000¢ ‘S09 uy Hee meee weet tenet teens aenene

Seem e ete tee ee eee ee seers seeuesecentes eseurep years pia Peete eet e eee ee tetas eneeee

seers eee sseee pe4oxsap SBA. ourAy jo UMO} ouL Pewee ete tees ese eesoeerttoes

“Ayioyyne Aue Suyonb 1aaemoy yno
“YIM “OGFT 23ep 9} 9AIS op] “A puv z1ayUIEg|"
srrensseeseeces*s TIMOP MMOL} 219M SISNOY BUIOG|"
UMOP UMOIY] SBM SazTaUTIeD BY} JO Younyo ayy)

Pence et ewenseere Ayt0 ayy 04} sormfut years pasnen Peete teers ents testes teeseee

Pe eee eee errr ree errr re eee verre rece eer Ty

FORO R OH m eee Homes eee HEHE aH HSH OO HTH O OTHE SETH HH EH HSE EH| HORE ESTEE HH EESH THEE EEE eee

wea teen eewee Seen eeeteee

eee ere eee ee eer erer yr Terre reer rere rere rere Te ere rer ry

Oem e meet eee ee een eeesesuees

4

anew ert ee setae ers nee PrrrPreer reer eer Peer

ere er errr rr rrr rer Ty

*poanfar siaq40O [eIaA
-9S puv “UMOIYYIOAO ATaIIWUS SasnOy UWea}NeANgG

Coe Peer TT Perret eer

TOO e meta we ener etetane

PTceeeOCE SESE TOSS TE SE Tee ee Te Peer e Teer ee eee eerie rere rere rer Pere rr tres

SUSCMU wae EC UeUeTWsteScbucvtsecoteusccetscccceccceccccevens asocecsocsusstouseen

sseereees “QUIDIOTA Aaa [Re eee see aearetse~ gree
*S09 JO purysi oy} Ur AT [eI

sxo0ys quapora A190 A |-odso‘odejadiyory oy} uy] Jo pug
“erpury Jo
sestseesseseeeesreseereesl UIST otf] JO ATOM OY
‘ajdouyueysu0y 07
treseaesecesseseoseseoveeneltgag SUIpUa}Xa ‘ATBIT Uyl"ee

J ‘AON

e[douyueyst09|"*
yooys aug|** seeeee oxojodag-g ida seit wale

Sete eeeee qUa]OTA AIDA SA tweet ewer ree eree enpeg “99 .

seer edwece sears seeseer et lscccnvenereccescegeee solden oo
*JUQ[OIA 910UL TONUT

pag} e Aq rayeapyqye |

ae jie ccs che inthe dadllinbadbadindn

PeAoT[oF ‘syooys om|*****

“poor,
-MOqysiau oy} Ul “oO

“C6PL

‘PO-
“1671

uedswarh@etans eUUaTg ‘ogydag ‘O8F1
“qu Stu

‘OAONN [94829 ‘euLjUoTT |-prur jnoqy

“DILDO aay Ue paysey|-v'y 32 IAF OST
*Say0.8 day

papunos o7jaqosny

JO [faq ay, ‘axenb

omiqh

eee eee er seen seseeeesesene sine res sees Cea MRT LAC AT soocecves

“OULOY "0S “UBL “P8FT

-Yjtea 4eo18 AOA Vy eeeerereee read TL AeA SSP
o8rl

61 ‘Suy

stieesauatvetsevereeeersersteasees SOMOTY JO PURIST |IOIZV
*pooynoqystou
pue ‘Aurosny,

out eTppra

ete

syooys oon WO een weer eeeesenees. ‘vuLieg L Pa

“AByN JO

out

SYOOYS UI9}XIG|Ur OUEZZIATT Jo ArOpIIag|ynoqy —
sss syooys years Aaa | ttt eoowy pue estq)"** —— ——
"74310 943
GethOy iG

FI

nN

To re aie

‘ecg ‘d *T qed “xt 4

‘sayJaxn.ig ep ‘peoy,| ep uyaT[ng
£611 ‘d ‘uo1yQ soy op sauueyor
“oI
‘anbimlapvoy uoroaT[o9 { puesyiog

“peel “d
‘gudedsq ,pomoystpy yanbmy, ‘z9z'd
‘THA *y ‘gudedsy.p at04sI py ‘SPleLIAq

"e16'd'1t"3 a1dofouoryO ap [eowoyy
‘sor d
Th "4 “ATU, “yeoyy, ‘Tuoysoq “yD
“oI
- *96¢ ‘d “ATXx *4 ‘1103
“RANI “TeLIA OUVIG, £ gg ‘d *1x"4
qroyeIN I ‘UINISUATYNI “49d ‘TeuUy

‘anbimapeoy woraT[ON ! puerseg
‘uaqeqpiq usueUMIOU

-a817e@M [aseg UL sIp Jaqn ‘ueLayy

"£68 ‘d +729 907 “INVa1Sa1T¥

"pea “d ‘myo *A ‘1ajduey

"E16 Cty ‘B1ZoTOUOIYS op [eHOWA
"600 ‘d “Mg ‘2081 ‘“S10qtory
‘UUvIUYaT UOA 4ZjaSIeqn *Yosynay,

uals “Boperury ‘epoousy 5

REPORT—1852.

"gg *d "720 ‘907 “reLIAg o1seIG]

*e6 “d
*z yaed “1A *4 ‘OURTTeI] ODT10}8 OTA
“1qole jou ‘ayeLouleyy ‘119U9A0}10g

"gz ‘d +729 ‘907 “330139 1Ty

emer meee att Het e eee teat eter rans seers baa esse seteas Senne

Peete teem ee eee teeta e wares ee ener ete eee arses eeee eer eraese

UMOP UMOIYY dam SBurpting

PO eee eee newer tee ee ee eeeeee ern aa eee e sy SESH Steneeaeeeenee

PTUPEEPTEL ETE Te eee eer ere Terre Ty

‘asiv[g “tg JO Younyo ay} UMOP MIT,

‘pornfut sasnoy ot} [[e

PreUUUUTUUT TOT IOOeeeOe er err yy

HRS e eer ewes sneer tresses eeeraeeseeeseeeretseesseseseerees

seen e eee eee eee eat teen eset ee eaeneeee Seaeereeee

PeEeeee Te eeER eee Creer errr rere eerie rrr eeer reer)

Te tema re sen eeesaansaasssresnersanssreeee

“UaT[OMS YonuL
4s] a4} ours Surtmous 10 Sut
“sXouumtyo 44,117) UMOp Mar,

stones ee ceeseseeraee

Sth Og oy} pue
“UII U99q PRY 4]

Hemet e meee eee eet t EHH He H EHH TO EEE ESSE EHD a eee EEE Eee ee eee

qystu 343
‘pur ySry ev Aq pamor]oy

ZuumMp paseasour yoru

4SOW[e puv ‘UMOP UMOIY} 919M SKoUTIITD aug)

‘qqstu ayy jo jf
anoy UTI
“oly oy} = ynoqy
qr0ys @ 4ynq payseq| mniSpq uy|"ez ‘Sny
nee +s gH QOS JUBTOIA | 7° otq|‘oT aung ——
ayenbyyee QUOJOIA WlittttttettstseeeseAaUaD|"7z Key ——-
“atatnbyepeny)
ay} WO eULIO,, puke |v OT pur
‘aj[taeg ‘euouNeg ye |§ UseMjog
**quaqora A[Surpasoxg|Ayjetoadsa ‘eisnyepuy uy)'¢ [dy “FOcT
*SInOY [VIdAVS
Joy Burysey ‘syooqs Se eeeereereesecssens gorma,a| tet"

seer tweens eee eereearesene

see eeseee

et ener se eeseearsesserarnes

eee en en eeeeeerareeeseeene

Prereererereree rr Terre ey

0ST

sess gmpueg Jo purrsy|
seereseeeqgoys soujouy| sete OMEhG
“sinoy,
GIFT pueyiey
sypoys apqerapisuog|* tess euapopylcoune “TOT
*puryiez
TYE “JIMS jo syed quareyiq ARI 00ST

seater aweseertteeeseareseee

eee e ee eeeeeeaeesesetttoes

Ween eee n rene teneenasoereerelere

eee rrr eee eee eee eee Cee ere rr err rer eee Teer

*SOOYS yeOIS ATOAOMT,

Hee eee ee eaten ecceseseseee

cetisereeteseesennersens grey
*euuaig
Peewee eee meee eeeeee ueder

6é 4seq ot} uy ”

‘OTAON "S6FT
eon S967 1

eeseee

eeeteceeececes

Oe ee etter reese eeetstars| su reeetetersteteeseast thous

Wid [T
0S
“Moy Pug

aq} ynoqy
“€ 099d “S6FT

TOPCO remo eeseseesreesetnes

FORA e meen eee eee taneeeels ttre tanaeeaeeeees® eusojog
“DID aan Ue
pue wagod e Burkes
Jo awty oy} poyseq| ects ee erenag
“quay
-OTA AIDA 919M OULOS
Youpa Jo ys pue
Aep Aq q0q syooys
Aueut ‘qjuom 9y3
teetreesseersereeesereeeeeeltg QginOd OU} Suing sotereeeeseeecoreveccess BET TI-AT*AON

“Bul
-W9A9 99 UT
FOr
“Buru9ad ayy ty

VUUIIS| ST UVl “C6FT

PPETTERETILIL TTT eee ee

’

seen e reese ee ee cesses eseeees

9

52

a

G ‘I

¥ ¢

53

TP) *20)‘IaUULe FT “A” fepeygqospepy coe e ccc ccc ecePacisevcnceecudcspesinapecd cdecCesceusiseeuceen|CCeecorcenutscdetgscers corlacacdeesseensntancncecccorts|cassevceuccuce ajdoureupy ‘OL
*SuluaAe
SpIeMo} puz

“kpoyeurayye ‘urese

[ey Ws} Yo] pue ‘are 91} OJUT sjoor 94} pogjryT ayy $4yst 42

OSI9A ‘ZPT ‘TOR ‘201 = |98IY OY, ‘ayenbyjiva ue uey} se3 jo yuaut IS[OUL *S pue

-d9a]eIp *poyjzour ‘Loazo7A ‘sniyosyATg|-oSeSuastp pue oslo B TOYJeA SPM PUODES AYT/ tees eeerereseee SHDOUS OMT) NVBSIIG 944 UI Sanqrergq|{ ‘AON’ ——

\

*GZ siay}O 07
“OTST 29ep 943 SoATs pue ‘skep gy] ‘autos *10U
‘oy ‘snzoponeN [JOR “A ‘poeumMI a19M suMo}y Jay}0 pure ‘eyx04 03 Zurpsoooe ‘payse, |-1y BIsy pue edoang

fsonomsooky {epg ‘d ‘nm ‘joa |-twaq ‘qodyjey ‘mnroyosy, ‘saat, ay} 4soy | ‘eyeyey pue osjdou jpue ‘atoy umouy jut yj0q ‘suorutMOp
‘soqoley UayosIUBUIsGSepszqoryos |a[doed puesnoy) ouros pus ‘UMOpP UMOII} O19 |-1]UR{SUOD 4e S[TeM |19Ad 4UOTOIA 4SOUI |YsTyang, oy} JO 4se1 044
-an ‘IamUezT “A $ ByeYO Tospeyy|s[[e 93 JO suoytod ose] pue sasnoy 00/1/23 12A0 oUIed vos oY T/94} J19M syOOyS oY |]Te pue ‘ajdounuesuo0g|'pT] “3deg GOST

snydainyg
S27G ‘dm +4 ‘wom wojonen ‘f|" > AagHgadanage otaydsourye Aq porurdutoooy|" "ets" tess seer" *eesee*) sonenbyyAva [eraAag|**AueutIey pue ATe4y UY)"
*pauony
"79 90) *JOUOTYD ap “Way|-U9T 4se] OY} YIM OUT, oMMes oY} 4e Aqeqorg| ee lskep £ar07 Joy syooyg|***''**** atdounweysuog|********* ——
"9g ‘D0 “II ‘qt ‘uajaeSuineg : “SOIq pue ‘soxeny
Utey, § GEG ‘d ‘AIxx “4 ‘1104 ‘soreg ‘erpueg ut ATVI
“TAN Sage “OF “AT “4 ‘ejouseoie, sence es eaeeeeeeeeetseseseeersnssseeessessesassnsansenssssegalstsuaussnsesunsessasssanes shee syooys Aue yy -adso foSejediyory ay} Uy "62 AI “80ST

"719 *30) “pueq—resse , Meee eee eee e ene e ee ee see eneesse cease essere testasessersasessnelsensenseesnsansnsseen senses seeeeeeveseesseccoeeersl ous BITIQUTIGD UL yorgdery sessevces
"sid ‘jediyory ep ut

wopueyig Jep Buta dryosog ‘addeq et eeceeress MOG oq} OUT yues puryst oq jo 4red V POOH TOO der seeeter assess ses|eee SP Seess es eesssseessseses|ssseee ULIOJUeS jo puejsy eeetetese
‘OIL “d ‘I 4 *J095 Sony Tee TTTCET eT TTPTL PTT eT Te cece ree ee eee eee er errrrr rs Terre r rT errr ry Teer TT rrr irr een) a]dounueysu0g woccccece LOST

"44310 9y}

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

“98 Jo oY UITT
-ov11q| sastou Surmorjaq ueouesieyqns Aq poruedumoooy|*ts** tts teeteeeeeereese+louy WeOA JUOTOIA SIO) OIG, “wel “QOCT
“quai yy
go amoy U6
“1ZG 'd ‘MNO g|**"8iteeteeserssereanseceesseeseconersssecrsrasensevecaslseesesesssancceescecesasen|seraucrsssersnsasacerercese|seeevessesestersss BUFOIOM|*Qe “Oa, ——
“4 Mozaq A[daep se yuNs usyy pue ‘addy JOULTOF ‘9911 IO OA} 010M
Tay} vaoqe yueydeys ue se YSIY sv pasted souiTy 2194} sya INF
-908 919M Syed yey} paqiujstp pur po1e4]e OS oy yystu pue dep
SAA Y}.1VO OY} JO GORJ.AINS 94} SO[IU ULUIED MaAgS yors pue ‘payunoo
“WorOMay SJaqeg Ues[Ng [04 x18 30 govds viog ‘purl Arp 043 J0 voe]d oy a19M SYOOYS 9917} *reok 399 JO
Suyonb ‘z1¢ -d -[ “pg ‘aqley a,¢ [9003 yor ‘Taye YIIOF Burmorzyy uagyo ‘urese -Ajaryy Aep auo uC ‘uRystueysyy Ul je_ppr 34
‘gpunypig Joep uaeuuy sneySieg|pasojo pue ‘soovjd Aueor ur pauedo yyrwa aug) tt teers slqmatora «= ATaUe.4xq|[NGeQ Jo purl YyStYy eyz|ynoqy —
*queqsur ‘WV F
0Z1 “d “moIYQ soy ap souueyor PTET rePeerreere ry yrieee reer rere eee eee eee rere Terry apsurs @ 4nq peyse'y seeteeccaseeone mUuigjeg uy ‘ogoune “COST.

*UOATS OSTe ST

"gLe °d “710 “20) ‘sergu1ag op uvasleosT aep OYJ, “UMop MAoIy} sBuTp[G amog)-*****"*"+* vileeeeeess sqooys

1852.

REPORT

54

F = ere es *
‘soquiaydag YG pur yore
? LEh TOF [GIST 249 wo Ajawen ‘aeak sty sosdios reunT
‘uoryg ‘[ddng 4yemoSieg iddyryqjom; o1aM olay], ‘uoou ayy Jo asdioa ue Sung
“919 *00] ‘ON ‘oip qoqn ‘URLOy, PPP Peer Pee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ey
“ORT “A
£OL[ *d 1°} ‘adojoay ap smog ‘on Fy Meee eee e eee e seen esse ensseseeesaee eset snes stseeseeseesesenes
ssntooung ft “qty ‘18q ,
~T9ATOS}OIYISIH ayossasiodspunay Pree eT eee re ee errr Tere cre rere r rer ree reece reer err reer
“ssi “d ‘epayaqw
nz uamlouRy J-suoleuoyacy ‘qosyieg Peer eee eee eee eee ee eee eee Tere Tere eee ee ees

“HaMOmay S toqeg uvyng Suyonb
‘apunypaq Jap ualeuuy s sieys1aq SOOO e mene renee tea e eee tees maar ees seat E HH EHe tans tas eeetstene

“IE “qi *Atayg ‘ydesSoumsog troysunT
SIM “qi ‘snuljeourg ‘soueyssoodTq] ‘sumnd yvard poonporg

"TeF'd “A Joa ‘sarmojog YsTg yy

jo £10381] “ULAR IA Arawios}u0 py PTY eee RAP e ett emt eee eet ete mess eeeest ees ee eeeeeeeee
‘uaqeqpig UsneWULOM

-aS1yeM Jeseg Ur Ip qaqn ‘uRLO WW StH emer eerste seer seseneesse snare eee tenets

“ULI0}S JUIOIA @ Surg

‘olmma1g

JIAII ay} JO asmoo oy, Zuyszsarp Aqo1oyy

“cg pue giz ‘dd = |‘mojaq Aayyea ayy o7UL estou yeadd vB YIM [Joy
Ty ‘asvaneg “q ap “pery ‘soaor [neg|‘axenbyytwa ue Aq uayeys ‘ureyuNOM ayy,
*YIUOAYD OYOSLPULMET S,AOPUBATYT | rrtett reer ett e sess eset ee eeeeteeteteeettteeeees

“UIL}.190 JOU St ‘Jou 10 ayenbyy.1ee ue Aq pasneo
‘anbimgproy wonoal[og § pueaqrag|sem sty} Jaqjaya yng ‘pazeaedas surezUNOU OM,
“Pez ‘d ‘myog *a ‘1ajduey
‘anbimaproy uoKse][09|"

TTR wwe tte wm eases wena t ete eeewesenes

“gouerysed jnypearp ev Xq pamoyjog

"ELE “[OJ *720 207 “ejouseorey,
ranbrut
-9peoy UoMoaT[oN ‘saueTysooArT “poo
‘(ype 07) cee ‘d “1 +4 ‘rerazoqyyjosuoqur pue ‘spurm ySiq A190 Aq poruedmoooy
‘OL “d ty ‘9180005 ap s.in09 “ongy HA em eer et eaneeeterennnenree poysiad S[ENPLATPUL O0OT
“ABI “WW 0} steavig
‘Sny ‘WW Woy uoyrorunmuog
‘Quoyy Np seyonog sap anbysyeig ee eee eee eer eeene eee t acne cers eeseesseeeeeeeesssseseettesenes

9

“* UMOP UMOIY} 919M SonjejIs pues sasnoy suI0g

*g

eee eee ere Se eee eee eee

settee ween eeeee rete eeeee
Pee meee rere eat ereeeceserees
Seer eet t ee ewan etssneeee eee

Oo oo

Fete meee t ewes eeettssooeeee®

FOO e ween we set eeeeereweees

nee eeeeees

Senet eee ewan ent neeee weeeee

*poqeqise
youu sea syeueo
oq} UL JoqyVM 9yy

Prveeeeeeeeeeeee eee eer ees

Fee eee weer n etter seeeeeeee

Steen teem ewer etemeteseeeees fhe fee eucannenisaess AMT

err e ee eee rr reer reer ey sbecipeccice ges sRaeehe oping
Peewee snr renerserseesseeslepneseecseseseenesses UeTIW

SpuNt ey abesme seh > chncuaerat Gos ecitlnsqennnonse CMa TTA

eee e teen meet tt eee ee eereeee

pope ao OO TS a EY)
*ueysIUeysyy Ur [nqeo
Jo sXaT[VA ayy JO vuO ‘Tup
‘aqenbujrwe yuajorA W)-uelc jo AaT[eA 19MO] OUT,
*punod saTtu Oy
Joy Ayunod 94} pue

eee tee ew eames eseeetetone

Pee eee ene eesseetene

terres MOOYS JUI[OIA VY ayUez,

Peete meen ereenereseeeanlane

quozTaq
asoqe ‘sdty oy jo
joo} ay} 48 wIejUNOM y

syooys ]eqaaag

*purliozqIMg

sere e ence ee eee eeceeeteseee

ORO e eRe eee eeeee ueder

ieesreeeenessseeesereseresdeoe BITTATTEBD, UL youqAery
*aUT} 40S

Aaa @ Suysel ynq ‘oy ‘BSIAOLy, ‘enpeg

‘g[qetopisuod Joypeylye yay Ospy

“aod A
pure ‘vuuaary ‘aou10;,7

*(sadry

-sasseg )

stew enone

seereeens

TésT
02ST

61ST

‘BLIVAvG UI UaSUT[PION|‘9ZounL */Z [CT

Hiteseseurseeserseees qrperlsgg “URE PLC]

“ree* ATOXBG UL UASSIa|"/ [SRY “ET CT

Yay YOoys ONJUT ezusyeg jo Aayeal tt’ gpley

“BOTW A | 9G "TUIN “LIST

*TOQUTM 3T]}
‘sayenbyyizea Teroaog|ye Ajyetoadsa ‘ Ajeyy uy|sunmg —
Peewee eee eee e esate tees ““RBLIBART ut uaSul[pION ‘OL aun ‘OTST

ay,

‘€ G

anbsouryy|"e 1 99q “60ST
SL

55

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

"1G 84} YZWOU ay3 Jo Aep on} se

DAIS SIOIIQ “pUeLIEZIIMG ut AuI0}s ATOA SVM

‘TULplo[g‘UIUOD “N-ueUIIEN “UOIyD jxeak VOYM VYJ, “patezye se eIAOSMYY, ut
$ lazyoneyog {*peoy [OQ {pUuer}iag|19AI1e JO asinod ayy, ‘asemMep 91391] nq pasneg
‘anbrmeproy ToT40eT[09 é pueqy.iag weeeasecareeees Peete tenses scares scenes at essanaseatsessteeases

*somatyysooAT] POR weet teeta eee et tte EEE HESS eee ET ETH ESE REESE OEE EOETT Eee
‘anbiulgpeoy UoryaT[OD { puBIog|"**********'**""*" TAOD UMOIT O1OM SosnOy TOS

*4xoU oy} pue reat

SI} JO oOYM oy} Te1ouss AIOA o10M Sayend

-Yyaea yeyy shes “peroy [10D WU, “TT “wer o3ep

‘079 ‘TINA 9} SATS soTVAVT, “4S1 9} WILMA OAT oes

-ploy fseponen fremypeg fsauoyjs jay} 3e paaziMoo0 siopuely Ul SyOOYs 943 4eTy

-ooky fanbimaproy woroeT[og | {UIY} 0} Wes Jou soop Yo] “A *UMOp UMOITI
{Zep ‘d ‘ousedsy.y -ystpy ‘yanbanyja19M sayy vq} [[e pue Sesnoy OOST Uogsry uy

"69 “19 *Buru
“A 9 ‘Opuoy [OP “4StH] ‘ejouseorey|-I4 St] pue ‘tapunyy ‘urer Aavay Aq porueduiooy
*posoijsep

o1aM sasnoy Aueut pur 410y W “9Jo[0 pouleut
"492 ‘d ‘aqoTy up *Asy souuatouR |-ad ODRIAIeD Jo T[NS oy} JO apts ot} 4e UTeJUNOUT
sop “4SIET 'Zsg‘d ‘14 ‘soyerxou |y “no oud ayeydse pue 10yem 4[eS pIyay
-inba suorser xnv aseko, “4pjoquinyy|xor[q pue ‘ssovid [ersaes ur peuedo yyee ayy,
WTF) 207 ‘UBLIO TL APT HHH eee eee eet EEE EHS eee eee ett ewer esas sewer tsas
. CZ “d ‘OIF
‘amsuodsoy njoul w110} meyuns
-oy pude gzct{ mur snfny ondio

-xid ap Tueidmeouelg ‘easne NT ‘Iq Peer creer ec ce eter este nace eee cere nest H anes sree seer se eaeeselsssneetssesesecsessereessssleccnccessegeeegees 011g meee cccescesnecces souade yy ecceesses 82ST

‘yeuosieg | ,,"O] TA Pf JastaAed asuad jipan 9110} ap yuaTIITq
dd yryg fresezaqy {UeTey “OIN WOAH |-W91 uN ,, WoIsseidxo 9y3 asn sLOyINe YousTy oy],
“449 *O0] URI | eee ert tetera eens tee eeeeeteeetenseseeseanceeees

SOMPT]| eee eeeeet cette teats ree eaeeneeesseeneeeeenteseseeseeessaleccescseeerescesereccscesleneaerrsreeseseers qar|ess utedg Ul Bpeuaty| ttt

“YOR cal eeseeseeseteeteeetesesereeseeaanessesesnesaresteassteeelersereceesseerererroesleneeeees gugoys AuBpylayy UL syurod yuasaytg| sss ——

“09 TISZ aep au} seatd ‘wens

“OWI -oN 8urjonb ‘Hoy “A 04 aovyjoid siq Ur sneysiag Oe ereecesersnnccssescecesesisscccseee syooys aor], -

peers eeeeeeeeeesersescerees

ee meee tesa ees castes estoas
Pee enersreeeeasenseeseease®

FPP ece woes seeesetsessseens

*SOAVA OI[} JO UT SUL
-ysna oy} Aq syueq
ey} uodn wdAtip
a1aM snBey, oy} Jo
S104VM OYJ, “S[OSSoA
JeioAas dn poaaoy
-[eMs pue ‘poqezise
Ajyeoi3 sea vas oy],

TONepunut ue SuLng
“ures

yues pure suoyyey
Moy sor vos IyF,

£9 010d 110C fn URURG] af eee

Sees nner rrr

ee eeneee

Peet te eecn ett teeseesccases

‘

Seema e ena ee tees eeesesee

*joyeyojnoN pure

‘20124SU0) JO VAR] 9}

TD 49 32 Aqyedroutad "9g 10
sretee sees OMS [RIOAIG|‘PULLIOZIIMG JNOYSNOIy]|Gz ‘AON ——
seeeeees*) QTIgTOTA A10A PS*ESENS tote Se reordgy *LUIB "SSCL

‘ayenb
-Yjrve yuoTOIA JOOUY| eee uOgsrT tt Zecy
qeokoy}jo sural’
SS hw weterres ewer ss ss oaswee s**t ssh eeasesseesesestene aed Buiticre| —_——

‘s1opueyy pue

‘skep 4y810 10} |‘purplezjIMg UL pnep

kep e@ sow 4yS1I9 [np uojueD ou} ‘voLy

io woades syooys jo ysvoo aytsoddo 9x3

quojora §Ajouesyxo §‘uredg ‘yesnj10g jo

a19M 910} UOGSIT FY |sopuleMaL 9y4 ‘WOgsTT|"9g ‘uel “TEcT
SRORIE ST, ‘OL "PO

eee e esas ett eeeeteretaseses pue ‘puro ‘sIopuepy qnoqy

“ROO

qynog ‘enseqng jo

PURIST 949 IvsM ‘eueOL
stetrererecensererseseereesl ng DUB BBG JO 4SBOQ *Tadag OLS ;
Pee e ee eeretaresesens soreeess OTE "LL'1d99 62ST

¥

**-sy00Ys [etoAag]"*
seesseneeescoeiereeens grpgy

eee dag }
‘coludy* FEST |

‘sade Jo wopSury

areg|'4¢°09q ——
“pne, ap
papa. ayy UT UNpIOA Te

Sept erestyaeee

Se epep HR eT OLS TIO OS 4 SWE O TE TRE GTN

"790
‘anbrmapeoy m0T}09T[09 wee eeerteeerene 4sadure4 4U9]OIA e kq poruedmoo0y TORO Eee ee eee eect tte eeee| weewen ee eeeeesseesensteseee Peers abocess vaene ess BIOTA ‘0 pay ‘TFSI
o3n1q
“6EST 2q Aiqeq ‘j-e8ziq oy} ut or0jaq

‘souayysooAT|-ord prnoys 3 ynq ‘azep sty} saatd souayysooA|********* °° Ilse ATqeqord ‘Auew19y Ul|*PT °29q ——
*UBIIOTN PPeeTEREEPTTEOCOEEOSOre TTT Tere eeer ee ee eee Terre eeeecerrrerr see eere ee eereerrereeererrri cr cerrr reer errr ere TTT reer pessrssecevsseegen se: So OTaeT SI Aine “OFSI
urudasy ‘OPST ‘ounr WIGz -AuevUl1ay Jo
MOT £602 ‘d “um 9 ‘azjas19qn jayep ayy soats pur ‘ayenbyyava sty pooustod syed Joq}0 oml0s pur ‘Wd J
“POs MF UalIYoS [RAVUIPY VOLS Y|-xX9 BULAVY SB ZIUMLIYD SUOTJUDUL SOUBYISODAT]|**ssersttseeereserseeseeelerereeeeeeeeesceeereeerere HOF uGgazIG WUOXVS IU) s Zane "GeC]
"tg ‘d “jamuedory, Jop "a ‘Ss ‘n
“toad Inz usepy ‘sproquinyy * *punor
£29 ‘d *x1x *} ‘sesefo, sap ‘uay" a “ eyourgorg nyony jo uoydnia ue Aq pamoypog| teers quaota Aaa |Aqun0d 94} pue oyINH|********* ——
‘uedaq u0T,

-dnia aq} se uoos se
4 pasveo ‘taaomoy {TV
‘sarqIoyne 19130 Auer puryqns *S9U0 JUOTOTA AyUIAMy
a puny ‘“eqorry f opaoy, 1p oetg ‘nondnia uey} soy = *skep
a $uoyimeyy $19 ‘d ‘oransea [op |ozUl patozUs sprvMsaqe pure ‘pasteI stm OAONN |a10YS ay} MOIJsooVd OM} asaTI LOJSyOOYS “vLIqeyeg Ysnoryy "9g pue
e THAULOUIF 9 VLIO}S ‘QMO, V[[Ap VLBA |aJUO “YSU ye Yyoo],0 Z ynoqge 4e WIGS 94} UC|AueM paryer vas vy \snonuyu0s 4ysouTy|[[e pue ‘so[dey ‘1ponzz0g|Zz “ydag
*SOOYS ot} 199J2 Uses 919M S109}0M sno "gz 10
‘URLIOI S*peoy “TOD §puerseg|-ausr ‘uojued ay} ynoysnorzyy pue ‘ajeg ye TWO!" *****°SMDOYS [PIIAIS ** oiqios wer “sect
[= ‘anbimaproy u01j02T[09 { UeLIa Pere rte ree eee ere eerererrerrr rrr errr e rr erer ere ereer ir re ee) sists cgehemaee te sehtcr depos tosesstee kaa a OTe tnasen@pel a eees
e “4xoU 94} pue ava siyy
a JO ajo ayy A[q5I8
[4] 6G “d “4STH] Taner, pascetes Uenenccecs: wrasse suourcngratscece se ssshevsscesaldescereesceratatcsesers*"S STOOD ‘ou1q eee soiden Ivau 110Nnzz0g "9z dag
‘anbrut uondnsza O7UT ysing vUyq YIT[ 973 UO *ATOIg JO ajo 944 "E104

-9peoy uonoe][og ‘ge -d ‘qjozeq|-ropuny} oy] sestlouuvauetiojqns sq parueduioody| ttt tee eeeeesteeeeeters syOOUS JUSS |jnoysno14} paw ‘sojden| [ Avy “LECT
‘Tudy Jo a[ppru oy} [HUN paysey pue
‘ueSaq euyq Jo uoydnia yuozora ApSurpaeoxe
ue sak sty} Jo your prez ayy UG “dn pamoy “ATS
‘ole “d ‘qyezeq -[PMS SBA MO} aT e pue ‘pauedo qyava ouL emer ewe e ere teeta weer ees lensee senses Steseaeessteee ur VLIVZV IN, jo AayeA sastereee 98SL
‘aqenby}.ivo sty] SutmMp YOstputAA ye U.10q se JOS
-UIY oy yey shes 1osey -aursoN] pue youn
JO SUOJNLD JY} UL WI04s JUITOIA B Aq paMoT[OT
‘Uapafssluoy pue YoOsIput ‘yonsg ‘ueSuray\y
‘uaqiesuleIg ‘uapeg ye yay SBAA 4I 4eyy shes *pooy.moq “qqdt0 yy
‘s0dvy {*puoy ‘[109 {puesyzog|pue ‘(:"g °O) 300 ZI-LT a9ep O43 soars Yor “Al"***** : seereeseseereeess|UB1OU VY} PUL YOUNZ!"Zz WO “FEST
“OFT *AlterssssecceeseesesceeseseescenserercsssugncersssssersescserslecsnseersacccesecsnenersnseleeseeesessHOOUS TBIQAaG | reeeetreesserees ATBAT Uy] et tes ——
"y19 *90) ‘aRTayN £ souaqysoodry sseeenssersranenserssrssccccneseseaaressaeans gersrssceeseeleccceserrecsseusccecccrecsslsseesress SHIOUS GOUT | eer seeeteeess 29" VT / 7 99T “CECT

i) ¢ Bf a % al

56

57

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZNOMENA.

‘S1oqtorg pus
uassioyy 38 se ‘sajap | qu 3rTtM9 4W
*sauayysooAr] aaduecaasunonssagnregangrcersces (vies ehite gee keane nae pas peersee sane aemer inex na tenpmnaananaee why tees ANAT jo uleyo an} uy ‘Oz udy ao
‘goesn’y Ul pur ‘eyong
‘rosq ‘TeysuTyovor
Broqrig ye Ayer
-adsatadiqosziquer |,
sTOPUCATY pue SMIpIOUTA] *reeserereseseeseessetessseeesesteeeescanesnecceettesteerleasecsessaessieeseceseresesleeneeesSHQOUS [OAGE/-OYOT PUL UOXEG atl-g me “ZecT
: ‘upped 4e Aypetoadsa
“peoy ‘oaT109 $212 “d ‘soord soy} Wosy UMOITY | $formg ut ‘uryreq
‘TE ‘JOA ‘Sapooq ‘OWA, S,0dA1yg]a1OM So[qVOAOTA TOY}O PUL S[ISUOJN WAYOITY] errreerreereereerereeeereerers syoogs AuBipue ‘uopéorQ ‘ayeBhy\-¢z Ley ——
*sI[v0.10q VIOINe a[qCeyxreUL
*snyosy Ary $ souayysooAT -01 ¥ &q pepa001g ‘UMOp UMOITY SOSIOY QOS er ssssers esse seeleeececeeceesesccesceeeseeslscrensssacesssersenne uoqst'y|"gg ——_ ——
“G1G °d “TE "4 “JOMOAYD op “MIasA| eee heersee teste eeeeeereeccecorecesusseccessecnssescacs|ace “ereeeeeesQoys [BIOAIG| ts""* garden dy|gzg "URL “TEST
*so[Sy edi] 9} Ul OURO[NA Jo
uondnse ue svat a19y} (omI1y ames O14 4e ATQIS “soqdeyy
*goe ‘d “yemoS10g ‘dyryq|-sod) reok oures oy, ‘dn pomorjeMs sea ouerty|'***** “* syoOYs snorsesiq|Jo wopSury oy3 uql* OCCT
"19g °d ‘aaong tet essseetesessetereseseseassenensteenestrencnceneneseacsseeslsonsestecasecsesssersssterslscessceseceseaneeuserasrand|stereesesenes® BUOBTED UTP TEAR, —
E *hadleag "WW
0} qopajant "IN JO WootunMMI0D RAN EPS ele eee ae Sete neta teeene eter eserenen|soeeeesrsees SHOOYS OMT | eres sees sjassnig ‘SLIP “GEST
“080
Joq}O out0s Aq dn pastes 919M paq SIY FL Se 4faz ‘WY. f JOITY
“pray ‘T199 {puesy1og { sauayysooAy oy yey skes OAL ‘sauay}sooAr] ayoMe yooys aul eee errr err er eee) seeeeere N08 qysts Vv a ae eee cae Renee OTE 6 “qaq "SESL
*Aqisongoduar
yeoid YY pou
E *(2) skep 0M Toy |-a1 uay pue “4800
Aap poureuras uepror ay} Jo poq ey, “poanf joyy wou (¢) sopror
“nqduroid ons ut ‘1apuvary|-ur Aqetoadsa ovam vurey pue ‘wayoIg ‘eddoriersaas parmarvasayp| eet |ereeeeereesssrourasareg ult? OFGT
“MMASNI Ystpig 949 ur yopydured y|** ** 4s] OY} ITM ommes ary ATqeqorg)" seeeeeseceonsceeeeieereono queqeig ‘ur[yoaq|s******* ——
‘S16 ‘dy ‘IJ O[OUOITD op [eILOWA TA, RRO meme eee e meee atom eee EE HEHE HEH eee EEE HHH GHEE E HHT Eeel ene sestnsenasetes . weree . adoing quoysnorgy, 9 dag "CHSL
18% ‘d "719 *90] ‘Q10L] 9) tereserereeesee NO KOIISOD 4SOUl][® 319M SOSNOY Auryy SRPEY CCT ASB SHY Hee cee ses veer} ea tee ET OOUS ENC) (0) 9,\ eliqzpeg|*** uer “PRCT
“ROLIOULY
yeajyueg pup oorxey Jo sayenb
“qe ayy uo Saag “W jo Towa pee ehysdnvg heoDabaasdhclethomsne Maple CaWartsas seeeeaRasShan stated eteeakar chase sicducieenak Kars dg@nmaleahvan amen seseeaneenaossoe2seeeQoTyoTy Mince ene » Sooee
‘jensn ueyy 4[es
aIOU 19jVM YIIOJ BAvB skep aulos soy asnd
-viXg JO Sioa ot} pus esnyjory JO uTezUNO;
‘peoy ‘][09 {wanMpoH joy ‘pauins o10m AUIOIg UL SUMO} 191190 [eIOAES
{o1L'd gonzyy fz9gpueyz‘dd‘qjazeq|pue ‘emezed ‘vuomBezeped ‘WIMTZWOAT SASNOVIAG]| ters sseeerssseesereereeslereereereneseeraesesen
‘HOH ‘4 £ 09g ‘d ‘
_ | soaor toed tpzr *d*A "3 ‘ejouSvorwT | "*ss*** pou SEM BLIAIEOG JO UMO}Z OI}FIT ONT, |* terres sssersetetsteess

netee

*ATOIS UT Aqyewodso *moy piez
‘Aoymy, pur ‘ayeyy ‘Aprorg|-Z 1 °0aq] —— "

“IazZONIyIS
fenbruiaproy uorpe[og ‘ puviyieg
OST *d ‘13 ‘myo *A ‘aazduey

“UIMDTIOYSIY WINLIYpUa]eo Leq GT
*soTatysooAry
/ "1Ze “d "x *}

‘ouryQ BL ep ‘ud ystHy ‘eTeWY OC

“ot
“MUNOLMOYSIY WNTIepUsTeo LIOqy Tne

‘auTY BI ap “ud “3st “ee OC

REPORT—1852.

‘OW
“ou
"eg “dE “qt “yoRreD
‘AI “J8N oq ‘emer snijeus0p
“(-91p9 “10J) GOF A 1°4 “4STH “NOL
ap “Sny ‘f¢ ‘snioqg {soueyysooAT

sonbimm9proy
wodaT[09 { puvryssg ‘ souayysooAT

t nD: ae 7 t
ap UWOyUeH 94} UT OS[y
+ -SMOOYS [RAIAIS | INYAAIUT A PUL YOLMZ
Settee ewereeeensrsseserreeslsassesageresnaeseeene uvder

9

‘aSemmep opt] nq ‘astou Yonut Lq potueduoody|***ssersteeseee

PO ewe eee eee ee neta ee eee eee ee ee EHH eH eH EH seeaee ee Et eens eel et -

*o2p ‘sasnoy 04

asvuep yvai8 Surop ‘skep so1y} pase] 4 ey4
sfkvs pue ‘qore yy TOT ep oy SoAI3 snrqospAry Sperereeccvecensnesesensseslooteesees ATIQTOIA AIO, tt teeeeee aidounuejsu0g
‘sozia A714} JO VoURISIp
e Joy punor AGtM0) ayy
puv ‘(aidosy euessoy )
SYOOYS yuaTora AraAfeuessoy JO UMOZ OL,

“qUNODIe SUIMOT[OF 94} YIM UoTxouMOD ut ‘AEP

OT 4UaAO SIYy sooeTd ‘zroyUsog Suyonb ‘yory *A

“pauINA J1aM WMOZ OY) Jo SUOOYAOF ayy [Tye
"SOATT Ilo 4SO] a[dood Auvu A190 A

“ptajs Sj UI poonpord oye] ev pur ‘ayenbyjave

siq3 Aq yUNs sem gouadeyTUNIND Ul sansvoy “juapors Ajoma14 tint te)

A4xI8 Jo punoiS jo aoaid v ‘HORT “A 0} Sulploooy] ste X GT SINOY OMY POISVT|UL IS-UBYD JO VOUTAOI

*RIARIOT, PUB “BIL

eure, ‘eeorg ‘Aiv3

‘skep Moy |-UNET “YALUUTPOSTPUT AA
ayse] SyOoys ayplaqy wt ‘eLyqsny ‘eLeseg
toreeeeceesBIMQSEdyS

“eu
UI ULUOF] pur is-ueyD
ssoutdoid ay} Uy

PPPTeEePRreer Te Tereeere rrr ere er eres erie

ROB UENS NRHN NApeCnpr ns oN | penicacianwens er esssensse hs 3/76

*syoys
seseteseeueeanassecseeseersaeseensceaenssvaessessesesessrerslossesseseusserensesererelgaramogguod — dadyp| reeset OIG
seeaaeseesseanteascnecsscnsennsestesserseesesssenessnersesseleoengereesesseessecseerees] sg QOS JUO[OIA OMELET OMG

‘UMOP UMOIY] V19M suOTIsod payeaaya ut paoeyd
sjassaA ‘uotjoUr prides ut syoreyo Aueut jo astou
ay} ay (xoSuvpo snoeuw) punos uazerq @ pur ‘Sut
-MO][9q PAL] astou uUvoue1o}qus v Aq porweduoddy}"*******"**

(‘ureanoy 4@
Paaty sty syrodar oy
“** YOOYs JUATOIA oUQ|AoqyNe ayy) “wWNIo[eg
*‘Auoxeg UL
uasstoyq 4e Ayyedrourad
OUTER EEEEOUO TOROS ESSE TT SOqla ou} jo urseq aq} uy
‘jouoryD ep
“Ud TA OU} 0} Burpr0908
‘KavSunfpy Ul yoy OSTy
<lpuvleeccecusnvances qq3I[s “SIRE A ay pue aed

Seen eee e een eee een se eee rarneee sSurpimq Qulo0s poumyy rere rrr eee ree

seer eee emcee reese eee peseee esse evamesssssesE ss Ss es seus sesess|sssssseessessssereresessas

io.) 9
Ye)

7S ae € %

Oe a

¥2 sadly, "LOST

“uMep a10y
-aq sinoy Z%
“OT Avy, ——

‘T Tady —

mad
“GT “Uer OgcT
(repuayeo
aSIUY{D ItI9 JO
yyuoW puodas
ayy Uy) “GoeT
‘Wd G
‘0g ‘dy ——
‘Wd F

tea

“4qstUpI
"1S ARN “PSST
"Wd. g pue

l Leh yweye g
“LUSNY "SST

‘W'd 9
“9T'dag ‘ZScT
“it

59

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA.

a a a a

"Og ‘d ‘solreuey sazt
sop ‘diosoq ‘yong ‘A ‘ge, *s
‘TA "pg ‘Vya1oF] Top UL 4yproquinyy *A}***
“86ST “HoyyUeA ‘YLUOAYD
SAaory JO UOYeNUIYUOD s.ULISIN| WyIV9 ayy Aq du POMOTTES OTOM syo[HIBY SUIOS
F891
‘yrmoayy “ST §,PUvlaT A we) OY ee el de ide ee eR Clie IROOM ULC

OUvd[OA Bq} Jo UOYdnsa ue Aq poruedmoooy

sSIOATUL) “WOU | trstseeeserst see eesdueeeseasesuenensaneessonvesoueevenas
"BGT “d “xix *4 ‘atm, op “mop

C16'd“1r4 “UoIyD ep MOT §ZL/T

‘Ue IPG 9} JO VoURIY VP 99}9ZBH/UBADG

*pako.sop a10M SoBvy[tA
‘rapunyy jo sdejo pnoy <q potueducooy

"18g 1h “3 4StH ‘Noy, op “Amy *pys*e--**"**4sey oy} YALA snooueyems ATqeqorg

"HOT “A OTE dou, “4ySTPFT TUeLU

“ysu “d $10¢¢ dm
“suet years Aq

paMoT[OoF puv ‘pura pue saspunty 4q porurdmos.y
*poiaj]@ Swea.14s JO

“Lp ‘d *729 ‘007 ‘eure *u109

*SnIt{OsyAay
*j09J ouIU JO qysroy aq}

0} 0103}0q 91} 4B OSOT Udy} 1B PUB ‘Yaoz XIS
-Aq.11y} JO Y}dop 94} 03 yues ATUoppns orenbs yooz
Aqua} Jo pury Jo ooard 2 ‘Bamquiay.m A Jo Ayong
ay} ul ‘atojoq Surmaas oy, ‘AWeULIAN) IOAO Te
qnq ‘young ye ATUO you woes ‘Aower[iAq IveI3 Jo
"pL d ‘xezqonoyog

"8912 ‘d

4 ‘preyog “g ‘uRUTIAX “Joy

*NOL0UL Ul BOeLLTeD

“Tt ‘{e Jo yey} oy, estou v dq pue ‘Buruz4 St pue

seen eeeerenee

seen eeeeeeeene

Corry

OG ett ereeeee

eeteee

seen eteeeee

we eeeereneees

“4 ‘preyog ‘gs *s19}0 pue uA0} Sit} 04 q0q aseuep qeois pid oot rr rrr rr rr

$9809 IY} PUL ‘UMOP UAMOITY SBUTppING AU] teers rssesseeeeeeeerees syDOYs JUOTOIA TeIoAag]-eNN Jo WopFury oyg uyl**""** “LOST

SI[Bd10q e10O.1Me ue &q reser oures au ‘pamol[oq TORO eer e eer ee tt teeeeneees

‘todunt ‘] "UIpsay qns 4898 ‘101 “ytd q@\ropunyy YL ‘uI04s yuaporA eB Aq porueduTOdDY| trees tt te set eeere eee

"ggg ‘d ‘tuorsoq)"
"18% ‘d 71h) *20) ‘QOL 9) see eererses

ee ciecas azeuiep 9[qBlepisuod pig
“sniyosphag |< ete suoMepunut snoysestp Aq PoMoTpos| st steterseeseeseeeeeees

‘oroonyueg =| sto T}eF OMY ULI} BIOUT JO 4YSIOY 94} 0} SouITy

PP syovuoW| aap “Way Ip oAqry|oa1y} osoL EpuBAqaUOg JO ({ULeJUNOJ) OPW VIET | rer eeeeeeseese esse ees

"96 ‘d *xx +4
‘soBehon Bol “9 “38TH (B01, ‘d reer
ey ap amy ey op ‘1anSnog|ouvotoa

‘ ‘

913 To wondnaza ue Xq papuayye sdeyio,

enero teens

weet ween eee!

ekBIET OULITOA OY}
JO pooymnoqysiou 313
FOMe were seen ee eeeeveseseres ur Ayyetoodsa ‘eyeulyeny Fee teweee

Peete werner seeereeesssoeees a0IN jo pooymoqysioy we teeeoes

‘eeeeeeegyQOYs JUO[OIA | tt treetee teeter gnea| teeters
‘ou §=—|'g pur J u998M}

ay} uo pure ‘aqjasopy |-oq qy Sty

sreeeersSOYS [BIDAIG OY} UO ‘UsyOnIspunzy uy|'qaq “GgcT

—_——

Pere eee rere Terry aOUDAOI ul pur ‘Q0IN, 4V aoe Ang "POST

4UO[OTA ess feetescsts sso BRAT TE uy Co
‘punoz sodey |
-[IA oy} pure ‘esnSey |‘uoou ynoqy
Pee eee eee eee eee ee eee wor Tey 40u ‘oreq3e9|"ET aun¢ ——
“UIGANOTT
og th ea eauinge sredesaer nies «lag Ayqeqord ‘unig foq uy ‘LL wer "egcl
“sod

“qstUplN,
yous a[qaog-yfrerssreeseess youmgl gg

eesrereveeeeees errata ['eT O9(, “0991
‘esnany

Ones veneteedeccecccccenees mom Ivy jou ‘oreqyeg| ttt — a

quajors Ara A|(¢etaqeleg) our Ip teA|'sg Suny ‘eccT.

sriade shenaneeneesecesseeselousiensedyse esraeeom aan pl pT coy - pa,
*‘Auvosny, Jo sy1ed 19490

ere quoqorA Aioalpue ‘souaroyy ‘enuarg) eq ady “gcc
“04d JO sou eet. ons

1852.

REPORT

60

4 . at rete.

‘soovd Ay10} noqe paaow yy ‘daop 1997 Aq1143
qnoqe pur ‘(sasoe xts-Ayu9M4 Surureyu0d) oprm
091 Aq Zuo] soyoroed OOF sea paaow punois
ap ‘Sny ‘"¢ fgse pure giz ‘dd jo ooa1d ayy, “Sutmozjoy Suruoaa Kepuoyy ayy
‘I 4 ‘[suy,p “4st ‘Aare oq [yun (Aepmjeg uo) pouoyusm sw 94} WoOAz
'61F ‘d ‘aporosyo Yysysuq s,royxeg|sunuzzu0s worzow ayp ‘sovjd x00} dyspuey 4sva VY

“OGLT “SueIY, “Tq {*peoy
TOD Seg cd “ur 4 “ysty ‘noyy,:

‘vuTOW sojonb Poy *A S*peoy “][09] ‘sureyuNnout ayy uo’ vox[d yoo} sdrspury yearn

“L1G ‘d ‘8891 ‘ue ‘TANIOPpPN.AT RV PTURTTILUEER EEE e eee eee eee ee eee errr reer er eee err er TT eee
‘gg ‘di 4 4StH] Noy, ep “dny “p]vees s+ QuOYY pu ourtpY a4} Jo suoyepunuT

*JLL 0-14 “481FT ‘NOT,
ap ‘Sny ‘¢ ‘ogo ‘d “youo, “4StH
‘ursne *g $ zope ‘d ‘uty ‘preys “S]*'** BarBIIa,T 42 sSurpymq 0} ouop eseuep yearn

"9ag ‘d “gro *907 ‘uRLUIsne *q|***********" “4ST ON YILM snooueymuns ATquqorg

wheter wees Pereee eee eee eee eer eye

PROV HOO **
“HMOIYD 8,PueperAd|’

eee

<¢ SATII} apyea ‘atoads
24SNUT ‘SOLIBA IPTA 91Qv UT UINY Sa.10]00,, ‘puod—as
a3 jo puy ,,"eyeSvAsad o19v ul snsand B.yoads
‘uoryse “dsati0g ‘yoRz *A S*peoy jya stuodmay un} yueqasoy,, ‘yOoYs ys1y ayy JO
‘1100 £ #9 *d p20 907 ‘ema “usoD)|sXes euUIEXN) ‘astou aseoy v Aq paiuedmooy

“ULJAVJY JOIPIUI |" eerersssessseesseeeeeseesereeseeeceeseeseescsceesssscesens

*SNIOIIqe,] “3.1005 eet ere aee cate tes neeee eres ese tees sae ees essseaseseeseetensens

et ag i ee ee

“wUNIS[agq UI OSTY
‘aatyspiojazoyy = “TLL ‘Wd 9
see eeteeneeeeeeeeteeeessens aporeyA, Ivou ‘aojseuUuty “LT ‘G2 "ILS

“48800 *AIWUNOD JO 40R.1Y
ay} Woy (¢) sandvoy aBiey AIOA @ J9AO But
aWlOs paywarjad Basayp| ste e eee] puaqNa TID ULOBep yg] tress
‘oSvy]
tec accceceeseceecerss -adnory UeIDaIy ayy Up] ttt
***SHOOYS [BIDAVG|"**satidg pue ‘Banqseayg|"g “9g. ——
*quaporA Asad 9.10M ’

Peete meen rere eeseaerereee

SOR eeeerereserenssesaenee

9¢ OU Jo “Fg 10M
aroyy skep daiqy
sy oq} uy ‘reo “VIVLIOT 98 [Peo

-adsa $A1jun0d 4U90
-19}UL ye Suitmoo1 |-elpe ayy ye pue ‘ord
pue‘pauoyjusmemy j|-Sey ‘euspoyy ‘aouer |-uideq ‘Qe 04
PORTO O eee e eee meee teeeeee ay IO} syooys Ayreq|-org ‘BIBI ‘2019 A LT ‘AON “OLST
*snadA9 Jo :
purest 9y3 ut Ayjedio
sHteseeeereoreeveeeooeeeurid ‘sgoetd quatagip up|" ttt
“oull} “PT pure eT
qaoys A1aA @ SuTyse] m99.M49q JYSIN
Soe rere eeereereereenseeees qnq ‘syooys EN) (0) 9,\ co ajdounueysuog rye
‘ “so0S BBS Wiese greg lg ‘Sny —
*soqnulmM moj 10
9a} Pose] 1094°T
aya Youd Jo ‘APIA
“ndasuod 4]2J Syooys
1ayj0 OM} 910M

a1Oy ‘194R] SOqNUTOT “I StUp I,
seesereevevsseeseceeerereeslfaioy DUB SINOY OME! ss UTBANOT| pT Le —
“(ga JO"W'V)

aJOUM 8 JOF sea (“Wa Jo"W'y)

wSP 46 98 Suu

Rete reer e teeta ene eraneee

3120]9,0 6
Sento sere ee eeteeeseeeeeees sereeeee* QMS 443s Vv Aenean eee mee ananetee aulag ‘gt audy “6961
“ys yy
Wie oes saber Ws Seer eee ewe sweet tees eeee sreeees* TIOSSTOTAL qv oz4Ine 89ST
7 g % ‘T

aeitiaaeien can

61

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

‘rezyonayog { puvysieg

"peoy ‘ToD puesyeg
‘1a ‘dy ‘eaguag ep ystHy ‘uodg

‘9qoTD Up “AY
Speoy [109 £6L9-d‘aporuoryys,sN0}g

‘anbimaproy uotyoe[09 { pueysdsg
*Jazoneyosg

"peoy “10D { puenytog

*peoy [0D fdezqoneyog ‘ puvijieg

"996 “d “youesy pte 0741

602 “d
‘TH 4 ‘prweyog “g “uRUeD ‘r0y
“LIT d‘stnsut ‘sou aq ‘adsey Seze-d
"14 ‘sadvdo, Sap ‘Wad “ySIE] ‘qsOAaIg

‘anbimapeoy 101409][00

‘loyneg

*TUNODTIO4S I
wunywayL ‘giopuoy ‘*jo9p “ony

= i. “peoy “T10¢ fuel ei $pueny Gye

ssseeeseseesseseetensnnsrsssersasesesansetecseuensseetuamcce|seteeersvenersransuageneres #4089888 SHDOUS Aueqy|-ySteu ay} pue younz|og ounc

*aSSOF

IY} OFUL UMOIYJ SEA TTADTIOD JO 940H UMOJ O|T| eres teeteen eee sc wees

*sd90.138 O44 Popunos YsIqueq jo asnoy
Joye 9} Ur [[oq ayy pue ‘paumMI sem apyseg
usqIny jo jied y “UAOp UMOIY} [[e JSOUITe o10A\)
‘UOJON JO Jodero a1} Ul sadUy ItoYy} UO 910M OAL!
ajdood ayy, ‘soovyd 1194} Mor MMOIY} 210M Ssyooq
pue soyeid saoe|d 10430 omos pure AinqsayMoy 1V

‘o7p ‘sasnoy 0} a8emrep amos Aq

p20] [OF pue ‘astou uvauestiayqus Xq potuedaooy

FOR ewe m emcee wate an ate t eH eee tener sees ete terns eens eteeneseas

SOO g Oooo goon na gooo onunnn ti imgonor nour nrr rT)

OUre eee eeCeer Terr rer errr ere rere eee re rere rer errr rere rrr)

»

"uve pugz ay} oyep se
SOATS JOP] “A “SSuIpyiuq 07 adeurep su0s pasnedg

st teeeeeererseeRQaTTOIOB jo rey om) kq potuedmoooy

ssreseeeeees DUBISE 9} UL UILJUNOU @ UMOP MOTUS,

Seem metres seme reeset rer eeeeneseaeert assesses saessaseeneee

ree eee CEPT eee Tee eeer ere eee ee a)

PreeCUCUOPeTTLerererererer eerie eee ee ry

: “OLGT 9878p aq}
SoAI3 JozyONEYyoS ‘*saTeaioq @Aorne ‘WA¢T pue
‘HL “MEL “WZI 2M) UO “Joy AraA soMUINS
q} pue ‘pyoo Jojzurm 94} ‘Ajteo sem wosvas ay

31

seeesetsseesewerseeeeres teleestes = GOK us 1001 ora lire 1 » 3

eee ete ee ret eeeeeseeneneees

Seem ee nate ears sees eeeseee

eee e tame reeewereereteeses

Peer eee tere ne tereetersees

DOC hin)

SyOOYs [eaAag

quaporta £190,

Peer ete eeaeesereetasessenee

Hee e er ere ee ereteereaetttens

*-syooys yysys Aue
“que]
“OTA Sa] 219. sooRyd
Joq}O dy} 48 asoyT,
‘yonadsuy ye step
seeeee trreeeeeees loging Surysey] syooug

Ree reer meee et ee nee tereres|SHerF tees eessssttanesstene

eC CEc Peer rer rer rer errr errr Teer e reer ree)

*a10Jaq
qeak aq} Jo syooys

titeeeeeeeeereseetere eeslgug JQ OIENUIUOD

“puel[oH

JO s3svod ay}, uO
uolepunut snoi4se
“sip R ‘kep ames aL eee eer eereeeeeescseveeces

TOP e meee eee et ee reseesessewelsseettanrseesssteeestseagess aq} pue ‘gydounuejsuo) ‘G “IRIN

*pooymoq

*pooynog

-ysIou 94} pue evAouay|'e Ae —

*saryunod Sutmoq

-yS1eu oy} pue ‘prog | “wa g pur

-aJay] ‘[OysIIg ‘193800 |G@ uUs0MOq

NOTH ‘19489010 “YION)"9S “GAT “FLST
“siqe[) JO

m0yUed at{} JO ajo IY |'1Z ——- ——

Wetttteceeerttereres QIatG|9g ‘09q] —
*Aaymmmoo

quaoelpe ay} pue younz|-9¢3deg "ELST
“STR[B A -JNe pT aq) pue

‘gisty ‘ouuesney ye 4]

-[e10adsa {pueytozyimg uyl"*7"****

“‘Sinqssny pue yor
“Ny 72 ‘OM1ty omMes ay “Wy J
qnoqe ‘osty ‘xyonadsuy|*gg ————

“W'd 6
vissnig Uy|"g “Wer “ZLCT
*So10ZV
‘PUA “FS JO pueysyy**""

see ee teres enene

*‘Apaequioy pue Aweosny|*********

dene eeneeteseenene yonadsuy|*, “AON
*punoi
salut Inox 10y A1yuUN0d

"901

REPORT—185 oO.

‘

62

On ee

are yw soyenb

TE Ga

“TOYINIg|-Y}.AVa OY} JO amos YIM snoaueyfnutts S1qeqorg eee e eee eereseaesreseoesese

“Out
*HIUOIYO S,puUrpatyy §103ey

‘on

“10dey Beemer eee eee re renee ene renneeeesssseresensceetereeeeetes

“IMO.

JezIeMyoS s,jdunyg £ pueayzog

“10Sey

“‘peoy ‘ToD ‘ puviyleg
“peoy ‘109 | pueyssg
fyluoTyD suasysinyy pue ‘0971q
“(F8SI-FLSL) TMoIyD eyosypAy
"g0G “d ‘ary

Ensayo Sp dicrtiet ak) ee onerectes dete ctec sn chl s+... PRO TINE

wteeee -

SOAR e Ree ee ween neat eter e eaten

4

APO e meee ewes e ete eensenses

“purprezjIMg ur sooryd yuatayIp UL 4[oF 910M
syooys Auvur ava sty} Jo asinod ayy Yysnosyy [TV

Cer ee errr e er eee rere rere eee rere eee eee eee

Het ewer ee enenee pjoo asuaqzut AOA kq patuedmooy Sete ete tenes

st eeeeeeeerens Senet nents eweee

1909) ap “401 micnigel 4a Arouug FOO neem eee e eee e tenet ts eeeeeneseeeeeeerteee He eceeerersesens

‘OSF “d ‘gjotmory9 ysysaq $,1oyeq eee ee ete eer rere eer rr rr

‘anbimeproy uoyae[o9
"GOT “d 14 “ny

~1Oq 9] Ans tessq ‘iqieg ur ‘sareavy,
*peoy ‘T[09 * puraieg

‘12g ‘d 14 ‘aaquay ap ysrqy ‘uodg

“rayneg
“IMOIYD 8,purparAy

9

nn sr a

Peer Tee eee errr eee eee eee eee er ee eee re eee rere es

Oe ee em et ete eeenetee ssulpring 0} Ammfut ou pasneg

WO eee meee ee eee e eee ese tess nese ese sees esenesreseeurececseee

pexNe1 YONUI a1aM UMO} 917} JO STV OTL,

PPP eee ee ere Terre rere rr rereri TT terres

*g

errr eee reeer eer eer

reer Pee ree

eee eee eee eee rT

ARR eee e rete eeeeeeeeees

Ce errs

‘mnoy ue
UTUJTA BOTA PaMoy
pue peqqa epy oy,

Hmm ee eee teaesaereseeeees

sleet eee en eee

“et 8eeeseS DOTS [RLDAIG
(oyenbyyaea
aTqeyreoiar AIOA V,,

Bennet neta ee te eee meweneeree

eee eee eee ere
eee Teer reer

*puodas a3
uvtyy ‘Os ssaj ‘tayjour
0}. 3urps0o08 pur ‘4019T
“OIA 910 ‘SITOUIOUL
sAollag “J JO ouo
0} Sarpsosve ‘paryy
ay} pur 4s.1y aq} ueyy
JUSZTOIA Ssa_T pulooas
aly ! pauoueu sey

““layz 98 syooys oa1y],

eee eeecceees

yooys aug

od

sere eene

SYOOYS I.10JN)
**"*"*°SD0YS [BIIAIS

ayenby}j.va snoysesiq|-[Vg ueg Jo yLYsIp oy)

Cee ror rrr

One m ete eee tee eee resenns

qUOTOTA

tl ewww eee w ewes enepecewetetaes

eee eee tonnes

yooys aug,

pue ‘neuase py ‘Sainqse.yg

(NZS oS TPL) DONO UT
sss ee a Catalan
“ole
od
od
od

Oe ee temas ents tans eee

eet tree ete weteeeeee

‘a[sty
ye ‘pne, op skeg ayy ur
Ayjetoodsa ‘purpiezyimg
ysnoryy ye pure ‘aq
‘pune, ap seg oy} Ur pure
‘BAQUI4)4R }[9J OSTY “0391

reer

ond

biel

“IER eS

seetteees

‘0 “AON
tol We
*g “O

PS a
io
5 Nec aad

LETT

"43a ayy
Surmp pue
Nia oC. ene
“wy ¢ pue
Z woamjog
Bo 4dag

“L690 “LIST
‘Te pue
0G:2°C) aes

Viteveeessaversserees QaaTcT
ebdebsenerdebaeseveeeed Bigg

*OOTXI UL LOpvA

uopuoTy 42 SomeYyy, oy,
“ BIqquieg ut youqaery

tareeeeeseeseeseeess TOGSIT

seeeeensereeeseeee Pagan
(germespAsucay, ut

10 ‘uepeg uy) ‘Binquayo

eeeetesseeaeectessens ieee

%

BZ PUL TZ
02 "A0N
"990 “QLST

‘y~Ape ——
“poldy’ GLcT

“og Ane “FLS1
aT

63

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

ee a eS ae Se ey Ca nee Sek er ey See AE ee
‘au0 JOUT|SIP B oq AUT SUIT oY YOM ‘zag “eUl'T 4e
‘oSueosuy Jo JoOUNsIp oy} ur ‘read sry} ut oxenb u WEF ospy ‘edmbary
‘anbrmapeoy WOMdaT[09|-Yj1e9 UL SUOM MIMI BOT] “A “Pour se VUIMbaTYy| "eer rees ht seeeeese tees eeweeeeeewaanwenes oyiqhe ATrewadsa ‘nsag uyfe es ——
TT -d ‘OIZMOAtA | "ste ++* MOD UMOIY} O19 saurprmq DUO G|**sssrsseseeeeeanceeeecacelereresevcesecsssercoceresetae qOngZod Pua SOTOBN|'T ke ‘Z8C1
‘THAqnop st
{0U 10 ayenbyjzea ot} YIM snooueznuits AT}08
XO SBM JI JOYOYA ynq ‘ouIty auIes 944 4ynOGe
“poyy ‘Alooetd yoo} veigayey oueojoa any JO WONT Wy| este testes fener eeee qUOTOIA Ara A|***17eeeeeseees puryaoy uq|‘1g¢1 10 ——
"c16 ‘d : *xnvoplog se rey se pue
4 ‘g1Zojouoayy QP [RMOUIDIA| eee reess tess eettteteceeseweeereeseeseseeceececassssersaaltessanseseastencrsccsneseaalsesseescsasecneaanseseennns ‘sgauarkg ay) ‘aredg Uyltrrssseee
*QUBO[OD sv Avy
se ‘spuvy1oyjJoN Ot} Ur
“peoy ‘T1109 'F8Z ‘d pur “729 -907 ; OSTy “prozysy yeAyyero “sy StUpI
oy, ep ‘ny ‘¢ £929 *90] ‘MOPUMUG|**** srrrssecreseeceeeseeseecereeeeersrsceresevcnctsrenseseleceereserenasenconsssonseseleas g[qezepisuoa Axo \|-adsa ‘“uay jo Ayunog|', Kew ~——
*puepsumy Url ye]
“OIA SO “puUel[OH pue
‘Wd [I pue |‘pueyeaz ut ‘029 ‘audoy

‘991d ‘Toso ye poueddey 6 42 ‘Ajoureu “quay |-0,7‘soureyy ‘sjassnigq ye
TH "4 “sty ‘noyy, ep “Buy ‘¢ sWesoyy, “Jeyjoue |ysnory4[[eqfayosom funISjeq ur “or ‘stueg
£961 ‘dt 4 ‘[]] Muay ep ‘uinor ‘tmbuexy aymb ae oy} pue jowo ysurede poysep |syooyssoqyZyssoyj0 |‘stejeg ‘auZojnog ye

‘SOSA OM f WOT S,Moxg ffauores oFOM SMOARaY OY], ‘WOpUoT UI UMOp ataManoqreyursfas jomy ‘oynuTM auo |jaoueagutos[y *4u07y JO

£099 “d ‘tayx “Joa ‘suery, Tyg fgg¢ jumoryy exam sXoumntyo Auer dr0A pur ‘sBurpping |-soa oy} yey, poyey |ynoqe poysey ayenb jajoym 943 pue “1aA0q

pue ogg “dd “720 -907 ‘AouseT oq |[etaaes Jo suomsog ‘punos 0} apem otam |-18e yonut os sem |-qyrva an3 ‘suostaue ‘uopuoyT ye ATTeedsa ‘Wd Q

‘ped “yjoqezt[g Jo “4sI}] ‘uapureg|sooefd 19430 puke 1oysuTUNSAA\ 98 S[[aq 3eaI3 oY |eas ay} YOIMpurg yyloq} pue uopuoy +y\‘purjsugq ynoysnoryy|-9 Tady ‘ogcT
*sorqtey)

pue ‘suvajigQ ‘sinoy]|'9z ‘ues "6ST

“C16 “d “It “4 ‘Touorqg ap “THOT BEE Tate Ne lvecs varus cpedeaselecht stutsasddeunsarehtees paleateuebeeee ast op tece dees el bcccuesvineligcetavareceests
*U220Q) UeIpuy aq} ut saseéo,
$,Jolig uyor ‘*pusddy pue pez -d
mm * ‘Baer jo AIOASIFT s,sopyery
£ [OF 'd-1"y ‘seSedo, sop ugS “asrpy she eeereemaeessesccecresassenacescucrscnmerstescssctersstemsleencerecsraseesceseascetenelarseecssessnetecsceccesnns Merecapeesbecnecesersascapnaplzonsestce, =
“euyq JO uondnis ue ‘surMojoy “ATIOIg

‘oiSoy meg ‘erersagioq} 10 ‘vad aures SIU], ‘Pou se UMOJ ap [ter eee sereeclesseceeteertseeesereveeseoelT BOOBIOG JO UMOL, OO RR teen =

"OLIN, 4B YUITOTA 480 fA
‘pnepiezjImgynoysnosypy|'gz “3deag ——

*PUBTPIOG| co 2ec tse es seenrsececssrccasccvccsenbecverscnvassvcecvalenccesecsscscesssaceecssccsleaecevseeconsnesesceseesens

“L1¢°d 14 ‘a8edo A “ypjoquinyy"a ST ¢rd ;
"xXx 4 ‘sazefo A sop u9d “SIFT “sori. PeOeenveneaesecreeseceesenseraretsesseescseereenssseaeeetessls¥eanensteneessstsaansrsueslnesseseesecesenersrenes ‘jeury ye Ayyetoadsa ‘nad

ATE oune
“wea or (sop

*21aquIEg sreeeeeee SuTUY SIT pue Jepunyy jo T10}8 & sunmg ins avis aie's'ols Wises S sss bios Miso Bisib i
“Tir *} ‘snuepratg : “fyun0d

007 *e40useoresluado 9y} Ur OAT] 03 WoATIP asam ofdoad au

aa sa

"peoy ‘TI09
"ecg ‘d “AI "4 “3SIqT
‘noyy, ep “sny ‘¢ f6zg ‘d “i +4
“[suy,p “Istq] ‘Aoutery aq ‘ g7y d
IE °y ‘aoUBI Op “4SIET ‘Ie19Z9T\

*peoy ‘1109 ‘yong ‘a ‘get -d
"TA “pd ‘eyo y] ul sploquin yy “A

‘srotuoder snqoi op Aezy 109eg
‘ges “d “ry ‘myo ‘a ‘tayduny

1852.

*peoy ‘T1909 ‘4en3nog sajonb yoyy °a
“YOR “A

REPORT

"916 “dH “3 “TouoryD
ap ‘Way f*peoy [109 £ purszysag
'qge@ ‘dt 4 ‘aagquay ap ‘astpy ‘uodg

"6Gg “d13
‘III Huey ep yeumor ‘oploasq] oq
*9[olu
“OID 8,M039 §99¢e'd ‘729 *90) ‘Uap
-weg ‘gse d 720 +907 ‘KarreyT oq

9

64

“INO UB TOF YStMoT ;
-[eA ite 913 pasury yor ayours Jo yuos ev Aq
potuedmoo0e Apueuwion uy [tog 0} posvodde
alloy au} jo S19JeM ayy pue ‘yooys sasnoy aL OREO H Reet amet nae w ae eee TEETH Heese athena tes eee
‘epueg pue var ut vad sty ut
SUOdNAS OSTe d1OM B1OYJ, “9UIT} BUNS 949 4B
asorjd yoo} epeMMeny ut oZang Jo ouwesjoa ay} Jo
uonjdnia Uy “paumMs sem vfeMAEN Jo Ayo aL!
‘aydjns jo fous
aiqey1oddnsur ue omeo a104} osoq} Jo yno pues
$19yO IY} 0} pus suo WO. YOvET you piNoM
JOYS JOYSNUI v 4) ‘ozIs B YUNS Jo YZava oq} [qT sSasnoy AeMe
ur pausdo syjo[o pur ‘umop UMOAY} araM sTET [Sutkareo = ‘A1gUN0D
*poumma Ayoj0;dm100 sem euunsesuey jo uUMO} oY, 9) poyepunut vas aT |****"'** §«—yuajoTA ATO,
9104S I}
WoOrZ SonZeI] OA\4.10F
Arqunoos ay} peyepun
“Ul pue ‘soos at}
wayye = Apoyetpourwur
YS suoYyyey 1994
setseeraceseeenenseessveseresenarssecceneeaesseeeseosssenel MOT UT OURO BOS OI] |SHOOYS FUOIOIA [RIOAVS

ORO e eee ee eee eee eee meme ee eeeetttgneeeeee

“squByiqeyUr Itty

Se ee ee eeee

“WOT ot} UO
‘gteq 3e Ayjetoodsa 4]9}
‘qooys yuajora v Sureq
a1oy3 ‘skep 9} 4sRo]
ye IoJ pouotyueM 9.10q
SOIsIp 943 Ysno.1y
pue payeyise yonu § |[jepormoardAoyy, ‘aim
‘UMOP UMOIY} 919M ‘929 ‘sBuIpting ‘shoumIyD jataM vAIUaX JO |aAjTaM} 0} U9} pojse]
Aue, ‘auatas pue ouy A19A stm JOyIVIM VY T|OAV] 9} JO S19}VM ITT |sxoys ayy BADUIH FV
‘uaT[NE-JUTeg JO YOmMIYd 94 09 aay yas
Yor Burujzys, pue sspuny3 Aq poruedmoooy|
‘ayenbyjaeo and} B yOu
ATQISsOg *499F ONG Hoge paaout yorym ‘sarov
aac? wey} atout Jo dyspury e Aq porudumoooy|* "tse teste

AG ‘v

Seem eee rece eeeslewert tee reste teaser eseten set ee ee eeetoes

‘PART TeNSN ILIYy
aaoqe saoed AyuaMy
ueyy a10u poster

erererl eee eee rere ee eee eee eT

at] eee eee ee me seer anne tenenes

Sates POLL DIE ERGO LTT ET SO [ee ae ——
“d99Pp OOT .
pur IPI 499} OT JO WyND JO uoTND ureyunN0M
aq} ur ayenbyjava sity Surmp pauado MSD Were eetecrere se segerenees| tesenervernannunvenverenays + BiSuLNyy, ur praytees|"** ‘Aon’ —— ]-

“Apuvutto yy
Jo sjavd amos ur‘Ajuay | ‘woou a107
~OIA SsaT‘OS[y ‘aouRr ur |-eq a9] W
AINUINGY 0} SAJUBN WOIT|"CZ “IVI “SSCL

Rpeueny|*ssttess

tte eerereereeracares ueder aoe “ydag

"RULITT NOGe pure 42 4UIT
-OIA JSOJY “TOLIOQUT 9173
OUI sansvet Og pue
‘qsvoo ay} Suoye sonsvoy
OLT Surpuszxo ‘niaq uy
deere eeerreeeeesseee ueder

‘6 Aine “99st

uayeys ALUaTOTA
AOA 9IOM *YOTINZ WOT
sonsvoy omy ‘aasuayAry
JO oye] pue UMC} OT,
yuowparg pue ‘Auyd
-neq ‘Apun3ing ‘purl | ‘woouleyy
-IOZIMG —- OYFNOAYL|"T “eA “PSST

terres (c Q0uRAT UT) SUBTA|"G Ae], ~——-
“pur[s

-ugq ‘aalysjesiog] ut

‘Qsuyuiry ‘alowlyoryg|"et “Uer “EBC

Z T

65

‘gseulep,.auos pip (‘dep suyseyy,
“Tazqonayag S-peoy “1199 ‘ pueayieg TOA ‘Teou ureyunoul 2 jo ley ayy Aq pomoloy FOP emer tHE e eee etree sae enalee sere ee eee teases seeeeetess SIIe[ jo moyueg om} Uy 49 uo) "F6SI
*OOIX9T
“900 00) chugs 49 Aru oe DUGG G oon hn Conor rrr nett tit itd Perr SNO|SesT(]|“IOpBATes Ueg JO JOLYSIG|’****"""*
*010}40q = “pooyanoqysion Lal

“40n FT {prov ‘1199 $ pueay419q]|04 do4 mOIy 4yJoyo O10M yoor jo Sossvul a8re7] eer ee teen eee rereseseeees BESO OG EOCTQQO SS OGOGI55° 79 (71 pue eyeqOININ|"G “AON, as
“PILL “d “tAxx *9 ‘1109 ;
“BMA ‘CULOSOT, UL IsNIYD Ip BILOysT|"*""******** UNS oy} Jo asdrjo9 we Aq paruedwmooy soyenbyyava year} ss*stteesestss*s Aaeosng oe Ae ——
“prov “1199 $ pur.y.ag FTTH O OSES HE EE HHH HET HE EOH HEHEHE HEHEHE HEE H HEHEHE REESE TT HHH HEHEHE EEE HE EEE EEE EOE veeeeeeeesyoous [etaaag wearers seeesss-BATIID)|'6 “UCL "C6ST
‘anbimeproy u01409][09, THEO teen rene eee ens estas e ene en ease ees eeeaneeesseeesnaaltHstESHS sesso neeetesetseaslHtseneansttsnsesessssesseen|*eteneere Ayeqy ul ezueeRy seceeeene Z6S1
“yor §,pURPIL\ eesee eee . alee e mee ewrssateenncteceseens fioreeusssopetestresst oid ‘e ydag
“Tope IUIT} BUIOS

‘dn parp oy AyaIUa asve—
Ajueppns usey} pue ‘sXep smoz soy Suruuns jou pip pue ‘step
PanUrjUos ‘T4129 94} WOI, YIAOF ysanq 10yeM ‘poanfar yonur juee9zy 107 penjodsod

{Bayo JO wiver4s @ soeyd auO Uy “pouTNA AjaynyT jataM spuest oy} Jo jorem AoyyTOQOI"Ig *punor
“ILL ‘d ‘stmsur ‘ou ap -osqe aaa sSurprmq jo sxoqunyy ‘sured oy jsonBvorogurqzim sjas ye nq ‘Tedegq pue |sonSeay Aqua I0J Bas
adsey foz¢ dry ‘sa8edo,q sop |parqaoy sypry pur ‘sity oyur paster ozam surerd |-soA Tle pure ‘poqeyBe BIIOIOT, 32 SAMITy INOJaq} pue fTaYoIT\T 3g
"ug “8I}] ‘WSoAarg UL Uajoyospury|padueyp 4[o}9[du100 sem spurjst ay3 Jo oRZINSaYT|4pVets sea vos oY L\permoaa syooys ayylAyeoedsa ‘serozy ayy|'9z 44 ——
“sy}UOU B10 f
: oy ATjenuruos Zur -
‘L16 ‘d “It 4 ‘u0Iyg op Bue ee Per eee errr terre eee errr re eree rere yy (ert errr rere er =-In00L ‘syooys Aue apaihcates scars tnsse* RE TTO Ty "LTA "16S1
‘sdty
aq} pue ‘Auoxeg ‘eyes
“ny ‘emmeyog ‘eisoy
-Ig “eravroyy ‘Aresun zy
‘seul|Ul OSsTy ‘oqnued 913
-qsttyg [YUN pasinoed|o} jayjered pue ‘euuar,
SyOOYS OYJ, “IYUStupiu|jo 4som-yj10U ‘Buoy
y@ “UsTOTA VOU T[VS|So]IUr Ino; ynoqe ouUT|
‘raqjoue Aq pamorjojie ut ‘oa ‘urny, ‘yorq ‘W'd g pue
‘pouonusnl owt oYy/-Ineyy ye pue ‘euua |g usdMOg
**]@ SNDOYS JUSTOTA OMT I-IA 92 ATpeIoadsa ‘0491q|"GT"3dag ——

Js

‘o2p ‘sZurpymnq ur A{qesepisuoo

“0171 |parayus ‘saoetd raqy30 Auew pure ‘onderg ‘eUUOTA ttt terete
“ony ‘sntooung ey -d ‘a “4 “48177

‘Noy, ep “Suny “¢ fF tp ‘dt 4

‘(MAeZIq “Wpe) @rueutey “4St]7

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

$Gag “d"ta"9 ‘snixeualpipy sniossorg ‘sug 93 | ‘Wa 9 pue
: ‘goed “4siyy“yeayy, ‘seryyeyy IYO AOjaq pue adoqe yj0q |g woMIeg
Speoy 1199 { snonepayy . $raqyneg MoSaains \unakes ed chaise Sama Sdanences pastes sesls he sedsis abe’ t x4 aybes wa merens one ys 943 '¢|Auyun09 a 3 Mt g ’ "62 aun

“yore WGG Jopun :

1852.

REPORT

66

a TT eters
“TL ‘d ‘orzmaat,
*yZorry £ yIMOIYD s,tou10T

Ee

eTTOTT tA reeset eeteteeestse estes eeceeesenaeessaneseaeeeseeceaaens
ane ‘skep AjUaMT IO SAYSB JO UIVI Ory?

‘onbimapeoy uoyoey[op/# pue ‘spnojo Jo se ssouyrep Aq poturdmooy

*eZ9 ‘d “qSIE “yeayy, ‘SeIpR "YO| TT UMOp WMI} sasnoy au0g
*SOUII} INOJ 10 9dIYy MOY
pue qqa 03 rvodde aye] oy Jo s10}eM 9) OyeUL
“peoy [109 {pueysog 0} sv Os YUNs pue pasted sv “yr WO 4NO SMOT

{LTP *d ‘1°49 ‘oAQuay op “4SIET ‘uodgjauoyy oy} ata ayeT 94} YYROUEq punors ayy,
*suolyepunut
SNOI}SesIp JSOUL Pasned TOI ‘SUTeI snonuT}u0D

*g10 *90) ‘aiong “H|pue Aavoy Aqjensnun Aq 1aq0}0Q UI papeaderg

“read sty} vov[d

“Lez d 14 ‘uYog *A Jajyduryy| yoo} epuvg jo ojst 84} Ut UONdn1a ormeojoA V
*punois ay}

“729 ‘207 ‘Iq|eg|O} UMOIY} BOM §}991}8 9G} Ut Suryyea opdoag

"ZOT ‘A ‘1-4 ‘Snqlog VMs tess] OF UT AFoTO SPM OUTILIYe yf “4g JO TY ayy pur ‘UMoOp

‘TqTeA {G16 'd'1"} [OUOIYD op *WIgT|UMOTY a1 S}90138 OLIN 9214} Jo Sasnoy oY],

"Gog “d “IIA ‘Toa
‘Kydosopigg jo speuuy §,WOSULOY, POE REO eee HERE RHEE REHOME EHH OE EHH EE HEE SEH HORSESHOE EEE EE®

(CBURID
“J Ip ooo011eg un Ip vovuoIyD
BIYIIA BUN Vp ¥9IVIISO VIZI}ON ,,
= 980 SOs COTOR[K) |=: on ese sean weer cers seennnt nets “Santar ou pasneg
“pound 919M OLOTROTOSeD)
“‘peoy [109 |pue ‘oourg ‘omogq ‘mbowwey ‘euejoutyoO
£g ‘0 ‘oIpusouy jfop “astET ‘[jeddez|jo sumo} oy], ‘seyse Jo urer e Aq papaoaig
*“mO(] “A Laz “PEST 2ep 9Y} SAAIS Jay
-duey fu [*g ‘d ‘eisy “jeg ‘ueg|-duey ‘oyenbyz1ve ay) Aq pout sem UMO0} at,

POOH M eee eee wanes ret ae ert ee sees Osea es eee eH HOE eeeHeseseees

“peoy “1199 ‘Or *9
% "s “AL “qu “Ja4qus puny, ‘JayoILy POPP R Hwee HEHEHE HOHE HEH OOOOH EEE SHOE EEH EHH HEOHER HOOD

4] 15

= ees
Oem ete meee eee ee ett Tee tHE EOE EEE HEHE EE EHEEEEEEESEEEE ES SEER EEEEE OEE EH SESE EOOSES HSER EEE EeE®

steeteeetseesaeersersrensescneees o¢ QFBUTUD OU PI(f| eres tereesseestes|seeeeeeereeseeeeeenigrOrA (OUIBI U9 UO JOJYURAT!g*Gaq “LOOT

00Z peter BOS OY P|"*******SYOOYS JUV[OTA ‘Touzzog pue

_ tiene ee ee ef

a ee ae

ayy uy} oy ‘Bry —

yvor3 f1a,ljo wopSury

"wag ONNeg ayy UT
bafarsasascasun¥sdensvofail Soratacessseserssesesen?>el EMOMLIOGT BO "PORE PSU ene

iteeteeesessneersaseseneeleseeetersesstseerrncesorresleerees nugg ut edmnbary| sts —

Heveevessereeseeereseeeeelensees — gyQOUS TBIQAVS|"** BOUIOLT put ero10N weaeassee
“BAITIOY) JO

seerseesrenneensrceesstersslenerseerssersversssseseeeslau@r aya Jo qavd raddq|:gt-3dag-Q09T

‘FT pur ‘CT ‘ZT
POP e meee ene eueweereetaceeee ***syooys yUaTOTA AIO A seeceseeeeesoce BiIIqeleg uy as) “AON "66SI
*quaorA AIOA
aum0s ‘W}UOUI afOyA
ser eoesereescrseecccccncansinn Sutmp syooys Aur set eeeeeresecensetoes ueder set eeeeee

rensevesassnesnuaneenreresslecssseesessserscertsenssaalsenrensersesoereeess aarcilea7 ATE "86ST

eee meee reese eweesennes

POPUP TUTTIT LETT wogsty "8z
“pueT}oog JO
seenereevessaresereeeseserelescsgacsessswosseessssoeses SL TBC Tayo pue ‘qy40g ‘eg Aue
“qqsru
oq} jo «Noy
4ST 9} OF ANOY
"esq juoqe |puzzayjwory
se eccccecccccevesecescccecs te eeseeeres SYDOUS SATIS au} pur ‘euvony|"6z ues "16ST
se eccc rer ssncerseecessesees SYOOYS JUA[OIA SITU ee saa Blaqeyeg|:ssss***

*[aaoy Areurpio
s}t aAoge asOl BIS OY, see ee eereererseeesvesetons| Mer ersesasrreeseeseee ueder ‘ec Aue "O6SI
‘urder
see ee cere eecenesseeeeees se ceveceescescessvsosscesl UT oovaTAL jo MO} anh 9 ‘any "C6ST
“pugA up
*aI0Ys uoyueg. oy} Ul ‘“yory
oy} wor saoed *A 0} Sutps0ooe ‘OsTy

so[deny seneeeees F6S1
Vy ‘€ xa ‘T

"ggg “d “Tita “[oa "W'd 6
‘Kydosopyg jo speuuy S MOTION |" rrrerrresreetesesereenesncesnesrcensuncevenssevssansouess|saceadunsreseananssnsevens|seesuvnsvecenansenseseevase)s4eerssreseesess+*TI99HI9G V1" “AON “BOOT
*80ET “d ‘mt *4 ‘snueptets ‘o2p ‘sosshqe uevoUes10}qNs SHOLIGA patoA0d “Bmqzm A,
{eZ1 ‘d "409 *907 ‘Q13UTTe apne[g -sIp pue ‘areyunoul ® jo uolj10d BUMOP MOLI |" rreeetssetetesteeeeerceelecsscccscecssseerenessssees| IB OTT ‘nesutyzq10q 7 FIST Aqne Sake
‘adomy jo sjaed 13130
[@49A08 Ut out] auIeS 94
ye 4[ey OSTY “uNpI9AX
ye Ayjeroadsa ‘pneA np
“puelylag|** rere" surz03s SnoTaMINU Aq PAMOT[Og |r etereerereeettteeeeeslenececeerseeeesterseeseenes ToJURD ey} ynoysnory |Z Lady *Z09L
*OISIS}e,
puryst Axoox oY} Avau ‘yyStu auO UI Bas 91} mas}
“18% ‘d 14 ‘oyog “A Joyduey pastel se urezuNoW Be ayenbyy1e9 sty} Sung HOP e emer a nese eres eee eee eel er eeesEeeses esses enassesees|*FOES Peer eres beseneey wedepisss***** 909T
"PI-ZLLT Woryer = |'agep 03 se poztodar ATSu0r1m ‘QggT Jo 7eq} WIM
Uap UI vaspng ap Ul astoy ‘Tarzarqioues oy} ATUO aq AvUT ST} 42} SISODHNS BOTT cal etreesssreevseceseeceeereeleseseeeescesensceesteoreeveleeeeee niag ut edinbory "92 “AON ——
“4On}T $910 *20) ‘SIOLT 3) Ferme necnees reeset eeeecesreseesssens osewep ou pasneg eee eee eee e near teressetetlasessssevens years S104 Hee eeeteencvceres Ayeq] uy "91 ydeg ats
(é°W'd10‘W'v)
POP.o =O
“peoy pure g useM4oq
‘T1990 $ uoIyO ro[seq $ pueiztlog POTEET eee OOH HES EEE HEE TEE Ee EHH HEHEHE EEE THEEE EE HEEHH SO Ee SOOT H HEH G eee eeeeeeeteteee ee ee ee td dee teed eA FL aidV ‘F09L
‘sdly urejseq oy} pue
suerpyedaiey 94} useM4oq
“HORT tal treeeereeeeees goer ayy yg aures ay ATqeqorg| cttrtetttserttsterteeeleeaseesserereeeassnesenens poyengis Aiqunoo 943 uyfetesss ——
“4g ‘d ‘Zor & OO9T
ap “4SIH.P 99 “32I8q,p sanbrewmey *e1yeOID dag
‘QI0Ze'T "49 ap 4p ‘QaZulye yA PUB Dimes re eases seh anacneat inns oaleanessWicheedeaeesssepasbadea/esasssuss a> consis Weeidagases|saseusney qUo[OIA AI0\, UL UIpeIe@A JO 40LI}SIC'10 ‘sny poeecs
“Vl 1oUsTg Aq |
pajonb ‘ofoq109 orgar [OP OLATYOIY |" tertttttesteneeeeneececenseeeaceseseccecemsececceeeceanseslsecesesseanerneansesse cuss ‘soxenbyy1ea [IIA | ttt BUNAIg! eZ UEP “EQOT

“yyuOUL 94}

lo pua uy
*Z0Z “do29 ‘0jonu1a1} [ap e11048] “eT Tere eee ETHOS OHH TEE OTD EE HOHE EEE ET OS ESOS SHES EEE OE DES ERE es POS He EEE eu eeeesessseseressel|enes sdurquie.y [et0Aeg eee eeereeretase eLiqeieg ul4V 09d SS

‘pooysnoq | ‘WV 9
“‘proy 1100 $ zeztoneyos { puery10q Fenner emcee tee eee en sees ass aseeee tH eees ese eseeeT HE SEensetes| neeneetsseeeseesstneeetsees seeeeseeeg M08 [eqoAeg -ysteu aq} pue young *gzoune Zool
"Tes “d “p10 *20] ‘repue9 Fee ee eee nse ee ere essen nas eres sess ssseeseSHeHeeSEeeOEEsEslauungars ests seeessaaereseesleseeetesieaccsssensoeseseca|**tenetssesseseees uopuory|Fz 00q ——

F2

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA,

‘UMOP UMOIT} SBA I[doo4s B “eYIOH YY ‘aSsoTy Spurpiayya Ney jo qed :
pue ‘Sinquiezm Ur pue ‘auZojog pue “4107 pue ‘soespy ‘eiqeas
-yurry ‘sordg ‘Sainqseng ‘neuansexy 32 4Joysen ‘eeaeg == ‘erulayog
: “Oy CyZomry 3] ‘“SsmOolyepunut juanbesu0o pue ‘SURI Axeay “ued “elysny ‘purpraziIMg
‘Teuley «= fieyjneg =f ymomyg [Aq puepiozjimg ur pamoyog ‘peddojs sem jaymb sem ausoyds UI JUOTOTA SOP “BISV
' |dejseg ‘ssory “yor ‘xozyoneyg |ssnoy ay} Jo asmnod 043 guasoUry AY, ‘uayeys’ |-ouye 943 ySnoyy “yay \yo ged pue $ Aueunsa

ie = epi PERN. Mie Tl De) poner. Yonut a1aM sulog pue ‘ajeq ‘yor ‘auta9 -ye ‘paqeyise sea

ta a9 an ‘asitr Strodcl-n sora fanto. ‘nnn73A sSonnponvrr ‘caStarm aS aoe ;

1852.

REPORT

68

“peoy “Tog !yIW0IND

qgiseg $sezyoneyog =f pueayag|*ss tte seese* aston yeord v Aq poyueduroady)"******ereeesetsteeeeeseeeyee

*LL¢ ‘d ‘PTOT ‘steduery mosey

"gd ‘ZIT ue ve “{pe stvs
“ULI VINdIOIW ‘POH “A !"peoy “T[0D

‘uaspreAp a

paeapy Aq ‘uadt9g jo “4SIH “SIN
“*peoy “[109 * 10z

-Yonayog fyuoryyO Aojseg ‘pursylog

“peoy

TOD $ Scr “d *xIx +4 ‘ULM op “WOT,
“£Sopouo1q9

apuazy ‘erpedopdéougq ysinquipy
‘ege ‘d ‘Zo ‘0 ‘sastopne, sasl[sq
sap “4SI}{ ‘ork soyonb ‘gzy “d

“om ‘aoddey ‘tpueq—iesse A

“peoy “T1109 ‘192
-qonsyog fYlMoIGD Ja[seg ‘puerjsog

“HOH “A § peoy ‘1109
"68g “d “729 °907 ‘a10ry

"TT ‘d ‘oruaat,

"e1g ‘d “729 ‘907 ‘Katey oq
9

eh I

*oUNy JULIA OSTy *Baaquiat

*‘yuns sdiys pue ajoyA oy} Butmp |-edg jo ojse0 oq} pue

‘UMOp UMOIY} 919M sSurpimq Aueu eIpueD Ajrepysouye poainoso |‘pyayayerg ye Aqperoedsa
Ul ‘wyeo AT[ensnun sv xe 943 YSnoyIe syooys oy} Stoquier. |‘Auvuntay jo szred *f ‘09q 04

pur ‘UM0} 91} Jo syjeas ayy JO qed B avayaracertery [saussnecerses essence eorrvo|fnessraserseecestnrstantan sseesosnecotsesnenseess QnHel+A7 "AON “OIQT

sees aiken
*‘pooymoqysteu oq} pue
“Surpueys wreuler40upmnoo sjeuatue aq]}0 pue uey eee eeeereseeeceseseseseerslseesesree qua[orA AIO A, ‘gruvapASuRly ULUIpPere "FL "qq "PIO
“UBIURIIA}IpIT, 94
ur saovyd [etoAos pue

‘erpueg jo puryst 943

i

“pura ySrq @ Aq Jt se ‘payeySe porvadde soay agg) edg pur prayayatg syoujo pue ‘ereqdysayy/8 “AON = ——

; ‘QT pue
GI wea
“aq JUSIN

stteeeseeeeenecnessecrceccussaserersstanscsaseceessasenscas|sesesseesascessccecseaussileganscesceeseseesATIQIOT A seceee Aemsion ul uadi0g ‘ARIA =

seeuecesevacsseccesseessosaseretsesoses OORUIUD qnoyyt Ar! OPO meee eee eee eee es eres eel eee e ree Eee teases Hseeeseees pesrecssssssissenc OO Eg 6% "qaq
“UBIULLIO}IpPI| IY} UL
soov|dyeroAas ul“ proy
‘T109 24} 03 Surpi090V
srreeeseeseeeasgduIaq JOF 9[QVYAVUIAL SCA qeok BYE eer tace er potencsnn on nerh=snnzarcnestsnssernapst “suOI[AUa oT} pur aon TS ‘Uee ‘ZI9OL

Me cecdewes decom cieccoee cepaccls senececwstUesbuecessecvicacharlestsssanasniseantreameeswenlisccavavatencarssovcsouvacs|sshanosan ajdourueysuop teeeeeses
“gray JO
paxeay J9A9 SyOOYs yua]|JUOMIpatg pue puLyiez
PPETTUTITITTTTT TTT TTT eet ses ausirsuvesuncesnevssoncoleQni 4S0Ur ayy jo aug|-714g Jo skoyea ayy uy ‘CL “ue ‘1191
“slow
SULMULMU ULIURLIO}GNS B YIM popuoyze sear

“N98
“lur edmbary pue eury|7z “Aon ——
syooeeeees ATUIT UE OLISPOIN|"0Z Aqoe
‘sod | sanoy YIFT

cetaeceetacaeerstnaneetsssesecestreeaeeesesseccessnuaases[ieterrstsrstestenaserseeseslesecrsessorerres AUBUGEN JO WOpSUIy ay} Uy|"g aun¢ ——
“moy,

We UIYIIM 9914 apy

oy} jo xnger pure
seeeeeeeteeectenauseeeeeeseeeeseesseeeeceseeceessreoeereeeerlXnT AIBULPIOVIJXA UW] PIUOWoM YOoys ON| =” SAMY, 249 UT|'GT “UeL “GOOT

“G “p "¢ % T

eee were eet Het e emer s see eee ssreseeeessrsessesgeyseessreselersreressessuesee eeosele eeccee

Seen eee er eee sere eneeeeetestans aseuep autos pasneg

Peewee eee ee ne enlen weet nessa aeeeeeee

69

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHHZNOMENA,.

"192 “d
‘sgouaidg So] Ins “Mey ‘nosseyeg

‘Thr ‘d

‘cZ8l & GIST ep eudepreg ua
asviO A ‘VIOUIIL I Op }19q | Y *AVYD 9]
*peoy “1199 §xtuomyD sJ9[segq

*peoy “1199 ‘dezyoneyog § puryssg
"GOs “d ‘ayeyos
ayostueder ‘snurzu0yy
“LL ‘d ‘orzuaat,
‘oct “dm 4
‘grmkg ua a8vAOA ‘aTTeA BI[EP O1}01g

~jpuesoy

“LOT pue

“114
0} apem s]jeq ey} pus ‘uayeYys o10M sojdaajg
“OT9T 94
PMoys yuo styy Jo ayep 9y3 ‘TLL T “dag YICT
aq} Jo onbrpadojodoug jeumor at} 0} durptoooy
“41 pauInd pue sshoy v uodn
Tl9} YOOr Jo ssvur yeois e oyenbyyava sig} Surg

Ree tome e ener eee ee te ee reese seers sees ee tesssesssseseneese®

Pee OO eter tee meee tH Hest ees arasaesesenssssessseesssreeestens

‘291} @ JO SOAVIT 9Y} OHI] WayeYS OOM ST[eA OIL,

Seen teen ee nee enenpeseneres

Cee rereoeseserseoesereoeees

See were weer see toaneeneseene

eee eeeeeersserenereseaaees

“SIRS

asey}. JO Ia19A00SIp

Gf dd tax "y ‘SoBeko, sop "US yorpy| steteeeeerseeetsetste seeeeetaeeseeeteeeeroreeeeneeererlonny CQareT-orT Aq 419d

'1Sz ‘d “410 *20) ‘Qi3ul[e yy, epneyg ee eesseeneeeeee uMop UMOI} hy.) ‘sSurprmq Aueyy were weer seer eee eeegegessess

"TT ‘d ‘orzusat,,

os wee eee eee serereeeceesseaseesesesoes

Peete eseererseneressseesens

*9c%, ‘d 7 "4 ‘mod “A sojdue yy PTT TTererrrrry Terre rr ere ree eerie eee eee eee ee

‘asemep Aue Zutsned ynoyiIM

‘owI|ng ‘sestou uvouvisoj}qns yv018 Aq potusduoooy

WACILRCTe seb ee neneeeneneeeseeesssnsnsssetegesetaeere reer eeerraresnes

*68¢ ‘d ‘a101y

*peoy ‘][09 ‘ tezyoneyqog
$ yIuoryO ro[seq
“(OGLT Jo “41p2) ZIE “d

Pree e eee tema tte ee tere e tees wees assess sessewsreesaeresessees

‘soouaid gy oy
**SyDOYS JUITOIA OMI|\JO 400} 94} 4B ‘UIvIg U]

*LIeyseg
trereceeseeslay ATperoadsa { BIuIpreg
FOO eee eee eee eeseeessanelsstsenees dDUVAOIg ul xTy

tee ee eee reeeeeeseresreesens “neasLig oy} Ur Snqiory

cesses saTJON.ASEp AYO A eee ee ee rest aseeeeeee ueder
Sere eereeereesrens qqSIS Coreree ry eer Ty soiden

qUd]OTA Ara {| trteeesoeeeseeeeseres OddaTy

‘aaTeIN-9"T JO SEY OT
Pre eRee eee 090Ue4UO ayy 4e ‘eas 4V

*PUBLIOZ}IMG
ech aiacieeh a eA (9 syed qua1ayI
seeeesese ous qq 3q]s Vv TUTTI sojdeny
seeeteeccooeses see TTQIOLA eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ueder
‘ondeig 48
$ AreBunzy

‘aumty =| Aqfetoodsa

Sconsncescusccsonvensessees/n 10118 e 4nq po4seT|pue ‘ermoyog ‘enysny uy

See ee eee teense ssessrasesee

Sener weer eesesaeseneeseeee

{pueiyiag| *axojoq sv sastou uvouerreyqns Aq parueduToddy|"*****setrersesssseeeee sees

Tl 4 "qe Nt “4STFT ‘coyng $*peoy ‘1190 see eerewesee eisay,p pue eked SUMO} 9} poumy Peter eee eeeeeewenseeeeeees

Poorer erreneserarrooeresessle AreZunyy ur yosneqnoN

‘ayenbyyava a[qutray ylrereeet sete ertqeTeg

SYOOYS [VIQAIG| teeters esesseseeeeeee gree
*so10ZY
seeseseceeseeeesereeeeseoneloia UT BaTaOUaJ, JO PURIST

Axqunoo a1} pu

‘goutd ommes ay) 42

‘WV J pue 9
aaaMyaq 10 9
pur gusenjog
¢ Aue

‘yp oun "819T

*g Aine “2191

oe eweeses

"4 aces ——
4 ‘any

*82 A[up ——
“qyuoUL ouy
Jo Suruuisoq

“OAR,
‘W'd F

‘OL “UCL “OTOL

eeeresees

‘N'Y p pue
@ uweMg
06 “G94 ——

“Arenuer
jo Burund
mas | “CTOL

‘qystu ay
yO Anoy Wp
“PG “AON ——
“qq3ra
“pra 1095 V
"gydag ——

“+ ke ——

REPORT —1852.

| ‘peoy ‘1109 faezyonayog ‘ puensog

‘BG pue 1g “9 4SIHT ‘stney,
jo jenbory sajonb ounoyjeyey9
anbimaproy uwolde][0D

*peoy [109 | puraysog

"169 “d “T *g ‘soumsyig ‘seyoung
‘anbimlapeoy WOlz09T[09

‘peoy

‘TOD ‘pueriysed fyluo1yO Jopseq
fggp ‘dry ‘aaguay ap “ystH ‘uodg
“yoyy "A
“Ou

‘anbimapeoy uoroe][09 ‘ purrjieg

“OTT “A

shy ‘d

ae ee er oe . ——

“puepiezyiMg pue Auemey ur
saovid Auevul 4e paxyieuler sea Ue pat 1amIMNS
ay Sung ‘uMop payor pue ‘wey moaz
poqovjap at0M Yoor Jo saooid yey ‘uoyeys
Os a19M sole pue aaMydag sulejunOM ayy] tt tte qoRS

eeeeeee

ee eee CeCe er TT eCere Tiere rr errr rrr rere i eT Terre ee eer eee Perry POeeee ery Teer rer Ty

reeeeeees Sora ST] pue Japunyy ou10s kq paeMoyjoq Seen eee w em ee nee ereneeeeee

‘uordn.sa DTUBOTOA e fq porurdmooy Fen eee twee eee eeteeearenes

Steen e eee ewereseeseseees

Per rr rere eee eee eee Te Tere err errr ere re rer Tiree rrr eee Ty

‘uMOp
UMOIY} BOM SAITUIIO [BIOAIS JOIVYOIMAN pylrrcrsestsr es

weeeee

ere eee eee eee rere Tere rere reer eer eT eee re er Ped sents

rere re rerer ey

OOH ewes e eee renoeueeernteeteueeraetses PPP oe ree ee

eee eee ee eee rer re ree errr Terre errr rir errr rrr re reir Perr r ree ree rrr rere rrr rr ere ry

‘QUIL} OMS 9} 4e vpOa]T Jo uoNdnszs uy]:

oun 94} toy yystu

*pouoyuout

syooys <Auryy

Peer eaten een ereeeeeeerenues

See ete wae et weeeeseeseetoas

Aree eee ee tamara eet aneeee

SyooYs [e19A0g

Peete ee eee e sews seraneees

“raquiaydag {17
steseceereseconsaceees -un3umuryuo0o syooys

‘skep 199}

‘qreqosypursey ayosturde r‘snuezuo ff tse Sana NED OmCH Ac Shauna Fay ace Rss hao tne Soa Avna=+0.8EK teeeeeverersenenecerseenseslany NOISBT SHOOYS OU,

*purly.ag
$*ySetry f1aur07T £ FQ¢ “d ‘snuepiets
"686 “d “729 “907 ‘a101g

*4U9A9 IeTNOTy

-red sty} U0 ssory *¢ pue sniu10y,

“UY “OG JO sastzeo1} OY} OSTY
“peoy ‘ION ‘sazyoneyog { purwy.og

‘JayeyOJNIN TOF

6g ‘wer pue ‘sooeid poweu-ysiy 94} 10} gz ‘uel

24ep 94} SAAIZ "peoy ‘[[09 ayy, ‘SuIMoBg pasveo
‘q10JHUBAT WOIF AvZ you ‘EppIN JOATI Of}9T] OUT cers reense terete tteeee
treroresseeees gooprd SnOlItA UL OBVUIEP YONUI PI([|*sseerreesssseeeesteteeees

*SPpIBMJ9}Fe WOOS UBS BOM S1O9}OUL

snoausy *poanfur A[qviapisuoo sem JayeyoIneN

*SOAT] TLOT]} SUISOT suOsAad QOZTT {eSeIIIA B paurns
PUe ‘[[a} OFUOD paT[eo UTeZUNOUT B SUOSTIX) JI} Up|rer sees tt eset tte

tt)

ig v

sete ewes

“910

——

Atquqoxd) saagtg |

ye pue ! SUOSTLD 943 UL
[es19agq Jo sunuU0D

jouy ur Aypetoadso ‘oury

292A 942 ynoySnoayy,

“snsvoneg oq}

Ur eluNOIg Jo souTAOIg
* IgqULE) ut youqsery
*(suOsIy oy} UI) ouIpP

-e3uq tamo7y pue saddp),

“epurg jo

purist oy} ut vadyeuoy
“" BIyyUTeD Of youqaey
*£OARG Ul pur ‘VADUIA 4e
‘pneA Np U0jWeD 944 UT
‘ToyByOFNON pue seq +V

“-ersny

“GZ 04
02°99d “Es9T

“Worry
“GC9L

uy

se eneneee

‘UOULIOS Sut
-19A9 9} gn

“OZ AV “1291

etesseeerereeeenesopagtianl+#* “g9q ——
*PAOUIAY) SU Tey Se Surpudy
-xo pur ‘uasurynsy ye ATC
-adsa ‘auiag Jo UojueD|'uer “OZOT

wet ee tee eereenves

puepaoy
“OT[EXNA, 92

Ajyeroadsa ‘(¢oprm Moy
pur) Buoy sepium gg

“AOE”

“MOO 9.10F
-aq Aprogs

jo oovds @ 10F ‘nJag UT|"~*qaqg ——
- — *Jayeyojnayy ¥e OsTy
‘TESAA\~19qQ pue ‘1BOyH
"49 ‘gavddog sv.aejse ‘3.194
“Hayley ‘Braquory ‘3.19q
-s81u0y 7e ‘ourey 9} UO

seeesseeeaeeevseereeeesees lL TOTMUBLT JO ISOM OY} OF,

qua[OrA AIO A, Fee e meee eens elIqr[eg uy

*e

“OM

‘ourjayeA 984} ‘pned
ap skeg oq} Ul ‘pury

steseuencesarsecseveesreese! -T970TMG

qnoysnoxgy,
%G

‘wv J pure
9 uasMeg
‘61
‘gvaee “619T

“qy stu 1
"CZ "SNY “ST9T

‘T

71

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZNOMENA.

SS res ‘etd | : “iw rounoy uv

soygny testi tteteeetittitteeeeeeseeatenceseescetesecncanecssnnensaenntereeseassesererssensteeleeeeeess syoong gomyy|rteetttt* otc ye —_——
“mot W6T
“GRU 'd “920 *a0p fanorg| ters tteett ett t teste tees eset eneesersesesscttensaeccalesressrareetencaucgaeeesealieceereesereegaprgnoTlleeretseeerers BLIUTBD UT|Zz “Ie, —
*‘poum
SUM UMO} TOM “eLIq
, Ble Ul OoTeIMS 72
*kep 10 WOU 9} Aep oures ay} 9193 Ospy
Burdgroods ‘x9soMoy “QnoyytMm ‘xeak yey} UL 41 ‘Bmquep[9o jo Aqonp
SdAIs Yor] ‘A ‘veoh Zutpodoid oy} Jo pueyrez , ‘Z1aquieg JO 4ot4stp
‘OL “d 1 4 ‘1099 ap smog “ony -yIMg Ul ayenby31e9 an} Richa aures oy} Ayqeqotg FOO eee ee eee sree ereeHSeeslseeessersraseesssereeeeeens Big} ul qpeysuueULeg | ‘22 “GT =
OP tAltceeteeeesstseeetsessesteesssvenevenseranacerssisevenenseens|tstecncaneecarasssnsceseesslesesevescocesauausnarsseeslecscanentesseeseses*SOTIOM'** UBL 929
*OOTXOT, UL
“909 +90) ‘Y4ILTT 39 Axouny stetecepenrsessenasssecconsanseceuscaasereneracsesscscucacalecoseceranersecacseeseeseslenesesvsere SnOTasBRTCTIIODBATES UBS JO JOLSIC| ss ——
f (¢ Wapamg uy)
‘puepiesurpelpng ut
‘HORT ‘A 0} Surpi0o
‘yor ‘A : “08 ‘ospy “"puey1ez "WV TT
‘ nbimgpeoy WOLII][OD {pUUMpIOg| ss ceswrersetescesessercccccsaransevocecsrencccencccscuses Bsoeba ces (sen rnntsccarseand|sseennarel ST TULOS ICN “4IMg Jo syed quarout|'Ze'qad “S291
“PUTA
49 Ivou oxenbyyree styy Burnp poster svar
‘anbrmapeoy woMd97[09 ‘Suoy yey e pue angeo] ® jo ‘purest Mou | EO SC LCE OCS Poereereseasesseenseeseroes SoLOZy Ot} Ul [OOTP aT |censeenen ———
6 ON
‘QELT ‘TaBtozUY 9}TYO[OB ToUpSAcT| rs rere teteeeeeseetttteeeseeeseeaeeeetasensegsenraee|sereetresteasereeteatteerclieeers SHOOTS TBIQAG|"*******-aqBUTYBTe IY} UI|Gz “AON ——
“19
“‘proy -uins Jo Sur
“THO {1729 +907 ‘sreSuerg oanomayy| te tcteeesstetteeeerseeseeessrereeee SUIT OM POU] "Te Ttretseeeereesereseeeriececesereecccessnsacesrererleceesneressersneness OTIOM| TIFT
"GogT rod
ay} Ul JUaAe sIyy seovid ‘Zz ‘ON ‘QGLT ‘1eSI0z
‘peoy ‘109 fyonzZ |-wy oj1Y9703 JoupsorqY ayy, “UMOp UMOITY
fot ‘d ‘pzgT ‘ue ‘sreduety amozayylo1oM sasnoy OFT UY} GLOUI PUL SOTOMYO DOI T |r serrrrrseeeseseees|eeeeesevereeeereesecceeeeeleomipiTgy To ‘UIs. |'TZ ‘Ie, ——
"DLUD]T apy QUO “MOY WST
Surkes jo oun oy} ayy ynoqy
"682 “d 71) +20) ‘Q101] Serene ates eee e rarer eeanes esse eee EH SPOS ESTO OOEESOOOSOREESES DSSS EOEESOEOEEEEHEETE HOES EOD poyse'y *4U[OTA AI9 A seeeeeereeesces eLiqeyeg uy e q2, "PZOT
*yyuour
pue Aep omes oy uo ‘xeak Sutmoroy 94} .
“YOR *A\pouoyjuour yey} yITAA aules 3t} ATuo Alqeqorg TIeTTE TTL reed pane =: *rresersoapuTyered oy} Uy|'6g “AON ——
*kOM
-ION Ul paroqnieur
-o1 uay} saxyend ‘

reggae =) ;
AP MIO bo *IRTAT * nT

see e terres ees eesesereeessessssetsssssrssesss Heese ses seers essere ener estates ss eeestl yy TOTOLA OTAT| **teeeeseseeeerens

rr POL BR

mT | "PZT WI pauorynam ax07aq.
yey} YIM popunojuoo Ajqeqoid aoueyy *[PYOIIN
4Q dvou ‘1a}BM SUIONILZ OGT ul ‘Buoy Feq

"SaLOZY 9}
radseyy { purryieg {*peoy ‘Toole pue anseay B uy} a0 Jo pURjsI Ue pasiey Aner eae ene ne tanner te eees| SHOE esas eneetseeerereenees, UE [IYI “3g JO purysy|'gy oune*gz9T

*sa[sy oud
‘anbimepeoy WONdaT[09 uvieseg jo aouraord OY} UL ULEJUNOUT B PATTOAOT]stcrrrctreeeeteseteeseeseeseeteteeesesveeseeseeserees -dyiqg ay} Jo au0,n0zn'T sereencee HeOT
‘anbimeproy uoto9[[09 eae BIYPIeD TOMO'T ul souaTysed e kq pamol[oq oeUeE STORE OOCOCSEOSCOOCOSS CCC Cee Te Tere eee eee ee eee es Peet BIQQULIED ut yorqdery saseescen =
“Tey pue
-0771q{|‘uTex ‘Surmpy Sy ‘xapunyy fo wi10ys B Aq pamoppog| steelers quaTOTA Ara Al tte teteeceeerseee: 0391q|"'9 “3dag ——
“OMBICT| errtettteetteseettteneesseeessesssenseessensesensnseesrelictsenasanesersceserssseslesteuerecteconaues AUgig|treeteetersrerrses gaat ——
*syooys “4y.30t ot4
quajora ATaA "Noy 0 moy Y¢
oi pate denies newew se <oesSbenee TUEYG Joqrenb & poyse'y sure auresetssses>h> >=) SOOTTCHIED
“pouory
-usur you are ors
‘esndey pur eurturg jo | ‘inoy puzz

a ‘onTC OeeeETTEOEE Cee Te Tee eee eee eee eee errr eee reer etree seers Teer ree eee errr eres rier ee eee rere errr sree reer uoydaoxa 943 Yt £0991) ye ‘sny
is) qsnsny
© YZ 949 07 dn syearoqut
' qe panuiju0s syooys
ei *LZ9T 2p 94) AAI JoKyNeD pue ay, *2109.107 TATA 044
a Sonzy ‘yoy “A ‘anys jo [jaws @ pue ‘sastou O YNOUL oy} 4e ‘vag
9 ‘PGOT ‘d juvauvsiazqns Aq porueduiooor a.19M syooys oy, |Arjyuno0o 94} Suyep joneiipy ayy 07 ouTAOg
Sy 14 ‘umnadommg wniyeoyy, {'o7p |'S[[aM OY} JO JNO UMOITZ PHU pueB 1272 Jo |-unuT ‘uLese pou} [ye souLuUedy oy} Jo! ‘eutXuIg pue esnd
ee ‘Quoweyar e19A pur {7Zz9T ‘ode jsjol pue ‘uMoIYZATAAO sysa0F “4JoTO suTeJUNOUT |-a1 UT} pue ‘4ysvod japIs UIo}sva dy} WOA|-eY se Iey se papuay
“a2 {0}0UI9I10} ULAS [ap OsioosIp |‘dn polp o19M sayy] ‘punoid oy} ur pouedo jay} mo sj omy |'*g pue*N SuruunroUT|-xe ospy ‘soydeNy jo
oot10ysy ‘eSog ‘uoyUy StAX, “d= |sqyorQ “SAAT, s10y} ysoy suosted QOO‘Z[ PUe juey, s1oM pomor je ur Ae] paanfur ysour|Aj10 oYy UT pue ‘esng
Tt +4 ‘adoay op “yoIq ‘sto[suey |‘oyxenbyyzea siqy Aq ssay JO aLoW pou ueeq jeas ay} OIpuBdIN |sooejd oy, ‘snoyjeyT pues eyeurziden “u00N
{-jouoIy) 9p “Way S*peoy ‘[OO|surAey se pauoUUL ore sose][IA pUL SUMO} AVI JUG PUL d10JOT FY|PAY poyse] syooys op joy} Jo seoutaoad ay} uy|"og Ajae ——
‘uordnsza Ur sem sojst Wediy oy} Ul oURBO[N A *skep A4.10F
‘Wave oy} ut pousdo syaro Aur ‘paumaz Joqjesoye Surysey
*SUOTIOT) VINO, {TT ‘d ‘OIZUaATAlaIOM OLLZULZLD PUR, OD[VJLII JO SUMOZ AGT] rere |syooys guapora AmB] OMT Kep~ ——
*19G049Q [WUN syeAra4
-u14e s10q30 fq pue‘fep
ames oy} UO syooys
1aq}0 GT Aq pamorfog
‘DUD aap ue Burkes
JO 901I} OY} poqseyT
"692 ‘d ‘720 ‘907 ‘oxorg|**'*** ~pamfut yonu sea aejnoysed ut orezuReVD *‘yooys yuapotaA Ara,q{ tt ttt? VLIQETED Uy|"F [Idy “9ZgT
a ‘9 ‘g v "¢ %G ‘I

73

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

ees a rt
tarp bey

oo

“e101IVQ
fopooseyy Stoop tdureg ‘eavst0g

“mas
~pivapy paeapy Aq ‘uasieg op “4stpy

‘ou

“ou
‘yoy *A Aq pojonb
uaad IefMoyIed sty} UO sastyver}
[etoaas pue {-proy ‘Tog { 06¢ ‘d
“AT"} ovfag $048 “d ‘720 -907 “1013
-iney ‘79d ‘TEgT ue ‘steduerg
aindieay £ 99-29 “dd ‘o110y, efaq

"RITOIG Vljop torsey idm ‘ereqoy

‘anbiulapeoy uoroeT[09

“yruoryy)
S,purpeIM ‘{"*peoxy ‘]]09 { purnieg
‘HOH “A f'peoy "TI09

“alns 49 ‘ggg ‘d

‘OE9I ue ‘sieduerg aimosapy
Speoy "T10Q '°729 *a07 ‘rane
"290 “AIX "3 “410d 49 “STH $0.1099°T
£698 ‘d ‘Zouoiy9 o[qeyz, ‘1ayjney

“Iatayos

‘oer ‘Yor JO aporuoAyH 943 sajonb
Uva, f"peoy TODO ‘ purenig

‘anbimapeoy w01097[09)
oy “yderdoan -quy, ‘ouapyed ‘ovr
“L91 “4 ‘8291

[TA] "TINO

id mm

*ule{UNOUL BY} JO apis ‘ZZ pure 1Z
ames oY 42 UOdnAa years e Aq Jaqye Ieak oT} eu} q JO 200} jusaM4oqI4SIN
PeMmorfog ‘aFeT[IA ay Jo yxvd yeaud v pakoasaq| streets eee yooys yuapora Ar9A ylayy ye 1s0joot Jo aSeTTE A |-qaq "SeQT

: (j) uustqoaze0
ay} Jo Burkes
“118 OY} OFUT paster sadtasuIayy ‘SUOITAUD 942 «joy. SuLma

aay quasord asoy} pue ‘payquiexy Yoyo ayy eee tontstseneuensesasseererersl iii ‘KeMION Ul uaSiog "61 4deg

*Alen1qa,q JO
see syooys a10uL Aue yn see eeceerecoesetsrene 0791, PTPPUN “S$EOL
*snOnUT}UOd ysomye
atom ATT) SULMOTIOT
Arenuer .q3¢, aq}
[yun Aep siq} woIy

"*SNIANSIA JO 4SINGINO YSoIF e &q potuedmoo0y ek teen kia wees SnD,

ee ee eer eer rece rT eee eT eee Peer r Tere reer ree rer ery TT errr reer rrr Tere errr rr ery

‘syooys a40ur Arges oggtagog
“OS9T AEP ay} oats *pauor, |'sntansoA yunOy, Teot “qyST
OUIAOSURG puUe IuOsNIg ‘Gf Iva 94} 90UTS -uom Aep ay} uo |Aunoo 0y} Te pue ey Sung

sntansaA JO uorydnza 4saqvord a4} Aq pamorfog| streets t8t****lsyooys £4094 qnoqy|‘sojdeyy punore pue ujq\'9[ -22q
“OSCN] UM07
ayy Aqjeroadsa § Aptorg "pz "SNy “LE9T
*SBoony

-OJ 94} Ul BION -epueg|'TEgT 10 ‘——

SOUR OO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO UO OOOO OOOO OOOUO OOOO OOOOg Contino gmnnnnnn nr nti tty

*saTOys
saoeld yuasaytp ul pouedo yyI1¥9 ayZ|s}t pamoprIAO Bas OUI,

Sette vere er sceesaassonstoes

eeeerenee Hee meee eres att terete sareees

seer tseeesseeee pa eeeeees wee

*"** $OOYS JUS[OLA

Beet ee ete teeeeee

sseesesseessereersassers graela7 ‘29(7
teeeeeseees nga UL BUNT)" Zz “AON

errr errr eer ee rr rrer rere eer errr errr rere eer eee eer ere Per rer err re ee re er rr

“qs
: ~plur 19432
*soT[se sInoy OAT,

STP weer rocco nee enesessans

jo urer pue ‘aondn.a DIUBIIOA B &q POMOT[OT| eter tse testes eee eeereeees
*PpoT1OJUL SBM JOUMOTRI,
aos anbsour oq} pue ‘sosnoy AUCUI UMOP MOAILT | ters sett seer reece

‘SoIOZY OY} UI TOYDTPN “3g|"Z “dag ——

Orr eeeeer rrr rr irr rrr

serene (Cg eutpayy) poooyy|"**

, “qys10 FV
weet eresvaneerees pyoo Aqyeusnun SBA REL GLEN ouL POOP O eee sere terreeereettsl|setueessnees yooys auoO prise sae Rs Soehs eects See ‘c Ayng 0891
“ROL y
oes = cued eysng By ul paystaod suosied 0002 PITTI re ee ur os[Ty “eyang ey uy wecccvees 6z91

eurqg)|" q
*U110}s-apunty} yuUaTOTA ee

RITIMMITN CTI tt ttt ecesereesesessaseee

“TMOn on am

1D AM om avaraws

ny ry oA EY a fo

REPORT—1852

74

‘ony ‘oqqe'y ‘paeyony £ rey;
$ggpr‘d ‘geo, ue ‘sresuery oano
“19 £ OFS *d “1 “4 “Ao¥qQns “puny,
‘JayoIry {Bava £°g29 *907 ‘atOTy|"

Cd a

POOR e eee eee Ee eee eee eee ee ee eee eOOersreneenese®

‘aseurep
“719 00) “ZY *[a3 Joupserqyjou prp ynq ‘astou weauviseyqns Aq porueduioooy

‘ou eect eee een eee ease essere ees enessseeseeeeseeeesss estan gee sees

Oem ere seer orersHeetesesas
Henne Omen ewes eesereeeenee

ty fet Le OO CCE EE ITAL Ee OEE ai see eeereenereeeeereeroneens

"Gg ‘ON ‘QGLT ‘XoSIezUW o414 9103

JoupserqT {g¢gT ‘uue pe opuoy,, “soll ZI Jnoqe Surpusyxo
Yop issddong ‘TaLOATeg aueAogloyenbyy.1eo oy Jo syoayo oy} ‘adeuep youd pr

BuO] Soytur ueIpey] G Se

qy3ru4.10F v Ut YOIA ‘pueyst Mou v JO [eAvoydn
‘onbrmepeoy uoyoaTog|oy} pue ‘uoydnia autemqns v Aq patuduroooy|*sssssssssssseetesteeeeees

UPI THOSpeRy| eerereesesteeeseeettteeeesteseseeeesenrteseerenceneneselestanaeeses
‘uodnrza YUOTOTA UT SBA

Pema eee en ener ereresereeee

“eIaIIUQ sojonb vieIIa{|VUYT JUNO “pourna o19M sasnoy vuIssayy gy/ ATMO Yooys qYyBYS y)"** CUIssay, Pue BrUBIED

‘Zor ‘d
‘ey ‘uaruedg-nan “4proquinyy *A
‘anbraapeoy uoryoa][09

tereserereeereeees gooerd Auvu ur pouado TyaV9 ot)"
seeerees Teak siqy quepunge AIaA SBM 4SAAIVY OU |"*****
“BS9T Tun
asvao Ajarue 40u pIp pue ‘gegT [YUN anodtA
payeqeun YIM panuyuos yorym ‘uedoq mou
euyy Jo uondnaa quajota Ajeuerjxe Uy “ap
-uNY} eX! estou uvouestayqns fq poruedmoooy
"BOT “d “A “qi *3409 "pa ‘Tosattag wat, ‘Ipuas
-svxy) Jo Aytzoygne oy} uo ‘avok siggy eidonyg
UI UIeJUNOM B Jo UONdNAD We SUOTpUOUE YOR] “Al TTT

eee eeeeeeeeser

sem nen eee eeaeaeereeeerees

‘on ‘eroeD § 11day 1dorey ‘ere119,7

‘anbimapeoy WorydaT]09
"BG °O “WA “QI “eTsUAG
Tp OsuosTY 2eP ID [ep woroejey
*peoy ‘1109 ‘ puvzylog
*peoy “1199
0gz pus 20% ‘dd ‘yeusepy

PTerrrerrireieer ry ree

POeeUUUOUOSOCEST OT OS e Teer errr

Aen eee ee eee meee tere weeeeeseeeeees

Peete eee eeeeearetetene

Pere ereTerererer eer rrr rerer rrr rrer errr ieee irri)

TEUECTTTETTTT TTT eee

*ocL ‘d ‘eeotT ue ‘stesueag aano10yy
a)

"c ;

stewenacswccescugecececs|neccnenerveccaececonerscceslesesaccnguaveanrrotsevagceaisesenveosscceresseres GOT Alersereess | oes

PTeTUTEPE RE rT

ee

ty Ee es F

“yore JO
puea oy} 09

toou 2 “wy 4 “yUptM

“wa J ‘sinoy Sutmoy]

“Toy ay} 4@ ‘Ayrep ‘shep “a0us[y

Q IOF SYOOYS BUI[OIA|TOMOT UL 4peysjeltog
omiq( Ot

*BuIUIAIIyYUT
(REPO =a
“qu FruUprUr 04
‘W'd 6 WOOL
"0g “dag ——

tretesees syooys OIOP [ts OMT

s reeeeeessQOYs [BIOAVG|"*****'** BIZ JO purysy

**+ skep qyS1a poysery|sorozy oy) Ut PENDTP "4S
“*qU9TOTA |**"""***"Sopotyy JO puvysy
eIUeyUD 42

n es Wee el:

se Sny “CoOL
*sx0YS

qUdTOIA PUR snoroUINNy| OOTXoy Jo AaTTBA ayy Uy|*********

Peete eee ter eeeeereesawoses BI QULLeD ut youghey eeereeeee

*eUyG JO WpIs YNos | *-taquaadacq Jo
tresses sypoys Auvyylayy uo AyunoD OY} TLV|IPPUA “FE9T

seeeeeeeee ous [e10Aeg Hebe eee eeeeeeteneeee 4d 43 ry se eeeeeee

“omyg|"*

STeyeA yuep_ oyg uy”
sxooys 21001 [e19Aag seevecesececccvestece sojdeny ie A

Hreeeerees yooys OUQ/ TT uNqURIA|"S “AON
*Aagunos yuooelpe
teeseresseoesesrecereeoenslotd DUB aidouyueysu0g ‘oe Ane

‘Ss % ‘'T

HL |

“SE9T

se ee n= SS _._

-

73

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

"L£8¢ °d
‘"Tq1ed “4stET MpayoVrg §[ouoryo op
WIT SPRY ‘[[09 £06 “d ‘xou1er4
8119} “yxe “4yuUOMpeFT uPA eiodG
{19 ‘907 “zUY 91Ya[es JOUpsaTq
"88 “d ‘epatay
"A ‘UITIOURY -suoTJRUOjay ‘YOs}1eg
"028 “d “MATX *y “suRTY, [I

*emUIOg Ip ONVsy

"61 ON ‘BEST ‘Wayoeg uoq.1Yo[0d pun
‘sqeejg UOA WaJYOLYoVN 9pOstulprag

“919 '00) *2UW *IysTaS Ioupseiq
*pajonb a.oF
-aq sIoyyne 19430 94} pur ‘ar10ry “4

"6 dt -yd ‘oF Loy suet, [Yq

a1OJO SB “O29 ‘VILLA { aL0ly
‘ajepedg

OT[ep 210431108 IyooRWY jap “way

*pajonb ax0jaq “029 ‘vieaiag ‘ o101g

*peoy “[109 § pueiyseg

iit)
aymb sea 41 ysnoyy
“Te ‘payeyise yonut
AIOADIOM PUR][OFT JO

Pema rte a eee ee renee eee ee seer aaes ster tasausereseesos seeenee eaee

eee newer eeeeneae

Poee COU UO OOOO Teer eet Tee eee rere rire rer ry

Creer reer rr Tr

*pnoyo @ Aq Jt se parmosqo
sem araydsomye oyy, ‘anydms pue yoyid jo
[Tews 943 4q poruedmoooy ‘adeuep yeo13 piq

Peer tere ee snceeeeeesseeee

Peete eeeerseerseseseseseene

aoe soseyia [eraAos 48 aseuep jo yeep poos e Pia Oe eee Ty

"4997 It9q} doay 07 a[qeun
a19M oydood pue ‘umMop WMOIT) 919M SOSNOF{
‘lapuny} pesuojord ext astou ev Aq papadoig

Pee mere eee sere rere aes es ee sees reese seesees ss eseeeeeest nenes

‘uummyne pure Surids

Cer rere errr re creer Ty

ay} SulmMp sey 4[9F 919M syPOYSs 1040 aUI0G

PTePEUUeEe TT ETI ere eee eee ee eeree re TTT eee rey

eet e ree rerarereeeesuseeee

Pee eee cere eee ee eset eee HE HEes HEE SESH EEHGGEHT HFEF EH ESF Saas! THEFT ESSE HEED EHTS SERS eH SEES

"9Z9T JO ayenbyjree ay} Jo vy} OF JarTered
AjIeou se UOTIIP BY, "WIIOF oUIvO sotEy
eUOgIA 4% puv ‘saovjd Auvur ur pauedo yzAVe

"48800 91}
aT, ‘pauls sso] 10 BOUT a19M saSeTIA pue

moxy say % party

“O}JIC|SUMO} NST ‘AStou UvaUEAIO}qns Aq parueduOdoy|-o1 vos 949 OZZIg FY|-OIA ysouL 93 Jo aUC|puE ‘sz:

teerererrs grOQIOUT sHOUTuINT Aq FYSIU 4e paMoTjog|sj10d ayy ur sdrys oyZiguepota ATOA

sandeayq O9E ynoqe jo

soeds B 1ayyasoy7e § ouTeT

-10'T pur ereydysa,, jo

syed Ur pur 410;xUBIL 92

OsTy ‘AnMeN pue ‘uTTO

“ay ‘dromyuy ‘sjassniq

qe Ayperoodsa ! puvyjoqy| ‘W'V ST uy
sary Lipue ‘unispgq ‘sourag|f dy “OF9T

*syooys

oes SOOO ICSI Ty ref | see woene
eurtduig}***"*""*
*ozojaq Teak

a3 pajyoaye sooejd — mun}
seeeeeeeesyQOUS [RLVAVG|aMeS IY} 4e ‘BLIqeTeO|-ne Ul ‘“GEegT
*‘Smquepueig

OCT So TCC (0 oyeAvIsyIeUU eu uy neste eeee

*rvak ot}
seereeesoM DOYS [VIDAVS| “PUL[SUY UI IoyseyoryO|Jo pug ——

*SyOOYS OO [BADAVG]****** ATLOIG pue eLIqereDQ|*g —— —
“Moy ue Jey ueTy
S89] UL BuO JOzYSTS B
Aq pomoyjog § *a'S 0}
"MN UooaITG *3~oys
A1OyeIQIA qUoTOTA ee" puepsuq MaN|'z sung ——
ssreseeesteceesoes guStigi+**** ATrorg pue Biqereg|e ey —
‘skep 4819 10} Suir
-moor ‘syooys QUaTOIA | *ttettttteeeee*** BuaTS]|*** —— ——
“syOOYS JYBIS Te19AaG|*"*"*** Aplog pue Braqe[eg|*** Tuady
‘eau so0e[d 1aq}0 oM0S
pue ‘(utsay) euozury
treeseesesQOUs [BIOAIG|-Joq ye ‘TQ JO woxUeD|*** ——
“ON pur “A'S Jnoge
Zuruunt ‘eaouediay,
0} olssay wo ‘Buoy
sojtut “13008 cz ynoqe
*sOOYS [eIOAVG |jo oul] B 10A0 papuazxo
‘arey = paouatzedxa jayenbyjive ayy, “ATIOIS
Joao sayenbyyrwaguay jo avd yuaoelpe oy} | ‘oy 481%
q PULLS AW “SEIT

1852.

REPORT:

‘anbimepeoy 101409][09

*peoy ‘T[09 £ pueaieg
*y3011y
$ ousary £*729 ‘907 “zu ‘[a3 ‘upseiq

"eGT ‘d ‘ourtoary tp auisug ‘u3eyy

oy

"8 ON ‘QGZT “2Uy ‘193 “upsaiq
“mOqussly NZ

“qPIA Sep taqn “yyovuog ‘[eorsdyd
*g ‘d ‘a ‘7 ‘sayetxouinba

suoser xne oSeAo, “ypjoquinyy “A

‘anbiaapeoy wondaT[op
“apar1o A ‘MOqRssl'] nz uaqaqpay sep
Joqn uasunyyoenog ayostteosdyg

“ouTYyeAq]
TUOLIeSSIG styTtOD
*RULULOS Ip onesy

luRyNg eytA

“UptTeyD osprey]
“*RUIWIOg Ip oursy
ty)

“eoulny
MON Ut adoy pooy
jo odey ay} Jo Avq ou
uy ‘(aytouay, Jo yeod
ay} Woy Zurmo0yoor
‘gpnqisu0[ Gq sneys10g

, 640 aa oe nas nga TN PFIP Sy mer hare ent

“qUdTOIA [02 SZutpiosoe) apn
4soul oy} Suteq ysay |-18u0, ,J9] pue epny “qy3tu yy
siveceeeeeeereeeeseeneeeoes UBUISBT [QV &q Ay CSAC) | ce ce 1 ‘syooys [eraAag “URI “S ,OF og UL Bas 1 ‘Zrudy ‘EF 91
"pqeyo | “ysia yy
Leveaeeeasensesaaesesenseensersnecseeaetseenssceneenaseeesssceeereteceeeaterseeesereslteeeneees SMQOUS QIU,“ JO UOJLD oy} Uy|'Zg—-—
*QUBOTOD pure “41OPYULT]
PPrreEreeerrr Tree eo PEP ARSSRC USD RBadeasecneeeal ce SaenEL a SMO A Aue ‘gouadv yy ‘SUIIO AA ‘sottdg *8T ‘AON ——
*soOYs pauonuaur _ | Surusaeoq4 uy
-4se] OY} JO OULOS YIIM shoauez[nuLs ATUBGOT | Petsson sasencereeebese ee. ++ Surpquiad} 4Ua[OIA Y tr eeseeseeeses TIOUSOT 1V *c Judy
‘quom = ‘Ae pueudy
errerer Tree rr rrrererr irre rrr rere errr errr rrr revi rir eee oI -patq pue Aprequio'y uy ‘yore =F
Ctudy
T06 93 uo
aeak sty} [ay
194SB 7 )'1948eq
. *payiod atojaq syooa
-91 ASuoim ‘OFOL jo 4udAo au} Ayo ATqIssog weer eee esoeseseseseceeceeee sereeeeeesyOUs [e199 We ereteenseecee puel[oy uy aulog ‘SPOT
“pound a10M UeseSueny “skep 9o.t[} *pepseq
pue weyxNy sumo} oy} WoMzy soutAord oyy up] tree tayyasoRTe pose ye g[o OSTY “eIslog ayy *** ——
Raper i. ares Uc ancaedcviveNcd CAUaErancbe pace tices <sisenie cle usenet ecastice'e dscceusvisul see ub adenine teisilntensd seen exdensy ey pue seoowreg|stsss+ ——
qorqAery ‘
TOATL au} utr pooy 2 pue ‘suorepunut fq pamoyo,y Ruvesvedsvaveuseeunecthebesy|***isticouns odecuecepacunspuas aus BIyQULIV”D ur youqkery seeeeeeee Co
s1ajem Jo AyWURND B yno VARS ‘ozzNIGy oY} Ut ‘LT ‘Sny 03
‘gadeg paleo UteqUMoUT v oxeNbrp.Ao Sty Bure] ss sreresetseesessssteeses|eeeeeesseeeeeeseeeseesleeees OgmIGW ayy UTlez ATL
“yjuoUL ay} Jo
pua ou9 spread
PERT E Peete eet a eee ee ew eH reset eres ae eneeseeestaageeee aeee teeeeee . a{douyuerysu0) Oy, Av
seseseeseeeseesarsesssesess|eseecsertserseerseevseeneeslsesers HQOUS Q[GaIp Wires BIUGRED UylYouRpY “TFOT
*snoseumed 42 out}
Wseseeeseeeeeeeeeeeesveseeeess*** MOD UMOIM} SIMMOP]| ese seeeetseeseeeesseeseesss VTIOTOTA Asa laures oy) ye pure ‘ziqeg | ——
‘auNe IGT 9} WO UMeEp 4e “gt Aque 04
yooys e &q pou sem o}epNpe A payeo aoryd V Poteet en ee wee serseaseweenel(eeerreee® sypooys Aur Pena eee e reeset tees VLIGRyTEeg 6, une ‘OFOT
‘c + “¢ % 1

77

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA,

*proy 99M ATOA SCM JOFUTA : *jayetoynany jo
oD ‘puentog ‘susie vatay\Surmoypoy oyg, “purm yom Aq parurdurooay| rr retetttetttteseseeeeeleeseeess-gygous TexaAag|UO}UED 9yy pur UNpIAAX "GZ AON ‘SPOT
‘osepadiyo

“CY ouljUeADT 94} Wt
ahiershs¢uansesnoasseosestl|s<eenescapnexesnsesbaoeres try ‘ulI0jUBS jo pucysy|

“LTS “d “8891 ‘TAN.1OIPNAT ey PO eUURUU SOOO OSETOOTOOOI OC Tee eee Tir eee eee
"peoy “T1909 f ‘ueyg
‘okoug "dng ‘0g "d ‘(6841 sited)
WOHBILL OP “Per “TTY Up “ANIEN
“4SIPJ,[ Ins tessq ‘euljoyy £ [ ‘oes
‘SL 9) “I “ql *19}qns ‘puny ‘IOYOILY eee eeeenene uMop uAMOITY qred ul O10M SUTeJUNOT, oe PUUUECUOCOCOTOOOCOOOOOOSI Te eT Tee eee eer eee eee rere eee ee errr re eee eee TIO uy eT
“TUNIC,
s,yorquiorg $ yruoryg S,PURIOT AA POTELET TILLER EEeeTT Te reereereere ee eee eee ere ry yy Cerri rere rere ree ee Ps Pen sies erase SAc3*° SOTUCT *p Ken "POL
8 ‘ON “9GZT ‘ZUV ‘138 TAPAS GT este ne ees Nee bes ea eaitekiee tne viena mebo deslegaxesisnetelasnuriev insta yavnas savoldah stescrn cosksehenigeysstlesaver#*"n=™ aan (Tut soeeeae

“Pally syaeqiq “9C9T Ut usxeYs
-eyur 104} jo Auem pue ‘pomfur yonur oom Woser 94} JO 4svo
‘etd jouvsiey ‘aryl JO 400; ay} Ye saoeid rzsyIO pue *syooys —|-t[.10u ay} 07 ‘OYeLIpy
‘R/T pue “ez “d ‘EgsT ‘orzuaatA|‘tuueaory “g ‘ToIqosolg ‘oueude “Ipoy ‘sara; ste guaporA = pue Aueyyjoyy Suoye ‘eysng ey UyITE ae = ae
‘moy oures

oy} ye QUOTOIA AOyQeI
rayjoue sea al0y)
wary ‘qa/7 oy) 03 dn
‘pues |stq} mMoazsyooysyysiTS

ay} uo dnsdrys get |"ysvo0 oY; WIOAyoT0 04 ‘a[douryueys
‘HOH “A {*[0ay op smog “‘Zuoye = |Moryy 4tqeqy Ayuet, |pexeeddeyy *(j)opawa|-uog ye ‘omy aues
‘sonqy «MOATA “HOP Jap 9710s |ATpIdea Suryjor aBert1eo ev Jo yey} oY] eslou B |-OIA Os UL paysnives je Suyueyo Jo oun oyyJoy3 ye ‘ospy *A1yUN0D *moy £2z

-OULM 93180 ep v44eIYs9 IZYON ,,|Aq poruedmiosoy “UMOp UMOIY} a0 skoumryy 2} a[dourueysuog qy|‘utoyseT ye ‘poysery|yus0e(peoy} pueur0ysey|'G [lady “9F9T
*spurysy oud

SSI On OOICIOORAR AATEC COOOT DOG CEO CCOCICCHOOONCOFOCOCOCrL dd 94} Jo ou0 ‘uosW] ceecocvee

“S008 [BI9AIG|"* * saarqlog|"*

Ravens ves ouyeuenenfasmenens|sutharancnssHnensesetece Cie (masauneey

‘anbiulapeoy WOTOaTIOD, A Ooo ween eres eereeeeweenenssestonasssseeeessrssserenernees

‘gpd
‘TA "4, “U01SV “dso1109 ‘yoe7, ops eeiaaueseeessceeriecevnevevesseseosesiscsnseuusevareevesrs

2 oOo errr reer erry axenbyy1e9 ay qiare9 Vv seeereoee Atte ul dey eecceveen
dmowqunorg fyyuory mpareyltewreretserereevenceeestntivercolnescagntsesaraenérceosaaeeasqnnsosennonaleagatieed esl mmm loeb daane steel ge ee
+ seeeego0Us [RIOAIG|-YStou oy en moet "OL 49d ‘FFOL
anececcececeesecssencsseaee WA steseeeee

ad SS zt!

PreTU TUE Ieeree rT eee eee on

eacee ** aS9AIeY quepunqe ue &q pomoT[oq Peete reer eeeeereetessereeee
*oy[tueajO A pus ‘sntAnso A.
—*0gz ‘d "foro }9 74 tessq ‘opreoy|‘euyq Jo suoydnsgq ‘asuozut AroA seA\ PjOo oyT|******rre*s*****

SI ~

‘anbimapeoy uoydeT[o9 § puvryzog|"***
‘anbimepeoy W014097[09)"*

ike

~~ es ea

*

REPORT

1852.

wo
a

al
; “oy

“or

“ou
“oy
“071
ueitayy sojonb yop “A
S*proy ‘T109 fazezyoneyog tpuryazsg

*pajyonb a10f
-aq ‘0x9 ‘aI0JY UO “JUDG ‘podxg
‘ot
‘oyntg|"**

‘uBLIay sayonb oxy ‘A
{proy ‘[[09 ‘tezqonayog ‘ puvlylog
“Jp pue 6z ‘dd ‘stjsut stAou
ap odsey ‘zap cd ‘tx *4 ‘asiua,.
ap ISIH “'T 944V,'T £322 “4 “1099
yaed ‘ao10qy Ua "JyUaIDG “ypedxq

ROME E oor actor es mntracten nn enennntdvnsneraaeedeveedberrerss

"SUOTOT} VAIO,
‘uasieg JO “ISI}] S,Wespreapy

"HOP “A £°720 *907 “zuy
aytyojes roupserq £720 ‘907 ‘yonzT

BOH

*sUaMa1} BILAT|-[Oq ‘STV UOT 9} Jo UOTj10d B UMOP MOTI,

9

few km bat) Seen ne |) ee eS SS Eee

A NGS RE

‘a8evulep 38913 prp YO

seme ee eee ease eeeeseesenesssresaresereee

see meee eee eeeeeneneeeeeeasess

Preverererer rrr Teer rer rere

POO tee ee eeseeneee esses tasseastteee see .

seteeeesensssaseeeeeesoeseseeelsTggggA OY} [[@ ISOULY

‘sgaduroy snotmy @ Aq ‘arojoq Aep ay} ‘pepedd1g

PTETTIUTTL eR

PTTTTTTTELIET TTL ee

PTEPTUPUOOT ITP T eee eee

PTeTURUT TRUER OOP e Te

“Bas dI[} OFUT payor

syoor pue ‘pomnfur sesnoy jo Jequinu yeas Vy

Peewee teaser teasers sees ss aaeesssseeesseessseesassanereteee

PUP eeTILIT Tere eee eee

PTTTTTTILITT TT

*Al PPPPTPTTTITIT TPE de

“pura ysry Araa Aq pamoy

g

Oe we ORL ET TT OFE Fee OPE

sereesleceeeroes ATIQTOTA AIBA
seereseeesy QOS [BIIAIG

Seer e eee eer et eeeeeeeesees
Poem esate roeseesereeeeeee

Fete ee eer me eee eeeeeetee eee

Fem er eee eee es eeenereseees

PTUUTTERERI EET

Seen newer et eeeeeneessceees|saaesreee

Syooys d10j\,

seoeee

**syOOYS JUI[OIA OMT,

PPTTTerr Te

seen etme aweeeeerereseeeee

seem ee een reese es eaeeeseeslesoeseeereesereenresearsine

PTETTTITIRT TL eee ee)

hestsceeauaeesanendsunsenateuengansssseceecseecacaceceseres|eossesssenersecereeeesee+l@MS OTS UOTOIA [CIIAIG|IY} UL ULIOJUBG JO pUur|sy

TTT TE seeeee

on sees en eee eeetlene anaes reese seh tansresase

Pee e ween eee ee aeseseeeenes

‘JoyjOUL IMO 4sUTeSe pa
-ysep Suteq Aq poanfur
yonur 910M 410d 9} Ul

seereneeeeeeeeeeeaTIQTOTA,

eee e eee e enter n ee eeeeeeteas
ee eeweeelemeeeerreeeeeeeensareeeeens
seem e eee e eee ee ree raaeewesesl seers rseseaeweererssreaeeee

Y ‘$

FRET STE EEE ee ADAG

ar os.

“ney ‘eAavay JO axe] ty}
jo saaoys ay} pur oureg|oT “3dag ——
Veteseeerseeeneetens OATCT|'QZ
‘AV P
opta} tt Amp ——
“‘m00u 4V
0391q 91 —— ——
OU A ee ee
OFF 9! ao ae

Paar ast

Seeeeeeereaeresesrere

seeeeeeeeeseeeenneesens QrBET HZ Key =—-
“qyuoUr ot}
yo |= Sura
sees" ULIOjUeG JO PUue|s]|-agq —— ——
0391q)"S L “Ae ——
seereeeeseereveseeerens gruel GT “aq ——
‘omouy a4} JO
uIseq oY} UI sad10yy
se rey se pue ‘foqvyo
-JuoN ‘outag JO wozUEH/"OT “UPL "OCOT

seer eerereeeraeterere

‘oSejadiqory

seereeeee

“yong
oy JO soyeyg ay} Ul Wary)" ******" ——
seeeeteeeseeeee sojden. qy\* “AON ——
“qqstupro
oye OAT V
seers KUMION UL UOSIOG|"p AV], ——

sreak
ay} jo Sura
se tee seescnseeeeee PUISSOT -ulseq “6P9L
*soysy ourd
-drptyq 94} Jo auo ‘uosmy|"******** ——

vsees pryemmpec’ ur Suagl"*""""* “gPOT
% ‘T

Be

lor)
I~

a
a
a
a
°
Zz
R
jen)
Ay
ea
i
<
=)
<4
es
&
a
<
io)
fu
°
mn
&
3)
<
Fe
&
ie
&
a
o

ee en — —————— — ———— ————————————

“166 °S ‘09
fg1souBoar) IMJ Bunga ‘upaysrajoy|sesserseessreeeeeeessseesaceeesesessaesseresesecesesseeenslerenseesseesenesessseneres
*OOT “d ‘029 ‘auoiztiosaq ‘ereLieq|*** oueo[oa oy} Jo uotdnsa ue Aq potuedmoooy

SOP (Taree $88 82s Te nseiswlanselesia seit vues sanebeenashanvasnenis|sedadeucsissnaessatasuravses

SOPTICT I rset nse cessen sees censecncsaeceeeasareceeessenesonauevecnlesnvareaccssincdensesenerhvs

‘poequlorg pue puejer,\|***

-oqjiqiert

SOPPICT|rrerecettetescctetsecescesseseccscscsescccsssssssecescesers|sossssencscesescesseseneres

TOUTE] | rrrttttteeetteceeeteeseeeeenneesecenenceceaanesesssecnsecee|sasesseneeaessseaasaraseees

“OFT "*
“OPT | erteee ee teeeeeeeeeees

OPP] recreate ee sseceseesencarsseccccscnssssvotasuesesasoeacrs|sssseconessesecsecarsonsess

Peete tee ee sess ees esesegeseseesee®

OUT (Tite ete rere ccedaecesecsnentarecceredeensavserscesessvcrra|seessssesensetesasssresees

‘oni Peer ee ees eee e ates ese ee ees se se see eEe eee eH EO HEHE EEEEH OH nee! HS HROUEHH HEE ee eH sanenetee

“ov
‘ough

POMP] rrttteeesstesceteseeeeseeveecccasscseanerssssseeeeesesenaalesssescaneescssaneecseeares

Co ee ri

Seneleceeee

“OUI(]|tcertttetetteteteeeessseeeceesessseeetenateecstanasecesatesleestseeeeeeenaetessesageres
*WRLIO

$-peoy ‘1199 frezyonayog { puerylog errr rr rrr reer ere oo eee rere rer

“19qjoue au0 4suIese

poysep 10M vip

“ue jo 410d 94} Ut

S[OSSAA OYJ, “1opeAL

24} JO ade] ou

0} Suryover oyinb

jou ‘pues jo yueq

adie, @ dn mary

qorgas ‘purist a4}Jo

yom 9} OF 27F91]

*pajonb a103 “Zurmoyjaq ey, «|e uoydnse oulrem

“39 ‘ony ‘aa10J, Ua ‘FUOIOG *pedxg|sastou ueauestayqns pnoy 410A Aq poruedwodoy|-qnse{q parueduos0y
‘oma

“oy |"

*OPPICT|reeeteetteessessseeeesceeccueeseessoeeceetttsenseracarssaselecsseseusceussesscenerseres

Pee e eee sereeer neater eeereeerssetase®

Peer e eee ents lenses sensesees see eeeeees

aT HON e ee eee eee ewaeesestesenesscaneeses

> AP nm? AT [tte seers teereveseccsesseses

i

*SUOSIID)
Syooys [eteaeg|oyy ur ‘euipesuq uy\'g une ——
** syooYs JUa[OIA|"** euyq punore pues yy|"** ———
rttenenseseveesnenssesrsess|etesesenneseseesvess QDaTCLZT *G3iy ——
oi} street ongtg gt —- —
SYDOYS [RIAAG|* ett teers TUES “URL “TOT
“reak 9U4 "oun Jo
Sutmp seyxenbyj1ea |uoyue. 9y) Ut nesueT
usajysIe peouatiodxg|-o7] JO atmmouStes ayy) ts ——
RROD ogy er oggtg log —-—
oii tet ogtgl'gt _————
og) eee ogtqhet —-—
ov)" 0391q|'0l ——_ ——
oyiq} tte osigl6 ———
“m0JUeD 93
OVI Noysnomm pue ‘0741q|"9 “AON ——
OTITG] posne tess soernamenine 0931q|'06 —— —"
oyiqh ss ogg! sl —— —
oytq)" 0391 |'91 —— —
Ongiqy|srteesstettes omtqh¢t —-——
OIG FOP eee ee eset esseerene oid O.————

Ween e tween eteteas

Ceereereteeesecess

Sen eeeeeeeerseeece

eee neeereceuscese

seen teeersaceeroes

seer eeeeresasosees see

fe ececees syooys 4431S PT CISC 2} 3) 6 490 aed

*pazmo
-00 U9TOTA JSOUL ot}
vaya “476 PUR LZ
ou} Tyun Ay1sueqzUT
Ur Sutsvasour ‘syooys *eIpuey UL 4]9F "6 YO 09
JUI[OIA pUe SNOIBMINN|OS[Y *ULIOyNeG Jo purysy|*~>zZ ———
eed ed hd 0741¢ ————
0} 91 —— —
a ove ‘aL ee

*reoX opoy
ayy Samp bai: ae

e

PONE es

ae pape

Ateied tie data hehe

a ST

REPORT— 1852.

80

WW ae Sez

‘OWATY 0} OAIODIIUOT
qsnSny WIZ_ |woay $4sv0 a7) 41] B ‘yQ10U
"729 *90) “2uy "a3 oy} [Wun ponuy joy} 07 YINOS 9} UWLOIT
Jgupsatq, ! suawma.y vida, $ orzu9A *SOATT Taq} SO] o]dood -uod syooys ayy, jouleuy ‘sojdey jo wop ss
TA ‘"ptoy [10D Spueiyiog ‘yonzz\Jo sroquinu pue ‘pouma osoM saSeytA ueyy|"** ‘qugjors = AJawaAyX|-Bury ‘o1oae'yT ip ess9y)"¢Z-— ——
psvasviewsleeNens cusiauietie<. 0a) pmbiuies HEneaam eames sPAUITT OTN °g Ange ae
“IOUT BISY Ur sould
*20000 conseceaveseseresees +1990 Aueur pue rug ‘BZ Seq pes
“4[9J *puRpIIZJIMG JO
d19M SyOOYS usayy |sjaed ssyjO yuodayip
“PROV [19D ‘tozyonayog { pueasog] *Suraoyjoy oy} pur avat sty} sysoduioy guonbaag| ee eeees lstepy Jo WOU oy UT|pUB ‘STITH JO WOJURD|*/T ILI ‘FOOT
"929 “907 “{ONTT ‘ont PD COREG COL EFONSQOSOTEE Fah f ajdoad 000E 10 QOOS eee sep OM} pagsery|***sttteererseeess euthug ue eeNe ger ee
“sXep [R10A “ACI
"729 *90] “2UY "Ja “upsaaq| es sSuIpyMg 03 oseurep yeosS pigs eeeeeee|-as TOF Guysey syooyg|ur vzuovg pue vuasag|1Z4dag —
*HIUOATS SPUBTOLAA |" "eee eset ttt tt eee ecereeeceseeecsececenscnsenersslsensenssescwccasecesaesasslserousnecsacvecsaasasuans [sseesesssesssconcnees oud |'£% ‘Suny
‘uasunSomeqpigq Uap WOA sinoo “‘qySiupron ,qVy
“SIG, “WoLoYg ¢ purporay £ puvsysog : pe ‘Surquiary juopora yl oe FT
*Yoowy {yuo § LIUIO'T Tr erereer re rerererrerr te? Tyrer ry Pee er PTTTIEITITI TELLICO *OUIL]N, ayy uo qLOPUV.LT 6 ue "ecg
“CCOL a3ep Ot} SOALS *peoy “[[09 ONY, *SOLIVUBO
‘unig ae fe¢g dm 9 | [‘serozy ‘fayor, “yg purest oy} ur aeok siy3 ay} Yysnoiqy qe pue
‘sadvAo, sop ups “4SIF] “QsoAorg |uouatMOUOLd reps v OSTe stAL ary] “ewe (ayueuay, Wor sonSeoy
£09 ‘d1'3-1d0aH ap “org ‘sto[suery|Jo puxyst oy} ut UoYdnsa oTUVa[OA v Aq PAMOT[Og| TT Tete [eteeeeeeeeteeerrsenlar) Bue JO puupsy|***** ——
*syoomM
*1o130y idm BLBL19 i] eee eee eee ee rer ererererr yy ererrrrrererre rer rr rer rr yrs reer ere ry Tee eee eee ery yee es OMY IOJ Burysey syooys weeteenee ATI ul BI0VING cece elt ee ee
“avak Oy}
SPULBAR A Gy Pare" sc seeePna sesame tors macs ab assiianatbcns ahs aiolssssdsa]eeanee sds alesitinnsous. oe vsiee Surmp Syooys [eladag|"**** "tt ouIAg Jo WOjUeD Scropsaees
*peoy "[[9D * puvuseg|********* Mous Jo aoUepuNge ywaI1d v Aq POMOTLOM| eters | teers seeeseseesleee TOIBUOINAN JO WOJURD! "OT ‘29g ——
“URLIO eeanee yojqQnop sv yunoooe sty S19pIsuood Uva PYTTTTLILL LITT Ce paaunsPepiennnsscoeale ss eeyary oT ‘sny —
"G89 “d ‘eg/] ‘unoyuryy op ‘waydy “masneyyeyog pure oeq
£*peoy' [109 frazyonayog ‘purayiog GesGsiasi'sievn'ssise'eo4uuasahsieneshasesubensneussnasinesowovexie|¥¢¢s)ssic'nwss'eussisc'eQlexaNsiaiisivses yess einrinT gyrA Ala, oun, jo uojuro oy} UIP “AT ‘Zoot
*SUdU91} BAIA, $9 7 2uy [3 “psa, FONT ROO ere eee Ee eee eee eee eeeemet tT ees tease aenenteteasseneeel Ht EseHEHHaet esse mete rar atts | MOH HE ABEHEH SHH OaHHE Fan eees ese HEneeS nag pue TLD seseeeeee
‘Wd ¢ pue
*peoy “[[0D * puraysog f UaaMjog
Sas ‘d 14 ‘gaquay ap “4STE] ‘uodg HON eee e wernt ner ete eeneeersanettteneseesesserees Sep asseaesnesasoueMadsnanac)|Nasascanenasonts Seat HT( 7 Seer oy OIG of? 0q —
COMP | Tete eeetteteseeseteeseeeee caaeaesnessasessessnssesaes|eseeseensensersansersansens|seeseterraunsseess Qagict|s*teressessesss¢eesBAQUaD|"6Z JQ —
TOIPICT| trreeretsetsttesseetcseteceeccuereecvececcecsssssscusscsseeleoesetesersecsssscessnanacs|irenceaeaneuensens Qaay(pissesserracsasoesecnes ontq|'¢ ‘3ny —
"16% °S ‘0x9 *SUOSIL
‘atsoudoay my Buny1987 ULaySaaJayy| er eiettteeettcesesseeeeeeeescesceaeuesensesecsecaecrsss|tteesersresssascansernneres|seeees SHOOUS [BIOAQG/OYZ UL ‘gurpesug uy|"¢zoune*T¢gT

9 ‘¢ aF. ‘ % aL

OPT RT eft E

—_
a ‘9UIly 94} ye sueZes aymMb Sutoq Ays ‘puepsuq ut (¢ sep
‘gnbimapeoy worj09][09 ot} ‘opunyy Jo depo @ axl] astou @ Aq papaoag| tt rrsrerstteeese rete |seeseeeeeeeeeettaeeeetanees -oag) Appr. Jo ysieg|'s Ame
‘WY p pue
“RIUBIISLIGD Je PULA A “48e] : € WeoMjoq
‘owt |quoepora @ Aq ‘10ye sanoy INOJ-hyUaMy ‘pamorpog| eres ULGI YO]OIA say] testes OMIG|'GZ — — oO
: “M 0} “Wf WONeTp
ay UL seusepury ode
0} ToyUOT YSIpeMg aq}
‘ WoJ} pue ‘soptot uerdom
-I0N OF '§ 03 °N Woroar
“Ip oy} UL snYyog 0} [ep
01g ‘d " *[oa *sa0R[d ay} WoT, UoeYys -19}8Q) WO, papucjxq
‘SUBIT, “Yq {}OYOs| uostepeg eta oMIIUINY Jo sopoyse pue ‘pa[quied} sesnoy “BIULTISLI ye ATjeIoodsa |W'V SF yI1

[PUA «JO vordoaroN voldooagjayy, -zepunyy oyI[ ostou @ Aq parmedmoooy| st ttreetttrsttresseeeseeeeeeeeerereessseaugzot a {kBMION woyjnos uy|"pz[udy
‘OH ON £*peoy T109 seem eee eee tt Heer teem ee eset teers eres eere eset ewes sesessnslae ete eeeasesssrEssoeseneeslsesegeres qUo]OTA A19,A Sete e ones itt fe) ul osee "49 "Cl ey. —
; *punod sop 9
IO} SUOTTAUD 94} pure
"e601 “d *19pUNY} IYI] VSIOU UvIURIIAIGNS B ' ‘(a1107] yo 0IpUy) SINOJ, ‘W'd §
“4000 ‘umnadomy wnayeaqL, £on1q kq potuedmov0 7 “SSUTpTING aulos uMOp MOIQL Cet ee ccc t et eatcnesesseeece|-epecccccsassveseceresceces Woy. Ivy 40U ‘QINeIN "49 "CL “qaur Fae
‘yuo 10 Aep Jo azep 917} 9Atd you svop ‘19A9
*q20 ‘007 ‘|-moy ‘OYM “Jou;T 0} Surptoooe ‘party a[doad *OulT}
onzy {°729 ‘207 ‘zuy ‘[a3 ‘upsarq|puesnoy) [eteAes pue ‘pout atom sasnoy Qos! qOysS @ Inq payseq|"** virqeyeg pus so[den|"6s “Wel LS9T
*ODIXOTT UL
“919 *30] Sak 8 40 Arouugy nisie'n.cie stttevereusesereccsacsscuseseuereceassesonceseraecealseseausssecesssassecaveseaalsseorsssees* SNOTISBST(T|IOPBATCS WEG JO JOIISICy|"* "°°? ——
“Ivak Oy
"qua *90) *“ZUY “99 “pseiq, [yo pus oy) 4e “zu "193 ‘psorq, oy} ‘Areniqay ut
$ Ulo}s1ajoy ‘yoy “A $-g20 *20] “ony qUaAd SII} saorid UIA}S10JOy *srfodity, PNOUUTALGA (joe et renttonesnoasss|sscynabiedntincsumsasineenisc seer ereteeeeeeeee ekg uy
“ULIe@M 9UIeI9q
‘ou 1a}ye uoos yor ‘Tayyeom 40M pue pyoo Suing Cee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee re ree ree oI rrr? Pee owid eee any

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

‘WV fF pur
g waeAQEg
“onid eeerenee PPT TTETTTrTrrrr ere ee Ce eee rere reer re errr rss Teer rr? yooys ED 9) BETO aie a IGE 4 Fa: ‘OL Avy
*pue[Iez}IMg Jo
“peoy “109 { tezqonoyog § yrMOAYD sjred 1ayjo pue [ayeyo “qq3t0 VV
§,puepoT MA {pueii0g {sume} e119], seve ee eet ceeee tess ewer ee eee seer aseeessseeessseeessesseaessss| saat es eetesseesssesssseuesslesessions syooys sar], -JNON 4B 13. OSV ‘aed "EZ "qq “9G9I
‘te "9GQT OIUp 9} SOATS ‘zuy : : a
“xx "7 ‘saSeo, sop "93 “4s1p{ Ur eoTTQ|"193 ‘upsarq eyy, “Youur A19a Ayo ay} peanfuy]- ae s|esererereess NOG UI VULITICT “AON ——
“3 *y Sorry { yImo1q¢) $,Jou1e] RatwdSaseeusrstiet or saneeemeanseeeasssncss7¢tkeh ope eee as Fee eeeteewweteternseereseaslsres & ca
ae : Bo OY ; ie PIN |
ae = | 20 ‘Tas “psoiq. - ¢suemery BLI9 J, seer eeeeees SRRPareSIRE ee ETE MRpAn aH hac oes tseecdersenes semen see eee ee ates nas teteeel see esseaeesseseees COT)

8 SSS ST

REPORT—1852.

*peoy ‘T1090 § puraysiseg
*}10 *20) “ZY *[a3 *psaiq

“Ja 00) “ZW
‘123 “psorq ‘Z9z ‘d ‘nossvyeg
‘ LaYITY *Peoy “TI0D +906 “d *a “4
‘aqqe'T * 616 “d “1 “3 "JouoryD op
“UN SEPg dA 4 “puny sopeuuy

HOP *A
"6 “dT “JOA “suery, [Gq

"E6p d “It 4 ‘erdoUrA Ip “4st ‘TUeN,

“PROV ‘T10D

*¢06 “d a 4 ‘oqqvy ‘fgeg ‘d

‘TIA “7 ‘Ipunyq SajeuUy ‘ orezueyeg
Ip 104s] “Way, ‘OJVUTY,p oztad.UTA
“STOT dma *4 ‘mnadoing unayeaqy,
"6d “[ "JOA ‘sueary, [Yd

OUI
“L101 “d
"UA * ‘uinadomy wNIyayy, £0731q

‘HOY “A ‘ uloysaayjoy £ +720
‘I0] *2UY *[98 *psaiq, ‘suouted} VIIa J,
‘HoH “AS ¢ Tg ‘d ‘opurjsy ua advo,
*AOLIOg ‘JN 04
SUpIeT “YO "J JO uoyeomnuui0y

9

SR eeeeneenmeeeee

“poo
Ajuoppns auivooq Surids yoy ev pu ‘aovid syt

UI Oyv] BV SutAvey ‘yues ureyunow d11031q TWD cen hesaeaeesnencsecereds

teeeeeesees axQu OU

‘soutunody
OT] JO 4S 94} 03 Burd] you pasnfut sovjd ATuo
OY} SVM OLLZULILO “pound ssa] IO a10UL usaq

TETAS ERE RR THe Oe eee eee e ee eee e reese eer Huse seeestetenenete

PP eee eer er eee eee eee eee ere ry ee

‘BUISSOTL 4B ayenbyyAe 949 YIM
Aep oures ay} uo aovjd yoo} quade sty} w194s
-Iajoy 0} Sutpiooxy *pautna Ajaja7dwWo9 aaa

SOTTO ETH M eee ee HEE ee eee Hee eae OEE REE eEE EE ee Suueteteaete®

SUTARY se pauouauT are saSeypta AzaTy} Weyy aLOJA|*e8

sereeeels

TOC OH eH e eee e eee ee eee eer eeesasHttoneeeeeeeeersseerslesesnee

‘

pueyst oy} ur (pauoruetE you soueu) saovtd OMT) tt ttt

stew eeeee

‘Il ‘ON OGLT ‘2uy ‘jan *psorq PERRO eee eee D ete Heese Pe Eee ee eee EH OEE DS EEE Hees EE EEE EE HEE HEE EESEDEEEEE OES SEEOSS Eee

CPP eee ee ed er ere rr eer ee nr rr ns

HURT O mele me ween stew er reese eeterenee

weet eeeeeecee sseeees-TEMOD uMomy) O10 sSurpling TA eee mentee eenerereencseeesls

SAEIGOONG rrlesreeeeeers OOS Ou

*pouolusut amity *G
aq} Surmmp syooys xtg|********+*+*** yoyeqoynaNy|oy [*AON ——
ritteesrseseveversaseeecenelenceeeeeegQnOUMT JO PUBIS]|****"990—) ——=

' *ystuedg om)
uo ‘om ‘ueyseqog 4S
ye pue ‘opis yousrg oy}
uo 9uUOgIeN 0} xneap

-1og w1oaz A14UN0D VT} JO
a[oyMoy} YSsno1yy‘sooued ‘WY F
“Aq ay} JO sopts y30q 4y)"TZ —— ——
“aps OURT
“JV 24} uO soUeTZ Jo
qsvoo oy} pue uiedy uj] *g oune
tereeeeesees DUBISAT MON|TE"UeLl O99T

dereseeeeoesseeesea TOT A

“**"""sy00YS [BlaAIG
ereesteseesertes Ong

pee seee= >? ATOTOLA\ tae ajdounueysu0g te eeeeeee

“SE9T Ul UoxeYs
qor1jstp 94} Jo 14
-U190 914 Ul ‘soutuuEdy
ay} JO 48am oY} wo
fOJO[TJL 0} OZZIG WOT “44 3Iu 4y
Surpussxa ‘euqe[eg Ul|'g*AON “6S9T
“* TTY ur uotadaam0g}****++*"°
sete eeeeeeee puepsuq MON wereeeces

* quapota A104

deers ee reseresesscese

omta

sete reer seeeeeeeee

PoE CEOCLY f2} (010, tee euojeqday jo purysy weeeeeere
Peete eee eeeeenees BUISSOTA|*F [Udy
“yore WET
ayy 03 dn poyeadar
dom OIA syooys

eee eee eee eee ere rey

strseeseeereereerees parerTlgT gag

“BS9T
puvyao] jo 41ed urayynog|********-

oo

AOR e eee heme n ween eet eesene

saceressrc anne ests er OTaGy 6 “Sny *1G9T

°G

© Tl

§3

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

"68z “d “p20 “90 ‘or0ry
"729 00) ‘ZY *[a3 “upseiq

"6 °d “] Joa ‘suery, “Yd

“910 *90] “ZUY *[a8 “Upserq
*9g'd‘Qgz {10yauizese yy s,ueuapua4)
‘HOH “A
“OUT
‘OG
“OWI
“Kaa "JN 04
SUIWLIY “YO “IW JO uoMvormnum0)

“peoyV “119D
£eey pure gg ‘d “720 -a07 ‘outaosueg

*peoy "T1090 ‘ puelleg

*peoy “109 { suanies} e110],

"710 *00] ‘ZUy *[98 ‘Upserq

‘anbimaproy woN9a]109|-BL, Tertdeo oy} 42 sdurpmq [etoAes UMOP MoTTTT|ATUTOIA seAA Bos OYT|XIS poyse, syooys uJ,
FR eee e wee aeee eras terse teres oelensettasscaesesssseeesebessleanersres syooys 4431S

"peoy "T109 { puexziog

‘anbimlepedy uoryd9T[09
Kaqieg “W 0}
SUTPIe TN

Pewee eet eee reeereene ssuipyimq ]eraAas umop MOI,
soeteevevetenvees W10}s-Jepunyy @ fq pamorjoy

“uMOp

stew eee etetaeeeeetene

Oe eee eet rete eee re esse ees asere erst egeseneeresseseseses®

Sonu oir rrr rrr rr rrr Try

earn seseeeee see een etees

Peer ete we eee eee Hama ee eeeHe see eesesseseesssivessasssesesessies

Fee eee weet tee ee eee teeta teeta masse reset eeseseseeeeesees

‘OZIS IOIR]
@ Jo Tey pue ‘1apunyy Aq 103ye Aep 94} pomorog
mmydins Jo ][aWs B YAAoF uIVd aio} Yor
WoJZ ‘43189 9173 UL puedo syJa]0 ONY O.4SD Pu
ouvisseg VW ‘axenbyyava si Aq A[qerapisuo0o
polegns Zuravy se pauoyusu oie sooeid 19430
Ajuom) pue ‘ij1oq ‘ezuery ‘aouato;y ‘euapoyy

Fee meee mere eee temas eres terns tener setts GSerHT HE Hees EE HES EES eE an ee sa eee esa es HEH OEE SEEE eH SOOO e tenet esersesseeeens

*soyenbyjaeo
0} yoofqns oq 0} pres SI PURIST SITY, “purl
-97, WOT JO SHOIJLOYT}A0F oy} JO aed pue ueaol

Pee e eee e eee east eter eames esesressaeele=

Bee e eee e eee s ere eee nest estonessseesles

emer t eee ete eetetaee

“B98 JY} IAI] Po
-MOp pue paqga pue
‘pasted sem s[eueo
ayy UL

See eee eters weet eesesase

TOOTS aware sera eeee sere teas sae tsseeennats teense taseees

*“qnoqe paysep sdiys
aya pue ‘payeqise

UMOIYY skauUIID pue ‘uayeYs ata sosnoy oyp|

eee

Joye BY,

one

s| see wee ee eerste nsescsoates

“** BLIqR[eg Uy\*g “AON ——
eesseeensneresss QOTOY +++ dag ——

“SUIUIOU SULAOTIOF
pue 44310 oy} Sutmp
S19y40 OM4 Aq padoyT “Wd 9
“TOF “YOOYS FUSTOIA Wyre" puepsug MON] "9g “Wel *ZO9T

“Rae
seeeessesl po a[suy jo purist seersevee
Stace ste tet meses ec ett seeelescaee Ayjexouad puelsaq feeeeeses
- uredg uy ee eeeenee
Peete eee eeteestttons 0371C = —
Otho —— —
wd —

Tenet eter steers sesteseses

Hate neem tere we raeeeesaeat et inese ante teeesesessaee

Sheets wearers eetaeaeas

Here e reece eases s sees tene

“M’S 04 ON WOsz]
‘s1ayj0 0} SuIpr0o0e
IO “A\ 03°] WOIF sea
adIUaA 9 SUOBIqIA
9} JO UOTaIIp oy]

seteseeseuesereeeens seegrper] 9 “QaqT

“eusemloy ot
Ur af OSTY “BOTUAA F¥}'2s [dy ——

See A OY} UE a[Sry eaN}"4g —-——

"yoy ayy Jo

sayejg oy} pue ‘Auro

“su ‘euapoyy ur Aqjed “u9S 402

rourmd, § Ajeyy [esyu9g/'Zz “IVIL
“suaoe(pe soovyd Inoy

-fyuemy pus evuueary| “Fz ‘qaq ——

*S3Q0M
-*** BSOUIOg JO pue[s]|*** ————

sreveeeoesesons TOIBTIOIMIN| GZ
“mmoy 439

Seen eter enone senses ease esse ee eaereseessessssssseesseSsEeeealene ess sSSEEseeeeEeDeEtEBees SSE SESueeeePeeeeteeseeslassneseee uel jo Ayong "LI SS)

ge 4 <renue

"9 ‘W jo TOreo1uNMIUOD Poe ee eee Cee PeCOCCO UTC ee Cee Cserer rer tertiary) Pt EESTI EEOC Pate e eee n ae eeaeaeaensarsees le came ee di avd a

+ ee
LL

N
6

1852.

REPORT

84

\

‘x *

OAIS OSOTTT comarg § I6L “d

“erea]p “4ST}T ‘Tuosnag OWR[OIID|[B19AV8 paT[Ly pue ‘sSurpring Auew WAMOP “MOTI | esestet erst cena shnestc yous iscberceseneietuaeomnsserang ‘eripurg jo puerst ayy uy|*** suee “C991

‘sep om4-A7.111]} OJ -

‘eoon(y WO.
Aaumofl .skep uaaes

‘anbruigpeoy WOT{daT[0D FORM eee OOO e Heer eH HH ETE HH EEE EHO EE HHH EEE T HH EE ETH EET EH EHES IEEE ESTEE H EEE HEE EE HEE EEEEEES petmoat syooys ay 32 ‘sorpuy seq ayy fri) jf eee

"Te “dA “Joa ‘saruojog ysiatig
au jo “48TH UNIR IL AAGIUOAI UOT taieep cer casa terososescvensecnstcarenhersuccversssgreses cesiss

“Bypey Tyospepq|ssteessstee sees soe Auer ut aSeurep yvos8 pig
“SOOT Ur
qt sooryd oy auoYY oq} Jo utseq ay} JO saxenb
-YWiva oy} uo yey} UE ynq “4UaAD SIT} TOF
*(Aamlag “WW 0} steA |pQQ] a3ep oy} seaid AotIeg “JY ‘puryoy] pure
“tig ‘Sny ‘J JO uoNvorumMUMO0s) |funIsjg ‘sourag Jo pue epnsutued o1eyy
aUugYyy-np-seyonog sep anbysyeysiaq3 jo sayenbyjziwa 943 uO sMOWaM sTq UT
-ayenbyjaea sty Aq dn paaroy
-jeMs AjojoTduL0d a.10M ayeT 9q2 JO s.tojyeM JI,
‘dap vais Jo aye] B SVM OOF BSOTM JR ‘UIeZ
‘anbimapeoy U0T}09][0D|-unow SIT v sea aiaq} pouoyuoUr aoe[d ayy FV
‘omiq| tt
“aT9780 94} us3TSIIy 07 pareadde yqorym
“laZYONIYIG ! 0}41q|‘astou SuLMULANU UvsURIIE}qns v Aq paruedwo.dy

Ome e meme ewer tease t nes seaeeeenen®

“‘eprurg

pue sayeig pozyiug oy} ut soyenbyy1ea uo

Irowmaut §,Aai19q 9S s[iejop snoidod Jog “vue

-ousyd omaydsomye snore pure ‘astou pnoy

“O29 "029 ‘BOTIOULY UI S[AABIY, §.10913|/{q poruedmooor stam you ‘syooys ay} Aq
“OB "pvoy [OD !suseties} vitay|pamfur atom ‘ox ‘AraTTIg ‘oaqant ‘oessnqey

“proy "T1909 $ pur.4.og eee e etter wewesesesttaeerers

“peoy ‘T1990 $ pueyseg Beer teeeweeeearttaenaresee
*g dT “Joa *suery, “Tqq\""

eee eeeeetaeee

*puryoq wolyeAs[a
“qyeyOspursay ‘snueUow ! {FZ [jo vov1y OU VAvaT 03 SB OS pUNOIs ayy O}UT
pUue OG ‘S TI '_ ‘WYog °A ‘toJdwey|AjoryUs Yyues ulYjZuNOM *e eIIZey AL 9} FV
*y20 *90]
ony ‘ "900 *20) ‘Uy *ja3 “upselq cree rererreey Teeter rere eer eer ree re reer eee Teer re eT eee

od)"

rretereseeeseeeeeeeeeeereeel ¥QOUS QUITOIA LOUIVI W]e ayuez Jo pueysy| ee

*punox 41009

TTPO Reese meee sees esesesees|sesaaseas guayorA AJO A ayy pue “eIslag UL ZIIQ@ I, se eeeeeee

TAO ee wees ees eneeeeaweteeees

errr eee eee ere

Peer eee Tey Teer eee ee

Pema e eee we wearer tsseeraes

‘dn wayo.rq sem yoryy
yaaJ XIS 10 VAY JO 997

ane ee tee eee eee n amare seeeees

Preeeeeee eT eee eer eee rere

Soon grt grrr hint

"|" SYOOYS BIOUL [V1BAVG

se eeeeens

syooys a10y\

“syne
Surmoyjoy ayy [yun
poeLmnoe4t syooys
ayL “yuejota AraA

sett eeevecses q43I[g

Pe qeeeesereeenene whee ewreee

Sol[osme]] PUB VdIN|"ST “42d ‘FOOT

“MIMASLIY Ivau ‘pury
-90] JO apis UloqyNOS oYT|"***"****
seesteeseseneesess OnnTa eT
“Site[4) JO woz,ueO
omy Jo sdiy 943 Ty|'01'3dag —
‘a[fty Jo apis
ou} uo ‘Quigg Jo woJUeD)"OT une

“(¢ “Gag

‘epeurg = |‘s1a30 0} Sur

Ur goueseyuMom. ut |-pxod0e ‘10)

sanSveq OF JO yoLustp y|—
‘a]Sry JO apis ayy uo

‘aulog JO WOjURD VY} UTI"G ‘URL “EggT

sereeeee DUBISUT MAN uy wee etene

ueder
MI 1M10Q JO soOUTAOIg|******"*

Se weeneee viIpueg jo purysy we eeeeene Z99T

ag ¢

aE,

spy

. % ‘T

85

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

*TOZPONIYIS § *peoy “][0D ‘ puenslog

‘anbraigpeoy 014097109

"919 *90) “ZUY ‘[e3 ‘upserq

“929 *I0] *ZUW
‘jo8 ‘upserq {9aqoyy np suornoa
“9 HOg “A “IATX "JOA ‘suBIy, “1d

6 ‘d ‘| ‘JOA “sueay, “Tg
*1G¢ “d ‘gg toy suery, “TY
“q7eTS}pURsey ‘SNULIUOLY

“q10 ‘90] “OW ‘UOLePY ‘WeUeT[eT
‘on

“peoy "[[09 { puesyzeg

“Sugwa.] 1197,

*lazqoneyog {*peoy ‘][09 § pueay1eg

“ATS
49 ‘GIT ‘d ‘yuemorey omors¢ reg
“¢99T 49 FOOT WO VdMeIT o[[PANON
2] we snsor op o1usedmo0g ey op
Sarg Sop suoIssiurxne so[qenbrewet

*Ajuappus
poet usy, pue
‘a10ys a4} Uo 4ooz
0¢ 10 GZ poourape

deer etree etree resent reese ewes temstetsesseeseesereressereraie

"TTB 10J GQgT aep oY} saard Yor “A “saoerd
JoyIO YY 7e yey} YIM snoosueyjnuNs Zutoq
S}I JO JQuOp op}FIT St ato, ynq ‘ArjUSAOD 4e
ayenbyjz1ve Vy} 1OF UIATS you st YUOM 9113 JO
a3ep ea

Seen eee nett wees s ett tare ee et eee eeeresressessseesssssssegeeee|s

seeeee Peres e et weet atest een th sees eeeeessea|Feeeeteaessrtsteeesersssens

‘

*AroT.Ie JO
saoatd gz Jo 14} ULY} Iapnoy astou v Aq popaoaig

weet eee eee eee eee eet tt HHH eee eee eens tases ee Ses sSSen eer sss| HHS OOEHsH eh esesreseesssssas

9 OWS pure IY T3107

aUIeD V1IY} OPIM 492} YOT pue Suoy yao7 OGE Jo
qjoyo @ WOT pue ‘pouado yy.Aea ay} Safdeyy Woy

ee errr rr rrr rrr rrr rr errr eee reer ere errr ri
-

EEE ae —

4

*sgoard ur 4yeyo BRON syoor Are3unyy uy occ cen esecesectoceeesecces|sncncgesssveneccceccesantee ‘aoyZurya [9g

*sreak asot} JO

Oem meres ease eee eneeen eee qova ur sayenbyy1e 7

‘adasastpy @ JO
OTT} BY} JNoqGe Suryse]
‘gyenbyjted yUOIA VY
teseeeeseneeseres QDaTCT

se eecece *syooys [e1gAag

Sa[IUL E MMOGR ‘VSIOAY VOU V[CSLD OULYDIN pyltereteter tsetse eg TOPSUTA yy

“d0UIStOF)

seeeeseerstgenanenerseeesneneeseeraeers eussteneseseeetssl over OU] JO SIQIVM OYL| tees lio over ayy wo woqry|T “3dag

“Wd 8S yf
Erne wie WiotGa'ee aie Seat eis Waa ervie Wale aes Wuibicipin ne bis'e's cles einiN ae ain ele vial| aieie'nivibs uisiw'ale eh weve a’e aia leins erate “** -yOOMS aUQ| ttt vugojog “pT [udy
" “mmoy ue jo
aqienb & wey} 10Ur

Peete teens ee eeteneseseesees Zurysey‘syooqs [RI19A9g purjog ur oorurure y 4V "aq

Aresunyy
‘emsomay, ‘satoyzues
TM JO JOlt4SIp oy} Ur
‘QUIT] oUIeS oT} 72 ‘OSTY
‘puepsug Ur *o7 ‘Tg

‘kayueaog ‘uo4ueyg ‘wd 9
‘plojxO|"8T“Uer “999T
“E99T pue
He eneeeegene puelsug MAN ‘8991 ‘,

‘sasuey

ayy jo syueq oy3 uC"
oe eersacereseesone ueder uy reererr ty

: ‘N'd 6
seeesenaereseseneses@peUBg |e] 490)
seer et eeesereesaeseee 0731 wee AUN
*suTequnou oy} ut ATred
-oulid ‘pooymmoqysiou

out pue joyeqosNON |" T¢ —— ——
*sotden
uy|/— ————
*sITepy JO ‘NV Z

Deacon ee eeroreeenesernssees Pov hiii@) amy jo sdty ouL *Tqoley

7 yes ~ Vel

"ZI ‘ON ‘OGLT ‘ZUY “193 “upsarq
‘ont

‘anbimapeoy woryoe][0)

‘ow ‘yosyreg Stoseimpuy fgT¢ “d
tarseg § TPT pur eat “dd “720 ‘907
‘ramerg $809 “d ‘72a ‘207 ‘taeN
£479 *d "719 ‘907 “Iuosnig “IID
‘cep d “xxx “9 ‘shy jo “WYO op
‘uuy {*720 90) “YonyT S*peoy “T1099

"036 “d ‘TE “4 "JOUIYD ep “UP]

“eyey Mospeyy

‘gee “d
‘IE "TOA ‘eave jo AIOASITT 8,SoPey
"pL “d “Bast {90 ‘d ‘EgsT ‘orzuaata
“01d
“ou
“oI

REPORT—1852.

“proy ‘T1099 ‘tezyoneypg + pursytog

“gua “902 “yon; £0991
“OWT

“910 *00] ‘Zu *[a3 “Upset
*peoy “[109 ‘ lezyoneyog * puesyiog

“TPL “d “729 *90)
syamoig {'779 °007 “onyy fHOP{ ‘A
a H ‘S°H

yy

86

serreeeeeees JOIVOM QUIS pus ujeo Aq papadaid

PTUTTTETTTELILL TTT

‘esnSey 4e puLA yuozorA @ Aq papuazze SEM
ayenbyyava ayy, ‘“parnfar Ayword sem Aq10
SI} LIU OZZOJ JO PURIST oIT 9YT, “poyst
-ad suostad gpg pue ‘paumas ojmb sem vesnsey
euyy JO

uoydnio ue hq ‘spremsoqye skep om} ‘pomor[og
“qudA9 a0 0} oyeTar ATWO AUT ‘AON pu

‘dag puzz ou} Jo asor} pure yunosde siyy ATqIssog
“puryst ot} JO saoued

-[0A oy} JO UO Jo uoYdnsa ue Aq porusduosdy

TETPTTTEReereerr ri Tieeieere tit eee

“ees 9giom uvauBLazqns <q paruedmoooy

TETe VETERE Tee

siteesegeecceeecgetsreeeeneeeaenoersesseesueereeees QQATCT

sereseeeeeesess gion uvauetioyqns Aq paruedaro00y
*pauonusm soy U0 ayy
JIM papunojuoo ATquqoad st yy *AjoyINe Aue
Suyonb ‘rssamoy 4noyytM ‘/99T Jaqmaoe(y UT
oylodg ye ayenbyyrva JoYJoUR suOTZUOU YoF] “A

SOS tn Pr his wee

“pastel d1OM SUTeZUNOUT MOU InOJ pue

PTETTUUTILEL eee ee

erro errr eee eee

°G

ag eee Sere ee ee en cee one eS ee

seer et ewerereeereeeerenaeee

He ee ee eeseerewereesesrerae

*parvay, 919M SULOTS
-ojdxo = autAvuIqns
pue ‘soulty.Moj party

releeesss) OWQOH =
“M03 *Y WOT Ayuet m0 yo
-edde ‘syooys aaIL, ee eweresewarernee a0udI0],] “LT
“m66 y81

seeeee syppoys yer9A9g were ee meee ee reee eusojog ‘OL

“M 94 =
esnsey 48 worded
-Iq ‘snhooueyueqsat *euIATS
SUM “JU[OIA SOUL VYy |pue sfdoutjueysuoD se
SBM YOIYA ‘yooys ysay jay SB PUB SOyVUpy
aug, ‘shep 4yS1a toy ayy Jo ysvoo weezy oy} =| “WV / pure
panuytos syooys ayy, |pue ‘aorus, ‘vrueqry |9 weamjog
quojora «= ATaTUA.TYXIT|“eIyeUN]e [[epue ‘esndey|'9 Tady ——

-a1 BOS OY} ‘esnsey FV

see ee wee ew sere eereeeesseee

Ane e eet ewe eeneeeerer et eee

Prereereere rere)

seen eer erenee

TUTTE ed eee

eet e ener eeeeearenseeereeee

eee eeeecceseesreesosererees

Seen oe seer eeenwererereene

‘pound a10M soSeyIA oAy-AJAOF PUB SUMO} DATA)”

sete e emer teen eee ee eee eeee

leew ewe eeeeeernntrsesereseee

PPPreererrT rer ire tee

“syooys IYSTS [BIAVG
terse SMOOYIS [RIOAIG
++ YOOYS JUITOIA BUC,

Sere oa

syooys a0]

ear r eee eessceeesseseerrese

se eee ree eeeeeaeeeeeeeerenes

“g0Ua[OIA 91 qe
-Iapisuod JO SyooYUS

Seer CU Co eh

oF

€

ae ae abet eeeeenees Aors Uq|"G “AeA, “1991

“IOUT,

RIsy Ul uvyspuesry U]|"/99T 10

seeeeseceeecenersererees BAB pL +*

“Blaqeyeg pue ‘eyeoriseg

‘soide yj Jo mopSuryeqyuy|******"**

“Yorn,

Jo woyURD oy} UT Nest[3q|+_ ——
mW aside caus ce | M
oy3tG|'3 ——

“(youn Jo uozueD)

purplezjIMg ur nesysqlz oad

“punoze Arjyunod oy} pure

jesuoyy ge ‘etdssy uj|"** “AON

*(qorimz, Jo woyUeD)

puvplozpimg Ul nest[sq|'0z "0

*punoie
saoeyd 1ay40 anoj-A4.103

pue oddopy 4e ‘entdg uy]-zz'3dag"999T

%

+++ 7e3ng10g UT OF0dQ|"** ——
ve* my109 Jo purysy|"**

seeee

——

I

87

“AINE WIEST 94} UO yeyy YT UTES 94} ATWO st
"8991 ‘¢ “AON ‘a0URAy op ojjozeH JUDAD SIy} SdeyIog “WMOpP UMOTY} sea s,toyd
tgcp ‘d ‘ax "3 ‘saSeso, sap “UaS “48tP]|-OISTIYO “FE 4” S}INSae 9} 09 BUIBuU0jaq asnoy YT |e eerste ees ee eeseeesseeeeeeeserereelseeeeesreoengrMW OYL|errrers ——
“MBIUIGPUOY WOD|POD| "se erst tceeeeeeerenesegsensenevescesessoevssasues|seseecononsdttcanecseeteresieseerseesers TOQHE GUC! *SUTBIIOT Ut Samoqaureg|**"*+*
‘Wd [ pue
woo us8AM4ag
"219 +20) ‘ySoLry $ymmo149 SCLC | POeTEC TT TIPE ee eee eeeee TT Peer eee eee errr eer ere etre ereerrrr rrr rire r reer er rr qq 3119 “OUIV I ayy uo qLoyUeLy ‘PL 09 pS Se
“eye Tyospey wees * quajotal*stss**** ajdourueysuog|*** ‘aoy7) ——
“TOUT, BIS UT 49} OSTy: ‘po
919 *90) ‘20y 103 2177 hee le ea a rar Sk LCCC GSC | SEE OPO RLS i ROLUCEE CPU Ss FoI) pue esnsey 0 pug aa
*719 *90)
‘20Y 108 *apsorq. $ sau. BIO], sabeoeresceeservences uUMOp UMOITY ssuiprmq aul0g Peer eereraner tress sssesesetlenat tases eersssasseesseees ions eLuysny ul 4peysnony "LT ‘3ny —
strc 4a SNL Sag | eRe aI I eS oe eee nee neh» nate a eh Se Ne TeE Pesto c Mb te ase yg oan anbrunaeyy ‘ey AE: ——
(‘kep quosord a1} 4e u0Ty
-eulULIajap Jo fnorytp A194 aq 07 srvadde sooryd
‘ soy} Jo uortsod yy) *parnfur yon 310M
soovid 194}0 [vIDAGS pure ‘voIesRD ‘eIUOD ‘fenp
-Ieg ‘Kouoreyy ‘svuMMe}G ‘UMOp UMOT} o.10M -
sosnoy vag Wourg oy} uo oumut0jsep yy ‘sAep ‘patoyusUt auITy 944 “OUTTA "eT ‘dag
“pa ‘aon ‘ZUY *[e3 “upsorq’|juaraYTP OM4 UO pauedo yyAva oy} VAOBUY yY| TTT TOF syoos payeadaylersy Jo syed yuaraytq|oy ¢ AI —
; : ‘amid ug UeT10}41¢)
“HOH oN £ suouta.y B19, oe pec eweedeceseeereussgvecctsces summa qra18 peonpoig Stew aee ree es renee ereseeeesslanstessesegereressnsseseees oq} Ur soovyd querayIp 4V eee AVIA po Ree
*‘AOMI9d "TAL 07 é
SUITUYY “ID “WL JO WorworUUUTTOD|**erestessess tes eeeesstetesetseteeeseesesenastssetsensetens|icttttecnnentecectectectces|iseguancesetsetocesensencelecenetnerecesnensensess gpg Qe, me
: ‘Wd } pur
“pnojo 10 moda years ev Aq paMmor[oy g woeMog
“peoy ‘T09 f41azynayog {pueyszsg|pue ‘sostou uvouvsiojqns pno] Aq paruwdwTOdDy| "sr rsressteseeeteeee|terecersteesenreerecserere|sseserees STB) JO WOJUBD| "OZ “Ady "899T
“gary 4995 GG JO TT 91991
"026 'd “13 ‘JouoIYD op ‘way |e pou1oy ‘axenbyjxe9 oy Aq soovyd meyy wMOIy
£99 “d ‘ty B09 ap “401d. ‘sto[sue'y poyorjep useq pey Yor ‘yo01 Jo SOSSCUL [BIOADG | Trt tsetereeeseeesieeeres SHOOUS TRIIAIG seedeccesccseceres BOTBUTBL| TT TSTTtS amma
‘ceg d‘TggT ‘meprojsury‘sodeso A ‘paystiiad suossod 990‘08
‘sknyg op uve $Qge ‘d +720 ‘07 |'saqynox Aau 4dope 09 padi[qo a10M suBAIeD O17}
‘ossejeg {Ggs{ ‘uemerg ‘neq yey) poanfar yonuT os a10mM spvol ayy, “sooeyd
-oqprq Jap Sunrepyaq oyorjnep |Auem ut pouedo yjxva oy} pue ‘posvoddesrp ,
++ ++ yapo ua8unzoSiq “Ydosopyg|sureyUNO| “poumMt o19M SpUry [[e JO sBurpping|*sesessereeeeeeeeee eee SeIQMOMT BaIYY PogserT|s*****ee*** THBUIVYS Fy]"****"*** ——
*poqoaye *euIAOIG 48 OS QOUNTTS |
SBM PUR] IY} Se [JIM \ pue ‘ojdounurysuoy 42 i
-anbrmapeoy moTy99T[09 taesebeneacghesedscseccsssecsgeaecscscesseocesocerensereesle@® BOS Quy eurhug Ati sossre sane esse ees sevens quoporA ‘e10m ‘Q0TUd A yy|""" “AON ——

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

PP IITTTITIL TELE eee)

REPORT—1852.

88

Aue sv soUITaUOS
; Sutaq aray4 ‘avad ayy
"eg ‘d ‘sodekon ‘sknazg op Wear] ssssittesscsssestesseeceeseeceesecsensessesseesaseeeeseeseeleccssereeneeneeseseeserenes Sump syooys Aueypy
"ET pur Zl ‘SON ‘9 ‘7 “ZU a3 ‘psarq |-ydog WILT OIep 94} SoAId -zUY ‘193 *psorqy OU,

Speoy "TOD ‘dezqonayog | pueIyeg|-are oy} UL asIOU Burm v Aq parMEdUIODD |" rerserrrtess see tet ee teeeleereesee esse eeseeeeesenuees

“A 04
“W WOIZ se a.10Y}
jHO0aNTp TUL

‘TI2@H ynoqe puv ut
QUO[OIA 4SOML 910M
pue ‘skep yerssas
. IOF PI4sey SyOoYs po
FOP Peete eee rene enes ~puoyxe-ATOpIM asolyy,

: “MOOT MOT 94} YITA
uedeq ayenbyyaea ayy, “UMOp UMOIY) 10M
‘SUdUIAT, RMIT |ssulpping tayjo [BIVAVs pue Yoanyo vB [Te_ yl

*S]UDAO JUBIEYIP sv Way2 Soars
‘TOAQMOY “YOHT “A ‘X9U 94} YIM ouIes o43
(944s Jo aSueyo oy 107 Surmorpe) ATGeqodd ATA|ss ss sssorerseeeerseeseeees

“719 °90) ‘ZUY ‘Jad ‘Upsaiq ‘*proy
‘T1199 | $ pueajieg

Feet meee ener nearer enesene

-anbimapeoy wuoo9T[09 { pursqIog

Seer e eee emer mente eee ee essen tet en settee eeeeera nga seseee

neem ee ee see reeetrens

sereeses*suD0YS [B10A96

"410 *00) ‘ajep 0} sv poziodes ATSu01M
‘2uy ‘a3 ‘upsorq ‘suawiex via |arojoq avak ay} Jo ayenbyyaea ayy ATuo Ayqissog|*****

errr eee eee eee eee ery Tree eee ee errr

se tewenee Frew e weet mene nee ee rast eee a eweeeetlae sees eeteueeasune See eeeees

“JUQTOTA {SOUL

oq} SPM 4sIg 944
treeeeeeeeeeeseeecees TOIT JO‘SHIOYSIILY T,
eriets vas ceenderperesec: |Maceuena: a TORS OU)

“729 *00) "Zuy *[e3 ‘upserq|:*:
"66% °d *729 *907 ‘uIa4s10Fay]-°

“LOT “d ‘029 ‘ouorztosap ‘vier
“19 OS[Y ‘“Tyosepay, Oseuoy, pue
Te10g “jrv “¢ Aq uoydnzs rejnoy

*skep alos 10F
S[BAIO}UI 4e Sumuy
tt eeeereesereensereeel Tag ‘syooys Aue

“WOyy *A
-1ed siq} Jo syunoooe ospy ‘cg d= dq Sua, ye Ppaqitosap St Tor *euyW Jo suoty 7
‘sijnsuy staou op ‘adsey f*peoy Joo|-dnia afqeroulem 4sou ayy} jo auo dq pomoyjog|:*****

‘LOL “d l *[OA ‘soseho a, S qEoany9 HET H Ose ee eee nares tare nnssn sees aesss sss ee nesters EeEEse nates seta eeEeeHHseH tes eseeHeaHHH lest eeeeesststttesepeneeetee

““-1yeMIeYD Jo TyemMeNg|"
‘HV OL

*SlIBpH JO uojUeD oy UT|"*gT"43dag ——
“SLIRLD JO WOUND oy} pure
‘gourjsuoy Jo oye] aq4 4e
sam oY} 0} pure £310q
-WAMN pues YLOMNeT
-oq ‘SinqsSny ‘uesunp
“TIM 8B ies sv ‘q310u0 943
SpABMOY, “2dTUI A SBTINOS
Avy se pue ‘A.4un0d 4u90
-elpe og pur ‘fordy, aya|"W'v ¢ (*S°0‘Z)
ut yonadsuuy pue qey|*Z, ———

‘WV Z
** TayeyojnaN Jo woyuen|*g ATNe ——
“Y486 94} B.10J
“eIUOATT = |-aqAepung oy}
UI neaJag Wor soptu 7/UQ —— ——
teeveveee AUOXBS UL IVE] SS ‘UL “OL9T
*SdIPUT 4SOA\ OU} UL
sroydoysuyg 49 pue
‘adnoyepeny ‘onbiuyareyy
“ BIQULIeD ul youqsey

stteateeescoesseereesens gpm

seereseee
—_—

WY WOE ue
eee ecvecsececcees Smaseng ‘0g 4dag ——
se eeeeeeteeneetees apeasjog see “Suny et a
“qystu 9y}
jo Suraug
-9q pue ‘But
-U9A9 9} UT
‘8 “JR “699T

VU
punor Axunod 94} [TV
“eur

url Sunyuez jo dOUIAOIg weeneeeee

% a!

*899T

89

_ ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

"EL ‘ON *720 0) “ZL *[93 “upsorqy
‘6ce d ‘tyeuseyy outA £6/°d ‘BLOT
‘srepueylop] einorayy $ PPG “d “720

‘OFZ ‘dx 4

Wd 8S yh ‘Tady WIGT

ayep oy} SOALS POF] “A “1LUTMTY ye aUOp SEM
|-90] ‘Wuosnig OUIR[OILD fproy “[[og/esemep ysoy “poysitad suosiod QQGT UeyyOTOYy| st tte tte eet tet ees

“aSeulep aWos pip pure ‘estou
“peoy [09 $rlezyoneyog { puezyrag |suryoeso eXq poruedmoooe sem YOOYS puooas BY |"***ssseeerstseseeseeeees

*soTgey

‘00g *d “720 ‘907 ‘uraysrafoyy|proMURIg Itg Aq POMOMOUL JOU SI YUOAD STI] rr resrrrrresertseeree

*AIUL) “ISTET OATS ‘VOLLO}STET ‘AoMeIg| ‘roqtuaydag Jo ey} YITM SHOsTETMUMIS ATGISSOg|*****7tttsssttttees este eeee
“Aquoyjne Aue Bursts ‘1oAaMOY “Noy ‘oq
“ET ‘ON ‘0}11|-0700Q JO pua 94} 42 JUDAD STUY SoodV[d UoxSAaJayy| tees tee este eee

"PL ‘ON ‘QG/T Aint ‘jad ‘upsorq PTRUUUEORO TTT EET Tee ee eee eer rere re rer errr er ey

"UMO} OU Jey

payepunur yor ‘urex Yonu pue ‘pum 4UeT
“19% ‘d °729 ‘907 ‘skn1yg op Ueafl-o1A @ Aq pamo][oy

*SOSTOY [CIOAIS MOTYIIOAQ| reste testes scene

anbimgproy uono9T[09 Ae eee eta e wesw eres ees ewe see saee sss Hee sass ss eee Heeesbaslsasassssseestesssrausrnsnee
*19z ‘d ‘oyiq|''’ Surpsoeqd ayy wey) oSemep ssoy Ajoore0s piq|

“Appears syueyiq

-eqUr aq) payltie, pue ‘suaavoy a1 Woayz [[aF
Yor ,,‘a1y JO seq ,, JO 1aquinu 4seva v@ pus

90% “d ‘ong ‘Zuruyysiy pue Japunqy youu kq porueduoo0y Sener eee eee tanetetanenes

‘Wvep 0} poysnso

“67% ‘d ‘0x31 |o[doad pue ‘umop umMoITY o10As SBuIppMg MIO g]**reereseeeeeeeseseeeerene

‘soovyd [etaaes ut pauedo_

Yjaeo ayy, “SUINA VY} UT SAAT] Atay} 480] opdood

-e¢7z,‘d ‘outdo

‘ Aue pue ‘uoyom Suryeys yuopora oy Aq f
i 219M SSUIPTING JO SIAQUINU Bay] ttt teeets ess seeseslQIOT

fo} ynq ‘Surquier7

enema rena nseeeseaenererens

seereeees eee sHOOUS OMY,

Oe ee errr

eee thee rere ees eeeseeettens

sreseereeees HOOUS OU,

Sooo rer rrr rrr ry

center eer eseee tees ecett tees

Smee tome wae ee eee eneaseces

“* Zuoy 4se[ ou pr
“djtsonjodunt tenba
yim vp Suraoypoy
aq} ‘psousmmoder
pue ‘yqs1u 42 paseao
‘quafora A1aA oUUed
“9 }I SULUGAD SPIRAL

ayerapom eATuO'seM
f SsuTuIOW oud

*eusO[Og 4e a[qISueS
-ur ysompy = *A[eyy ur
saorid 19130 pue ‘enoouy
“euuaAey ‘Oresa gq ‘OUR 42] "W'd SP PV
ATJUOTOTA ssopgToy § TLMUTY "FT [dy ——

*‘pooynoq

-Ystou oy} pue ‘yor
“NZ jo uojued 94} Ut ‘W'd ¢

Xesuaqopy] JO anousteg|"¢ ‘ure ‘ZL9T

seerereeteseetereereerepappferseeeses
‘guso[og
jo o1idoysiquore aug ug}

eet eweeteeceees yonadsauy Zz '09q ——
‘diamquy 8B ey se pue
‘yarung ‘steled ‘atAeyy
‘ORIN “4S 32 ‘ue20G UeOL
ax) pue jouueYyD ystps
-Uy 94} JO sysv0d oy} UC|*** “ydag ——

HeeeeeeoeseeeseerppmByog gy ‘Sny
“wl PF 466
tereeerosreseeeees puSorog |g] aunf ——

sete eeene od "OT Ke

“qysia ayy

jo Suruuiseg

eeeeeseeneeeseereess OMMIGL TE SEL —
: “qysia FV
seeseeseeeeseeasions OMGPT “Gad —

REPORT—1852.

90

"g19 ‘90) “ZY ‘198 ‘upsa1q

‘anbrurgpeoy W01}02T]09
“p10 *90) “ZU *[98 *psoeiq

“poy ‘109 ‘xezyoneyog ¢ pueaylog
*[o9y) ap sop

‘sonyy $°729 *907 “ZUY ‘Je “pseid
‘proy

‘TIO9 { reuse “¢*¢ Sojonb purytog

*KaLiag "JW O}SUYALIN "YD "WW JO WON}

-BoIUNUIMIOD § YIUOIYD 8,pUeTaT AA

*peoy [109 Siezyoneyog § puvnsiog

‘on

“PL ‘ON °720 ‘907 “zy ‘93 “psoiq

"pT A “B81 Fz *d ‘EQkT ‘orzmaATA

‘peoy ‘1109 ‘aezyonayog | puesyieg
9

REO eR tee e meee ee eta e ee aeE ee ee eee H HAE HES Ear EaaTeeesees

‘arojoq Ikak ayy OTGOIU
-219 4 oyeNby4.Ae9 917} JO JY) YIM popunojuood
St qunoooe sq} ATqeqord AraA ‘ayenbyQava
a} Sulnp vas sy} OFUT URS PURIST VOY ay,

PORPeeOrrerrererrer TET ir errr eerrrer rr rere ee

teeseeseerceeseres MOTIS JO [[eJ JeoI9 @ Aq PIMOTIOT
“syueqiqequr

Sit Te yZIM dn pamorems uoaq oAvy 0} pres st

‘QoUaTOJWUNIATO UI STUY J ‘OLNjOIUeZg JOpUR]SI OT],

“= DU dy} JO LI} YILM popunojuoo ATqeqoig

“spreatoye AToyeIpomut yuesvoyd pure
TVA duIeIaq ‘plod ATeMIAYXe UIEeq Peg Yor
‘JOYJVOM IYJ, ‘astou ajqooy ev Aq poruedmooy

Pee e ee PEeEOOeeee ery Tee eer Terre ere eer eerie Tiers

seresoeeseeeserncer ou} TIM Snoouesnuns A[Qeqoig

POPeeePeeUre reer err errr rrerrerc rrr errr r reer reer e reer ees

sereeerre oeeserosron uBoueriajqns Aq pormedmo0y

EE es Soe Ee a ee RE EPS eee ee eee

OOH meee ee wnat tt arraneeee

eee ee Teer errr ries Prey

or rrerererr errr errr tris

Ue T Terre ee rer rrr Terry

ee er Ooo

stew meter aoe reer eneasssoas|®

rrr eee eee eee Tec e reer

eee reer reer rere ree rr Ty

eee eeeeeeeeseee

‘}pue erpuey jo spuersy|y kepy ——
(¢ BUY Jo ysevoo aq}
Ieau sue guIeS 91} Jo
purist ue 10 4GUBAIT 917}
sreeseeeeeeeattgrota ATOA|UT) ‘“OIoURG Jo pues]
‘eeesees ygoys aUQ| ttt JLOpjassng} yoreyy; ——
“{UQ[OTA SSO] 919A.
Aoyy yuq sxeak ayy
SuLmp o19y J[aJaTOM
syooys iaqjo Auey] strep Jo uoQUeD oY} UT
“OTTOTMEyS PUL ULLO}F
-ueg Ayetodsa ‘spury
“SJ UBIDATH Bq} JO ySOA|"****°***

“EL “Gd “SZ9T

queyora A139 A

A Sees een eee sees erevacerere

seeeaeeereeeneeresess UOT! OT

st aeeeeeeeteeenenseneseene Rencsedsant*seaueosasea*oracr|—

“youmz jo uojuey
a} Ul sooejd Jay}0 pue ‘Wd ¢
Peete tees eeeas ores eeeeere® ‘Binoqhy ‘nesi3q ‘198 7 09, tS
‘uredg
serrereseereeseeeoaQTOTA lar BIOINI, JO WopSury|*** ‘8ny —
*oAonuU
-JoyseQ pue smoy yy\"** ———

AA eee e were eee eeeeenaseeenee

“PS9OL
Ul “029 ‘OAIOD9}U0g JO
ayenbyj1ve ay} Jo ey}
YyLAoumes 944 Ap 1vau ST
auI[SIyT, “seed asoyy
qjoq sunmfur ‘aon4
-eULy 0} o[ea10}N0;Y
WoO sul, qNos pue
yyiou @ ul Surpusjzxo9 | -moy pigs
sveseencsiesssexes “AQ [ OLA ‘ATCT ur epnby punory g aune —
*pooy.moq
-Arenuer 436 84} |-ySteu ay} pue ‘yout
JO 4vq9 WRI} JUS{OIA |-nz Jo uozUeD 94} UI |'W'V ,,0¢ uIT

dIOU “YOOYS IOYJOUW|xesuayop] JO oMausiog|"z [AvP "SLOT

°G

v

¢ z |

91

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

Sans.

deus ‘i ™

‘ayiiouay, 72 poarosoid
qumooov 4dtiosnueu @ pue BIOTA
sojonb ‘967 ‘d ‘suy ‘reueg ‘yong *A
$721 -d 14 ‘asekon “ypjoquinyy *A

(‘Aone dg “WW 0} ®illd
“w 4q payeormumoy) ,,,0ouet
-odui1a}u00 omAUOTY UN Ip OLIeI ,y

‘anbrmapeoy wory09T[09

"CT ‘ON ‘9G/1 ‘2UY ‘123 ‘upsarq

“peoy “1199

{JezqOnsyog ! pueryJog : uNWIeIG
Syoequiorg fYluomQ spurt
“peoy [109 ‘puexyieg
"GL ‘ON °729 ‘907 “‘zuy ‘[a3 ‘upsorIg

‘ep ‘d ‘tonuta7} ,sp ours
-110 J[NS OsioosIy ‘ouog jap a[aToTW

‘onbruapeoy w01y09][09

"914 dt "4 ‘opreH nq ‘8g “d ‘Ix “4
‘QuIyO BI ep ‘uss “4SIFy ‘ele oq

ur wondnia ue ATqeqorg)

“891

Arenuep 48[zZ 94} TUN sseeo AToINUe Jou pIp
yorym ‘uordnza o1ueafoA quapora @ Aq pamorpog|’ ttt tee te tees

-waumuns ur pauaddny hayz
asnpaag ‘TON S}UePIGeyUt IY} pouoyysiay Avy
0} ynq ‘eseuep Ou dUOp OAL] OF ples aie AoyT| teeters

“suaAvay oY} WOIF T[9} BIG JO Saqoys 10
SIOJJIUL SNOIUST OM ‘SPIBMJOITe IUITZ JOYS YW
“peosae Jjas}t Surpeoids anodea v Aq pamoyfoy
pue ‘ie a4} UL astou sATsojdxa ue Aq papavaig
*pURISE SIY} UT TUeME AA OUBOTOA
am} jo uoydnize ue fq ‘y4zT 24} UO ‘pamoT[oT

(‘spUeyst 913 JO ouLOS
*souojs pue 91g jo

sIaMOYs pue ‘astou uvoueiseyqns Aq patuedmoooy

Peer ern ne tener eae e sree eese esos ee sucence sess esasesensseussnss|sesseeenerssioasaeassr esses

SOU ey

weer eeraseseceeeeseeeesees

Aree seen tener ease ereesraee

OOP mer ee eerasesenssserrese

“HILT 943 [ryan syeA
-19jUl 48 ponuryw0d
YOU ‘SYIOYS [e1BAVG
‘910 JUS[OIA aUO pure
‘syooys YSIS OMT,

seseecneteeeeescencesserees

eee meer ee eee et nese essesens

seeree MOOS JUS[OLA VW

eee acecceseennsseseeetsress

aeeres

SYOOYS UITOTA

“soyenbyyiee [eIOANg
“reok Siqy

see neeeetavenaeeseeesesarceoenesseecettensensenatessenssseaelsssassteyeeee tee Seageneees ur soyenbyyreayuafor A,

“SYJUOUL VBI} IOF

seerscasesseseenssesseeeses @/QT O1VP IU} EYN STOUIO (a ser ee as eeertaee paimoar syooys ayy,

-ap o10M ‘OATS 4OU ST

*pasorys
Wom jo aurea aq}

‘anbrmepeoy uoyoaTop| PAY} @ pue ‘modeysin ‘poyasyay{ SUAO} OT],
‘O]O[ID Ul aIoURORUIUIBY)
42 ouBo[oA ® jo tondnio ue &q poredmooy se eee eer eereeerseeeeseneeee

"tes ‘£6 ‘06 ‘2 “dd “1-3 ‘udquaye A
{og ‘d ‘ix “3 ‘sadefo, sop ‘aad “4stpy

“9 a

or eeeeesertees

PPTTTETITIRT LEE

Reece ere seeeretoweretaseres
see en rewererewersreenasares
4 -

SOT eee eee ee ert teas eseees

‘TeqIdeo a4} Worsonseo]
9 mnoge ‘ssurtds 404
ayy ye “‘puryst ey3 Jo
yaed ureyynos oy} Ut
Ajreonieg = “saeued
a4} UL emeg JO pUvys]|ET AON L/9T

“moy OL
Heesdenesseeeecseeee BTTUGIC ‘Og Ane ease

“ezuaey JO 48va
ay} 0} “ONVEpy 24 “qoreyA,
Ul SpURIST YSIyIny, oMogJO pug
(‘2g ‘s1aq30

‘nepig ye |0} Surpr090y)

Aypetoodso ‘AaeSunzy uUy|'9Z Ae] “9L9T
*SLIBpD JO U0UeD oT}
Ul pue ‘yoIIN7Z Ul xes
“UsyORT JO 4018p IY}

‘epung Sureq

qt ‘eotares But
“110 OY} SULI

nq 9 99d

‘TRUI[OD ‘aTe 78 JUSTOIA
Ajyetoadso ‘pueyiezjIMg
[2 ysomye ynoysnorm,y,

see eeeecetereces UNpssAX WV
‘eukoqury Jo
pueyst IadIey oq} ‘2011

“Wore
*qaq jo Sura

“ulseg “PLOT

seeerores SOTIBURD OY} UT

ee soak < sec ee SPU TT
“yueys

-Ip sondeey pF soe

e ‘nyos}Zu0g ye osje | “YUOU 437

pue ‘uryag ye ‘euryg uyjoyy uy ——

teeeeeeeeess TIBSBIOUY Uy|'** ‘Sny ees 2
“sRoonTOWW,
ay} Ur aqeuzay, pue ofo[15|"9g —— ——
— serpuy som oy ff

ut BOIUIUIOMT 10 D "a ew -e/0

REPORT—1852.

"16% “d Tr “4 “900 *20) 4pjoquin Fy Alerr cet eeececacncereceseronsessassecctsranscccsaerssunenesees

*syOOYs 94) 10372 pue ‘Surmp ‘a10F
“peoy [109 f1ezyonayog § pueysoeg|-oq preoy SseM dSIOU Suljquini uvoueLIoyqnus V

eee t et ewnes et etawenee

roqqicy|tttettttetserteeteeeseee onc
“OTS
-progeyg jo Ar0\stFT s,4}0Tg {0391

Oem eee e ee awe near tt ee sees teen tease teste esses ees

Out

‘Jopunyy pesuojord oy] astou pnoy e Aq papada1g

“ou
PrETUCEUUT Ir Terre rey Ti) esemep ou Pia

‘anbrmaproy 01097109

"026 “d “tr “4 “JouosyD
ap “may ‘Zor “d “mw +4 ‘soydos ,
“of sep anbaqyorqrg ‘aermyney

eee eereee

‘ayey @ Aq pordnooo sem sored
jt pue ‘YIIva JY} OFUL YuLs ureyWNoM YSIY V

“L1g ‘dt 4 ‘odedoa ‘ypjoquinyy “A
ST¢ ‘d xx "4 ‘sadeAo, sop ‘aod “4stp]

TUPeE COOP e er eee ee

PeeeeeeTeCOOOCOe TOOT Ieee rrr re eee eee eee eee cere errr re

sayenbyyive sty} Sutmp yj1¢9
ay} oyu ATQeIopisuod Yyues younyo yedrouid ayy,

‘out

“GI ‘ON ‘720 *207 “zUYy ‘[93 “upsoiq

‘(Aone “W 4 Md “W
jo uonvorunmaog) ‘a9 ‘omelq

pebips sidnals UpWaracejs'e cvvwosceceuunn teat aSemep ou pig
*

om| ts estou ueaueiieyqus Aq papadarg

‘art “d
‘alyspIoyeyg JO AIOyST}] 8,940Tq
!aqoTy up SMOTINOAIY Sproy ‘T1909 POUT EROUSOOE TOS U COSC ee eee ee re ee
‘gg ‘d *reak SULMOTTOF 9t]} VoeTd ames
‘0G/ [A0J *[OA ‘ouIZeSePY SULMaTUIDH|/oy} ye USAID 94} YIM owes ayy ATUO ATqissog
‘OFZ “d ore) ‘sodvio,. sop ‘uoS 4S] PPPETTTP eee eee Ter ee

“OoTXa UT|"F “Ie
‘W'v ¢ pue
G Uamjog
Oe e ee mene teeneeeeeeee east syooys Te1aA9g “SUIT jo moyUeD ou} ul ‘cguer “6L91
“4Se] ‘qy stu FV
vesseseneeeecessesesssesoslona TOBY JUBIOTA, 8507] o11q|'¢1 —- ——
*BUIUIOUI XOUIY "WV
@ BOjaq soul 99.143
petmoat syooys ayy,

>"

seeeesseeerseseteerersernes] t1@9 QTqUyAVUEL WICT “3eT)

Hee newer ee ereneeenee

*poom "Wd TT(“S*N)
arg ye ATperoadsa ‘0991q\"F1 "AON ——
-Arenues
yg 94} uo se saorid ‘Wd [TT
aes oy} ye ‘pueysug uy|'0z "300
“XIV pure sopry ‘uoustay|'z4ydog

Preeeee eee eeeeee rere Teer

Fe eee eee eeeeeerenneeeees

teererees SyOOYS VIII,

One twee emcee nee eneeeeeees —

wet e eee eees seen eeeeeeee —_—

eer er eee errr errr rrr err rr yy

*QOUITOIA JAIJON.YS
-ap YIM poumor

‘(g) sanoy pz Jagye
‘pue ‘papada vas ot],

Ameren ee ree ee ete weserenatanieaeeneeee soouaitg am} uy AT

‘niog Ul UIT JO
seresersreneeeerseerseeereslUQIOU at} 0} Jq ByURS|ZToUNS

- "eruemeIe9 UL
sreteseseceseee atrgTor, [USeqeZ JO JOLYSIp 943 Uy|*** ——

See nema mete erteessesearese

eee rer eT ere rere errr errr

steeevegeccecceseceesesscesleseseceeenersearer SIOTED 147 ‘2g [udy ——
“u00u 19972
moy ue Jey
‘a-a Moy yy T
‘scerseeequaqora domeyy erect? euuarg| "Fg xe, ——
SNEOT Sie real
ay} ULSeA pur ‘amy §=|'uo}dmMeYyIOATO AA Teau
j10YS B Inq parser, |[reyuoytA, ye ATyeIo ‘Wd TT
yor *s~o0ys apsurs y|-adsa ‘aarysproyeyg uy]/— ——

Reet ete e eee ee tees eneeee

POeeeeeeEEECECeS ee ee re

“AA 0} “GT WHO ‘amyshquag Jo | wv g (‘S°N)
acest srreereseeereeereeltonggarip _ pasoddng|saapr0q ay} uO sled “gure “g/OT
“purl,

see seeertee

seer eee er tes wasleon ease earn senses saessseee -uq ur OJ MLYAIATO MA, seetteoee
Hwee rere eet et enelerneweeees sree reneeerensuan ~Boreule ¢ ut [edoy 410g ae eneeeee "LLOT

z | ¥

v °s 6 at

93

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHASNOMENA.

*proo Ajaute.14yxa
SEM JOYJVIM IYJ, “SJOOL IYI WO’ [[oF sayy

*peoy "T[09 {Jezqonayog ‘ puesyiag|ey jezueddy Jo uoyueD 944 Ur seoetd snorea Uy

aves e eens seesaeesesees SO iri

“119 90) ‘zuy *[a8 “wpserq adaaagsonazeKar INS
“79 pue zg ddr 3 ‘udquoje a *puUeISI ST} UI seMay
£Z°ON “61 “d “A “JOA “suey, “[IYq\Jo OURD[OA ay} Jo uONdnie ue fq potueduoD0y
“Peoy
T9D £086 ‘d-1t"4 *jouoryD ap “way
‘aubimiapeoy 014097109
“halla q “WN 02 SUIT "YO “JN JO
UWOTBOTUNUITIOD !yIUOIYD S,pueparAd |

Demet ete ce rete esse ss cet etaseeee

seer tenet newer esate eneevens

“preay Os]e o10M.

SOSIOU UBIURIIOIQNS PHOT “YAOJ auIVd JozeM
O S}UdII0} YORA wo ‘yZ1ea ay} ul pouedo

syajo pue ‘UMOp WMO 910M sosnoy AUeUE

BdeleT 12 Ing “VYSTs ala syooys ay} pipe IV

"6Fe ‘d ‘rita “4 *(snourduoue)
gusedsy.p atloystyy] f*peoy [09

seers seernsere ste eeceeeee

“pne, op sheg oy} ut AT[etoodsa ‘suon
-epunul yeai8 poonpord yoru ‘urer pue ‘rey
‘Tapunyy Jo. su1104s Aq pur ‘soynuTU amM0s pa4se|
YOM asiou Surquins ve Aq pamoyjoy saqio rV
*Aep oy} uoueT you
“OGL IO} ouIzeSey S,ueuayUeD sop ouIzedeyy s,uvUMopyUay OY, ‘PUTA Jo 4sn3
ty, ‘d ‘soyenbyyszeq jo Aroystfy + jusppns ev ay, estou ve Aq parueduioooe sear
pue Arosyy, oy, payreo yorydmed yiyooys ay} ynq ‘pueyastozaq wyeo AOA SBA Ire BY,

“p10 *90) ‘ZUY ‘123 ‘upserqg

AUOAU DS DUBTOUAN.
Speoy ‘[[0D ‘dezqoneyog : pueiysi39g
"9G ‘d

"682 “d °729 ‘207 ‘axo1g|"" * aSeulep ou piq
Crh) | Ct ec
“O89 O7ep 91} SAATS Yor "A “punosd oy
WOIF PANssl VOUS pu soley Jey} ples SI II
se ‘sgoed autos ul uodns9 ormeopoA 4ysTs Aq
patuedmosor uaaq aavy 0} sivadde yy © ‘ayenb
‘uIspeIm |-431e89 yuazorA sty Aq UMOp paTquINtD 919M
-qopq Jo uoyduossg ‘ounoyyeyeyo|pury Ataaa Jo sdurppinq pue ‘sasnoq ‘sonbsoyy
SONA RS
ddns $yIM0104 S pueTa AN

RRR e terete eta me res e ee neers seeesssagesete

eae eeceneee

ste e eet eecernes

Pete ee ee tener esses oeeresses

sasees

eee mene e rene

meee eeessesees

eee ween ester aee ee ste tone

Fee e tree senenssseesecesenee

eaceeers *syooys TereAIg
‘pouorjuent skep sar43
oy} Sutmp syo0yg

sec ee eter eeesetensestegecee

ttteeeeeeees MQOUS 300

teeeeees*SHD0US [BIGAIG

Were ete esses nests oaceeasee

COa terete ree ceeseseeeestons

Meet teeters reer eereeeneees

seeeees

seers syOOTS Aves

Peewee eet e eset eteeeeeseeee

FUTOTA
“"** yOOYs BuO

‘reak s[OYM B OJ
‘s1aq}0 0} SZutpioo0e8
‘10 ‘19q0}00Q [YUN sszq

10 d10UL ponurzuod pue

‘skep our IOF JUATOIA

‘yoqetoznaN ;
pue avd 42 4[9F OSTY

‘slIB[ JO uoyUeD oy} | ‘Wd T][ pue

ut Ayjeedse ‘puejiez |p, ueemjog

“VIMG UL saodetd JersAag|"4z —— —
“OL 0}

seeeeees BOR) jo purrsy/oL ‘Uer “Tg9T

saqaay jo purysy |e"

“*** puelod|” re
eee reeeeeseerstoes Ayeqy uy sete oeeee
mectoctsens? fete oe ee a ‘LI ‘09

“epeu
-aity jo wop8my ayy | (wv 17

urAqjedtourrd ‘uyedg jo |‘piipeyl +V)

soy ay} ynoysnommy|6 3990 —
“ese[ey Je VAONAYS

-ap Ayjetsedsa {uredg uy|*** “sny ——

‘jeyeyojneny pue
‘ated ‘seqig ‘unpiea x
ge Ayjetoedsa = ‘puey

-19Z4LMg ul saoetd Auepy |e Ang ——

*punol sojlur auI0s 10F
Arqunod 913 pue ‘oatys Wv

-jasiomlog ~=ut Aaspayg|"p ‘uer “O89T
‘qstu oy}

“eLIqu[eD UL OUT-Tq [fo moy pug :

JO pooymMoqysieu 9y4 Uq|"Zl 09d

Nuneep tesa cieea eseleyy qyie"" “dag pears 2:

“UIeYO JeIeLy 9} 07

‘punozeAjunoseyy ye "Wa f ("S°N)

Heese eenemeterersreteseses qsour ERCyNy syooys ay L|pue “URAL jo j10F OY, ee ———
4 Re E = fe

SOTO eee ee eee ee esterases

oe - w90US 2

1852.

REPORT:

94

‘anbrmaproy u0T1499][09 eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee Ome eee twee er eee tama serene ereene Se ceneseseasees

*peoy ‘][09 ‘a1ezqoneyog
*ySatry £ yMo0I4O s,1eul8T

‘orp ‘MINIIeIG, S,youquiorg

03 ‘jddng ‘yom s,pueperA,

6p “d "mA “3 “497q Sep “48TH

‘paeyory $ pueaieg ‘*peoy ‘Tog

ST PEg *d ‘1-4 ‘saouatog sap atweproy
£ ggg ‘d ‘1 4 ‘aaquay op “ystpy ‘uodg
“SI ‘ON ‘729 *907 *zuy "ad ‘upsoiq

‘oI
“oud
“OHI

‘O[}}U1 SMOPULM 9U} apeul
qorya ‘soueupszo Jo aoaid aS.1v] v Jo y10daa 044
aT] Alou usppns pue pnoy ze fq potuedmoooy

Ome sete er ee eee eet ee Oe tame eee ee ee ne ee eeeeeeeettansees

*JUGAB VIS VY} 09 Joyaa ATUO ATquqoid Layy
qnq ‘UdAIs os[e ole Ey] pue Zl ALTA soqep oy,
"saovid 1ay4o [BIaAas pur ‘stIe ‘SUvaTAG ‘[NOSa A
‘auioxny ‘sodory, ‘Aouen ‘z4aqN ‘onq-ay-reg 3e
FOF SVM 4T GoURIG UT *ATQuIapIsuOd AIOA 94RT
~[1080 0} apeU aJOM YOANYO sjoreBuvpy “yg Jo
ajdeajs ay} pue sneyyyey oy JO 10M0} 943
BYyIOH FV “pojoaye APWUITOIA qsour aroA\ ‘sLTepD
JO UOJURD 94} pur ‘eAgUayH “JayeyoINeN ‘avg
‘purpleziIMg Ul ‘aT[asoyY oy} UO yuOTMOJTUT
-Oyy 4e Apre[noyred ‘saovyd snoLea ut yyAva 943
WO YZLOF VUIVD SOMIL|] “Ale ayy UT UTWeILSe
pue ‘asiou uvauediajqns pnoy Aq porurdmooy

"4S9\\ 94} WO.
Surmo0o Ayuaredde ‘astou pnoy ev Aq popararg

CONN e eee eee ene eee eee ene ee see ee ee ete ne se eete testes eseeess

uP eU CPOE C eee c eee ee ee ere eee eer rrr rr

“4894 9Y} WOI 9MI0D 0} parved

‘Ivau UleyUNOU B Jo Tey ay} Aq patuedmovoy)"

ree eeee rere errr

se eeeeee

“W JO ‘autos 03 Surp.too
-08 ‘UOTJDLIP 944 Uy

ent m eee eee tee eeeeeeeee

*SY9IM BUIOS OF

Ayjueysuod patmoat
Aayy =uowetturayy
yV ‘syooys yeqaasg
*z4e[de1g-yuo pW Jo U0}
“OTT ayy ST Yor -q

0} *A\ WoIoastp oq} UT

Hwee teen tease eerereeeaee

sareSe “|
0} "Ay Woz ATTeUY
pue “Ay 03 "Gq Woy
aor “ 03 “AA Wort
{SIG SVM TOI}R][IOSO
eayL ‘anoy ue jo

‘aubiulgpeoy wooay[op|-de yorya ‘astou uvauessojyqns ev dq papaoaag| et lroqaenb @ Jey paysey

“sorry £ ytuOIyD

‘oseuep
ou pip ‘taAamoy 47 “4r uodn passoio pey
SuOSSeM Lape] 4eY} Buoys os usaq pey YoIyM

‘SLIB[D JO TOZURD O43 Uy

‘QUILI VY} UO JlOJyUCAT

“AUWeUIIAD ULISULIMI J,
UI UdA9 pue ‘sliVg se
Yyt0u rej sepue ‘Apund
-Ing ‘aoesTy ‘soUsAOIg

‘purpiazjimg ‘AoAeg
JO sOyMoYy noySnoryy,
‘assoy] Ul UasneyUsquiy,

£

oni
oid
oid

“"* eBraepfoyy ur Asser

neueyy pur ‘oureyy at}

prsecser sere ses SION 4V

‘N'V © pus
@ uUoanjog
‘ghey —
“QT Ure *Z89T
“UMP JI0F
-aq moy £
LG ‘09
“SI
or son ==

‘NV Z
"61 ‘any —
(é*W'dO"W'v)
¢ pue F Uday
-aq ‘epi ®

$ ,1oulay $929 *20] “2uy a3 *psaiq ‘QUIv IN IOATI 9} UO 201 oy ayorq ayenbyyAvo auL st seeneereaercrececccenessrleceveseecssscoeserecevesecs| i qLOFYULIT ‘gouade tC “uee *IS9L

9

¢

v

$

%

afi

95

‘YO saytur QF ‘eMao1eg
“LT'g "MH *g ‘uorp ‘sah [e19A08 OJSut |puryst ‘oy, osfe pue
-U148Q “A Sunqteryosog s,uAu9Te A Gea eee a dedorsys sos epesvenr seas ro tea ansmemccsurnnrenmecees| goatee tet euene ee VaXP Tsar leg aMT ‘syooys quafor, |‘eudoqury jo posiet E}) A feet
*foyan
pue visiaq jo Pets
Senrce ronan uperauerennsres Ug uo pue Suet] ea
seeveneneneneserrcennalerseseeesasenevenereerss QTUETl YZ “AON

"el “d “TayaT7z, Fem ete terme eee tear eneeeeereeaneee aSeuiep quad Pid Sooo roc ry
“MOTTO S,puerypor mM!’ way ay

“quou | -(canysproyeyg)
1oqIVy qUa{OIA jaup saurw-7009 ay7
ng ‘pxlgjxQyeaiqaey jasoym Aagunoa ay; pue

AloA ‘aul sures |‘emyshqriaq se rey se ‘Wd [I
94} 78 {NOYSNOAG] 919,]|YIL0UIAyAINJ pur ‘p10zxQ|"G “499 ~——
$ “say Tur

04 ynoqe jo ymouto v

£4sva a4} UO someyy,

oq} pur ‘yynos ay} UO

uopSulqy ‘1s9M 911} U0

uojduesg ‘4saM-43100

ay} Uo YSnoroquepy

suo0T ‘q310u ay3 uO

FOPIT(T | sera sees sotto bowweeo eee sscecceseressvauseerestaesuscccs|iesscavensveenuvessesins sons

*s10}svo uodn paq v UOT}
-OUl UI BtT}J{08 pUe‘[assoA UY @ UMOP SUTMOIOY
9} 919M POUOUIUL SJOITJo JUDTOIA YSOUL JT J,
‘ayenbyy.1v9 94} e10joq sAep vm0s Wa—aSs t94jJ0
ue0q pry sunguf sruhr ayy, “sxeok 01} TOF
U99q PRY If ULy} AOYSIY SsvA\ TajJ9MIOIeq oILJ,
‘QUdIIS pUe W[ed YSnoy, Ajso1y UdAD pue ‘pjood

“UIeTe
JO susis paMmoys
YSY HT 94} pues
‘ay Tapun aquie1y

“Apjomb
aioul«-pue =: aLOUL
Jeqjoue 9u0 Zur
-pasoons ‘suo1eIqiA
ajeusloi[e JO paqsis
-u0d pue ‘spuodes
XIS pojsv] YIoys oy,
*UIR4.190 T[@ 4e 9q 04
tW9e8 40OU sa0p sIq3

piojing se rey se pa
~pua}xo aary 03 suvod
-de oayenbyjziee oy,
‘aqeiooiddeur 910t4
SPM YOOYS 9} YSnoyy
‘QITysMIVysuLpONg Ut
uoJANOG 0} popudyxo
aslo 94} ! VIIYSyog

ur soorjd 190430 pue

ATOA SOM 4I Udy “YI/Z 94} JO Buruoagd ot} Tg uoyFuyye AA PAO}

[yun ouy oureosq 41 vay ‘T99Z 24} 07 dn |-sod ‘prozxQye ‘Tam |useq Sutavy se ‘Aep |-1ng 4e anoy owes 943
yom Ara u9aq pry JoyjveM ayy” “opunyy |-s9yQ oy} ur Zur joumesay}uo ‘pauoy |yeafoyospy ‘pooysnoq |-w'vz"(-S°N)
Tt *} “suBty, “[qq|pesuojord oxy estou mor v Aq porueduioody “asy SUM OYA ULI W|-UetE SI yooYs taqjouy|-ysieu oy} pue psosxo|*gz'3deg ——
*saxenb ‘so[den jo
“E891 190 OL ‘goueay 9p DOT] eresterrestecersesssewerersasnserseveneeetretveceeseesssedelaaereteeereseereeresaasees -yyiea e013 Z OMT wopSary ‘Byeoriseg Uy ‘eg Sny eee
‘W'd 6 pure
; “wag «|g ussMjog
“920 *90) ‘zy ‘1a “upsoig acer ree nerereeee reser eres acer esassssseeets sr SOeenPeSSseaslerevescernsseGeseeeserstres|seseuecesonerecessenssesees oneq om uo TeUUSE MA) sasedy 6891
‘noden “ow ‘orpusour [ap aU0IZ

a 2940, OWN | Belge Ww th. os r SR bik +e
d 220 *907 ‘a2 se eee a =

0} 4v0q 94} paated |ynq {wv F 4e 49H

*Peoy “1109 £Fz9 “d “ATX “9 (GFLT
jo “y1p9) *goz “d

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA. NOMENA.

1852.

REPORT

96

“88F

“peoy ‘1199 ‘zazyonayag $ pueaqieg Ephron sana aure mans ray Unscavece neice

“geg “d “anseg

‘op “d ‘91 “ON “suRTT, “Td -
{pd -1°4 ‘sadeko, sep ‘u9d “4STE]

‘anbimeproy worydeT[09

“919 °00) “ZUY "193 *pSa.icq

“U1948

-1oJoy §°729 ‘907 *zuy *[aB “pseaq

‘anbimlaproy Worz0a][09

“peoy ‘T109 {1ezyonoyog £ pue.yiog

“pL d ‘B8L1 £42 d ‘egZT ‘orzuaat,

“oy

“GMOITID 8,PUELEEA

sOIGE
‘aabimeproy Uworyo9][09

“yo ‘A

“peoy [09 {rezyoneyog { puery1og

uw

L1jUN0d U9do0

Elie) ut $}U9} JOPUN JazfaYs [00 SyURpIGetUr OYJ,

“d ‘FEOT “AOU “481 Sod}}07]|UMOP UMOIYY SoyoINYO pue sasnoy at{} Jo ySOTN

"410 *00] “ZUY “1293 “psa eee ee eee eecerece

PreeeUCRe eT Teer ee eee err ey eee e rere errr eee eee

sewer eee taneeeenee

“purest 94} UO OUS[OA B TOIT
YoJ 4svo soyse jo JaMoyYs ysva v Aq paMoT[og

rr eeer Pierre rire Cee rarer er ree ey

ere ereeeerr Ere Terre ee Tere rer ee ee ben

rrrrr eT Tere reeer errr tier rer rerr irr eee .

ee eeetreecenescesscce quoumn( AaT[aavy oyy hq yay

trresseoersrsssees ueo agin sem atoydsouge of,

rePeeererreerrerrrerre rrr err rr rere errr eee rr Ty

OCR ORECECEC TOTP ere erreeerr rere rrr rere ery

‘a10Joq Iwak oy} JO VY} YITM ous 913 AyIGeqord
le UL SL 4y ‘Wa G pue g udaayoq ye Aep sty) UO
peueddey Surry sv purprozjimg uLayenbyy.1e9 ue
UoTyUEUT ONbiugpRoy UorZoa[0D ot} pur purvspieg

Senet wre w ence eew et enenenrenene

paseciesbicehcsesssvene sD 100 Q19A08 Ado &q pamoyjog

Aaa eee meer eter eres eeeeneeee

Bere etcetera etre seta mes esse ee eeen sr tH eeeee essere seHenesses

treseseceecesesees TIMOD UMOIT} IIIA SOSNOY BMO0G

seer eeeeseersentere

Sane e neem tenet teen tees

Stee ene ee sane ee eereaases

Se rr

*skep dATOM) 0} U9} LOF
perma. yoryMsyoys

sreeeereeOUS JUSS V
*syooys
ayqisuas AI9A 9.10],

slower eeere eter nees sew weaeerne

Seen ee eee ween ween et ewenee

Pete m arts ees en eee ternnnsens

eee e eee e ene weeeeesseesene

PTETT Tee ee Ty

sateen eee ee rete ten neneeee

weer e ete eee eens ew reat eeeees

G

a

Hiretteeeees yO: 2UC
sXep amos 10; s.tayy0 Aq
papssaad ‘tazyoneyog
0} Surpio.9y "yous
quejora «= AOA OU,

s78" SOOYS JUIJOIA Y

eee e errr Terre ry

ene e rece ttt eeenaaeeenseres

teen eee w ree eawetee

seeeereees ONS [BIIAIG

ceoteteecene yooys Pitt @)

| a ee
WY WOE uo
eeeeTe Tee so[den eg Tudy

++ adA3q Ul Vlapuexely|"** —— ——
“44310
seeesureeenererserers garden eee

stresses STIBTL) JO UOJUVD|"¢ “IVP "L89T

ayeurtay, JO pueys]|***:***"*

“ BIqyUTe9 UL qouqdeq|***t*
*punor SoTLU QF 10F

Axjun0o ay} pur owsayeg|"** 4}dag ——

“** UapaMg Ul Surdoyury|'T “wer “9g9T
euthuig eecvctece

sereeeees SLIT) JO UOJURD|"G dag ——
‘saozyd quooelpe

Joy}O pure ‘LYITA ‘OULIOA

-ag ‘g ‘ourajeg ‘earg ey/"¢z [lady ——

OF |"86

steer eeweewewererere

severseaeneesesensesess greerlgz “Gout “CSOT
“BIpuy TOYA Y
ul ( qeng ) ayemng|"**7""**
“* eryueg ul youqkery|*s***** ——
no oOg pur

‘misnowry ‘auteiioy uy]
Va puB

auuesney ye ‘sdeysod

‘pur ‘sive A-jneppoyyUL | “Wd G pur

Ayjetoadso ‘purpiezjIMg |g waeeajog

jo syed = gua.tagtd|'96 "49d “FS9T

Ss

G aD

97

“purhulg 48 W9A9

*syjuOUL Z 10j/pue ‘gore, 4B ‘euseut

asvao ApoIYUA 4OU pIp|-oy ut saovjd autos 42
SYOOys ey], “OPWIAU|OWI oUTeS O42 42 I19F
og ye 40013 A10A OJOMJOSTY “YINOS 9} 04
Koy], avasasepye pojse]|oyuaaouag pure Byjaqet
pue “IZ 3 GIG OYd}-1A pue ‘YR10u 9} 07

“4ouyy {+729 ‘907 ‘zuy *Ja8 ‘upsorqy|szUerqeyUL s3t Jo QOOS PUL ‘PAUINA SEA OTODIYSTA| "tte TOF SYOOYS JUSTOTA]UT eyBOTIsSeg JO BOUTAOTG|"** "UBL “889T

*peoy "1109 ‘4g ‘d
1 4 ‘saouatog sop "prov, ap “3SIH] PPT err Treerrrreecreir irri eee oe (oer ed eee qysI[g eee ceeeeeesesusees eurhug ‘g[:00q ——

*48800
oy} WoT yURISIP sImoy
. ‘ayenbyyava si} Aq pagisia *2OUITOTA OGT Jassea @ prv0g UO 4]9y
‘ow ‘gd ‘FEgT |38¥0o JY} UO dOdUISs paYsEMog TEAS yoy [yvoIZ YIM 4sv0d 943 OsTy ‘tuag JO 48¥o0o vas
Joy ‘suBIy, [Yq {eoTQ Suyonb yey} skes osye uorepouy “vas oy} Aq pedoys juodn yorq omeo uayy ay} Sure 4014sIp asueul ‘WV F

‘T¢ ‘d *xx "4 ‘sadedo, sap ‘uad “4s1pq|-op o3mnb o19M ORL[eD Jo ANOqIey pUe UMOZ OY |pue ‘payer vos oyJ,|"** FUaT[OTA Ajouter xq|-wi1 we pur ‘ove “ewry|"9Z"3990 ——
Prev ereer ri Pe eeerrrerer rr euqeeg uy stsadag ——a

* puryeaz uy|6T Ae ——
"eIpuy pue

eisiagq JO Slopsog a4}

< "OIZUAATA § 7¢z °d ‘yeudey ‘OULA UO pa1INdI0 “4UaTOTAJOSoyeI] SB Ivy Se SOUTU

zi S*peoy “1109 ‘*720 ‘907 ‘ouog jap Aro O19M YOTYM ‘4s1y|-uad yoy} Suo7e soe *g 0}
s payor {epg *d “720 ‘907 ‘“auouuerg|*** saoe[d Cueur ut punosd oy3 ut pouado suseyO/ rset ouT, — “syOOYS Auey|toqjo Auecrpuesoydenyy|g oung =——
(=) *K10}

a "gap ‘d “11193 es90UeN) 9T{} ‘N'Y OL
ss “mI "4 ‘(snomAuour) *sauge) Op “4SIf] PPTPEUTETTTELETTTTEET REET Te Terre eeeee Tere eed eer errr 0391q|Jo31ed year v pus voues T Ke Ss

“TT 0}
: SNe) Ibe iebiaeaingl lel oiled ol Gala ace Ceo a strteeeseeserseasereeeneres|easeees*@HQQUS [BIOAOG|stetteeeeerrres**** QOTUG ALT [udy =
aunardiny Dv kG
i
; peseuepsyyeord sem

Ng pUue]SI aq JO yse00T4

e “pornfut YONI a19M sosnoy 943 [TV "Y74OAT 0} vas 4R‘osTe ‘digs y ‘OUT OUUBS 9Y4

8) 23d \ay2 spunmo, buauvapy fyzunjsuoa fjzuesoddy |*pamfut yonut aiom |e pueyst 9foym ayy

Ea ; ; i q PAM f afoym oy

2 a3eko, ‘4ppoquingy ‘A fzzg ‘a ‘dd |‘vas on} oy] soatm ur astt 0} porvadde yj1v9 |[vdoy yog ye Anoq [Ysnory}4Jaq ‘oyu CS'N)
Mi] ‘JOA ‘SURAT, ‘TY {‘peoy ‘oglu, ‘estou uvourszsayqns pnoy e fq poruedmoooy|-rey oyy ut sdrys oyp|-1a1 [ Ul syooys varyy)‘***** Boremer Jo puels]|*[ yore jy ——
< emer J H I

; “sol

ty “PLT ‘smmoy 9914} |-en JO wWopsury ayy

n

&

o

4

fe

ia

cs
&

Z

°

“919 *90) ‘OIZUOATA, “:""7MOp UMOIY 21a sosnoy oul0s vedo, Gig Nasa aeccesisctacensaus nc seeeeeeereees

CBee ts7 bene nase mene Casnanirr Urs Wameumane ne vp apSAeDAaSY TES tenerteeeeeeranales

Saseneeeleencenvseessnerteassoessensliray qeyoey jo WAM0} OU)"** ee

“00 *90) ‘20y "lad *pserq sername eraser es tt eweeeeeuneetane peumi SUA UMO} aq) Hee eeneeeeeresee
. . : se . _—_ . “yyuour ayy Sump 21 s ouey op {ye
_ satees . abl bcpateacnenn sits.” maa: sept : ere rere yy © - |yjey oxoa ‘syooys — Ayperoodsa £1 me 0

soma

eee eee eeeeererseaeeaentsensleeresnessnwene: aLuliad

“pUoy “TIO topics ssssesnnleeinmnnleresgygoys quafora rSngssny puexonsdsauy Te aq —— |

MhevensUeneeqasyars seesesenssesencaseaceenastsleneeeseeseestseess#ss BOUBHG 490) —
*poum4 ; *N 94°S “Reg Ip

“GT “d ‘9821 £62 "d ‘egZT ‘orzuaatAjazom sooed J9y30 aUIOS puv ‘eIIpUY ‘EpZO]IUG ***rt*rereerreeeeesseeeees] —ONeMpP JuomeddyleLIay, oy} pue eysng uy|"1zydag ——
*SUOIIA

*peoy “1199 $ pueiog APOE meee nee eeeeeee er seaee sees ensaaeees anaes eseEeesnnessatatleseeetenenansgasessstetnnen|eenere SYOOYS [eAVAeg|-ua oq} pue yexeyojnoN|"** une

“pooy

“919 *90) “Ow ‘QUOIZIIOSA(T ‘VIBLIAg|********* ~OUBOTOA 9y} Jo UoTydnxe ue Aq paMoTfog|"** * YOoYs FUSTOIA V|-noqySiou 943 pue vay q|"FT “wey, ——

“862 “d *M "9 °729 “DOP “YP[OGUANGT “A**resetetseeeereeesstetteeeseeeseeeseusreeressessesactenslenssaneeeensssrsseestaaaars|eeeeuasauereereuseesenssnas reeeereeseeeneense OOTXIA ZT “GOT “G89T

“7g ‘d *[NJ}qQnop surses 4oRy *puelsaq ——
‘aarysdoayg ‘AydeaZodoy, soopjayy, *podorysop uoaq aavy 07 pres o]}SVd P[O UY] ss rerrerreersrereeeeeeeesieerree QMENbYIIeA TY ‘Q1OUISI][] Avau oPpPpryA| ss —
*u0}j0q *2uyq Jo uoydnis ue Aq pomorfoy *puno.r
sajonb ‘om “auoIZLOSe”] ‘BIeLIag|pue ‘Sasiou UBoUBIIa}Qus pnoy Aq PatUBdULODDY|****+++*++++++2s+++"+++*- SKE UVADS IO SYOOYS|ATjUND oy} puR vUyg| ers ——
*OOTXOT pure
: “910 00) ‘ZY *[93 *psorq Niag JO yoq sumo}
a £962 “d "Il "4 °gu9 *907 ‘4pjoquinyy OT hhh hhh eee ed ee eee rere eee ere ee eee rey eycer teens SoNcesebaeeen ts NOTIIG, [eqaaos pue ‘euv] ‘OL sie
7 / qq IV
fz *LOUTJAT BISW JO 4sB00
ro) ayisoddo ay} Suoje
sal *paatao pue ‘ulpezeg pur ‘orgg
a “oyiq|-rod sem amydyns jo TJous Suoms v eUIuig py erste teeeeeteeeeteeeleeeeeeeeceeseeeeeeeneresees ‘oury[9}@ 141 JO spuryst ay, |"T “dag ——
*paxieuial atom sfutids MeN ‘pornos ‘WV g
“oI -qo sudAvay, ayy pue ‘plo AQOA SUM TOYJCIM DY] | seer settee eeecseeeleeerescecseeceees opt fer eeerneeseeeressens ontg ‘IL “‘3ny a,
“ET pur

OMT] *eoaeneeesssenvenseencncenmeensesscanscsersensassersesvensloesssssversessesorsoeevenelieroreees gua oUE EOP teesberteadosebede gat CTL
*poystiad suosiad

00002 10 O00‘ST ‘sooryd Auem ut pousdo

qjavo ey, *y0aF Z Aq patomoy sea UMO} JI}

48 yy1v 9Y3 JO vovjns ayy, “4yS1adn pouremos

"g pue *N Suruuns ssoyy opty ‘uMop uMOITY “448 ar0y
O1IM “AA PUB Sutuuns spe oy} [TV ‘seord -aq SyOYs 10440 xIs
Auvut ur ary yysneo pue ‘paumaz sem uM} 10 aay Aq pomoyjog
“ggg “dary (‘suery, “[eaJ) “sty jouy ‘apts saoed got Jo jouuvyo v Aq puejurem ‘aqNUIM B Jey pojisey
“Boon “quey ‘fe -d-'a‘saouswg fay} wo poyeredas ejnsutued oy} pue ‘uMop *poqezise yonur | orypas +7. 0}" AA OAT WY wSh ull
Sop "PROV, 2P “SIH **PROV “TOO/UMOITD sem sHULgASE 9/941] B UO pozengts Zurpiingq YjaraM Ieou sdrys oy |qnomasour v Aq uvdag| sett steer vurkug)o, Aine *gg9 1
“) g a € % ‘T

98

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

"ear “d
‘069T “SOLIND “4eN “peoy "[[eOSTyL *qj1e9 84} ul pousdo
{peoy "[[09 ‘yuo s,lousso7|syolo pue ‘sjoor 943 Aq dn uso, o19M soary,
*yruoryD
8 oqityd S"peoy ‘T1090 $ pur.yieg Poe eeTESeSe eC EeS Teer eeee ere eee errr ery seer tees eoeresese

eRe meee eee reese et ae ese assess saeseseansssessausestugy

errr tee errr rrr ere Tere rece r rere rer rer rr rr err rere

"197 dt 4
‘nosag ne ade ‘eo, S*peoy [[09 PREP REeReeH ee HHH e arene HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHE EEEEEEEe
rUfTTOUD THOSpEpy | ceeececseeseeeeeeseteesesteneesseeseeneeasoonensennsensens

*peoy 1109 ‘ “919 "207 ‘2UV ‘103 “psorq FOR e meee sere reer ee eset eees ese s ees seeet et ttt anseseresestagg

“sureyUnour
a} WIZ payoRop 919M YOOI Jo sasseu OSV]
saov[d amos UT “U194sI0 ond @ UT10yeM 943
JO uOBAITa Uappns oy} Aq vIqeAg UI papad
“o1g ‘SUI 04 apeul o19M S[[aq ‘“syooYs osayy
Syuo1gQ sJousiay ‘{uoesstayy |pooustedxo Suraey se pouonuow ore AuvuIay
apuaqeq pun o}1a9;NYDsIa sep UL SOI}0 IaYIO [eXoAOS puL ‘uassIoy ‘UapsoIq .
‘roujdoyy {+920 *907 -zuy “193 “psorq|‘euer “yzoyyuerg ‘Braqiaprey “Banqseng ‘euuor TA

2°99 ‘d ‘1 *4 ‘ad09n 2p “HI
‘sto[3u0'] peoy ‘[l09 {ySoury

OSLI "suey, Ud Pee eee teens etree eeeeees ens teeer eee essesestssesessasnsaes

TOUAT oes eae rae as eal Ot “Nine me DRScnaL ae CEE occ

“61 “ON °720 *90) *zuy ‘yea “pseiqy "nn" pouedo qyavs 944 §,1odoyst1y9 4S Uy

‘DOH oAlteeeeesecceeoccvecerecesvcsssseesesseosssvseseeseesensevcous

“OIG
_ “OIG
"900 90) *ZuW ius peer

eee 2

ae sane sas ees

Peer reer meen s ee eeesaeeeee

TOO eee et ae ew eeta raat esens

eee tear eee ceseeeeaseenees

AO Meee etter eet enseessstens

SOOO eee mere eesseresseesons

sane eeemoeesaeeresseeeens

SOR eee eee ter naersrestenuees

sober eeeeee ree eeseseneteses

neUey pure ‘410;uUeLy
‘gouakeyy ‘smorq-arreg
‘(soord 4se] 0.143 943
42 4U9]OIA 4sOUL) 2497]
‘MOVT=ToHoag |aeq ‘eorue, ‘ejorm
*JU9[OIA SOUL 94} |-1eQ ul youqhey ‘eru
SBA YOoys 4sIy ayy |-eapAsuery ut ypeyspreg

(¢ aod yey 4x)

‘Id seo ‘02

enter ereneseerereesssetsoales

ee eee ersstsoe yooys 9uo9 eee aweeee aaa) (1 S|
“eee SHOOYS TBIOAS|*****“TUTONTY pue euooTY|'T “uel “1691
‘vad stg} Bult
“np sayenbyjresaeryy |e nog ur eunrry|""**"*"*
te eeenerececseersreseesseeslseeesners a[dounueysu0g eeecesecs
“o7g ‘puepieyyng

“omysploy |‘proypag ur fpuey {yy sruaq3 Jo
“peg Ul syo0ys OMy|-y009 pue puesuq uyjerppiyy ——
sreecesarssertlessssseanenseseess OTIFQIOO Gg, ————
*(Aqrjeo
-O] ISR] STq} 10; WaATs
3uteq ‘1aAeMoy ‘ATUO
aeak ayy Jo a3ep oq})
purjog ur osye § Aueut
19x) [[@ 4soure 4ouyz
Ul pue ‘esurmyy, ‘ers
weyjoue Aq pamoy |-snig ‘ean: BIqeAs
“Od “AN OF °M'S Jur pue ‘pueprezjtMg
=uoenp yuoreddy|ut

“19949718
qng “Wd Jf 42 x00Ys

"Wd ¢ (‘S'N)
saovjd ersAss uyl'G ‘2aq) }~=——
“puryaq] (‘s'N)
ere ne nous teeny Seance esl any AuuayDy pue uyqnq|st 37090 ——
‘aION'T “4g pue
Seema teow ensteeresessenenas enbruny.ze yy qe pue ‘ont ‘OL judy ——
*s,caydoystiyqy 49 pue
‘saopequeg ‘ye1108} U0]
Pee eeeeneseseesccccsceccece ‘ensyuy jo spuvyst aaL 92 oat niece
“elmayog ul pue “16 04
““erqquieg ur yor ne 61 “qaqa. ——
|, @ Leal ur ae

OPO eeeereeesaaesese

nN
=

REPORT—1852.

100

“OUI

"er ‘d ‘ogg ‘younsdy
“une ‘epdpg uyor Aq ‘Amyuao
WOT 943 wT yorasdy Jo Axoysty
V foxy ‘yZorry { yluomyD s,tous
-1o'T { OIZUaATA £FZQ “d “IATX “[OA
“suBI, “Yd *"peoy “ToD * puesyog

‘o7p ‘LET
'd ‘ge ‘ON ‘QZBT ‘Sunqioz-syeuig
‘ssnotg fog{ ‘d ‘M ‘JOA ‘unre
‘Syuoyy ‘Fre 4691 “Hog “yWod
4a “4SIT] emoroyy 18g ‘d “Ax “4
‘soSvho, sop *u9d “4sITT ZLg “A
“TT ‘JOA ‘sueIy, ‘Yd **peoy ‘1109

*19¢ *d “p10 *907 ‘Yong *A
"ect “d
‘IAX "} “peoy,] ap snpusy sozdu0p

“yu0 ‘007 ‘uyody *A ‘x9;duIR yy)"

19 Oy

“WOOIshY Top “Way “WPELqeD o4tg)"

*UT94819JO YY

"gag a 1 “4 ‘uayog “A ‘rayduryy
*g1 ‘d ‘sayenbyyieg Jo A10istpy

pue A1oayy, oy, parvo yorydued yl:

PTEPTRRTTLOTTLI EEE TTTLeee eee)

"gz taquiajdag ayep a4}
9ATB sonbiI048tf] 8919497] OYJ, “OOS oy} 199ze
Appi8 speoy soy} yay suosaod Aue ‘ayenb
-Yj189 94} JO OWN 94} 4& PUTA OU SeM oI0T],
*payooye SOUL 19M SIOATI JO Syueq oq} pus
‘Bas 9} JO S}svOd oY} ‘sULeJUNOML 4eY} PaAros
-qO StM 4] ‘“Syooys asoyy poduatiodxe Suravy
sv pauoluout ore sooryd 10130 pus ‘ssousaayg

‘T9A0(T Tea ‘qormsdy ‘edg ‘diomjuy ‘srassnag seer ereeseeeveeeeeereenaees
“SOOM [CIIAIS SUIUUTZUOD ‘8,90 9G 9B OUBTOA
@ JO UOYNAS Ue SBA BID} YIUOUL OUTS SIT} UT
*yooys puogas v Aq paanfurun urede yuo UMOIYY
pue ‘17.189 94} Josamssy oI} JO OU UTFYSNVoSeM
‘purse ay} Jo yuvyIqeyur ue ‘Aepjay sinoy “Bas
9} OFUL YUBS So1DB.YOOT JNoqe Jo purl jo aoa1d
Y ‘poysised suosiad goog pur ‘umop UMOITY
919M SISHOY II} JO SY4ANOJ-9914} [eAOY 410g FV

“Aquouvuised a1341] & ues 414eT) poadrjaq ajdood “10d oy} ul

dy} pue ‘vas ot} OWI] SOAVA UL 9SOL PURIST oY] |PExOIIM svA oyVsIy -V

"(PUT “9S JO ysvod

9} Ivau vas oY} BAOgL

paster a1aM spuryst

d[}I] [eraAes soyenb

seceneeecceseesesatenseeerseeeeeneestseserensseersereseeeeeslUaTeg QUQ[OIA JOIFY

sent ema te teeeeeeee

‘eeeeeereeees NOUN SBM TAO} OIL, see ee tee ser eereeteeesetees

Peer ereeeeee rT Ter errrrererery Ti eter Tiree)

So

ee Tee e eee ee

PPePeeeeCeer errr erer rr errr reer ree eeerererrrr er reer eee

cK

“48R]

ou} ueyy qua[OIA §so'T Seer eaeaeeeestoaeees 0771 02 PRM ee HK,
“SIRTBA 9U})
pue ‘s10yyuery ‘oouckeyy

SB 48vo Ivy se pue ‘purl
[OH ‘siapueyy ‘puryd
-ugq ‘Apuvuion ‘sireg
0} Zutpuoyxa oxenbyyse9 ‘wd ¢
au} pur ‘yueqeig urA{qeq|pue z ueeM4
‘sojnutmt omy |-ord Suteq aayue0 oyy\-9q ("S‘N)
poysery -quapota Aro A|‘ papueyxe Ajapra Axa A|*g1"3dag ——

“ST JUOUL OM} OF “n00u
asvao Ajomjuea 40U pue -‘N'v
PIp yor ‘syxooys IT woamjog

quajora «= ApoUMOAyX | ess BoreUIEryZ ouNL “ZE9T

seseseseeenseessenenereees-lgorozy7 aug UL [NON Ig) ——
osutMIOg,

seeserersesessesesesesereesdoace aE enzy JO TKO} OUp| te! ——

“4310 42 pue

‘Zurm9aa oy} uy

sees “gHOOTS TRIGAOG| tree teeter te teeee ss ueder ‘01 ‘AON ——

+++ Sarjquiasy qysys plete euuarg|'9g ———
steeereseees QOS QUQ|'*'t* OZZLIQY Ul emby “—_-—
“ryeseZueny 10
BUTISA] Je SYOOYS OMA] treet URdEP UPL 30Q ——
‘soqnu |"YJnouIs}.10g pue ‘yorum ‘Wd Z%
~1U XIS 4SB[ 0} pleg|-pueg ‘Amquoqueg ‘qweq\g'3dag “1691

ty

°g v

‘€ 6 T

OD ce age a a EN a a Na ee ee

aomyagr1zsi0|

101

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHAUINOMENA.

‘auogtng “yay Aq won
-dnia Surpasoons ay} Jo Wo1ydr108
-op V "29rd ‘“FEOL ‘TRIN “FO
qo “4SIET OMI, ‘*peoy ‘T1199

$99 “d ‘729 -907 ‘aL1Oy, eTEp ele
"66 “4 ‘F69T “SUPLL “1Md

£92 ‘d *a *4 *729 *907 ‘Qpjoquinyzy “A
"99¢ pur geg-dd ‘e691 ‘TAY

40 SIV “IO 49 “4SIP{ sanoraT

“syooys oxenbyj1ea au10s
TIM: Buy JO UOIdnI9 Ue YIUOUL sty} JO. as1n0d
oy} Sulinq ‘sntansaA Jo uoydn1s UITOIA B
(Suir werpesy) FYBTU 4e Yoo]D,0 ¢ 8 UIST OY} UO

PTET TT UTEP

sereeeeeeees TIMOD UMOIY} SOSNOY OOGT ULY} a10q

PPPTEPTTTELEEe ey

“Summurju09
‘adeulep oje1apoy[

*ydorry {yoy S,tousie'y

‘OWTAIIS VUyq Jo uodnsa oy,

‘Arenue pe

116 Jopun pezonb qasnf (LOVED) iL) 1 POOHEEC ARO 0,220 1220000 Aba A COOL ECECSO Gt

"HOH *A £9g¢ “d "729 “907
‘gong ‘A $@p ‘d “XIX ‘JOA ‘sueay, “TY q|""7"* Wordnsa o1wedfOA yuezorA B Aq pamoT[og
-Arenuer 446 94} 10J poyonb
SoLIOYINE TOYIO 9Y} PUL “POY "TTOO| errr teste Tee TT Tete TT TNT TTT
***BroaF] guNOT Jo woNdns9 yeo13 @ Aq pomo][oy
*9UlT} ouleS
9Y} 38 VUyy JO WoONdn1s ue Sem BJO f, “Poulory
-uem adoing jo syed 19930 943 UL pur s1oq
SNOIULI[NULIS BOM SYDOYS al]} FEU} UIL}199 W9ES
4OU Soop 3] ‘SAAT Att] ySO] SuOsiad QOO‘E6 Pue
‘ATOIg pues BlIqeyeg UI pouMA o1aM S}U9AUOD
10 sayDIMYO ZLG pure ‘sadey[IA snorouINM ‘suUMOZ
autu-Ay10q + *yooys 4814 943 Aq pouns sem BI
-eye9 ‘soorjd Aunt ut pousdo yy189 oy) ATLOIg Uy
-ouo ATIvo Ue Se TOS
-eas Sumsua oy} pue ‘ured op}ued YQTM ‘TEM
Ajueppns ouredeq Mou 4t ynq ‘plod useq pry
Toyjeem oyy, “Yysiq AraA Os[e e19M xnor jo
Aayyea ayy Jo soyey ou} pue ‘axenbyj1e9 oy} Jo
“peoy ‘[109 { pueryrogjom1y oy} 4e YSIy A19A pally SoysaeUd 94} SOqIO FV
‘og ‘d ‘vom ut sjoarry, 8,suty *syoouA XIS Po4Sel YOM
-yy Suryonb sasefo, sop ‘ud “4styq|‘outy sures a4} 4e TOT
PT 74 | oe

“WOH *A

"Om ‘029 ‘BIRIIOT
suBly, “Md ‘pga tx "4 “eueryesy
Boajorqig {6G ‘d ‘sntansaA 3},
UO SMOTPAIESGG S,WoOrTIMRT £ 0791G

eoreee Preeeee eee

pee eeeeeeronees

te Atel Sa

Freee TERR Tee eer Ty)

Sebo e eee ee eee eteeteeereeeee
oer errr rere cere rr err Tey
setae wees seeresesseserereee
sete tween eee eesttannseenee
Peete eee e mete e ee tanaeennee
se eeneeeee

“48800 9} Iva
@98 9} poajyooye Os[y

Freee ee remaster etenesernee

eevese seeeee

Conic crn voter end tes soWhNe ce | eh soaieys es plete sees ary

“UISL
oq} 0} dn si1oq30
yereaes Aq pamoy “SHIANSIA JUNOT,
-[Oq “HOoYs FASS ouQ|punor Ayunod ayy
*sqJUOUL OU10S
Joy Suysey syooyg| sss voreuee

stsaseseeaneeeseesaaeserensleceoerees BOUBARTT OU} FV

seeeeereeeereeereeeerecseeelQuTeTT QU} UO JLOJYOCTT
*punoz

sees syooys AuByy|Asquno. oy} puB BIULyeD
‘MOUSIAYW pue

sreeeees gyooys Jy StS|‘enjueyy ‘enpeg ‘aor,
*seoonToy[ Ot}

GSO SEO SUC SCOKIOC GOON Hf @MI010D puvyst oa
“ATOIg Ul OJON

seeveesereecoseeeenTIQTOLA [PUR OTL Ueenjog
"puvpaoy Ut eazy

Ged dueveccccescnsssccccvces JO pooyrnoqystou ou} uy

“UIT pue
TOT 24} uo syooys
Jayjo fq pomorog
“WN 0} “M'S = PRG
“Ble Ur worded
*SOqNUIUL OA} P2}SP]
qsiy oy, “syoous
quajota «= ATamaay x]

"SOTTO
arenbs 9092 Jo soeds @
Joy ‘puepsugq pue ‘purl
-[oy ‘siopuery ‘Aue
-Jen ‘aouRIy ‘puepiez
“IMG UL saov{d yessA
-28 pue ‘ey[ey 42 OSTV
‘euqeieg | pus

: “unpi9aAz
‘saqig ‘euuesne’y
*eolapy JO 4sB0d oY} JO

dnio OIUBITOA YUOTOIA W Pree eee oe oe Goo syooys Aue ‘ULL OY} Ul Jaq ap a]

teeesersleg

‘Wd 6
“TYE F69T

‘wd [ (‘S'0)
91 ‘°29q ——
“dag
yo pug ——
‘9 Aug —
‘p oung ——
"8g dy ——

‘Sl “Qed —;

"Wd Gy

ATO |

‘6 "ure “E69T

weeeeeere

ia iain dante ieee ae a

"e1L ‘d Gnoy ‘z1r “d
‘Te ‘G69T “ISIE S21390T +142
dag Sez ‘d ‘“noy ‘gd yme
G691 “30d "39 “ISIET armory

{peoy “[]09 {*729 ‘a07 ‘utoyssojoy|‘(aua,A a[) snUUINg{IT 94} 424} payreUlor svM 4] VUasTOg JO ayxe_ IYL autos

“M9Y} PI19AOIaI 9.Ns
“OU 48913 UI MOU ‘OPP IO [Pp JO ayenbyyAvo
2} SULINP S19}VM S}I JO YONUL ySOT pEY YOrpA

“Sy TITAN
P219A09 a10Y4s aq}
SUIAvITpue ‘BuLATy01
Spremiayye = ‘punor
Sa[IUL ¢ 1OF UOTFepuN
-ur ue aonpoid pure
SOIOYS 8} MOP.IAO
0} SB OS poster sem

‘anbiutaproy u0r0a][09 PeeTIST TTT Teer eee ee eee

“OOLT ‘BizauaA “THTIT94

IB] OWOPOIIN Ip OILICIZIIY VIIPO|seM MWOOU YL UIAI UNS 9} 9VY} POxeMMaT SUM AT TT TTT

REPORT—1852.

*peoy ‘1190
'68F ‘4 ‘F691 “AON “ISIE] 80.1990'T
tgzp pure ‘19g ‘6c¢e ‘dd ‘FE9T

*AON 39°90 “30d 39 “ISUFT PANO |‘ouvle}7O ‘oor, ‘aremIE|jaIseD ‘oyuattog ‘sojdey tT eee **laN4 pagsey at So[den 4V

“ecz d
*4dag ‘F691 “ISI Set}}0T ‘gg ‘d

“Suny ‘F691 “0g 49 “4StyT PNDI9 IAT weeeee uMop uMoIqy SUM TOyseq e quodo130N uy OUeUe UCP SOCOOOCCOOOSSOOI TS Tere reresy)

‘auogyng “uy Aq woYy
-dnia Zumaaoons ay} Jo uoydr10s
op V ‘cord ‘PEOT TIN “0d
yo “4SIET aanosayy Spray ‘][09

£99 ‘d ‘720 ‘907 ‘al1o], eljap vice |-mMoo0y

2

9

10

*pjoo ATaMIeTyx9 SBM
IOJUIM SULMOT[OF OYJ, “ELT Ul podArosqo sem
sues oy, *ystur e Aq Woppry JI sv ‘T[np pue aed

‘sayse Jo sartuenb asuautut
qno MoI euyy *poinfut yonut o1aM ATUO sBur
“pring oyqnd ayy safdeny yy “uoxeys Apyuajors
[[@ orem endey pur ‘esioAy ‘elie "e479 ‘B[ON,

‘sntansa, Jo uordnas yva13 ve Aq porued
‘UMOP UMOIQ} 919M sBurp—mq su0g)"

‘¢

“pomorquau Moyo, ©

ye 19M (SYOOYS 94}
JO om} ATeI00ds9)
qUdTOIA 4SOUL YJ,

“erIueyey pur sajdeyy
ye qo} a.19M syooys
qySIs Iayyo je1dAes
SUIMOT[OF 94} pue
YI WOUTSTqy Fo asin09
ay} Bung ‘sow
aay} paouautu0D
-ar ayenbyjaea ay}
(719 “qe[eQ) euaors
“Ug pur (vyeorIseg )
OOLBOLL, YY ‘opasg
e Suyvedat jo omy

*sXep aW0s 107 But

‘orp ‘ouorpsy
“SBQ ‘0J9IAIG ‘OUIT[ID
‘QuooseyayUoT ‘0q.104
“IA ‘eusojog ‘ayeat
-ouseg ye Aqretoedso

*syOOYs YS ys s9yyea |! Yoanyg ayy Jo saqvyg ‘Wd TT
Aq papadarg|ay3 jo sjred yuarayiq|o, eung ——
‘W'd Z
|roreereesees suQoS OMI ttt BpUBG Jo purysy|TZAeyy ——
*squoUL
[etoAes IO} pa.tmoar
uaqjo yy ‘Sururom | ‘(OstAaty, JO asav0rp)
Surmoyjoy 94} ost jourjosy Jo 40L19sIp
-uNS 19ajJB syooYysyuay jay} ur Ayyeroadsa £ sort qs yy |
“OTA 1930 Aq paMoT[og|-OF.119} ULAUAA 94} U]|"FZ G2] ‘C691 |

‘souluuady oy}
JO ands ysom-yynos 944
pue vag uemoyidy
9Y} JO 4SvOd ay} Uday
-2q “ANN 09 “I'S WO
aull @ UL f BQvorTIseg
pure ‘svriqeyed omy o44
‘O10AR] Ip VIIa, 94}
ut Aqyedtourad £ sade yy

‘auil) oes
ay} ye yuodoidayy jo

“BuseULOY UT
saovtd otlos udA9 pue
‘sajdeny ‘orojodag-ueg
‘od.10g ‘oT[ayseg ‘ourq
~I) ye puv ‘sntansa,A

WY SF 6

jo wopSury 24} uy|'g "ydag ——

puvjst oq} pue Apiorg uy|"** Atn¢ ——

Fenn e ener raweeeneesees -nuryu09 ‘syooys Aue ynoqe Axyunoo 2m) TLV 2 Tudy *F69T

‘s

%

‘T

103

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

Sais . . $+ OIICT|aUIOS UT “sodeTd ‘<ueut ut oseurep e013 pic seevauseesarenecreseneesens

‘ayenbyyiee oy} Aq poums o19M BsunoBzOR]T

pue oyequieyy SUMO} oY, ‘ademMep year3 pip

“901 d ‘onbsor = |qorgam ‘107eM pue prox Jo survatys 4710} omvd

-O1tg Ssepyy “pjoqumyy a $74 ‘d jureyunom ay jo yaed uayo1q ey} Woy pue
‘91193 BT ep amy eT ap ranInog|‘ur qJox OzerreNS.1eg OUBDTOA ay} JO FIUIUINS YL \ sr cesses eee trees quaTOTA ATAA|OIEH JNoqe sspuy 9G |"6E aun —

‘O29 ‘OdT1048I OTpUsdu0D ‘auosTNgG *sya0qs ‘sntansoa | “gt Aqng 04
“guy £29 °d *729°007 ‘a110 J, e[[ap Bie |"*"*** SMTANSIA JO uotydniza yea18 @ Aq popadatg| setters seo eee sees GUITOTA uw SNOIOMINN||punor ATyUNOD 943 [T¥/Z eNL *869T
‘W'd § pue
"189 ‘d g uaeMpog
fo "Boy “Mod 99, am, auinaaggpecsrvecerirrtverewerneccensetntnieeer|rvennvnneneeatens een, SON OBIT seseesseaseessessenss gota alg 499 —
‘oyen

‘yoy "A $ OIZUAATA, $*peoy ‘1100 seesnaecesunncsecagesunscererevecsscseccaarecce gessuecsesalescecseseceseecssseceseess/atA BQ AUQIOTA IQA Vv teeseeeeeaee TOT UL BUNT! "6Z
“1eaX SULMOTIOF 91]} JO

Wore, WET 24} HUN
QUIT} SIy} UOT, SyYDOYsS

cc TURP]OS ways Aue ‘skep
ep o7e310 ‘y4a;19q “ABD TL ossaid OM} 481] 9G} UO SyIOYS "ez pue ‘1Z
0}}LIOsOUR [] A ‘ 18¢ ‘d "AON ‘ond SESE TAU COCCI ICE (0) aseuep a4 Ar2, A. See e eee esaerersseneeeaseee 914295 Inoj-4yU2Aeg Oem eee e eaten aeases euudig ‘os '3dag
"eIUeA Woe]
*Z9¢ °d_ |'o7p ‘sBurping 0} Amfur snozias Aue Zutop yno -jAsuery, ‘ampere JO jut ATqeq

{UAV ‘4691 ‘H10d 32 “ISTE, GaNOJOTY|-WIM ng ‘urayYy Sy pue zapunyy Aq parueduroddy]"**tressseerseeeeeeeeseeeleeeeeeeegHOOYS [BIGAIG|JUIUAUTIAOS BY} UL YOssq|-OLg —§ —
‘aouUeO Jo SUTIY 94} axI] estou
pnoy @ Aq parmeduosoe o1am Aep Butmorjoy *szoq30 fq. ‘Aep 4xou
ay} uo syooys 94g, “pomnfur uoAo yOu sem aq} ‘pamoyjog ‘seynu ‘Wd OT
“gz ‘d *x ‘3 ‘saSeXo, sap ‘u9S “qstpZJoAONNY O[qang apy ‘paXorysap sear OoTMdBOY| ss sreeeessseseeeeeeesl-TOT OMY TOF SYOOYS|**********°°*******OOIXAT| "FZ “ALP, ——
‘soydeny 9 Ay}UOTOIA

*19¢ °d ‘uayeys Yonul a19M soden 4e AIOA 4aq *selaqe[eg “qyst0 4V
TUAY ‘L691 “310d 42 “SIFT OANOIayPY|Ssnoy Vy, “Wordnta Jo 94e4s BUT SBA SNIANSOA [teres reeeeesssereeereeeestereers SHOOTS TBLBAaG|aI Ur sadetd snoreA|og “qa *L69T
. ‘9g'd

‘OGLI IO} ouizese yy § WeUIe]}U9y) PTETTUETEUEELELIET TTL eevee er cerrr rrr rere re eer pueysaq ul yjnowyeq eeerereee
*a10Jaq Oy 10 read aq} JO
soyenbyy1e9 oy JO vuIOS YIM sues ay} ATUO
-(snouXuour) ouSedsq,p axogstyy|A{qIssog *PauUMMI Ua9q BALY 0} PIES SUMO} [VLOAIG|*ssererreerereeereereserees|sstseseeecncsserssrensederslanenaseeesersersts Aporg uy|s*** 9691
. ‘Wd Z
omic tieitttesertreseteetseresesesenseeseseansessncanncscssray |essenaerssussanserseerstsealeneeencsenenceenen Qaarplsesseerseteeseseneess nat |-Zy ——
“wd J
soygicg| sttteeerstesesssresseaeseesecstencessescssanesnsssetaecnsdisssenessestssescesansetacalenenecscenenvenees gyaycg|sesttteeneescereness® QggTy]— — ——
*‘pauoryueut 919, *pooyinoqysieu 343
Sounly oy}
qsour ay

“suseyo ut pouedo y31¥a OY} SaI;TTBOOT

1852.

REPORT

104

‘Wd 9

‘anbimaproy Lah) (9) Re E eee e eRe eee EOE H OES Eee EET EES EH HORE EHS E EEE DE EEH Ease eaHesl et ee HEHE eeae ts SHESEE HERS EHH lenses taggtsene® detec ccceeersssecoecesticuce Auoxeg uy “LT ‘Suny —
: uane|g
pue ypeqsuod.10a4)
uueqgor ye Aero "GZ 03
ov ET e meee HEED OORT H ESO EH HEE EEHH ESTEE E EEE EET ES EHH Hae aH ET eEHEHHlannenss Hears H HHH HHH esete eset leu neesane syooys Ayreq|-adso £ aB11qe3z1q 94} Uy 0z ie aE
‘Wd ZI pue
IT waemqog

71h) *20) ‘yreyhag eee EC ECT OCEU SOOO TOSCO OCT TIE eee eee Teer eee ee ee ereer eT eee TT Tiree reece eee seewee “+ Surpqurad} qUaTOIA WV seer eeeeeranees S1aqaouqog 8
“qqsiu oy

© moy WP
«Wepog ep 072410 *MOUS JO [Bap poos vB y4C¢ pure Elie mane
tryaprag ‘Avo [Lossaid oUSOUETY ,,|yxp 949 WO. PUL ‘UTeI W99q PEN aTOyI PAG BYR UC| creer eects eee eeeeeeeeeeeseeaaBIOpOP| eet esreeeeeeeee ess BUMaIghe Tady ——
"B0ZI “S ‘ZIOSWOY T “107
7p zyejdneyog 8,ta[Ze1z sajonb *"Braqaourog ye ATyero
96 ‘d ‘uaqeqpig Jap azqoryos ‘pouoluat ott} ay |-adsa ‘ purpyZio, pue "LZ 04

39 suIeMeS Ty ‘yaephag “Ay ITO [||<natennweeesevrestachesecheratedsdoaeeeds sodas oJesvasueas|seeaewasanetovaseenseeoes Sir syooys Aueyn|‘ositqeszi1g uoxeg ay) UyleT “ey ° LOLI
“ULOYSLOJOY|sssseeesteesrersseccecweeeccecsscenssecscesenacsseseeeeseseeleserseeesssssecsarsecscessslecsscssssenaressessscessers(serses KUBOSNT, UL UUIS|'9 “qaq “OOLT

~

*purys
*a10Ys -uq pue ‘Aueniey
at} MOTT SpIvA YNOST ‘gourlg UI outy sues
7 F uvy} atoUl padtjor 2} 38 IF OSTY “BIR
206 “A “Il “4 ‘JoUoAYD ap “WayA|*** re9k 4seT JO yet} YA oes oy} ATUO A[qissog|etuLyeD Ivau vas syJ,|"**syooys quayorA AyaA\ut pues eae Pyles —
‘skvp -
aa1q} IO ‘S[BArI7
“ZOT “dt ° ‘op “Bn340g -ur Aueut YIM

ap aumnekoy a ans Tessq “qq eet Hemme e eee eee Ee aa eet tHe ee ene es ee eeeeeeesseeeees ‘poqse'y “qULOOTA IN EY, | CORA OOS ES Cola (3 | “12 499 ——

‘yoy OAlrrteeerseeereees . eter tee eeeeeseeeesesces tet eeereweneeene se eeesee teeeee nieg ul eur'y ‘FL Aug ——
‘Sinquepy 4e
‘aioyjaq read ay} pue eat styy pue ‘oureyy pur ouiypy

“UT94S19JOY| p9ATasgO 19 SITVILOG BIOANV JO slaquinu yeatg| TTT esl eeees SHOOYS TRIVAIG|ay} WO SpuRpeZzjIMg uy|-** ————
"0% ‘SIOATI
ay} JO estnoo ay} dn payoyo soovjd Aueu

ur yom ‘soejd Surye sdyspue, ore, *poyunoo
‘spuejst 94} jo s0vjins 94} ut paonpoid ata syooys g0Z
*1£9p ‘d ‘sy1OM\ SHOUL Jazam sodueyo yeqIg ‘vAee UL ye[eg OUD ULI} Ssa_ Jou BABs “BIyeUL
-NY4SOg S,2Y00H * OOLT “suey, Tad -[OA ay} jo uondnia ue fq patueduroooy) "ttt UT “gUeTOTA ATAMIAIIX||"NG pues VALE JO SPURIST|*c ‘ULF “GGT
02 “ouy

‘S691 ‘Tme “410g 42 “4SI}] aMIII TN aq} 4e uondn.a ut SBAL eu ‘oovulep 4eois 58). (G parece OOOO I see w me een ter oeete sess saeeae| se Hest Oeteanssreee eIUeyeD beenseeee "S691

9 'G a7 ¢ | g I

5

10

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA,

| w'¥ OT ("S'N)
“OIG hh ieee Rh ee hd eee Teer ree eee rrr rrr ry Tere reese er TT eee rere yy Tre o}IG ‘Se. ——_ —
; *punod Ax} ‘N'Y 8
TOPIC eee teetees es tseseeteneeeeeecereretseetetseseneseliceesrersreseessesseesscaealecesenceseeseoeerseeseeresslatnog OT} pUe [BUIUIUT "QL ————
*(Tey}-ULeLy
*spaq pue -ssory) yey TUT ‘WV T
“owt |stayy ur adoad 943 yoor 07 yeard Apyuaroyng| ss eeseesessssteeeeelees MOONS quaTOTA aUC|aq} Jo ShaTTeA Om a4 UT/"g —— ——
‘[equaqoryoS ot
jo Surmuseq 24} 03
‘yosiy se rey se ‘Teyy
‘Oe PIAOM YON I19M Y4Ae9 9Y} WO soIpog -Yqury 94} ynoysno143
"o}Iq)|11e ey} UI sastou yuarayrp q pared uoddy|*terstttteeteeeeee eee eeeeesfeeeeeees quofora Ara, |pue ‘uepuemyosjeg sv, — —
‘W'd OT
OPI] er erereseseetetetestteeeseeteeeeeieteessstsesssesseeslesssegeeresseeecscersensersleeeess BOOMS AUQTOIA lect ong wees
“qq Supra
pue ‘wa
, IL Woemyog

“O11 MTOM Cree meee ae ee eee eee eee ease ee seeaaeee see sestaeesttaneceslteseaensesessrereeessensecs|SOsnee esses eeetetesseeees|Cenesereeersnegereees

0 | a Cee Cg
“qU9[OIA SBA a0 ‘Wd G
“oI Dene een ee ree nee ee tee settee eens seers eeee ea et these eeesesnecestlegessrenssssetsecevsanessens yoryas jo ‘syooys OAT, eececccccccscoccgeces “on. aa ores
“OLS @ YIM Yonsys .
Jt SB OIM4 OYLIYS IOOp oY} 48 Xoq-100d 91} Jo “wv g
‘0}1G|(PT 10) onFu0y ay} prvoy yornyo ur opdoad ayy sereeese sree eessMOOyS OM A[qeqorg| see OG — —
‘WV 6
“OPAL CT| Se eestnts Regs vevasnndsaeutersvescetes«ussesswucon twas: /esweainse sas wsvestentsysard Renmeaderesieverqee=ss s¥aen| ven reyicreiias Caeser UGE (gH meee kei

“wd TI

“oniqd phe ed eee eee eee Cee errr reer rer Tre rere reed Teer er Teer ree

‘Wve
001 6 | ica Cc ccc c.f
‘apAqs Jo aBueyo 107 “W'd 6
"0}}1G|SurmoTye ‘yse] yy se Lep ures 94} ATWO ATQUqOIg| sscrrstteeesserteeeteeetss|eeeeeceeteenesseearerissesslenneeeneceeeseneanees oy1G|‘0g —- ——_
*MIALS arOY StraZzyonayog Aq paotjou waAds-A4I1G4
0 4SI[ OYJ, “estou pnoy sem1y9uMI0s pur ‘sanwaMu
uvsuetayqns Aq parueduovoe uayjo ‘syooys ssaq
10 91OUL Jo Surysisuoo ‘sayenbyyrRa (4yxIs uaAa
10) 4434 s19q30 03 Burpaoooe 10 ‘uaaes-A41193
paouatiadxa SLIB[H JO UoJULD 944 ‘ZOzZ | ‘Arenuer
4I0E 249 [HUN read sIyy Jo ysnSny qIGT OND
‘38 94} UL astou pnoy ev Aq parued Paes cere

= eyo

REPORT—1852

6

10

*peoy ‘1199 $ rezoneyos $ puvyieg Perera re reer reer eerie errr rerrrrrrr rrr iti ite

“Ab 138

‘op ‘QUOIZLIOSE] ‘VIBIIAT|OY} [UN paysey YOrM uordnsza ue Aq pamorpog| retest tttsse ees

“oI see eecccceeeececeeene reece sesester esse esse seeeeeeeeeeneseelessesceaesseeeeseusessseses

szayye Avp oy} WIE suIeeq ‘sXep

“0491 MOF IOF poo Aqoa u9aq, pey Yoru ‘Toyyeom auL Seema teen teense eeeeesenee

“DPPC | sreeetetesteeneetentttteeeneneeceuesccessonannsnaccnssvecelavssnncscssssensvestoccees

TT | Co cc

“MIVA AIBA W99q PRY II

“ont eroyoq skep omy, “1at[JeAM Ploo pue avaTO Supney| sere esses

“qYSIU FYUSTpIe}s ouy e 07 vov[d oaeS pur ‘4st

-prur ynoge Aeme pareapo yous ‘dep [ye 4STUr
OMIM B usaq pey otoyy, *ajdood Aueur Aq 4Jaq

‘ajdoad Aue A19A Aq poyxTeUlor se

‘qq3qs Ara ySnoyy ‘ayenbyyaea styy, ‘sAep.
*O}JI(|OAY 10F MOUS YIM pareAo0d usaq pey punoid oy],

TT (9 | eRe
“Sururys
uns ay} pue ‘aug Zuteq 1aAIMOY JaywaM 94}
OWIC|‘asiou Surmmuny 10 Zurssty e Aq potuedmooy
“mayeys
ApQv013 sem Surprmq sy} pur ‘auojs Jo Surpurss
“O}IC|PUS[OIA BY} OHI] astou e pxeoy Yoyo ut soy,

TOMI | rrrreetsteettttasteeeteteeecerecenscceecereeveseseeeeens

“peoy “1109 $ zazyoneys $ pUBABTOG | occ ettte teste eeececeeeteeeee astou kq poraeduos0y

*** yooys aye1epoul sees BOTT] ay} Uy|"Z{ aang ——

srereeeeesMQOYS [BLOAVG|AVUNOD 94} pue vUyq|"g YoIe~\Y ——

eRe eee m ere eter eee ee measles ee eeteseesseeeetass

*syOOYS 9st} JO WU]
OIA JSOUL at} JO aUC]****** sAaTTeA » aud Uy]"F uee “ZOLT

OMIC)"FS “4294 ——

a Tait cpeeee niga ese. HOUT jo sapIs ane uo oe
“TeyITIULT 943 Jo
. rytkes dee tsnsetecsrse sett GTOpas au} qnoysnoig |, "87,

Tete meee enna nee etenneenennl® YOoYs UTOTA aug tasrncece-*-ieenn> essa ORT “61

OIC st“29q ——
“(qyury 249
“******e-H90YS 8199} V|JO SapIs OQ WO) 0931G|"eT ‘AON

PPP ee eT Ere Cree er rrerr riers

soeseeeeeerere* 1B IQDOW **+(shaT[ea 730 ur) ond 92 ceteeie eke

*soxenbyyave asa}
JO 4S9[G99J OY} JO UC] tssrrrreeeeeseeeees
“SyPOYSs JLOyIIM
‘MOI, [IOSO

old |'¢3 "PO ——

qy3tIg|-"ea yyoOq Ur en o}1C|'6z

-m914 aciBiiate ev ua}
“-!pue 304s 41048

V Aten e et tamara eeneene

ot |"€% ——

*(uapurMyos}joq
ye wey, TeyIqIULy ot}
aYL\ut yuapors sa0ut) 0331q|—

“g[ay w99q peY YOrT|A
Pete meee reas ssreeesestesees quojOrA

*¢

PLILV ('S°N)

4810
-piu ynoqy

‘W'd 6 (‘S'N)

"WV 9 ("S'N)
“4qar0 4y

“WY 9 ("S'N)

“nv
wST yf ('S'N)

‘W'dg ("S°N)

‘W'v, (*S'N)

"W'd
wSP 48 (*S°N)

"WY 9 (*S'N)

‘Wd f (*S’N)

“Wd f 910JAQ
anuLV (°S‘N)

(*peuornust
you anoyzyz)

"w'v 8 (*S'N)

107

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA.

-24] mb njowmeL1s} ap snrasoy “4 “flaroa ‘d29 ‘essauoaTT ‘etosey ‘eIOION JO SUMO} OT] tees laIOy ZY “quapOrA TAA |sofdenNy 0} aWOY Wor! PL Ue “EOLT

“epMby 48 4[eF 10M
O91 weyZ oe1oul osye
pored yorym Surmp
‘y1¢z 93 03 dn sep

yora 99143 10 04 Aq pa MOY 4STZ
owiqi** Precereer TTT Terre eee eer Tee Ce ey MOTO} ‘OOS FUSS V eeeceersescsenseneees aw0y] ‘¢ — —
“preay o10M oO9sId & JO syaoder 94} a¥IT ; “epmby
SOSION “7p ‘199M ‘SIO}S JNO MAIq} pue ‘sadeyd Ajreoodsa = § Arenuer

*pajonb - |fetaAes ut pouedo yIva oy J, 910} paystied |*paryjer vas 944 TOYTy, ‘Sg 02 ‘N= U0 lyIFT 24} UO poyooye | “MOY TIT
qsuf sroyne 19130 94} pue Ipyereyadoad goog puv ‘paums Ajaja;duI00 sem epMby|oq} Jo YNoUL 94) FV|-doIT ‘syOoysTe19AIG|ATyUNOD ayIT[e pue au0Y|'z “aq —
“cec ‘d Tayseg Cer re rr Trerrr rr Terre rirrr rrr Tere er CU sreeeese0TS 44 sts Vv --oredg ul euo[aoi1eg see as
*sdty 93 JO 4003
aq} 3% Arqunod 94} Te

‘skep u2909Jt. 107 pur ‘uepyy ‘enquepy 32
OS poulemer pure ‘aug suIedeq 41 Ney ‘TIGZ q]2} Ospy “eyinby 42
"920 “90 “IpyeIeyAL PUL SNIASOY|9y3 0} TPT 94} ULOTT OM POULeWMT JOYZVOM JIT | Tt eels SBuTTqQuIeT, 4qSIS|ATTeoadse $ ozznaqy Uq|'g1 ——- —

“moy Is{Z
-anbrmaproy WOUII][OD|*ssssrseeessesseseesseaseesenssescensseceesscesensarseseseslscseeseserssereseesseretersleeseseeesHOOUG AUBNS Yliestteceereseesors QoONT ‘OL

“U}L0F VUIVD

“Ule4siojay SOIZWaATA Ssanbraoystyy |anydmms Jo T[aws s_qeurmoqe ue YIM JoyeM |’ *aquady,
somyjaTy fuyseqg Syonqy f:peoy |pue ‘ory pue ‘seovjd Aueu ut pauado yy ‘aynurmad |pue ‘aomeA ‘eu019A
T09 ‘8g ‘d 4sty ‘FOZT ‘seg joyy, ‘urese posopo spremsoyze pue pojeredas e Ajreau paysey, pue ye Apysis 49 OsTy -
ap S9dTVING Sap “peoy,] ap “4SIF] UT ara AyIO oMUeS JY} UL SayOANYD Jo sayore oUIOg ‘guajota AroA ‘Teor, |'sourmuedy oy} Suoye
‘a7 ‘SUOTJBAIASGO ‘Iplereyy “Tq | waT[ey pey urerAavoy AroA pure ‘Aputam AJ9A u99q -IOA SPM “‘PATOTUOUE || Op9ITT @ *S 09 “MW
‘oer. SEQZT ‘UNI8Ig “FIXIpJe snqis |pey sey} Aep oy, “pum Jo ysnB uoppns ze MOY sy} 4@ paimooo jayqz1]e"N Wo’ SutUUNI “4st
“Wall E04] Taue stud ‘1adnu wey |Aq papaoeid sem yooys oy} aMOY 4yY “pourNs. TOIyA ‘YOoys4sayg ay} jour ev ut ‘epmby pue ye yxo0]0,0 Z

‘sau0 SuIpaoeid ayy

go Aue ueyy ray3any *STILOIN ‘WV G

*spoq tay} Ul Usyeys Surpucyxe ‘syooys |Ayremonsed ‘staepy Jo |axroyog (‘S°N)

‘peoy ‘1109 {Jezyoneyog { puexseg|Apyuazora yng ‘payoor ATUO you oT0M ajdoad yl stelaugpora «AOA BOTT, U0Ue_ Vy} Jo foYM oT IG ‘29q ~=——
*syjuour «oy Aj1vau ‘amnoy WF

‘anbimepeoy WOI09T]0D|10} PULA TINS B pu UTeI TeNUTyUOD Aq PoMOT[OT| teers eels Surpqued) FYSYS W]**** VIOLON pue swWoy|*gT

“BZuraiour
oy} Ul uMep

arojag (“S’N)
“peoy ‘T1990 Saezqoneyog § pueqjiagq eeeeesces yeoiqdkep qe req, Axeay AJOA WP oq uo PO eeUEeCOCUOOOOIC TOSSES ee reer Teed yooys aug eee Tou aT UTT EDL uy" Zz 190

“48800
“OPP d “tA "7 ‘saz xne oftio, ‘sugeT Tersereeceenereereereree TUAMOD UAOIT} QIOM SOSNOTT|OYI YO COS 4 FOF OS[Y|****** SHOOYS FUOTOLA|*****+*++e-e20% anbrarre y|"** Ui eee
—— T, Seq $peoy “T109 Pesos eeeneasertessecesesssersesssees 1 r r jupleuwee she cveessseeecseees nee ee seeeesesserecsereseestlann nn <

“REPORT—1852.

108

CV RAK tn ton

SN TD AR ETN ET Ne EE ae a hee ES I PE EN

“OIG ae eeeeeeretece sss eeccceseeseseeessseesessserssesssesaserlensrsrsesesreeeressssseesss|easseesssees yooys aug emer et eeeeeeeeteeeeee QUO yY 81 s
; “BLIquay) Ut
SCL (0 | LEC ld Sel Sa ae Ra? blade 0 oa segeceeeecessssteeesoueslereees HOOUS quayora y\soorjd ue pur oopodg|"¢T a
: ‘Wd f pue
*ploo JotjyeA PUR JOA SEAL TOTTM 9 uosMjog

‘owt |‘Sutads oy) Surnp yyNos ay} wosy svar PULA OY! Tee seseeeeeeeseneres Qggiag|terretseestressestes* QULOYy|"g —— —

woggiqg| rrettresettteesenssnsesecenseenssennnscctsvocsssoonvnsnveze|serescarasecrarensnescunendlunseareceescaeeres Oagregltseresererseretseters OMIT!Z
‘Wd WOE 4S
ong PPTTT TTT Tee Pee eereneeesstteerseseeelsereeersrarererr ree od Pree eee TT eee ee oI ‘T Indy
“ep
-prur ai0jog

siteaneeeesereseanneeeesleeeeeeres SHOOTS qySt1s seer opmby pur amoy|* 1g —— —

‘oyajodg pur ‘ousdto,y

stataneeeeenecesescneaegaleeeerecescesceerss OAATCT ‘Qu0y qe ospy *031q "42g ——_ ——

coveseacedvesiteddnw syooys a1quqaL, seceecccccceseteusses umby ST i ap

seessesenevseeeesseeseelessese QOUS UTOIA Wieeretss eee TURN FY| PL Ae] —
“yeoiqkep [aun

uoneyse © yenutyu0d

ut Sureq punoid 013

‘Q10UL OM} G 42 ‘Sou

FUSS O94 9 4e ‘DONS

quoora AoA ynq 4.1048

“Ou SOUTeTEerrer Tree err

-eymby 4e paystied suos

“gSOUISBOUN 489} 2019 OI] PAMoys 02 ‘sp.rrq ‘sop fe (uereiy) yoopo,0 ¢ *OUTI
‘uaxo ‘sasioy ayy, *(2UIt} WerTe}]) 390]9,0 6 : qe ‘xayjoue ‘10yJe INoY|-eyW “g pue ‘ojo[odg
qe Aygeorpotsed oyajodg 4e sovjd yoo} sxooys ue “soas N90IJy SuNSe||‘pooymoyysieu Iy4
aso, ‘aov[d yoo} yooys 4s1y oy) usm “asus Quo yoTOrA AoA B 109;e|\pue visnsag ye ‘(OuIG
‘aaoge pajonb |ynoqe Wye auredeq JoyVeM OY, ‘pula Yyonu smoyaary}pouoyuen|-19, Jo Aqonq) o1qns |-yasuns ynoqy

SOOYINE 10430 Vy} pu IppeAV|Y|seA sot pue ‘oUOY 4e yom ATOA sum AUP OUT! Tee OUMT YF FB YOOUS OUO/-N 3 41H osTy ‘amoy|"¢g —— ——
*sIjuassiq] 0} ofdure

-x9 JO} ‘SUOSIIN) OY}
out papus;xo AaTjeA
Sty} Ur syooys Iq}
jo Aue “aN “(1eys

“QUIT, OT] 98 4/9} Bu19q syooys Aue ynoyjIM : -qqury ay} ul ueyy uep | (“109e] smnoy

[eNnsn uey} JoyVM oIOU Jno aAvd ‘sUTeJUNOF 4sey |-uemosyjog ye Ayjuoy |Anoj-Aqu9a\ 7)

‘OWT |ay OM JO IVak 4se] ON} Bump souuty peIOAVg| sess Teer [YF UVY} FUOTOTA S89"T]-OfA OTOUT qyey) 0991 | TT —

“118 aq} UL pAvoy SBA aslou years B ‘aT0Joq “step jo uoyug =v $4 (S'N)

“peoy ‘[109 fsazyonayg {purmseg|moy ue Je] “Woyeys YOnUt a1oM sosnoy ayp\ reese ses SAOOUS FWOTOLA ‘qqury ayy jo AaqealOT'4t “SOLT
‘9 G - "g Z -

i

109

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

*4sodureq yuaTOIA @ Aq papad0ig *sadeLiavo

JO SUT[OL oY} OHI] pxreoy sem osiou ev AquoaenNy

pue Aqjeag yy “uMop uMorq} sXoumIgo pue

HOTJOUL UI 49S B1OM DINGMAN pue s100q ‘m[eo

"peoy [10D £ 28% ‘dat ‘foa ‘GFZ [Apjoozzod sem are 043 ySnoy} ‘pum oy Jo Sut
jo £ #29 “d “TAX *[OA “sueqy, ‘1d -q Is au} aX astou e &q mH 42 poruedmoooy FO Pee eee eens ee sees seneesses

*peoy ‘1109 *a19]} SOAT] Id} 4SOT Suosiad
£021 “d a 4 ‘mod "A ‘Jaydure yy 000‘00z pue ‘pauin.t Sem oppar jo uMO} ony Heat emer e er etanetsreseene
‘c ‘d “Ay °919 *90) ‘4pjoquinyy “Alesseccreccececcenesens

‘O21 ‘d "ADT “OLLI “481] $9.1349'] CORCOUS ECORI ICO IE fi (oF esemep qeoin Lenecaatabaawevaveremereore

“OPC ttreeeeesstttensneeecetseeeetstnecesnseeccsaseessseesgus[teeseseteveneaessenseetens
*Q6 °d *720 °007 “qARJAOG|+++ss0eeeeeeeensreecersereecessecceunaasenenerseessecccsseee|sencessesssseastesesearaees
*poqinysip yonur
a1aM 003 sia
yao} € 4noqe Taz
Osje OUrOyUy,] axel
oy} JO 199eM ONT,
; : 402} $2 [19J MOY 09
[OAT], WOT peor 944
WO 19384 Snoanydins
ay ‘moy ue jo 103
-zenb e ATreou 10F Os
“guayeAodd Atoa |pauremer pue ‘eou
O19M S}LOS SNOLIVA JO Sosvastp sayenbyyAea 94 |-a5 Jo noqaey Jy
*outd|4aye yng ‘ATeyy UL guepunge Ar9A sem Ivok SINT |UT 499% g Ta} vs OUI,

POPC] itteetetecteesstseaeecneeeeeeseeessecesseessesccetesenecesleeecscgcecceseceesenauaneas

0191 "COLT ‘uer 0 dn auloy qe ED O.10M yons a10Ul ON eee ee reese eeeesereeseenese

eee rlen eer seeeeeessenessseeereee

ont"
“ov |"

‘Aquoaeny pue Sqieg
qe a[qoog “ujooury jo
pooymoquysteu oy} ut
qUa[OTA 4SOy, *O7p ‘109 | “W'd |, F IO
“TEC Ynog ‘Aaqraaag ye |g ‘yg (“S*N)
“e* yooys Wepphs Vjos[e + [uy ye“puepsag uy|"g uee “FOLT

eee eee weererenaeeteoes seoovIeg pue erkensy eq sesenceee
*aOUS[OIA SSO] IITA
ysnoyy ‘ae pue sofd

OOo Cre re rere rr rr yy ueder seeveceee

‘pooustmd $= |-BN 4R OS[y "029 ‘eIOION
“modal syooys ayy|‘tuIeNy ‘oyajodg ‘tuszay|\"** ——-—
("198% ay Jo
“moy ‘aoueay Ur yey |74StU 944 UT)

we Jey J0¥ syooys|osty “yuouparg ur ysy\'6z'92q ——
trreeeeeesee STOUT} Vv see cercescccvesesesee 810.10 N| eee "90 p=

*§ 02 "N Woy Aqer
-aued seh syooys
Surpede1d = sno1em
“nU 94} pue ssoyy
JO woop OL “‘yuoUIpely Ur 6 pue
‘syOOYys 4ysqs oOMylajouseuseg pue vousy|t Aap ——
“TUOY PIES
“"**** QOS JU[OIA Y|‘** OJo[odg ynoqe pue uy|*gz oune ——
“amoy 44g
Teorpa alters gunoyy "eg ———
‘W'd 6
teererseeneeeeseeenseoeesleseers QTTOM PUB epnby .o———
sus cnbebbesdecnsn eimby ‘G7 ——
“quouIpetg Ur | “Moy YT
OYs oUC|s[ouseuIeD pue oueD|'g, —-——

dj

sete es eeeeseees

4 2 17! ; cmt wee

Pir. pa - ; : 3 > Els eet ee Cea RA Ey Ae NRG sn ———— — — -

; *payey HOPED BY} JO sat oy} || “WV OT
*peoy ‘1109 $rezyoneyos $ puenseg waeSeducccceceUcat sConcceuncsecudddutensseccscctaccedseuee 138 Sem OUIQY oy] Eau deiawe sess duwene eer tTL Ayqsys pue ‘nest[3q|"Fz"3deg
soggucy| cceeeeeteseeetaeeseteeseseseseneennesssanennncansensenne “ ogigh tee ogre aune

*(sue[D JO U0}

“IZOD | ceesereeseceesseeceseecsssenesseseceacedssanececscessecdesetessarsovacersueseastese mong -QIQTNUOH Aroa y|-weg) sjoyen pue stow|'zeseyy ——

‘99g ‘d “4801 ye o3b 404 you *L pue
TATSUg ‘ 86 ‘d “410 +20) ‘qreyhag SUA qyrea ayy EOL ul uayeys sooeid yeqoaes 4V Fewer sete neteeeoesaseeneee sSurjquiel} 443s OAT, sect teeeeesewereeeee sojden 9 "2a =
; *SOUll} [B1oAeS TULUM pue ‘pooy °
-imoqysieu ay} pue ojajodg ‘uaxeys A[UOTOIA *¥90]9,0 6
“gra ‘oop TAYSeg {*peoy ‘T[ON|t9yI2I GoLMy Sead sopdeN STE OU} PUL SI} UDIMJaR] TT Teese teeteteesleteeeeeeeeeeteeees qByg| eee sunoyl-ozuer "COLT
“GOLT Arenaqag 19%
21} [4UN ponuyuos pue ‘yuafoIA ATaA SBM TOT} °
-dnia ayy, “YeIq IY} JO apis ot} Uo ‘sayURsUT SOT *4UO[OTA 9.10U1

“OIG |ep OUT] UI emmy avau uoyduze uv ste ayy ugh gs aureoaq RGU Ncseaene ue teen otal Zz
*smmoy 991}

a UI pajun0d ao
a ; auru-AjuaMy =. RY}
na ‘oO ‘proy Aqpidex os 030
"1190 £26¢ °d °Z20°907 “4pjoquinyy “A -ue 9u0 SuIpeso
a 2S “d “uasuy “1eueg ‘young eAlrtesstesecccecesenserccncesacerecsrssccesscensccenscvecccresisertssessseseeseccescesiece Ang ‘syooys que]OIA seeeee aylieuay, jo purysy ‘hz 29 ae
& “3g Stupro
& nV *L 09
a “OTs teetnaesersnteeteees seeeteeeceeeseesreneuaanenses[tantaerrscessaeereerceeseceleeesecsessessessesseerseeeel***QQUQIOL] PUB BUSO[OG|nogy —
e uee
a ‘osejadiyory 84} |Sutmor[oz 043
‘onbimaproy MOMDITODh were ee eseeaee comancan = aSeuep qvoi8 IC ak ie se crease eet pera em SH OOUE Aue UL BMI, vS JO PUPTST\o “aoyy ——
*}[2} SEA YOOYS OU JOAQMOT
atoym ‘a[Vg ye puUIM pue Suruyysty] ‘topunyy ‘WV G¢ pur
JO WAIOJS JU[OIA B SBA J1oY} BUT} VUIVS a4 *punor 443 |p usemjog
‘peoy ‘[109 {puensog {xazqoneyos|ay “Ale oy} UT JOajouL yueTLIq @ Aq papadatg| ete SHOOYS FUBTOLA OM T)-UNOD 94} PUB YOLINZ FV¥/"> “AON ——
0g AeIW
aqep oy3 seals YOu “A “QOLT ‘ez Aue TUN
peyst] YOIyA ‘uedoq sntansa, Jo uoydnso ue
Aep owes oy, ‘aaity siqj 0} dn Ayonp ay} ur *SYOOYS UIT
“pRoy “[[09 £*722 ‘207 ‘tarjZegq|snonuyuos ysoumje Useq PLY Syooys afqooy oyp| "OLA PUB TeoLyTOA OAT )"**"** oyajodg jo Ayonqg|'og ey ——
‘Wd £ pur
9 itdoustott
“00 *20) ‘ySo1ry $ yru0.y9 §,J0US10'T Bets sNensaunensbencevsstveosrsasenssss4B0TG) Nout ae eeaoarreersoucecesesentece teoteeeseees Sr ULaT} Vv *OUIe I oq} uo JLOFURIY ‘og ‘ues *FOLT
i=) So Tae ae See : SS er ene eee ; eee
a 9 G ¥ € 6 I

1

111

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA.

‘ow ‘saqUByIp? Serqyary £ stTnsuT
staou op odsey {queaay 9] suep
snsor ap *durod ey] ap suoIssiyy sop
“UIST ANON ‘sndasoy ‘p9E'd “MAXX

8041 Avy [HUN gUETOrA ATreMoyTed Suraquorjoe
ommeoajOA ayy “TTZT [HUN 4sar ye ATaIUa you b
SBM purl siyy, “Auowey-exorpyy pue eiepeg *pueyst 944 JO

"JOA £69 “d “IAXX ‘TOA ‘suvry [yg |usemyaq Auomey-ean pueyst a4} Jo Suister ay} |eAvoydn “pue ‘non *ouTy

£9g°d ‘gost S11 “d ‘2021 ‘sueg uo guanbasuoo “nondnis oTuBO[OA uLIeOIGns @ |-dnsa ay} Aq paye3 aos roy s1eq}0 fq ‘bg pue ‘1z

OP SBOUTS sep “PeOV,] OP “3TH JO JuaMeoUsMIMIOD ayy Aq pAgZ ay} UO pamorfog|-18e APyUETOIA vas OUL|PeMoT[os ‘syooys Auey)****** uLrozueg Jo purysy|‘gy Ley ——
“YOR ‘Al tetcteeseeeseceessceeesessesssecceseseeeeeseeteceesesenes

Tete eee e eee tees ee eres eer oe re essen reseseeeessaseerrlteeeeseieans

PACE “purjeo] sunidg uj——

“LT pute OT
‘ , waeajaq IqSIN
"909 +90} ‘ySonry $ yuo S,ALQUSTOT] |" "eters eeereseesersccccssceccnscevecsscsesessesessevesslscessseensssescsesessecsans TO see acereereeseeescencnees eure yy ay} TO qaoyyUeIy “qeq “L0L1
*puelsoy ‘jesskg-ssourey
“yoy "”A $919 "207 ‘apueysy ua aseko, FOO Perse oreo seers sees esensstees wt lee eee e eee eneeerseeareseselessaneccetsteetsenersessses

Ur SATO pues SBUSUILID|"***++***

"I 'd'Z02 Lauer ‘onbi104s177 TOUMOG) rite ects seers tc tc ee teecteteseesessecereseecectesereceeelens se ereeeesoerleccterencces SHOOYS OMT] eseeerereee ences amo0y|***

“OUI 410s @ Ioy pournqg
pue ‘aig 300} spreasoqye siqy “euoung :
eeu Yea ay} ut pousdo pey yom wseyo
® Woy no Zurmos paataosad sem mmodea Sur
“YULS Yoel B 1aquIgAON 4381 243UQ “paystt
-ad ajdoad goo‘eT -euoujng sizaqj0 ys8uowe
‘ oeupy 9y3 Jo yseoo ay} uo Youay, pue
919 -90] “ony £ 0771q|ouRIoURT UseMJ0q pou oTaM SUMO} XIS-APTGT | reeseeessssereeeeeel gyenbugaea FUTOIA Wirr""******""*** OZZNIQY UT|"E "AON ——

“on ie baal OS ab cogent Nien onal sone eeessecncnecerenesetenslsenseseeteteessencsesecsceslacaesssaceecens eBuqereg uyl-gz 409 ——
“paystied suosiod QooT

yey3 shes pue ‘19q0390 WINE 243 OIep se saAId °

Hon = “pal[ty aia aydoad Auem pue ‘pauma :

‘OO ‘d “900 *20) é TkaS Sem ‘ounlajeg wmo1y soytun cL ‘OISTA Pp ouerdery, FOP Renee rere sesereresesseeelereseceseeeseeretscssenesee Cet eee esate teetees Apoig uy "63 °4deg ———
"E6¢ “d “F°4 “729 907 “4pjoquin yy *A “aL0Jaq 8B

fepz -d -ujasuy ‘reuey ‘yong ‘aleoetd owes ayy Ur woYydnie we &q patueduosoy Tote eeewererrerneceeeeeasnslsetnetseseeseessesseseseces

see eereeeteceetene ayieuay, c Avy —_—_
“aULOY 72 419} OS;y ‘said
“tN pue epnby 42 Aqrer

“66 “d “400 *20] ‘qreykag heh err ey erry See -adso SeLiqeyeg pur ApoIg "pTady “OOLT

Oe we ees eeeenelertsecseeseseeteeeenesenees

*pauma sea *yooys oy Xq ‘edinb
‘anbrmepeoy uoraq[op/edmbary jo youysrp oY} UL BOdTY Jo aBeTTIA oy |paavoydn sem vas ayy| ssc cesteteeteeeeeesee “ary Ieveu nJag Jo 4sv0p|-9zg ————
“482 N'd J
“oI eee nc ee casei aeseaeincinnce (Hse a arsisinesesssosicnsieeeeceusitoes|scnsevspenaunati¢ine bes eaeenc ayy meq} queyora 210] ones ay pue yormz, WAI ae, See
; | Curv shes
*SUOT}EPUNUT Sno1}sestp Jezoneyos
Pasneo pue ‘pura yynos ® a1ojaq yZUOM aT} I F pur

_ {jo Suruurdeq ay} ut payjou Aypidex pey Aous

ayy, “estou pnot Aq saovid awos ur paruedu

cia a Yt

ee, ren 7 Per sy ———

“ound
“07191
“ov
“Oud

“Ou
“ound
‘oN

1852.

REPORT

"9602 °d ‘g0Z 1 ‘xnodary, ap sarlomIp

; "1re “d
jw ‘gOL1 ‘enbraoystyy jeumor

‘on

“oI

“Out
“payonb ysnf *o2p “peoy,| ap “981

. “OIANSIA [OP BILO}S] SOUT}
-ualtog {*729 ‘907 ‘AIO J, BI[Op VLBI,

9

112

rreseesseeseesers grou uBouBLIasqns Aq pepedatd

PTUUTTTT TERR eee

TTT TTTTeTeTTTErE eee eee

PPPTTTTTITIL

cee ee ecco e ew recee ccc denceeassensceesovessenecosceussroganees

were eccc recs ese ecnce eee secesseeseesneeeessrsasesstsneeseree

PTT TTTTTPETTeT er

‘ayenbyyiva oy} Se ou13 oUIeS O44 4B
qsnf onbsouvyy 32 odvuep yeai3 pip SpULAAYy A
OM], ‘Y}AOF OUUVO soMMNY pur ‘NdIV'] JAIL ty
uo pauedo yyave ayy, “SapOIYaA Jo Surjor pue
‘Surmoyeq ‘Aray[yxe JO osieyostp ay} 09 ‘dr
yo dn Suryeorq ayy Aq paonposd yey} 0} pared

PPPTTTTTEPIET TTL ee

‘TMOP UMOIYY SoTIINYO auIOs pu sesnoy AUB

PPrrrrrereererrerrer rT Ter errr Titer ree

-guity Buoy @ 107 snonuyy

-1100 soulye uaeq VAvY 07 Aeadde sauo 10;4SI]8
quq ‘pauoyuemt oray axe syooys [edrourd ayy,

‘astou pnoy Aq poruedmoo0y
*soajasmey} Jo pouado sasnoy ay} Jo sLoop su,
teeseeeeeess KIQBIOPISUOD PASBOIDUL PUL[ST MAU IU],

‘aorndnia ul eur} SIq} SuLmMp sem urezUNOUT VY],

ty

2 ama ed —,

Feet eee weetetonersteneses
Ser ewereneeerereeressaweres
Seem e eee eee t ane eeeseeeae ees

Lene eee e een eeeeeeeeeeseeree

eee reer cere eer eer re err Ty
eee wart t een en eeeeeeeeeenes

setae eenee Henn emeeeerees

“4093 € 10 Z
poyeagla d19M JOUBI

‘yreyhag £07}1q|-u109 Ajsnomwa sem Yorgas astou v Aq poturdurosdy|-N(] 94} JO S19yeM OGL

Peete eee ee nears teeeenesee

TTT Terr

coer teen eet en tee eeeeettees

amet eee ewww ewer ererererens

see eerewe weer et eeneenereses

eee ee eee ser ewenaeesesaenes

v

=o te ae ana . = ————_——_—_—___—--- —-
scandens wa iin al ak

***q019[0TA O10UL Sond Peewee eee e eee eeeetees

eeeeee Surpquieay qqays awe eeeeeseeeseeneeee

siseeteenssseeesoe QgqTcp|teteeettersseeseesnee

Hesse yoys aoyjoUy| ttt
“OALS YOU 1aq40
ey} jo moy eq
‘pauoruaUl otal} 944
qe yedroursd oy} ‘Aep
sty} uO SyoOYS OAT,

Preveer rere ter

siseeeeseenaneees agicg|terseetertstessesees®

wet eee ter eeneereneeee

sseees yOOYS JOYJOUY

‘WY g

0341q|'96 —— ——
‘Wd w ST 48

ON. ae
‘WV ¢

0341 |' £6 —— ——

“ay Stuprur

9r0j9q OH V

OUNCE ee ees

*Y90]9,0 OT ©

o1g|— —_
*Y20]9,0 g

ONG ===

(‘sorohyy pur ‘MO1aISIg | *N'V AGT 19
‘soyflosiaeyy «= ‘WOTNOT, = j.19938 91991] V
+s+ee* OOS JUA[OIA W/O} papuazxe OsTy) ‘OIG |p ‘Sny —

(sadty
+sseeeeeeaTIQTOIA TOUJEY|SOSSV IY} UL) onbsoury|"¢z
‘Tenoeg *s1odsaA JO

pue‘euojy0y, ‘eojyereyy joy of} FV

dere twee se er eeeeaneseeeases 48 Aypetoodsa $ Blaqeleg "EDIT

Serre rrrrrrre rrr rrrrr er

seen eeraweweeree 4431S ween tenet ee reeee tons

setae tees eee ee tenets teeeseel ee See reweeereneese

‘WY g jNOqy
ONCOL SS

“OT pur 6
uaaayaq WSIN
ost )q29d = “BOLT

ond | <6 —

set enaeeseerereces 443g sneeee ULIOJUBS jo purys] ‘SI 4ydag
*‘pooymoq | ‘gt ‘Sny 03
“++ gyooys snorauNN|-YSteu ay} pue sntansa, gz Ae *ZOLT

Ԥ %

‘I

a

113

“

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PH NOMENA.

7 ter ae
Pe A A

SULOISIOJOY| Tete tseeeeeeseseeeseeeeeerseneeesseseeesesans

“CT “d ‘gELT
‘TOY yI03¢ ap Sa0UaI0g ‘sap SEXO) ge tee ee eee cen een Wen went Ens Ent evs = ER Een

*SOSIOU UeaUBLI94
“O}VTC|-"qNs TILA popuasye sem soyenbyjzve oy} Jo YOR

‘anbrurgpeoy woroalpog|*******r****7****"*****sastou aatsodxa fq papaoaag
“traysz9yo yy |""" Heveeuwesensierbeedesepetbunsbweckhsiveusbeeewetres’s

(01) ( (fla CEO EL COR uO O UCU LOU.

TOPPICT| or rrteettttetteeteteesteneeseecsscesersssecsecsaaserereees

*0791([| U0} 94} UL SB [Jom se AtQUN0D Udo 94} UT 497

“OPP! esr eec este eceseceecseeeseeceeeceesanesesersenessees

*a10Joq SB YjIea oY}
“OIC UL $}J9TO OY} WOIZ YILOJ oud *o2p ‘19;eM ‘sotUET]

* “OPP! reser tes tessa r eee ees eeeneseeeesevereseeesseeserens

POPPI rerettttettttteetsteetececcceseeeersesssecesersaescceeseslescccsnaateresessscessaaseelsseneeesessseesens CYT (¢ |

“0171 SOOM C eee eee eee eee eee rene sete een eee HH HOE E Hees enteneues

Tog |

“OG

' es PL ay —
ao COLELLO ELT AP GREY Eee Ee P ere tdi

Ce eee errr err Trees Cer e rT errr rr erry

rrersererecersseverscasereslesesseeessyoUs [BIOAVg|"***** QUIUY YI UO WlaIg|“g “ACT “OTLT
“puesousayy uo
rrrereveveveveresevereneves|senesasersoroneeeens.soeceelBurapzog Aigunod ayy Aj —

*pauorjueul
; aul} 94} Sulinp
sretereoereceusseceeseeseeslgonenbyqIed 0994.1N0J Cob e weet tarsseeere

rasterssesssnsnsureevenerecliseseatenenstasesseevenevealeoreesereee® QT OL BUMIT| OZ “ICAL
SYOOYS [VABAVG]SIIV[H JO uoyuRD oy} UT|"g ‘Wee “GOT

Co oo eee e rr rrr rr rr

=

eteeeseeceeeseseseeteeea! S¥QOUS JUOTOIA OLOPy| tet tteteeetesessees
*19 000
JO syySiu Moz qsry
oy} Suump Sumut
HOR meee e et eee wees eesease -u00 ‘syooys [e1dA9g SOO R erase ees eeeestene
*482]
teeevereeseereeeeseseseesslgun Tey} O[qISUOS BIOPY| ttt eteeeeeseeeeees

COP e meee eee tees ee eeeeeeeees yooys qy SIs Jayjouy Seema ee eeeeeeeeeseees
"aUIly Sty} SULT
“np syooys 443s
eereteeerererersceseeseensltgoyTT JO UBO}ANO |" tt ttettseeeeees

SOOO eH eH e tee eeeesesees qUOTOTA TayeI !oWIG POPP R eee eee sweet tnes

reesceesnvousereceasereeeualenseesereHQQUg JOUJOUY| reese seseeteeeess

Hea eeeeeeereseee

OPPs ee rereeeeeerasesesesslssseee Surquia.y ysoay oo

AO mete meee eeeeee
7 4 co

rere

neg uy/gT [ady ——

OVC 80 Tanta

“OTLT
‘T ‘ure 03

‘WV Z

‘WV

& pue 4ysu
-piur 4e Ayyet0
-odsa {g] pus
ontd|9 “PO ——

“gyda
AoA “0G 04
oIG|k2e ——- ——
‘W'd WOE yf
o441C|'02 ——- ——
“qqstu
“pia ayy
oytq|"¢t ——- ——

"GT 04
o1G|L 3deg ——
WY wSh 9
ONG ee
‘WY WOE uf
19938 9199] V
0331¢q|'0g ——_ ——
“NV a id d10FOT
ong) ——_ ——
‘WV WOE uf
0331G|'62 —— ——
“qystu 4V

"V aSL ug |

1852.

REPORT

114

"112 “d ‘sey

“PILL “1Oysty] “wmMor {-peoy “109

“eRPYO HpospeH

‘anbimapeoy uoroaT[og

“peoy "[[09 § puraqs9g

*J09 *00) ‘yxeykag
‘om “SURI,

‘Ud § 0% ‘d ‘1x +4 ‘sadedo, sap
‘ugs “ystyT fg¢ ‘d -qy ‘udyualey

“Ou

*y2a +90) ‘yaxeykag
“eAeYO Wospey

“gra “907 “reykag

"1d ‘ZT LT ‘stag ap soonaiog
sop ‘peoy ‘est ‘d Mr} “peoy 1109

“OpIC
“OI

“#00 “907 “y.1eyKag)-
*“ylUOIYD 8,usjoyorg $ uleysiezoy
fp ‘d ‘TIZT ‘suivg ep saouetg
Sep ‘peoy !1gt‘d “M4 ‘peoy "Joop
“e0t “d ‘oniq|"

"BOL “d “770 “907 “Gavydag

"Teh “d -a “foa ‘saiuojoy Ysty
“Lg 94} JO “4styy ‘UAepY “MMOS UOTY

“)

*sjossnig
pus AYUysevpy 72 UMOP UMOITY 19M SAQUUTITD
*sinodva pamepul pur 19}2M JO sysinqyno Aq pa
-MO][OJ pue ‘astou pnoy e kq paruvduiosor ‘auro
-luny e{qitte @ Aq ‘aaojaq skep omy ‘papsoarg
“yguout
a} Ul Jorpea saov[d auies at 4e syooYsS 90113
ay pry Ady, yey} pres suosiod aMog ‘omy
OULOS LOF AB 9Y} UI puNos Surpysiy v Aq poMmorjog

Hemet eee tang eats steer seer enenne aseuep 9u0s pia

eee Te eee eee eee eee reer eee ere rr

“UOTdNAD UL SBA SNTANSAA ‘Iva STYy JO 10q
“M9AON pur ‘19qG0}0G ‘udy ‘yoarypy ‘Arenaqay uy

OURMIOY OLIVUIMIA JIT} JO YOIe UL UMOP Mar,

SOOO re err. herr rrr
PPP eer er reece er ee reece errr ry

POOR R eee meee teense ett eeere et et eesusesace Hee tew ete neeenee

see ween eeeeee ee ee er eee eee eee rere eee eer ees

“prey pue ‘Surupysr] ‘rapunq} jo w10}s e Surg

ror OTRO eee e eee en eee eaten ae seeeeseeesssnee

Seema eee e eee e eee ene eE® ON eees ees esasssaeseetesesiees

PPE ee eee sere ewer eres tere saeesseeeenet et seseesseeeeesesees

eer ee

POR e eee eet eeeseeeaeees

Peer rer reer rrr

POO eee ewer etre seentttene

eee eee eee ery

FUER t meee eran atereneesesee

CP ee rere rrr

NOON O meee eee e sere eeetees

ewer ee ee eee eeereaes

TOPO eee ee mereeereeeseseee

Ae m ewe e weet teense seneees

«¢ FUOTRU
“uoTInog ,, aulyy
ay} jo siayea ayy,

Pee receccccccececessscceves

Oe eee ew en eee tense eeeseees

i :

vif

teereeeee SyOOYS FUSITS|pur ‘

Peete renee ee enseeeeraseseeele

“snag 48 [97 OSTW

yNVyUrByy “GueqVig/ gE] “Uve "PLLT
tenon a[dounueysuog seeeeeene

‘aBQrT/'W'd TT 0} &

“oats

sreseseeeeee HQOUS aug|-dozyg ur AJasog Ieayy|tseets ——

‘SIRTBA JY} pur ‘apSry
JO JUDTIUIOAOS a0

“qqsra
plu put "Wa
IL weemjog

yooys yuajora AJA Viay3 pue (¢xeq) vag|,_‘Suy ——

“4prysnon 32 Ayperoadsa

“ACPPLL

See e eee ee ee ee teen eeeeeeres £VUUTA puno.ze pue uy ‘OL [udy

“posed sty

Surmp syooys uaayxIg|**"***

"1g Avy

visnjepuy Ur uae l|o} Zz ‘Gag ——

weeeee yooys QUO[OTA Y]rrtsse ts tsseeee uI10ysa7 eg “mer

‘ayenb

eee ee eeeene soulpquiary, .
“***""*°Sy 908 [RIIAVG

CO eed eee eed

STARR eee ee temo ea eeeeeernes

POOH meee tan eareetonuee

*avahk
aq} jo Suu

weleeccccocsece yooys aug seme eee etter eeseeesee aw0yy -ulsog ‘OLLI
. a[dounueysuog SO cre ee &

“punod
-Yjtva yuaporA AtoA W|ATyUNOD ay} pue Sizdieq|-cz
“punos san3va] —¢ 1OF
“srereeeerISUOMIAUD OY} PUB SLIeG|'g “30Q ——
Rocsnnectaden aan AyoIg 3 ——_———
***+-T1007-d0-Ud5.10G |" T
“"* 201d A |'OT Ae ——

‘W'd Jf ynoqy

‘WV ¢ pue

"QUIYY 9} svaeyse Sur jf wsaajog
~puszxa ‘agg pue younz)"§ “qay~ ——
Ozznaqy U|'TT

‘Wd fF pue
g wag

sreeeeees SyOOYS BOAT" BIAGeTeD Ul oLBsay)-4 ‘ure “LLZT

ee a Se

"8°" MOUS UOTOIA irer++* azURZ Jo puepsy| ee -QTZT

S

‘T

115

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA.

“A "4 ‘90915 ua o8efo A

*peoy "[[09 fatezyonoyog § puvxysz0g

"Z1¢ dt 3 ‘odvho, “yppoquinyy *A
‘oI
071
"69¢ “d
‘QIZT ‘Teay ‘onbroystyy eutnor

“y10 +90) ‘qaeyzhag
*UI948.10J0y
"G6a “d
"A "4 ‘Q001N uo advo, ‘ol[tAonbnog

“0V1

"GOL ‘d “4avzhag

*pRoy "1199 ‘ pueayt0g
“oq “A

*peoy "199 | purxysz0g
“OVI

“LIL “dt “4 "Toon
ap smog ‘yonzT £*720 ‘907 ‘41ejhog

‘ont

*peoy [199 { tazyoneyog { puexzag

"00 *a0y §

“OVI
"G6¢ “d

qavyhog|UMo.1y} Sead

I9yy opeur 1oyvM yoy Jo ssutads puv ‘pousdo

eh rrr rere

“ereeee nomfur ApyeoI3 a1aMm edmbary pue eury|***

SOPOT e Reem meee eet ae ewe eres eee neneeseseseeeesestguuenererle

POOR e ORO O OHO e er Ose es erro cree sree seo en seer Tee Peederseuuedelee! Cerneeeeceacecevesessers

FORO e eee meee tn ne we ntsenes

eer ee rere ery uMop uMoIqy sosnoy Aue

pe eeee ee eee eee eee er eee er rrr

fener ennes . Benet e enemas eneee

“symy, oy} Aq eaneyT wS Jo
PULIS] PUL LOLOP OY} JO UOISBAUL aq} Popadag|*ee ttercceeeeseteeeeees

SOOO OHH eee eee setestoneees

tate eeetaee

prey pus Jepunty jo WI04S B sunng OO ere ere rere

PPP ee ee ere Pee re er er ne

Ce ee eee rrr iy

PPP Pee ere eee rer

“syoOYs 91} 10932 AjoyerpauruIt
P[lur auvoeq ‘ploo useq pey Ory ‘“toyyeaA ayy,

CPP ere eee erry

SOTHO meee anew eeneeesens

COs ee ee

*“Arenrqay pug oy} oyep
8B soars ‘Aqr0yyne Aue Suryonb ynoysm ‘oxy +A

Pee eee
PP eee Teer eee eT eee errr a

eee Ty

FOOTE eee e were ever eer es eas eeeETerenereHOFeneeeeeeEsEeHeert lanes sssebenenereneseaeesece

‘uMOp

‘‘syooys

‘yor, | wd WOE yl
NZ JO wow, ‘nesysqi¢ judy

"8 0}
nag uyjg —— ——
C01 @ aS
sr" syOOYsS quonba.tq sense

PPP eer ree cee ee ees

Pee eee ee eri
Herta we eeeeee

onid| ——- —
A'V ZG
pana A) (0) 9,0 Srp citmee scree nese: SOT a he *e "qo
(gem
-AT[] Up) ,,2yUeIsUOD *e “qay] 04
“'' syo0ys poywoday|iaysopy wr zon Teg ,,|g¢g —— —
vereresees YOOYs OUQ/YOIINZ Jo uoquey oy} uy|*g ‘uve “OLLT

er eee err reed eOIO IN au} Ut Ayquqoig seeeeeeee s
“ANGOTM

JO a8e] [IA ot} Os[e pus |

NTO errr meee ere es eeeewene ‘Auoxeg ul yoszqaq 4V ‘gl oune ——

‘soy Ay.1y) pue “RISOTIS
XIS 1O¥ SUORI[IOSO/UL UoYyosay, Jo youystq|T Av

tee eeeaee syooys dal, rootsensuecudevesre GAGUdn) ‘Tl judy

sereeseeseee BUTT UIT Vv ye a eee NOTLEN ‘61 -

Oe tee ee were tnne

qySys| ee srepeA O43 UY) "OT “Gag
yooys aug}****** Ayeqy ‘nor ey uy]— ——
‘sXep
Sumuaruos
poyeadayp|sssteteeessteees sIoISTV|"6z ‘uee ‘GILT
' ‘W'd 6
senseerereesssacessecavscns|eastvecerenscezeveses gate] ae
“YOUN JO U0} | ‘Wa ,,08 yf
“ued ‘nesi[sy Jo 4o113stqq}"Gz “0aq] ——
*paanfur
yonur sem <Ayyeadsa

HLL

were n en eeee

xis

PPP ey

“WV 6 DI0JOT

eee ery

seed 4e yoanyo e jo wonyod V SOOT Here e tener eee eeeeeeene

‘souvreodde

qitvo oy, ‘UMOp UMOIY} O19 sasnoy Qgzi’
*poanfur

‘aqtaonbnog yonur 10 uwaop UMOITY TayI10 sSarpping [e19A0g SOOO we eee eee eer er eeererens Roky oe e

*

seed ‘valoyy oy} uy|e 4ydag ——

“48UT Ot} UBT

ee eer aTqut19 POUL © you wee emmoyeydan jo purysy "83 ‘any ea

GT iGo

Lon.

REPORT—1852.

116

eS =e P “yaa . So esse
‘ayenbyy1v0 adozoq APA04g
-anbimepeoy m01j09][09 Pee eee teen eet eeeteteeteeseseaeate® aSeurep yonur Pia HOO eT Oe reese eserereeeeeens 2[qvrepisuo0o AIOA V paeveshevowss owls eee STINT) Te ‘any
‘Wd f

*TaZONIYIS $ puens10g £ou1q MGapessctlvseuiaccveneavesavccsesucdvdubedusctueee ic 0s0s eves) seasvevacavevdeVerecetsnens|s0eunpubaeadiesuvesswoubene|vswetuactetueeeers nesy3q ‘9
“OICT| tere stsea nets Rette reside oan gaponebnsersecparkievetesennclonsoesonsesssreessnvetanelese SHOOUE OTITT OMp ers steesteee=ss> Tete sy Ate ee
“YUOTA sty Sutanp uorydn.zs [Ny ur sem sNtA *8z pue
‘ONIC|-NseA “suOISO[Axe URdUBIIAIqQnS PNOT Aq Papadatg| "rere et ss ets tt eeseeeee ee eATTQTOTA LOMICT| tteeteseeeerees® eieyeg|4z —— ——
"LL 0
Te SA ae a | ee neat lee Se Reg = S [ N
‘aeoo.14seg pue
’ ‘oyj0%tpozzog ‘ozzeT
; “IN 3B qUaTOIA ysour
‘ATloIg JO YyOU ayy
ul pue ‘ouvom, ATTeIO
“UT94S19JOY At Ree OR eee rene en rene saat eee FEES THEE OSH sete ea ne tetanus ee eeeel ee eH Hae seessteeenseneaser|tse ene eeenasees 4UaTOLA -odso ‘sa]s] wedry au ‘eeudy*ZTZ1
7 “‘Zuesresqy pue syory
: -y[Bq Sexel oq} use
ogg ‘dt 4 ‘(egsT ‘3.1nq -aq ‘alesunozq 4014s
“s19}9q IS) ‘“SYDIay woyosissny ‘pours ATToy ysouye sea ‘uryoag Jo “Ip ay} Jo aoym ayy
Jap o1yderdodoy, nz a8eiytog ‘y[eq{|ouBo[oA ay} Jo ysaM-YINOS VY} 07 ‘NSYY UMOF OYL| ee esseseereessseeeeesterrrreees quigtota ATI A|YSnoY ‘VIsy [equa UT|****tt++* ~——
‘0d 1099e]

at} 3 YUSTOIA 4soq ‘NV F
"09 +90) ‘greyhag| ttttess sss VIULIL JV UMOP UMOAY} 219M SOSMOP| wecub Wee Cross #s5ces?eme=**harrgag) pue vurssay|'T vq —
“Yea oy) :
Wosy S930 Aq ‘are oY} OIF padd0rd 0} auIOS
Aq pasoddns ‘uoyueg sq} ut zny-ap-[ep 243 *SUOIIA ‘Wd ¢

“O7V1G|UI prvay Udaq PRY astou v “Wa Z IV YIQS aya UG|

vi [tttseecererersseeeeelng guy pue ayeyoaN|gg ‘AON’ ——
: ‘W'd [[ pue
OT veamjagq
“e989 Baguan|"g¢g —
*sad10py pue
“prov "1199 § pueaqieg PP Pe TT OPP eee errr eer vere rrrrer ri eer eee eee ssteeerees ONS [eqaaog “( uorg) UOINT ‘eAauoy) "cS oune —
“sooeld 1ayjo ye pur
yeiepey [iq] au ST[Iy 944 Jo sapis ay} WoT
aoetd yoo} sdispury 4018 yey} sppe oF] ‘ules
aq} SI ssapqnop #1 4nq ‘YyyUOW 9} Jo aJep sasnovidg pue erueyed

‘on SOFT HOTTER EEE TE HOO EHH ESTEE OHH ESE ET EEE SHEE EH SERHFE SEES SHEESH ESESH HSE EEE Ear E teas EHH EEEEHEEEEEEEEE? oud see eeeeeee

IY} INOYZIM 4UIAD SI} SAATS ‘AIEqIeg UL S[OABLY, ye ‘QOUdTOIA SSaT ILM ‘oune
‘anbimapeoy UoMoaT[oO|sIy ut ‘meyg *paysied suosied Q90‘0g SIOLSLy FY\ Teel saqenbyytve yuoTor, |yZnoy} ‘y[ayJ osTy *s1oLSpy|pue key OTs 1

*¢ v *§ %G ‘T
ee |

9

117

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

OIG wssuereoacserassreaeunedaascntaessganssanessnecnundaucaesesslannssuseensundasscassauenssle Ho TN9T ATIOUS OUL| eee ons Ame —
“WV TT 0

¢ Woy Yooys yIAVe

94} UTGO-UIOL-ULT FV

"SULT IBF g JO IYSIOy
24} 03 ‘Bas 94} O¥I] *punor
SOABMUITaZpueossor {fe A1yUN0D 94} pue “is

*sUIe}UNOUL a4} WO deTd yoo} sdrspuey yeo1d qyiva ayytono-Suo0y, |-ueyaoutaosd asouryg

pue ‘sooejd Aueut ut pouedo smseyo oSnzy Jo Aq10 944 JO WJA0u jay Jo TeyIdes ayy ‘nog ‘WY ¢

‘Woy ‘A {*peoy “[100|"pasoye Apyeor3 sem YIIVI Vy} JO ooVJANS BYT| te lQU OT “yuaTOIA A19A|-NOg-UIg 10 Ueg-ueS-UIg|"6, ———

: “pooymoq “OL pue cT
-Ys10u 943 pue‘(euuerA |aeeMjoq F4SIN,
‘anbIWIpVdW WOTOT[OO| "sr stereeetereeees MOP MAMOIGY QO SBUIPTING | s**t tseestsseee-s-* eee SHOOYS JUOIOTA [RIOAVG|WAIOIZ solr g) ypeIsnan|‘oun¢s —

‘sa[sy Areu
; -Vj—olIeuey) at pue
*yydap yeo18 Jo . ‘sal0Q 9[t ‘puog-sueg ‘aune
‘oq sornssy SUTULIO ‘sgoetd Aueut ul pouado UIJLEDOU fi ees eee eae ssa caw naes Neee sche iea els velar ccs ass ort ‘Qaelg ort ‘nay ap AT 10 Ae
“penui4u0d [IS sntAnsa A ‘SI ynoqy

‘anbrmapeoy uorvaT[OD\Jo uorydnsza oy], ‘UMOP UMOIY} a1OM sosMOpT| ts eerste sete [ores syoous aTOy | ts ermeyeg| yore, ——
‘ure8e yues uy}
pue osiom 9[qt1104
-e76 ‘d ‘tt “4 ‘wor norey |e YIM vas oy} MOTT ‘anbruryreyy 4e *£ pue g
ep “mam ‘cee ‘d ‘m4 “3pfoq |-auI0;y OMBOTOA ay} Jo uoNdnIe Ue pus ‘oud jesox pue] Jo adard OS[Y “SOIPUT SAA, AY} | oaA4eq 4USTN
-uInyy'A {sadeAo, sopasoaqy ‘sorAq|-t1my snormy e Aq patueduoooe yusoutA “4g uyje anbrumseyy IeaN|****** uapora ATOA|UI yUadUIA “4g Jo pUrls]|"yorey_Y ——
“PROV “TOD 94} Inq sorpLIOy NE Tato 911} Fo
‘on sue &q POWOMWIUL JON “FUO[OIA SBAA PUTA OY erreecssesrsereeecsrereees|eereseeesercccsececseceees|seeaaeecesscescecs Sizdiary ‘<Z ——_ —
‘9]0U B UL ayenbyyea sIqy suoTueUt ATUO
qnq ‘dep oumes ‘ay uo ‘oorg Tq ‘spueyst asoqy
JO Jaqjoue ut uodnia ue jo syeods yopy “A
‘QUII} QUIOS PoqseT YOIYAM uoMdni9 dUEdIOA B
‘anbimapeoy Uotyo9T[09/Aq pamor[og ‘estou [nJpeorp @ Aq poruedmMOddy|"**teestsssrseeeeeeeeees ees

***Kep a[OyA @ poyse'y
“ereyg Tyospe Fy seeeeseeseccccasesses Ay10 aq} 0} auop esemep yonyy seer eeseceanereeesseseesces

sete wate cece enssenencescees

“* salozy ay} ur yekeg!"1 “Gad “SILT
IOUT VISW Ul vateseg|****"** —

“m00u TV

07410 |'L6 —— ——

"W'd 8
“peoy ‘T1090. $ eztqoneyos { puens9g eee c et eet eee nee e eect reece anes reas reese reser eee senator een eee lseennesnseOeneeeereuseevaes[enteseaneeesseseesegerssnee|seutstevetsesssecs ness gL :09q ——
; "gzg “d ‘oorxay

TOA o1aIAdY—'MSIogq = ‘ypruIyoS :

-auu0g £ 862 “d t "4 ‘qpjoquin yy OA Meee cbceadadnsinese nee seltcacssccouccceverveccasdadcecegus case |sicsisveeeinasweseseusigeewwe

“0791 POO e meee eee eee H EOS e ease eset EE EHHOFHSEESEES HH HESS EE EE HSH HOSES OEDEEESSOBSHSH SHEESH Ose emeE SHES OESE HEHE eneees| sesseereseesesseessee

‘ ee ee er re

Ik iq ! ezyonsyIs fond se seaewaseveees: pyo Ajauieryxe wu

ee eee ert es

REPORT—1852.

118

I “1

*S[RAIAIUT 4 felsndjag sv avy se pue |Suruutdsaq pur

EOUT(T\ omen sete esmeewecnnaa eet De cemasensttvanensP Ss oaNvevensent|eernameyacnrerteenyaetewven SYIOYS JUOTOIA AOTIVY ‘ezuaotig qe ‘Auvosny, uy|qore yy —
*pouma : ;

*OVICI|a19M Sosnoy QOZ pur sonbsour soy} oddapy pY| ee syooys Auepy|*** oddapy pue euaduig)*** —— ——

‘skep Ajay} LO a8va0) ‘oure.o7T pue oused

4Ou pIp syooys oy} e]d|-wvyD ut svovid jeroa

-OUTWULISUOD IY “oUured|-as ye pue fuopsun, | (‘astruns a10J

-107T pure ousedmevyOlomes oy} jo syjivd |-oq moy ue

91 “A | SuruzySy pur rzapunyy Aq poturduovor outer ULFYSTS nq SVM JUaWjAoqy}o AuvUT ur pue |jo Joz1enb &

‘XI[X ‘JOA ‘suviy, [qq ‘cop ‘d |-r07 pue ousedmeyyg uy ‘parry ejdoed Aueu -9AOUI OY, ‘*[eonzlog|‘[esnjrog ‘eiqaespy ut |jesnqt0g uy)

‘ame ‘6 LLT “109st] [euMor £ 0791q|pue ‘pouins o19M sanbsout omy o[douyuRysu0g yy] ***|UL SoqNUICL MOF paysey|vaourl[iA 3@ Ospy *0791q]|"9

“OTT "A SOMITE | trreeteeste reset esse eteeee cee eeeee nana es Bd “+ syooys quopora|sssss**** afdounuejsuog|g yoreyy

‘onbimapvoy m01V09]]109|"* eter eceteeresesecsseetlege serereeeres” gorpmuee|*** asl
*spuv|sl SULIMOGUsIou
18g “G ‘savy ‘GILT *payoesd 919M STIR 9UOS aq} JO aMOS pue VdIUAA|'N'd F NOGY
‘anbirojstzy jeuanor Lay 19 pue ‘9019, 4 UMOP UMOIYY SVM ADUUMITIO Pls tees eeleeeeeess SMIOS [BIDAIG|‘VUsO[Og ‘RleIIag ‘enped|'sZ ‘ULE “GLZT
6LT*
29M ZI ‘saugy ep onbuqny ey *SUINI OU} UL SAAT, Id} YSoT suosiod AueuT
snos) STZ 1 ‘29q{ ‘sourry ap aMaIOP|pue ‘padorysap sv PURIST OY} JO [EIU oyg| cece et eee sees eeeeeeelseeeeeeee sn TAG JO PuRpsy| ets? ——
‘Wd g pur
*(jayeyoynoN jo uoyuey |g ud9ajog
“‘peoy 109 $ Jazyonayos $puryiog POeeUU ECO CT ITE CECE U TST ESSE Seee eee eer rerr err ere reece eeer sr CeCe e reer eee eee eer ere trreseeereQOUS yeraaag ayy ur 400 pur) nesyoq ‘olL—
rt g0uv}10([UIT Ssoy

; yo saaqgo AjyuoMy
Aq pamorjoy sem
fanoy uv jo 193.1enb
@ ynoqe poyse[ pue
"OPLT “surety QUO[OTA SBA TOTTAL ‘TAPIMG *T (Ae
‘MOYyI0Ig sp sedUdINg sop *peoy|-uNoUr aq} UI sainssy Jo Sutuado oyy Aq pamoppog/ | BUTqMia 4sty OY L/ur puesoutozy awayy|so) “09g ——
*Sd10ZY OU}
Ur 4795 OSTY “pe[eo os
Ajredoad arreureg pue
BIngUdAdIOT ‘(4 N27)
“S]TIY ot} VIO’, UMOITY Jay ep at ay ur Atjed
‘anbimapeoy UotoaT[OO/a1aM syOOI pue ‘punords oy ur pouodo suiseyg| eet |shep usagyy JOJsyooys|-roursd ‘fsajsy Axeueg|"** ————
‘Wag pur .
*(jayeyonoN Jo uojueD |g uaaMjog
*TOZONOYOS {PUBdyo {PBdY "TJOD| cre ssserresseess sts tetteweeweeceseneeesseceeesecceeelcareceerecesercesesccescesleccessrosscceeecsveseeserelona UT gou DUB) NESIST|/ 7 AMC SILT

9 ‘¢ iz € G “|!

119

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZNOMENA.

oy
‘onbrmapeoy 101402][09

“lozloneyog § pueysog £o1q
‘anbimapeoy wor09][09

“029 ‘sa0TIaING Sap
‘peoV, Op “4StET {xxx ‘QOT “d
‘IXXX ‘ecg ‘d “Axx ‘69 ‘d ‘IAxx
‘JOA ‘SueIy, “[Yq {*720 ‘207 ‘yong ‘A
*LLg Cts ‘Joa ‘spoavry, pue sadedo,
§,UOPOYULY Ul ‘VISY UL S[IACIY, 8,[]9q

“OMT

“oI

“oI
‘anbiugpeoy Wory097[09

"e0T “d “noy
fet 'dgoyme ‘sours op amosopy
ott ‘d ‘xipx ‘[oa ‘suviy, [qq
‘peoy “T10D ‘epTeYyO tyospeyy o391q

Nl
*

| seat ed fat/t cadac aster

(“A 04
‘q wlory soutuuedy 91}
ysno.iy} Surssed ouly B ur
‘eagqn oyediourrg pue eye
~eytdeg ur ynq ‘errqeyed
utjou Aj1adord o1v saoed
asoy) ‘ota.1eg pure ‘oury
“[PAY ‘VAR ‘Oura[eg 42 OS
ssa] ‘I[OOSW pue eyopieg|aune jo Satu
POO eRe teeter mse m nee e HEH Geet HEHEHE HEE HEESHEHEHH HEHE SESS SORE HE HOEEEE EHS oH Eee BeEee® DOC UG OREO GORE Kh) (LGN "eLIqe[eg uy “ulseq ps
: ‘skep 34310
‘ieeresserers DONNA SUM BIMVUTENY JO WMO] aYT| Terese eee sees log Surysep syooyg| teeters nag|*** pady —
‘Yor | WV wOE uf
SuieeeNie as sas eee e tr Menges oss ve Me usunnsyr er cerEvasarred |e uaya dtera aden dessus tees Hig iersomieesnere neste ee re. lt gt OMiTO Nag) nesyaq ‘9% ‘Qoy. ——

+ Buljquas} JUSS|""" ULoyseT pur vouey|gTuer “OZLT

we eeeee

egLLulurese poreodde
“sip Torys pue ‘1ay0uT
-UIp ULSoTIMaUTU yNOGe “yyuoU
jo ‘purist mou ® jo ey} Jo pus
‘OSTLT 97ep 94} SoATs anbimapeoy uoyds, |[eAvoydn oy} kq “aq ‘Sa10ZY 94} UL joy} spare
[09 oy, ‘suondnsa o1meojoa Aq potuedmosoy|}sT¢ a4} uo pamoTfog|’******** 4uoforA ATO A |[OYOIP, “4S pUe vITed10] |-07, “09g. ——
“eulyg .
seeteeeeceeeees MOD UMOIY} sSurpting suew Aro A seMiesalselfaaisix ede sans nas xzatvaeaneqs enaearmercror On Ugg Ou IMU Aune|** —— —
*4S8[9T]} YIM Snoaueznutts A[qeqoig “pauiint a1aM ‘ood0IOP, pue
oo0010, JO Aq10 oYY Jo yaed B pue SoderpIa AuVpY| tsetse teeeeee|eeeeeeees guaTOTA AAA |ZAT JO 4SBOO ie suoy|** —— —
caver UL

Reese meee seeetoneretemenaese sear ener en sgaasetastersassssesslsssess eases esssaeeeenaages® soeees Burrquia.ty qy3IS vig00N pue esesiutg “Ae {
*pouonuom saoryd
ayjO Vy} 3e ueyy |ousog pur ‘ojojodg

Serr

**|9DLOY JV YUITOIA ssarT|*IIGO ‘eIOION ‘aUL0y)"6zg -—— ——
sieeeseeeeeeeerersccscsesecsererseeees QUOD QSCUIUP ON| Teese teeeeeeeetereees| QueNbI WBS JUBTOIA Wie euTdUIg|eg aung ——|_
*sXep 90143 oj] * *eIpaulod
*‘poumd sem stayj0 Aq STeAIOAUT 4e|-TNT 48 OSTY “FlUdAeG
Os[e VIPOMIODIN *FJ9S}1 e[dourjzueysu0DH Jo ssut pue ‘soUspOIA sse_ Fo\fo UMOZ OY} 4B pUe
-pimq 94} 0} ouOp sem aSemep yeaay ‘pommreut ; Joyjour Aq ‘19472 Anoy/‘ssouLIg sap st ay}
10 party edoad gop, ynoqe pue ‘paumz ue ‘pomor[oy ‘saynurIM|pue Lienog useAjoq
A1OM SISTA DAY 10 ANOY “BAS JY} opIsaq aay} payseT yooysjospy *Azlo yey} Woy *kep
‘eye[ey JO qinqns pue UMO} 94} WOIZ asi 07 qsay 943 oa[doutyueys|sopiur Aytoy ‘eIfOJeN |-prur ynoqy

Waas SBA JapMod yor[q B WOMOUT 4s1y 94} SuLMg)******** -uog FV “quaporA AJaalut pue “ doutjue}su09|'cg ——- ——
¢ ‘ ¥ J at ba t * oo 3 .,) ‘ 4

a

seeeeeeeores oeeoseermT MON TLMOTI sasnom teraAaal:: st eeeeeesaresesseess| a3

REPORT—1852.

120

"12 E ‘TSLT “ere “IStH “UNL

T°} “surety, “Md

“SPLIT

‘MMjOYYIOIS Vp SedUdIg sep ‘peoy

‘OU

*peoy “[109 ‘ 1azyonaeyog * pueryog

"Lg ‘d
Speoy “1100
*puriieg !0991q

‘OW

‘oni

‘anbrurspeoy uorjoa[[09

“SAT

‘d “0841 qdag “4Stpy ‘WINOL f 0771

rantymgpeay, u01q02][09

*lazyonayog { puelyleg ‘*peoy “[[09
"TL *d “GOLT “SURLy, “Md

“9

a 3 v ee ee el ae

‘UMOD UMOIT} 19M SIsNOY TeIBAVG ‘suoNepuNUt
“qqnos

soul] ¢ “UTZ 3B 40% O42 UO pur “YIGT ay UO

‘UMOP UMOIYY 210M Sasnoy

soovd euros uy «= “AModva snommyd[ns pue pura

meee rete ee tee e ee EH temas eerste ee eesseeEse eH eeaseeessseseees

Oe eee 4sedma4 quaOrA R Surmg

teneeaesesenegeseerecoeoseerscorsoes NOUN SBA B15)

tsteereeereereoesses-eee@ttgsaq 4@ aSRUep AUI0S PIG
*OuISsec)

ayuoy Jo ArayseuOUL Jy} 4B JoItostmM vUOS Pq
*Biaqiary ye ATpidex pue ATuoppns
pepusdssep Jojyamo1eq aya ‘atojaq shep OM],
‘Trey pue ropunyy Aq atoy patuedmoo.y ‘ar0j
-oq SB [Jam se ysnf spremtoyyze 4 pauteysns yng
Trey tedaay sit ya, youseot W ‘sasto, GOT JO
yidep 943 4% soutur oy) Ur 4[aF pue ‘yaZua| UT

SO[IUL FYSIE IO UAVS BSIIQaSz1q JY} UL papuszxy

Oe TTUReOCere TT Teter

PTETUTOPTL ITT eee eee

‘POLL Ul yey} YIM ouIRs 919 ATWO
SI qUdAO sty A[qeqoig ‘parnfur yonu AqI0 ayy,

DSSS

e

ee a

Aq pue ssloul UPIURIIOIGNS 8 &q poruedmoo0y ere e ae Sep on CON etme eed seas

i

ULIEM @ &q poMorjoy pue ‘Qs10U Aq paruedmoooy beam ee ee eeeccceeeeescccse?

Bee eeeeeeteeeereeteee

eeeeee

Pee eeeeeseseeeeeesesecence®

eRe e meee ee eeeeeeaeeaeenee

ae

soul] tc “UL QZ F@ SEM JO}OWIOLEG OY} YOUN Pyle teeeeleeeeeees SHQOYS AIO] TT

a{NULUT v jNOge poysey

seveesseees FUT UIaT} Vv

Pee ee eer eeroreeesseeeesens

CoO oe erry coy

“puesou

“"T1eD “4S

“younz
ye ‘ATqooz ySnoy} ‘osty
*BLIGARG UL NVpUry se rey
se pue ‘uaqyeysITy ‘33a
-uley ‘[jazueddy ‘utasg
‘gaue}su0D ye ‘aouvysUOD
JO de] 943 JO S.tep10g oy
‘neBmy, ‘12D 4S se ‘puey
~TOZ}IMG JO sy.red je1aAVg

se eeeeseresceseeee u10oysary
‘yoqeyo

-JNON Jo uojueD 919 UT
“vag URIU
-OJ 94} UO 90R10x) 4B

Aypewoadsa ‘etqepeg uy

‘WV WOE yG
02 “99 ——
0d pue 6T
199M49q YSN
"AON
"qq3tU yy
‘8st ‘PO —

‘6 Saas

*OUIT}

aumes oy} ye ATE] Ut

RUSSO IVOSTY “YON
‘sod

WVZ
"6 ‘ydag ——

seem e eee en eee t ewes eeseeeee -tN jo wopsury ayy uy 12 ‘Sny

*SoqNUIUL OOS
Suyse, iq ‘4481s
‘pouorueut soo
Jay}O oy} 9e@ £a8r1q
-ISZ1q IY} Ul YUaTOTA

Fete ee re teeeeeetetenstesroules see" 1904S qysrs Vv

PPO ee Heese ea eH eT seeH eet ceases ee esrseeeHessrseseres

PHP meee Hees eee wen eeeeeHHt| sere seet ness sseseeeeesees

*G

‘v

*§

‘ow ‘eIsuLMYyy, Ur
‘purpySio, ur pur ‘uas
“SIOJA, ‘TeUUIA\\ ‘OTP EH
‘Sizdtarq 4” os[y *pooy
-Inoqysiou IY} pure
Br1oqtery ye Aypetoadsa
f98.11qo3z1q UOXeS 94} UT
cenccvces ajdounuejsuog

“Yorn, JO U0WUeD IU} Uy]

BUND Ur WIyaq

(‘wa ¢ 4e
SizdieT +¥)
‘Tine ——
6———
.——

‘TL9une “OeZT

%

=

121

a
a
.
a
re)
PA
a
ee]
4
io
i
<
>
eg
q
a
%
a
|

a=
°
mM
a
3)
a
ro
a
om
a
4
°

“OELT
[yun sfearoyut ye ponuyuod uoNdniza styy,
*OUBITOA B 9q 0} UMOUY I1OJoQ JOU UTe}UNOUT

“yor ‘ale ‘elqeayy jo uondnia o43 Aq patueduoo0y

"pd ‘GZ LT ‘sueq ap ‘uatog

sop ‘peoy $79 ‘d ‘A “4 ‘peoy ‘][09| ostou pnoy ev Aq ‘ax0foq spuodeas aulos ‘papadetg

*909 “d ‘Ax *[0A

‘sjaaviy, pue sodedoA 8,109103

SUC g Wit “AIGG Ave UL SLAAGT TL ie mEU S| NTT en eRe Mer as ve neetinnes eres Mee dee etsy
‘Z “100 pue ‘uordnia Ul o10M ‘eUyy IOqUIIAON,

Gz ‘dag ‘ezZ[ ‘souerg ep 9330zZeH|SutMoT[OJ 913 UT pus ‘sntAnsaA oUNL pPLEZ 24} UO

“peoy 1109 $ azyoneyos $ puedyieg obec POTITTTTT Tree er
soyeystan @ Ajo ATqeqoad st sity
qnq ‘ezs1 Arenuere 432% 27ep 943 seats pojonb
sjeutnol om}, 944 Jo 19942] By, ‘ssuIpymq jo
Uoronsysep years pue sastou pnoy fq porued
“W008 SEM FI OIOYM “VIIART, PUL OIL ‘SIATIG
*g9¢ ‘d= |fa[nory ‘earojng[y 32 4WUa[OIA JoyeY “SoATasMT,

‘egsT “TAY “ISIE, “Ummor {£0331q|Jo popunos stjaq pur ‘UMOp TAOIY} 10M sosnozy

"ESL ‘TOMAgT 02 ‘gouty JOE HVE 4275) POC HERC OG. CLO GOLEM cL raetn poantat sasnoy

“HOH "A '*peoy "T1990 . Power teste eeee ese taseeeeeeseee

"912 “4 ‘TZLT 30 “SIH “Unor

Seeeserees

Seeeeseeerees

“Aqea]
UL JOIyOSIOI YONUT pIp Yomm ‘sal10}s yvoIs
sparemsoyye skep smog ‘ayenbyyies 949 10332
Ajoyerpomunt our 4104s e toy dieys ATaure1yxo
pulvdeq plod ayy, “Anopo Zuoms & Aq pamor[oy
pue ‘asiou pno, @ Aq maqyuoiog 3e ‘num
“ETON 8 MajoyouR ‘ueq = |teaueiiayqns e Aq patuedmoooe ‘uMOp UMOIYY
{peoy [109 { Tezyonoyog : puvsyieg|aram skouuiyo pue ayes om08 alay ‘a1eq 4V

“eeIsop}ey
‘Poy ‘Alouvojoa oy} jo uondnia ue Aq porueduoooy
"942 4 ‘TZLT “PO “IStH “WNL ‘THdy q19z

Sp1g ‘d ‘t “Toa ‘eisiag Jo AS10481] ]

smmooren, * ‘ost if “e8L1 ‘orzuaat A 0008 wets oe

10 436 shes AoIiag ‘SaAT[ Taq} 4S] suosied
Bob porns Ajax sea a ay

Cee eee eree rest eeeesetiaes seers SuTquiaty q4ZIIS seers teeetereecece nesi3q "EL Tdy'eZZ1

*puel
seas Sas Ceceneueaneeeeesas| Sr cswew Ent SOLA 400/400] NLL pete "£1 Ae ——
‘aqnUIM B Ueyy
arom Suse, you
cigucuasvasncrconsavsediaen ‘Surquieay 4431s Witertesn ss

‘Wd g
oudejarg up|" UBL PZLT

reteasereeeeneensetecesersleeessetseverseeres Onatct! SIQISTy NOE ‘Krequeg| 8+ —
. “OT[aSNA 9t3 UT “‘Sny
rreteteeeeeeeeeersessereensleerereees MOOS TRIQAIS! PUB “efonzuarorg ‘ezuaey qnoqgy —

“sImoy auios 107 Ap *qUIDUTA IG adeD UIOIT
S@M BARIDW JOATI 4seoo Y4Nos oy} ][e joey | “Wd g pus
ay}, pue ‘payeyse *soINUIU 9aiq} 0} [UT pue fjesnjtog ur |G uUseMjog
YOnUL se BOS JY T{ouo WoO’, IOJ syooyG\eaoueyiA pue uewmnMy10g|"4z°99q ——
THeseeeereteeeeseeeeesereeleeeeeeee SH OOUS [BIOAIG ieranynss +t srevene BaP ‘6Z‘AON ——
“TEYO ut ose 4g/Fe Ae “221
stereos sora te Sny —

“Bing
-Se1}g SB Iej se popusy
“xq "HOH, ut A[QUeT
-O1A o10Ul { aUIION'T Ut
Apysys {rey ay} Su0ye
audag JouojuLD 9Y4.UT
‘masneq[yny, 4e pue
‘mayue10g 42 ‘Zinquey
FIRM 38 ‘oTeg JO woz
Ayyequoztoy suy0e |-ue9 94 ut A[jetoadsa
peysmSuysip arom |f puepiozjIMg Jo soy =| "WV CP ul
SYOOYS OM} seg Uyloy ysomye ynoysnomy|¢ 4[a¢ ——

OOo et emet tte ee resets ons een ee teseseeesssesanele

*****"!MOOYS JUDOTA JOVI V7

Sega een ete tag,

“WY 6 JHOGE FEF
sea yooys IYSI[s
Jeyjoue sueg 4V
*M 0} WOT U0
-oalIp 94} Ul spre
10} pue spreayoeq

Pee eneewesecee

Cer ett eeeeseeeseaeseeses

teeteeerseesseseneereneeeslens pupigoy UL MaTepIAI| TL Ae, ——

1852.

REPORT

122

NR

“THTeO SVM
OTJVIM IJ, ‘UOOU UT Jas SBAA SASnOY IY} UT
pepuadsns sea Yor SurpAIeAG “901 pus purl

"96g ‘d ‘At *y ‘aSeko, ‘seITeq\ay} Ut yIOQ poonpord OTA SOAMSSY SMOTIAOU|****rrrresrrrrrseeseessrers

“CSL eI, 61 ‘gouely ap a349Zey) PeeeTTEREE Tee SEER OPeeTeerr rer TT rererrrerrrr err eee)

BROT as CUAUGATA eer emxgamn rs erar Rehr é, Newntunets= aur erves wesubeavapieen gre actequsnaery sts 9ss
-ASojouo149

apury ‘erpadoposoug MOAT asta aes he esas Senet arose Si our ewacwameraveevmwsnasnccdinoyaANsas sanyyeinteenbneos
“gSeT[eq OY} UO [PF 49]
U9aq PLY suo} [eIdAVS
JO I S19a.M vB Jt se porvad
-de 4] *(swoysey 00Z
JO oul, @ YIM punols
ou) voy JO 4svoo
tou ‘sadeg usaagg
*g09 ‘d ‘Ax "[OA ‘ayenbyjaea oy} jay} Jo *g sondeay ¢
‘sjaavay, pue sodedoA $,UWoz1ay [10932 IDYATO Jo aBueyO ojetpomUlI ON ‘aUaTas |‘vas ye ‘TassaA oULIOS[y
“Ug ul ‘Areqieg Ul S[PABIT, S,Aeyg|pue wyeo re 44 pur ‘Yysiy AtoA AojZoULOIeG OIL Jue paxvog UO 4Jaz OSTY
BAILY WOSpUpy| sceereceeeree ees esses esses eeesvesesanaseteeeanesaseneesslaquanessssaeseesecenecesess

"BAS 4B I[OF SVAN

SIT]}98.1N09 Jo‘payeys
‘anbimapeoy WOI00 [109 ieeteneersane tenn etcsaae settee essa crccua cet cone nares Ajssoxdxa jou ySnoyy,

“eILOIG ellap feamayy diammly, Gomamayy (aspsauecegness set a varurnstsatei a: 2 usraseeedens -Tscnc|sissy buen seaesccsnsenszeess
"g0z “d
“GoLT ‘SRN “4STH “UIMOL FCZLT *gSIN0d S}1 UI pa
‘auve £7 49 OZ ‘doURIy op o}JezeO|"** “Wa [ ‘T][ Joquiadeq o}ep oY} SAAIS VIII *J\|-qanysip se ouLy ou,
OF A ‘eZ s1 cure 4st
‘umnor $zoT ‘d ‘t “4 ‘Sny10g ap
aunedAor a IMs ‘fog ressq Tqeg steeeagenesteeeserecesseees NOMOBIO DIO S[[CAA ART) ff RCC CCE CEC OEC I

PT) (4 | RR Cocco

"T8p d 14 “parry afdood
QUID Bl 9p UONdIISaC, ‘AP[PET NC/OOOT JOqe pus ‘UMOP TWAMOAT]} DIOAL SOSTOF{|**treerreeessseereeessrees

9 Gg v

*soqnUrUL

Aen ese eeeeeeeeteseoasaeses

“7[9J OTOA
Syooys 9213 vos 4V
seseeeneeeeenese aUQTOTA

sete me rere eeeeeseessoreaee

*st}UOUT
amos Sutmp syo0ys

*sMoy U9} 19439309 ]e
Sunysey ‘syooys Auvyy
*SINOT_AUL0S JO [VAIO}
-UL UB YAM ‘syooys
quajotrA «= AOA (OM,

tseteeeeverseeeons QanTT

SOOYS a0

*saqNUIUL Moy ynoge
peyset syooys ayy,

‘Ss

*yooys yuapora ArOA W|-Ystou oy} UL YosuTyTyOy,|*~z ———
aary} paysery “quapora | sett esyuy CI Peers!

seneeereseeescreaerseeeees lity edmbary pue eury|g‘uep -ogzT

‘Teyeg Jo pooymnog |-way (3 *g"Q)

N98

seer neeeens

yaeunuacy up|ssss sss

“CUO 0} VURITTTA, MOTT
papuayxy “S191dTy ye
Ayjedtourid § Areqaeg uylssss***
seseecees aidounueisu0p stag eee
.
“uoqsr'y Jo
4SOM T} 07 SONSvoy] ApIO|*********

seeeesoes ATI ut Bo0RIDG se seeeeee

sseseseeeeecoseeerons BOMOIG]*** “Q9(T

ersereeseesessaseses MOGSIT! ZT “190
‘Wd 06 yf

Peer er eT eres errr irre

omg

“MOON

be eeweet eee soeerenres

oy
“BUTYO UI IsuRX

jo aoutaoid ay} Ut ‘N'Y 6

soorjd Aue pue ulead

* rd

“TL9UNL “FELT
‘T

ys

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

123:

?

“petqnory
sSuuds oq,

910 *90] ‘ouog 1g) IPM, POOH OOOOH eee Hee ere eth EME T HHH eee e ete EEH HOE EEH SEE ESEEH HEH | ESHEETS ee eeeeeeet tt eseeese

“‘proy ‘TI99 $ Jazqonayog { pueryieg Peete ees wea eee ress ee eset eeeseesesssseeseeereseresseses ** 970M.

“6res “d
"990 ‘OZLI ‘Q0ueLy op aInoteyyy uMop uUMOIQ} 919M S[[eM Plo CERF CO aaa NI be

*pooymoqysiou pue uM0}
*I4}0J19,J “ABO [I Ossoad o741IOsOURT,,|97} JO YOq sasnoy oy} 03 esemMep yeoid pig

eee emcee eee e sees teers te sesso sees an sees Pt eesesese esse eeelesesasegeressesessesesegees

“

"peoy “[[09 ‘ Jozyoneyps { pursyiog

*[094) ap smog ‘ony SOOO ay poystiod suosiod 000¢ see e reece eerste aseesecssees

Beem eterna tetas eeereeeens

OZLT TeV GZ ‘soured y op 9439Z8) COPPER Pee ee eee
SGIEUG), LORPELT | ristes testa nae taestcetoceeeraeca. ohne sseccmmreal | Uscssensunhesets= bench tag
29g CL ‘ond POEL TESCO oe af 41 OIOM ssurpimq aulog

“GSLT 09d 8 ‘Q0uRLy ap 9}}9ZB4) POOH TEC T eH Eee eae Hts eeh amar tt aaetttasetee esses aserttsae

‘601 “d ‘9SLT "ADT “4SIF] ‘UInor Habeas aes ceusrtdeprse=sseeveeee=+*sRQOMVPUNUL suLmq Hee ener evesecenereestsens
“0/2 ‘d *109}9]N. ressq ‘opyeoy, tetas eneeenreceesesrescseasesesessseseee* TOOT Tg 4V Peer e ee see santos eeesstecs
33q- SME jo UleyUNOU 943 WOT aUI0D 0} pa
-readde yor ‘aouvup.io Joavard & Jo aS.eyostp ayy
*IozqoneyoG {peoy ‘T1099 ‘ pueszteg|10 xepunt} jo dejo ev ox] estou ‘pnoy v Xq 102) a) | Ca
‘ayouls pue ‘samep ‘sayse
*O77TG|JNO Zurmoiyy usoq pey sutansaA Skep JYSIo Og| sees eset sees ee
“Moy F ‘ou aa seer eee Sms aoe Caeeeeeaae or ey", ate cca .

ee eeeeresttrees

*3190}0Q €1 ‘ond mma a meee eee e eet a wens ts HEEFT EOE eet Estee es ses eeeetetnesl essere seetttesetese

eee eee ere rer ry

aaTIP an

Seow eecseseesecseoesseses

see

sypoys snoromNnyy
*SOJNUIUL OMY UT * A,
0} ‘q Woy syxVoYS
qua[OIA JayyeA sory,
*soUL0

JoyySs TyyO OM

Aq paojjoy ‘yooys
quo[OrA

AIQA 9

setae eee tenesersoees essences

quopota AIOA

“TeUIEQIS 947 nO
-ysnorg} pue ‘poogmoq
-Ystouoy) pue ‘uasuynIty
‘pne, opskvg oy} jo syed
aulos ‘auteg ‘Waplay}}e[yH
‘Z19qued IE] ‘nest aq

seeeesees Aporg UL B00RIOG
“Moy owes

ayy 4e B}OIPUBKOTY

ye 41oF ospy -oddary

*pooymmoq

“oulla[e gq
ge ATpedtourtd § Atto1g
JO apis U1oysed 9} TLV

-YStou ay} pue vuueig|'¢
“"" nesySq JO Oust"

‘

wv J

", Ang. —
~O

03 Avy ~ ——

‘Wd ST 0
cI
"qysTU 9q}

JO anol WyF
eq} synoqy
[udy ——

eres cy ae

*8 OF

958 _. =
“read 9}
(0 Sutuutseq

TiteeeceeeeeesseeseoeeresslQQTQIOTy pus ULOY SIT IV |} IV ‘9ZL1
Peete ees r weet teeesesasan|sserssene aidouyueysuog|"***"****

eee ee ent eeeeeeees

ont
*s0ys

TreeeeeeecerevevecersereeeslaTororA TOYYeI JUIOG|"**

eer eseeeeteseetttees

euseuloy Ul ezueEy

"aap ‘ejoseg

oq)

[6 a

‘7 ‘AON’ ——
"TJM 919 JO
pua 1094] 914

*SyOOYs JUSS [etoAgg|‘euewuoy ‘qo ‘epoyiyy “309 ——

“Moy WILT

revtesseeceseseduaasWarseaaleveessseorecresesseee nipple y pegdag

she eneeecestses

“WayeYs I19Ad
auryYy 943 Jo syueq

‘Wd Z

‘eelnog nests q JOUISIC|e ‘ny —

ttesceneneesesens Qagt(isrtesreeesserreseeses aati y Atop
sietseeeseseeerseqgror, [orteeeeteeeteresss orden "Qe

**_ syooqs ans oul

eeeteee oor
id*

GAOEa oe

“WV TT NOqY
“LZ aug ——
77 ——— aa

“oI eho mw eeererenssenresetesaaees poseurep sosnory Auvyy

4 |

(-Arenues 3G 949 Sty} IOy ayep se saard

“OIC POH *A) *poantut YONUI SBA OJON JO UMO} OTT, tteeceeeaeeeeccessecensseeel*** SYOOUS JIOUL OM] |Surpusyxa pue ‘ou 9—— —

.

PrOreeeee TT eee eee

"ere “A “LZLT ‘TON “StH “wos:
*suOTjOMUIOD UBsURIIE}qns fq

*peoy ‘109 |papedeqd usaq aavy 03 ples ate YOIA Jo 4sOUL
£11 ‘d ‘wax *7 ‘sodedo, sop ‘uggs |‘purjaoy ur suotdnazooraeoyoa [esoAos Aq poyreut

4st] {Zed ‘pron up sayy ef suep foram yxou oy} pue seak siqy Iyog ‘e[qury

PTTURUTT TET ee *OUICIN aq} uo qLOFYUCI] "OT dey

*S69T (ee

‘II ‘uee JO 9s0yo [9e 4JaJ} oToM syOOYS

seeeeseeveresensnerseeseoeel9@ AUQTOIA SB ‘Tayjouy asay} jo [ex9Aag) ‘oI /'g ——- ——

‘qystuprar yy

sasessecnsenstenecsnseeseesleeoeseeeeagoUE JOMIOMY|eereeeeets OULITEALZ —— —
*ATLOIG [TB 12A0

‘9 pur ¢ us0M}
*sx00Ys -9q 443IN

Fete meee ete tees eaneeneseres JATINIVSUOD oAly eee eereressenrsee owayeg ‘uer “LOLI

“puvyao]

a aBekon ‘oarwupay, uafansiey aqlouvojoa oy} jo uoydnsa ue Aq porunduroooy| ttt etter soos [eVAVg jo 4red ULYIIOU oYy Uy])******** ——
3 - ‘purlsug ut [wy 9 noqy
© “OG “AON (Opi etreeereteseteneeesesesseeasessseesusesssennsersssssscesses ectessestensecsseeeersesvee IOONS QUO[OTAIOFLY|(é.194S9YO[T) 194S]9]9AT}+9 “AON
*pUOTOTA
a a1OUI JOY IVIAOYOUR ‘Wd [[ pue
ro spavaioye = anoy OL uoomjog |
= “OBLT 29CL 9 ‘0uvag ap aazUy| etrsssreessseetestsseesvesseeessesseeessensssesseessecsseee eeereeereennseesceerecevedl ae DUB ‘AOS FUBIS yet ss OTE TE ——
3] *spaemsoqye
me ‘gpd “221 “Auve 4st} “uMor mmoy we paryy @ Aq ‘Wa { Ody
SQZLI “AON 0g ‘JOUR ap 2439Z84) Tere STE TI OCee errr eeeeee rer erer reer r reer titre erie ree rrr eee PaaMoyoy ‘syooys OMT, OO e ewe eeeseeeneeeee so[den ‘LPO ——
*[ OQMIBAON ‘OUMII[eY 4 YUIAD OY} OZ 93ep ’
OY} SOAS Viva ‘OJON 4V A9qze Shep Moy B
ayenbyytes rayjoue seam o10y} “oR *A 07 Sur
-piloody *I1e ay} UL prvay us0q pel astou pnoyT ;
@ a10joq Moy ue jey{ ‘a1 UO Jr se poread
-de aioydsomye ayy ayenbyjzive oy Sum
‘moy ue jjey Uey} ssoy Ul soyse 0} 19031enb *SoqUToL aAYy-Ay
4ey} JO sasnoy 9} paonpar yor ‘sau0js yoy -19.M} 10 .moj-AqU9AKy
por pue anydyns Surming yno M914} pure ‘490148 toy penuyuos pure
auo ut pauedo YIV9 oY, ‘*poystied suosaod ‘gouajora ur A}pider
OZP 1 ‘eZZ1 ‘99q “IStET “MIMOG [9009 03 ONDE Wor pus ‘uMOp UMOIyY o10M pasvarour ayy ynq ' ‘Wd [[ pus
$y29 *907 “Tysnolog {GT 32 [I |sesnoy QOOT pue ‘seoered uoy ‘sayommyo mog ‘yds Ajaayeredui09 OT weeMqog
"700 ‘aouesg op ayjazey {*peoy ‘[fog|poums Aoxo[duroo sea umoz ay} Jo aajaenb yl rire ts atom SYOOYS JAY OYP\ tees OULLaTeA|'T “ydag “9ZLT
a 9 *g a ‘§ % ‘T
eq | ey a a) | ee ek? oS nN | SST eee NT ones Sy er TOWN | Pere Ow ent eee reers or tnt rs |e ey ee reel eee ee

125

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

*Tady 3de0
-xa Ieak siqy YyuoU ATaA9 104} poousttadxa
useq pey syooys yey pue ‘puelsuq Mon UT
Amqmoyn je Umep ye Aep siya 49} sem oxenb :
-Ijaea ue yey} ‘Ay10yyne Aue Zuyonb 19A9Moy
qnoyjtm ‘shes Aotiog “489M pue 4sva sondeay
0G pepuajyxe oyenbyjree 943 Simqseyg IV
SMajoyoeg $sinqsedys “ye "10}}Iq |"topunyy YIM ysedoie, yusforA B az0joq Aep
eouelg Speoy ‘To9Q !puensg jay} pey pey Aon} vov]d oures a3 42 pue ‘soumly *U9T[OMS
£482 ‘d ‘goZ1 390 “3SIE] ‘“WIMosloay papunos ousog ye yoo] yeerd oY} JO Taq BYL|YonUI sem ouIyY ay,

“SoU
fyluoIyg SsJousIay + yluoIYD

“HOP “Alsessremestsactevaasevaceeesnecessvesuseveerasceeenvecsestcns|vernveseenancrnavesnarscane

"el “d ‘T *JOA “sued, ld reece rr errr errr errr reer reer errr rere rer yr rire etre ree eee errr re
“eeyg Tyospeyy £*729 *907 “4ony|"poystzed atdoad go0‘Z4 pur ‘pours sem Aq10 ayy) tees"

"ld 90] *SUBIT, “Tyg |e tteeteereeesees* grou pnoy @ Aq papaoarg|*stssteeessssrrseerereesees
"java oY} OFUL yues pury jo aoerd a[qe
"ZIT “A ‘1 “3 [09H ap sinog “jonFT |-1Jeptsuoo WY “uMOp UMOIYY Suteq Aue ! ATTY ;
$620 d ‘ggZT ‘sien 10481] “WMof|-UoztI0Y auo pus ‘ATTROWAIOA PAYOVID QTDAA STM | eres ses ssesseseeeeee
‘mmydjns Jo sadard pue
sayse YIM pues aug yno Mary} pue ‘m04sog Jo
"A'N (¢ Solu YsI[suy 10) sanseoy OF ‘Ainqmon
ye pauedo yes ayy, “ApUeTpaq Zurpyreds
s1eqs oy} wyeo Areurproesyxo ue fq papsd01g

J

"PeoV "1199 £6 ‘d'["[0A ‘pzT pue

“(WYBYS) SF ys 29(QU2] “BABUO4) 4B OSTY
se AdaA) ‘WV GT y2|"Sinquayeyosy pue
ye ‘YF OY} WO O4 pue neue Hy ‘qoequelo

'qystupron pue “wd ¢6|‘s10;yue1g ‘aouedepy
“Wd LO uP ‘(FUOTOTA)‘suLIO AA T99M49q
4SOUl 943) ‘Wd 7 “W'v\AT{UNO0D 9q} Te pus
OE yOT 3% PAg 9Y4 UO|‘mMIeyquUE Smnqeens
SYOOYS DAY o19M 9.1044/‘oTeq ‘nesTysq ‘younz
Zingseygyepueyysiul‘aurag ye Ayjeoodsa
aq} Burp seg 42 peal‘ Aueurrey Jo 41ed pue

“andar ayenbyy1e9 ey ],|‘pueysezpimg ‘aoespy Uy
*UaPeqsatM
seerereeesHOOYS [BLVAIG| MOT Soto gery} ‘UIe4sd iq

"209
*20] sued], “Tq 998
sliejep 10g “8ZZT
ysnany pug 94} 0}
‘1ZL1I9QUIeAON 136
ay} WOE UOISar SIY}
UL 4]9F SYOOYS FYAITs
poyeodar ora atoyy|'***

“paggz oy} 07 dn yystu

pue dep AraAo a10m

xIs o gary} Aq paAoy “pues

-Joy ‘yooys Jeyjouy|-uq Mon ut Anquan
*(¢) saqnurur sar}

ueyq} a10m 3ur4se]

autos ‘Aepyova syooyg)**'s''"**""** anbiuysey

fo) puepsug MON
“* BIstad Ul Zqey,

“M’S 0%
“EN WooaItp a4
UL ‘sgUO Ja4ySTs XIs
10 aay Aq pomoroy

‘Wd ¢ pue
fF waaMjog
'¢ ay

“Gaur

‘W'd Z
‘OG "Ue “8ZZT

(¢°WV) TI
‘s1———
"1% 04
/4 —<_—
‘Wd [T
pue QO] usemy
og “(‘S'N)

‘eg ‘eg ‘dd *AXXX ‘JOA ‘sueI], ‘[I{q|*suoIso[dxo avaueiiezqns pnol Aq pormedmoody|*******t*ss1*sseeeeees"** DONS FUDTOIA ATOAQUQ|***"******** puBTsUG MONG ‘AON ——

‘puyjsugq pue eiqeas

"90d “DOJ JOTI terest ttt seeeeetessessecestenececeeceeceeseenseeslacesetevsuassgasrececesensleseenranseaseasanaacevunes oj osjepapuayxy “sajden 7°90 —

‘skep dUL0s 10J Os ZutnuTyU0D

‘Kmqrayueg wosy sopturt T] 10 OT 3e punosd ayy

ULOIy JO axOIG 1y YIWOUT S14} JO pug a4} UO

"SUPIT. ‘TIUa DUB ‘MODROTI BP pId_auo WPS Nunes an

Ser eeeeeeccsencesecessesess|sessee?**OUNATIC

PTAA DAY WTO TA

“Ayeqy] Ut
¢ ‘oq |sexenbyyava Arpung—avak sty} 10y shes puvrylog| streets tte

C6I ‘d ‘6ZLZ1 “4dag “4StF] “manor dene eee ene reneeneeeeenees peur a19M Sasnoy at0g soot eee e eect eewaeaneeeeees

‘071d seen meee reese eee ears i ane eees ee eesseessesssesseeeseesss eases lsauerseassrrseseaesersseess

OUI(T Ree eae et oreeeee tetramer seesaarcesttyen sco cans seen eeneneteeesenseeeneseee

CT (4 | pa a en

*IOMIJ ONS Vou ‘Moor ****

seme reer eet tt ee ete Harare teeters tet anes se ees sees sess sses|SOESO EE Ee OES EEEEEEEEESESES

“70 *90) "SURI, “[ J
[| PUL ‘AXXX “S[OA “SUBIZ, "[I[g|a9S SYOOYS FASS snotgummu asay} JO s[reyap AO] saeeecesseienii

1852.

TOT (6 | oe egntcaceceeetrerealsageets twee suvigivearsendsaastectetens

*20ULYSUOD 4B
9UOp SVM BseUIep IMIOg *[eyJUqIG ay} WOIT
gouRisIp JOYS B 4v pouado YI BY J, *payorso
alam Youqueaysy jo apyjseo puke younqo 943
JO S][VM OYJ, “MNOaT p[Noa sxPoys ay} Sursvoo
S}I JO JUeMOM ay} ye pue ‘asad ust pur
‘ya8uo1js VWOIIG P[NOM PUIM Sty} VU OF
aU} WOAT ‘WOOU WO. SuLMoyq uaeq pey purm
Wyss v@ pure ‘pjoo AIBA yng auy sv 4ysiu oy,L,
‘young ye arojaq skep otlos podiosqo SBA |-OIA atom ZUdLIG

“sto! m9 Surayqsry ‘uayeys yonut sem zaidg Jo yey} |pue unt, Jo sayry]
S,uajoyorg fpeoy “]]o9 § purayseg |fuayorp1oyUy JooTIsvo oY} UI paonpoad WIMSYOVID|ay} uodn syeoq IY,
“gd 1-9 “(61S PeTueyy ‘uozn'y ap
RISK eB] ap ‘adodoy, 4 *1Soay wor
-duosacy ‘uoSery ap osuojaply u0g seen eeerenenereerereee Bl[MUe yy 4e WOT}eSPAVP year see eeeteereeessemesoeeneess
*AZ0]ou01y9
apy.ty ‘erpadopoAoug ysanquipy See e eee R eee OOO e amet te eens eee Eee earns see Hee E Ee HeeesHeees| sue eenesanereenessestseeess

1) , *g ai

REPORT

“aI0Y8
uo uaAup AUPE

126

PPveeeeeer eT eter error reer)

*soqnUurur
Wa} OJ yuapora AroA.

ene e eee eeeeeenee

od

owid

sreeeerss 0S 4431s Vv

**""* QOS JUITOIA VY
“TPL

[Wun 937ep stqy wWOo.y

Syooyszy sts payeaday

treeereeescQoys JaqjOuy

‘sXvp ]etaAas
paysey axenbyjava 943
osye UadUyIOY IW “Sur
-UIOM 4Xou ay J 4e
Surpuos pur Iystu 4e OT
ye SutuurSeq ‘s}1810
qyS1e 10F ATpeorpotsed
patinoet syooys oy
wasuynay yy “suTU.OU
4XoU 9} G 9R palyy oy9
pue ‘z 4@ puodas ata
‘pouorjuail Moy ety 48
4siy oq ‘syooys va1q4
a1aM 910} YOUN FV

Feet eter tee eeereeseeesesece

FRO e ee ete ewe eweeeetetans

a

. ’ and |

-4se] om) Jonze | ®

amy aulog
teeeeeseeeeseeses ugtta aft) ———
‘punod sansvay waAes EZ PUL ZZ
10 XIs 4svoy ye JO} A1y |UABM4Oq IYSIN
-unod oy} pue ‘aouet0,q] §=——-——
‘uo0ou ynoqy
seeeseresereeeeseeess Qgatq|— aire e
“SuIULOULIyy UT
seeeeeeereererseneees gauraglg pai
saUO UG)
seeeetgeneesensenrens Qgarcgl— Bal ie
“ys ayy
Jo moy pug
rerseesecaeeneeeeeoes BUTIOIS/'] UN) ——
“pur
-uq MON ur AImqMaN|'GZ ey, ——

‘Wd GST 96
seeeeseesareg puB BAIUID|"BT

*pne, np

uowweD 94} Ysno1y}

Ayjeroues pure ‘AasaA

‘vaouay, — ‘ouuesne’y

‘greg ‘aoueysuog ‘ud

“uney ‘(IIe Jo Apuay

“OIA ysowl) uasuynagy

‘young ‘zordg ‘uayory

-1ajuy ye ‘Zuslig pus

unyg, JO sexe] oy} Uo

Auepora etow ‘aureg | *W'a TT pue

qe Ayjetoadsa ‘Spury joy useajog

“IOZJIME JO Javed yvord VIET “ULL “GZLT
“ByTLUe A,

ye Ayperoodsa ‘spurysy

outddy rgd ay} Ul uosNT|"gZ "AON ——

ttteeeeerrerereees pals qdag 821
% ‘I

127

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZX NOMENA.

*sorteuey
"ose “d ‘ISZz1 IA “4STE] ‘umor Fa veceseeeceneveee uoydnia OIMBOTOA e kq Poaoroy Teneo rete eee eres eeneeee ***sy00Us qUa[OIA OMT, au} ur eso10R1y Jo pueysy ‘og “AON,
"GZ pur FZ
"COL “dV ‘TIT S@loong ‘s1yWEI0g 199M39q IUSIN

4O “ITT BPOY $UUBUTOT “ATaSqQ | treretettt ttt stseeeeeeeceessesseeeecesseseseccsaaares|sccsecceeueenveserccsenceeelens **aT1aTOTA xotpyey |e pue[Sursyazy to ——— —
*syjuou Aueut
; IOJ S[VAIOZUL 4e Burt
"0711 seetereesece Ayt0 au jo woyons4sep an} peqojdur0g rete es eeeeeesecesseeseesees lng aT ‘syoys 210 see eee eeseceseerenere oq 6 7 aaee 4 Ae
‘rqunod Surutofpe
pue Aq10 943 poyepun
“ULSUTUIN {O10 V9Y}
pue ‘paimer ATuap
-pus ‘syooys 4819
ay 72 ‘ory ‘ae800 '
‘6LP pue cip ‘dd ay} JO uoyey3e 4UIT ‘N'V 8
"XIX "y ‘sodehoA sop ‘Ups ‘ysrpy[ rr paanfur Aqtrzay AG10 oyyl-ora eAq poraeduosoy|""*++***syooys fexaaag|"** TID ur uoddeou0g|'g Ajn¢ ——
“RUISSOTAT 98 “suisse 4e ALUSIs
"oMI)**'"*"** podorsop ATartzUa ysOUrTE SBA BSSOMOAT|"""etreeetsseeteeeeeeeslsMOONS FUSS [eoaaglosty ‘ozzniqy =: uy |", eu ——
‘QUO JOTOTA
Tayjoue sem diay}
TayM ‘T48Z 94} 04
dn dep AxaAo 4souye
panuryu0d syooys ot,
"RIODION 48 4UdTOIA
4SOUL tf} SVM JSUT otf}
yoy jo ‘paousred

-X9 919M SOS 99.14} ‘yonu parayns
“9104 poystied suosrod sooeid 19910 94} FV Jos[e vuomfNg ox»
00G Ueq} s0,Y ‘UMOp UMOYY O10 sasnoy j *(g) saqnururxis Aqrvou |‘auospayuOy ‘eoraye yy
9} [[@ JSOM[e 42} YUaTOIA Os seM Yooys 943 poqsey Ory “4yay sea |‘esitA ‘eIoseD ‘eIOION ‘Wd OT JNOGY
“OPICIPIOLON, 4 § PYOVID ILIA S[[VAL IUTOS TPOATT, FY[ rrr reerereeereeeeee ees yOOUSaMONG aMOYIW|‘eIMby ‘Yosry, ‘amoy|zt Ae —

BIBI) *yjuOUL 94
“Ip-essvyy ye Aqjetoadsa §=|jo asmoo ayy
seeeereeSHOOYS [PIBAIG|: ATRIA] Ur Syutod yusTayIG|uy ———- ——
wee ert eseees yooys 309 SOOO e eee etee B0Uan) "8g IRIN OELT

‘SUINI 911} UL poystied ajdood Auer pue :
“ou ‘B1V.L1eQ-Ip-esseyN, ye UMOP UMOJT O19 SOSTOP]| eee ttss ets eesee sees eee
“OST “ISTH ‘umor patria tc alevie ila ravage e eee eOLO aSeurep ON|teerseteteeeseerereeeeesene
“OSLI qvad oy} ut paoed aq prnoys
quoad siqy ‘TTT ‘d*Arx’z ‘onbisdyg op [euanor ayy
04 ZuIpiovDy *1993e WOOS ddvTd ¥00} uOTydnIa
“YoY ‘Ajoruevojoa y “padorjsap sem oovayy jo Az0 oy)" CEG DOL RO hal
“prov ‘T1090 { puryi0g SOO eer rrr rrr rr tre +l. soyenbyy.1e9 [eraa9g
“eye 1qospe EE : Pen meee eee enone recesses eoettteee ; BEAL Seecee ee 7

“9821 Indy
- . UIOT 24} [UN osvo0 AToIIQUS 40U pIp pur ‘s1vak

“PURIST VY} UL VsIB_ Jo OM} 1OJ QUDTOTA ATOWIAIIXA SUM ‘OE FT Jaquiaydag

REPORT—1852

91nd 94} ‘oyeqang *2zuai0'T “PUY 4ST 949 U0 uedeq Yom ‘uondnso OLUBO[OA 91qe ‘ *SoLIvuey aq} Jo suo
uog jo yunodoe 913 sojonb yong *a~1eUlot {SOUL PUB JUd[OTA AIDA B Zurkuedwoo0y tt eeeneeseneaenseceneessens pa quaTOTA |‘a}0A90UL'T JO PURIST OY L|"F FUNG ——
: “ABP OU}
‘oF ‘dare ‘TELL “ISTH UO ee Cais ta poystiad suoszed gggg| et teeeeeee es Sump syooys Aa SUOIIAUD SIT PUL Bi380q “LT judy ——
‘gouvIvadde sy opeul 10}eM YOY JO
Suds y poystsed suossod 999 ogy “41 Woy
yoy 219M LOY} YOUTM ye saovid oy} JO saouvysIp
ay} JO auenbs oy} JO Oe 9Y} UL Poysturwip
Ady} yeyy pure ‘sxooys oy} JO a19U90 9Y4 9q 04
posoddns sem 4y *paanfur Avoid sem eisd07
‘Arjunoo uado oy) ut sasiou afqui103 Aq poured
“T0908 J19M BUdMIOUYd [elev osoyy, “wWyvo
ajinb svat 4 AQAQMOY SBUIIZOTIOG *48Bd-1]}.10U
i aq} Woy pum quazors Aq [exouesd ur popaoaad
dq 0} padrasqo diam “AIQUIBAON pur ‘19qG0}0O
‘qudy jo soxenbay1ve toy} oy} pur sty} eIds07
JO pooymoqySsiou oy} Uy *axoWIs UT poysTuBA
YOIYA ‘BulujzYZI] Usppns oy] aurey JO 410s
B ouvSiey ajUOT punore padtooiod teg-Ip
“RLIDT, OYA JO SJURZIGvyUT oq} oYeNbIAAva stIqy
atojog ‘anodva uiyy Aq paanosqo jr sv oyed *4S8R] O]} Wey? IUIT “N'V 8
“on posevodde uns ay 4qnq “R910 “O.10M sudAvoy ou, Pee e meee e rere eeteseretesees -OIA S89] pue 19}.104g TeREET TTT ee ontd ‘1Z ee
: *putm OU |*sd9S BTUOS PuUe “ULM
SVM d10Y} YSnoyy jeary}19y,0H09[e Sur
-[e ‘s}v0q 104} pa |-gsey ‘drys @ Jo yey}
-yootm Aprvou gory axty uoyout Zuryoor
‘doap 422} OF 10 OF JO ST[AM WOIZ nO [BIS 9} Jo Suistr |v Ayeug pue ‘uo
‘yor ‘A £1 {Td Gavykag [MMOD sem Joy, “YON oy} Woy azoo1q |Woppns v pastored = |-esqnd v uoyy ‘Sutyq
ftp 'd ‘Test ‘une “ast cumor /91}U0F v or0zoq Ave paivojo spreaioige Yor |UPULIOYSY ayy BHO] |-U91} B Svar 9.199 ‘eysng = |'N'V F (“S"N)
£g6¢ d *x1°4 (GPL T41pa) ‘suery, ‘Tyg ‘spnopo Aavay Aq paanosqo o1aM SUdAvaY oY |Aeg pues oyodig 4Ysatg “quajora AOA) VT Ut pure sajden ¥¥)"0z ‘VIN —
: J *soyenb zeakoyy joSuru
608 “d 4! “JOA ‘outzede s,uema]4Uax) “yao &q paanfut yon 910M sooutaoid Ino Fee were eset e eee eeeeeeettleneneereeeessreereeeseeee Seeeeeeeeteceeeere® Buy -uldeq "IEZI
"TL d a8tH
Sax ,, *rodou a “peo 10 RAO rr rrr rT rrr rrr rrr rr Tr rrrrrrrrri eer reer BISSNy Ul Hory ah
} "JOROMIT “pRoy BoV N “ams ‘ayuda,
0Se “d Tel “eI 4StH] ‘umor ou oyut yues 1 ant 2 pue ‘pouado yava OL, ae e eee ee eetewenaeestes psguasssaussancayeabsncssAphy() qurod 1110989. aud a 9 09(T ‘OSL
eT - ? aed : | = ema

1

129

<
Zz
a
a
°
Za
R
mq
fy
<a)
i
a
Dp
cf
|
&
fa
4
a
&
°
mM
&
o
<
Ry
<2]
i)
&
4
io)

“sTjear0q Bone
ue Woy yUoLEyTIp ojInb useq VAR 0} PIES St
uoustiousyd siqy, “woztIoY a4} Mozeq poreadde

“SIP 41 OTOUA ‘AA 0 “WT ULOAJ OOUDTOTA OUIOS YITM ‘Wd Noqy
‘SIL “d ELT “ADT “4STET ‘uO f|UaALIp ‘998 SBAL pnojo snouruny e kep gues II, CeO e eres eras eersceenesrsens trerereesTQoNs qusis Vv Pema e eet eaneesene aouatOT] 6 09 ea
‘ *‘pouma

aIOM YOIYA s19y}JO udaAjoq Ysnoyy ‘][aA

Ajaayervduros podeosa utessy} soovjd auos

yey} os ‘asmoo s}t Jo oul] 9} UT soUaTOIA

jenba jo oxaymAroA9 you sem oyenbyAva *som0 IOI YSIS fs

dL “peuint a1aM szOMsIp s[OYM a1oyAA ey40 9erT4-AjUEMy

‘Aqjunod Surpunosms oy} ul aiour [ys pur soy anoj-AyuaA

‘sum. 94} Ul poling a1aM ouO0Te ULyeg Jo Ay10 ULY} SSI] Ul POMoy[oF
“TIT d‘arxy onbishyg ap eamor ay} ur suossed ggg‘poT aut & uey ssoy a1ay) Yooys 4soyvo13 ‘W'V [] O10F
oq} UI UuofoIsteg ‘ogy ‘d 1 4 Jur pue ‘uMop uMoIY) ATsnoouezUe;sUT oTOM pue ysay oy} Iv ‘uryag = j-aq ATA049

‘aUIyD Bf ap uoyduosog ‘aprey] nq|ssurprinq yey) yUoTOIA Os seM Yooys ysay Yl rrereerecse rece elauaTOIA

“yg1ea Jo mojoo
ay} paxeadde Ays ayy ‘1043e ep ogy, ‘oyuty

Ajou1e1}xq|punore pue ut f euryD Uy|"pe “AON ——
“48B9-T]4JNOSs
10 [nos 9} 04 pepus,
-xo oAey 0} «vedde
you saop yt ynq ‘(*N
aTIUL [) woyTeYD pue
‘(+f O[fun [) UoyT|ANO.T_
“(aytul are
‘CAM soptor 7) Aanq
~urg ‘(go sayiur g) prog
-reg ‘(“An‘S Seqttr F)

- ‘OM UOA9
‘QUIOS 0} SuIp10008

qe Surngysty querpuaq Aq ‘104ye aynutmM ouo ‘10 ‘oynUIM UO Sut jmeYyxo[g 4ye‘pooymoq |'w'v F (‘S’N)
“OUT|‘PIMoT[oy “A[JUS[OIA VOYBYSs 919M SMOPUTA YT| ee laeeT ‘HOOYS ToyZOUY|-YySIeu ay} Ut pue ‘or9Iq|'Tg ——-——
*I9qUIAON JO o[pprur
“PROV T19D *6Fs d joyy ur4quadd sty} sooeid onbi104stpy [eumMor ety, ‘ors [WV ¢ (“S"N)
*X ‘JOA (GFZT “3Ipa) ‘suer, “fYq\sopunyy yuvysrp oxy osiou ev Aq poruedugody| errr seers teeetetesseee seerrseersecersecceseeereeel road aremyON UL oyUdy|"g, ———

‘SP ‘d ‘ame Bel ‘ong **esouRy 42 UMOP UMOIY] 910M sSuiprmq Aueyy Pa (2) (0) 36

*OS S89] S:19q]}0
Aq paaoypoy ‘yooys ‘ozzniqy pue
AIOA — BUC eI[sng ut pur ‘sofdey 4y|"Z1 4399 ——

“qquour oy} 3uLmp

“GTP “d ‘09 ‘TELT ISTH "Wanos|-at se 4] “UMOP UMOTY SFuIppinq [eroAag|s eres lKOMAE “qUOTOIA ATaAl er ozmaqy ayy uy

‘00t “d
ORE a ‘d “48177
‘ ST 9p Se D

REPORT—1852.

130

«CELT , bans Se il | | ital ta ee

AIQUISAON 6% Ip ou ***** OJONUT
24} [PP OWOIZETOY y» HOZOND OIZUOATA|*****reerrstvessecsennenessnsserssensscasvonrsansessasaassecerssuserssscssnrarerecsterleseses SOOT qudys aug| tt stetseeessee* satdenly “AON ——
_*puepAreyy, ur stjod
-euuy ye pue ‘Buea
“WV [] Je poddojs sem yoo]0 @ stjod , -[Asuuog ut ‘aoysog 4e *a0ON,
‘gd ‘| ‘JOA ‘suvry, Tyg|-euUy Fy ‘[eorjUOP] ye oUOp SUM JoryOSTUL aUUOG]** tte Teeeteeeeeeesee| QHENDYGIEA JUOTOIA Y/ATYAS YoZosty "epeueplg ydag ——
“OT pur 6
99M 49q 4 3°N
‘ny —
*‘m00u
“BOUdH) SB IBF Se pue |-19qJe 9t UT
"TIT 4 ‘ZeLl IOV “ISIE ‘Ung | *ULOYForT We ysadui9} snozysestp B AUP OUMVS OY TE! Tee eeeeeere syOOYys xIgiAuBOSNy, UT ‘UIOq SOT Fy|"1z Ae ——
*‘Areuoyeys JuOMOUL
@ Sureq 19qye ‘por
-91 Ud] ‘197eM YSU
JO [AAI] ayy aAO0ge
SayQUI ¢ 10 Z ISOI
4] “Bas oy Jo yuoUL
-9A0Ul Xnpor pue

“1S ‘d “AON ‘oI wasuer na aces ehgeesecess eceevene™s ss GTO) aseuep aulog SOHO weer we weeeeseesaeeeesisaweeeene syooys do1q J, ezuoey pue T]10,q ‘ejomy

"21¢ “A ‘i “4 ‘snug, xng. Axreurps0vryxo
vi ap aSvdo, ‘saenoy,-349q Np [aqy|""**""""* Sasnoy a4} Jo Joquinu eBrv] v podorysoqjue Aq potueduovdy|"**""""** quazora ATaA)*see sss eeeeees oomndeoy}-cz ‘qa ——
"20 JU]
“OIA a10m B ‘199;8
Moy ue FeE *aynu *W'V 6 pue
“1m v AjAvoU poqsey 8 ueMIg
"egg ‘d ‘ZeLT ‘sxe “ISIET ‘WANOL|**s[[eA PTO 9TUOS UMOP MITT] YOOYS pUOdAS OT! terres YOMTM SYooys WSs yi Uredg Ur aTTAVS)-Qy ‘uel “ZEsT
,bueIpliamod eyxas Boy ‘souue ‘soouarkg OY} 0} purl
“peoy ‘1109 {eg d‘at‘y |xos JoA onbumb oyue soj0MO,, ‘Zest oun -Og WO1J papuaj}xa aAvY | “wa g 4V
‘gajqqduioo sarangp ‘q[noweg uvor\tyG{ JO 10999] v Ur ‘aqep 0} St SAvs A[UO TTTMOULaG | **stsrttteetesteetstetseee|eeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeereeeeseeslon DIGS SEIT “OTB IB IAT! ZELT JO [ELT
‘og ‘d *OD0010J] UL
"AX "4 ‘sade fo, sop jeumor ‘Maura A pens Wee wswpamesmnes uapys eonsee re O TTL SUM TAO} aUL Pree Teer ee eeeeee rer rrer ie Creer ee x1019, 49 jo uMO} ouL Riwiant com = 2-5
*s}sam
-jno sit Sump 10 a10jaq 49} ATyuanbaay se ‘uoydnid jo
soos FYSTTS yeyy ‘uorydnsa ayy JO yuNodoe o1]4 sivak Surpaooad omy
wogy ‘atqeqoad sudas 41 yNq ‘poztuepnoysed sau0 ay} Buump puryst
*puryst |AyTuo ay} o4e ‘pajonb o1ojaq ‘p une Jo yey} pue yeu} UL 4a} Ud9q pry
SIq} Ul vstex Jo 9Ino ‘oyoqung joyenbyjive sips, “YIUOM eB ynoge Joy pasead yoy =ayenbyyrea *SaTIBULD 91} JO
“guax0'T “Ipuy uo Suyonb ‘yong a/Suavy ‘pamouar sem uoydnss oY} YIQZ OY UG! rr TTT QUATOIA SOU BY, |9UO ‘ajOLozZUT Jo purs]|"E7z oq] "TELT
*9 *¢ - § % ‘'T

131

“OPT “Ale reerseeeestestestesesetssestenenacenserensensenseaeens

sreeeereveeeslooeeeeess@Q0U8 [BIQAIS “-guSzaany ur saurpreg|‘¢g ————
oune IPT 94} se Aqurez100 WIM poxy *ROLIOMLY UjION

‘anbimEpeoy UOTa]]09|Waes 4OU Op yUAS SIy} JO YUOUT pus Aep aL rrr rrerrrreeerreeses|ereteeeeeeeeereereereeereeMUeTATBTT UL stjodeuay) "pT sue ——
‘saovyd asayy

Aq pasopoue 4o1.3stp io

U9 [Te pue ‘ eouedeyy a
pue ‘ypeysaueq ‘yorq

*punos 03 opel sem Taq @ sdUesE TW, panel ‘massory ‘neueyy ‘Wd Z

“eLT ‘d “grezfag|ye pue ‘sya 94} WOIZ TMOAY} OTOM SOMOS] errreressseereseeeleeerereee sHOONS Bay | YoRquayO “royyuerg|Bt Ae ——

G6 PUl TZ

‘ouvITy |199A\49q WY SIN,

*sofden| yore ~——

"66 *d ‘eeZT ‘ane ‘onIG sesecececesesereeseseees KTBIQPISUOD POLABNS OUVILY| rrsrrestteetseetetsseee|=** SHOOTS qySys ax0pylye 419F OsTy

*QUII} JULOS IF

“118 soto 44 Sr]s 1ay30 fq
“0771 |9q} UL estou pnoy v Aq wAa{UTA ye PoTURdMODDW| eT terres et teers" IPaMOTTOZ ‘YOoYS auO|'eIwoTIseg pu BIEN Uy|'6g— —
*so[deNy 4%

4q3ys pue ‘oyusAou “qquour
~og ye yuaforsA AoA 2%} JO OTPPIIANL
"gz ‘d ‘cesT ‘TAY “ISIET ‘UmMor|"***** UOdnso UI se UY OUT} oUIeS 94} JHOGY|er eee lOTOM YOIA syooys| selden pue oyworsuog| ues "gELT
*yypeeig 42018 OU 07
ysnoy) ‘pur[yoog Jo4svoo0
U19}S89M 9} SuOTe [Te pue
*amtysoTAS.ry UL UerywOayg|"********

‘gc «d ‘OGL1 ‘Quizese BUBULSPIMSE) |e roe steweeabent sesss eves -ctrascn re ge uaeter ase Pee encenssreeesenaserertenslesetsteeeseeteeesnens

*suIeI SNO148e ‘dn

-srp Aq pamozjog ‘dn astt 0} poses vas ay} josta 09 poreodde vas
“erg ‘d ‘sey ‘aouery ap anosopylo10TA prs OY} TOIT astou pnore Aq patusdmModdy au} JA0q JO apts oy} UGQ|""*"***** FUATOIA JoyJeY|"*"***""* NFLOD Jo pueysy|******"”
*0}UeI1Q JO
goutaoid 943 jo yaed
Ura] NOS IY} JO 4800
‘CII “d ‘greyhag Agaisia.y Uie'aitnie Ss's gassing e Govsiitinep caussassiPes tine eesSinnp ean Os'ss)s's! a0 neces ed edesens's)-cioess eek ssavenieseesecncupsesRsescinggi Out) U0 yodyjey ‘L00q. =
“4]ay SBA BOOS
AysI[s @ osje oMOY 4Y¥)
“yoy *A Aq poztrejnonaed
‘suorjoarIp yuerTayTp yys19
UL payeIpet 9Avy 0} SuIIaS
ayenbyjsea oy} 4t wWoOIy
“‘morjdnsa Ul se BOA Taqueda(T 146 pure ‘sntansa, ynoqe u90q
aq} UG ‘papunoam GPT pue paT[ry uosq savy aaey 07 savedde o14U900

0} pres oe suosiad gFG1 ‘“paanfur yonursem | BYL ‘“SeLIqeyed 0M 043

pine poe “pakoxysap Ajertyua ysourje seat pur ‘or0ae'
*sopdeny 48 agp mAOrE azaas es ; aA |

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

“9817 “umor £ ‘eI, BTEC

‘snad&g ye oxenb
“oT p 'd ‘A JOA ‘soruoyog Ys |-WI1ea 9Y3 IITA snooueyoNs ATqeqorg “puryst
ayy jo Ar0gstyy ‘ULV “MOSzUoW\o4} Jo yxed wWioyyIOU 9y} Ut asvulep yeors pid

‘JOH “A eee ence cece reese terete eee reste seeeereesesesessessesssseseslsessesrerssasaesrsees sarees

sewer were eeseosaeereeseteee

1H) *20) ony eee c eer ce reece ecee neers eens re senseceesennnseseeesseressessss|sereesseserrgeessresseeeeee
“pid “41 0} LOM ye] B WTF Y910J
‘ga104 B] ap aanStg e[ eq ‘endnogjaueo souepy “porufuy youu sem esunovjzoRy[T

seem ewe eeronene ree senteee

eee eccees qUoTOTA AIO A see eruojeyday jo purysy paeeereee
Sere eee snadég jo purjsy weeseeese

*OSstN (‘Ay
pue ‘ouayeg ‘euatum jut ‘Uto4sroy
“19 Aqeweadse {Aptoig |-ay 0} Sut

Steaescurccsconccnavcense* 110) qaed W1ayIA0U IU} TLV -p1009y)
“eSunoeyoe['T “UOTE OT}

jo umo} ot Aqjemed ‘|jo Suruuseg
-adsa foym% Jo soutaoig}| eq]

Peete eee ee et eseneeseeetrees

1852.

REPORT

132

ou

“GTg “d “at "4 ‘TTNou
-1og wear S*peoy ‘T]0D ‘ pueysog
"68g “d
TA ‘JOA ‘ouIzesey S,ueutaT}Uax)
11°} ‘OtIaS ag ‘UN, ep* wg ‘uur
“ney ep ae} ap suaweTqurery
so] Ins e4ON “FOI SEXELV asIMl

“on

“gopy tafeesstteetstreeteteteteseees

“yoy ‘A

$400] $-910 *20) ‘gpur[sy ua a8vhoa seen eenerenssscegersseeee

UMOIY} SXouTAIYD pue ‘paxovIO 19M ST[PA BLOG

tesereeeeees sgsrou uvaueiioyqns Aq patuedmooy

setter een tetenee

eRe eee eee ee tenet teearenrsseeere

TTI Tere

‘mMOp

cece cece mete esate reese see essen len raeeseseaaseneearree® coee

“9GZ1 Ajne Tyan pue

steers eeeees

jou prp yor ‘euyy Jo woydnia we Aq pomoy
“PLL ‘d ‘07 ‘auorziiosaq ‘ereLiag|-[of pue ‘sastou ueouBtieyqns Aq poruedmoo0y

ponte tense rea ee esses sreteee

sa eeeeee sere eee eeeee ane te tenn se ete e eer aneressetanaweeee®

teen eee e eee ee re sawesttesceeeestoesisasesassre®

“Buyjooy 19}

pooS ayeur 0} mmoavapus oj pue ‘pauazysiy

got “d “WA +} pur
‘419 ‘da 4 “peoy ‘Tod ty “d
‘FELl ‘sted ap S90T1B1Ng Sap “pray

YONUT 9q 0} PaAtasqo a19M SasIOFT “UL OE yoqe
SBA IOJIUIOIe OYJ,
-aA0u [Ty ‘atojaq ysul pjoo ATuappns atuedeq

WAYVYS YON o19M so[qe

£7pG°d°XJOA (GPL T Mpa) ‘suVAL Ty qwaqjwam ayy, “wpeo oymb sem asaydsounye yj sree re

ig

=G iv;

Yooys o[surs y

**-g]qeIOpIsSuOd LOY} ey

a|eeeeereeneee syooys OML

“Buryquie.14
a[qeiapisuod AlaA

“++ syooys payeadayy

teeeee*eeM DOYS [PIDAIS
‘reak ay} SuLmMp sey
¢ 9191] 3/2} 2.19.4 SJIOYS

seteeeeeseeseeee eg TIQTOT

"S OF "N 24 0} 41
qySnoy} s1aqyo aptyM
“AA 0} "GY 9q 07 MODAL
-Ip 2y9 pasoddns autog
“1199.49 [VALOJUTZIOYS
B YIM pue *sdas E10 Z
Busey ors “fay aaa

SOOYS OM} JUBA ET FV
*S

WY w6l 9
seeeeeterereeeeeeeee BA QUaOl "ET
‘ayeg ye 3aq “‘punor A313) “Wa g ary
-UN00 9} 29 ‘PURTIIZ}IMG]-9q IIT V
JO BJOY.A oq} JNoYsnNomy,T |Z, eunp ——
wv T
puepoog Ur STITH MqO!1 Ae ~——

*(aumart
“nv J) ajyraanooyuoy|"ez “Idy “9e/T
*punol soya OF *p 04
roy ArquNOD ayy pue vUag|T “399 ——
‘aus0jog pue ‘aouadRyyy
‘QuIBTN 24} WO JxoyyuRAG|"Z “Bn “CELT

seeeeeeeeess Quag UL BUN) tts ——
“puraoy

Ul vsuIpusjuung Jo

po1aystp oy} JO apouaa ayy |***"**** | ——

‘aUIag dy} JO apIs 1oy}0

ay) Se Ley Sv pue aTARyy 42 CuSP

gouvry UL pur £19}SaYo|IO OF yF 32

-1YQ pure ‘qynoUIs;10g 4B] JoysayoIGD

qayOSTy ‘oy ‘PpOOMpooy|iyy) “WV F

‘meyoioyg ‘Surmiey, ‘Suljpue ¢ use}

-a109 ‘japunry ‘yueavy|-9g ("S°N)

qe Ayyetoedsa ‘ xassng Uy|"G*AON “FELT

% T

ier nee ee ee SS SS SS SS ee

3

“kep [le ssurquier,
qysys Aq pamoyloy
‘JOOYs JUO[OIA @ “WV
OT FV ‘soqnuru 4ySt0
Iof ssuryquies Aq pa
~MOTLOF“W'V 0 48 72
- JOyJOUY "W'V,,/ ppue
OF 9 38 O10U OMY,
*SoNUIUE aI} OF

13

suoryeypioso Aq Poaoy ‘N'V
fo OD Ov oUET “OF “WV wSh 4G 72 wSP we ogy
“oI |-A91qNs YIM papusyye o19M syoys at} Jo 7103 1] Re OOYS UaTOIA roJOUY| st teeestsestes* 099tG|*G¢, ——-—
"prez ay} [yun pose] 2 ‘Aep sty} uedaq sntansa jo ‘WV Z
“oii MordnsaquaporA ATaUIaAyXa UY “payoRsooTaMsTeAA| eects ees OOS gUATOIA pets sess ota p1T ———
‘Wd G 48 UTese
‘W'd § ynoqe pue “wa 7 pue ¢
O110}3 WY “89A\ 94} WOT Suru0d astiou urou Ta9MJOq 4v IAT}OUY ‘W'd WSL yl
‘op |-ea1a}qns pnoy ev Aq potueduioooe Yooys ysay oUG| OOS § YUaTOIA aMQ] tt 0991 |" T —— —
‘W'VG 4 OOS py Sys

Aron v oyeg yy “Aep
[2 Ssurpquier} 41.318

pur ‘pauonusmemty ‘WY Gh oS
“OI | tree teers ggrou TTA papuaygy| eres sessesslong av yoOUS WUApOTA Weert sets Ot 'g~T ————
“‘qystupim pur “wa OT

qe ayNAs[1e9 42 Syooys
1919 ‘Wd ¢ 38 90)
quays Ara eB avg FV;
“1ea[0 pue “4pejspey ye IUa[OTA
wyeo sem Lys 919 yng ‘you AToMIATxXa SeM JOT} ALOUL [[1}S YITM 4oF pure
“COM OY], “UMOp UMOITY S]assaA PUL S92 PUT ‘soynmim OM ynoqe
UayeYs TORU Sutog SsUIpTIng ‘4Ua[OIA 4sOUur ayy SUTASET “Wd 08 yo 32

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZ NOMENA.

*peoy [SBM YOOYS puodes oy, “Se[IIYA Jo Suryjor ou} JOOYS Usppus aqAouy, “BIqe@MS UL ‘WY wSh uS
‘T1909 § “FOE ‘d “AL *4 ‘Tnouseg Uvar\10 JapuUNnyy yUeASIp 9 IT one B 4q potuedwooy weerewererererveeeeeerrores!OOYS O[QVJepIsSuod V (é aynaAspIe)) YOUMAs[rey | [| —— —
oni eee Testo she onraihet ens
"gua *90) ‘T[TNOUIAg Weal ttt MeMtamceeeenaas sanolialsee=clet ces |esseenccss seidniebieree “areg TT Aeaq ——
MOqpICy| eeeeeetcetrseeereteeteeseneeesasatssenaseerecseseesaseceelecenaerereeseersesersteseseles + QaT TTT OM} POySBrT|"* sees purdurg|¢G —— —
"61 g'd 'TA"[oA‘ourzese Wy s,uemep}Ue5 Pee eo veces eacnecetoenectgecereeneanscnncrcsecovvetepaccssenalecscccusteccrsnseshvscncrss|csveccdeceacdsdeceesteneces|eoncseuss aidouyuejsu0g eyore yy, ——

*pne, ap sheg 243 Jo aed
“pueiyiog PROC SETH HEH MeOH S EH HESH TF EDEHET HE HESSEHE HEHEHE SESS SSE EEEE SEE DEE EHEHE HEH EOS EO EeEEEEEEES sereeeesSyOOys. Wee pue ‘stele seq aL Al Romer iramrrae
“BOLL ES 00S =

‘es

ARO O teat we necro ceesee tes eee se sas esas eealeseeetany

oe ve hignh mat “ts ? 2 =

st neeeeeeeseeneslegesssersees

REPORT—1852

134

*sUdABOY IY} paindsqo usy} Tory spnojo
91]} SULpPULySYyTA JOU JIQISIA ‘st[vat0q BIOINe UB
“Mv F woe Fy “BuNyIYS pura oy} pur ‘o[qQu
“IGA JOYJVIM VY, ‘“SaSIOu URITIBIId}qNS PHOT

“OUIG|UIIA VLOJoq SB PapUI}ye SYOOYS say} JO JSOJ[ re rer rrreeees ses

“1998 SBM 109}9UT

SNOIUSI UC *W'd wEPF y6IV ‘Wd 6 0} g Woz UIeI

pues sapunyy {Apnojo apg, @ a1aM suaAvay

IY, ‘sestou uvauesiajyqns pnoy dq parueduioo0e
“OIC |o10aM [[e JsoMy ‘adewep oulos pip syooys asey
“M'S'AA pus “AA 919 UE T9—s SBA

SuruyySy ys ye pure ‘urese pareojo way Ays

IL "Wd g ynoge “g pue AA's “MA 949 UT poutt0;
Sphoypo Jopunyy sai} pure “wa pF NoGe UMOpyUIM
Ja}QUOAVG ay} {pammosqo suredaq ‘(*\\"S 72 PULA
“OWT |ay}) AWojo uaeq opayY peg yory ‘Ays ayy

“poy
1109 {FOE “A “AL “7 ‘TMOMLAg Uap] errs reese YORUM poTqMOT STM OT,

a) ii

Renter eee eeetiseeeretens

eisieleelesienevacs'b sites ssina Tg

te

*JayOUe‘soyNUIUT IOS
pue ye 3e “Wg WoO
9U0 GL ys FV “S 84
MOLY 9 ,OUB LOE yLIV
“O'S 94 Wor yooys
quaJOIA @ ‘Wd [ 3Y
*SOOYS [VOVA 910UL
OM} “Wa [ pue woou
WdaAjJog “sSuITquIa.y
SNONnUI}UOD pue ‘pig, eB
Aq ‘1978 ,,T ‘PAMoppog
‘SYOOYS 2[QLM9} Z OF
UBY} 2IOW 1OYYVA 2 9
VY “SYOOYS[BO1}.10A 04
“WV p aL0Jaq SazNUTUT
smog *SuIpquiaay yUET
“Ol BN VE OGY “1a
-U1L0J I} UB} FUITOTA
ssoy ynq ‘syooys Aueyy

‘Wd GF qIT ye pure
([eoH10A SUM Gh yOL
ye ouo) ‘Wd [[ pue
OT uaemyoq ye ulesy
“uF 10,,¢ 3uysey ayenb
“YJtBd IQ LL19} VB “Wd
wo Py6FV WY 6 98dULT
-INDAA ‘SYDOYS [BIVAIG

*w0G 8 9} mG 48
pus ‘Wy g ye ulesy
*QLOJOq SB SBut|quis.

syooys Aury
*sSur[qula.1] pue syooys
JUI[OIA pue snosomMU
‘Wd G J@ puR pF 194Fe
oT Vw uesy "OF
pue se yg9e Aqpedroursd

‘¢

ee eeeeeeserennseeres

Fete we eeer et eareeeeee

sere eeeeeeeeee

BIQUAAg Ut
Ot eeeeeerereeveaseresseees ‘syooys qUdOrA 9 10 ¢c (é ayNas[Iey) YOIMS[IeO “gT Aty *LEL1

%

“(W981
ayy JO 44310
=prux uro4g)
moyysiyeyy
OofOYMIGT,

0341 )'6l —— —

‘W'V 9 0} G
OLS T a= Se

‘W'V 9 03. ¢
OO ———

wy
GT y9 OF ¢

a

135

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA.

*agYOUIS 0} potass ATAqNT
-osqe ayy, “doz Areurproesyxe ue YIM potoA0d
“OINI|axaM sUIeIUNOMI oY, “448 pue Aep [pe urEylrrrrrersceeeseeeeseeeess
*9sI0u
TIM popuezye o1aMm Aep sty} Jo syooys oq} [TV
‘Udd8 SEA SUIUYST smog *JaqsIq YOU sem
Jajaworeq 9} ‘Wd 9 4W ‘pourer yt pue ‘Boz
JIA pasiaAoo 910M SUIeJUNOU oy, “9p}71T @ dn
auos pey JojoWOIeq oY} WV J IW “SI[ea10q
ziome ue ospy ‘xeorqdep [YUN Ate 94} poyey
OWT) TSE YOM PULMPIYM B YOOYS 4sxy oy} Dupe] ss *errseersseeeeres

“Buryq ‘Wd Z
“W914 YpTA yeorz.190 A |° POO e reese eeeeee out "£2 —_ -——
*91 G99} VIO IOI

a0 ‘spre M199je94;NU
-TU0 B Jey ‘ulese pue
‘rayjour‘g ye £3]00y8
[B01}10A & “Wd 9 YY
*9U0 ALTIUS 1OY{OUR
“wy 1 yy “Sunq
-W19} TIM Yoys ue)"
*yoOys a100n
auo0 “Wd 9 4 pue
{SuOye][Ioso ITM
qoqjoue “W'd OF uP
4V ‘“pojeodax u00s
‘yooyszoyqjoue “WV
wT y6 38 SForquary
qeois g yy *yooys
Jayjoue ‘19372 soynu
“IML 90g *saynUTUT

ANOJ OJ SUOTIL][IOSO ‘NV
"Ire oy} UL sa010A “Apnoyo Aq pamoyjoz ‘jo0qs uGP 19 Jnoqy
"OWIC|ANS OUT °9US1U 94} Burp PUI YIM Uret AAVOTT|sersseseeeeeseeeseresooeeesl BOT TOA QUQTOIA Yittteesesersetterreee* Ont |ez —— ——
‘urede dn yuo

*

‘WY WOE aL
ROO reeresecseees oI ‘9g —_ —

ojautoreg oy], “shonsedure, 1943v0M oy} pue ‘WY Z
“OTC o[qeUeA SPULA OTT, “BSIOM PMOL e YIM papUaygy| srseserereecseseseeeeeesesleereeeesescsteesereeteteeslereeeeaeeteeneeeees MATTE y ——
‘W'd G pUuvE 72 SyOOYS *m00U tV
“oyiq’|*** o[qeutea spury\ ‘shonuryuoo ysounpe UTEL ay | rs ssssesseeeeeesee+++++logerapOU rom omalteg — —
CS *soqNUTUL
NoJ IO} syOoYS "Wd *(¢ ‘wa JO
“pjoo pue ‘Apura SoqNULUL OWOS Put OF ‘W'V) ¢ 01]
“O}}IC(|9M TOYYVAM VYT, “MoT AIOA TIS JoJOUMOING YL tet ete OL FV “SYOOYS anogg|seeetseeeseeeeeeee* OMT *-ygZ——

“ured
‘on1q|pue ‘spnoyo ‘xepunyy, “Mor Ar9A rajouMOMEG aUp| settee teeters

‘WV Z
Od 16 ==

see eeceeores Surquraty, eee eeeteresseeecesese

"W'S OE yOT 48 OST? 29
SAV WGP yOT 32 ‘OT
sed soynurmow0s ‘OT
a10Jaq 2]}}T] B LoyjOUR *"m00 0}

*Burnyqsy pue ‘urex ‘spnoyo 348m yy -uMOp
Jjeuo0d pey sajamoreq ayy, ‘uaes stjeat0q Brorny|"****
¥ dill . “ay ce a Ss .

ox

“spueysy api at} Jo
puooas pue 4siy ayy
W99MjOq S[GISIA SBA
‘poonpoad oz0M skeq |ur0j30q 94} yey} Avy
pue sayey vas 94} TeaNy ‘suuseyO OJUT YUNS {os pater Udy) pue
S19q}0 pue ‘sT[IY] OJUT poster o19M saoetd yaad, |‘4yStey Areurproe.1y
‘yee d |Auvur £ Axjyunoo aq} Jo sovjans ay} U0 poonpord =j-xa ue 0} purl oy
‘syoorany ,paddeyg Zunonb‘AZoy jaram sodueyo yearg = *shep qyS1a parse] YOIyM |pamopaaao ‘poqeyse “Spuesy d[LINyy
oan) jo saydiourg sqjedy HoH -A\‘efeysmayosynpy Jo uorydnzd o[quizaye Aq pamoypog|Apvot3 sem vos oy |'*’ JUO[OIA AjamMoyxT\oq} pue ‘exyeyos}uey|"9g 309 ——
‘IT ‘d ‘mt ‘eget ‘smoy anoj-AzugM} Surjsey vleyes0y *eyyeyos
‘ZINOGSIN}9g ‘IS Op *peoy,[ ap ‘Wao efeysurpOsyemy Jo UoYdnia uv Aq papodatg| srs tre seese]ereeereceeeecesecsercesseeelaTpyy UL Byqedory 1waN}'** ydag ——
: (,“nadsmdap ”
shes A}LIOyne
eyL) ‘oune
*SODUTIA [BIOAVS OJVPUNUT 07 SB Y}I0F OULD jo Suruurseq
‘GLI ‘d jxayem Jo Ayruenb e yous pue ‘pauado yj.ea to ey JO pua
“ELT “ung ‘aourty ap amModoqjay} aov[d 9U0 yy “UMOP UMOAYY SVM OTISVO Yl seseeseeeeeeee+|SDOYS JUOTOIA [BIBAVG]********* gTdouyULysuOg|1093e7—. ~——
*shOnuUTyUO ysomMye JOM Suragy Zi, pue sysoduioy)
DIOYM ‘UIT JV 4[OFaTOA SaUO FYSITS ‘syooys osayy
YT JUIT sues 9 FY ‘atoJaq SyIoA\ 9a1y} 91043
uaes uvaq osye pey Aoy} yg, 243 UO NepueT
JO OPIS oY} UO ATe VY} UL UVES B19M OIG JO SaqoTD
‘paataoiad oq yyStu WY SI] WIP B fo se0e.Iy YOY
YSn0.11} ‘s}STUT OTT] YALA potaaod 9.194 suTe}UNOM
IL ‘plod auooaq prey cay}vam at .1a4Fe UdAa yoy
S}I poulejed pur ‘TUIeM seM YALVa BY, *paatoorod
aq WYStUL UOLyT[NGe Ur 107M JO ssvUT ysvA B JO
yey} OY] VSou B punors ay} 04 Ava sou Surproy
uQ “patirye yonut pareadde pure ‘A[payeadar
pemoso suey pu syxooo syooys oy} Sug ‘uo
SuloS uoyour Zurquia. yYsI[s snonuyuod v uVaq
daBy 03 Sivodde a.19y} OWT} a[O.M ay} noYysno.ry
“qydrjs Ajaatyeredui0d o1aM 4sor ayy pue “Ua[OrA
JOyjeI 919M S19yjO FT ‘GuUaTOIA AToULIyXe 910M
(Wid Sh yLT Pur “Wd WCF y6 3 ‘QT Avy “Wa
OE yo 42 ‘TT Avyy wo soy} ‘Ayouren) ¢ ‘aqnasprey ye
SYOOYS aS9y} YSSUOULW ‘S[eAIAqUI ye Urey “ARAN
‘peoy |Arevurpr0e.yxo ue ut dn yuan tajoworeq ayy, ‘shep *SONUIUI U9} 10 “BIqeMs Ut ‘WV G
109 ‘FOE “A car “9 ‘TMOUIEg ULaP|Surpadoid ay} WO WY} 109}0 SLA TOYJLOM OY T|reerrerreeceeserereeeeeee HSI LOF SSurpqurary,|(¢ ayMaspeg) Yormsprwg|gz Avq “LET

uy *g 1 i 3 % ‘I

REPORT—1852.

136

~~

pop)
a

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZNOMENA.

"PIg d “erueq
“Ty ysnoryy Aoumor s,asnoyqoqy
Sof ‘d ‘100 eIsy Ul spoAery, ‘yueqpues e AjUuo Sutavoy ‘yues ATUappns
S,Jaypueyy 002d ‘OGsT suet] ‘TY g|Moqiey a4} Jo souRTUE 9y} 4e BUIAT PULSE UY| Teese tees

09¢ -d Te “GEL “IStET ‘WMog| eee eL8S0g Ve aSemep autos 11) @ | oOo
“pe ‘d ‘egs] ‘oruaatal ss pamnfur yonut oovayy Jo Ag10 ayy
"MOYLULMIYORIY] SAJOND ORT cAlsereseeeessersseeesessseeseseeseeeesescew ewe eesseeseseeesessleteeveessceeceeseeseeeens

“6EL1 99M TINE Bep oy} seats ,, saxenbyyreq

Jo Aroystp{ pue Aroayy oyL,, “(*S'O) LELT

09 416% 94} Uo pousddey yusAe 4eyy sv ‘veh

7 0} se pajiodar ATSu0IM “uer 1G YI JO 4yeyy

se omes a4} oq Ajuo Aevum sty A[qissog ‘astou

Sussiqy JO pury @ YILA Surpua pue ‘suoyou

Azoyeaqra Aq potuedmoooy aorpd sour10F 891 \

0} pouNnjer UIT} pur ‘MONdeMp Te}UOZIIOY e UL

“cp ‘d ‘xt [0A ‘ouizeSey s,uewo]}u95|paaour ATUappns a1oM YyAeI JY} JL Se poaVoddy| sssssrssesseeeeeeeeesereee

*419 20) ‘opyeoy, See eee eee eres ee ee eee emer ee Ee EE es Haass ODereEHOEEEOEHSeee| ssreaeeteeesenstetoeuseeees

‘opp ‘d ‘t yted *xI[x ‘JOA *SUBAL, “[I | eee ees sete eeeceseeeeeeccsecseeeeseeaserersleseeesesssteseserennseseses
‘UMOP UMOIY} a10M skouUITYD sMIOg “pouedo
qyiwea ayy, “sunids useq pey ourmt @ fT se
Yjiva JO UII B SpleM1ezje SOINUIUI OMT, “Tey
uaeq pry aay} Jt se ATHOIY} se [[ay Seo oUIOS
“Lg d 4stH ‘gEZT ‘slueq [jo suxoov oy, ‘a0u0 4e pary Bureq suapunod

ap SdDUsIDg sep "pedy] ep “4sIp\MnofS-Azuamy QOT BAI astou e@ Aq potuedMODdDy| ts sssrreettseeereeeeeeee
*1ajze uoos pareoddeas ynq ‘paread
-desip yom Sutds je1ourm e rau punoid

ay} Jo Surrey pue Surst1 ayy &q potuedUModdy|"steststereteeeeeseesees

: "86g “d
‘SPLIT pue ‘Fog “d ‘IPFZT ‘oid

“EI ‘d ‘[ ‘Joa “suerzy, “[IqYq) Mop UMOITy o19M sfouMITYO auOs MIO MON By| treet eteeteeeeereeeee
"gps “d “x ‘Joa pao ee

DARI], pus saze :
seq oy} [ X18 JO Ypave a4} ut pouado se

“Suraj ySy Jo seysey
OY] BezSiz ynq “Ny 04
*g Woy [eyUOZTIOY se
UOMO sy], “aUaTOIA
UI Suiseadoap ATenuTy
-u0d ynq ‘Y{UOMT & I0F (‘s'0)
payse] yor syoyg|er ts eUkog ‘Fg Ie, —
‘Wy 9 joqy
srs 0IS IRS Wier sapdeny —=—=
*OUUADUI 42 4[9y OST
“SYOOYS FUIOTA daIyL/eyeueydey ur wdsoq)-eT-qaq “GELT
aT) (a | CC i
steseveeseeeeeeeeeaTIQIOLA see eeeeee eyyeyospUe yy Cy ee = eae oe

*OITYSYIO X
JO SUIpPTY 489 943 Ut
de eee ecerscccessetonceseess saoryd Jeq}0 pue xeyyery ‘og ‘09g: ——
“moy 138
s-soeeeeegygoys [exadagh ote empedl eg AON
“AON
ssreeesseceenecesseeesssleptTaUTWURION UH HOS0g|I0 409 ——

*QOUBITUT(ASTONA JO | ‘Wd ,,08 uf
“*SOINULU OM poyseT|jueuy1edep) seayuedre9|g] 409 ——
*(¢ aalysjostaMIOg
UT) UoyuNeT, pur oxrys (‘s°N)

FOr aera ee eerereerconsesess -yI0X ul ysnoroqieog 6 uee "BC/T

“4q3tu oy} Sutinp ‘W'd [] 910J9qQ
qo} 810M =—SyDOYS ‘woLaMY YON APS ("S"C)
221} YOR MEN Fy|OL YOR Man pure uoysog]-7 ‘09g +=——

fi

“4ST OT} YIM
snooueynuns A[quqorg ‘sumz oy} ut poystsod
suosied 90143 o104a ‘ourlsng pue 29490

"Rll “IN ,,{CHPaul VIZMON ,,|-vuog 4e sZuUIp[IMg 0} BUOP SEM adBUIUP FWD] *srrsrrrreereeeeeseeereeees

‘6LE “d ‘OFLI Tew “4SIH] ‘amor Bement meee eae eet e EEF EES HOES HEE Hane eeeHe SEH EEE HES EEO EOE eee

*({) 248700 07 9AR}00 TOIT FUOM
pue ‘oyNUIUM B J[LY payse] ostou siyy, “topunyy

meee

Areniqay 03 dn Burr

“4.108
pue 43178 ynq ‘syooys
1030 ‘Burmozpoy sep
oy ‘ump aap auo
jo sovds ay} poqsel
YOU YOOYS 9] qL110}-V

TTT TELE eee ee

YOoys JUI[OIA VW

“yynos
oq} spavao, uedaq
Syooys asory [TV “381g
aq} ULyy OS SSoT ‘4SP]

*ourvty
-8ng pur vjjaovul0g 42 “mmoy $21
ospy ‘(Aueosny,) edaeg] ——— —
*BOUdt) SB Ivy SB PUL “But
‘pIVLIEg-esseyy ‘voony |-U10UI 94} UT
‘esig ‘u1oysey ‘ue[tyA|'9 Yoreyy] ——

“WY wOE uS
org) 12 —— —
‘WV Z

ot) ST “49g ——
*salpTTB0O] OrMBoTOA|UOOU pue‘W'y
qoujXe 949 JO aUO‘voNeIT|T[ UueaeMjog
ur (siereat,) AvuoUUY)'0E
*SUIUIOU 4xou

9} 6 0} “Wid /

srreeeeeosnaidgy Ul vUlURrl FZ “ULL “OFLT
seers guy UL UTyeg ttt! ——

Peer eere eee reer

serene eee eeeeseeeeee

ree? Baer UL BARE) ez A[n¢ ——
“6% 10

“** OMtd|'3s
sesesesseseerseeeees gauighg aun

rer Tere ere Ty

Od! Te :

“+ ATOIg UL ouOMTEpTe Alf AvP ——
eysng Jo syed yuasayiq| Fs dy'6EL1

6

a "OUIG|JO 4eyY SHI estou v Aq PoMOT[OF pues popadarg|**teretrrr st" 19U9 WEI} JUO[OIA BLOT]
Ne) “98?
D soqpig|teeereeeseesesestneesseesssenseeenneesssensnsesseesnesessed sesseeesessseeesseeeseeee-lony Uap JUO[OIA 8897]
J ‘79 ‘d “mA 4 ‘peoy ‘T1090 $2 ‘d *spuodas INOF 10-9914}
- ‘OPLI ‘sued ap Sa0Ud10g sep *proy POUeeUTTECEOE TTT rr) PEC COOOECOELOEEE LOO fe (1502) ‘Surpqura14 V
a
2 90¢ “d
fae "A “4 ‘90919 ud aBvhon ‘ayttaonbnog PPVeTePeUPT TERETE errr ree rer er ee reer rrr rere erie rier re) syooys qUa[OTA Uday,
“yoy “A ‘Pe “d ‘egy T ‘OIZUOATA PTYTTITTTITTTTTT TTL ed Pee re Cebensems hewesis eoccee
"LOLS Hd (162 LSt2die7) uastor
“299 Joules Sunqteryosaq 980A. ‘i TOPrrTTerrrerrerrrreeeee eerie eee eee ee trteeeseeeee SUTTUUITY V
Long tteseeseeretetteeeseteseneenaeseseesaaes ond
“ona” issbesbine sees OMG
Oqpic||teteeetetetteesteseseneatstsereseeenseteessenssssssassesaalensesreesserersenacerserseslesrersees SOUS QLOIN
*OURITOA OT} “way JO QOL uaae
wo Sutpaa.01d astou 93 Aq poMoy]oy sem 10 09 Aayy9S09]e 910M
“42 ‘d “tedry sayy xne a8efo, |yooys Yowa yey} poyrvulad se 4] “TT} AUIS aay, ‘(ouog yap
‘normopog '91g ‘d ‘mt 4 (uo jay, ye spuesr taedry oy} ut OUBdTNA Jo UOT} IYO 0} Burp.toode
-vjsuvl} ueutIaD) ‘joey ynyYsuy |-dnio uy ‘ureSe pasojo pur pouado yyIv9 ayy, useyy) shep autos 10j
‘yejstorg S1aiZ0g due ‘erecsag|poumas Ajortyua 4souye SBA OSeN JO UO} AY|"* pedmoer syooys ayy,
"6e ‘d ‘sarine “6ELT SAGTTANNEINO Theres eens oacnserechocanscecananaxnsets seeeereeteseees Teeeeeereees QOUS 900
oo 9 ‘¢ a °c
cap qe Ee ee ee a ee eee ee ee | eS | ae el

SS Ty WBS hie ee

Ht ‘d ‘OFLI "790 “4SIT] ‘unor Sedan eeeenaneeereeceresanenessenssensasssssstengsersssonsanslssrsssogauensaassrenseseees| a1 T ‘syooys yeqoaag seen eeees Ayorg uL BooRIg %3—_-

Soccernet EYEE ee ee ee Se
‘ayqudeored Ajaoxeos. ;
“O71 reer errr eee ere eee Teer errr Terre errr yy TTT reer rere ery Teri) ‘suoyepnpun qu eevee reeceeneeesre w10q3e7] ‘SI ———
"S190 OM4
; ‘wOS yOT IV “oR

139

. “dap sues ay} UL ()
*MOUS UI Surpue urer ouy SYOOYS 9L001 YOO[9,0 aut} UeITeIT

‘Kep Zutmoyjoy oyy, “poyleumat ata spnopo pmoqy ‘TOM ‘moy 4pZ

Areurpioeyxg “Sutuede ay} ul plod oureoaq WO au0 “19978 MOY Jaqze 914411 V

"OTN ‘SUIUIOUL 9} Ul OIG ATOA SOM TOYPOOM OTT | errs sree eeeeeeeeereeees Be IO q941enb V ‘OiIC|"estg 42 4[9} OSTY *0991G|'9T —— ——
*Kollag "J 0} : ;
Rll ‘IW JO woryeormnuru0d ‘*peoy
OD SFI Td Gaeyhag $¢7g "d “AV
HLL ISU "WMOL IZPLT SUA, Tg / eee eeetetett tees teeeeeteeeeseeeceseencesnsguer|seseeseresserasersesesnes “+ sse790Y8 4311s DUC |" rrereeetereseees 104897] ‘OL'uee ‘ZhLT
‘pueysuq Mon
ut ojodye, pue ‘uey ‘N'Y 8
"POS ‘d “[x "JOA “feumor swe! ieee tte eet et ett tee eteeeeeeeeteeceeseseseeeneleseeseeeaasenseeaaeeseues “reese oOUS Wy STIS V\-poq ‘<imqxoy ‘u03sog|9°00q ~——
‘OS ssay Wa94Y S19
Aq ‘Surusour 944

‘UMOP TMOITY Sutaq *o7 ‘soqore { sSurprmq sump ‘pamoyjoy ‘nV J
‘TTIOUNSED OASAATIG “Zig Jap OLIVIG|0} aUOp oseMEp BTOG ‘aslo YIM papulayyy| tT eeSTOONS 4UATOIA OMT) treeeeteeeeereeees* erUOTS!T 499, ——
919 “07 ‘opeoy, . seees tee Teeeeeeneleseereeeeess OOUS QUO|tertt tester Bnpegleg [dy
*g pus f
199MA49q ISIN
8/2 ‘d “TPLI qUAy “SIFT ‘umor POOR een n eee renee teen e ees eee ere seeeee nese Es THe eeeeesEesasl tes neenesstsesteunssseesensleseses yooys qua]OrA Vv GUdawesbetecondssuane eouax) “qaq poe
“OJON IP-[B A.
42d °20) ‘OUO JOP VOIP eeeeeeeesee eh eeees sees eeeerteeeecesceeneescersceesleaerecesassrsnensserssnsanelens Surquiasy quafora|pue auowaq-[eA 94} uy|6z ‘uel *TPL1
“yyuOUr ayy
yo Suruurseq
BAe é ‘ : bbe oats incr ener estonia eg man teelei ici taf Sua Ss tHORY,
002 d IPLI SIV “4StFT uinor eee eee CPP esonsdcccseveeceesensesn|saecee yooys QUOTOTA W[tessssssssesees sorde yy 4V 20,

*OUTIOTeg 42 4]9} Ose

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

SUA YOM “Y4Cg 9Yy

UO YUa[OIA ysom BY,

“smoy Az10F IO an0j-AquaMy ‘skep auios ut (omy

“. ‘reiSop tdmeg 10978 moa JOU pIp syooys asaq} ‘Ajtorg ur FaI[eq -4quem4 shes gory *A)
. “eleliag {+729 “207 ‘OUOg Jap aPYoIJ|[V19Ues ay} 0} ArVIQUOD “GeY} PAYAVUMOT Sear 4T|eeereeterreereereesseeerelsOOUS QOT UeGI aaoyy|********* ATLOIg ut BooeBIOg|"** ———

“qjuOUI 84
jo Surmurdog |

i

‘omtq|""""""

7 Uy. eA

“61
ay} 03 dn syooys
06S ‘d ‘Arx "JOA ‘sToA : qqsys shojemnu
“BIJ, pue sadvdo, 8,U0}ayUIg Ut ‘ Aq paworjog ‘aynu |- : nag |'WV St 6
RAMUS CANO OY SIGART eS BOUT sen ae cces oe are essen Wee sD mrnny ovacys won guageal pen seysVedweede dees ¥esy aaa) iar a Ajavau pojserylut edinbory pue eury|"6 Aen ———
(‘pojonb o10q soryLIOYyyNe 1aq40
ayy Aq wadts asoy} yyIM 9e15e ATOaJ10d you
Op aay sinoy ey, ‘ys8L 4% 4426 9} Jo pue
“TES 2B 4390S O4} JO ‘UooU 4e YIGT 9Y9 JO ‘uEE: “syooys Fy STs
42 YIQT ey} JO esoy} ‘Ajouren “4yso1 94) UL} QUdT Aq ‘qoreyy W381 244
-OIA a10U YOUU Uaaq Suravy sv Inoysoysmsurys 0} dn ‘A][euorseo (‘euro
HIP elllg “IW SYooys vsoq} 4yssuomy) “payovso -00 paMoTfog “Uo |-ag 0} vous WOT
sea Aueu pus ‘uAOp UMOIT 10M SSuIpping -ourkr0yeshSyuapora |‘eT[Ig "J 0} Surps0o
eu0g “poo AoA MOU JUTBIAq JOYZVAM JIL], ® YjIM Zuipue pue |-oy) ‘aoueJo,g Ivou
‘wayeo ie oy} pue yueT[LIq s1oydsouye ay, “soaszerogesurse, jersey se Jey se pure ‘W'd [
. “OWI ‘aslou uraueLI}qns afquuoy e Aq poruvdmoooy| | ‘syooys aTquiiey cary |‘vouen ‘estq ye ‘0991q]|'L6 ——~ ——
ix] *syooys SnoL
a POUTEplpeaere sures cnet cnnuancbatancawserersnsseets sessee ences seeeeereseeesesressreseeeseslonni LI9A nq qySIIS teseeseeeeeeceeeeeees QaqtcT|*QZ ——
es *pouoyusul “MOY
| amy ayy Surmp PIES IY OF
a uoTyeyIse [eNUIyWO0d 410694} WoL
= OPTIC] Part secsense ce esesspesinesatncscsenseresecs ce nea ots s oes SOQCOICCO COR CEE QCOOO SCOOT 5 PIN punoi3 hij Pop oeseco as u10yse"q|'SZ —— ——
A, “S16 944
a JO MOY TOS 9} 04
ia) dn goua[ora a[qeiap
-ISU09 JO ALO]. *SOOS
ZT 10 OT Zuyse] pur
*STTROIOG “Gg oy3 (¢04 40)
e1ome ue Ajqeqoid ‘uses sem ‘paquiosep [II MOTIF '..GZ qG 92 aU0
St YOM GUST aSuvays ve 4Yysta yy *AUTeI SAL quajou y *Aep at}
*0771|‘ooys yedrourid oy} Jo uty oy} ye ‘IoyjeoM ayT| Suump syooys [ersaag| set OWI oo
"48809 9U]}
JO paArosqo adam
‘syooys |suoou Areurpr0esy
9} VIOFAG PISVIIOUL SCA ST[AM IMIOS UI IayVM |-Xq ‘a[J PUvISIOD
*KaiI9g "W 0} |eyy, ‘asloU pnoy, e TyIA ueSaq syooys ay} pue |sedeo uwssajoq [os
®l[ld “IN JO woyeotunuiMod S-peoy |‘aatssooxo oRIeq Vay} yeaYy VYy, “Syooys oy} |-SaA Yoyn] B Jo Urey
T190 Sp11'd “gaejhog ‘eyg-d‘tuay jarojoq samoy Oy [YUN poulemesr pure ‘uMep ye |-deo ay3.Aq 99} a1AA "7 01° WO 2000 ,,0Eual
‘SPLUISIH “UML !ZPZ | SULA, [I q|uses a19M AgJOVILYO ATeUTPIOVA}Xa UL JO sInodeA|uooU 4B SYOOYS oYL |e ‘syooys [e1oaag|**“esty 4v OS[y “m10ysaT|"61 URL “ZPLT
5 9 *g a7 "€ ‘% aT
a

141

"SPL 1 ‘MOY 9039 ap BIclals) sop “proy eOererrerrerererer rr revere rrerrrr rer er oy

‘onbimeproy 1 COE 9 (9 | SRO CREO DoS OCS CLOSE OCO SOOO OIE RE OCONC CE ee errr reeves sseeaesstsesene
“GIy d “pueyst
*A ‘JOA ‘729 ‘007 ‘UTE “SWOPE Jo yred UTayIAOU oY} UT aBemep ouIOS pig}
*MayeysIUA Zutaq YWOUL
aq} ‘4Se] oy} WIM owes yy ATUo ATqeqorg
‘peoy ‘109 { puerjzog|‘asiou Surmminy uvaueieyqns @ Aq parued Moda y|"*******tsss teers tseseeeeee
"(0p ‘GGZT ‘Taseg) J10yxng
‘Vv ‘SIOLIel sap 4Stpordssng CRORE CCRT HEE EH SOE EH EEE EEE HEHE EEEEHHEHESENEET SSG OEEHTEEED

cer seeceseesseesesensses

"SIT ‘d
*AL 4 ‘Suey gy squeAey sop SULA TA ee ee eae ae pate a aes eect gees (mae ces one ar cay

‘oep “d ‘ume
£ec¢ ‘d Tey, ‘eEIT “4ST “amor eee wees eee teste tossees

ee eerveseeseasreresesssens

UMOP UAOIY} B19 SOSNOFT

eee e seer eee eeeeesouneecees

wih) *20) ‘opeoy, POOH EHH eee THEE HEHE THEE EH GEE HEH Gee EEF ESO eEeH EEE sseese®

"Ter "A *A “oa “Jo9 “yg

aq} jo “4ST ‘UTR IAL Araui03, 00; Peer Hee ee OE Eee EE TEE Te HEE H EHH GOO EEE ESE HEH OTSODS OES ESE OTS OES CEST HTEREHH FES EE DEE EEOEe Eee
"OL LT ‘TUAY ZI ‘oouRty op a3j0zeg|"""**'** pouado sem erpayyed 944 Jo VfOdnd ayy ***ertettt seer seeeteeee eee
‘onbrmoeproy woHoaT[09|" pesueyo o19M sSurids [eIaAes JO SUOTJENITS YL | errs TT

"Leg -d ‘aqoor

-oyny,p addeyg ul AMOYLULUA YORI cuovecavesvebdussocdeuscdets cuvesvevcsVactecentecdtWevdcens

1h) *20) “eo1in eee Oh ee eH eee eee ROE HHH EES, RHEE HEHEHE HEE EHESER SOOO HEE REESE eee tS POET OES EHEEDEE SHEET OOS

‘ecg ‘d ‘BPLI *AON *4STFT “uno Prrer TPP er errr reer eee

"EET SOUTS OUI] 4sIy OY} 10y
‘oyrq|uorydnse oyut ysmq Txedoj09 oung YAGT 943 UO|

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHANOMENA.

“ond revere Ter eee rrr ere eee errr errr rit eerie Ty See eer erases eeessee .

amie 091 ppmegmenssarapcezecneses side sesessee sence onensscnsisAeaneotean jpeoceesceraronsovcsscacces:

TIM Zurpus pure ‘soynu,
-Tu 04 Ayreou Sutyse]

*-oyenbyyies yySrs y\"*"'***** pURSOUIOZY IVON|T ‘Uee “PPLT
sreok oq} SuLMp

soul, 90143 sooed
asoq} 4 ssUT[quaty|"n1ag Ul Mbiey pus vury|"***""**~ ——

POP eer eesseseseeeetteseseas|**FenettBevesee ermoyeyday eeceocste ee
‘WV 6 pue
g woomog
yooys a[qisuas Agoa Vv See eeseeeereretasenee oI 8 “AON,

teetereeees ous oUQ| Tt areglg 399 ——
‘guMOIeY) OY}
‘sajnu |Suoye ye pue ‘utzor
“IUL XIS JO [@AOJUL |-Teg-[9}seQ ‘ORSSIOJ |*W'd CT 6
Ue YIM syOOYS OMT|‘xnvaplog ‘asnopnoy |", ————
‘yyuom ayy
‘open ye Aqeroedsa = |jo Sutuutsoq
* Syooys yusporA ATaA|SoqUeMQ JO dOUTAOIg|yoreyy ——
“moy PlEs
treeseeeeees SOUS aUQ| st enpedl0z "Gag ‘SPLIT

“++ yOONS JUOTOIA OUQ| sees agmeg|testss
,cuoKyou
-W09 URaTeATAAQNS V,,[cce eee eapeyyfe
seeseseesessensestensensneeleeneeneeseerees OZMNIGY Uy] ttt
*SpURIST o[LIN
Peers eceereeceeetoeets teen ou} jo 9uo ‘TISNU0.10g eee “AON.
nag "W'd 6
*** QINUTUI OUO poyseyiut edmbary pue euury|FT “4990 ——
“BI pue
u9aM4

qystN

—_

ZI
-9q
eseeeeeeeees garden} Sey
“W'V wGP 4S
OFC SL eunl ——

“88° OOS aU)"

“++ gqnTUE aU Payser|*tererettteteeeees
*sSUl[quIed} 4ysT[s

‘W'd WG aE
‘yooys quajorA aug|"* seeeesteeerssone 07410 "£6 —- ——

"4SRT 903 SB

REPORT—1852.

142

“"7a¢ ‘d*A *[OA "TOD ‘UMOp UMOIYY sesnoy rayj}0 AueUt

“quag ay} JO “4SIPT ‘Te *3]U0T pue ‘govzed s,doysiq aq} ‘gsnoy-juemUIaAOS auL Sees eee e eet emeeeseerseeenalersseeeenees yooys aug seer reese sonesesens ny109 pevecess) aa
"eg ‘d “xt 4 ‘peoy [109 ‘GT ‘d *QOURIT Ul (F[NVIDT «| ‘NV FIO gE

‘GpLT ‘slivg op SeduaIog sap “peoy| ett astou pnoy v Aq poruvdmoody)rerrrstsrreteseereeereeeeeleerees Zuriquiady WBS yo yuouyredap) sxayzagi|"6 Ajng = ——

‘quo Surids oy} Sutmp Ajperadsa ‘samy 101130 42

uy} sexournba a4} 42 4uenbssyor10 U1 axe a19y SyOOYsS

qeyy shes JozIMoyy, ‘ATysary Butmojq sea pura “ep Butmoypoy
ay} UYM pure sum[vo ojo[dm09 Zutinp y0q paoue ay} pur ‘W'd F 38 BT
-14adxo pue ‘uMo0} seddn oy} uy} JAMO] OY} UI yore, W99M4aq IAF
QUOTA 9.10 o1aM AVY, ‘SuturOM spreMo} ATTeIO OOM INOF YOM JO 0g dune 04

08°d ‘OFZ ‘sxe ‘ooueropamoroyy|-odso $ yy Bru ye 4[9F OLA SYDOYS Sat] JO YSOUL OYLT |e eteetteeseeeeeeessSyOO|S FUSS APUOMT] TTT TTT eurdus|gT ‘avy, ——

*SoINUIUL UII}Y UI Uapeyg 0} UapRIg Woy

SOT F JURySIp sould eB Wo’ pue ‘soynuTM AVTIy4 “uasey

UL (SoTIUT QT 10 g) pursuLyst1yD 0} presssey wor -usdog ye Aep ours

passed 41 WjoYyxI0Ig ap ‘peoy oy} 0} Surpaoooe aq} pur ‘puesueysiiyy

pue ‘inoy sod sondeay g{ vouvape 0} parvodde ieou ‘uapeyg pur

4I Sot}LIOyyNe auIos 0} Surpsooxy ‘uoNRadxa ‘plerasey 48 4[9J SBAL

"eee ‘d ‘ZFLT ‘wOyI0Ig =| [[@ 0} AresyUOO ‘ame ATUappNs MVYI 944 YZ e174 4] SOS] pursol[ayy oy

ap seousI0g sap ‘peoy {gp ‘d |uo 4nq ‘yg pue YY¢ 243 UO pjoo AIBA Udaq peYy 0} WaAd pue ‘vas o11}

‘IITA “4 ‘solOgjOIN Sop "ySIF] ‘pavyory [7] “esnoy ay} Jo yno 10 AUNOd uado 9yy Ut 4003 ‘sojnulur se Ivy se papuazxo 47
fe, ‘d ‘cps1 ‘sueg ap soouatiog uo suosied fq padtoosed you sea 4 ynq ‘uaxeYs 9014} IO OM} payseE |*punorfayunodeyy pue |W'v 6 jnoqy
sap ‘peoy {¢9 ‘d “xt *y ‘peoy ‘[Jogiexem sasnoy oy, ‘astou pnoy v Aq parueduroooy| etter sees eeestgorga Buyquiaay, y/‘AVMION UIpuRsULISLIyD!'Z “GAT “CPL T

srvak

"CLOT “S ‘69 ‘UT, ‘UaIPOUyOeN |Burmoyjoy oy} [HUN payset, Yor evuyy Jo
*Bopeouesy sajonb FLL “d ‘1eJhag uoydnaa Ue JO JUGMB.UaTIIOD 944 UO JURpUdzy Pee eeeeneeeseseeeeeseeseeslseeeeseesreseeseareeesarens lars esseessssees eee ATwIg uy|'¢l —— —-
“paarasqo sem Suruyy sty, Yonu YUU yy Jo
gaed 10942] 943 Burinq = “Avy plgz 9} outs ures
OU Useq peYy soy, “YJUOT ay} Jo syxed Surpaoo
-ons pue Surpaoaid ay} ut yy0q Arp pue yoy AroA
SBM JoqVOM TJ, ‘Soul, OM} ynoqe ayenby31v9
ay} JOSUIUAOUL BY WO [[9} LoZaTLOIeG OUT, “MANN
UOOUAAe Vt} UI “AAS AA BuTUAOW 9y3 Ut (94ST
SBAA YOIYA) PULA oq} $30Y pue IYStIq se Lep oy, quajora = |BOLIOULY WIION ‘pueys = WV AGT WOT
‘PL A ‘[ ‘JOA “suey, [IY q|"7v9I1d AIOA SUM ISlOU SUIMOTTI ULIUBLIA}GNS ay | TOU SBM Yooys 94] | Ud MON Ur espuquieg|'¢ aune ~——
‘qystupru pue
*u0T} ‘Wd TT yg
"g1z'd ‘CPLL'9S sop “peoy | ap BUCH seeceeesccocceroorsoo nan Biiae Ajqisues SUM amy] Preece eee -BIqta a[qeiapisuoo Vv seteee peur) ur daqand ‘OL Avy ee ee
“SIOL ‘S ‘69 “UL ‘WayYyoLIyoRN ‘gooar] ye Aqyeroadsa ‘sad
sBOTESMAA), GOIOUD: “PLT :d gaushog|rs*ersessersereesseversseneseceducveeencsesonsscseauncosene|oceseresneesecessvereagurcs sereeseeseeseerecsseeeeseeslapnr JO ULOPSULY OY} UTl'ZS “GAT PRLT

9 ty ov *€ % md

|,

a ee ee eae
“read eq}

aye} ar10jeq yooys

Aue Wey} FUITOIA aLOP|****** steTeA =e] oy} ty]]— —— ——

143

*peoy ‘T1909 $ puei0g ee ee Coo r reer
*ORTTeQ Se oyeyoures 94}
JIM Jou “einer pure
‘kKesueyg ‘oedeuueny
‘SOTTBAB “ZIA ‘sanl0q
-rey 10430 mog “eq *“pajunod a10M
@ Suronpoad ‘styy reau|{ep potted yor
yues 48800 94} Jo UON|suLMp ‘F/T “qaq
-iod Y ‘JaAoy Areurps0lyy¢z 94} 07 dn sjea
"61g *d ‘14 ‘a8ekon SHI BAOQE 499F YR eSO1|-19},UL ye ponuTyU0D
‘qpjoquinyy “A ‘,¢‘d ‘xx 4 ${T¢ ‘ormbreypy exeQ op sauoisuaau0g Jo yt yoIyAs Sutmp ‘soue|/syooys ayy, ‘sinoy
‘d “xix “3 ‘sodefo, sap ued “qsipy [ureyo 243 JO SUIeJUNOU 9aIq1 YIM pousddey |-ofA SurvaparpAsr9A0|.moj-A4qu9M} ULetOUL
‘ef ‘d ‘arta, e[ ep emBiq e[ ep jewes oyy “qy0J oued 19}VM puE ‘pouedo |yztMSurumyarpue‘sutjggz Aq pemoroy | “4800 013 Saoye rau
‘rendnog ‘pg'd ystpy ‘gFZT ‘sueq jurequnow e seuueonT Tran ‘Ayyeaad pasey |-Jeasjo1 901M vas ay/‘pauoyueMt smoy |[AUNOD ay) qe pue [wa m0E yOL
8p SsoUsPS SEP "PBOV,] OP “ISIH|-Ins Boplaeyeg pue adag ‘vouvseg jo sXoy[wa ayy |Aq pourns sem ovTTEO|ayy 48 Yooys 4s1y oyL|NI9g ut oeTeD pue eull'y|"3z 3990 ——
*pigz 24} WO UMOP UOEyeYs o10M
Syoor amMOg “4y[NOIgIp suryjeorq SuLtapuer purM
Wynos B £46] 94} UO peg AIGA Se JOyIVOM

aL ‘perp ysy Aueyy ‘ow ‘syeutue Jo ssou “hep yxou 9173 posead

-Isvaun 94} ‘7onsn sp payTeUol se UNS 94} JO punoid 94} jo uo

ssouayed ayy, “Molo uapeay e Jo pue pajqnony BSB ayy, “yooys -moy £27
“OIC SBM S][OAA au} ul 1978 ay} syooys asoyy suung See eeseorseneseeesceseseess qUa,OTA Ajau1e14x9 uy Cee eeroeeeeseeeretoes OIG) "eZ

“preg 943 03 dn 4uoy
“OIA Sso_ Surm099q
Ajyenpers = ‘syooys

4431s 19430 sno19ut “Moy 481Z
OPC |" orrerrersss teres eeeteteeceescecccceesseserecesaecsaesscsuslessseseescerersscsverensens -nu dq pamoroy oq | Rac ontg|—
“moy 81

TOPM(T| ee eter seetececeretccecceecasseessesensaecsecencess|sereessesessenasenscn sense

yooys yuepora A194 909) ee eeecreresecrsoeeses OTC II
se ceverssoeseescce 071g Pe eceeceresrscessseee Outd!Or

SOPPCT| eee eee eeeeeeseneeecetsesessseesesesseesseseeseeeltereessereesseeeasteneesees
‘Puuyey, “A “Hop

[ep eyeptdu09 ‘o1[3nry rp esau jou

SoPps[ OuuR] edieq ut o}MZes

oj0nu1a14 Pp BIOl[eUI0L3 QuOIZze[ay Roceceowkls wis tities oSsetu na besmesunnvecsesdvesesiebesrv ede, see eeeceeesevosssooeestees

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHAZNOMENA.

“*syooys 743s sog|****** Aueosny, ut e8ieg|-¢ Amp ——

‘Wd Q[ pue
§ UWs9Mzg
°90Z “d “Tx LRM eet Eo, POOP ee cancer eesecerrressseseer ess eeee teases eTeeesees eset teas snetetensesessseneenseseers threes eee0N8 43s Vv “purpsuq MON ut u04s0gq % "qaa — E .

“puejuuennes

| og ap saouateg sop"peoy JOH *A|"**"

he ee eh DD eh ee TTT TTT ee eee Teer ee Pere eer oesereseseasese
eo ng eae J
wird seca me ,

quer ‘orsT|

REPORT—1852.

144

APRS

‘snosuotia oq 04 rwadde soqep TOG “*gPLT ‘ounr
WITT 10 4sT ay Uo pur ‘/ pL ‘Ane ST 949 WO “Z1A
‘goed siy4 ye saxpenby}.1vo OM} SUOT}UAUI JOP] “A
*ZulL 0} parvo o19M S{[aq o19y3 pue atoy pue
noqe UMOIY} 910M STISUdyN UIyOFLY PUL BUY
“41e48 usppns vB Aq pouayeA aioM pad Ul atom
OYA Vsoy} puL ‘tIY} JapuN aAOUL syeas 19q}
4]0J BUNIIS O19M OYA ASOYT, “MOYou ur u0sZeMm

1 RES OE) So eT oe Toney

“UIOYOOIN pur .19}9X TT
ye out, oles oy} 4e
joy Buraq “Aso, pus
qseiy ooULySIpoUes OT}
qnoqe Surpusj}xa pues
‘TIaAag 94} 0} ;oUUeyD ‘W'd TT
ysysugq 943 Woy |pue QT weeny

069 ‘d ‘tATx = |v Jo yey} OI Ostou v Aq porurdmoooR sem pues “ACN [Axqunoo ayy puv anys |-eq ("s‘N)

‘Joa {ggg ‘d “ATX ‘TOA ‘suey, “Tyg|‘souesip v wor aMI09 03 porvedde yooys oyg| oy GG =UOMoamT||-yostouIog UT ToJuNeL ST Ajng ——
19478 MOY Ue Jo.1a31eNb ‘Wd J pur
fe ‘qua]OIA sso] AayJoUR ‘Kosa, Jo |9 waoeMjog

“‘peoy 1109 $ puvay.10g ebb e vee eb ewe reset ebraneteeeneleeeseddssw ees sseddodbeedvder|sceeredsosesverucres *s#++*+! Kg pamoy[oy Jooysaug|pooy.moqysiou aly Uys —— ——

‘on ‘eaizpy ‘addy
“Yd ueg “eenyo
"paSuojoad os you yng |‘eueseppiey “ueoy |'W'd yOE u6
“OWI |"** pozeMored soovyd ayy ye oSeuep omos pI} | FSe] OY SB yUOTOIA SY|"FIoUsTeA 4B IAT “OMICS judy ——

*PUIM 4som guaToIA £19A *SoUNUIUL OA\Y ‘uredg ul eiouey, | “WV Sh 19
‘ep “d ‘QPL “Jorge “asTET “UMoL|e Aq paMoT[oy pue ‘astou [nJpeorp v Aq papadarg| paqseyT == “snorNuMaT]|-BA JO wopsury a4} Uy\"¢Z— —
"4XOU 9} YIM snoouryznuTIs 94 pynom
‘POL a ‘QPLZT [tOSFT “S'N Paes ON) 09 QuaTeamba atojo.10yy *so[tUd QT 10F pursou ‘WY IL

‘mIOYII0IS ap Sa0UIIOg sop “‘peoy pue ‘atAqg PIO 04 Zurp10908 St oyep sity} Aja old taerecvecececcraconscsccsselseccreescsocsecoccascoeconslalQTT jo 4svoo ou} Suoly ‘CLA "SPLI
a a ws taeeeee eruealAsueay, eeerenree

seetceeeseeeereeeecateaerserereeesrrens QSNOMOT) 8

seeteseeaeeusensesccreesccsloaseeceeserceeerstees QOTITQ A | TTT

F . *SUMO}
uturofpe 19440 ouLOS
"OF “d ‘LPL1 Hate “4STET “umor Bay roses Weert casemess o* VTAAOD uMOIY} SOSNOY [VIQAVG|***orrersrerssseseseeeeeees eeeeee yooys yuaiora y|pue “B10.10N. ‘ousToy tereesees
"M010 'SU0T"S SE o1
‘punosd oy} [yey ul ‘sorpuy 48a,
payono, pey yassoa jot 0} Surod Gueriqog

‘oI se eeeeee
“Yor “A SIL ‘d qreyhag . wee rere rer reer

“PIG ‘d 1A 4 “prov, oy) JL sv yoy arom juresdeg ‘aountgy aT [es
ap snpuay saydu09 ayy Ur Assneq steseceserencccerscscesessecsseaecssscessceessscsuscessenssclesseessescccsasssessreeerssSHQOUS OM} JO aug, -S9A OU} pavoq uo ‘vas 4V LL~pO —
‘mOUULO & WO.LF UOISO[dxa Ue dyT] JoJOUR ‘194Je “ON 04
Moy uv ‘pue ‘reejo aymb sea arzaydsouye ayy "M'S wor AYQUIL
‘get ‘d ‘ogz 1 layrq preoy sem aopunyy jo dejo y “poyyyea sop ~edde pue ‘saynuror “Tepes iy
‘M[OYPI0Ig Vp ssdUEINg sap ‘peoy|-UIM 94} pu ‘poxoRID syoor ayy soowrd AUVUM UT]-sssrsrssetteess settee omy Surysey‘snopnmoery|'1j40q10389\ UT vopsig|'¢g Ajag ——

“wGP uP
seeeeenee yooys aud) sew eee tree teneeeeret enped "1 ACN ‘LPLT

“ya *00) ‘op[eoy, OOO ERE HOO OEE E REET EOE EOE O EEE O HEHEHE EEE EEO FETE EEESEEEEH Seer e ee eee eee RHEE HEE Eee

9 c a *e % ‘T

145

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

‘saqnutud ue, Aq
uopuoy ut yey} epadead you prp A,qeqoad queso
SI} padresqo ATayNUIUT 4OU seM OUIT} oY} SV
“pouaysty yonu pawioes suossid am0g *mTeo
ayInb sv 4I 1a}J@ 9UIIy UIOS OJ pue ‘pasead ‘asplig uop |"u007.,,0¢ yZI
pey ‘Sut10m ay} Zurinp pue a10joq yy SIU ayy *M OF |-UOT OAT" |-g*gsottar jynoqy (*s'N)
“xipuoddy ‘1Ayx *[oa ‘suery, “TY q/ySty seq pey YOIM “A\"g 94} WO pulMm oy) eT UNO syOOyS OMTNYSIe ‘quay ur wmeqa[q!¢~, ——_——
‘arg “d at 4 (G08T ‘ueTT ‘uO
-e[Suesy uvi[ey]) ‘shud *Zoan ‘ AUTON passers c css eemaccthcGanetecWaphlsi bets sterestseuesitcert peice ctuerssemionenn rot UST IOUS OT AISUas IEC pect uawana nt sere ms SOLON ETT ‘qaqa ——
*9DUD[OIA 1948013 Jo
pay 8 aura oy} Sul

“np pue ‘ypoys 1974318 ‘ourqry pue ‘Wd Z
"ege “d ‘OG/T ‘te “ISIE ‘uMor|pornfut o10M sasnoy oMIOs OURATY PUL Tyeosery yy\ settee FoqqoUR ‘19478 MOY UY|yeOseTT 48 OSTY ‘aMOy|"gz “Wee “OCLT
*L0g ‘d ‘oorxayq Ul oratAay syToAA *OOIXOT ‘eIeXeep \
~Siag uaysyorsnzI10A tap “qortyos *OUBDTOA IT} JO ND ULeULITOD Jo oud

“9g “yosisoresouryy § }prmitjoseuuos uordnsa ue &q potueduo0y “uepjodez POU] ee eresceee secs seeeeeselseeeeeaeewereseeeneesseres/7O4 O19 DUNOIB Axyunog nea he eee eee
.¢U}}OGIO}SAAA Ul Baplg nz
Zunraqyynyosiq ,, ‘ys1g 94} Ioy shes pue ‘soqep
OM} 48R[ 94} UOYUSM you ssop ‘yIOM UTES
ay} JO UOe[sUeTy URIIED 94) UIOIy Suyonb
ysnoyy ‘yoyy "A ‘Uapamg ut vapSigq 4e pavay
a19M SOSIOU UvaUR.L1A\qns ‘AWapRdY W[OY3x00}9
aq} JO SMomayy 94} 0} Suipioove “AON WIC ‘oyenbyyre9e *puryaoy £assi¢
“yor *Alpue ydag pagg ‘(qusiu 4e) yore 92% 949 TO! loALONIYsap AIOA W|-ssouIey ut uapSAqsaaqo|"****"*** ——
“‘plfun “pig *axeak yey} ut poued
-dey oxenbyyiea ayy yey} pue “QGcsT 9q prnoys

qt yey urej100 ysomye sxeadde 41 yak ‘GP/T *sI0[q Jo
pexep st yuaAe stqy Burqriosep Ayor00g jedoy pooyMoqysieu ay} 07
9q} 0} anuineosy Jo 10349] 94, “Frey e pue oynu uosny puoseg noz0g
“IU @ pose] Yor yuouteaed @ uodn suos3em wo1y + ‘sonSeey 99 ‘wd J

‘169 ‘689 ‘dd ‘taqx ‘Joa ‘suesy, Ty qjo Surpyex ayy oy, astou ev Aq paruedurooay|**tssssttessseteesseesseees
‘UMOP UMOIY} S@M JUIAMOD

2 4peisnon IV ‘F[eS} euust,A ye ue} punor

“OVI |AIZUNOD 94} UL 4UETOIA e1OW 919M SyooYs osoqy,

POMPE | eter sere tee eesertsetecetservasecscsesecsccewesersesevees

seereerseesoeceeeeseseeeesl roy Surpuayxa ‘aoueIT UT|'TL 4920 —
e

seeesceenseseceesesceeelssseneneesessseees OaaTcT|*

eee eee eee ress sen senees ++ Kep siqy Uo JaTA0Uy *
“oq nUtUL

"S21 “d ‘6FLI ‘4noy “4SIF] ‘urnoc eee eneereeeresenscerereanctessesesensssascessstguasassssevslenssassrssssessasstesseneses OTT) Joy Surquias4 Y|‘suomaussq} pue‘euuar, *g sung ——
“kep 9y4 Surunp
syooys Isis qayyo

seeeeeseeeseeees nat] gE ————
steeeeeeeevevees Qagtqg|(g —— —

“O61 ‘d *Iaq}O YoRs ysurede pos994e]9
“XIX lo aaa PAauicyulicys) gauasn 9]qeaaom pur ‘Appr amrepeg., sam ou,
‘ *d *xt]x ‘10a ‘02917

reese bls 8 mS ‘s 'N)

| rls st eeceeeeeenesees |

1852.

OCR gaa Et 2 ae

*yooys ot[} Aq yoo Sty WO pot] Fe

-rad aug *YULIp oLpasnjar‘aor[d-Sur19}eM ay} 04
JYSno.Iq Sear yey} IsIOY B pure ‘“19}vA\ JY} JO yNO
SOATISUIY} Maiy} saysy ‘AT[EtUstp paymoy ssoq
“sautly a0143 Uado 0} Apeat oq 09 pur ‘dn [Jans 04
potiaas YY.Iva ay} slay Masya pur ye s,somleEp 4g
Uy ‘Woo UAE Jay pur poq Joy WoUy UMOATY
SBA [US y “poinfut sasnoy pue uMOp UMOITy
arom ShoutaIys stIOG ‘ayeubyyAve 94} a10jaq
OM} 10 9INUTUL B FUISvID 10442] IT]} ‘aTqISIA WI9q
pey Suzys jo soysey posnjuoo pue yenuy

. ahd oY pa b
yooys oy} Joye punoy

AIIM “A\ OT} 09 SadRs
A199 TILA paoryd usaq
pey yorys ‘urepao10d jo
sainsy 0M4 BaspayO FV.
“psuaa aoa pur “|S
0} “MAN Wor suOTIe.Ig
-TA ojvusayye yoy Adu
padasifeq s19q}0 “A'S
0} *M\‘N Wor WaAe IO

-109 Y}IM pnopD Yorjq W “Fpay SVA\ YOoys ow “ MS 07° ON WOI pooy
a19YM sade[d OM} 10 BUO Ye PILOT, se (MOT}OUT -Moqysieu ayy Ut “AA “wey,
UI 9SULIIVO B JO JLT} 0} 219} porvdwod) astoum 03°77 9q 0} ples UOpuoT] -uMy pue mosdy

SIL, "psiaa aaa 10 “AS 02° M'N “OFM
JO ‘S1dY}O 0} Sutpaodoe $* AA IO “AA*N 09 “AG JO
‘QUIOS 0} BUIP1OI0z ‘UOTJIA.IpP 94} UL SUTAOTA pure

ye uonoaig ‘(710 ¢
ATuo‘aut0s 04 Surpi0008
10) *soa8 ZI 10 OT Je

‘meypny ‘easpayd
‘Suyooy, ‘uopso1g
‘Kapmorg ‘qjeqydog

REPORT

146

‘puUIA aq} JO Surmwos ayy 07 sxayyo Aq ‘aapunyy aoedsoyzursyooys aAt}} ‘pioyjtozy “(Gqunq «| “WV OF yS
“0431/07 awos Aq paavduioa astou pnoy @ Aq popadarg| tts tet" |-ndasMOD IMOF 10 VILYT|-soyO) Nusa ‘uopuoq] — —
‘NW'VE
POPPICT | teettecececteesetseeeetecertrceeceeteeseseeececerereccceers|sesseeetertteeeerrens sserselesteaneseeneeeree Qaatdg[eeetrteesereessees Basta] —
, WY Z
“OIPCT| teteeseestesseescesseereesseessenerencessesarsatsesseeslsessecreessessecsteraenseslecssseseseeeaneees QagTcg|testeeeeesesesseosens agg] —

‘pooy.moq |(q81 ay} Jo)
“ysrou oy} ur saord |,upryy (-S'N)
#740 -SOPPRUBNT, UU cpr artes mee settee see nawtssaase tn varaealvenew= aesWunetvs|rnnsinsmmentowasreddestvele|~srencneaw TQ yyy qq Sys ¥ JayjO aWOs pur uopuory|*¢~ ———
“qpeysuey IoF uayeystur ATUO st
aMIVU SIT} SHUI JOP] “A ynq ‘Kep sures ayy uo
“YOY “Ajsourzsuog ye ayenbyj1va ue suoUIMA Ulaysdojoy| ee terres Surquiady Wit eIqeMg UL 4peysuey|"¢ [ “rep, ——
‘hueqyguig pur Aparoig
‘(audo[nog pue a1Av}] 42)
Apurulioyy JO sysvoo ayy
WO JUL] OMS BY} 42 OSTY
sreak *‘puUOUIONY 0} TOIMUVaTH
SIT} JO purpsuq ut syooys 911} AT}001I00ut poidoo WOT SoMBY, LY} JO Sapts
AJsnoraqo seq JOP] ‘A “[uJyQqnop AIA aq OF 1]}0q Wo yuaTOrA A]fetoadsa
weadde yiog “Avp Sutmoyjoy ay} uo ‘wv T ye | *yOOYS JUDTOTA B 4IOF Sop ‘vaspayg ‘sutooy,
qynour{,g 38 ou Jo osye pue “wy 7 ye uopuoT soweyy, oy} JoaTpprun qe ‘pUULOL SOTIUI WIAVS IOJ|"WOOU .,. OF ySl
“xipuaddy “mATX *[OA ‘suviy, “TY q|}ye yooys yySys roursof v zo oyods suosszad amog\ay3 ut sjassoa Auvy|***'** Yooys yuoToOIA y/A17UNOD ay} puB UOpUOT|"6T “q2q “OGLT

"9 “¢ ‘- "e Z 'T

147

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

OGL [ ‘WOY90}5 op ‘proy | op STATA Ven een ses eaaenessenececceaqaanagecasanccaaadentssateon|ncracuesvareuscassgunaansns
"686 ‘d

“XX ‘JOA ‘OUIZBUTL sWeMapMan| reste tterettteetteeeeeeeteaeeeees

“(TT Avy Jovoreme pr wo ry 19940, Bury

~Onb) OOF *A*30O “OGLT “ISEET WAM] serrtereseeetsetessaveeeseceensesenesescssseetennasoaarselessseeeeseseesetersetaauans
*(g stjeotoq vxoaine) soynurar AyUaMy 10

1994Jy poyse] souvrvodde sity, “yIIUeZ oy Avou

qurod @ spreMo} SulZ19AU0D PIA.tESqO 919M SAVI

pet Yor ur “stor yoryy e@ Aq poanosqo o10M

suoAvoy oy], ‘ox ‘pur Srapuny} 07 pasedui0d

astou v Aq patueduoooy ‘aoezd s3t morF poaout

SBM S10}8v0 uOdN poq *B OATYS}UI[Y ul Sumo

-omt|ye $ poqeqise AyQUOTOTA ax9M SaSNOY aU} [[TUIVG PY| octets eee

“9 10 wSP 4G Sf YNOUIs)10g

IO} UIATIS BUNTY OY, “ooys ay} jo yuowour

ay} ye uaas sem pnopo AuIIoj3s @ pue ‘qI6zZ

d} UO YOOTI,0 g dAOJoq Ulet UOaq pRYy o10yy

falojoq yoo @ JOZ oUy pue yom AloyeUIOTe

nadq PRY AyJVIMOYT, pxLVdySeMasiou OU ‘19A9

-moy ‘Aouyoeyy FY ‘a0UTySIp @ 4v JapuNyy oyIIT

‘071 |astou ev Kq saoetd osay} Jo 4SoUL 42 potuEdMOdDy|"** trserttt tte tte esses

wee ee ss eeseeouees®

oeeeeECReC Cree errr eT Te ereeerer rere rer eee eee eer Tee rere errr reer errr Teer reer rr er ery

‘om

+20 *90] *SUBET, *[lg| estes teseeeseseneseeneneneneeneteneseesananeneeescanens

"BLT ‘dx “4 "peoy ‘1199 ‘219 ‘d

‘I “OY ‘ABg sop ‘wayy fgg -d

‘OSZT ‘siieg ap Sd0UIIOg sap “‘peoy PRR EOE sewer eee eee HEHE SEETHER HEHEHE eae tHE OEE E HERS
gua *20) Que y eet eee

Cer rrr rrr

SOPD(T| eee ttenet tte eeeetaaaennnaaareesseeeeeenneseennaeers legameeseeaeeertenseaerens

steenenenapeneecseseescssssensessesersesssaseasensnensseseselsescessesauneecne® eseases

“SpARAIOITe INET
ue jyey azoz sovyid
aye} JOU pip yyNog
JY} 0} 910UL syooYs
eUL “M’'S 97 “ON
=uo0nd0MIp yuorddy

**soINUIUL JAY pose]
sereeeeee gyoys AUR IN

*g098 9011[} 10 OY
pose pues T'S OF" MN
wor ALOJe[NpuN sv
WOOUI 94) a101[M ‘Tood
~IOAVT 4B LaYY SITS "104
-sayour yy pure 1a}sayO
ye qUa]OTA = TONALY

“TOF "AA SBM TOT
-daip oy} Aouyoryy
1V ‘spuooes 9Ay 10
INOF PoyserT “AA OF “HT
(qy3ls yng sem yooys
ay} oteqyM) You
“S}l0g 9e@ woNoaIIG

eee meee ee nereneeeeees

tereeseeeeeeSuryquaady VW

eee

syoors [eqaaag
reese ButTquriad} VW
(‘Burjquia.14 a10u0
e Ajqeqoig) ‘sagnucu
amos paysey ~*0931q

Se ee

“sot
g Sutpuszxe ‘ua0poy
pur yy jo soystavd
aq} UI OSsTy ‘“wepamg “WV G
a eT | Ui eer
(‘S'N)
seeeveeeeeres OBTIIO!'GL AB, ——
“TT Ae
tererersseeersoees poremrerlalojag = ——

“704° A JO 72} UT Mey
-3 UL y pur 4z10d3004¢
OF —OANYSFUTTY — WOT
pue *s 0} °N woroor!p
aU} Ul UIeYXeT\\ 03.40} |W" QT (‘S"N)
“seoury wor popusyxq| eT [dy ——

‘Aasuiony, pue fosasoe
UL OSTy ‘d799 ‘uOpuoOry
avau Aouspeyy ‘(p10j 1.10 Fy
yw 4fey jou) pleyrey
‘SuIqqny ‘MeysION ‘eg
‘uojdmeyynog 410dpug ‘Wd 9

‘ynousyiog 48 ‘oyIG |—-—— ——
‘N'Y F pur ¢
uA} (“S°N)
(60° —— aera
‘WY fF
a10gog (*S°N)
‘homing ut Assapoy, 4seq|*¢g —— —

"* QustMy JO O]S] OUT,

‘gous JO YOY 9y3 Uy|"-zZ-——
***s*-QULOY eau 1yvOses{j— —— ——

wy yp |
EE lrotercestngee

N

REPORT—1852.

8

14

“OIL
“HOH ‘A

“p19 *90] “SURAT, “1d
cours

yoyy “A
‘ae “d ‘ost “ydog “sty “unos

"gt ‘d “yy “Ut “7 ‘asnoynoy, ap “Woy
"PEL “d “710 ‘90] “surety, "Td
£41@ “d ‘ocr “adog “ystyy “anor

"BLT ‘d *x 4 “peoy ‘T199 ‘219 ‘d
4 “UG, ‘Avg sop "wy ‘gg ‘d
‘OGLT ‘Shivg ap ‘peoy,] ap “WoT
£8z "ON ‘OGLT ‘a0uvay ap ajjezey

“yoFy “A
*gi0 "907 “juey

*710 *20) “SURI, “TY
9

r Pt eS a CA nd 6 a ae REFIRVGIS TOD =

ROEM HOR HERE RHE T EERE OHH EHR EE HEHEHE awe e ee HEHE OHH EEH EES EH HHHEFSHSHHOSREHT HHH EEE ESIEHHE HS SHEE EEE EES

oI

‘soovid oes oy} 4e
U9ds SEM SITVIIOG LION ue 4YSIU omMUS OUT,
*u[Ro aymb SAK IIe auL ‘asiou &q paturedmo00y Peer Teen name t ee eee ene wea eeelstteaeees eee eenee® oI
Manspeisnn ante ene sencetoMiraeasasenam aaah ata canntnce teseees OOYS BUC
*Zuru10ur
SULMOTIOF OY} “W'V | 48
parya oq} pue qysra
~plad ye ‘yUa[OIA atour
‘puooas oy} ‘“SuIUaAG
ay} Ul SAY ay} f yoru
“NY 3B Syooys sary,
“AVN UPS OU}
WOT 9.1913 [AF U9Aq
Zuraey souo 4ySqs
‘S008 UO]OTA [eIDAIG

me eeeeereeereareteeeeereeel®

“seq
S}I POMOPIOAO Iesy YY, ‘ley YIM w10}8
-lapuny} @ pue ‘Arjun09 uado 943 Ur sasnoy
UMOP MOTT} OLA ‘pUIA yUa[OIA B WIGZ 94} ITV]

HRP R RHR e ee O eee eH EEE EH HEHE OO EHE HEHEHE EE EEE EE HEHE HEHE H | SEOEHEHH HHH EEE HE EEE HEGRE

*poystsod suosiad goog uey} a10ur
pue pours SBA UAMO} oy} 081199 jo puryst au} uy eee tee eee ete weeee ttt eee

sees

quapora A190 A
AIOW JII1T} ‘9G
ay} uo pue ‘But
-UIOU! 4XOU 9T]} G 07
YS ye OT Wor; 4]oy
219M SyOYs ANF
saqivy, yy ‘oun jo
qjuou ay ySno1y4
fe saovjd omos
ye pamoual ‘syooys
serreeeseelguajotA «= ATaA AUR TY
“UdGS 844
eoerecccccce 4se| ay YIM Ques a} Ayuo Ajquqoig see eereweeetenseeeeureseesl TG poyeodor ‘on
: SYDOYS [B1VAIG

*sSULMUMMU UroueItayqus fq
papadaig *19M0} plo ue saqivy, ye pue ‘uMOp
UMOIY} OLIAM OST" sasnoy [eaAeg “UBpoae’y JO
Aa] [VA OY} Ul UMOP UMOIY} 2.10M YOOIJO sosse fy
‘saouat4g OY} UL JUTOTA 4SOU adm SyDOYsS ayy)

FOP O eee OHO mene eH eH ease H eee eH OES Heese se eeseeesrssaaesaalreeee®

0 09 it

VUsaecevaceortectsKeNEensesss suedeqtesbavnttcecadtarssesessa|=svcvcheteceenenecerseretten| ttstetess Suyquen yey uO yor, od1ey vic "190

ereeeeeeerrees BOTDUIUS U]
*y3n0.10q.10}9g
TVIU UOII]Y pus ‘poz
“weg ‘Wueqyuery ‘3.12
“MN ‘Surpreds 4x yay,
“uleYySUyION pue upoo
“UIT JO SauNO0d 243 UT
sesteedveeseeteres TeMTBIQTE)

“qnyspuey pue yorunyy

(‘saguer
soyneyy) saquey,

*OB1199 JO puryst
ay} pur voloyy oy} Uy
‘oould
488] SIT} JO JSAM 9} 03
sansa] Z[10j pur ‘xnvop
-10g ‘aunadny ut aaivo
“By ‘eBuo0jureg ut suog
‘Qopay ‘asnojnoy, ‘auuoq
“It N ‘aTTJodquoyy ‘zopoy
ye yeaq ‘svouerhg on9
ynoqe pure tt ‘soursy jo
qnog ay3Jo0szred peroaag

*gOUdIOT,] 72 pur BIG
-eyeg ut Ajsnoaurjzjnmig
seeeeveeseseees BIIGUIUD UT

-Ag

*puNod sarit QZ 10F
“AIO [WAC fayunod ayy pur ‘aatys
JO odreyosip oy} axt] estou ve Aq potuedmoooy| tees |" YOOYS FUITOIA 9UQ|-jasIoq UT WINOGUTA\
aa ae %

“nV
woP 9 (S'N)
'§.jd0g
vee ‘Sny

oS

“8S 04

SSS

‘4 oune ——

"ez pur
FZ Wedd}

-2q USIN

(66

“WV OT (‘S"N)
“ey ABN “OGLT

A!

149

SOSGTCT ene nee enna ban era neaenc santa yachneo) Mal RA Este UeinEng RENEE Sa Ph ssa esamanUrBeS COURT CT -yaedap ay} ut sia8uy|"** [udy ——
*OL10'T L9MO0T
ogy ete eeeere teeters te eseseeseneresenneaeseseseaeseseesessleseeaetsseneeresereseesesesleaneerersreeserees oaaralagg Jo syueq aq} Uolog ey] —
“Yoqy ‘A Batslea vents snseesacceeesvecnsusansastceleoseasenacceesesoserooesseels«cqQHOUT SUNGUIAL Y\"""" AURIIIG UL S94UBh|'GT ————
“119]819J0y tstenatevesrensanasserersesleaseereseeereres BOIBMBELE “Gat *[OLT
. aye]
24} UL paonpoid
a1aM Spue[st Mou

"210'T
pue oureyy 9179 Jo yuauT

uaaes Yoram Aq pue
‘Sq UOULI0I} paysty]
Yoru Saye] B apun

uojdnia o1uedjoA *sayst aurddiy

Peer e meee cere ee eect et ens caste rere nensessessessaneasest seaees

‘gop ‘dm yd ‘org
"OUP dt 4d “xIpX “Joa “suery, “14d
*U194S819JoY

“YOR ‘A

“997 ‘d

‘OGLT ‘99q “ISIE “umor ‘ g/p ‘d
‘XX ‘[OA ‘oulzeseyy s,uemlop}uerD
“ula}SIIJa yy

“u1948
-rajay £729 007 ‘skyg ‘Sogn ‘uey

“LI d *x "y “peoy ‘1109 ‘git ‘d
‘AL "4 “AY “AVG Sop way fgg ‘d

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

‘qSno1oqiajag ‘ujoowry ‘meyjueIn ‘meyayO
' q10}9d , poo y BA La:
' On AO)

emer eee e tetas renew eset emer er eet en easarassssssessssensesesslan

*qQUOUI 9Y{} BATS 40U sa0p

anbi104stpy [euInor ayy, ‘pourns sem tododdmpyg|eziue yy
radiata alee av ove otetsle Wine wim B ANNs aS leiarerao Torareis alee nsteiptole Mines Avian Wimlaisiel| nia ole'cle omsinrete eis ere erove ee nis sicl| mete ian enn een yooys aug| ttt pueldey uq|"9T

Cece cece cee e tees reece ceceneceten cere sees seseceseseeessteee|cocccccoceaescccesesssosccslesccssvceses sSurfquiaty, -OY oy} Ur pue ‘satden dy|—

“purpsug ul yey} YIM eyenbyzIea auivs 944

*a0Jaq OUIIY aUIOS Joy uses ATNENb
-a1f U90q PRY Se[eeiog Kioiny ‘auy pur wed
SUM JayVOM ayy, “UMOp UMOIY} atom shou
-UIIYD BUIOG “489A 9Y} UO ULI} OPIS yseq oyy
UO UayeYs o1OUL 219M “g PUR *N SutuuNs 4aa138
2 JO sasnoy oy} uoJdMIeyIION FY “pSsuaa aara
IO “AAS 03 “WN Wo astou pnoy @ Aq parued
-moos0y ‘syooys eso} paouetiedxe Surry
$B paeuolUIUl aie SUA} Ja]eMs AUeM pue ‘ATT

0 Oh AQIOCT "ALI

e Aq patuedmooy

meee sewer reset eeereseseens “Ud lig jo auo0 ‘moony eeeseecee

eee

*** YDOYS JUITOIA JUG
Heeeeeeere QOS BUCO

eee ese reseeeseerenese

seerereseeesSUTIQULal} VW
“soSti[IA SUIPUNOL
-1ns aq} payepunut
pure ‘paq sq payqinb
JOA — oup|tcrreeeessesteeeeeseeeees

‘OGLT ‘Skivg ap seouatog sep ‘peoy|Aisnoraqg ‘uoyeuojap pnoy ev Aq patuedutodoy| sss *ssrereesssee le yoogs Fy ars A19A yisurpuayxe ‘Aueyyug uy|'—

* *§.1039np
-u09 st payoe YoryAd
‘sjeuvd pue SIOATI
ay} jo asinod 94
POAOT[OF soos asaty4
‘Ky1y0a[9 Jo Aouase |‘s.toq30 07 Zurpr0008
ay} 0} saxenbyjiea |‘10 ‘mojz 10 9014}
‘jo uoronpoid ay} |jo sovds on} ut “aq
‘|saqtiose oym‘Apaynyg |02 * Y

Id

‘spuodas Ayu9M}4 JO

steseeeeseetesereeers TOQSIT
‘RLS UT UayOd “Ig Ty| || ——
‘uasneyyeyog pue
‘gota, ‘sojden 3 4]9q|'¢2 ‘°29q ——
‘qododdipyg 38
Ayyewoadsa $ eruemtoy uy|*** —— ——

‘meysuy;ON ‘TONS

“euseuL

‘xnakeg se
ey se pue ‘soyoueiay

0} Smoqiy wor |uoouynoqy

u0yduey}.10 NT
0} ujooury wor
‘§ 0} "N pue “Yoyng
ur AMG 0} YOMAIe A,
mou “GT OF "MQ Sur
-puajxe {puepsuq ut
‘ujooury pur ‘pueyiny

‘Wd [ pue

an naar"

REPORT—1852.

150

“719 90) ‘aUIZeSRI S,WeUteT}UIyH

*y19 00) ‘orp ‘UOTTRATIRYD 9G

ot

oud
*IXX "JOA ‘QuIzeSey S,WeMley}UIy
*pajonb ysnf
SYIOM I9Y}O 9} pur ‘uo]jeaumeyg eq
“ga *207 ‘QUBYT
“ov
"srg “d ‘Ze
quay “Ist "uMor f gtd ‘BELT
‘sgoualog sap *peoy ‘eci—-Prt ‘d
‘gnbiunaeyy eye Ao A ‘MoTPeAWeYO aq

“p19 *00) “Vue yy

*ma ‘oz sk “S095 ‘yuey ‘
TGLL 300 ‘anbr10ysipy

goed
yeurmmor

"910 *00] ‘YO *A
“U19}S.19 Jay

"18S ‘A “H's Bor ‘a

*[OA ames ‘0491p UI yuUNODOR UY
“cea ‘d

‘IXX ‘JOA ‘ouIzeSeyy seu} WIy

9

nnn

Pree T Teer e reer TTT eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee reer rire errr crane eT eer errr irre
‘

*papnoyo
Ays oy} pue ‘aye1apoul sea pUIM oJ, ‘ayenb
-yqave ey} Sump Aaa you pip rayoutoreq ap! sete

*UOTJOM! UI PUTA Jo YWVEIq B
you fujeo Apoojzod pue ouy AroA Jay}veM ay,

sees

POeUeUORUCUCOOOOT OOTY Teer errr rere rrr)

teeeeererereors gpmoro IUSI] UII Buy JayIVIM ay,

eee oo

POO eee ee tee ee reset eee eseseer senses sssales snes th. eeetsteesesseeses

‘wedaq Jap
-UNY} 94} Yo]O,0 TT 10ye apy3] y “Sutuead
ayy ur SuryzySry “yaa uaaq pey woouseye ay)

stews weeereteesens
~

SOT HE Meee eet HEH Ee ee ee OES Ee ERE ee TEETER EHEEEEH EHS EE SEHEE EH THEE EEEEEEEEEHE eH EH eEoEEee

see eeeeeeene poanfat Aqyetoodsa opyeny jo Ayto oul seem eee ces eeetareensestens

Cee HHH eee wees eH RHEE NO Hee n ene ease es eHH Heese see unease ses sa eHe HE SEEHHHHHEHSoaest Hees

eee e rT Te ee eee eee eeeeeeerer reer errr rere rr rrr errr rerrrerrrr rs Terr ee rer rrr err Terre reer)

BORER Ree MEHR EH Eee seen ee ee HE SEEEEEH HSE THM OOEE HEHE eeee HEHEHE EHEE HOSEL HEE EEE HOES

OeeeUUE Ore TTCOUEOSOCCCere Cer eerer ry Terres errr errr rrr errr rise ee es

ere eer eee eee rere r errr errr rr errr err rer rrr rire ee

*g ay

Tere Teer ee eee rere eer er)

*spuooas 9013
TO OM} LOZ A[GQUSTS
poquis4y yyrea ayy,
*OoYs Yous yv saynu
“IU JOIN} 3SBaT 4
Suysel uoyour sty
$[BA1oqUL 4.A10ys ATOA
@ YIM syooys OMT,

AE? yooys ws y

Beate eet treme ee etaes

“UNT] IOYS B NG
poaysey A013 onbiuyaeyy
yV “syooys [eaaaog

*ttess***eM90T[S [RIIAIG
"BLIqUI() UT s1noy

OM} JOJ syooys

qUZTOIA => paR.199103]

Hee ee ewe rent eewemareseseres

oud

seem ee ee eeneewese

teeeereeeovOUS [CIIAIS

*€

*spuryst
Joy1O IY JO owOs 4ev
Atqeqoud ospy ‘anbru

etme rete eer eneneeeee

eee te twee eeeees

wet eeeeeerttens anbiurye yy
. sees BLIquiy), Uy|"

‘oSutur
-0og “319 4e AT[e1oedsa
‘SoTIHUY
OUI]
-tq ye pue ‘ATexT Jo

*aULOYY,

38 OSTy “equiQ ur

saortd rao pue ‘0191G
‘souluued y oy} Ut

siteeeseetereeeees ATIC UT
*90UdL0],]
pue omloy ye ‘sopden

%

“yey 7B pue £ 0991q| ———

outa

ont

osuIUIOg "4

coer Cae ee

W'd WOE us

‘Nd Z
Si =
“100U 4V

“Ll
8
“WV m0E 18

‘Wa OT

ay} suoury

"eT 3deg ——

syed sayyooutos‘orqyny|*** “Suny —

‘ys FV

(0G a ae

opreny pue e1200N 3V¥|\"6. —— —

"TT Aine

JO pooyMoqyst1eu ayy uy|"¢ oun¢ ——

“4 Btuye T pur
ZI weeMjog

coer eee taressceeeseseseensleneeeseeeees oSura10(g 40/'¢z

(‘S'N)

*** 9INUIUM BuO payseq| “AVAION Ur AaSuengris|9 AVY “CLT

‘I

151

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

“oI

"729 *907 ‘auizeSey 8, WemepjUey

“#9 “90] “quey
'OGT “d ‘Zest ‘Aoq “ySIET ‘wmor

‘on

"700 *20) ‘ouizeSeyy 8 WeUleyjueN

“710 °00) “Be 8,4uay pure ‘pajonb
aa0Jaq ‘079 ‘SRG Op "PRoY,] OP “ISIE

“pio ‘907 ‘oulzeseyy s,uemeyyuey

“on
*g19 °00] ‘anbrulapeoy uoryoaT[09
“Hoy “A Aq pojonb woysrazoy

"720 *00) ‘anbiugpeoy wonoalog

“729 90) “Quey

“yu0 *90] ‘quizeseyy § uema]}Ua4 FEC O eee eee tee eee eres e esse eee ee OEEEe BET EEOOOC ODE SES HH Oasees Hee nase eee ee see eesEeEeEdenelestonsenserscasscsesseseese

“FI

1d § 9110)

BI19q

PP ee er eee rrr ry

Ce ee or ree eer rer Ty ee Ty

Pee eer eee Tere reer eee eee err eee ey

Peart ace coeeres eros eeesees seers caseeee esses eee es ener esecslseeeeesrocerenassseuaceress|sccesesecnscsccecs

“punoas oy} uo yy SIV 10U 4SINp sp1q pue
‘189 UIT} paMoys ‘solo pue suoMoUL IeNda.tI1
xaq3 Aq uoxo pur ‘daays ‘sasiozy “vas oq} 07UT
yues ‘yySuey ur senSvoz Ajuemy ‘yse00 94} Jo
uoni0d y *pautna Aya9[dwI00 sea voUTIg-ne-710g

“4ST 9} 90UTS
Aep Aroa0 4sourye 4]ay usaq peYy ssuljquien yyWsT¢9

rtseesersrserseesseersssesees QSIOM TIL SYOOYS SIO

se ee weseseeeerrereessene astou 4q parmeduodoe uresy
‘anbrugpeoy wonsaT[o9 ayy

Aq Wears asoy} Jo ou0 4AM papunojuod A[qrssog

seereeereeeeees astou Aq parmedurosoe urese sxpoyg

‘yon.ys pey drys 943
jr se Sujaq moljesuas
ay ‘puelst ayy WoIF
sonseay OOT ueqy
210m sdiys peog uo
qf O1OM syOoys oT,

Petco cece seeseseessageces

“payor AT1e0u 9.0m
S[ASSOA Jey} pazey1se
YONUI OS SBA BAS dT],

Poe meron ees reesseseaesesese

Boer meer meses sees sesaneees

OO cere eee aeeeensesecessees

HOOP e Peete eee et oe ee reeseess
Peer errr eee errr Ty

Peers orate nee ceeesreesees

Co eee reer errr rrr rr er rere rere reer er vere rrr

“are

“IOQUIDAON 416 at} me snout
WOIF UOT ydnsa Ul sem

[ATLSO A

“d 1x 4 ‘onbrueproy woyo9aT[09 9} UL prvay sem asiou VW *payqurary sosnoy OY | rr escesseec eect sesceceesleceesccccscccsscessesceeses

PPO e Tete o eres eae HMewereslesoesteesenrerenenses

omtd
*QUdTOTA

Ajrenonzed = sem
‘Wd ¢ ¥@ YOoys oy],

(‘wept jnoge A1yun09

“7 YOOYS FUOTOIA Wlay9 UT 4[9¥ OSTy) ‘eousny

Seow meee erst aaneseaee

ond oy,

yooys rayjouy
‘uolyeInp ,soynU

“Ul OM} JO yooys

qUaOIA @ Wet} pue

‘Qqnulat @ Surysey

uon0uL Surquian Yl erresestesesseeeeen nat

*yooys
WUI]OIA yng yaoys itt oSurmoq 49

ont

FR e ees oese er eeseseseereee|saeessessssseeseesane

ound

seme meee ee oe teas seesssons

sieeeeeeeeeees DUDTUTT UY]

Hetero ree seeeseseesessoes

“* puepory ur Aysuemg

Heer DoerOnT UY
Ayeq] Ut ouaueg

seeseseseees SurTqulaty V

see eensenees osurmoqd 49

wae ereseree osurmi0g "49 .

tereeeeeeseroes DueTanT uy]

‘Wd wZ
uf pue wiP
ql pue “nV

g pue 4]
4
‘Wd [[ pue
‘8 ‘F ‘g pue
"W'V 9 pur F

CCT ae

(0G yf mnoy
ayy soatd Aor

-19q) ‘WV 8
‘1Z—

‘Wd 106 uE
“61

“n’'v
£07 [ Woy
‘81

‘qy310 TV

6

‘Wd OL

BG

1852.

REPORT

152

“a10jaq sv ‘anbiurgpeoy woNdaT[OD tt tt* DIOJOG SB STO YITM papuayyy

“£20 “4 ‘2GLT ‘Srey “SIH “Wnor

“919 *00) ‘anbiuipproy worydaT[0D

“p10 ‘007 ‘QuIZeSeIy S,WeUTET}UIy
“710 ‘007 ‘anbiuapeoy w01y99]109
“409 *90) “JUIZe Sey S,URMET UIs

“WOH ‘A

“OST “d ‘2GLT “Aad “SIH “Umnor

“ot

ot

“om

“on

out

*720 °00) ‘auIZeSeI\ S,UeUleyyuaN

io

|

dU} ‘pauorUsUl s10Jaq SYOOYS JUS[OIA IY} Jo auOS

“WI0}S d[qIA10} @ Aq PaMoT[OT
OAIONUOT! 9p ILIOT, 38 poanfur o19M sosnoy Aue

eee ngmauad aLojaq sv euaMOURYyd omes oJ,

*puIM jo 4sn3 uappns v oxi] astou
Surysni @ fq popadoad sem yooys yore ynq ‘ue.
pue ouy AT[e19ue3 sem JoyjVem OY, “parvay arom
WOULD JO SUOISO[AX It} axI[ SOSION *[[aWIs py@y
e Suravy ‘038i JOY yno Moi} pue pauado yAI1va

BuLM( “1940390 YIST 94} WoT ssa] 10 a10 ur BurTq
-UW19.} Ud0q BAvY OF Srvadde YA.189 Vy} 4YNq ‘paytoads
ATJOUNASIP SE YOrYAA Jo ayep ayy Yooys ysepauy st sry

tteeeeeeererereees oTOIOG se astou fq paluedqiov0y

eee eee eee rere rer eee rer rere reer rr ere ered
SOA Hemet e ee HE HH OOS ese eee aH ete ee esas OEEEEeeHEnereeseEeae
eee e eC eee ere eee errr vere ere reer rere rere TT eer eee re
POeeee CR CeCee TTT ee Ieee Cece cere sce ee rere rere rer rere ree ee
POR meee eee eee H EOE eee HEH HOt ae ee OHHH a Ose eet ete eeeesestees

AFRO R HHO ROE meee HHH EEO Heese EE Ha eeeeeeH tees teteeeeee

eee eee OSES CeCe rere errr rT eer er rere ree ee reer eee

ORO HEHE O OR OEE E EEE HEED OT Uae eee ee sees sees eeHeeee tees

oer eT OPePeT eT TCS rere ere e rer ere eee eee cree ere reer re Tes

FETT weet ew eeaeeeaeeenae

Peete meet e eee eeeeesoanene

ORR e teem ee aw eee ee ee neenee

‘

woe ccc cesses eerereeeereeee

Ome e eet eweeeereseeneesans

Teeeee rere erie erere rer ery yy

eee e eee ener e nen neeeeeeeee

Pm arte tear e eens eneaeneee

COeeeerere rere ee eerererirr ys

Cer eee

iaeeteteeseteenerieeeeneenmeerereerens DaprUTT Uyleg
“eSnj10g ut seyuop
quaoIA|-So[-er], JO doUtAo1g|*G, ————

see eetwwerseeee

POOH HTH HEHE EHP ower HH oeEtH Ft ooeeeeeeHeneeae puelory Ul|'PL P

sre -OOTS 4ysqs aug atten ettteee osulm0g 4S ‘SL

teeree SBUTTQULAL} e101 sete ween eeerens puryury uy

Pete meth eee tees eme tees eeaenl tet eetesasee ofuim0g 4S °C
eeereseee Burjquiary Vv Seno eee rereeeseeeens sojde ny '
*19qUIdAON JO
STS] 94} Jo Yyooys
ayy UeYA JUOTOIA ssarT|tettttt tte BOMAD|— —— —
*IOWI1} BU0I4S
yoinb ese paquosaq Pec cscrseeeesetuesees

Ot |'T

“+ yooys quaporA aug} ttt
“sys
quayorA AJOA OMT. Aseststansreces Gece

O10 08 SS —

oy |"86 ——

ee ee eee teersenses

omg) ee ona
‘Wd ¢ pus
@ pue ‘wv
EL pur ‘Fg
0341¢q|"¢¢ —— —
‘Ww ET] [pur
‘ol ‘EZ ‘E9
“PZ'AON “GLI

Penne ee reseeeeee

rT 6 | Ra

seeeeeres syooqs aroyy| ttt ** oSurar0g’ “3g

od "Gg

% a0

153

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

“WI9L 944
ayep 9} SAAISZ neYpIoy *(j) sepsue sy Woy ay
JO S[[e@q Uz10J MorYY 07 potiaes yor ‘adeys
[euosej00 ue Jo 1e4s o3ue14s @ Jo souervadde
ayy Aq 4ysta 943 Sutinp pamorfoy § Surmyy SI,
pue Jopuny} pur ‘[rey ‘putMm Jo W078 4UEIOIA B
SEA B19Y} SUIUBA BTOYM dy} pue ‘sueavay ot}

"eel ‘d ‘yaeykog | 19A0 J[9Sz popudjxe SuIst« pnojpo [Tews e uayAA
£ZGZ1 ‘une OT ‘sourry ap ayJezeD|‘300]0,0 Z (UN ouy A[qeyIeUet sem IayVOM OTL,

‘sayenbyyaea Jo suorty
"121 °d ‘0491q|-d9][00 Yssuq ay} Ur punoy you st yuNovoR sIyy,
"esl ‘d ‘outg|"""""""* UMOp UMOIYY pue painfut o19M sasnozy

"TST ‘owigh ee gseg ayy ur ues 4Y3q Tensnun ny

‘OZT ‘d ‘areyhag OPO ewer reso werer ent omet et eases e reassess ett MSHS nessetonnues

‘ole “d ‘tjoa ,,Kavy, pur
BUG Y, an jo siepi0g “A s,Aeag SI] Peer eee eee eee reer errr rr errr rT errrrrry yee re ee

‘atqeqoid wreas
40U Sa0p Sty} YSnoy} ‘arojaq teak ayy Jo ayxenb
‘HoH ‘A § GZ 1 “d ‘0771q|-yj1e9 oFutmOGg 4g a4} YIM pepunozuod A[qQIssog

121 “d ‘areykag SeOno Sooner Oooo errr or rrr rr rrr rrr rer

SOMO ee meee nee a tere estan eres EE Hees es Hees t setae tesese

‘qu 310 94 Surmp [jay sous yon, “sMoTlaq
"BIT dat 4 “1g “ABS Sep “WHaTN Aq UMo]q a810j B Jo 324} Oy] pavay sem asiou VW
"004 ‘S “HUD ‘tolleury uoA
Zunqiatyoseqpigq nen ‘aezopyos}:
“yoH *Al"**
“8081 ‘MAY OT ‘Anoqtuop|

“ulaystayay $ OTT *A)

Pree eee err eee eee ee erry

ree eee eee rere ree erry

phan

Oe meee en eet maeereeesseeese

SOO en rere er ser et et eeesccee®

POP e meres ere ee eeesteeeaaes

TOO ee meet ew ene eeeeeeetees

Teter tee eeeenaene

dee cesens

Peete mere nett es eeersaeeee

Coe eee re

Stee eset enone sesersceeees srteeacseceveeescceseeeveeeltiT QAIONUOI OP IL1OJ]***

eee er eee rresenesceess

nals sbv'anSlope esp eco eat >< GO DR STS omy|-hg ay} Ul put asnojnoy|‘z[-uer *ZGZT

kicie-V sweatin cir'sidie beens Waarsottl enantio a aL eRe “-eyeurayeng tp offes a8 efanrceaiy aimee

Penne te beret eesee

*soqnu
“IU [@1oA9S Burysey
‘syOOYSJU9[OTA [e.19A9g5

*N 92 °g moay Buty
-eys a][qeiapisuoo y

*+But[qu1814 4UaTOIA VW
‘TOK0UL Zuly

-BYS sqeIapisuoa y
“Bu0]
ase] JOU prp Yoryss

‘Suyquiey yysys vy

Peete twee rete ee ae ets taes

POP e ee ee ee ee en seeesaneeeeee

treeseeees ButTqulady Vv
*saynUulUL

iia

Wd F
++ KBMION UL JaBuearyg|'c[ [udy

WY WOE

“aIIYs}asIOUIOS UT |qIT (“S*N)

ssovid srayj0 pue jo}st1g|" 1g ————

‘[esnj10g Ul OTAY 42

‘e3no, pue odepuoyy

94} JO Syynou oy} FYI Lg —— ——

‘Wd TT

**+ KBEMION Ul JaBsueAeZG]"9 [ “ae, ——
‘gULe[eq] UI pue

unjyeq ye Ayjeroadsa

‘uapamg jo sj1ed smog|'9g ———

*pooy.mogq
-Yysiou oy} pue ‘aarys
“uosag, «UT ~JooWyIeG|'§z ‘42,7 ——

‘oSutur
-0q “I$ Ul v0ULIg-ne
“410g 38 493 ‘s}un0d
-08 9UI0S 0} SuIp.0o08
‘os[y “Zopueuioy uene
0 purist ay} uo pue
‘uowsdadsuog ye ‘IpIYOQ uz|"** ——
‘jesny10g ‘sayU0;-SOT
-e1y, JO voutAoid omy

“enqueyy
Woy VJ YOu ‘Op[azuo1q)‘** ——
*sgouod §=|"N'V 0 uO

1852

REPORT

15

“719 “90) uey ‘GFT “d

“AQT “ECL “ISTH “uInog ¢ 729 “907
‘sony ‘aur g “4dag og ‘aouray
ap ayezey ‘*719 "907 ‘suRIT, *[IYd

“oI

“MOY GT ‘aoUvsy ap 9349Ze4)

“Woy ‘A

“ond

‘ayenbyyivo oy} Sump Os pouremar 4 «*4U9|
ota AIOA pue “G'S'g UOOWIaYye 94} UT “Gg Sur
-ULOUW IY} UT sei B[douURsUOD 4e PUI OUT,
“painfut yonut aaa sasnoy pur sanbsoyy ‘angd
-[Ns JO Surjams 10}e yno auIvD 10} YOU
Moy YyAva Vy} Ut pauedo syalo gidouempy gy|te este

A eee e ee eee nee sen sense rete s HOP eeseeee ea ee tess ee SH OSD HRGsess| EEE OEEEHHSEGEEHEHeEEseEs

“BLIP JO WOYooIp aq}
ul ‘at “Ts 0} “AN
WOT SYOYS [2}UOZLIOY
Ie[NZaI Ino IO 9a1y3
ayy pure ‘spuodas[e19A
98 OF UOTOaIIp Ie[Nd
-tpuediad e@ ul Sur[q
-W9.y B@ SVM aloyy afd
-OuURISUOD JY ‘eu
Ag 4@ 4YS18 ‘atdou| ‘eurturg pue ojdoury
-yueysuog pue o[dou|-uejsuog iv amnyemes | ‘wd g (*S°N)
“BLIPV 38 yuapora A10A 94} 48 OSTY “e[douerpy|"6Z —— ——
sereenseneeneneene Qqgicy|setentersesesteeete® TIOATT,
‘ourliq

“tq pur ‘oustfog ‘opre ‘qysiu yy

Peete eee meee were eee eH HEHE ee ete He ee eer ase HS SEH HH EH ets HE eH|sHOEEFaserETsaersrarssesaes

Tee UOT TEPeCe Pere rere e rT irre

*40q TOs
Ajae ayep ot} SATS yuey «*pouoryueu ysnl *o2p

"FAT “A Gaeyhog

Segq ‘d ‘qavyzdhag

“jaqtIne g ‘souvrg op oy40ze5H
‘g0uR.y Op ayjozexy {YOR “A

OIL “dt 4q “XTX "OA “suray, “1d

“goT "A £ZgqT “d “aaxezhag

nS

‘gouery ap ayjozey {gz ‘d “yavydag

"erg ‘d ‘at 4 “shyq “soon uey

te)

‘BIQDON JB SYOOYS IY} OUT} SIyY 4B SaoV[d Jory “Ajseste sete teestt tees

“UMOP UMOIT 913829
9} JO S190} 4saySTy oy} JO U0 pur ‘pou
O19M yeqideo ay} JO sjo014s [ediound ay} jo Aue Neseebcussosabensivpececee sie

PTVTEUTT TELE TEP TEEPE eee eee

TPT TTTTIeT eli CTerrrerree rie eee eee eee eee Terre creer errr ar rey

Peete enero eet erosererese aseuep &q potueduoooen pee ee ete eeee eet eesseesaneee
*suolep
sesenseeeseetsscseetenneeeneeeesesersceeeeserserereeereeees IMT TIM Papua}yy

POeeP eee TOO eee eee eee eee Tere eerererer rere rr rere terrier ey

Repsessesescossts® | QaTCTi=ni ‘orqqny ‘ourqiy) 4VI'EI1 Ayne
see eeseereeenee oid seneeeeereersoe WIOUGIT 4V\'ZS
“qomy)

9Y} JO soqeyg ayy Jo yavd

ULayINOS oy} ULOURZUaDH| “3ySTU yy
treseeseees QOYS OUQ|PUL OULGTY ‘elon 4y\'¢ —-—
“yyuoUL
oy} jo suru
*SoqNUIUL OM} Surysey -ulseq = 9}

‘gyenbyjava quapora i ayueziyy ‘oune
“e00

Uy Jo soyoreyy oy} UL

aut} oUMNS BY} 42 OSTY

“445s euoouy
JO soyoieyy oy} ut

ASOY], “SOS sop |eLIqui~) UL BIedON F¥\"** —_—-
‘ajdourupy |'w'd ¢ ("S°N)
sees qvaa3 AJOA ON] pue adourzueysu09|"9z ——
‘Wy ¢ pue
Z uUsanyog

teresserseeeeserss Ogata |*** Aresuny Ur [YOsnaN|¢eyT Avy ——
*ye8ny10g Ut

**QUQ[OLA |OMGAW pue sooleng 7¥|'84 —— ——

|rrree* gatysjasiomog Uy) 9TTMdy “ZoZT

°g v

a % i

155

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

“gh O07 Taha S| sks seaarasnny crasnenes seeds cdenceeecsssapeacecsuennnes
“yore Te1oMe ue pue ‘sudAvaT] 91[}
OMI JUL YS, yuerpiaq ‘astou pnoy e Aq potuedmovy
“I9]SsIX) Sojonb sayenbyjzea
TBISOAIO Ny WO TIOMISUN SI Ut NEON Caine gst rast autrtaseaner**cncnas tens asasGeseurces

Pitt 4 | ee coe

*8-/Z1 ‘d ‘qreyhog Pee e mete treet eeats tease estes tes aeeseeeseeseesssssesesesagns

°719 *90)
“STH ‘umor "9290 20) “SURLY, ‘Td wer eeeeeseseoee
"719 “90 ‘yaeykag}"

j0Y ToyIVOM OL, “TN PULA OU,

Soma eee eter eesoe senate eassseeesseeeseessines

09 Z ‘oul ap 99}9ZV) £0931 CEO ERIC ICO CR ICO OCIS OE OOUG aU OU OOG Eha

FIO gf ae TOO EOC COHEN 00 AS03032. GNP OT O/C SCIOCILO

‘OSL “d ‘qreyhag Few e ee tee e tt THF tees ease sets See reasea ete reese essessauese tons

“ATMS
“Auee Oo “AON Il ‘sourly ap 949Ze5) PreeeRUeeeT OTTO OCOUrTerer rir rere rr eee

“Aqag Jopun poyonb a).9) "SURLY, ‘Td Bae e ee meee et eee ereaatteesesesasenasssseesessseseaaseeseses®

‘OZ1 “d ‘ong Rowe e eee tetera eee ee ener eee e ees eee sas sssesssssesonseseees

“eg ‘d “qavyhog}"***** prey pue Suruyysq Jo w109s e Aq papuszyy
"ZGL1 “3dag Og ‘aourry
apaiezer tog 'd tx 4 peoy [109

“yquour oy
yo Suu
PROP ee ereoreset tt ouceersesissneeeres syooys EER Ap seeeee Auvosny, ur euudig -og ‘09,
‘Wd J
O86

eee eta ereeesseeereseuiees

“+ ganurur auO pagsery| tes

Pre were rete ea ese eres ee reaslsn esses eaas sere sssasessesl|seseesoeesHr srs eeeene

oMIg| 16—_ —
“+ yoys puogas yiere tee oma, —- —
*purjunenies
-uy jo aoutsord ysip
seeresstseeeseessescsnserslonseeeteeerseseeseserrreeeslOMS QU} UL PURSOULIF |", ————
; *yju0oW P
at} JO 9sin0d oy} UT
@IOUL SOUT} [eIOAOS ‘WV wOE uS
qyepowes ayy, “og! adouruejsu0y|"¢ “Aon ——
“+ Surquieay qySys yl saqden ez
"SNIATISAA JO
JOO} Ot} 4e 4ysvod ayy
Suoye [je pue ‘oova19
ses eeeeeerereanree ontq|eP aI10J, ‘qaneue[noje yy OZ

weve eet eereeessscon

‘510 9¥
etesereesenensene ggarag[tterettesseeerses OT AGT se
Seer eee eee er sSurquiaty, stetereeeeeeeeeees QUzgTBg|'9. ————

*SUIMOT[OF 10q
-mis09q7 JO 446 aN ‘yuo aT2
Tun poysey you jo | 6Surmms
see eeeseeceasteseoececeseesn ‘gx00qs poyeaday ourqiy jo Ayonp ayy uy -ag "190 a
“‘qjyuom oy} Sur
Titsserecereeeeerreeresererlnn gyoOys juanbarg| ajdouepy|"** ——_——
‘omoy ye (A YSs nq
- ysnoy}) ose pue ‘L.49] “WSU TV
sete e teen ere eeseeeeeerstoes srrececesoee Str Uady VPA ‘ouLIeyy Ysiseay qVl'9z
‘aqnuIU @ «
yvey Ajooreos Surysey "19pO
tee reaereteneeeecesensene ‘uo1j0uL Suryquia.ty yeu uo ase][IA e ‘nduey 6——
"N 0} "pooymoqysiou
‘9 WO UayY {*g oO} joy} puke ‘aus.0ANy

“BOS Je UlI0}S

ford ‘goz 1 ‘suivg ep "peoy,[ op stp] ett teeeereees aston Aq patuedmoooyle Aep oules oy UCO|'N Wor 4s1y ‘yOoYSs WiUL yUOUIIETQ pue wOTYy|"9 “jdoag ——

LAG HE PE} Gf ee uactcr aD OCG) FCCC RE RC ISIC I0

“ov! Doce Sns sisi aansesicss cmmsaupion ss s's'0e<cse see -issiicis sea aa aaa

ssesseesesscersecesesegseesleeeenersseneSUTTGUIgdy Wliseenstststtees ojajodg|*** ——- ——

nee anateeeeteeeres

+ ee

1852.

REPORT

156

os we n2, r Si SRA ae ze a
“q]9J 919M SYOYS
ug0}1Nof Zuimoy

-[oJ 9soy, pue Aep | . ‘NV Z
017,11] po oec oc oucacO: ECL CCCCCECE GocCCCaG CESS CGO] CCP UoCUS) BSB Faroe oe rt) Suunqg ong) o3tg ol ——
‘Wd f
"WOR ‘A $909 *20) ‘yreyhag see e ence ee ee eee ee eee seseeae setae ese eessesssn ses eseseneeaseslasssesesngaeesrersaaerrteesl eee ssurquie.y 4431S teeeeeesecreerrerreee QT | ——— ———
*BAUay) pur ‘SV
*ATpnoy, papunos Forsustg ‘SeT[o1jsoua,T
[2G B BAsTaH YY ‘plvoy sea oud jo ‘gsnolog pu aureon'T (‘we CL
yey} OI] AStOU B SUIVJUNOM 9Y} UP ‘asno1Ig jo shale oy} ‘stag yt snoy ayy
"1a ‘907 “aejkag Scop 40 Lge °d |pue ousvoNT Jo SAa]]eA ay} UL pasrasqo o19M quo ‘esug ‘ung, ye |saA13 Yor] *A)
‘eGs/] eN “ISIE “WANOL SWAY TZ |Seuo Ae]IUNIg ‘sWID Jaze JO S}UAIIOZ YOTYM *somNUIU OM} = |—puUR]Ioz}IMs Jo qed "Wd OF us

weet ee ee ra teereaeseareeeee

49 FI ‘SIRI Fe ‘2oURIA ap ay0zeD|UIOIy ‘stuaD yuo Ut porvedde Suruedo ase] Vy

"821 “d ‘qreykag PCORECEDO COREL PN a) 1) uMOIY} StM Tes youyy AIOA Vv ee ec ects eereseseeres eoccces
‘oun jo Surmurseq oq} UL *a "2
“CIP ‘da *[OA "TOD “Wag ‘9]UR7, ur 9soq} JIM 9UI1} sUeS 9} 4B patio
oq} jo “4stH ‘UQIe IA, Arat033U0 J -00 Surrey SB S\IOGS ISdY} SopIsuod sneysiog sdeccecsseuacccresseset =< <5

‘rea Sit} Jo} pauoyuem Apeaiye soyenbyysea
"SST ‘A ‘ZCLT HOY “ISIE “UIMofluRTez] OY} JO OUIOS YyTA JUopfoUTOD Apquqorg| *s*errrrrrrrrrreessee se

e990 (209 arpa g|**1:+*sseieansoneinesetrasseenccccscsesnseonencceccccneessi|sccces canes
*19JULA JO PUD 9} SpIVM0} YIAON OY} UL JUAN baay
a10U atv sayenbyjyiva yey} sppe 1oyyNe ay,
"TN OF “MA'S Woy Qonsn sp ‘UOTYOaII, *Spuod—as
OM} JO UO Zuyse, out Yor ye ‘1aquiaddq
UI S19YJO pue ‘MoqWIGAON UL a1ay SyDOYs AnoF
SUOTJUIUL *PLOY *|[0D BY, “3[aJ JOU 919M SaATaS
-W19Y} SYOOYS ay} a1oyM saoeid oulos UT pavay
dI9M Ja}}2] VSayJ, ‘“Saslou [elIge puke uvoueI
*0731q|-103qN8s kq patueduioooe DIAM SYOOYS asayp| ces
“41 WOJJ ULOD 04 Pats o1Y JO S[[Vq “4800 ayy
Suoye sopra (¢ YstpaMg) ET £0 ZT 10 ‘Yooys oy}
0 UOIAAIP BY} UL “AAS 0} “AN Woz Surpusy
-xo SUdAvay ay} UL paivadde yy SIT Jo yearys
*pajonb arojaq se ‘neyploylafqea} y ‘estou pnoy z Aq arojaq se paruedumodoy\ srs tte

pase, JL vAouey 4y|pue ‘Aoaeg ‘yuoUIpatg U]|"6 yore yy
“yuo 99

Jo Sumuseagq

Vereeeeeeees yoOs UG ttt? BUaPOTT FV|'G2d “SLT

“*-s=> SyOOS JUO[OIAIour tt eiuoyeydag eeeeeeeee
‘o2g ‘BI[O}TATO ‘TULUIED
-0}UBG ‘1900 98 ‘VU0d
seers gyOOYs Ysarq|-uy JO sayoreur ayy uyf ttt
*yjuouL
aq} Jo pug
eetereeeeee sSurquiery, stresses QUIGI) punoty|"

“NV

[ pue qysia
-plul u99.M4oq
0991) "6z

sence tewereeeeet st eeeeeett*|secessseseaessseesese

910} | ‘WV G 0} F
ieib/risievinicsiniely sion erin ose saisAN lacey sv purluuemiaduy|"9 09 SCL

9 ty Ud

Se

"¢ % |

157

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

“JOH “A Fee e ee en ener ese eneesseseeeeeesees anaes esse eeesssessssees|seenseeensessnereseet passes

‘rreseeeree Surquiady Wl"! auseqarg Ul ysa1g "g ‘00q | ——

“sduryq

-W91y 4ySys aaayy| tt eouan ‘FL ‘AON ——
“pues

seereeens SHDOYS BLOM |-UG JO sqred yuoreyip uy|** ————

**SYOOYS JUI[OTA OMT |******AuvOSN], UT TTOLOdTY|"9z "3dag ——
“pues

teeseesereoeeeeeersngoug|-ug Jo syed yuazaytp uy|*** ————

‘281 “d ‘queyhag PITTI Cero orrr meer ror ro

“09 *90} quey stteeeseeeeererene QSIOU O[GILIO} ® kq potuedmoo0y
"919 *90) ‘areykog Mau s.e clbelusléWleunig vc cd eee cuisuaic se crecevlscvisoeessssepeus vines als

’

oreo cere eccenvenseserses

FT | RRR
"rg “d
‘g10J0q se “on ‘stud “Boay quey PPO eee oe FOES eee ESO OS Seer eesF FS EHE EHTS REEF GESTS HSH eas TPS eeetBHEeEHeHeneseeseeee®
‘goed
aules ay} 4e pooustiodxa sem prey Aq porued
*O9jIq|"Woooe w103s © ALP SUTMOT[OF IO QUES OY} UG| tr TTeeeeee

Ome eeeo corset essere eesees|seeesssenseessesesens so[den ane Ajag

“6T 10
‘ourqIy Ieou YSe9/g, ————
“ensquy
eteseereesseesesseeeresensltg puBTS]T O44 UL UYOL “4g|'¢] ———
“puR[IOZIIMG
‘teeseeeeereseeserreerrerelog ogre Surpuazxe ‘ULM |'g ———
“19A00g
pue “yoy, ‘Apeqqow
‘eltaqysoy = ‘09,8,
‘Karqey, jo soaseita |*wa ZT pure
*suoT} ‘spuooes Aqu9M4 JOJ jay} ut yfoJ ATfetoodsq |, { usoMjoq
“TET d ‘ongtq|-oesuery, jeorydosopyg oy} Ul pauoruoM yoN| se BunseT Zuyqmar Yyl-attyseqg Ul proysyouy|"g une ——
“‘YomnyD 94} JO saqeqs
‘oyenbyjieo §jey} ut ‘TIME “g
“919 *20) ‘areyhag BOOOOUOOOOUCIIOOOOOOOUIECIOOOOCOOCUOOUOUCUCOUOOUOOCCOUUOOOUONA ScCnoceonnnorCric OOUUULILICy qUa[OTA eS ‘eraamny ‘poy ‘e1sniag 9G es ates
“But
“use pure ZuluI0W
TINE OG ‘BoUVIT Op yoTV| eee reeterewesetstecesatenvereesarnceeresscrsaessceeclsssenssseneresteseneneenencloug . OT SHOOYS Apreqi ss -epaqatgizg

seeeeeeeeees eYQOUS ATT

wT) *20) ‘reyhog ROHR TO OHM o EEE EEEH HEH GS EEEEEFH ETH SETHE HOH EEHEEHHEHE EHS ee etEHHHHEHHEHH SHEESH EEE OOS
"PLT pue Zz ‘dd ‘payonb a107 "GGL JO Syooys oy} 1993 [UN aeoddevor you
-aq se ‘ox “szoddey “pueq-1esse A pip pue ‘dn POMP S][OA [CIQAVS PULPLOZJIMG Up] rere seeet tees

"Bz 03
“sy Stuprur
Joye anoy ue
yey = noqy
‘yjuou = 3at}
*S1O[OIU *SIMOY IIIT} OF ‘pues § |yo a|pprur a4
“p19 90) ‘\xeykag|-o1yd Ysysuq omy Aq UALS SIG} JO YUNODVE ON] errssteerereeesereerseeeesistOTJOM Bulpquiery,|-uq Jo syred omos uyjuy “AepyY ——
‘une A ‘Qouvly ap GREY 1109 | Meier gist ager OP es OO CERES AES SEE a Fo neeeeeseesens seeeeeeees yous yetaaag}""""* eee TuIMey oyues ‘9G
"young
a3 jO saqwig ayy
‘OST ‘d ‘yreykag st eeeeseeeeseoncenssesesecs poseurep s8urpimq Aue secnasessionseeccsnoncsauses|: Mencia ceaacaaassTanOnAlaT eisnieg qeou ‘anol ee raly ——
teerereeeeeneesees DODUNOJUOD BUTI SIOqUINU ayy : al nes!
+ REBY. Tigo, Lpoauseg,

“TH6 yy JO 9eY} Yr oules Oy} Ayytqeqoad Te a

‘Zep ‘d “AIXX “0A “Bey suey
"OLz *d “109}9TX Wess ‘opeoy, ooeecensed

-g6¢ “d Guvghag {sfoavry, pue “qno poysnd
sa8evdoA jo UONDa[OD s,Uo}oyUTg|1oyeM pue ‘soodefd yersaos ur pauedo YyAve OY,

TAS ‘d ‘qreyhag Peeeeer Te eree rT Tree reer eee

‘ogg “d
*AIXX *JOA ‘QuIZeSt IN Bi UUULO[TUGL)|etteemnstertercesereecenpsaceriesceeessseeesrssnvenererene

a sqaeykag {OPT “A £*729 +907 ‘aunE IGT oep 94} soars
a ‘songy {oT Og ‘2ouURTy op oyjozvyH/ or] “A “ATLA UT UY} add0IH UT YUaOIA oIOTY
et
5 yom ET ‘gouty ap a}j0zey weer cc cccccccesccccccsereesesseeensccavccccnessceceseeescces
©
Aa
a
fa -quotiaavd 9u0}s B UO UOSSeM uaprt
*pgg 'd ‘Wyaed "Ayx "OA ‘suBIy, TY q\e Jo yey} oy] estou Buryze1 v Aq porurduioooy
“yo 90] ‘TIOUOUT s Assneq PPTTTEPTeTTTi reread
‘UMOP UMOI} VOM SOSnOY IMOS VSeITIA Bur
ulaysdajay f4xey |-rnoqySteu v Uy *YOOr Jo sassvut Jo Surpey ayy
-hog {qouAgy 6 ‘ours op o330ze9|/q poonposd yeq} oy] estou v Aq poturdutoody
“1g ‘d ‘asoulas 2%
‘egy { ‘ue ‘uolig ap ‘proy,, ap *Wl9y|"***** BSTOU WROTRAIA}QNS TIM popueyye syooys
“69 °S
Secs] ‘mpoyy904g nz “pexy ‘p “udV: POeeeee eee T eR TOe Terr eee ete
ioe)
10 9 “g
—

lay G pe 2 Q

udp (*S°N)

setessenasatanseaneenesens|teesasereneereseeeees QOTTID A /"@ — ———
seeetetesesesteseeereeaesleeteereerers gos UG ete ee: enped (Gg, ————
"BG “ydag pur BT
“Sny w9aM}0q PaMoyt ‘Wd fF
sreteeteseeasesesseeeees| TOTSMQOYS DAY-AVYSIG |" VULOGUIY JO purys]|"gT “Suny. —
“Yq uOM 317}
‘ayenb Fi Suraurseg
Weerreseeseneereerseeeeeesluaapg, qUaTOIA ATOA listtresetttssess* eustug)inp = ——
“731
‘pooyinog Ay ("s'N)
etereseenseensarsanseneesleoreeeersgyQgys [RLOAVS-YSIOU OY} pur owMoy)"g7 ————
“ATIOIg puw
Ayeqy [eayueg jo uo
-10d yvai3 @ Yysno.1yy
OSTY “ur]az2 TN JO
seseaneeeecaerseneeceeerecleanccsenereseuseoeesererses | NUBISE DUB ‘a0 94} UT|'Z] —— ——
“RLOONY Vl pure ‘vUrI4sey,
“Bq Bl UL ‘VULyUOUT]L A “qs 4V
seesereeceeneeeecseeesrereelerssee SQOUS JUI[OIA Y|MVOSeAy ‘qoaty, ‘omoy|'z sung ——
“YO X WOIFSATIUT ¢ 10 Z
‘HOJBUITSSAFT pure ‘u0y
‘spuooas |-Surunzy ‘adcoyadoys
ory} TOY Burysey |-tq “YHoJog ye 39F ‘WY IL
Serene tere eeemeewateteeaees ‘qorour OYT-OAVM Vv Os[y “puepsug ur YOK! "GL pady ——

1 se ‘yooys Ava

-Ipiovyyxa ue 4[9J

Tneyurg deg ‘ay19 “BUOT "MA ‘Wd G
-noyls ey ]eSsaa aL Pevrr reer errerr rr tee) /0T At pue “aRT S 0% uy G qo aaa

*S 04 ‘efqouaiy = Wd 0€ IL
titssererereeesreenserereeelenr TOIT SHOOYS BUOg |MOIZsonseaz Z ‘oddaatoa|-ZpUeL “FSLT

Hee Pee ere eer eeeeeweearrsaaslesesserarensennassesrenusas| senses esses oSurm0 cq 4S see eeeeee

Preeer rier etree ere sdurjquiary, sete e en wrweenee TapaMg uy eeeteeeee ECL

oF 4 %

159

“909 *90] ‘gouray OP O}JOZBH| rere Jopunty} d¥T] estou v hq patuedmoooy Severe weet et ane te tesesesassleccteesssecccseees og} Aurgdneg UL ure,| ——— ——
“NV F

GON
“qStUp ITAL

*JD “DO] "SWRA, “P| se tet eet testes ee te ec ees eec eee ece sec ceeneaescnscnselsecseessnecuesarccsssrseeeleneees Yooys 1oyjouy|"*****+** a[dounuejsu0, pals

*MOTAq pauotyusuI sov[d aures 94} 42

paryy oy4 pus ‘syooYys aso} IOJ IaqMaAON OT *‘panorusm smoy ‘Wd gpuesy

"290 g ‘souRTy ap o330z8H|pue 6 Sozep 94} SAIS onbimgpeoy UoMoaT]IOg ayT\ 24} 38 syooys omg) ss Aurydneq ut urey|"¢ ———

“OPI | reeset ttt tt tects weceeeetensccscesceeeunverscenenerelecatstoeesccnstensceceasses|sssesstaecneonares OC 4 | a

‘WY QT pue
‘ ‘WY OE uF

"OMT T|teeeeseetsteeeeserseceseesenscnsecsceussnssessenssnesasetvealesestssssscsssssenecsececaelenncencevanasenres qar][ssessassreensoneeenes QM hg ——
‘Trey pue ‘Surjysy ‘WV F

oI ‘opunty kq 390]9,0 8 4e Sued oy} ul peaor[oq Pees eee eeceseereercoes Peer rere ee o1q Pewee ee eeeesersosecas OIG 9 eer eels

WY OF 46 32
pue uaep 4V
"+ SyDOYS TOU OM) **eseeeree2220* OTe
’ ‘WE GT TT
“soos 4UdT pue ‘wa Z
-OTA 310 TOY POL OMT, SO eP Cees eeeeaoreeree oI 2 =
“moou 48
pue “Nv OT
OIG! tet og) ———
“‘qystu
~piar +V
tereeeree SHOOYS O10 |"""**"*** 9TCourweysu0g| — —— ——
“4dASq Ur o11eD
pue eiupuexsty 4e

OUP] retseteeert tet teeeseeccaneccewesvcneesenesssenreassaseee|snsssenaersenareaaraces

OUI ett terete test eeewesecarsesecsescsecspereesen|esscssseesaeracenseesenrens

OPC reer tre teeer ese tea ecesceeeaecscesaeecsscessascseelecetsrasccesserersentassees|eccsseertensestens

POPP! errr setae ee ecessecessaececasesesssscseessceces|sssseesssasciarstarcaserens

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

*M 0} 3707 ‘QaeyAog 07 Sutps09
'q Ajxeou uonoar |-ov ‘osty ‘ssa, 10 a10mr
"TOF “AND WOT SPM POIMIIO 4 YOU uO “Ip oyg, ‘“spuooas |Surrayns 99 49q
: Aep oy} Sump purm ayy, ‘suyeo ojajdmop <q Ay, ynoqe §=Bur |Aagunooeq4 Te { ermeur
pepedard sem ayeubyyses ayy, “poanfur yonur -Adno00 afoyM oy3 |-1Y pue ayoequerq ut
BIpsMOdIN’ JO yey ‘poumM1 sem seAtg Jo Ay10 ‘suol}ey[Ioso yeyuoz |A]Tetoodsa ‘rouryy vIsy
IL “SIL10}s LaMoy ay ueqy saddn ay} ur ATyUeT sl1oy amoskq pomoy fut APyUaTOTA a10u [MS
“ZIT “d “1 qaed *xt[x "Joa pue |-or oxour 4yay ar9y} seM Yooys ou, *sdUIpping -[OF Yooys [eoysea j|pue ‘ajdourupy yeyyey |"w'a OT (‘S'O)
“618 dtr y1ed “tmtAyx “JOA ‘suBLT, [IY q|9q} 07 ouOp seA aSeurep youu [douryUEySUOD |e ssterrrererereseeereele Qidourueysuog 4ylOsTy ‘o[dourjueysa09|"z ‘-ydag ——
*septy
4SOMOT 94} 9A0ge
$91}9UL.MOF 10 99143
"eIzg dm “4 “eas a} JO UOT}eAITA

peers
=

ad ‘sng, Bap “SOA ‘sTENOGT WAU] *sr+eeseereesaetesseeeeseeeeeeees pouma sea Ay10 aque sq paraedwoooy!*:

1852.

REPORT

160

1

‘SIR § ‘VOURIY Op 9999ZB4)

OIG
“ya “oop *SuRL], "Td

“OWI

"B6E "d “AT'7 “GUN “ISTH. P “TPN ‘VNC

“od

“p19 *90] "SURAT, “Td

‘ont
‘proy [109 $ puexyeg

“920 *ooj *suRAy, “TY

*peoy “[109 { pueryseg

“940 *90) “SUIT, “Td

ssconstntanzunqoettlsayeenpanstnshanaseacovasagchenepeiauss|shivectieetavetscrcBeghveceirese+sss062 SS BBURRtEng Ret ett*or °° Te Le ae

‘ported apoym aq} ynoySnoryy yueysuod Aj,01d
Sumurjuoo rayawioreq ot} JO IYSTeYy puv ‘purm
94} JO UOeIIp pue YySue4s ey} ‘aouRqiny
-sip otiaydsouye ou paonpoid aavy 0} sutoas
‘Suo] os panutyuoo syxooys ay ysnoyy ‘ayenb
-Y]}AVO SIT} FV} JOVI VY} 0} WOIYU9}4R S][VO HOTT “A

‘Jaquiaoeq pug 94} TyUN uoydnsa snorias
OU SBM a10q} yNq ‘YIGZ ey} UO pauado sntansa,

PPOeeeTTTI Cree eee eee eee reer eee

PTET TTTLLERT eee eee

‘ereitesersiesersreerereees ggtott Aue Aq papuayyeuy
“suTe}UNOUL JY} WOT 919M JT
sv Surmo0o ‘parvay sea Arayiyae Jo saoaid snort
-aUINU JO VsIVYSIP oY} eyl] aslou y ‘a[sry
JO juaMUIGAOS oY} UL Yoo Jo sassem UMOP
MOLY} 03 pure ‘UOIg ea0Reds doysiq a, o09eWep
0} Ysnoue yuaporA arom Aoyy, ‘surerd oy} ut
ULY} SULLJUNOU IY} UL 49} JOU 91AM SYOOYS aT],

PTUTTTETELILET Tee ee

‘auo quafors A9A ATUO ay} UVEq
aavy ojsivodde ysiyoyy, “qyuOU ay Ysno1y4
Te syooys yySys 4fay Avy} pres suosied Aueyy

TERT TERECEEe TTT Tee Te eee eee Te

Ove P ere eee Ue Cee User rire rrr ee

‘yoy *alrreees vpoH jo uoydnie qysts e Sq paruedmoooy Henne nena renee eseansaesees pawnecssdinns siewalrasseaicne (10) apis Yjaou aut uo EOC H Ge

sete eee tweet tt eeeeetetteee -dao10d aymb ryj0uy sane nee ene ee eeeaenene ong 61

eceereren

peewee tet eeeeaesereesensees

setae e tee eeeseseeesereeeses
see en eee ent eeetenceeeetoes

eet t tweeter aneeeeestoueeee

enema eet enter eenee seasons SUOT}RTIIOSO ayeulaiTy eee ee eee eereneeeeees ont 61

netomat eee tema sees teesoee

Seem eee e ett eeneeetetees

Aten m meet ome eeaeeeeetoes

9

‘Gi

a (en SOFTEST POLE

*pueyso] Ul B[D9 TT

“yocys ayqty ‘Wd WGP 6

“aunty J.L0YS B ING ‘Wd 61 yOT
poysey yor yooys yi atdourjueysuog|"p “AON
“Bulyq *BUIUOG-Ip-es
Wad} B[qeIapisuod Yy|-Se]SpxeMo} pur sajden|"6g —— ——
YOoYs JUSTOLA JoyyeI W|"SntansaA Ivo ouelez4o|"7g —— ——
‘uoou IW

“+ Suryquiesy yySys yi otal,
*syooys ‘W'd WGP y8

fioyenpun = edaaag}******"** ajdourjzueysu0g!"9 “3990 =~——

‘Wd [ pure
woou useayog

"N 0} 'g Woy

*aA0qe se ‘Wd fF
* SUOTJOUL FYSYS 191309 |‘Satrg Jo pooy.moqysiexj|] ——— ——

‘WV ¢
‘res sOOYs Jayjouy|* "tts aydouyueysuop|"¢_ —— ——
*xog pue uolg
ye pue ‘foaneaudy[tA “uMep
0} sTeTBA OY} UI Bag jar0jaqay1V
“+ sSurquiar} yy 311g Jo pooymoqysteu oy} Uy /"Z1 —— ——
“qq sro
-plur = 1aqje
Moy We jeTT

Jers yooys saqjouy|*** aydourjueysuop| "TT “dag FELT

$ =

161

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHAZNOMENA.

ee SE es

*9TIT[SU0}

sO ppecale estseseeeaenvansaneesngenesoneuepeascecensenrazasanneah/aaiembastannteyeanannessleny sereseeeees woos oUQ|-dueyJION Ut pxoguTeyg|"T ‘Sny

*S[OACLY, S,10}10g
Joy §yreyhog ‘gop ‘d ‘oaq “4sty *paystied suosied gno‘oP 1yjESOITy |“ UMOp
‘uMor {AON g ‘aoURIT ap 9}}0ZeH|UMOIT} JIaM SosNOY YOO ULYY OOM ULYOSEY Uppers errerersseeeses|eSHOOYS FUSTOTA AIOA
“2OUNUTYMOD ATI
419AB 0} APIO UT Stu IWS 94} POUIIOF 919M

“une F ‘aouRrY ap ayjozey|suotssa001d yey} YUDTOIA OS O1AM SOOYS appr tse ee SPOS FUITOLA Galt,

“Yuu ay}
f SulLInp sedvjd asay}
sunaqeragayy| etre eteceeeeeetseeetssereneeetscescetenceseecneenerensenslacecererseeccesesessssesss TG IR $9 TOM SOOUS
| *ABo;ouo1yD)
apury ‘erpedopsoug ysinquipy
"TRI te ‘gouely ap 2449284) Moe eee ee eee ee eed enamide Tat saeee

eee cece tee t teense tent ence eres sree eeescer esses ssaetesaes ye ssstanee assess seaessseaslsstnegesssesesssessseuastes

seeneeeessreteeerseensloseers QOS JUTOIA VW

OT eee eee eer eteea re eaerennaae taganenenensanstenseleynnnsnesaagseeestt

‘IMOP UMOIY} Sosseul pue ‘taxes

‘onbiMapeoy WOOIT[OO|a10M STI] oy J, “pauorjusut yooys yOuNsTP ON
*pourtoy
Suroq suotssordeap pue suoyvasya ‘paq.nystp
Yonul sem ose punoss oy} JO sovjIns et,
‘g0uRysIp yvaid e@ 07 UMOIy) Pue ‘sadaid
Teus our poreatys Ajojoqduroo ‘sytq aty

‘OIG |WOY UMOp UMOIT] oTaM YOOI Jo sassvut odie]

sreeeeslesyooUs a[qisuas ATA

Se mearesleeracaseseeeeearereessasses

“MOljOUL
crreseeeeverceesesserersoesl SaTTQuial? JUa[OIA VY
sskep SULMOT[OF OM} OI} UO patnoat
astou siqy, ‘“yooys efqisues Aue Aq 1eAomoy
"pig ‘d *720 -007 ‘yuey|perueduiooovun ‘prvoy] asiou UvoUeLoyqns BESO CDER I IGOLEC OD |
“yquOUL siyy Bur
“uaqsrggay| ests uoydnsa Ur sem eUyg Yorwpy Up] ln WO Buryques y
“THF qnop
Maes aseyy, “19qG0}0Q WF 94} pue ‘10qG0}00
pug 03 raquioydag yy9g 949 ‘PSL ‘1aquaydag
TFL 04} WO syOoOYs 1oyY}0 SuOTJUOM aoURAT
ap ayezey oyg, ‘a[438 PIO 0} Surpr0D0R ore
“onIG ajdounuejsu09 qe syooys e804} JO Ssoyep ou} [LV seareceesceveeseccseeeeeserlecsees QOUS JIYJOUY

se “sun
een *929 +90) *SUBIy, “TY q|** BIIIOSO QUOTOIA gaqU.

Vv eee eee eee ed ry

WilcueVoeUObecseNere¥UecceccccccccccoccgsgecuteUspeceuen® eeaeeneeeeesceeneeees tees.

“stiney, pue ‘uey
-edsy ‘uueyy ‘ueyosey
‘miqeg, ye ‘(3eaq)
BIslag UseyyZou ujy|'Z une ——

“qqs1u
sreeveces ATBaT ur oquagta Py “Ae ——
“TWROURIIO}
“TP2J 91} JO 4SvOd 13
Suoze sory [e19aos 42
pue “queqerg ul os[y
*xesorppryy, «ur Aaudayg|*** ————

Hew erenoeersesserssee o7INe 8S

eIUyOg Jo ysvoo oy} UO|", [dy ——
‘apIFUNS}IT AA

seeeeseesereee oT OBIIG uy qnoqy

eseeeeee gaigspaoywayy Uy|"*”

‘W'V [[ pur
OT usemyog
op |" L6 ———

seen mene oeateteerees

set ew eter eres eeeeraee

YIOT GS “LVI, ——
oSefadiyo1y ayy Ut

outa] JO puryst ey)’ “qaq ——

WY WOE OL ©

wd

oe ;
eeeteenes

TPP eee eee) ont) 4 = = )

_
Gq

PPE dz 4d *XI[X *[OA *SUBT], *[ | *eerer seers rtttstetettetsceemeeeseeseaereneneeeeenrenene + UOTIUIUL ST OOUS ON Tete treeeees -uy *N Ur OLeUG ayeq|UT

REPORT—1852.

“yor *A\-dag y3Zz 94) 03 YG ay} WOMT SkUs UTaYSIaJOYy| cree tteeere Tete teeter tReet eet e cette eee es -20] ur saoeyd snomes uy

‘OTC|-PIMG [wIOAES UMOP MAIY} “Wid Z 4B OOS oT! ee eee SPOOYS VOU PeAIAag] sete OWT

“OGLT “ADH “SIH “unos

£9csT ‘Auer OL ‘QOUBA[ OP OIJODVA)|scereseeesrressseeseawcerereevesseneeseaanseeessseanerenealerseesecesseerseasaaanecees

“OPT “d “qaezhag

‘{svaun pue pou

-q4Suy poreadde osye sjeurae oysew0g “pay
fzia4. YOOUE J Se TIO} OUTED sapydaa Jo satoads
aUIOS pue syeI pue ‘payqno.1 oymb sea sya
at} Jo AuvUr UL JoyVA\ ayy oAOT.M ‘uTedg Ut aIqQuv
|-yaeuras 4sOMl d10M BUsMOURY vsor J, ‘adox
“nq JO sjaed [je ysouye wo, puNnoy aq 0} a1V
Tuer pus Bumy4y31, ‘rapunyy sapiseq “mopo
aAIsuayo ue pastnboe ATTe1oues yor ‘1a7eAA
AIAII PUL T[OM UL SMONeIa}[e ‘s1Oa}0uI snosuUSt
‘qoOUl pue UNs IY} PUNOL soyey Jo szunodoe aq}
‘qoqsvy Jo ayenbyjivea yevord ey} a10joq out)
amos 10} ‘psapuy “uredg ul YUOUI sty] ZuLmp
peatesqo useq SutAey se paprovat vie vustIOU

“TIC U9}

HLA VHT] ITM SVA\ IVIT TBATL 9PI7TT
@ JO 1ayeM ayy Avp Surmoyjoy oy [Ty “ssut

Pore errr rere reer terre rere Ty

Feet mem eee t ee ween ewes

ela sear way PENI TET

1 IO 7 an oe

Meee 9304 feayensn
-11n We ut asox ATpazeod "TUOUL ayy JO
-O1 JayeM ay} nq ‘pa ‘eolt |jyeqy 4ysay ot}

"Opa]Oy, JO 414s ‘Wd F

‘or}IC|-eyd yeorsojor10aj0u aSuBs4s Jo TaqunU yearB W]e sees OOS JAyJOUY|-1p owes ayy ur Bop] ———
‘WV [[ pue
*pooyinog |OT usanMjog
‘onbrmeptoy u0lqoaTI0D Mee Rene ee reso eee e eee nner esse eeet reer er sees eeererseseeslesnsseenssetsssevccceeesees

“rereer* SyOOYS JUSYS|-YSiou ay} pue zeSIQ|"F QO ,—
“YFUOUL 9G} JO
JIpuTeUAI 9q3
‘purl |[fe Sump puy

re ae
(¢purpeoyaq youptpynoys
‘yavmueq, Ur st styg shes} *4yyStU yy
“er"" OOYS JUI[OIA WiAot9g) —‘JassAg-palON|*9| —— ——
*pooynog ‘WV C
Meters teteeecsereeeeeels-guenbyqava qySYys V-ysiou ayy pue owoyz deg ——
‘gourd 1994e] 949 9%
qUaTOIA vioyy = “uiedg
‘opajoy, JO 4oLt4sSIp ‘WV ¢

‘onbrmapwoy WOd9T[OD|""********** JapuNyy oyT] estou v Aq poruedmOdDY|***** Tterteeteereseeereteeeees SHOOYS [RIIAIG|aY} UL BAOT PUL 2DIO|Fe'Sny ‘Ges T

1)

162

1

- ‘¢ ‘Zz T

163

*4U9A9 paye.iqa]a0
Siq} JO soayeneu yeoods Auem
Os|y “3El ‘PF ‘6g “dd ‘gaz T “Aag 49
~auer ‘os p'd ‘g¢/ 109 ‘onbu0ystyy
[euimor fgg/T “Auer {T pur ‘ccsT
09 §1 “AON Zz ‘a0uBIg Op 9340zeH
6PF “S "61." ‘usfeuny s,y10p
*ue8d0g ‘It pue'r*[OA“yploquingy “A
$ AZoToay Jo saydroungs,jeAT $1474
“peoy ‘19D **O9 ‘TIF ‘80F ‘ZOF

*PaATasgoO SEM
purl ayy Jo Burst osye soeyd soyyjoue uy *aro0joq
Waaq JOU pey Ir YoryM “‘spassaa [TeUIs Toy aque
-ssedumt aoezd ot} axeur 0} se TONu os asor ‘vay
dy} Ul SOI JULOS PUL pur] oY} T9aM49q T10}30q
Bas OY} SerejOD IwaNT “sa0R[d auIOS UT YyQIva 94}
ur pouedo syarQ “uayxeYys YOnu o19Mm ‘orung
ao pur ‘ovaries ‘eptqeiry ‘eyjeaysq JO surey
-UNOW oy, ‘adeuep ssot 10 o10M paouartied
-Xo [RSNIIOg JO saseT[IA pue sumo} 9} JO sop
“OTIFT[ ING pasayyns osye e[[oIsodwi0y Jo WMO} 97,
‘Te 9@ Ajaorvo0s 0310dQG pus ‘youu os you sa1e[OD
‘peanut yonut A10A o19Mm Zovoseg pur ‘TeAnjeg
‘oregq ‘sasnoy O00‘ZT JO SSO, 2y} WIM ‘pour
§[19}49N se YOIyM ‘uOgsTIT sepiseg ‘Tapunt}y
JO SsoUpNoy 9} 0} paseatoUL UOOs WOryM 4nq
‘suoSSeM JO SUI[[O1 at} OY] poy sem aston v
YOOs 4SAy ay} a10Jaq “syOoTO ayy Jo Aowvrnooe
“Ul THO ‘syuIgy Yor] *A ‘astze ATuo Avur peSnya0g

“g6¢ ‘og ‘dd “xyx ‘Joa ‘suery, [Yq

0} AJMZyUW0d s4t 0} asmoo Jo Surmo

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHZNOMENA.

“OGLT “APA “SIH “Uanor ! 9c/T

“auep ¢ ‘aouRry ap aqjazen ‘yor ‘Al‘Moydnra oyur ysinq weLBapVY YIG] 9} UC| rere eee ee*l-aMenbyAa WOTOTA Wl"** puLyeo] Ur uayepszA yy)" | ————

E7088 “4 z09;91N Fessg{ ‘opreoy|‘saSeruLo Jo svyr oxy astou e Aq payuedmioady|:****+r+-*+r*

Uy sodeyd snolies aya Woz amy UI edUAIAyIp ay Zlee14y Ul auIvO ves Oyo} avadde syooys ayy \ohngwog
“‘OpNjLBUOT AF UII? Buyoat100 ynoyyim ‘papsovar sv ysnl wat Su1aq sau ayy
ayenbyyAeva sty} JO seoyou snourmmnjoa oy} [e aBuerre 0} 19pz0 UT

Apaed

*9GZ1 sn8ny [YUN panuyuo0s yor

“£1048 pxIy} 94} Ut papunos
SIP “A'N Wor su0d oy poreadde yorym.

*Aqqun0d 9q} poyepun
“UI pur ‘Jada, Areurp
10 Ist} aaoqe yoy
asol OYUITY 93 pue
‘omoq oy} ‘euripens
ay} ‘sndey, eq} jo
S19j@M BYJ, “daze
aLotFeF OOT OFAt yues
uoqsiy ye Aenb mou
ayy JO soyM oy]
‘4yatu 4yxeu pue ‘<ep
ajoyM 3y} uoTeISe
yeas UL ZuLMoy pue
surqqa penunuos 47
*‘yooys @ Surpaesons
JAM YOR‘ (Sapty USI
[ensn ueyy Jsysty
PI OF S19yjO 04

‘gy aUl0s 0} Surpi00
ov) 4ystey Areurp
-1081]X9 UL 0} SUIT}

hella

FUA[OIA B TeqeIGLD yyjeyenbyyzes oy} wwdy uy
* — *SyDOYS Tay SIs
youu 1030 ]eIOA
-as Aq pomorjoy sem
SI], ‘SuOoT}OeITIp ayI1s
-oddo Ayjeoryamerp
UE s}UNUIaAOT 9yvU
-19}]@ JO 4SISUOD 07 pa
-reodde yor ‘yaoys
que{OIA som pur
pay oy} spremt94
“Je soqnurul om} pue

ta

“(2) soynuror wa} 10°
Sto poysey Yorya ‘1a

-WLOJST]} ULY]} WTOTA :
a.toul yonut sor] d 004
Yooys Joy our ‘spre
Jaye oyNUIUE vB FETT
‘ar Aq wayeys Aqqs
“U9S TaAIMOY 319M
WORST UI sesnoy datz,
‘(‘soas 9 shes yoy *A)
aqnUTM auO MOE [settee HOQsIT
peysey] pur yysys svm |******sarvpoo puv 0710dQ
YOOYS 4S1y OUT, “GT OF :
“AM WOIF U9aq DART | ‘9tITy atULS OY) NOW

qnoysnoryy,

‘Ayeorydeisoa8 Ajaraur ueyey a1ay are Aoqy ‘soovjd Aueut os mol
‘ould 42q} 48 adRTIMS $,qyI.Iea aq} JO ainzeu oY} 0} AT}Aed pure ‘Moroe OIUBOTOA Jo yeas OY}
‘aoujd yoo} WorjonySep e[qLLI9} ysour ayy ‘UOgsTT Ut AT[eIoadsa pue ‘Jfosy TeSnzA0g uy “[eBngI0g Jo 4svo0 ay}
JO SOM JIT @ WLIO OULTTY oY} YyVauaq payenyzis usaq oAvY 0} SUIa9s BoUINYSIpP Jo aT}UED ay, “paonpord yoaya a[qisuas ATuo ay} Butoq *o79 ‘steueo
‘soye] UL 1ozeM IY} JO UOTepSE soovjd autos ur {aouFIMS STII JO BOA ay IAAO Iay JOU o19M IaAVMOY SYOOYS [eNJOY “jsom oy) UO spueys RIPUT 489\\
ay} pue “Ysko oy} UO vIMaYog UI ZINdEy, *yyNOS o44 UO OdDOIOPT WI LopeBopy ‘yIIOU Vy} UO pUL[ad] UaeMJoq papnpoUt sovJINS s,yIAva ay} Jo oeds v AAO
Spoage e[q{sUas poonpord ‘proda1 UO papuayxe ATapIM PUB JA[OTA ysou aq} Jo auO ‘ayenbyyea SIG, “NOMSIT JO SNVAOHLUVT LVIUO IHL

“yyuoul
aq} SuLInp yaj ata
syooys roy40 Auepy

"A'S 0} “A'N Woy “Arpquieyg 32
areddy ‘spuooas|‘AT}UETOIA arou ‘osTy

gata PUR epqouery

eel eT eee

“parnfut Apjea18 a1aM SaraX pur ‘TedN] “4g ‘T[TAOG]-[eAQy 4B asOI vas aL,

cece satan ma
00-00 200 Bray) u6
“nv
w0F 46 pue
w0§ 16 uO

1 AON

‘000 4V
*ST'PO “GSAT

M 2

1852.

*

REPORT

*T[2} pue ostt 07 poreodde urey
“uno v Jo syutod oy} vyneg yy *doop smm0yyRz
Aquomy aureoaq ‘Moy[eys ot0joq ‘104Va\ OTT} yeyy
os ‘A[uappns yues syoo1 autos ‘1oprSoyy Jo 410d
ayzoytsoddg ‘ajdoad 990‘ 200008 Wat aSeTTIA
ze dn pamoyyeas pur ‘pauado uivyunom v aoejd
19}jR] OY} AvaNT ~Odd0I0PY pur ‘ayeg ‘zournbayy
ye osje og "Tay Sasnoy Auvw ojjeg yy “*pnut
snosiyoo kq Ayqeqord ‘oroy pax po.inojoo osye
SVM TOJVA, “UMOP UMOIY JOM TY ZutTNdq
-ySrou v Jo y.1ed pue sasnoy zag UT “por parnoy

-00 SUA ODI) IOAIL JY} JO 10}eM OY} ULNIDT, TV

*[eSny10g pur
uredg Ut UIT} Sit} yROqe pairosqo uwseq dat
0} paqeys ole vusmouxyd oneydsouye jensn
-un JayjIO puv siod}aUI sno.oUINNY “Avy JO
suojdmAs poploap poyiqryxea spodnapenb pur
Spug *poinfur ssay 10 a10Ut 910M ‘029 ‘O= ‘vUTpP
“ON “eURpIYyD ‘eSzjeyy ‘e}oy «“pansst ap13v0 03
PATONAASOP UOTL[eYXo UL YOM WOT ‘UIYpUNOUT
v ut aoejd auo ut pousdo yyopo y ‘sayoanto
ay} JO SzIUIMINS a4} WO sassoID OM} 4nq TOF
Suryjou ynq ‘uayeys yonut a19A\ 9.190} sosnoy
IY, ‘SYOOYS oY} 109je o[941] V SULOYYRy [eAVAVS
9SOL SJ OY} UL 19}VM JY} pLIpep, FV ‘“uUMop
UMOIY} 919M SOSNOY P[O MOF .A0 doAYy ATUO ZIpLD
FV “ONT JQ porayns eloryeg ur ejaysodu10g
JouUMO} ayy, ‘“paso.ysop ATa30;duI00 sem [MOD

“pet

Phe ELAR

*aord yoo} vuout
-ouxyd xvpiMis uLIG
pueeynag yy ‘“uM0}
at} poyepunur vos a1}
ayeg yy “sduruaAa
Tgun Arp ora ysv0o
ay} MoI onsvay v
Fey AF sT[OM oy pus
“wag a10J9q (400J 0G
JO JYZIoy v 07 pies
AUIOS) soUIy UaEzYSIO
pamog pue poqqa

*dd10J UL Suisvatoop

Ayjueystoo £40 yl
—u0I ul—w0 uol

—w0S ul [—w0€ uLT
48 urede ut omvd vas

IL “YySug] ur sastoy
OOT t0F gaedurer oyy
AvMPR 9104 J “JIT
JO SSO, 9][qQeropisu0d
Sursnvo pue ‘uA03

aun Sugepunur
‘wOL yIL 38 90u0y
“OIA = SUTUTPOT{M.9AO
(VIM UL otto ves

ayy mpeg sy “sur
-UIOUL BUIMOTLOJF ot7
[yun ‘tayvaa Surur09
-aq Ayjueysuoo 4ynq
‘TayJOUOF.MOY UB FO
Jaytenb auo0 woayz pa
-Jsvl SuUIMOY pue Sur
-qqa supg, “MOT ATi
-IpLOvyxo [oF 109J6
moy uv jo Jazaenb
‘Tens uvtyy

vos oy} soisury, yy

Seo a a = aa p Pau PT ilidiiaecake alae ,

*soqNUIUL
JOA} LOFSOMO.104Y.31]S
Sq pamorfoy sem
4] ‘soas gg ynoqe
poysvy ooys ysry oyy
ByNIg FV —“AaBUOT
poysty Aoyy s0Suey,
Ul = «‘saquurM 4410
10 WAAIS UT IAF 9.19.0

Syooys9aiy] uLn4a, IV

*soqNUIUL FYIIO
poysey Aoyy ay[iaeg
yV ‘S09s FZ poze]
yooys puooes at}
SQOUI[OIA TATA saqynu
“IU JUIU pazse] WOTy
-OUl 9Y} VAOPIOD IV
‘soqnuIM =9AY OY}
-a8o3]2e poysvy Aayy
pur “Ny 03°g Wody aq

0} porwodde uoyoar
“Ip Ilayy, “Sou JUET
-OIA [BIDAOS VAY} pur
‘Q]9J JSAY 19M SYOOYS
WYSYS OA} PMUpeyy
VV ‘saqnutm udAos

10 xis I0J ‘Bursvaso
-ap ysnoyy, ‘ponury
-u0d = pur ‘aoua[OIA
ITA SaqNULULIa.14} po
-}SU[ OOYs otf4 ZIpeg
YY ‘“SUOLTTIOSO oy]
-OABM UJIM SoynUTUUt
ddI} SUYSV] 10vIWN
e ayy pure “soas (9g
10) ¢Z Loy Surpquia.y

*quapora AaOA
arom AVY} ose saad
‘sAup aULOS 10J
ponuyu0d syooys oy
*[eBnz10q sv

“IV IV

eqna9 VV
ao10f yonut se ApAvou

UJI ypooys oy} pour
-adxa uonsod w184s9M
“Yytou ay} vand{fy Uy)"** yOL NOGY

*QOUIIOIA SSI] IO ATOUL
YIM gaz atom syooys
ayy ‘uosvay puv vio
-Ua]vA Jo sMOpsuTy ayy
UL SJOLISIp U1ez109 Os|R
se ‘euopeyeg |B pue
vuopomg yo uondeo
-xo oy} YIM ‘uredg jo
4sor OY} [[@ ynoysno.atyy
pur ‘a[[IAog 4@ ‘vAop
“109 ye ‘[eLinosy] aya
3v ‘vpeualyg yy "yeas
os ajmnb you sem yooys
OU} PHPRIN TV “ZIper)
qe 4poy ATSuo0As svar
yooys oyy, “zeypeaqry
ye quepotA AOA SBA\

%

OT WOT

eeeeeereen QT
teers 0G ug
ou" WOT yOL

trresstess Orit
“81 4OL
10 ue OT

reteeeeeeens UOT

OL OL

165

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHA NOMENA.

*010Z VAOGR
6G 02 9801 JT SUTUDAD SpRMO} f INGINVAxY JO 0.10Z
MOTO G.,% "WV 9 JU SLA BUTAg 4 IojoMIOWAIIA
aL ‘ul sz Suroq wea oy ‘sour g “Ul gg se
AQT SB sem J aVq FV ‘“SOUIT G “Ul Gg Sem dor|d
OUIVS JT]} 4e wmmuN2M BYy SSI] [] “Ul 9g SEA

‘\Aep Siq} 10f OULIOG 4B JoJOULOIeG JY} JO yYSIOY

MNULLDU BY, *12{VM 9} JapuNn ynq ‘tre ayy Ur
Ajarou you pareadde astou 94} o1oyM ‘Jaopaag
JO IL] [IIT oy} ye Ose sv ‘pAvoy svm astou
MOT B YDUNZ Jo oye] ay} 4Y “plvay sea ostou
punoaZiapun otis, v ‘doap yooz gog Aprvou

SOI] YOM ‘apoOT] 1eaU [[Ol URaURLIA}GNS 94) UL\ayI OT put G UoomMyog|op o1oy syooyS IYI,

“yjava ayy ur pousdo 4yoro
@ pue ‘pavay o.10M SOstou ULAURIIA}QuUS oUTg[NOS
“uy VV ‘ueqny 4S pue ‘xousmIay ‘asnjone,
‘s1ang 4v ‘adUdAOIg UL PAAIASGO OS]e sea SII,
‘InO[OD pasueyo pur ‘{I0q 0} parvodde s1ojzem

*$}U9UIOUL
aUL0s AOF ast1 puedoys
0} poxeadde sourjs
-U0f) {vat DUTT OUI,
‘payqnoi stu pue
Fensn ueyp Ayyuenb
Jojvols «ul poMmoy
SLIGYO Ly wou TTIAd
snouruinziq pur snot
-nydins y *papaeyze.t
quatout @ 1oJ parvad
-de iy VAT 944 Jo
asN0d BY, *492F ZT
ojdn pur gy 07.9 wo
aSOL 4se[Iy, “paqany
-SIp osye a1aMm ‘qOrL
“nz, pue ‘aourysuog
‘arate ‘Toye yoyna Nf
‘2uaTLg ‘UNL J, JO Sd3[L]
aU, ‘SIYSoy Tensnun
0} 9801 puke pafqnol4
araM saoRTd yuoIayIp
ur stam Aueut 10,
-A[uappns yon.4s
porvadde 41 uodn
JeSsoA W *paataored
sea Jensnun Suryjou
ULO}SOM JYI 4@ OTL
‘at0yS UtezSVd Sqr
WOAFSATIT] 991} PItyy
-a1 VAdUaN) JO ayer]

popuadsns syySiom 94} Jo] SjouseU Sinqsdny Fy|-unzpes ye oyey oy UE |}OU AOA SHOOYS ay pisyooys oy} Aumeuway uy

*a[90'T
ye syooys OM} 4ST
oy} Surinp pur ‘oreg
ye 4Jo} oToM syooys
‘Wd * pue ¢ Uday
-9q “4qnop ou oq

ued aay} uayeys A[q
-Isuas SVM Y4Ava at}
yey yng “48a LOY IAN
se jouljsIp Os u99q
aavy 0} WIes jou

*soqnUTUL

“MayeYs Ssaf 10 a10uL
Sem ‘pUuR[IaZJIMg I[®
4soul]e pooput se ‘jaye4o
-JnaN Jopooysmnoqysreu |****yOT jnoqy
ayL ‘(eB89t,) sta
Avau Os[y ‘pooy.nog
“Ysiou 944 pue Somg
ye Aypetoadsa ‘sieyeA |*** *yOT NOqY
oY} UL 4[9F Va syooys
autos §punpwazpmgy uy

*queToTA arom AOty
useg 4Y “faz Olam
Aoyy Apueumsoyy pus

‘gusejoig ‘noyIog Ut

REPORT—1852.

166

“PULLOUT Ivy poyooye O19
sjeuvd ay], 992] [1980 07 wWaas a1aM papuadsns
*pazeaddesip pur ‘193810
ay} OJUT yoeq yuLs ‘ayenbyjaea 3y4 jo yusuUT
-OUl OY} 4@ ‘aL0Jaq OUIT, BUIOS IOF SNIANSIA WOT
Zurm10d useq pey YIM ayous oy, *Ajtsongod
“UIT Y}TM 9SINOD SzI pauinsat usyy pue ‘aoIno0s
SHI SpIVMO} pauINyot [eULd v JO IayVM Vy} pur
‘goud]OIA YIM ynYs pur pauedo smopura pue
SLOOP 9} Osseadayeiqqy FV ‘“taA0 pamoy pmnbry
JO [[NF spassaa pue ‘syueq ay} uodn syeued oy

pio90v UMO May} jo Sunms sduey oq uepy py|OSe'[L ayy Jos19j}vm oy J |syooys

*SOYOINYO IY} UL VAOUT 0} WI9S 919M SIOITIP
-ueyo oy) Sinqureyy yy ‘aLojaq weyy Joye
aiom papatd spreaiayye ynq ‘Teusn se yomb
aurvoeq Way} 4] ‘aayo0 pas Jo Ayyuenb yeaI8 &
qt WIM Surdr1ed ‘QousTOIA yVoI3 YIM YIAOFZ 9s.nq
way} pue ‘aqnutm @ Aprvau oJ Arp oyinb pourewat
vay} yy ‘“Appnur AT9A sVM 1OxVA JT} SITY) V10F
-9q NOY Ue JV] “pamopalIao syyeq oy} AnoY
ue jyey ur yey9 19yeM jo AyQuUenb ev yous yy10F
maiy3 Ajueppns Surtds jedrourd oy} ermmeyog
ar zydoy, yy *SaqNULUT 9UIOS TOF 19yVA\ pIq.ny
10} AVS spreasoyye pue ‘dn paiap s[jaa oy
ypeyspoSuy FW *patoyyeys 919A S][VM VUOS 14.10
-neuog FV ‘“poqinjstp sea a[pseu orouseor 94}
‘sgonyd r9yj30 Aueur ye se ‘aray4 pue ‘Trey Way} 07

9 G

et

ire ayy ‘1ouueut apqe
-yalvulol B UL payezise
Ayweppns udes se
d1OAA TOI. SOIPOG Mep19}j0Y pur onsep, oy pV|10}eM OT] ONSeyy ONITV

‘sgovid Oy asoyy
ye yay usaeq Buraeq

‘A[uappns yues |se pouonmom Ayu
WO. JNO UMOIYY SBA Ta7VA ayy ‘sayoanyo ay} ut |pue oso1 os01SSeyy lore pue 4ySIs a19M

“MOOUZ [pure [[ WaaA
“8d ypRASYONTH 7
“wd [ ye Smquepy
ye paqeyise sear aqiy
ayy ‘“sasuayore Ay
ayy pue ‘aunq
-Z[eg JO saye{ on}
qe osje Og “paargs
-qO os[e o1aM. saaue
-qanysip Sinquep
-UVIG JO IVAVADYIV fY
at} JO asoy) pur ‘sez
-aqry pue ‘ulpeppoy,
seam = “82}0N
‘urjdaay, JO Sayry ayy
uy *({nFIqnopyunosoe
sity} Syuryy YOR *A)
ayenbygiva oy Burp

yenjoe

*1998M Jo saoatd

-adaid YS ay} Suit |19y3O pue sayey oy

“up ‘paartasqo adam
syuotuaaour Areurp.10
-VI}XO ‘P[VA\ JasuII
yy, ayy Jo Aq1m1013

“XO "AAS 94} ye uas

F

uo pajsajruem Aqed
sound Zureq ayenb
-YjAv9 Vyy JO syoayo

ayisea Ayozp ut

aya «‘adomy = [ey
-u99 Ut yuaTOIA AOA
. =

“Ulep19}j0y pur
anSeyy oy} ye yo} a10M

sees SIDOYS [UNOV pUNYOFT UT

“Surqjou
poouswedxa Ayejyy w10
-YyMog puryeryusag “7[aF
APYSYs osye svar yous
out anny JO “M'N'N
sonSvay g osseadojerq
“qv FV, “waxeysAyysys

*yooys
RWS v BIO UE ZII]
-doy y¥ “WoMneu0g
pue ‘Simgssny ‘pegs
“uv ye SB “eIqedg UL
sooeyd AUeUE UT yaya1OM

%

“(out UT

ORAL) wOE ull

167

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

urlede aso wey pue A[ueppus yues TyAe9 O44
pee] B10}g PUL WOXIIY JO sayeL oy} yy “UMOp
UMOI} put pezooidn a19M soaI} BFIe[ oUagT
-8Y}0H UT + ‘sasnoy 9} Jo sInytUIMJ 943 yooys
YOIyM 479} YOoys e uaqy pue ‘oavm yvarS ze

MOT e UL uIeSe Ue
Sutreadde Sutyyhr9090
‘sovusopury adeg jo
Yjnos sopium Z [ drys @
preoq uo 4jaz ATQuUAaT

A a

WaaqoaeyysnUxooys [jo Aqr1oyne 944 WO “y,ay
dy} 10 ‘oult} 07 se jUaaq AVY 0} poyeys st 4T
OBIS B 9G IOyyIa |puMuaany pure puvjooy
qSnU sq.) ‘W'v F |UT ‘paateored AouNsIp
qe 4foy sem yooys jsem oyenbyyiea sity

JO FU} OAL PIVOT SBA asfoU B PUBSULISTIYD FY|-OIA sv Yooys oyLjoy} puesueysiyg yy\vmuo,y pun vapamg uy

"sg0v|d OULOS UI pur] 94} o4ep

"yInjg pure 1eprq
au} Ayperoedse ‘s1oaTa
aulos UI pue ‘ding
-093}05 Iau WIOIT
JO aye] oy uo “B10q
“S1OUa AN ‘SqussuIqry
qe pivay ostou Sut
-MOT[Iq B pue paqey
“182 osye or9M AOU,
‘soovjd Aueu ut [log
0} poreadde siaqem

FOPPM

pue ‘uesneysuryay

‘“payswivig ‘uIOYsuayT

‘saoed asoyy 48 4foy |‘Bmaqsuey ye yunwuag

“UNUT 0} ATIvat sv Os asoX SSuLIds pue s[[aM ayLjay? AWUNOD stqy UylaTaM SyDOYS [esoaaglur 4Jaz OOM sBurquiaty,

“uayoiq SSULIOOU’

pue 41 Aq s0y408
-0} paysep o19M sjas
“S9A ‘poyezise youu
SBA OS 92 pur]
-SaLL] pue pueljpoxy jo
48800 943 Suoye [TW
"901M palINd00 4I FI
se ‘TT pue $oT suoy
-UdMl J9}4a] Joyouy
*Y00[9,0 [TL ye vovd
300} Sty} yuNoDoF ato
0} Sutpaoooy ‘ansezy
9} 4B JUTOTA 4svaT
uaoq Avy 04 savadde
uoyom ayy ‘ong
-8[-SlOg pur ‘alepis,
~F0%x, ‘349914 “epnoy
‘Ueplaysury ‘rape
-eyy ‘uapfary ‘ondexy
aq} «ye = = A[snoaue,

|-]QULIS paLMd90 sty,
‘\ayeo aymb Sujaq_

REPORT

168

a

OIOA OSTE S99I} OMY, "Mayo se Strpymq ayy
qsurese poured} oULA B pue ‘Buryjpey o19M asnoy
aq} Jl S@ ploy svM VSIOU VB WeYsSIAARD 4
*[PAQT [VNSN toy} adoge sayour YZ JO 4U9}xo oT}
0} syUeq T9Y} JOAO pastel 919M pue ‘[I0q 04
poreadde Surpeay xeon puod @ Jo s19j3eM aq,
“AYTROOT SIG} UL puUNoIS oy} UI Paarosqo sem
amnssy Suo] @ 193ye sXep euog ‘sauTUT ot{} JO
SLIo][V3 Iq} UL [[o} pur payorjep a19M Yor Jo
Sd J , “YIAVI VY} JO IOLIOZUT OY} UL VsIOU Poy
fe Aq potueduiooor o10M Avy, ‘ous ayy 4%
pue ‘suroyyey 99 Jo yydep e 4e sourmr oatysdq

-19(T OY} Ul 4JoF O1aM SYOOYS oy} ospy-wedy yy|seM vas 94} YON IV

*auuty O13
ye UOIYMNID JUITOTA UT SVM eeIBaey JO oud
-[OA OY, “UMOp UMOIY] Wdaq BABY 02 pres a1e
sasnoy AURM puRpedT UT ‘aslou pNnoy ev TIM

*g

2

-oqsuley gy ‘uoou
aTOFOd FIT VB. JooF
g JO 4yStoy oy 04
dsor vas Oy} YINOW
“IBK FY “soynurur.moyz
10 9a1y} UL YyLorT JO
pooymmoqystauar} ut
UMOT JO YAY od
wo saorid snoLiea 4e
SaYOUL BT 0} ZI asor
eas ayy ‘90]0,0 OL
qV payee yonut

*A[uappus
ASOI 19j8M ay} poo'T
ex0jg pure Waxy Jo
Saye] 93 VW *Sa0ue
-qangstp sepLUMs pataz
-jus ‘pursuits \\ pue
erpreooyeq ur ‘B1inq
-WdYOX) Iva sot}
pue ‘Tae 9¥P[
ayy, ‘payeyise yonut
atom aospunwma,y
ayel Iq} pues ‘uay.ieur
-O]]9, UL StAne’yT pue
aS 3e siayea syy
‘puvBAIIO a2] AL
“UL0}}0q ST UL poppeq
“WT Udaq Pel YOu
poom 4 no Mary}
pure ‘astmaxyi] OS PIP
PURADIVT, VyV[ oyL
‘syueq sjt pajepun
“UI pue ‘astou pnoy
B YIM UWa{TOAS SAL
‘puesuelysiiy Wor
sapim ¢ ‘puetoqdgg

jo aye oy, *saynutu

a

‘anu
“IU [ poysey 4t weys
-IOARQ YY “spuooas
0G OF Yooys ya
oq} Burproy. Jeon
‘sagnurut gz Jo aovds
B UL 4a 919M SYOOYS
quapOIA ano; Spy
-wedy yy ‘pouoyusut
OUI} 9} 42 9OF SVM
YOOYSIUOMyS V YIOD IV

"Tyepssyy Jo
qoLysip oy} ur shep
gaayy IO} panuryu0d
syooys oy ‘anbraep
“voy uoTJOaTIOD Yt
0} Surpx0o0v ‘purpaoy
uy (‘aoqsrT 38 43244

WOIZ BUO JUBIEYIp 2

S$

> ee yy Sains eee
oSpyq-uvdg ‘puepery ur | "TT joqy
YIOD ‘21a ‘yooys ATjeny “WV 6
“08 Y4AV9 IY} VIOYM Saty

-T]00| Sv pouloryueut 918

saoeyd moj ApuGQ *spuod

pue ‘sayey ou} ‘ysv00

ay} punos vas oy} uodn

$09 Jf9 S}LM10.1F9[qeH1e OT

-ar Aqediourd Sureq

ayenbyjrve 949 ‘sooeyd

MO} 4NqG UE fay o19MA

syooys aqisaas Ayen}

08 Sapsy YSIPMT BY} UT

*{nFWquoy saovyd osayr
YI0q WO. S}UNODDE 9174
syuy) yor A = ‘onbrut
“gpeoy UOoroaT[0) 94}

z T

1

Aa

69

il

ACTS OF EAR

ENA.

NOM

MQUAKE PH

Tr

ON THE F

*suorjoesuely, [eordosoriyg ay} Ut
U19q} JO JUNODOV ojNUIUI VIOU BY} 98g “paArasS
-qgO o1aM vusmouwyd Jes ‘sMIopsuTy O44
ay} JHOYSNoAGY 1938 Jo saoaid 19yI0 pue ‘pury
-joog Ul aulyey pue ‘Buoy ‘ssayy ‘puowoTy
Sqoory Uo ‘seye] puvpioquiny oy} Jo s1oq}0 pue
a1OMIOpUrA\ UO ‘UIeYING edu ‘aAtYSp10j}19 FF
Ur soor{d Anoj 42 ‘aIIYSp.10JxXO Ut oPIseQ UNG
-o1lyg ye ‘Burpeay arvau ymog Aopreq ye ‘(u0g
-SI'] 18 YOoys ay} se UIT) sues 913 4) Kass]
UL ployqooy ye ‘(T[ pue QT woeMjoq) foog
ssaptaeg y@ uopuory seou ‘(Z_ pue [] wom}
-aq 4) IIPPIYIOYJOY ye someyy, oy} Ur “Quay
Ul SuIMOANYO Ivau sooed omy ‘aSpuig uoyeq
pue UMOT, ISpluquay, ye ‘xassng UL 4sINqpoyy
ye ‘(qourstp K49A a1aM *g 0} ‘N WOUy wayyy
pue ‘N 0} *§ Woy 19xzeM OY} JO SuOT{RI[IOSO
y0]9,0 OT 8 a1OYM) pPAOJp[INy eau meyqod ye
‘Kappy AA JO ysued oy ut voy yy “Ap punois
JO 490} OE SuTARgT ‘90.05 S}I SPIVALO} SOI [BUD
SIY} poy YIM JaUULYO ayy, *W109¥30q'9q} WOTT
Ayyuenb yeor8 ut dn umo.sy) Sureq osye pues
‘gsiou pnoy v Aq papuezje a10M pue ‘moy ue Jo
Joyrenb & ynoqe poyse] suoyenjony ayy, ‘deep
9023 OT 0} ¢ pue apr yaax ge Aq Huo] 400% QOL
yo (*q 0} “AM Wor Zutmuns) yeuvd v UL JOAeT
AQUIIOF $}I VAOGE SOUT YZ 9SOI 19}VM JT} ‘WOE
yOL 72 ‘Aetmg ut Surmjepoy azeau ‘aspruqsng
VW neg, ajtsoddo oy} Uo osox pue ‘part,
-91 uayy ‘yueq uO UOdn sso spuod-ysy ouIOS
UE ToyeA OY} aa ur mgoramuig Vv *paanfar

a“

souezueg ty “smnoy
aay poqsel 4] “Fy ZIOY
aues ay} ynoqe jo
pue yuajorA ArdA sem
“wd Z ynoqe uedsaq
qoryam ‘xnpet pue
xng oy} Aeg sjunojyT
yV ‘oUllZ oUIOS OZ
penuryu0s Surmog
pue Surqqa ey, “yoay
g jO 4Ua}xo a4} 03
ase Tove Ur ‘soyNUIU
g Ul yorq oulvo ust
pue pater vas ot}
(qoyeM YS Jo out}
2q}) ‘Wa fF ynoqe
yynourd,g yy *noy
ue jo siojrenb-ae1y4
Toy qystoy stya pa
-uIvyJal pu ‘saptz 48a
-YSTy ayy JO [Aa] ayy
aaoge ‘YyNOMyAeG 4e
Y90]D,0 G Tage ‘asor
19JVM OT, *499F E JO
4091x929 oq} 0} po][or
sdrys-unS 9g pur gf
yey) yeo13 Os svA\ vas
ay} JO uoNeIse oYy
GMOUs}IOg #2 wSE
yOT FV “1978. 9t]3 JO
wonoul 34} Jo Aytpid
“VI OY} WOT 1oduep
yeo18 ur ota afd
-oad [e1aAas TOySstIN FT

WV TM ye wy

ayy ‘seqnurum g 10 T
UT [OAR] SIT paxaa0o
pak pue 4ys1ot ures

*a[quII1} YIIVa 99 4OF
fay yey3paaerag ajdood
auads OsTe Ua y UT yoo
-uBIg Ty ‘Surpeoy wor
a[IU 90 ‘ATTYSp1OFXG UL
bee pue ‘ar1ys

ylog Ul our yy feau

4
—_

_ sa

REPORT—1852

70

“Ayyomnb payeaqta smopuTAL
pue sioop oy, ‘“syooys oY} 19372 spuodas
OUIOS Pazse] TOI ‘saBvrwIVd Jo 42y} ay] astoU
tmp ev Aq popoooid sua yooys oy} [eyouny
ay (‘a1y UO pue poumMa suUMO} 943 JO a0
wor popasoord ATquqoad sty) “74y3tH Te uses
SBA YOIYM JO WYSI] ay} ‘a1y vB spavMmzayye pure
‘o10m SOY} OLOYM WHOA, sanTeIT g IO 4 “AND
dy} UL Wods sBM (SorR[OD 4v Ose paAdrasqo)
DYOUIS JO SsVUI BAYSIU SpIVMOT, ‘OS 9} OFUT
payjor puev poyorjop Suraq yoo. Jo sossvur o3.1v]
‘FASIL AG UILZIZ, 9UOJA, UO YOoYS oy} JO yoayo

dT[} MBS POOL TOW JaSsaA TONG] 9Y} JO Ma1O OY |YOING @ Gh y6 IV|OYS oy [eyouny FV/oq} JO dovFAMs ay} 19AG

“eae STE
pamer ——_ Ajuappns
Bas ot} BIIapeyy jo
PULSE O29 WS qT
FV “ONURTTY at} Jo
SUOIZIL SNOIIGA UL JT
poousttodxa oavy 03
swodde spassaa 10440
[etoavg + “uogsI'yT jo
4som sondvat gg drqs
ev Aq yay se yooys
dy} SUOIWUOU YOR] *A
*JOSUNS SPIGA} [AS
SOA JUILS dt} pavod
UO Yay 9TIM SOYS
a10U aMIOg *3[90Ys
FUOJOIA B paouUdlt
-adxe (jeanjog wo.
sandevop/ 10g) arquez

“IZ, aWOW Yo FRY v

*OINUIUL [ pose]
aTOYM OYJ, “gUOTOIA
a10ul ay} Youu Suraq
qysay. 04}. ‘MOTZe[Np
-un Jo stjooda- omy Jo
paystsuod pus Ay 07

puv onSve] v ‘fossoa |" WlOJz 4QUOTOTA se

‘umop ofdoad Auvut
MOI} OF SB DDO,
-o1A yous yt Aenb
dF IOAO oUIvD 194RA
IY} pULjarT UL o[eSULy
IV ‘wohygMoqevoonid
4SB[ 94} ye ‘BosuBMg
pue ‘opkepy ‘SaAT
"IG y@ poyarvwiat osye
SUM OPI OSULAYS STILT,
‘ROTMAprTysoUlyVataM
RuauMouaydayy“4svoo
ames oy} Uo ‘afOI
-Oshoyy pure uA[MON
TV "7095 g Jo WY Foy
oy} poureye pur
‘smoy € ynq pase

+

‘uGh y% ye uvdoq a

*g[0y A[BUO.S SVM
yooys oy} ‘earapeyy JO
ynos oy} ur eyouny IV
+03 SUOTZATASGO paztual]
A[Lressa00U 9Y} SB Avy sv
‘AJOpIM popuayxa oAvy
0} «suteas = 9aTIRqNy
-SIp O1[} WHa9Q) AL2QUNPIE™

‘(amy wogsrT
‘WV QT jnoqe
= oul} [eyo
-ung) “wv &&

171

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHHZ NOMENA,

“(pnw moagétqeqoad)
yurse youd se sureq |
194M 9} ‘SIN0Y 99.17}
OF Saqnututg 1949 po
-MOp pue paqqa pue
‘\aaJ Q IO G 9SOL 41
soopeqieg yy ‘Ap
puno1sd jo opto ysis
“ug we yoy urese Sut
-qqo UL pue ‘sosnoy
ay} Jo sorojs zaddn
9}. 0} 9AVM IYI] SOL
J97VM OYJonbiuyce TW
FV “podginystp qonur
arom OUR Y 9t}
JO Stajem ayy ‘(auIty
Moqsry ‘wa J ynoqe
=‘olaq} aul? onay)
‘Wd € ynoqe ‘iq
-eg pur ‘onbiunieyy
‘soopeqieg ‘ens
“Uy JO s}svoo a4} UGC)

"aUIT} YORI 4YBreTy
ssa] @ 09 ‘a10M soul} |,
IAW IO ANOF pa.simd90
SuMog pue Surqge
SI, ‘peateored Suraq
Surggdue —ATao.teos
489M 9} UO ‘puLst
oq} JO ysvoo 4svo
pue Yr0u 94} uO
aseuep jo [eap yvo1d
v Sulop pue ‘yeyoung
Suyepunut ‘sap
qsoysty 9}, saoqe
4993 GT Jo WySIey oy}
0} pauinyor ATUappns
se uoy} pue ‘sooed
OT JO 7U94x9 OY} 04.

ng Aygoa yod seas

tH
i
(

‘anbrury
-IR]| 48 pyaf sem yooys
ou 9eyy shes (gp “day
‘g3ehoA) ypjoquinyy *a
"18900 BT} JO S19}VA\ 911}
oO uoyom a4 Aq sarp
“UF 18944 94} Ul payxreu
FOL aTOA sqOaTO Szt ‘Mog
Str ‘ur ayenbyyzea aq]
19972 SMOY 194 UeYY ssovT!

ft

1852

REPORT

172

*IeIeIQI) ynoqe s{qIsuesUT

‘anbimaproy 101499T[09) anette emote tote ee eset emer eeteeneee

“paforjsep a10M
Buury punoie saseyiA Auvu pue zulog o[qog
*1g]8M snomydjns 3no mary} pue ‘pouedo
yjiva oY} Uaoooueg 4e JOATI ayy JO YoU
ay} dvan ‘euurypy pue ‘osey ‘asnoyy dojeg
‘Qsnoyy puvpiaquing peanfur taqmeoag pig aqy
"16F "dg “4d ‘| “JOA ‘sway, [LY dlueyy sojv] Fut1mo9900 se pauoyUsM syooys oy],

“gaoqe
sv IN ON.“ proy “T1990 S*suBLy, "ld SO ee teem et emereeaeeeee ewer ee ee etna et tthe teeseensere
*(auryY ay} Jo UIseq 944
ul sayenbyjava uo 103;e] 949 JO
Toulsut ay} aes) AeTIIg “J 0} SNIY
-IRW "YO “IW Wor woYvoruntuMI0d
@ ‘g[eg ye yey} 10g ‘ayenbyava
UOQSTT BU} 107 2Ao0ge pajonb s1oyNy

pred @ osor vos au} quayorA or0ur
“ONT souMTE 910M SYOOTS O13 UOT 2U} 0} TAQ 94} WOT Aep SI} Jo wW'a TT FVPOOYS SIUPTEITVIGINFY/syoos SY, “AwyTeAGTH |G ——— —

sieesenenereeeseeseereressleceecereccernsvereeereee* LUE XIS JO JAY poysery ut “ermnos iy ayy ‘pupey| ">

fo ar ain RE OF TE gy pee

SBM {ST} WO PoNUTzWOD Osye

MOgSIT 38 1914905
Q1aM syooys ey]
“FU STS SVM *W'd Z 4B
ooys oy? rVqpeaqry
+ “BIsnTepuy
WL [Jw Jo ysou pus
‘pipe 4@ yUaTorA
OIOUI SVM JY ** [eI
“nosy oy} 4B seynu

sreyeaqty yt Wd Z
*paydooxa eruoreyeg
‘arredg jo afoyM eq
qsoulye pue ‘visnjepuy ‘WY 0€ yOT
“syooys siour Aueul
(AJoyeANIIB 9.10UL
UdAIS JOUITATIIYIING
‘ges, Arenuer (ZT
poyep 19939, & UL pa
-LouaUt) 194] 14S
‘laqmieoaq] pig ayy

*ySnologjweyyy 310.7

pue sty} woeaajoq
siayjo aayeay Aq JO YyNOs sey ysys
pomoyoy ‘Aep siya |-ugq Ayg ‘vuueyy 42
streeeseesesecesseeesereeesltQ MOOUS quajorA y|‘eayeuung jo purjst oy uy} —- —— ——
“9UI1y 104s AIOA B pa
-4S8e] £094Ip BINID FY
*soas g 0} G WOT
O yooys UWsTOIA “BOLIFY UL BNAD YW} OIG
Tayyer @ awyeIqTN yy TeNRIQEN BYP f
*ponuyuod

srereeeesesleMQ0qS OU} UOgst'T IV seeeercee uede uogst] IV e

“OTe 78 FPF

yooys aug ‘uoqgsry

“QUIT] OUIOS 1OF [72 panutjzuod a10joq

Arp aureooq suse, ayy |Aep oy} JO syooys oyTjeq}? wo os[y
“"W'd OT FG

WO, S9TT} FY patand

‘areg ye Aep oures
“WOgst y's “AON “SSS

-d1 JUOWIBAONI 9],

a

173

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA.

‘UMOP UMOIYY Ose o10M SAOUTIITYO autos
sTodeuuy yy “WOysog Jo YNOS saTIUML YE 10 OZ
ajenqiog 4e sov{d usye, oAvY 0} payatoder sem
uoydnia uy ‘UAOp UMOIg) oraM skouuTIyO
Saourlg ep azjezey f¢eg ‘d (oor woqy ‘payeySe yonum orem oanqIUINg
“‘peoy “1199 ‘gi-— ‘dd -{ ‘Joa |pue smoputa oy uojsog yy “xapunt3 4ue\sIp
SepP-6eP “dd “xI[x [0A ‘suery, [TY q\ex!] suotsopdxe Aq oynuTu e ynoqge Aq papadarg

*g0URIY Op VINIIET £ “ASIP “unos

S ‘UMOp UMOIYY
‘HOY ‘A S*peoy ‘[[op|u9eq savy 0} pres ore sosnoy orlYspxOJorOZy Uy

“ggg ‘d ‘onbimapeoy woroayfoo|"** diys @ axl] [jez pue asi 07 powioas yJIva ayy,
“Aqyuenb o81e] Ul yno suaeo Joye YOIyM
*LIG ‘d *xI]X *[OA ‘suezy, ‘[IYq|wosy ‘1eau urejUNoM v ut porvedde Suruado uy

“UOQSTT 4@ 4]9} Se pouOTUoUL 91e syOOYS Ou
UOT 247 07 T3g 943 Wor “pornfur sBurpynq
Tayo aUIOS PUL ‘MaxeYs svar [VIPS ot} OsTe
OR ‘O73 jaTIAOG FW “UMOP WMO} OOM SyOOYS TaUTIOF
“STH

‘on eee e eevee erro ese ssee cnet tees ereewetss Hast eeeseEeseepesseas

poyeyise yonur sea
JoyeM oy, *aoue
SGU STDS STU TUES
poyoouuo0d aq 0}
posoddns sea sorpuy
489 AA OY} ULINOG.Ie FT
SUTIVI “yg 4e vas
aq} JO Jutmoy pur

Suiqqa a[qeyaeur
“01 y ‘ayenbyja1v9
sty} psouartedxa

auuy ode, Jo 4sea
sonseay Qf uea0GQ

onuely 949 ur diqs y

“A[Sno
-1St1poid asor ves ayy,

“4ST OY} JO yey} sv
qeais sv ‘[esnj10g
JO 48v00 94} Woy
sonseg] 09 ‘PAS 1 qT
199q DAVY OF pres st

“HINOL F°SUBIY, “[Yq (0371 joy? peqsisar pey YOY sasnoy atios uogsry yy\yooYS @ kep siqy uC

rr eer rrr iy

“yo} Usaq Suraey sv
peuonueM st yooys
ON ‘Joryostar autos
pesneopue ‘meying
ut joodopaeyy reou

-our Surquia1; sorb
B JO Suysisu0d ‘estou
P2[qnopa Y}1M sooys
qUdTOIA 910M pue
Joyjoue sued 19978
Ajeyeripammy = wor}
-Isod 1aUI10F $}t WO.
9993 OT Uaq YSIY 40ay
0€ JO 904 YW “1ay40
yoea uodn <ypidex
pamorpoy — “AaAYSTS
a} SBA pUuodas otf}
Yoram Jo ‘syooys £104

-e[npun JUZTOIA OAT,

*SOOYS JUITOTA pur]
-1aquing UI UoWT IV

‘g0ULqINysIp pamauoy
‘aynuIUL ouO
Suysel Burquies y

*UO[OIA SEAL
Soys 4 al[taeg
ye pue a10yy, ‘oui
quoys B ynq pase]

yooys oy} uogsry ty
“sous
IV US TIY LOL OAT,

-09}X9 1210} SIT “YSO
94} 03.93.1095) "4g aye]
ye ‘xepyey] 4e “purl
-400g MAN Ut ‘TeAOY SIT
-odeuuy 4 ‘pueyAreyy
ut Avg oyeadesayg
‘erydpaperyd — ‘Y10X
MON UL 4[OF se pue
“ON pue “MA's ayy
SPAVAO} JOISTS Sea
4 «= ‘amtysdueyy May
pue s}josnyoesseyy jo
seoutaoid oy} Ur ATeIO | “WV GT uF
-adso ‘purysuq MeN uyl'gy ———
“OIIYSplOJaIoF] Ul pue
‘pueltaqminy Ul U0ZIT ye] +
Aep sty} Wo osTy *purptaq “Bur
-UUND UI UaAeYaYyA\ Py|-UaAa. om, UI
“SUL
-UIOUL 9Y} UT
TeHRIQI FV) LT
‘Wd wOE ue
st seerenereeeeeeeees HOQSITFGT

‘Wd €
“""""S1BIBA OUT UL SIG! FT

i

‘Q][IA9g ye Aep oumes ayy,

HV wOE 0S
stteeseseereeeeeeees TOGSIT |g
*poorpMoqystausy} pus ‘N'd OT
dUSIOANY UL 4UOUIII[D|*Z “AON “CGLT

Parner

REPORT—1852.

174

‘omy

‘suosiod Q00‘0g 10 000'GZ JO SjuemdmoUe
“OMI |Gety 0M} YIM paurnt AJaxoTdu109 sem ZauInbayy

‘aaoqe poyonb sory0y ne
JayJO pue *peoy “[[09 94} pur ‘oyTq|eseuep

“gua ‘90) “Sueay, [yg |"""

ari

J“w'v 6 pur g ye Aye10

Reem ee meee eee HOO eH EHO OO OT HEGRE ees ESE SATOH HH| HASHES EEE EEEEEE TEESE EES E ES

Annee ee eee mene t nee eeeere

‘auop
aa 4qng “asadu194 2 kq pourdmooy Pere

serseeeees nonfat Yonu a1aM saovd yog

ros we Eee

“aroyoq we
-d9J ynq ‘WoO 4e pue

-adsa ‘dep ot} Surmp
SUIT} [VIDAIS PaLINIEI ‘WV Z

KoyZ ‘syooys aloyy|** Uenjay, pu Jasuey|'9g — ——

*‘panuiyuod syooys

ysys ayj3 Aoatg ur

xty ye pue ‘nedsiug
ay} UroUNYy ayy suoTy “uaAls

* quapora A[Sutpasoxgy|oo0010yy WT Zounbay300 moj]
WY wOE OL

. yooys 3u014s AIOA V Fete e tenes etoneres Ieqyyeaqry 6L ees vom

*eOolapy
‘soyNUIME «JO 4sROd YON 949 |'WaQ]yNOGy
MOF AOFSYPOYs FUITOTA |UO uvngay, pur Jaiduey,|'—

‘a[qeiaprsuoour
osye atom Loy} XTY FV
‘syooys YAS oUryyY
ayy Suopy *yoous
auo ‘e015 eI[ap pur
ajuapusdenby ry “718

“£OAGG UL XTY 4e pue
‘QIISpIOJalayy UI ose
Wosso[y JY ‘“Nesstig
oy} UL pue oulmYy ey}
0 SiapI0g 943 UO pue
femloy «=eVOU =(B440.14)

*patorjteuL

“Woy] “A faouvry ap ay90zey {0791 |WlO’y payuNod orAM SyOOYs OM4-AZUIMY WOSTT FV}

“UIST FY} OF FST 943

Bene ta mae ee eee ttt eneeeneee

mop

ayy Jo aso} 0} [enboleypppueayuspuedenby jou

“FEQg “dA “peoy “T10D * 6aF

pue [zp “dd -xiyx ‘[oa "suety, "[yq}"

—————

PTT Te TrTr Tere r rier errr reer Teenie rrr err iii te

*paArasqo 10M Ysy
peep jo saryyuenb
pte ‘eoLauly 310N
O smoqiey 94} Ut

v

syooys wogsry yyiye oOsy “uoqsIy 4¥)—————
‘ep BuLMoy

~[OF OY} TUN ponury

“109 pue ‘yUd[OIA “But

AIDAIIOM SYIOYS OY ‘ODD0IOJY «|-ULOT 94} UT

zaumbayy pue zag zylut zoumbay pure 2aJ FV\"8T'AON “SSL

("HF “AA OK MON
WV) “D'S 0 “MN
WOIZ se UOTZOUT
ay} JO UOTpoITp OL,
‘qa} Sem Buryquis14
SIs 104}0UL 1.66 4S
yy (uror anoj poysey
gary} §=ajoyA. arty)
*UIUT OAN} IO} SUISvaIO
-ap <Ayyenpers 01

=

‘VL 'N OfP
ul Suteq a1jyue0 ayy
“M 0} “ WoT OSS
Aq “A\'S 03 “GN Uoay
SoTIM OR yoqe uaaq
DARI, O} STIS UOIS

G

175

ALENOMENA.

ON THE FACTS OF EARTHQUAKE PH

002 ‘d "TX *[OA ‘Teumor $,UeUITTIS APOE Ode m eee ee seanser sense teeeeeessss eH ESHeseseseeneneees

ro

RO lel es ee

“O10 Jaq SU “OA “SULLY, “[Yq|SUOIvoIpUT [eoLTofor09j9Ur OURS OY} YIPZ IY} UG| reeset eee QT OT [2g SYOoys aatq|"**

"SIP °d “XIX ‘JOA ‘suey, °

= Leattieaeatiald

Mt

a

‘ot |ueys Aqquenb Jesse] Uy suIEO JoyeM ay} URTTPY FV{[TeUsS 94} Jo Auey|yooys au uN], W

Yorya 48 yey} 09 asojo Ajrqeqoad [Te Ur sea 4T qe} UIaq pey yor
“OIC TaATs 40U ST ayenbyjaee SI} JO amoy ou} ysnoyy, Aenea t omar ererrneceeesesene YOOYS UaTOTA JsOULaT J, se eeee eer seenen woqgsv'y 4VI'6 09d ea
“BOLIFY JO 48809 YON 9t}
UO pue ‘purpIeZyIMg ‘qesnj10g ‘uredg ut Apep *poAras
qsoulye paiimoo0 sAvy 0} readde syooys 4318 |-qo [[4s 210M uva00 .
‘GIHOM 4xou VY} PIspUT pue ‘sty} Jo soy 94} ay} Jo sioyeM ayy
Surin Aep yey} Uo wayeys se vAOpI0g Woy |yo syuamaAour jensn
‘OWIG|-WeUt ou saop pur ‘437z 94} aIep se SAAS Bory *Al-un SUN} SIG JMOGYy| sere tarrwetNelen chases oeese-*hs OReraTy ay py ——
‘uredg Jo 4svoo
qanos oy} Suoje [je
OPP rere seeee sees eceeebececesseassscrscaeesesersenslenscescesseseesesssnesesses[ensensseewessesstenteecees Apyueaedde pur ‘eaopi09 ‘1Z—_—
“MINIZjog Ur
. saryTTVo0, Jayyzo Aueut
pue ‘adary ‘arty "1% pue
OPPICT| etter t eect eeecnseereeeeessasasesseesessslasseccrereesseseassereeeses *syooys 4y3qs Jeraaeg]|-aey9 ‘Sa19IZ9 IN ‘avpag ‘9z ee,
*Bulu10om
Tm wre
‘ayenbyyiva vais ayy a10jaq Aep oq} JO yqsIU
3} ‘19q0}9Q JO 4ST ¢E 9} WO se padrasgo oom *pauorusmt our} “plu WLOLy

AIM SYOOYS ISIS AaQuisdaq STZ et} [UN WE
ayy Wor “g9G/{ Arenaqeg Y39z OU} TG exp
smy} Woy A[rep YOU [ Yus yyIwo oy} “Borg
moy soul $z ‘ureyanow'e ug ~-pemnfut youu
a19M BLIZeN pue ‘esi ‘Borg -dn parsp osye
sdundg “sadjasuieyy ureSe pasoyo s1ayjo pue
‘gay [RIDAVS JO BOULISIP 9Y}.0} 1a}VM JNO MIITY
saInssy assay} JO amos S(yIOYys VY} Jo yer})
‘N 0} °§ Uoljoertp oy} ur sadetd Aue ut or0y

pauedo 00} yjaea oy, ‘[[a} sayomMyO svuI0s
JO Soyore ayy, “uaxeYs Yonur ssurpping oy} Te
pue “uMOp uMOITY o10M sAoUTIIT sIeyeA OY}
qoysnor4} pue Zawg yy ‘sSurpying 07 ouop
ose Sem aSemUp sUIOg “s[[aM JY} WOT TensN

“a0e|d 300} ~a2p ‘pueprIezjIAg UI BuO 313

HOP e eee sensernsereereeerroneessegate toners

Tet9aes ur gouenb
-28N00 94} d10M
snoyepunut aqui

-104 784} OS ‘UaT[OMS
pue yoy ATfensnun
qs0ul 10M sautids
pue ‘siaAtr ‘soyey]
aL, ‘PULA oze19pou
e Aq se popgna sew
Os[e oUITY oy, *19q
“M9AON JST 94} WO se
yonu os Ajreou you
ysnoyy‘poyeziseor9M
PUR[LOZIMG JO soxey

Veery See

POCO eee serene eadeeeesslsseres

82.48 pue “tasu014s
e +2 4e ‘paataored
EREINY SyTIWAAOUL
qysys iayye moos
pus ‘preoy sea wots
-o[dxoteouetiayqns 8
yoo]o,0 Z 4e Zatg FW
‘mooalIp sues 9q}
Ul WONBInp spuoves
@ jO ayeys 1934 FT8
B 1aye soynuron oUIOS
pue “N 0} *g voy
-d9AIp 94} Ul ‘spuooes
9 01 F WoOIy Su1y8e]

“IIQUIGAON JO 4ST
oY} DOUIS UOGSIT 42

yooys rogouy

‘BUUaARIyO 48 ‘emp jo
pue sdry ay} Jo ureyo
a{OYM ay} 4noysnosyy
‘sTeeA 8Y} Ul dong |
‘saqdeyy se avy se pue
‘Koaeg pure “uoupatq
ysnoryy ‘uepyy ‘omy,
aTaM 4Jay sea oyend
-YjAv9 sty} O19 M sooeTd
oy} 4yssuomy ‘eLreA
eg JO yj10u WoAd pue
‘sdfy were] 043 ‘fouky,
oy} “eiqemg ‘erreARg
‘gouvag jo syaed pure |'w'd Z noqy
PUL[IIZ4IMG Jnoysnomy,|— —— ——

£% pur $2-¢

“Wad w0E 16

seeeee* TpSe SaIelOD|*¢Z —— —

“‘puvlsug MeN UT toysog

REPORT—1852.

176

‘9GLT

“Auer OT ‘OUR ap 994925) SoC PUT ETe Te eT eee eee eer ere reer errrrrrererr rrr rrrrer erie eee ees

*adOJaq SU ‘O27 ‘SULIT, *[IYq

SSSR he prea el ey

*({) TeoTqA0A
ay} WO OF ULYY a0UL Suns Suoy sayour TT
0 pioo v Aq popuadsns youseur v ‘sug uoyoq]
JV ‘YOOUS oY} JO yUOMMOUT 94} Jnoge “sa oT}
01 GZ ,0 PeAOU BPpsou ONeUseUT v JeIOPY IV
‘Soul] TP Ul LZ Fe a[V_ 3 pue ‘soury / UL LZ 4v
SPA JoJOMOILG OY} VUIOG YW ‘*saovyd ouLOS Ut
P2YOVAD SBA VOT “SYIOYS 9y} 109Fe MYdns oy]
Imopo ue yews Ao} yey, poaarjaq ajdoad oxy
YOUN FV “S[[Il[ oy} Woz poyoRjap o19M sy.
RUUAALIYD IV ‘paanfurpue payors o19M sBut
=pling puv ‘paaom sMoputm pur scoop ‘punos
0} apeUl a1aM S[[q puLEZIIMG YSnory} [TV
*s20YS IIT} a1OJoq yuauIOUT v ‘[Ioq 0} porvadde
pue anodva yor @ Aq soorjd oulos ut paraA
09 SEA IVY OY} JY} PVs SBA IT ‘aSTOU PNoT
v Aq poruedmooor arom Aoy} soorid Tle ysourye
qV ‘sjutod payeagya wo 49J 1B ye ATaoqwOS aTOAL
Syooys sy, ‘VAgUey ye ont} sem omes diy,
*aye] 94} BuOTe Suruuns s49013s 94} ut os ysour
arom Loy} AOADA FY “JUIPOTA 919M SyOOYS 9}
uody pur ‘ouuesney ‘sadioqy ‘Aava, YY “OUNT}
dures oY} 42 BurT[ey pUIM 91 ‘aTOJoq auITy aULOS
Surpquiary a7991] 2 Aq papaoaad skemye ‘Aqrep 4]az

Pee ee UTTER eee eee ee eree errr re

‘gouvtg Jo soouraoid

*yooys

Joyjoue 4peysposuy
VY ‘AoqUIOAON UI8T
pue Ig 9} JO osouy
se yuoora se Ajtvou
arom Ady} UWoQsrry
+V
"4STz 949 03 du ‘aouey
-O1A Butsvatoap YIM
ysnoyy ‘Aprep pa.zmo

-a1 Kay, "SYOOYS a1Op|"**"** Ste[BA IY} Ul Zatrg|"Q[‘99q *SGZT

*A[JUeIAIp Wty
Sutatso1ad moorowes
ay} ur ajdosd 4ua
-layip word ‘A]SNoLt
-va AIQA paytodar st
Syooys of} JO IUeyT
-O1A OY, ‘UaBuIyOsT
“neuog 4v yay osye
“wy QT 78 puooes v
Aq pamoyTjoy “WV 8
qe ato yoequiaysayy
ye puv “Wd OE q1 32
Yaz uooq pry yooys
qysys 8 dausoony
FV ‘oyNULUT e JyeY 10

paryy-auo Iay}0509[2
poysey aso} ousog
4V “yay oro MATOAG
alam syooys edio
-urid sary, “AjIsua7
PUL PoystUratip ITA
qnq ‘anoy uv jey jo
S[BAIO}UI 4B patMdad
SyOoys way], “SleleA.
ayy YBnoy Te HF
sem yorya ‘ayenb
-Yyrea yuaorA A19A B

*g

‘?

‘€

PY

*VLTRART
UL 4puysjoSuy Jo o4v103
-d01q OY} UL pue ‘par
-Ioal SyDOYs IY} OsTe
Zag yy ‘Tesnjz10g pure
uredg url suvapig pur

*syooys [etoAag|‘pupry ‘sarepog ‘uoqsry|*[[ ——— ——

“oRquleysoN pur
Zingssny ‘yy10Mneuog
‘qpeysjosuy ‘yolunyy 4v
pure ‘fordy, ay} UT “sTeu
-1o Ar] 97} Ut pue ‘Bmog
‘uoouesag ‘asnoy
“INI 38 OSTY § “930D
ayouely ur pue ‘yayeyo
-jnanN ‘jaseq ‘uasney
-yeyog ‘nedinyy, ‘ez
-uaddy ‘snaep9 ‘ZAMyog
‘youmz +‘Suz ‘neiwy
‘guisony ‘auieg ‘3.1nq
-lalg Jo suozueg oy} Ur
‘eaouay JO aye[ 94} JO

syueq ot} uo ‘apsry 7e
S

ON THE VITALITY OF SEEDS. 177

Twelfth Report of a Committee, consisting of H.E.Strick.anp, Esq.,
Professor DauBENY, Professor HunsLow, and Professor LinDLEy,
appointed to continue their Experiments on the Growth and Vitality
of Seeds.

Tue seeds set apart for this year's sowing were those collected in 1844, and
it is the third time that the same kinds have been subjected to experiment.
There is a very evident decrease in the numbers which have vegetated when

compared with those of previous sowings, as will be seen by reference to the

annexed table.

< It being still desirable for the continuation of these experiments that seeds
of known date should be added to the Depét at Oxford, more especially of
families and genera not already there, we again beg to call the attention of
the Members to the subject; and to guide them in the selection, we refer
them to the List of Genera, the seeds of which are now in our possession,
given in p. 32 of the Report of this Association for 1848.

No. of Seeds of each} -..
Species which vege- ee ee
tated at y

Name and Date when gathered. | No-
sown.

Chis-| Ox- | Cam- | Chis-
- | wick.| ford.| bridge. | wick.

1844,
- Ammobium alatum
. Asparagus officinalis .
. Alstroemeria aurantia
. Argemone mexicana ...... 100 15 { Soup and
. Bryonia dioica veae? fe
. Carthamus tinctorius
. Carum Carui

9. Crambe maritima

10. Chenopodium Botrys

11. Eschscholtzia californica .

12. Helleborus fcetidus

18. Linaria Prezii...............

14, Seorzonera hispanica
Saponaria annua............

. Solanum ovigerum..

Sium Sisarum
Sanvitalia procumbens ...
Tragopogon porrifolium...

20. Vesicaria grandiflora ......

21. Madia splendens

re Strong and
22. Malva maritima : healthy.

Strong and
healthy.

Sown at Oxford on the 18th of June in pots and placed in a cold frame,
at Cambridge on the 21st of June in the open border, and at Chiswick on
June 10th in pots placed in slight heat.

is 9 EEE

178 REPORT—1852.

Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1851-52. By the Rev.
Bapen Powe tt, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., Savilian Pro-
fessor of Geometry in the University of Oxford.

In submitting to the British Association a fifth report in continuation of
former ones on observations of Luminous Meteors, I am bound to acknow-
ledge the contributions (as heretofore) of Dr. Buist, the Rev. J. Slatter, Mr.
J. King Watts, the Rev. T. Rankin and Mr. Birt, besides several other friends
who have favoured me with occasional observations: to Mr. E. J. Lowe I am
especially indebted for communicating, besides his own valuable series, those
of Mr. Lawson, and the very exact observations of M. Bulard, and a series ob«
served by the Rev. J. B. Reade and several friends.

These latter sets of observations have each been drawn up in such complete
and distinct tabular forms that I have judged it better for the most part to
retain them in the order in which they were communicated, than to attempt
to reduce them to a more strict chronological arrangement.

I have also received a considerable series of older meteor-observations by
T. W. Webb, Esq., of Ganarew, near Monmouth, extending over a period
of upwards of thirty years prior to 1850. As it was found almost impossi-
ble to reduce these to the tabular form, they are given precisely as they were
communicated : they in several instances afford points of comparison with
former records, and supply deficiencies in them.

I. Observations of Luminous Meteors, from 1818 to 1850, extracted from old
diaries of natural phenomena. By THomas WiLL1AM Wess, Esq., of
Ganarew, Monmouth.

1818. Jan. 5.—A meteor about 55 30™ p.m.; it passed from N.E. to §.W.
across the zenith ; its observed time was about 3 secs. (This is but an uncer-
tain observation, from youth and inexperience.)

1820. Aug. 10.—My father, the Rev. John Webb, “informed me that as
he was travelling about a quarter past 2 A.M., he saw a remarkable meteor.
It was somewhere near Auriga, and had the appearance of a luminous line,
with sparks issuing in great quantity from both sides of it. This soon dis-
appeared gradually, and directly after, another, much less bright, was seen
further on, which lasted only for a moment.” He was also informed, that
« one had been seen about 11 p.m., which was much brighter and lasted longer.
Shooting stars were observed in surprising numbers all night.”

1821. Aug. 23.—The same gentleman supposed that a meteor might have
appeared about 9 p.m. “in the N.W. part of the sky, as he sawa light on the
hedges before him (he was then going S.E.) such as would be produced by
the sudden appearance of a candle, or the flash of a gun. It was accompanied
by a noise like a rushing gale. The weather was hot, and the sky serene and
cloudless, without a breath of wind. It should be observed that there was a
thunder-storm on the evening of the 24th” (and therefore this observation is
only so far valuable as it may be corroborated by others. It was in South
Herefordshire).

1821. Sept. 9.—A meteor about 8" p.m. at some height in the north. It
had the appearance of a star, about as bright as Venus, and disappeared
instantly without motion.

1822. Nov. 28.—About 9" 45™ p.m. I saw a falling star which appeared,
at first, quite as bright, if not brighter, than a star of the first magnitude, but

é

7
‘

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 179

very soon lost its splendour and gradually diminished till it became totally
invisible. Its course was perpendicular, in the N.E., and about 30° in length.
The full moon was shining at the same time with very great brightness. Its
course was straight and performed with a medium rapidity.

1823. Sept. 7.—About 95 15™ p.M., a meteor was seen in the S.S.E., whose
course may be thus delineated :

In its descent it made an angle of about 10° with
fi the horizon: at first it appeared as bright as
*y Aquarius *8 es Athair, and it did not diminish until it had run

+g about half its course, when it gradually became

OE caemarmme fainter and fainter. Its progress was not more
rapid at first than that of a cloud driving with a

*Scheat *, highwind,but it became quicker whilsttheangle
*3 of inclination to the horizon increased. It re-

mained visible about 3 sees. (S. Herefordshire. )

1824. Aug. 29.—About 10° p.m., my mother saw a meteor in the S.W.,

which from her description must have had when first seen 20° or 30° of alti-
tude: it descended in a sloping westerly direction, till near the horizon, when
it disappeared without diminution, either by extinction, or by passing behind
trees. It was larger than Venus in her brightest state, but so blue as to be
compared to a ball of quicksilver, and to appear quite unlike any planet or
star. Its velocity was considerable, and it seemed as though projected with
force. (South Herefordshire.)
» 1824. Aug. 31.—About 9° 30™ p.m., the Swan being S. of the zenith,
a falling star appeared in it, whose course was short and rapid, in a S.Z. di-
rection. It was of the second magnitude at one time, but very tremulous and
variable. About three minutes after, another appeared just below it, in the
N. part of Aquila, of the fourth magnitude, sailing in a W. direction, with
a slow and equable movement, over a considerable space. (South Here-
fordshire.) ‘The Diary adds, “this night there seemed to be many little
startings and flashings in the heavens;” but on this I would not rely, as I am
very near-sighted, and I think at that time did not wear a concave glass.

1825. April 13.—A servant at Gloucester saw a meteor at night in the S.,
which passed in a W. direction: it was quite red, larger than a falling star,
and not like one. The night was quite cloudy, but the veil was unequal, and
in some places occasionally thin.

1825. June 5—About 8 45™ r.m., a light seemed to catch my eye for a
moment in the N. at about 30° of elevation. If not a deception, which is
’ very probable, it must have been twice as large as Venus.

1825. Aug. 10.—About 10" 30™ p.m., a meteor equal to a star of the 3rd
magnitude in brightness passed across the upper part of Pegasus in a straight
line, tending somewhat downwards. Immediately on its disappearance an-
other appeared just E. of the hand of Perseus, exactly in the course of the
first, produced in the opposite direction : it seemed to come with a very short
horizontal course from the N., then becoming stationary, blazed out as bright
as Algenib for an instant, then diminished to the 4th magnitude, and quickly
after vanished. Soon after another of the 3rd magnitude fell in the S.W., in
a perpendicular line from Serpentarius downwards, with a swift course. After
11" p.m. another meteor shot horizontally, rather descending, for the length
of 2° or 3° by Scheat in Pegasus: it dissolved into a splendid broadish train
of faint bluish light visible for some seconds. At the beginning of its course
its apparent magnitude was about the 2nd. Just after this a very distant red
reflexion of lightning was seeninthe S. All these meteors came more or
less from the N.E.

NZ

180 REPORT—1852.

. 1825. Aug. 16.—About 9" 30™ p.m., a shooting star of the 3rd magnitude
was seen in the E, at an altitude of about 40°, which rose perpendicularly for
7° or 8°.

1825. Nov. 6.—At 9" p.m., a meteor was seen 3° or 4° below Menkar in
the E.S.E., as large or larger than Venus when at her greatest brightness. It
did not seem to move, but vanished in an instant.

1826. May 12.—Great meteor, about 108 40™ p.m., which by the account
of a person who was with me began to appear about two-thirds of the distance
between the Pole and Lyra, but on a lower line, between Lyra and Cygnus.
It was described to me to have begun “as if a star had shot,” and then it
broke out all at once in a great body, moving, with a moderate velocity, to
the N.W.; at first, and for some parts of its course, horizontally, but at last
deflecting downwards in a considerable curve ; in which part of its course I
first saw it, my attention being roused by the strange blue light it cast on the
ground. As it was passing on beneath the Pole, it went out, as it were, but a
red spark, half as large as Mars, passed on in the same direction for 3° or 4°,
and had the same effect as a case that remains kindled after the extinction of
a fire-work. This meteor had an intense bluish white light, and illuminated
objects considerably which were not immediately in the moon’s rays. When
I saw it I thought it one-third as large as the moon, then about five days old.
I do not think it left any train. I fancied the light on the ground was waver-
ing and streaming, and diminished before I looked up, but I was informed that
the meteor appeared uniform from beginning to end. An hour before, a fall-
ing star had been seen, with a course of 50° or 60° from the zenith to S.W,
diminishing before it disappeared. (Gloucester.)

1826. Sept. 15.—I was informed that about 8" p.m. (uncertain to half an
hour), a meteor had been seen at some elevation S.E., which passed from N. to
S., or from N.E. to 8.W., for 30° or 40°, as large asa star of the 1st magnitude ;
its course was mostly horizontal, but descending towards the last. It had a
very broad train, as long as two-thirds of its course, which lasted a short time.

1826. Dec. 21.—About 9" 30™ p.m., while I was looking through a tele-
scope, I perceived a falling star with the other eye: as soon as I could direct
my attention to it, J ascertained that it was descending nearly in a straight
line in the E., the point where I first saw it being between Ursa Major, Au-
riga, and Gemini: its course was perhaps 20°, pretty slow. It was of the 1st
magnitude, as large, as bright, and nearly as red as Mars: at the extremity
of its course it suddenly diminished to the 3rd or 4th magnitude, proceeded
2° or 3° in that state, and vanished. A few seconds after, another was seen,
which first appearing very near the course of the former one, I think below
Gemini, proceeded 8° or 10° in a direction to the S., perfectly at right angles
to the course of the other. It was hardly so large as the 3rd magnitude.

1827. Dec. 6.— About 6" or 7* p.m., a very large shooting star was seen,
whose course was nearly perpendicular, 8° or 10° long, passing through the
tail of Ursa Major, and very slow : its commencement was not very accurately
noted, but afterwards it exhibited two or three alternations of light, from a
white star of the 2nd magnitude, toa brightness much exceeding a Lyre, and
of a splendid reddish yellow colour. It went out in a faint spark.

1828. Jan. 19.—About 5°45" p.m., during light twilight a shooting star
was observed to pass between two clouds in an open space of 2° or 3° ina
direction sloping to the left. It seemed quite as bright as Venus.

1828. April 10.—About 95 50™ p.m., a meteor appeared at about 30° high,
S.S.W. As I only saw it out of the corner of my eye, I cannot be particular
as to its appearance, but it seemed a sudden short blaze or flash of bright red
light, brighter I thought than Venus, then uncommonly brilliant. There had

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 18]

been a clap of thunder in a hail-storm during the day, which was showery ;
and there were a few clouds in the sky at the time, and a faint haze in the
place where it appeared. Ii might, perhaps, be an electric spark ; its instan-
taneous disappearance rendered this likely, but no report followed, nor did it,
as far as I can judge, illuminate the haze in which it appeared.

1828. Aug. 22.—A beautiful shooting star as large as Venus passed in a
long tract from S.E. to N.W. under Cassiopeia, about 9" 10™ p.m. It seemed
to become extinct by degrees.

1828. Aug. 28.—About 10" 30™ a beautiful shooting star was seen, whose
course was from S.E. to N.W., not less than 40° long, a little S. of the zenith.
It was of the Ist magnitude. About the middle of its course it became duller,
moved slower as I thought, and was perhapsa little deflected: it then resumed
its first appearance: it seemed to leave a train on disappearing, but I could
not tell, the moon being bright, and I not using an eye-glass.

1828. Sept. 29.—At 10" 52™ a brilliant falling star appeared, which had a
short course close to the horizon a little to the W. of the W. extremity of a
fine auroral light in the N. horizon. It made an angle of 60° or 70° with the
horizon (as a streamer might have been supposed to do in that situation),
being deflected to the right as it advanced. It was gradually extinguished. It -
had a blue colour, as bright as Venus.

1828. Dec. 1.—(At the close of the memorandum of an aurora borealis,
the following occurs) :—Several falling stars were seen, whose courses were in
opposite directions.

- 1830. June 25.—(The following is added to an account of a most tremen-
dous thunder-storm.) The storm passed about two miles E. of Gloucester at
10®p.M., and at some period between 10" 20™ and 10" 40™, Mr. , who had
a complete view of the whole, perceived a strange meteor in the W. or W.S.W.,
where the sky was cloudy, precisely like the moon behind clouds, of the same
colour, and nearly as large, so that he thought for a moment it had been the
moon. He called several other people, who all saw it. It lasted about three
minutes as near as he could judge, and gradually disappeared as if obscured
by clouds, or retiring in a straight line backwards, for it was quite stationary.
He stated also that he saw another thing of thesame kind, very much smaller,
on the same night. But query, was it not the moon? [Supposing it to have
been actually a meteor, and the observer, an educated and intelligent man,
might not have been supposed liable to such a mistake, though the moon was,
I believe, actually in that quarter, some light may be obtained from the fol-
lowing memorandum, which occurs under 1831, Feb. 6.] Mr. J.B » an
accurate observer of nature, told me that about the beginning of Sept. 1830
(a note states that there can*be no doubt, from the account of another per-
son, that the correct date was June 25) a thunder-storm came on towards
night, the lightning of which was of a remarkable pale hue, and had not so
much the appearance of flashing as of rolling from one cloud to another, and
chiefly from N.E.to S.W. (This observation was made in the South of Here-
fordshire.) When it had passed off, and the sky was clear, about mid-
night, though it still lightened at a distance. towards N.E., as he was return-
ing home, a meteor suddenly broke out in the E. horizon, and passed rapidly
across the sky till it disappeared in the W. horizon. He described it as a cloud
of fire, of the deepest red, of surprising brilliancy, especially at its first break-
ing out; so that while it passed any minute thing might have been seen upon
the ground. He described it as appearing as large as his garden, but taper-
ing at the two ends: it produced no noise, and the whole appearance was
over in a quarter of a minute.

1830. Nov. 11.—(After some streamers of an aurora in the N. about 9"
P.M.) Just afterwards a very large falling star was seen E.N.E.

182 REPORT—1852.

1830. Dec. 10.—About 5" 15™ p..., a meteor was indistinctly seen at

about 10° elevation N. by E. It was stationary, lasted a second or two, and
appeared in colour and size much like Mars in opposition, as far as could be
judged from a very imperfect view.

1830. Dec. 12.--(A description of a fine aurora, concluding thus):—After
85, when the streamers had ceased, a splendid and large green falling star was
seen lowish in W.N.W. which left a train: another large one was also seen ;
and one also during the aurora of the night before.

1831. April 10.—There were faint streamers N. at night, and a beautiful
and brilliant falling star N.E., and a light most clearly connected with a
black cloud N.W.

1831. Dec. 8.—The morning being overcast with very low fuggy clouds,
and very dark (it was probably before 7"), as I looked suddenly towards my
window I saw a flashing or flickering effect of light, such as might have been
produced by faint lightning or a fire ¢x the opposite quarter. No light seemed
to come into the room ; the illumination was in the clouds or fog. As I ine
stantly went towards the window, the light, after becoming rather brighter,
faded and disappeared very suddenly. It occurred to me that it was proba-
bly the effect of some great meteor (for though the light was faint, the lumi-
nous body must have been considerable to have produced such an effect
through such dense clouds); on the other hand, a boy was whistling not far off,
who, had such been the case, would probably have been frightened. Such an
effect from a lantern I never saw, nor believed it possible ; it might have been
best compared, as above, to faint lightning; perhaps a little ruddy. (South
Herefordshire.) (The Hereford Journal of Dec. 21, contained a long ex-
tract, a copy of which I possess, from the Bath Journal, giving along, though
very unscientific account of this meteor, for such it was, which seems to have
been visible over a great extent of country.)

1832. Oct. 20.—Four shooting stars were seen within half an hour about
10%, three of which were large and beautiful, and sailed with a fine equable
motion: all from E. or N.E. But one which proceeded from the latter quarter,
at a considerable elevation, traversed 40° or 50° of the N. sky in a direction
nearly straight and parallel to the earth, leaving behind it a fine white streak,
which gradually spread wider and dispersed. As the star was equal to one
of the Ist or 2nd magnitude, and as the streak was visible at once throughout
so long a course, the effect was very striking and beautiful: what seemed re-
markable was that the other three, though similar to this in their direction,
left no visible train behind them. One night two or three months ago (I
rather think on Sept. 18), [ saw a bright star, which falling perpendicularly
seemed to be partially quenched, but yet proceeded a short distance before
it was totally extinct, in the form of a dull red spark. The appearance was
just like that of a candle suddenly plunged into carbonic acid ; the transition
being apparently from a state of inflammation to that of simple ignition.

1832. Dec. 12.—A great meteor seems to have appeared between 7" and
8'ep.m. M was then returning through the field behind her mother’s
house at , when a bright light shone round her, much brighter than
moonlight, and more permanent than lightning.

1832. Dec. 13.—Another great meteor about 6" p.m., described as a great
body of fire passing across the sky from E. to W., and giving so strong a
light that a pin might have been taken from the ground for a short time.
Another account was that it passed two ways. No report seems to have
succeeded it. The weather had latterly been electrical: it lightened on
several nights at the end of last month, and I sawa strong distant flash on the
evening of Dec. 2. (South Herefordshire.)

ict si gareynergens

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 183

1833. Dec. 11.—At 10" p.m., I saw a very beautiful meteor. It com-
menced somewhere near / and y Urse Minoris, probably above and to the
right of them, as a small shooting star, taking a left-hand direction, with an
inclination of about 45° to the horizon. During a course of 8° or 10° it had
increased gradually toasplendid globe, perhaps three times the size and bril-
liancy of Jupiter, and of alovely colour, not easily described, probably nearest
toa greenish blue. The remainder of its course was intercepted from my view
by a building ; but from the great illumination of the sky, I imagine its splen-
dour still continued to increase. Its velocity was that of an ordinary falling
star: it did not appear to leave any train. Frequent, though faint, flashes of
lightning were seen in the E. horizon between 6” and 7" p.M., and a very strong
one had been perceived on the preceding evening. The wind was N.W. with
slight but very cold showers, indicating snow upon the mountains, which pro-
bably existed there at the time, and the next day was seen in considerable
quantity. (South Herefordshire.)

1834. July 4.—A very beautiful meteor was seen at Tretire (South Here-
fordshire) at about 9" 15™ p.m. When first noticed it was probably about 55°
(or perhaps 60°) above the E.S.E. horizon, in the form of a very brilliant body
of yellow or pale orange light, not apparently exactly circular, but a little irre-
gular or angular in its outline. This appearance I think may have arisen from
the preceding part being more brilliant than the rest, but my surprise at its
sudden outbreaking, and the smallness of its diameter, which probably did not
exceed 5', prevent me from speaking with certainty. It descended with a very
slow motion, vertically, for about 15°, and then broke into three balls, and be-
came extinct: the lowermost ball was by far the largest and brightest, the
other two were much smaller, one of them almost a point. They all became
of a dull red before their disappearance, which took place when they were
several minutes apart, one beneath the other, in a vertical line. This change
of colour before extinction I have several times remarked, and it always gives
me the idea of an entrance into a medium incapable of supporting combustion.
The appearance of the present meteor was decidedly that of a ponderable
body, probably fluid, in a state of ignition, perhaps fusion, actually, not ap-
parently, descending, and upon disruption coalescing by the force of gravity
into smaller globules, of which the heaviest preceded the rest. At any rate
it had no resemblance to any electrical phenomenon which I ever witnessed.
No report could be perceived ; there was, however, a considerable noise of
wind, and of the mill; at the time I am almost certain that the largest ball
preserved its original brilliant colour longer than the others. I should esti-
mate its splendour, before division, at 6 or 8 times greater than the maximum
of Venus: such estimates, however, are apt to be very uncertain. The twi-
light was so strong, that a Aquilz, which was a little below and to the left
of the place of its disappearance, had not long been visible with the naked
eye. Had it been in a dark winter’s night the effect would have been surprising
and magnificent. This meteor was also seen by young Mr. P. , then in the
neighbourhood of Newport, Monmouthshire: he described it as having a tail,
which very probably was at its first appearance, which I did not see. He says
it was as large, or larger at first than at last; its disappearance was out of
sight behind trees, but he thought it had fallen in the garden just at hand.
Mr. P. informs me that two or three years ago, very early in the morning,
there was so brilliant a meteor as to terrify such of his men as were out; the
blaze seemed to surround them; and they might have picked a pin from the
ground. (South Herefordshire.)

1834. Sept. 29.—About 7" 15™ p.m., the twilight having already become
very dusky, as I was walking along a lane among trees, I was startled by

184 REPORT—1852.,

seeing the road before me suddenly illuminated by a beautiful blue light, much
resembling the effect of lightning, and scarcely longer in its duration ; such
indeed for a moment I supposed it to be. I looked up, and saw, at a height
of about 60° as I guessed, in the N.E., the luminous track of a meteor. The
sky for a great extent in this quarter was overcast with a thin irregular veil,
interspersed with darker masses ; but a few stars were visible here and there,
and as it soon became clear, I found that the phenomenon must have oc-
curred in or near the Galaxy between Cassiopeia and the tail of Cygnus. The
track was about 3° or 4° long, considerably bright and very narrow, if not in-
terrupted in places. Its form and appearance were exactly that of the summit
of a dense cloud illuminated from behind, which, indeed, for a moment I
thought it had been; its light was reddish. It continued visible by estima-
tion for 2 or 3 minutes, gradually decreasing in brightness and appearing
more unconnected and like a series of insulated patches. The following may
give a faint and inadequate idea of its form.

PO Ay Lae
eo aoe

1835. Aug. 4.—The forenoon had been very warm and nearly cloudless.
Towards 3° or 4" clouds began to form in the W. horizon, which rapidly in-
creased. Their great darkness indicated considerable density, but they exhi-
bited no towering summits, or hard and defined edges, such as would lead to
any apprehension of thunder. They gradually rose and spread to a consider-
able height, and it appeared likely that showers would ensue towards even-
ing, which proved to be the case, but they did not seem dense enough for
tempest. About 4" 30™, being in my bedroom at Tretire (in the South of Here-
fordshire), I was surprised by a distant explosion, dull and heavy, like that of
a cannon, and by no means loud, yet causing a vibration in the house, which
is very strongly built, and the window distinctly rattled from it. I should
have supposed it a cannon fired at Goodrich Court (about 5 miles distant), or
the blasting of a quarry, had it not been followed by a long low rumble of
some duration. I immediately exclaimed almost involuntarily two or three
times, that I never heard anything like it. A servant in the kitchen heard
the cellar door so jar from it, that she thought some person had gone down
there. Our man, who had the fairest opportunity of hearing it, being out of
doors, was greatly surprised at it, and thought it had been the blasting of a
quarry, only it seemed at some height in the air towards the E., and the suc-
ceeding rumble travelled towards the N. [also referred it to an E, direction.
The sky on that side was nearly free from clouds, and of a fine serene appear-
ance. My own impression decidedly was that it was not thunder, but the ex-
plosion of some meteor. ;

Extract from Hereford Journal, referring to the last notice :—

“On Tuesday the 4th inst. a most extraordinary concussion in the air was
perceived by several persons in different parts of the kingdom, and at the same
moment, about 40 minutes past 4 in the afternoon. It is described as a re-
port as of heavy ordnance, and followed by a reverberating heavy sound for
some seconds. A great peculiarity attending it, aud most strongly showing the
immensity of its distance, is the impression it made on all those who heard it,
as if it was immediately in their own vicinity.”

(J find here a reference to the Analyst, No. XIII. p. 175, which I am at
present unable to verify.)

1835. Aug. 28.—About 9" 15™, a falling star, brighter than Venus, was
seen at a moderate elevation in the E. descending with a straight course.

1836. March 8.—A beautiful falling star appeared in the S. to the left of

No report was heard.

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 185

Sirius, about 7" p.m., but was scarcely noticed time enough to be fairly seen.

It seemed fully as brilliant as Jupiter, and of a greenish light.

1838. Oct. 15.—About 8" 35™, or 40™ p.., the sky being for the most part
covered with low dark dense clouds, driving with a strong wind, with an ob-
vious degree of electrical light between tiem, in a part of the sky somewhat
less obscured, and where several stars were plainly shining, a bluish light be-

- gan to appear, which in two or three seconds became very brilliant, as much
- 80 as one-quarter or one-third of the full moon, and faded away again in about
the same time. The luminous body itself was invisible behind a cloud, and
nothing was seen but the reflexion. This exactly resembled distant light-
ning, but was less transient.

1838. Dec. 7.—A great number of falling stars were observed between
6° and 7*%. In about half an hour forty were counted, sometimes by one,
sometimes two, sometimes three observers, two at a medium. They were of
all magnitudes up to the first: the larger dissolved into a train of light, but
left no train [I presume this means no streak] behind them; the S. and W.
quarters were chiefly observed, but their prevalence seemed to be universal :
they all fell in nearly a vertical direction, but those in the N.W. and S.E.
quarters inclined towards the S.W. The colour of the more conspicuous ones
seemed to verge towards orange. Their courses were of no great length.
There was at the same time a pale auroral light along the N. horizon from
N.W. to N.E., apparently equally extended on each side of the true meridian.
The meteors were not watched after 7°, but about 11", upon looking out again,
I saw one, the only one in several minutes, in the S.W.; but it had no longer a
vertical direction, its course pointing now to the N.W. (South Herefordshire.)

(For an account of this pheenomenon as observed by Mr. Maverly at Gos-
port, see ‘ Proceedings of the Meteorological Society during the Session
1838-39,’ p. 9.)

[ This shower of stars is not noticed by M. Coulvier-Gravier in his ‘ Etoiles
Filantes.’ ]

1840. June 30.—About 10" 30", a beautiful falling star was seen in the S.,
nearly in the meridian, having a long straight course somewhat inclined to
the E. Its commencement was small; it gradually attained considerable
splendour, and after a period of obscuration, produced perhaps by a thin
cloud, it attained the magnitude of Jupiter in quadrature before it disap-
peared. Its colour was orange. Streamers of the aurora borealis had pre-
viously been noticed, extending from N.E. towards S.W.

1841. Aug. 12.—In the early part of the night, from about 9" to 103%,
many falling stars were seen. Being engaged myself with the telescope, I
saw but very few; but two or three persons in the company were frequently
exclaiming that they perceived them. I should imagine that there must have
been three or four times the average number. I did not then recollect, what
has since occurred to me, that the smaller periodical shower is about this
time.

1841. Aug. 13.—On ooking out of my window between 10° and 11", I
saw a large falling star, which induced me to go out to examine whether there
was any repetition of the phenomenon of last night ; I saw however nothing
in the course of several minutes.

1841. Nov. 8.—The night seemed remarkably free from shooting stars. I
was abroad from 6" to 6" 15™, and from 9" 30™ to 9" 55™, without noticing

one. (South Herefordshire.)

1841. Nov.9.—There appears to have been a considerable meteor this morn-
ing, from the following extract from a note from Miss H. (South Hereford-
shire):—‘ Last Tuesday morning, before 5 o’clock, one of our workmen saw

a¥iph> Bey

186 REPORT—1852.

an immense large substance, which he described to be like a ball of fire,
coming down from the sky quite perpendicular till within fifteen yards of the
earth, when it suddenly disappeared.”

1841. Nov. 11.—One of our servants saw three falling stars in the course
of milking, about 7" p.m. She described them as passing from E. to W. in
the N.W. quarter of the heavens, as being of the first magnitude, and leaving
trains. (South Herefordshire.)

1841. Nov. 12.—The day had been rough and showery, with a high wind
from W. or W.S.W., and a little hailin some places, but the evening twilight
was very clear, during which, about the same hour and in the same quarter
as last night, our servant saw two considerable falling stars with trains. About
6"30™there was afaint light in the N. horizon, which I then thought indicated a
slight tendency to an aurora, but I afterwards found it accompanied the edges
of dark clouds in various parts of the sky. Until 9" I was detained indoors at
L. (South Herefordshire) ; from that time till 9° 45™, I kept as sharp a look out
as a speedy walk over a bad path permitted, but saw nothing until about
98 40™, when a meteor of an orange-colour appeared low in the S.E. to the
right of Rigel, and about the size of that star ; its course was short, rapid and
flickering, descending gradually towards the S. I did not perceive any train.
10" 30™ there was a fine meteor of the 1st magnitude, orange-coloured, with
a train, in the E. quarter, shooting, as the former, in a line directed from Leo ;
it was not seen by me. Two smaller ones afterwards, one with a train, which
one I did not see, had short courses from the same direction in the E. or S.E.
quarter, in the space of the next 7™ or §™. But between 10° 35™ and 10° 40",
a small point was perceived towards the feet of the Great Bear, not far above
the N.E. horizon, drawing a small train after it, and rapidly increasing in size
as it rose with a steady course, in such a way as to prove that it was really
drawing near from an incalculable distance in an apparently straight line. It
grew brighter and brighter, as did its splendid and beautiful train, and it as-
sumed an orange-yellow hue; it passed a few degrees N. of the zenith, but
not quite so far N. as Cassiopeia, and still continued to increase as it de-
scended towards the W. horizon, but it seemed to become fainter and to be
extinguished before it reached it ; but trees partially obscured this portion of
its course. It was seen by three others besides myself, my father, Mr. T. and
his son, and it appeared to all of us except my father, to be attended, when at its
height, with a hissing sound, but aloud rushing wind prevented any cer-
tainty as to this point. Its appearance was like that of a magnificent rocket,
and the impression of absolute height, speed, and projectile force, was truly
sublime. Its size appeared to me greater than Venus, but not so vividly
brilliant. The length of its course might be 5 or 6 seconds. At 11" 5™a
stormy cloud in the N.E. horizon had a faint luminosity attendant upon its
upper edge. A shower afterwards came on. At 11'45™, a storm, which had
passed to the E.N.E. horizon, was followed by a similar light, which was very
evident 5™ afterwards amongst dark patches of cloud. Our friends also saw
what appeared like a light cloud somewhere towards the S.W. horizon, and
wondered at it in the absence of the moon. 10™ after midnight the E. ho-
rizon continued light, though the clouds had left it. I watched the S.E.
quarter pretty frequently from 11° till 1" 30™, Nov. 13, but no meteor was
seen after the large one, uor could J see anything during a short examination
at 3" 30™ and 4°30". The distinctness with which I saw the light of the
Welsh furnaces [20 or more miles distant] upon my walk about 9" 30",
though the sky was very clear, except low in the horizon, was very unusual
indeed. The air was not favourable for delicate astronomical observations,
the diameters of the stars, according to Sir W. Herschel’s remark, appearing

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 187

enlarged. Miss H. N., who watched from half-past 1" till morning, informed
me that she saw thirteen meteors ; the finest, which ran a longer course, were
between 5" and 6". None of them, however, seem to have been remarkable
either for brilliancy or trains.

1841. Dec. 10.—Eleven shooting stars were counted between 11" and 12°
at night, by a person in Hampshire. . “The greater part proceeded from a
N.W. direction, some far less brilliant than others, and their light of a silvery
whiteness.”

1842. Aug. 9.—About 10" (as near as I can judge) I looked out for two
or three minutes for the periodical meteors, but saw nothing, though the sky
was very clear: my father thought he perceived a flash of lightning in the S.
horizon. But on looking out about 10" 30™ (having been called by him upon
the appearance of a falling star), I counted in about one-fourth of the hea-
vens, or possibly one-third, 8 or 9 in as many minutes, two of which were
brighter than any fixed star, and of an orange-colour; one left a beautiful
train. I heard that two had been seen by a servant, between 9" and 10%,
bright, and in immediate succession, but passing in different directions; and
one of those 8 or 9 (which one’I did not see) appeared to my father to de-
viate from the general direction of the others, which was towards the S.
For about 15™ afterwards I saw no more, and gave up the observation. No-
thing could be seen during a minute or two, about 1" 30™ on the following
morning, or again at 2° 45™, except perhaps one meteor the latter time, but
Iam not sure. (South Herefordshire.)

The meteors on this night were seen by several persons in the neighbour-
hood.

1842. Aug. 10.—The night was cloudy and rainy. Aug. 11.—I was out
much during the evening and early part of the night, but saw nothing.

1842. Aug. 13.—Extract of a letter from a correspondent in Hampshire.
“The scene was truly magnificent. I saw thirteen shooting stars within the
space of half-an-hour, between 11 and 12, and S. saw one shoot at the same
time that I did not witness, making fourteen. Three of them had beautiful
trains, two in the 8.W., with trains something like the tail of the comet of
1818; colour of these two a silvery whiteness ; one was of surpassing beauty
and brilliancy ; they both proceeded in a southerly direction. The third ap-
peared near the Polar star, and proceeded towards the 8.E. This was less
brilliant than the two preceding ones, of the same colour, but had a curious
flickering motion in the train; the streams of light radiated towards the cen-
tre of the train, something like this figure ES . It was very beau-
tiful indeed, and what I had never before witnessed. ‘The motion too was
less rapid than that of the two preceding ones.”

1842. Aug. 27.—A little before 9" p.m., the sky being overcast with thin
clouds, a glow of dusky red light appeared between me and a thick hedge be-
side which I was riding, and which was very dark ; from its peculiarity of ap-
pearance, its being chiefly visible to one eye, and its duration (however short),
I felt more inclined to refer it to (the reflexion of) a great meteor than to
lightning, of which there was no appearance, though the weather was close
and warm. The clouds were thin and foggy, and had no electrical appear-
ance. (South Herefordshire.)

1842. Sept. 3.—Between 9" and 10" p.m., an unusual number of falling
stars were seen, probably seven or eight in about 20™.

1844. Aug. 9.—Several fine falling stars, more numerous than the average,
were seen (at Gloucester). Mr. H. W., who was observing with me, told me
that for some nights previously, but especially last night, they were still more

188 REPORT—1852.

numerous and brilliant at Minehead in Somersetshire, and that he saw one
very curious appearance, resembling a serpentine train of sparks. He de-
scribed them as generally visible towards the S.E. All those that we noticed
ténight had a similar general direction from N.E. to S.W.

1844. Aug. 10.—A few falling stars were noticed (at Gloucester) moving
in the same direction as last night, but one was observed which presented the
singular appearance of a comparatively slow, and as it were difficult progress
in the opposite direction.

1846. July 25.—A workwoman near Gloucester, returning home about 10"
P.M., Saw a meteor of considerable magnitude. It was of the size and colour
of the moon, and she compared its light to that of day. According to her
account, it seemed as though it proceeded downwards from an opening cloud,
and was instantly withdrawn into the cloud again; but probably this retro-
grade motion may have been a deception. It was in the N. or N.E. at a con-
siderable altitude.

[This meteor was described in the ‘ Illustrated London News.’ ]

1847. March 19.—Extract of a letter from a lady.

“ On the evening of Friday, March 19, A. and I left Albion Road [ Hol-
loway ] about half-past 8. Not any stars were then visible, but when we were
in Highbury Place, A. called my attention to what we thought a fire-balloon
ascending slowly. It was in the west, a little inclining to the south. As it
passed on slowly to the west its intense brilliance convinced me that it was not
an earthly thing. When it appeared to be over Hampstead (but as high in the
heavens as the sun is at 6 o'clock in the evening when the days are longest),
it shot forth several fiery coruscations, and whilst we were gazing at it, broke
into an intensely radiant cloud. This cloud sailed on slowly, and we never
took our eyes off it. At this time the stars were shining. When we were in
the gravel path opposite to Highbury Terrace, the cloud was rather higher
in the heavens, and more to the W. It cast a most brilliant light on the
houses there, brighter than moonlight, and unlike any light I ever saw. It
appeared of a blue tint on the bricks, but there was no blue light in the cloud
itself. Suddenly over the radiant cloud appeared another cloud std more
brilliant, but I now felt so awe-struck that I cannot say precisely how long
they hung one over the other, before the most wonderful sight happened.
Perhaps they remained so for two or three minutes, when from the upper
cloud a small fiery ball (about the size that the largest planets appear to the
naked eye) dropped into the lower cloud, and was instantly absorbed. Soon
after another similar ball dropped from the upper to the lower cloud; and
then a ball apparently four or five times the size of the two preceding fell from
one cloud to the other in the same wonderful way. Shortly after this both
clouds disappeared, apparently absorbed in the heavens, though I did see a
few particles of the brilliant clouds floating about for a minute or so. Pre-
sently the moon appeared considerably to the northward of the place where
the clouds had hung. We then saw the bright light across the heavens which
you told me was zodiacal light, which lasted for more than an hour.”

1847. Aug. 10.—A little after 10" p.m., several large and beautiful falling
stars, with fine trains, appeared to descend in the S. in pretty quick succes-
sion ; and on the whole the meteors of this kind certainly much exceeded the
average between 10" and 11° 30™. Most of them fell in the above-men-
tioned direction, but the track of a small one, near the latest time of obser-
vation, pointed towards the N.W. Several of them were noticed two or three
nights ago. [Reference is then made to an account of shooting stars in a
letter in the ‘ Times,’ dated Aug. 17, and this follows. ] The Hereford Journal
of Sept. 8, 1847, contains also the following :—“M. A. Frére, of Montizon,

‘A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 189

has stated that on the night of the 11th ult. he counted more than fifty shooting
stars in the course of two hours, viz. from 11 to 1. Most of them were seen
in the Milky Way, and a few towards its edges. The direction of all, how-
ever, was by the Milky Way, and towards the S.W. horizon.” +

1847. Sept. 14.—About 9" 48™ p.m., as I was looking (or going to look)
through a telescope towards the S., a light caught my left eye towards the E.
horizon. I turned immediately, but only caught a glimpse of a meteor of a
yellow or reddish colour, about the brightness of Jupiter or Venus, which
had descended through the N. Fish, to the S. of Aries, in a course a little in-
clined towards the N., and had become invisible behind a building, leaving a
narrow red streak, at first of considerable brightness, but fading very rapidly.
Its course must have been of 20° or 30° in length, before hidden near the ho-
rizon. (Gloucester, I believe.)

1848. Nov. 17.—During a brilliant aurora witnessed by me at the ex-
treme W. verge of Herefordshire, three falling stars of considerable magnitude
were seen, one with a long course and fine train.

1850. Aug. 12.—A few minutes after 11" (Greenwich time) a beautiful
meteor shot across Cygnus, then at a great elevation in the meridian. I do
not know whether I caught its first appearance ; but its brilliancy drew the
attention of my left eye, while the other was at the telescope. Its course was
from W. to E. and not rapid, extending for perhaps 10° or 12° till I lost it
behind the top of a tree. Its light was intense, much brighter than that of
Venus, and of a beautiful clear blue colour: in the middle of its course it
seemed to be extinguished, and then broke out again as bright as before. I
think it left no train. Nearly an hour before I had noticed a much smaller
one, falling in quite a different direction, low in the S.8.W. perpendicular to
the horizon. This meteor was seen at Highfield near Nottingham, by Mr.
Lowe, as appears by his letter in the ‘ Times.’ He calls its colour, however,
yellow. (South Herefordshire.)

1850. Aug. 24.—A little after 10" p.m., a fine yellow meteor fell from near
the zenith to a Aquile, as large as Venus.

1850. Oct. 5.—While looking with my 51 feet achromatic at a consider-
able star, probably of about 7 mag., I saw in the field a bright point of light,
of nearly the same size and appearance, and at no great distance, which imme-
diately vanished. It seems to have been a small and instantly extinguished
meteor. It had I believe a reddish tinge.

1850. Nov. 29.—About 9%, or from 9" to 9" 10™ p.m. Greenwich time, I
caught an oblique sight of a very beautiful meteor of a yellowish colour and
considerable size, which seemed to run a very short course at a great alti-
tude, a few degrees W. of the zenith, and I believe among the stars of Gloire
Frederici ; but I did not exactly note the place, as finding it had left a bright
and beautiful, though short train, I endeavoured to turn the telescope upon
it; but before I could succeed, the train had disappeared, and I then could
not exactly identify its place. [This meteor is mentioned in the ‘ Times,’
in two letters, dated Barnstaple and Brixton Road.]

190

REPORT—1852.

II. Meteors observed by Hrnry Lawson, Esq., F'.R.S. (assisted by T. CANE,
Esq., and H. Apams, Esq.), at Hereford, during the November Epoch

of 1841. Communicated by E. J. Lowe, Esq.
oy. 11. From Noy. 12. From
hm hm
7 15 till 8h 35™ none seen. 293. 12 24 alt. 20° towards horizon in
No. 253. 8 35 from Ursa Minor to Cygnus, a S. direction.
with slight train. 294, 12 25 from Cassiopeia to Ursa
254. 8 45 from Ursa Minor to Lyra. Minor.
255. 8 55 between Pleiades and Ursa 295. 12 50 alt. 90°.
Minor, with slight train. 296. 12 52=2nd mag. Between Cas-
256. 8 57 passing down through Ursa tor and Great Bear.
Major. 297. 13 10 alt. 400, from W. to S.
257. 9 4Anear Polaris to the Great 2 Declining. Slight train.
Bear. Soon became 298. 13 11 from zenith to Great Bear.
cloudy. 299. 13 33 alt. 70° from N. to S.
Nov. 12. : 300. 13.34 train of light, from Ursa
258. 7 O from Cassiopeia towards Major to S.
Polaris. Very faint. 301. 13 45 from Castor, downwards.
259. 7 29 near Pleiades. 302. 13 46 from Capella to N.W.
260. 7 30 from Cassiopeia to Ursa 303. 14 0 from Cassiopeia to N.E.
Minor. Bright. 304. 14 8 from W. to Ii. through the
261. 8 15 from Polaris. Pointers.
262. 8 30 from E.to W. Small. 305. 14 17 from Great Bear towards W.
263. 8 35 from W. to E. 306. 14 32 8° towards N.
264. 8 36 from W.toE. Alt. 90°. 307. 14 40 from Pointers towards W.
265. 8 37 from E.to W. Alt. 25°. 308. 14 45 from N.E.to N.W. Alt. 306.
266. 8 40 =1st mag. from E. to W. 309. 14 45 from N.W. to W. Alt. 12°.
Alt. 45°. Train of light, 310. 14 46, flashes in Ursa Major.
267. 8 44 from E. to W. Small. Alt. 311. 15 1 from Orion downwards.
40°. 312. 15 2 from Orion downwards.
268. 9 Ofrom W.toN. Alt. 40°. 313..15 3 from alt. 40° in East down-
269. 9 23 from E.toN. Alt. 30°. wards.
270. 9 43 from E.to W. Alt. 30°. 314. 15 4 from E.to W. Alt. 30°.
271. 9 48 from zenith to N. Alt. 40°. 315. 15 15 train of light. From Leo
272. 9 54from E.to N. Alt. 60°. to Ursa Major.
273. 10 0 from Cassiopeia to Polaris. 316. 15 16 crossed Orion to W.
274. 10 1 from Ursa Minor to Ursa 317. 15 17 from Ursa Major to W. ho-
Major. rizon.
275. 10 2 from between Castor and 318. 15 17 from Ursa Major to W. ho-
Pollux to Ursa Major. rizon (following the path
276. 10 5 as bright as Vega from me- of the other).
ridian. Alt. 15° down- 319. 15 18 from Orion downwards.
wards to E. 320. 15 22 from Gemini, southwards.
277.10 6 from near Pleiades to Cas- 321. 15 22 from E. to N. Alt. 20°.
tor. Train of light.
278. 10 15 from E.to S. Alt. 10°. 322. 15 25 from Leo downwards.
279. 10 20 from W. to E. Alt. 20°. 323. 15 27 through Orion downwards.
280. 10 40 from zenith to Castor. 324. 15 29 from N. to 8. through Ursa
281. 10 44 from Rigel to Batelguex. Major.
282. 10 45 from Pleiades to Castor. 325. 15 30 from Orion to Sirius.
283. 10 45 from E. to W. as large as 326. 15 32 to W. Alt. 70°.
Sirius. Of a bluish-green 327. 15 35 from Polaris, downwards,
colour and with a train with train of light
70° long. 328. 15 37 from E. to S. Alt. 10°.
284. 10 48 from zenith to W. 329. 15 40 from zenith to Polaris-
285. 10 49 from W. to E. Alt. 20°. 330. 15 45 from Sirius to §8.E. horizon.
286. 10 54 from W. to E. Alt. 80°. 331. 16 2 from Castor.
287. 12 0 from Pleiades to Castor. 332. 16 6. Alt. 20°.
288. 12 | from Castor to Procyon. 333. 16 10 from zenith to W. Train of
289.12 2from N.E.toS. Alt. 20°. light.
290. 12 15 alt. 20° in S.E. moved to- 334. 16 10 from zenith to E.
wards horizon. 335. 16 14 from Castor to E.
291. 12 16 towards N.E. Alt. 25°. 336. 16 30 due E. Downwards from
292, 12 21 from Great Bear to horizon. an alt. of 20°.

191

By M. Buuarp, B.A.

HSER REED SESE EP REF SEPNEET ES 1

-anhojDjv) S$ PIB[NG “AJ U2 Stoagzapy snowno psow ay7z fo mar4

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.

=)
Lo}
I
@
bow
@
es
a
Fd
Ss
D
~~
=
-)
=~]
S
i~
‘~
S$
s
Lo |
>
~
=
a=)
S
8
-Z2
x
Do
a
sx
Ss
|
—
—

192 REPORT—1852.

Hour. Bright- | Velo- | Mean places for | Mean places for
Apparent | ness and] city or 1840 of A. 1840 of B.
Greenwich| Magnitude. | Colour. | Dura-}————j———__
Mean Time ‘ tion. | R.A.

hm i s
9 21 25

11 34 53
May 22/11 45 00/y Orionis
4 |July 5/11 38 00\e Orionis
5 6/11 34 00\2 Orionis
6 | Aug. 12/10 00 53! Geminorum
12|10 7 00/|Sirius x3
12/10 14 50)a Orionis
12|10 15 45/a Arietis
12/10 21 00

12/10 43 00|e Arietis .
12/12 20 40|a Arietis
12/12 24 00|¢ Arietis
12/12 14 50|Sirius x6
12/12 25 00/4 Pegasi
12|12 38 00 |Sirius x8
13/11 12 52|\y Pegasi
13/12 53 00|Sirius—0'1 ...
13|10 3 00|« Arietis
13/11 53 00|Sirius x 2°5 ...

13|12 18 00|é Pegasi
13 | 12 23 4 Orionis
15 |12 18 6B Orionis
15 |12 31 B Orionis
15 | 12 37
15|12 45 B Pegasi «s+...
15 | 12 49 B Orionis

15 |12 49 Aldebaran

15 |12 58
15|138 11

16/10 15
19/10 27
7 | 9°80 Sirius

7| 9 33 00 \a star, 3rd mag.|White ..
1l| 9 26 Sirius x 4 Blue
11/10 21 Aldebaran
11/10 22 Aldebaran
22| 9 48
94/11 53
24/12 6

1a9 19
15 |10 17
150
15} 11 22
15/11 35
15} 11 52 Fl etal
6|11 3 Sec|p oll 69 22
10; 6 34 Aer eee 356 12
13| 9 39 ionis ...... K 332 25 |~— 2 55 | 335 45
75 00 |\— 3 338 | 66 39

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.

Mean places for
1840 of C.

Place of Observation.

Lat.

450 59 46-6

+50 59 46-6
450 59 46-6
449 26 29
49 26 29
+50 59 46-6
450 59 46-6
450 59 466
450 59 466
450 59 466
450 59
+50 59
+50 59
450 59
+50 59
450 59
450 59
42 54:7 |450 59
+2 54:7. |4+50 59
+2 54-7 |450 59

42 54-7
+2 54:
42
42

4
4
4

6:
6:
6°
6:
6°
6:
6:
6-
6:
6:
6:
6:
6:
6°
6-
6:
6-

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

”)

6

AVY

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
46:
46:
46-
46°
46°
46°
4

6

SUGGS SVAN ON

193
= ()
ei

Train or sparks. Remarks. g &
oO | Ff
A most splendid meteor, giving light all}) 7

over the country.
noise. See fig. 4

Explosion without

as

With a train of light
and nebulous ball.

Passing through a small Vb Ye
Cirrocumulus.

A very beautiful meteor, having a nebulous
appearance, train of light. No. 16, alike.

No. 14. See fig. 3 in Map. an

Rather a brilliant object.

aa

C. Bulard, Esq.

Here a rather curious phenomenon took
place. When No. 27 was in C, No. 28
vanished at C, fig. 10.

|A beautiful meteor with train of light.

\34. Seen in the field of telescope while ob-
serving Neptune. The given places are for
1800. 35. Train of light.

37. This meteor has not been observed ex-
cept the light which emanated from it
from the zenith and which was very bril-
liant indeed, and so intense was it that the
observer thought it safer to take a shelter
in-doors. °

=

e

This is the curious meteor of which a draw-
ing is given in the Map. It showed a
dark side, and then a bright one. See
fig. 9.

=

oO

Mr. Lowe’s MS.

Cn a

REPORT—1852.

—

ern Witte <

aise sa White ...
arenes ‘|White ...

Bright- | Velo-
ness and | city or

Mean places for

Mean places for
1840 of B.

colour. | Dura-
tion.

1
0:
a Aldebaran...|Blue...... 0-5
Reo tenet Blue......| 1:0
behets Blae-.sc |e
esr White 2-0
caer Bldecscses| Ouse
ahs set Blue......| 1:0
iraaoiwcs Blue......| 2:0
eouaine Blue......| . 1:0
a Arietis «.....|Blue...... 0:5
Seecse Blue......| 0:5
hessicien Blué:c-<.-| EO
oes Bluez<...|) cane
eek anncs Blue....-.| 0°5
Seawaseae Blue......| 0-5
Sodenowa: Blue......| 1:0
Pete's White 05
sabia Blue......| 0:5
none Blue......| 0°5
becuse White . 05
Reuceees Blue......| 2:0
Be ree Blue.....-| 05
gers Blue......| 2°0
Savas Blue......| 0°5
aint Blue......| 10
padegsisa Byvessszec|) ew
seas Blue......| 1:0
Paste White 0-75
Br cs Blue......| 05
Ee Blue.. ...| 0°5
see Blue......| 05
een aieess Blue......| 1:0

Raia Red. sues) se

IZ. ..creeee Blue...... 05

@ Lyre......-.- Blue...... 1:0
Se Blue......| 0°75

Sar hiiees, Blue......} 1°5

coanes Blue......| 05

Sewanee: Blue......| 1-0
Leet Blue......| 05

ence Red ......| 0°5

— 9 20| 19 05 |—-12 4
2000} 708| 24
64 00 | 2000] 806
1400| 2317| 4
25 00 | 825 88 | 16 é
34 46| 11 40| 26
20 00 | 28 39| 14%
1835 | 25 00| 129
19 23| 514] 14

33 27 | 5100} 26
246) 1754 |— 3¢q
9 30 | 195 00 74

16 45 | 160 00| 124
10 00 | 6930) l¢
23 56| 72 02| 23
024 | 149 00| 01
15 47 | 196 30} 14
8 00 | 14400} 95
115|18900| 4

128 00 |+ 4 30 | 119 30 |+135
92 00 [+23 16 | 87 1 |425

White ...| 0:2

191 53 |+ 6 40 | 197 23 + 6)

R.A. Decl.

26 9
38 45
99 44| 59 36
58 40 | 8 29
83 10| 612
332 6| 14 8
15 35 | 30 34
$510 |- 4 8
126 29 | 12 45
181 40 |= 9 16
212 17| 7011

124 55 14 44
223 22 | 21 51
189 23 6
Bé Borealis. 3 Borea
172) 11 4 29
275 44 | 23 50
274 51 2 }
154 59 | 59 OC
231 47 1 3&

313 9 | 435
253 33 | 42 4¢
277 53 | 31 3k
290 20 1
30 01 | 55
13 31 | 49
430| 42
355 00 | 23 4
857 45 | 14 4
20 44 | 20 4

155 88 | 58 4

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 195

E ee for Place of Observation.

Train or sparks. Remarks.

Observer.
Reference.

i R.A. Decl. |L. from G. Lat.

|
|
|
|

° 4 m 8 fe}

16 55 |42 54-7 [450 59 4

22 00 |+2 547 |450 59 4

62 33 |42 54-7 |450 59 4
3 28 |-42 547 |450 59 4

— 242 |42 547 |450 59 466
5 25 |42 54:7 |450 59 466

17 23 |+8 20:0 |+50 30 00 [Ascending slowly.

9 44 |+8 20:0 |4+50 30 00 |A beautiful meteor with two successive fire-

18 00 |+8 20-0 |+50 30 00 balls. | Explosion without noise. See
+8 20:0 |+50 80 00 fig. 7, 10" 57™ 0°. Fig. 8, 104 57™ 48,

6
i Ascending slowly.
6

pst ga
SRESSS,

oo
i—)
a Co
Senos s Fl eal — al om eS BK
|
—
or
oo
~\

BB

:
ie
J
ifs
i
'

66 32 |+8 20:0 |+50 30 00
10 39 |+8 20:0 |+50 30 00
17 29 |4+2 54-7 |150 59 466
0 35 |+2 54:7 |4+50 59 46-6] -
23 45 |+2 54:7 |4+50 59 46°6/This meteor passed exactly over the follow-
ing stars.

— 137 |4+2 547 |450 59 466
+2 54:7 |450 59 466

+2 54-7 |450 59 466
42 54:7 |450 59 466
46°6

66

6

42 547 |450 59

+2 54:7 |450 59 46:
+2 547 |450 59 46:
—4 29-97|4.49 26 29
—4 22:97|449 26 29
—4 22-97|449 26 29
—4 22-27|4.49 26 29
—4 22-27/449 26 29
+2 547 |450 59 46
+2 54:7 |450 59 46
+2 547 |4+50 59 46

+2 54-7 |450 59 46

+2 547 |+50 59 46 |A fine meteor with train of light.

42 54-7 1450 59 46

+42 54-7 |450 59 46

+2 54-7 |450 59 46

+2 54:7 |+50 59 46

+2 54:7 |+50 59 46

+2 54:7 |+50 59 46 |A beautiful meteor having the appearance
+2 54:7 |+50 59 46 of a blue ball.

+2 547 |450 59 46

+2 547 |450 59 46
+2 54-7 |450 59 46
+2 547 |450 59 46 is

oe Ss

C. Bulard, Esq.

Mr. Lowe’s MS.

+2 54:7 |4+50 59 46 |A beautiful meteor, of ared colour, inclining
+2 54:7 |+50 59 46 towards orange, perhaps on account of
+2 54:7 |150 59 46 its proximity to the horizon.

+2 54-7 |450 59 46

+2 547 |450 59 46

42 54-7 |450 59 46

+2 54-7 -|450 59 46

+2 547 |450 59 46
+2 547 |450 59 46
+2 54-7 |450 59 46 2

,
Cn

196 REPORT—1852.
Hour. ; Velo- | Mean places for Mean places for
* Apparent Bright: | ity or 1840 of A. 1840 of B.
ate. Gr ‘ch! Magni ness and
reenwic agnitude. | Colour Dura-
Mean Time tio R.A. Decl. R.A. Decl.
1851. |h m s 8 Pan k, 0 Ben| a Boas
104| Feb. 21/12 20 00|Lyra............ Blue...... 05 178 10 |+ 7 30 | 170 00 |4 6 54
21/13 8 30\Virgo ......... White ...| 0-5 144 00 |+26 45 | 188 50 |+26 52
21/13 30 30/Virgo ......... White ...| 0-25 | 216 14 |+381 4 | 219 00 |+84 00
22)13 30 30/|Sirius ......... Blue...... 05 175 13 |+15 28 | 163 27 |+17 00
26) 8 58 30)\Aldebaran .../Red...... 15 196 37 |+41 00 | 191 40 |+34 24
Mar. 24/13 56 30)|Lyra............ Blue...... 05 15 33 |+86 27 | 348 51 |4+83 29
Apr. 19/10 30 30/Arcturus ...... Blues. 2.: 2-0 214 00 |+89 00 | 205 28 |+20 00
19} 9 45 30 |Lyra............ Blue...... 10 128 54 |+18 13 | 127. 6 |+10 12 |
22|10 47 30 |Lyra............ Blues... 05 227 6 |— 8 80 | 230 00 |— 8 5
28) 9 40 30|Lyra............ Bluey..00: 05 180 00 |+ 2 40 | 170 32 |— 4 00
28) 9 50 30)Regulus ...... White 0:25 | 185 24 |—14 30 | 181 00 |—15 00
28) 9 55 30)Regulus ...... White ...| 0:25 | 184 00 |—16 00 | 180 00 |—20 00
30) 11 40 30|Lyra............ Blue...... 05 263 00 |+ 4 40 | 259 00 |— 0 00
July 21/10 40 30 |Lyra............ Blue......| 0-5 3 1 |+28 52 2 5 |+21 37
21/11 23 46\Aldebaran ...j/Red...... 1:0 353 8 |+45 40 1 18 |+50 12
21}11 28 40|Lyra............ Blue...... 05 348 14 |+26 50 | 354 56 |+31 30
21/11 46 40|y Arietis ...... Blue...... 0:25 | 857 44 |4+46 59 2 30 |4+42 20
21/11 49 10|y Arietis ...... Blue...... { 0:25 10 15 |+88 5] 12 20 |4+28 5
21)11 56 25 |y Arietis ...... Blue...... 0:25 28 30 |+81 30] 380 5 |+25 11
30/10 53 10|y Arietis ...... Blue...... 0:25 20 44 |+29 14 | 26 4 |4+28 50
30)11 0 2/|Lyra............ Bine:..... 15 349 21 |+380 00 0 30 |+45 11
30) 11 19 40|Sirius ......... Blue...... 0:25 | 840 25 |+23 40 | 342 20 |4+20 00
30) 11 23 10|y Arietis ...... White 0:5 0 9 |+53 38 | 359 10 |4+52 10
30) 11 53 10|Lyra............ Blue...... 0°5 857 14 |+45 11 9 58 |4+48 25
30)11 56 25 |Lyra............ Blue...... 0:25 0 30 |4+29 00 2 34 |+30 38
30/11 56 30|Sirius ......... Blue...... 05 6 40 |+59 15 | 350 15 |+66 21
80}12 1 10|Lyra............ Blue...... 0:25 18 45 |+59 17 | 15 35 |459 32
30/12 5 55 |\y Pegasi ...... Bines-6.0% 0:25 | 358 26 |+388 48 2 30 |+39 49
30) 12 12 10 {Sirius x2...... Blue: .s 1:0 24 45 |448 15 | 35 00 |+52 18
Aug. 3) 9 48 15 |Lyrax2 ...... Blue...... 05 333 40 |+29 18 | 338 24 |+25 00
3/10 27 45|Lyrax2 ...... Blue...... 0:25 | 848 15 |+22 46 | 348 40 |415 50
3/10 29 00|/Lyrax2 ...... Blue...... 0-25 22 3/447 4] 28 31 |+41 34)
3/10 33 45 |Lyrax2 ...... Blue...... 0:25 | 846 5 |429 18 | 351 35 |4+382 50
3/10 54 50|Lyra............ Blue...... 05 357 14 |4+ 4 24 | 2053] 58 24
3/11 2 50|Lyra............ Blues..... 0:25 | 359 8 |+80 18 | 345 13 | 38 27
3/11 14 30|Lyrax4 ...... Blue...... 0:5 10 00 |— 3 25 032|— 8 5
3/11 22 20\Lyrax4 ...... Blues, 002 0:25 | 353 59 |4+28 41 | 348 41] 15 56)
3/12 8 20\Lyrax4 ...... Blue...... 05 34 45 |4+ 7 85 | 27 15 3 20
3/12 12 40|Lyrax4 ...... White ...] 0:5 5 36 |—10 35 0 38 |—15 17,
3/12 16 10|Lyra—0:25 .../Blue...... 0:25 31 8 |4+11 00} 38440}; 11 15)
3} 12 36 10 |Lyra—O-25 ...|Blue...... 0:25 36 5/4189 81 | 40 25 | 34 24
3) 12 46 10 |Lyra—0-25 .../Blue...... 0:25 4 2\)-—138 6 1 38 |—18 24
3/12 56 30|Sirius ......... Blue...... 05 80 57 |+17 23 | 27 9] 14 81)
3) 12 59 30|Lyra..:......... Blue... 0:25 40 20 | 3710] 385 12]. 36 40)
3/13 1 20/|Lyra............ Blue...... 0-5 538 4] 8252] 52 36| 27 40)
3/13 14 20|Lyra............ Blue...... 0:25 56 4| 17 2)| 5629) 12 34%
3/13 28 15 |Lyra............ Blue...... 1-0 43 31 | 2042] 4537) 19 7
17| 9 44 30/|Lyyra............ Blue...... 05 257 14 | 43 27 5°37 | 48 45 |
17/10 25 30|Lyra............ Buel sees 0-5 268 14| 16 40] 265 1 12 41
17/10 36 30|Lyra............ Blue...... 0:25 | 262 17 1 19 | 257 46 |— 1 59 |
17| 9 49 30|Lyra............ Blue...... 0:25 | 239 00 4 40 | 286 50 2 20)
20; 9 50 1|Lyra............ Blue...... 10 17 40} 12 30] 2149] 16 37
21;10 2 1 |Lyvra............ Blue...... 05 181 52| 57 00/176 54] 56 20)
Sept. 3/13 26 30/Siriusx3....,./Blue...... 10 828] 4024} 1019] 26 50°

Mean places for

1840 of C.

cA ° yf
163 4 |4 4 29
133 20 |425 5
224 11 |436 30
150 00 |-+16 00
190 58 |4+28 25
+77 00
| | 195 00 |+ 5 00

| 123 43 |— 1 37
| 232 31 |— 9 31
| 163 00 |—13 55
| 178 00 |—18 00
~| 178 00 |—22 00
| 257 00 |— 7 00

3 5 |+16 00

oo
a
—)
_—
i)

R.A. Decl.

~~. 2 ee
i
}

Place of Observation.

L. fromG.

Sr Or Sr &r oro Or ot
i

Lalas sree

ANAS YVAN

Lat.

° /
450 59
450 59
+50 59
450 59
450 59
450 59
450 59

450 59
450 59
450 59
450 59
450 59
450 59
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45

+50 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45

450 45
450 45
450 45

450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
+50 45

450 45
+50 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45

450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45
450 45

25
25

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.

Train or sparks.

Train.

Train of light.

Train of light.

Train of light.

Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.

Train of light.

Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.

Train of light.
Train of light.
|Train of light.
-|Train of light.
|Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.
Train of light.

Remarks.

197

| Observer.
| Reference.

a i

C. Bulard, Esq.
yo
Mr. Lowe’s MS

(is ee ee SS

eS eee

3
198 REPORT—1852. .
IV. Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1851-52. Com-
Date! Hu Appearance or Brightness MWtain or aparks Velocity or
te: snl magnitude. and colour. hsb duration.
—————— ——— nnn nn nnn ae
1851. | h m |
July 4/11 16 30° |=twice 2 ......s0.ee. Orange - red,|Small separate balls. 3 secs., slowly; at !
the separate last vanished sud-j-
| balls _ blue, 80.6 denly. ||
| very bright. QC) oF G00
at ies Fd Jeegi%0
came more
purple. |
2011 5 ......)=twice 4} ......... ealRedt esos ce Slight tail .......... Sandi He SEC. svcccactvecsc ca
TUS0D ve. -s(As’a spark ieers.ot0e 5. Orange-red .../Slight tail ...........6+8 one [OPZISEC. Cnescecess al
29/10 36 ...... ‘Small, indistinct ...... WellOw:.-<se-7a0 Separate sparks .......++... O°5 sec. sesseseseseall
10 39 ......|More than 1st mag..../Yellow. Less|/Separate sparks ............13 sec, ; slowly ...}
than Istmag.
Aug. 5/10 39 ......|. Sracaqetnesccieneccserencs =Ist mag. .../Train 25° long ............ Passed 1° 30’ above}
7, 2° below , and
Just below W Ur-)
se Majoris. |
PIO PB rates SIT ALLRepectaceubedeienas'e«|voucitecsace scene AG a Gparke. ,...0+0sla<e vesees[Mapidly seessyeees cul
10) 8 23 ...... Large. ........ WW adseaatelsschivestoernescanlosuee= dees nOfevgss \oatenaa eespepalaees tetteeneeeeteneeas eal
|
22) 9 30 ...... Large ..... sesenaieescee| Sas SOCOM EO ..|Long tail .......... mod hans shee | esereeee iagsaweccececaa
|
ARTO BI va aseda|sesactnss doctcadcotererares =4th mag. ...|....... Sihetbecgeee ssssseveeeeees/Passed midway be i
tween 2 Draconis}
and a Urse Ma-|
joris, through |
Urse Majoris. |
Sept. . 3/11" to 13"
4| 9 40 ......
5] 9 40 ......)Small ..........:seeeseelenees Gr stnsle tiie s|naduac starts seg set's ane esas gata seaeeeneenecaeesengy
Ue eee = 200 Mavrersecrsc.< fe LUG Satan yavecs. Continuous streak ...... oge|RADIG . 6. 00s000s<eeee
10 25 .......= to Saturn ......... Orange - red. |Giving out stars .......... ..|Moved over 12° in 3}
Brighter than secs. |
Saturn. |
10) 9G 3.0555 =3 times Venus in)/=4 times Ve-/Long continuous _ blue! sees. fied
opposition. nus in oppo-| stream of light. |
sition. Blue. |
|
P49) 15) cece: Verysmall,=7th mag./Colourless .,,|Continuous streak .........|Instantaneous ......

a egg O-

=
q A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 199
9

‘municated by E. J. Lowe, Esq., F.R.A.8, F.G.S.

eas 4
ota

| Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference,

'|From y Lyrz through 6 Cygni,|Well-defined circu-|Highfield House |E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Mr. Lowe’s MS,
| @Delphini to y Equulei. The) lar disc. The small
meteor always equally large} circular append-
and bright. ages kept vanish-
, ing quickly, never
remaining visible a
4 distance of twice
oa the diameter of the
| . object.
F ‘om near No. 6 Cassiopeiz tojIncreased from albid................ sts cacxcascceeeees Ibid.
t

H, 1 Camelopardi. Com-| point to 2 secs. 2.
~ menced R.A. 23" 51", N.P.D. :
_ 29°10’, ended at R.A. 12 15",
N.P.D. 25° 15’.

A Cassiopeize to 7 Persei. Com-|..........ssccecceeeeees hid sf0-49.-asecnes DAS Fossecenta tics Ibid.
menced AR. 0212™, N.P.D.
_ 40°,ended AR. 1527™, N.P.D.

_ 37° 30’,
From y to X Ophiuchi .........|......sesnee (wath Sager idee Reed Soesseet Tia ala A rae Ibid.
From 41 Camelopardi to 39|Well-defined disc...|Ibid....,.,......... do) nt. teas eenns Ibid,

_ Lyncis.

eS a ee ee ee Darlington, Dur-|J. Graham, Esq. |Ibid,
ham.
3 Cephei to y Andromede ....|.........ccceeeeeeeeeees Highfield House|E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Ibid,
¢ Urs Majoris to 42 Coma Be-|Seen through haze.|Ibid................ des eeestcoeeees Thid.
renices.
From E. to W., passing 10° S.E.|......-.0...ecceeeeeeeee Nottingham...... M. J. L. E. Du-|Ibid.
of zenith. rand.
Great Velocity .........,..:rseeeees Ae OEE eee Darlington, Dur-|J. Graham, Esq. |Ibid.
ham.
eee ..../Many falling stars .|Ibid................ Ls Beeeere prea ee {bid
Ny nn. ah eeo veers covey e[ecadesnestecenvanpsisns’ it Rares ae [ds sete S38 Sopa Thid
from zenith perpendic. eae 111 | Aas SS ee ee Highfield House|E. J. Lowe, Esq.| ‘Ibid.
iN. W. Observatory.
Fr under Atair perpendic.|Bright ............... | oyts PPPs eee ‘BN ae OP Ibid.
wn.
Downwards = 45°, passing 35’\Increased from alIbid................ TG eed Vibe owed 1 Ibid.
__ above Saturn. point and disap-
J peared at maxi-
hee. mum brightness.
from midway between 4 and »|Circular, well-de-|Observatory, TP aoa oe ease tae Ibid.

Pane, passing aboveAAqui-| fined edge, in-| Beeston.
lz through Serpentis, disap-| tensely blue.
_ peared between y and ¢ Ophi-
hia little above Z Serpentis. ;
ion when first seen R.A.\Very many small |Ibid ............ ENN Os gee Sond anst.3 Ibid.
h51™, N.P.D. 90° 20’; point, meteors.
disappearance R.A.172 41",
P.D. 92°58’.
ugh ¢ Lyre, passing to N.|......:+eseeseeseteeeees Highfield House |Id. ...........+... Ibid.

izontally.

200

Date. Hour.

1851. | hm
Sept. 14/10 20

18*| 8 41

18*| 8 55

18*| 8 59 30°
18*/ 9 40

eeenee

18*| 9 41

Pe eee eet eeenee

Oct. 1) 8 20 ......)=2nd mag........0... suetaes Ronwbceeses
Ulgoeesoteaessescl taceesasuectas ees OS oste nen ic Greener
(fp ahi aa ==2nd Mag. ......00-... Bluish .........
8. 0. 23:.. = Ist mag. ..........6 Bie aectecneces
UG) OND. .-.0. SAND MAG. oc .secressve|ecaseseesecse code
WOME) OD) veneers WISHES cece siene ce senenl vent ave Sraseetee ss
23}10 3 o..e0 EROS rae cescess crs Yellowish......
249) Ole eeeee SOFC MAG. svcviewieccess ING eae cis sees
9 54 30° |= 2) at opposition ...|Faint blue
10 3 ......| Very small .s....000005/0 mentwawwesecep eat

#

REPORT-—1852.
Appearance and Brightness Pie f Velocity or
magnitude. and colour. Tratiagr Synths, duration.
Pere secseeeeeeeseeeees/CONtinuous Streak ........./Duration 3 sec...)

= 3rd mag. «es.

=Srd MQ. seo...eeeeee

= Ist mag. .........
=Ist Mag. srasseeee
=3rd mag. .........
= 3rd Mag. eoo-seeee

Nearly 4 diam.

eee

Colourless

Blue, brighter
than Ist.mag.
Blue

wee eeteenees

..\Continuous streak .......

Duration 1 sec. ...}

Continuous streak ......... Duration 1°5 sec....||
Stream sees ve chaen'esseveue|MMOrNeCen penceee
SELCAUI seeeete cas soeniesesteeede

Asia spark 0: .cas<csscnccess
Brain; Geis caseeomcsss vanes
siRucantguedcasSeeee eee «o[2 SECS

Pee eee eee ere Terre ere Teer e er)

1 sec. ...

PoePe eee PUOC PSEC COS er ee) eeeeeeeeee
,

* These five meteors gave a point of

i Direction or altitude. General remarks.

_|From 10° S. (and same level as)

Appeared very di-
| @ Lyre towards S.

stinct at <45°;

rapid.
From # Cassiopeiz perpendic.|........0....cseceeeeees
down.
From 39 through 2 Pegasi....... Increased from a
point, circular.
|From & Draconis through 7 UY-|......00c...ccsseecseees
| see Majoris.
‘|Through ¢ Aquile perpendicu-|..............ccsseeeees
larly down.
{From 6 Vulpeculf perpendic.|..........ss.secseseeees
| down through 9 Serpentis.
RMD cece eras wes ol sablea sabia Several meteors ..
|Below x Draconis over 5 Ursve|Almost as light as
| Minoris, vanishing in the] day.
head of the Lynx near No. 14.
First seen R.A.18"8™, N.P.D.
15° 40’, disappeared R.A.
64 15™, N.P.D. 31°.
Merce crac is. sce ecedeucoees Several small me-
teors.

(Down through « Cassiopeiz ..
Through « Delphini, downwards
Through « Cassiopeize
Through Polaris
From head of Draco towards
Cygnus. “
Horizontal level but 2° E. of
e« Andromede, perpendicular
_ down inclining to S.
Below a Cassiopeiz perpendic.
down.
Across from # Arietis under Pe-|.......... BAOtE USOREEE
gasus, square at <25°.
Moved horizontally from 3° N.j\An assemblage of
and 3° lower than Saturn,| sparks, the whole

seater cee teesceees

Soe meee eseseeseneseesces

Teese ee teen en ereesenee

5 4 A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.

moved towards N. Passed] mass being equal
over 2° of space. to a 2nd mag.*
\\Moved down at <25° towards/Auroral glare and)
| N. from 1° above Cor. Caroli,} lightning.
passing 15’ to N. of that star.
Eee oiecacelpacacscctescccass Many meteors......
From under Cassiopeia hori-|Slow........., shaaehine
zontally to @ Ursz Majoris.
From S. downwards at < Of}.......sssesssseeeeees
| 40°, passed 2° below '¢.
eemately below « Pegasi,|/Space 4° ........+00
_ perpendic. down.
een a Pegasi and @ Andro-|.......00.csceeseneceees
medze down.
$ Pegasi tow Andromedae ......|...0:+sssssssscseeeeeees
om B Cygni to ~ Aquile......J...ceecccceeseeeeeeeeeee
From“ Aquile, incurved direc-/Small at first, gra-
t tion towards 3 Tauri Ponia- dually increased
to size 2 at op-
position.
Scheat to near Markab]....s..ssssseeesees vee

egasi).
divergence about R.A. 23" 15™, N.P.D..30°.

Place. Observer. Reference.
Highfield House |E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Mr. Lowe’s MS.
Observatory, IGE; MeeCAeene Rane ca Ibid.

Beeston.
de aicescs<cssee Nid Siatents veveeciestaes Ibid.
bid esac ssw heaes LG Ce ac eet Ee Ibid.
IG ook ttn Le ee Ibid.
HOC A ae Rn HOsgre tt eeete see Ibid.
[ Esq.
Highfield House |A. S. H. Lowe,|[bid.
tc ae a UG en PRCeS css Ibid.
Whidese sep seas azees HG io cconeeiecoeoseee Ibid,
E. J. Lowe, oe Ibid.
WG eer aoncaacecce: Ibid.
UG Cae casecccd-ase Thid.
WE Geoneecaoeasoae Ibid.
LE aera aACA rior Ibid.
ov Grane aenooranne TGs! aaweactengeasnit Ibid.
MDidies, wereseeeeae Gey assescnotncpesh Tbid.
Wa G Ee paeecener ace LUG Bees ess cacccne Ibid.
Woy aeaeeaa ee come TO iie ences rates. Ibid.
MDides cence sateen Id. - (Ibid.
DDIM G see ak ancisesess Le Oe CeMREnnEe AaaC Ibid.
Dbide vast cevsssee Wd) cctaveesaneatoee Ibid.
Did ivee se cnpecuace Tires atusceksnen Ibid.
CastleDonington|W. H. Leeson, |Ibid.
Esq.
Highfield House |A. S. H. Lowe,|Ibid.
Esq.
CastleDonington/W. H. Leeson,|Ibid.
: Esq.
Dido catae xs vee LG ecaeaaenanticece Ibid.
Bbid teers. ssscenees RGB ievecentoreeatt Ibid.
Wert Eeesanneconcctod 1G Bestraenrs seeeeeee(LDid.

201

202

: Appearance and Brightness :
Date, Hour, magnitude. and colour. Trajaor sparks, duration.
1851. |h m s
Oct. 27/10 11 30,..|Small ......,..cooer.--(/Blue....... sin> veleives= Gou denveapaessne=teeee ayes |LISGGe dueneanen Cuan
29] 8 58 30.../Very small ......eccssc|.secessneceeseeeee|oceseeree Seger ecg ceret seesseee-[Almost instantanes|
: ous. }
30} 8 25 ...... =to Saturn,.,......... Much brighter|Long tail of sparks .........]2 S€CS. sessesssrsevees
than Saturn;
orange.
8 50 .,....,=2nd mag.,.......00e =8rd mag., |Continuous streak .........{1 sec.3 rapid sree
yellow. |
9 A veeeee}=Srd MAG. eserereres ..|Orange, =3°5|\Composed of many sepa-j2 secs.; slowly ...
mag. rate sparks. ;
Noy. 3] 5 32 ....../6 times size of Saturn|Pale orange,|Slight tail ,........-++.++++ 12 SECS. ...e00e
and after
15° move-
ment turned
bluish.
lO
The above is a sketch of it. |
4) 5 30 ...... 2 size Of ( sseeeeeeeee(Orange and |No sparks ..,...sereseeeeee Several seconds ..4)
prismatic. |

11| 7 49 30...

8 5 30...
12) 7 56 ......
Li te ee

14/10 45 ..,...

REPORT—1852.

Velocity or |

Very bright ............ Much brighter|Leaving bright train, cu-|3-5 sees. ....esce0 J
than Vega. | rious path, thus :— 4
Small Preece ee Cee eC CO Cees eee e eer rere Titi i rere ere rere eee reer rs seeensee .-|0°5 sec, weeeeenee i
Very small ...... sesconl ING 555.0.-0500-[ee ce sbiatane APereoryiccaer +++eee(Less than 1 sec.
Ac SN AuEM tate nesenyen|adns'soneacr sess an=| ocdeeucedncnarsnepet sane manda Less than 1 sec. ««
== 2G MAL riagss ens sess Brighter than|Sparks .......... nayiiise ine erste dG Glld tips
2nd mag. ; {
orange-réd. = 1
=2nd Mag, ....00..00+0/ Saber cinsnt arene Train of light .....00+...5+.|scssvesgescsesescueane

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 203

General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference,

Direction or altitude.

—— ——+ ——> | $<

fidwaybetween Vegaand Altair\...... seeeereeeseeesee++|Castle Donington|W. H. Leeson,|Mr. Lowe’s MS.
to below Delphinus. Esq.
‘om # to x Draconis...,,....... Aurora at the time.|Ibid....... Sab an'enal Ail gan ao

‘om near 9 Draconis to about]........cseeceseees ++-«-(Obser”, Beeston |Id. ..........08...
No, 76 Urs Majoris. First
seen R.A. 12° 53’,N.P.D. 31°;

| disappeared R,A. 12 32™,
_N.P.D. 26° 20’.
rom ¢ Andromede to 3 Piscium].........00-ssseeseeeees MBidaxanstanessessgs| ies ens deaureten see

Brom No, 72 to ¢ Piscium ..,e0|s.,<sscsseseseeseeseeese[TDiG seeds eoseresyne

E. J. Lowe, Esq.|[bid,
and A. S. H.
Lowe, Esq.

From 13° S. of Marac; passed|Moved very slowly. Highfield House
_ 8° S. of Arcturus; continued| Before starting in-
visible to near horizon ; va-|creased from a point

nished suddenly. to 4 times the sizeof
, ; Saturn, moved 15°,
and then increased
to 6 times the size 0:

‘om just N. of Jupiter fell down-
ae at an angle of 55° towards

horizon ; it disappeared very
the horizon i in haze. The
just set, a half ( , and much
glare in the sky at the time.
When first seen was about } } size
of € and had confused edges, be-
ing a mass of prismatic light; af-
descending slowly for a time}
he confused light disappeared,
and it assumed the form of a well-
defined orange ball, twicethe size
») 4 , and intensely bright. The’
eor disappearedin thick mist.
obably the luminosity which
surrounded it was rendered invi-

./; mile W.N.W.of|R. Enfield, Esq. |Ibid.
Bramcote.

me

om ¢ Pegasi to 3° below Altair,|.++++++++esssereeeeeeees
h brighter than Altair ; it
became fainter, and moved
horizontal direction some-
t zigzag, then shot off more
y towards 3 Poniatowski,
De hich star it suddenly dis-
ared, leaving a bright train.
bove » Ursx Majoris to 1° peel UD Ges sn ctaabeseny dons
elow that star.
Ot Pegasi Bee PEPSI 500] vannvise an doweoteh seuwe
“midway between y and f)........+...seeeeeeeeees i SRE COC REEEY ee
ygni to near 6 Lyre.

1 BA Persei through the Plei-

204. REPORT—1852.

Appearance and Brightness Velocity or

Trains or sparks.

magnitude. and colour. duration.
1851. | h m =
Nov. 15] 6 18 ...... Smalls ity .seeseeens Yellow .........|Slight tail ..........esse.+..([mstantaneous .....
6 20)... Small .....sssececresecelsvene Seavwasee es teltice acectarateessces coseoesseees (Instantaneous .....
VG}96 758) s.2. Se Dees adem ses eontlanetanusekdoee sss WEBI) cadeegdecsevscenee erect or ZT BECRs sceccaccouaetie
1 o Avtederwecs Small, thus :-— White .:....... Separate stars .......eeceee0e(¢ SEC. 3 Tapid .,..0d)
Tee,
Ana) caeaes Smale io ccetss ase pet vs| pesiecacans wesseees| NO) tall ssnconcscucssusonscrares Instantaneous .....
7 DOOM HSMAAML: eoraue ties ssqersaleascetnasesicateeleesees scenide cvecah teeeen eNO pone eee
7 490 16.56: =tO Satur. sccseees22| REM. 62.6.0, .....[Continuous train left ...... 3 SECS. sesssessessead
)
17|10 50 ......,=to Rigel ............ Coloured, bril-/Slight sparks .......... Seacalrecsetes taecceeeescocas
liancy of Rigel. i
1810 8 ...... =Ist mag. .......6000 Red ......... vesINO tail... ssceseeesssneesecees|ennseeseseseseeeeen snes,
i
20)11 10 ......)}=3rd mag. .......... ..{Orange...... pec OPAUKSh oe fet paascscescncaneans 1 SEC. ......ccseeenmim
11 13 ......|=3rd mag. .........+.-|Orange........./SParks ......... ee ee
BO) Ge2G ec ccclesssccvsncereose Sevscettest =Ist mag. ...Jeseseeceee nedess en serseessesseses(Passed midway bel
tween x and x Dra
conis,and over ¢ Ur

see Majoris.
Dec. 1] 8 23 45° |=twice Saturn ..... .|Red and Separate sparks .........0 4 SECS. cecsceccnsneml
orange. The following figures will |
show its several appear-

ances :—
2411 4...... =3rd mag. .........-..,Orange........./Train of light left ....... -|Rapid, being in
stantaneous.
ZG Bit3\ eens =2nd TAQ. .:6065000000 Orange....... eal Dalle cogedcees scscceocsesstcecs}e SECO aeceeent sem
2910 14 ....../=2nd mag... Yellow ....e0... Wail seca pt eae zat 800. “ssaeeosesse
7 46 ......;Orange, outshone |......see..s.se0es Without a train .......... ..(InN.E. alt. 12°, an
Mars. moved down t¢
wardsthe extremit
of an auroral arch
Its path formed 4

angle of about 60
with E. horizon. 1
vanished when 1}
above the uppé
edge of the” arcl
near its E.extrem:
ty; at about 1™ late
a very great chang
occurred in the at
rora,it becamevel
active, verybrilliai

streamers - |

ring for 15™.

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 205

Direction or altitnde. General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference.
: psy [NE SS NB CEE a | A
From 7 Ursze Majoris perpendic.|........s.secssereeeeees Highfield House |E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Mr. Lowe’s MS.
down.
From @ Bootis perpendic. down]...........sessssecsreee 0 to De ey eee Tel otigeteld Sees arch Ibid.
from 1° above Saturn horizon-\Moved over 20° ofjIbid.............++ Ndi. Gestaacts jeasetc Ibid.
tally towards S. space.
From immed’ above « Andro-|Ibid....... muah cane Wid sacseee eves eves LG inde. aienasianelss Ibid.
medze,moved towards Atair, and
ended when half-way tothat star. .
From « Arietis to 2° E. of Saturn i
Perpendic. down from midway
_ between « and 6 Aurige.
Fell upwards through 4, » and
_& Draconis.
erpendic. down from y Pegasi.|Lightning and au-|Ibid.............++- LG ne eodecaacisons: Ibid.
rora borealis.
4° N. of « Cygni towards hori-|....1....ssssesseeseees [bidevcsszeesetacere A.S.H.Lowe,Esq|Ibid.
zon, passing S. of Vega.
Per pend. down from midway|Moved over 23° ofjIbid................ E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Ibid.
between » Urs Majoris & a| space.
Bootis.
erpendic. down from y Ursz|Moved over 3° of|Ibid............++ Th» ceocstanwteaes Ibid.
Majoris. space.
ogee uo c--.naahscrata|saeesdesreceoonsessscens Darlington, Dur-|J. Graham, Esq. |Ibid.
ham.
From « Ceti to # Eridani ...... First as a spark,|Obser. Beeston .|E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Ibid.
then increased asa
number of sparks,

became less bright
when passing near
the star 35 Eri-

dani, but increased
againimmediately;
moved slowly. ;
© S. and 5° lower than Mars 5!.........ssseeeesseeeees Highfield House.|Id. ..........0044- Ibid.
| moved down in direction of
S. at an angle of 45°. 4
Trom 5° below Pleiades, per-|....,.seesccsssssseceens ED ithe see ccens vies se Td. cececeeeseeees Ibid.
pendic. down.
from Polaris towards W. at an|....s....ssesseeeseeees Bid ioie ck Sct sesvat, Wa vayceatigni tes Ibid.
angle of 45°. 4
ery slow, moving over 3° in 5...........ceseceeeeeees Darlington, Dur-'J. Graham, Esq. |Ibid.
| secs. ham.

206 REPORT—1852.

Appearance and Brightness P Velocity or
_ Date. Hour. magnitude. and colour. ieee. ihe ines Duration.
1852. | hm
Jan. 24/10 45 ...... =3rd mag. .ss:...0805. Colourless .../Long streak............00+.. Instantaneous ...... | 4
10 45 15° |=2nd mag..........+65 Colourless ...|Streak :..sss..c..sceesseeeeee Instantaneous ......
25] 9 O i..eee Larger than Mars .../Yellow.........|Long train ............000e0 2 SECS. ..sseseseeeee ef ML
one. Ueinga: Sd bocmeetocener. Sr Beecrsics =I; NACH sc|sssnnssaanccsseodace ret eee ences Descended perpen+| i
dic. down in W. +)
passed between
& a Pegasi, about}
2°nearer the lat
ter star.
BWO2 cadec|acceveies carccaresivecns> oc SMRETMARY os. |cocscconessissansasceasesearouese Passed 5° above
Pegasi, and moved|#
obliquely north-|
ward, its path)
forming an jangle}
of about 20° with)
horizon. It moved)
over 4°very slowly;
it made a stop and)
partially disap-|
peared before it
finally vanished.
Feb. 1/10 13 ...... Size of Mars ...... . |Orange......... Continuous train............ Slowly; duration 1
sec.
18)10 55 ...... Small, =3rd mag. ...!....s0...008 ease loeeuceveseences Wt seneccrc. sas Slowly ...060...e008 |
PAN IONS YS aap oe SGT eerie Not so bright|No tail....... Wick icecnsesecs Duration 1-5 sec. J
; as 2nd mag.
DEIGOU DA Vales nhclcarcssstase- doesn herersen|esniasauee co obeypelitereise ceases RR bs savecanvees|eontanmennnenents ct :
8 50) esas vba seusevetbosdeosen’ seas Viveebseveusleasszsecussss sisssbsebe Pe eer Pet eet Seneemm
April 8/10 19 ...... Small scc.ceteeweces ees BORE a. Bie All ew ee sas Meche ach tase ewes temeneem Rapid
9/9 39° seis Small ites le eeeviiess Ble Waites Train: csscucstexoe. tts .ueneee Rapid .......
12)10 40 ...... Sallie cocs cet ace cas ccclecco@e el Uescbscon|ecsocs cocnnasesecastassencceaqten|ss@ueueeamr rams
WORDS) ccc. SINAN See e aiee cde bce sccal be ncvavesseckascc|baudessccstnqeenveceuderavensens Rapid ......
WZe AQ iecaces|SIWIAU <ccvavccessncccune|Doncnsceesescbcits|dens scsarsiosesvanyachrahesusesesntl>apanmpaeanenans
13)13 12 ...... =4th mag Blue.....cebeos- IT WO Sparks ...00....5-.se0000 Instantaneous .....
:
/
.
ES WAV cot 00 Pensa nares: Mellawish bed) |!.;..-.s00s0%--Fact oaaeesteaee T R60. onus. =. 20
Brighter than
21/10 45 ...... == ONO MMAR ssesss0ness6 Orange sae eeo Stream of light ............ Slowly ......00+.+08 -
26) 9 40 ...... Sitalgeese eset e ee cnkc| cies csseces biscclevcsccasenovesspenebesedseenbacas|:cchegeammmnes ~osce
ODO yea.aKs Sal eee aeeceweccrseuloecececcstercks ds |evwenatcocoesstsiuapbnsnseccevsses|-mcseeeeeenegs 7

HO! 20 ... 04. Sti AUC renee ena ln bac onusos¥acua| to tesesven eaanercuereseauecke seals asegeateiedes
May 10/11 0.25.8 Small

COR eRe eee OHH en BETH R eee E EEE E HE SHEE EES H TE ee EHH ea EHH eas eS He ewasnl HEH EHTS SETH EEE ene eee

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 207

ie Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place Observer. Reference.
from 4 between yand 6 Andro-].......:s.c.sccsecesuues Highfield House |E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Mr. Lowe’s MS.
mede perpendic. down.
From y Urse Majoris betweenl.................0.0206- WDids.vccvedsns esse 1s a ee renner tae Ibid.

m and ¢ Ursz Majoris, nearly
_ perpendic. down.

From 4 to 1 Ursa Majoris ......)..........ccccceseseeees MDG sa se 4h cesene Ls SE aaa cee Oe Ibid.
Asse Over 15° in 3 Secs. ......|....cccccecoscstescacese Darlington, Dur-|J. Graham, Esq. |Ibid.

ham.

MEMS leevinecscnaewhsasavoceeccdvalaccsssctsseenssventences Mbidis Socsks socal LUG Ue ae Ibid.
wh
From midway between @ and ¥)................00c0000 Highfield House|E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Ibid.

Urs Majoris, fading away at Observatory.

| about R.A. 13°30’,N.P.D. 44°

|From 30° above 8.S.W, horizon]...... ESL Tbidsississsss.ceeve Td. vids tsiviveans Ibid

| perpendic. down.

From @ Ursze Majoris through ¢.....40......csceseeees TbIdsisiiiiicecns ea) (; Capen ery | 15)

Ursz Minoris ; moved slowly
towards « Cephei, fading when
3° from that star.

|Moved downwards, passing].........06.....cceees. Dbid:. dsaditisesss cllTd eee iwi Ibid.

| slightly E. of Procyon.

|A very large meteor reported a|..........cc0c.secs0eee. Thid..........cc00s Td. ccssbiivinitans Ibid

being in N.; unluckily I was

not observing at the moment.
_ My brother saw the reflexion

and registered it as a flash of
_ lightning.

From 3 Cephei towards Arcturus|...........0ccseceecs000 DDG. ixnaeahedihscut Ids. .onv tt ivewl v. {[bid.
from 3 Hydree perpendic. downl...............cecceee0. Ibid. ‘ To vioas itt e¥ ...{Ubid
MMMEEACEOSS LCONIS ..,......].....0ceeessceeerctenecs HTC Piers eee OP ie ee Ibid.

I ana oc cc ese. |eseaeecean done dSeacéeas Dd types. eee 1G Seen eet a Ibid
MRUMSNGA VICGINIS © .....-000...|sceccseeeeneesececccsaes Ide ee. osecee: [Ws Ea Spay areret Ibid.

m Caput Medusz to < Bootis|Two spark meteors|Bath Observa- |Id. ............... Ibid
side by side; moved] tory.
very rapidly, appa-
rently at no very
great elevation.

About 30’ above Mars; moved|Well-defined circu-|Mr. Lawson’s Id. ............... Ibid
1° towards Pollux. lar disc. Observatory,

Bath.
from 3 Cassiopeiz towards W..,|..............seceee0ee. Highfield House |[d. ............... Ibid
_ a Slight inclination.

ynwards from 4 Virginis ...)...............ceeeeeee Tuts Hae aaa he eR tbe Ibid.
SENEMOMECOUIS =... sctsc| teks ee. 12) fo Bi eae 113 baleen. Ibid
OAT CYLATIED FERR Aneel Bailie ieee on Velie! MDGs sececb ca cae oui UG Ba ee ere cee: ae Tbid.
pendic. down in N.N.W. ...}..........cseeccecueeeee DIG: eeseat ss csscae A.S.H.Lowe,Esq.| Ibid.

REPORT—1852.

Appearance and Brightness Velocity or
Date i, nighitnde, sett caton Traigggr sparks, Duration.
1852. | hm
July 3/10 30 ...... 6 times 2/, gradually|Pale blue......|Long streak......... paae ene Slowly, 8 secs. ...
diminished in size.
1210 47 30° |< at opp. .........]... afigdoa: vadeed we(Li@Lt & CLAM cs edecccabetaneses 2° SECS. .csccevsever
NSINO 4G) See sielesorssecpeeacences ses Banas (OM Alas ca cee, che Retains cs aveeasegopeee wade cuman Horizontally from }
through ¢ Ser-
pentis.
AES OP csdosieeses pecenmalee eras ahesarcen Small ....... Su Bcos bet ncecotcanrerpccuaacs ...../Through zenith
from S.E. to N.W,|
19/11 10 ......). ste piotiese trio ana aecices/et = Brilliant ..... ./Leaving a lengthened train|Fell parallel with
milky way, pass-
ing near # Cygni,)
moving to E.
VO) S9 15" 9) =—Andimap. ..2.-..sa0- Colourless_ ...Continuous streak ......... Slowly, 1-2 sec. ...
M2 Geese. « SOU El DAR tae denses «ales Colourless ...\Continuous streak ......... 0°2 sec., rapid...
22/11 59 57° |=3rd mag. ............ Colourless ,..|Continuous train...........+ O°2)SeCs«). 3.0c.ceeeam
12 0 30...;=3rd mag. ...... +e+.+.(Colourless ...\Continuous train.........++ O°2 SEC. secreroevees
23/11 45 ......=3rd mag. ..... Fgee0% Colourless .../Continuous train............ O-lesec......c0ere ae
Aug. 5/10 32 p.m. |Bright........... conan Red. shisceiesses Wath, train ......scctieestes «neal euneeeeeeretone. ete
10 43 ...... DMA eaaves awe tasoe ess |senaearpossst arias Faint train .........scccsecses Rapid... 022205. «2
GTO RAS ihes news| MOLCON cc. ssidoetuerinsicas|armosienthiececanns|acnsensdosnsuiesincesttiogtecesbsctas| eemaetee see te aathen cams
LOWSS scene MleheOtss 3, .-cndecesencs| ste vaca cess otences| aoe cavteesesoreasceee Spide ch ulelnwe| Seton Cagis ce erveae 4
1011 5 ...... Wie IGI Seaeecice-occobococd - Pesieedecscassoad| unoceasedevsves «capecdusendses see) ndieaimeeanctmn ers a
1D 9D 7 s2-|MebEOr: ...60.5 Seeweess BCOS-OnCOe Es CNEL HES ECO InDOLOSDEEr conaccrisstcc Jo|- stueRareBeseee eset
PO eee seas MeCbeOL sce. svc ctuscesses|sccossascesensssua|soactinrresSensiuoepesaveveet tides] Witeeten neem ntetee am
LUG astiod Metepreeeocastesre-r-|oeeeacace ssepsscas lseesiocieauslanesiassesniis< ine elenn| SONaaee ek ee team
ML LO ethsas MIGTCOM ncescdetiessoeren|addeaess st atasasie Wathytraim -.s.ecdecscoccsune deen pirere peste sven %
| ee IMCREOR. cot ideaseslncenctlacetoaaue das sovbae|seaus ca eas acisaeelzeaoe suds odes See Ree ee ee eee
15| 9 52 ...... Meteor........ Racecar SalacGeleceveus ses asl sdieises sobs aia avin va ore etiee's aceite] Meeteee eee ware
V. Observations of Luminous Meteors made at the Observatory, Stone
1851.
MIB. 0 LO] vvanaecerapabes hon vessccssescstahesetesisival souinudcecsas oasens| =e sin’. cpi enlace aden ofenmecems enacen Mneemametentten
LON. Savecweduepea|seresesecdensacsaen ts ss IBIUC sen esses ITPA, cs secnslsectensene pee nes aeeeenaas aeetaner sone

20/10 3 p.m. |Brighter than a star

of the Ist mag.

whee eernee

medz to Markab.

A train as long as twice the
distance from « Andro-

‘Slow; visible di
ring 4 secs.

QO

SL Ty
——..-

! In an instant it changed its
| course a second time, became
as brilliant as at its first ap-
_ pearance, fell in a direction
| nearly perpendic. to horizon
_ and disappeared midway be-

|_ bling mass of light.

‘rom < Herculis to } Corone
Borealis.

Direction or altitude,

————$——— an =.

Near ¢ Ursee Majoris, above x
Draconis through Polaris to
+Cephei. _Iil-defined trem-

from y Cygni to a point 2° be-
_ low Deneb, it then changed
its course and proceeded about
3° in horizontal direction,
growing less and less bright,
_ till at length scarcely visible.

tween Deneb & @ Pegasi.

BPPPP PS ese ssrercvessccrernrcccseseseee

wee eee

i

meteors from N. to S. un-
Cassiopeia.

PEPER Rese recess ensnserseeeeesesevels

General remarks.

ee rere

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.

Place.

Near Dreux(Eure
& Loire), France

Castle Donington

Hse -Pacadnna spare Highfield House |A. S. H. Lowe,|Ibid.
Esq.
OO ny Coneeee Did 0 cvsncsass Ed: rise: Seneae 3 Ibid
Eisai piesisnan rece skrnaxuos UD eves eaeecc [Eo apes wos Eide
[ Beeston.
depdesiRa antes tens anit Observatory, E. J. Lowe, Esq.|Ibid
Recreate Sues nae sa DIGS, Seba acaced Gs: cescvohess tena Ubids
Ruisicsg Space sta ces Mbidaer <r. day ose! oll bidd
bore ong SERRE CORCEERE Did tein n cia MUA savsoaednte- cb
Rin asiistoane ovindaseweas 3 Mids. 3280 catcsou| Lend eactss acs tcce| bid
SEA cL eP SerrReRt eee Highfield House |A. S. H. Lowe...|Ibid
Bie Aelfeciiet vn sep sivue MBIG. sot ese secawdtUcieess aee.evec4| Did
Meee es thts aed a MbiG eg peptides thats Rebeca bids
meee earas. RCE paiper MDGS EO, otc 55: (LGa. anepmes chs occ hpide
6 meteors in 9 : .
atatites. LUG Saeed Boreppere LE tear ORCEe IEE Ibid.
aereee te ae ERI iA spats” appa Nght. sill bid’

fs arage, Aylesbury, Bucks. Lat. 51° 47! 57!"-03, Long. 0° 52! 16'"35 W.

Cee e eee e ee eeeees

TORR eH eee eee

209

Observer. Reference.

M. J. E. Durand|Mr. Lowe’s MS.

Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.

W. H. Leeson,
Esq.

eee e teers eeees

and Vnt. Fasel,
Esq.

210 REPORT—1852.

Appearance and Brightness Velocity or

Train or sparks.

_ = magnitude. and colour. Duration.
1851. | hm |
Aug. 20/12 0 puma Joo... cccseecereessseses[essssceseersserseslecsccccececcscsseceencesseceecees|euneassesaseneneeanees %
ZU OALO Wy: |< 225. .2--s0nueaeasesetest|ereremeasee erences MTPAIN .nincseceses steseiertona se] Meee Mevastht betsy eee mm

;

i i oe ee i | —

28

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 211

-

‘ ~ Direction or altitude. Place. Observer. Reference.

Went through the Pleiades Rey. J. B. Reade|E. J. Lowe’s MS.
From a Lyra to # Coron Bo-|.........ssceesceseeeess i J. W. Eccles, Esq.|Ibid.
| realis.

From below @ Ursze Minoris to NAS fadecscnvsnbves Ibid.
2° east of « Urs Majoris.
From. Cassiopeia to a Andro-......sscecccccccseeesss i Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.

medz.
From Markab to a very short di-

Train red and con- Vnt.Fasel,Esq.,&|Ibid.

stance south. tinuous. Rey. J.B. Reade.
rom ¢ Urs, Maj. to Mizar......|....cscccccosssesecseeee i Rey. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
Brom a to 6 Cassiopeie ....,....|....ceeeececceceuccceuse i O. J. Grace, Esq.|Ibid.
From Perseus to the Pleiades...|............sscseecseees i ....|H. Smith, Esq. .|Ibid.
From H Urs. Maj. to x Bootis.|.........ccccecceeseeees id. O. J. Grace, Esq.|Ibid.
Prom Cassiopeia to Polaris......|............ssseseseeees i Td. .sssereeeeees. Ibid.
from. the square of Pegasus;}..........sssscccsseess ORO i cesecbec Rey. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
from east to west.
Phrough Corona Borealis, from].........00....0se.ce026 Tide ek Hs) levssceeiecnese Ibid.
} E. to W.

[Esq.
.bove < Bootis from E. to W. . W. Whitbread,|Ibid.

)Went through Aquarius due S. Rey. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
from ¢ Urs. Maj. down to the Rds peas Ibid.
| horizon.

© below the Pleiades from E. Thies owe bua W. Whitbread,|Ibid.

to W. Esq.

from € Urse Majoris passing].............ss00000000. [lls G Bec aRareree ry ds eet Rie Ibid.
through y, to 2° beyond it.
from 4° below Corona borealis|.................ceeee0 MIE ee setae... Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
} to « Bootis.
hrough Lyra from E. to W....|....0.....008 EDI eet hicss cave H. Smith, Esq. .|Ibid.
rom # Urs. Min. to « Urs. Maj.|.........cccccseecueeses Lida att. 2.8 W. Eccles, Esq. .|Ibid.
om =2° below & Serpentis,|..........cscceeeecesees Wbides-ssadetrcsee ../O. J. Grace, Esq.|Ibid.
} passing between Z and « Urs,
} Maj. to 2° below them.
jrom E. to W., passing by Aylesbury ...... J. W. Eecles,|Ibid.
) @ Herculis. Esq.
§tom Sheat to 3 Cygni .........)...cccecscccesesssseeess Stone ........0... Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
#jrom below Polaris to half-way | Varts bass eee Tae ease sOrronr Sed Ibid.

‘between Polaris and Perseus.

rom a short distance west Of|............cceceescueee [Nests CoS 5 Sees J. W. Eccles,|Ibid.

= Bootis to near Cor. Caroli. Esq.

Euan 6012 DrACONis.........00.|..00eecsesecessccoceeeee Hou Dee O. J. Grace, Esq.|Ibid.
Rbideertt ate ds iveees.esves<aa( Lidl
bids n.d Bk J. W. Eccles, Esq.|Ibid.
DIGS. cospee aves Tds FREE ctsees Ibid.
MbidsstscPscusesss H. Smith, Esq. .|Ibid.
11) ea arn Ne ar wktcheecences Ibid.
WDIGE SS dateasceey: J. W. Eccles, Esq.|[bid

yades.
half-way betwaen Alde- Ls 0 tt ee Rey. J. B. Reade|Ibid
n and the Pleiades, and .
elled about 3° towards

e Pleiades.

| about € Andromeda to Observatory...... Vnt. Fasel, Esq. |Ibid.

° below
gO B to y Andromedz ......|........ saxeadageguets vegeeseyeeee(J~ W. Eccles, Esq.|Ibid.

Rev. C. Lowndes|Ibid.

1 4° @bove to G Auriga: ...|......scccosssecegoesees i Rey. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
om Capella to 6° due east. i Eels) weecosebeettss Ibid.

212 REPORT—1852.
Appearance and Brightness : Velocity or
Date. Hour. agnitude. a diealodtt Train or sparks. Duration.
1851. | hm ‘ :
Sept. 20/11 15 ...... Brd MAQ. ....cseeeeeeees Orange........- Long train .......seseeeseeee 3 secs. duration .
11 43 p.m. |4th mag. .......sseeeee REG, ude, 40422: |seeneosamononaeameunbrdetersandne Rapid ....... weet
21| 7 27 p.m. |3rd mag. ..........e0++ Whites 5 be odsdee| ovieceadeawenvecdentieh ste nenanere Rapid .......cs005
7 27 p.m. |2nd mag. ........s-++++ BIW Geet acts S| .onacoencacmtandtenncsenna teehee Rapid ...csseeeee
BU oes Ath Mag. ...csseeeeeenes Wie SS. see's | azn nein'e niente fe eater te ree Rapiderseseds.ccatmy
9 Bus, ex PLGMIAAE fonder = vs eestnns Yellowish...... Wet t WANRRBRRAr ee saan h--5 Rapidins....4. smc
Oat ats Ath NAG. Fence vayec- ose Orange......... IECAUD, | on srneno't <aleicdae ce oaks Rapid ....... i
DAN TO AGUS ass As bright as @ Aquile.|Light blue ...)........:::sesssseseeesernrereres Very rapid ......
99| 7 31 «20: Athi mapas rercscsss se. White “.......<: IVAN: sca canceevaeonssnmeeet Moderate.........
7 fas Re ANAWNAE scott acsscanses BW isos .0000<- IK AUN, o scisscsceen dee eueemecte Rapid .......s0e0+
7 42 30° |4th mag. ..........00e Bresette vycea ebriincls senna natebtede eae hiaeee Rapid. «....0.és000
7 55 p.m. |3rd mag. .......-+..+00 WEN OW ites secs |s0-c-a%e coesacnevnooupene age Moderate........
9 5 p.m. |3rd mag. ...........00+ WV GLO Mii einens-[esoweore races wee cecewaeneencete ns Rapid .........+5
9 10 p.m. |3rd mag. ........-.226 VGLOW s desancis|omeacicee vatee-ceisth vanes naeaseemn Rapid ........é ‘
Oct. 2) 8 15 p.m. |As bright as Capella .| White .........)---::seseeesseescrseeseeneesenes Instantaneous ..,
5|9 14 p.m. {Much larger —and/Brilliant whitel........-..+s..-sse-sesseerersees Slow.:.2i) 000% at
brighter than Ca-
pella.
14| 7 2 p.m. |3rd mag. when it be-/Blue...........feeeesesssreerenensseessreneneeees Rapid ...... veaval
gan, and of the 6th
when it ended.
7 53 p.m. |2nd mag. ...........-.. Brilliant white|Beaded train ..............- Rapid ......... a
15] 8 Bo pam, [o...cceceecceeenenseseees Plnes Bsc cews Short flash, no train ...... Rapid ....... ie
8 10 p.m. |Ist mag. ........--.++4 LSJ 5 renee Long train .,.......0..ecenee SIOW......0000006 :
9 2p.m. |3rd mag. ...........06+. WWI Pei acs nls pabiedcune Sateen ancoeareeneeeeem Moderate..,.... ‘|
16| 6 47 p.m. |As bright as a star ofjBright orange.|Long train ........+.s00005 S]OW.....0e0008 |
the Ist mag. ; it in-
creased in size as it
proceeded.
7 10 p.m. |3rd mag. ...........+65 IWHIEG: (os feasictie | Seinctooss casas scare sian renee tae Rapid ..,...64 FH
7 56 p.m. /4th mag. ........-..000s BUG SSi3.5 5505 lecnscoscencsaecandeiienese -aMaeee Rapid .......+. ,
BG Pam. Jocseeeccccceenscecaneeseaa[ereeesaneeceeaeens Instantaneous flash........-Jeccseseseeees Pry |
9 7 p.m. |4th mag. ..........00e JWIIte iS,» v0.01 |sachscattanscdecn dene c euniasnee eg Moderate.....++
11 4 p.m. [3rd mag. .......:.0eeee Blue Aidhs «+s e0linadenashneeaneneeevilliceneisles tan Moderate...++4+

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 2]3

a

Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place. Observer.

Reference.
From Capella, through Perseus,|The tail of the train| Hartwell ......... Rev. C. Lowndes|/E. J. Lowe’s MS.
_ to Caput Meduse. was visiblefor se-
} veral seconds af-
} ter the meteor
: had disappeared.
From Algenib to ¢ Piscium ...|.........ssscesseecceees SHON és cctcdea es Vnt. Fasel, Esq. .|[bid.
From 47 Andromede to « Tri-|This meteor started|Ibid................ H. Smith, Esq. .|I[bid.
anguli. a few seconds be-
fore the follow-
ing one.

From Andromedz to X Arietis. Td235 see ee ae. Tbid.
from @ Lyra to ¢ Cygni.........|.ccceesseccseeccecccees i ...|J. W. Eccles, Esq.|[bid.
from « Cassiopeiz to y Andro- i Rey. J. B, Reade|{bid.
_ medz.

from a Andromede to @ Cas-|......ssccececcseceseuse Hartwell .:....... Rey. C. Lowndes|[bid.
siopeiz.
From «# Aquile to « Ophiuchi .|........0......8. ae Ree Stone cad). tees J. W. Eccles, Esq.|[bid.

From x Cephei to 6 Urs. Min..|...........0..seccueceee PDiACe Ps, Saeasaslese O. J. Grace, Esq.|Ibid.

hrough Pegasus, in a south-|..........ccescsessseese IDDIG se ssacevaenazae W. Carter ...... Ibid.
eastern direction. ;

Rey. J. B. Reade|[bid.
3° through Lacerta from N.to S.|... i O. J. Grace, Esq.|[bid.

H b. -taidelsep'eunes des Ibid.
im 7 Camelopardalis ............ It only broke out,|Stone ....... .....,Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
ida and then vanished.

‘rom 3° east of the moon, cross-|It appeared like the|Ibid................|, J. W. Eccles, Esq.|Ibid.

-edthe moon, and went about| flame ofa candle.
7° west of it.
from Cassiopeia to 3 Cygni ...)..........ccseececneeees Ibid

ough Aquarius from N. to S.|It was as bright asiIbid
Jupiter when it

ended.
"rom ¢ Bootis to the horizon.|............cs0cceeeeees Aylesbury ...... Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
It started a little to the E. of
Bootis.
om f Bootis down to the ho-|...........sceseesseeers EDIGs.ccecnseseaaes 1 Beeeare <chenceer Be Ibid.
rizon.
from a Arietis to @ Andromede|.................sse00ee Stone ............,J. W. Eccles, Esq.|[bid.

from about 24 Lyncis, passed|The same meteorStone Observa-|Vnt. Fasel, Esq. .|[bid.

| through 42 Urs. Maj.,and be-| was seen at Hart- tory.
tween the Pointers; and va-|_ well by Rev. C.

| nished in the middle of the Lowndes ; his ac-

} trapezium, about 53°from the] count perfectly

| little star above-named, 42. agrees with this.

from « Arietis to S.E. horizon .|.....0....ccsesceceesee- Stone .....2.0... J. W. Eccles, Esq.|Ibid.

from between a and « Aquilz|[t increased to 2nd\Ibid................ O. J. Grace, Esq.|Ibid.
to the horizon. mag.

4 the cluster in the sword of]........+......... eee PGs da etn cccocves Rev. J. B. Readel{bid.
) Perseus.

tarted from Algol, passed be-|............. paaeqee das DB eengcbisesiec ses Vnt. Fasel, Esq. .|Ibid.

| tween a and 3 Persei, and va-
| nished about 3° beyond y
Persei.

tom « Andromedz, and travel-|.......... same ts Ree USC nes eee BO is «sete nen
Jed about 8°towards x Andro-
‘mede.

aed

214 REPORT—1852.

Appearance and Brightness : Velocity or
Date. Honr. magnitude. and colour. Traimer sparks. Duration.
1851. | hm
Oct. 17) 7 47 50° jst mag. ............... ellowWies5s occas] LE AiM\.. Zepdscodcar cecequa ree ada
7 48 p.m. j3rd mag. .........ee00e- WELLOW «0.05.20 Ademasunsy Egeavys.s'eveetevtucnsrs[EeeIUldes hen taseuneel
7°50 p.m. 6th mag. ...:.......+.6. Red o.5.2. .susas ices + be4g- coxa. shve-sessnosse pe OACMAUE anv ecec as
7 54 p.m. [3rd mag. .......0-++-5 White. *..55 dail svsaseua liye dagt -: abont+s eee aes
8 Op.m. [5th mag. .............5 Red i354 cit deccolsapneapadeaas hte nne hs <gamte te Moderate .......s00
8 17 p.m. [4th mag. ...........064. Mellow?’ :-;: -ats|Assphucs snetbenss kv as cece vad Moderate......... ae
8 2) 30" list mae sos. ..s-.--ss- White
8 24 p.m. [4th mag. ............... Yellow
8124930" [2nd mag......i5;....... Blue
8 26 p.m. |Ist mag. .............+ Red
8 27 30...|1st mag. and as bright|Blue
as @ Lyre.
After it parted, that
of the 2nd mag.was|Bright orange.|Train .........ccsseeceeeseee .|Moderate.......0008
that of the 4th was|Blue............ IPTAIN -c0sercasdess oun svveas+|MOderate ....sceeees
8 35 p.m. [8rd mag. ..........0008 Bie is eiee ten NING varhicign Gal ceca ccpesuces Moderate....ss0++«
SLO p.m, [Grd Mar ec ssccsrasaeses Mite ht DOG eats separa anes ta-Saeue tose ssaqesnae SIOW...cccceesseeeees
9 25 p.m. [3rd mag. ............4+ BUC «5.22: 00543; |annesthconnene sss ducsashs+ enue 1d eeeeee
Nov. 2! 7 1 p.m. /2nd mag................ IBYUG te daderas2|socasss.meesecsestracoetoreeiee
7 2 p.m. |2nd mag. .............4. Le} hi Ge ck cope OOH BOSReECRCOEDEREO, Sacre ne Ly.
a 2 14 en Nag vcencenes cn MBINC secercges cs
4| 7 35 p.m. |3rd mag. ...........+05- Red it x. sarasaclldydeuddyeceacnyag@h-aecgas tec ipet ;
20) 6 32 p.m. |3rd mag. ...........65 RING 5.5. oseeesse IN. xacaeSeeadsseceseovesce Repl mreaccieress
.
21) 6 45 p.m. |As large as Mars, with|Of the same
a well-defined disc.} colour as
Mars.
22] 8 22 p.m. [8rd mag. ..........e000- Orange.........,JShort train .........ssseee. Id seeeus

N.B. The above 89 meteors were observed within the space of three months and three days. From
there have been many bright starry nights, on every one of which there has been a constant and car

1852. é
Aug. 3] 9 30 p.m. |Ist mag. and as bright|Light yellow .|Train ......s00.ssereeeseeeees
as Jupiter.
5/10 0 p.m. |2nd mag................ Reddish ...... il” srctectachenwraseemmeeee it mrs neta

10 18 p.m. |3rd mag. ............06 NVellOWi...nene-. U1 ieee SHAE Seon ae acne © .

15) 9 10 p.m. |2nd mag................ Whitish ...... Ill. .covconderecmmeneneenne Rapid ....c..+..amm

9) 15 pan. lord makenesrtecss sre. Yellow......... ci Meme aa Beet (ah ip aAts Rapid. ........s0gm

On the 10th August many meteors were seen between 9*

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 215

{ Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference.
; S| | —— | ——
from @ Bootis, went 5°, passing]......seccceccsseeseeees SHOHG 650k W. Whitbread,|E. J. Lowe’s MS,
between y and 3 Bootis. Esq.
from ~ Herculis to 6 Bootis :..|..... AL OsarSrnohos oo nc PDs; aesetecsess UG ieee ae ar aay fa Ibid.
MPI TO)0 BOOtis ,.........ccccalsccsonercocsseessensssee WPIGsseocst oacess at 1s Lae Rec ee e Ibid.
From y Lyre, and went in cir-liee.....ccsseeee PP Thidsisir devise. J. W. Eccles, Esq.|Ibid.
cular form to o Herculis. [Esq.
[PETE ee Ibid....... sosseeses]W. Whitbread, Ibid,
MPM PEPANI | om ....cacce|sanseeeeseococenest ated LU FES er Boe ee I aes se seceeeey Bs Ibid.
From « Lyre to y Draconis ...|..........ssesscseseeses 1G BRC rol Booerrc H. Smith, Esq....|Ibid.
From # Herculis to 3 Bootis ...).........ccsececsesssses Ibid...... easctesees Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
wBrom y Pegasi to Z Cygni......|......scc..seseecescoees Tbids;. ccsasieeeves Vnt. Fasel, Esq. .|Ibid.
Tt went 5°, running parallel with}...............ss0s00000 HOG Gaaaeret ated. Rev. J. B. Reade|[bid.
@ and £ Draconis.
om about 15° east of the sol-|Rev. J. B. ReadelIbid................ Vnt. Fasel, Esq. .|Ibid.
stitial colure and 7° above «| saw the same me-
Lyre; it went 4° towards} teor from a dif-
N.W., then parted into two] ferent place, and
Meteors, one of the 2nd and| the two descrip-

the other of the 4th magni-| tions perfectly
tude; they took a different] agree.
direction,each leaving a train.
That of the 2nd mag. went
_to s Herculis, and that of the
4th vanished at \ Herculis.

From about « Cygni to « Lyre.|It appeared low ...|Ibid.......s......6 Rey. J. B. Reade|{bid.

From 1° under Saturn, wentl............cescceseseee EDId wcssecdeerees as J.W. Eccles, Esq.|Ibid.
about 14° from E. to W.

From Polaris to 3 Auriga: ......|....cssesccsseseeeeeeees LING Been: Seaccace ol We erect es: Tbid.

Hhrough Lacerta from S. to N.J|......seccccsesseesenees EDId ss ccecsdeascn-05 Vnt. Fasel, Esq. .|Ibid.

From 6 Cygni to near @ Aquile]............ssscseeceeee Ibid deca codaetascee J.W.Eccles, Esq.|[bid.

Through w Herculis from east}.........cccssescesesees Thidsssscessssceaes Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
to west.

From Saturn to 6 Ceti ......cc.J.ccccccccccesecseetonees TDidseccssesissiiess J. W.Eccles, Esq.|[bid.

From a little below Polaris to Z|..........cescescceeeees Ibid......cdé ses? .{Rev. J. B. Reade|Ibid.
Urs. Maj.

Passed up the field of the tele-|....... sordid svonte de sevef[DIds..eeeeee soscselEGs casees deaddiees Ibid.

less than half a second. It
preceded v Herculis of the
3rd mag., and its declination
was the same as Brorsen’s
comet. Hence its R.A.=
15" 55™; its N.P.D. 43° 55’.
ONAL f....5...24.<00| .cc0dsiddtabvedyelseeces [bidssssso.t2schenn [Ides ehh Ships Thid.

atter end of November 1851 up to the beginning of August 1852, very few meteors were scen, although
00k out.—Vnr. Fast.

from about 2° south of ¢ Aquilz,|,....... stecnasepeecess Stone ...+++.,,+se| Vint. Fasel, Esq. .|Ibid.
‘and travelled about 10° in a
_S.W. direction. .
from 3 Urs. Maj. to very near|....sssee.seseeeee sevcee{ [DIG ccecessceeeeees Wd eens ...{[bid.
Sor. Caroli. :
rom « Cassiopeiz to half-way)..... bavdae dee ditch wave EDId.aveidticcssssys Nd, \ ccneewrdens sse-(Lbid.
to Polaris.
m about ¢ Delphini to »|.......6 «athe cach Ss oes MD ececcedscwss sce Ki BSE Rese hc Ibid.
Aguile.
tom 7 Pegasi, and travelled|...........ss0eseceeeees OU Shes doskcasscves HG Se Sces aman e, Ibid.
about 13° in a southward di-
rection.

0° pam. immediately after a thunder-storm.

ae

216 REPORT—1852.
VI. Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1851-52. Com-
Appearance and Brightness : : Velocity or
Date. Hour. magnitude. and colour. Train or sparks. Duration.
1850. | hm :
Sept. 4} From _ |A vast number of lu-|Various mag-|............ssseesseecsseeceseees Various velocities,
9 30 a.m. | minous bodies seen) nitudes,from but uniform.
to through atelescope| 2” to 20”
3 30 p.m. with discs.
1851.
May 2/10 0 p.m. |Circular illumination).......... edseceseleaends ROLE Asana ec Saweeetd Did not change

22/10 15 p.m.

olasaseseesasssoh

June 1} 8 30 p.m.

eeeeee

in the clouds, about
10° in diameter.
Large and_ brilliant}/Somewhat in-

meteor. creased in
size&bright-
ness, purple
and green.
Smaller andlessbright}..........+.... so

Brilliant light =moon|Became green
four days’ old. just before
disappearing

BLO WNAE: pesasaidese sess Gi bp Bn Sapp
OLE MAL. ....c0c..s0000. RGM ecscnuicers

>Sirius ...........+...|Bluish white .

10 9 ......{Ist mag. ..e..seeee wehive |ieeenedteeeenes 9
FS ee an 3rd mag. ...... an acavcdlecvoeesstees tes aoe
Aug. 3)19 27 ......|Gradually dying away)......... wes cvanid
and suddenly= Ist
BO SDA ec 5c] 200 WA ates sae cena Rca naveesrenacser
10 55 30* |4th mag. ....... aedewsen|teiecs sss paseeras
11 26 ....../4th mag. ....... Cidesetalateaceernees boat
9 57 p.m. [4th mag. ...........-. caf WRITE: .o8s030e
5ILO 16 p.m. f..-..0e0e0 gsnsWemets .++...|Reddish, bril-
liant.
7| 9 40 p.m. |2nd mag. ...........08. Blue, very
brilliant.
11} From (MMCTE OS renertaraccocss|asececsses Anctince

.|Continuous line of light...|1 Se. ......+0s.

place, lasted about
one minute.

Tail or streak, lasted tWO)..ccacesesestscsece stout
minutes.
seelsaaaic ts dice ceeruees sessecee(Lell and dissipated
at 10° alt.
INO train’ ..7.<eems ace dogs: {RMADIG cxatheteboaweem
INo train “.2....cs «ies soue nee Rapidl. csivcsecthbecan
No train ...... deacveusteetted melnisin eines 0's oS aE
INO train: \....0sddeua Songedad ees pees itineausee thea
No train ...... deecacersecasauled vensuwsistoeeWaes Cuan

weseaesite sais sckin seis ne aca saeiee ene ENC

assteds Sédscccecdscstvedeeds SSccape REGsmeewye treme tame
Evsuwecasded oon 2s sasesedes season] VERY EADLG) Geena
Sostaaceteseguegsseeteues oc cvcesd| RAPIE eis: ovals ck owed
Train of blue light, stopped|Slow.......++0se+eee

several seconds in its
progress, then proceeded }

eee neeeceecenereseceseseess se see[eeeeeececeneweereceees!

/

Sond

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 217

_ municated by various Observers.

_
Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference.
in a continuous stream due E.|...cec.sseesceceetaseees South Mimms.../Rev. W. Read,|MS. See nas
and W. about 18° in breadth. M.A. No. 1
MEU E er ieiisisanaissuabseevencsucecses Entirely cloudy .,.|Ennore, India, 11/Correspondent to i Appendix, No.
miles N. of} Dr. Buist.
Madras
nder a verandah, first Seen at}........secssesseseeeacs EDIGs Fo vcbeosaney dy ease yeuoe tre Ibid.

alt. 75°, fell perpendicular to
“horizon into the sea.

MMMNUETL GS-1. toc caccecaczas,|hotaes scsccesessivecnens MDGs sw aauaeae Gees Td. ésecs Racceeaan Ibid.

MEARE TOS. dvccccccocdoccctecaeeccevsese Rehatuatt Setar Calcutta, t.tcccces\hdes stisencsevesdee See Appendix, No.
5.

Beeb. alt. 25° to 15° ........0088 These two meteors|Rose Hill, near\Rev. J. Slatter...|MS. communicated

msti., alt, 25° t0'45°......s00.0 wereseenthrough| Oxford. to Prof. Powell.

hazy clouds, pur-
; suing each other.
a N.N.E., alt. 40°..... bbs baile: Communicated tol|Ibid............000. Wis asccesecaees .».|Lbid.
me by a friend
staying in ‘the
house.

hrough Ursa Major below B...|...+++.....scceseeeeeuee Thid.......sscee. LG BSS Sprorcobecceec” Ibid.
PMAMGESOILEATIUS .:..0...0.0:|c0cece-cnsogacessonesere TDIG....,..02000000 Ges eroeArbecora ee Ibid.
own on right of Milky Way,..|......cse.ssceecseeen eee PT t oh 6 ges eink cae 1 Bie Spe eeac crea ace Ibid.
BME CA QUANTI: 5. a.m oennnes|sciesencssUnsesonsesvers LISTS eAgen Benner ee LIG ER Recectanant Reena Ibid.
MRTG BOOLES 2... ..00...cconccaleconeccaseeeccstoceceore DIG osc .-dssereese dei weeds sesencetne Ibid.
elow Delphin. through Anti-|...........s.ssscesesees Ibid.............08 HG BS AepaReeScerthte Ibid.
nous.

Brough Sagittarius .........0.ecscseeccceeesesreeeeee {EDI eseeeeeeeees Wn cevarwcusnaers Ibid.
MEIC anes k sense vec ssees|s0edes canes deqpinssn scans i
PEE ASSIOPCI As... cncoeeicceniea|-sorceocescreeesee ccs ens

BNET one. cscs secs.|-esraseganee

om centre of Pegasus tol.
the rest.

low Cassiopeia, || to rest ....Jecscce.ssseseencsssesees HDT a gs dears vat ss 1G eam Ara aa 2 Ibid.
om « Pegasi,—-to rest With]........csceccessssesees DIGS cosiceevansie: Dee eves conensuseeee Ibid.
t force. .
om Aquar. to between 2]......sereeseesccecerses Ebidsse> ces oaecenes LG BOD poate scan fee Ibid.
and B Capric.
ae Ursa Major ............06 Passed downwards.|St. Ives, Hunts..|J. King Watts...|Ibid.
ow Ursa Major ............06. From N. to S....... Ubi wsesestesepanc LG Gs ee raguesece dec Ibid.
BRIBES | cate ds..nsecsnreesee Passed to N. ...... [Lt Beane ee are oe Sap ack) Ibid.
ic $ directions, 5 generally|Moon full; atmo-|Haverhill......... Mr. and Mrs. W.|/MS. communicated.
towards S., 2 towards N. sphere hazy. Boreham. See diagram, App.
No, 7.

218 REPORT-—1852.

Sept.

18] 9 52 p.m. |Small ....see-eree seers ALE weette coos |nesenstas hceusocelenserees eerie
19} 9 8 p.m. [Large .....-..ese secee{BIUISH ...cecccc[eceseeceeccececeseneeeeeasooeens

20/10 25 p.m. |Large and brilliant ...|White ......... Beautiful sparks and bright|Slow.......++..+» vaag
21) 9 23 p.m. |Srd mag. .....-.+-eeeee MEG asubso eee Rapid ..
i Slow.....

22| 9 35 p.m. |Large and beautiful .

Velocity or

Appearance and
Duration.

Brightness i
magnitude. Train or sparks.

and colour.

wweeee |Z WAP « pce cwesnenerene
eeveee| APIUUPILEL = cccvsseveses

ccc be | MSU MAR. cocccctsccvceeefecscssccsoussocccs

9 27 p.m. |Large and bright......
Very _ bright/Train continuous.........++-

and _ white,
increased un-
til it disap-

in

brilliant.
2| 7 30 pan. |An ill-defined lumi- Bright white,|.......csssesresesseennseeeeeeess
nous patch or band, gradually in-
longer diameter,| creased = in
slightly-inclined. brightness,
then decrea-
sed and dis-
appeared.

eneeee

seevee{/NTCCU LOLI soceseneesee

aadcclcauwes ceeapysccevelscemetisiogans ones sebasuemssnwece=s| sb ues sale aes

violet.
Illumination |No explosion, disappeared|About 5 secs «4

more than| suddenly, leaving no
half moon,| track, except a whitish
tinged with} trace at the upper part
blue. of its course.

19/11 Op.m.|Bright meteor, one-
fifth full moon, star-

Tee Re

peared witho
explosion.

senseetetwomlereseseecsereacere avcleccosecccecsececvenel

eeeeee Rapid eooeet err ee

pevjecccecccnccspeosccieccvcsccessouesaas see ses

* This day an immense meteor was

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 219
‘Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference.

-

a

Seneath Polaris .......... isle

through Perseus downward .

through Ophiuchus above » .

Phrough.Aquila above y

through Capric., slanting down

Jame as last, slightly curved ..

through y Cor. Bor. from un-
der Polaris.

seeeee

Beno ee erate tesa steno ees

Selow Virgo to west .....ss.s008
selow Ursa Major to west
‘rom Ursa Major to west ......
assed the whole length of Ursa

Major from ‘south to north,

eee OO eer

and in its progress rendered
some of his stars invisible.

down about 45° to S.W.

Hrom near Polaris, passed Ursa
re (see sketch in Appen-

alt. 25° to alt. 20°.

ll perpendicularly down, ap-
}) parently into the sea.

eee

Cee eeeeeee Peon seeeeeee

Oxford.

OOP r reer Peery

Pee Oe eee ewes rsssceeees

Cee ever eeeeeeeret teens

Passed S....ececsseee
Exploded with a
brilliant light.

Near

windows, also re-
ported by Mr.
Lowe.
In a storm, accom-|Several

eecerses

Rey. J. Slatter...

i

MS. communicated
to Prof. Powell.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.

..|[bid.

Ibid.

vd bvwrtandina dithering tag mia Td hats eantibis.
tu Idisiis..ee ..|Gamekeeper a5
To the W. of UrsalIbid...........0048. Td; ; scasaeved...s..
Major. ;
a little north of zenithl........... Ga eqats Boake Caleutta ...... ...|Correspondentto

Dr. Buist.

Farnham,|Mr. G. W. Hewitt
Surrey.

om. ae to N.N.E., from|Altitudestakenfrom|Rose Hill,Oxford.|Seen by some of

Mr. Slatter’s
family.

places|Several commu-

© below Cor. Bor. from near]......ceccceccssseeeeees Rose Hill,Oxford.|Rev. J. Slatter...|Ibid.
Polaris.
om Lyra down to the west ...|....sssssecseseseees ..../St. Ives, Hunts. JJ. King Watts...|Ibid.
RUAN: GOT! .c.svcndecpenec|svacessttsvcseneoeca ....{Garsington, near|Rev. T. Master-|Verbal communica-
Oxford. man. tion to Prof.
A Powell.
GWEESVewssessaciserccedseces Pe POLE Hea Beech cevececcch piney vesees[LDid.

.|MS. communicated}

to Prof. Powell.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.

Bombay Times,
App. No. 4.

MS. communicated
to Prof. Powell,
see App. No. 8.

MS. communicated
to Prof. Powell,

from Rey. J.
Slatter.
Bombay Times.

panied by arush-| near Bombay.| nicated to Dr.| See App. No. 6.
ing sound and a Buist.
noise as if of a
falling mass.
Gs we sesstesssseeseese (ose Hill near|Brother of Rey.|MS. communicated

Oxford:

J. Slatter.

to Prof. Powell.

220 REPORT—1852.
Appearance and Brightness : Velocity or

Date. a. magnitude. and colour. sete: iea Duration.

1851. | h m '

Nov. 4| 5 0 p.m. [Brilliant .........c00cee[escccceseeessenees Fell slowly towards the W.]........ er)
in a curve concave to 1
horizon.

10 2:p.m. |Large ....sscsrssseeneee Ee ROE ne Arann |
24/10 15 p.m. [Large ...........ceeeeee Purplish, bril- arya eae'e sve lelatetbiels Ge lee’
liant.
25| 7 G a.m. [2nd mag..........00000 Pale yellow jane|¢sssb ens corpesensceewahoneeusens About 1 sec. «.....
1852.
Mar. 12] 9 28°...... rial setddeacsanchases WSS! Sah wicins| pesciean cen icemeiiesen asvcecaeacinnt Slow: diecstes.tec¥eced
10) Sire. LAR BO eosne aster senioaces White, bril-|Sparkling, and _ stopped|Slow.......... Neteaee
liant twice in its progress.
April 20/11 25 ...... Ist Mag. ......ceccsseee|sossecenaeeccecees|ecerteneeeneeesccsnensasseoessees|seceeeaneeees dol sdeoeeet
Till 35 oe. Atl MQ. .....secesveecclesccnsveetececcacelenscescesassesensseeeseeesesceeselacsuasenege seeeeeebeooes
% Capella % Capella
T B + B
A Auroral beam.
% aloes aathie B C Course of meteor.
Pst i! rt
Mea Lie vulbd ss
repeat
me A
Cc .
TRUBS? £../4ER mega lanes adescesees)anasers sveesercer|sveseessoasecs cP assassevesensonceasea
12 25 ..000. == JUPILEL. eens soceesacs White ....00... Fine sparks ¢ .
May 14/10 33 30° |=Vega .....+...00e00- White ......... Fine sparks % w seaees
About
July 12) 9 59 p.m.|Apparent diameter|Very _ bright,/Noted shape Moved towards the} |
G.T. little inferior to full| ruddy co- N. very rapidly.) ‘
moon. lour. tail pointing to south. | Duration of visi-
bility about 2 secs) il
13/10 0 p.m. |Larger than 2. As it/Bright orange-|Disappeared without sepa-|About 2 secs. ...+.
(London fell brilliancy in-| red, chan-| ration; no explosion.
time.) creased; then seem- gingto near- |
ed to decrease and} lywhite,and !
again toincreasetill] then red
disappearance. again. : Teil
29) 9 45 p.m. |=2nd mag., but gra-|Bluish white .|,...scsesccssecssseeeereeceresneeleeeenes sabteeveccecevs of
dually decreased till] .
=5th.
Aug. 3] 9 15 p.m. |At first like a smalll..... snecesbuceses For about 15° gradually|Train ...sesscsseseed |
(G.m.T.) | star, intensely bright increased in magnitude, |

became brilliant, though
white (as if inflamed),
=2 diam. of 9 when
brightest, and continued
through about 30°, when
it suddenly resumed its
first appearance (as if
burnt out) and continued
onward some distance
further.

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 221

‘Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference.

_——

| a et |

Appeared first below and a little/Perhaps the same|St. John’s Lodge,|Miss G. R. Smyth|MS. communicated

to the right of the moon, in} as one seen in| Stone, near to Prof. Powell.
S.E.alt. Estimatedabout 35°.) Nottingham;vide| Aylesbury.
Mr.Lowe’s Catal.
From Polaris running northward].........ccccsssssseeees St. Ives, Hunts,.,|J. King Watts...|Ibid.
Left of Ursa Major tc north ...)..ccecccesccseessseeeees Tid. ...sceveeseves RAW eouseseec, soe. Lbids
Perpendicular down ............ Below Leo Minor .|/Huggate ......... Rey. T. Rankin .|Ibid.
From the Pleiades to the north]........s......sseceeees St. Ives, Hunts. .|J. King Watts...|Ibid
From Polaris to the N.W.......|.. migdilewseddeasneenevee Tbidesv......ceasee TG. *eosteceresssee.| EDIO.
From Ursa Major to 2° N. of|During Aurora ...|Rose Hill, nearjRey. J. Slatter...|Ibid.
| Mars. Oxford.
[From Capella .........0+...0000..

[The meteor f fell downwards till apparently near
the auroral haze, and then started aside into a wavy
course, as if repulsed. + followed downwards unin-
terruptedly. It was as if ¢ had been repulsed by
similar electric force and exhausted it. See figure

above. |
pm Capella ....c....sssceseseees MDA sais sarceatoa sete EDD ics deisissweet Hey cseceesaccues tee Ibid.
From 1° W. of Spica to Crater .|Ibid..........sesce008 TDid ee cv eae. Rds saettsdsaonee Tbid.
From Spica to Crater, curvelIbid.............c0000: Heys Pr Seenney pacer: Tdsssenieas ate terse Ibid.
curving upwards, intensely
incandescent at the endof the
curve,
Altitude about. 30° above west/Seen at Glasgow,|Dunse, Wm. Stevenson .|Ibid.
point of horizon. Helensburgh, Lat. 55° 47/N.
Perth, &c. Long. 2° 23’W.
‘Appeared in N.N.W. at alt. 20°|........sscee eneceeee -.(Carlisle. | SeenJJohn Carrick |Communicated to
| fell nearly vertically or a little also 90 miles} Moore, Esq. Prof. Powell,
| to E, W. of Carlisle. through Mr. Fa-
raday. See App.
No. 9.
Path perpendicular to a line, .........ccsseecceeeees Victoria Park, |W. R. Birt, Esq.|MS. communicated
joining Polaris and the Upper London. to Prof. Powell.

Pointer ; greater part of course’
above that line, and thence
_ down to horizon.
m a Lyre to past B Scor-|About 2 secs., velo-|Oxford.......2.... Mr. G. A. Row-|Ibid.
pionis. city uniform. ell.

222 REPORT—1852.

Velocity or

Appearance and Brightness
Duration.

pour. magnitude. and colour.

Train or sparks.

——

hm 4
i] so OD e rene | Se LSb WOARi kk wixssncde| reveals cha gunineds (Cds esedegleswesegeasiees teeeeevas[envaneecesenessenenereed

8] 9 40 p.m. [Small ....0.0c....se¢se9| WHILE cevecoses vacate vicsej. 2k. csanstist a Reine te

9 42 p.m. SyAll a veatscbscserdvpa set WHACC) Si ss vaste lscacan Set eeneeeeeees eeereeceeeses Rapid sees eeceseseree
9] From — [80 shooting stars ...|.sscscsssssesreeeslecnsnssrsenestteeerecessstenserss|eeeeesnteanannaneneneagal

BO DS: wees 1 brilliant .,........00)...eeeeeeeseeeeeee(Path illuminated for 30 or
, 40 secs.
10 21 p.m. |Large ...... rapraena vas| VUueOte ters sres}anacs=sseacenasetesasn sosocenscs{ APLC: sccvenceeesverae

10 30 p.m. |) Magnitudes full 1st|Mostly stellar |Almost all left a luminous|Velocity as usuall

a down to 5th or 6th. train. noticed. Duration

No. counted in 1’ to 5” or 6”,
10 40 p.m.!j northern sky.. 9
» = Ad os No. counted in
11 5pm. southern sky.. 13
ll a ee northern sky.. 12
4 ee he oy No. counted in
ll 45 p.m southern sky.. 14

No. counted in

7 eae northern sky.. 12} - y Night

ld i No. counted in cloudy.

0 35 am.*|{ Southern sky.. 18 —i78
9 20 pam. (Large .......c..0-sss0e| Whitish red...|Drilliant .....ssdaspasasvonvaal us sdGriseeesivaalltadll

11 12 pm.
ae counted in

9 22 p.m. [Small crcreesscseveseve] WHItE 2. cccvecloccesccescccsessconneseesseeceese(S1OWs ss sascssecenecneh
9 47 p.m. [Large ..........sseccee-|Reddish ...... Many brilliant ‘sparks, and|slow. endl
a train similar to arocket, h
thus ; |
n+ t
Slee ee |
9 53 p.m. [Small ........... seve WIG i. Se nm ac ow wee Sa Bl WeiS% acess
9 59 p.m. |Small ....... arias sobee White ... + ~~ + Sa, SNR A eae
ARs Cee '
10 1 p.m. |Large ....... ape eenonanc| NVIIEE Sips ecu Brilliant: ..0.c0sssesessoestose{AlaWWoee veide db te eed ae
10 1 p.m,*|Large ......... seccreres| WIIG ccseseee.| Brilliant seesssseeeesesecerses|SlOWsssssesereeeeeenes

* On this evening,|which was ver,y clear, many other meteojrs were visible be
sides the above, chieflly in the field b|etween Polaris, Ursa Majo\r and Lyra, five of
six being visible at thje same time, gioing in various directions.

Many the whole even-|None particu-|........... FidecatversveedevvesceleoadaucsamWersdveneiaa
ing, 17 in 20 mins.| larly _ bril- |

(from 105 45™, to) liant. |
11) 5™,)

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.

Direction or altitude. General remarks.

From near Cassiopeia towards| Velocity moderate,

| N.N.E. Through 14°. 2 secs.
We Mickacescsececscesss Reon carcerce From Ursa Minor .
MURR E fAL csonasasssnaccs|Gdetccescccpis vedecec ane

Poe eeeeC eee ee ees Creer ee eee rere ere ree

Nearly all moved to S. or\The meteors were
| S.S.W. In northern sky a| distributed over
_ few moved to N.W. and E. all parts of the
sky; the place
from which they
proceeded _ap-
peared to be in
the northern sky,
somewhere be-
tween Perseus
and the Pole, but
this is uncertain.

same time, thus :

“at each 45°. facing S.E.

Place.

223

Observer. Reference.

—~—-——,. —

Mr. G. A. Rowell/MS. communicated
to Prof. Powell.

St. Ives, Hunt-|J. King Watts,|Ibid.
ingdonshire. Esq.
TBId seer iteceseces es Lat eceakbwecvencse Ibid

eeacerees

St. Ives, Hunt-
ingdonshire.
Diunse: .cssevestes

Il from E. to W. Downwards|From a window|Oxford

crossed each other’s path,
and both shining at the

seer eeennene

Esq., and Mrs.) 11.
W. W. Bore-

ham.

J. King Watts,|MS. communicated|
Esq. to Prof. Powell.
‘Wm. Stevenson |Ibid.

(Esq.
OO e eH eee E DEO b er eeesenereresseneseceee From « Cephei to St. Ives, Hunt- J. King Watts, Tbid.
the S., then be- ingdonshire,
came stationary
several seconds
and threw o
j some largesparks
before it expired.
From Ursa Major. |Ibid....... dane Sanins Tae. veewes RP hee Ibid.
MTT eset iv cccupssissesssoscene From a@ Lyre |Ibids............60 | Bihepaneettenae ays Ibid.
ES through Cygnus
to zenith.
SI ne ee From zenith to W. |Tbid............0.6 1G Bee ene »...|Lbid.
et From Ursa Major|Ibid.,,...,.......+. LG Ee aac Poe Ibid.
downwards.
| ch manatees To Ursa Major ,../Ibid,.....,......068 Tides i siiecessces ,...(Lbid
Dee ivcccdvenscee Peete ees eeneeeenes From Cygnus*.
* * These two meteors

Mr. G. A. Rowell|\Communicated to

Prof. Powell.

224

Date.

1852.
Aug. 10

Hour.

hm
From
9 57 to
10 57
From
10 0 to
ui 0

9 2p.m.

9 8 p.m.

9 18 p.m.

9 27 p.m.
9 27 30°

9 28 p.m. Nearly as large as 1st}Commenced

Appearance and

REPORT—1852.

Brightness

Train or sparks,

Velocity or

magnitude. and colour. Duration.
23 shooting stars ...|.. awecltaeekes aeiees Se ge aceh oeheah vailsdieasts Jaca laladalaes Manns, ae
Numerous ; one large].........e0e..0e0 With long horizontal train|..... REPEC CEOS.
Star.
POCA EA dyes csosensusee| WiEte, NCTCH-|.x. 0c sedesccssevcenste seeeeeseeee(Obliquely — across

Between 2nd and 3rd)...... iieecver ls a
mag.
2nd mag.......+ e+seee-(Bluish-white

Small; Srd mag.....ocleccsersescccsveres

Between 2nd and 3rd).......sseee.seeee

mag.

mag. star,

sed rapidly in
brilliancy un-
til its extinc-
tion.

with consi-
derable bril-
lianey,which
graduallydi-)
minished as
it proceed-
ed, as if it
were a long
narrow cone
of light, the
base being
first illumi-
nated with
great bril-
liancy, and
the apex ve-
ry dim, as
under.

<2

SS ee

Colour _ bril-
liant white,
with silver
greyish tinge.

passed along.

vanished.

eee teem e rere eee e ee ee en aeneee

Cassiopeia, about)
half a degree N.
of y.

Obliquely towards

the horizon, a lit-
tle to E of y Pe-
gasi:

Slight scintillations as it|Shot from midway

between Cassio-
peia and Ursa)
Major, towards,
a Urse Majoris,
where it became
extinguished. |

rateits Pia Meeks ca ceiceevinacescatee From Cassiopeia td

B Pegasi.

‘Slight train, which quickly|From Cassiopeia te :

wards a Ursa
Majoris, nearly)
parallel to thé
course of the stal
seen by Mr. Hard)
ing ;

From Cassiopeia to

wards Ursa Ma
jor across f Cas)
siopeiz. |

4

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 225

Observer. Reference.

W. W. Boreham,|MS. See Appendix,
Esq. No. 11.

Correspondent to|Ibid.
Derby Mercury

W. R. Birt, Esq.|Ibid.
W. R. Birt, Esq.,|Ibid.

and J. Hard-
ing.

J. Harding, Esq.|Ibid.

REPORT—1852.

Appearance and Brightness Velocity or

Train or sparks.

Date. Hour. magnitude. and colour. Duration. |
1852. | h m
Aug 10) 9 34 p.m. |Small «.....+0-....s00s Bright ...00000+|,ccscssssesecessosocees soeeceees From below 6 &
Ursz Minoris
f Ursee Majoris
Q 37 PM. |-cecsesereccrseseseneeeserslecescencnees sanblal ese O ese sanaheabaanisanessnaneane From Algz obliq
ly toward the hi
rizon.
15| 9 5 p.m. |Small, brilliamt ......)......sssssseeeeeeleeeeeeeeee mateensdeasaee viscutuelauaeeesseacedsssehee q
OSB eens Small, globular ...... Bright bluish-|...........sseesecseeeeeseene assc| eeodesteeees becca
white. {
Immediate- |Very similar .........|... eeeceeceeres Sclanseneen ss sdvadscesceucseaceuswel tenteannarsse< steam :
ly after
last.
Ln | eee Light, =2nd mag....|.......sesseeseses|ee Gecaceccadswadescdsasecssscuadsltgteeesnt ss ceemenamm ‘

22) 7 44 p.m. |Nearly=half moon...|Brilliant clearLeft a train in its path .,.|Slow; several se-
white light. conds.

APPENDIX,

Containing original details of various observations of Meteors communicated
by the respective observers to Prof. Powell. °

No. 1.—It may be important for comparison to mention that in the Phil.
Mag., Jan. 1839, will be found observations of 54 shooting stars, seen in the
night of Noy. 12-13, 1838, at 109 York Street, Whitechapel, by W. R. Birt,
Esq.

No. 2.—Further particulars of the Meteor shower, April 19-20, 1851.
(See last Report, App., Nos. 23, 24, 25, 29.)

“ Meteors.—We have been favoured with the following from Madras on the
subject of the shower of meteors visible all over India on the 19th or 20th
of April. By a blunder of our own we mistook the Bombay date, and made
it Saturday the 19th, when it ought to been Sunday the 20th; and on this
night accordingly the shower was seen here, at Poona, and at Cawnpore. |
With all these coincidences we came to the conclusion that our Kolapore —
correspondent, who gave an account of them, had also mistaken-the date, and
that there had been one shower only. As he makes no sign of recantation,

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 227

Direction or altitude. General remarks. Place. Observer. Reference.
en re SS ae fe pene adn Victoria Park,|/W. R. Birt, Esq. |See Appendix, No.
London. 10.
NE gt RSs dsiSdiacs a dois v's se vvigsaad|spansbomeld gain. dblite de sore] LUA as bana canes cht sty ienteakpe Qe axen(LDIG
hove 6 Cassiopeize to S.E. for|.......c...seescseeeeees POIs cc ee eee scenets 1s eet bie fateh ot Ibid. No. 12.
above 3°.
ugh Pegasus’ square ......|..sseseeesseeess saiSaeye Ibid .....+...4+ spades Jcpesevecceaass Ibid.

°N. of B Cassiopeize towards|..........cs00sseesesen bide cede ieee Ci Bs Ee psec Ibid.

Pole.

m W. to E. with a slight]...............:c0see0e St. Ives, Hunt-/J. King Watts,|MS. Letter.
curve, from near a Lyre to ingdonshire. Esq.

beyond «@ Persei.

we now come to the conclusion that there were two showers on two suc-
cessive nights, bearing a very close resemblance to each other. The following
description is one of the most copious and clear that we have met with; it is
from the pen of one of the oldest and ablest of our observers in India:—
*¢On the evening of Saturday the 19th of April, I was sitting in a
_verandah of the Government House at Madras, facing to the eastward, from
about 3 past 8 to Z past 10. From the height of the verandah I could see
_ the sky to about an altitude of 60° or 65°, and about one-fourth of the horizon
_ between north-east and south-east. During the period above stated I counted
not less than forty meteors, of different magnitudes and brightness. The flight
of the whole was from north and north-east to south and south-west. Some
_ of them commenced their flight at a point of the heavens invisible to my eye,
_ whilst others came into sight whilst on their career, from my left-hand. Some
burned out (if I may use the expression) whilst visible, and others disap-
peared whilst yet burning to my right-hand. I heard no explosions, though
some of the largest left a bright streak or tail, the trace of which remained
_ for several minutes. The greater part of the time it was brilliant moonlight,
_ Which detracted greatly from the effect of the meteors.

Me No. 3. (Continued from the same).—*‘ During the period between the
&.- Q2

228 REPORT—1852.

29th of April, 1851, and the 6th of May the atmosphere at Madras was com-
pletely overcast with dense clouds. On the night of the 2nd of May (Friday),
at 10 o’clock, there was every symptom of the subsequent gale. At the
hour I state, I observed in the south-east quarter a very extensive circular
illumination of the clouds, which continued for above a minute. The space
in the clouds so lighted up might, I estimated, be about 10° in diameter,
but owing to the dense state of the atmosphere and the lowness of the
clouds, I saw nothing of the meteor, which doubtless covered the circular
illumination. I infer that the meteor was flying towards me, that is, from
south-east to north-west, because the shape of the illumination in the clouds
did not vary.

“¢QOn the night of the 22nd of this month, I was sitting, as is my wont,
under an awning on the terrace of my bungalow at Ennore (11 miles north
of Madras): I could see in altitude about 75°. About 3 past 10 o’clock, a
very brilliant and large meteor came within the range of my sight, and fell
apparently perpendicularly in the sea (Bay of Bengal). From the moment
it became visible to me it rather increased into size and brilliancy than other-
wise, and was in full blaze when it disappeared behind the sand-hills in front
of my bungalow, which is not above a quarter of a mile from the sea-shore.
The colour of this meteor, which seemed to be as large as an 84lb. shot (qu.),
was bright purple and green mingled, and it left a luminous tail or streak,
which did not wholly disappear for about two minutes.

“« Last night (the 23rd) I saw another meteor in the same quarter, but
neither of the dimensions nor brilliancy of that of the preceding night. The
flight was from north-west to south-east, and it burned out before it had got
within 10° of the horizon.—Ennore, 24th of May, 1851.

“Our correspondent mentions.a very brilliant meteor seen from Madras
some months since before sunset; it swept clean across the sky, and was so
light and of such magnitude that it caused a glare over the landscape even at
this early hour. This is the third meteor within the year that has been visible
in daylight in India; that seen to explode on the 30th of November, 1850,
near Bissunpore at 3 p.M.,—the stone was afterwards picked up ;—-and that
seen near Beerbhoom at 9 p.M. on the 8th of January, 1851.” [See last Re-
port. ]|—Bombay Times, June 4, 1851.

No. 4.—‘ A correspondent of the Bengal Hurkaru, subscribing himself
‘W. M.,’ gives the following interesting account of a meteor which he had ob-
served on the night of the 19th of September :—

«<¢ A splendid meteor burst over Calcutta last night about 11 P.m., and I
send this notice to you that it may serve as a record of the event. On the
13th, 14th, and 15th, the atmosphere was dry and its general movement from
south-west, the lower clouds also moved from south to west, little wind and
occasionally sultry and oppressive. On the 16th and 17th a storm or squall
brewed in the south-east during the afternoon, but did not visit us. On the
18th of September the clouds and atmosphere during the forenoon moved from
south-west ; the weather dry and close. Between 3 and 5 p.M. nimbus clouds
passed over quietly from north-west to east, with scarcely a breath of air. After
5 p.M. the aspect of the sky was again dry. The chirping of the crickets was
unusually loud, and the weather close and sultry. About 11 p.m. the sky was ©
clear, but the stars were not brilliant, and there was no wind, when a most
splendid meteor lighted up in zenith or a little north of it, and shot down
half-way to south a little west, illuminating the landscape as if the full or
half-moon had suddenly appeared on high. The meteor was a bright ball of

.

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 229

light appearing to be of a size equal to one-fifth the area of the full moon: it
was star-shaped, its light brilliant with a faint tinge of blue, but its light re-
flected from surrounding objects had a green tinge even in the sky ; and in
its progress there was a curdling appearance in the sky, about ten or fifteen
degrees in advance of it, as if cirrus or fleecy clouds, very gauzy and thin, were
retreating from it and crowding on each other, or more like a very thin and
watery solution of white paint brushed over a smooth and polished surface
and then invaded by the finger. The white particles fly from the finger with
the repelled liquid, and form a white fleecy circle at a little distance all. round
it. The meteor endured as long as a person would require to take five or
six steps at a quick march and disappeared at once, from perfect brightness
to nothing, leaving no apparent track where it was extinguished : but in the
upper part of its course, a little south of zenith, there was a milky or phos-
phorescent line, its thickness that of the little finger, and tapering towards the
south ; and between its southern point and the spot where the meteor vanished,
a clear space of some degrees without any evidence of a track. There was
no appearance of an explosion, nor did I hear any sound. I am not quite
certain of the hour, but I think the church clocks were chiming eleven a few
minutes after the meteor disappeared. Shortly after a light southerly air
sprung up, and during the night the temperature was low, approaching to
cold.’”—Bombay Times, Oct. 3, 1851.

No. 5.—“ On the Ist of June last, about 83 p.m., while there were clouds
around, cirrostratus overhead, and moderatesouth-east wind blowing,a splendid
meteor shot-from zenith towards south: it gave a light like that of the moon
when it is four days old, and turned to a green star just before it disappeared.
This meteor was preceded by four days of dry and sultry weather.”—Jbid.

No. 6.—“ Some singular phzenomena occurred during the thunder-storm
of Thursday evening, Sept. 25, 1851, which seem well-worthy of record.
Exactly at a quarter past ten, when the thunder was at its loudest, the inha-
bitants of the northern end of the Fort were alarmed with the sound as if of
a large mass of something rushing violently through the air, the noise
resembling that of a huge cannon-shot passing close by ; and immediately

» afterwards a tremendous crash was heard, as if the mass had impinged on the
ground or penetrated some of the buildings; nothing however could yester-
day morning be discovered in the neighbourhood. The whole closely re-
sembled what is mentioned as having occurred in Ross-shire in August 1849,
when a huge mass of ice was found to have fallen. The rain was at this time
falling so furiously, the night was so dark in the intervals between the
flashes of lightning, and these last so bright and frequent, that a meteor of
any size might have “swept unheeded by;” yet appearances look very much
as if something of this sort had fallen, and we should recommend observers |
to be on the outlook for the corpus delictimore than likely at the same
time to have dropped into the sea. A tumbler half-full of water, on the side-

- board of a house near the Mint, fell in two about seven in the evening, im-
mediately after a vivid flash of lightning! We have it now before us; it is
cut almost as clean asunder as if cloven with a knife. The storm abated
somewhat after eleven, having apparently gone round to the west and south-
west : half an hour after midnight it again got round to east, and several loud
peals of thunder were heard; the lightning throughout was almost continued.
Shortly after one all was tranquil again."— Bombay Times, Sept. 27.

“ The Meteor.—The writer of the following most interesting notice has our
grateful thanks ; we trust to hear further of the matter from the lighthouse,

230 REPORT—1852.

or those on board the outer light-vessel. We have no doubt whatever that this
was a meteor or fire-ball of large dimensions which has fallen into the sea :—
‘It may be of interest to you, with reference to the notice in to-day’s paper
of the storm on the night betwixt Thursday and Friday, to know that I was
last evening informed by a seafaring friend of mine, who was, at the time the
Times describes the rushing sound to have been heard, sitting on the deck of
a vessel in harbour watching the storm, that he saw what appeared to be an
immense mass or ball of electric fluid fall perpendicularly (as it were) into
the sea, apparently near the outer light-vessel: the persons in charge of this
craft may probably be able to afford further information.’ ”—Zbid. Sept. 29.

“Some further particulars of the fall of the meteor which occurred during
the thunder-storm of Thursday evening noticed in our two last issues, have
since then been received. The mighty rushing sound and violent concussion
perceived by hundreds of persons in the Fort, was so in exactly the same
manner in Colaba, a mile to the southward,—at Ambrolie, two and a half miles +
to the north-west,—as it was in the Roadstead, a mile to the eastward. All the
parties between these two extremes of nearly four miles give exactly the same
account of the matter. The sound was said to proceed from the northward as
of that of a body passing right over head towards the south, and striking the
ground at no great distance. As these phenomena are spoken of by all parties
as nearly identical, the meteor must have passed when at its nearest at a di-
stance of ten or twelve miles at least. We want more information on the sub-
jeet; the smallest contributions will be acceptable: only one party who has
communicated with us actually saw it rush through the air, and observed it
fall near the outer light-ship.’—Jdzd. Sept. 30.

“ The Meteor of last Thursday.—The following notice of the meteor of
Thursday last, Sept. 25, closely corresponds with what has already reached us :
had our correspondent been able to yive us anything like an exact idea of
the interval which elapsed betwixt the fire-ball being seen and the sound being
heard, we might have formed an estimate of the distance of the falling body,
if the hissing spoken of was in reality the same as the rushing through the
air described by other observers. We shall be happy to receive the further
communication our correspondent promises us. ‘ My wife and I had been
watching the lightning for some time at the door of our bungalow, but feel-
ing very much fatigued, being an invalid, I retired to the sofa, and had scarcely
done so when my wife called out that she saw a ball of fire fall into the sea
in the vicinity of the outer light-ship. The heavens appeared to open at one
spot, from which it descended. This took place between the hours of ten
and eleven-p.m. Neither of us noticed at that time any peculiar noise, but
at a later hour I said, Listen to the conflict going on amongst the elements:
they seemed hissing one another for some moments. 1 recollect many
years since, when residing at Sidmouth, on the coast of Devon, during a
violent storm, a large ball of fire fell into the sea, illuminating the whole re-
gion; but in those years little or no notice was taken of these things.’ ”—
Ibid. Oct. 2.

No. 7.—Meteors seen by Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Boreham, Aug. 11, 1851,
from 10 to 11 o'clock. Right ascension of zenith 19 20™ to 20" 20™,

t

a
a

231

.
a 7
a we”:
a) “aa
Ay sa 3
_-ouny po07r104
A Soe Me paewe Se. ete te cnt 4
> 3 be ;
5 = “110 mi -
—“aifol!
6 ese we
A Dn sie of sf : 41
Sage oS wae
3 pe

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS.

No. 8.—Diagrain of Mr. Hewitt’s meteor, Sept. 20, 1851.

232 REPORT—1852.

No. 9.—Extract of a note from John Carrick Moore, Esq., Corswall,
Stranraer, N.B. Addressed to Mr. Faraday.

“On the evening of Tuesday, the 13th of July, 1852, I happened to observe
a very brilliant meteor. I was walking on the bridge of Carlisle when it oc-
curred. It resembled a large star, but certainly bigger than Jupiter, which
was shining bright at the time. It was about N.W. or perhaps N.N.W., and
seemed to fall vertically, or with a very slight inclination to the E. I guess
the altitude when it first appeared to have been about 20° above the horizon.
[I am aware that persons not in the habit of using instruments generally ex-
aggerate altitudes; but still I do not think it could have been less.] The co-
lour was a bright orange-red ; as it fell, the brilliancy increased ; it became
nearly white, and then again a very bright red, and disappeared without di-
viding. The night was still, there were no clouds, and not the slightest sound
was perceptible. I do not think it could have been two seconds visible. It
had scarcely disappeared, when the clock of Carlisle, set to railway, that is
London time, struck 10.

“J would mention a circumstance, which I thought I noticed, but in which,
as the time was so short, I may be deceived. The meteor appeared after the
brilliancy increased, suddenly to become dim, and then again to shine out in
its greatest brightness, which was at the moment of its disappearance. It
seemed so near, that I tried to mark the spot where it fell. Mr. Hyslop, the
clergyman of Kirkcolm, tells me he also saw it on the shore of Loch Ryan,
about 90 miles as the crow flies to the west; he expected it also to fall near
him. Mr. H. tells me it seemed to him to fall with a considerable slope to the
east. He did not observe the dimness after the first increase of brilliancy,
which I have mentioned, and of which I feel rather confident ; the more so,
that I did not expect it, and never heard of such being observed before.”

No. 10.—Extract of a letter to Prof. Powell from W. R. Birt, Esq.
“11a Wellington Street, Victoria Park, London, Aug. 11, 1852.

“My dear Sir,—I have the honour to transmit to you the enclosed obser-
vations of luminous meteors witnessed by myself and a friend, Mr. J. Hard-
ing, last evening in the Victoria Park. The two classes of shooting stars are
very apparent, viz. those stars that nerease in brilliancy during their progress,
and those that decrease as they proceed. The first star seen by myself, at
94 9™ p.m., is an instance of the first class, and that seen by Mr. Harding, at
95 28™ p.m., is a fine instance of the second. The description by Mr. Harding
appears to be very accurate: I regret I did not catch it, but the figure given
well describes the appearance presented by the meteor seen on the evening
of July 29th, an account of which I forwarded you. The paths of the whole
of the stars now sent, if prolonged, meet in the constellation Camelopardalis,
and may be regarded as confirmatory of the point of divergence being in this
constellation at this period of the year....... The same feature which I noticed
three years since was well brought out last evening, viz. the retrograde move-
ment of the meteors towards the southern and eastern part of the heavens,
and the direct movement of those in the northern and western,—confirmatory
of the idea that the real movements of the meteors are of a planetary nature
and opposed to the motion of the earth in its orbit, unless they should be com-
paratively at rest as the earth passes through the group.

‘“‘T have the honour to be, my dear Sir,
“ Yours very respectfully,

“ Rev. Professor Powell.” “W. R. Birt.”

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 233

No. 11.—Letter from Mr. W. W. Boreham to Prof. Powell, with diagrams
of meteors. a

“ Haverhill, Aug. 13, 1852.

“ Dear Sir,—I enclose three diagrams of the approximate paths of 80 on
Aug. 9, and 23 on Aug. 10. .

“On the former evening I was assisted by Mrs. Boreham; on the 10th I
observed alone, looking westward.

“There was one very remarkably brilliant meteor at 10° 58™ on the 9th,
the path of which was illuminated for 30 or 40 seconds (marked *).

“ Trees interfered with my seeing it perfectly.

“T am, dear Sir, yours most truly,
“ Rev. Prof. Powell.” “Won. W. BorEHAM.”

Fig. 1.
North.

West. | East.

South.

Aug. 9, 1852, from 10" 25™ to 10% 55" mean time. Right ascension of zenith 19" 40™ to
204 10",

234 REPORT—1852.

Fig. 2.
North.

South.
Aug. 9, 1852, from 10" 55™ to 11" 30™ mean time. Right ascension of zenith 20" 10™ to
Ob 45™,

No. 12.—Note from W. R. Birt, Esq., to Prof Powell.

“‘ Observations of Luminous Meteors seen at 114 Wellington Street, Vic-
toria Park, London, by W. R. Birt.

1852, Aug. 15, 9° 5™ p.m.—A very small luminous meteor passed just
above ( Cassiopeie towards the south-east, its visible part less than half a de-
gree ; it was very brilliant for its size, which was less than a star of the third
magnitude.

“©1852, Aug. 15, 9" 8™p.m.—A small globular meteor, between second and
third magnitude, passed about midway between a Andromedz and (3 Pegasi;
it appeared to describe a somewhat curved path, but very slightly so, within
and nearly parallel to the sides of the square formed by a, ( and y Pegasi and
a Andromede ; its motion was from the line joining a Andromedez and 6 Pe-
gasi to that joining a and y Pegasi.

“ Immediately afterwards another very similar meteor described a very
similar and nearly parallel path about the same distance, east of a Andromede
and a Pegasi, as the former star was west of them: both these meteors very
closely resembled the falling stars designated b, No, 4 and 5, observed on the

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 235

Fig. 3
North.

South.

Aug. 10, 1852, from 9» 57™ to 10°57™ mean time. Right ascension of zenith 19" 15™ to
~ 208 15™.

10th of August, 1849 (see Report, 1849, pp. 51, 52). The approximation
of the parallelism of their paths clearly indicates them to have been two
distinct bodies ; colour a bright bluish white. :

« Aug. 15, 9* 10™ p.m.—A bright meteor fully of the second magnitude
shot across the Milky Way about half a degree north of (3 Cassiopeiz towards
Polaris.

“Upon comparing the path of this star with that observed on August 10,
‘9° 2™ p.m. (1852), it will -be found that their paths cross at rather a consider-
able angle, the star of August 10 moving from Capella towards Cygnus, ~
which would be slightly erratic from the general direction of movement wit-
nessed on that evening. The direction of the star seen this evening at 9" 14™,
is considerably at variance with the motion of the other three, indicating that
the body was certainly moving (¢. e. with its true motion) in a different di-
rection.”

No. 13.—Communication from the Rev. W. Read, M.A., to Professor
Powell.
“ Croydon, Surrey, Aug. 12, 1852.
“J have the honour to transmit an account of a singular pheenomenon wit-

236 REPORT—1852.

nessed by myself and my family on the morning of the 4th of September,
1850.

“JT was then residing at the Vicarage, South Mimms, Middlesex, in a
situation peculiarly favourable for astronomical observation.

“T had been engaged for several consecutive days in observing the planet
Mercury during his approach to the sun; partly to test the accuracy of my
power of observation by the calculations of the Nautical Almanack, but
chiefly to remark how nearly I could trace the planet in his course to the sun,
before he should be wholly lost in his rays.

“For this purpose I used the most careful adjustments my instrument was
capable of, and continued my observations without noticing anything peculiar.

“When, however, on the morning of the 4th of September I was preparing
my equatoreal before it was fixed on the planet, I observed, passing through
the field of view, in a continuous stream, a great number of luminous bodies ;

‘and I cannot more correctly describe the whole appearance, than by employ-
ing the same language which I used when I communicated the circumstance
to the Royal Astronomical Society, in the Monthly Notices of Dec. 13, 1850,
and Dec. 12th, 1851.

“ When I first saw them I was filled with surprise, and endeavoured to ac-
count for the strange appearance by supposing that they were bodies floating
in the atmosphere, such as the seeds of plants, as we are accustomed to wit-
ness them in the open country about this season; but nothing was visible to
the naked eye.

“ The sky was perfectly cloudless ; and so serene was the atmosphere, that ~
there was not a breath of wind through the day, even so much as to cause
any perceptible tremor of the instrument; and I subjected the luminous
bodies to examination by all the eye-pieces and coloured glasses that were
needful; but they bore every such examination just as the planets Mercury
and Venus did, both of which were frequently looked at by me, for the pur-
pose of comparison, during the day ; so that it was impossible I could resist
the conclusion (much as I was early disposed to hesitate) that they were real
celestial bodies moving in an orbit of their own, and far removed beyond the
limits of our atmosphere.

“ They continued passing, often in inconceivable numbers, from 3 past 9
A.M., when I first saw them, almost without intermission, till about 5 past 3
P.M., when they became fewer, passed at longer intervals, and then finally
ceased.

“‘ The bodies were all perfectly round, with about the brightness of Venus,
as seen in the same field of view with them; and their light was white, or
with a slight tinge of blue; and they appeared self-/uminous, as though they
did not cross the sun’s disc; yet when seen near him they did not change
their shape, or diminish in brightness.

“They passed with different velocities, some slowly, and others with great
rapidity ; and they were very various in size, some having a diameter, as nearly
as I could estimate, about 2”, while others were approaching to 20".

‘<I tried various powers upon them, and used both direct and diagonal eye-
pieces; but with every one I employed they showed the same appearance,
being as sharply defined as the planet Jupiter, without haze or spot, or in-
equality of brightness.

“T naturally anticipated some such appearance at night, but after > past 3
I saw nothing peculiar, though I waited till 11 p.m. ; but have since been in-
formed that at 3 past 11 (it is believed on the same night) a meteor of amazing
brilliance and size, and passing in the same direction and about the same al-
titude, was observed by Mr. Ballan of Wrotham Park, in the immediate
neighbourhood of South Mimms.

A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 237

“T repeated my observations the following morning, and then saw one such
single body pass in the same direction as those of the preceding day.

“They occupied a tolerably well-defined zone of about 18° in breadth ;
and, though with some exceptions, their direction was due east and west.
Their motion was perfectly uniform, so far as I was able to follow them with
the instrument at liberty; and they were observed continuously by myself and
members of my family, accustomed to the use of instruments, both by day
and night.

«‘ The telescope I employed on this occasion is one of 34 feet focal length,
and 23 inches aperture, by Mr. Dollond, of faultless performance and mounted
equatoreally by Mr. Jones of Charing Cross, the circles divided by Mr.
Rothwell of London, and reading off to 5!'.

“IT understand that a similar phenomenon has been witnessed by Mr.
Cooper of Markree Castle, County of Sligo, though I have not communicated
with that gentleman on the subject; but I take the opportunity of subjoining
a portion of the contents of a letter to me from Charles B. Chalmers, Esq.,
F.R.A.S., now residing at Jugon, Cotes du Nord, France.

“‘ He thus writes :—‘ About the latter end of the year 1849, I witnessed a
phenomenon similar to that which you saw in September 1850, in every re-
spect, excepting that I thought some of the bodies were elongated, though
certainly the majority were globular; and their brightness appeared to me
about equal to that of Venus, as seen at the same time.

“‘<T was then residing at Weston-Super-Mare, in Somersetshire ; and the
instrument with which I saw them was a 5-feet telescope, equatoreally
mounted, in a fixed observatory. ,

_ “*T was engaged similarly to yourself in observing the planet Mercury;
about 4 past 10 a.m. I was at first inclined to believe it must be the seed of
some plants of the thistle nature floating in the air, but from my position that
could not have been the case.

“<« The wind on the day I observed the phenomenon was very slight; but
such as it was it came from the sea. The bodies all appeared sharply defined,
no feathery appearances that I could detect ; and I did not observe any differ-
ence in their brightness during the time I observed them’.

“ Mr. Chalmers, then, after offering some remarks on a communication
made by Mr. Dawes to the Roy. Astron. Society’s Notice in April 1852, says,
‘My impression certainly is that the phenomena observed by Mr. Dawes
and myself were not similar, and I trust that future observers may throw a
clear light on the subject; for though Mr. Dawes is a very high authority,
he is not infallible’.

“I feel it right, myself, to notice, that in the paper referred to by Mr.
Chalmers, Mr. Dawes conceives an appearance which he saw to have been
produced by seeds floating in the atmosphere.

“ No one, I am sure, would doubt the correctness of his observations on
such subjects; but, excepting in the season of the year, there is so little real
similarity, that they cannot be parallel cases; and in his concluding observa-
tion that ‘had such a dense shoal of bodies so brilliant as those described by .
me, as seenin September, passed in the night, they would have sufficed to turn
darkness into day;’ no doubt but that would have been the case, as it was

_ in the phenomenon witnessed by Messrs. Olmsted and Palmer in America,

as recorded by Capt. Smyth and Baron Humboldt.

“In conclusion, I may be permitted to say to the British Association, that
I had been, at the time my family and myself witnessed what I now commu-
nicate, a careful observer with superior instruments for upwards of 28 years,
but that I never saw such appearance before nor since that period.
3 “ WittrAm Reap, M.A.”

238 REPORT—1852.

No. 14.—Letter from Dr. Buist to Prof. Baden Powell, Oxford.

“ Bombay, July 24, 1852.

** Dear Sir,—I have done myself the pleasure of forwarding from time to
time to your address copies of the ‘ Bombay Times,’ containing notices of
meteors seen on the coast of India in the course of the year. I regret to say
that the list is a poor one; whether it be the want of reapers or the barren-
ness of the celestial field which has prevented more information being gathered,
I shall not take upon myself to determine. I have been about as much out
in the open air as usual, that is, I have driven home from office six miles every
evening after dark, and so am likely to observe var unusual in the skies :
this season I have absolutely seen nothing.

“ One of the most extraordinary circumstances hitherto observed, is the
length of time through which they are occasionally visible in one spot, when
they must either be approaching or retiring from the earth in a line with the
observer's eye. Another adverted to by Olmsted is the almost equally sur-
prising train of light they occasionally leave behind them ; the most extraor-
dinary case of which is that described in a recent number of the Journal of
the Bengal Asiatic Society, by Professor Middleton. ‘I was awakened,’
says he, ‘ at four o’clock on the morning of the 4th of Sept., 1844, by my friend
Mr. Williams, Head Master of the College, who remarked to me that some-
thing remarkable had occurred towards the north, when a truly beautiful
object presented itself, namely a delicate white arch of light, extending from
about four degrees from the horizon on the west, to about seven on the east,
its crown rising up to near the Pole star. It looked as if an even and rigid
rod coated with phosphorus had been made to arch the sky in the manner
described. It was seen under very favourable circumstances, also in so far
as no trace of cloud was anywhere visible, the sky being at the time of that
peculiar depth and transparency which is to be witnessed here during a break
in the rains. The account which he gave of its first appearance was this :—
a servant rushed into the house in great fright, declaring that the sky had split.
He first saw he said an immense ball of fire pass from east to west, which left
behind it the rent which had terrified him so much. During the time which I
was able to observe the arch, about twenty minutes, it increased in curvature
near the crown, which besides moved slowly through about two degrees to-
wards the east. The dawn was now setting in, and the arch diminishing in
absolute brightness, though still as well-defined as at first, and before it had
ceased to be distinguishable it had shortened by several degrees, rushing away
from the ends upwards.’

“JT sent to you last year an account of a meteor seen here on the 6th of
November, 1850, a few minutes before seven o'clock. When first seen it was
about 60° above the horizon, and was rushing towards the south. It tra-
versed an arc of about 40°, when it exploded without noise, descending in a
number of brilliant fragments towards the earth. It left a long stream of
brilliant white light behind it, ten or twelve degrees in length, resembling the
tail of a comet, and which was visible for full twenty minutes. Seen through a
telescope it bore exactly the appearance of a comet, the nucleus, even after
the explosion, and when nothing was visible to the naked eye, but the light
appearing like a star of the second magnitude, surrounded by luminous va-
pour or cloud. Captain Shortrede describes a meteor seen by him from Churla
on April 11, 1842; it was from ten to twenty degrees in length, equally bright
throughout, except at the upper’end, where it was rather faint. It continued
of the same appearance and at the same place for two or three minutes, when
it became fainter and fainter and then vanished. There are numberless
instances in which similar things have been visible, but for shorter periods of
time. I called your attention last year to the extraordinary shower of me-

ON THE INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION ON PLANTS. 239

teors seen on the 19th of March, 1851, at Shekarpoor, Bombay, Kholapoor,
and Cawnpoor, over an area of nearly a thousand miles each way. I have
now to bring to your notice the following remarkable facts in reference to
fire-balls seen to fall during thunder-storms.

‘“‘] have scarcely any hope that this will reach you in time for the Meet-
ing of the Association, as this is our season of slow mails, It was not in my
power to despatch it sooner, and the facts may be worth preserving though at
present useless to you.

‘“‘ We have had three instances this season of what seems to have been the
fall of an aérolite during thunder-storms. On the 25th of September a violent
explosion occurred in the air at Bombay, followed by a wild rushing sound
overhead, heard at various points over an area of thirty miles in length and
eight in breadth, followed by a severe conucssion, as if a heavy body had
fallen, just before the occurrence of which a large fire-ball was seen plunging
into the sea. On the 18th of March, during a violent thunder-storm near
Dhutmah in the north-west provinces, at seven P.M., a thunderbolt, as it was
called, was seen to fall and strike the ground, giving out in the course of the
concussion a clear ringing sound like the crack of a rifle; there was no echo
or reverberation at all like thunder. It appeared 150 yards from Choki, and
resembled in its descent a huge ball of red-hot iron with a band of fire esti-
mated at about thirty feet in length. On the 30th of April, about midnight, a
violent explosion was heard during a storm of wind and rain at Kurrachee,
resembling the discharge of a vast artillery battery, and about half a minute
afterwards a meteor, partially obscured by the rain, but still distinct and visible,
was seen descending into the sea. It is now well-established that in India at
all events earthquakes are almost always accompanied by furious storms of
thunder, lightning, wind and rain: it is difficult to trace the cause of coinci-
dences so remarkable in the commotions of the earth and air, still more so to
imagine any connection whatever betwixt the perturbations within the limits
of our atmosphere and the movements of solid bodies entering it from re-
gions beyond its boundaries; yet it is surely possible to suppose a thunder-
storm propitious to the precipitation on the surface of the ground of bodies
which might otherwise have passed on in their career.”

On the Influence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers of
Plants growing under different Atmospheric conditions. By J. H.
Guapstone, Ph.D.

THERE are few subjects of experimental research in which such opposite
statements have been made as on the mutual action of the atmosphere and
the vegetable kingdom; even the apparently simple question as to whether
plants increase or diminish the amount of oxygen in the air was long a matter
of dispute. This arose partly from defective modes of analysing gases ;
partly from experiments upon plants being made under circumstances very
unfavourable to their healthy development; and partly also from variations
in light having a great influence in modifying the functions of the vegetable
world. The history of these discussions, in which many of the greatest
_ philosophers of the day took part, is too long and too well known to need
further notice here. When it was fully conceded that carbonic acid really is

-

240 REPORT—1852.

decomposed by the plant, it was natural enough that those who observed the
wonderful powers of the chemical rays of the solar spectrum in reducing
salts of silver and other substances, should refer the chemical changes taking
place within the vegetable tissues to the same occult agency. But Dr.
Daubeny, in an admirable investigation, published in the Philosophical
Transactions for the year 1836, has shown by indisputable evidence that it
is the luminous, and not the chemical or the calorific rays, which cause the
decomposition of carbonic acid with emission of oxygen from the leaves, the
formation of chlorophyl, the irritability of the Mimosa, the evolution of water,
and indirectly at least the absorption of it by the roots. The colours of
flowers are supposed by this author to depend also on the luminous rays;
sunshine was found to act far more energetically than diffused daylight ;
while no colouring effects were observed to be produced by any artificial
illumination, not even by that afforded by incandescent lime.

That portion of the inquiry requested by the British Association which
devolved upon me, embraced a question not included in the investigations of
the Oxford Professor, nor in those of any other experimentalist, as far as I
am aware: I refer to the influence of various atmospheric conditions in
conjunction with light. This circumstance necessitated the employment of
closed vessels under whieh the plants should be grown; and glass, from its
transparency, was not only the best but almost the sole article which could
beemployed. Bell-shaped glasses were accordingly procured ; and they were
made of various colours, in order that the different properties of the spectrum
might be to a considerable extent separated.

The blue glasses mentioned in this paper had each a capacity of about 690
cubic inches. A smaller bell-glass of 172 inches capacity was also employed
in an experiment not described on the present occasion. The yellow glasses
had a capacity of 650 cubic inches; the red of 558; and those made of
colourless glass of 740 cubic inches. The darkened glasses mentioned below
were made by partially covering bell-jars with brown paper, thus excluding
the light except such as passed through about one-eighth of the surface of
the glass, and that on the side turned away from the window. Their cubic
contents were 500 inches. Small colourless and yellow glasses were also
procured, each having a capacity of 177 cubic inches.

The blue glass employed is of so intense a colour, that it cuts off by far
the greater portion of the luminous rays, but photographic paper showed that
it admits the chemical rays freely ; it may also be considered as interfering
much with the transmission of heat. The red glass, on the contrary, freely
admits the calorific influence, but stops the chemical, whilst, like the blue, it
diminishes greatly the luminous. The yellow again scarcely decreases the
illuminating power of light, but almost destroys its chemical action.

The place in which the experiments here described were conducted, was a
room in a dwelling-house at Stockwell, in the neighbourhood of London.
The glasses stood on a table close by the window, which had a S.S.E. aspect.
No fire was ever lighted in the room, but it must have been a little warmer
than the external atmosphere in the winter time on account of the vicinity of
heated apartments.

As preliminary experiments, merely the effect of these coloured glasses in
accelerating or retarding the growth of various kinds of plants was tried.

Hyacinths were chosen as samples of bulbous-rooted plants. They were
all of the same description, purple in colour, as nearly as possible of the same
size, healthy, and beginning to put forth a plumule and radicles. They were
weighed, placed on the top of colourless glasses containing sufficient pure
water just to touch the rootlets, and then covered with the large glass shades.

3 ON THE INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION ON PLANTS. 241]

The experiments were started on Nov. 13th. In order to change the air,
the shades were lifted off for a minute or two about every second night.
Each plant grew healthily and flowered ; yet some differences were observed
of a character which might fairly be attributed to the quality of the light.
First, as to the rootlets. Under the colourless glass they grew abundantly ;
under the blue glass they also grew abundantly and more rapidly ; under the
red glass scarcely any rootlets were produced, and what there were never
attained any considerable length ; while under the yellow glass they were few
in number, but long. Secondly, as to the leaves and flower-stalk. Under
the colourless glass they were put forth in process of time and grew healthily.
No difference was noticeable under the blue; under the red long spreading
leaves were put forth, that bent towards the light in a very marked manner,
and the plant had an unhealthy appearance; while under the yellow glass
short sturdy leaves and flower-stalks were produced.

As to the flower itself, it began to open at about the same period in each
instance, namely,—

Under colourless glass, on Feb. 11th, or after 90 days.

Under blue “3 » 10th, He 89 ,,
Under red os 53 8th, ss Si Gs
Under yellow 5 » 10th, ie 89 ,,

There was no observable difference in the colour of the four flowers, not-
withstanding the variety of tint under which they had been formed. The
flower under the red glass was long and thin. Latterly they all suffered
for want of room.

On April 16th all the plants were removed from the water into which their
rootlets dipped, dried in the air, and weighed. ;

Primary weight of bulb. Weight of fully developed plant.
Under colourless glass 1305 grs. 2118 grs.
Under blue 3 1328 ,, 2026 5;
Under red 3 1135 ,, 1386 ,,
Under yellow 3 1299 ,, 1704 ,,
showing an increase of —
Under colourless glass, as 1000 : 1623
Under blue 5 1000 : 1525
Under red et 1000 : 1221
Under yellow 9 10,0. 0 Raa ee I 3

The greatest srowth therefore was in the plant exposed to all the influences
of the solar ray.

Cereals were also grown under the various glasses, a comparative experi-
ment being made under a darkened shade. Access of air was permitted to
the plants by the glasses being placed upon boards which were perforated
_ with holes close together, and were raised about one-third of an inch from the
table. No direct rays of light could enter, especially as the space under the
_ boards was blocked up on the side nearest the window, and any diffused light
finding access by the perforations had to pass through several folds of tarla-
tane of the same colour as the glass shade itself.

On Sept. 12th three grains of white wheat, sown in garden mould, to which
a little stable manure was added, were placed under the various glasses. The
_ wheat began to grow in a few days in each instance, one seed only under the
red glass proving unproductive. They were watered as occasion required.
In a week or two the plants under the darkened shades attained a consider-

(1852. R

242 REPORT—1852.

entered. No secondary leaves ever appeared, but each plant consisted of
two long white leaves of about 9 inches in length, so thin and flaccid that
they were unable to support themselves; and after thirty days they drooped
entirely and became mouldy. The corn-plants under the other glasses grew
more slowly, but put forth many leaves, attained a height of 10 or 12 inches,
and remained healthy throughout the winter and spring. Those under the-
yellow glass were the most sturdy in their growth; and those under the blue
alone appeared thin and unhealthy.

Mallow-seeds (Malope trifida) were sown in garden mould, and placed
under the various glasses near the commencement of September, the arrange-
ments being the same as in the preceding experiment. They began to grow
after the lapse of a few weeks, first under the colourless glass, then under the
blue, and afterwards under the red, yellow, and darkened glasses at about
the same time, October 8th. Thin etiolated stalks, with only the first pair
of leaves, and those badly developed, about 2 inches in length, were all that
was produced under the darkened shade. In about a fortnight they died ;
and in the middle of March some other seeds sprouted in a precisely similar
manner. The mallows under the other glasses grew more healthily and sur-
vived much longer, but in no instance did they arrive at maturity: the best
plant was one that grew under the yellow light; it had sprouted in the early
part of January and put forth many leaves, reaching the height of 5 inches.
They grew worst perhaps under the blue glass. A self-sown Stellaria grew
luxuriantly along with the mallows under the red, and a grass-plant under
the yellow shade.

In a paper read by my brother and myself before the Association last year,
and published in the Philosophical Magazine for September 1851, we re-
marked that plants kept in an unchanged atmosphere appear to enter into a
sort of lethargic condition. An experiment was instituted for the purpose
of ascertaining whether the alteration in light produced by coloured media
made any marked variation in this matter; and as the pansy and Poa annua
were the plants generally experimented on in our previous investigation,
they were employed here likewise. Six pansies newly struck, which had
taken good root and were vigorous, were planted in six flower-pots contain-
ing good garden mould; and with each was also placed a grass-plant in
flower. They were all set in trays filled with water to the depth of an inch,
or thereabouts ; five were covered with the different descriptions of glass
shades dipping into the water, so as to cut off all communication between
the external and internal atmospheres; while one was freely exposed to all
the changes of the surrounding air. The experiment was commenced on
October 17th, and access of air was never permitted to the covered plants.
The results under the glasses were very various, but how far they depended
upon the character of the light or upon the peculiar atmospheric condition,
could not be determined with any accuracy. One thing however was clear,
that the plants survived much longer for being in an unchanged atmosphere.
The pansy that was not covered by any shade was attacked with aphides
eight weeks after the commencement of the experiment, and although these
were washed off, it drooped before the end of December. The Poa also
scarcely survived the winter. Under the colourless glass the plants remained
healthy much longer ; the pansy was attacked by the forementioned insects
at the commencement of December, but although it was necessarily impos-
sible to remove the aphides without disarranging the experiment, the plant
lived till March. The grass-plant grew very luxuriantly. A curious phe-
nomenon was observed. As the air within the glass shade was perfectly still,
the ripe seeds of the Poa did not fall from the flower-stalk, and through the

q
’
4

ETHNOLOGICAL INQUIRY. 243

dampness of the atmosphere many of them which rested against the sides of
the glass germinated and shot forth leaves, in some instances 3°5 inches long,
and radicles of 1 inch in length. Under the blue shade the plants grew very
tall. No aphides appeared, but mouldiness was observed: In March both
plants were straggling and unhealthy; the grass-seeds never germinated ;
and any portion that died quickly suffered decomposition. The plants ex-
posed to the red light were healthy at first, and the grass grew luxuriantly ;
but aphides appeared on the pansy in the middle of December, and at the
commencement of the succeeding month it became sickly and drooped. The
grass-plant also lost its healthy appearance during the spring: some of its
seeds germinated. Under the yellow glass neither of the plants increased in
size at first, but in the spring they grew, the grass attaining a very great
length ; they maintained a strong and healthy appearance ; no insects showed
themselves on the pansy, and the grass-seeds gave little indications of germi-
nating. Some changes in the colour of the pansy’s leaves were observed to
take place, but the grass remained of its proper green tint. The plants
under the darkened shade soon became sickly. On December 11th the
grass was found to be dead ; the pansy had grown tall, and turned decidedly
towards the least darkened part of the shade; it was mouldy and ill-favoured,
and on January 6th it drooped.

Researches connected with the growth of plants must necessarily stretch
over a considerable space of time. My object in detailing these experiments
now is not to draw any general conclusions from them; I regard them as
far too few and uncertain for that; but offer them to the Association as a
sample of my preliminary attempts in this inquiry,—attempts which may
indicate a line of fruitful investigation in future seasons.

A Manual of Ethnological Inquiry ; being a series of questions concern-
ing the Human Race, prepared by a Sub-committee of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, appointed in 1851 (con-
sisting of Dr. HopeKin and RicnHarp Cuut, Esq.), and adapted
Jor the use of travellers and others in studying the Varieties of
Man *.

Tue late Dr. Prichard read a paper at the Meeting of the British Association
held at Birmingham in 1839, “On the Extinction of some Varieties of the
Human Race.” He cited instances in which total extinction has already
taken place, and other instances in which a continually decreasing population
threatens a total extinction. He pointed out the irretrievable loss to science
if so many tribes of the human family are suffered to perish, before those
highly important questions of a physiological, psychological, philological and
historical character in relation to them, have been investigated. In order
to direct inquiry rightly into the subject, a set of questions was drawn up by
a Committee of the British Association, which was largely circulated by

means of successive grants of money for that purpose. These questions were

however adapted, not only to direct inquiry respecting those tribes which are
threatened with extinction, but also to the rest of the human family. The
object in publishing these questions is to induce Consuls, political and other

* Copies of this Manual may be had on application to the Assistant General Secretary,

iS York ; Messrs. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street ; and Richard Cull, Esq.,
_ 18 Tavistock Street, Russell Square.

RQ

244 REPORT—1852.

residents and travellers, to obtain precise knowledge in reply to them, and
to send it to a centre, the British Association.

It should always be borne in mind that the verification of what is already
known is of importance in Ethnology, as in other sciences. The discovery
of new tribes of the human family falls to the lot of but few observers, while
many have the opportunity of adding to our knowledge of those tribes that
are partially known, besides which, recent observation may differ from the
older in consequence of changes that may have taken place in the people.
Any amount of knowledge, however trifling it may appear in itself, may be
of great value in connexion with other knowledge, and therefore will be wel-
comed. We are seeking Facts, and not inferences ; what is observed, and not
what is thought.

The following questions might be much increased in number, and the
reasons and motives for framing them stated, but such detail would swell the
tract to a volume.

Physical Characters.

1. Ascertain the form, size and weight of the people. Measure the height
of several men ; state those measures, and whether they are above or below
the ordinary stature. Measure the length of the limbs, giving the situation
of the elbow and knee. Measure the circumference of the chest, thighs, legs,
arms, neck and head of the same men: and weigh the same men. Observe
if the women be less than the men in stature and relative dimensions; and,
if possible, measure and weigh them also. If any remarkable deviations
above or below the ordinary stature occur in the adults, measure and weigh
them also.

2. Note if there be any prevailing disproportion between different parts of
the body, or any peculiarity of form.

3. What is the prevailing complexion? It is impossible to accurately
describe colour by words. The best method is to imitate the colour on paper ;
if this be impracticable, state what the colour is in comparison with some
well-known complexion. The colour and character of the hair can be ob-
tained by bringing home specimens. State at what age the hair falls off or
turns grey. The colour, form, size, situation and other character of the eyes
should be accurately described. It is very desirable to obtain individual like-
nesses by means of some photographic process.

4. Is there, apart from lack of personal cleanliness, any peculiar odour, as
in the Negro? If so, describe it.

5. The importance of the head claims particular attention. The head
consists of two parts, viz. the face and the brain-box. Is the shape of the
face round, oval, long, broad, lozenge-shaped, or of any other marked form?
In addition to the best verbal description, give three sketches of the whole
head, by which means the character of the features, their relation to each
other and to the whole head, can be at once displayed. These sketches should
be,—Ist, a profile; 2nd, a front face; and 3rd, a view looking down on the
top of the head. Let sufficient neck be taken in order to show how the head
is set on and carried. And in these sketches accuracy of drawing is indis-
pensable, without which picturesque effect is valueless.

The form and size of the head, and the relative proportions of its parts,
can be obtained with minute precision, by measuring it in the method laid
down by phrenologists. If the observer be competent, by a previous study
of phrenology, he is requested to observe the manifestations of mind in con-
nexion with the cerebral development, as indicated by the form, size and
proportions of the head.

— a ae

.

ETHNOLOGICAL INQUIRY. 245

6. Human skulls should be collected, and care should be taken to bring
away such specimens as fairly represent the people. Remarkable skulls
should also be preserved and marked as such, their deviations should be ac-
curately described. And besides those specimens which are brought away,
it is desirable to observe certain things in a large number, always stating the
number observed.

a. Is the os frontis divided by a middle suture?

5. Are the skull-bones thick, thin, heavy, light, dense, &e.?

ce. Are the sutures much indented ?

d. Are ossa triquetra frequent ? if so, in what sutures do they occur ?

e. Does the squamous bone well abut on the frontal bone?

f- Open some crania to ascertain if there be large frontal sinuses ; if so,
state the condition of the ossification, and also of the teeth.

g- Observe the bones of the face, their relation to each other, and to
the cranium.

h. What is the form of the outer orbitar process ?

t. Is the palatine arch flat or vaulted ?

j- Does the upper jaw project forwards ?

k. What is the form of the lower jaw ?

2. What is the shape of the chin?

m. What is the relative position of the ossa nasi and unguis ?

n. What is the situation of the foramen magnum ?

o. What is the state of development of the paroccipital processes ?

p- Observe the number, position, character and mode of wear of the
teeth.

g- Have they any artificial means of modifying the form and appear-
ance of the teeth?

7. The number of lumbar vertebre should be ascertained, as an additional
one is said to occur in some tribes.

8. Measure the length of the sternum, and that of the whole trunk, so that
comparisons may be instituted. sated

9. Give some idea of the relative magnitudes of the chest and abdomen.

10. What is the character of the pelvis in both sexes ?

11. What is the form of the foot ¢

12. The form of the scapula deserves attention, especially its breadth and
strength, and the clavicle also in relation to it.

13. The blood-vessels and internal organs can be subjected to examination,
but with greater difficulty: observe any peculiarities in regard to them.

Peculiarities may exist which cannot. be anticipated by special question ;
the observer should, if possible, examine each organ in. detail, and, comparing
one with another, he will find few things escape him.

14. Are Albinos found? if so, what characters do they present ? State
their parentage, and all that can be gathered to throw a light on their origin.
State the physical characters of their children if they have any.

15. Where a district obviously possesses two or more varieties of the
human raee, note the typical characters of each in their most distinct form,
and indicate to what known groups or families they may belong: give some
idea of the proportion of each, and state the result of their intermixture on
physical and moral character. When it can be ascertained, state how long
intermixture has existed, and_of which the physical characters tend to pre-
dominate. It is to be observed, that this question does not so much refer to
the numerical strength or political ascendency of any of the types, but to
the greater or less physical resemblance which the offspring may bear to the
parents, and what are the characters which they may appear to derive from

246 REPORT—1852.

each: whether there is a marked difference arising from the father or the
mother belonging to one of the types in preference to another; also whether
the mixed form resulting from such intermarriage is known to possess a per-
manent character, or after a certain number of generations to incline to one
or other of its component types.

16. Any observations connected with these intermarriages, relating to
health, longevity, physical and intellectual character, will be particularly
interesting, as bringing light on a field hitherto but little systematically in-
vestigated. Even when the people appear to be nearly or quite free from
intermixture, their habits, in respect of intermarriage within larger or smaller
circles, and the corresponding physical characters of the people, will be very
interesting.

Language.

17. The affinity of languages is one line of evidence of high value in eth-
nological researches, and hence the importance of obtaining accurate infor-
mation concerning the language of a people.

18. If the language be a written one, care should be taken to obtain spe-
cimens of the best compositions in it, both of verse and prose. If possible,
procure native manuscripts ; if not, obtain copies of them.

If there be no written language, and therefore no literature, yet traditions
will be found which should be obtained and recorded as closely as possible
verbatim, so as to preserve their own collocation and arrangement of words,
taking care to select as the most valuable, such as relate to their own origin,
history, wars, habits, superstitions, &e. i

19. If possible, cause some competent person to translate into their lan-
guage a well-known continuous composition, as the Lord’s Prayer, the Ist
Chapter of Genesis, and the 6th and 7th Chapters of St. Luke’s Gospel, for
with these examples a philologist will be able to give a very good account of
any language.

20. In compiling a vocabulary from the mouth of an intelligent native,
two objects must be steadily kept in view, viz. Ist, the right selection of
words ; and 2nd, their accurate reproduction.

Ist. The proper selection of words.—In selecting the words to form the
first vocabulary of a strange language, we must reject,—lIst, all words which
have no corresponding words in our own language ; 2nd, all words which
only imperfectly correspond to words in our own language ; and take only
such words as perfectly correspond. Words are names of things, events,
qualities, conditions, &c. Words of the following classes should be taken.

a. The names of natural physical objects, as sun, moon, fire, water,
man, arm, river, hill, &c.; the names of animals, &c.

(3. The names of physical qualities, as red, blue, round, long, heavy, &c.

. y. The names of events, actions, conditions, &c., as ¢o fall, to walk, to
eat, to sleep.

6. The names of family relationships, as father, mother, sister, uncle, &c.

e. The names of the numbers as high as they can enumerate. The ordi-
nal numerals should also be given.

It should be ascertained if there be Distributives, Multiplicatives, and
Proportionals. Is there anything corresponding to our Numeral
Adverbs ?

¢. Personal Pronouns.

n- Particles such as prepositions, conjunctions, &c.

Tn compiling a vocabulary, the observer should verify every word he
receives from one informant by the testimony of others.

Qnd. Their accurate reproduction——The words should be so written, that

es

ETHNOLOGICAL INQUIRY. ; 247

a person quite ignorant of the language, and with no other guide than the
vocabulary, shall be able from it alone to pronounce each word with accu-
racy, sufficient for philological researches.

If elementary sounds peculiar to the language, as the clicks of the Kaffirs,

or the sounds represented by _» and of the Persian alphabet, occur in the

words of the vocabulary, it is obvious that no alphabetic notation will enable
one who is ignorant of the language to reproduce those words even though
the compiler invents characters to represent them. Mr. Ellis’s Ethnic Al-
phabet is a useful stock of characters to those whose lingual knowledge is
sufficient to use it. Our own alphabet, however, is found to be sufficient to
write many vocabularies, including both Kaffir and Persian, with an accuracy
sufficient for our purpose.

In writing the vocabulary it is of great importance to mark the accented
syllable of the word. The mark! of the acute accent is commonly adopted
for this purpose, and is recommended to be continued by future compilers.

21. Ascertain the extent of the geographical area over which the lan-
guage is spoken. _

22. Ascertain what languages it comes in contact with at the periphery of
its area: and if unknown, or but partially known languages occur, collect
vocabularies of them also.

23. Ascertain if the same language without dialectic variations be spoken
over the whole lingual area. If variations occur, give examples of them;
always bearing in mind that Facts are of greater value than opinions.

Grammar.

In giving an outline of the Grammar, the following hints may be useful.
24. Give the various forms which words assume, as-—
a. The plural forms of Nouns, and the Dual if it exist.
. The cases of Nouns.
y: Adjectives, their inflections and modes of concord.
6. Pronouns, their various forms, with the Dual if it exist.
25. Exhibit the formation of compound words.
26. What is the order of words in a sentence?
27. Beyond the mere order of words, observe -if the subject take pre-
cedence of the predicate: the cause of the effect, and of any peculiarity in
the statement of propositions.

Individual and Family Life.

28. Are there any ceremonies connected with the birth of a child? Is
there any difference whether the child be male or female ?

29. Does infanticide occur to any considerable extent, and if it does, to
what causes is it to be referred, want of affection, deficient subsistence, or
superstition ? >

30. Are children exposed, and from what causes, whether superstition,
want of subsistence or other difficulties, or from deformity, general infirmity,
or other causes of aversion ?

31. What is the practice as to dressing and cradling children, and are
there any circumstances connected with it calculated to modify their form;
for example, to compress the forehead, as amongst the western Americans;
to flatten the occiput, as amongst most Americans, by the flat straight board
to which the child is attached ; to occasion the lateral distortion of the head,

248 : REPORT—1852. .

by allowing it to remain too long in one position on the hand of the nurse, as
amongst the inhabitants of the South Seas?

32. Are there any methodsadopted, by which other parts of the body may
be affected, such as the turning in of the toes, as amongst the North Ameri-
cans; the modification of the whole foot, as amongst the Chinese?

33. How are the children educated, what are they taught, and are any
methods adopted to modify their character, such as to implant courage,
‘impatience of control, endurance of pain and privation, or, on the contrary,
submission, and to what authorities, cowardice, artifice ?

34. Is there anything remarkable amongst the sports and amusements of
children, or in their infantile songs or tales? :

35. At what age does puberty take place?

36.. What is the ordinary size of families, and are there any large ones ?

37. Are births of more than one child common? What is the proportion
of the sexes at birth and among adults ?

38. Are the children easily reared ?

39. Is there any remarkable deficiency or perfection in any of the senses?
It is stated, that in some races sight is remarkably keen, both for near and
distant. objects.

40. To what age do the females continue to bear children? and for what
period are they in the habit of suckling them?

41. What is the menstrual period, and what the time of utero-gestation ?

42. Are there any ceremonies connected with any particular period of life ?

43. Is chastity cultivated, or is it remarkably defective, and are there any
classes amongst the people of either sex by whom it is remarkably cultivated,
or the reverse, either generally or on particular occasions ?

44, Are there any superstitions connected with this subject ?

45. What are the ceremonies and practices connected with marriage ?

46. Is polygamy permitted and practised, and to what extent ?

47. Is divorce tolerated, or frequent ?

48. How are widows treated ?

49. What is the prevailing food of the people? Is it chiefly animal or
vegetable, and whence is it derived in the two kingdoms? Do they trust to
what the bounty of nature provides, or have they means of modifying or
controlling production, either in the cultivation of vegetables, or the rearing
of animals? Describe their modes of cooking, and state the kinds of condi-
ment which may be employed. Do they reject any kinds of aliment from
scruple, or an idea of uncleanness? Have they in use any kind of fermented
or other form of exhilarating liquor, and, if so, how is it obtained? What
number of meals do they make? and what is their capacity for temporary or
sustained exertion ?

50. Describe the kind of dress worn by the people, and the materials em-
ployed in its formation. What are the differences in the usages of the sexes
in this respect? Are there special dresses used for great occasions? and, if
so, describe these, and their modes of ornament. Does any practice of tat-
tooing, piercing, or otherwise modifying the person for the sake of ornament,
prevail amongst the people? N.B. Such modifications not to be blended
with other modifications used as signs of mourning, &c.

51. Have the people any prevailing characteristic or remarkable modes of
amusement, such as dances and games exhibiting agility, strength or skill?

52. Are games of chance known to the people, and is there a strong passion
for them ?

53. Do the people appear to be long- or short-lived? If any cases of
extreme old age can be ascertained, please to state them. Such cases may

hl a

ETHNOLOGICAL INQUIRY. 249

sometimes be successfully ascertained by reference to known events, as the
previous visits of Europeans to the country. Is there a marked difference
between the sexes in respect of longevity ?

54. What is the general treatment of the sick? Are they cared for, or
neglected? Are any diseases dreaded as contagious, and how are such
treated? Is there any medical treatment adopted? Are there any super-
stitious or magical practices connected with the treatment of the sick? What
are the most prevailing forms of disease, whence derived, and to what extent ?
Is there any endemic affection, such as goitre, pelagra, plica, or the like?
With what circumstances, situations, and habits do they appear to be con-
nected, and to what are they referred by the people themselves ?

55. Where there are inferior animals associated with man, do they exhibit
any corresponding liability to, or exemption from disease ?

56. Do entozoa prevail, and of what kind?

57. What is the method adopted for the disposal of the dead? Is it
generally adhered to, or subject to variation ?

58. Are any implements, articles of clothing, or food, deposited with the
dead ? :

59. Is there any subsequent visitation of the dead, whether they are
disposed of separately, or in conjunction with other bodies ?

60. What is the received idea respecting a future state? Does this bear
the character of transmigration, invisible existence about their accustomed
haunts, or removal to a distant abode ?

Buildings and Monuments.

61. What are the kinds of habitations in use among the people? Are
they permanent or fixed? Do they consist of a single apartment, or of

several? Are the dwellings collected into villages or towns, or are they

scattered, and nearly or quite single? If the former, describe any arrange-
ment of them in streets or otherwise which may be employed.

62. Have any monuments been raised by the present inhabitants or their
predecessors, and more especially such as relate to religion or war? State
their character, materials, and construction. If they are still in use amongst
the people, state this object, even if they should be of the simplest construction,
and be little more than mounds or tumuli. If these monuments are no longer
in use, collect, as far as possible, the ideas and traditions of the natives re-
garding them, and, if possible, have them examined by excavation or other-
wise, taking care to deface and disturb them as little as possible.

63. In these researches be on the look out for the remains of the skeletons
of man or other animals ; and, if discovered, let them be preserved for com-
parison with those still in existence.

Works of Art.

64. Let works of art, in metal, bone, or other materials, be likewise sought
and preserved, and their similarity to, or difference from implements at
present in use amongst the people of the district, or elsewhere, be noted.
Have they any kind of commerce or exchange of commodities with the people
of other tribes or countries, civilized or uncivilized ? and, if so, what are the
articles which they give and which they take in exchange? Is this trade or
barter in continued or irregular operation, or periodical by means of fairs,
stated journeys to or visits from other people ?

65. Name the people and channels of this trade.

66. Is it of long standing, or recent ?

67. Has it undergone changes, when and how?

250 REPORT—1852.

68. When a people display their ingenuity by the extent or variety of their
works of art, it will not only be desirable to describe what these are, but also
the materials of which they are constructed, the modes in which these ma-
terials are obtained, the preparation which they undergo when any is required,
and the instruments by which they are wrought, Such particulars will not
only throw light on the character and origin of the people, but will, directly
or indirectly, influence the commercial relations which may be profitably
entered into when commerce alone is looked to. When colonization is con-
templated, the facts contained in the replies to these queries will point out
the mutual advantages which might be obtained by preserving, instead of
annihilating, the aboriginal population.

Domestie Animals.

Are there any domestic animals in the possession of the people? Of what
species are they? Whence do they appear to have been derived, and to what
variety do they belong? Have they degenerated or become otherwise
modified? To what uses are they applied?

Government and Laws.

69. What is the form of government? Does it assume a monarchical or
democratic character, or does it rest with the priests ?

70. Are the chiefs, whether of limited or absolute power, elective or
hereditary ?

71. Is there any division of clans or casts ?

72. What are the privileges enjoyed by or withheld from these?

73. What care is taken to keep them distinct, and with what effect on the
physical and moral character of each ?

74. What laws exist among the people? How are they preserved? Are
they generally known, or confided to the memory of achosen set of persons?
What are their opinions and regulations in reference to property, and espe-
cially the occupation and possession of the soil? Does the practice of hiring
labourers exist among them ?

75. Have they any knowledge or tradition of a legislator, to whom the
formation of laws is ascribed ?

76. Do they rescind, add to, or modify their laws? and how ?

77. Are they careful in the observance of them? :

78. What are their modes of enforcing obedience, and of proving and
punishing delinquency ?

79. How are judges constituted? Do their trials take place at stated
periods, and in public?

80. How do they keep prisoners in custody, and treat them?

81. What are the crimes taken cognizance of by the laws? Is there gra-
dation or commutation of punishment ?

Geography and Statistics.

82. Briefly state the geographical limits and character of the region inha-
bited by the people to whom the replies relate.

83. State approximately the number of inhabitants. As this is an im-
portant, but very difficult question, it may not be amiss to point out the modes
in which the numbers may be ascertained. The people themselves may state
their number with more or less accuracy, but it should be known whether
they refer to all ranks and ages, or merely comprehend adult males, who may
be mustered for war, or other general purpose requiring their combination.
In this case state the apparent proportion between adult males and other

are

ETHNOLOGICAL INQUIRY. 251

members of families. The number of habitations in a particular settlement
may be counted, and some idea of the average numbers of a family be given.
Where the people inhabit the water-side, the number and dimensions of their
craft may be taken, and some idea of the proportion between the number of
these and of the individuals belonging to them, may be formed. In drawing
conclusions from observations of this kind, it will be necessary to have due
regard to the different degrees of density or rarity, in which, from various
causes, population may be placed.

84. Has the number of inhabitants sensibly varied, and within what
period ?

85. If it have diminished, state the causes; such as sickness, starvation,
war, and emigration. When these causes require explanation, please to give
it. If the inhabitants are on the increase, is this the result of the easy and
favourable circumstances of the people causing an excess of births over deaths,
or is it to be assigned to any cause tending to bring accessions from other
quarters? State whether such causes are of long standing, or recent.

86. Is the population generally living in a manner to which they have been
long accustomed, or have new relations with other people, and consequently
new customs and practices, been introduced ?

87. If the people, being uncivilized, have come under the influence of the
civilized, state to what people the latter belong, how they are regarded, and
what is the kind of influence they are producing*. State the points of their
good influence, if any, and those of an opposite character, as the introduction
of diseases, vices, wars, want of independence, &c.

88. Is there any tendency to the union of races? how is it exhibited, and
to what extent ?

Social Relations.

89. What kind of relationship, by written treaty or otherwise, subsists
between the nation and other nations, civilized or not? Have they any
intercourse by sea with other countries? Do any of them understand any
European language? Or are there interpreters, by whom they can commu-
nicate with them ?

90. Are they peaceable, or addicted to war? Have they any forms of
declaring war, or making peace? What is their mode of warfare, either b
sea or land? their weapons and strategy ? What do they do with the slain,
and with prisoners? Have they any mode of commemorating victories by
monuments, hieroglyphics, or preservation of individual trophies, and of what
kind? Have they any national poems, sagas, or traditions respecting their

origin and history? Where Europeans have introduced fire-arms, ascertain

the modes of warfare which have given place to them.
State whatever particulars respecting their origin and history are derived,
either from traditions among themselves or from other sources.

Religion, Superstitions, Sc.

91. Are the people addicted to religious observances, or generally regard-
less of them ?

92. Do they adopt the idea of one great and presiding Spirit, or are they
polytheists ?

93. If polytheism exist, what are the names, attributes, and fables connected
with their deities, and what are the modes in which devotion is paid to each?

* This question will comprise the existence of missions—the success or the want of it from
causes connected with missionaries themselves or others. -

252 REPORT—1852.

Are any parts of the body held sacred, or the reverse? Do they offer sacri-
fices, and are they of an expiatory character, or mere gifts ?

94. Have they any sacred days or periods? fixed or moveable feasts, or
religious ceremonies of any kind, or any form of thanksgiving or other
observance connected with seasons ?

95. Have they any order of priests, and if so, are they hereditary, elective,
or determined by any particular circumstance?

96. Is the religion of the people similar to that of any other people, neigh-
bouring or remote? If different, are they widely so, or dependent on par-
ticular modifications, and of what kind ?

97. In what light do they regard the religion and deities of neighbouring
tribes?

98. Is there any idea of an inferior order of spirits and imaginary beings,
—such as ghosts, fairies, brownies, and goblins ; and how are they described ?

99. Have they any notions of magic, witchcraft, or second sight? ©

100. What ideas are entertained respecting the heavenly bodies? Have
they any distinction of stars, or constellations? and if so, what names do they
give them, and what do these names signify ?

101. Are they in any manner observed with reference to the division of
the year, and how? :

102. If time is not divided by observations of those bodies, what other
mode is adopted? and do observances connected with them rest with the
priests or chiefs?

103. When the traveller, by personal acquaintance with the language, or
by means of competent assistance from interpreters, can freely converse with
the people, it will be desirable that he should form some idea of their amount
of intelligence, their tone of mind with regard to social relations, as respects
freedom, independence, or subserviency, and their recognition of moral obli-
gations, and any other psychological character which observation may detect ;
and more especially such as may contribute to an estimation of the probable
results of efforts to develope and improve the character.

In using this little manual, it should be borne in mind that it is not a mere
guide to inquire into those tribes that are threatened with extinction, nor to
make out.certain details which are desiderata in our knowledge of the people
of any given locality, but is intended to direct inquiry generally respecting
the varieties of man.

Mean Temperature of the Day and Monthly Fall of Rain at 127
Stations under the Bengal Presidency, from official Registers kept
by Medical Officers, for the year 1851. By Cotonet SyYKEs,
F.R.S. 3

[Ordered to be printed entire among the Reports. ]

Dr. GrorGceE Lames, late Physician-General in Bengal, has been good enough
to transmit to me the following analysis of official meteorological returns, made
by medical officers of the Bengal Presidency to the Medical Board in Calcutta.
They are limited to the returns of mean daily temperature and fall of rain, the
extreme difficulty of getting barometers conveyed in safety to distant stations,
not one in three sent over reaching its destination in an efficient state, having
left the great majority of medical officers without the means of determining
the varying pressure of the atmosphere; and with regard to the moisture in —

‘

TEMPERATURE AND RAIN IN BENGAL. 253

the atmosphere and fixing dew-points, although several medical officers kept
registers of the dry- and wet-bulb thermometers (there not being any hygro-
meters on Daniell’s plan in use), yet the registers appeared so little satisfac-
tory, that Dr. Lambe did not think it desirable to include them in the
analysis. The daily mean temperature was determined by daily observations
from three to six in number; but as these were made during the day and not
at all at night, the mean temperature is necessarily higher than the mean of
the 24 hours would be. Proper precautions were taken against direct radi-
ated or reflected heat, by the thermometers being placed in the hospitals or in
the surgeons’ houses, properly shaded and with a northern aspect ; but the
errors of construction in the instruments do not appear to have been generally
verified ; they are not to be relied upon therefore for absolute results; but as_
the same mode of observation obtains throughout, the different meteorological
records have a relative value to each other which makes them acceptable.
The records of the pluviometer are more free from objections than those of the
other instruments, and they contain some highly interesting results respecting
the unequal distribution of rain, and in support of the facts adduced by myself
from Western India, and by Mr. Miller from Cumberland, testifying that the
rain-fall. becomes a maximum in mountainous districts at a certain height, and
then diminishes as the height increases. For the reasons previously assigned,
I shall cireumscribe my observations on temperature within narrow limits ;
but as the stations are arranged in groups, within certain areas of latitude and
longitude, some few facts of interest may be selected. For instance, in the
Calcutta group of 15 stations, within lat. 19° 48’ and 25° 42! N. and long.
85° 49' and 89° 14' E., Cuttack, in lat. 20° 28’, has a lower mean daily tempe-
rature in January than Balasore, a degree further N.; but in February this
is reversed, but reversed again in a marked manner in March, April, May and
the remaining months until September, when Cuttack becomes hotter than
-Balasore ; but in October it is reversed again. The maximum daily mean
temperature in this group is 99° in May at Kishnaghur, lat. 23° 24’, long.
88° 22' E. The next is the Dacca group of 19 stations between the parallels
of lat. 20° 8' and 27° 31'N., and long. 90° 17! and 95° 1'E. The same discre-
pancies are observed here as in the preceding, of the higher latitude having a
higher mean daily temperature than the lower in some months, witness Buri-
saul, lat. 22° 35’, temperature in January 66°, while Sylhet, lat. 24° 53/, in
the same month is 67°:7 Fahr. The highest daily mean temperature in this
group is 88°°6 at Burisaul in May. The next group of 10 stations is in
ascending the Ganges from Hazareebaugh, lat. 24° 0', to Darjeeling, lat. 27° 3!,
at 7000 feet above the sea*; and from Gyah, long. 85° 3’, to Dinagepore,
long. 88° 41’. The highest daily mean temperature is at Gyah in Behar, lat.
24° 48!, viz. 96°°9 in May+. The next is the Benares group of 7 stations,
from Mirzapore, lat. 25° 9, to Goruckpore, lat. 26° 46’, and from long. 82° 6!
Sultanpore to long. 83° 37! Ghazeepore. The highest mean temperature is
101° in May at Sultanpore, in a higher latitude than any station of the group

* Cherrapoonjie and Decca are in the same group, the former at 4500 feet above the sea ;
the latter is on the Delta of the Brahmaputra. Their difference of latitude is 1° 33’ 35”;
their difference of mean temperature in May is 19°-1, which would give 235 feet to a degree.
In October the difference is 13°-7, which gives 329 feet to 1° Fahr.

T Darjeeling at 7000 feet, and Sarun on the plains differ 174 miles in latitude; the difference
of mean daily temperature in May is 31°1, giving 225 feet for each degree of temperature ; but
in December the difference of mean temperatures is only 14%8, giving 473 feet for each
degree of temperature. Tirhoot and Darjeeling differ 55 miles in lat. The difference of the mean
temperature in May is 30°, giving 233 feet to 1°; the difference in December is 17%-4, giving
102 feet to a degree. ;

254 REPORT—1852.

except Goruckpore, and at 1050 feet above the level of the sea. The next
group is in the N.W. Provinces, and consists of 18 stations, from lat. 21° 51’
Baitool to lat. 27° 23' Futteghur, and from long. 77° 45' Hoshungabad to long.
81° 54! Allahabad. The highest mean temperature is 103° in May at Myn-
poorie, lat. 27° 1', and 100°-1 at Allahabad and Nursingpore, the former in
lat. 25° 27' on the confluence of the Ganges and Jumna. The daily mean
temperatures run very high in May and June at all the stations in this group.
The Agra group, embracing Rajpootana, has 9 stations, but the observations
are incomplete. The highest mean daily temperature at Agra, lat. 27° 10',
was 96°°1 in June. The Meerut and Delhi group has 13 stations, embra-
cing Almorah at 5500 feet, from Budaon, lat..27° 50', to Deyrah, lat. 30° 19’,
and from Delhi, long. 77° 13', to Almorah, long. 79° 41'. The highest
mean temperature is 104° at Goorgaon, 38 miles south of Delhi, lat. 27° 53’,
in June, and at Delhi, lat. 28° 31', the temperature in May is 98°°6.
The Umballa group of 11 stations embraces Simla, at 7500 feet, and other
hill stations. At Ferozepore, on the Sutlege and Simla, differing 9 miles, in
lat. 30° 57! and 31° 6’, the highest mean temperature at both is respectively
in June, 97°°5 and 69°:2; the difference of elevation giving 220 feet for each
degree of difference of temperature in the month of June; but in the month of
January the difference of mean daily temperatures, 40° and 55°-9, gives 397
feet for each degree of temperature. The last group takes us to the Punjab,
where there are 25 stations between Mooltan, lat. 30° 10', and Peshawur, lat.
34° 0', and Kohat, long. 71° 26’, to long. 76° 19' Kangra. Lahore in this group
is 1180 feet above the sea, and Peshawur 1068; and I presume none of the
stations, excepting probably Mooltan, have a lower elevation than these. The
returns are defective, but it would appear a very high daily mean temperature
exists in somemonths, notwithstanding the comparatively high latitude; Mooltan,
lat. 30° 10’, temp. 99°°4; Jehlum, lat. 32°55', temp. 97°; and Mean Meer, at
Lahore, lat. 31° 33', temp. 98°°2, allin June. The general results would seem
to indicate that the daily mean temperature in the summer months increases
with the latitude ; that is to say, that the daily mean temperature in lat: 32°
in June, July and August, is greater than in lat. 22°. The rain-fall manifests
in a marked manner, as I have formerly had occasion to show, the great discre-
pancies in the fall-within very limited areas ; and in the increase in the fall up
to certain maximum elevations. In the case of Calcutta and Barrackpore, only
9 miles separate in latitude and 44 in longitude, the fall of rain respectively
for 1851 was 64°16 and 42°75, differing 22 inches. Hooghly is 20 miles N.
of Calcutta, and differs only 6 miles in longitude, but the fall was only 36
inches, differing from Calcutta 28 inches. Barrackpore is intermediate between
Calcutta and Hooghly, and only 13 mile west of the longitude of Barrackpore,
but the difference in the rain-fall is 62 inches. All these three places are on
the Ganges, on the same level, about 20 feet above the sea. Burdwan, which
is 40 miles N. of Calcutta and 28 miles W., had only a fall of 28 inches ; but
more remarkable still, Midnapore, 8 miles south of Calcutta and 59 west of it,
had only 22°78 inches; while Cuttack, 76 miles south and 13° of longitude
west, had 50°17 inches. In the Dacca group, which contains the hill station
of Cherraponjie in the Cossya hills, the most extraordinary discrepancies occur.
Chittagong, only 13 miles south of the latitude of Calcutta, but 33° to the E.,
has 86°33 inches of rain, and lying under the same meridian as Cherraponjie,
which is 116 miles N. of Chittagong, at an elevation of 4500 feet, it has
524-02 inches of rain less than Cherraponjie, at which station the almost
incredible quantity of 610°35 inches fell in 1851; and that this deluge is
no mistake of record, independently of the official report which I quote, I have
a letter from Professor Oldham in confirmation of the fact, who spent the mon-

TEMPERATURE AND RAIN IN BENGAL. 255

soon of 1851 at Cherraponjie, and kept a separate record : 50 feet 10inches depth
of water may be said to have fallen chiefly in 7 months, for in November and
December there was not a shower ; inJanuary only 3of an inch, in February 3-05
in., and in March 1d inch. The S.W. monsoon would appear to commence in
April with 67 in., followed by 115°15 in May, 147-20 in June, 99°40 in July,
103-9 in August, 71:7 in September, and 40°3 in October; so that the vapour
from the south passed over Chittagong, and little of it was condensed until it
reached Cherraponjie and the Cossya hills. But the discrepancy in the fall
in the neighbourhood of Cherraponjie itself is not the least remarkable cir-
cumstance. Sylhet, which lies below Cherraponjie 23 miles to the S. of it,
and only 7 miles to the W., had only 209-85 in. of rain; the fall at the prox-
imate places differing 400°5 in. The greatest fall in any month at Sylhet was
43°35 im May. The explanation of this extraordinary fall at Cherraponjie is
in the physical circumstances connected with its location. The station is on
the Cossya hills, at 4500 feet above the sea, facing the south; and the vapour
from the Bay of Bengal, floating at a height of about 4500 feet, passes over the
plains of the Deltas of the Ganges and Brahmapootra, and first impinges upon
the Cossya hills, and is immediately condensed by the lower temperature at the
hills ; and then comparatively little of the vapour reaches the higher regions,
as is the case in the Western Ghauts of India, where the maximum condensa-
tion takes place also at about 4500 feet. This is shown at Darjeeling, 1500
feet above Cherraponjie, 134 miles to the N., and 3° of longitude to the W.
of Cherraponjie, the fall being only 125-20 in.; and yet rain fell in every
month of the year, the maximum fall being 31 in. in June. The rain-tables
are not complete for Simla at 7500 feet, but the maximum fall in the mon-
soon months was only 17:95 in. in July and 11°65 in August, the most rainy
months; so that there can be no question but that the fall does net exceed that
at Darjeeling, and we have then the fact that those stations so widely separated
in India as Simla, Darjeeling and Dodabetta on the Neilgherries, at about an
elevation above the sea of from 7000 to 8400 feet, have about the same
amount of rain-fall ; while the lower elevations of 4500 feet in the peninsula
of India have the maximum fall, ranging from 300 to 600 inches. It will scarcely
be desirable to make further comment upon the rain-tables; but it may be
stated generally, that as the latitude is increased, and westing made, from Cal-
cutta the mean annual fall appears to decrease, the fall at Ferozepore being as
low as 23 in. ; but the discrepancies in the fall in neighbouring localities con-
tinue, as is manifest in the case of Goruckpore, lat. 26° 3/, long. 83° 13/,
having 61°70 in., Azimghur, 42 miles south and 9 miles east, having only
39°96in. The rain-tables from the Punjab are incomplete.

The above meteorological observations suggest to us to be cautious in ge-
neralizing from local facts, not less with regard to temperatures and falls of
rain, than on the supposed law fixing a fall of one degree of Fahrenheit for a
_ certain number of feet of ascent into the atmosphere.

256 REPORT—1852.

Abstract of Mean Temperature of the Day and Fall of Rain from Registers kej

N.W. Provin
a Fi January. February. March. April. May
o2 3 _————_-———
& a = Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
ee SoA tempe- _ _ |tempe- _ _ |tempe- ___ |tempe- ___ |tempe-
= 5 rature| Rain. | rature | Rain. | rature | Rain. | rature| Rain. | rature
2S 4H of the of the of the of the _| of the
Festa day. day. day. day. day.
ft. 6 RT Pree (ieee | ine lo: cll clin gall eect | il
Calcutta .....-|18'11|22 33° 20°34| 71°2| 0°07| 76°01| 2°41] 85°5| 1°05 88°7| 3°75| 92°9
Barrackpore----| -- 25°4.| 72°5| 0°24) 70°5 | 1°17 85°7| 0°24 go" | 2°79} 95°5] |
Hooghly ..---- 26°34) 68°5| 0°95| 68" | 0°65) 804) -. | 85° | 2°10 89° |
Jessore «++++: ° 10°30| 64° | 040/72" | oro | 80" | ovo 86° | 3°85] 94°
Kishnughur - . : 22'20| 70° | 2°50| 69° | 1°20) 94° -« | 96° | 2°60] 99°
Burdwan ..---- «es 52°20] 70°5| 0°30| 76°5 | 110) 83° | 0°30 86° | o'40]| 90°
Moorshedabad 76 13°20| 63° | 0°20] 65°5 | 1°65) 79°2| -- 83° | 2°35] 88°
Rungpore...--- ai 14°50| 65°3| 1°10 | 68°7 | o'10| 79°8| o*50 82°6| 3°70| 862
Bauliah ...--- - 33°45| 66°3| ++ | 716 | 0°60} 81°3| 0-20 85°9| 0'23| 9o°8
Beerbhoom ° 34°00] 69°5| -- | 7372 0°60} 82°7| 1°16] 86°9| 2°50| 92°2
Bancoora .-.--- - 6°31] 71°9| 0°90] 74° | 0°93 82°4| 110] 89° | 4°22] 95°
Balasore ..---- . 58-11] 72°9| 0°50| 74°9 | 0°27 85°83 | 1°20| 87°5| 3°35| 96
Midnapore . 19'25| 69° | 0°26 69° | 0°23) 74° | 1°54) 81°5| 1°74 87°
Poorie ....---> : 49°10| 71°6| -- |75°6 | ongo 82° .- | 85° | roo} 88°
Cuttack .....- 54°15] 72° | o'10| 78° | o'0g| 82°5| 0°25] 86" 1°66| 94° |
\Dacca ...----- 22 23°40| 67°3| 0°69/ 71" | 0°99} 82°5] -- | 84° 4°28 | 88°2
Akyab .....-.- Cay fag ee 76'9| .. | 83° fis. |855%
Sandowy ------ 78 81 es ais : 85° | ot50] 83°5
Ramree .----- 65°5 66 fey A ZON 775| ++ | 81
Chittagong 47°30| 67°7 72°9 | r'90| 80°3| .. | 81°7| 2°55] 80°6
Tipperah ....-- 5°40] 69°2| o° 75 714 | 125| 77° | «- | 82°r| 5°50] 83°3
Burisaul ....-- 17° | 66° 72°6 | 2*50| 82°5| .. | 84°8| 3°18] 88°6
Pubna .....--- 70°3| O° or 74° | 1%60| 80°7| .. | 84:2) 2°30] 87°5
Bogra .....--- wae. | 6x" | 0°72| 68:2 | x70] 76° | 1°22) 83°5| 1°20 86°8
Mymensing 24°20] 62° | 0°75 | 64°7 | 3°25| 75°2| 0°50] 77°3| 573° 82'8
Sylhet .......- ae : 50°30| 67°7| 0°30 | 69°6 | 4°50 76°5| 2°15| 77°7|19°35| 81°5
Cherraponjie - -/ 4500 : 43°55| 53°7| 0°75| 55°2 | 3°05| §5°3| 1°30] 67°1|27°60| 69°3 |
Gwalparah ae “"|g90 go" | 64°2| 0°70| 6671 | 0°70 76'1| r'05| 77°6 \10°20| 79°3
Gowahuttee 47°10| 6674.) 0°51] 68°3 | c47| 77°5 145 78°9| 5°57| 812
Cachar......-.- 92 47°17| 62°5| -- | 66 ste hla O77 77°7 \t2°11| 81°6
Seebsagur 60° | 0°84| 62°3 | 4°39] 79°5| 1 “06 72'°8| 8°85| 77°6
Tezpore : g2 50°10] 65°2) .- 65°2 | 1°87| 74° | 2°07] 77°3| 427] 79°72
Debroghur 95 1° | 63°6| 0°61] 63°7 | 5°49] 73°2| 2°25) 73°5| 9°43 762
Nowgong A... oeats Ae .. |66°5 | 2°85] 72°4| 2°10] 75°8| 8°55) 79°
Dinapore~.... 85 5*10| 63°6| 1°75 | 67°7 | 1° 78°5| 2° 87°8| -. | 96°4
Tirhoot .....- 85 26°15] 61°8| 3°75 | 65°2 | 1°45] 75°7| 0°90 84'2| -- | 919
Dinagepore 88 41°00| 69° | o'80|71" | 0-80 82°5 | 0°30| 8975 | 0°70] 94°5
Purneah ......| -- 87 33°00] 64°5| 2°12) 65°5 | 3°25] 71°5| 1°50 88° | 2°00] 84°5
Darjeeling -..-| 7000 + 188 18°40] 40°9] 3°45|41°7 | 2°40 51°8| 4:00] 55°3| 4°55] 61°9
Sarun --.....- *s 85 29°12] -- 75°5 92°5 =| 93°

Monghyr .-...-
Hazareebaugh ..
Gyah ........
Bhaugulpore ..

6| 86 43°38) 65°5 o'85 68° res 76°5| or20| 8475] «+ | 92°5

85 3°16] 70° | 0°30] 72° r25| 79°8| -- | 91° 8 96°9 }
87 o'00|°66'7| 0°75 | 72°5 | 1°50] 80° | or00 86°5| 0°80] 92°5

Benares ....--
Goruckpore ...-.
Azimghur......
Sultanpore ....

83 3°12] 64°3| 2°31] 67°38 | 1°60) 74°5 0°65| 87°3| -- | 963)
$3 22°6 | 62'2| 3°60) 65:4 | o'20} 75° | 020 82'g| ot10| 90°8}
83 13°20] 64°3| 3°80| 66'9 | 108] 76° 0°60] 81°9| 0°80} 84°83 |

TEMPERATURE AND RAIN IN BENGAL, 257

A y Medical Officers at Civil and Military Stations in Bengal and the
for 1851.

September. October. November. December.
an Mean Mean Mean Mean 3
pe- tempe- tempe- tempe- Rain-fall.
rature} Rain. |rature| Rain, |rature| Rain.
he of the of the of the
is day. day. day.
° in. a in. =, in. in.
1 83°r | 16°25 | 78:5 TREE! Oeics 64°16
84°5 | 10°80 | 74°9 67°3 42°75
82°7| 10°00 | 71°2 62°5 36°00
. 86° | 7°15 | 80 pe 40°30
5 84° | 2°50] 75° | -. | 66° 57°70
5 82° 5°65 | 73° | O60] .. 28°20
5 83° | 710 | 75° | 0°00 | 68° 40°48
7 80" | 3°20 | 79° af 70°6 74°60
I 81°3] 3°30 | 72°2] o17 | .. 31°56
6 82° | 4990 | 7573] ++ | 69°7 32°06
6 | “2 | 2°90 | 7375} =. | 73°7 31°04
5 83° | gt10 | 72" | ors | 55°5 30°79
5 77° || 7°34°| 69° 62° 22°78
7 83° pilown dow|n 76" 72°6
79° | 11°65 75° 50°17
: 81°9 | 12°70 | 75°7 69°5 68°93
83° | 14°09 | 81°5 75°I| 2°52 | 155707
; 81°3 | 10°90 | 80°7| 1°30 | 74°7] 0°62 178°48
) 77°2| 10°75 | 72°8| +. | 67°5| o42 |} 86°33
) 78'4./13°50 | 72-7] .. | 661] .. 95°95
81-8) 21°15 | 756] .. 69°5 94°47
81°6| 5°75 EA MB 66° 39°05
oe 6°00 os .. 51°44
81°7 | 10°70 74° Genet 6723) 109"90
78°4.| 20°40 | 73°G| .. 69° | 045 | 209°85
68°2 | 40°30 | .. ee ae ale 610°35
77°9| 885 | 716] .. 65°38) .. 116"10
80°3| 3°68 | 75-1] 0°38 | 69'x o°50 | 52°74
80'9 | 11°26 | 76*1] 2°00 68°3] 048 | 102°84
79°2| 638 | 71°4] 0°05 | 65°38} or50 85°18
79°4| 3700} 71:2] .. 66°1| 0°30 | 63°49
| 17°73 |) Fs ee do fe 106°95
O'T| 7°00 | 70°6| o-40 | 66° | 2:00] 83-45
815) 3°75 | 71° 62°3 3r
80" | 4°50 | 69 62°2 33°38
85° | 6°50 | 80 73° 46°70
798) 3°75 | 71°7 65° | .. 53°39
55°38} 9°40 | 50°4| ot10 | 4a°8] oro 125°20
80'2| 3°40 | 63° 59°6
80°5] 6°65 | 7o"5}| .. Se 36°66
73°5| O90 | 69°5} O85 | 64°7 32°06
83" | 2°50 | 65°3] on50 | 652 24°65
82° | 7°90 | 72° ++ | 66°5 42°45
816] 3°85 | 73°1 68°3 37°06
80°8 | 11°60 | 7074 63°2 61°70
813] 7°20 | 7173 64°3 39°96

258 REPORT—1852.

3 a January February. March
£3 é s

33 as! 2 Mean Mean Mean

ae g *& —_|tempe- tempe- tempe-

ae 3 8 rature| Rain. | rature Rain. | rature| Rain
Be A 4 of the of the of the

fer} a day. day. | day

ee eens

re

eee ee eee

ey

seen

seen ee

ORAS a fcc aoe cual, wot : Pema ates
Bolundshuhur.
Ajmere.

a
sere
we eeee

we eee

eet

Mean
tempe-
rature
of the

day.

August.

Rain.

September.

Mean
tempe-
rature
of the
day.

——- ||} —_____,

Rain,

in.

,

October.

Mean
tempe-
rature
of the
day.

Rain.

O57

2°36
2:95

TEMPERATURE AND RAIN IN BENGAL.

November.

Mean

Rain.

in.

0’°00

ool

0°59
o"50
0°20

259

December.

Mean
tempe-

32°02

38°37

27°81

25°08

82°31

25°76

TABLE.

a Fa January. February. March. April. May.

o” Py ee ee > ot |

8a 3 = Mean Mean

i 23 = ED tempe-|___— {tempe-}_—

oe a =I rature | Rain, | rature} Rain.

Ee A iS of the of the

<> heed day. day.

ft. Pas 9 =a Wir i in. a in.
ELMIRA ciafe icles] | o = sees sees oe 0°S4 o- I‘o9g
Landour ......| -- sien S160 B59 -\5 || 4O'7 1. we
Paneeput.
Rhotuck ......
Lahore ......--| 1180] 31 35°0 | 74 22°0 | 53°6| 2'40| -. eo. ha -- | 81°3] roo
Jullunder ....| .. | 31 19°30175 36°45] 57°4| 3°20] 59°9] 3°42] 69°1| -- | 79°9| 0°20
Hooshearpore ..| .. | 31 31°30|75 57°45] 51° | 6°75] 51°4| 4°75] 7o"2| .- | 81°8| -- =e
Kangra........ -» |32 6°10) 76 19°5 | 49°3| 7°25] 57°6] 3°65] 68°7| o'g0] 781] 0°25] 82°5
NOWINICSIE [-rec'scl| oe eras see oe ie oe oe 82°75] .- oe +. {104°
Mean Meer ...-| .- | 31 33°10] 74 24°30] 55°8| 0°58] 59°7| 2°47] 71°4| 0°08] 83°5] -- .
Nakoda ...... -- |32 7°0|75 30°25] 55°3| 3°28] 61° | 2°17] 71°99] 0°29] 83:4] 0°20
Kurtapore ....| .. | 31 26°40] 75 32°30] 57°2| 2°58| 60°9| 2°40] 70°1| 0°37] 82° | oO°50
Peshawur...... 1068 | 34 075 | 71 38° | 488] 3°24] -- i ie Salar as oe ae “a
Kohat .......- »» 133 32°301 71 26°25] 50°5| 3°24] 58°5] 2°02] 67°3| 1°65] 77°7| 1°15] 88° | ovo)
Rawulpindee .-| .- | 33 34°40] 73 5°20] 49°8| 3°59| 57°21] 6°08] 55°1| 2°61| 74°2| 2°50| 86°9| 2°7
Murrie......-- ae Are occ oe Bp Z. AE bse ac ob “2 Te
Jhelum.......+. +» |32 55°10] 73 45°25] 53°1| 3°73| 60° | 3°50] 71°8| 1°56] 85°3] 1°35] 86° .
Wuzeerabad....| .. | 32 26°20/74 9°50] 53°8| -- | 61°9] -- | 68:5] .. | 818] .- | grtx .
Sealkote ...... Se pictete Sele i) BAee le esc, | SO bile el OSSD rere Ae -» | 79°5
DheraGhazeeKh.| .. weit SAD a} 56 or ae Sr or ay Sar I RCER
DheraIsmael Kh. 58 ae : re 92°
Ghoojarea +. yace see 50° 59° 69°5 Ghee go"
Mooltan .....-| -- | 30 10°40] 71 33°25] 51° 58°5 9 80°38 89°4
Shapore .....- ote aids secs | 48°5 53°5 59°5 735 73°5
Shaikapoora....| .. eis ater 59° 66°5 ae 6° 88°
Ghoojrat.
Jhung.
Leia.
Mozuffergur.

260 REPORT—1852.

On Experiments on the Laws of the Conduction of Heat.
By J. D. Forsss, F.R.S. L. & E.

I REGRET to state that my experiments have been altogether suspended since
the time of my last report by a severe illness which occurred just when I was
about to renewthem. Consequently only a trifling amount of the sum voted
in 1851 for prosecuting the experiments has been expended; not is it my
wish at present to have a fresh grant of money, as it is altogether uncertain
when they may be recommenced. I have not, however, neglected to examine
narrowly the results of the experiments already made, so far as they have
been reduced. I am glad to say that they appear to be very consistent, and
the experimental numbers to be worthy of preservation as valuable data in
the science of heat.

It is with more reserve that I communicate any conclusions affecting the
basis of the theory of conductivity as commonly received. But having been
in possession for more than a year of a result which seems highly probable,
if not quite certain, I am unwilling to withhold it longer on account of an
outstanding difficulty which I have not been able satisfactorily to remove.
The result is this, that in the case of iron (the only one yet tried) the flux

ON THE LAWS OF THE CONDUCTION OF HEAT. 261

_ (continued.)

July. August. September. October. November. December.

rature| Rain.
of the of the
day. . day.
a y, in
1°78 | 85°9 88°3 86° 76°2 66 59°4.
86 85°6 86°6 80°9 64°6| .. | 59°2} o712
3°00 | 81°8 . 81°9 83'5 78'4 59°5| 1°90 | 57°4| oO°50
ine oe 1°5
864 89°1 87°5 776 64 o*60 | 59°4| o*10
1°54 | 87°3 90°3 go'l 82° 66°4.| x09 | 60°4
1°25 | 87°5 906 : 82°6 68°5| 1°35 | 60°6| o'25
+ | 95°5 88°7 87° 74 60°6 57°5
0°98 | 92°1 904 o. 57°9 58
3°79 | 85°5 83°2 85°7 76°2 45°
-- | 684 66°7 62°1 62°8
ge 84° 55°
88°3 g2"1 88-7 85 67° 61
84°1 81°7 84° 64°5 58°6
oe 62°
ee 63°
: a .. 89°5| = + 82° 25 . he 58°
223) tak ORTH at Mage O2 ail Merk S6sg)}) Pe. 68°4
ee «= | | 8675) 4. 81° os . a 56°
93 93° 67

of heat through the solid is not in a simple direct proportion to the difference
of temperature of two contiguous thin slices, but varies in a less rapid’ pro-
portion; or, the conductivity diminishes as the temperature increases. My
experiments were so framed as to give the numerical relation between the
conductivity and the temperature ; but though the numbers, given by expe-
riments under circumstances essentially different, substantially agree, I do
not as yet feel justified in assigning a numerical value to the effect of tem-
perature on the conductivity of iron, until the possible disturbing effect of
the cause which I have mentioned shall be better ascertained.

I take this opportunity of expressing my acknowledgements to Professor
Kelland for the advice which he has, with his usual kindness, from time to
time afforded me. I still hope to be able to renew these experiments, and
I shall not cease to devise plans for their improvement ; in the meantime I

Intend to put on record both the principles of the method and the direct

results obtained, as well as the reductions; and also the manipulations which
experience has taught me, and which I believe will be found of use to any
future observer.

Ambleside, 25th August, 1852.

262 REPORT—1852.

On the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations.
By Rosert Hunt.

(1). Tue following results are offered as a small instalment of an exten-
sive system of examination which I have undertaken. The object in view
is to determine, with all the accuracy possible, the relation which each
coloured ray of the prismatic spectrum bears to the chemical action which
takes place upon the different agents employed in the production of the
sensitive surface. Since different media exhibit very various degrees of
absorbent action upon the chromatic rays, as well as on the chemical rays, of
the spectrum, by employing them we obtain indications by which we may
determine the relation in which these phenomena stand to each other.

(2). The plan upon which I am proceeding is this. Having obtained a
very extensive series of coloured glasses, and by the solution of chemical
compounds, procured a still more varied set of transparent ccloured solu-
tions, I analyse the luminous spectrum of a well-formed vertical opening be-
tween two knife-edges, by passing the spectrum through a particular absorb-
ent medium. The spectra are obtained, first, by means of an excellent flint-
glass prism ; again, by one of crown-glass of faultless purity, the manufac-
ture of Messrs. Chance, Brothers, of Birmingham; and, thirdly, by a hollow
prism, in which I have the means of employing fluids of very different re-
fracting powers. For obtaining the chemical impression of the spectrum, I
procure a flame-like chromatic image of great intensity, 1 inch in length, from
a vertical opening in my steel plate. I have adopted this as my measure
throughout, dividing it into 100 equal parts: thus, all the numbers employed
are intended to express inches, or the one-hundredth part of an inch.

(3). The first part of the present Report is devoted to the examination of
the prismatic spectrum by coloured glasses of various kinds. ‘The numbers
affixed may appear somewhat irregular, but as they correspond with a very
extensive series, over many of which I have no control, but which are well
known to me by these numbers, and can always be obtained, I have thought
it best to retain them. I have however adopted the plan of numbering my
paragraphs, so that in referring back there will be no difficulty in comparing
the chemical with any particular luminous spectrum.

As I hope to present to the next meeting a far more complete examina-
tion of this subject, I refrain from offering a single speculation, contenting
myself for the present with the record of careful observations and exact
experiments.

The lines a a! indicate throughout the length of the normal spectrum.

ANALYSIS OF SPECTRUM BY ABSORBENT Mep1A.—No. 1.
(A.) Series of Yellow Glasses.

(4) 16. Deer yELLow. Colouring matter Carbon, fig. 1.-The Fig. 1.
ordinary red raysvery intense, but partaking more of ascarlet colour
from the mixture of yellow than a pure red ; the orange and red rays
blend so perfectly that it is difficult to define their boundaries.
Combined, these rays occupy ‘12. The yellow rays are reduced to
a line of bright light equal to‘10. Beyond these the green rays ap-
pear very intense, and occupy a well-defined space equal to *25.
Blue and violet rays, confined within a space equal to *38, appear
somewhat more luminous than the green, presenting no decided
colour, but appearing rather as a patch of a pale neutral tint.

(5) 15. StRAw-yELLow. Silver stain upon one surface only.—Shortens
the spectrum by two-thirds of the violet, so that its entire length is reduced

—”

ON THE CHEMICAL ACTION OF THE SOLAR RADIATIONS. 263

to *80; the other rays continue unchanged, exhibiting a tolerable degree of
intensity. When concentrated by a lens the violet ray is seen to suffer yet
further extinction relatively to the other rays.

(6) 18. Meprum YELLOow, believed to be Charcoal.—The red ray exhibits
more crimson from the introduction of blue ; orange and yellow well-defined ;
green ray somewhat shortened, but exhibiting considerable intensity, and well-
defined. The blue ray reduced to a small band, and the rays beyond are
only indicated by a pale stream of light, neutral in colour.

(7) 14. Brown yeLtow, by Carbon, fig. 2—Red Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
and yellow rays are considerably reduced ; the green is
well-defined, shading off into blue, of which a faint
portion alone remains, the space beyond appearing ra-
ther a lavender colour than violet.

(8) 17. Derr yELLow, by Iron, fig. 3.—This spec-
trum consists of four well-defined and nearly equal
circles, or rather oval spaces. No blue can be de-
tected in the spectral image; the green rays occupying Uy ; i | re
the place of the blue; the yellow rays considerably ex- ———% a’
tended ; the red rays are well-defined, but on the upper
edge a band of scarlet or deep orange is detected when the eye has become
accustomed to the light. The violet has more red than usual in the rays;
and at the upper edge, after long gazing, is seen a faint line of neutral gray,
the lavender ray of Herschel.

(9) 45. A vELLow cass, having a peculiar pink hue—Does not pro-
duce any change on the coloured rays of the spectrum; it appears to pro-
long the yellow by reducing the upper edge of the orange aud the lower
edge of the green.

(10) 113. VERY DARK SMOKY BROwN.—AIl blue flowers appear of a
deep red brown. Purple and claret-coloured flowers lose all their blue, and
appear red. The red, orange and green rays only are visible through this
glass, and the illuminating power of those is very considerably diminished.

(11) 114. A LIGHTER BROWN THAN 113.—A very much more decided
action on natural colours than 113. An examination of the spectrum shows
that the red rays are slightly shortened; the orange and yellow rays blend,
the yellow coming out in much purity ; the green rays are well-defined, but
cut off somewhat sharply at the more refrangible end. Beyond these, by
accustoming the eye to the light, a faint trace of blue becomes gradually
apparent.

(B.) Series of Red Gilasses.

(12) 50. Pink GLass(not very clear), fig. 4.—The illuminating
powers of all the rays considerably reduced. The violet rays are
lengthened and the indigo lost; the blue also considerably short-
ened. The influence of this glass is of a very marked character in
separating the rays from each other, every ray visible being well
marked out. The orange rays are only made out after long exa-
mination as a line of inconsiderable width edging the red rays. g
By using two thicknesses of this glass, and a spectrum concen- y
trated by a lens, the orange rays are brought out as a well-marked tb ra’
band, edged by two black lines.

(13) 13. VioLer GLass, fig. 5.—Ist. Rays passed through the glass
to the prism. The spectrum appears divided into two distinct parts. The
illuminating power of all the rays lessened. In the lower section (1, a),
red, orange and green are visible; blue and violet occupying the space 6. If

Fig. 4.

264 REPORT—1852.

the spectrum is concentrated by a lens and then
examined through this glass, the images appear
as in (2a), joined by a thin neck of a neutral
tint. Few spectra are more beautiful than this
when all the extraneous light is cut off, each
colour being so very distinctly and clearly made
out, the lower illumination enabling the eye to
examine it without weariness or confusion.
(14) 12. Rep crass (Gold), fig. 6.— The
spectrum becomes an oval spot of intense red-
ness with a prolongation of the same colour; the
red oval comprehending all the rays from the upperend fig. 6. Fig. 7.
of yellow to the end of ordinary red, and the prolongation ds a

flowers observed through it appear far more red than
under ordinary circumstances. The spectrum separated
into two long ovals, one, 6, being violet, and the other,
e, exhibiting the red and green rays only, the spectrum
being very considerably shortened at the least refran-

gible end. i) ee aa

(16) 119. VioLert.—This glass obstructs but a very
small quantity of light, and its action upon the spectrum is not very decided.
The red rays are seen in great beauty and purity extending over the space
covered by the orange rays; the yellow is very pure, but the green is some-
what diminished in intensity, and also in length. The violet rays are prolonged
into the blue, thus shortening the latter, which are however very brilliant.

(17) 48. A deep and not very pure violet.—The red rays are slightly
shortened at the lower end, but they appear extended as they in- ,, 8
crease in refrangibility, so that the orange and yellow rays present a
a long band of a pale orange tint uniform throughout. The blue -~
rays are sharply cut off from the violet, the interposing indigo being
nearly black; the violet rays being themselves exceedingly beau-
tiful and clear.

(18) 104. Lirac GLass (Manganese), fig. 8.—Reds of flowers
seen in strong contrast with the leaves, which appear darker from
the loss of their yellow. The yellow rays of the spectrum are nearly
obliterated ; red shortened; green is gradually lost in black sha-
dow, and all the other rays blended in an intense oval patch of blue.

(C.) Series of Green Glasses.

(19) 36. ApPLE.GREEN GLASS.—The red rays are shortened one-half,
the yellow extends into the orange, and is sharply cut off without any blend-
ing at the edge of the red; on the more refrangible side the green
encroaches considerably on the yellow, and upwards into the blue; Fig. 9.
the violet by extending into the blue obliterates the indigo.

(20) 33. INTENSE GREEN, fig. 9.—All the rays below the orange
are cut off; the yellow and green form one tint of pale pea-green.
The blue rays are very light in colour, losing but little of their
illuminating power, and these are fringed with a deep band of
indigo ; no violet rays apparent.

(21) 34. Green. Copper of great brilliancy, tig. 10.—The red
below the orange cut off; does not shorten the violet end, but pro-
duces a great extension of the blue ; the green rays encroach consi-

g

7

extends to the edge of the blue. b
(15) 117. VIOLET-COLOURED GLAss, fig. 7.—Blue §:
@
a

a

| ON THE CHEMICAL ACTION OF THE SOLAR RADIATIONS. 265

derably on the yellow. The chemical action commences at18 from Fig: 10.
the line a'; the orange occupies the space of *10, the yellow about
“16, but blending with the green; this is not easy of exact deter-
mination; the green occupying about °25, and the blue and vio-
let *38. There is a considerable loss of light in the spectrum.

(22) 120. GREEN GLASS acting powerfully on all the reds of
flowers, &c.—Cuts off one-half the red, extends the yellow, and con-
sequently reduces the green of the spectrum. The blue is shortened
by an extension of the violet. Although the reds of the least re-
frangible end of the spectrum suffer considerably, those which are
most refrangible pass this glass (copper) freely.

(23) 121. GREEN GLass (Copper ).—Reduces the reds of spectrum ; brings
the violet down on the blue; but the violet less red than ordinary.

(24) 122. GREEN GLAss.—Nearly the same as the last (121). Fig. 11.
There is little change on the lower rays, but the blue and violet
rays are reduced to one-half their ordinary linear dimensions.

(25) 116. DEEP 1RON-GREEN, fig. 11.—All the reds of flowers
observed through this glass become nearly black. The spectrum
exhibits two spots of pure crimson; perfect blackness between them.
A spot of yellow of great purity, from which the green shades off
into a light blue, which becomes very bright, and then passes into
a line of indigo. The violet is entirely wanting.

(26) 115. A PALE SMOKY-GREEN.—Acts but*very slightly upon
any of the rays.

(27) 44. DEEP IRON-GREEN, fig. 12.—Cuts off the lower red rays ;
admits the permeation of the orange rays freely. The green very
much blended with the yellow, so that it is only by adjusting with
great care that a line of yellow can be seen. ‘The blue and violet
rays suffer scarcely any change, the lengths of these rays being rela-
tively as follows :—green ‘30, blue °25, violet ‘15.

(28) 6. INTENSE COPPER-GREEN.—The spectrum appears as
orange, green, blue and violet. The yellow rays are entirely want-
ing ; a very thin line of red appears at the lower end of orange; the
violet is considerably reduced by the loss of red. =

In all the deep greens we find the violet rays almost entirely destroyed
owing to the removal of the red. It is from results of this character that I
am led to believe the violet rays to be due to a reappearance of red rays
amongst the more refrangible ordinary rays.

(29) 52. YELLOWISH-GREEN GLAss.—This glass has but very slight ac-
tion on the spectrum, defining more perfectly than ordinary the limits of the

_ violet, but producing no sensible change on any other of the chromatic rays.

(30) 107. Licut Green.—The reds of flowers are Jost, the flowers ap-
pearing purple. Yellows are also lost, the yellow blossom of the Elder tree,
&e. becoming pure white.

The violet rays are considerably cut off; the other rays are well-defined,
but more green and less yellow than ordinary.

(31) 119. Licut BoTTLE-GREEN.—Produces no evident change on na-
tural colours ; its action on the spectrum is merely to define the spaces of
the rays without producing any other change.

(32) 110. Deep BOTTLE-GREEN.—Natural blues are blackened, and the

__ paler reds suffer slightly. This glass cuts off all the most refrangible rays ;
a band of violet, or blue with some red, is seen lining the edge of the green.
_ The green rays very brilliant, and yellow passing to whiteness ; the red rays
suffering scarcely any change.

266 REPORT—1852.

(33) 102. OLIVE-GREEN.—-Green of spectrum somewhat more yellow;
the violet diminished by an elongation of the indigo; the violet appearing as
a border to the indigo only.

(34) 103. Deep oLIvE-GREEN.—Red flowers not to be distinguished from
the green leaves; spectrum diminished to red, yellow and green rays, the red
being very much reduced in extent, and the yellow and orange blended.

(D.) Series of Blue Glasses.

(35) 49. A LIGHT BLUE, fig. 13.—The spectrum is represented Fig. 13.
in its three primary rays, suffering a little reduction in length ; when a
concentrated by a lens a little violet appears at the extreme edge.
of the blue. Natural objects do not suffer much change when ob-
served through this glass; purple flowers lose more of their red
than blue, and violet-coloured ones appear nearly pure blue.

(36) 46. INTENSE COBALT-BLUE, fig. 14.—The ordinary red ray
disappears, and a pure crimson ray, the extreme red, is seen below
the lower edge a! of the ordinary spectrum and extending up to the
mean yellow. All the rays but the blue, which becomes very
intense, and a trace of violet at v, are ob- 1 Fig. 14, 2.
literated, the red rays being sharply cut off at aula
y, between which and the blue a dark band
appears. When concentrated by a lens, the
spectrum is changed, as shown in (2). The
lower crimson ray at a’ becoming a defined
circle, surrounded by a band of intense black-
ness, which extends to the second circle at y,
which; instead of being crimson, as was conti-
nued in the neck of (1), is now of a lavender
hue, from the mixture of some yellow with the
red, the blue is condensed, the black at the lowest edge being an intense
indigo.

(37) 3. CoMBINED BLUE AND GREEN GLASSES, fig. 16.—Looking at the
spectrum through these glasses, every trace of red is obliterated, the resulting
spectrum being a pure green and blue. Making the rays pass from fig. 16.
the prism to a lens (fig. 15), and causing the concentrated rays to

Fig. 15.

a

es

permeate this combination, the result is somewhat more decided. The spec-
trum is not shortened at the most refrangible end, but the red of the violet
is entirely removed, forming a pure blue patch equal to *8. Over the space
marked g the green is far more luminous than over any other part, and the
rays gradually darken towards the lower end.

(38) 105. DEEP COBALT-BLUE, fig. 17.—The red of flowers, as of the
Fuchsia, &c., is entirely lost, and not to be distinguished from the green leaves.
The surface of leaves appears a grey or blue, with a few exceptions ; the Arbor
vite assumes a red-brown colour, remarkable from the striking contrast it
makes with the surrounding trees. The leaves of the Currant and several

‘anhtel

ON THE CHEMICAL ACTION OF THE SOLAR RADIATIONS. 267

- other plants appear red on their under surface when examined through this

giass, the light falling on the upper surface, and being trans- Fig. 17.

mitted. Yellow Nasturtiums become of an intense brown. Blue
Larkspurs not to be distinguished from the leaves. The violet
and blue rays form a large oval, which, encroaching on the
green, reduces it to a line bordering the lower edge of the blue.
Yellow, a well-defined circular spot, ordinary red obliterated,
and the extreme red forming a well-defined circular image quite
surrounded by a black band. A prism of crown-glass gives
the same result, as does also the hollow prism filled with Castor
oil. The extension of this spectrum is remarkable.

(39) 108. PALE GREY-BLUE appears to act most upon the
yellow of natural objects, but produces no marked difference in
the general tints. Its action on the spectrum is very slight; the yellow ray

is somewhat reduced in size, and appears whiter than ordinary; and the
green ‘is lessened by the blue ray encroaching on it.

(40) 112. A smMoxy-BLUE.—No effect on colours generally; increases
the extent of the violet and diminishes the blue. The yellow suffers, green
passing into it; orange lost in the red.

(41) 111. Biug-Grey.—Produces a slight, but by no means a marked
change on the colours of natural objects; defines more perfectly the line
between the blue and violet, and by lowering the yellow gives a more de-
cided margin to the green.

(42) 118. Pate BLUE, fig. 18—The reds of flowers are nearly Fig. 18.
lost when observed through this glass, all extraneous light being —g—*
shut off from the eyes. The red rays of the spectrum are thrown
into two circles, and the yellow into a well-marked patch. The
green rays are well defined; blue and indigo do not appear to
suffer change. The red of the violet is completely lost.

(43) 123. LicHT coBALT-BLUE.—The red of the spectrum is
brought into a well-defined oval, the yellow very distinct; the green
rays are considerably reduced. The blue rays extended, and con- a’
sequently the violet rays are much diminished. =

(44) 47. Deep puRPLE GLAss.—Red, orange, green, and blue rays ad-
mitted ; violet only distinguished after long examination. When concen-
trated by a lens, the violet becomes quite visible as a well-defined band of
coloured light.

(E.) Miscellaneous.

_ (45) 101. SMOKE-COLOURED GLAss.—Does not appear to alter the co-
_ lours of natural objects observed through it. Blue of spectrum nearly ob-
- literated, but the indigo and violet rays are extended; entire length of

spectrum is not lessened. The most remarkable feature is the way in which
_ the spectrum is extended over the violet end, proving the existence of red

rays far down in the ordinary blue rays.

(46) 106. A GREY GLAss.—Removes some red from the violet and

shortens it. All the rays lose in luminous power, otherwise they do not
_ appear, relatively, to change.
_ (47) 115. SMOKE-COLOURED, HAVING A GREEN TINT.—Scarcely any
action on either of the rays; there is a little loss of light.
(48) 151. GLASS VERY SLIGHTLY sMoKy.—No change can be detected
when this glass is interposed.

268 REPORT—1852.

CuemIcat SErRIEs, No. 1.

——

Chemical Spectra obtained after the Prismatic Spectrum has been analysed
by the interposition of Transparent Coloured Screens.

PHOTOGRAPHIC AGENT.
Collodio-iodide of Silver on Glass Plates*.

The numbers preceding the coloured glass employed, refer to the numbers attached to each
particular medium in the previous series. No. 1. Those following the colour refer to the
paragraph.

(49). Normat Spectrum, formed by a very pure flint-glass prism.—Light
admitted between two knife-edges, separated {th of an inch, and generally
passed through a hole of the same diameter in an inner screen. The chro-
matic image was received on a white tablet in a perfectly black box; its
length, when most accurately adjusted, was 1 inch and j ths, but for con-
venience this has been reduced to 1 inch and divided into 100 parts, and re-
latively to this all the chemical spectra have been corrected (1:2).

(50). Without any interposed medium, fig.19.—Chemical Fig. 19.
action commences °40 above the lower end of red,and from
this point extends to the length of 15 inch. Over the
space covered by the red and orange rays are indications
‘of a well-defined circle of protective action ; immediately
above this a dusky brown commences, forming a kind of
fringing which is extended to ‘60, and in a similar manner
it bounds the whole of the spectrum. This is due to
diffused light, which I always find bordering the spectrum.
Over a space equal to *i0 a well-defined black space ap-
pears, then the action weakens, but is still strong over °7,
when it again increases just at the end of the violet, and
is somewhat sharply cut off at 1-90 above 0, or lowest
red, presenting an image similar to that represented in
the margin. Placing the glass at a small angle, and ob-
serving the spectrum by reflexion, the lower dark space
comes out very strongly, and the whole space above it
appears of a dark semi-metallic purple shaded by a dusky
brown border.

Glasses (A.) Yellow Media. Fig. 20.

(51) 16. Deep yELLow (4), fig. 20.—Chemical ac-
tion commencing over the region of the indigo and violet
rays, the most intense action appearing to take place
about the line H of Fraunhofer, It forms eventually a
well-defined oval, the greatest amount of darkening going
on in the centre of the impressed spectrum, a protected
band, well-defined from the other parts of the surface, in

* The collodion was made with gun-cotton which had been pre-
pared with nitrate of potash and sulphuric acid. This being well
washed was dissolved in ther. Iodide of potassium was dissolved in
spirits of wine and iodide of silver added so long as it would take
up any, and two drachms of this were mixed with one fluidounce of
the collodion. The solution of silver employed was 30 grains to the
fluidounce of distilled water. The image was always developed by
pyrogallic acid.

is very decidedly protected from change. Upon placing the

_ glass in a solution of hyposulphite of soda, and allowing it to
_ remain for some time, the variations of action are more ap-
_ parent :—lIst, the very dark centre; 2nd, a band of much

a ieee! ie

weaker action; 3rd, a far more energetic band surrounding
the whole ; and 4th, a protected band extending from the lower
point far below this as a protected circle, as indicated by the
shading in the figure.

(52) 18. Mepium yveELLow (6), fig. 21.—Chemical action

_ commences above the yellow ray, upon the confines of, but 7
the green, commencing *40 above lower red, the space oc-
cupied by the green rays being impressed as a well-defined
oval of the length of *25, then a neck of very much lower in-
tensity of ‘20; a large and well-defined oval 90 in length,
exhibiting the greatest degree of intensity in the middle space,
shaded off to the edges. The length of impressed spectrum
1:40, and from the zero a! to end of chemical action 1°85, or
length of action beyond luminous spectrum at @°85. Here
we have an extinction of the violet and indigo rays; and over
the space occupied by the blue rays a comparatively weak
action, this action being continued with very much energy
over the space occupied by the dark rays. The indication of
protected spaces around the spectrum is less evident than in
many other examples.

(53) 114. LicHT RED-BROowN (11), fig. 22—Action com-
mencing at “75 and extending with tolerably uniform inten-
sity to 1°60, and gradually shading off to 1°85. At the lower
end the action descends slowly to ‘65. A brown line of

_ shading appears around this spectrum, but this is probably due

to dispersed light, since this shading is considerably increased
when many clouds are floating about.

Glasses (B.) Red Media.

ON THE CHEMICAL ACTION OF THE SOLAR RADIATIONS. 269

contrast with the little darkening from extraneous light beyond the luminous
image. The space between a and the lower end of the impressed spectrum

Fig. 21.

a

(54) 13. VioLer cLass (13), fig. 23.—Chemical action commences at *60
above 0, and is then continued with tolerable uniformity to 1°35, a faint sha-
ding being prolonged about 15 further, or 50 beyond the luminous spectrum.
The long dark oval in the interior of the spectrum exhibits a more intense

chemical action than the other portion; this darkened space appears to

Fig. 24.

belong mainly to the upper oval of the luminous Fig. 23.
| spectrum and over the dark space beyond it. In
| some other experiments, during a period when
| thesky was covered with light white clouds, and

consequently when the intensity of the sunshine
was varying, the chemical limits were subject se
to constant changes, commencing sometimes as

| high as °70 and terminating at -30.
|. (55) 104. Lizac exass (18), fig. 24.—Che-

mical action commences at *75 and ceases en-

| tirely at 1-25, forming thus one small patch of

L changed silver, commencing near the line H, and

“occupying but about one half-inch of space. 4

270 REPORT—1852.

More than half of the bluerays are inactive, the action being
confined to the space of the violet and the lavender rays. 5

(56) 12. Rep (Gold) (14), fig.25.—A great number jj
of experiments have been made with the hope of detecting
some chemical action on the iodized collodion by the
bright crimson rays which permeate this glass. In no
instance have I been successful; instead of obtaining any
indication of change, the only result has been the occa-
sional evidence of a protecting action over the spot on
which the oval red patch, described in the analysis of
the spectrum, falls when diffused radiations have acted
on the sensitive surface generally.

Glasses (C.) Green Media.

(57) 36. BRIGHT APPLE-GREEN (19),
fig. 26.— Action appears singularly divided.
Two spaces of most intense action, corre-
sponding with the green and violet rays as
shown at y, v, these being surrounded with
a band of a chocolate-brown colour. By
placing the glass in a strong solution of the
hyposulphite of soda the outer band is
readily dissolved off, but the ovals y, v resist
for a long time the action of the solvent,
dissolving indeed, only when the film of col-
lodion separates from the glass.

(58). The former result was obtained in
London. On repeating the experiments at a a’
Falmouth, a very different result was ob- .
tained. The action commencing at ‘60, and continuing to 1°60, an extended
though much weaker action is prolonged to °35. The experiments having ~
been repeated several times in both localities under precisely the same con-
ditions as regards prism, size of opening between knife-edges, length of
spectrum, &c., these results indicate some peculiar atmospheric conditions.
These, however, can only be determined by several sets of experiments at
different times.

(59) 6. INTENSE COPPER-GREEN (28), fig. 27.
—Intense action, producing a bronzed line,
commences at ‘60 and extends to 1°10, or over
a space equal to°50. A weak action extends
down to ‘45, marking the space occupied by
the green ray. A similar modified action
extends upward to 1°60. By long exposure a
light fringe appears over the space occupied
by the yellow rays, the actual chemical spec-
trum being 1°35 in length. The fringe around ;
the lower part of the spectrum, which is not
readily explained, is a tolerably constant re- =
sult. It may possibly arise from some refrac-
tion of the rays near the Fraunhofer line B,
within the glass plate.

(60) 34. Green (Copper) (21), fig. 28.—
Action commences at ‘60, and it is continued

:
|

oe ee eee eee

_ which appear to go on within the chemical spectrum.
_ tends up to 2°20. The inner portion of this spectrum
much more intense over this section than on any other
_ the complete production of metallic silver in a state of
brown edge, but does not act in the slightest degree on
| the inside oval space. The spectrum obtained without

f any interposed medium is, upon collodion, of less extent
than that now described; it is, usually, a long flame-

ON THE CHEMICAL ACTION OF THE SOLAR RADIATIONS. 271

with full intensity to 1°15. This forms a well-defined dark olive-green oval
spot; it is somewhat smaller at the upper end; the chemical action is then
continued faintly to 1-35, and still more faintly to 1°60. At the lower end the
impressed image descends to ‘50, and a faint border of dusky brown sur-
rounds the spectrum, which is impressed over a'space equal to 1°5. The prin-
cipal action is limited to the blue and the rays above it. ,

(61) 33. INTENSE GREEN (20), fig. 29.—The action hereon _ Fig. 29.
the most sensitive collodion plates is exceedingly slow, and after ©
an exposure of five minutes in the brightest sunshine, the only ——_——*
indication of any chemical action is the appearance of a faint
spot near the line H. This when acted on by the pyrogallic 6
acid becomes very dark, and another spot a little beyond the
violet rays makes its appearance.

(62). In the camera obscura, which has been devised for
working with the very sensitive and beautiful collodion process
in the open air, yellow glasses have been introduced for the a’
purpose, as it was thought, of cutting off the chemical rays, at
the same time as light enough was admitted to enable the operator to see
his work. The results obtained (see Yellow Media) clearly prove that rays,
chemically active for collodion, pass the yellow media very freely; some
green glasses, as the above, offer much more obstruction, but red glasses ap-
pear to be still more effective. c

(63) 44. DEEP IRON-GREEN (27).—The action of this spectrum is very
slow, and confined to the limits between the mean green ray and the extreme
violet. In agreat many experiments the spectrum impressed has been always
limited to the space °50; that is, it has commenced in the middle of the
luminous spectrum and terminated with the violet rays. Very weak hypo-
sulphite of soda washes off the darkened portion so readily, that I am led to
infer that it is an exceedingly superficial dust upon the surface only.

(64) 116. ANOTHER DEEP IRON-GREEN (25).—By long-continued action
there is scarcely a trace of any chemical change. Here we have an example
of a spectrum in which the blue class of rays, ordinarily called the chemical
rays, are very brilliant, yet they are chemically inactive upon this most sen-
sitive photographic preparation.

Fig. 30.

Glasses (D.) Blue Media.

(65) 105. DEEP COBALT-BLUE (38), fig. 30.— The
rapidity of action with this medium prevents the marking
of many of the more remarkable gradations of change
Chemical action commences between °70 and 1°70, and ex-
appears the lightest, but in reality ‘the action has been

part, and the semi-transparency of this portion is due to

fine division. Ammonia will dissolve off the outer dark

shaped band of 1°60 or 1°70 in length, and of uniform :
intensity throughout. The operation of the cobalt-blue we

272 REPORT—1852.

glasses on the spectrum indicates’ some peculiar influences, which require more
extensive study than they have yet received. The remarkable difference
between the luminous and the chemical spectrum is very striking, and it ap-
pears to indicate the independent existence of the actinic or chemical rays.

(66) 3. CoMBINATION BLUE AND GREEN (37), fig. 31.—The spectrum
impressed by long exposure commences at -45 and terminates sharply at 1-0,
there being no indication of any action beyond the visible spectrum. It will
be found by examining the drawing of the luminous spectrum obtained
when the light has passed this combination of Fig. 31. Fig. 32.
glasses, that the action commences at the lower a
edge of the green rays. ‘The whole space im- Dir’. as
pressed has equal intensity throughout, with a
brightening of the silver in the middle.

(67) 49. A Licur BLUE (35), fig. 32..—The
action commences at the lower edge of the blue
rays ‘55 from 0, and extends to 1:40, when it is
suddenly interrupted. Considering the usual
character of blue glasses, and that this one is Ong
an unusually transparent nature, it will be ue-
cessary to subject it to a much more search-
ing examination than it has yet veceived. That
the chemical change is very superficial, is proved by the
rapidity with which the hyposulphite of soda removes the
impression.

(68) 46. CopaLt-BLUE (36), fig. 33.—Action com-
mencing at °75, extending with full euergy to 1°50; at
the lower edge it is continued with faint shading to °55,
and even some very slight continuation to ‘0, which is to
be detected by placing the collodion glass plate upon a
sheet of white paper and viewing it at a small angle, and
shading off at the most refrangible end, until at 2°10 all
action appears to cease. This is the greatest extension
of the spectrum which up to this date (August 20, 1852)
has been obtained; and in two experiments made in very
intense sunshine at noon-day, a well-marked spot has
been obtained °10 below 0, as marked in the drawing.
This spot will be found to correspond with one of Sir
John Herschel’s heat spots, and may possibly be referred
to some peculiar chemical action due to the so-called pa-
rathermic rays. The presence of vapour, in the form of
light cloud or mist, however attenuated, appears to ob-
struct this peculiar class of rays.

(E.) Miscellaneous Series.

(69) 101. SMOKY-COLOURED GLASS (46), fig. 34.— Che-
mical action commences at “70 and extends to 1:90. At the
least refrangible end the impression descends faintly to *50.
The maximum of action is within the limits of the visible most
refrangible rays, the most intense spot being near Fraunhofer's
line H.

Those media which have been employed in the analysis of
the prismatic spectrum, and are described in the optical series,
put which do not appear in the chemical one, have been omitted,
until further experiments confirm, or the contrary, the results
which have been obtained. a

Bt

THE FLAX PLANT. 273

- On the Composition and Ciconomy of the Flax Plant. By Dr. HopcGEs,

F.C.8., Professor of Agriculture, Queen’s College, Belfast, and
Chemist to the Chemico-Agricultural Society.

Next in importance to the study of the substances which serve man for food,
is the investigation of the composition and ceconomy of the materials which
yield him clothing. Among the plants which, from the most remote anti-
quity, have been valued for their textile adaptation, those of the Linacez
family—and especially the Linum usitatissimum, a native of our own country,
and widely spread over Europe, and also found in Hindostan and North
America—have occupied a prominent place; the flax plant, we have reason
to believe, having been cultivated for its fibre in the earliest seats of civi-
lization, and manufactured in the tents of the patriarchal fathers of our race.
We find that it was worn in the temples, and the microscope has demon-
strated that it was entombed in the sepulchres of Egypt. It also appears
that its valuable qualities were known to the ancient tribes of northern and
western Europe.

A complete account of the flax plant, and its industrial applications in
Ireland, should include—l1st, the history of flax cultivation in Ireland; 2nd,
an account of the processes of cultivation ; 3rd, an examination of the chemical

composition of the plant; 4th, an account of its technical preparation.

The second division of the subject, however, belongs so exclusively to the
practical department of agriculture, that its consideration may at present be
properly omitted; and though it would be out of place to occupy much time
in this Section with the first division, yet a few remarks may be permitted,
for the purpose of exhibiting the attention which, from a very remote period,
seems to have been directed to flax cultivation in this country, and as illus-
trative of its vast importance to the inhabitants of the province in the com-
mercial capital of which we are now assembled.

1. The History of Flax Cultivation in Ireland.—From the earliest pericds,
we have reason to believe that the inhabitants of this island were acquainted,
with the valuable qualities possessed by the fibre of the flax plant, and manu-
factured it for clothing. By whom, however, or from what country it was
introduced, we have no satisfactory record; for the assertion made by some

_ writers, that the Phcenicians were the instructors of the Irish people, is

totally destitute of historical foundation. Our Irish name for flax is Lhin,
which word is also applied to thread, while the term Anairt, which is used
to express a kind of coarse linen cloth worn by the peasantry, Dr. O'Donovan,

_ of Queen’s Coliege, whose extensive and valuable researches in connexion
_ with the native records of this kingdom are so well known, informs me has
_ no cognate term in any language with which he is acquainted, and is evidently

a word of great antiquity. In the Brehon laws, also, we find it enjoined that
the Brughaidhs or farmers must be acquainted with the mode of working flax.
The linen shirt, dyed yellow, indeed, appears to have been a national dress ;
and the celebrated jesuit, Edmund Campion, speaking of the “ meere”’ Irish,
describes their fondness for capacious linen garments. “ Linen shirts,” he
Says, “the rich doe weare for wantonness and bravery, with wide hanging
sleeves, playted; thirtie yards are little enough for one of them.” ‘The
importance of flax cultivation in Ireland appears to have been fully recognized
by the English government, as may be inferred from the number of legislative
enactments and grants for its encouragement. In 1809, we find that govern-
ment appropriated the sum of £20,000 for this purpose. The exertions of

Several national societies have also been directed to the promotion of flax

1852. T

274 REPORT—1852.

cultivation ; and by the labours of the Royal Dublin Society, the parent of
all our agricultural associations, important improvements were introduced in
the management of this crop. Since the establishment, in 1841, of the Royal
Flax Improvement Society of Ireland—an association of proprietors and ma-
nufacturers, which was originated, and holds its meetings in this town—there
has been expended of money, collected by subscriptions from members,
£8000, and of money granted by the government to the Society, for the pro-
motion of flax cultivation in the south and west of Ireland, £4000. Yet,
notwithstanding the efforts which have been-made by governments and
societies to stimulate the culture of flax, and though the total extent of the
crop produced last year was estimated by the Census Commissioners as equal
to 138,619 acres, the value of which would be about £1,700,000, this produce
is only about a fourth of that annually required by the rapidly increasing
manufactures of the United Kingdom. Though flax is at present cultivated
in almost every part of Ireland, yet it is in Ulster that this branch of industry
has attained its chief development. Of the 138,619 acres of flax grown in
1851, only 14,893 acres were beyond the bounds of this province. It is in
Ulster, also, that the principal seats of its manufacture are to be found.

2. The Composition of the Flax Plant.—In reference to the third division
of the subject, I conceive that the most satisfactory method will be to com-
municate the history of a crop grown by myself for experimental purposes,
the progress of which I was able carefully to watch, from the sowing of the
seed till its conversion into dressed flax for the market. Some of the details
which I have collected, though of importance in the study of agricultural
science, have not been hitherto much attended to in this country.

The field selected for the experiments was situated about a mile anda
half from Belfast; it has a south-west aspect, and the soil is a sandy loam,
composed of transported materials, such as are common in the districts sur-
rounding Belfast. It had been occupied as a grazing field for four years,
and allowed to produce rich crops of thistles and ragweeds. Its chemical
examination proved that it contained a fair supply of all the ingredients re-
quired for the purposes of cultivation: 100 parts had the following compo-
sition :—--

Ciranic mthets oes ee) OOO
MURS E OF NOM sieck cut hottest obs eA
PIAA 0 CRS yeos'e,s vacate gear ae ©, O
Darnntate Gene” eon ge oe, POF
mulphate- Of lima... ee es OF
Phosphate of lime .........../... 018
Carbonate of magnesia .......... 0:06
Salts of potash and soda.......... 240
Insoluble siliceous matters ........ 83°32
99°54
Water in the sample .... 3°00

Textural composition.—Clay, fine sand, and organic matters.... 16°50

Coarse sand and gravel ...........-.. 83°50

100:00

Progress of the Crop.—-On the 16th of April, 1851,a portion of the field,
measuring exactly 70 yards by 70, which had been prepared by spade labour
‘in winter, was reduced to a fine tilth by harrowing and rolling, and sown

THE FLAX PLANT. 275
with two and a half bushels of clean Riga seed of superior quality. The
weather had been dry for some time; but in the evening, after the sowing,
0°300 inches of rain fell.

On the 28th of April the young plants appeared above the soil.

Mean temperature, from 16th nae 46°°5 Fahr.
Quantity of rain ..... . 1:385 inch.

On the 14th of May the pra tie of the field was green; each plant con-
sisted of two leaves.

May 31.—Each plant, with root, measured about 6 inches. Eight plants
were taken for examination, and were found, when all traces of adherent
earth were removed, to weigh 36 grs. They were dried at 212°, and care-
fully incinerated in a platinum vessel, and were found to be composed as
follows :—

Per-centage composition.

Fresh plants. Dry.
Wate E Sc. deliv Sige <(BOTS 83°833
Organic matters .... 5°09 14°139 8'7°446
Inorganic matters 0°73 2°028 12°554
y 36°00 100-000 100°000

June 26.—Two plants, with roots, were taken from the same part uf the
field as those last examined. The plants were just about to flower. Height
of each above surface of soil, 223 inches. Both together weighed 60 grs.

Per-centage composition.

Fresh plants. Dry.
Water 81:917
Organic matters ...... 16°837 2 5)
Inorganic matters...... 1°246 6°89
100:000 _. 100-000

_ June 28.—The plants were in flower. Mean temperature, from their first
appearance above the soil (60 days), 53°°7 Fahr.

July 7.—One plant in flower was taken. Height, 29 inches.
entire plant, 26:05 grs.

Weight. of

Per-centage composition.

Fresh plants. Dry.
Water... cc aay ss 73°32)
Organic matters........ 25°144 94°25
Inorganic matters ...... aoa 5°25
100°000 100-000

July 28.—One plant of flax, in seed, was taken; height above ground,
31 inches, root 53 long; length from ceri of the ‘Feld to the first branch

24 inches.
The weight of the entire plant was.71°1 grs.

About 5 inches ‘of the lower end of stem had become yellow.

Per-centage composition.

Fresh plant. Dry.
Water. : 52. Pst ane’ 69°210
Organic matters... .. 30°045 97°58
Inorganic matters ..,... 0°745 2°42

100°000 100°00

fue,

276 REPORT—1852.

The plant was cut into three portions, which were separately incinerated,
with the following results :~-

1. Root and lower part of stem weighed, dried, 6°60 grs., gave 0°094 ash,
1°424 per cent.

2. Capsules and branches, dry, weighed 9:47, gave +293 ash, 3:094 per cent.

3. Middle portion, dry, weighed 5°53, gave *143 ash, 2.584 per cent.

August 10.—-One plant taken; entire length, with root, 37 inches; length
from surface of soil to branches, 29 inches; stem of a light straw colour ;
leaves withered on 10 inches of stem; capsules 10 in number——seeds green ;
weight of entire plant 71 grs.; branches and capsules 31°8 grs.; water in
plant 45°336 grs.; solid matter in ditto 25°665 grs.; inorganic matter in ditto
1-006 gr.

Per-centage Composition.

NV AtCRs ttre ig wale ots a 63°852
Organic matters ........ 34°732 96°08
ASH cas unpie tee Scie dautyen ol ARO 3°92

Total.. 100-000 100-00

August 25.-The pulling of the crop was begun—a plant was taken and
examined; weight of entire plant 62°40 grs.; weight of capsules 22°50 grs.

Per-centage Composition of Stem.

In fresh plant. Dry.
AWPU aSY et ott anerie Ate ses emer olay B 56°64
Organic matters ........ 41°97 96°80
, Aplin cuit paukias eh ce sn LOD 3°20

Total.. 100-00 100°00
The crop was placed in stooks, and remained in the field until the 8th of
September, when it was weighed at the Cregagh Steeping Works. At this
period the air-dried straw was found to contain 12-2 per cent. of water, and
the bolls 11°84 per cent.
The weight of the produce of the experimental field (straw and bolls), air-
dried, was 7770 lbs., for which the sum of £12. 9s. 9d. was obtained.

Amount of Nitrogen and Inorganie Matters in the Straw and Capsules,
as pulled on the 25th August, dried at 212°.
In the straw. In the bolls.
1. Nitrogen, percent..... 0°53 1:26
2; Ash, per eent:..<.... 3°20 4077

Composition of the Inorganic Matter of the Crop.
100 parts of the ash of the straw and capsules had respectively the fol-

lowing composition :—
Ash of straw. ‘Ash of capsules.

Potash 2 saad snr iene a 20°32 16°38
Sacdanhur ace ae meouies geo Or 6°25
Chloride of sodium ...... 9°27 12°98
Weiner. hacer ian 19°88 13°95
Te ee 4°05 ool
Oxide of iron .......... 2:83 0:38
Bulepmrie aed fy) ....3.. Ts 1451
Phosphoric acid ........ 10°24 23°26
Carbonic acid .......... 10°72 6°37
Silica Seeeiiee els 53 1280 0°67

Total.. 99°31 99°02

THE FLAX PLANT. 277

One of the earliest among those who directed their attention to the che-
mical composition of flax, was a distinguished member of this Association, Sir
Robert Kane. Since that time analyses of the ash of the straw of flax have
been published by Professor Johnston of Durham; by Messrs. Mayer and
Brazier, and by Mr. Way in England ; by Leuchtweiss in Germany ; and by
the reporter. The only examination however of the proximate constituents
of the plant, so far as I am aware, consists of an analysis of the seed by Leo
Mayer. It is, indeed, strange that a plant, the straw of which has afforded oc-
cupation to the industry of so large a portion of the world in all ages, and the
preparation of which, for commercial purposes, consists in acting upon its
proximate constituents, should not have been more carefully studied. Having
been for some time engaged with investigations in this important department,
I shall, on some other occasion, bring forward the details of my analyses. At
present I shall merely state the general results of the examination of a spe-
cimen of flax-straw taken from the experimental crop. A preliminary exa-
mination having indicated the presence of a volatile oil, a quantity of the
stems of the plant, carefully deprived of the seed capsules, was distilled with
water containing common salt, and from the distillate, which was without
action on litmus, I obtained an oil of a yellow colour; 5 lbs. of the fully-
grown fresh stems afforded about 10 grs. of this oil, which had an agreeable
penetrating odour, and suggested the peculiar smell which is remarked on
entering a room where flax is stored. In my examination of the proximate
constituents of the plant, the straw, coarsely powdered, was placed in an
extraction apparatus, and successively treated with ether, absolute alcohol,
water, dilute hydrochloric acid, and weak solution of potash. The solutions
obtained on examination were found to contain a fat oil, wax, traces of chlo-
rophyle, a peculiar green resin, a gum resin, which presented some of the
characters of the principle which Pagenstecher termed linine, and described
as existing in the Linum catharticum or “purging flax,” but could not be
identified with it, a modification of tannic acid, which afforded a gray preci-
pitate with perchloride of iron, but was not affected by solutions of isinglass
or tartar emetic, gum, not affected by solution of borax or basic silicate of
potash, a brown colouring matter, albumen, caseine, starch, pectine, cellulose,
and salts. The following table exhibits the action of the various solvents
employed :-—

1. Soluble in wether ........ kd se had 2°83
9, Soluble in absolute aleohol ...... eae,
3. Soluble in water ......-....+..-- 5:92
4. In dilute hydrochloric acid ........ 22°76
5. In dilute solution of caustic potash.. 16°39
6. Cellulose and salts.............0.. 48°58

100:00

[ shall now proceed to the fourth division of the subject, and describe the
various methods which are adopted for the purpose of preparing the flax
plant for the spinner. I shall not in this place allude to the economy of its
seed, but confine myself to the management of the fibre of the plant, to
a which, of superior quality, is the main object of the flax-growers of

ster.

When a portion of the straw, as it is termed, of the flax plant is examined,
it is found to consist of three parts: first, of a woody, central, hollow column,
which the microscope shows to be composed of cellular tissue ; second, of a
tubular sheath, composed of long and firm bast-cells; and thirdly, of a deli-

’

278 REPORT—1852.

cate covering of epidermis. By rubbing a piece of dried flax-straw between
the fingers, the woody central part and delicate epidermis can be readily
broken to pieces, while the tough fibres of the bast-cells will be found to re-
main but little injured. Those tough fibres, which are capable of being split
into filaments of extreme delicacy, constitute the raw material of our greatest
national manufacture. In the country farm-houses and manufacturing towns
of Ulster, they afford employment to thousands of our people, and are made
to assume almost innumerable forms. They are moulded into the costly lace
and beautiful cambric. They cover our tables, and supply us with “fine
linen,” equal to that which was once the pride of Egypt. The coarser fibres
give stout sails to our ships, and even the refuse rejected by the spinner is
worked up into a cheap and substantial material for covering our farm-houses,
while the sweepings of the Belfast warehouses are sold to the paper-makers
of England, and used to produce the broad sheets upon which the Times
and Morning Chronicle newspapers are printed.

To separate this invaluable fibre from the worthless parts connected with
it is the first step in its preparation for the spinner. Numerous plans have
been proposed for this purpose, both by scientific and practical men. The
examination of the plant shows us that its parts are bound together by gummy
and resinous substances, and that vegetable jelly fills its cells. The separa-
tion of the fibre, therefore, merely by mechanical means, as might be expected,
cannot be perfectly accomplished; yet at various times patents have been
taken out for the application of machinery for this purpose; and in 1815 the
Linen Board expended £6000 in the attempt to introduce into Ireland a ma-
chine which had been invented by a Mr. Lee. One of those machines was
lately sold as lumber at the White Linen Hall in this town. In other
countries the dry preparation has also been tried, and though it has been
found capable of producing a coarse, discoloured fibre, adapted for inferior
fabrics, such as bagging, &c., yet it has been nearly discontinued. The
specimens on the table will serve to illustrate the results of this method of
treatment, as pursued in the jail at Cork, where it serves to give useful
employment to the prisoners.

From the earliest times only one method has been found capable of yielding
the textile material in a condition adapted for every purpose, and possessing
all the qualities demanded by the spinner, viz. the decomposition, by the
process of fermentation, of the adhesive substances which connect together
the bast fibres and the ligneous tissues of the straw. It is by this pro-
cess, variously modified in the arrangements for conducting it, that nearly all
the fibre produced in the great flax-growing countries of Europe is at present
prepared. In many parts of Germany the fermentation is induced by ex-
posing the flax, spread in the fields, to the influence of the air and moisture ;
while in Belgium, which is justly regarded as the model country for flax
management, the practice of enclosing the straw in wooden frames, and im-
mersing it in the waters of rivers until the necessary changes are produced,
is in many places adopted and found to yield fibre of superior quality.

In Ireland, at the present time, two modifications of the system of fermenta-
tion are in use—one of which consists in steeping the straw in pools of water
in the open air at ordinary temperatures, while, according to the other method,
the steeping is transferred from the farm to the factory, and the fermentation
accelerated by employing water maintained at an elevated temperature. The
former method of steeping has prevailed in this country and in other parts of
Europe to some extent from the earliest times; and though it has been
asserted by some writers, without, however, any authority for the statement,
that the ancient inhabitants of this island prepared the flax in the same rude

THE FLAX PLANT. 279

manner, by beating the unsteeped straw, as observed among some of the
people of the South Sea Islands, yet we may, I think, infer from the number
of places to which the name “poll a lin,” t. e. flax hole, is applied, that
they steeped in water. The plan followed by the farmer, who adopts the plan
of steeping the flax on his farm in the open air, is to excavate a pond in con-
nection with some convenient stream. The dimensions preferred are from
twelve to eighteen feet broad, and about four feet deep. The quality of the
water employed requires careful consideration, hard waters being found ma-
terially to interfere with the process; ferruginous waters also are avoided ;
aud in those districts where the steeper is obliged to make use of them, the
flax acquires a dark tinge, which the bleacher finds it difficult to remove.
From the action of the salts of iron upon the modification of tannic acid,
which I have shown to exist in the straw, we can readily understand that the
presence of iron in the water of the steep-hole must be prejudicial. As the
oozing of water from the adjoining soil also frequently produces discoloration
of the flax, careful steepers place on each side of the-pond a small drain, to
prevent the entrance of drainage waters. The flax, after pulling, is prepared
for steeping by removing the seed capsules, or bolls, by means of a simple
machine, composed of a number of iron teeth, about eighteen inches long,
screwed to a socket of wood, and fixed perpendicularly on a long bench, upon
which the workmen sit. The bolls are separated from the stems by the work-
men taking a handful of the flax, spreading it out, and drawing it through
the teeth of the ripple, as the machine is termed. Sometimes, however, the
steeping does not take place until the flax has been stored for some time, and
has become so dry that the fibre would be liable to injury by using the
common rippling-machine. In such cases the seed is beaten off by means
of a “ beater,” formed of a block of wood furnished with a curved handle.

In England, where the flax plant is cultivated more for supplying food for
eattle than for its fibre, the value of its nutritious seed is acknowledged by
every farmer; but in Ireland, unfortunately, industrial knowledge is only
beginning to influence the practice of the agricultural population. It is in
Ulster that the chief progress has been made. The Royal Flax Society has
diffused much useful information ; and another institution, the Chemico-Agri-
~ eultural Society, by its lectures and publications, has also contributed, in no
small degree, to overcome ancient prejudices. Yet it must, I fear, be regarded
by this meeting as but little creditable to our agriculture, that, though annu-
ally nearly 650,000 qrs. of flax-seed and 70,000 tons of flax-seed cake are pur-
chased by the farmers of the United Kingdom from foreign countries, only
about one-tenth of the seed grown in this country is saved, the remaining
portion, by the prejudices or indolence of the farmer, being consigned to the
steep-hole. :

In placing the bundles of flax in the steeping-pond, they are arranged in
regular rows, placed in an inclined position, so that the tie which confines
the straw in one bundle rests upon the root end of the preceding bundle ;
the bundles of flax of equal length being arranged in different parts of the
pond. When the pond is filled, a thin layer of straw or rushes is spread
evenly over the flax, and on this covering old sods are placed, so as to keep
the bundles from rising above the water. In a day or two, according to the
temperature of the season, fermentation commences in the pool, and in warm
weather in from eight to ten days, at other times in from twelve to fourteen,
the steeping and retting, as the process is usually termed, is completed.
During the steeping the water acquires a dark brown colour, carbonic acid
is disengaged in great abundance, and the surface becomes covered with a
gelatinous scum. To remove this matter it is usual to allow a gentle current

280 REPORT—1852.

of water to flow over the surface of the pond from the supplying stream, as,
when it is allowed to remain, the colour of the flax is found to be injured.
Various methods are resorted to in this and other flax-growing countries, to
ascertain the proper period for the removal of the flax from the pond. Thus
the Silesian steepers take some stalks of the Hax from the pits, and place them
on the surface of the water. If the stalks sink they remove the flax, but if
they swim they allow the steeping to continue for some days longer ; while
the Irish farmer, day after day, when the fermentation has fairly commenced,
anxiously tests the progress of decomposition by drawing a few stalks from
one of the flax bundles and breaking them across in two places, about two
inches apart. If he can readily pull away the central woody column without
tearing the filaments of bast which surround it, he considers that the period
has arrived for removing it from the pit.

It is easy to perceive that the peculiar series of changes which facilitate
the breaking up of the various organic compounds which compose the struc-
ture of the flax plant, must, in our fickle climate, where so many sudden
alterations of temperature occur, be liable to frequent disturbance, and
that the progress of the fermentation, in the shallow steeping-pools, must
be exceedingly irregular and uncertain. It is not, indeed, to be wondered,
that, notwithstanding the closest supervision, the most experienced steepers
should frequently be deceived, and that one part of the flax should be too
much decomposed while another part has not properly experienced the altera-
tions which facilitate the complete separation of the valuable material.

The disagreeable odour evolved from a flax-pool must be familiar to those
who have travelled in the north of Ireland in the steeping season, and the
black hue which the streams in some country districts acquire at that period,
from the refuse waters of the pools being allowed to fall into them, excites the
surprise of strangers.

It is interesting to discover, amongst those wonderful records, not merely
of the military achievements, but of the rural occupations and manufactures
of the ancient inhabitants of Egypt, which have come down to us on the walls
of their temples, that the steeping of flax and its preparaticn for their “fine
linen,” was conducted nearly, we may conclude, in the same manner as by our
farmers at the present time. The drawings exhibit to us large wooden vats
for containing the flax-straw, and men are represented carrying water to fill
them.

To render the history of the crop complete, it is necessary to give some
account of the treatment which the flax undergoes on its removal from the
steeping-pool. I shall confine myself to a description of the ordinary system
of this country. The first operation to which it is subjected is what is tech-
nically termed grassing, which consists in spreading the steeped straw in thin
and even layers upon pasture ground, for from six to ten days, according to
the season, frequently turning it during its exposure, that the air may act
equally on every part of it. By grassing the eremacausis of the woody matter
and loosening of the fibre is still further promoted, and the colour of the flax
also improved. After grassing, the straw is either stored up in stacks, for
subsequent treatment, or at once subjected to the action of machines which
break up and remove the brittle woody parts. To break up the woody matters
so as to facilitate their removal in the ordinary practice of the farm, a simple
machine, termed “the break,” is employed. It consists of two wooden frames,
each of which is furnished on one side with a number of parallel angular bars,
so arranged, that, when the frames are connected together by a hinge, the
angular surfaces of the bars on one frame are received into the hollows formed
between the bars of the other. One of the frames is permanently fixed on

THE FLAX PLANT. 281

a support, while motion is communicated to the other frame by means either
of an iron spring, or by an elastic pole of wood attached to it and connected
with a treadle, upon which the workman presses with his foot. By placing
a handful of the straws between the frames, and pressing upon the treadle,
the moveable frame descends and bruises, or breaks the inelastic woody
matter, while the supple fibre is uninjured. So prepared, the straw is ready
for the second and final operation, which it undergoes before it is transferred
from the farm to the factory. Steeping and grassing have destroyed the co-
hesion between the various structures of the straw, the break has fractured
the woody matters, it only now remains to liberate completely the valuable
textile material from its worthless encumbrance. This is effected on the farm
by means of a simple implement of manual labour; an improved form has
been introduced from Belgium. It consists of a thin blade of wood, attached
to a handle, and an upright wooden stand, with a notch cut on one side, in
which the workman inserts a handful of the steeped and bruised flax, and
turning the flax so as to present every part to the implement, by the blows
of the “scutcher” the brittle and broken weody matters, technically termed
“shoves,” are knocked away, and at the same time any very short or injured
fibres are removed, producing what is known as “scutching tow.” Some-
times bits of “shove” adhere so closely to the bast fibre, that the workman
requires to scrape them away by means of a blunt knife.

Amongst the various obstacles which impede the extension of flax cultiva-
tion to the south and west of Ireland, is the difficulty of obtaining experienced
scutchers; and serious loss has frequently been sustained, by persons who
have attempted the preparation of the crop, from the want of that skilled
labour which is available in almost every part of Ulster. Thus it was found
that while the northern scutchers can turn out from 12|bs. to 141bs. of fibre
per day, the workmen in the south and west have not been able to prepare
more than from 5lbs. to 6 lbs. daily, and frequently not more than 2 lbs. It
is therefore of great importance to this country that government is about to
afford encouragement to the erection of machinery for scutching, in districts
where skilled workmen cannot be obtained. Even in Ulster, for some years
the opinion has begun to prevail, that, as in other departments of our manu-
factures, hand labour must, in the preparation of the flax fibre, give place to
machinery, and “ scutch-mills,” where the work is performed for the farmer,
are to be found in all our flax-growing districts.

The fibre of the flax, prepared either by manual labour, or in the seutch-
mill, is ready for market, and is sold according to its quality, at prices ranging
from £30 to £150 per ton. It is not yet, however, suitable for the opera-
tions of the spinner. In the same bundle there exist fibres of various quali-
ties ; and it is also necessary that the filaments should be arranged in parallel
“reeds.” They must be sorted and hackled. “ Hackling ” consists in draw-
ing the mass of fibres through sets of iron teeth, fixed in a stand of wood,
which, like the teeth of a comb, separate and arrange the fibres, and remove
all broken pieces. Thus treated, flax is rendered fit for its various textile
uses.

Produce of Fibre, §e—The amount of rippled flax-straw, viz. 5824 lbs.,
obtained in my experiment, considerably exceeded the ordinary produce
of the farmer. From the returns of the Royal Flax Scciety, and from my
own inquiries, I would estimate the average produce of a statute acre, in the
north of Ireland, of air-dried flax-straw, with bolls, at two tons, which by the
seeding machine are usually reduced to 3360 lbs. By the various processes
of the rural manufacturer, the amount of dressed flax or fibre obtained ave-

282 REPORT—1852.

rages from four to five cwt. per acre. Some time ago I made an experiment

at one of the country scutch-mills nearBelfast, for the purpose of ascertaining

the relative proportions of the various qualities of fibre, and also the distri-

bution of the inorganic matters. The flax employed had been steeped in the

usual way, and was found to contain 1°73 per cent. of inorganic matters :-——
4000 lbs. of air-dried straw produced of —

DIT ESSGM CH Rincte Mets veth-wc ov ekaisinuasussaiane teeteanue 500 lbs.
1 ENVECEPUN ON? ants hr NRE eee nn tate eaa ent 1 1474) | sie
(GOnise ch Wane tetas each d. Mimosy 580 acc aonet ethene OSS

824 lbs.

An examination of the amount of ash which the above materials respec-
tively contained, showed that its distribution was as follows :—

In the flax............ 4°48 lbs. of inorganic matters.
In the fine tow........ 2°08
In the coarse tow...... 2°56, or in all 9°12 lbs.

So that 59°08lbs. of the inorganic matters, which the crop had withdrawn
from the field, remained locked up in the woody shoves, which, as obstinately
resisting decomposition, are used for fuel, while 9°12 lbs. were carried away
in the dressed flax and tow sold to the spinner.

Accelerated Fermentation—The Patent System.—For so far, we have con-
sidered the preparation of the flax fibre solely as constituting a part of the
ordinary farm operations of this country. Where the necessary amount of
intelligence prevails among the agricultural community, with regard to the
proper cultivation of the crop and its after treatment, as is the case in Belgium,
in some provinces of which country frequently 10 per cent. of the cultivated
area is devoted to its production, and in Ulster, where we find that, in 1851,
one out of every 44 acres was under flax, experience has taught the farmer,
that even with the various disadvantages attendant upon the old and uncer-
tain methods of management, it is capable of yielding considerable profit to the
grower. Notwithstanding, however, the efforts which have been made by
societies and government to extend the cultivation of the crop to those di-
stricts in the south and west of the kingdom, where, for various reasons, it was
most important that the means of occupation which it was found to afford in
Ulster should be rendered available, great difficulties were experienced, both
from the deficiency of skilled labour and the want of convenient markets for
the produce. Fortunately, at a time when great discouragements had been ex-
perienced by those who had entertained the expectation that the fertile soils
of the south of Ireland were destined to render our manufacturers independent
of the supplies of foreign countries, the attention of the flax-growers of Ulster
was directed to a system of flax management, proposed by an American
named Schenck, which appeared to remove all the difficulties of the old
system, and promised completely to revolutionize the ceconomy of the crop.
In the method of Mr. Schenck, as in the old system, a process of fermentation
is employed for the separation of the fibre; but instead of the steeping being
conducted in the open air in shallow pools, it is made a factory operation,
and the requisite changes are accelerated by placing the rippled flax in water
maintained at an elevated temperature. ‘This method is not new, but had
been proposed by Professor Scheidweiler in Belgium, and tried in this country
several years before the arrival of Mr. Schenck. It also appears to have
been employed by the Malays and the natives of Bengal; but it is to the late

THE FLAX PLANT. 283

Mr. Schenck, and his successors, Messrs. Bernard and Koch, that the credit
of organizing establishments for working the process is to be ascribed.

The advantages which the new system presented were most important :—

Ist. By leading to the establishment of factories for the steeping of flax,
and the purchase of the crop from the farmer, who would thus be relieved
from the trouble of its preparation, it rendered it possible to extend the cul-
tivation of the crop beyond the bounds of the ordinary flax-growing districts.

2nd, It introduced greater certainty and ceconomy into the preparation of
the fibre.

3rd. It prevented the destruction of the valuable seed, and also increased
the per-centage of fibre. With these advantages, as might be expected, the
new system made rapid progress, and establishments were erected, not merely
in Ireland, but in England and Scotland, and the attention of several Con-
tinental countries was also at once directed to it.

To enable you completely to understand the system of management pur-
sued at these establishments, one of which those interested in the subject
will have an opportunity of inspecting in the neighbourhood of Belfast,
I shall continue the description of the treatment of the experimental crop, of
which I have already given a portion of the history. When the crop had
been completely air-dried, by exposure in the field, so as to yield, as al-
ready stated, in the straw, when dried at 212°, only 12 per cent. of water,
it was removed to the steeping-works at Cregagh. It was there placed in
stacks, and after some time prepared for steeping. The first operation for
this purpose is the removal of the valuable bolls or capsules. This, in these

_ establishments, where the cost of labour is carefully considered, is usually most

expeditiously and perfectly effected by means of a machine composed of two
massive cast-iron rollers, to which motion is communicated by a belt from
the steam-engine. Between these the flax is passed and the capsules bruised,
so that the seed can be readily shaken out. Having been deprived of its
bolls by this machine, it was found that the 7770 lbs. of flax plants were
reduced to 52 ewt., or 5824 lbs.

Of the portions of the plant removed by the seeding machine, 910 lbs. con-
sisted of clean seed, 1036 lbs. of husks, leaves, and sand. The vats to which
the flax is now removed are formed of wood, strongly bound together by
hoops, the oval shape being preferred. They are furnished with false bottoms,
pierced with holes beneath, through which, by means of a coil of pipe, as re-
presented in the drawing, steam is conveyed. The flax having been placed in
the vats, with the bundles resting on the butt or root ends, and in single layers,
as in the ordinary steeping-pools, a wooden frame is fixed above them, so as
to prevent their rising out of the water during the fermentation. The vats
are now filled with water, so as completely to cover the flax, and the steam-
cock opened so as gradually to raise the temperature to 90° F. The
overseers are furnished with thermometers, and instructed carefully to main-
tain the temperature at that point day and night. Reckoning from the time
at which the steam is admitted to the vats, the duration of the steeping
averages about sixty-six hours. When the object is to obtain a very fine
fibre, the retting is continued for a longer period. The method of ascer-
taining the proper period for the removal of the flax from the water is the
same as has already been described as relied on by the common steeper.
The loss experienced by the seeded flax in steeping was 13 cwt.

Drying.—When the steeping is completed, the flax is carried from the vats
to an adjoining apartment of the factory, and placed in layers upon tables,
and fixed by women in the drying holders. These consist of two wooden rods,

284 REPORT—1852.

5} feet long, between which a thin layer of flax is secured, by passing metal
rings over the ends of the holders, fifty holders being employed for about
1 ewt. of flax. Thus secured, the holders are carried to open drying sheds,
and suspended from cross-beams. In three days, in favourable weather, the
drying is completed; but in damp weather it is placed in a hot chamber, to
heat which the waste steam of the steam-engine is employed.

Breaking and Scutching.—As in the patent steeping establishments a
sufficient number of skilled workmen could not be at all times obtained, a
new impulse was given to the invention of machines capable of performing
the work of the hand-scutcher, and several ingenious and beautiful mecha-
nical arrangements have been proposed, both for breaking and scutching the
flax. In this department Belfast has produced some excellent examples, and
the machines of Messrs. M’Adam, Brothers and Co., and of Mr. Richard
Robinson, are to be found in almost every flax-growing district both in this
country and in England. From the 52 ewt. of seeded straw, the produce of
the experimental crop, there remained 6 cwt. 1 qr. 2 lbs. of marketable
fibre.

After the introduction of the new system, and that several establishments
were occupied in the preparation of fibre, objections were made to the
quality of the material, and considerable doubts were expressed, both with
regard to the amount of produce obtained, and its adaptation for its various
uses. These objections, however, were at the time removed by experiments
instituted by experienced manufacturers, both in this country and at the admi-
rably-conducted works of the Messrs. Marshall in Yorkshire. In Messrs.
Marshall’s experiments, samples of the products of which are on the table,
flax-straw grown in Holland was the material employed; the steeping of a
portion was conducted at two establishments, on Schenck’s system, while
another portion from the same lot was steeped in Holland in the ordinary
way. The results were regarded as in all respects confirmatory of the supe-
riority of the patent process; and a Committee of the Royal Flax Society
also reported, that all objections with respect to any injurious influence of the
accelerate fermentation on the strength and bleaching qualities of the fibre
had been shown to be groundless, and that the yield of the fibre was greater
than when “the old, slovenly, and uncertain process of watering” was prac-
tised.

The process of fermentation, as conducted in the patent establishments, so
far as my investigatious have extended, does not appear in any respect to
present phzenomena different from what I have observed in the ordinary
steeping-pools of the country, when only rippled flax is employed. Usually,
in eight or ten hours after the flax had been placed in the vats, a copious
extrication of gas is observed, and sometimes the vat becomes covered with a
head of froth, like the vat of the brewer; and at this period an odour is
evolved in the establishment closely resembling that of the brewery. The
gas evolved at this period is chiefly carbonic acid. The liquid at the same
time exhibits a slight acid reaction. As the process continues the tem-
perature rises, so that an additional admission of steam is seldom required to
maintain the liquid at from 85 to 90 degrees. ‘Towards the conclusion of
the operation, usually in about 60 hours, the escape of gas becomes less abun-
dant, and a covering of slimy matter collects on the surface of the liquid.

The steep-water at this period has a light brown colour, is transparent,
and closely resembling bitter ale. It is strongly acid to litmus, but the
original blue colour of the test-paper is restored on drying.

Its taste at first is rather agreeably acid, but followed by the peculiar

THE FLAX PLANT. 285

plant-like taste of the flax. Contrary to what has been stated in some reports
on this subject, the liquid I found, at the conclusion of the process, yields
nearly a trace of acetic acid, and in numerous experiments no trace of the
evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen could be detected at any stage of the fer-
mentation. When the flax is allowed to remain in the vats after the usual
time, a new series of changes, and a fresh and rapid extrication of gas, take
place. I have made, during the last three years, numerous experiments
with respect to the composition of the steep-water from several establish-
ments, and also from the common steep-pools, which afforded me some inter-
esting results, and satisfied me that the fermentation which is induced by
steeping flax in water resembles the so-called butyric acid fermentation,
merely traces of acetic acid, and invariably large quantities of butyric acid,
having been detected in every case. In fact, the fragrant butyric ether, so
extensively employed in the preparation of pine-apple rum, and in flavouring
confectionery, might readily be obtained in large quantities from the stinking
waters of the flax-pool. _

Gconomy of the Flax Water.—With regard to the refuse waters of the vats,
some years ago, upon the opening of Mr. Schenck’s establishment in Belfast,
I made an analysis of the water in which the flax had been steeped, which
confirmed the conclusions to which I had been conducted, from my examina-
tions of the waters of the country steep-ponds, that an opinion which had
been promulgated by scientific authority, of the possibility of restoring to the
fields of the farmer all the ingredients abstracted from the soil during the
growth of the flax, by means of the steep-water and other refuse parts of the
plant, was not, even supposing that these matters could be ceconomically
employed as manure, which is impossible, supported by investigations with
respect to the amount of fertilizing ingredients which they contained.

Chemistry is, I conceive, contributing in no small degree to the progress
of agricultural knowledge. It has even already introduced greater ceconomy
into many departments of the farmer's business, and has opened up to him
new sources of fertilizing agents. Sut in some cases it is to be feared that
the chemist has himself raised obstacles to the reception of agricultural
science by the practical agriculturist, by proposals which, though capable of
being carried out in the laboratory, are totally inapplicable in the great
operations of the husbandman.

To ascertain exactly the effect produced by steeping, and the composition
of the steep-water, I obtained from the works at Cregagh a sample of flax-

_ straw unsteeped, a portion of steeped straw taken from the same lot, and a

gallon of the steep-water taken from the vat immediately after the removal
of the flax. The composition of the ash obtained by burning the extract of
the steep-water, and the samples of the straw, is given in the Table. The
spring-water employed at the works is moderately hard, indicating, on Dr.
Clarke’s scale, § degrees. It was not considered necessary to deduct the in-
gredients supplied in it, as these would add but little to its fertilizing value.

An imperial gallon of the liquid of the vat was found to contain, in grains
and tenths,—

Organic matters ............... 136°7
Inorganic matters ............... 131*4

Total solid matters ...... 268'1

286 REPORT—1852.

Composition of the Ash of the Flax-straw before and after steeping, and of
the Inorganic Matters of the Steep-water.
100 parts of each respectively contained—
Unsteeped Steeped Ash of the

flax. flax. steep water.

Motash ser ee LS 11°40 19°31
ee ee ee ee 5°33 4°17 he
Chloride of potassium .... ore ae 3°83
Chloride of sodium ...... 6°47 3°28 21°94
te ee oe ees 18°86 17°69 8:23
Ween aes a 5°50 10°18
Oeide afaron 2. SS SO 5°76 Re)
Sulphuric acid): 20) .... ° 11°16 4°07 6°10
Phosphoric acid.......... 9°63 11°87 Stil
Carbonic acid’ *..: .. 7... ° 10°37 20:06 23°30
PONGHY. <. . ae 15°23 15°78 1°12
2 Wire Bima fupte a ee aaa & = bi 0°60

100°43 99°58 99°77
Ash per cent. in the straw . . 3°89 2°59 ape

100 grs. of the dried extract of the steep-water contained 1°56 nitrogen,
=1-89 grs. of ammonia; therefore an imperial gallon would be capable of
supplying 5 grs.; and a vat containing 3000 gallons of water, 251, lbs.,
worth about 1s. 2d., and would convey to the fields of the farmer about the
same weight of phosphoric acid.

By the kindness of the proprietors of the Patent Steeping-Works at Cregagh,
who have liberally given me an opportunity of inspecting the books of their
establishment, I am enabled to give the following average statement of the
changes which 100 tons of flax undergo, when treated by Schenck’s process.
100 tons of air-dried flax-straw yield—

Tons.
1. By Seeding—33 tons of seed and husks, leaving of seeded flax.. 67
2. By Steeping—67 tons of seeded flax yield of steeped straw .... 39°5
3. By Scutching—39$ tons of steeped straw yield of dressed flax.. 5°90
EUROS IG BS To 17 Seon ee a EERSTE Tv VR 1:47

Flax Cotton—The irregularity in the supply of cotton, the raw material
of an important allied branch of English manufacture, and of which it is cal- ©
culated the mills of the United Kingdom require annually a quantity equal
to 1000 tons daily, has at various times suggested attempts to convert our
indigenous flax into a form which might render it capable of being spun with
the ordinary cotton machinery. It appears that attempts to produce from
flax a substance possessing the properties of cotton, were many years ago
made by a Swede named Des Charmes, and that in 1775 Lady Moira com-
municated to the Society of Arts some experiments which, suggested by those
of the Swede, she had made in this country. Her ladyship’s experiments are
to us peculiarly interesting, as her letters show that they were carried on at
her seat, the present residence of David Ker, Esq., M.P., only twelve miles
distant from Belfast. Neither Des Charmes’ nor Lady Moira’s experiments:
seem to have led to any practical application of the proposed substitute for
the foreign material; and though subsequent trials for the same purpose
were made by various persons, the public do not appear to have placed any
confidence in their plans. Lately, however, the project has been revived by
a Brazilian gentleman, the Chevalier Claussen, known to the public as the
inventor of an ingenious loom. This gentleman has been more successful than ~

THE FLAX PLANT. 287

his predecessors in exciting attention, and his processes have been described
by several chemists of reputation in England, as affording a new and beauti-
ful application of the powers of chemistry to practical purposes. In every
part of Europe, indeed, much interest has been excited by the accounts which
have been published respecting his discoveries, which were regarded as cal-
culated to render Great Britain nearly altogether independent of foreign
supplies of cotton. The proposals of M. Claussen were not confined to cot-
tonizing flax, but also embraced a method of preparing long-line or fibre for
the flax-spinner, substituting for fermentation the more rapid action of a
weak solution of caustic soda, followed by boiling, or simple immersion in
water, acidulated with sulphuric or muriatic acid. The material employed
for the production of his cotton was at first unsteeped flax-straw; but at
present I find that the flax in its original state is not used, and that the
refuse tow of the scutch-mills is preferred. This limitation of the application
of M. Claussen’s patent removes some of the objections which were urged
against his original proposal to cut up valuable flax, so as to produce what
the opponents of the invention regarded as an inferior article ; now, however,
it is merely the waste tow of the scutching-mill, which can be purchased at
from £4 to £7 per ton, that is used in M. Claussen’s establishments: and
from this, as the interesting series of samples which have been kindly
supplied to me by Dr. Ryan show, a beautiful material, capable, it is stated,
not merely of being spun with cotton machinery, but of being combined
with wool, silk, and other fibres, and exhibiting, apparently, that increased
affinity for colouring matters which Mr. Mercer has found to be possessed
by cotton fibre, acted upon by caustic alkali, has been obtained. The first
operation at M. Claussen’s works is to pass the tow through a carding and
hackling machine, for the purpose of arranging its fibres parallel; so straight-
ened, it is cut by another machine (somewhat similar in its operations to the
chaff-cutter of the farmer) into pieces of about one and a half inch in
length, and is then conveyed to the steeping vats. The vats are placed side
by side; and by means of a cradle and a travelling railway, the tow can be
transferred from one to the other, as required. It is, in the first place,
steeped for twenty-four hours in a cold solution of caustic soda, of 1° Twad-
del. The next step is to plunge it in another vat containing a similar solution,
but furnished with a steam-pipe, so that the liquid can be kept at a boiling
temperature for two hours. - The peculiar part of the process, or the Claus-
senizing of the tow, is commenced by transferring the material prepared, as
described, to a third vat, which holds a solution containing 5 per cent.
carbonate of soda. It is allowed to remain immersed about an hour, so as to
be completely saturated with this liquid, and is then raised from the vat and
placed in a solution vontaining about one-half per cent. of sulphuric acid.
In the bath of sulphuric acid it is alleged that important chemical and me-
chanical changes are effected in the character of the flax fibre. It is stated
that it becomes at once changed, as if “ by a new instance of natural magic,”
from a damp aggregation of flax to a light expansive mass of cottony texture,
increasing in size, like leavening dough or an expanding sponge; and this
material, it is asserted, can be produced at a cost not exceeding 214d. per Ib.,
which is considerably below the price at which cotton can be grown and
imported from the United States or any other cotton-producing country.
By a simple process of bleaching, and subsequently “carding,” the tow thus
modified assumes both the texture and appearance of foreign cotton, and can
at once be employed by the cotton-spinner.

With such alleged advantages to recommend it, it was not wonderful that
M. Claussen’s proposal attracted the attention and excited the sympathies of
Mr. Porter and other eminent ceconomists, and that the late Lord Lieutenant

288 REPORT—1852.

of Ireland, the Earl of Clarendon, should desire that a scheme which promised
such important results to this country, so deeply interested in the production
of flax, should be carefully tested on a proper commercial scale.

An inquiry having been committed to Sir Robert Kane, Director of the
Museum of (Economic Geology, I was requested, together with Professors
Blyth and Murphy of Cork, to make such investigations as might properly
ascertain the value of the various methods proposed. But, unfortunately,
the mechanical arrangements which had been made by M. Claussen’s agents,
to illustrate the production of the new material from unsteeped flax, were not
capable of affording satisfactory results; and, though some trials with tow
proved more successful, it was found impossible to carry out the object of the
inquiry at the locality selected. I am informed that it is the intention of
the patentees to solicit a full investigation of the methods pursued in their
operations at works which they have established near London, and where,
they state, the material is produced in large quantities. The real value
however of Claussen’s substitute for cotton must be decided by the ex-
perience of the manufacturers of England. With regard to the ceconomy of
the processes, it would be improper to give an opinion until the investigation
which M. Claussen solicits has taken place. The specimens show what can
be made from the waste tow of the spinner; and it is interesting to find both
Berthollet and Gay-Lussac, many years ago, pointing out the advantages
which appear here to be realized from the conversion of tow into a substitute
for cotton.

I have now to request attention to a new process, entirely different from
any of those which have been described, and the first public announce-
ment of which I am permitted by the patentees to make to this meeting.
The methods adopted are the invention of Mr. Watt, a countryman and
namesake of the great philosopher. In this process neither fermentation nor
the action of acid nor alkaline solutions are employed, the separation of the
fibre from the useless matters of the straw being effected by subjecting the
stems to the action of steam, and afterwards by pressure applied by powerful
rollers. In the first place, Mr. Watt proposes to take seeded flax, and to ex-
pose it to steam, at the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere, in a close cham-
ber, of peculiar construction, so as to soften and dissolve out the gummy
and other soluble matters. The chambers which he employs are square
vessels constructed of wood, or of plates of cast iron, and provided with false
bottoms, formed of the perforated iron plates used in malt-kilns. Two doors
are placed in the ends of the chambers, for putting in and removing the flax.
The top of each vat is formed of cast-iron plates so arranged as to constitute
a shallow tank for containing water, and through which, extending for some
inches above the surface of the water, passes an iron pipe, which commu-
nicates with the interior of the chamber. To the opening of this pipe a valve
is fixed, which can be opened or closed as required. Resting upon the false
bottom, there is an arrangement of pipes, which are intended to act like the
vomiter, or throw-pipe of the bleacher. The process is commenced by
placing the flax in bundles, as received from the seeding machine, on the
false bottom, until the chamber is nearly filled. The doors are then secured
by screws, and steam is discharged into the chamber by a pipe which passes
between the bottoms, and for some time allowed to escape through the valve-
pipe in the roof, so as to remove the volatile oil contained in the straw.
After some time the valve is closed; and the escape of the steam being pre-
vented, it penetrates through the mass of the flax, softening’ and loosening
its various parts. Water is now admitted into the metal tank, and the steam,
which strikes against the cooled roof of the chamber, is condensed and made
to descend in showers of distilled water, by which the soluble and softened

THE FLAX PLANT. 289

extractive matters are washed out and carried below the false bottom, and
conveyed by pipes into a reservoir and preserved. It is, however, proposed
at intervals, during the operation, to allow the flax liquid to accumulate until
it rises above the false bottom, and then, by the pressure of the steam, to
cause it to ascend in the throw-pipes, and to descend in streams over the
straw, so as completely to wash away all the softened matters. In about ten
hours the entire operation may be completed, though the patentee regards
it advantageous to subject the flax to the action of the steam for from
twelve to eighteen hours.

The second part of Mr. Watt’s process consists in submitting the straw, as
it is removed, softened and swollen, froin the steam chambers to the success-
ive action of two pairs of very heavy iron rollers, somewhat resembling the
seeding rollers used in the hot-water steeping establishments, for the purpose
both of quickening the drying process, and of expressing any adherent colour-
ing or glutinous matter. By this operation, also, he finds that not only is the
drying facilitated, but that a considerable portion of the enveloping cuticle
of the stems is removed, and that the separation of the fibre in scutching is
rendered more perfect by the bruising and splitting up of the woody parts
consequent upon the longitudinal pressure to which they are exposed under
the rollers. This new method, which is in operation at present in the extensive
works of Messrs. Leadbetter in this town, appears to offer most striking ad-
vantages. It is peculiarly adapted for rendering the separation of the fibre a
manufacturing operation. No disagreeable smelling odours are evolved ; and,
if experience confirms the expectations of the patentees with respect to the
quality of the fibre obtained, and the comparatively low expenditure required
in its production, the new process will, in no trifling degree, contribute to
the extension of flax cultivation in this country.

A striking peculiarity of this process, and one which renders it exceedingly

- interesting to the scientific agriculturist, is, that it offers the only satisfactory
method of ceconomizing the matters which are dissolved from the flax plant
in its treatment. The dark liquid which accumulates in the lower chamber
of the vat can be obtained in a most concentrated form; it is totally free
from the disagreeable odour of the flax-pool, and experiments which have
been tried prove that it is found by pigs a palatable and nutritious food.

I have to apologize for the length to which this Report has extended, and I

_ feel that some of the details which I have included in it may appear uuneces-
sary to those who are familiar with the various process of the flax manufac-
ture; but as many persons present, though acquainted with the beautiful
fabrics, which, in every market in Europe and America, attest the skill and
ingenuity of the linen manufacturers of Ulster, have probably now for the
first time visited a district which, like the north of Ireland, on every side
exhibits, in its steeping-establishments, busy flax-mills and extensive bleach-

_ greens evidences of the advantages which this country has derived from the

eultivation and skilful management of the flax plant, I trust, that, whilst in-

_ specting the various processes to which our manufacturers have liberally invited

_ the attention of the members of the Association, the outline which I have en-

_ deavoured to give them of the economy of the crop may tend to increase

their interest in this important department of our national industry. And if
my remarks on the composition of the plant and the various plans proposed for

_ the preparation of its valuable fibre should induce any of those whom I have

the honour to address to undertake investigations which may contribute to

improve either the agricultural or technical management of the crop, the
present visit of the British Association will be regarded, if possible, with still
greater satisfaction by the manufacturers of Ulster.

1852. U

RESO Pm on

%

290 REPORT—1852.

The Freshwater Fishes of Ulster, as enumerated in the MSS. of the
late Witt1AM Tuompson, Esq., President of the Belfast Natural
History and Philosophical Society. Contributed by Ropert Par-
TERSON, Esq. and JAMEs R. Garrett, Esq.

Tse contributors of this paper stated that they had prepared it from their
late friend’s MSS., in consequence of a suggestion which had been made to
them, to the effect that an accurate catalogue of the freshwater fishes of Ulster
would, on the present occasion, be interesting to many who had not before
had an opportunity of observing the physical features of the North of Ireland.
The several species of fish which inhabit purely fresh water for at least a por-
tion of the year, and which Mr. Thompson had noted as having been found
in the province of Ulster, were enumerated thus :—

Cobitis barbatula, Linn.
Esox lucius, Linn.
Salmo salar, Linn.
(—— Salmulus.)

—— Enox, Linn.

—— trutta, Linn,

Perea fluviatilis, Linn.

Gasterosteus aculeatus, Linn., including
the several varieties figured in Yar-
rell’s British Fishes, viz.

G. trachurus, Cuv. & Val.
——— semiarmatus, Cuv. § Val.

_ -—— leiurus, Cuv. & Val.
brachycentrus, Cuv. & Val.
—— spinulosus, Cuv. & Val.
pungitius, Linn.

Gobio fluviatilis, Will.

Tinca vulgaris, Cuv.? Send ao
Cyprinus carpio, Linn. / considered in-
? i digenous,

Abramis Brama, Cuv.

—— fario, Linn.

ferox, Jard.

— umbla, Linn.

(S. Salvelinus, Don.)

Coregonus Pollan, Thomp,.

Platessa flesus, Cuv.

Anguilla acutirostris, Yarr.
—— mediorostris, Yarr.

latirostris, Yarr. (2).

Petromyzon marinus, Linn.

fluviatilis, Linn.
Planeri, BZ.
Ammocetes branchialis, Cu».

Buggenhagii, pond.
(Cyprinus ——, Bloch).
Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Cuv.

Supplementary Report on the Fauna of Ireland by the late William
Thompson, Esq., President of the Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society.

Robert Patterson and James R. Garrett, Esqs., the two gentlemen by
whom this communication was brought forward, gave the following explana-
tion as to the circumstances under which it was prepared :—At the Meetings
of the British Association held in the years 1840 and 1843, Mr. Thompson
presented Reports on the Fauna of Ireland, drawn up by him at the request
of the Association, Shortly after his untimely decease in February last
(1852), his MSS. were—in pursuance of directions contained in his will—
handed over to the two gentlemen above-named, with a view to publication,
so as to complete his work on the Natural History of Ireland, thrée vols. of
which—on the Birds of Ireland—had appeared during the author’s lifetime.
On examination of these MSS., a memorandum was found containing a list of
the papers which it had been Mr. Thompson’s intention to submit to the
Belfast meeting of the Association, and, amongst others, there was specified
a supplement to his former reports. The materials of this Supplement were
also discovered, partly arranged, and it was considered desirable that the

ON THE FAUNA OF IRELAND. 291

author’s intentions should be carried out as far as possible. The remaining
volumes of “The Natural History of Ireland” being in course of preparation
for the press, the present communication was confined to an enumeration of
the several species of animals now recorded as Irish, but which had not
been made known at the date of the publication of Mr. Thompson’s previous
reports,

Div. VERTEBRATA.

Class MamMMaAtia.

Vespertilio Nattereri, Kuhl, ......... M‘Coy, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xv. p. 270.
Delphinus tursio, Fabr. vieseseeseseees Gray, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 84.

Class Avs.

Vultur fulvus, Linn....ccssecccoeeeee Yarrell, Br. Birds, ed. 2. vol. i. p. 1; Thomp.
Nat. Hist. Ireland, vol. i. p. 84.

Aquila Neeviay Brisson ...sciscocssees «. Yarr. Br. B. vol. i. p. 10; Thomp. N, H. Ire.
vol. i. p. 13.

Circus cineraceus, Mont, (sp.).+s...... Thomp. N. H. Ire. vol. i. p. 427,

Motacilla alba, Linn., Gould .......0. “ >» p. 218
Alauda cristata, Gould........ seesecceee Yarr. Br. B. vol, i. p. 455.
Alcedo Aleyon, Linn. ......ccsscccevees Thomp. N. H. Ire. vol. i. p. 373.
Hirundo purpurea, Wilson ......... .« Yarr. Br. B. vol. ii. p. 257.
Perdix rufa, Mont. s.....ssccccevesesses Thomp. N. H. Ire. vol. ii. p. 65.
Charadrius cantianus, Latham ...... 3: » p- 104,
Grus cimerea, Bechst. ......secesceeeeee 3 » p13.
Botaurus lentiginosus, Mont. (sp.)... 5 » p. 168.
Ciconia alba, Brisson .ccccsscescsseeses aes op. 175.
Selon Brehmi, Kaup...secccssereess 53 vol. iti. p. 447.
inga platyrhynca, Temm. ........04.. es vol. ii. p. 282.
— Schinzii, Bonap. ......s.cecseeoee = » p- 297.
— Bonapartei, Schlegel. .......0000 ce 32" By OT
— rufescens, Vieill. ......00000. soseee M‘Coy, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xv. p. 271,
— Temminckii, Leister ............ Thomp. N. H. Ire. vol. ii. p. 302.
Crex Bailloni, Vieil/. (sp.) .....0 Cate 3 >» p- 32),
Gallinula Martinica, Gmel. ...... Zaades a bh) POOLE
Anser Canadensis, Gel. (sp.) ......- a vol. iii. p. 24.
— egyptiacus, Linn. (sp.) ......0. wa >» p: 64.
Tadorna rutila, Pallas (sp.)...... ee 4 st Ps GB,
Anas Americana, Gel. ...........004 i pea ean
Oidemia perspicillata, Linn. (sp.) ... 3 » p. 118,
Mergus cucullatus, Linn. ....... ooonae re » p. 161.
ria leucophthalmus, Faber ......... 3 PAR ie + 1
Sterna Velox, Ruppel ....sssecsssecere 55 » p. 266.
_ ——leucopareia, Natterer .......+.... 5 oy =p. 298.
_ —— leucoptera, Meissner & Schinz.. M‘Coy, in Ann. N. H. vol. xv, p, 271 ; Thomp.
fy N. H. Ire. vol. iii. p. 307.
Larus Bonapartii, Rich. & Swains.... Fr » p. 317.
_ Procellaria glacialis, Linn. ........+00 5 3 p. 406,

Class Pisces.

Cottus Groenlandicus, Cuv. § Val.... Specimen in Dublin University Museum, ob-
tained by Dr. Ball at Youghal; another
procured by Mr. Wm. Andrews from Dingle
Bay, Feb. 1850.

Sebastes Norvegicns, Cuv. & Val. ... em from Dingle Bay by Mr. Wm. An-
drews.
, Pagellus erythrinus, Cuv. § Val. .... Taken on south-west coast by the same gen-

tleman,
u2Z

292 _ * REPORT—1852.

Cantharus lineatus, Mont. (sp.) ...... Ann. N. H. vol. xvii. p. 313.

Brama Raii, Cuv. § Val....... esp s sagas 5 vol. xv. p. 311.

Xiphias gladius, Linn.? ...........0008 55 vol. xviil. p. 314.

Cepola rubescens, Linn. .........00006 Obtained by Dr. Farran on southern coast,
Dec. 1848.

Scopelus borealis, Nillson ..... Str At Ann. N. H. vol xx. p. 171.

Platessa limandoides, Jenyns ..... ... Obtained by Mr. W. Todhunter off Cape
Clear, in winter of 1848.

Pleuronectes Armoglossus, Schn....... Obtamed by Mr. W. Todhunter on Galway
coast, Sept. 1848.

Solea pegusa, Yarr......... Saree gee Obtained by Mr. W. Todhunter on Galway

coast, Sept. 1848.

Echeneis remora, Linn. ........000600. Ann. N. H. vol. xviii. p. 314.

Syngnathus ophidion, Linn. ......... 55 vol. i. (new series) p. 63.

Orthagoriscus oblongus, Schn. ...... Specimen obtained near Tramore (Co. Water-

ford), in Sept. 1845 ; now im the Collection
of the Dublin Nat. Hist. Society.
Acipenser huso, Linn. ......... seoseeee Ann. N. H. vol. xx. (1847) p. 172.
Scymuus borealis, Flem.? .........00+ Mr. R. Ball (MS.).
Amphioxus lanceolatus, Pallas (sp.).. Ann. N. H. vol. xviii. p. 314.

Div. INVERTEBRATA.

Moutusca.
Testacellus Maugei, Férussac ........ . Ann. N. H. vol. xx. p. 174.
Succinea oblonga, Drap....... genetovas a vol. vii. (new series) p. 501.
Acteon viridis, Mont. (sp.) .......00. 3 vol. xv. p. 314.
Eolis violacea, Alder & Han. ......... . a vol. xv. p. 313.
Alderia modesta, Lovén (sp.) ......... Allman, in Ann. N. H. vol. xvii. p. 1}.
Idalia aspersa, Lovén (sp.) .......0.005 Thomp. in Ann. N. H. vol. i. (new series) p.63.
Polycera punctilucens, D’Orb. ........ my My vol. xv. (1845) p. 313.
Doris obvelata, Johnst. .........ec000 as a o p- 311.
Ulidiana, Thomp. ....--.2.s2cee- a ss or} p- 312.
Aplysia nexa, Thomp. ..........00cc000 mes : tS p. 313:
Orbis foliaceus, Phil. .........c..c0c005 dn ws vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 351,
Bulleea pruinosa, Clark .......e..ec00- ee = 99 p- 381.
Utriculus y EL OWN x osnesceeetee 5 Le vol. xv. (1845) p. 314.
Volvaria subeylindrica, Brown ....... = _ Bs p. 315,
Cylichna (Bulla) strigella, Loven .... 5 3 vol. vii. (n. s.) p. 501.
Bulla mammillata, Phil. ............ e $ % vol. i. (n. s.) p. 351.
prodicta, Brows s x scccvecsotess 5 us vo]. xy. (1845) p. 314.
Bulla? acuminata, Brug. .........000.+- s : vol. ii. (n. s.) p. 35],
Ovula patula, Penn. (sp.) ........+++ aes is a vol. xviii. (1846) p. 384.
Pleurotoma Farrani, Thomp. ........ 5 = vol. xv. p. 316.
coarctata, Forbes.........seescsees By A vol. xx. p. 174.
— striolata, Scacchi .........0 aie es 3 vol. xvil. p. 384.
brachystoma, Phitl. ..........0. 40 bt . A p. 384.
a OVIPUL RE UE. cee tarerogcessass cece 3 - i323.) pr cea
LEVERS HULDES” ©, hile csthsczetentees = 8 vol. xviii. p. 383,
Ulidiana, Thomp: .........00600- 4 ms vol. xv. p. 316.
Triton elegans, Thomp. ..........006+ 5 id irre poly
Fusus Sabini, Gray ..........00.00ee008- te 55 vol. ili. (n.s.) p. 352.
Buccinum Zetlandicum, Forbes ...... ss 3 vol. xv. (1845) p. 316.
Nassa varicosa, Turt. (sp.) .....-000+++ a A vol. xvii. p. 383.
Trichotropis borealis, Brod. § Sow.. a a vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 352.
Natica Montagui, Forbes .......0....008 Bs Ss vol. xviii. (1846) p. 384,
sordida, amit’, Sisecest. Atees. ss nA a vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 352.
Odostomia crassa, Thomp. .......006+- , ® Es vol. xv. (1845) p. 315.
-Eulima nitida (Melania), Lam. ...... re i; vol, ili. (n. s.) p. 352.

Stylifer Turtoni, Brod......sccsceveees af 55 3 oi p. 351.

ON THE FAUNA OF IRELAND.

293

Rissoa Warreni, Thommp. .....+...006. .. Thomp. in Ann. N. H. vol. xv. (1845) p. 315.
fulgida, Mont. (sp.).-0..0ssseseee F ivy vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 351.
proxima, Alder .scceccssseeeseess a 34 vol. xx. (1847) p. 174.
inconspicua, Alder .......sssse++s a fa a p: 173.
Costulata, Risso ...cccescseeeeees & fh vol. xv. (1845) p. 315.
abyssicola, Forbes ........0s.e+0e at - vol. ii. (n. s.) p. 351.

2%

Lacuna Montacuti, Turt..........00000s 5 pe vol. xx. (1847) p. 173.

Scissurella crispata, Flem. ......+00++ 4 4 vol. vii. (n.s.) p. 501.

Emarginula crassa, Sow. ...... maege des + fe vol. xviil. (1846) p. 384,

Puncturella noachina, Linn. (sp.) .... es rs vol. vil. (n.s.) p. 501.

Chiton Hanleyi, Bean.............00+0.. 5 4 vol. iil. (n. s.) p. 352.

Pecten similis, Laskey ........seeceveses ss 5 vol. xyii. (1846) p. 385,
FUCL, Gimeliticescecscevscreccesseccer 4 4 9» . p. 385.

Area raridentata, S. Wood ..+......... re &: ae p- 385.

Nucula Polii, Phil. ........ccceeeeuceees as vol. tii. (n. s.) p. 352.
decussata, Sow. ......++8 Ree wy he vol. xx. (1847) p. 174.

Modiola vestita, Phil. .....cccccsseceees s a vol. xv. p. 318.

Galeomma Turtoni, Sow.........ceceees 3 vol. iil. (u. s.) p. 352.

Montacuta oblonga, Turt. ............ 5 “3 vol. xviii. (1846) p. 385.

Lucina lactea, Poli (sp.) ......seeeeee0 * es 3 p- 385.

Cardium Loveni, Thomp..........00.0++ a rs vol. xv. p. 317.

Ervilia castanea, Mont. (sp.) ......... a e vol. ill. (n. s.) p. 352.

Amphidesma intermedia, Thomp. .. 3 6 vol. xv. (1845) p. 318.

Tella pygmexa, Phil...........00c0e00 ne % vol. i. (n.s.) p. 63.

—- balaustina, Lini.......scesceseceee 3 $5 vol. xviii. (1846) p. 385.

Neera cuspidata, Olivi (sp.) ...-..... fs 3 fd p. 385,

Teredo bipalmulata, Del. Chia. ...... ps i vol. xx. p. 237.

Didemnum gelatinosum, Edw. ...... = A vol. i. (n. s.) p. 64.

Ascidia grossularia, Van Beneden ... i 33 re p- 63,

— tubularis, Miill. ..........cccec00s 4 4 _ p- 63,
virginea, Ford. & Han. ......... s $3 vol. iil. (u. s.) p. 352.

Botrylloides rubrum, M. Edw. ...... Ae “ % p: 353.
rotifera, Hdw. .....csesesecceeseees we es vol. xviii. (1846) p. 386.

— albicans, Hdw........cccccecceseees By 3 $3 p- 385.

Botryllus smaragdus, Edw. ..........+. * = vol. i. (n. s.) p. 64.
violaceus, Edw. ...ccccssecscecees Ba ps 5 p- 64.

Amoroucium albicans, Edw. ......... 3 a 4 p- 64.

Aplidium fallax, Johnst. .........0..06 . a vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 352,

CIRRHIPEDA.
Adna anglica, Leach ....scs.ceseseeeee Ann. N. H. vol. xviii. p. 386.
CRUSTACEA.

Obisium maritimum, Leach............ Ann. N. H, vol. xviii. p. 386.

Stenorhynchus tenuirostris, Leach... Ee vol. xx. p. 237.

Eurynome scutellata, Risso............ 5 » p. 238.

Polybius Henslowii, Leach ......4..... = vol. xy. p. 319.

See PONTE: 65260000048 -sssesegereesnaoes Dr. Scouler, in Ann. N. H. vol. xvii. p. 176.

Pagurus Forbesii, Bell..........1.sec00e Dr. Melville, in Ann. N. H. Sept. 1851, p. 236.

Gebia deltura, Leach ......6..... cca Ann. N. H. vol. xx. p. 239.

Crangon fasciatus, Risso .......sc00s008 5 vol. i. (n. s.) p. 64.

— sculptus, Bell ..............000 :... Dr. Melville, in Ann. N. H. Sept. 1851, p. 236.

— bispinosus, Bell ...........2c0e00e oe be p- 236,

Hippolyte Thompsoni, Bell............ Bell, Brit. Crust. p. 291.

— Pandaliformis, Bell..... sostaeene 35 p- 289.

Sag This shell has, since Mr. Thompson’s decease, been identified by S. Hanley, Esq. as
_ Rissoa Beanii : found in shell sand in deep water,—mouth of Belfast Bay.

294 REPORT=1852.

Cynthia —— ? Thomp. (J. V.) ....- Ann. N. H. vol. xx. p. 240.
Themisto brevispinosa, Goodsir ...... 5 » p. 240.
Orchestia Dee teprscessenttesccuees a 9 ~=«p. 242,
Amphithée fucicola, Leach (sp.)...... 4: » p.- 242.
— rubricata, Mont. (sp.) ...+.+...00e : » =p. 249.
RESET Soe sa ti syeacecuestdgecescaes rr 3 (pe ae
Gammarus marinus, Leach ..........+. r » pastes
— campylops, Leach ......+...0008 a » p. 242.
longimanus, Leach (sp.)......... = >» p- 242.
—— punctatus, RIGIINGEs) (ocunsWesveseaes i » p-243.
Opis typica, Kroyer .......s00+ eo vescss 3 op. 2438.
Anonys GADD) taasaecarteaeceassUeeesoes.e re 3 pe 24a.

Teese ater ane Teele eectte takes 5 3 peed:
Gaais faleatus, Mont. (sp.) -...++... i » p. 244.
Hyperia Latreillii, Edw. ..........00... 54 » p. 244.

Galba, Mont. (sp.) .....00sse00ee Ss 5p. 244

Lestrigonus iat Feradacweiatties oeuece OY » p. 244,

Caprella lobata, Miill. cohaee Peadctienes a » p. 244,
tuberculata, Goodsi7 ..........4. BR. » p. 244.
acuminifera, Leach .......seese00e Ad 35 . 245.

Idotea acuminatum, Leach? ......... 9 vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 354.

Tanais Dulongii, Audouin (sp.) ...... a vol. xx. p. 245.

Jera albifrons, Mont. (sp.) ....+2...+0+ “p > p- 245.

Praniza cerulata, Mont. (sp.)? ...+.- . vol. i. (new series) p. 65.

Spheroma Prideauxiana, Leach...... x vol. xx. p. 245.

— Griffithsi, Leach MSS.? ...... sf » p. 246.

Cymodocea truncata, Mont. (sp. SS op » p. 246.

Cirolana hirtipes, Hdw. .....++-seeees se sp. 246.

Eurydice pulchra, WGCQCW ioe ovens snuee on » P- 246.

Bopyrus hippolytes, Kroyer ......+.. vol. i. (new series) p. 65.

——— (TEW) ....scereeiersseeerssceeeneees “Foundi : Galathea in Belfast Bay” [Thomps.

ny re MSS.

Sida crystallina, Mill. (sp.) Edw.

‘O1y) 5) Aleadetopsenoccegie, causecrrmaoess Am RS ne
Daphnia crystallina, Mill. Entom. os p: 6
Lynceus lamellatus, Miill. ...... ited: rs vol. xvii p- 386.
Cypris reptans, Baird? .....-....066 ey %5 p- 386,
Canthocarpus minuticornis, Mill. (sp-) % vol. xx. p. 247.
Cetochilus septentrionalis, Goodsir.. i p- 247.
Notodelphis ascidicola, Allman ...... . Proc. Roy. Irish Aviad: April 1847.
“Caligus minutus, Otto, Nordm.’

BBs bo RAG R Mo. Ann. N. H. vol. xx. p. 247.

diaphanus, Nordm. ..........006+ 4 p: 247.

—— Stromii, Baird.........ccceceeseees = vol. iii. a s.) p. 354.
CUrtUS, KOyer...ccoceeserseeeeeees re vol. xx. p. 247.

——- TAPAX, HAW. \pesedesccsccasaaseesees fx vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 357.

m—— Minlleri. cscnsisaracsstestccdtadesees a rs p: 357.

— Nordmanni, Edw. ............40. s 9 p: 357.
pectoralis, Kroyer ...scccceseeees = vol. xx. p. 247.

Trebius caudatus, Kroyer .......064. - » p.248.

Chondracanthus gibbosus, Kroyer ... es » p.-248.

Lernzopoda galei, Kroyer .........++ is » p- 248.

Nymphon Johnstoni, Goodsir......... mr vol. xv. p. 319.

—— spinosum, Goodsir ............66 eH ee p- 319.
femoratum, Leach .........ss0008 was vol. xx. p. 249.

Phoxichilidium globosum, Goodsir.. Ff 3s (Pargeoe

Munna Kroyeri, Goodsir.......0....... 5 » p-247.

Pasithoe vesiculosa, Goodsir ...,..... a vol. xv. p. 319.

gina? longispina, Kroyer... ” vol, xx. p. 245.

ON THE FAUNA OF IRELAND.

295:

i ANNELIDA.
*Udonella caligorum, Johnst.......... Ann. N. H. vol. xv. p. 320.
Borlasia alba, Thomp. .......seseseeveee * >» p- 920.
octoculata, Johnst. .......s0.see0 ns vol. xvii. p. 388.
—— purpurea, Johnst. .....seseeeeees a » p. 388.
Olivacea, JOANST. ..scessessevecsees 39 a p- 388.
Planaria cornuta. Miill. ...........606 Ae vol. xv. p. 320.
VOSCA, Miill......cececccccescscsoees oe » p. dal.
lactea, Mill. ....cecesseccecceeees re vol. xvii. p. 388.
— nigra, Miill........ (oMeR AEA dy et p- 389.
torva, Miill.......... Bou eoadere ° ps a p- 389.
flexilis, Dalyell w..ssecccscscecees a vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 354.
ANECHUSA, [cdteasseee vec o'eniee adeaces's 8 vol. vii. (n. s.) p. 501.
Nemertes melanocephala, Johnst. ... = vol. xviii. (1846) p. 387.
Nephelis octoculata, Moquin-Tandon a 4 p: 389.
Glossiphonia Eachana, Thomp. ...... = 5 p. 389.
Pontobdella levis, Blainville ......... i; ¥ p. 391.
Tristoma coccineum, Cu. .......00000 a vol. xx. p. 175.
Euphrosina foliosa, Aud. & Edw. ... My vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 355.
“ Octobothrium (?) Merlangi_ ...... 356
(Octostoma Merlangi, Kuhn), Nord. 3 a it
ForAMINIFERA.
Rotalina communis, D’Orb. ......... Ann. N. H. vol. xx. p. 179.
Rotalia crassula, Mont. (sp.) ---++.++- » Rawrpry Neel ay
Guttulina communis, D’Orb, ......... as f p- 175.
Quinqueloculina semilunaris, D’ Ord. as » p.175.
“ Quinqueloculina cora, D’Orb..... i \ 175
semilunaris, var.?”” Wood ... a a Pp.
Triloculina minuta, Brown (sp.) «+--+ 3 » p- 175.
Globulina gibba, D’ Orb. ............ oy fy 3 pleas
Spirolina subarcuatula, Mont. (sp.)... S. irecpe fo.
Arethusa lactea, Mont. (sp.) «++ week ni » p-l76.
ENtTozoa.
Tetrarhynchus megacephalus, Rud.... Ann. N. H. vol. vii. (n. s.) p. 501.
Echinorhynchus gigas, Rud. ....+.... “ eS p- 501.
EcHINODERMATA.
Brissus lyrifer, Forbes ....ssseecsseseace Ann. N. H. vol. xviii. p. 393.
Holothuria inherens, Miill............ sy ss vol. xv. p. 321.
—— niger, COUCH. ...rsecccerserssseseees Obtained by Mr. W. Todhunter on west coast,
Sept. 1848. f
— Pid aewesaveesoduescinaeaeneWdnne .. Ann. N. H. vol. xvii. p. 393.
Thyone raphanus, Duben & Koren... % vol. xx. p. 176.
Chirodota digitata, Mont. (sp.) s+... 5A vol. xv. p. 321.
Syrinx Harveii, Forbes ........sss000
— granulosus (M*‘Coy in Ann. N. f y vol. xviii. p. 393.
H. vol. xv. p. 272) ...... ite aDadesee
2c eiscdtccevsecceensesesceeeees | LWO Specimens found under stones, on beach
at Tory Island, by Mr. Hyndman.— Thomp.
MSS. |
—— Forbesii, M‘Coy ...scescseseseseee Ann. N. H. vol. xv. p. 273.
—— tenuicinctus, M‘Coy ......... me > a 76S
Sipunculus 2 oc cacamsaenaucdneacena ««. [From Belfast Bay. Intermediate in some

respects between the genera Syrinz and Si-
punculus.— Thomp. MSS. |

* Included by Mr. Thompson amongst the Crustacea in Ann. N. H., but subsequently
noted by him as belonging to the Annelida.

296 REPORT—1852.

Priapultis ——-? sssssessseeeseeseseeees M‘Coy in Ann. N. H. vol. xv. p. 273. [Not
distinct from P. caudatus—W. T.]

Seen eee Keen eee eEE OOS eenste

eo

ACALEPHA.
Velella subemarginata, Thomps....... Aun. N. H. vol. xv. p. 321, |

ZOOPAYTA.
Syncoryna Listeri, Van Ben. (sp.) ... Aun. N. H. vol. xvii. p. 394,

Gorgonia verrucosa, RAN: Shicosins cose i vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 356.
Turbinolia milletiana, Defrance ...... Bs vol. xviii. (1846) p. 394.
Corynactis Allmani, Thomps. ......+++ es ie p- 394.
Dysidea? papillosa, Johnst. «..+. «+. 394
(Zoanthus Couchii) ......ssseeeeeeeee 4 PM ae
Lucernaria campanulata ......s..e+e08+ W. H. Harvey and W. Andrews, Esqs.
Tluanthos Scoticus, Forbes .......++.++ Ann. N. H. vol. xv. p. 322.
Alecto granulata, Edw. ...s+0..-ssee+ Bs vol. xx. p. 176.
major, JOhnst. .....+--sseees pabbicls 53 vol. ili. (n. s.) p. 357.
—— dilatans, JOMNSE. ...0cc..sccscecere = 3 p- 357.
Hippothoa sica, Cowch ..+-+-eee+e+++ a vol. i. 33 JapatiDs
Cellepora Skenei, Ellis & Soland.(sp.) eS vol. xv. (1845) p. 322.
Lepralia simplex, Johnst. --+.+++++++ a vol. iii. (n. s.) p. 357.
Hyndmanni, Johnst. ......++++-- - 53 - p. 37.
—— granifera, Johist. ....++++eseeee
— annulata, Fabr. (sp.) Johnst.... PP es p- 357.
== PERCH, JONMSEsn s.-svecnsrecrsceee zs a p. 357.
reticulata, Macgillivray .........
—— innominata, var.? Couch. ...... } 357
(description, not figure) Johnst... 4 2 ota
Ball, JORNSE.vcacvacessesecsccoces 3 3 p- 357.
—— trispinosa, Johnst. sseseeseeeeee Bs = p- 357.
coccinea, Abilgaard.....rs0+++++- * 45 p- 357.
violacea, Forbes ....+ceessseeeenes :
concinna, (Busk MS.) .........
labrosa, (Busk MS.) «..ss0-00...
Eschara foliacea .....-.seseeeseeseeeeeee Obtained by Mr. W. Todhunter off Cape Clear,
winter of 1848.
Retepora cellulosa, Linn. (sp.) «+++. Ann. N. H. vol. xv. p. 322.
AMORPHOZOA.

Halichondria hispida, Mont. Wern.
Mem. vol. ii. p. 86. pl. 5. figures > Dr. Scouler in Ann. N. H. vol. xviil. p. 396.
1&2; Johnst. B.S. p.98 ......
TINGUIATISeaneces pes aee cine se Wedleneeas See Dr. Johnston in Berw. Club, Proc. vol. ii.
p- 196.

Note.—Mr. Thompson’s MSS. contain references to several sponges in his
collection, which he considered to be of species not previously described.
They are now in the Museum of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical
Society.

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM. 297.

Observations on the Meteorology of Birmingham.
By Wiuu1aM Wits, Esq., F.G.S.

THE accompanying Tables have been compiled from a Meteorological
Register kept at the Birmingham Philosophical Institution.

The observations for temperature, pressure, rain and wind, extend over a
period of eight years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive. The dew-point tables
embrace a period of five years, from 1838 to 1842 inclusive ; and the evapo-
ration tables the two years of 1843 and 1844 only. The whole of these
observations, with the exception of those for the four months from August
to November 1844, were made by the late Dr. Ick, the Curator of that
Institution, whose accuracy as an observer is well known; the observations
for the excepted months were made by a gentleman who acted as his sub-
stitute during his last illness, and continued to do so for a short time after
his death, and as they bear internal marks of care and accuracy, I have not
hesitated to ineorporate them with those of Dr. Ick.

This Register came into my possession during an official connection with -
the above-mentioned Institution, and from the care with which it appeared
to have been kept, the long period over which it extends, and the importance
of Birmingham as a meteorological station, it occurred to me that a reduction
of the recorded observations was likely to repay the necessary labour, and
that the results would probably form an acceptable contribution to this de-
partment of knowledge; and the rather so, that with the exception of Mr.
Osler’s papers on the winds, contained in the Reports of the Association,
I am not aware of the existence of any long-continued series of trustworthy
observations on the Meteorology of Birmingham.

I will briefly notice the subjects of these observations, and recapitulate
their chief results.

1. Temperature (Tables I. ty VII.).—The instruments were placed in the
shade, for the first two years 43 feet, and subsequently about 38 feet above:
the ground, and about 437 and 470 feet respectively above the mean level
of the sea, the place of suspension being nearly in the centre of the town of
Birmingham. In consequence of breakages, the same instruments were not
employed throughout the whole series of observations, so that it has not been
possible to submit them to verification. The self-registering thermometer
was of Rutherford’s construction.

The mean monthly and annual temperatures are deduced in Tables I., II,
III.,—first, from continuous daily observations at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. local
time ; secondly, from the highest and lowest daily markings of the self-regis-
tering thermometer ; and thirdly, from the highest and lowest annual indica-
tions of the same instrument.

The mean annual temperature for eight years, as deduced,—

Ist. From the daily observations at 9 a.m. and 3 P.M.,is........ 49°90

2nd. From the highest and lowest daily observations of the self-
registering thermometer....... so SATE, dL See ike PRR eases’ AO*17

3rd. From the highest and lowest yearly observations of the self-
registering thermometer........... babys hh REISE 50°00

4th. The mean temperature of the five years, from 1838 to 1842
inclusive (see Table XXI.), which excludes the year 1837
and the unusually warm years 1843 and 1844, is........ 49°694
Of these amounts some portion is doubtless due to the great number of
our manufacturing and domestic fires.
In Table IV. is shown the distribution of the temperature through the
several meteorological seasons, with the differences from the mean.

298 REPORT=~1852.

The Tables III., V., VI. exhibit the mean range of the self-registering
thermometer through the several years, months and seasons, with the differ-
ences from the seasonal and annual means. The mean annual range of
temperature is 64°°25, and the mean monthly range 32°51 ; while the greatest
monthly range, that of April, is 6°49 in excess, and the least monthly ranges,
namely, those of November and December, are severally 4°95 in defect
from the general mean.

- In Table VII. is given the number of days on which the self-registering
thermometer was at or below 32°; the average yearly number being 53.

2. Barometric pressure (Tables VIII., IX., X., XI.).—The instrument
employed was a standard barometer of Newman’s construction, of *546 in.
bore, with moveable brass scale, and which had been compared with the
flint-glass barometer at the Royal Society’s rooms. The cistern was 18 feet
above the ground, and about 44:7 feet above the mean level of the sea.

The Tables VIIT., [X., X. exhibit the mean monthly and annual barometric
pressure, deduced from observations at 9 A.M. and 3 p.M., corrected for tem-
perature, with its distribution through the several meteorological seasons, the
corresponding barometrical ranges, and the differences of pressure and range
between each season, and the general mean of the several seasons.

The mean annual barometric pressure is 29'381 inches, from which the
greatest yearly difference in excess is +°084 in., and in defect —109 in.

In Table XI. is shown the mean monthly and annual pressures as derived
from the highest and lowest of the pressures at 9 A.M.and 3p.mM. The mean
annual pressure thus obtained is 29:303 in., differing from the mean of the
two daily observations by ‘078 in. only.

In the synoptical Table X XI. the barometric pressure is resolved into its
gaseous and vapour constituents; and their mean monthly amounts, shown
for the period of five years, comprised in the dew-point register, namely, from
1838 to 1842 inclusive, with their respective differences from the several
annual means :—

Inches.
The mean annual gaseous pressure is...... 29°065
Ditto vapour pressure ...... 0... 026000 ee "324

Total pressure (from 5 years’ observations)... 29°389

This result differs from that obtained from the mean of the daily obser-
vations for eight years by only +-008 in.

3. Rain (Tables XII. to XV.).—The receiver of the rain-gauge was placed
38 feet above the ground, and about 470 feet above the mean level of the sea.
The quantities which fell were registered daily at 9 a.m. The average annual
amount was 25°258 in. The tables show the distribution of the aggregate
annual amounts through the several months and meteorological seasons, with
the differences from the means; and also the number of days on which rain
fell in each year and season, and their mean monthly and annual numbers.

The greatest excess in any year above the average amount was in 1839,
when it amounted to about +3°907 in., and the greatest deficiency in 1844,
when it amounted to —5:332 in., making a total difference between the two
years of 9269 in. The mean monthly quantity is 2-105 in., which, on the
average of eight years, is exceeded in November, February, July, August,
September, and October, in the order of enumeration, The smallest monthly
amount falls in April, and next to that month, in December, after which fol-
low, in order of dryness, March, May and June,

- The greatest quantities of rain fell in the several seasons in the following
order, namely, autumn, summer, winter, spring,

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM. 299.

4, Dew-point (Tables XVI. XVII.).—The dew-point register extends over
five years, from 1838 to 1842 inclusive. The Table XVI. shows the monthly
and annual means as derived from observations made daily at 9 a.m. and
3 P.M. with Daniell’s hygrometer.

’ The mean annual dew-point from Table XVI. is 44°95, while the same
result deduced in Table XVII. from the highest and lowest monthly dew-

_ point at the above-mentioned hours is 44°18.

: Adopting the first quantity, 44°95, the mean annual dryness of the climate
of Birmingham is 4°95, and its mean humidity (complete saturation being
represented by unity) is =0°707 ; and consequently the weight of vapour in
a cubic foot of air is =3°03 grs., and the quantity required for saturation
about 1°28 gr.

5, Evaporation (Table XVIII.).—The amount of evaporation is recorded

_ for two years only, namely, 1843 and 1844; and was registered daily at 9 a.m.,

by Howard’s evaporation gauge, which was placed 37 feet above the ground.

In 1843 the greatest amount took place in the months of June, July and

August, and the least in February ; while in 1844 the greatest amount took

~ place in the months of May, June and July, and the least in December.

: The total amount of evaporation was, for 1843, 32°166 in., and for 1844,

_ 85°113 in.

6. Winds (Tables XIX. XX.).--The Table XIX. records the direction of
the winds at 9 a.m., through the several months of the years 1837 to 1844
inclusive; Table XX. being a summary of the aggregate number of the
several winds throughout that period, with the corresponding barometric

_ pressures, reduced to 32°, with their variations from the mean. The mean of

_ the barometric pressures at 9 A.M. was 29°403 in.; differing only by +°014 in.

from the mean of the observations at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.; and the forces, as

shown by the pressures, balance each other to the hundredth of an inch.
The prevailing winds at Birmingham are from the S.W., S., and S.S.W. in

- the order indicated. Of 2914 registered winds, not fewer than 906, or nearly
one-third, blew from those quarters alone; namely, from the S.W. 341, from

_ the S. 300, and from the S.S.W. 265.

_ It is an anomalous fact, of which I do not understand the cause, that the

_ barometer is lower with the S.E. than with the S.W. winds, the mean pres-

&

*

— sure with the S.E. winds being 29°191, and with the S.W. winds 29347.

~ Conelusion.—In the synoptical Table XXT. the meteorological elements of
~ temperature, pressure, and dew-point, during the five years for which the
“materials of comparison exist, are brought into juxtaposition; and in the ap-
pended curves (Plate V.) these elements are represented graphically. sila
It is not my intention to enter into any enumeration or discussion of the
_ Many interesting deductions suggested by the before-mentioned tables. I
_ May, however, remark, in general, that they exhibit some important results
in comparison with similar tables constructed from data derived from other
~ localities, and show a marked difference between the climate of the south-
western and other parts of our island and its interior; and illustrate, more-
over, the influence of situation and local circumstances, even at moderate
distances, in modifying the general laws of climate, and their influence on
human health, longevity, and enjoyment.

_ The striking accordance of form between the accompanying curves and
‘similar ones formed by numerous observers, from facts obtained at different
~and widely separated places, is strongly corroborative of the simplicity,

uniformity, and universality of the laws by which the great agencies of me-

teorologic change are restrained from destructive irregularity and excess,
~ and controlled and adjusted, with the nicest exactness, to the exigences of
animal and vegetable existence. ; Ti

—_—
a

4

300: REPORT—1852.

Tasie I.—Mean Monthly and Annual Temperature from daily observations 4%
Differences from

Years. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June.

—— | | |

um | | |

° °o
1937. | 38:73 | 3830 | 43:34 | 37-03 | 42:02 | 5215 | 63-43
1838, | 40°72 | 29°34 | 3286 | 42°38 | 4485 | 53:18 | 59:58
1939. | 39°81 | 37-92 | 41°32 | 41°32 | 47:88 | 57-00 | 56-47
1840. | 38°94 | 40°12 | 39°73 | 42-22 | 54°61 | 55°67 | 60°71
1841. | 35°19 | 35-41 | 37°12 | 49°21 | 49°31 | 59°55 | 61°73
1842. | 40°81 | 33°80 | 41°01 | 45°38 | 51°10 | 55°34 | 61-06
1843. | 4670 | 39°64 | 36°74 | 43°03 | 49:26 | 52-41 | 57°26
1844. | 4549 | 40°56 | 36°27 | 41-75 | 54:83 | 54°73 | 61°53

_—— | ——$—— —————

Means...| 40°924 | 36°886 | 38°548 | 42°79 49232 | 55°003 | 60°221

Tase I]—The Highest and Lowest Monthly Temperature by the Self-
Monthly and Annual Means, and the Dif-

1837. 1838. 1839. 1840.

Month .
High. | Low. | Mean. | High.| Low. | Mean.| High. | Low. Mean. | High. | Low. | Mean. |}

° °
Dec...) 55°0 | 23-00 28-00 | 3850 | 52-00! 28-00] 40-00 |p
Jan....| 51:0 | 25°50 20:00| 35°50| 54:00| 22-00| 38°00 |f
Feb. ...| 54:0 | 28°25 22:50 | 38°75 | 51°50} 25°00 38°25 |e
Mar...) 49:0 | 19-00 29-00 | 38:50| 57°50] 25-00| 41°25 If
Apr....| 58:5 | 27°50 27°50| 49°75 | 81:50] 33°50| 57°50
May ...| 69:0 | 34:00 30°50 | 54:25 | 74:00] 38:00] 56-00 §
June...) 79°0 | 39-00 41°00 | 59°50| 80°50] 43-00] 61°75
July ...| 79-0 | 47:00 45°00 | 60:50| 75°50] 46°00| 60°75 §/

42°50 | 60°75} 82°00] 46°50) 64°25 #
42°50| 56°25] 74°00| 38°00] 56009
36°00] 51°00] 60:00) 34:00} 47-00
30°00] 42°50} 58°50) 27°50} 43-00%

Aug....| 76°0 | 44°50
Sept ..| 67°5 | 42°00
Oct. ...| 68°5 | 33°00
Nov..-.| 56°5 | 27°50

Means.| 63°6 | 32°52| 48°05) 63°16| 31:96] 47°56] 65°58 | 32-04] 48°81 | 66°75 33°87 | 50°31

Diff. fr.|An. M. —1:12 —1°61 —0°36 +114
Mean of the 8 years 49°°17.

Tasrez III.—Showing the Highest and Lowest Temperature of each yea
the Means d

1837. 1838. 1839. 1840.
Highest ...... 79:0 June 23. 73-0 August 27. 79:0 August 2. 82-0 August 9.)
Lowest ......| 190 March 24. | 9°0 January 20.| 20°0 January 30.} 22°0 January €
Mean Temp...| 49°0 43°5 49°5 52°0
Ann.Range.,.| 60°0 69:0 59:0 60°0 »

Mean of the extremes of Temperature 50°.

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM. 301

~

t 9 A.M. and 3 p.m. for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive, with the
he General Mean.

July, | Aug. | Sept. Oct. Nov. {Annual Means,|Differences from

Annual Means.
65°43 | 62°61 | 56:61 | 53-23 | 45-37 49-604 — *299
62°03 | 61:54 | 57:38 | 51-40 | 41°62*| 48-073 —1°830
62°93 | 62°02 | 57:86 | 51-45 | 45-43 50°117 4-214
59°57 | 65:62 | 54:85 | 49:59 | 44-08 50°392 + +489
59°85 | 61°63 | 59°93 | 49-26 | 42:12 50°025 + +122
61°85 | 61-16 | 57:85 | 46°88 | 42-62 49-905 + -002
61°28 | 63:12 | 61-79 | 47-31 | 43-60 50°178 +4 275
63°06 | 59:59 | 61:06 | 49-75 | 42-61 50-935 41-032

62:00 627161 | 58°416 | 49-608 | 43-056 49-903

egistering Thermometer for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive, with the
erences from the Mean of the 8 years.

1841. 1842.

High. | Low. | Mean. | High.| Low.| Mean. | High.

23-0 | 37-25 | 51:50] 23-00] 38-75 | 58-00
120 | 31-00 | 42:00] 21-50! 31-75 | 53°50
17°5 | 35°00: | 53°50! 25-00] 39-25 | 48°50
320 | 49°75 | 57-50] 31-50] 44:50 | 62-00
340 | 52°50 | 76:50] 30-:00| 53-25 | 67-00
40°0 | 62:50. | 70-00} 39:50] 54-75 | 70-00
40°0 | 56-25 | 85:00] 44:00! 64:50 | 71-50
445 | 59:25 | 76:00] 45-00| 60-50 | 78:00
45°0 | 61°50 | 86°50] 45-00! 65-75 | 82:50
39°0 | 60:00 | 77-00; 42-00| 59-50 | 79-00
360 | 47°50 | 58-00| 29-00| 43°50 | 64:50
22°0 | 39-25 | 52-00] 32:00! 42-00 | 55-00

66°62 32°0 49°31 | 65°46] 33°87] 49-66 | 65-79 |.

+014 +0°49
bt
?

fom 1837 to 1844 inclusive, by the Self-Registering Thermometer, with
uced therefrom.

1842, 1843. 1844.

865 August 18. | 825 August 18. | 95-0 July24&Sept.l.
185 February 16. | 21:0 February 23.

Mean of the yearly Range 64°25,

302 - REPORT—1852.

Tas_LE [V.—Temperature of the Meteorological Seasons, and Differences =
from the Means for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive.

Difference Difference Difference Difference
Years. | Winter.} from | Spring. from |Summer.| from |Autumn.} from
Mean. Mean. Mean. Mean.
> —_—— — ——__———
° ° ° ° ° fe} fe] °
1837. 40°45 +1:67 43°73 —5°28 63°82 +2°36 50°40 +0°05
1838. 34:30 4°48 46°80 —2°21 61°05 —0°41 50°13 —0°22 |
1839. 39°68 -+0°90 48°73 —0°28 60°47 —0°99 51°58 +1:23 {
1840. 39°59 +0°81 50°83 +1°82 61:96 +0°50 49°17 —1:18 {
1841. 35°90 —2°88 52°69 +3°68 61°07 —0°39 50°43 +0°08 |
1842. 38°54 —0°24 50°60 +1°59 61°35 —011 49°10 —1:25 © rf
1843. 41°02 2°24 48°23 —0°78 60°55 —0°91 50°90 +0°55 |
1844, 40°77 +1:99 50°43 +1°42 61°39 —0:07 51:14 +0°79 ye
pe Ae Eee ne eee see | | ae eee
Means...| 38°78 |... 49°01 | wes. 6146 |. 50:35 }

Mean Annual Temperature 49°-9,

Means of the Seasons. Difference from Mean of the Year.

Winter ciccccrsssecses 38°78 Winter ....ssceee0e 1112

Spring .....ccecuecee 49°02 Spring ....scee — 89
Summer j.cecrseres 61°46 Summer .iosee 1156
Atttumn,,...¢ccc..:008 50°35 Atttumn.......6 45

TasLe V.—Monthly Range of the Self-Registering Thermometer for 8
years, from 1837 to 1844: inclusive.

Month.| 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. |Means.

— | |.

° ° ° o ° ° °

Dec....} 32°00 | 27:50 | 27:00 | 24:00 | 30:50 | 29:50 | 26-00 | 24-00 | 27-56
Jan....| 25:50 | 37:00 | 31:00 | 32:00 | 38:00 | 20:50 | 27:50 | 29:00 | 29-93
Feb. ...| 25°75 | 23:50 | 32:50 | 2650 | 35:00 | 28:50 | 30:00 | 25°50 | 28-40)»
Mar.,..} 30°00 | 33-00 | 3300 | 32:50 | 35:50 | 26-00 | 36-00 | 30°50 | 32°06)
Apr....| 31-00 | 34:50 | 44:50 | 48:50 | 37-00 | 4650 | 38-00 | 32:50 | 39-00
May |..| 35°00 | 40°00 | 47:50 | 36:00 | 45-00 | 30:50 | 33-00 | 39-00 | 38-25
June...) 40-00 |32:00 | 37:00 | 37:50 | 32:50 | 41-00 | 29:50 | 39-00 | 36-06
July ...| 3200 | 25:50 | 31-00 | 29:50 | 29:50 | 31:00 | 32-00 | 37:50 | 31-00
Aug....} 3150} 3300 | 36:50 | 35°50-} 33-00 | 41:50 | 36:50 | 38:00 | 35-69
Sept... 25:50 | 28-00 | 27:50 | 36-00 | 42:00 | 35-00 | 42:50 | 45-00 | 35-20
Oct. |..| 35°50} 29:50 | 30-00 | 26-00 | 23-00 | 29:00 | 33:50 | 29°00 | 29-43}
Nov ..| 29:00 | 31°00 | 25°00 | 31:00 | 34:50 | 20:00 | 25-00 | 25:00 | 2756

me | a ts | ee | a | | | RS | RS | SR!

Means.| 31:06 31:21 33°54 32°92 34°62 31°58 32°46 32°75 | 32°51]

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM. 303

Tasre VI.—Range of Temperature in the several Meteorological Seasons
from the Self-Registering Thermometer, and Differences from the Means
for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive.

Difference Difference Difference Difference |
Years. | Winter.| from | Spring. | from |Summer.| from | Autumn.
Mean.

~
Ree ae ag aI

a

44441111
KAaAKsarnsan

Mean Range of the four Seasons 42875.

Mean Range of each Season. Diff. from the Mean Range of the four Seasons.

Winter .......00000.. 35°0 Winter .....c000.. —7°875
Spring c..sccccccsrere 49°5 Spring ..seseesveee —+-6°625
SUMMEF,......ss000002 39'S SumMELsresee..e046 S875
Autumn....sseeere we 475 ‘ Autumn.,..c.0008 +4°625

1 ene

Taste VII.—Number of days in each year, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive, in
which the Temperature was at or below 32°.

Months. 1837.| 1838.| 1839.} 1840.] 1841.} 1842.) 1843.| 1844,

ee

December ....| 9 | 7 9 | 12 | 18 6 2 1
January ssc) 9 26 18 9 16 21 9 6

February.......+: 5 23 8 12 13 ¥) 16 20

March,.s.sssreene} 20 3 10 13 1 1 10 8

April ...sseyeeee| 15 6 7 4 5

May 8800, A) 5a oTReh, 5 ses ait nu iv 1
; October cesreseee} ase ee Ds Ss Ga 3 5 1

November .....- 4 9 1 4 8 1 3 5

304 REPORT—1852.

TasLe VIII—Mean Monthly and Annual Barometrical Pressure, from ob-
(corrected for

1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. ,
Months. ———— SS eee

9 a.m.|3 p.m. |Means.| 9 a.m. ! 3 p.m. |Means.| 9 a.m. | 3 p.m. |Means.| 9 A.M. | 3 P.M. |Mear
jin. in. in. in. in. in. jin. in. in. in. in. in. |

December ......|29°227 |29°245 |29°236 |29°349 |29°367 |29°358 |29-464 |29-452 |29-458 |29°123 |29°109 |29:]
January ........- -402| °392| °397| °378| °376| °377|.-360} +127] -243/ ‘177; 034) <H
February......... *366| °354] °360| °033! °035| -034| °375|] °387| ‘381| °337| °337) ‘Ss
March............| °440| °414] °427| +220] -207| °214] +225) :240; -232| ‘715 “684 “65
APTI! steneoreves> 279| +264) -271| °247| °199| -223] -517| °513| °515| °504| 464) -4
May .cisooress..| °415}] °390 -402| °356| °339) °347| -409} -402} -405] °383) °359] °3
June ..cce0s....| °469| °446| -457| °296| +281] +288] -383] 335] °359] °510} °502| ‘9
JUlyy hecevtee.. -434| -408| -421| °399| -406} °402]- -273| -340| -306| -408 *394| “4
August ..........) *406] °434) -420| 402) -321 *361| -414| +396] °405 | 494) °445| *4

September ......| °362| °277] °319| °415| -434) *424|) +033) 028 030) +369) °319) *
October .........) °574| °530] °552 |29-428 |29°383 |29-405| +425) -424| -424| °575| °552] ‘5
November ......{29°275 |29°252 |29°263 ee 28-980 |28:831 |29°118 |29°100 |29°199 29°21) 29°137 |29°1)

Annual Means 29:377 29:272| * 29-322 29'3

Diff. from Mean —-004 | —-109 —-059

Taste IX.—Barometrical Pressure iu the several Seasons, with the Differ-
ences from the Mean for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive.

Difference Difference Difference Difference
Years. | Winter.| from Spring. from |Summer.} from |Autumn.| from
Mean. Mean. Mean. Mean.

|

——$<$——= | —$—$—— | —_—.

in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in.
1837. | 29°331 —*029 | 29°367 —'046 | 29°422 +:'004 | 29°378 +:044
1838. *256 —'104 261 —'152 *350 — ‘068 *220 —'114
1839. 361 +:001 384 —029 Bia) —'065 "188 —'146
1840. 186 —'174 “518 +:°105 "450 +032 “361 +027
1841. “462 +102 “410 —'003 *430 +°012 232 — 102
1842. "412 +:052 “431 +018 544 +°126 “401 +067
1843. °340 —-020 *378 —*035 *455 +:037 *457 +123
1844. | 29°531 +174 | 29558 +'145 | 29°339 —'078 | 29°434 +:100

— | | | 2 | | | | | rrr

Means...| 29°360 | ....- 7 Be I a Te 29°418 waded 29°334

Mean of the 8 years 29°381.

Means of the Seasons. Differences from Mean of 8 years.
Winter............... 29°360 Winter.....seoss.0.0. "O21
Spring ..t2--...00-... 29:413 Spring ........ see +7032
Summer .........00- 29-418 Summer ......e00.-- +037

]

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM. |

305

ervations at 9 A.M. and 3 P.M. daily, for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive

Temperature).
:

1841. 1842, 1843. 1844. Means.
M. 3 p.m. |Means.| 9 a.m. | 3 p.m. |Means.| 9 A.M. | 3 p.m. |Means.| 9 a.m. | 3 p.m. (Means.
Se ee | eT en | en ne OS Ee ay
” 29°689 |29°692 29-257 |29-188 |29°222 /29°644 29-657 29-650 |29-894 |29-889 |29-891 [29-457 |29-449 |29-453

838) “342° -588| +544) -566/ +126) +273] +199] -562| +547] +554] -369| -329| -348
HD) °338/ °343) 467) -431| -449| -197/ +143] -170| +163] -133| -148] -284| -269| -277
4) 401) +422) +406) -377/ -391| +502| -485| -493) +267] -386/ +326] -402| -399| -400
7 | °886) “411 +318) -595/ +456) -319/ -310/ -314| -682) -646| -664/ -413| -422| -417
M4} 389) 396° +452) -439| -445/ -335/ -318| -326| -699| -671| -685| -431| -413| -499
| 481) *504) -588/ 551) +569) -408) -387| -397/ -493/ -466| -479| +459] -431| -445
WD) 379) °369) -497) +499; -493/ -503/ -456| -479! -455| -434| -444| -416| -414| -415
9) 419) 416) 581) -550/ +570) *507/ -470| -488| -055| +133! -094| -409| +396] -403
I) 274) -291| +442) -393/ -417) -739/ -718| -728| -593| -900] +746| -408| -418| -413
BS) 152) 115) +556) +534] +548) -262| +264] -263} -215| -210] -212| -389| +381] -385
29°280 |29°289 29-249 29:225 |29:237 |29-397 |29-366 |29°381 |29-356 |29-335 |29-345 |29-323 |29-335 |29-304
E 29-382 29:447 29°407 29-465 |Final Mean. .....29:381
i

+:001 +:066 +026 +:084

Taser X.—Range of Barometrical Pressure in the Meteorological Seasons,
as observed at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 inclusive,
and Differences from the Means.

Difference Difference Difference Difference
Years. | Winter.| from Spring. from |Summer.| from |Autumn.| from
Mean. Mean. Mean. Mean.
f in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
1837. 1-587 —°263 1134 —'172 1403 +273 1894 + °270
1838. 1°843 —007 1-732 +426 1°158 +028 27028 + *404
1839. 1:599 —'251 1°233 —'073 1°055 —'075 1°424 — ‘200
1840. 1:988 +:138 1°303 —°003 1-250 +120 2°299 + °675
1841 1806 —044 1:266 —-040 1:116 —'014 1661 | + -037
| 1842, 1°699 — ‘151 1361 +°055 ‘918 —'212 1°784 + +160
| 1843 27401 +°551 1:125 —'181 1075 —*055 1459 — °165
id 1844, 1881 +'031 1-298 — 008 1-069 —°061 “444 —1:180
| Means hk 17) ane SRG ee 8s. ja ee ee ee 1624
| Mean Annual Range 1-477.
1. i
i Means of the Seasons. Differences from Mean Annual Range.
=
a en 1850 5 a +373
RS 1:306 Spring,’ ¥it.ts.... —171
ry Summer............00 1-130 Summer ............ —'347
nang Antamn .).400.4i... 1624 Autumn ......086... +:147
x

306

Tasie XI.—Mean Monthly and Annual

REPORT—1852.

Barometric Pressure, deduced from

for 8 years, from 1837 to 1844 in-

1837. 1838.
te aa oe
Months. 9 A.M. 3 P.M. 9 A.M. 3 P.M.
High. | Low. | Mean.} High. | Low. Meal High. | Low. | Mean. | High. | Low. | Mean.
ee ee ee eS
in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 9
Det. ...5<- 199-800.|28°520 |29°160 |29°837 |28-453 |29°145 |29-924 |28°723 29°323 |29°931 |28°675 |29°303
Jan. ...... 30:030| -793| °411| -997| °700| :348| -865| -824 |29°344| 835} 809 "322 |
Feb. ...... 29-883| -645| °264| °784| 443] °113} *868) -088 28:977| °833| °181| *007
March *871| -748| -309| °867| °747| °307| -941) 503 \29°222 *907| °534 |29°220]
April +881 |28:846| -°363| °878\28°755| °316| °698/ °620| -159 "624| +209 |28:916 |
May ...... -778 |29-034| -406| °783/29°'129| -456| -828| -920| “374| °786| 962 29°374
June...... -799 29:021| -410| -743|29°015| °379)| +700 [28-973 336 °690|28:983} °336
July...... -776 28-669 | °222| °780 28-453] -116| 656 29:066| 361 645 |29°012| °328
AUg....++- *856| -903| °379| °813| °883| °348| °645|28:542| -093 “601 |28°573| +087"
Sept...... 29°803! +533) °168|29°781| -520| +150) :937| -695 *316| °915| °652) 283)
Oct........30°137| °730| °433/30°114| 558 *386| -929 128705 29:317| °898 \28°795 |29°346 °
Nov....... 29-803 28-395 |29-099 |29°798 28-243 29-020 |29°879 oe 28-894 |29°844 |27:969 |28-906
.
Annual M eans......... 29°302 29°257 29°226 29°202
Diff. fom Fi Mean —00i —°046 —077 —'10P
TaBLe XI.—_
1841. 1842.
Months. 9AM 3 P.M. 9 A.M. 3 P.M
High. | Low. | Mean. | High. | Low. Mean. | High. | Low. | Mean. | Iigh. | Low. | Meam
a a ST a =e SS SS eS
in. in. in. jin. in. ‘in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
December. ...|30°257 '28°716 29-486 |30°199 |28°789 |29°494 29-726 |28°519 |29°122 |29°717 \28°469 |29:0
29:970| 451) -210;29°979| °519) °249|30°097) “754 425 |30:097| +398
29:993| °557| °275| ‘944] °599| +271 |30°092 *680| °386 30-044} 636) “34
30°044 | “778| 411) -983| °879| -431 29°896| °787| °341)|29°878| -889 8
29°786 | 921) °353| °770 -961| °365(29°955] -°872| °413| -900| -884/ 39
296 28°766, -296| -819 28677) +248 |30:021 28-660! +340) 961 /28°692| °32
933 29°057 -495| °878|29°019| 448 29°874 |29-177| 525} *802 29°072| 46
Jaly..oseevstt er} O49 '28'817| -268| °718|28:-962| °340| -952} °108| 530 ‘962| °093| 52
August.....-.4. -834| .-953| -393| °782)29°080| -431| 990 |29:287 *638| °944|29°202| 57]
September ...| °726] °623| :174| °691 28-752 +221 29-831 |28°841| °336 |29°802 |28-958 | “38
October ...... 743) °345| -044| °579| +454) °016 (30-095 *320| °207/|30°064| °415| °2é
November ...|/29°975 |28°314 29°144 |29-934 imal 29170 |30 096 a 29:204 30:028 |28°329 |29:1
Ann. Means...|..-...-00.+ 29°296 29°307 29°372 | 29°34
Diff. from Final Mean —'007 +004 +:069 +0

PPM eae

x

ss

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM,

“the Highest and Lowest Monthly Observations at 9 a.m. and 3 P.M.
_ clusive (corrected for Temperature).

307

daily

i 1839. 1840.
‘ 9 A.M. 3 P.M. 9 A.M 3 P.M
igh. | Low. | Mean. | High.| Low.| Mean. | High.| Low. | Mean. High. | Low. | Mean.
n. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
29°874 |28°755 | 29°314- |29-941 28-788 | 29-364 |29-761 \28:545 29°153 |29°741 |28°573| 29°157
992] -393 192 “989 | +463 *226 |29°852| +568 ‘210 "867 | *236 “051 |
9855] -848 351 *872| °855 363 |30°029 28-089 059 |29°999 |28-041 “020
593) °797 “195 083 | +765 174 |30°076 |29-258 *667 |30°050 |29-230 640
998} °810 “404 955] °813 "384 |29°760 |29-064 "412 |29°756 |29:079 “417
695} °851 273 *694) +825 259 ‘916 |28°820 *368 908 |28°773 340
703 *789 246 *668} -812 *240 “741 |29°245 "493 *721 |29°208 “464
—*746 \28°713 4229 728} °759 243 816 |29-002 409 *809 |28:999 404
+753 29°021} 29°387 *692| -698) 29°195 ‘807 28°566 “186 *769| °723 246
+418 28:389 | 28-903 ‘475 | +384] 28929 |29-782) -344 063 |29°744| +459 101
800! °851/ 29-325 *808| °926| 29°367 |30:195! -667 431 |30°166 |28-695 | 29-430
19°644 28°644 | 29-144 [29-636 |28-686| 29°161 |30-025 28-300 29:162 |29-993 |27-°896| 28-944
= a te
29°247 29°242 29°301 29°268
y —056 —-061 —-002 ~035
( Continued.)
1843. 1844,
~ _ ca leans:
i 9 aM 3 P.M. 9 a.m. 3 P.M.
Hi gh. | Low. | Mean. | High. | Low. | Mean. | High. | Low. | Mean. | High. | Low. | Mean.| 9 a.m. |3 p.m.
ce. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
0-042 28°883 |29-462 |30-024 |28°874 |29-449 |30:085 |29-424 |29°754 |30:065 |29-310 |29°687 29°347 |29°336
072 |27-671 |28°871 |30-037 |27-716 |28°876 |29-976 |28-711 |29°343 |29°946 |28°731 |29-338 "251; +176
9°704 |28°570 |29°137 |29°680 |28°486 |29-083 |29°729| -204 128-966 |29:730| -243 129-986 177| °148
967 |29°013| +490} °935| -942| -438 |30-096 |28-798 |29-447 |30-040 |28:816 |29-428 *385| °378
'*672 |28°906) -289| -663|} °842| +252} -051/29-:179| -615 |30-010|29-196| -603 *376|) °331
*786 |29°039| :412| °757| °961| °359 /30°044! -410] -727 29-967] -402] -684 399 °381
7683 |28°816| +249} +712 /|28-753| +232 /29°736| -187! +461] °735|] -191 463] 402! -378
'*800 |29°005| -402| -756/29°090/ +423] -804 29°042| :423| 783 |29°026| -404] -355| -348
9°828| -039| -433 29808! -001| -404| -880/28-817| -348 857 |28°811] +334] -357| -327
126 |29°348| -737 |30-097 |29-288| -692| -920/29-273| -596| -916/29:276| -596 ‘287 | °294
714 |28°758| +236 |29°703/28°667| -185| -848 28'506{ °177| °855/28°476] °165| -271| -267
9°922 |28-866 |29°394 |29-908 |28-880 |29°394 |29-917 28-525 |29-221 129-893 128-550 29°22] |29-158 |/29-124
i ok
i Ma 29-342 29°315 29°465 29-409 |29-314 |29-291
‘2
; +:039 +°012 +-120 +:106
+ Final Mean 29-303 in.
: 5 AY,

REPORT—1852.

308

PST 0 LEST mousy ‘savak g 10J suosvag [vorSopo109JoFA] [eAAOS oY} SulAnp weYySurMNg yw UrEYyY—y]]PX aTavy,

11¢-¢—
6¢8-I+
82E-I+
€1L-I+
69¢-4—
8eL-E+
L10-6—-
PSh-I+
“ut

mors “BIT

‘uRay Tenuuy) “Aqyuend ‘uray, woy
aouarTayI(

LEP-GS

926-61
9L6-L6
G9L-96
OSL-L6
618-26
G91-66
OZF-8S

166-96
“Ur

jenuuy

T1¢-¢—
668-I+
82E-I+
€1Z-1+
¢9¢.4—
83L-e+
L10-6-
#SF-I+
“ut
‘ua, WO
dUaIAYIC

LEGS

966-61
916-L6
G9L-96

G1-L2
GL8:66
G9T-66

GPSS

166-92
“aL

€hS-E

CBL-G
GLL-S
GP
66-6
GOL-P
G6L-¢
SPL-€
GG-Z
“1

662-2
CPPS
tL
688-0
Le
86-0
GSE-%
68-1
9.2
oat

“Aquywenty
Ayrea

*AON

‘PO

L19-0—-
ZEs-0—
¢0¢-0+
81z-6+
S1l-I—
8eL-It+
L¥L-I—
LEL-0-
“ut

LL8-

098-2
SF9-L
08¢-8
660-01
G9L-9
C10-6
01-9

O€L-Z
“ur

|

“Un y

wat | ov | goer
9L6-3— G69-F | O1¢-I—- G93-E | L08-0- |
Z06-0+ eLF-L ¢80-4+ 098-9 | ¢1%-0—-
9¢L-1- Gec-¢ | 0960+ | cEez-¢ | 709-T+
6S¢-0+ 088-2 1F8-0+ 919-¢ | $06-T—
9¢1-0— GI¢-9 | G9LI-— | O010-€ | 690-I+
61LF+ 068-11 | 092-0— S10-F | 892-0—-
12¢-0— 0G4-9 | 082-0+ CGG.G 861-I—
6040+ | 086-4 69-0— 9FLF | 36L-o+
“UL *ul “UL “ul “ul
‘UBdT, ULO.y) , “uvay UOT] , “uve, UOL
EO ERCHICG y a a! i saps nt eli

S1S-¢

901-5
862-9
GII-Z
O19-€
689-9
CPLD
G8E-F
G99-2
“Ul

“1OJUT AA,

““SUvay
“PPT
“SP8L
“OFS
“TPS
“OFST
“6E81
“SE8T
“LE8T

*SIvOq

“sUBATA, OY} WOIJ SOOUDIAYICT OY} YI ‘aArsnjour

GEE-S

£06
£10
[66-2
GOL-F
89-1

[69-3

GhS-3

13

96-6
6L-€
¢o9-T
§-€
IL-6

68-1
8PL-1
LLG
L¥-%
GSES
96-F

GFS-0
G09-6
Ill
90-6
60-6
L¥-P
80-6
88-1
“ur

‘oune

€18-1

Ghs-0
C16-¢

6F-G
C10-4
G8E-6

GS-0
GES

180-T
“UL

“ART

G96-1 9€9-T 602-6 868-1 GOF-T
6-0 69-6 | 980-6 8E-T ¥2-0
St6-1 10-1 8PL-G GL-T 8-0
GG¢-0 69-3 66-1 G60-6 8-€
9F-1 FL-G G96-T 66-1 oce-0
8F-0 crI-0 F0-6 GGL. L8L-1
€9-1 ¢98-T ¥0-6 GS-1 vE-1
8-1 GPT 10: ¢69-0 69-1
68-1 G{T-1 Sel-¢ £6-£ 1
“ur “Ww ul mut “ul
yudy | ‘yorepy "aul “ure 22]

‘uBaTA [RAOUL BY} WOsy soOUaIAyIG oy} pure ‘surayAT [enUUW pure
ATYIUOP OY} YPM “vax pnv YOY yous soy arsnjour PFET 0} 1EQT woay ‘savod g Suranp weySurmrg ye uley— [TX TTavVL

““SUBOTA

“PRST
“EPL
“OPSL
“TF8T
“OFST
“6E8T
“8E8L
“LE81

"Sava

_ Os eeSSSSSSSe

61-002 wees | Z0.06 vee | oy 65 Mahe oF vere | ogg [ssneayy
a GL-4e— 00-99 29-€ — | 00-26 | GL-0I— | 00-6¢ FI- Te 18-9 — OFF | “FFT
= st-8 + | 00-60 | 8&0 + | 0099 | caz+ | 00.25 8 + eo | 6G — | O8F | ‘eh8T
GL0L— | 00-061 29-6 — | 00-9F | GL-eI— | 00-9 r+ 6 $9.8 + 0-65 | ‘SrST
Gait 00-12 | 8€4 + | 00-89 | ¢2ag+ | 00-8¢ eat as £E-01— 0-0F | “IF8T
Gat + 00-202 see + |} 00-66 | ¢z-¢ + | 00-G¢ rI- 1g 29-9 + 0-46 | “OF8T
GZ-2o+ 00-€22 8EFIt+ | 00-04 | Gaz + | 00-2¢ iS) 6g $9.9 + 0-49 | "6E8T
cz-0 + 00:10 29-4 — 00-8F | S26 + | 00-66 6+ #¢ £8-01- 0-0F | ‘8Est
Go-L + 00-202 oor — 00-1 | GJ.4 — 00-2F 9 + 1¢ €9-4 + 0-8¢ | “Es
‘uBoy, [enUUY|*reak ay} Ul|'Ueey WOW], “uvayy Wo), ‘uRay, WO.) , ‘UBoyy WOT) , '
| wWoy-prg | step ruse Seca pg ieee sans EBCRCICG f aupds sauaTIyIC TRUE. | SOR

a ie i ari SN En al ae ee
“AAISNOU! PEST 0} LEST wWouy ‘savad g 10g suosvag [eoISopos0a}0TA] OY} UT [[ey UTeY YyoryA uo she jo FIquNnN— AX ATIAV T,

*¢/.00% T9quInN [enuUY ue

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM.

€IL-Ge | 991-3 jC suing ; €L-9T 991 606 061 | €1e G0ZG | $23s 106 606
082-0 | SOF |'"*""* toquia0ag ee-0c | 8t | zo | te | zt | o@ | 92 | of | ot [rr* zaquosoy
GI@-T | O1¢-L |°°""** saquiaaoyy | 000-61 12 GZ It ix | 61 a | CSL ct ** FaqoqoO
002% | 029-4 |°""""'** taqo309 0S2-91 €1 6 | #1 az | «(06 aoN ST LT ttt" taquiaydag
000-€ | GIg-¢ |" taquiaydag 629-91 91 91 aL 1g ST 61 AE} LT op asn’ny
OfL-F | 3266 |" ysn8ny 006-81 SI 12 cI tad & 61 of | st [vs Ame
LOL | Star [or Ae | S29.F1 Ol SI 6 ST fat 6 | 232 Oot jot oung
O86-G | FO9-G [UT oun r 0G3-ST L 12 | 91 SI } 61 Ot | 9t | gst |" * Ken
C98-F | O6FE [ott sep GLE-Z1 G 02 9 sl | 9 6 61 OT jee udy
19 | O9LE [ow pady ee dent | 61 |. ere) ser gr fs OZ f GE | AT [tees qarepy
OF6-G | GBT [rr yore 006-ST 8I FI SI FI SI AL | Tt | Lt poe Arenagqag
66-0 | GFO-T [ct Axenaqog Oelkt | Of | 12} St | of | ot | tak 6 6T [rts Arenuee
O86-T | GPG |-**"""** Arenuere G3L-LT Ol I 92 L 02 61 02 ae Of'***** Taquiaoaqy
“ur “Ul |
Reg etl , ‘raquimyy | , : : ; : : ; . .
FF8L €F81 SU}UOPL Sano “1 PHBL | “SPSL | SPSL | IFS | OFST | 6E8T BE8I | “LE8T SUFUOPY
: “bEST ‘suvopy Ajawax pue
pue ePgt seat ayy 10¥ “MV G Je Ayqyaoyy, Oy} YI “Oarsnpour PHgT 07 LST woxy ‘sxeok g ayy Sutanp ave A pue ‘
SoqoUl UI UOI eA —' —"Al Sah Le
ie your ur uoyesodeaq—]ITAX LTAV, R00 N yova mt weysurmig 98 TBS Cie BOnr ur sht N “AEX TIEvE, nea
Me TP, Fainghs << oe on. a — = — * >

5 a REPORT—1852.

Tasie XVI.—Mean Monthly and Annual Dew-Point, from Observa-

1838. 1839. 4
9am. | 3p.m. | Means. | 9a.m. | 3P.M. | Means. | 9a.M. =
December ........+..: 39-08 | 40-98 | 40-03 | 37-88 | 39:05 | 38-46 | 37-24 ;
GANMALY: (een ccvoscects? 27°02 28°56 27°79 34:42 35°41 34°91 39°46
Rebyiary:.*.<<s.seseses 30°25 32°69 31°47 36°73 38°56 37°64 36°51 |
March noane sade cee teaces 36°51 37°88 37°19 37°22 40°34 38°78 34°21 ;
38°76 37°83 38°77 39°62 39°19 47°58 j
46°65 45°77 50°56 47°31 48°93 48°49 ;
54°13 53°04 52:70 54°63 53°66 51°35 !
56°24 55°66 55:06 56°26 55°66 52°84
INHGURE © vcececesseetsss 55°54 56°65 56°09 54:25 54°37 54°31 56°95
September ............ 51°55 52°52 52°03 53°26 53°47 53°36 49°50 F;
Octoberds ce.96 3.044500 46:00 46°45 46°22 46°93 48°02 47°47 43°90 i
November ........-... 38°10 59°36 38°73 44:20 45°40 44:80 40°05
Annual Means ......| 42°74, | 44:24 | 43-49 | 45°15 | 46°03 | 45°59 | 44:84 ]
q
|
|
|
Taste XVII.—Highest and Lowest Monthly Dew-Point, observed at 9 A.M. |
Annual Means |
|
1838. | 1839.
Highest. | Lowest. | Means. | Highest.| Lowest. | Means. | Highest.
° ° ° ° e if Q |
December ........:..- 51°00 30°50 40°75 48-00 27°50 37°75 50°50
JANUALY ...0000.202.08e 44-00 10-00 27°00 48:00 24:00 36:00 50°50 ]
REDTUALY..y., -csavee neo 42°25 21°00 31°62 50:00 24°50 37°25 47°00 |
March tisss.ce..0:- 005.28 47°50 28°50 38°00 50°00 26°50 38°25 44:00 ;
AGATE eo. ace gucass fos ser 50°50 23°50 37°00 54°00 27°00 40°50 56°00 f
WNERY) Giedeasssns weds ses 53°50 33°50 43°50 59°50 33°00 46°25 59°00 | ©
AMINE Sieiseebcesacdstes: 64°00 42°00 53°00 63°50 39°00 51:25 61:00 i
DU Yr ies. cese >. <4. 000s 65°00 46°50 55°75 61:50 44:00 52°75 63°20 ;
AUQUSE coocvecsceoeees 64°50 46°50 55°50 61°50 42:00 51°75 67°50
September ......... 59°00 37°00 48-00 61:00 43°50 52°25 64:50
October nvccterss.sssce 57°00 32°00 44:00 57°50 33°00 45°00 52°50

November .......0000+ 52°00 24:00 38°00 52°50 33°00 42°75 53°50

—$ | | | | | |

54:187| 31-25 | 42676) 5558 | 33-08 | 44:31 | 55°76 |

Annual Means

non ®

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM, 311
tions at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. for 5 years, from 1838 to 1842 inclusive.

1840. 1841, 1842.

Monthly
Means.
3p.mM. | Means. | 9a.M. 3p.M. | Means, | 9 a.m. 3 p.m. | Means.

oO ° ° ° 5 9 ° ° fe}
39°10 | 38°17 31:70 | 34°12 | 32°91 40°46 | 40°43 40°44 38°00
36°09 | 37:77 | 33°15 | 33°35 | 33:25 | 32:29 | 33:30 | 32°78 33:30
36°86 | 36°68 | 34:48 | 35°56 | 35°02 | 37-19 | 39°67 | 38°43 35°84
34:52 34°36 | 43°54 | 45°03 | 44°28 | 40:90 | 41°73 | 41°31 39:18
44:80 46:19 | 41:48 | 43°30 | 42:39 41:15 | 41:90 | 41:52 41°42
49°59 49°04 | 47°28 52°06 | 49°67 | 46:98 | 47:14 | 47-06 48°09
51:96 | 51°65 48°36 | 48°63 | 48:49 | 53°57 | 54:70 | 54-13 52°19
54:99 53:91 52:22 | 52:29 | 52:25 | 54-99 | 54-79 54°89 54:47
57°96 57°45 55:83 56°45 | 5614 60°25 | 61°37 60:81 56:96
48°72 | 49-11 54°48 | 55°80 | 55°14 | 53°58 | 55°16 | 54:37 52:80
44:01 43°95 46°66 | 45°95 | 46:30 | 42°89 | 43°73 | 43°31 45:45
42°78 41°41 | 39°86 | 43°60 | 41°73 | 40°82 | 42:92 | 41:87 41°70
45°10 | 44:97 | 44:08 | 45°51 44:79 45°42 | 46:40 | 45°91 44:95

50°00
' 46°50
46°50
53°00
58°00
64:00
59°00
65°00
68°00
65°50
53°00
52°00

1840.
4 Lowest. | Means. | Highest.
oO
$ 30°00 | 40°25
t 24°50 | 37°50
23°00 35°00
22°50 33°25
: 28°50 | 42:25
33°50 46°25
| 38°50 49°75
a 44°50 | 53°85
: 45°50 56°50
“ 39°00 | 51°75
‘ 34°50 43°50
" 30°50 | 42:00
a 32°87 44°32

56°70

1841,

Lowest.

Means.

36°75
30°75
32°25
43°50
45°25
53°25
47°25

54:00 |

57:00
53°25
44:50
38°75

44°70

1842.

Lowest.

Means.

37-00
31-00
37°75
41:25
42:25
47°50
54-25
53°00
58-00
54:50
42-00
41°75

45°02

and 3 p.m. for 5 years, from 1838 to 1842 inclusive, with the Monthly and
deduced therefrom.

Monthly
Means.

38°50
3245
34°77
38°85
41°45
47°35
51:10
53°87
55°75
51:95
43°90
40°25

44°18

312 REPORT—1852.

TasiLe XIX.—Winds registered daily at 9 a.m. during 8 years, from 1837
to 1844 inclusive.

N.| N.N.E. | N.E.| E.N.E. | E.| E.S.E. | S.E.| S.S.E. | S.| S.S.W.| S.W.| W.S.W.|W./W.N.W.|N.W.| NeN.W.
Dec eee 6 2 | Mees aac boa eel wey 6 ro] ear 6 nee
Jan. ale hots one 1 . 3 ate Elias 7 yaaa 7 2
1) ees | 1 oe 3 1 6 1 8 1 Oly See 2 1
March...| 2)... 7 eed ort ae | 3 ras 1 1 1 3 f 2 1 4
April 2.3] 2) 2 2 peal, einect iain 2/|/1 4 2 lie ccc lees eas + 6
May ...| 2) 4 3 1 2}, vl ois om vive 40 “aN meso |e J 1 3
June ...|... Ses 1 aan Alok 3 2;3}) 5 3 1 ae 2 4
July Sl) exe 2 is ai oll ase ie ] 3 2 3.) 4 4 i} 3
Aug. 3 6 3 VANS Su 1 1 2 3 5 1 LS soa 1 1
Sept 2 3 4 Zi piicg 1 5 3 2 2 ‘as 2 2 1 1
Octiie. : 1 1 wae [kcs leon kt 1 AC 4 7 7 tr si ee 3 Ai 1
Nov. .../'2 1 obs nee HEP 1 2 15 6 4 2 |3 3 ‘ 1
16; 13 32 9 |17| 6 16 14 |30) 38 51 16 |32| 15 26 | 27 |358
* From the 25th to the 31st inclusive, wind not registered.
1838.
Dec. 1 2 5 ais 1 3 7 5} 63 2 Osi eselt fea 1
Jan. 2 1 3 3 6) 4 if 3 3 1 aes Mae cee 1 3
Hels cenclass 4 8 3 5 2 2 1 ines mae nr 1 1 mee
March 1 1 ees pe Ba 1 4 1 3 2 6 1 1 8 1
April ...| 4 1 das Aree ached mites Ho 1 4 2 3 1 2 9 1 2
May ...| 5} 5 2 4:2) 2 2 Me ais al 2 Ant osy-rehael ce beh bani coe
dune =..| 2) “oe 2 ] eae 4 3 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1
a ae Ee At Gls 4d 22 \|) 2s 1
ae eu 3 | as0 lee age ne: DR ae” Gea bro” Vi es ea CT '
oe | Solan oaks pao | lle, os ot Ca en ee
Oct.......] 3 2 1 “ 1 1 zt 3 5 2 2 3 1 1 2
Noy. ...| 3 1 3 ihe: 1 5 3 3 1 ee 2 1 nee
25) 19 25 12/22) 13 24 35 {50} 31 27 12, ol 31 9 11/365 |
1839.
ee
Dees: ..<|ce : 1 1 5 6 | 4 2 1 at 5 1 2 31 |
VANS: Goshen wee abe 1 5 2 7 5 5 3 1 1 31)
Feb. toa [Oe -26GR, GN Ab CBW g) COR 28 |
March.. 4 1 2 Al, 3 2 Tae Bis es se 3 | 31g
i Res 2 1 ar 7 1 1 | a 2 30 |
1 ake 1 4 wes 2 3 1 7 1 31
oe SF 1614) bod | esyl-al ieee 30
+ ih SF 30410) - 4.04638 | Bec] 3 Ree 31
2 Bice 5 2 5 4 2 4 3 ° 30*|
4 2 Hour’ 4 7 i | | a 1 30
Lan 3 my We) ama eae Nap De ea pa 1 | 31g
1} 1/3) 6 | 4] 2)h. 2|. 2 | 30%
25 | 21 j58| 37 | 41] 28 jai] 15 | 24] 10 [368

* Wind not registered on the 31st,

313

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM.

TaBLe XIX.—( Continued.)

1840.

|Haacacscaans |S
7
E | cacy es |
°. 5 ee Soe st
A : a]
Z| |
Els co cH pegs es
é : =F
v4
B
ie INAMeRINN emma | A
’ ~ : a
E |
: | TNA AMMA ON :|3
B : a
E |
g[ NA p pHANdA | Oo
Q : se
ia |
eg eee ae pe oa
e 19
da RN erence ae ot |
a E oo
$ | |
& |S? NCNM RAS |x
=I 5 +
fb eiceds NaN so. 3N be
n ea
a | |
| 10 4 most | x
a | loa
a
wa Hirst) 2 se Nl mio} Poy
iS mee rere sas qo
g
re] eli me Ne ic ei is
a
> won x ~
4 o
|
opr onras Aaa loa
% E x
Al
ms oittiooe rNN cela
4 ea
Z
Zz | ate se San
a eee =e
Pa RO ERE ae SES
icin aiee oO. 3: *

1841.

SARRASSSASSS |B
SIN fff ig nAAAN a
~H st 0D 09 1 SH eH ey

mI OO Hid Nd Oo AN

HON tk 80) [8
ananaen:: ia |x
Be SS ee - Se a
mSN SNe sro oS lie
: ie [ol
oe ier tks wt
: ar os so:
eee pS ORBSRS ee piles
. . . . - . ee

Nees Ne lS ines:

EN He ko Ff oF Or ies

1842.

1: INMeNS

peae pan pees

apes; 34 Pe

Cee HANAN HRS |

ee

SN TSN Heid set

Oud ade:

A PS TRO eS ee

314 REPORT—1852.
TABLE &
1843.
.| N.N.E. | N.E.| E.N.E. E.| E.S.E. | S.E.| S.S.E. | S. S.S.W.| S.W.| W.S.W.|W.

Be eft -ets ee oles a NCU Fe ice) 1) ws

neat edel Slt ker tal ea tak tle 1 9°\5| Bl 2-38
3 3 aoe | Alea Mittegerct: lccle ale Wee Des aa 2| 49
Derleoe AM 5\ 2 oe a a 5 i eee A 2| 19

1 a Seals a Ar mee cil I 5 6 eae 1) ee

2 2\6 2 1 2) 2 5 3) 1-3 7 aay

1 9 FA | NS an eee 1} 2 3 L> | Ope Bli ee 3

BD oleae heey Mlsvell. sete 1 1) 1 5 4: | 4) 2 8 1

2 2 ribeye 1 Ne 5| 3 1 4 | 3 2 i, eee

1 2 Baal al 1 B agir, a2 ihe A | La 1 5

Bea aleeee 1 ay oT ie kee al ss Q}- 3 3 6- | hee A \ees

| Ph (eae 1 err a" Tl 2 1D 5 Pal Be lee Pe moe

14 | 20 93 (23 11 |11| 4 (26) 28 | 46| 44 (25, 22 | 26) 22

Tapnue XX.—General Summary of the number and direction of the V

1844 inclusive, with the corresponding Barometric Pressures, red

N. N.N.E. N.E. E.N.E,- E. E.S.E. S.E.
Dec. 55 8 4 21 3 6 7 19
Fans others 12 6 6 6 10 6 8
fae wale 8 9 19 17 15 9 10
March...... 16 10 13 18 8 8 13
April... 16 18 18 16 7 4 8
May .....- 22 20 30 18 19 7 6
June ..... 8 4 23 14 13 5 13
DULY: yieeaone 15 7 9 2 8 1 1l
Aug. 11 9 12 11 2) 6 9
Sept. ..... 6 9 20 13 6 10 14 |-
SS ae 15 12 a oe 3 7 8
Noy ik: 11 9 10% 8 12 7 12
No. of © | 5
ot 148 117 195 135 116 "7 131
Stine \ 29:509 | 29°537 | 29545 | 29-482 | 29-432 | 29°349 | 29-191
ressure.

Var. from +106 | +°134 | +°142 +079 | +029 —'054 | —'212

mean press.

Mean Pressure of

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF BIRMINGHAM. 315
finued.)
1844.

N.| N.N.E. | N.E.| E.N.E. | E.| E.S.E. | S.E.| S.S.E. | S.| S.S.W.| S.W.) W.S.W.|W.| W.N.W.|N.W.| NN. W:
0 OS ee a By we oh Am 8 7 rile igs |fa ae ae ee 1 ie
ea] 3) (1 reas Sites we shea beg 4s ae 2 DUS ee Blt TS hee eee ih OU
> ape) a eee ie) er eT) PRES E ERD 7 1 aad | ee 3 3 | 29
ar 2 2 |1\ 1 eres eee 1 Se agin D 4 2 | 31
Well ial as tals. 2{ 2 [3a 2 4 SrcSiees 1 3 | 30
a Gl 2 «| (13 6 |1 32 lrerasealees| wae: Tel ieee Boel eee 1 1 | 31
BU: 2 he eS ley Mer | tx ale Ll eG 4 CP Ei dl ial 2 | 30
“Ee | 1 pero a eee 3| 1 ple ta 2 Fe ol eG 4 1 | 31
|G) UN 1 1 Ni mee 3 BF sien Ss 3 2 | 31
Ae ee Hi Aol he line coat lhotsvante FB ie 2 5 | 1} 2 TH ee 36
elec 1 1 1 AY AS PEE 1 Prien Ali 5 Balak ae Dae 3 2 | 31
ei lis 2 1 Pal iA ana | By 2 alae 4 7 3 1 Tae Se eae

23] 12 9/ 19 |9} 6 |13] 8 {21} 35 | 44] 30 {41} 26 | 331 17 1366

tered daily at 9 a.m. during each month of the period from 1837 to

29° Fahrenheit, and their Variations from the Mean.

S.W. W.S.W. Ww.
1 23 33 18 24
: 17 24 21 24
8 18 30 ite) jee as
2 18 28 16 22
14 28 12 17
8 21 24 11 11
28 26 13 13
21 29 22 27
23 35 24 25
23 27 14 19
24 22 22 21
. 35 35 16 13
ee
» | 265 341 200 229
My
286 | 29-301 | 29-347 | 29-381 | 29°369
—'102 | —-056 | —-022 | —-034

‘

the Winds 29°403.

29°448

+-045

29-473

+070

N.N.W.

130

29°495

ee

+092

Total

number.

248
241
226
248
240
248
240
248
247
240
248
240

2914

€90-62¢ feetee FE: } wreeee C6-FF eeeeee 68-66 ereeee $69-6F ““SUBOT yenuuy

——

¥Z0:— 0F0-62 | FPO-— 08z- | Gae — 0L-1F 190-— 826-62 | 029-9 — | FLLEF |'''** toquieaon,
£20-+ 160-62 | #00-— ze: 0c-:0 + CP-SF 220-+ IIF- sto — | g1¢6p |e 1940190
Pi 068-82 | £80-+ LIF c8-L + | 08-89 880-— 108: 088-4 + | F45-4¢ |*"*** raqutaqydag
260:— 216- 8hI-+ oLF- 10-21+ 96-96 ¢go.+ FFP. OOL-2I+ | 768-29 [ot ysudny
FOL-— 096-82 Ti+ Ger oo-6 + LV-¥G 900-+ S66: SS-TI+ | 92-19 [ts Ame
3 120:— €F0-6% 820-+ 0F- FOL + 61-26 9¢0-+ CFF: 9FG-OI+ | 016-69 [ct oun
T 120-— €F0- 920-+ oc. tLe + 60:87 F00--+ £68: PSF-9 + | BFT-9E fot de
e LL0-+ IFT: L¥0-— LLé- Rf-C—= oP IF 620-+ SIF- tFG-0 — | OSh-6R fo [dy
& 1L0-+ Gg: 890:— 962. Lio 81-68 600-+ 168: Z6S-G —- | BOL-PR fo gore
e L10-+ 180- 960-— 822: tE6.= 8-G¢ 080-— 608: 982-II— | S80F-8G [°° Areniqay
e6L-+ LGB: cIl-— 602- e91I— | O0-€¢ LL0-+ 99F- 9LE-FI— | gie-ce [ct Arenuer
660-+ €Z1-62 | 8L0-— 9S 66-9 — | 00-8¢ 020-— 698-62 | 009-0I— | ¥60-6¢ |" Tequioaq
‘aouaiagi | stooses) |eouaiagier | modeqe | soutogiee | Mmetaec | wo wow “Smee [NM HO doy,
Yo) “SUBOTA, OF} WIZ SADUAIOBICT OY} YIM “OAISNTOUL GPST 0} SSS wo ‘suvak G 1OJ sainssaig snoasen)
Ps pur ‘inode, ‘(eorjoworeg pue Guiod-maq ‘ornjeroduay, AjyQuoy, pue jenuuy uvayy oy} jo sisdoukg— yyy atavy,

ON THE VORTEX WATER-WHEEL. 317

On the Vortex Water-Wheel. By James Tuomson, 4.M., Ciwwil
Engineer, Belfast.

[A Communication ordered to be printed among the Reports. |

NuMBERLEsS are the varieties, both of principle and of construction, in the
mechanisms by which motive power may be obtained from falls of water.
The chief modes of action of the water are, however, reducible to three, as
follows :—First, The water may act directly by its weight on a part of the
mechanism which descends while loaded with water, and ascends while free
from load. The most prominent example of the application of this mode is
afforded by the ordinary bucket water-wheel. Secondly, The water may act
by fluid pressure, and drive before it some yielding part of a vessel by which
it is confined. This is the mode in which the water acts in the water-pressure
engine, analogous to the ordinary high-pressure steam-engine. Thirdly, The
water, having been brought to its-place of action subject to the pressure due
to the height of fall, may be allowed to issue through small orifices with a
high velocity, its inertia being one of the forces essentially involved in the
communication of the power to the moving part of the mechanism. Through-
out the general class of water-wheels called Turbines, which is of wide extent,
the water acts according to some of the variations of which this third mode
is susceptible. The name Turbine is derived from the Latin word turbo, a
top, because the wheels to which it is applied almost all spin round a vertical
axis, and so bear some considerable resemblance to the top. In our own
country, and more especially on the Continent, turbines have attracted much
attention, and many forms of them have been made known by published
descriptions. The subject of the present communication is a new water-
wheel, which belongs to the same general class, and which has recently been
invented and brought successfully into use by the author.

In this machine the moving wheel is placed within a chamber of a nearly
circular form. The water is injected into the chamber tangentially at the
circumference, and thus it receives a rapid motion of rotation. Retaining
this motion it passes onwards towards the centre, where alone it is free to
make its exit. The wheel, which is placed within the chamber, and which
almost entirely fills it, is divided by thin partitions into a great number of
radiating passages. Through these passages the water must flow on its
course towards the centre; and in doing so it imparts its own rotatory mo-
tion to the wheel. The whirlpool of water acting within the wheel chamber,

4 being one principal feature of this turbine, leads to the name Vortex as a

suitable designation for the machine as a whole.

The vortex admits of several modes of construction, but the two principal
forms are the one adapted for high falls and the one for low falls. The
former may be called the High-pressure Vortex, and the latter the Low-pres-
sure Vortex*. Examples of these two kinds, in operation at two mills near
Belfast, are delineated in Plates 1 and 2, with merely a few unimportant

deviations from the actual constructions.

Plates | and 2 are respectively a vertical section, and a plan of a vortex
of the high-pressure kind in use at the Low Lodge Mill near Belfast, for
grinding Indian cornf. In these figures AA is the water-wheel. It is fixed

* These terms correspond to Hochdruckturbine, and Niederdruckturbine, used in ‘Germany
to express the like distinction in turbines.

fT This vortex was only in course of erection at the time of the meeting of the British
Association in Belfast. The water-wheel itself, removed from its case, being light and of small
dimensions, was exhibited in Section G, It is composed chiefly of thick-tinned iron plates
united by soft solder.

318 REPORT—1852.

on the upright shaft, B, which conveys away the power to the machinery
to be driven. The water-wheel occupies the central part of the upper di-
vision of a strong cast-iron case, CC; and the part occupied by the wheel
is called the wheel-chamber. DD is the lower division of the case, and is
called the supply chamber. It receives the water directly from the supply
pipe, of which the lower extremity is shown at E, and delivers it into the
outer part of the upper division, by four large openings, F, in the parti-
tion between the two divisions. The outer part of the upper division is
called the guide-blade chamber, from its containing four guide-blades, G,
which direct the water tangentially into the wheel-chamber. Immediately
after being injected into the wheel-chamber the water is received by the
curved radiating passages of the wheel, which are partly seen in figure 2, at
a place where both the cover of the wheel-chamber and the upper plate of
the wheel are broken away for the purpose of exposing the interior to view,
The water, on reaching the inner ends of these curved passages, having
already done its work, is allowed to make its exit by two large central orifices,
shown distinctly on the figures at the letters L,L; the one leading upwards
and the other downwards. It then simply flows quietly away ; for, the vortex
being submerged under the surface of the water in the tail race, the water
on being discharged wastes no part of the fall by a further descent. At the
central orifices, close joints between the case and the wheel, to prevent the
escape of water otherwise than through the wheel itself, are made by means
of two annular pieces, L, L, called joint-rings, fitting to the central orifices of
the case, and capable of being adjusted, by means of stnds and nuts, so as to
come close to the wheel without impeding its motion by friction, The four
openings, H, H, Plates 1 and 2, through which the water flows into the wheel-
chamber, each situated between the point or edge of one guide-blade and the
middle of the next, determine, by tneir width, the quantity of water admitted,
and consequently the power of the wheel. To render this power capable of
being varied at pleasure, the guide-blades are made moveable round gudgeons
or centres near their points; and a spindle, K, is connected with the guide-
blades by means of links, cranks, &c. (see the Plates) in such a way that,
when the spindle is moved, the four entrance orifices are all enlarged or con-
tracted alike. This spindle, K, for working the guide-blades is itself worked
by a handle in a convenient position in the mill; and the motion is commu
nicated trom the handle through the medium of a worm and sector, which
not only serve to multiply the force of the man’s hand, but also to prevent
the guide-blades from being liable to the accident of slapping suddenly shut
from the force of the water constantly pressing them inwards. The gudgeons
of the guide-blades, seen in fig. 2 as small circles, are sunk in sockets in the
floor and roof of the guide-blade chamber ; and so they do not in any way
obstruct the flow of the water.

M, in Plate 1, is the pivot-box of the upright shaft. It contains, fixed
within it, an inverted brass cup, shown distinctly on the figure; and the cup
revolves on an upright pin, or pivot, with a steel top. The pin is held sta-
tionary in a bridge, N, which is itself attached to the bottom of the vortex-
case. For adjusting the pin as to height, a little cross bridge, O, is made to
bear it up, and is capable of being raised or lowered by screws and nuts
shown distinctly on the figure. Also, for preventing the pin from gradually
becoming loose in its socket in the large bridge, two pinching-screws are
required, of which one is to be seen in the figure. A small pipe, fixed at its
lower end into the centre of the inverted brass cup, and sunk in an upright
groove in the vortex-shaft (see the Plates), affords the means of supplying
oil to the rubbing surfaces, over which the oil is spread by a radial groove in

ON THE VORTEX WATER-WHEEL. 319

the brass. A cavity, shown in the Plates, is provided at the lower part of
the cup, for the purpose of preventing the oil from being rapidly washed
away by the water*.

Four tie-bolts, marked P, bind the top and bottom of the case together, so
as to prevent the pressure of the water from causing the top to spring up,
and so occasioning leakage at the guide-blades or joint-rings.

The height of the fall for this vortex is about 37 feet, and the standard or
medium quantity of water, for which the dimensions of the various parts of
the wheel and case are calculated, is 540 cubic feet per minute. With this
fall and water supply the estimated power is 28 horse power, the efficiency
being taken at 75 per cent. The proper speed of the wheel, calculated in
accordance with its diameter and the velocity of the water entering its cham-
ber, is 355 revolutions per minute. The diameter of the wheel is 223 inches,
and the extreme diameter of the case is 4 feet 8 inches.

A low-pressure vortex, constructed for another mill near Belfast, is repre-
sented in vertical section and plan in Plates 3 and 4. This is essentially the
same in principle as the vortex already described, but it differs in the material
of which the case is constructed, and in the manner in which the water is led
to the guide-blade chamber. In this the case is almost entirely of wood ; and,
for simplicity, the drawings represent it as if made of wood alone, though in
reality, to suit the other arrangements of the mill, brick-work, in certain
parts, was substituted for the wood. The water flows with a free upper sur-
face, W, W, into this wooden case, which consists chiefly of two wooden
tanks, AA and BB, one within the other. The water-wheel chamber and
the guide-blade chamber are situated in the open space between the bottom
of the outer and that of the inner tank, and will be readily distinguished by
reference to the figures. The water of the head race, having been led all
round the outer tank in the space CC, flows inwards over its edge, and passes
downwards by the space DD, between the sides of the two tanks. It then
passes through the guide-blade chamber and the water-wheel, just in the
same way as was explained in respect to the high-pressure vortex already
described; and in this one likewise it makes its exit by two central orifices,
the one discharging upwards and the other downwards. The part of the
water which passes downwards flows away at once to the tail race, and that
which passes upwards into the space E within the innermost tank, finds a
free escape to the tail race through boxes and other channels, F and G,

_ provided for that purpose. The wheel is completely submerged under the

surface of the water in the tail race, which is represented at its ordinary level
at YYY, Plate 3, although in floods it may rise to a much greater height.
The power of the wheel is regulated in a similar way to that already de-
scribed in reference to the high-pressure vortex. In this case, however, as

_will be seen by the figures, the guide-blades are not linked together, but each

is provided with a hand-wheel, H, by which motion is communicated to
itself alone.

* Great stress has been by continental engineers and authors laid on the supposed neces-
sity for oiling the pivots of turbines. The author of the present communication has thus been
led to endeavour to find and adopt the best means for oiling pivots working under water. The
oiling, however, is a source of much trouble; and he has found in the course of his experience,
that pivots of the kind described above, made with brass working on hard steel, and with a
radial groove in the brass suitable for spreading water over the rubbing surfaces, will last well
without any oil being supplied. The rapid destruction, which is commonly reported as having
been of frequent occurrence in turbine pivots, he believes may in many cases have arisen from
the employment of an inverted cup like a diving-bell as one of the rubbing parts, without any
provision for the escape of air from the cup. It is evident that a pivot of this kind, although
under water, might be perfectly dry at the rubbing surfaces.

320 REPORT—1852.

In this vortex, the fall being taken at 7 feet, the calculated quantity of
water admitted, at the standard opening of the guide-blades, is 2460 cubic
feet per minute. Then, the efficiency of the wheel being taken at 75 per cent.,
its power will be 24 horse power. Also the speed at which the wheel is
calculated to revolve is 48 revolutions per minute.

In connexion with the pivot of this wheel arrangements are made which
provide for the perfect lubrication of the rubbing surfaces with clean oil.
The lower end of the upright revolving shaft enters a stationary pivot box, K,
through an opening made oil-tight by hemp and leather packing. Within
the box there is a small stationary steel plate on which the shaft revolves.
Within the box, also, there are two oil-chambers, one situated above and
round the rubbing surface of this plate, and the other underneath the plate.
A constant circulation of the oil is maintained by centrifugal force, which
causes it to pass from the lower chamber upwards through a central orifice -
in the steel plate, then outwards through a radial groove in the bottom of
the revolving shaft to the upper chamber, then downwards back to the lower
chamber, by one or more grooves at the circumference of the steel plate.
The purpose intended to be served by the provision of the lower chamber
combined with the passages for the circulation of the oil, is to permit the
oil, while passing through the lower chamber, to deposit any grit or any
worn metal which it may contain, so that it may be maintained clean and
may be washed over the upper surface of the steel plate at every revolution
of the radial groove in the bottom of the shaft. A pipe leading from an oil
cistern, L, in an accessible situation conducts oil to the upper chamber of the
pivot-box ; and another pipe leaves the lower chamber, and terminates, at
its upper end, in a stop-cock, M. This arrangement allows a flow of oil to
be obtained at pleasure from the cistern, down by the one pipe, then through
the pivot-box, and then up by the other pipe, and out by the cock. Thus,
if any stoppage were to occur in the pipes, it could be at once detected ; or
if water or air were contained in the pivot-box after the first erection, or at
any other time, the water could be removed by the pipe leading to the stop-
cock, or the air would of itself escape by the pipe leading to the cistern,
which, as well as the other pipe, has a continuous ascent from the pivot-box.
Certainty may consequently be attained that the pivot really works in clean oil.

The author was led to adopt the pivot-box closed round the shaft with oil
tight stuffing, from having learned of that arrangement having been sucéss-
fully employed by Kochlin, an engineer of Miihlhausen. As to the other
parts of the arrangements just described, he believes the settling chamber
with the circulation of oil to be new, and he regards this part of the arrange-
ments as being useful also for pivots working not under water. In respect
to the materials selected for the rubbing parts, however, he thinks it necessary
to state that some doubts have arisen as to the suitableness of wrought iron
to work on steel even when perfectly lubricated ; and he would, therefore,
recommend that a small piece of brass should be fixed into the bottom of the
shaft, all parts being made to work in the manner already explained.

The two examples which have now been described of vortex water-wheels
adapted for very distinct circumstances, will serve to indicate the principal
features in the structural arrangements of these new machines in general.
Respecting their principles of action some farther explanations will next be
given. In these machines the velocity of the cireumference is made the
same as the velocity of the entering water, and thus there is no impact
between the water and the wheel; but, on the contrary, the water enters the
radiating conduits of the wheel gently, that is to say, with scarcely any
motion in relation to their mouths. In order to attain the equalization of

ON THE VORTEX WATER-WHEEL. 321

these velocities, it is necessary that the circumference of the wheel should
move with the velocity which a heavy body would attain in falling through
a vertical space equal to half the vertical fall of the water, or in other words,
with the velocity due to half the fall; and that the orifices through which
the water is injected into the wheel-chamber should be conjointly of such
area that when all the water required is flowing through them, it also may
have a velocity due to half the fall. Thus one-half only of the fall is em-
ployed in producing velocity in the water ; and, therefore, the other half still
remains acting on the water within the wheel-chamber at the circumference
of the wheel in the condition of fluid pressure. Now, with the velocity
already assigned to the wheel, it is found that this fluid pressure is exactly
that which is requisite to overcome the centrifugal force of the water in the
wheel, and to bring the water to a state of rest at its exit, the mechanical
work due to both halves of the fall being transferred to the wheel during the
combined action of the moving water and the moving wheel. In the fore-
going statements, the effects of fluid friction, and of some other modifying
influences, are, for simplicity, left out of consideration ; but in the practical
application of the principles, the skill and judgement of the designer must be
exercised in taking all such elements as far as possible into account. To
aid in this, some practical rules, to which the author as yet closely adheres,
were made out by him previously to the date of his patent. These are to be
found in the specification of the patent, published in the Mechanics’
Magazine for Jan. 18 and Jan. 25, 1851 (London).

- In respect to the numerous modifications of construction and arrangement
which are admissible in the Vortex, while the leading principles of action are
retained, it may be sufficient here merely to advert,—first, to the use (as
explained in the specification of the patent) of straight instead of curved
radiating passages in the wheel; secondly, to the employment, for simplicity,
of invariable entrance orifices, or of fixed instead of moveable guide-blades ;
and lastly, to the placing of the wheel at any height, less than about thirty feet,
above the water in the tail race, combined with the employment of suction
pipes descending from the central discharge orifices, and terminating in the
water of the tail race, so as to render available the part of the fall below the
wheel.

In relation to the action of turbines in general, the chief and most commonly
recognised conditions, of which the accomplishment is to be aimed at, are
that the water should flow through the whole machine with the least possible
resistance, and that it should enter the moving wheel without shock, and be
discharged from it with only a very inconsiderable velocity. The vortex is
in a remarkable degree adapted for the fulfilment of these conditions. The
water moving centripetally (instead of centrifugally, which is more usual in
turbines) enters at the period of its greatest velocity (that is, just after passing
the injection orifices) into the most rapidly moving part of the wheel, the
circumference ; and, at the period when it ought to be as far as possible
deprived of velocity, it passes away by the central part of the wheel, the part
which has the least motion. Thus in each case, that of the entrance and
that of the discharge, there is an accordance between the velocities of the
moving mechanism and the proper velocities of the water.

The principle of injection from without inwards, adopted in the vortex,
affords another important advantage in comparison with turbines having the
contrary motion of the water; as it allows ample room, in the space outside
of the wheel, for large and well-formed injection channels, in which the
water can be made very gradually and regularly to converge to the most
contracted parts, where it is to have its greatest velocity. It is as a con-

1852. x

322 REPORT—1852.

comitant also of the same principle, that the very simple and advantageous
mode of regulating the power of the wheel by the moveable guide-blades
already described can be introduced. This mode, it is to be observed, while
giving great variation to the areas of the entrance orifices, retains at all times
very suitable forms for the converging water channels.

Another adaptation in the vortex is to be remarked as being highly bene-
ficial, that namely according to which, by the balancing of the contrary fluid
pressures due to half the head of water and to the centrifugal force of the
water in the wheel, combined with the pressure due to the ejection of the
water backwards from the inner ends of the vanes of the wheel when they
are curved, only one-half of the work due to the fall is spent in commu-
nicating vis viva to the water, to be afterwards taken from it during its
passage through the wheel; the remainder of the work being communicated
through the fluid pressure to the wheel, without any intermediate generation
of vis viva. Thus the velocity of the water, where it moves fastest in the
machine, is kept comparatively low; not exceeding that due to half the
height of the fall, while in other turbines the water usually requires to act at
much higher velocities. In many of them it attains at two successive times
the velocity due to the whole fall. The much smaller amount of action, or
agitation, with which the water in the vortex performs its work, causes a
material saving of power by diminishing the loss necessarily occasioned by
fluid friction. :

In the Vortex, further, a very favourable influence on the regularity of the
motion proceeds from the centrifugal force of the water, which, on any in-
crease of the velocity of the wheel, increases, and so checks the water supply ;
and on any diminution of the velocity of the wheel, diminishes, and so admits
the water more freely ; thus counteracting, in a great degree, the irregularities
of speed arising from variations in the work to be performed. When the
work is subject to great variations, as for instance in saw-mills, in bleaching
works, or in forges, great inconvenience often arises with the ordinary
bucket water-wheels and with turbines which discharge at the circumference,
from their running too quickly when any considerable diminution occurs in
the resistance to their motion.

The first vortex which was constructed on the large scale was made in Glas-
gow, to drive a new beetling-mill of Messrs. C. Hunter and Co., of Dunadry, in
County Antrim. It was the only one in action at the time of the Meeting
of the British Association in Belfast ; but the two which have been particularly
described in the present article, and one for an unusually high fall, 100 feet,
have since been completed and brought into operation. There are also
several others in progress ; of which it may be sufficient to particularize one
of great dimensions and power, for a new flax-mill at Ballyshannon in the
West of Ireland. It is calculated for working at 150 horse-power, on a fall
of 14 feet, and it is to be impelled by the water of the River Erne. This
great river has an ample reservoir in the Lough of the same name; so that
the water of wet weather is long retained, and continues to supply the river
abundantly even in the dryest weather. The lake has also the effect of
causing the floods to be of long duration, and the vortex will consequently
be, through a considerable part of the year, and for long periods at a time,
' deeply submerged under back-water, The water of the tail race will fre-
quently be 7 feet above its ordinary summer level; but as the water of the
head race will also rise to such a height as to maintain a sufficient difference
of levels, the action of the wheel will not be deranged or impeded by the
floods. These circumstances have had a material influence in leading to the
adoption in the present case of this new wheel in preference to the old breast
or undershot wheels.

a

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 323

On the Composition of Foods, in relation to Respiration and the Feeding
of Animals. By J.B. Lawes, Esq., of Rothamsted; and J. H.
GiLBeErRT, PA.D., F.C.S.

Durine the last twelve years our knowledge of the adaptation of food,
according to its composition, to the various exigences of the animal system,
has assumed much of definiteness ; and it is to the experiments and writings
of MM. Boussingault, Liebig and Dumas, that we must attribute, either
directly or indirectly, much of the progress that has been made. There are,
however, connected with this important subject still many open questions ;
and it is with the hope of aiding the solution of one or two of these, and thus
providing a new starting-point for further inquiry, that we propose in the
present paper to bring forward some results of our own which bear upon
them, and to point out the conclusions to which they appear to us to lead.

The writers to whom we have above referred, as well as many others,
whether themselves experimenters or more systematic writers on the subject
of the chemistry of food, may, with few exceptions, and with some limita-
tions, be said to agree on two main points, viz. on the one hand, as to the
connection of the nitrogenous constituents of the food, with the formation in
the animal body of compounds containing nitrogen, and with the exercise of
force ; and on the other, as to the general relationship of the mon-nitrogenous
constituents of the food with respiration, and with the deposition of animal
fat. It is indeed upon the assumption of this broad and fundamental classi-
fication of the constituents of food, according to their varied offices in the
animal ceconomy, that a vast series of analyses of foods have of late years
been made and published; whilst, founded upon the results of these analyses,
numerous tables have been constructed, professing to arrange the current
articles of diet both of man and other animals, according to their comparative
values as such. Among the labourers in this field of inquiry, we are much
indebted to MM. Liebig, Dumas, Boussingault, Payen, Playfair, R. D.
Thomson, Horsford, Schlossberger and Kemp, and others.

When speaking generally then, of the various requirements of the animal
organism, the more special adaptations of the several proximate compounds
and ultimate elements of which our vegetable and animal aliments are made
up, are, as we have already said, fully admitted ; but in attempting to apply to
practice the principles herein involved by the construction of tables of the
comparative value of foods, it seems to have been generally assumed, that our
current food-stuffs are thus measurable rather by their flesh-forming than by
their more specially respiratory and fat-forming capacities. Hence, with
some limitations, the per-centage of nitrogen has always been taken as the
standard of comparison.

Founded upon their per-centage of nitrogen, M. Boussingault first arranged
tables of the comparative values of different articles of food, chiefly in refer-
ence to the dieting of the animals of the farm; and with this method Professor
Liebig has expressed his concurrence. At page 369 of the 3rd edition of his
Chemical Letters, he says—“ The admirable experiments of Boussingault
prove, that the increase in the weight of the body in the fattening or feeding
of stock (just as is the case with the supply of milk obtained from milch
cows), is in proportion to the amount of plastic constituents in the daily
supply of fodder.” And at page 349 of the same, speaking of the nitrogenous
compounds of food, he says—“TIt is found that animals require for their
support less of any vegetable food in proportion as it is richer in these
peculiar matters, and cannot be nourished by vegetables in which these
matters are absent.”

In like manner, various specimens of flour and of bread have been arranged
by Dr. R. D. Thomson ; other articles of vegetable diet by Mr. Horsford ; and

x¥2

324 REPORT—1852.

a large series of aliments from the animal kingdom by MM. Schlossberger
and Kemp. Dr. Anderson also, in his valuable Report on the Composition of
Turnips, grown under different circumstances and in different localities, has
taken their per-centage of nitrogen as the measure of their comparative feed-
ing value.

The views which have thus led to a vast number of analyses of foods, as
well as the information supplied by the analyses themselves, have contributed
much to the advancement of our knowledge of the chemistry of food. It has
however been found, that the indications of tables of the comparative values
of foods, founded on the per-centages of proteine compounds, were frequently
discrepant with those which common usage or direct experiment affords.
These discrepancies have not escaped the attention of the authors of the theo-
retical tables ; but they have attributed them rather to the erroneous teachings
of common practice or experiments on feeding, than to any defect in the theo-
retical method of estimation. On all hands, however, it has been admitted,
that further direct experiment bearing upon this important subject was much
needed ; and it is the acknowledgement of this necessity that seems to justify
the publication, under the auspices of the British Association, the results of
this kind which we have now to submit.

The question to which we shall first call attention, is, whether, in the use
of our current foods, under ordinary circumstances, but especially in the case
of animals fattening for the buteher, the amount of food consumed, and that
of increase produced, have a closer relationship to the supplies in such foods
of the nitrogenous, or of the mon-nitrogenous constituents? That is to say,
whether the sum of the requirements of the animal system is such, that, in
ordinary circumstances, and in the use of ordinary articles of food, the
measure of the amount taken, or of the increase produced, will be regulated
more by the supplies of the “Plastic,” or of the more peculiarly respiratory and
fat-forming constituents. According to the views upon which all the tables
of the comparative values of foods are constructed, it is the supplies of the
plastic elements of food chiefly, that should regulate both the consumption,
and the increase in weight, of a fattening animal. If, however, we bear in
mind the views which are generally entertained as to the influence of respi-
ration on the demands of the system for the oxidizable elements of food, it
would appear more consistent to suppose that the measure, at least of the con-
sumption of food, would be chiefly regulated by its supplies of those elements.

In the experiments to which we shall call attention, sheep and pigs have
been the subjects. As, however, their object has partly been the solution of
certain questions of a more purely agricultural character than those now
under consideration, the details, as to the selection of the animals, and the
general management of the experiments, will be given more appropriately in
another place. Indeed, the particulars of some of the experiments with
sheep, so far as their agricultural bearings are concerned, have already ap-
peared in the Journals of the Royal Agricultural Society of England; and
those of the rest, and also of the experiments with pigs, will probably do so

shortly. It should here be stated, however, that the general plan has been

to select several different descriptions of food, containing respectively various
amounts of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous constituents, the proportions of
which were ascertained by analysis. ‘To one or more sets of animals to be
compared, a fixed and limited amount of food of a high or of alow per-centage
of nitrogen, as the case might be, was allotted, and they were then allowed to
take ad libitum of another or complementary food. In this way, in obedience
to the instinctive demands of the system, the animals were enabled to fix for
themselves, according to the composition of the respective foods, the quantities
of each class of constituents which they required.

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 325

In the tables which follow the results of the experiments are arranged to
show—

lst. The amounts respectively of the nitrogenous and the non-nitrogenous
constituents consumed weekly per 100 lbs. live weight of animal.

2nd. The amounts consumed of each of these classes of constituents ¢o
produce 100 lbs. increase in live weight.

Summary tables of the results of the analyses of the foods are also given.

In the tables showing the amounts of the constituents consumed, &c.—the
weights of the animals themselves—of the foods consumed—and their per cent-
ages, of dry matter, of ash, and of nitrogen—have formed the basis of the
calculations. Thus, the column of nitrogenous substances consumed, is
obtained by multiplying the amount of nitrogen by 6:3, on the assumption
that they all exist as proteine compounds. This method of estimation will, we
think, be found sufficient for our present purpose; though, as we shall have
occasion to point out further on, it is frequently far from accurate, and
especially when applied to succulent vegetable substances.

The amounts of zon-nitrogenous constituents are obtained by deducting
those of the mineral and nitrogenous constituents from the amount of the
total dry matter consumed.

In the tables showing the amounts of the respective constituents consumed
by a given weight of animal within a given time, it is their mean weights that
are taken for the calculation; namely, those obtained by adding together their
weights at the commencement and at the conclusion of the experiment, and
dividing by 2.

In the tables showing the constituents consumed éo produce a given weight
of inerease, the figures are obtained by simple rule of three; taking as the
elenients of calculation, the consumption during the total period of the ex-
periment, and the total increase in weight during the same period.

With these short explanations we may now introduce the tables them-
selves,

TABLE I.

Summary Table of the Per-centage Composition of the Sheep Foods.

. Foods eaten by Series 1.

| Mean Per-centage Results.

Description of Food. Dry Matter. Ash. Nitrogen.
Inclusive | Exclusive} In Fresh | In Dry | In Fresh | In Dry
of Ash, of Ash. | Substance.| Matter. | Substance.| Matter.
Swedish Turnips, No. 1. ...... 10:58 | 1000 | 0-577 | 5:46 0-263 | 2-49
Swedish Turnips, No. 2. ......./ 12°12 11°49 0:6382 521 0-151 1:25
American Oil-cake...........0006. 89°50 | 84:08 5°42 6:06 5:08 5°68
MESS ely cscucsesedteainees does 85°18 82-24 2°94 3°45 2:08 2°44
Clover-chaff .............s0sceees 78°61 72:33 6:28 7:99 1:85 2°35
Oat-straw Chaff ......... Seas 81:28 | 74:86 6:42 7:87

WDIRCAKE 2.2... cncesnescessonseens 87°36 81:88 5°48 6:27 5-01 5°74
Linseed, No. 1. .......0....0seee. 90°56 86:28 4:28 4-72 3°68 4:07
Rimbeed, NO 252k .0. 6. ceeieeecs 91:54 87:46 4-08 4-45 4:05 4:44
Barley ...ccccesecscecscessveveces 85°54 83:23 2°31 2-70 1-49 1-74
PAG <, o's cacngnahes'nels'n' duiestiades 91°65 89°34 2°31 2°52 151 1:65

Clover-chaff ....... Ts a waiseayieee 84°66 77:39 7:27 8:58 2-11 2°50

326 REPORT—1852.

TaBLe I. (continued.)

Foods eaten by Series 3.

Mean Per-centage Results.

Description of Food. Dry Matter. Ash. Nitrogen.

Inclusive | Exclusive} In Fresh | In Dry | In Fresh | In Dry
of Ash. of Ash. |Substance.| Matter. | Substance.} Matter.

Norfolk White Turnips,
grown by mineral manures 9°37 8:74 0°627 6°69 0°146 1:56
i aeecceece te ares oer cb

Norfolk White Turnips,
grown by mineral manures
and ammoniacal salts ......

Norfolk White Turnips,
grown by mineral manures 778 | 714 0639 | 8-21 0183 | 2:36
and rape-cake ..........se00s

Norfolk White Turnips,

grown by mineral manures ’ : : y DFS ,
rape-cake and ammoniacal 788 it mses = iti nai

BAUR sacksedeecctcosceseseceere.
Foods eaten by Series 4.
Long Red Mangold, No. 1, ...| 12°94 | 11:94 1:002 774 0:30 2:36

Long Red Mangold, No. 2. ...} 13°14 | 12:16 0:979 7°45 0:28 2°18

—__—_—_

Means...) 13°04 | 12°05 0:990 759 0:29 2:27

Barley titeesstetecscadeaccsevecss 81°84 | 79°51 2°32 2°84 1-45 1:78
IMT ALG? oa. saceb 2S-aee cok wane eneeiiens 95°39 | 92:78 2-60 2-73 1:62 1:70
IMs GING oc Ue caeistes easctedetacs 93:76 | 85:06 8:70 9:28 4:10 4:38
ON =GHKG 208, Gales cs sbdevecedues 89:74 | 83°60 6:12 6:82 5:26 5°87
(Ea SS ae Fe eR! Ro ne a!
%
TABLE II.

Summary Table of the Per-centage Composition of Sheep Foods (continued).

Series 5.

Foods eaten by Hants and Sussex Downs.

Mean Per-centage Results.

Description of Food. Dry Matter. Ash. Nitrogen.
Inclusive | Exclusive} In Fresh | In Dry } In Fresh | In Dry
of Ash. of Ash. [Substance.| Matter. | Substance.| Matter.
Swedish Turnips, Lot 1. ...... 9°81 9:20 0-607 | 619 0-231 2°36
Swedish Turnips, Lot 2. ...... 10°32 9-73 0-607 | 5:87 0:301 2°61
Oil-cake .... Jedi tuessacuct sewes set 87°54 80°84 6:70 7:65 4-98 5:70
Clover-hay 2.035.002: dsecaves tes | 81:24 72°82 8:42 10°36 2-03 2°51

|

—

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 327

Taste II. (continued.)

ern ee reer

Eaten by Cotswolds.

en

Mean Per-centage Results.

Description of Food. Dry Matter. Ash. Nitrogen.

In Fresh | In Dry

Inclusive | Exclusive} In Fresh | In Dry
Substance.| Matter.

of Ash. of Ash. | Substance.| Matter.

Swedish Turnips, Lot 1. ......| 10°88 | 10:37 0504 4:63

0-18 1:66
Swedish Turnips, Lot 2. ...,.. 10:70 | 10:12 0579 5°41 0:28 2°63
Swedish Turnips, Lot 3. ...... 12°60 | 11:84 0°758 6:00 0:27 2°21
Oil-Cake ......cessssecesseceeee vee) 87:54 | 80:84 6-70 7°65 4:99 5:70
Clover-hay ....0c..sseccsseseeeenee 83°66 | 76°46 7:20 8-60 2°24 2°68

Eaten by Leicesters ; and by Cross-bred Ewes and Wethers,
[Leicester and South Down. ]

Swedish Turnips, Lot 1. ...... 10°89 | 10:38 0:520 4:79 0:23 2-15

Swedish Turnips, Lot 2. ...,..} 11°88 | 11:26 0°623 5:23 0:25 2:14

ME CAICC: 5c. sc exeencns>aanaapanang 86°32 | 78:52 7°80 9-04 5:05 5:86

Clover-hay, Lot 1. .........20006 80°48 | 72°38 8:10 10:06 2:73 3°40

Clover-hay, Lot 2. ............00 80:08 | 71:90 8:18 10°17 2:73 3°42
TaB_eE III.

Summary Table of Per-centage Composition of the Pig Foods.

Eaten by Series 1.

Mean Per-centage Results,

Description of Food. Dry Matter. Ash. Nitrogen.

Inclusive | Exclusive} In Fresh | In Dry | In Fresh | In Dry

of Ash. of Ash. | Substance.| Matter. | Substance.| Matter.
Egyptian Beans........ iver ea eke 88°30 83:57 4:72 5:35 4:24 4:80
Lentils, Lot 1. ..........ce.eeeee 87°30 82:42 4°87 5°58 4:52 5°18
Lentils, Lot 2. .......00...s0ee0 86:62 81-64 4:98 5°75 4:56 5°26
Indian meal, Lot J. ...........- 89:70 | 88:33 1°37 1°53 1:72 1:92
Indian meal, Lot 2. .,.......... 89°89 88°61 1:28 1-42 1:95 2°17
TAN 1: .....cddnstaveboatntaisaaees 84:79 78°77 6:02 7:10 2°61 3:08
RANEY: ( ciisicaasacednnnsacacssessap 81:86 79°72 2:14 2-61 1:83 2:24

Eaten by Series 2.

Egyptian Beans..............00. 88-17 84:45 372 4:22 4-21 4-78
Lentils, Lot 1. ..,...see..seereee 89-42 86:44 2:98 3:33 4°54 5:08
GIS, LO Bok occ..sesstsoresses 89-97 85°10 4:37 5°41 4:18 4°65
amley, Lot 1. .....c..sscsessese 82°38 80°19 2°19 2:66 1:82 2-21
Batley, Hot 2s ~...0.0.0.5.<c-vees 80°95 78:77 2:18 2°69 1°83 2-26
Barley, Lot 3. sscssccsseeesseess 82-53 80:48 2°05 2-48 1-55 1:88

Bran ......+0 Uijorceerccdpecescess 85:08 | 78:67 6:41 7:53 2°62 3°08

ae eee Se Ea, ee ne aEEEEEANEISEEESIEE TERRE REE

328 REPORT—1852.

Tas_e IV.

Experiments with Sheep.— Weekly consumption of Nitrogenous and Non-
nitrogenous constituents of Food per 100 lbs. live weight of animal (quan-.
tities stated in lbs., tenths, &c.).

| ee SR eee ee er

Series 1.—Five sheep in each pen, 14 weeks.

Nitrogenous Organic] Non-nitrogenous 2
Substance. Organic Substance. Ss
s es Complementary or Se
2 ponte toe ad libitum Food. | 4a | -23|q.|ac|ad}a.] 82
2s|s8|4"*|se|s8| 4") 6
1. | Oil-cake .....0000,.c0seeee Swedish Turnips..| 1-63 | 0°82 | 2-46 |2°75 | 7:10| 9-85
CRIPCO RS Scanoneocsocorreccce Gitte’ /...e0. 0°88 | 0-69 | 1:57 |4:76 | 6°61 |11-36
3.| Clover-chaff ... ditto ...... 0°69 | 0:94 | 1-64 |3-99 | 9:13 13°12
4. Oat-straw chaff......... dito.” <0: soe | L207.,| 1:07 |... 2 | S82 T0FE7
E Means ...... 1-071, 0882) 1°68 |} 3°83 | 8-16 11-13 12°81
Series 2.—Five sheep in each pen, 19 weeks.
12) (Onl-cake <2... 0.s.cceseenes Clover-chaff ...... 1:64 | 2-14 | 3°78 |2°55 |10°38 12°93] 16-71
Di MDAINSClM Fe seeee cerns stens ditto: “..10.. 1-26 | 1-95 | 3-21 13:19 | 9-47 \12-66] 15-87
3. (Barley......ccrvcavsrcveou GULOY Tate 0:50 | 2:08 | 2°58 |3°83 | 9:96 |13°79 | 16:37
ASWAMTAIE: | Satecestnnsvvnseces'st ditto! | h.s.. 0:44 | 2:08 | 2-52 |3°98 |16-04|14-02] 16:55
Means ...... 0:96 | 2-06 | 3:02 |3°39 | 9:96 |13°35] 16°38
Series 3.—Five sheep in each pen, 10 weeks.
Ws -Batleyiccivccccsepeesess ccc Mangold-wurtzel..| 0°44 | 1:26 | 1:70 {3°53 | 7:06 10:59] 12-29
2.| Malt and malt-dust ... ditto ...d 0°43 | 1:20 | 1:64 [3°32 | 6:80 |10-12} 11-76
3.| Barley (steeped)......... Gitto 2.280 0:43 | 1:65 | 2-08 [3°35 | 9-24 )12°60) 14-68
4.| Malt ‘and malt-dust
‘ (steeped) My |. .0i2e sees ditto) fics. 0°40 | 1:36 | 1:77 | 3-09 | 7-60 |10°70} 12-47
5.) Malt and malt-dust
(extra quantity) ...... CIEE" oxien.ce 0°52 | 1:36 | 1:89 }3:97 | 7°66 |11-63} 13°52
Means ...... 0-44 | 1-37 | 1-82 }3-45 | 7-67 11-13] 12:94

Series 4.—Five sheep in each pen, 10 weeks; no limited Foods.

1.| Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures
GL meee peeeaieaic dancin arcamets op oda oh toseoes eb 1:20 10°30 11:50

2.| Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures
and ammoniacal salts ......seessseeeeerees 151 9°24 9°75

3.| Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures
SNOUT APC CAME Aedes ye anes theese ceva ees 1:64 8:86 ° 10:50

4.| Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures,
rape-cake and ammoniacal salts ......... 2°14 7:60 9:74
Means ...... 1-62 9:00 10°37

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 329

: TABLE IV. (continued.)

CT SS SS ee

Series 5.—Different breeds of sheep.

Ewe 2 rey 3 Non_nit 2
2 oe | Eibstance. | Organic Substance. |
ES) Sr 68
oO 64 . Leg . Lrg me
o es oo | 5 a. eo | 35 Satins 32
a Be |as|es|S")es| 68/4")
Ee tebe & 2-27 | 1-12 |339 15-43 | 5-63 |11-06
_— |_ ty-six Weeks ...seeeees 3
se eee areal ? 2 | 2:31 | 1-06 |3:37 |5°64 | 5-35 |10-99
“six ras ssetneees 4 =
Rene sc rewoldsrtwen- |) S| B27 [aad [3-41 [537 | 665 |2-08
_ |Forty Leicesters, twenty Zz < 9. : : ;
. WEEKS ..0....cececccrceenes a 3 2:30 | 1-07 | 3:37 [4°70 | 6-46 11°16
q fe oO
| oa Gee Ewes, 4 EZ |2:39 | 1-09 | 3-48 |4-91 | 6-60 [11-51
Tory Me eck. Mires 5 2-41 | 1-12 | 353 14-96 | 6-73 |11-69
Means ...... 2-32 | 1-10 | 8-42 ]5-17 | 6-23 |11-40
¥ TABLE V.
__ Experiments with Sheep——Consumption of Nitrogenous and Non-nitrogenous

constituents of Food to produce 100 lbs. increase in live weight of animal
(quantities stated in lbs.).

Series 1.—Five sheep in each pen, 14 weeks.

Nitrogenous Organic} Non-nitrogenous 3
, Substance. Organic Substance. Ss
° uo
A ree, Compl ti = = Og
é Limited Food. ad Lbitum Food. ad ag g.|s ag oe ES
3 Ee |e | S38) 22 |s=| 83) 32
ag /e2/4"lag|e9|4"|6é
1.| Oil-cake ...... Renaads seems Swedish Turnips..| 111 | 56 | 167 | 181 | 469 | 650
MTS | Oats coca. .asesccnceneee ditto ...... 55 | 48 | 103 | 289 | 395 | 684
3.| Clover-chaff ............ Ueto | 2.3... 43 | 59 | 102 | 2238 | 513 | 736
4, | Oat-straw chaff......... ditto ...... -.. | 102 | 102] ... | 881 | 913
Means «..... "70 | 66 | 118 | 231 | 565 | 746,

138 | 183 } 321 | 219 | 884
112 | 177 | 289 } 291 | 853
235 | 353 | 916

266 } 412 |1045

86 | 192 | 278 | 319 | 925 | 1244

330

REPORT—1852.

TABLE V. (continued.)

Series 8.—Five sheep in each pen, 10 weeks.

°
a
g Limited Food, ee pementary fy
a
Us| BAKIEY Ss. stinnss ceoxevetes Mangold-wurtzel..
2.| Malt and malt-dust . ditto ase...
3.| Barley (steeped) ...... ditto ......
4.| Malt and malt-dust
(steeped), «...0..05.- ditto ise...
5.| Malt and malt-dust
(extra quantity)...... Gitio, . <5...
Means ......

Nitrogenous Organic

Substance.
is teas |g.
ez | e8| 4™
31 87 | 118
29 82 | lll
25 96 | 121
32 | 104 | 136
35 91 | 126
30 92

Non-nitrogenous
Organic Substance.

os | 33ie.
£3 | 88 | 4™
243 | 488 | 731
220 | 457 | 677
194 | 536 | 730
237 | 584 | 821
265 | 511 | 776

123 | 232 | 515 | 747

Substance,

2
FI
s
&
i“)

°
Ee

ss]

3
i)

B

Series 4.—Five sheep in each pen, 10 weeks; no limited Food.

1.| Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures
OMY: cas ancewawetune dun verecenens comes dets
Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures
and ammoniacal salts ........sseceeeseeeee
Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures
TLS A NE CARE Wt ves cn4sesmsmancheatectr ts ses
Norfolk White Turnips, mineral manures,
rape-cake and ammoniacal salts

ee ee ae

sete nenee

192
153
324

Lost weight.

223

1627
930
1682

Lost weight.

1413

Series 5.—Different breeds of sheep.

5
3 ce
: £m
o> gg
& cs
4 3 3
Forty Hants Downs, twen- “
ty-Six WeekS .......000.. ‘3s
Forty Sussex Downs, twen- 3 3
ty-six WeekS ..:...000..5 5 Ha
Forty-six Cotswolds, twen- 5 5
ty WEEKS .....cccssecseeees .S) a
Forty Leicesters, twenty Zs os
WEEKS Site seeeeesee sete s |
Forty cross-bred Ewes, iS e
twenty weeks ............ § nn
Forty cross-bred hase 3 B
twenty weeks .......0....
Means ......

Nitrogenous Organic

——SS = — | | |

Substance. _
sa | as |g.
#3 jee 2"
124 62 | 186
129 | 60] 189
111 | 55 | 166
127 59 | 186
127 58 | 185
127 59 | 186
124 59

Non-nitrogenous
Organic Substance.

az | 32] 4".
300 | 312 | 612
318 | 302 | 620
260 | 322 | 582
261 | 358 | 619
260 | 350 | 610
261 | 355 | 616

183 | 277 | 333 | 610

Total dry Organic
Substance.

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 331

Taste VI.
Experiments with Pigs Weekly consumption of Nitrogenous and Non-
nitrogenous constituents of Food per 100 lbs. live weight of animal
(quantities stated in Ibs., tenths, &c.).

Series 1.—Three pigs in each pen, 8 weeks.

Nitrogenous Organic} Non-nitrogenous 3
: Substance. Organic Substance. & 3
cS) 6 FI
‘i imited Food, per head Complementary or 5 bo
> Li ‘ood, is on oS a
s per a ad libitum Food. aa = 3 = 3 F z 3 33
ae | gh peed Wiesel ae
as | es eg/a"| 6
1.| None ........00 ddsisas sts Bean and Lentil
WHEAl a adhe Sassen -. | 8°84 176
2.| Indian meal .........4.. ditto ...... 0°83 | 7°30 14:3
© AULT a Pee ere eee GiGtO ws sesebs 1:32) 6:39 128
4, | Indian meal and Bran... WittO « ss0.05 2°14) 4-73 9-4
Means...... 1:07 | 6-82 13°5
Be | NONE: ...i.sceccccceee ‘....| Indian meal ...... Bee aie | 19:3
6. | Bean and Lentil meal .. Cth Lisenaze 1:95 | 2-60 17:2
7.| Bran ..... eT ditto ...... 1:21| 2-74 17-9
| 8.| Bean and Lentil meal,
| and Bran ........008 THO) cesess 3°05 | 2-15 14:0
Means...... 1-55 | 2°60 7-1
9. | Bean and Lentil meal...) Bran ...........00+ 3°34| 1°85 70
10. | Indian meal ............ LUC Redes 1:44} 2-46 93
_ |H1.| Bean and Lentil meal,
F and Indian meal .,.| - ditto ...... 323 | 1:73 66
MEIOTIC ca6cnceacsncosescsncs Bean and Lentil
; meal, Indian
meal, Bran, each
dl Whittsie =s2.5: .. | 612 20-1
Means...... 2-00 | 3:04 10'8
Means of the 12 pens......) 1:54) 4°15 138
q KR |
9

{ Series 2.—Three pigs in each pen, 8 weeks.
4
: MO INONOesesssscsssieassesces Bean and Lentil
: meal) ig eek --- | 669) 6-69] ... | 14-5] 14:5] 21-2
_ | 2.| 3lbs. Barley meal ...... CHLOE 3, 28s 1:23 | 7-06 | 8-29] 7:3] 15:3| 22-6] 30:9
Beer Lib. Bran ..:..........0, CHILO Pie cices 0°66 | 8-07| 8:73] 2-5| 17:'5| 20:0} 28-7
_ | 4.| 8lbs. Barley meal, 1 Ib.

IRREPRIN coRoe owes sce ceed Cite enews 1:95 | 4°85 | 6-80] 10:1] 10-5) 20-6] 27-4

| Means ......| 0:96| 6-67| 7-63| 5-0| 14-4| 19-4] 27-0

a SS ee Se ee ee

332 REPORT—1852.
Tas.e VI. (continued.)

Nitrogenous Organic} Non-nitrogenous 3
x Substance. Organic substance. Fs *
z Ss
| Limited Food, per head, Complementary or celeste =a Ue tee 3 : a
aS per day. ad libitum Food. E : a 2 ae cE : & zy a3
83) 68) 4") a3) a8) 4") 5
MISH ENOME’ ton-n creas soleseat oes Barley meal ....., - | FOL} 3-91 23°6 | 23:6] 27-5
6.| 141b. Bean, and 14 lb.
Lentil meal ......... ditto” ...... 2°81} 2:36) 5-17] 61] 13:9} 20:0] 25-2
QAM ABranerssee se eden: MEO ices ee O61} 3:45 | 4:06] 2°3 | 20°9| 23:2] 273
8.| 14 1b. Bean, 13 1b. Len-
til meal, and 1 lb.
IBYAN Se ecse; accuses er ditto: © .5.... 2°98| 1:66] 4:64] 7:2 | 10:0} 17:2] 21°8
Means...... 1:60| 2°84| 4-44] 3:9 | 17-1) 21:0] 25°4
QEIMNGNETcscpelecseresonine see Mixture of 1 part ; if “4 -| fi
Bran,2 partsBar-
ley meal, and 3
parts Bean and
Lentil meal...... «- | 665] 6°65 20°6 | 20°6] 27-2
BUPITNGNC cccc.sececesvesossbee Duplicate of pen9.| ... | 7-03} 7:03 21:9} 21:9] 28-9
| INGE fs stnisased cinens oa: Mixture of 1 part
Bran, 2 parts
Bean and Lentil
meal, and 3 parts
Barley meal ...| ... | 5°86] 5:86] ... | 21-4] 21-4] 27:3
AAW INQUEST nw csoraasestespeoenee Duplicateofpenll.| ... | 6°02] 6-02] ... | 22:1] 22-1] 28-1
Means...... ~ | 639) 6:39 21:5] 21:5] 27-9
Means of the 12 pens...... 0:85 | 5°30| 615} 2:9 | 17:7| 20:6] 26:8
Means of the 24 pens...... 1:19] 4:73) 5:92] 4:1 | 15°83) 19:9] 25:8
TaBLeE VII.

Experiments with Pigs.—Consumption of Nitrogenous and Non-nitrogenous
constituents of Food, ¢o produce 100 lbs. increase in live weight of animal
(quantities stated in lbs.).

Series 1.—Three pigs in each pen, 8 weeks.

Nitrogenous Organic} Non-nitrogenous 3
y Substance. Organic substance. $3
° oO
Z Og
> | Limited Food, per head, Complementary or ie te ies es vs Sur pa
5 per aan ad Dbitum Food. “5/88 )/85)#28 1/28 |83] 72
PA eo} se | Ss] 8o)]/s=| se] 32
ao | fe | e= lao loe| a= 2
Da WNOnG © oan peteeusteaxkiecee Bean and Lentil
MCA ies cnecly nnn vs .» | 188 | 188]... | 275
2.| Indian meal .........00. CIUGCO fe svete 12 | 102 | 114] 77 | 201
xs) Yat ivssvaceegesneeatee GittO ...4.0. 28 | 1383 | 161 | 105 | 267
4, | Indian meal and Bran... ditto “...... 38 83 | 121 | 185 | 166
Means ...... 19 | 114 | 1338 92 | 227

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RE

SPIRATION AND FEEDING. 333

Tasce VII. (continued.)

Nitrogenous Organic

Non-nitrogenous
Substance.

Organic substance.

: 23
z -
> | Limited Food, per head, | Complement gg | 273 et fart a ee pa
g| Unitsedpe nad | compere | 49/282. 143 | 22 | ze] 2
ae | 3 ae | 3 So} s
easy a4 S3| a8 |4")e5
BREN inant cunsiawive sand ase Indian meal ...... a 57 .. | 378
6. | Bean and Lentil meal .. Gute oes-c- 31 | 42 62 | 275
Gaerne. se ak ditto... 18 | 40 68 | 264
8.| Bean and Lentil meal,
nd) Bran. (ecascs.peces itt} dycsasc- 43 | 30 114 | 195
Means ...... 23 | 42 61 | 278 | 339
9.| Bean and Lentil meal..| Bran ...........0... 127 | 71 255 | 268
10. | Indian meal ............ ditto. 02.5: 48 | 82 311 | 309
11.} Bean and Lentil meal,
and Indian meal ... ditto ......| 74 | 40 240 | 151
SEWNONE*..--.cccccscesecnces Bean and Lentil] ... | 107 w. | 350
meal, Indian
meal, Bran, each
ad libitum ......
Means...... 62 75 | 187 | 202 | 269
Means of the 12 pens...... 35 | 77 118 | 258
Series 2.—Three pigs in each pen, 8 weeks.
MIE NOUC? jo. janie oncsessaecnane Bean and Lentil
THEA ce cpeleenia ss ... | 146 | 146 317 | 317 | 463
2.| 3lbs. Barley meal ...... aNGhGre ees 20 | 117 | 137 254 | 374] 511
3.| Lib. Bran .........02.00 ditto’ 2... 12 | 140 | 152 305 | 348 | 500
4,| 3 lbs. Barley meal, 1 Ib.
TEU ania «Salas ates GitLOy owas 36 89 | 125 192 | 378 | 503
Means ...... 17 | 123 | 140 267 | 354] 494
Bi INOTIG hs Seaweed cess ces Barley meal ...... 64 | 64 Hi 385 385 | 449
6.| 14 1b. Bean and 141b.
Lentil meal ......... ditto ...... 50 4] 91 |] 107 | 245 | 352 | 443
Mey Wp. Bran <..-...0<0ceoss GXCEO, as .ce> 10 56 66} 38 | 341 | 879 | 445
8.| 141b. Bean, 14 1b. Len- :
til meal, and 1 lb.
eet ons ue aceseds <i ditto ...... 64 36 | 100 | 157 | 215 | 372 | 472
Means ...... 31 | 49| 80] 75 | 297 | 372 | 452
SEMENGIEY econ os. 85. cvacdesv ess Mixture of 1 part ry fe t "
Bran,2 partsBar-
ley meal, and 3
parts Bean and
Lentil meal...... 117 | 117 362 | 362 | 479
10.) None .......... ih otieeees Duplicate of pen 9. 110 | 110 842 | 342 | 452
MP NONE yh... ccevescccecsecs Mixture of 1 part
Bran, 2. parts
Bean and Lentil
meal, and 3 parts
Barley meal 88 320 | 320 | 408
12.| None ...... Bapose thes aces Duplicate of pen 11. 87 321 | 321] 408
Means ...... -. | 101 ... | 8386 | 3386 | 437
Means of the 12 pens ...... 16 | 91 54 | 300 | 354| 461
Means of the 24 pens...... 25 84 | 109 | 86 | 279 | 365 | 474

334 REPORT—1852.

A glance at the Tables as a whole must show, that in all comparable cases
there is much more of uniformity of amount in the total columns of xon-nitro-
genous than in those of nitrogenous substance, both as to the quantities con-
sumed éo a given weight of animal within a given time, and to those required
to produce a given weight of increase. The deviations from this general
regularity in the amount of non-nitrogenous substance consumed under equal
circumstances, are indeed, in most cases such, that when examined into they
tend the more clearly to show, that the uniformity would be considerably
more strict if the amounts only of the really available respiratory and fat-.
forming constituents could have been represented, instead of, as in the case
of these Tables, that of the gross or total non-nitrogenous substance consumed.
For, in reading the actual figures of the Tables, allowance has to be made
both for those of the non-nitrogenous constituents of the food which would
probably become at once effete, and also for the different respiratory and fat-
forming capacities of the portions of them which are digestible and available
for the purposes of the animal ceconomy. It must further be remembered,
that even after all due allowance has been made for the sources of discre-
pancy just referred to, the amounts which we may suppose to be so corrected
must still cover all variations, whether arising from differences of external
circumstances—from individual peculiarities in the animals themselves—from
the different amounts stored up in them according to the adaptation of the
respective foods—as well as from the many other uncontrollable circum.
stances which must always interfere with any attempts to bring within the
range of accurate numerical measurement the results of those processes in
which the subtle principle of animal life exerts itsinfluence. Bearing, then,
all those points in mind which must tend to modify the true indications of
the actual figures in the Tables, it appears to us, that the coincidences in
the amounts of available respiratory and fat-forming constituents consumed
by a given weight of animal, under equal circumstances, within a given time,
and also in those required under equal circumstances to produce a given
amount of increase in weight, must be admitted to be much more striking
and conclusive than @ priori we could have expected to find them. With
this general uniformity, however, as to the amounts of mon-nitrogenous
substance consumed under given circumstances, or for a given result, those
of the nitrogenous constituents are found to vary, under the same circum-
stances, in the proportion of from 1 to 2 or 3.

In illustration of our statements let us examine the Tables for a moment
somewhat more in detail.

In Table IV. we have the amounts of the two classes of constituents re-
spectively, which were consumed weekly per 100 bs. live weight of animal,
in the case of five different series of experiments with sheep. In all cases
the experiments extended over a period of many weeks, and in some even of
several months. Each series comprised several pens, to each of which (except
in Series 4, in which there were no limited foods) there was allotted a dif-
ferent description of fixed or limited food, the ad libitum or complementary
food being (except in Series 4) the same throughout the several pens of the
same series, but different in the different series. In the Series 1, 2, 3 and 4,
there were five or six sheep in each pen; in Series 5, from 40 to 50 sheep in
each pen.

In Series 1, the complementary or ad libitum food was Swedish turnips,
and the limited foods were—

In pen 1, oil-cake.

In pen 2, oats.

In pen 3, clover-chaff.

In pen 4, oat-straw chaff.

AOE ELE

PA PAE IT Sw Ee TIM ves
<

ont eed

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 335

The oat-straw chaff of pen 4 was given as adding to the otherwise only
succulent matter of the turnip, the bulk of solid matter which seems to be
demanded particularly by ruminant animals. So small a quantity of this
straw was eaten, however, that it need scarcely enter into our calculations.
Turning to the results of pens 1, 2 and 8, it is seen that the weekly consump-
tion of non-nitrogenous matter per 100 lbs. live weight of animal is, with the
oil-cake as limited food, 9°8 lbs.; with the oats, 11°3 lbs.; and with the clover-
chaff 13°1 lbs. Now, of these three descriptions of food, the oil-cake would
contain by far the most of oleaginous matter, the respiratory and fat-forming
capacity of which is about twice and a half as great as that of the starch
series of compounds which would more abound in the oats. Hence we find
that a less actual weight of non-nitrogenous substance was consumed with
the oil-cake than with the oats. But to the reason just given, to which a part
of the result was doubtless due, we might add that there was a comparatively
large and somewhat excessive amount of nitrogenous matter consumed in the
oil-cake pen, a part of which at least might serve the respiratory and fat-
forming functions. Then, again, in pen 3, where clover-chaff was the limited
food, the animals would consume a much larger amount of effete woody
fibre than with either the oil-cake or the oats; in this pen therefore a larger
gross weight of non-nitrogenous substance must be eaten to yield the same
equivalent of that which is available for respiratory or fat-forming purposes
than with either of the other foods. When therefore, allowance has been
made for the different quantities and capacities of the available constituents
in the several foods, it will be seen, that the equivalents of the available non-
nitrogenous constituents consumed in the different cases, are in reality much
more nearly identical, than the figures as they stand in the Table would
indicate. But if we now turn to the column of the nitrogenous substance
consumed under the same circumstances, we find that it varies, comparing
one pen with another in this first series, nearly as much as from 1 to 24.

In the second series (Table IV.) we have clover-chaff as the ad libitum or
complementary food in all the pens, instead of Swedish turnips as in Series 1 ;
and again, with the much larger amount of effete woody fibre, we have a
larger gross amount of the non-nitrogenous substance consumed. The
average of the four pens of this Series 2 is indeed almost identical with the
amount where clover-chaff was employed in Series 1. Again, comparing one
pen with another in this clover-chaff series, we have with the larger amounts
of oleaginous matter supplied in the linseed and oil-cake, less of gross non-
nitrogenous substance taken than with the barley or the malt, in which there
is a proportionally larger amount of the starch series of compounds. When
due allowance is made, then, for the different respiratory and fat-forming
capacities of the several foods, we have again a closer coincidence than would
at first sight appear, in the equivalents of the non-nitrogenous substances
consumed in the different pens of this second series—as also when we com-
pare this series with the former one. Turning now to the column of the
nitrogenous substances consumed in this second series, we see that the gross
amounts vary more than in those of the non-nitrogenous ; and more indeed

‘than, according to any knowledge we at present possess, could be accounted

for by a consideration as to the state in which the nitrogen existed in the
severalpens. Comparing nowthe result of the one series with those of the other,
although in the two cases the description of the larger portion of the food is
widely different, and we have found that there is nevertheless considerable
coincidence in the amounts of non-nitrogenous substance consumed, yet the
columns of nitrogenous substance throughout the two series show a very
great variation in the quantities of these consumed—amounting, indeed, in

336 . REPORT—1852.

the extreme cases, to as much as from one to three and a half. There can be
little doubt that the method of estimating the amount of available nitro-
genous substance from the per-centage of nitrogen must be more or less faulty,
both in the case of the succulent turnips of the first series, and in that of the
also unripened produce—clover-chaff—of the second; but whether or in
what degree the differences in the amounts consumed in the two series would
be lessened by corrections due to this source of discrepancy, we have not the
means of accurately deciding.

In the third series, which consisted of five pens, mangold-wurtzel was the
complementary food ; and the limited foods were barley and malt, respectively,
in different states and-proportions in the several pens. Throughout this series
the proportion of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous constituents varied but
little in the limited foods, and being also constant in the complementary foods
of the several pens, we have but little difference in this series in the amounts
respectively of either class of constituents when comparing pen with pen.
Comparing the results of this series with those of the others, however, we
observe that there was a very close coincidence between the amounts of avail-
able zon-nitrogenous substance consumed; but in those of the nitrogenous
substances there is little in common when thus taking at one view the results
of the several series.

In the fourth series we have no supply of limited food. In all the four
pens Norfolk-white turnips only were given ad libitum. Those supplied to
the different pens, were however, respectively grown by very different manures,
and differed in all cases very much in ultimate composition and other
qualities. Thus, the per-centage of dry substance and the state of maturity
were greatest in the turnips of pen 1, and diminished in the order of the pens,
they being in pen 4 the worst in both these respects. On the other hand, the
per-centage of water, of mineral matter, and of nitrogen, and the degree of
unripeness or unfitness for food, were in the inverse order. The turnips eaten
in pen 1 were, however, too ripe, and what is called “‘ pithy”; and those
were in the best condition which were supplied to pen 2.

In this series there was, with a probably generally lower amount of effete
matter, at the same time a generally less amount of non-nitrogenous substance
consumed—though most where the turnips were known to be too ripe and
pithy. In pen 4 there was a very small amount of non-nitrogenous substance
taken ; but thereis no doubt that here the limit to consumption was fixed by
the unfitness of the turnips as food, and not by their high value in this respect;
for these turnips were very succulent and unripe, and notwithstanding they
contained a very high per-centage of nitrogen, all the animals fed upon them
lost weight. Taking the circumstances into account, then, we have as much
uniformity in the amounts of non-nitrogenous constituents consumed as we
could expect, both among the several pens of the series, and in comparing this
series with the rest. In the column of nitrogenous constituents, on the other
hand, there is nothing to indicate any uniformity of demand for the supply
of them, whether we compare pen with pen, or the results of this series
with those of the others. It might perhaps be objected, from what we have
already said of the varying qualities of the turnips used in this series, that
the nitrogenous compounds themselves would exist in the different lots in a
more or less assimilable condition; and hence probably some of the differences
in the amounts consumed. Doubtless there were differences in this respect
in the different lots, but it is seen that there is nearly twice as much of nitrogen
consumed in one pen as in another; and we cannot suppose that by any such
method of correction as has been suggested, so large a differeace as this,
or even that the whole of the lesser ones observed in the other cases, could

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 337

be thus accounted for. It is worthy of observation, however, that in this
series the amounts of the nitrogenous constituents consumed are in an inverse
ratio to those of the non-nitrogenous ; and if we are to calculate, that in the
ease of a defect of the latter or an excess of the former, a notable portion of
the nitrogenous constituents would serve as respiratory material, such an
assumption in the present case would tend yet more clearly to show the closer
dependence of consumption upon respiration, than upon the supplies by the
food of-the plastic elements of nutrition, as such.

In the next and last series of experiments to be noticed with sheep, as far
as possible the same description of foods is used throughout; but animals
of different breeds and weights and other admitted qualities are now the
subject of experiment in the several pens. The breeds which have thus been
compared are,—the Hampshire Down, Sussex Down, Cotswold, Leicester,
Half-bred Wethers (Leicester and Southdown), and Half-bred Ewes
(Leicester and Southdown). In all these experiments oil-cake and clover-
chaff were the limited foods, and Swedish turnips the complementary food.
About 1 Ib. per head per day of each of the limited foods was given to the
Hampshires ; and taking this allowance as the standard, the other breeds had
quantities of these foods exactly in proportion to their weights. There were
from 40 to 50 sheep in each lot; and each experiment extended over several
months. The experiments were, however, not all made in the same season ;
the turnips were therefore of different growths ; and the oil-cake and clover-
chaff, though chosen as nearly as possible of similar quality, were not always
from the same stocks. These circumstances, then, as well as the intrinsic
differences in the breeds themselves, if any, might be supposed perhaps to
have some share in any variations in result. We see, however, that there
is nevertheless a very striking coincidence in the amounts of constituents
consumed to a given weight of animal among the different breeds. But.
what is more to the purpose, the amounts of non-nitrogenous substance
consumed to a given weight of animal by these different breeds, and at
different times, are, after making, as before, due allowance for the probable
different equivalents of the foods, exactly consistent with the indications of
the other series with all their varied foods. This result, then, further shows that
in all, the respiratory and fat-forming exigences of the animals have fixed
the limit to their consumption of food; and also that these requirements have,
on an average, and under somewhat similar circumstances, a pretty constant
relationship to their weights. With this general coincidence in the amount
of non-nitrogenous substance consumed to a given weight of animal in the
several pens of this series, there could not, of course, with foods of similar
composition in all, be much variation in the amounts of the nitrogenous con-
stituents taken under the same circumstances. Of these, however, we have
throughout this series twice or thrice as much as in many cases of the other
series, which would not happen if the demand for them had been the guide
to consumption ; nor shall we afterwards find that the increase in weight
obtained was by any means proportional to this large amount of nitrogenous
substance consumed.

In our experiments with sheep, then, whether with different descriptions
of food, or with different breeds of the animal, the amount of food consumed
would seem to be regulated by the quantities which it supplied of the non-nitro-
genous rather than by those of the nitrogenous constituents.

So much, then, for the bearing of our sheep experiments upon the question
‘of the amount of food consumed according to its composition: but before
entering upon a consideration of the results of these same experiments in
relation to the second question, namely, that of the increase produced, it

1852. ‘ Z

338 REPORT—1852,

will be well to see how far the experiments with pigs afford us similar indi-
cations in relation to the former one.

The pig requires much less of mere du/k in his food than the ruminant
animal. Indeed, the food of the pig, when on a liberal fattening diet, consists
generally, weight for weight, of a much larger proportion of digestible or
convertible: constituents, and contains much less of effete woody fibre than
that of the sheep. Thus, whilst the food of the fattening sheep is principally
composed of grass, hay and roots, with a comparatively small proportion of
cake or corn, that of the fattening pig comprises a larger proportion of corn,
which contains a comparatively small amount of indigestible woody fibre,
and is comparatively abundant in starch, sugar, &c., and in highly nitro-
genous compounds. Notwithstanding the generally richer character of his
food, however, the fattening pig is found to consume a much larger quantity
of dry substance in relation to his weight than the sheep. We should at
least expect, therefore, that he would yield a greater proportion of increase,
and this he is found to do. Such, indeed, is the greediness of the animal,
and so much larger is the proportion of the food which he will consume
beyond that which is necessary for the respiratory function, or for the
formation of flesh, and which is therefore employed in storing up fat, that
the amounts of non-nitrogenous matter consumed must obviously, in his
case, have a less close numerical relationship to the requirements of the
respiratory system than in that of the sheep. Hence, no doubt, is in part
the reason that the exact indications of the figures of the Tables are, on the
whole, not so consistent as with the sheep. The experiments with the pigs
however bear testimony in the same direction as those with the sheep on
the question now in discussion, and the evidence they afford on the point is,
indeed, very conclusive.

In the arrangement of the pig experiments the selection of the foods was
made rather according to composition than to cost. In the first series (see
Tables VI. and VII.) the foods chosen were—
fi A mixture of equal parts of bean and lentil meal, as a highly nitrogenous
ood.

Indian corn meal, as the comparatively non-nitrogenous food. And—

Bran, as containing a considerable amount of woody fibre.

The series comprised twelve pens, in each of which three pigs were placed.
In the first four pens, the bean and lentil mixture constituted the ad libitum
food; in one of these it was given alone, and in the others with a limited
amount of one or both respectively of the other two descriptions of food.
In the second set of four pens, the Indian corn meal was the ad libitum food ;
and it, in its turn, was in one case given alone, and in the others with a
certain amount of the other or limited foods. In the third set of pens, bran
was the ad libitum food ; the other two then constituting the fixed or limited
food. In this way there was secured a great diversity in the proportion of
the nitrogenous to the non-nitrogenous constituents of the food in the
several pens ; and as the animals were allowed to fix for themselves the limit
of their consumption, the results afford us the means of judging, whether in
doing this, their natural instincts have Jed them to any uniformity in relation
to their weights, in the amounts taken of either of these classes of constituents.

In Table VI. are given the amounts of the nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous
constituents respectively, consumed weekly by every 100 lbs. live weight of
animal. In this Table we see at a glance, that although there are some
apparent discrepancies, yet the figures in the column of mon-nitrogenous
constituents are much more uniform than in that of the nitrogenous ones.
And, as to the few apparent deviations from this uniformity, we think it

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 339

will be much more reasonable to attempt to explain, or even considering the
nature of the subject, to admit as inexplicable, a few discrepant cases, than to
reject on their account the general testimony of much more numerous, more
consistent, and otherwise sufficiently conclusive results. Thus in the first
set of four pens in this series, there is, upon the whole, a less amount of the
non-nitrogenous constituents consumed than in the second; and this lessened
amount of non-nitrogenous constituents consumed in the former is seen to be
coincident with excessive consumption of the nitrogenous ones, and it is even
the less the greater that excess. It isalso worthy of remark, too, that in pens
5 to 8, where there was this larger amount of non-nitrogenous substance
consumed, it was supplied chiefly by Indian corn meal, which, containing
more oily matter than that of the foods in pens 1 to 4, would also possess a
higher respiratory and fat-forming capacity, weight for weight, than that in
the other cases. We may here suppose, that perhaps a surfeit of the nitro-
genous substances put a limit to the further consumption of non-nitrogenous
constituents which would otherwise have been taken; or, that being in excess,
the nitrogenous substances have substituted other respiratory material ; and
it is consistent with such a supposition, that with the less amount of non-
nitrogenous constituents consumed, where the nitrogenous are in excess, there
is nevertheless a larger amount consumed of fofal organic substance than
where there is more of the non-nitrogenous constituents.

That a larger amount of the complementary food was consumed when it
consisted of the comparatively low nitrogenized Indian meal, was not due
only to a craving for a supply of nitrogen which a less quantity would not
have yielded, would appear, among other consideraticns, from the fact, that
when, after a time, the pigs in pen 5, where Indian meal alone was given,
had become affected with large tumours breaking out on their necks,
their breathing and swallowing becoming at the same time difficult, we, in
order to test the question as to whether this arose from a defect of nitrogen
or from other causes, supplied them with a trough of mineral substances: they
soon recovered from their complaint, and eventually proved to be among the
fattest and best of the entire series of pigs; at least, a dealer in pork with
a practised eye, purchased by preference one of these animals from among
the whole set of carcases. The mineral mixture that was supplied to them
was composed of twenty parts coal ashes, four parts common salt, and one

part superphosphate of lime; and for it they seemed to exhibit considerable
relish.

In pens 9, 10 and 11, a comparatively small quantity of the more digestible
foods was allowed, the complementary food being in these cases bran; and
as we have before said, the digestive apparatus of the pig is not adapted for
a large amount of bulky woody substance. Here the animals consumed a
less amount of non-nitrogenous substance in proportion as the bran predo-
minated in their food ; and they at the same time also increased and fattened
much less than those in the other pens. In fact, until 3lbs. per head per day
of the limited foods were allowed instead of only two, as was at first given,
several of the pigs lost weight and became unwell; being as it were paralysed
(gouty ?), and almost deprived of the use of their legs. There can be little
doubt that the proportion of woody matter in the bran, which food only
they had at full command, was too great for the convenience of their sto-
machs ; and that hence, after their respiratory requirements had been fulfilled;
a limit was put to further consumption to serve the mere purpose of fattening.

In pen 12, the several foods, namely, the bean and lentil mixture, the
Indian meal, and the bran, were each put into a separate trough, and the
animals were allowed to take of all or any of them ad libitum. Were it not

Zz

340 REPORT—1852.

that one of the pigs in this pen was unwell in the same way as those referred
to in the previous pens during a considerable portion of the period of the
experiment, we might have assumed perhaps, that the results of this pen would
have pointed to the proportions of the several foods best adapted to the wants
of the animals; and if such a conclusion were a legitimate one, it would
indeed appear, that their natural demands called for a larger proportion of
nitrogen than was within the reach of the animals in any of those pens in
which Indian meal was the ad libitum or complementary food. ‘Two of the
pigs, however, in this pen 12, increased exceedingly well, and gave eventually
the highest proportion of carcass to live weight, of any in this entire series of
experiments. It is, too, an interesting fact, that as the experiment proceeded,
and the animals matured, their consumption diminished very considerably.
Thus, the proportion of the bean and lentil mixture to the total food consumed
was only two-thirds as great at the conclusion as at the commencement of
the experiment, whilst that of the Indian meal was not three-fifths as much
at the commencement as at the conclusion. We have in this fact some indi-
cation of the large proportion of the nen-nitrogenous constituents of the food
which is appropriated by the fatting animal.

Reviewing, as a whole, the reults of these twelve dietaries, and carefully
considering the bearing of the various circumstances which must influence
our reading of the actual figures of the Table relating to them, we think it
cannot be doubted, that here, as in the case of the sheep, we have very clear
evidence that it is the non-nitrogenous, rather than the nitrogenous consti-
tuents of the food, that have fixed the limit to consumption.

In the lower section of this Table VI., we have the results bearing upon the
same point, of a second series of experiments with pigs, conducted on a
similar plan to that of the former one. In this second series of pig experi-
ments, we have, as before, the bean and lentil mixture as the highly nitro-
genous food. Barley meal is in this case used as the non-nitrogenous food,
instead of Indian corn as in the former series. Bran, again, constitutes the
third food. In this series however, when either the bean and lentil mixture,
or the barley meal, constituted the limited food, the daily allowance per head
was 3 lbs. instead of 2, as in the former series. When the limited food was
bran, 1lb. only, instead of 2 as previously, was now given. In other respects,
excepting that in this series bran was in no case given alone as the ad libitum
food, the arrangements were the same as in the case of the previous series.

The weather during part of the period of this second series of experiments
was exceedingly hot; from this several of the animals suffered considerably ;
and some, either from this or other causes, became quite ill and died, or were
“killed to save their lives.” Nevertheless it is seen, that there was, upon the
whole, a larger amount of respiratory food consumed in relation to weight in
this series than in the previous one during the cooler season.

If we compare the column of the amounts of non-nitrogenous constituents
consumed weekly, per 100 lbs. live weight of animal, for this series, as given
in the lower section of Table VI., with that in the upper section for Series 1,
we shall see that there was, upon the whole, a greater uniformity inthe former
than in the latter. ‘There are, however, one or two marked exceptions to the
regularity of amount of non-nitrogenous matter consumed in this Series 2,
which, but for coincident circumstances, and the abundance we have of evi-
dence in the opposite direction, might lead to different conclusions than those
which we have drawn from the results as a whole; but at any rate the uni-
formity is still greater here than in the column of the nitrogenous substances.
The more obvious exceptions to the rule are pens 1 and 8; but apart from
any incidental eauses which might account for these—and in each of these

sah as

ae

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 341

pens one of the animals died—we shall see, when we come to consider the
question of the amount of increase produced by a given amount of food con-
sumed, that although the pigs were satisfied to eat a smaller proportion of
food in relation to their weight in these pens where the proportion of nitrogen
was comparatively large, yet the proportion of increase to the food consumed
was less than where the amount of zon-nitrogenous substance consumed
was much greater. Hence, in these cases, if there were a smaller amount
of food consumed, there was also a smaller proportion of increase produced
by it, and there would therefore at the same time obviously be a larger
proportion of it available for the purposes of respiration. These apparent
exceptions are not, then, necessarily adverse to the view that the respiratory
process was the gauge of consumption.

We have already noticed, that notwithstanding the weather was much hot-
ter during the progress of the second series of experiments, yet that there
was here, upon the whole, a larger amount of non-nitrogenous substance
consumed in proportion to weight of animal than in the first. ‘This apparent
excess, if indeed it show any real excess in respiratory and fat-forming equi- ,
valent, at any rate does not do so in the degree which the bare figures of the
Table would indicate. Thus, the Indian corn of the first series, of which
a less amount seems to have sufficed than of the barley in the second, con-
tained about 6 per cent. of oleaginous matter, instead of less than 3 per cent.,
as in the barley. And as a deficiency of 3 per cent. in fatty substance would,
for respiratory and fat-forming purposes, require to be substituted by about
twice and a half that amount of the other non-nitrogenous constituents, it
is obvious that the respiratory and fat-forming capacity of the Indian
meal non-nitrogenous matter was therefore somewhat higher than that of the
barley ; and hence a less amount of it would be required to produce the same
result.

We could add to the results already given those of further experiments
both with pigs and sheep, as well as some with bullocks, bearing upon the
point we have been considering; but those we have already adduced are,
we think, sufficient to justify our conclusion, that, in reference to this first
question, at least so far as fattening animals are concerned, the amount of
food consumed is regulated more by its supplies of the non-nitrogenous, than
of the nitrogenous constituents.

We now come to the second question; namely, that of the relationship
of the inerease in live weight produced to the consumption of nitrogenous
and non-nitrogenous constituents in the food.

Turning firstto the experiments with sheep, we have in Table V. the amounts
respectively of the non-nitrogenous, of the nitrogenous, and of the total or-
ganie substance consumed to produce 100 Ibs. inerease in live weight.

In viewing the Tables in reference to this point, we must, as before, read
the indications of the actual figures as modified by the obviously different
capacities for the purposes of the animal ceconomy of the substances, the
amounts of which they in each ease represent. Especially, too, when con-
sidering the results with the sheep, we must bear in mind the fact, which we
have ascertained by direct experiment, namely, that other things being equal,
the more succulent the food, the less will be the proportion of real dry sub-
stance in the increase obtained by its means; and also, that the greater the
amount of fat produced the greater considerably will be the per-centage in
the gross increase of real dry substance. And we must further remember,
that as in the Tables showing the relationship of conswmption to respiration,
the figures also included the increase in weight obtained, so now, in the
Tables professing to show the relationship of the izcrease to the constituents

342 - REPORT—1852.

consumed, the figures at the same time include the amounts which have been
expended in the respiratory process.

Looking down the entire columns of Table V., it is at once seen that wherever
clover-chaff was employed, that is to say, wherever there was a large amount
of innutritious woody fibre, the gross amount of non-nitrogenous substance
consumed to produce a given amount of increase is always great. The ana-
lysis of the excrements of this series showed, indeed, that there was, in re«
lation to the non-nitrogenous matter consumed in the food, a very much
larger proportion of it voided by the animals than in the case of the series
where the amount of woody fibre in the food was less. This, therefore, must
be allowed for in comparing the figures in the column. It will at once be
seen, when due allowance has thus been made, that the amounts of available
non-nitrogenous substance consumed to produce a given weight of increase,
are at any rate much more nearly uniform than are those of the nitrogenous
constituents. Of the differences which will still remain after the allowance
for woody fibre has been made, many can be again reduced by a consideration
of the different equivalents of the remaining available non-nitrogenous con-
stituents ; as for instance, when in comparable cases these contain, in one
instance, more of oil, and in another more of the starch‘series of compounds.
A less amount of the former than of the latter is required to produce the
same resulting increase in the animal; and again, less of the starchy series
than of some of the peculiar products of the root crops.

In the column showing the proportion of the total nitrogenous substance
consumed to increase produced (Table V.), we have a much wider range of
difference than in that of the non-nitrogenous, and much wider, indeed, than
can be explained away by such considerations as have above been alluded to
in reference to the latter. It is true that these figures cannot, any more than
in the column of the non-nitrogenous constituents, be taken as showing ab-
solutely proportional nutritious values of the matters represented; for as we
have before observed, the figures assume the whole of the nitrogen of the
food to exist in the form of proteine compounds, which obviously would not
be the case with the succulent and unripened produce, such as the roots and
clover-chaff; and hence, this consideration must more affect the correctness
of the statement of nitrogenous constituents consumed for a given result in
the sheep experiments than in those with the pigs, where the foods employed
were ripened seeds. But, as we have observed, the differences in the figures
in the Table would seem to be too great to be satisfactorily accounted for by
the correction of any errors arising from this cause. :

Looking at this Table V. rather more in detail, we see, taking the first two
pensin Series 1, which are comparable so far as the description of the ad libitum
food is concerned, that whilst the non-nitrogenous substance consumed to
produce 100 lbs. increase in weight is very nearly equal in the two cases, yet
that of the nitrogenous constituents varies in the two in the proportion of
from three to two; but a difference in the nature of the nitrogenous substance
cannot be supposed to have made a difference so great in the amount of con-
stituents consumed to produce a given result. On the other hand, the higher
capacity of the oleaginous matter of the oil-cake than of the starch, &e. of
the oats, is sufficient further to lessen the but small difference in the amounts
of the non-nitrogenous substance in the two cases, In pens 2, 3 and 4 of
the first series of sheep, we have all but identical amounts of gross nitrogenous
substance consumed for a given amount of increase; but this would be of the
most highly elaborated kind in pen 2 with the oats, and the least so in pen 4,
with turnips only ; and in the latter, besides having less of available nitrogenous
substance, the respiratory and fat-forming capacity of the non-nitrogenous

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 343

substance in the exclusive turnip diet would be less than in the other instances ;
and hence the larger amount consumed for a given result.

Turning to the results of the second series, with clover-chaff instead of
turnips as the ad libitum food, we have, with the larger amount of woody
fibre, which would become at once effete, much more gross non-nitrogenous
matter consumed to produce 100 Ibs. of increase than in Series 1. This is
less, however, in pens 1 and 2, with the large proportion of oleaginous matter,

-than in pens 3 and 4. There is, moreover, in this second series, with this
greater amount of zon-nitrogenous matter consumed for a given effect than
in Series 1, a much larger amount also of the nitrogenous constituents ; the
gross amount of the latter, indeed, in this second series, is twice, and even
sometimes thrice as great as in Series 1.

In the next series, namely, Series 3, with barley and malt in different states
and proportions as limited food, and mangold-wurtzel as the complementary
food, we have, upon the whole, about the same amounts of non-nitrogenous
substance required to produce the same result as in Series 1, with, besides, a
small quantity of grain or other limited food and Swedish turnips as the com-

. plementary food, which latter are in great degree comparable with the mangold-
wurtzel; and of course, as in Series 1, the average amount is very different
from that in the second series with the large proportion of clover-chaff.
Looking to the three total columns, namely, of nitrogenous, of non-nitrogen-
ous, and of total organic constituents consumed, although it is true the dif-
ferences are not great, and perhaps such as might be covered by differences
in the composition of the increase, yet it may be noticed, that larger amounts,
both of non-nitrogenous and of total organic substance, were consumed to_
produce the same result the larger the proportion in the latter of the nitro-
genous constituents.

In Series 4, we have a more marked instance of the result last noticed.
But, apart from the question as to whether the increase of the fattening
animal has a closer relationship with the amount of the true proteine com-
pounds, or, within certain limits, of the available non-nitrogenous constitu-
ents of its food, we have here a striking illustration of the inapplicability on
other grounds of the per-centage of nitrogen as the measure of feeding value,
or indeed of any analytical method, unless a detailed determination of the
proximate compounds, when succulent products, such as in this instance, the
roots, are the subjects of the experiment. Thus, in the fourth pen of this series,
where there was by far the largest amount of nitrogen consumed, the animals
lost weight; and in the other three pens, the productiveness of the food is in
the inverse order of the amounts of nitrogen taken in the food. This arose of
course from the different states of maturity, and the consequent state of elabo-
ration of the constituents of the various turnips, the produce of the different
manures. Indeed, we believe that an unusually high per-centage of nitrogen
in succulent produce is frequently a pretty sure indication of immaturity and
innutritious qualities. Comparing the results of this series with those of the
others, we have, considering how small would be the proportion of inert
woody fibre in the unripe turnips, about twice as much dry substance (in
pens | and 3 at least) consumed to produce a given amount of increase—a
difference which could, at any rate in only a small degree, be accounted for
by any difference in the capacities of the digestible and available portions of
the foods in the cases thus compared.

Considering only the ostensible similarity of the foods in the several pens
constituting the 5th and last series of experiments with sheep, there is, per-
haps, no more of coincidence in the amounts that have been required to pro-
duce a given increase in the different pens, than, judging from previous
results, we might have anticipated. From what we know, however, of the

344 REPORT—1 852.

varying character of the several breeds as fatteners, greater differences might
have been expected; for, in some cases a less or larger proportion of the
gross increase would be solid substance than in others; whilst this solid sub-
stance itself would be composed of more or less of fat or lean—cireumstances
which obviously imply the appropriation in the increase, of varying amounts
and proportions of the constituents of the food consumed. ‘Then, again,
though nominally the same, there were unavoidably slight differences in the
qualities of the food used in the different cases, and the experiments them-
selves were not all conducted in the same season; that with the Hampshire
and Sussex Downs being made in the winter of 1850-51, that with the Cots-
wolds in 1851-52, and with the Leicesters and half-breeds in 1852-53.
There is also, upon the whole, a very general coincidence in the amounts of
non-nitrogenous and total organic substance, consumed to produce a given
amount of increase in this series with the different breeds, and the Series
1 and 8. At least the general coincidence throughout these several series is
quite as close as the variations in the foods could lead us to look for. But
in the column of nitrogenous substance the agreement between this series
and the others is by no means so obvious; nor, so far as we know, can the .
want of agreement in the cases thus compared together be accounted for by
differences in the composition and applicability of the nitrogenous consti-
tuents themselves. :

Reviewing then the whole of the experiments with sheep,—if we consider
that it is the results obtained under the subtle agency of animal life that we
are seeking to measure and express in figures, and if we also bear in mind
the various sources of modification to which our actual figures must be sub-
mitted in order to attain their true indications, we think that it cannot be
doubted, that beyond a limit below which few, if any, of our current fattening
food-stuffs are found to go, it is their available non-nitrogenous constituents,
rather than their richness in the nitrogenous ones, that measure both the
amount consumed to a given weight of animal, within a given time, and the
increase in weight obtained.

But we have still to examine the results of the experiments with pigs as to
the latter point, namely, that of the relationship of the cnerease produced to
constituents consumed ; and owing partly to the peculiarities of the animals,
and partly to the nature of the foods employed, the actual figures themselves
even (see Table VII.) bear out the view that has been maintained more ob-
viously at first sight, than those relating to the sheep. Thus, casting the eye
down the column of total non-nitrogenous substance consumed, and more
particularly that of the total organic matter, we see with but few exceptions, a
strikingly close coincidence in the amounts required-to produce 100 pounds
of gross increase throughout the two series of twenty-four pens, and as many
different dietaries. Some of the exceptions, such as those where a large
quantity of bran was used, are at once explained by a consideration of thé
more obvious qualities of that substance; and many of the minor differences
by that of the different capacities of those portions of the foods which would
be digestible and available for the purposes of the animal ceconomy; and in
this way, as we have already noticed when speaking on the first question, we
must account for the generally larger amount consumed with the barley meal
in Series 2, than in the comparable cases with the Indian corn in Series 1.

Looking to pens 1 and 2 of Series 1, where the food consisted chiefly of
the highly nitrogenous Leguminous seeds, we have comparatively very small
amounts of non-nitrogenous substance required to produce a given amount
of increase; a result which at first sight appears to lead to conclusions
opposite to those from the experiments as a whole. If we look down the
column of total organic substance, however, we observe that the amounts

~

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 345

of it in the second section of Series i, where the Indian corn predomi-
nated, and where the nitrogenous constituents consumed were only about
half as great as in the pens | and 2, are generally as small, or even smaller,
than in these two pens. It is not, then, that there was in reality a very great
productiveness in gross increase from a given amount of food in these two
pens, but rather only that with the large supply of available nitrogenous con-
stituents in the Leguminous seeds, a certain amount of the non-nitrogenous
constituents have been substituted by it. It was observed, too, that although
all the pigs were very fut, excepting the few with an excessive allowance of
bran, yet those apparently grew more, where, with no deficiency of other
matters, the nitrogenous constituents were very liberally supplied. Hence
the gross increase obtained might be somewhat more nitrogenous with the
large supply of nitrogenous food; but it would in that case, according to
some experiments of our own, contain a larger proportion of water, and less
of solid matter, than where more fat had been produced.

But, with the very great regularity of non-nitrogenous equivalent con-
sumed throughout this large series of pig experiments ¢o produce a given
amount of inerease, we have, in the column of total nitrogenous substance,
on the other hand, a difference in the amounts required, in the proportion of
from one to two, or three, or even more; though, since all the foods used in
these experiments were ripened vegetable products, a very trifling error, if
any, can arise from representing, in all cases, the whole of the nitrogen as
existing as proteine compounds. And, there is throughout, a generally
larger amount of total organic substance required to yield a given amount of
gross increase, the larger the proportion in that substance of the nitrogenous
constituents.

It is seen, as has been already noticed, that where the amount of nitrogen
consumed in these pig experiments to produce a given amount of gross in-
crease is comparatively large, it is where a large proportion of the Legumi-
nous seeds have been employed. Some writers who have taken the per-cent-
age of nitrogenous compounds as the measure of feeding value, have recog-
nised, and endeavoured to explain in various ways, the fact that the records
of practical feeding experiments do not award to the Leguminous seeds a
feeding value in proportion to their richness in nitrogen ; and they have con-
cluded, that it is the accepted indications of the practical experiments, and
not the theoretical conclusiens, that are at fault. Thus, it has been objected |
against the teachings of such experiments, that the variations in the compo-
sition of the same description of food used in different cases has not been
determined ; that the test has been the gross increase or loss in weight; that
the increase may be only fat formed from starch, &c.; that the loss in weight,
if any, may be the result of activity, and not of defective dict; that the food
in the different cases has been employed in different states, that is, coarse or
fine, raw or prepared; that the animals have been variously cireumstanced as
to temperature, exposure and activity; that individual animals have very
various tendencies to increase, and so on. Now we believe that not one of all
these objections can vitiate the comparisons which we have made, unless, in-
deed, in some degree, the one which refers to the difficulty of determining
whether the gross increase obtained be composed chiefly of fat formed from
the starch and oily series of compounds ; or whether of flesh from the nitro-
genous ones. We believe, indeed, from the many direct experiments which we
have made, that in reality, the composition of our domestic animals generally,
but especially that of the gross increase of the so-called “ fattening” animals,
consists of a much larger proportion of fat than is usually supposed. We
have instituted very extensive and laborious investigations in regard to this
point, the details, or even the general results of which must be reserved for

346 REPORT—1852,

some future occasion; before closing this paper, however, we propose to
call attention to a mere summary statement of one of these experiments.
But, apart from the considerations involved in the question of the varying
composition of increase, or from the fact that our own feeding experiments
(vhich, so far as we are aware, are the largest comparable series bearing upon
the point) afford testimony in the same direction, we think there is evidence
of another kind of the probable correctness of the decisions of practical ex-
periments which have thus been objected to. Thus the comparative prices
of the Leguminous seeds and the Cereal grains, may be taken as a pretty safe
condemnation of the measurement of feeding value according to their per-
centage of nitrogenous constituents. In matters of this kind, indeed, espe-
cially when staple and generally used articles of food are concerned, the
market is one of our shrewdest judges, as we shall presently endeavour a
little further to illustrate.

Whilst speaking of the comparative feeding values of the Leguminous seeds
and the Cereal grains, we may casually allude to some other considerations
of much interest bearing upon this question, which, however, we cannot in
any degree adequately discuss in this place.

As a general rule, it may be said, that weight for weight, the Leguminous
seeds contain about twice as much of the nitrogenous constituents as the
Cereal grains. We have elsewhere shown, that in a Leguminous crop, under
equal circumstances of soil and season, an acre of land will frequently yield
twice or thrice as much of nitrogenous constituents as in a Cereal grain ; and
again, that in the latter an inerease of produce is not obtained except at the
cost of more nitrogen in the manure than is contained in that increase. How
is it, we would ask, if this be the case, and if really these foods are valuable
in proportion to their richness in nitrogenous constituents, that according to
the usual state of the market, we can obtain, for a given sum, about twice as
much nitrogenous substance in the Leguminous seeds as in the Cereal grain ;
or how is it, on the other hand, that the Leguminous crop does not, much
more than is in fact the case, supersede the Cereal grain in the field, the feeding
shed, or even on the table? We have, it is true, much yet to learn of those
minor differences of composition to which is due the greater or less adapta-
tion to the instinctive wants of the system of the various constituents of which
our staple articles of food are made up, but we think that in no considerations
of this kind could we seek an adequate solution of our question, On the
other hand, we believe that in the Leguminous seeds the due proportion of
the non-nitrogenous to the nitrogenous constituents is not observed. It is
obvious, if this be the case, that in the use of the Leguminous seeds, instead
of the Cereal grains, more than was requisite of nitrogen would be taken into
the system before the adequate supply were attained of the non-nitrogenous or
respiratory materials ; nor, as the markets go, would the relative prices of these
seeds and grains be found to interfere with a somewhat lavish use and expen-
diture of nitrogen in the former.

In the facts which are here briefly stated, we have surely very curious and
interesting matter for reflection ; and we have brought to our view a striking
instance of the mutual adaptations which are everywhere traceable in the
practical operation of natural laws. Thus, then, we have said, that under
given circumstances, the Leguminous crop will give a much larger acreage
yield of nitrogen than the Cereal grain; and that an inerease of produce of
the latter is not obtained except at the cost of more nitrogen in the manure
than is obtained in this increased produce ; whilst in point of fact, in the or-
dinary practice of rotation in this country, the growth of the Leguminous corn
or fodder crop, with its large per-centage and actual amount of nitrogen, is
itself frequently either the direct or indirect source of the nitrogenous ma-

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 347

nure by which the increased Cereal is obtained; and again, this Cereal, ob-
tained at the cost of, but with its lessened produce of nitrogen, is found in
practice to be of equal, or of a more highly feeding value than the more
highly nitrogenized Leguminous product which perhaps has been expended
to produce it. It would thus appear, therefore, that the demands of the re-
spiratory function which again, more than any other, regulate the consump-
tion of food, would, in point of fact, not be satisfied in the use of the Legu-
minous diet unless by a consumption or expenditure of an amount of nitrogen
beyond that which the due balance of the constituents of food would seem
to require ; whilst on the other hand, in the use of the Cereal grain, its better
proportion of respiratory to nitrogenous constituents has only been attained
by the sacrifice of nitrogen expended in its growth. It would seem, there-
fore, that whether we would seek our supplies of respiratory food in the
direct use of the highly nitrogenized Leguminous seeds, or in the better ba-
lanced diet of the Cereal grains, in either case the end is attained only at the
cost or expenditure of nitrogen; in the one case, by the consumption of a
larger amount of it in the food than the due balance of constituents would
seem to require, whilst in the other this due balance has not been attained
without a loss of nitrogen during growth. ‘The claims of health and na-
tural instinct generally leave little doubt which alternative should be adopted,
in the case of human food at least; and it becomes us, therefore, to investi-
gate and understand the practical bearings of these curious and interesting
facts; for upon the principles they involve depend much for their success
. those fundamental practices of the farm,—the feeding of our stock, for their
double products of meat and manure, and the adaptation of our rotations.

It would appear, then, from our experiments, that taking our current food-
stuffs as we find them} it is their supply of the noz-nitrogenous, rather than of
their nitrogenous constituents, which guides both the amount of food consumed,
and of increase produced, by a fattening animal. When we consider the na-
ture of the respiratory process, and the large share which its demands must
necessarily have upon the consumption of food, it can scarcely appear sur-
prising that consumption, at least, should be chiefly regulated by the supply
in the food of compounds rich in carbon and hydrogen, rather than nitrogen.
That the amount of inerease produced should also bear a closer relationship
to the supply of these constituents than to that of the latter, does not perhaps
at first sight seem so obvious, especially if we supposed, as some writers on
this subject have done, that the amount of nitrogen in the current food of
man and other animals was frequently insufficient to supply the amount re-
quired for the production or restoration of the nitrogenous products of the
animal organism. We believe, however, that a closer examination of the
facts would show that this exceedingly rarely happens; and we think, more-
over, as we have already intimated, that in fact, that portion of nitrogen which
is stored up in the «nerease of a growing, and especially of a “fattening ” animal,
is much less than is usually supposed. We cannot in any degree adequately
discuss this question in this place; but when maintaining a greater relative
importance of the mon-nitrogénous constituents of food than is usually ac-

_ corded to them, it seems somewhat pertinent briefly to adduce some evidence
in confirmation of our conclusions on this point.

We propose, therefore, to give a very brief summary of one of our expe-
riments, in which pigs were the subjects, which was undertaken chiefly for
the purpose of ascertaining the composition of the increase of the fattening
animal; but to obtain also, some clear evidence in reference to the much-
debated question, whether or not more fatty matter is stored up in the
animal, than is contained, as such, in its food.

348 REPORT—1852.

Taking first the question of the composition of the increase, we have in the
following table a summary statement of the composition of the foods: em-
ployed in the experiment referred to; and also of the pigs themselves, both
in the store, and in the fat condition; as well as that of the zrerease in weight
during the fattening process, as deduced by calculation.

Table VIII.

Summary of the Per-centage Composition of the Foods employed—of the
Store Pig, and of the Fat Pig—and also of the Increase in Live Weight of
the latter.

Dry Matter. Mineral Matter (Ash), Nitrogen, FattyMatter(by zether).

mocnetnns Inclusive |Organic} In Fresh | In Dry | In Fresh | In Dry ] In Fresh | In Dry

of Ash. only, {Substance. |Substance. |Substance. |Substance. {Substance. |Substance.

Egyptian Beans.) 87°8 8453} 3274 6°73 4-214 4:80 2°26 2:58
Lentils} 86°96 | 82:03] 4:926 5°66 4:487 516 2-23 2°56
Foreign Barley...) 81:86 | 79:72} 2140 2-61 1-834 2:24 2°34 2:86
BEADS dita, codes Se 85:08 | 78:67} 6-408 7:53 2-620 3°08 4:98 5°85

Store or Lean Pig! 39°70 | 37:03] 2°67 673 2:20 5°54 23°32 | 58°74
Fatebip ests. cat 54-74 | 53-091 1-65 301 1-75 3:19 | 42:20 | 77:09

_— | | 7 FE

Increase in : ce ' : j : ' ‘
Live Weight 71:83 | 71:39} 0436 | 0°61 1:33 1:85 } 63-44 88 32

We may briefly explain, that, for the purposes of this experiment, two pigs
were selected resembling each other as nearly as possible both in weight and
in every other respect. One of these was killed at once, and its composition
determined by methods which we shall fully describe on some future occasion.
The other pig, after it had been put up to fatten for a period of eight weeks
upon weighed quantities of the foods, the composition of which is given in
the upper lines of the table, and its zzerease in weight determined, was also
killed, and submitted to the same methods of preparation and analysis as the
former one. ‘The composition of the two pigs—the one in the store and the
other in the fat condition—thus being ascertained, that of the imerease in
weight was, as will be readily understood, simply a matter of calculation.

We learn from this table (VIII.), that rather less than 40 per cent. of
the Store or Lean Pig was dry substance ; of which about 22rds were mineral
matter. Of the remaining 37 per cent. of dry substance, 2°2 were nitrogen,
equal to about 14 only of proteine compounds. There is, however, of abso-
lute or dry fat in this Store or Lean Pig, about 233 per cent.; or nearly twice
as much as of dry nitrogenous compounds.

In the Fat Pig, on the other hand, there is about 55, instead of about 40
per cent. of dry substance; of which only 12rds, instead of 22rds, are mineral
matter. Of the remaining 53 per cent. of dry substance, only 1°75, instead
of 22, is nitrogen; and this is equal, upon the entire animal, to only 11,
instead of 14 per cent. of proteine compounds. We have, however, of fat,
instead of 232 per cent., about 42% per cent. in this Fat Pig, or nearly double
as much as in the Lean one; and nearly four times as much as of dry
nitrogenous compounds.

With then only about 14 per cent. of nitrogenous substance in the Lean
Pig, and nearly twice as much fat, we have, in the fattening process, con-
ducted only for a few weeks, the per-centage of mineral matter, reduced by
about one-third, and that of the nitrogenous substances by about one-fourth ;
that of the fat, on the other hand, which in the Store Pig even, was in so

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 349

much the larger proportion, is nearly doubled in the Fat one. ‘Thus, the
increase in weight during the fattening process was found to contain as much
as 72 per cent. of dry substance, of which only 0-436 is mineral matter, and
only 1°33 nitrogen, equal to about 8} of proteine or gelatinous compounds.
There is, however, about 632 per cent. of fat, or nearly eight times as much
as of dry nitrogenous compounds. Indeed, it is seen in the table, that 88
per cent., or about eight-ninths of the entire dry increase of this Fat Pig, was
pure fat.

M. Boussingault, in his ‘ Rural Economy,’ estimates that the Ox, the
Sheep, and the Pig, contain from 33 to 4 per cent. of nitrogen; and more
recently in his paper on the Formation of Fat in the Animal Body (Anz. de
Chémie, vol. xiv. p. 444), he supposes 4 as the probable per-centage in the
Pig. He also states (Rural Economy), that M. Payen estimates the increase
of the fattening pig to contain about 16 per cent. of nitrogenous compounds,
equal to about 25 per cent. of nitrogen. [t will be observed, however, that
only about half of these amounts of nitrogen were found in the direct expe-
riments of our own which we have quoted; and it should at the same time
be remarked, that the Fat Pig in our experiment was by no means so fat as
is usual, at least in this country.

It is doubtless true, that other animals, as fed for the butcher, will generally
contain more flesh and less fat than the pig. In a very fat sheep, however,
fed for Christmas, and which was indeed too fat, we found a larger per-
centage of fat, and as little nitrogenous substance, as in the moderately fat
pig, whose composition has been given above. Among our experiments on
this subject, it was only in the case of a lean ox, that we found the nitrogen
to exceed 24 per cent. of the entire animal; whilst in all the cases of store
or lean animals, the per-centage of dry fat was much greater than that of the
dry nitrogenous compounds.

The fact that fat is in so mucha larger proportion than lean in the animals
fed for the butcher, would seem not only to be consistent with the results of
our experiments as to the great influence of the non-nitrogenous constituents
of the food of these animals in the production of increase during the fattening
process—but it indicates also the predominance of this non-nitrogenous cha-
racter in that description of human food (buteher’s meat), which is generally
spoken of as the most nitrogenous, and therefore the most nutritive.

That the fatty matter of the food is not the only source of the fat stored
up in the body of the fattening animal, is illustrated by a further consi-
deration of the circumstances and results of this same experiment with pigs.
Thus, in the following table are shown the amounts of Gross Dry Sub-
stance—of Mineral Matter—of Dry Organic Matter—of Total Non-nitro-
genous constituents—of Nitrogenous constituents—and of fatty matter, stored
up in the Fat Pig, for 100 lbs. of each of them consumed as food.

Table IX.

Showing the proportion of certain constituents stored up in the Fattening Pig
for 100 of each of them consumed as food.

: ;Consumed | Stored up | Expired,
Constituents. as in the | Perspired,
Food, Animal, |or Voided.

Gross dry substance ......... | 100 | 15:04 84:96
Mineral matter ............... ; 100 | 219 | 97°81
Total dry organic matter...... 100 15°59 84-41
Non-nitrogenous constituents) 100 17-74 82-26
Nitrogenous constituents +» 100 8°35 91-65

Fatty matter ......., ssoaent «| 100 407-00

350 REPORT—1852.

It may be observed, that in the case of the experiment with this single pig,
the amounts of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous constituents required to
produce a given amount of increase—though nearly the same as the averages
of the 24 pens, as given at the foot of Table VII.—were greater, than in many
of the cases with the better foods. Hence, the quantities of the various con-
stituents, represented in Table IX. as stored up in this pig for 100 of each of
them consumed, are less than they would be in many of the other experi-
ments, We believe, however, that the figures in the Table (IX.) may be trusted
in their general indications; and attention may therefore be called in passing
to the fact, that for 100 of each consumed, there is of the total dry substance
little more than 15 stored up in the animal; of the mineral matter, little
more than 2 per cent.; and of the nitrogenous constituents, about 83rd per
cent.

Again, a glance at the Table shows how very much Jarger is that propor-
tion of every constituent of the food—excepting fatty matter—which was
expired, perspired or voided, 7. e. which was expended in merely keeping in
working order the living mechanism, than that which is stored up in the
animal as increase. Of fat, however, it appears that there was nearly four
times as much stored up in the animal, as there was of fatty matter ready
formed in the food. There was then, in this experiment, a considerable
formation of fat in the animal body. :

As is seen in the Table (IX.), for every 100 lbs. of gross dry substance
consumed as food, only about 15 lbs. were stored up in the animal; and about
85 lbs. expired, perspired or voided. It may be convenient here to show in a
tabular form, the composition of this 15°04 of total dry increase obtained by
the consumption of 100 of total dry matter as food.

Table X.

Mineral. matter .c.scsssseeeesssecess 0:09
Nitrogenous substance ............ 1-67
Non-nitrogenous substance (fat)| 18°28

Total AnGrease ws ee sesh ts 15:04
Expired, perspired or voided ... 61°96

_

Total dry matter consumed ,..... 100-00

It must not be concluded, however, that only 15 per cent. of the dry sub-
stance of the food was employed in the production of the 15 parts stored up
in the fat pig. Thus, in Table X. we see, that, of the 15°04 of gross dry
increase produced from 100 of gross dry food consumed, 13°3 were fat; and
from Table LX. we learn, that only one-fourth of this fat could have been
derived from fatty matter already formed in the food. As then only one-
fourth, or about 3°3 parts of the 13°3 of pure fat, was already formed in the
food, about 10 parts out of the 15 of dry animal substance produced, would
be fat formed in the body from some other constituents. We may perhaps
safely reckon, that at least 25 parts of starch, or the other non-nitrogenous
compounds of food, would be required for the formation of one part of fat.
It is true, that less than 24 of starch, &c. would contain all the constituents
of one part of fat; but when we consider, that in the conversion of the
starch series of compounds into fat a large quantity of oxygen is eliminated,
which we may assume would not leave the body except in combination with
matters that would otherwise serve the respiratory process, it would seem
probable, that more than 25 parts of other constituents of food would be ex-

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 351

pended in the direct production in the animal body of one part of fat. At
any rate, we are safe in assuming this amount for our present purpose, in the
absence of more exact knowledge than is at command on the nature of the
intermediate changes to which the constituents of food are subject in their
passage through the body. If, then, we suppose, that the starch series—rather
than the proteine compounds—of the food, served for the formation of the
fat in the animal body, it follows, that about 25 parts of these were expended
in the formation of the 10 parts of produced fat. If now we add to this
amount of the non-nitrogenous constituents of the food not fat, the 34rd parts
which were fatty matter already formed, and also the 12rds of the increase
which was not fat, it would appear, that at least $0 parts of the 100 of dry
substance consumed, must have been directly employed in the production of
the 15 only of dry animal increase. It is obvious, too, from the nature of the
chemical change by which fat would be formed from the starch series of
compounds, that the extra 15 of the 30 parts of the dry substance of the
food, which were expended in the direct production of the 15 of dry increase,
would not serve any useful purpose in the respiratory process of the fattening
animal. And, unless indeed, we were to assume—that in the more direct use
of the starch series of compounds as respiratory matter, their oxygen was
eliminated only in combination with respiratory material—and that when em-
ployed in the production of faé it was not so—it would appear, that not only
must this produced fat have been obtained at the cost of respiratory material
expended by the fattening animal which produced it—but that it is, at any
rate, not in the amount of respiratory material thus obtained, that there can
be any gain in this conversion by the fattening animal of a given amount of
compounds of dower respiratory and fat-forming capacity, into fat to serve
as human food, of which it is the most concentrated of the respiratory con-
stituents.

If, then, as we have seen, so large a proportion as nearly 3rd of the dry
substance of the food of the fattening pig may be employed in the direct
production of increase—and we have reason to suppose that frequently more
than this is so employed—we think that the deviations from uniformity in the
amounts of non-nitrogenous constituents consumed by a given weight of
animal, within a given time, as shown in our tables, will be admitted to be
even less than might have been expected in so extensive and varied a series
of experiments—and to be, by no means such, as to raise any question as to
whether or not, it was the supplies of the respiratory and fat-forming, rather
than the flesh-forming constituents of the foods, which determined the
amounts consumed.

But to recur to the question of the formation of fat in the animal body.
We believe that such a formation, even to a considerable, and practically
important extent, is demonstrated by the results of the experiments with pigs
last given; and there is every reason to believe, that it is the starch and other
non-nitrogenous constituents of the food that contribute mainly, if not en-
tirely, to this formation.

At one time MM. Dumas and Boussingault maintained that the formation
of fat in the animal body was improbable; and others have done so more re-
cently. Since that time, however, both M. Boussingault and M. Persoz have
instituted direct experiments in reference to this question. In the course of
these experiments they found a decided formation of fat; and most probably
from the starch series of compounds.

M. Boussingault made numerous experiments of a somewhat artificial kind
with ducks ; from which it appeared, that fat might be formed in the body
from other non-nitrogenous constituents of food, and probably from nitroge-

352 REPORT—1852.

nous compounds also. He also experimented with pigs, in a manner somewhat
similar to that adopted by ourselves; and it is a curious circumstance, that
his store, or lean pig, contained almost identically the same per-centage of
fat as our own. ‘The foods he employed were, however, far inferior in fatten-
ing quality. Hence, though his experiments extended over a much longer
period of time, the per-centage of fat in his fat pig was scarcely 5 per cent.
higher than in his lean one; whilst almost the whole of this izereased fat had
been supplied by fatty matter in the food. It was indeed mainly upon a
calculation of the fat which had been supplied in the food of the store pig,
that he found the evidence of the formation of fat in his experiments with
pigs. M. Boussingault is disposed to believe, that the nitrogenous con-
stituents of food probably have some considerable influence in the formation
of fat in the animal body. We have ourselves called attention to the fact,
that a large supply of the nitrogenous constituents of the food would seem
to replace a relative deficiency of other constituents. The amount of increase
is found, however, to bear a rapidly decreasing ratio to the amount of nitrogen
in the food when this exceeds a somewhat narrow limit ; whilst the composition
of such increase would appear to contain a less proportion of fat. Whether
therefore any effect of an excess of nitrogenous compounds in the produc-
tion of increase be due merely to the amounts they contain of certain non-
nitrogenous elements, or to the influence of the nitrogenous compounds them-
selves as such, in increasing the activity of some of the vital processes, and thus
aiding the production of fat, or whether any increase due to the nitrogenous
constituents in the food is more generally not fat at all, may be considered
to be an open question.

In the experiments made by M. Persoz, geese were the animals he operated
upon, and maize the food employed. He found a decided formation of fat;
and apparently from the starch series of compounds.

We repeat, then, that we believe that the formation of fat in the animal
body, even to a considerable and practically important extent, and most
probably from the starch series of compounds, may now be considered to be
clearly proved. It would appear, therefore, that the theoretical opinions of
Baron Liebig on this point are fully borne out.

We have thus far only alluded to the feeding of fattening animals ; and we
think that the results which have been brought forward clearly indicate, that
with them at least, as our current food-stuffs go, both the amount consumed,
and the inerease produced, are regulated more by the supplies of the more
peculiarly respiratory and fat-forming constituents, than of the flesh-forming
or nitrogenous ones. We have, however, calculated many human dietaries ;
and this branch of the subject we hope to enter upon more fully on some future
occasion. ° We may, however, remark in passing, that from the results of this
inquiry, as well as from a consideration of the management of the animal
body undergoing somewhat excessive labour, as for instance, the hunting
horse, the racer, the cab-horse, and the fox-hound, and also pugilists and
runners, we are led to believe, that in the cases, at least of ordinary exercise
of force, the exigences of the respiratory system keep pace more nearly with
the demand for nitrogenous constituents of food than is usually supposed ;
and in fact, that the exigences of the animal body are much more correctly
stated in the following sentences by Professor Liebig, than in those wherein
he has attached so much more of importance to the amounts of the nitro-
genous constituents, as the measure of the comparative value of foods.

At page 314 of the 3rd edition of his Chemical Letters, he says :—

««* * * Tt is evident that the amount of nourishment required by an animal

FOODS, IN RELATION TO RESPIRATION AND FEEDING. 353

for its support must be in a direct ratio with the quantity of oxygen taken
into its system.”

And again at page 322 :—

“ But the waste of matter, or the force exerted, always stands in a certain
relation to the consumption of oxygen in respiration; and the quantity of
oxygen taken up in a given time determines in all seasons, and in all climates,
the amount of food necessary to restore the equilibrium.”

A somewhat concentrated supply of nitrogen does, however, in some cases,
seem to be required when the system is overtaxed; as for instance, when
day by day, more labour is demanded of the animal body than it is compe-
tent without deterioration to keep up; and perhaps also, in the human body,
when under excitement or excessive mental exercise. It must be remembered,
however, that it is in butcher’s meat, to which is attributed such high flesh-
forming capacity, that we have also, in the fat which it contains, a large pro-
portion of respiratory material of the most concentrated kind. It is found
too, that of the dry substance of the egg, 40 per cent. is pure fat.

A consideration of the habits of those of the labouring classes who are
under- rather than over-fed, will show, that they first have recourse to fat
meat, such as pork, rather than to those which are leaner and more nitroge-
nous; thus perhaps indicating, that the first instinctive call is for an increase
of the respiratory constituents of food. It cannot be doubted, however, that
the higher classes do consume a larger proportion of the leaner meats ;
though it is probable, as we have said, that even with these as well as pork,
more fat, possessing a higher respiratory capacity than any other constituent
of food, is taken into the system than is generally imagined. Fat and butter,
indeed, may be said to have about twice and a half the respiratory capacity
of starch, sugar, &c. It should be remembered, too, that the classes which
consume most of the leaner meats, are also those which consume the most
butter, sugar, and in many cases, alcoholic drinks also.

It is further worthy of remark, that wherever labour is expended in the
manufacture of staple articles of food, it has generally for its object the con-
centration of the non-nitrogenous, or more peculiarly respiratory constituents.
Sugar, butter, and alcoholic drinks are notable instances of this. Cheese,
which at first sight might appear an exception, is in reality not so; for those
cheeses which bring the highest price are always those which contain the
most butter; whilst butter itself is always dearer than cheese.

In conclusion, it must by no means be understood that we would in any
way depreciate the value of even a somewhat liberal amount of nitrogen in
food. We believe, however, that on the current views too high a relative
importance is attached to it; and that it would conduce to further progress
in this most important field of inquiry if the prevailing opinions on the sub-
ject were somewhat modified.

1852. o §

‘we

NOTICES AND ABSTRACTS

OF

MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECTIONS.

NOTICES AND ABSTRACTS
OF

MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECTIONS.

MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.

MATHEMATICS.

Tue Rev. Dr. Bryce gave an Account of a Treatise on Arithmetic in the Chinese
Language, by the Rev. Dr. Moncrierr, late of St. Paul’s College, Hong Kong.

The Chinese have for ages had a character (called Ling) corresponding in part to
our zero, but used by them only to fill a vacant place, not to give local value. Thus
they came one step nearer the Arabic notation than the Greeks did. One step how-
ever remained, which Dr. Moncrieff has taken. The Jesuit missionaries to China
had printed Vlacq’s Logarithmic Tables in a simplified character, and it has been
said that a copy of their work was presented to the Royal Society about the year
1750. Dr. Moncrieff’s letter requesting him to make the present communication,
had only reached Dr. Bryce on the first day after the present meeting ; and having
been pretty constant in his attendance on the Sections, he had not had time to
investigate the matter particularly: however, he had examined all the records of the
Royal Society within his reach, but could find no notice of the work of those reverend
gentlemen. He was therefore unable to say whether they had attempted to introduce
the admirable device of local value, which is the distinctive characteristic of the Arabic
notation. If they had, Dr. Moncrieff evidently knew nothing of their having done
s0; which is not wonderful, inasmuch as Dr. Peacock, in his learned and elaborate
history of the science (Encyclopedia Metropolitana), makes no mention of their
work, from which we may infer that it was unknown even to him. At all events,
Dr. Moncrieff found the actual arithmetic of China in the same clumsy condition
in which it has been for ages, their notation quite unfit for making calculations on
paper as we do, in consequence of which they were obliged to perform all arithme-
tical operations on the Abacus*.

Finding the circle used for another purpose in the written language of China, Dr.
Moncrieff used a triangle for his ling or zero, and employed it to convert the cha-
racters representing simple units, into symbols for tens, hundreds, &c., exactly as in
the Arabic notation. He also introduced our marks of addition, subtraction, mul-
tiplication, division, involution, evolution, &c., modifying some of them to distinguish
them from characters already in use for other purposes.

The work comprises the common rules,—fractions, common and decimal,—invo-
lution and evolution ; in short, the general scientific principles of arithmetic. He

_ * Two different figures of the Chinese Abacus are given in the Phil. Trans. for 1686, and
in Du Halde’s History of China.

1852. 1

2 REPORT—1852.

did not attempt a commercial arithmetic, as that would have required a fuller know-
ledge of their weights, measures, &c. than he found it convenient to acquire ; but
as these are all decimal, it will be easy for any one to do what remains. His main
object was to make arithmetic an instrument of that intellectual culture, which, in
common with all missionaries, he deemed of so much importance. With this view
he has given the reasons of all the rules, except that for finding the greatest common
measure of two numbers. and that of Mr. Horner for extracting any root of a number,
which are obviously too difficult for the pupils for whom his book was intended.

Dr. Moncrieff’s attempt has already had such a measure of success as to encourage
a hope that the stream of Eufopeah improvement may, with less difficulty than we
have hitherto supposed, be made to flow into the stagnant waters of Chinese science
and literature.

On Criteria for real and imaginary Roots of Biquadratie Equations.
By W. GarTLANnD.

This is an extension and simplification of Sturm’s method, but does not admit of
being given in an abstract.

On Biquaternions. By Sir Wit11AM R. Hamittoy, LL.D. M.R.LA.

The author briefly explained the term which he had been obliged to introduce into
this new system ; showed the simplicity and the reasons for the leading operations
in it; and by a few very simple experiments on the rotation of planes round axes
inclined to each other, explained the simple interpretation of some of those results
which appeared at first to be inconsistent with the principles of the ordinary analysis.

i = é

On the Gradient of Density in saturated Vapours, and its Development as a
Physical Relation between Bodies of definite Chemical Constitution. By
J. J. WATERSTON.

_ The object of the present communication was to give a short notice of certain de-
velopments of a general law of density in saturated vapouts, which the author had
lately, in a paper laid before the Royal Society, collected evidence from observation
to support. Density is, by him, taken to signify, not specific gravity, but the quotient
of the pressure of the vapour by its temperature, reckoned from the zero of gaseous
tension; the standard of temperature being that of the air-thermometer. The
general law is, that the temperature and sixth root of the density of a saturated
vapour form the co-ordinates of a straight line. In other words, at the same tem-
perature, or at the same interval of temperature, any two vapours in contact with
their generating liquids, have densities that are either equal, or that have a constant
proportion to each other. The author gave diagrams illustrative of the application
of this law to several vapours. The point of convergence of the right lines he calls
nodes. He gave twenty-four distinct examples of its application to steam, alcohol,
wether, and several other vapours, laid down the formule by which the computations

could be conducted, and pointed out the method of determining the value of the
constants.

Lieut, Heat, Evectricity, MAGNETISM.

Notice of a Tree struck by Lightning in Clandeboye Park.
By Sir DAvip Brewster, A.A, D.CL., PRS. & ViPRS, Edinb.

During one of the thunder-storms which passed over the county of Down in August
last, a birch-tree of considerable magnitude was struck by lightning. The tree stood
in a thick mass of wood, and was not the tallest of the group. The lightning-bolt
struck it laterally about 15 feet above the ground, exactly at the cleft where the two
principal branches of the tree rose from the trunk. A large part of the bark and a
piece of the solid wood were driven to some distance, and the electric fluid passed

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 3

down the trunk into the ground, splitting the tree in two by a rent throughout the
whole of its thickness. Lord Dufferin was so good as to have the tree cut down
for examination. From a section of the upper branches it was obvious that the
lightning had not entered at the top and passed through the branches into the trunk.
Several workmen, indeed, in the neighbourhood saw the lightning-bolt moving hori-
zontally before it struck the tree, .a fact entirely confirmed by the effect which it
produced. The force of the bolt must have been great, as it was expended in tears
ing off the piece of the trunk already mentioned, and in rending the tree in two,
without separating the two halves.

The track of the lightning was marked, from its point of entrance to its passage
into the earth, by a darkish brown band, about 2 or 3 inches broad. A portion ot
the wood thus marked will be sent by Lord Dufferin to Dr. Andrews, who will
ascertain if the colouring matter contains any of those mineral substances which
M. Fusinieri, an Italian philosopher, has found to exist in those parts of bodies over
which lightning has passed.

The fact contained in this notice, that an object may be struck by lightning in a
locality where there are numerous conducting points more elevated than itself, shows
that a lightning-bolt cannot be diverted from its course by conductors, and that
the protection of a building from this species of meteor can only be effected by con-
ductors stretching out in all directions.

Account ofa Case of Vision without Retina.
By Sit Davin Brewster, KH, D.C.L., F.R.S. § V.P.R.S. Edinb.

In the course of last summer I met with a gentleman who had a peculiarity or
vision of a very remarkable kind, and one of which I believe there is no other ex-
ample. While hunting he fell from his horse, and received such a severe blow upon
his head as to deprive him entirely of the sight of one eye, and to a great extent of
the sight of the other. Neither of the eyes had suffered the slightest local injury
from the blow, and therefore the total blindness in one eye and the partial blindness
in the other arose from the insensibility of the retina caused by the disorganization
of the part of the brain more immediately connected with the origin of the optic
nerves.

The degree of vision which remained in one eye was such as to enable its pos-
sessor to recognise any friend at the distance of 400 or 500 yards, or more generally
speaking, at a considerable distance; but in society he could not recognise his most
intimate acquaintances. He could see only the nose, the eye, or the mouth of his
friend; and he was not able to obtain, from the duration of the impression of light,
and the rapid transference of his eye from one feature to another, such a combina-
tion of the separate impressions as to give the likeness which they composed.

_ In order to explain this singular result, I must recall the attention of the Section
to a notice printed in the Reports of a former meeting of the Association, ‘On the
Visual Impressions on the Foramen Centrale of the Retina*.’

From these facts it is obvious that the limited vision which we have described,
was performed entirely on the choroid coat and through the foramen centrale of the
retina.

In order to ascertain the area of distinct vision, I requested the patient to tell me
the number of letters he could read distinctly, and found that the angle which these
letters subtended at the retina was as nearly as could be ascertained about 43 degrees,
the angle subtended by the foramen as deduced from the previous experiments which
I have mentioned.

The use of the RuTINA is to give sensitiveness, and of the cHoro1D, distinctness.

On the Form of Images produced by Lenses and Mirrors of different sizes.
By Sir Davin Brewster, K.H., D.C.L., F.R.S., § V.P.RS. Edinb.

The shape of the images of objects as formed by lenses and mirrors with spherical
surfaces, has been treated of by various optical writerst ; but I am not aware that

_* See Reports of the Association for 1848.
7 Smith’s “ Complete System of Optics,” vol. i. chap. xii. p. 238, and vol. ii. Remarks, p. 83.
1*

4 REPORT—1852.

. any author has treated of the shape of images as affected only by the size of the
lenses or mirrors by which they are formed. This subject is of fundamental im-
portance in the new art of Photography, when the images delineated by the solar
rays are formed by lenses, and sometimes, too, by mirrors of a larger size.

The images of objects formed upon a plane surface differ from the objects them-
selves, from many causes which it is unnecessary here to enumerate. The most
skilful opticians have striven, and to a great extent successfully, to make the most
perfect lenses for photographic purposes; but the photographer himself has over-
looked the greatest imperfection to which his art is subject, arising solely from the
size of the lenses in his camera.

According to the geometrical principles of perspective, the correct representation
of any body or object whatever, upon a plane surface, is obtained by drawing lines
from the point of sight, through every point of the body or object, to that plane.
As the pupil of the human eye is little more than two-tenths of an inch in diameter,
we may regard the picture on the retina as a correct representation of external
objects, in so far, at least, as its correctness depends upon the size of the lens which
forms the picture. In like manner we may consider the image of objects formed by
a lens the size of the pupil of the eye as a correct representation of the object.

Now if in perspective we take a new point of sight two-tenths of an inch distant
from the first, the perspective representation of the object on a plane will be changed,
and the magnitude of the change will increase with the distance between the two
points of sight. In like manner, if we look at an object from two different points,
which are two-tenths of an inch distant, we shall obtain two views of that object
equally dissimilar. -

Following out this principle, let us suppose that a lens four inches square is
employed to produce upon a plane surface the image of any object, and that the
size of the pupil of the eye is two-tenths of an inch; then, as there will be several
hundred areas equal to that of the pupil in the lens, the image given by the lens will
be a compound image consisting of several hundred perspective views of the object
taken from several hundred different points of sight, each distant two-tenths of an
inch from its neighbour, and all those on the margin of the lens distant three inches
and eight-tenths from those opposite to them. Such a jumble of images cannot,
under any circumstances, be a true representation of the object. This view of the
question, as one of perspective, will be more intelligible if we consider the subject
optically.

Let LL be either the horizontal or the vertical section of a lens, by means of

which an image or picture of the object

Fig. 1, ABCDE is to be taken either on a plane sur-

face, or suspended in the air, and made visible
to an eye behind the lens. The solid object

ABE consists of a cylindrical portion ABDC,

whose termination AB is a circle, and of a

conical portion CDE. If we continue the

lines EC, ED, and CA, DB, they will meet
the lens in the points c,a,d,b. If we now
cover all the lens except the central portion
ab, the image of the object ABE will be
merely a circle, as shown at ab, fig. 1, because
not a single ray from the cylindrical surface

: ABDC, nor from the conical surface CDE, can

Fig. 2. reach the lens ab. In like manner, if we cover

all the lens except cd, the image of the ob-

ay ae "s aa O ject ABE will be, as shown in fig. 2, at cd,
PD “ its circular termination, and the cylindrical

~ part of it only being seen, because not a single

ray from its conical part CDE can fall upon
the lens cd. But when the whole area LL of the lens is exposed, the whole object

will be seen suspended in the air, as at LL, fig. 2.

If the image is received upon a plane surface behind the lens, the cylindrical part’
will be represented by a halo or circle of light surrounding the circle ab, and cor-

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. ; 5

responding in size to the section mn, fiz. 1, of the cone of rays CedD; and the
conical part CDE will be represented by another halo or circle, round the halo mn,
and corresponding to the section op of the cone of rays ELL.

Results demonstrating the truth of these views have been obtained photographi-
cally by my friend Mr. Buckle of Peterborough, whose beautiful Talbotypes obtained
a Council Medal at the Great Exhibition. ‘The acting diameter of his lens was 33
inches, and the effect of the combination of the marginal pictures is most distinctly
exhibited.

Let us now apply these results to the photographical pictures of the human bust
as taken in a camera. The human face and head consist superficially of various
’ surfaces, some vertical, some horizontal, and many inclined at all angles to the
axis of the lens by which they are to be represented on a plane surface. A true
perspective representaticn of the human head placed at AB, will be that which is
given by a lens ab whose diameter is equal to that of the pupil of the eye, or as
formed by lines passing from the centre of the pupil to different points of the
head. From such a portrait, all surfaces, such as AC, BD, EC, ED will be
excluded ; but if we use the whole lens LL, all these surfaces, and all those of an
intermediate inclination between AC and EC, BD and DE, will be introduced
into the portrait. If, for example, LL is a horizontal section of the lens, the right
hand marginal parts of the lens, between a and L, may introduce into the portrait
the left eye, or the left ear, or the left side of the nose, and all other parts of a certain
inclination to the axis; thus enlarging all such parts and widening the picture. If
LL be a vertical section of the lens, the lower part of the nose, the interior of the
nostrils, the lower part of the upper lip, and the lower part of the chin will be intro-
duced into the portrait by the lower marginal parts 6L of the lens; while the top
of the head, the upper parts of the lip and the eyelids, will be introduced by the
upper marginal parts aL of the lens. The same is true of all other sections of the
lens, and a monstrous portrait of the human bust is thus obtained by the photo-
grapher, the monstrosity increasing with the size of the lens. The nature and
character of the portrait will thus vary with the superficial form of the lens, which
may be circular, oval, square, rectangular, triangular, or of any irregular form; and
in this way remarkable modifications of photographic portraits may be produced
merely by varying the shape of the lens.

The amount of the deformity introduced into portraits by a lens three or four inches
in diameter may be readily estimated by the fact, that when a portrait is taken from
two points two and a half inches distant, such as those taken as seen by each eye
separately, the difference between the two is so well marked that it can be pointed
out by a child. A portrait, therefore, consisting of a combination of portraits as
seen from every point of a lens three or four inches in diameter, must give a form and
expression to the human countenance very wide of the truth.

The hideousness of photographic portraits is universally admitted, and has been
ascribed to the imperfection of the lenses employed, the unsteadiness of the sitter,
and the necessary constraint of features and of limb under which he submits to the
operation. The true cause, modified doubtless by others, is the size of the lens, even
if the lens is optically perfect.

The photographer, therefore, who has a genuine interest in the perfection of his
art, will receive these truths with gratitude; and by accelerating the photographic
processes, with the aid of more sensitive materials, he will be able to make use of
lenses of very small aperture, and thus place his art in a higher position than that
which it has yet attained. The photographer, on the contrary, whose sordid interests
bribe him to forswear even the truths of science, will continue to deform the youth
and beauty that may in ignorance repair to his studio, adding scowls and wrinkles
to the noble forms of manhood, and giving to a fresh and vigorous age the aspects
of departing or departed life.

But while small apertures possess such a peculiar advantage as that of giving a
true perspective representation of the object or scene to be delineated, a small lens ~
possesses still greater advantages. In large lenses much light is lost by the absorp-
tion of rays in passing through a great thickness of glass, and also by reflexion from
the four or eight surfaces of the achromatic lens or lenses employed. In such lenses,
too, neither the chromatic nor the spherical aberrations, which increase with the

6 REPORT—1852.

aperture, are completely corrected, and no attempt even is made to remove the
influence of the secondary spectrum. With small apertures, too, objects, or
parts of objects, at different distances, will be delineated with nearly the same
distinctness, and a picture produced as nearly resembling the original as it can be
made in the present state of practical optics,

The same observations, with the exception of those which relate to the achromatism
and the thickness of the refracting medium, are applicable to the images produced
by mirrors of different sizes.

On the Stereoscopometer. By A. CLAUDET.

This was a simple instrument, by which the relative positions of the two cameras
and the placing of the object could be accurately determined in taking the pictures
for the binocular stereoscope.

—_- —__

On a Manifold Binocular Camera, By A. CLaupeEt.

The author exhibited a Double Camera for taking the two stereoscopic Daguerreo-
types of groups or individuals, and by which four double pictures could be succes-
sively taken with such rapidity as to be exact representations of the same circum-
stances. It would be impossible to make all the mechanical arrangements of this
instrument intelligible without drawings.

7

On the Laws of Magnetism and Diamagnetism, in a Letter to Dr, Faraday.
By Professor Marrevect.
Pisa, August 15, 1852.

My pear Farapay,—With much regret, and at the last moment, I am compelled
to renounce the pleasure of assisting at the Meeting of the British Association and
of conversing with you and other friends on scientific subjects. I beg you to present
my cordial thanks to Col. Sabine for the invitation he so kindly sent me. I ask
your permission to address to you an evtract of my researches on magnetism and
diamagnetism, which have occupied me for several years: if you think that this
communication can offer any interest to the members of the Association, you can, if
you please, read it to the meeting, as I should be glad in any way to prove my
gratitude to that respectable body. ;

I have studied, in the first place, the influence of temperature and mechanic action
on magnetic and diamagnetic substances. Thus, I operated on iron in a state of
fusion obtained by the flame of oxyhydrogen gas. In this experiment a small iron
globule is placed in a cavity at the extremity of a horizontal bar of copper wire or
caustic lime, suspended by a cocoon silk in the magnetic field between the conical
poles of a very powerful electro-magnet. Iron in a state of fusion, partially oxidated,
is always attracted by the magnet; the diminution of magnetic attraction produced
by fusion in iron is immensely great: in one experiment, which I think was suf-
ficiently exact, I found that attraction became at least 15 million times less, passing
from the ordinary temperature to the state of fusion. All the compounds of iron,
and all natural substances containing a portion of metallic iron, suffer a diminution
by heat; hence it is that the natural or artificial compounds of magnetic and dia-
magnetic substances, such as certain coals and charcoal, clay, impure metals, gold,
copper, zine, &c., which are attracted at the ordinary temperature, appear to be
temporarily repelled when strongly heated. Passing to diamagnetic substances, I
have found that their repulsive action suffers a very slight diminution by fusion in
phosphorus and sulphur. But this is not the case with bismuth in fusion, upon
which I have verified and completed the observation of Pliicker.

The following experiment is simple, and sure to succeed at the first attempt. Take
a bar of pure caustic lime and suspend it in the magnetic field in the manner
deseribed ; when the magnetic power is developed, the bar is repelled ; and when
the bar is strongly heated, the repulsion is certainly not less great. Touching lightly

OOP eG =

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. v4

the small cavity in the bar of lime with a piece of paper besmeared with oxide of
iron, one can easily arrange so that the bar is attracted; and when the quantity of
oxide is sufficient, the bar continues to be attracted even when strongly heated,
Fill the cavity with bismuth, 1 gramme, for instance, and the bar will be again
repelled when the magnetism is developed. But if, before passing the current, the
bismuth is fused, the bar will be attracted, and will attach itself to the extremity of
the pole when the magnetism is produced. At the instant that the bismuth becomes
solid, the bar detaches itself abruptly from the pole, and the diamagnetic repulsion
of the bismuth prevails.

It now remained for me to ascertain whether bismuth in a state of fusion was
indifferent to magnetic action, or whether, on the contrary, it became magnetic,
For this purpose, I measured by the number of oscillations the diamagnetic force of
a cylinder of bismuth contained in a corresponding cavity formed in a bar of lime
suspended by a glass hook to a cocoon silk. Operating with the necessary pre-
cautions, which are too long to be described here, I have found that the bar of lime,
with its cylinder of bismuth in a state of fusion, made the same number of oscilla-
tions as when without bismuth. The lime being constantly diamagnetic, this might
have masked the change of the bismuth transformed into a magnetic body by fusion.
I therefore suspended between the poles of the electro-magnet a bar of lime, formed
somewhat like a salt-spoon, in order to increase greatly the quantity of bismuth in
fusion compared with that of the lime. In one experiment I employed as much as 57
grammes of fused bismuth, and nevertheless the repulsion continued. Thus, then, the
diamagnetic power of bismuth diminishes suddenly at the point of fusion, and during
the state of fusion the bismuth remains indifferent, without being apparently changed
into a magnetic body.

I have studied the influence of mechanic action on diamagnetism. By means of
a copper box provided with a screw, I was able to compress a pure bismuth cylinder,
3 millims. in diameter and 34 millims. in length, so as to reduce it to 28 millims.
I then made two cylinders of bismuth precisely of the same dimensions, the one
compressed, the other in its natural state, and I found that the compressed cylinder
had a diamagnetic power distinctly superior to that of natural bismuth. I think it
advisable here to call your attention to the fact which Coulomb, and more recently;
Pliicker, have discovered respecting feebly magnetic substances; namely, that all
cylinders of bismuth have the same oscillation independently of their weight, or in
other words, that the diamagnetic power is proportionate to the weight of the
cylinders. Cylinders of bismuth, varying in weight from 0°576 gr, to 18°600 gr.,
give the same oscillation. I studied afterwards, at some length, the influence of a
powerful electro-magnet upon chemical affinity and cohesion. You have proved
that gases, and even the most magnetic of the gases, do not suffer any variation in
density by magnetic action. I have repeated the same experiments on gases, em-
ploying a glass tube closed or open, such as that of a spirit-level, filled with gas
and different liquids. ‘The gaseous bubble placed between the two polar extremities
suffers considerable contraction and elongation, according to the nature of the liquid
and gas. I think I have proved that these appearances are owing to a simple.
change of form in the bubble without variation of density produced by the differential
action of the magnet on the gas and on the liquid. I made a great number of expe-
riments in order to measure the electrolyzation of acidulated water in a very powerful
magnetic field, or independently of this influence. Several precautions, not gene-
Yally followed, are absolutely necessary to obtain a uniform result in the use of the
voltameter. These experiments led me to conclude that the most powerful magnetic
action has no influence whatever on the electrolyzation of water. There is however
a phenomenon which I do not think has been observed hitherto, and on which I
must say a word. In electrolyzing water in a powerful electro-magnetic field, and’
if the experiment is properly arranged, the streams of gas bubbles which rise from
the two electrodes are violently carried away in certain directions when the magnetism
is put in activity. I think this movement is communicated by the liquid currents
discovered by Davy. By employing a saturated solution of sulphate of copper for
electrolyte, and by blowing into that liquid through a glass capillary tube a stream_of
atmospheric bubbles instead of those formed by electrolyzation in water, I could.
easily convince myself that the phenomenon is independent of any peculiar state of

8 REPORT— 1852.

the gas supposed to be derived from electrolyzation. By a proper application of
Nobili’s beautiful experiment of colours obtained by electrolyzation, I was enabled
to demonstrate, that an axis of great magnetic power has_no sensible influence in
disturbing the distribution or propagation of the electrical currents, nor the physical
or chemical composition of the body traversed by them. Make a rectangular box, the
longer sides of which are formed of perfectly clean plates of platina. Fill this box
with a solution of chloride of iron, or acetate of lead, or other metallic salts, and place
it between the poles of a very powerful electro-magnet. The coloration of these
plates, produced by the shortest passage of a very feeble current, is found to be exactly
the same at all points, that is, on the line of the magnetic poles, as at the distance of
150 or 200 millimetres from that line. The magnetic power therefore does not
change either the composition of the liquid subject to its action, nor the distribution
of the electricity which traverses it. I remember having found formerly that the
laws of the derived currents on a plate of tin and of the isodynamic lines, were not
disturbed by the influence of a very strong electro-magnet. I have also studied the
influence of the magnetic power of the elements on that of the body resulting from
their combination. Although there are some examples of magnetic compounds,
the elements of which are diamagnetic, such as protochloride of copper, one finds in
general that the magnetical character of the compound results from that of its ele-
ments. Pure copper, which, independently of inductive currents, is decidedly dia-
magnetic, produces protoxide, which is indifferent or scarcely diamagnetic, and a per-
oxide which is decidedly magnetic. The same may be said of silver; the protoxide
is diamagnetic, and the binoxide, obtained by the pile, is decidedly magnetic. Operating
on the various oxides of bismuth and antimony, I measured the variations in the
magnetic power induced by different quantities of oxygen contained in these oxides.
I have made a great number of conclusive and elegant experiments on the laws of
equilibrium of diamagnetic bodies in the magnetic field, and on the reciprocal action
of diamagnetic bodies. I have employed in these experiments a solution of chloride
of iron in concentrated alcohol, so as to have the same density as olive oil, which is
a diamagnetic body. I could thus fill the magnetic field with this ferruginous
solution, in which floats a drop of oil, more or less large, or I could reverse the
arrangement. At the moment in which the electro-magnet is set in action, the
two liquids are set in movement and place themselves in equilibrium, occupying
distinct places in the magnetic field. By adopting the proper arrangements, one
can easily determine the form of the curved surfaces of separation of the two liquids.

This method is delicate, and fitted for discovering the slightest difference in the force .

of the two poles, or in their relative distance from the centre of the magnetic field.
If the magnetic field is uniform, as one obtains it with plane polar surfaces of great
extent, a small piece of bismuth suspended to a cocoon silk, in the manner employed
also by yourself, is in equilibrium in the centre of the magnetic field and in the
greater part of the equatorial line. When the magnetic field is formed by the ferru-
ginous solution, a piece of bismuth or drop of oil floating within the liquid does not
remain in equilibrium in the centre of the field, but flies off to the side following the
equatorial line. The drop changes in form, and is prolonged in axial or equatorial
direction according to its being magnetic or diamagnetic. The constant motion of
the diamagnetic drop from the centre towards the side along the equatorial line and
this, even when floating not at the surface but in the middle of the liquid mass, is
not in evident accord with the beautiful experiments of Reich and Tyndall. I have
remarked on the fact, that the motion takes place when the drop is even in the
midst. of the liquid, in order to prove that this motion is independent of the remark-
able elevation undergone by the ferruginous liquid along the line of the poles.
With this method I could easily examine the mutual action of diamagnetic bodies.
For this purpose the base of the square box placed in the magnetic field was formed
one half of marble or wood, the other of bismuth. This base was covered with a
thin stratum of ferruginous liquid, and of oil three millimetres in thickness. The
line of junction of the marble and bismuth was alternately axial aud equatorial. I
was never able to discern the slightest dissymmetry in the form of the surfaces of
separation of the two liquids, which might be attributed to the influence of the two
very different substances, marble and bismuth, as regards their magnetic power. In
the same way, I have never been able to discover any mutual action at the moment

|

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 9

when the electro-magnet was in activity, between two drops of oil suspended in the
midst of the ferruginous liquid, or between a piece of bismuth and one of these drops.
I have therefore reason to doubt whether such movements, which have been con-
sidered as proving the mutual action of diamagnetic bodies, are not rather owing to
the movement of the entire liquid mass of which we have spoken. Although it is
extremely probable that the mutual action of diamagnetic bodies does exist, and,
according to the laws admitted also by yourself, still it must be allowed that this
action is very feeble, and it is much to be desired that an experiment should be made
by which it might be clearly demonstrated.

I pass over in this extract, which is already too long, my experiments upon the
different inductive power of various metals, on the time of induction in the different
metals, &c. ; but I must finally call your attention to the part of these researches
which I believe to be the most important, and which relates to an experimental
theory of diamagnetic phenomena.

A mass composed of very fine powder of perfectly pure silver or copper, the con-
ductibility of which is destroyed by the interposition of a thin film of oil of tur-
pentine, duly suspended in proximity of the polar surface, is repelled at the instant of
the passage of the current, and continues to oscillate like a mass of bismuth. If one
composes other similar suspended matter in which the quantity of metal and con-
ductibility gradually increases, one sees the silver or copper pendulums first repelled
from the pole, then come to a stop after a constantly decreasing number of oscilla-
tions, until at last they present the phenomenon which you have called revulsion,
due to the production of induced currents. In the same way a small copper
or silver disc, fixed to the extremity of a straw lever suspended by a cocoon
silk near to a pole, is repelled or attracted at the beginning or end of the current
without being subject to any movement of oscillation: if this disc is cut so as ‘to
destroy its continuity as much as possible, to prevent the development of the induc-
tive. current, it then exhibits the phenomenon of oscillation like bismuth. These
phznomena, and several others which you have described, and which it is unneces-
sary to adduce here, have led you and Weber, with much reason, to admit the
hypothesis of a diamagnetic polarity in reverse direction of that acquired by mag-
netic bodies. I hasten to add, that my experiments do not lead me to reject this
hypothesis, as you, and more recently M. Verdet, have done; and that, on the con-
trary, it seems to me in conformity with physical analogy to admit that diamagnetic
substances, when subjected to magnetic force, assume a polarity the same in kind
as, but reverse in direction of, that acquired by iron, which polarity has a duration
varying according to the nature and conductibility of the substance, and which,
according to these circumstances, tends to transform itself into an inductive instanta-
neous current. I abstain from entering here into a minute development of these theo-
retical views, which every one can do for himself, and proceed at once to speak
experimentally. It is perfectly true that you, and more recently M. Verdet, have
demonstrated that the phenomenon discovered by Weber in bismuth can be explained
by simply referring to the inductive currents, and without having recourse to dia-
magnetic polarity ; but the same experiments have not proved the non-existence of
diamagnetic polarity. In the first place, I recollect that oxide of copper is strongly
magnetic ; consequently a mass of copper filings with oxidated superficies cannot,
when it acts on the electro-magnet, develope inductive phenomena similar to those
of bismuth or purecopper. Jn fact, I found with my inductive apparatus, which is
certainly the most powerful and delicate hitherto constructed, that a mass of copper
filings oxidated at the superficies, such as used in organic analysis, gives inductive
currents as if it were a magnetic body. In order to prove by our experimental
method that diamagnetic polarity does not exist, one must prove that no induced
currents are obtained in the direction demanded by that supposed polarity, when one
makes an electro-magnet act on a diamagnetic body, incapable of conducting in-
duced currents, and in quantity sufficient to induce sensible effects on our apparatus.
To show the superiority of my apparatus, I have only to mention, that a stratum of
500 grammes of colcothar brought near, but not in contact with the electro-magnet,
and consequently without any apparatus of rotation, produced an induced current of
10° to 15° and more, according to the strength of the battery. With this same appa-

10 REPORT—1852.

ratus and a rotating machine, I obtained very distinct phenomena of induction by the
action of a bundle of varnished bismuth or copper wires. I have already observed
that the experiment can be decisive only when one acts on the electro-magnet with
a sufficient quantity of the diamagnetic substance. In fact, it seems reasonable to
admit that the effects of induction, magnetic or diamagnetic, ought to be in propor-
tion with the corresponding effects of attraction or repulsion. Now I am not very
far from the truth in admitting that 1 gramme of bismuth is repelled by an electro-
magnet with the same force as 11 miliigrammes of colcothar is attracted by the
same magnet; that 1 gramme of sugar or stearic acid makes equilibrium to 5 or 6
milligrammes of colcothar, and 1 gramme of sulphur to 2 or 3 milligrammes of col-
cothar. I have already said that the inductive action of 500 grammes of colcothar
gives me 10° to 15° of induced current: therefore, to obtain a similar effect by bismuth
(if diamagnetic polarity exists), one must employ a quantity of that metal, which is
at least a hundred times 500 grammes, or 50 kilogrammes. By similar reasoning one
sees what an enormous quantity of phosphorus, sugar and sulphur would have to be
employed in order to obtain a sensible inductive effect, and how far we have hitherto
been from employing the necessary quantity. It is only by the method of rotation
of inductive bodies in presence of the electro-magnet, that one can obtain sensible
effects from small quantities of diamagnetic substances. Using the method of
rotation, as Verdet has done, with an electro-magnet and inductive coil more powerful
than any which have been hitherto employed, I have succeeded in obtaining distinct
signs of induction from a mass composed of fragments of varnished bismuth. 1 con-
tinue to vary and extend my experiments in this way; therefore, for the present,
though I should be grateful to you if you would communicate this note to the British
Association, I wish to be able to arrange these researches myself before publishing
them.

On placing Compasses on Board Iron Ships. By Captain E. J. Jounson,
RN. F.R.S., Superintendent of the Compass Admiralty Department of
the Royal Navy. (In a Letter to the President.)

It was my intention to have been present at the Meeting of the British Association
at Belfast, but I have been prevented by my official duties on board some of H.M.
steam-ships which could not be delayed. One of these was the iron steam-vessel
‘¢ Trident,” and I think it worth while to notice to you a circumstance which oc-
curred relating to the compass observations.

As a member of the Compass Committee, you are aware that the system adopted
in H.M. service on board iron ships, is to elevate the compass considerably—to
ascertain the deviations and allow for them, and to persevere in a continual series
of observations to ascertain the change of deviation according to the change of the
ship’s geographical position, as described in the “‘ Practical Rules’? which have been
issued to all H.M. ships sizice 1842 ;—the said plan being considered safer than the
application of iron or magnets for the reduction of the amount of deviation,

In placing the compasses of H.M. ships, I have, of course, adhered to the recom-
mendations of the Committee, taking care by a few preliminary observations to fix
upon a position where the deviations were lessened ; but the circumstance to which
I wish to draw your attention at present is this :—While the ‘* Trident’’ was in the
basin at Woolwich, it occurred to me to try whether a position could be discovered
where the influences of the ship’s iron upon the compass were so equalized as to
render the amount of deviation so small as to be of na practical importance.

The correct magnetic direction of the ship’s head having been determined by a
compass on the shore, and that proving to be near to one of the points of maximum
deviation (the standard compass on the quarter-deck there indicating 20° westerly
deviation), I moved the standard compass several feet further forward in the centre
line of the ship, and there found the westerly deviation increased to 29°. I now
commenced to move the compass aft 6 or 7 feet at a time, observing the deviation
at each position, and found the weséerly deviation decreased; and on placing the
tripod of the compass direetly over the rudder-head, easterly deviation was produced ;
and hence it followed that there must be a position somewhere between the two last

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 11

places of observation where there would be no deviation while the ship’s head re-
mained in the same direction. :

. This position I practically discovered by moving the compass a few inches at a
time, till it indicated the correct magnetic direction of the ship’s head.

The question which now remained to be proved, was, to what extent the deviations
of the said compass had been iessened (or what they actually were) when the ship’s
head was placed upon different points, and I was gratified to find that after swing-
ing the vessel and observing upon the eight principal points, the compass, placed as
before described, proved to be correct within + of a point.

It is necessary to mention that the “Trident”? has wooden beams under the
quarter-deck, and therefore it remains to be seen to what extent such observations
may be useful in vessels which have iron beams.

It will also be requisite to ascertain by actual observation how far a position so
selected shall prove advantageous when the ship changes her geographical position ;
and as the ‘‘ Trident” is about to proceed to the southern hemisphere, and is amply
provided with instructions and the means of ascertaining such changes, and as I
shall swing her again at Greenhithe on every point before she leaves, we may hope
for much useful information on this important subject.

In sending you these remarks, I must observe, that it may not always be practi-
cable to find the position of no-deviation, or where the influences of the iron in the
ship upon the magnetic needle are equalized, because such a point might be found in
a most inconvenient position, or be too near moveable iron work, machinery, &c.;
but if we succeed in approximating towards it, and thereby reduce the deviations
within moderate limits, a point of great practical importance will be gained in navi-
gation.

On a peculiarity of Vision. By Professor Powe, F.R.S.

‘The peculiarity to which I refer affects both my own eyes, but more especially the
left eye. They have always been long-sighted, but I never used glasses till about
seven years ago. About that time I had, I fear, injured my eye-sight generally by
optical experiments, and have in consequence thought it prudent to desist from them
ma great degree. I then perceived a general indistinctness of vision, which is how-
ever completely removed by the use of convex glasses of long focus ; but I have not
till lately been aware of the precise nature of this indistinctness. I have now found
that it is produced by the image of every small object, as for instance, a fine dark line
on a white ground appearing TRIPLE. I do not find any difference from varying
the distance of the object from the eye, nor in placing the line in different azimuths
round the axis of the eye; the appearance is presented whether I use one eye or
both, but is somewhat less marked with the right eye. Conjectures may easily be
started as to the change of form in the lens which might produce such an appear-
ance, but I wiil not at present do more than simply mention the fact, as it may
perhaps elicit other statements of a similar kind which may tend to throw light on
the question as to its nature.

On Luminous Beams. Communicated by Professor PowE.., F.R.S.

Appearances of luminous beams in the sky, of a peculiar kind, agreeing neither
with the characteristics of aurora, nor of the zodiacal light, have been occasionally
recorded. A remarkable instance of this kind was observed by Mr. G. A. Rowell,
at Oxford, July 11, 1850 :—** When the sun was just setting, or set, but hidden by
clouds, he saw a bright beam with parallel sides extending vertically upwards from’
the place of the sun to an altitude estimated at 15° or 20°.”” Again, on July 6, 1852,
Mr. Rowell saw a similar phenomenon which he describes thus :—‘‘ About 10 o’clock
p.m., I observed two extraordinary rays of light in the N.N.W., each extending
from the horizon to upwards of half-way towards the pole star, and apparently pro-
ceeding from the sun’s place below the horizon, in a direct line towards that star. I
watched this phenomenon till 10" 30", and I believe it could not have been caused

12 REPORT—1852.

by an aurora borealis, the direction and appearance of the rays being very different
from any aurora I have ever seen ; there was no change to be observed in them, and
they kept their place with regard to the stars. At11o0’clock they had disappeared.”

On Converging Sun-beams. Communicated by Professor PowE 1, F.R.S.

A peculiarly brilliant instance of the phenomenon of the solar rays converging by
the effect of perspective to a point opposite the sun immediately after sunset, was
observed by several persons in and near Oxford, on July 6, 1852, about 8°35 P.m.,
and lasted about twenty minutes. Mr. G. A. Rowell collected the accounts of dif-
ferent observers, illustrated by sketches, given unknown to each other, and apparently
without their being aware of the real nature of the phenomenon. He states that—
‘¢ All agree as to the general appearance being that of five or seven principal rays of
bright light arising from (converging to) a point in the S.E. horizon, just opposite
to where the sun had set. Each ray extended about 65° or 70°, and was widest at
the upper end; the middle ray being perpendicular. There is a difference in the
statements as to whether there were smaller rays between the principal ones.......
The observer on Shotover Hill had a clear view of the N.W. horizon, and remarked
that there was not at the time the slightest appearance of rays where the sun had
gone down.”

On the Re-concentration of the Mechanical Energy of the Universe.
By W. J. Macquorn Rankine, C.E., PRS IE.

Mr. Rankine observed that it has long been conjectured, and is now being esta-
blished by experiment, that all forms of physical energy, whether visible motion,
heat, light, magnetism, electricity, chemical action, or other forms not yet understood,
are mutually convertible; that the total amount of physical energy in the universe
is unchangeable, and varies merely its condition and locality, by conversion from
one form to another, or by transference from one portion of matter to another.

Professor William Thomson has pointed out, that in the present condition of the
known world there is a preponderating tendency to the conversion of all the other
forms of energy into heat, and to the equable diffusion of all heat; a tendency which
seems to lead towards the cessation of all phenomena.

The author of the present paper points out, that all heat tends ultimately to
assume the radiant form; and that if the medium which surrounds the stars and
transmits radiation between them be supposed to have bounds encircling the visible
world, beyond which is empty space, then at these bounds the radiant heat will be
totally reflected, and will ultimately be re-concentrated into foci; at one of which, if
an extinct star arrives, it will be resolved into its elements, and a store of energy
reproduced.

On an Improved Form of Reflecting Instrument for Use at Sea.
By Professor C. Prazzt Smytu, F.R.A.S.

The peculiar circumstances of an observer at sea, caused chiefly by the rolling of
the vessel, preclude the use of any of the ordinary instruments employed on land
for measuring altitudes, depending as they do on levels or plumb lines for their zero
points ; recourse must be had to the principle of double images by two reflectors,
the method invented by Hadley and Newton. This one necessary principle has been
carried out in a variety of different forms, in the sextant, quadrant, quintant or re-
flecting circle, some more or less accurate or more or less convenient than others ;
but all of them, under whatever names they are known, are merely different forms
of essentially the same instrument.

Great ingenuity has been shown in many of these forms, but still the greatest

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 13

degree of efficiency has not yet been arrived at, or the highest degree of convenience
attained for all the various occasions required in practice.

The naval officers, who know what these difficult circumstances are, unfortunately
are not in a position to remedy the defects of their instruments; while the makers
thereof, living at home at ease, cannot fully appreciate all the difficulties actually
met with in real practice at sea. This has left room for a person like the author,
who has had some practice at sea and some experience in instrument-making, to
effect several minor improvements of a practical character.

The ordinary form of the reflecting instrument at present in use is the sextant,
in which will generally be found, even as made by the best makers, more or less of
the following little practical drawbacks upon the speedy and accurate employment
of it.

It is packed in its box in a way difficult to be got out, the handle, by which it
ought only to be touched, being below: also it cannot be laid down anywhere
without a changing of the hands and the incurring of risk in handling parts which
should be sacred from the touch.

Next there are several loose parts, as the telescope, plain tube, dark glasses, &c.,
which have to be screwed on before an observation can be taken, and time is lost
thereby; even then too it may be often found with faint stars at night, that the
object-glass of the telescope is prejudicially small, and the reflectors insufficiently
bright, as well as erroneous at extreme angles, on account of the impossibility of
procuring perfect glass, besides giving the nuisance of images from each surface, &c,

Then, supposing the observation taken, there is such a needless difficulty in read-
ing off the divisions, a difficulty not felt by beginners alone, but equally by practised
naval officers, who give that as a reason why the very important class of observa-
tions of stars by night is so little practised at sea.

Finally, the observation when read off at last is taken merely upon a sextant or
part of a circle, and is therefore liable to errors of excentricity and motion of the
centre, and this to an unknown extent, and not constantly, as they may be influenced
by accidental causes unknown to the observer. It is essential to the accuracy and
the honesty as it were of observations, that they should be taken with some form of
circle with opposite readings; many such have been brought forward in England
and France, but owing apparently to their greater complexity, size and weight, they
have not obtained a footing amongst practical-men.

The author then exhibited a reflecting instrument which he had had constructed
by Messrs. Adie of Edinburgh, and which appeared to supply all the desiderata, for
it was in the shape of a circle, small, light, and simple, with the delicate parts pro-
tected from injury under all circumstances: the usual loose telescope and plain tubes
were avoided by making them cross through each other and work on a pivot, thus
admitting of instant alteration from one to the other; the illuminating apparatus
was improved and rendered powerfully effective even with a faint light ; and a small
apparatus was added, which, without sensibly cumbering the instrument, gave, either
by night or by day, a convenient horizontal referring point, visible in the field of
view.

Some Remarks on the Red Prominences seen during the Total Solar Eclipse.
By Professor C. Prazzt Smytu, F.R.A.S.

When the Members of the Association separated last year at Ipswich, it was under
circumstances of peculiar astronomical import, viz. the impending occurrence of the
total solar eclipse in a neighbouring region: many astronomers started to observe
the phenomenon to the utmost, and more especially everything having relation to,
or tending to throw any light on the physical characteristics of the sun; amongst
which the “red prominences” were considered the most promising and important.

The author was amongst the number of observers who started with these objects
in view, but was totally defeated by the occurrence of clouds. Having been pre-
vented then himself from seeing the red prominences, he thought it proper to defer
to the opinions of those observers who had been more fortunate, and who seem in

14 ; - REPORT—1852.

all cases to have come to the conclusion that these apparent bodies were really at-
tached to, and connected with, the sun, and were no less than masses of light-giving
matter, 30,000 or 40,000 miles in length, and playing of course a most important
part in the mystery of the nature and the source of solar light, and the whole
cecohomy of that mighty orb.

But if we are never to see these bodies but during the rare occasion of a solar
eclipse, and then only for the too short space of three minutes, ages upon ages may
pass away before we ascertain anything very precise upon the subject. In this case
it becomes of the greatest importance to contrive some method of making the red
prominences visible on ordinary occasions ; and a method having been proposed by
Mr. J. Nasmyth of Manchester, which at least promised well, the author lost no
time in putting it into execution. ;

The method consisted in receiving the image of the sun and field of view, formed
by 4 telescope in a dark room, on a white board, in which was a hole just large
enough to let the sun pass through, and be absorbed on the inside of a black bag
beyond ; the image of the field, and therefore of the sky in the immediate heigh-
bourhood of the sun; could then be examined with the greatest nicety, and free from
the prejudicial effect of the glating solar image; while any faint ray of light extend-
ing from that luminary into the space beyond could be much more easily appreciated
than before. But although the experiment was carefully tried on all the best days
of last summer as well as the present, not the slightest appearance of red prominences
could be detected. The author however would not presume to say that they did not
therefore exist ; for although the experiment in itself was extremely successful, inas-
much as during the very time that the sun was being received into the black bag the
room itself was much darker than the atmosphere at the solar eclipse, yet the light-
ness of the sky, by reason of the reflective power of the air outside the room, was so
extreme, that nothing so faint as the red prominences are reputed to be, could well be
seen on so bright a background. This is a difficulty which can only be got over by
ascending to a great height in the atmosphere, and it would be well worth while to
repeat the experiment on the top of a high mountain.

Having given this experiment, founded on the opinions of observers, full trial, the
author then thought himself justified in taking up an opposite idea, and supposing
that the red prominences might be some spurious effects of diffraction of the sun’s
light at the edge of lunar mountains. He therefore produced an artificial eclipse by
introducing a small opake ball into the telescope, near the focus of the object-glass,
when directed on the sun. The results were, that pink light, similar to that of the
prominences, was thrown off from the edge of the eclipsing ball, in greater quantity as
the polish of the surface was increased, and was broken up into more distinct portions
the more irregular the surface.” Prominences most similar, nay, precisely like those
of the eclipse, in shape and colour, were produced by an opal glass ball, scratched
and cut on the edge with a diamond.

There was however still the important failing, that the artificial prominences were
connected with the eclipsing ball as a centre, and not with the sun, as in the case of
the real prominences. In the latter instance, however, the sun’s rays fall on the
moon in a parallel direction, while in the former they converge on the eclipsing
ball. To arrive therefore more nearly at this particular, the author placed a large
tin dise, with spherically curved tangential rim, on the top of the Nelson monument,
and examined the appearance from below, when the sun was eclipsed behind the
dise, with a small hand telescope. The result was that orange and red light were
thrown off the edge; and in greater abundance, according to the greater proximity
of the sun behind to any particular side of the disc, and also according to the greater
purity of the atmosphere. This certainly seems to point out the great probability
of a spurious origin for the red prominences at this surface of the lunar mountains ;
but this experiment should also be tried on a high mountain, in an atmosphere a
little more nearly approaching that of the moon in rarity and purity.

Pe PONS Ph SP,

- TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 15

By Professor Stoxes, M.A, F.R.S

_ This salt is desctibed by Dr. Herapath in the Philosophical Magazine for March 1852,
and is easily formed in the way there recommended, namely, by dissolving disul-
phate of quinine in warm acetic acid, adding a few drops of a solution of iodine in
alcohol, and allowing the liquid to cool, when the salt crystallizes in thin scales re-
flecting (while immersed in the fluid) a green light with a metallic lustre. When
taken out of the fluid the crystals are yellowish-green by reflected light, with a me-
tallic aspect. The following observations were made with small crystals formed in
this manner; and an oral account of them was given at a meeting of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society, shortly after the appearance of Dr. Herapath’s paper.

The crystals possess in an eminent degree the property of polarizing light, so that
Dr. Herapath proposed to employ them instead of tourmalines, for which they would
form an admirable substitute, could they be obtained in sufficient size. They appear
to belong to the prismatic system; at any rate they are symmetrical (so far as re-
lates to their optical properties and to the directions of their lateral faces) with re-
spect to two rectangular planes perpendicular to the scales. These planes will here
be called respectively the principal plane of the length and the principal plane of the
breadth, the crystals being usually longest in the direction of the former plane.

When the crystals are viewed by light directly transmitted, which is either polar-
ized before iticidence or analysed after transmission, so as to retain only light polar-
ized in one of the principal planes, it is found that with respect to light polarized
in the principal plane of the length the crystals are transparent, and nearly colour-
less, at least when they are as thin as those which are usually formed by the method
above mentioned. But with respect to light polarized in the principal plane of the
breadth, the thicker crystals are perfectly black, the thinner ones only transmitting
light, which is of a deep red colour.

When the crystals are examined by light reflected at the smallest angle with which
the observation is practicable, and the reflected light is analysed, so as to retain,
first, light polarized in the principal plane of the length, and secondly, light polarized
in the other principal plane, it is found that in the first case the crystals have a
Vitreous lustre, and the reflected light is colourless; while in the second case the
light is yellowish-green, and the crystals have a metallic lustre. When the plane
of incidence is the principal plane of the length, and the angle of incidence is in-
creased from 0° to 90°, the part of the reflected pencil which is polarized in the
plane of incidence undergoes no remarkable change, except perhaps that the lustre
becomes somewhat metallic. When the part which is polarized in a plane perpen-
dicular to the former is examined, it is found that the crystals have no angle of
polarization, the reflected light never vanishing, but only changing its colour, passing
from yellowish-green, which it was at first, to a deep steel-blue, which colour it
assumes at a considerable angle of incidence. When the light reflected in the prin-
cipal plane of the breadth is examined in a similar manner, the pencil which is
polarized in the plane of incidence undergoes no remarkable change, continuing to
have the appearance of being reflected from a metal, while the other or colourless
pencil vanishes at a certain angle, and afterwards reappears, sq that in this plane
the crystals have a polarizing angle.

If, then, for distinction’s sake, we call the two pencils which the crystals, as belong-
ing to a doubly refracting medium, transmit independently of each other, ordinary
and eatraordinary, the former being that which is transmitted with little loss, we
may say, speaking approximately, that the medium is transparent with respect to
the ordinary ray and opake with respect to the extraordinary, while, as regards
reflexion, the crystals have the properties of a transparent medium or of a metal,
according as the refracted ray is the ordinary or the extraordinary. If common light
merely be used, both refracted pencils are produced, and the corresponding reflected
pencils are viewed together; but by analysing the reflected light by means of a
Nicol’s prism, the reflected pencils may be viewed separately, at least when the ob-
servations are confined to the principal planes. The crystals are no doubt biaxal,
and. the pencils here called ordinary and extraordinary are those which in the lan-
guage of theory correspond to different sheets of the wave sutface. The reflecting
properties of the crystals may be embraced in one view by regarding the medium as

On the Optical Properties of a recently discovered Salt of Quinine. -

16 REPORT—1852.

not only doubly refracting and doubly absorbing, but doubly metallic. The metallicity,
so to speak, of the medium of course alters continuously with the point of the wave
surface to which the pencil considered belongs, and doubtless is not mathematically
null even for the ordinary ray.

If the reflexion be really of a metallic nature, it ought to produce a relative change
in the phases of vibration of light polarized in and perpendicularly to the plane of
incidence.‘ This conclusion the author has verified by means of the effect produced
on the rings of calcareous spar. Since the crystals were too small for individual ex-
amination in this experiment, the observation was made with a mass of scales depo-
sited on a flat black surface, and arranged at random as regards the azimuth of their
principal planes. The direction of the change is the same as in the case of a metal,
and accordingly the reverse of that which is observed in total internal reflexion.

In the case of the extraordinary pencil the crystals are least opake with respect
to red light, and accordingly they are less metallic with respect to red light than to
light of higher refrangibility. This is shown by the green colour of the reflected
light when the crystals are immersed in fluid, so that the reflexion which they exhibit
as a transparent medium is in a good measure destroyed.

The author has examined the crystals for a change of refrangibility, and found
that they do not exhibit it. Safflower-red, which possesses metallic optical proper-
ties, does change the refrangibility of a portion of the incident light; but the yel-
lowish-green light which this substance reflects is really due to its metallicity and
not to the change of refrangibility, for the light emitted from the latter cause is red,
besides which it is totally different in other respects from regularly reflected light.

In conclusion, the author observed that the general fact of the reflexion of coloured
polarized pencils had been discovered by Sir David Brewster in the case of chrysam-
mate of potash*, and in a subsequent communication he had noticed, in the case of
other crystals, the difference of effect depending upon the azimuth of the plane of
incidencet. Accordingly, the object of the present communication was merely to
point out the intimate connexion which exists (at least in the case of the salt of
quinine) between the coloured reflexion, the double absorption, and the metallic
properties of the medium.

Note added during printing.—When the above communication was made to the
Association, the author was not aware of M. Haidinger’s papers on the subject of
the coloured reflexion exhibited by certain crystals. The general phenomenon of
the reflexion of oppositely polarized coloured pencils had in fact been discovered in-
dependently by M. Haidinger and by Sir David Brewster, in the instances, respectively’,
of the cyanide of platinum and magnesium, and of the chrysammate of potash. A
brief notice of the optical properties of the former crystal will be found in Poggen-
dorff’s ‘Annalen,’ Bd. Ixviii. (1846), S. 302, and further communications from M.
Haidinger on the subject are contained in several of the subsequent volumes of that
periodical. The relation of the coloured reflexion to the azimuth of the plane of in-
cidence was noticed by M. Haidinger from the first.

On the Theymal Effects of Air rushing through small Apertures.
By J. P. Jours, F.R.S. and Professor W. Toomson, M.A. F.R.S.Et

On the Sources of Heat generated by the Galvanic Battery.
By Professor W. Tuomson, W.A., F.R.S.E.

It has been stated as an objection to the chemical theory of the galvanic battery,
that the chemical action being the same in all elements consisting of zinc and any
less oxidizable metal, their electromotive force ought according to that theory to be
the same ; which is contrary to experience, the electromotive force of a zinc and tin
element in dilute sulphuric acid, for instance, being found by Poggendorff to be only

* Report of the Meeting of the British Association at Southampton, 1846, partii. p. 7.

T Ibid. Edinburgh, 1847, p. 5.

} This paper has been published in the Philosophical Magazine for December 1852.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 17

about half that of a zinc and platinum element in the same liquid. Mr. Joule in
1841 gave (in his paper on the heat of electrolysis) the key to the explanation of all
such difficulties, by pointing out that the heat must be generated in different quan-
tities by the electrical evolution of equal quantities-of hydrogen at equal surfaces of
different metals. The author of the present communication, reasoning on element-
ary mechanical and physical principles, from Faraday’s experiments, which show
that a zinc diaphragm in a trough of dilute sulphuric acid exercises no sensible
resistance to the continued passage of a feeble electric current, demonstrated that a
feeble continued current, passing out of an electrolytic cell by a zinc electrode, must
generate exactly as much more heat at the zinc surface than the same amount of current
would develope in passing out of an electrolytic cell by a platinum electrode, as a xinc-
platinum pair working against great external resistance would develope in the resistance
wire by the same amount of current. A series of experiments, commenced for illus-
trating this conclusion, were described and a few of the conclusions stated. It was
found that in two equal and similar electrolytic cells in the same circuit, which dif-
fered from one another in one of them having its exit electrodes of zinc, and the
other of platinum, very sensibly more heat was developed in the former than in the
latter, verifying so far the conclusion stated. By separating the two electrodes by
means of porous diaphragms, it was found that, at least with low strengths of cur-
rent, more heat was developed at the negative than at the positive electrode, when
both electrodes were of zinc; while when both were of platinum, much more heat
was found at the positive electrode than was found at the negative, for all strengths
of current, which gave sufficient thermal effects to be tested in this respect. The last-
mentioned result, which had not been anticipated by the author, appears to be in
accordance with experimental conclusions announced by De la Rive.

Many other results of a remarkable nature were obtained in a series of experi-
ments on the heat evolved in different parts of various electrolytic and chemical
electromotive arrangements, but much difficulty had been found in interpreting
them correctly on account of initial irregularities depending on “ polarization,”
which often appeared to last as long as the experiments could be continued without
introducing other sources of disturbance, and which produced marked effects on the
observed thermal phenomena.

This communication was brought forward principally for the purpose of calling
attention to what may be done if experimenters can be induced to undertake re-
searches on the evolution of heat in all parts of a galvanic battery or of any electro-
thermal apparatus, but partly also on account of the novelty of some of the results
which have been already obtained by the author.

On the Mutual Attraction between two electrified Spherical Conductors.
By Professor W. Tuomson, .A., F. RSL. & #.

In a previous communication by the same author at the last Oxford Meeting of
the Association, the attraction of a single electrified sphere, influenced by the presence
of another, on any external electric point, was shown to be the same as that due to
a converging infinite series of electric points in determinate positions within it, to
which the name of “ electrical images’”’ was given. Hence it is concluded that the
attraction of one sphere upon the other is equal to that of one infinite series of
electrical images upon another, and is immediately expressible algebraically by a
«< double series.”” Another method by which a single series is obtained to express the
required attraction, had been alluded to at the previous Cambridge Meeting, and worked
out to numerical results, which were published in November 1845, in the first Number
of the Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal. It was not until 1849 that
the author found a way of reducing the double series to a single one, and so suce
ceeded in arriving at the same form of result by the two methods. Detailed accounts
of both methods, with all the formule for completely working out the solution,
including the case of contact for which the series is not convergent, were commu-
nicated by letter to M. Liouville in the month of July of that year, and, not having
as yet been published, are now laid before the British Association. Similar methods
are applicable to determine the whole force experienced by either of two electrified

1852. 2

18 REPORT—1852.

spheres placed near one another and subjected to the influence of an electrified
point, whether in the line joining the centre of the spheres or not; but the formule
expressing the details were not brought forward.

On certain Magnetic Curves ; with applications to Problems in the Theories
of Heat, Electricity, and Fluid Motion. By Professor W. Tomson,
MA, F.RSL. & FE.

A method, which had been given by the author in the Cambridge Mathematical
Journal for integrating the differential equations of the lines of force in any case of
symmetry about an axis, is applied in this communication to the case of an infinitely
small magnet placed with its axis direct or reverse along the lines of force of a
uniform magnetic field. Diagrams containing the curves drawn accurately, accord-
ing to calculations founded on the result of this investigation, (corresponding to
series of ten or twelve different values given to the constant of integration,) were
exhibited to the Section. Certain parts of these curves were shown in a separate
diagram, as constituting precisely the series of lines of electric force about an insu-
lated spherical conductor under the influence of a distant electrified body ; and the
other parts, in a separate diagram, as constituting the lines of motion of a fluid mass
in the neighbourhood of a fixed spherical solid, at considerable distances from which

the fluid is moving uniformly in parallel lines so mry as to cause no eddies round.

the obstacle. The circle representing the section of the spherical conductor, in the
former of these diagrams, cuts the entire series of curves at right angles, with the
exception of one curve, which it cuts through a double point at an angle of 45° to
each branch. The circle representing the section of the spherical obstacle in the
latter diagram, along with two infinite double branches consisting of the axial dia-
meter produced externally in each direction, constitutes the limiting curve of the
series shown, and is not intersected by any of them. A series of diagrams (deduced
from the former of these by describing a circle of the same size as that shown in it,
and drawing, on a smaller scale, as much of the curves as lies without this circle,)
was shown as representing the disturbed lines of magnetic force about balls of ferro-
magnetic substance of different inductive capacities, placed in a uniform magnetic
field; and another series, similarly derived from the latter, (that is, the one repre-
senting the lines of fluid motion about a spherical obstacle,) was shown as represent-
ing the disturbance caused by the presence of diamagnetic balls of different inductive
capacities in a uniform magnetic field. These two series of diagrams are also accu-
rate representations of the lines of motion of heat in a large homogeneous solid
having heat uniformly conducted across it, as disturbed by spherical spaces occupied
by solid matter of greater or less conducting power than the matter round them ;
the two principal diagrams from which they are derived being the corresponding
representations for the cases of spherical spaces occupied respectively by matter of
infinitely great and infinitely small conductivity. The author called attention to
the remarkable resemblance which these diagrams bore to those which Mr. Faraday
had shown recently at the Royal Institution to illustrate his views regarding the
action of ferromagnetics and diamagnetics in influencing the field of force in which
they are placed ; and justified and illustrated the expression ‘conducting power for
the lines of force,”’ by referring to rigorous mathematical analogies presented by the
theory of heat.

On the Equilibrium of elongated Masses of Ferromagnetic Substance in
uniform and varied Fields of Force. By Professor W. Tomson, M.A,
FRSL. & E.

The fact, first discovered experimentally by Gilbert, that a bar of soft iton, held
by its centre of gravity in a uniform magnetic field, settles with its length parallel
to the lines of force, is not explained correctly when it is said to be merely due to
the property of magnetic induction in virtue of which the bar of soft iron becomes
temporarily a magnet like a permanent magnet in its position of stable equilibrium.
For exactly the same statement would be applicable to a row of soft iron balls rigidly

alt:

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 19

connected by 4 non-magnetic frame; yet such an arrangement would not experience
any directional tendency, (since no one of the balls in it would experience either a
resultant force or a resultant couple from the force of the field,) unless in virtue of
changes in the states of magnetization of the balls induced by their mutual actions.
Hence the mutual action of the parts of a row of balls, and, as is easily shown, of
a row of cubes; or of a bar of any kind, must be taken into account before a true
theory of their directional tendencies can be obtained. The author of this commu-
nication, by elementary mechanical reasoning founded on what is known with cer-
tainty regarding magnetic induction and magnetic action generally, shows that an
elongated mass, in a uniform magnetic field, tends to place its length parallel to the
lines of force, whetlier its inductive capacity be ferromagnetic or diamagnetic, pro-
vided it be non-crystalline, because if ferromagnetic it becomes more, or if diamag-
nétic, less intensely magnetized, if placed in such a position, than if placed with its
length across the lines of force. But for all substances, whether ferromagnetic or
diamagnetic, possessing so little capacity for induction as any of the known dia-
magnetics, this tendency, depending as it does on the mutual action of the parts of
the elongated mass, is, and probably will always remain, utterly imperceptible in
experiment. All directional tendencies in bars of diamagnetic substance which have
yet been, and probably all which can ever be discovered by experiment, are due
either to some magnecrystallic property of their substances, or to the tendency of their
ends or other moveable parts, from places of stronger towards places of weaker force,
in varied magnetic fields, or to these two catisés combined, and in no respect to the
inductive effects of the mutual influence of their parts. To consider the effects of a
want of uniformity of the force, in a varied field, on the equilibrium of a ferromag-
netic bar, the author quoted Faraday’s admirable statement of the law regarding the
tendency of a ball or cube of diamagnetic substance, and referred to former papers,
in which he had proved that, when applied to non-crystalline substances generally,
with the proper modification for the case of ferromagnetics, it expresses with admi-
rable simplicity the result of a mathematical investigation involving some of the
most remarkable principles in the theory of attraction. From this it was shown,
that if we conceive a ferromagnetic mass to be divided into very small cubes, each of
these parts would; of itself, tend towards places of stronger force, and therefore
that the bearing of the whole mass in a varied field will be produced partly by this
tendency and partly by the tendency depending on the mutual inductive influence
which alone exists when the field is uniform. The author then proceeded to illus-
trate these theoretical views by a series of experiments. In some of them a steel bar
magnet was used, and small soft iron wires, fixed in various positions on light wooden

arms; were shown to be sometimes urged on the whole from places of stronger to ©

places of weaker force by their tendency to get into positions with their lengths along
the lines of force. In others, a ring electro-magnet; consisting of insulated copper
wire, rolled fifty times round as closely as possible to the circumference of a circle
of the diameter stated, about 9 inches in diameter, fixed in a vertical plane at
right angles to the magnetic meridian, was used, and a single cube of soft iron,
placed in an excentric position on a long narrow pasteboard tray centrally sus-
pended in the field of force by unspun silk, was attracted into the plane of the
ring; but a row of three or four cubes placed touching one another in a line
through the axis of stispension, settled as far from the plane as possible, in virtue
of the tendency of an elongated mass to get its length along the lines of force.
Two cubes placed in contact are found to be in stable equilibrium in the plane of the
ring, or in oblique positions, or as far from the ring as possible, according to the
greater or less distances at which they are placed in the tray, from the point of
suspension. A number of equal and similar bars of a composition of wax and soft
iron filings of different ferromagnetic strengths, suspended successively with their
middle points in the centre of the magnet, settled in various positions. Those of
them which were of greatest ferromagnetic capacity settled perpendicular to the
plane of the ring or along the lines of force; others, with a smaller proportion of iron
filings, had positions of stable equilibrium both in the plane of the ring and perpen-
dicular to it; and others, with a still smaller proportion of iron filings, had their
sole positions of stable equilibrium in the plane of the ring. The last-mentioned
Ox

20 REPORT—1852.

experiments illustrated very curiously the diminished proportion borne by the effects
of mutual influence of the parts to those of a non-uniformity in the field of force, in
similar bodies of smaller ferromagnetic capacity.

On an Instrument for exhibiting the Colours of Liquids by Transmitted Light.
By R. W. Townsenp.

This consisted of a short portable trough for containing the liquids, at the ends
of which parallel mirrors being placed, by the reflexion of the visual ray or of
light backward and forward several times, the effect was produced of transmitting the
ray proceeding from the eye (or a beam of light) virtually through considerable
thicknesses of the liquid. The author had been led to construct this in order to test the
common explanation of the deep blue colour of the waters of the Rhone, where they
enter the Lake of Geneva, and in other places. But his experiment with the in-
strument did not lead to the conclusion that the natural colour of all pure water
was blue. Pure spring or rain water when perfectly clear exhibited no colour when
thus viewed ; but a sunbeam transmitted thus through the water received a beautiful
deep yellow-green colour. He verified the experiment by afterwards using a very
long trough without mirrors, and found the results the same.

On Molecular Action. By Joun Tynvatt, Ph.D., F.R.S.

In this investigation the author has examined the influence exerted by the peculiar
structure of wood upon the transmission of heat through the substance. A sen-
sitive thermoscope was found in a bismuth and antimony couple, and by means of
cushions of mercury which pressed upon the bodies under examination, perfect and
uniform contact was obtained. The bodies were reduced to the cubical form. Four
faces of each cube were parallel to the fibre of the wood; one pair of these faces
intersected the ligneous layers perpendicularly, and the other pair was parallel to the
layers. The velocity of calorific transmission was examined in the above three di-
rections, and the following law of action established by experiments on fifty-seven
different kinds of wood, both English and foreign :—

“« At all points not situate in the axis of the tree, wood possesses three rectangular
axes of calorific conduction: the first and greatest axis is parallel to the fibre of the
wood; the second and intermediate axis is perpendicular to the fibre and to the
ligneous Jayers which mark the growth of the tree; while the third and least axis
is perpendicular to the fibre and parallel to the layers.”

Two other systems of axes were pointed out by the author as existing in wood ;
the axes of cohesion and those of fluid permeability. In order of magnitude and
direction these axes coincide with the axes of calorific conduction, and all three
systems coincide with the axes of elasticity discovered by Savart.

On Poisson’s Theoretic Anticipation of Magnecrystallie Action.
By Joun Tynvatt, PA.D., FLRS.

Professor Wm. Thomson has drawn attention to the fact, that the discovery of
magnecrystallic action by Pliicker was anticipated in Poisson’s Theory of Magnet-
ism; and in a recent number of Liebig and Kopp’s Annual Report, the author’s
investigations are referred to as particularly confirmatory of this view. Dr. Tyndall,
however, conceives that the hypothesis of Poisson is by no means sufficient to
account for magnecrystallic phenomena. Poisson supposed that in crystallized
bodies the magnetic elements were possibly ellipsoidal; and conceiving the larger
axes of these ellipsoids all to lie in the same direction, he inferred that a differential
action, such as that first observed by Pliicker, would be the result. But exactly the
same results are obtained by a peculiar arrangement of the particles of amorphous

—

Pe am

bs

/

e
,
7
t
)

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 91

bodies. A wax model of calcareous spar was exhibited by Dr. Tyndall, the deport-
ment of which, as proved experimentally before the Section, was precisely the same
as that of a calc-spar crystal of the same size and shape. Similar experiments were
made with other substances, both magnetic and diamagnetic, and all went to esta-
blish the result—a result assented to by Prof. Thomson, who witnessed the experi-
ments—that the phenomena in question are not due to the shape of the molecules,
but ¢o their manner of arrangement.

AstTRoNoMy, METEORS, WAVES.

On the connexion between Geological Theories and the Theory of the Figure
of the Earth. By Henry Hennessy, WRLA.

As geology may be considered to embrace an examination of the form and struc-
ture of the earth, it follows that every correct geological theory must be capable of
explaining the greater as well as the lesser inequalities in the figure of our planet.
Certain geological theories being incompatible with the supposition that the earth
was originally in a state of fluidity, attempts have been made to account for its
spheroidal figure by the abrading action of the waters at its surface. It has been
shown by Playfair and Sir John Herschel that the earth wou!d from such causes
ultimately tend to assume the form of an oblate spheroid ; but neither of these emi-
nent mathematicians have presented such numerical results as would enable us to
compare the theory with observation satisfactorily. This the author has effected in
a paper communicated to the Royal Irish Academy, in which he deduces for the polar
compression, according to the theory in question, 3. The compression given by
measurements is 335 ; consequently it seems that the theory of the earth’s primitive
solidity must be rejected in favour of that of its primitive fluidity, which perfectly
agrees with observation.

The author also pointed out an inconsistency between the theory of the earth’s
primitive solidity and the theory of climates proposed by Sir Charles Lyell in order
to account for the diminution of temperature at the earth’s surface since early
geological epochs. This theory would require a gradual transport of matter from
the equator to the poles in order to account for a diminution of the heating surface
of dry land at the equator. Consequently on this theory the earth would tend to
become prolate instead of oblate. The author concluded by pointing out similar
objections to the geological views known as the Neptunian theory and the chemical

_ theory of volcanos.

Proposed Theory of the Origin of the Asteroids.
By James Nasmytu, F.R.A.S.

As the progress of science is frequently aided by advancing hypothetical views in
explanation of the cause of certain phenomena, Mr. Nasmyth desires to hazard a
suggestion as to the cause of the break-up of the original planet whose fragments, it
has been conjectured, form that numerous and remarkable group of small planets
revolving between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, some peculiarities of whose path
have led to the supposition that they must have parted company from a parent mass
at the same time and place. In order to render his views on this subject more clear,
he would refer to the well-known toy called a ‘‘ Prince Rupert Drop,” namely, a drop
of glass which has been let fall while in a semifluid state into water, by which the
surface of the glass-drop is caused to cool and consolidate with such rapidity that
the subsequent consolidation and contraction of the interior mass induces so high
a degree of tension between it and the exterior crust that the slightest vibration is
sufficient to overcome the cohesion of the external crust, and by so letting free the
state of tension cause the glass-drop to fly into thousands of fragments. Nor is

22 REPORT—1852.

this action confined to “ Rupert’s drop,’’ as we have examples of the same action in
our foundry operations in the case of masses of brittle metal, when the exterior of the
casting, by consolidating (as it always does before the interior) the after con-
traction of the interior of the mass, induces a sort of “‘ touch and go”’ state of tension,
which frequently results in- such castings flying into fragments in spite of their
apparent strength, either per se, or on the application of some force otherwise
totally inadequate to produce so destructive a result.

Now let us apply this action (which we find constant in the cooling of all masses
of brittle material) to the case of the supposed parent planet of the asteroids.

It appears to Mr. Nasmyth that we shall find in such the elements of a very feasible if
not the true explanation of the origin of thisremarkable and numerous group of planets,
namely, that the parent planet may haye consisted of such materials as that by the
rapid passing of its surface from the original molten condition to that of solidifica-
tion, while the yet fluid or semifluid interior went on contracting by the compara-
tively gradual escape of its heat into space through the solid crust, a state of tension
may thereby have been induced, such as that in the “ Rupert drop,” and that the
crust may have at last given way with such violence as to cause the fragments to
part company, and so pass whirling off into orbits slightly yarying from each other,
according to corresponding variations in the condition of each at the instant of
rupture. ; ;

The remarkable fact that the orbits of these asteroids have one common node or
point of coincidence causes us to look to some such explanation as has thus been
hazarded, and which perhaps may be entitled, in the mean time, to fill up a gap until
supplanted by a better explanation.

Drawings to illustrate Recent Observations on Nebule. By the HARL
oF Rosse. With Remarks by Rev. Dr. Ropinson.

Dr. Robinson stated that he had examined the drawings, which contain care-
ful delineations of several nebulz not previously examined, and certainly the
contemplation of them was well fitted to increase the obligations of the astrono-
mical world to Lord Rosse, as well as to fill every mind with astonishment at the
wondrous reyelations of his matchless telescope. - Each of them was a new proof of
a former statement of his, that this instrament would probably disclose forms of
stellar arrangement, indicating modes of dynamic action neyer before contemplated
in celestial mechanics. He referred to the drawings of M. 51, in which the spiral
or yorticose arrangement of the stars and unresolved nebule was first remarked in
its simplest form; and to others already published, where it presents itself under
conditions of greater complexity. He also referred to the important fact that the
class of planetary nebule might now be fairly assumed to have no existence, as all
of them which have been examined prove to be either annular or of a spiral charac-
ter. Thus M. 97, which was considered by Sir J. Herschel the finest specimen of
them, and seemed even in his 18-inch reflector a uniform disc, presents in the six-
feet a most intricate group of spiral arcs, disposed round two starry centres, looking
like the visage of a monkey. Among the new ones are H. 2241. It is a ring of
stars with a faiat nebula within, and a fine double star near its edge; H. 2075, of the
same kind, but with a bright star almost exactly central, and nine others round it,
evidently part of the same group. H. 450 is a most extraordinary object; the ring
exactly circular, its light mottled and flickering, and within it what is evidently a
globular cluster. Scarcely less surprising, but more magnificent from its association,
is the planetary at the edge of M. 46, which he had seen, though in a night not so
favourable as that must have been when the drawing was made. It is a resolvable
double ring, rather spiral, with a central star; and from the improbability of two
objects so rare as a splendid cluster, and one of these compound rings being casually
connected, it seems reasonable to think they constitute one system. The double
star, « Orionis, belongs also to this class, and he called attention to the absolute
darkness of the aperture in the nebula round the two stars, and that the larger of
them was at its edge instead of being central. He argued, from the remarkable dif-

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 93

ference between these objects as seen in the telescopes of Lord Rosse (even the three-
feet) and those of previous observers, how desirable it was that a complete review
of the nebulze should be made without loss of time. Even now much labour and
talent were expended in theorizing on the imperfect data given by instruments, which
though matchless in their time have now been surpassed. Among others he di-
rected the notice of the Section to H, 604, where the two clusters and the associated
epyals are projected into ellipses; and to H, 2205, in which the long-resolved ray, being
the most intense, was alone seen by Herschel, but the magnificent spirals and their
central stars escaped him. M. 65, H. 857, appear to be helices seen obliquely.
But the most curious one is M, 33, of which the centre is a triple star disposed as
an equilateral triangle among a mass of smaller, from which proceed eight or nine
spirals ; and round all is an enormous nebula, in which howeyer no spiral character
had yet been traced.

There were several examples of another singular system, nebulz streaked with
dark bands, such as Bond discoyered in the great nebula of Andromeda. H. 399, a
wisp; H, 1393, a long ray of most marvellous appearance; H, 218, an oblique with
sixteen or seyenteen dark transverse stripes; and H. 315, haying in the nebula a
cluster nearly insulated by offsets from the broad curved dark band, are among the
most surprising. But the number of these curious objects was so great that
time would only permit him to invite attention to H. 1052 and 1053, where the
cause of spirality had been interrupted by some other forces that bent the system at
a right angle and drew the nebula into a straight ray; to H. 444, a double resolved
nebula inclosed in a large and faint oval ring; and above all to M. 27, the “ Dumb
Bell” nebula as shown by the six-feet, with its brilliant two clusters of comparatively
large stars, its dark bands and the faint rings which surround it differing even more
from the picture of the three-feet than that does from the figure of Herschel,

In the name of the Section he thanked Lord Rosse, not merely for the pleasure
which they received from the sight of these wonders, but for the unremitted and
precious gifts which he was conferring on astronomy. Would he also increase their
gratitude by mentioning any improvements which he might have lately made in the
methods of suspending these large specule in their tubes or in the process of polish-
ing, the latter with reference to the possibility of its being practised with success by
persons who had not the long experience and mechanical knowledge of his Lordship ?

Lord Rosse adyerted to the peculiar conditions of equilibrium which must prevail
in these systems, or rather to the forces which are required to produce the peculiar
constitution which they indicate, and pointed out the difficulties of such an investi-
gation. It could however not be undertaken with advantage till we possess a much
more extended collection of data, to which he would contribute to the utmost of his
power. These drawings were based on measures carefully taken with a bar-micro-
meter (the only one available in such cases), and he believed they might be trusted.
He had already described the improvement effected by supporting the speculum on
its lever by eighty-one balls, and mentioned the striking fact, that with a speculum
weighing 32 tons a slight pressure of the hand would deform for a time the image
of a star. He had since effected a further improvement by supporting the edge of
the speculum in a hoop mounted in jimmals. As to polishing, he had recently made
many experiments with 3-feet specula in reference to the object of Dr. Robinson’s
question, and in particular had found, that, by increasing the speed of the second ex-
centric in his machine, the process was rendered so much more certain, that desiring
one of his workmen, a smith, to perform the whole process without any superintend-
ence on his part, he produced a speculum, not perhaps absolutely perfect, but capable
of doing excellent work. He had no doubt that any person of ordinary mechanical
capacity would be able to do as much with a little instruction, and he would be most
willing to give that instruction to any observer that might be placed in charge of a
large reflector. :

.

24 REPORT—1852.

METEOROLOGY.

Account of a remarkable Case of Mirage. By Sir Daviw Brewster, K.H.,
D.C.L., F.RS., § VuPRS. Edinb.

On the 21st of August, 1851, Miss F. E. went out on a drive with Mrs. and Miss
H., and leaving them ‘in the carriage, climbed to the top of the Mynydd, a high and
steep hill, rising about 500 feet above the valley of New Radnor, the summit round
and bare, the ground firm.

It was about half-past 2 p.m., and there was a bright hot sun.

After picking some flowers on the top of the hill, she went to a spot whence she
could see the road, the carriage and the ladies, and waved to them her “ victorine,”
which she held in her hand. Then, turning, she suddenly perceived a figure at the
distance of a few yards from her. It was standing on a wet spot, where there was
a little thin mist (probably steam) rising, and wavered a little, never remaining still ;
for which reason she did not think it was a real figure, though she says it had “a great
deal of bulk,” It was on a level with herself, and formed a species of triangle with
herself and the sun, F. looking towards the sun, but not directly to it. She thought
at first that the figure might be a delusion; it stood exactly facing her, and she first
discovered it to be her own image by perceiving that, like herself, it held a “ victo-
rine”’ and bunch of flowers in its hand.- She moved the hand with the nosegay, and
the figure did the same. The dress and the flowers were precisely similar to her
own, and the colours as vivid as in the reality. She could see the colouring and
the flesh; it was like looking at herself in a looking-glass.

She stood looking at and examining it for two or three minutes; then, hecoming
frightened, turned away from the figure and ran straight down the side of the hill
(which, though covered with turf, is of almost perpendicular steepness) without look-
ing behind her, to Mrs. and Miss H., to whom she said that she had ‘had such a
strange companion on the hill—herself.”” There was no mist around her when she
saw the figure; it hung only over the one spot.

Miss H. said, that she and her sister-in-law had remained in the carriage. Look-
ing up, she saw two figures on the top of the hill against the sky, at a few yards’
distance from each other. Being short-sighted, and the distance considerable, she
could distinguish nothing but this fact, and merely observed, that she wondered
what companion F. had met with. She then turned to talk to her companion, and
thought no more about the matter, until F. came running to them, considerably
alarmed, to tell them what she had seen. Mrs. H. saw the two figures as well as
her sister-in-law.

A little servant-boy who was with the carriage, saw F. run down the hill, falling
repeatedly, and appearing much frightened.

Miss F. E. returned a few days after to the same spot to see whether the appear-
ance would be renewed, but has never seen it again.

The figure of Miss E., thus distinctly seen by herself and others, was obviously
produced by reflexion from the mass of vapour rising from the wet ground on which
she stood. Sir David Brewster stated, on the authority of direct experiment, that
when the particles of vapour are sufficiently small, such as that produced by breathing
on a glass surface of nearly the same temperature as the breath, the surface of the
vapour reflects as distinct a picture as if it were the surface of water. The vapour
surface must have been considerably extended in the direction of Mrs. H.’s carriage
in order that the reflected rays might reach it.

On certain Phenomena of Diffraction. By Sir Davin Brewster, K.H.,
DCL, FRS., & VuPRS. Edinb.

In this communication the author pointed out some new and interesting phzno-
mena which he had observed. The diffracting body tapers like the point of a very fine
needle, which will be understood from the figure, which very imperfectly represents
the internal and external fringes as produced by a needle-point like MN. The ev-

“wht nia

_ pupil or of the object-glass.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 25

ternal fringes are represented by mn, m!n', and are convex outwards, or parallel to the
sides of the point MN. The inéernal fringes,
as seen by Grimaldi and Dr. Young, are shown
by the deep black lines between A and B.
These internal fringes, however, I have ob-
served extending far beyond the shadow in
fine hyperbolic curves, as shown between o
and p, and o and p’. They intersect the ex-
ternal ones, and give them the appearance
of screws or twisted cords. In homogeneous
light, where the fringes are alternately dark
and coloured, the dark fringes are dark at
their intersections, and the coloured ones coloured.

When the needle-point is illuminated by the spectrum, and the fringes viewed by
a lens, which is necessary to see them, we require to approach the lens to the fringes
m'n! on the violet side of the spectrum, and to withdraw it on the red side, in order
to see them distinctly. When this experiment is made with great care, I have
counted fwenty external fringes on each side of the shadow, which may always be
seen most distinctly by looking through the margin of the lens.

When the diffracting: body is an exceedingly small wire with parallel sides, the
internal fringes extend far beyond the shadow, mingling with the external ones, and
completely altering their colours and forms.

The internal fringes beyond the shadow, like those in it, disappear by intercepting
the light with a screen on the opposite side of the diffracting body.

In former notices on certain dark bands in the spectrum, the author noticed that
they resembled screws or twisted lines; and he infers from the preceding experi-
ments, that these bands may have a similar origin, that is, that they may be pro-
duced by the intersection of two systems of bands, or by portions of bands produced
by the ragged or uneven edge of the diffracting body.

In this communication Sir David stated that the bands which in former notices he
had considered as indicating an apparent polarity of light, were merely the internal
diffraction fringes produced by the edge of the plate, displaced, according to M.Arago’s
discovery, by the retarding action of the plate itself, and rendered visible through
the action of the prism in one position of the edge more than another. He had seen
the fringes under various circumstances, whether the diffracting edge was towards the
red or blue side of the spectrum, never having any dependence on the aperture of the

On four simultaneous Experiments in the Island of Bombay to determine the
Fall of Rain at different Hei ghts below 200 feet. By Dr.G. Burst. Com-
municated by Col. SYKEs.

‘Dr. Buist gave the details of the means which he adopted to ensure accurate re-
sults. No satisfactory conclusion could be drawn, because the gauges at the several
heights below and at 200 feet did not give uniform results; sometimes the most
elevated gauges having the greatest fall of rain, and at other times the lower
gauges having the greatest quantity. Nor did gauges at similar heights receive the
same quantity of rain.

On Atmospheric Daily and Yearly Fluctuations. By Dr. G. Butst.

The object of the author was to show from the annual and daily oscillations of
the barometer south of latitude 44° N., that the usually received opinion, that ‘‘ the
annual range of the barometer increased and that the daily fluctuations decreased as
the equator was receded from,”” was met by so many instances to the contrary as
to go far to invalidate the rule. Dr. Buist supplies a list of twenty-five stations
from lat. 43° 39’ N. to lat. 42° 52’S., in which the annual and daily ranges of the
barometer are given for the year, and for the summer and winter months. With
the exception, however, of Aden, Toronto, St. Helena, and Hobart Town, the stations
are confined to the continent of India and within 22 degrees of latitude north of the

26 REPORT—1852.

equator; and many of the stations are at very different elevations, which it is
known affects both the annual and the daily oscillations. Dr. Buist in his paper
discusses the exceptional cases to the supposed rule, and recommends them for
scientific consideration,

Communication from the Smithsonian Institution ‘on the Plan adopted for
investigating the Meteorology of North America.

Col. Sabine read a letter from Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution.
Accompanying the letter was a set of charts to illustrate the plan adopted by the
Institution. They gave the atmospheric changes in pressure, temperature, and
wind during a storm which commenced at the close of January 1851. The prin-
cipal object of this communication was to cause the British Association to procure
the establishment of a series of observations in the British possessions on that con-
tinent which may serve as an extension of those proceeding under the direction of
the Smithsonian Institution. The general plan is that originally proposed by Prof.
Mitchell of North Carclina, and used successfully by Prof. Loomis in the study of
two storms which occurred some years since. It consists in ascertaining the changes
of the several meteorological elements from the mean of the month in which the
storm occurs, and delineating on a series of charts all the phases and movements of
the atmosphere from the beginning of the disturbance to its end. As many of the
instruments used had not been compared and were not of the most improved con-
struction, it had been feared that no reliable results could be obtained. But this is not
the case: though the absolute mean temperature and pressure are not obtained, yet
facts of equal, if not greater interest, are deducible, namely, the changes from a
normal state. Thus the average (say for a month) can be deduced with sufficient
precision to afford important practical deductions. Though the zero-points may be
in error several divisions of the respective scales, they may give with sufficient accu-
racy the changes which occur at a given time, and thus furnish reliable data for de-
termining the dynamic phenomena of the atmosphere, though inadequate to furnish
statistical meteorological elements, The whole number of observers immediately
under the direction of this Institution is about two hundred; and a hope was ex-
pressed that the British Association and the Royal Society would aid by their co-
operation in extending the system by establishing corresponding observations in Her
Majesty’s possessions in America.

On the Aurora. By Lieut. W. H. H. Hoover.

The author believes the aurora borealis to be moisture in some shape (whether dew
or vapour, liquid or frozen), illumined by the heavenly bedies, either directly or |
reflecting their rays from the frozen masses around the pole, or even from the imme-
diately proximate snow-clad earth. This opinion he endeavoured to support by
facts and argument.

Notes on the Meteorology of Ireland, deduced from the Observations made at
the Coast-quard Stations under the direction of the Royal Irish Academy.
By the Rev. H. Liuoyp, D.D., FR.

In the year 1850 an application was made by the Royal Irish Academy to the
Government, requesting that meteorological and tidal observations should be made
by the officers of the Coast-guard Service, according to a prearranged plan, at cer-
tain selected stations on the coasts of Ireland, the Academy undertaking to furnish
the instruments and the instructions for their use. This application was promptly
acceded to by the Government; and in the course of the same year meteorological
instruments, previously compared with the standards belonging to the Dublin Mag-
netical Observatory, were conveyed to the several stations, and tide-gauges of a new
construction were erected. All the stations were subsequently visited by Members
of the Council of the Royal Irish Academy, who undertook the task of placing and
adjusting the instruments, and of training the observers in their use. At the same

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 27

time an application was made to the Board of Trinity College, and to the Heads of
the Queen’s Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway, requesting their cooperation in
the meteorological observations ; and a similar application was addressed to Dr. Robin-
son and Mr. Cooper, and to several private individuals who were known to be in-
terested in meteorologieal inquiries. These applications were, for the most part,
cheerfully acceded to, and the observations, upon the plan laid down by the Academy,
were commenced everywhere before the elose of the year,

Dr. Lloyd having been requested by the Council of the Academy to superintend
the reduction of the meteorological observations, some of the principal results to
which he has been conducted are given in the present communication.

The first point to which he invited the attention of the Section was the distribution
of mean temperature in Ireland at the different seasons of the year. On an exami-
nation of the mean monthly temperatures at the several stations, it was found that
those of the inland stations (Armagh, Markree, Portarlington and Athy) were in defect,
as compared with the corresponding coast stations; the defect being (as might be
expected) least in summer and greatest in winter. The daily and yearly ranges of
temperature are, of course, greater at the inland than at the coast stations.

Upon examination of the results at the coagt stations, it is found that there is a
decrease of mean yearly temperature, in proceeding northward, amounting to 3°°5;
the mean temperature at Castletownsend being 52°-2, and that of Buncrana 48°*7.
The rate of decrease is about 1° in 80 geographical miles.

Again, there is a decrease of mean yearly temperature, although not so rapid, in
proceeding eastward. Thus from Westport to Dublin, places nearly in the same
parallel of latitude, the decrease of temperature is 1°°3; the mean rate of decrease
in proceeding eastward being about 1° in 130 geographical miles. In consequence
of this variation, the mean temperature of the western coast of the island exceeds
that of the eastern by about 2°.

The following are the angles which the isothermal lines form with the meridian
at the several seasons of the year :— :

Spring...e..... S. 63°
Summer ......... N. 77°
Autumn we... S. 27°
Winter ........ Be Fe

It thus appears that the direction of the isothermals makes a wide oscillation in the
course of the year, viz. through an angle of about 80°, their mean direction for the
entire year being S. 57° E. It appears, further, that their two extreme positions are
in the consecutive seasons of summer and autumn.

The latter conclusion, startling as it is at first sight, is completely explained by the
form and annual movement of the isothermal lines, as shown in Dove’s maps. In
fact, there is a rapid flexure of these lines in the neighbourhood of the British
islands in the autumn and winter months, the lines (as we follow them eastward)
first tending to the N.E., and then, after a sudden bend, taking a S.E. course. Now
this flexure, which is due to the influence of the Gulf-stream, begins to manifest itself
in the month of September, and the maximum advances westward with the advance
of the season; so that the ascending and descending branches of the curve pass
through Ireland at a short interval. It is to this flexure that we owe, in this country,
the mildness of our winter climate. :

The next point connected with the meteorology of Ireland referred to by Dr. Lloyd,
was the mean elusticity of vapour and the mean humidity, The maximum elastic
force of vapour occurs, as might have been expected, at the southern stations,
Cahirciveen and Castletownsend; and the minimum at the northern, Buncrana and
Armagh. The mean elastic force of vapour in Ireland, during the year 1851, was
*314 of an inch of mercury; and the extreme variation depending on position was
046.

If we divide the actual elasticity of vapour by the maximum elastic force corre-
sponding to the temperature, we obtain the measure of the humidity, The humidity
is, as we know, very great in Ireland; its mean yearly value for the whole of Ireland
being ‘86. The driest stations are, as might be expected, on the eastern coast, and

the most humid on the western.

28 REPORT—1852.

The total amount of rain, at the several stations, for the year 1851, is as follows :-—

Station. Rain in inches,
Portarlington..... =Rhnaos 21°2
20-25 { Kitlough oe iin weve 23°2
Dublin ...... cbuésoeuswen ee OS:
SA iv aNesaesatds ene see wees GOAT
aeoaee Donaghadee ............ 27°9
Courtown ......06 Poste: 29°6
ACPD (adc ceo ccinastec'e's dae ORO
Armagh ...ccececsseseoees 33°1
30-359 Killybegs ssss-cssseesss 33°2
Dunmore ....sccceseeess 33°5
‘ IPGEEDUSN) Feacseessuicanies 37°2
35—40 { Buncrana ...cecscceeeees 39°3
Markee... adac deactsensess 40°3
BPS { Castletownsend......... 42°5
45—50...Westport ..seeeeereeeees 45°9
50—60...Cahirciveen ......... aoe 59°4

It will be seen from the foregoing table— ©

1. That there is great diversity in the yearly amount of rain at the different sta-
tions, all of which (excepting four) are but a few feet above the sea-level; the
greatest rain (at Cahirciveen) being nearly three times as great as the least (at
Portarlington).

2. That the stations of least rain are either inland or on the eastern coast; while
those of greatest rain are at or near the western coast.

3. That the amount of rain is greatly dependent on the proximity of a mountain
chain or group, being always considerable in such neighbourhood, unless the station
lie to the N.E. of the same. A

The author illustrated this last position by reference to the map prepared by
Captain Larcom, at the instance of the Land-tenure Commissioners, in which degrees
of elevation, differing by 250 feet, are distinguished by different shades of colour.
Thus, Portarlington lies to the N.E. of Slieve-bloom, Killough N.E. of the Mourne
range, Dublin N.E. of the Dublin and Wicklow range, and so on. On the other
hand, the stations of greatest rain, Cahirciveen, Castletownsend, Westport, &c. are
in the vicinity of high mountains, but on a different side.

If we assume the proportion of rain at the different stations to be constant, or
nearly so, the preceding numbers may all be reduced to their mean values by multi-
plying by the factor, which expresses the relation of the rain of 1851 to the mean at
any one station. The following table gives the yearly fall of rain in Dublin for the
last eleven years :—

Year. Rain in inches. Year. Rain in inches.
SA toeeewusin civs'sejs 27°05 NS Aecsccaccacree 25°80
TGs cc che ceases 28°08 TEAS D esanscavemun 34°11
GES ee ceivcesrasias PA rp SAO Ree eect cones 29°80
SAA. cwesesecscies 28°38 TSSOP, ccoaesecuaen 24°16
1s Va eaingede pastas (OU NSDilteveasuraewcete 26°40
SAG ada cccdes sac 36°09 —

Mean.... 29°01

On this assumption, therefore, the mean yearly rain at any station will be found
: ; : 29°01
by multiplying the number of inches which fell in 1851 by 1°1 (=iea0)- The
greatest mean monthly fall of rain in Dublin occurs in October, and its amount is
3°34 inches; the least mean monthly rain is in February, its amount being 1°74
inches.

The last point adverted to by Dr. Lloyd, as deduced from these observations, was
the evidence which they afford of the frequent occurrence of cyclonic movements in
the atmosphere. The observations being simultaneous at all the stations, such
movements are at once detected by a comparison of the directions of the wind at the

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 29

same moment at the different stations ; and it thus appears that the rotatory move-
ment of the air, which constitutes a cyclone, is by no means confined to the more
violent currents, but may be traced even in the gentlest breeze. The author con-
cluded with some remarks on the physical characters of these aérial movements ;
and he showed in what manner the results of observation should be combined by

the method of least squares, so as to deduce the direction and velocity of the centre
of the vortex.

Monthly Amount of Rain from the Register, Armagh Observatory.

Days on! sum of
Anno,} Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May. |June.| July.| Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. bia in.
rain fell.

inch, | inch. | inch.| inch. | inch. | inch. | inch. | inch. | inch. | inch. | inch. | inch.

1840. | 4°935 | 2*751 | 0°463 | 0°760 | 3°025 | 2°501 | 3°154 | 2°656 | 2°424 | 1°256 | 3°448 | 2°818 161 | 30°192
1841, | 2°004 | 2°265 | 3°649 | 1°699 | 1°549 | 2°597 | 2-353 | 2°896 | 2*314 | 4-001 | 37024 | 3°503 196 | 31°858
1842. | 2°794 | 2:726 | 4-226 | 0-032 | 4:076 | 2°419 | 3-009 | 2°976 | 2°850 | 1:977 | 4*706 | 3:005 191 | 34°800
1843. | 2°245 | 1:269 | 1-930 | 2929 | 3-944 | 3°344 | 4°160 | 3°841 | 1°223 | 3°995 | 3°188 | 2°243 183 | 34°311
1844, | 2°636 | 3°239 | 2°888 | 1°669 | 0°042 | 4°472 | 2:360 | 3°067 | 2°226 | 4°351 | 3:002 | 0°532 180 | 30°487
1845. | 4°985 | 1°326 | 1°622 | 3°156 | 0°391 | 5°566 | 3°628 | 1°877 | 2829 | 4°841 | 4°755 | 5°256 189 | 41°232
1846. | 4°579 | 1°864 | 3°793 | 2:848 | 1°684 | 2°104 | 3°854 | 3°551 | 3°353 | 4-931 | 3°297 | 1°632 186 | 37°967
_| 1847. | 3°027 | 1°974 | 1°461 | 3°147 | 2°482 | 1°912 | 1:083 | 1°096 | 2°665 | 3°778 | 3°775 | 5°856| 210 | 32°258
1848. | 1°867 | 6°754 | 3°769 | 3°320 | 1-239 | 2°733 | 3°920 | 3-476 | 2°379 | 3°147 | 3°698 | 3°011 221 | 39'313
1849. | 6°302 | 2°507 | 1°483 | 2°091 | 3°004 | 0°870 | 3°977 | 2°81 | 3°554 | 4°387 | 2°726 | 3°256| 230 | 37°048
1850. | 4°083 | 5°935 | 1°235 | 3°507 | 2°414 | 2°371 | 3°142 | 2°720 | 2°731 | 2°240 | 3:214 | 2°462| 238 | 35°134
1851. | 5°528 | 2°827 | 2°547 | 1°538 | 1°915 | 3°452 | 3°655 | 2°809 | 2°438 | 2°898 | 1°405 | 2°113 233 | 33°125

Mean, | 3-749 | 2879 | 2-492 | 2-225 | 2*230 | 2*862 | 3191 | 2°821 | 2580] 3°484 | 3°353 | 2°974 |

On the Fata Morgana of Ireland. By Mr. M‘Faruanp.

These singular illusions are termed in the Irish language Duna Feadhreagh, or
Fairy Castles. As proof that the Morgana had appeared as an island, either resting
or floating on the sea prior to 1185, Mr. M‘Farland read a passage from the topo-
graphical history of that country, by Giraldus Cambrensis (lib. ii. c. 12). He then
referred to the “‘ Miranda loca, que vidit St. Brandanus in Oceano,”’ to which Usher
alludes in his ‘ De Hibernia’ (p. 813), and quoted an unpublished History of Ire-
land, composed about 1636 (and now remaining in MS. in the Library of the
Royal Irish Academy at Dublin), that speaks of an “ Iland which lyeth far att sea,
on the west of Connaught, and sometimes is perceived by the inhabitants of the
Owles and Iris; also from St. Helen Head, beyond the haven of Calbeggs (Killibegs,
Donegal). Likewise, severall seamen have discovered it att sea as they have sailed
on the western coasts of Ireland.’”? Mr. M‘Farland also read from the Chronogra-
phical Description of Connaught, written in 1684, by Roderick O‘Flagherty, and
published by the Irish Archeological Society, in which it is recorded (p. 68), that,
“From the Isles of Arran and the West continent, often appears visible that en-
chanted island, called O’Branil, and in Irish Beg-ara, or the Sessen Arran, set down
in cards of navigation. * * There is, westward of Arran, in sight of the next conti-
nent, Skerde, a wild island of huge rocks ; these sometimes appear to be a great city
far off, full of houses, castles, towers, and chimneys ; sometimes full of blazing flames,
smoke, and people running to and fro. Another day you would see nothing but a
number of ships, with their sailes and riggings; then so many great stakes or reekes
of corn and turf.”’ Mr. M‘Farland next cited the ‘ History of the Parish of Ramoan
(Ballycastle),’ by the Rev. Wm. Conolly (1812), in which it is stated, that the
author had received a minute description of the Fata Morgana from several persons
who saw it, on different summer evenings, along the shore of the Giant’s Causeway ;
shadows resembling castles, ruins and tall spires darted rapidly across the surface of
the sea, which were instantly lengthened into considerable height ; they moved to the
eastern part of the horizon, and at sunset totally disappeared. This work makes
mention of an earlier one (of 1748), by a gentleman who resided near the Causeway,
and which presented a long account of an enchanted island, annually seen floating
along the coast of Antrim. Reference was afterwards made to ‘ Plumptree’s Nar-
rative’ (of 1817), as showing that, at Rathlin—a considerable island opposite to
Ballycastle—a belief then prevailed, that a green island rose every seventh year, out

30 REPORT—1852.

of the sea, between it and the promontory of Bengore; the inhabitants asserting that
many of them had distinctly seen it, crowded with people selling yarn, and en-
gaged in various other occupations common toa fair. The notes to the second book
of Dr. Drummond’s poem on the ‘ Causeway’ were also glanced at, as containing an
account of other cases of the Fata Morgana, by the Bushfoot Strand and Tor-point.
So, a person still living (and whose name; &c. were given) conceived that he had a
sight of the floating isle off Fair-Head; that it seemed to be well-wooded; and that
he could distinguish upon it the forms of buildings, and a woman laying out clothes,
Mr. M‘Farland then mentioned that, in June 1833, he himself and a party of friends,
when stariding on a tock at Portbalintrea, perceived a small rothdish island as if in
the act of emerging from the deep, at a distance of a mile from the shore; at first it
appeared but as 4 green field, afterwards it became fringed with red, yellow and
blue; whilst the forms of trees, men and cattle rose upon it slowly and successively ;
and these continued for about a quarter of an hour, distinct in their outlines, shape
and colour; the figures, too, seemed to walk across it, or wandered among the trees,
the ocean bathed it around, the sun shone upon it from above; and all was fresh,
fair, and beautiful, till the sward assumed a shadowy form, and its various
objects, mingling into one confused whole, passed away as strangely as they came.
Further, Morgana had occasionally assumed the semblance of a beautiful bridge
that spanned the Sound between the Skerry rocks and the strand at Portrush,
and having people passing and repassing over it. A particular instance of
this was Stated, as well as of the appearance of the sea, at Ballintoy, of what
resembled a city with its streets; houses, spires, &c. Two occasions were then spe-
cified, in which the Fata had been seen in the sky—the one in the summer of 1847,
over the Ferry at Lough Foyle, and the other on the 14th of December 1850, near
to the Bannmouth; and in the course of which the images of troops, ships, &c.
were reflected on the clouds. Four other cases of the Aérial Morgana were adduced,
as witnessed about the town and coast of Waterford in 1644, and at the close of the
last arid commencement of the present centuries, atid taken from the ‘ Voyages and
Observations’ of M. le Gown, Brewer’s “‘ Beauties of Ireland ” (vol. ii. p. 307; n.),
and the 13th volume of the Phil. Mag., Old Series. Mr. M‘Farland considéted that
these various exhibitions of the Fata Morgana might all be accounted for by apply-
ing to those parts of the coast on which they had been displayed; the theories of
Minasi and M. Honel, as advanced by them in explanation of similar phenomena
seen on and about the Strait of Messina. The Northern Channel of Ireland presents,
to a very great degree, the same data as regards shape, indentations, currents, and
bituiien, as that strait does, and on which their theories rest; and he believed that,
to some extent at least, so did the sea in the neighbourhood of the isles of Arran
~ afid towh of Waterford. Where the Marine Morgana was found, the Aérial might
be expected, aiid the Prismatic was a mere corollary to the first.

————w

On the Causes of the Excess of the Mean Temperature of Rivers above that of
the Atmosphere, recently observed by M. Renou. By W. J. Macquorn
Rankine, C.F, F.RSE.

M. Renow having for four years observed the temperature of the River Loir at
Vendéme, as compared with that of the atmosphere, has found that the mean teim-
perature of the river invatiably exceeds that of the air, by an amount varying from
14 to 3 Centigrade degrees, and averaging 2°24 Centigrade; anda similar result has
been deduced from obsetvations made by M. Oscar Valin on the Loire at Tours.
M. Renou and M. Babinet account for this fact by the re-radiation from the bed of
the river of solar heat previously absorbed by it.

Mf. Rankine thinks this supposition inadequate to account for the facts ; because
the excess of temperature of the river over the air was considerably above its mean
amount in November, and very near its maximum in December; and because the
mean diurnal variation of temperature of the river was much less than that of
the air. He cofisiders that friction is probably one cause of this elevation of
temperature; for if water descends in a uniform channel, with a uniform
eaams from a higher level to a lower, the whole power due to its descent is
expended in overcoming friction; that is to say, is converted into heat, as the expe-

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 31

riments of Mr. Joule have proved. This must cause an elevation of temperature,
which will go on until the loss of heat by radiation, conduction, and evaporation
balances the gain by friction, and at this point the temperature of the river will
remain stationary.

Meteorological Summary for 1851, at Huggate, near Pocklington.
By the Rev. T. RANKIN.

This, as usual, contained a summary for the year of the thermometer, barometer,
hygrometer, rain-gauge, atmospheric waves, winds, aurore, and meteors observed
at Huggate. It also contained a brief notice of eclipses.

On an Aurora observed at Huggate. By the Rev. T. Ranxin.

On the Aurora Borealis. By Rear-Admiral Sir Joun Ross.

This explanation of auroras is the same as that which was formerly given by Sir
John Ross at the Dublin Meeting in 1835.

On the Formula for the Wet-bulb Thermometer. By Capt. STRACHEY.

The author stated objections to the principle on which Dr. Apjohn’s formula
had been investigated; affirmed that this formula was found not applicable to
the high temperatures and dew-points observed in India, and proposed a correction
in that part of the process which involves the difference of the number of degrees
of the dry and wet bulbs.

On Tropical Hurricanes. By Dr. J.. Taytor.

The author began by stating the observed facts as to these hurricanes. They
begin from 10° to 20° from the equator, but are not observed at it. A hot, sultry
and calm state of the atmosphere, with a low barometric pressure, indicates their
occurrence, or immediately precedes them. The force of the wind increases as the
centre of the area over which the action of the hurricane extends is approached.
The author then poizited out the inconsistency of the theory of Mr. Espy and other
American philosophers with the facts observed, and particularly that a ship situ-
ated in a Storm of the structure which that theory supposed would find the wind to
bear in either direction indifferently in the northern or the southerh hemisphere;
which is contrary to experience; for the direction of the whirl in the northern
hemisphere is always contrary to the motion of the hands of a watch; while in the
southern it was as constantly in the same direction for the true cyclone. He stated
his conviction that the opinion which is alone consistent with all the facts is, that
the movement of the air is one of revolution round a central space which is itself in
a state of progressive motion; and that the direction of the rotatory movement is
invariable in the same hemisphere. The author then sketched the causes which
might give rise to such a rotatory movement; particularising the hypothesis of Dove
and others, viz. that of contending currents, and showing its utter iricompetence ;
and proceeded to give the theory which he proposed of them, viz. that the partial
vacuum indicated by the low state of the barometer over the area of the storm, arid

* particularly towards the vortex, is not the effect of centrifugal force, but the original
cause of the movement, by inducing a translation of air from beyond the boundary of
the partial vacuum inward towards its centre,—a motion which would occur in directly
converging right lines were the earth and air at rest; but the earth being in motion,
and therefore the area of the hurricane turning round with regard to its own centre,
the velocity of such movement being greater for a particle of air at a distance from
that centre than for one nearer, as the particles approach it, they retain their greater
velocities, and thus move not in radial lines, but in diminishing circles or spirals
round the centre, which would be the case were the particles of air only to retain
their primitive velocity of rotation; but by the principle of the conservation of areas,
the velocity would increase more and more as the centre of the vortex was approached.

32 REPORT—1852.

The author then traced the consequences of such combined motions, by supposing the
disturbance to commence first around one of the poles of the earth, and then by
tracing the change of circumstances which must take place in other latitudes; and
asserted, that by calculating by these suppositions, using as data the well-ascertained
dimensions of the area over which cyclones extended, a relative movement of the air
over the earth, even greater than any that had ever been observed in violent hurri-
canes, might result. He concluded by showing how an experiment which he had
prepared might be performed, so as to exhibit the more striking effects of a hurricane
in water, by giving a whirling motion to a wide vessel of water furnished with a
valve in the bottom, at a distance from the axis, which could be withdrawn. He
also stated his conviction, that the phenomena of sea and land breezes would yet be
found to partake of the rotatory character.

Aurora Borealis observed at St. Ives, Hunts. By J. K Warts.

This is a record of four displays of the aurora on the 26th of March, 1851, and on
the 19th and 21st of February, and the 21st of March, 1852.

MIscELLANEOUS.

On an Instrument for Drawing. By Henry TwInine.

The use of the instrument is to assist in obtaining correct representations of ob-
jects from nature, by pointing out the different angles at which they present them-
selves to the eye, and by finding out the vanishing points of their retiring sides.

The instrument consists of a graduated semicircular plate placed horizontally
on the top of a rod or pillar, so as to be raised or lowered at pleasure. Above
this plate or dial is placed another having a vertical position, in connexion with
which there is an index or needle, moving vertically on a pivot, and which
serves to mark the elevation and the depression of any point above or below the
horizon. Also connected with the horizontal plate or dial is another index, con-
sisting of three branches or wires placed at right angles, and which is susceptible of
a horizontal motion. Its position is immediately above the horizontal graduated
plate. The straight side of this plate is placed parallel with the picture, the angular
dimensions of which are marked on the graduated semicircle opposite. The cross
wire of the index above the plate is then so directed, that, to the observer’s eye, it
will correspond exactly with a given line of any object in nature of which it is
wished to obtain the direction, or, in other words, the inclination with reference to
the plane of the picture. A plan recommended by Varley for attaining this purpose,
is to give to one of the limbs of a jointed rule the inclination which any receding
line in nature may appear to have to the eye; but with the instrument now described
we reverse the method, as it were, for we adjust the direction of a wire which is
level, so as to correspond with the horizontal line of any retiring object, and then we
find out, on the graduated plate connected with the wire, the exact position of the
vanishing points of these objects, that is to say, those points to which their various
horizontal lines converge. Thus the true inclination of all horizontal lines is
obtained by finding out, in the first place according to a simple method, but which
cannot here be fully detailed, the vanishing points of all level lines of objects.

The advantages of this instrument may be considered to consist in accustoming
the student to view the perspective of objects theoretically, and in a manner calcu-
lated to impress its principles on the mind; the horizontal plate and index serving
to convey clear and precise notions of the relations of the vertical surfaces of objects
to the plane of the canvas, whilst the vertical plate and needle serve to give the
angular elevation and depression of objects, or their extension above or below the
horizon ; a correct representation of nature, under various circumstances, requiring
a perfect familiarity with both these principles.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 33

CHEMISTRY.

On the Discovery of Minute Quantities of Soda by the Action of Polarized
Light. By Professor Tuomas Anprews, M.D., MRA, FLRS.,
V.P. Queen’s College, Belfast.

Tue double chloride of potassium and platinum crystallizing in regular octahedrons,
exercises, when placed in the dark field of the polariscope, no depolarizing action;
and the same remark applies to the bichloride of platinum in consequence of its im-
perfect crystallization. On the other hand, the chloride of sodium and platinum in
thin crystalline plates is remarkable for its depolarizing power, and a trace of this salt,
which is invisible to the naked eye, may be at oncé detected by the brilliant display
of prismatic colours which it exhibits under the action of polarized light. The author
applies this property to the detection of soda in the following way. The other bases
having been removed by the ordinary methods, and the alkalies converted into chlo-
rides, a drop of the solution is placed on a glass slide, and a very small quantity of
a dilute sclution of the bichloride of platinum added, avoiding as far as possible an
excess of that reagent. The drop is then evaporated by a gentle heat till it begins to
crystallize, and afterwards placed in the field of a microscope furnished with a good
polarizing apparatus. On turning the analyser till the field becomes perfectly dark,
and excluding carefully the entrance of light laterally, the crystals remain quite invi-
sible if either potash alone or no alkali whatever be present; while the presence of
the slightest trace of soda is at once indicated by the depolarizing action of its pla-
tinum compound. With a drop of solution of chloride of sodium, weighing 0-0015

gramme, and containing TT of its weight of chloride of sodium, a very distinct
effect was obtained. The quantity of soda thus detected was only ;. of a gramme,

1
or about Prd

of a grain.
On the Atomic Weights of Platinum and Barium.
By Professor T. ANDREws, M.D., M_R.ILA., F.R.S.

No determination of the atomic weight of platinum having been made since the
recent revision of atomic weights, and the number adopted by chemists for that metal
resting on the authority of a single experiment of Berzelius, the author considered it
of importance, on practical as well as theoretical grounds, to institute some new expe-
riments on the subject. The salt of platinum selected was the double chloride of
potassium and platinum, which, after being dried in vacuo at a temperature of 105° C.,
was decomposed by digestion with metallic zinc and a small quantity of water, the
action being assisted by the application of heat towards the end of the process. After
the complete precipitation of the platinum and the formation of chloride of zinc from
the decomposition of the double salt, the excess of zinc was removed by the addition,
first of acetic and subsequently of nitric acid. The precipitated platinum was then
removed by means of a small and carefully washed filter, and the amount of chlorine in
the solution of chloride of zinc ascertained by Gay-Lussac’s process, which has been
of late so successfully applied by Pelouze to the determination of several other
atomic weights. The double chloride of potassium and platinum was found to retain
varpdths of its weight of moisture, even when dried at a temperature considerably supe-
rior to the boiling-point of water. In three experiments performed by this process,
the numbers obtained were 98°93, 98-84, and 99-06; the mean number 98°94 ex-
presses therefore the atomic weight of platinum.

For the atomic weight of barium, the author obtained from two closely-accordant
experiments the number 68°789, and concluded with some general observations as to
the importance of a systematic series of experiments to settle, if possible, definitively,
whether the law of Prout, that the atomic weights of all bodies are multiples of that
of hydrogen, be universally true. He concluded by reading an interesting extract
from a letter which he received from Baron Liebig :—‘ It is not certain that Prout’s
law may not be true for oxygen, nitrogen and carbon, without it being necessary to
assume, as a consequence, that other bodies behave similarly ; that is, their atomic
weight must be exactly multiples by whole numbers of the atomic weight of hydrogen.
The law is certainly not true of all bodies, but it may be true of certain groups, whose
members, in respect to atomic weight, stand in a simple numerical relation to each

1852. 3

34 REPORT—1852,

other. The atomic weights of silicium, cobalt, strontium, tin, arsenic and lead, are in
the same ratio as the numbers 1:2:3:4:5:7. We do not see the necessity of this
relation, but only the possibility. Why should fractional numbers only occur, and not
whole numbers also? TI consider these relations only as facts; the law of the numbers
themselves is quite unknown to us—as unknown as the absolute weights of the atoms.”

On the Microscopic Structure of certain Basaltic and Metamorphic Rocks,
and the Occurrence of Metallic Iron in them. By Professor T. ANDREWS,
M.D., MRIA., ERS.

If a thin splinter of basalt is viewed by reflected light in the field of a good micro-
scope, it is seen to consist of a semitransparent granular mass, containing occasionally
opake crystals of the magnetic oxide of iron and of iron pyrites. The former are easily
recognized by their dark colour, metallic lustre, and the triangular and striated facets
of the regular octahedron ; the latter, by their yellow colour and cubical form. The
semitransparent portion which forms the great mass of the stone evidently consists of
two distinct minerals; one having a resinous lustre, and in microscopic characters
closely resembling crystallized augite; the other, colourless and with a glassy lustre,
might be referred to certain varieties of felspar or of zeolite, These remarks apply
to the compact varieties of basalt.

The metamorphic rock of Portrush—an indurated clay-slate containing the charac-
teristic fossils of the lias formation, and in external characters closely resembling
Lydian stone—exhibits under the microscope a very different appearance. It is
formed, in fact, of a semitransparent paste of homogeneous structure, everywhere
thickly studded with innumerable microscopic cubes of iron pytites. These crystals
are very perfectly formed, but so minute that twenty of them may frequently be
counted in the space of ;35dth part of a square inch, the sides of the crystals being on
an average not more than ;;55dth of an inch in length. Ifa portion of any of these
rocks be reduced, in a porcelain mortar, to a tolerably finer but not impalpable powder,
and a magnet be passed several times through the powder, magnetic particles will be
found adhering to the magnet, in greater or less abundance, according to the nature
of the rock. On removing these magnetic particles and placing them in the field of
the microscope, they exhibit distinct polarity and all the other characters of the mag-
netic oxide of iron. This mineral may be separated by the above simple process, not
only from basalt, but from granite, clay-slate, primitive limestone, hardened chalk,
magnesian limestone, and many metamorphic rocks. In short, it is one of the most
widely- diffused minerals in nature, occurring in almost every rock which exhibits
evidence of igneous action. The author was only able however to discover a doubtful
trace in roofing-slate, serpentine and marble.

After referring to the few instances in which metallic iron, not of meteoric origin,
is alleged to have been observed, the author proceeded to describe the process by
which he has succeeded in showing that native iron is by no means an uncommon
constituent of basaltic rocks. The stone is first reduced to powder in a porcelain
mortar, the use of metallic tools being carefully avoided in every part of the operation.
The magnetic portions are then removed, as in the process for separating the oxide of
iron, and placed in the field of the microscope. While in the field, they are moistened
with an acid solution of sulphate of copper, which produces no change on the oxide,
but immediately indicates the presence of the slightest trace of metallic iron by a
deposition of metallic copper. On making this experiment, a deposit of copper occa-
sionally occurred in irregular crystalline bunches, perfectly opake, and with the
characteristic colour and lustre of that metal. With neutral solutions of the copper
salt this deposit very rarely occurred, indicating either that the iron is covered with a
film of oxide, or that it is analogous in properties to the meteoric alloy which precipi-
tates copper from acid, but not from neutral solutions. If instead of the copper
solution dilute sulphuric acid be added to the magnetic particles, a slight effervescence
at particular points frequently indicates the presence of the metallic iron; and on add-
ing solution of copper while the disengagement of gas continues, the latter is suddenly
arrested, and a bright deposit of metallic copper appears at the same points. The
jargest deposit of copper obtained was abont =1,th of an inch in diameter. The most
‘abundant indications of metallic iron were obtained from a coarse-grained variety of
basalt, which forms the hill of Slieve Mish in Antrim, and also occurs at the Maiden
Rocks and other localities. Indications of its presence in the basalt of the Giant’s

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 35

Causeway, the lias slate of Portrush, and the trachyte of Auvergne have also been
obtained. :

This experiment is liable to the ambiguity that nickel and cobalt, in a state of very
fine subdivision, also precipitate copper, and would also be extracted from a powder
containing them by passing a magnet through it. The extreme improbability of
either of these metals being present is such, that the author considers it scarcely to
weaken the conclusions at which he has arrived.

On the Results of Analysis of a Substance resembling the Pigolite of Professor
Johnston. By Professor James Apsoun, M.D., M.R.LA.

Is the Mechanical Power capable of being obtained by a given Amount of
Valorie employed in the production of Vapour independent of the Nature of
the Liquids? By Professor James Arsoun, M.D. MRA.

On Glynn and Appel’s Patent Paper for the prevention of Piracy and
Forgery by the Anastutie Process. By SAMUEL BATESON.

On Irish-bog Butter. By James S. Brazier, F.CS.

‘The substance bearing this name is found accidentally in the various boggy districts
of Ireland, sometimes also in Scotland, and is usually preserved in small kegs, in
which the matter had most probably been originally deposited. Nothing appears to
be known as to what this substance formerly was, or the time of its deposit. The
specimen supplying the materials for Mr. Brazier’s experiments was found in the
neighbourhood of Belfast. In Berzelius’ R&gport for 1847, is found an examination
of another specimen of this substance by M. Luck, under the name of “ Bogie Acid,”
who describes it as whitish, of low specific gravity, and of a peculiar odour. He fixes
the fusing-point of the purified body at 51° Cent. (124° F'ahr.). He mentions also that
its reaction to litmus paper is acid, and gives for the formula of the acid C,, H33 Oy.

The specimen examined by Mr. Brazier was of a yellowish-white colour, the slight
tinge of yellow being due to the presence of a very small quantity of a yellow oil
pervading the whole mass: its external surface was somewhat friable, but portions
from the interior of the specimen might have been selected having an unctuous feel,
and possessing a most peculiar urinous odour. It is nearly insoluble in cold water,
somewhat soluble in hot, but very soluble in alcohol and ether, especially on boiling,
from either of which fluids it is deposited in white granular crystals. ‘The alcohol or
zether separated from the crystalline deposit, which was usually done by expression,
was of a deep yellow colour, and containing apparently a small quantity of the yellow
oleaginous matter above mentioned in solution, and imbibing more powerfully the
urinous odour of the interior of the mass.

A clear portion of the substance taken directly from the keg gave a fusing-point of
45° Cent. (113° Fahr.), but after repeated purification and crystallization, by means of
alcohol and zther, to free it from all oleaginous matter, the fusing-point was raised to
53° (127°-5 Fahr.). This means of purification was repeated several times, the fusing-
point of the body remaining constantly the same, the substance itself resembling after
fusion ordinary stearic acid. Before subjecting the substance to analysis, I thought
it more advantageous to submit the body to a more rigorous method of purification,
and adopted that of sapcnification. With potassa this body forms a beautifully clear
transparent soap, and with the exception of the small portion of yellow oil mixed with
" it, is readily soluble in water; by means of solution therefore the oil and other acci-
dental impurities may easily be separated. By the addition of hydrochloric acid to
the aqueous solution of the soap, the fatty acid is set free; this has to be well washed
with large quantities of water and subjected several times to a considerable pressure. In
this state the fusing-point was found to be 1279-5 Fahr., and the same portion of acid
having undergone the same routine of purification a second time, the fusing-point re-
mained constant. An analysis of the body thus. purified furnished numbers correspond-
ing to the formula C,, H,, O,4, and for which the name of Butyro-limnodie Acid is pro-
posed. The acid was subsequently recrystallized from alcohol and zther, when it was
obtained in crystals of a beautifully white-satiny appearance, resembling benzoic acid.

3%

36 REPORT—1852.

We have now three fatty acids, isomeric in composition, and differing only by a
few degrees in their points of fusion, viz.

Caw Dy WO Fusing-point.
Palmnigie acid — ..ccseesesaccesees es ws o2 32 4 58° Cent.
Cetylic acid ..,..sssesessoeceener seees 32 32 4 Hs
Butyro-limnodic acid .........+.40+- 32 32 4 Bat sk

On the Principle of the Endosmose of Liquids.
By Professor T. Granam, JA, F.RS.

‘On the Phosphatie Nodules of the Greensand of the North of Ireland.
By Professor Joun F. Hopces, M.D., Queen's College, Belfast.

Professor Hodges, of Queen’s College, gave an account of his discovery of the
existence, in the greensand of the north of Ireland, of nodules rich in phosphate
of lime, the important fertilizing ingredient of bones. The beds of greensand, he
remarked, occurred immediately under the chalk, and belonged to what was called
the chalk formation. ‘They extended from the neighbourhood of Moira to the Giant’s
Causeway, forming in some places a broad belt, and in other parts a narrow stripe,
and presented various shades of colour, from yellowish green to a rich dark green
colour. The nodules which he had analysed were found imbedded in the greensand,
and possessed peculiar interest, as affording the agriculturist a native source of the
phosphoric acid. The beds of greensand contained about 5 per cent, of the bone-earth
phosphate, while the nodules afforded so much as from 30 to 50 per cent. He gave
the analysis of a sample of the greensand from the neighbourhood of Kilroot, in
Antrim ;—

100 parts were found to contain—

WALCE, cavancetache canis sans Caceeeh cskphisgaldesacsealans oa tide Nvacuees 0:97
OTA DIC TG ELEI ary a= de, ecocsraaerss-aserenenc-s0etsac<pisrasiactees 0°73
Potas ers ea nastica da trons tene Gace ten daekta arate car Sac tahees waste ame 0°56
Soda eececcece Cee cecrecccereesccececsorer ececcvccsescecscces seeeeesorse 0°25
SGU oe trae tana aepaciovs saan tcenerunsancerensdo A Tel ee » 4:14
Magnesia, ...cscesrsssesesenss HEE SPS He eG 0°41
OSTEND RATT RR Ae ee danasecuaaccaoe uh canes = aaeewe 4°85
PRIVEE Livia GE ican vig hcald sca ceitasine ns a0'sansne deve tuaenente cies senr 2:4)
StL) Pla Mi AC Cate sates asblarsiindenpapmatiuaersatatsensstepnsasckeaaee a trace
ODIDIIN G2 onc s Mask dip ane snechashusank on Vebiekciadceeney maash oseekeeeean 0°04
Phosphoric acid, equal to 6°68 bone-earth phosphate ...... 3°24
Silica, soluble in potash ........ssssseeeeeees Waconesogad is spgaee: oEL
Insoluble siliceous matters .........eeeceecesees eT 74:88
Carbonic acid and 1088 .........esescessesscees aie se hgae's Grae PROBA) 3 cai
100-00

One ton of the sand would, therefore, convey to the soil 1494 lbs. of bone-earth
phosphate, worth, at $d. per Ib., 9s. 3d.

Dr. Hedges also directed attention to the valuable discovery of phosphatic nodules
in England, and of a mineral in America, rich in phosphate of lime ; and gave an
account of some successful experiments which had been made with greensand applied
as a manure.

On the Effect of the Moon’s Rays. By Knox.

’ This paper described the effects of a large lens in fusing different substances,
giving the effects produced upon silica and other bodies, noting the temperature of
the day at the period of experimenting and the time occupied. By concentrating the
moon’s rays upon two individuals, sensation was excited.

On the Atomic Weight of Magnesium. By ALnx. MacDonneELL.

The results of experiments were stated, which induced the author to conclude that
the atomic weight for magnesium was 11-95 or quam prox. 12, and the atomic weight
of magnesia as 19°95 or quam proxime 20, instead of 12°7 and 20-7, numbers that have
usually been assigned in chemical works.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. BO

On the Estimation of Iodine. By Professor FrepErick Penny, PhD.
Andersonian University, Glasgow.

Among the many applications that may be made of bichromate of potash to the
purposes of centigrade analysis, there is none more convenient or useful than its
employment for the estimation of the amount of iodine in samples of commercial iodine
and of iodide of potassium. In Glasgow especially, which is the principal focus of the
manufacture of potash-salts and iodine from kelp, and where the problems referred
to are frequently presented for solution, an expeditious and exact method for the deter-
mination of iodine becomes truly valuable.

According to the statements of a party well qualified to judge, it appears, that, in
the kelp season of 1851, the total quantity of kelp brought to Glasgow was about
6000 tons (222 ewt. to the ton), which may be considered a fair average of ordinary
seasons. On account of the greatly increased demand for potash-salts, the arrivals in
1850 amounted to nearly 10,000 tons, which is considerably higher than for several
previous years*. The manufacture however is not confined to Glasgow; there are
iodine works at Borrowstowness, Greenock, and Falkirk, in Scotland, at Ramelton
in Ireland, and at Cherbourg and Brest in France.

The centigrade process, here to be described, for the estimation of iodine, is based
upon the fact, that chromic acid in presence of hydrochloric acid causes the complete
decomposition of soluble metallic iodides, the chloride of chromium and the chloride
of the other metal being produced, while the iodine is thrown down in the solid state.
Bichromate of potash is taken as the most convenient and stable form of chromic acid.
The reaction with iodide of potassium is exhibited in the following equation :-—

3KI+ KO, 2Cr03+ 7HCI=I3 + 4KC1+ Cr? C+ 7HO.

The action is immediate, and provided that the solutions are kept cool, no secondary
result is formed. The precipitated iodine speedily subsides, leaving the supernatant
liquid quite clear, though slightly coloured, witha few floating particles of iodine on the
surface. When the solution of the bichromate is overdosed with the iodide, it becomes
dark red, from a portion of the iodine being dissolved by the excess of the iodide.
This change of colour is useful as indicating when the addition of the iodide has been
carried too far.

Iodide of Potassium.—The process for iodide of potassium is conducted as follows :—

10 grs. of bichromate of potash are dissolved in half an ounce of cold water, and half
an ounce by measure of hydrochloric acid is afterwards poured in. An alkalimeter
of 100 measures is then made up in the usual manner with 50 grs. of the iodide of
potassium dissolved in water, and the solution is added to that of the bichromate of
potash until the chromic acid is completely decomposed. To hit the exact point at
which the action is complete, a white plate is spotted with a solution containing a
mixture of pure protosulphate of iron and sulphocyanide of potassium, slightly acidi-
fied with hydrochloric acid, and by means of a glass rod a small quantity of the bi-
chromate liquor is brought into contact with the mixture on the plate. So long as a
red colour, or even dark tinge, is communicated to the spots by the application of this
test, the presence of chromic acid is indicated; but when no dark shade is produced,
the action is complete, and the operation is finished. The number of measures used
is accurately read off, and the per-centage quantity of iodine in the sample subjected
to trial is found by dividing 5080 by this number, 10 grs. of bichromate being equal
(as will presently be shown) to 25:4 of iodine, and to 33:3 of iodide of potassium.

Throughout the process the liquid should be kept quite cool, and towards the con-
clusion the iodide solution in the alkalimeter should be added very slowly, in order to
give ample time for the mutual action of the iodide and chromic acid, which should
likewise be assisted by repeated and brisk stirring.

* Kelp Imports in Glasgow. July to July.
1841—42.,..ccseeccseeeeesee 2565 tons.

1842-43 .ccccecssssseseseeeee 1887 55
1843-44... ccssecceeseeeees .. 1965 ,,
1844-45 .ccccesereereeees vase 3263 5,

1845—46...... eeeee saeererere 6086 ?
1846-47 csssesecoserserees S627 45
Mr. Glassford’s Kelp Manufacture.

38 REPORT—1852.

The mode of preparing the mixture of protosulphate of iron and sulphocyanide of
potassium, as well as its extreme delicacy.in detecting minute quantities of bichromate
of potash, I have fully explained in a paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the
Chemical Society of London, vol. iv. p. 244. It should be made very weak, and in using
it the precaution should be observed of not spotting it on the plate until the moment
of its being required. The spots moreover should be large, and thinly spread on the
surface of the plate, and care should be taken to bring the drop of the liquor to be
tested into contact with the centre of the spot, which it is allowed merely to touch,
without any stirring or agitation. The colour or tinge is produced instantaneously if
any chromic acid be present. It is not always easy to procure protosulphate of iron
eee i free from peroxide, and then the mixture prepared with such impure sulphate

as a pinkish colour. This is of no moment when the tinge is light, as it becomes
extremely pale and scarcely perceptible on the mixture being spread upon the plate.
In the case of the mixture, however, being dark-coloured from the impurity of the
sulphate of iron, it is better to dissolve a small piece of iron wire in dilute hydrochloric
acid, and to add a portion of the clear solution at once to the sulphocyanide of potas-
sium previously dissolved in water.

When minute accuracy is required, it will be advisable to add 30 grs. of the iodide,
dissolved in a small quantity of water, at once to the bichromate solution; then to
make up the alkalimeter with 10 or 20 grs. of the iodide, and to proceed with the
operation as before directed. By using in this way a very weak solution of the iodide,
it is perfectly easy to bring the result within a tenth of a grain of the proper quantity.

I have tried this process repeatedly upon carefully-purified iodide of potassium,
both in large and small quantities. The results, which never differed more than a
tenth of a grain from each other, show that 100 parts of bichromate of potash are
equal to 833 of iodide of potassium, and to 254 of iodine; and accordingly 10 grs. of
bichromate are equivalent to 25°4 grs. of iodine.

The following are some of the results obtained by subjecting different specimens
of commercial iodide of potassium to trial by this process :—

Samples. Iodide of potassium,
+ lea i re a meie(erers 99:8 per cent.
De dea ntotan tal aietaipie nPaiaieiatelesstatals 99°5 7
eUeL einleie’s e[e nibs, sinefeimatele’ sintaie 93°6 as
es meteyaereiataeieasieraiieierns: sisters 88°8 Ge
Time saxArsenane Sater Sse aeier END rf
Ur eeraltenterarertrsisteieieis tele, Sissons 30°2 OH

The last sample consisted chiefly of carbonate of potash.

Iodine.— When iodine is the subject of examination, it must be first converted into
a soluble iodide. The iodide of zine appears to be best adapted for the purpose,
from its stability and the readiness with which it may be prepared. 50 grs. of the
iodine to be tested are put into a small flask with some fragments of pure zinc and
half an ounce of water. The mixture is agitated till the iodine becomes completely
converted into iodide of zinc, which is indicated by the solution losing the dark red
colour that it first acquires, and becoming nearly colourless. The solution is then
decanted into an alkalimeter, which is made up to 0 with rinsings from the excess of
zinc.

10 grs. of bichromate of potash are next dissolved in a small basin with half an
ounce of water, and half an ounce of hydrochloric acid is subsequently added.

The remaining operations are precisely similar to those directed for iodide of potas-
sium: ‘The iodide solution is dropped into that of the bichromate till no coloration is
produced with the sulphocyanide mixture; then 5080, divided by the number of mea-
sures consumed, gives the amount of iodine per cent. in the sample.

This process is obviously incompatible with proto-compounds of iron, arsenious
acid, and substances having similar chemical relations; but their presence would be
immediately disclosed and their influence easily prevented.

Kelp and Kelp-liquor.—The direct application of the present process to kelp and
kelp-liquors is evidently inadmissible, in consequence of the sulphides, sulphites, hypo-
sulphites and sulphocyanides, which they invariably contain. All these ingredients
act readily upon bichromate of potash, in presence of hydrochloric acid. They may
however be effectually removed by cautiously treating the solution from the kelp with

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 39

hydrochloric acid, and evaporating to dryness, repeating the operations if necessary,
of till the above ingredients are decomposed. In the case of kelp, the following is
an outline of the mode of procedure :—A known weight is exhausted with water in
the usual manner, and the several liquors, being mixed, are concentrated by evapora-
tion, and set aside to crystallize. The mother-liquor is decanted and slightly super-
saturated with hydrochloric acid, boiled and filtered. The filtrate is then evaporated
completely to dryness, a little carbonate of soda being added towards the conclusion,
if it be found that the hydrochloric acid is in such excess as to affect the iodide.
This will be indicated by the liberation of iodine, and by the solution acquiring a dark
colour. The dry residue is digested in a small quantity of cold water and filtered.
The solution is then tested for the presence of the substances before named, when, if
pure, it is transferred (wholly or in part, according to the quantity of kelp operated
upon) to the alkalimeter, and subsequently dropped into the prepared solution of
bichromate of potash and hydrochloric acid, as previously described. If however it
should still contain any sulphite, hyposulphite, &c., the treatment with hydrochloric
acid isrepeated. It has been found that the extraction of the iodide from the residue
by means of alcohol answers very well when the removal of the incompatibie matters
is attended with difficulty. The quantity of iodine in kelp is proportionately small,
and of course subject to extensive variation. The amount extracted on the large scale
from “drift-weed kelp” varies from 5 to 12 lbs. per ton, though larger quantities are
said to have been obtained. From cut-weed kelp not more than 2 to 3lbs. per ton
have been extracted; and it is easy to conceive that the produce will be variable
when these two kinds of kelp are mixed together. Not less therefore than 2 lbs. of
drift-weed kelp should be operated upon, and in the case of cut-weed kelp, it will be
advisable to use only 5 grs. of bichromate of potash in place of 10 grs.

The method of testing kelp-liquors is evident from the above outline of the mode of
operating upon kelp itself.

On the Oil of the Sun-Fish. By Professor E. Ronaups, PA.D., FCS.

On the application of certain Optical Phenomena to Chemistry.
By Professor G. G. Stoxss, M.A., F.R.S.

On the Koh-t-Noor Diamond. By Professor Tennant, F.GS.

At the last Meeting of the British Association, Dr. Beke read a paper on the dia-
mond slab supposed to have been cut from the Koh-i-Noor, and stated, that “at the
captute of Coochan, there was found among the jewels of the harem of Reeza Kooli
Khan, the chief of that place, a large diamond slab, supposed to have been cut from
one side of the Koh-i-Noor, the great Indian diamond now in the possession of Her
Majesty. It weighed about 130 carats, showed the marks of cutting on the flat and
largest side, and appeared to correspond in size with the Koh-i-Noor.’’ Professor
Tennant was induced to record his opinion of the probability of this being correct.
He had made models in fluor spar and afterwards broken them, and obtained speci-
mens which would correspond in eleavage, weight and size with the Koh-i-Noor. By
this means he was enabled to include the piece described by Dr. Beke, and pro-
bably the large Russian diamond, as forming altogether but portions of one large
diamond. The diamond belongs to the tessular crystalline system; it yields readily
to cleavage in four directions, parallel to the planes of the regular octahedron. Two
of the largest planes of the Koh-i-Noor, when exhibited in the Crystal Palace, were
cleavage planes; one of them had not been’polished. This proved the specimen to
be not a third of the weight of the original crystal, which he believed to have been a
rhombic dodecahedron, and if slightly elongated, which is a common form of the
diamond, would agree with Tavernier’s description of it, bearing some resemblance to

an egg.

On Chemical Combination ; and on the Amount of Heat produced by the
Combination of several Metals with Oxygen. By Tuomas Woops, M.D.

The author endeavoured to show that in chemical combination no action different
from that which takes place in simple bodies when expanding or contracting, when

40 REPORT—1852.

heated or cooled, exists. Every substance is an assemblage of particles between which
a definite distance exists, as shown by every body having a specific gravity and bulk
always the same for the same temperature; and therefore the matter and space
of a body are related, or have some dependence on each other. Now if two bodies be
brought together at an insensible distance (and this must always be the case before
chemical action takes place), they form, as far as their particles are concerned, one
body; and therefore these particles behave as though they were particles of a simple
body, that is, the distance between them or the space is regulated by the matter.
But as the matter of the compound body is not the same as the matter of either of
those separately which compose it, the distance between the particles of the compound
must be different from that of the elements. This distance cannot be greater, for
then the particles would be nearer at a sensible than an insensible distance, and so
could not mix at all; and being less, a particle of each of the elements must be joined
to one of the other, for if not, the relation of the space to matter could not be carried
out: hence what is called chemical combination. And, as where two simple bodies
are brought together they unite, if the distance of the particles is less for the compound
than the simple, so, if a simple and compound body are mixed, the former decomposes
the latter if its particles lie closer to those of either of the elements of the former than
those of the other elements do, for in every case the relation between space and matter
must be carried out. But in other papers published in the Philosophical Magazine,
Dr. Woods has endeavoured to show that the distance between particles cannot either
be increased or diminished without an opposite and equal change simultaneously
occurring in some other particles; hence, when in chemical combination the distance
between the uniting particles is being diminished, other particles expand, and this
expansion is the heat of chemical combination: and the necessity of this equal and
opposite movement shows that it cannot be any power of matter, such as attraction, that
causes particles to cohere, but the absence of expansion going on in other bodies; and
the same law also proves that the idea of repulsion is equally unnecessary. Now, accord-
ing to this theory, bodies which have the greatest affinity for each other should also lie
the closest together, and as the more closely they lie the greater the distance their parti-
cles move together when combining, so the heat or accompanying expansion, which is
equal although opposite, might be taken as a measure of the affinity of bodies for each
other.

To prove whether this idea were correct, the author investigated the “ amount
of heat produced by the combination of several metals with oxygen.” The method
of finding the amount of heat is new. Instead of burning the metals in oxygen, as
formerly, Dr. Woods dissolved them in water (potassium, sodium), or sulphuric or
nitric acid, and noted the effect on the thermometer. To the number of degrees
indicated was then added the quantity of heat absorbed by the decomposition of the
dissolving menstruum; for Dr. Woods has proved in the October Number of the
Philosophical Magazine, 1851, that ‘‘ decomposition of a compound body absorbs as
much heat as the combination of the elements originally produced.” In the follow-
ing table are the results :—

Amount of heat produced by the combina-
Name of metal. tion of an equivalent of each with 1 grain
of oxygen in 60 grains of water.

ACID IN alareres cts shaeso cose licalon shes ace See ae 284-0 Fahr.
MEAS SYUIMEL oas cay ey tinlals iors Lele B scusttte Sociale 2565. ,,
HAN OEE OEE a taielitiefaladeiata tte bia 159°8_,,
Tin wolgisiseksie a\p/aiSataiie<oia opeisiain ie Bos aad
DTN SRS BS AES PES eee TL es
A etre nisiéassunis aie iclatisieiafeiris alaidogts 99°4 ,,
LS TET OIE aes in dag Zap mse piT Eee Nias
WOPPEL caw ceccceccccen se ein aiajeloiein Ist aut alas
WWGKE NEVE os)0 eoots 3 se SOOT Oe eee kN ae
SULVETaie Gs </c%s.e'5,. Risin nats hk eeteiys 389

On the Combination of Metals with Oxygen. By T. Woon, M.D.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 41

GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Ona New Variety of Magnetic Iron Ore ; with Remarks upon the Application
of Bicarbontte of Baryta to Quantitative Analyses. By Vrofessor T.
Anprews, W.D., F.R.S., M_R.LA.

Tuts mineral occurs in the schist rocks of the Mourne Mountains, near their junction
with the granite. In external characters it resembles somewhat the common mag-
netic oxide; but its lustre is inferior. It occurs both in the amorphous state and in
imperfectly-formed octahedrons. Its composition was found to be,—

Sesquioxide Of irOn .....scescssecesecseeseceseens 71°41
Protoxide of iron ..........06005 eebeda ceevdesase 21°59
IMaonesiat i itigs. ates Ae ESB. soo So

The formula of this mineral is evidently Fe, O, + (FeO, MgO), a part of the protoxide
of iron being replaced by magnesia. Although not mentioned in any of the published
analyses of magnetic oxide of iron, magnesia appears to be a constant constituent of
this mineral. The author gave the results of analyses of magnetic oxide in which
2°00, 0°71, and 0:09 per cent. of magnesia had respectively replaced an equivalent
amount of the protoxide of iron. It is remarkable that not a trace of lime could ever
be detected in any specimen of magnetic oxide. Oxide of manganese is usually also
present, but in minute quantity. In this analysis a solution of the bicarbonate of
baryta was employed to separate the sesquioxide of iron from the magnesia. A
solution of this compound, which is readily prepared by passing a current of carbonic
acid into water containing recently-precipitated carbonate of baryta in suspension, the
author finds to effect a very complete separation of the sesquioxide of iron from the
oxide of manganese and from magnesia, and considers that it may be very usefully
employed in quantitative analyses for effecting the separation of the bases just men-
tioned, presenting many advantages over the insoluble carbonate of baryta, as well as
over the other reagents usually employed for the same purpose.

On the Sources of Common Salt. By W. BoLuaErt.

Observations on the Diamond. By Sir Davip Brewster, K.H., F.R.S.

In the course of last spring I was requested by H.R.H. Prince Albert to give my
opinion respecting different forms into which it was proposed to reduce the Koh-i-Noor
diamond, in order to make it an ornamental gem. In the state in which it then was,
it exhibited an inferior display of colours to its glass model, and it was only by sur-
rounding it with a number of vivid lights that its coloured refractions could be de-
veloped. Having had occasion to observe some remarkable phenomena in small
portions of diamond, an account of which was published in the Transactions of the
Geological Society for 1836, I was desirous of examining so large a mass of diamond
as the Koh-i-Noor before it was reduced in size, and covered with facets which would
not permit it to be examined. His Royal Highness readily granted my request, and
I had thus an opportunity of submitting it to the scrutiny of polarized light. In
place of producing no action upon this species of light, as might have been expected
from its octahedral structure, it exhibited streaks of polarized tints, generally parallel
to one another, but in some places of an irregular form, and rising to the yellow of
the jirst order of colours. © These tints and portions of polarized light were exactly
the same as those which I had long ago found in many other diamonds, and figured
in the Edinburgh Transactions for 1815 and 1816. In placing the Koh-i-Noor under
a microscope of considerable power, I observed in it, and also in each of the two
small diamonds which accompanied it, several minute and irregular cavities, sur-
rounded with sectors of polarized light, which could only have been produced by the
expansive action of a compressed gas or fluid that had existed in the cavities when
the diamond was in a soft state. In an external cavity, shown in the model, and
which had been used for fixing the gold setting, I observed, with common light, a
portion of yellow light, indicating a yellow substance. Mr. Garrard and others con-
sidered it as gold rubbed off the gold setting; but as gold is never yellow by trans-
mitted light, I considered the colour as produced by a yellow solid substance of
unknown origin. Sir Henry De la Beche having suggested to me that it would be

42 REPORT—1852.

desirable to make a general examination of the principal diamonds in London, I went
next day to the British Museum, and found there an interesting specimen, which
threw some light on the yellow solid to which I have referred. This specimen was a
piece of colourless diamond, uncut, and without any crystalline faces, about three or
four tenths of an inch broad, and about the twelfth of an inch thick, and on its sur-
face there lay a crystal of yellow diamond, with the four planes of semi-octahedron.
This singular fact was illustrated by a large model placed beside it. Upon examining
the original, I noticed a pretty large cavity in the thickness of the specimen, with the
extremity of which the yellow octahedron was connected; and finding a portion of
amorphous yellow diamond in the other end of the cavity, I had no doubt that the
yellow crystal had emerged, in a fluid state, from the cavity when it was accidentally
opened, and had immediately crystallized on the surface of cleavage. I am well
aware that such an opinion makes a good demand upon the faith of the mineralogist ;
but to those who have seen, as I have done, the contents of fluid cavities in crystal
solidifying and even crystallizing on the face of cleavage, while another portion of
the contents of the cavity escaped in gas—to those who have seen in topaz cavities
numbers of regularly formed crystals, some of which, after being fused by heat,
instantly recrystallized—the conclusion I have drawn will be stripped of much of its
apparent extravagance. In examining a number of diamonds in the museum of the
East India Company, to which Col. Sykes kindly obtained me access, and about forty
or fifty in the possession of Messrs. Hunt and Roskill, I found many containing large
and irregular cavities of the most fantastic shapes, and all of them surrounded with
irregular patches of polarized light, of high tints, produced undoubtedly by a pressure
from within the cavities, and modified by their form. Among these specimens I
found one or two black diamonds, not black from a dark colouring matter, like that
in smoky quartz, but black from the immense number of cavities which they con-
tained. Tavernier has described a large and curious diamond which throws some
light on the subject of this notice. It contained, in its very centre, a large black
cavity. The diamond merchants refused to purchase it. At last a Dutchman bought
it, and by cutting it in two, obtained two very fine diamonds. The black cavity
through which he cut was found to contain ezght or nine carats of what Tavernier
calls black vegetable mud!

Geological Structure of the Counties of Down and Antrim.
By James Bryce, jun., M.A., F.G.S.

The author began by stating that the valley of the Lagan, on which the town of
Belfast is situated, is a great depression on either side of which formations of dif-
ferent ages are confluent. On the southern side of the valley the strata belong
to the older formations; on the northern side they are the newest that occur in
Ireland. Each of the counties of Down and Antrim is thus almost exclusively occu-
pied with rocks peculiar to itself; those in the one county not including those in the
other. The author then proceeded to describe the leading geological features of the
County of Down. It contains two granitic tracts, which seem to have been elevated
at different epochs. They are separated from one another, and each is wholly enclosed
by a thick band of metamorphic slate, gneissose in its lower part, and passing upwards
into flinty and common clay-slate. Superimposed conformably on these are other
slates of a less crystalline type, whose aggregate thickness is enormous, and whose
upper portions have yielded a few imperfect fossils, which seem to make them refer-
able to the lower Silurian group; but as yet no definite lines have been made out
to justify a classification. Over the slates, but unconformable to them, there occurs
in the N.E. part of the county many strata abounding in fossils, which the author
is inclined to refer to the Carboniferous and Permian systems. Among these no traces
of coal have yet been found; which is remarkable, seeing that the system is otherwise
so fully developed.

The formations of Antrim were next described. These consist of triassic beds, lias,
and the cretaceous system, including greensand and chalk; the whole overlaid by
vast accumulations of igneous rocks presenting many varieties,—basalts, greenstones,
greystones, porphyries, tufts, and ashes with lignites; which the author endeavoured
to separate into distinct flows from certain foci of submarine volcanic action. Many
new phenomena connected with the Giant’s Causeway were also described; and a

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 43

tertiary pliocene formation at Belfast which has yielded a greater variety of fossil
species than all the other similar beds in Ireland taken together. In conclusion, the
recent discovery of extensive beds of rock-salt near Carrickfergus was briefly al-
luded to.

On the Disposition of Granite Blocks in Argyllshire.
By James Bryce, jun., F.G.S.

On the Alps in the Vicinity of Mont Blanc. By Major Cuarters, F.G.S.

An Account of the Changes occasioned during the Cooling of the Granite of
Mont Blane. By M. Acuitie DELEssE,

_ On the Rocks of the Upper Punjaub. By Dr. ANDREW FLEMING, of the
East India Company's Service.

Sir Roderick I. Murchison briefly explained the nature and value of the last re-
Searches of Dr. A. Fleming, to whom the Indian government had assigned the task of
exploring (as Director) the salt mines of the Upper Punjaub. The chief results are,
that the salt range is composed, in descending order, of a mass of nummulite lime-
stone, which, forming its peaks, throws off younger and pebbly deposits, and is under-
laid first by secondary rocks of Jurassic (Oxfordian) age, and next by limestone,
laden with well-known species of Producti of the carboniferous or mountain limestone ;
the whole being supported by inferior masses of red shale, sandstone and conglome-
rate, to which the salt issubordinate. After a pointed allusion to the great importance
of these discoveries, Sir R. I. Murchison informed the Section that he had acquainted
the author that some of the salt of Russia occupied the same position, or that of the
Devonian or Old Red Rocks. ‘

On the Fossils of the Yellow Sandstone of the South of Ireland.
By Professor E. Forzes, F’.R.S.

During the course of the labours of the Geological Survey of Ireland in 1851,
strata referable to the “yellow sandstone,” and consisting of compact flagstones of a
very grey and creamy colour, at the hill of Knocktopher in Kilkenny, were found to
abound in fossils of great beauty, and apparently entirely new. They consisted of
remains of ferns and other plants in a beautiful state of preservation, and were
accompanied by a large bivalve shell, which must provisionally be referred to the
genus dAnodon, and may receive the name of Anodon Jukesit. The ferns belong
to the genus Cyclopteris, and to a group in that genus among which the aspect of
Neuropteris is assumed. They differ materially from any of the members of this
group hitherto described; not only specifically, but also in their general arrange-
‘ments; and exhibit some peculiarities not hitherto noticed in fossil ferns. The most
common of these (Cyclopteris Hibernicus) is often two feet in length of its bipinnate
fronds. Along with these are species of Lepidodendron and Stigmaria; also curious
cones, formed of loose groups of scales or bracts, each furnished with an exceedingly
long mucro. All of these appear to be new. Great interest attaches to this assem-
blage :—Ist, as an indicat’on of fresh, or at least brackish, water conditions at the
period of the depositions of the beds; and 2ndly, as, if we are correct in considering
these strata Devonian, this is the most perfect illustration of the flora of that epoch
yet discovered. Fish remains of the genus Holoptychius, and of the crustacean Ptery-
gotus occur also in these beds.

On the Shells found in the Alluvial Deposits of Belfast.
By Joun Graincer, Hon. See. of the Dublin University Zool. Assoc.

_ The author, after referring to the incomplete character of what had been published
‘on the subject, stated, that the alluvial deposits of Belfast occupied the greater part
of the foundations of the town, and extended three or four miles into the bay, and
that the shells had been found in Various levels from four feet in vertical height above
high-water mark to twenty-four feet below it. The deposits appeared to have the shells

44 REPORT—1852.

rather diffused throughout them than lying in regular beds. This, together with the fact
that the same species were found at every depth, made it useless as well as impossible
to observe levels to which the species should respectively belong. Besides, the shells
were all of recent species, and thus fixed the formations of one geological age. The
following is a summary of the remarks upon each species.

Teredo norvegica, Sprengler. A considerable number of tubes were found, tending
to prove the indigenousness of the species. It is not now an inhabitant of the bay,
nor indeed is there any habitat nearer than Portpatrick in Wigtonshire, a harbour
presenting identically similar geological features to those of Belfast Bay.

Pholas dactylus, Linn. A single valve in the sand of the deposits. It exists at
present in some numbers in the harbour.

P. parva, Penn. Was met with, and in the living state upon the surface.

P.crispata, Linn. Several huge examples 43 inches long. Not now common in
the bay.

P. ion eas Linn. A tolerable number of single valves, with a few perfect speci-
mens, one three inches in length. At the present day abundant in the harbour.

Saxicava arctica, Linn. A few single valves. Still an inhabitant of the bay.

Mya truncata, Linn. Occurred plentifully. An extremely common species in the
harbour,

M. arenaria, Linn. Was found everywhere in the deposits. Now a favourite food
with the poor along the neighbouring shores,

Corbula nucleus, Lam. Was met with but sparingly. It still occurs in the bay.

Thracia phaseolina, Lam. A few specimens, but only with separated valves. Com-
mon enough in the harbour at present.

T. pubescens, Pult. One rather fine individual. Has been taken also in the living
state in the neighbourhood.

T. conveaa, Wood. A large number was obtained. Has not been taken in Belfast
Bay.

Solen marginatus, Pult. Occurred rather frequently. Has been dredged in the
dead state near the mouth of the harbour.

S. ensis, Linn. Represented by one or two poor examples of the var. magna.
Both the typical form and the var. occur in the living state.

S. pellucidus, Penn. In small numbers, and rather local. Dredged commonly
enough in the bay.

Solecurtus coarctatus, Gmel. A single rather fine example. Not in the harbour as
a living species, but has been dredged in some of the neighbouring estuaries.

Psammobia vespertina, Chem. “One valve only. Still an inhabitant.

P. Ferroensis, Chem. Rather scarce, and only in single valves. Now dredged in
tolerable numbers alive.

Tellina tenuis, Da Cos. Was represented by rather fresh-looking specimens. Quite
abundant as a living occupant.

T. solidula, Pult. Distributed everywhere throughout the beds. Still a common
shell in the neighbourhood.

Syndosmya alba, Was well distributed, and occurred in large numbers in company.
It is also an inhabitant in the recent state.

Scrobicularia piperata, Gmel. Left ample memorials of its former presence; and
does not occupy suitable localities near Belfast. The best specimens found nearest to
the course of the river. :

Mactra elliptica, Brown. Occurred pretty often. Enumerated amongst the inha-
bitants of the harbour.

M. subtruncata, Da Cos. A large number of fine examples. Abundant in the bay
in the living state.

Lutraria elliptica, Lam. Was imbedded everywhere. It is yet in the harbour a not
unfrequent species.

Tapes decussata, Linn. Appeared pretty often. Dug living out of the sand near
Belfast.

T. pullastra, Wood. The typical form was met with abundantly. Extremely
numerous at the present day.

T. aurea, Gmel. Was locally abundant. In some parts of the bay nothing could
be more plentiful than this as a living species.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 45

Venus striatula, Don. Three varieties occurred in some numbers, viz. laminosa,
gallina, and a decidedly ventricose form. Still lives in the harbour.

Artemis lincta, Pult. Very sparingly in single valves. Not commonly met with in
the living state in the bay.

Lucinopsis undata, Penn. Distributed in vast numbers. Thrown on the neigh-
bouring shores in the recent state.

Cardium echinatum, Linn, Fine examplesextremely numerous. Still living near
its ancient station.

C. edule, Linn. Imbedded in vast numbers. On both sides of the harbour it is
obtained for the market.

C. pygymeum, Don. Not unfrequent. Still to be met with living in the neigh-
bourhood.

Lucina borealis, Linn. Was found finely developed, and in some numbers. Now
dredged living in the harbour.

L. flexuosa, Mont. Fine examples in great numbers. One of the recent inhabitants.

Turtonia minuta, O. Fab. A few specimens of fine colour. Sometimes taken in
great abundance in the living state.

Mytilus edulis, Linn. Several varieties in vast numbers. An individual mea-
sured 32 inches in length. As a living occupant it is extremely abundant.
. Modiola tulipa, Lam. Pretty frequent in single valves of large size. Still inhabits
the harbour.

Nucula nucleus, Linn, Somewhat frequent, and of large dimensions. Belongs to
the fauna of the neighbourhood.

Leda caudata, Don. A single valve. Not found in the bay in the recent state.

Lima hians, Gmel. A number of detached valves. Dredged living also.

Pecten varius, Linn. Frequent. Now a well-known inhabitant.

P. maximus, Linn. Diffused abundantly, and present examples of all ages. Not
unfrequently brought to market from the neighbourhood.

P. opercularis, Linn, In large numbers. Excellent examples dredged in the
living state. .

Ostrea edulis, Linn. In innumerable myriads, and several beautiful examples of
the var. parasitica. The market is supplied by their descendants.

Anomia ephippium, Linn. Appeared abundantly. The bay still contains the species
in numbers.

Patella vulgata, Linn. One specimen only. In suitable localities nothing could
exceed the abundance of this mollusk at present.

Trochus cinerarius, Linn. Distributed in some numbers. The harbour still retains
its presence in abundance,

ZL. magus, Linn. Occurred sparingly. Abundant as a living species.

Littorina littorea, Linn. Diffused in vast quantities. It still exists in the bay in
countless myriads.

ZL. rudis, Don. Occurs but seldom. Lives in the harbour in abundance,

L, tenebrosa, Mont. Rather frequent. Enumerated in the fauna of the neighbour-
hood.

L. littoralis, Linn. Found pretty often. Extremely prolific in the bay,

Lacuna crassior, Mont. Distributed in some numbers. In the harbour it is stilla
living species, '

Rissoa labiosa, Mont. Frequent, and in company with Cerith. reticulatum. In
the harbour it still abounds.

R. ulve, Penn, Wascommon, Is thrown upon the shore in the living state in
multitudes.
. Turritella communis, Riss. Exceedingly abundant in the deposits. One specimen
was 23 inches in length. It still lives in the harbour.

Aporrhais pes-pelecani, Linn. Was frequent. Still an inhabitant,

Cerithium reticulatum, Da Cos. Perhaps the most abundant shell in the beds.
Still a member of the fauna of Belfast.

Scalaria Trevelyana, Leach. A tolerable number. Not present in the living state.

Eulima subulata (). An individual of this genus was met with, but is now lost, and

is doubtfully referred to the species subulata, which occurs at present in the neigh-
bourhood.

46 REPORT—1852.

Odostomia eulimoides, Hanl. Was met with sparingly, not at all corresponding to
its present numbers.

Natica nitida, on. Was found frequently. It is in the harbour as a living species.

Murex erinaceus, Linn. Was constantly met with. It occurs abundantly in the bay.

Purpura lapillus, Lim. In considerable numbers. It still lives there in great
abundance.

Nassa reticulata, Linn, Fine examples very common. A prolific inhabitant at

resent.

: N. incrassata, Mill. In exceeding abundance. Its presence still diffused through
the bay.

Buccinum undatum, Linn. Very abundant. One specimen of the carinated var.
Still an inhabitant.

Fusus antiquus, Linn. Occurred sometimes. Lives in the harbour,

Cyprea Europea, Mont. A single imperfect example. Dwells now at the mouth
of the bay.

Akerw lysis Miill. A specimen or two only. Sometimes thrown in now in vast
numbers.

Scaphander lignarius, Linn. A portion of a full-grown shell. Still an occupant.

Philine aperta, Linn. Abundaatly present. The harbour still retains it.

Helix rotuadata, Mill. Was found once. In its usual abundance near the town.

H. nemoralis, Linn. Occurred once... Common all round Belfast.

Creusia verruca, Leach. Two or three specimens. Enumerated in the fauna of
the locality.

Balanus. Two forms of this genus occurred. Both forms recent in the bay.

Pectinaria Belgica, Pall. Met with on one occasion. Common in the harbour.

Serpula triquetra, Linn. Was frequent. Constantly met with in the living state.

Eighty species in all, examples of nearly all of which are preserved in the author’s
cabinet. Those species which usualiy present colouring have preserved it in a striking
degree. The great size generally attained is also remarkable. The shells which were
in the greatest abundance were those of edible Mollusca, a fact which evidences such
design as to suggest the beneficent Author of Nature as the Cause of it.

On the Lower Members of the Carboniferous Series of Ireland.
By Kicuarp Grirrity, MAA. FG.

Having briefly glanced at the carboniferous series, as it occurs in various parts of
Ireland, he proceeded to describe the yellow sandstones and carboniferous slates,
which, he said, are best developed in the north coast of the County Mayo, extending,
in a western direction, to the undulating quartz rocks and mica-slate at Ballinderry,
and in the north of Ireland, in the counties of Londonderry and Donegal. In the
north, the series is altogether about 6000 feet thick, 3000 feet belonging to the car-
boniferous limestone, and 3000 to the slate and yellow sandstones, so that altogether
the series is about 6000 feet in thickness. The first members of the series consist of
beds of yellow sandstones, with occasional alternating layers of whitish and greenish
coloured shales, red sandstones, and limestones. ‘The beds contain a great number
of fossils; and it is a remarkable fact, that fossils of the same character occur in each,
and are found from top to bottom. The limestone alone contains upwards of 90 spe-
cies, some remarkably curious specimens of which were shown by the author; and in
the yellow sandstone there is a large number, including fish-beds and plants, such as
were first discovered by Col. Portlock at Moyola in the County Londonderry. Mr.
Griffith next directed attention to various sections in the County Dublin, in which he
pointed out the carboniferous slate beds as having a stratification consisting of impure
argillaceous limestone, and perfectly distinct in character from the lower limestone ;
and also to sections in the County Waterford, in which the old red sandstone is found
resting unconformably on the Silurian rocks, with carboniferous slates and yellow
sandstone below it. He conceived, that what he called the carboniferous slate and
yellow sandstone might belong to the carboniferous limestone.

;
;

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 47

Notices of the Geology of Ireland. By Ricuarp Grirritu, F.G.S.

Mr. Griffith directed attention to the map of the geology of Ireland, on which he
had been so many years engaged, and to the improvements which he had been
enabled to make on it since 1838, acknowledging with thanks the services rendered
to him by Col. Fordyce, and Messrs. Bryce and M‘Adam. On looking at the map,
it will be found, he said, that the conformation of Ireland is peculiar, the coast being
mountainous and the interior flat, Taking the line from Dublin to Galway, which
is 120 miles, the summit level is seen to be only 160 feet above the level of the sea;
hence it is that our canals and railways have been made at an expense so com-
paratively trifling. Lough Allan, which may be considered the source of the Shan-
non, is 160 feet above the level of the sea; while between Killaloe and the tide water
at Limerick, a distance of about 12 miles, the fall is only 110 feet. The average fall
is less than six inches to the mile, a circumstance to which we are to attribute so
many sluggish rivers, and the existence of large tracts of country flooded during six
or nine months in the year. ‘The mountain ranges which indicate the strata of Ire-
land run in the north from north-west to south-east, and in the county of Cork from
nearly east to west.

Beginning with the foundation and going to the top, it may be said that the mica
slate, which forms the basis of all the sedimentary rocks of Ireland, occurs in abun-
dance in the counties of Londonderry and Donegal, where it is found twisted and
contorted in every direction by the protrusion of the granite. Mr. Griffith next
alluded to the stratifications in the counties of Mayo and Galway, which, he remarked,
were chiefly composed of mica-slate, granite rock, and limestone. Granite also
occurs to the north of Galway Bay, where it is succeeded by metamorphic rocks and
mica-slate. To the north of the grand boundary several granite rocks occur, pro-
truding through the mica-slate and limestones. In this district there appears the
green marble, which is only limestone metamorphosed by the action of the granite.

Passing northward, the mica-slate is found covered by Silurian rocks. These
rocks contain numerous fossils belonging to the Silurian system, and are succeeded
by enormous masses of conglomerate, containing large pebbles of grey granite, some
of them nearly a ton in weight, and perfectly rounded. The granite thus observed
is quite distinct in its character from the granite of the district, and clearly enough
belongs to an older period. The thickness of the Silurian strata, including the con-
glomerate, may be set down at about 5000 feet. The speaker next alluded to the
slates and Silurian ranges of the promontory at Dingle, in the county of Kerry, and
described similar formations in the counties of Waterford, Wexford, and Wicklow.
To the north of Dublin there is another slate district, similar in character to that of
Wicklow and Wexford, and probably belonging to a lower Silurian series, though, as
no fossils haye been discovered in it except at the south portion, its exact age remains
undetermined. This is accompanied with the granite at the Mourne Mountains,
which Mr. Griffith conceives to be newer than the slate. One of the most interesting
Silurian districts in Ireland occurs near Pomeroy, in the county of Tyrone.

Mr. Griffith next described the Old Red Sandstone, particularly alluding to the large
district which occurs in the county of Tyrone, and which, apparently, has some rela-
tion to the Silurian district at Pomeroy; and then pointed out on the map several
mountain ranges which are capped by the deposit, particularly the Galtees and
Knockmeledown mountains, Slievenish, in the west of Kerry, and districts north of
the county of Cork. Mr. Griffith remarked that the old red sandstone is succeeded
by the great mountain limestone district of Ireland, which occupies two-thirds of the
entire country. The carboniferous limestone series, he observed, is altogether about
6000 feet thick, 3000 feet of which belongs to the lower portion of the series, and 3000
to the upper.

He next described the several coal districts of Ireland, commencing with Ballycastle,
at Fair Head, on the north coast of the county of Antrim. This district, which is of
greater antiquity than any other in Ireland, had, he remarked, been worked to a consi-
derable extent. The coal was worked by tunnels, and the beds, which were affected at
different elevations by the protrusion of dykes of greenstone, have been nearly worked
out, though at Murlough Bay, which contains bituminous coal, or stone coal, there
are some beds, whether exhausted or not he had not information to enable him to say.
The next coal district is that situated near Coalisland, in the county of Tyrone, It

48 REPORT—1852.

is very small, and the beds are now nearly all worked out. A third occurs in Leitrim,
Cavan, and Roszommon, stretching to Lough Island, which contains only one bed,
not exceeding two feet in thickness, though in this locality there is the site of the
Arigna iron-works, which, though they are not worked at the present time, formerly
attracted much attention in this country. The shale accompanies the coal with rich
beds of argillaceous ironstone, some of it containing so much as 40 per cent. of iron ;
indeed, the iron that was made at Arigna was found to be of very superior quality.

Mr. Griffith next described the Kilkenny coal district, which contains, he said, an
unflaming coal, or mineral charcoal alone. There are several beds in this district,
two of which are three feet in thickness, one four feet, and two less than three feet.
The upper beds have been long since worked out; the lower ones still remain,
though they are sc impure in quality, and contain so much sulphur, that they are not
used except to burn limestone. ‘The Munster coal district was next dwelt upon. It
occupies a considerable portion of Clare, Limerick, Cork, and Kerry, and contains
three beds, some of which are not more than six inches in thickness. The most
valuable portion is found at the south, immediately to the north of the river Black-
water, where several excellent beds of anthracite occur.

Having remarked that he would not say that a valuable coal bed would not be
found in Ireland, though he believed that no such coal would be had in the country
as is to be found in England, Mr. Griffith proceeded to the New Red Sandstone. The
new red sandstone, he said, is very sparingly developed in Ireland. The most
southern locality in which it is found is at Carrickmacross, in the county of Monaghan,
where, in sinking through it to obtain coal, a bed of gypsum, 40 feet in thickness,
was discovered; and the districts in which it is found most extensively are in the
counties of Tyrone and Antrim. In Tyrone, it adjoins the coal district, and_rests
upon it. It also occurs in the valleys of the river Lagan, in the counties of Down
and Antrim, continues under Belfast, and again displays itself at Carrickfergus. The
strata contain gypsum in thinner beds, however, than those mentioned as occurring
at Carrickmacross. Some time ago, when sinking through it to obtain coal, a bed of
salt was discovered.

The new red sandstone is covered by the lias, which is similar to that in England,
and this again by the chalk, which in the north of Ireland is called white limestone,
owing to being more dense than the chalk found in England. ‘The chalk is covered
by tabular trap, which occupies a large portion of the counties of Antrim and Derry.

Mr. Griffith next explained the position of the tertiary beds, remarking that an in-
teresting tertiary district occurs in the south side of Lough Neagh, in the counties of
Tyrone and Down. It is ten miles in length and four in breadth; a bore was made
through it, to the depth of 300 feet, with a view to obtain coal, and the strata were
found to consist of alternations of white ironstone and blue clay, with surlurbrand, or
wood coal—a series similar to that at Bovey, in Devonshire. ‘The level of the bore,
which was situated not far from the coal-field, and adjoined the coal district, was
about 70 feet above the level of the sea; and, as the boring itself was 300 feet deep,
the depth of the series was 230 feet below the level of the sea, though even at this
distance it was not penetrated. Mr. Griffith next alluded to the tertiary districts
situated on the coasts of the counties of Wicklow, Wexford, and Waterford, and con-
cluded by a view of the eskar hills and diluvial gravel which cover so large a portion
of Ireland, and which appeared to him to have been produced by currents setting in
from the north-west towards the south-east.

On the Fossil Remains of the Lower Silurians of the South of Scotland, an
their Position. By Ropert HARKNEss.

The occurrence of fossil remains amongst the depusits known to the earlier Scotch
geologists by the name of transition, was a circumstance which excited considerable
attention even in the days of Hutton and Playfair. The locality from whence these
were procured was Wrae in Peeblesshire, and this spot for a long time was regarded
as the only source which afforded organic remains amongst the Silurians of Scotland.
Since these deposits have been discovered to be of the Lower Silurian age, they have
furnished fossils in considerable abundance.

Prof. Nicol has, from the slate quarries of Greistone and Thornielee in Peebleshire
and Selkirkshire, obtained Graptolites; Mr. Carrick Moore, at Cairnryan, has procured

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 49

the same fossils; Prof. Sedgwick at Moffat also obtained Graptolites; and Sir Rode-
tick Murchison, in the last year’s volume of the Journal of the Geologicai Society,
has given an elaborate account of the Silurians of the south-west of Ayrshire and their
fossil contents. These Silurians, described by Sir R. Murchison, occupy a higher
position than those which constitute the great Silurian mass traversing the South of
Scotland from sea to sea.

In Ayrshire a deposit of limestone makes its appearance, which, both in lithological
characters, and also in its fossil contents, shows an affinity to the limestone of Wrae,
and above this limestone several deposits containing large quantities of fossils occur.
The nature of the fossil contents of this limestone and that of Wrae indicate that they
appertain to the Llandeilo flags. At Wrae this limestone is seen lying upon a breccia
composed of fragments of slate, and at the same locality thick beds of the slate, from
whence these fragments have been obtained, are also seen. ‘This slate extends east-
north-eastwards and west-south-westwards, and is seen at Stobo in Peeblesshire, and in
the summit-cutting of the Caledonian railway, where it shows great thickness. From
thence it extends westwards through Lanarkshire and the north-east of Dumfries-
shire to Cairn Ryan in Wigtonshire; and in this black slate Mr. Carrick Moore found
Graptolites and other fossils. To the south of the zone occupied by these black slates,
beds of greywacke, sandstones and shales are found, having great thickness; and
beneath these a band of gray slate is met with. In this gray slate are seen, in some
localities, the graptolites described by Prof. Nicol, and this gray slate band runs nearly
parallel with the black zone. Besides Graptolites, it affords annelid markings and
fucoids, both of which are found in considerable abundance at Barlae quarry in Kirk-
cudbright. Southward of this gray slate the graywacke sandstones and shales again
make their appearance, and in them there occurs a deposit of green and blue shales,
which also contain annelid markings. Beneath these green and blue shales, after a
considerable thickness of graywacke sandstone is passed through, beds of soft black
shale are seen having abundance of Graptolites, of various species, and this grap-
tolite-shale passes into anthracitic shale, in some localities consisting altogether of
the latter mineral. Under the anthracite, graywacke sandstones and shales are
again seen, and these appear to form the lowest beds of the lower Silurians, as they
occur in the South of Scotland. In these low shales evidence of animal life is seen in
the form of annelid impressions, and these are probably the lowest traces which have
yet been obtained of animal existences. The lower beds of greywacke sandstones and
shales, the anthracite band, and the accompanying graptolite beds, as well as some of
the deposits which succeed them, are repeated three times in that portion of the area
occupied by the Silurians, where they are best developed, viz. in Dumfriesshire.
The gray shale, and the beds which succeed it, together with the higher black slates
and breccia, do not appear to be repeated like the deposits which occur beneath
them, consequently the order of sequence of the deposits in these lower Silurians is
somewhat disturbed. However, between the Beatock station of the Caledonian rail-.
way and Elvanfoot a comparatively perfect sequence may be made out, by examining
the sections on the line of railway and the brook courses which fall into the Evan,
the stream which runs parallel to the Caledonian railway. At Ruttenside near
Greskin, about four miles above the Beatock station, the anthracite is seen in the
Evan water, and this can be traced E.N.E. to Hartfell, and from thence into Peebles-
shire and Selkirkshire. North from Ruttenside the greywacke sandstones and shales,
which lie above the anthracite, make their appearance; and at Rae-cleugh, near the
dine which separates Dumfriesshire from Lanarkshire, the gray slates were seen,
which contain the Graptolites at Greistone, and the annelid markings and fucoids at
Barlae. Following the railway northwards from Rae-cleugh, we come upon the
greywacke sandstones and shales, which separate the gray slates from the black
slates which occur above them; and these at the summit-cutting are succeeded by the
black slates, which at Cairn Ryan afford Graptolites and other fossils. The hills of
Crawford in Lanarkshire, which rise to the north of the black slate band, are com-
posed of the breccia already alluded to; but the thickness of this breccia cannot be
made out here, nor is it seen to be succeeded by the limestone containing Llandeilo
flag fossils, as at Wrae in Peeblesshire. This section on the Caledonian railway is
more than six miles long, and from the great inclination of the beds, which are rarely
less than 70° N.N.W., it would seem to afford a series of deposits about 25,000 feet
in — and by taking the conglomerate which lies below the limestone, and the

52. 4

50 REPORT—1852.

deposits which occur beneath the anthracite beds, it is probable that we may add
5000 feet more to the Silurians which occur below the limestones containing fossils
similar to the Llandeilo flags, making in all a total thickness of 30,000 feet of strata
through which four distinct bands of deposits containing fossil remains are scattered.

From the mineral character of these Silurians, and also from their occurrence below
the limestone with lower Silurian fossils, it would seem that the great bulk of the
Scotch Silurians are about the equivalents of the Longmynd beds of the governnment
geologist, as shown in North Wales. But the Scotch deposits have, however, one
feature which the Longmynd beds do not possess, viz. organic remains, and they are of
such thickness as to indicate that in them are contained some of the lowest forms of
life, not only as regards the relation of the fossils to animals generally, but likewise
as respects geological position.

With regard to the fossil contents of these lower Silurian beds, these are remark-
ably simple, and at the same time very characteristic. Graptolites of various species
are the almost exclusive fossils, and they abound more in the lower beds than in the
higher strata. In the shales which lie above the anthracite they occur in great pro-
fusion, and are the exclusive fossils of this deposit. Here, too, the greatest amount
of species is obtained, as well as the greatest abundance of individuals; and as
respects the latter, I know of no deposit in the whole range of the geological for-
mations which can be compared with these black shales, so far as quantity of fossils is
concerned.

Although these low beds are characterized by this group of fossils, it is not sufficient
to give to them a division distinct from the lower Silurians. Graptolites in some
districts occur in considerable abundance, above beds which are marked by lower
Silurian trilobites, as in Bohemia. Some species of Graptolites extend upwards into
the upper Silurian, amongst which is the Graptolites priodon, Bronn; and this spe-
cies is found in great quantities in the lower Silurians of Scotland, at Greistone, in
the gray slates. But although I have examined many thousand specimens from the
soft black shale above the anthracite, I have never been able to detect this common
Graptolite.

On the occurrence of Graphite at Almorness Head, Kirkeudbrightshire.
By Rovert Harkness.

At Almorness, a headland which lies on the west side of the entrance of the estuary
of the river Urr, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, graphite occurs, This headland
consists principally of syenite and patches of metamorphic lower Silurians. The
syenite is a portion of that which extends from Criffel, a mountain on the south-east
of Galloway, along the southern margin of the county, and crossing the estuary of the
Urr, makes its appearance on the western side. In this syenite the felspar is com-
monly of a white colour; but when the syenite approaches the Silurian rock, the
felspar becomes reddish, giving the syenite a flesh-coloured tint. This is the case
with that portion which forms the headland of Almorness, and through which veins
of quartz traverse. In one of these, which occurs on the south-west side of the head-
land, the graphite is found. This vein, which is about 4 feet wide, has the graphite
disseminated through it. It likewise appears on the syenite in contact with the
quartz vein. It has been urged by some of the German chemists, that the presence
of plumbago in igneous rocks is due to the decomposition of carburetted hydrogen,
which, passing over matter through veins in a red-hot state, has been decomposed,
the result being the deposition of the carbon, which, uniting with iron in the rocks,
appears in the form of a carburet of iron. So far as regards the former occurrence of
carburetted hydrogen in connexion with the rocks which have been elevated by the
irruption of the syenite in this locality, this is a circumstance extremely probable. In
the Silurians which occur to the north ofthe district occupied by this syenite, there are
seen extensive beds of anthracite; and these beds of anthracite, when acted on by
gnecus matter previous to their becoming anthracitic, would afford abundance of
hydrocarbons.

Amongst the Silurians which are contiguous to the syenitic district, and which are
much metamorphosed and chloritic, there occur beds, which, from their structure and
position, appear to have originally been anthracite, but which now contain no traces
ofcarbon. Probably the action of the igneous rocks on these beds may have been the

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 51

means by which the carburetted hydrogen was obtained, and the passage of this through
red-hot veins may have produced the graphite at Almorness Head.

An Account of the Researches of German Geologists. By H. Hennessy.

On Devonian Rocks in the South of Ireland. By J. Beets Juxzs, F.G.S.

The object of the following paper is, first of all, to bring before the Section the physi-
cal facts connected with some very remarkable fossils discovered by the Geological Sur-
vey of Ireland during the past year; and secondly, to take the opinion of the Section
on a difficulty that has arisen as to the classification and nomenclature of the rocks.

For the first part of the paper, a description of the structure of the south-east part
of the county of Kilkenny will suffice; for the second, the description must be ex-
tended from Kilkenny through Waterford into Cork.

[Mr. Jukes then described this portion of the southern part of Ireland from Mr.
Griffith’s map, of the general accuracy and admirable character of which he spoke in
high terms, and from some enlarged sections copied from those constructed by the
Geological Survey. ]

in Kilkenny, the total thickness of the rocks between the mountain limestone and
the Silurian and granite does not exceed 1000 feet. In the neighbourhood of Knock-
topher, south of Thomastown, these rocks are principally composed of red slates and
sandstones, The mountain limestone has some beds of dark shale interstratified with
its lower parts, beneath which are some brown and yellow sandstones, containing casts
of bivalye shells; these do not exceed 150 feet in thickness, and below them are
about 300 feet of red slates, with a few yellow sandy beds occasionally, when we
come to some alternations of red and green “ slate-rock,” a smooth fine-grained
argillaceous sandstone without cleavage. In these greenish beds are some large
slates containing ferns, and also casts of some large bivalve shells resembling Anodon.
These fossils were discovered by Mr. Flanagan, fossil collector to the Survey, the
country being mapped, and the details of its structure made out by Mr. Andrew
Wyley, my able and zealous colleague on the Geological Survey, a native of Belfast,
and who I regret is not able to be present on this occasion. These red and green
beds are about 100 or 150 feet in thickness, and below them are about 350 feet of red
slates and argillaceous sandstones, below which are 100 feet of coarse conglomerates,
resting on the subjacent Silurian and granitic rocks.

Reckoning from the base of the mountain limestone to the latter, the beds con-
taining these fossils are about in the middle of the included series :—

In the north part of the County of Waterford, near Carrick on Suir, for instance, we
get below the mountain limestone,—

Thin-bedded yellow sandstones and greenish and yellow shales........ 150

Alternations of yellow sandstone and hard red shale, often cleaved .... 350

Red shales and sandstones with conglomerates, fine at top, and getting
COBKSEr BS WE ESCENA sisieesicecessceveccudcesesreveccsens . 1800

In other parts of Waterford further west, these beds thicken out to a total of 4500
feet, of which the upper, consisting of yellow sandstones alternating with red shales,
is about 900 feet.

In the northern part of County Cork, about the south flank of the Galtee Moun-
tains, and thence to Fermoy, we get a similar section, consisting of,—

Feet.
Yellow sandstones alternating with red shales and slates ....... esau i LOOR
Red shales or slates, and red sandstones, with an occasional band of yellow
sandstone ..... era Be Rialststsig. ab sis tease e een ceeesdobes 400
Red sandstones and slates passing downwards into thick red sandstones
and conglomerates, resting unconformably on lower Silurian........

In the central part of County Cork the lower part of the formation is not seen,
but the rocks immediately below the mountain limestone still consist very largely of
yellow sandstones, split up not only by red shales and slates, but also by blue and gray
shales cleaved into slate. In these bluish slates are found casts of marine shells.

*

52 REPORT—1852.

Hitherto, in North Cork, North Waterford, and Kilkenny fragments of plants have
been the only things found in the yellow sandstone.

As we go south, the blue and gray slates increase in quantity at the expense of the
yellow sandstones, till south of Cork, especially near Monkstown and Carrigaline, w
get the tollowing section :— :

Dark gray shales and slates, with occasional bands of greenish-gray Feet.
DEAE ars aye sele, Sele onsisiniupre wietahocede. Stege tet Sus cie saat Iakate eth cae sc 400
Bow sandstone, sometimes calcareous, and containing casts of
Cucullea? ...... Rast shel bcud= DA BAe oPOcen es ot Bea). 50
Dark gray shales and slates, weathering brown or yellowish, with ] ¢ 600
occasional bands of hard sandstone, all more or less affected by ae 1000
slaty cleavage ............ blige ole emit « » wietttele) «fete x apd tata gagetede ‘i
Red and green slates alternating ........... aisles ae alarsjtle « bhaish eH ADOUST EOD
Red slates, with an occasional band of yellow sandstone ........ 500

Red slates, with gray or purple sandstones, without reaching the
age lof the; forimatlOny, jaye. heise) eiaiern = ihs eleteeayatejers oioveiale ciel 2000

4850

We here lose the yellow sandstone altogether, and get below the mountain lime-
stone, a great series of slate rocks with interstratified beds of sandstone, the prevailing
colour of the upper portion being gray, and of the lower red, with alternating beds at
their junction, marine fossils being found in the upper part, and no fossils at all in
the lower. -

Still further south, about Kinsale, these upper beds acquire a still larger development,
being at the very least 6000 feet thick, without seeing anything like the base of them,
and without any certainty of our having seen the top. Of this part, as we have not
yet completed the survey, I cannot enter into details; I have however received a
letter from my colleague, Mr. Wilson, in which he tells me that the following section
is admirably seen in Courtiacsherry Bay :—

Blue calcareous shales, with occasional thin bands of limestone and blue Feet.

slates, with a few grit beds ......... Ae Cea ae J sha ule os ees eee
Blue slates, with greenish-gray grits predominating below............ 1700
Yellow sandstones with shale partings..............+. BBR ear re Soh ell
Red and green slates passing down into red slates and sandstones .... 1500
6100

We here get the yellow sandstone coming in again just above the red rocks, having
a vast series of blue aud gray shales and slates above it, bearing out Mr. Griffith in
his threefold division of carbouiferous slate, yellow sandstone and old red. The
difficulty we experience in the field is, that all these rocks are so blended at their
junction by alternation one with another through several hundred feet of thick~
ness, and are near their junction, and generally, except in particular spots, so devoid
of fossils, that we cannot hit upon any characters to enable us to draw a clear boun-
dary between them. Starting with the old red sandstone, and calling that Devonian,
there are no physical characters whatever enabling us to draw a boundary until we
come to the base of the mountain limestone. We have therefore hitherto found our-
selves compelled merely to make a shaded outline, including the upper beds, namely,
the carboniferous slate and yellow sandstone of Mr. Griffith, looking on them in the
light of the upper portions of the old red sandstone. If we can so consider them, we
get the following remarkable result; that on the east, where the old Devonian land
lay, as proved by the conglomerates, the old beaches of that formation, we find
remains of terrestrial plants and freshwater shells; while on the south and west, -
where the rocks get finer-grained, and where therefore the finer silts and muds were
deposited further from the land, or in the deeper water of the sea, there we get marine
shells coming in, and we find the whole formation gradually thickening in that direc-
tion, swelling out from 1000 to upwards of 6000 feet. This increase of thickness, though
it seems great, is nothing remarkable, since to acquire it, it is only necessary to suppose
that the old sea bottom deepened very gradually, its bed inclining at no greater angle
than 1°, or 17 in 1000, or 89 feet (14 fathoms) in a mile, if we take the distance
from Knocktopher in Kilkenny to Kinsale; or if we supposed that the thickness of the

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 53

whole rocks doubled (from 3000 to 6000) between Cork and Kinsale, a distance of
20 miles, the slope of the bottom would not amount to 2° or 35 in 1000, or 184 feet
(30 fathoms) in a mile.

On the Permian Fossils of Cultra. By Professor WM. Kine, Queen’s Coll.,
Galway.

Before noticing the fossils*, Prof. King made a few observations on the rocks form-
ing the Permian system of the north of England. This system is so called from an
extensive division of the Russian empire bearing the name of Perm, and situated on
the western flanks of the Ural mountains. The name was originally proposed by Sir
Roderick Murchison, who was the first to show that the rocks occurring in that
region are of the same age as certain magnesian and fossiliferous deposits largely
developed in thé county of Durham. The name ‘ Permian’ has consequently been
applied to the last-named deposits, and on the same grounds it must also be applied
to corresponding rocks wherever they may exist. The Professor proceeded to prove
that the remarkable patch of magnesian limestone occurring at Cultra, on the shore
of Belfast Lough, is a member of the Permian system, the fossils it contains being
identical with the Schizodus Schlotheimi, Pleurophorus costatus, Bakevellia antiqua,
and other species common to the Permian rocks of England and Germany.

On the Mines of Copiapo. By Colonel Lioyp.

Report on Crag Formations and Coprolites. In a Letter from Mr. Lone.

On the Fossiliferous Beds of the Counties of Antrim and Down.
By James MacApaw, F.G.S.

These beds were described in descending order. The town of Belfast is in a great
measure placed upon deposits of sand and silt that have been formed in the estuaries
of the rivers Lagan and Blackstaff. Great quantities of shells have been found in
these beds, and a list of them was laid before Section D, at the present meeting of the
Association, by Mr. John Grainger. They are all of species now existing, but some
are not found at the present time living in the bay. These shells occur at levels,
none of which seem to exceed that of present high water. Beds of shells, however,
are found at various elevations. At the Kinnegar of Holywood, four miles down
Belfast Lough, beds of shells similar to the above occur at elevations from 10 to 20
feet; and on the opposite side of the bay, below Carrickfergus, a shell-bed occurs in
a like position. On both sides of the bay other beds may be observed from 60 to 80
. feet above the water with similar contents; and they are found also at some distance
inland, up the valley of the Lagan, and in the valley running from Beltast to Comber.
In the latter valley there is a branch of the County Down Railway, and during its
formation many shells were obtained from the cuttings. It is also worthy of being
recorded, that in a cutting near Comber rolled lias and chalk fossils were found, the
nearest beds containing such fossils being behind Belfast, and at a distance of ten
miles. Beds still more remarkable occur at elevations from 100 to 150 feet. One of
these, at the Belfast Water-works, on the Antrim side, was examined by Messrs.
Hyndman and Bryce in 1842, and an account of it was copied into the Appendix to
Col. Portlock’s ‘ Geological Report on Londonderry.’ Another bed, precisely similar,
was discovered by Mr. MacAdam in 1850, at the Knock on the Down side. The
most abundant shell in it is the Nucula oblonga, and the deposit may be perhaps con-
sidered as belonging to the newer pleiocene. Some years ago, Mr. Smith, of Jordan
Hill, described a shell-bed occurring at Port Rush, ont he northern coast of Antrim ;
it occurs at an elevation of 10 feet, and contains a great variety of recent marine
shells mixed with some land ones; a list of them is printed in Portlock’s ‘ Report.’

In Belfast Lough there are deposits of submerged wood, in one of which, near
Carrickfergus, hazel-nuts have been obtained, having their kernels replaced by car-
bonate of lime: this fact had been remarked by the late Dr. M‘Donnell, and a note
of it is entered in the 4th volume of the Geological Transactions. Throughout the

_* The Cultra fossils were noticed by Dr. Griffith in a paper read at the Cork Meeting of
the British Association (vide Report Brit. Assoc., 1843, part 2. pp.45 and 46).

54 REPORT—1852.

county of Antrim deposits of lignite frequently occur, as around the shores of Lough
Neagh, at Carnaghliss, between that lake and Belfast, at Libbert near Glenarm, at
Kiltymorris and at Ballintoy: associated with them is an impure fire-clay. At several
of these places the lignite is covered with trap, proving that this trap is of tertiary or
post-tertiary age, as the wood from which the lignite has been derived was in all
likelihood coniferous. There is also lying under the trap in different parts of Antrim
considerable beds of ochre, which sometimes contains thin seams of impure lignite.
It has been long known that at Lough Neagh, in the alluvial covering that lies upon
the lignite beds, there are found many pieces of silicified wood, sometimes of a con-
siderable size. Between the trap and the subjacent chalk there is very generally a
bed, varying from a few inches to a few feet, consisting in many places of iron-shot
elay and loose flints, and in others of a grayish clay, like impure fire-clay; in this
last case it sometimes contains lignite.

The Chalk of Antrim contains a number of fossils resembling in a great measure
those obtained from the same formation in England. The upper beds of the Antrim
chalk are not so prolific in organic remains as the under, which are mixed with parti-
cles of greensand; under these lower beds, and quite conformable to them, are beds
resembling the Fire-stone of Surrey, and lowest of all is a soft bed of pure greensand.
In the upper strata of pure chalk the prevailing fossils are some species of Belemnites,
Ammonites, Pleurotomaria, Terebratula and Turbo; also several kinds of Echino-
dermata and Sponges, which fossils not unfrequently are found also in the imbedded
flints. In the lower or chloritic chalk are remarked, in addition to the above, Arca,
Avicula, Inoceramus, Natica, Ostrea, Pecten, Pholadomya, and Trigonia; and the
same are observed even in greater abundance in the subjacent fire-stone. Some fine
specimens of Ostrea carinata have been got in the fire-stone, to which rock this fossil
seems to be confined; also the Hxogyra Columba appears in it in great numbers, and
rarely in the upper or lower beds. The Ezogyra levigata is very abundant in the
lowest bed of soft greensand, where it is often the only fossil to be met with: in this
lowest bed there is less variety of organic remains than in the others ; from it however
were procured some teeth and bones of Saurian animals by Mr. MacAdam; and in the
Philosophical Magazine for 1831, there is an account of the discovery of saurian
vertebre near Belfast, in lias, by Mr. Bryce; but it has since been ascertained that
they had been found in the soft greensand bed which immediately overlies lias.
Teeth of the Shark family, sometimes very perfect, occur in all the beds from the
upper chalk to the pure greensand, and some obscure remains of entire fishes of a
small size; also portions of crustacea, and several zoophytes. In some places fucoids
were got in the fire-stone, and small pieces of fossil wood in the soft greensand,
These lower beds are apparently equivalents of the upper greensand of England.

Thin beds of lias underlie the greensand, but not everywhere, as they are wantin
in various localities. This lias abounds in organic remains, almost identical wit
those of the same formation in England. In the beds near Belfast there are several
ammonites, and great numbers of the Cardium striatulum, with a few other fossils,
In the beds near Larne the same fossils are found, and a great variety of others, as
the Gryphea incurva and obliquata, Plagiostoma giganteum and punctatum, Pachyodon,
Mya, Amphidesma, Pecten, Mytilus, Modiola, Arca, Lutraria, Avicula, Trochus, Tur-
ritella, &c,; also numerous fragments of the Pentacrinus. At Larne a bed of oolitic
structure rests upon lias, and in it are found Avicula contorta and Lima Proboscidea,
with some others. At Ballintoy, on the north coast of Antrim, there is a lias deposit
very rich in fossils, several of which are described in Portlock’s ‘ Report:’ several
new ones have been obtained by Mr. MacAdam from that deposit, some of which
seem not to have been as yet described. In the beds at Larne and Belfast several
fish remains were obtained, and a few saurian vertebrzee. The hardened lias of Port
Rush has been often described; it contains many fossils, but they are not easy to
determine from their obliteration ; in all probability they are nearly the same as those
found at Ballintoy. ;

Mr. MacAdam has discovered, resting immediately on the variegated saliferous
marls of Woodburn, near Carrickfergus, a bed containing many fish remains, among
which were recognized the Gyrolepis Alberti and tenuistriatus and others, which have
been referred to the upper parts of the Trias. In the marls and subjacent sandstones
no fossils have as yet been discovered.

On the south, or County Down side of Belfast Lough, at Cultra, there are small

ee. «>

ge

ate

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 55

patches of magnesian limestone, in which are found some shells resembling Schizodus,
Associated with this limestone are red sandstones, supposed to be equivalents of the
rothe-todte-liegende, and containing vegetable remains, as Calamites, Sigillaria, &c.,
but often too obscure to determine specifically. Underlying these are soft calcareous
shaly beds, in which are many fish remains, generally of Holoptychus, and a great
number of Modiola, with a few other shells.

At Ballycastle and Murlough, in the north-eastern part of Antrim, there is the regu-
lar coal formation, from which Mr. MacAdam obtained a variety of fossil plants, but
not differing from those,of the English coal-fields, There are associated shales in
which a Lingula is frequently found, and there is underlying carboniferous limestone
with the usual fossils. In the County of Down at Castle Espie, near Comber, there is
a small patch of carboniferous limestone, remarkable for the Orthoceratites it contains,
and several other fossils, On the County Down side of Carlingford Bay there is a
deposit of limestone, which in all probability is the same as that which occurs near
the town of Carlingford on the south side in the county of Louth, but the fossils have
not yet been examined.

No Silurian rocks have yet been discovered in Antrim or Down, but it is not
improbable that the like may be detected on more minute examination.

On the Subdivisions of Lepteena. By Professor M‘Coy.

On the Structure of certain Fossil Fishes found in the Old Red Sandstone
of the North of Scotland. By Professor M‘Coy.

The Professor exhibited specimens and plates; among others a large species of
Holoptychius, which he named H. Sedgwicki, showing for the first time, the form,
number, and position of the vertical fins of that genus. He also dwelt on the ana-
tomical structure and peculiarities in the form of the tail, and the ossification of the
vertebral column, which had been supposed to characterize the fishes found in the more
ancient rocks, and which had been used by some recent writers in support of the
doctrine of ‘ Progressive Development.” He pointed out that the structure of the
fossils which he treated of disproved these notions, and strengthened the more ordi-
nary geologicallaws. He described the peculiarities of two new genera, which united:
the two great groups of Saurodipteridz and Ccelacanthi.

On the Mode of Succession of the Teeth in Cochliodus.
By Professor M‘Coy.

Tn this communication the fact was announced that the mountain limestone genera
of fossil fishes called Cochliodus and Peecilodus by Agassiz, and supposed by him and
all succeeding writers to have manifested the most intimate relation to the living
Australian shark, called Cestracion, had really a strong horny jaw for the support of
the teeth, and that these latter succeeded each other vertically upwards, the young
teeth appearing under the old ones; while in the living shark alluded to there was
no horny jaw, and the young teeth followed the old ones laterally from behind for-
wards; so that there was no such reason, as generally supposed, for quoting the
existence of the Cestracions in the Paleozoic rocks. The nearest analogy for the
carboniferous fossils was the osseous genus Placodus of the Muschelkalk, though it
differed in microscopic structure. 4

On the Structure of the South Silurian Mountains of Scotland.
By Professor J. Nicot, £.G.S.

On the Occurrence of Glacier Moraines in Arran. By Prof. Nicou, F.G.S.

Notice of the Discovery of a new Talpina?
By C. B. Rosz, F.G.S., Swaffham, Norfolk.

In the course of last winter, I sent some fossil fish-scales from a species of Beryx;
met with in the chalk strata, to a‘person in London, that they might be put up as

56 REPORT—1852.

microscopic objects; le succeeded in setting two: on their return to me, upon ex-
amination under the microscope with a power of 3th, I found one of them extensively
ornamented with elegantly ramifying figures, not much unlike coralloid bodies. After
perusing Mr. Morris’s paper, Ann. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1851, and comparing the figures
on my fish-scale with those seen in many of the Belemnites from the chalk at Nor-
wich, I feel persuaded that the figures on both are due to the operations of the same
tribe of parasites, and I consider that the dissimilarity in their form is sufficient to
warrant my concluding that they are the workings of different species.

Unlike the borings in the Belemnite, which run in straight lines, and frequently
inosculate, those in the fish-scale proceed with a graceful curve to their extremities,
terminating in a symmetrically-formed dilatation or cell, and they do not frequently
inosculate.

I have with some care endeavoured to measure the calibre of the borings, and I
believe that it ranges from a 3000th to a 4000th of an inch in diameter. Conceive,
then, the infinitesimal tenuity of the organism that formed them. I propose calling
this parasite Talpina Squame.

On the Lowest Fossiliferous Beds of North Wales.
By J.W. Sauter, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

The great interest always attaching to the search for the oldest types of animal
life, has lately been revived by the zealous researches of M. Barrande of Prague,
who has discovered and announced in various communications*, a succession of
faunas in the Silurian region of that country. The earliest fauna is marked by the
presence of peculiar genera of Trilobites, not found in any of the succeeding forma-
tions. Such are in Bohemia Paradowides, Conocephalus, Sao; and several other
genera of the Olenoid type, together with species of Agnostus.

A rare Orthis, a Pteropod, and two Cystidee, are all the other forms this naturalist
has discovered, after many years of patient labour, in his region C.

The publication by Angelin in the ‘ Palzontologia Suecica,’ of a considerable number
of Trilobites, confirms these views, and shows the same genera, Paradowides, Cono-
cephalus, and for the most part 4gnostus, to be confined to the lowest members 4. B.
of the Swedish system, and with them are the long-known species of Olenus and the
Graptolites of the lower alum slates.

In 1851, M. de Barrande paid a visit to this country for the express purpose of
comparing the Bohemian fossils with many unpublished forms of this country. He
recognised with great pleasure that the ‘ Lingula flag” (discovered by Prof. Sedg-
wick to form the lowest fossiliferous zone in North Wales +) was a most satisfactory
equivalent of this lowest stratum C.

Lingula Flags.—As all the fossils from these strata collected by the Geological
Survey have now been examined, it is thought it will prove interesting to put them
upon record, previously to their fuller publication in the Memoirs of the Survey.

The beds in question are largely developed in Merionethshire and Caernarvonshire,
appearing sometimes in the form of fine thin-bedded sandstones, and at others of beds
of black slates interstratified with coarse sandstone and conglomerate. In Me-
rionethshire they appear at the base of a great igneous series, described by Messrs:
Jukes and Selwyn as 15,000 feet thick, and the fossil beds alternate with these volcanic
strata throughout their whole extent, at least the Zingula Davisii, which is the cha-
racteristic fossil, is found from the base nearly to the top.

In the lower part, or the true Lingula flags, the Lingula Davisii is associated with
Olenus micrurus, a new crustacean Hymenocaris hereafter mentioned, and fu-
coids: higher up no fossils have been found except the Lingula Davisii; and at the
top, but still distinctly in the igneous series, Lingula still occurs, probably of the same
species, but associated with an dsaphus, a Calymene, and some Grapiolites.

For the lower part of this series, which T feel sure M. de Barrande would alone con-

* The latest, and since this paper was read, is that published in Leonhard and Bronn’s
Neues Jahrb. 1852, p. 257, Transl. in Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. viii. pt. 2. p. 31. ;
> T Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. iii. p. 139 e¢ seq. :

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 57

sider as belonging to the “Etage C,” may be cited the following fossils and
localities :—

PuLants.
Species. | Localities.

Chondrites, — sp. ...-..e. | Records Mus. Pract. Geol., | Carnedd Ffiliast, a moun-
“i ined. tain 5 m. S.E. of Bangor.
Cruziana semiplicata, n.sp. | Salter, ibid. ..........cceseeee Ditto (specimensmore than

a foot long, abundant).

Crustacea.
Olenus micrurus....... ess. | Salter, Decade 2. pl. 10. of | Dolgelly; Trawsfynydd;
Memoirs Geol. Survey. Tremadoc; N.W. of
Llanberis.

Hymenocaris vermicauda, | Salter, Records Mus. Pract. | Dolgelly; Tremadoc ; Pont
new genus. Geol., ined. Seiont, Caernarvon ?
Mo.tuvsca.

Lingula Davisit. ......06004 M‘Coy, Ann. and Mag. | Dolgelly; Tremadoc; N.W.

Nat. Hist. vol. viii. 405. of Llanberis; Carnedd
Ffiliast; near St. Ann’s

Chapel, Bangor; &c.
One of the most interesting fossils is a large Paradowides, probably P. Forchham-
meri, Angelin; but most unfortunately the exact locality in North Wales has not
been preserved, though there is great probability it comes from the ‘ Lingula Flags.’
In the higher beds, near the upper limit of the igneous series, Prof. Sedgwick and

myself gathered in 1843 the following fossils.

| Asaphus Selwynii, n. sp. . | Salter, Records Mus. Pract. | Hengwrt uchaf, 4m. N.E.

Geol. ined. of Dolgelly,a bed of slate
in the volcanic ash.
Calymene parvifrons. ...... | Salter, Append. to Prof. | Tai hirion, under, the trap
M’Coy’s Paleozoic Foss. and volcanic ash-beds of
Woodw. Mus. pl. 1. F. Arenig bach.
frie
Lingula Davisti?...iccssceee | M‘Coy, supra. sissccsscereee Tai hirion; and Llyn-y-Dy-

warchen, to the west of it.
The Geol. Surveyors have
also found Lingule at
Hengwrt uchaf.

Lastly, at Llanfaelrhys near Aberdaron, South Caernarvonshire, in beds which both
by position and mineral character appear to be the ‘ Lingula Flags,’ although sepa-
rated by great dislocations and obscured by drift, the following fossils occur.

Asaphus Selwynii, n. sp., mentioned before.

Lingula attenuata?

, broader species. :

Didymograpsus Murchisone, an

Graptolites incisus? or a new species.

In all these, except the first list, some doubt may be entertained whether the strata
may not more properly be classed with the second division, the ‘etage D’ of M. de
Barrande. ‘The genera Asaphus and Calymene certainly would indicate it. There
is every reason to believe that the Asaphus Selwynii is the same species as one common
in the lowest Llandeilo flags of Shelve in Shropshire, and as such it is considered.

Therefore, if the zoological demarcations, which are of so much value elsewhere,
hold good in England, i¢ would be proper to draw the line between the fossils which
occur at the base, and those near the top of the igneous series.

__ Professor Phillips has described a formation of black shales occurring at the base
of the Silurian series in the Malvern Hills, which is characterized only by small Tri-
lobites, and these of the genera Olenus and Agnostus; they are Olenus humilis, Phill.
Mem. Geol. Sury, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 55. f. 4-6; 0. bisulcatus, Ph. f.1,2; O. scara-

58 REPORT—1852.

pep a Wahl.? f.3 (O. spinulosus ?, Phill.), and Agnostus pisiformis, Wahl. Brongn.
toate ke

It is quite possible therefore, as suggested by M. de Barrande himself, that these
shales may be identical with the black slates of Sweden, and belong to the Etage C.

It should however be observed, in conclusion, that Agnostus in England is ge-
nerally characteristic, not of the first, but of the second zone or true Llandeilo flags ;
we have at least three species; also that the true position of our Paradowides is not
known; that, in the probable equivalent of the ‘ Lingula Flags’ in S. Caernarvon-
shire, an Asaphus, the Didymograpsus Murchisone, and perhaps Lingula attenuata,
occur; that the genus Cruzjana, the fucoid described below, is characteristic of beds
in Normandy*, which lie nearly in the place of our Caradoc sandstone ; and that Hyme-
nocaris, the new genus here proposed, belongs to a group of Phyllopod Crustaceans
not hitherto described from strata older than the Upper Silurian. Taking all these
circumstances into account, it would, I think, be premature to pronounce as to the
separate and distinct character of our own lowest fossiliferous zone; and it may
perhaps be necessary hereafter to modify the conclusions drawn by so able and suc-
cessful an observer as M. de Barrande as to the primordial and isolated character of
his earliest fossil group; it may be a local, and not a general pheenomenon.

It will be borne in mind that the lowest fossiliferous zone in England and Wales
is not quite the oldest known. The purple and green schists of Wicklow in Ireland
contain Zoophytes or Bryozoa (Oldhamia antiqua and O. radiata, Forbes), and they
have been determined to occupy a similar place with the “ Llanberis slates and Har-
lech grits” of Prof. Sedgwick, which underlie the ‘ Lingula flags,’ and which in Wales
and Shropshire are void of fossils.

Notes on the New Forms above mentioned.

I append a short description of the new genus Hymenocaris, and the new species
of fucoid, Cruxiana, from the ‘ Lingula Flags.’

Hymenocaris, new genus.

Carapace ample, semioval, narrowed towards the front, curved downward at the
sides, but not angularly,bent along the dorsal line; no external eyes; antenne? of
two pairs, short and not visibly jointed ; abdomen as long or longer than the carapace,
of 8 [or probably 9] transverse segments,—the last with short unequal appendages.

Species 1. Hymenocaris vermicauda, Salter, Records Mus, Pract. Geol. ined.

There are four, and may be more appendages to the last segment; for one crushed
specimen shows two of them, a short and a long one on the dorsal part of the seg-
ment, and two others toward the ventral edge; and it is impossible to say how they
may have been arranged.

The number of segments to the body is also not quite certain, though nearly as
above stated. One specimen shows the 8 anterior, another the 4 or 5 posterior ones and
the appendages. The antennz? too, are 3 appendages, two longer than the third,
proceeding from the front of the carapace: they show no trace of joints.

The genus is evidently related to the living Nebalia, and differs markedly from
Ceratiocaris, M‘Coy, by the entire convex carapace, not bent along the dorsal margin.
It has, too, a neck furrow running all along the posterior edge. There are no traces of
eyes on the exterior of the carapace. The crust was very thin.

Localities. Tremadoc; Dolgelly; North Wales.

Cruziana, D’Orbigny. Frena, Marie Rouault.

C. semiplicata, sp. nov. C. longa, plus pollice lata, linearis, integra, ad sulcum me-
dianum crebriplicata, extis levigata: plicis obliquis, simplicibus aut irregulariter
furcatis, ad marginem levem latum abrupte terminatis.

It appears to differ from all the published species, in the smooth border, against
which the oblique folds terminate abruptly ; they very rarely run out into it. The
plaits are not always equal, and are sometimes branched and occasionally fasciculate.

Locality. Carnedd Ffiliast, near Bangor, North Wales; Stiper Stones, Shropshire.

* Marie Rouault, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol, vii, 1850, p, 725.

—a 7

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 59

On a few Genera of Irish Silurian Fossils.
By J. W. Sater, F.G.S., of the Government School of Mines.

CrusTAcEA.

Among the many new and interesting forms of Trilobites described by Colonel
Portlock in his work on Londonderry and Tyrone, a small species of Asaphus was
recorded from the Lower Silurian of Tyrone, which he named 4. /atifrons, distin-
guishing it from some other species by the breadth of front included within the curve
of the facial suture. The species is very remarkable for the position of the eyes,
which are placed very far backward and inward, so as to be close to the base of the
small and narrow glabella. This peculiarity of habit is associated with some other
characters which will remove the species from Asaphus, to which, nevertheless, it is
closely allied. It has also some relations with I//enus.

Stygina, new genus.

Gen. Cuan. Body ovate and rather flattened. “Head and tqil large and tolerably
equal, body of 9 rings. Eyes small, placed far backward and inward, near the
base of the glabella, which is quite indistinct above, and much contracted below.
Facial suture marginal along a wide space in front, and below the eyes curved
outwards, and ending on the posterior margin. Angles of head mucronate. No
rostral shield. Wypostome? Axis of body narrow. Pleure without a furrow.
Tail smooth with a moderately long axis.

The flattened oval form, long axis to the tail, and head spines, very much re-
semble Asaphus*, from which the 9 ungrooved pleurz effectually distinguish it. In
the obliteration of the glabella, number of body-rings and course of the facial suture,
it is closely allied to Il/enus, from which its habit differs so much ; but there is enough
of the under side preserved to show that there was no rostral shield, an essential cha-
racter of Jilenus.

Species 1. Head spines short. 8. latifrons. Asaph. latifrons, Portlock, Geol. Rep.,
Tyrone, &c. pl. 7. figs. 5, 6. A. marginatus, ib. f.7.—Locality. Desertcreat, Ty-
rone, in Llandeilo flags.

Species 2? Head spines long. S.? Murchisona. Ogygia Murchisone, Murchison, Sil.
System, pl. 25. fig. 3. Locality. Mount Pleasant, Caermarthen, in Llandeilo flags.

The narrow axis and the smooth extremities of this species, as well as the apparent
absence of eyes in the middle of the head, render it very probable that we have
here a second species of the genus. The facial suture, too, as far as it can be traced,
agrees with that of Stygina.

The Chair of Kildare,.an interesting isolated patch of Llandeilo flags, discovered
by Mr. Griffith, contains in some parts of the limestone swarms of a minute Trilobite
belonging to the great group of the Olenide, but referable to no published type. It
will soon be figured and described in Decade 7 of the Memoirs of the Geological Sur-
vey. In the meantime the characters may be defined as follows :—

Cyphoniscus, new genus.

Gen. Cuar. Body oval and very convex; head large and gibbous; body of 7 seg-
ments; tail minute. Head half-elliptical, the glabella occupying the greater part
of it; glabella broadest in the middle, oval, and inflated, without lobes; neck-
furrow distinct; cheeks bent steeply downwards, with nearly parallel sides, rather
broadest below, the posterior angles square. Eye-line marginal in front for a space
equal to the breadth of the glabella, then running in an oblique line down the cheek,
and cutting the exterior margin very obliquely sume distance in advance of the pos-
terior angle. Eyes (minute linear?) very forward; free cheeks narrow and linear.
Thorax convex, the axis prominent, and the fulcrum of the pleurz near it. Pleure

* One species of Asaphus, described by Portlock, 4. rectifrons, exactly resembles our genus
in the wide marginal extent of the facial suture in front, and in the want of a vertical suture
on the under side. But the eyes are in the usual position, and the blunt extremities and
broad obscure axis show that this species is a true Asaphus, though probably not of the section
Isotelus.

60 REPORT—1852.

deeply furrowed, their ends rounded or truncate. Tail small, the axis short of 1
segment, the sides without furrows.

The position of the very minute eyes is indicated by a slight indentation opposite
the front of the glabella; they must have been linear and small, for there is no visible
elevation or appearance of an eye-lobe. In this respect there is some difference be-
tween the form under description and the North American genus Triarthrus, to
which it is, nevertheless, most closely allied. In both genera the eye-line takes the
remarkable course above described, viz. in an oblique and almost marginal line from
the front to the outer edge of the narrow cheeks, and the furrow which runs along
the posterior margin of the cheeks in both genera turns upward towards the termi-
nation of the facial suture. Tvriarthrus, too, has the ends of the thorax segments
rounded or square, not pointed and recurved as in other Olenoid genera. But the
present genus differs in the gibbous form and inflated glabella without lobes, as well
as in the fewness of the segments of the thorax, 7 instead of 15 or 16.

Species 1. C. socialis, n. sp. Length about a quarter ofan inch. Locality. Chair of
Kildare, in Lower Silurian.

Acidaspis, Murchison.

Of this remarkable genus, one new Irish form has to be added to the list.. It was
formerly (Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii. p. 1. pl. 9. fig. 5) considered by me the same
with A. bispinosus, M‘Coy, a species distinguished by the possession of two spines
on the neck. Many species are now found to have this character. The original
one, described by Prof. M‘Coy, is a minute species with a remarkably inflated
glabella, and a sinuated front. It is from the Chair of Kildare.

The new species, of which good specimens occur in Waterford (Lower Silurian),
has a wide and somewhat depressed head, with a straight front, and the glabella
lobed, and not inflated. It will be figured and described in Decade 7 of the Me-
moirs of the Geological Survey as 4. Jamesii.

4figlina, Barrande. Cyclopyge, Corda.

This genus, proposed by Barrande to replace the name gle, which he formerly
bestowed on it, exhibits the greatest proportional development of the eyes known
in the group of Trilobites. They occupy the entire side of the head to the exclusion
of all other parts of the cheeks, and meet in front (as in the case of many insects,
especially of the male sex). In this respect Remopleurides of Portlock is the only
genus that can be compared with it; the genus under notice, however, has the eyes
greatly more developed, and with large lenses quite visible to the naked eye; few
body segments, and a rounded tail. The genus must for the present be placed near
Asaphus. Two or three species are known in Bohemia, all Lower Silurian.

A new one, 4. mirabilis, has been found at Portrane, Dublin; and the same, or an
allied species, in Anglesea and South Wales. It will be figured shortly in Decade 7,
Mem. Geol. Survey.

Remopleurides, Portlock,

As this has just been quoted, it may be well to say, that perfect specimens of #.
dorsospinifer, Portlock, will also be figured with the above. The remarkable dorsal
spine, detected by the discoverer of the genus, is very likely a character peculiar to
the male sex, and it is more than probable that R. Colbii is the female of the same
species. Such appendages characterize the male sex in Spheroma.

In the Remopl. dorsospinifer, the possession of this spine, on the 8th segment, is
accompanied by a general narrowness of form as compared with FR. Colbii, but besides
this, there is no available means of distinction. Col. Portlock had himself suggested,
that two or more of these forms might prove to be varieties of one species, and in
this, after careful examination, I fully concur. Again, except in the possession of
the lateral appendages (which might be expected in the mature ovigerous female),
and in a still greater breadth of form, A. laterispinifer does not differ from
the two above mentioned. And hence these three forms may be respectively regarded,
as the male, and the young and mature female forms of the same species. While
suggesting this as probable, and supported by general analogy among the Crustacea
and other articulate tribes, it would not be advisable to alter the names originally
given.

4
ig

i :

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 61

Cyphaspis, Burmeister,
is another example of this dorsal appendage. Several of the species that have
been described show something of it when perfect. A fine series of the C. megalops,
M‘Coy, from Dudley, in the collections of Messrs. Gray and Fletcher, have in each
specimen a strong spine projecting from the 6th segment, which is the same segment
in which they occur in the recent Spheroma,

Encrinurus punctatus, a common Trilobite, has similar spines on the 7th and 10th
thorax segments. Brontes spinifer, Barrande, and Sao hirsuta, ibid, have short
spines on every segment.

Motuusca.

The collections in Kildare have also yielded a new and very interesting Cephalopod,
of a group common in North America, but not in this country. The genus Lituites in -
America coniains a group of closely-coiled species, the whorls being thicker than
broad (instead of broader than wide, as usual in the genus), the siphon internal, and
the septa waved backwards on the peripheral margin. They are distinguished as the
genus Trocholites. One of these species, the Lituites (1.) planorbiformis, Conrad,
was found by Prof. Sedgwick and myself at Bala, North Wales. The septa in that
have but a very slight backward curvature on the outer margin. A second species,
from the Chair-of Kildare, is different from either of the American ones. It is
easily distinguished by the great depth of the backward curvature of the septa, form-
Ing a complete sinus. It may be called

Lituites hibernicus, sp. nov.

Diameter 3ths of an inch, thickness nearly half an inch. Whorls 4 (or 5), their
thickness much greater than the breadth. Umbilicus rather deep. The inner whorls
much covered by the outer. Surface with faint lines of growth, nearly smooth.
Septa rather approximate, and with a deep peripheral sinus.

Pterotheca, new genus.

I wish to propose the above name for a remarkable Pteropod mentioned in the
Report of the last meeting of the Association as occurring in Canada, Ireland, and
Wales. Of this beautiful fossil, originally described from a Tyrone specimen as a
smooth Brachiopod, better specimens have been obtained in N. Wales, which show
it to have been an animal closely allied to Cleodora, but distinguished from it and all
allied forms now known by an extraordinary expansion of the sides or wings of the
shell. The cavity for the animal is acompressed triangle, as in Theca, Cleodora, and
others of the order; but the dorsal lamina is-much elevated above the flat ventral
one, and the sides are furnished with a wing-like expansion almost to the curved tip.

Species 1. Pterotheca transversa. Sides entire ; ventral lamina flat. Syn. Alrypa
transversa, Portl. Geol. Rep. p. 455: As Cleodora transv. Salter, Rep. Brit. Ass. -
1851, p. 64.

Locality. Desertcreat, Tyrone.

Species 2. P. corrugata, n. sp. Sides lobed, ventral Jamina somewhat keeled above.

Locality. Caernarvonshire.

On the supposed Action of Water in Geological Formations, and the Posi-
tion of the Poles of the Earth. By W.D.Sautt, F.G.S.

On the Conditions under which Boulders occur in Scotland.
By James Situ, F.G.S., of Jordan Hill.

On Certain Furrows and Smoothings on the Surface of Granite, caused by
| Drift Sand, at the Cape of Good Hope. By Wiiv1am Srancer, M.D.
It appears by the observation of the author that rocks are polished by the sand

driven by the winds, and exhibit on a smaller scale similar effects to the polishing by
glacial action.

62 REPORT—1852.

On some Peculiarities of Granite in Certain Points of the Pyrenees.
By H. Twinine.

Notice of a Skeleton of Mastodon angustidens found near Montopoli.
By Dr. VAutini.

The country of Montopoli is situated on a group of small hills of the pleiocene de-
posit, which extends north-eastward beyond the Arno, toward the Val di Rievolé,
and south-eastward connects itself with the meiocene tracts of the Val d’Elsa, Val
d’Era, &c. The hills consist for the most part of masses of yellow sand, deeply
excavated by the strong action of water. The sands are often rendered coherent by
-ealcareous cement, and from point to point diversified by gravels of eocene origin.
The shells of mollusca lie in different planes, and most plentifully in the lower part of
the deposit. :

The bones of the Mastodon were found by Dr. Vallini at the depth of about two
feet, in the excavation for a drain, and levelling of a small hill in the south-east part
of the country of Montopoli. In general they were found in the sands simply indu-
rated, but from place to place in a species of conglomerate of sand and shells cemented
by carbonate of lime. All were found on the bedding surface of a sandy bed, mostly
arranged with reference to their anatomical relations, and surrounded by marine
shells, such as Pecten pleuronectes, Ostrea denticulata, O. lamellosa, Cardita pecti-
nata, Venus levis, V. islandicozdes.

The author described minutely the situation of a long chain of dorsal vertebrz in
their natural order, directed from north-east to south-west, and connected with the
bones of the pelvis; at the opposite extremity of the vertebral series, a large tusk, and
near its base the lower -maxill, one still retaining a molar, the other showing the
alveolar cavity. Great part of the cranium was found lying a short distance to the
east of the parts already described. To the north-west lay the right femur, and
other bones of the leg of the same side; and, two metres removed from the western
extremity of the tusk, the left scapula.

A minute description of the dimensions of the bones was appended. ‘The tusk was
in length 2°57 metres; its basal diameter 0°17, at the upper end 0°075. There were
20 ribs, mostly preserving their connexion to the vertebral column ; the longest 0°88
long, and 0-035 broad. Antero-posterior length of scapula 0°33; its height 0°47.
Length of the acromial spine 0°60; its height 0-14. Breadth of the acromial ex-
tremity 0°26; of the articular cavity 0°14. Length of the ulna 0°60. Diameter of its
humeral extremity 0°28; of its carpal extremity 0°13. Length of radius 0°58. Length
of femur 0°87. Breadth from the summit of the articular ball to the trochanter 0°32.
Diameter of the articular ball 0:14; its height 0°10. Diameter of lower articulating
extremity 0°28; in the middle 0°14. Length of tibia 0°50. Diameter of its femoral
extremity 0°20; of its tarsal extremity 0:13.

On the Geological Structure of Spain. By M. Dr VERNEUIL.

On the Geology of a Portion of the Himalaya Mountains. By Major
Vicary of Wexford. Communicated by Sir Roderick I. Murchison.

A coloured section from the plains in the neighbourhood of Umballa, towards the
flanks of the Himalaya above Subathoo and near Simla, showed that all the formations,
from the youngest tertiary of the tract to the crystalline rocks of the chain, are in
highly dislocated positions, some of the younger deposits appearing to underlie others
of prior date, probably through the occurrence of powerful faults. Some of the
younger tertiary beds with pebbles and fossil bones (the Séwalik strata) are inclined
with the older or nummulitic rocks, and are probably therefore of higher antiquity
than was supposed. Sir R. I. Murchison passed a warm eulogium on the author,
Major Vicary, a brave Irish officer, who, in the wars of Scinde and the Punjaub, had
sometimes, even in face of the enemy, collected materials which had advanced geological
science, and specially adverted to a most magnificent assemblage of nummulites and
associated fossils, which were about to be described in a separate work by M. D’Arehiac.

TRANSACTIONS OF THD SECTIONS. 63

On the Geology of Saint Ives, Huntingdonshire, and its Neighbourhood.
By J. Kine Watts.

The principal formations in the neighbourhood are the upper greensand, the
gault, and the Oxford clay, with great quantities of drift gravel and sand in certain
localities. The ‘upper greensand is however but ill defined, being only occasionally
met with, as near Woodhurst and at Needingworth, and then but to a small extent.
The gault formation is well defined, and is in some places of great thickness. All
the elevations and hills near this town‘are composed of it. The lower greensand
is seen outcropping in patches a few miles distant, as between Elsworth and Hilton,
and also between Over and Willingham. There is a beautiful outcrop and elevation
of this formation at Haddenham some miles off on the road to Ely, being a further
continuance of the line. The Oxford clay extends to a considerable distance
southward, and a great part of the district towards Fenstanton, Hilton, and Coning-
ton is of this formation. The drift gravels and sand are found in many places
immediately under the top soil; in some places very coarse, and at others as fine
as quick-sand. In some of those drifts occurred good specimens of Echinus,
many Belemnites and Ostree, much water-worn. The above-mentioned range of
gault hills are well defined and interesting. At the westward end of the range near
the town, the gault passes downward apparently to a great depth ; and at this place
many Ammonites, Gryphee, Belemnites, Hamites, and Terebratule are found. The
Ammonites occur of various sizes, some very small, and others weighing many
pounds. Belemnites have been found upwards of a foot in length. This ridge trends
eastward towards Somersham, and about 2 miles from St. Ives towards that place, is
a district of rich land, called St. Ives Heath, which was formerly part of the royal
forests, but disafforested in the reigns of Henry IJ. and III. This heath was in by-
gone times of celebrity, on account of its medicinal spring or spa, and an establish-
ment formerly stood there for the use of invalids who resorted there for the waters. °
An interesting account of the water in the above-mentioned spring was published in
the 56th volume of the Philosophical Transactions, by Drs. Layard and Morris. It
is to be regretted that this spring should have been choked up and destroyed. Fol-
lowing the range of hill, which now turns eastward, we arrive at the cutting on the
Wisbeach and St. Ives Railway, in the parish of Bluntisham. In this cutting iron
pyrites were found in great abundance, a great quantity of selenite, and specimens of
Ostrea and Belemnites. The elevation proceeds on to Holywell, and there breaks off,
the river running below.

On the opposite side of the river, in the parish of Over (Cambridgeshire), is a con-
tinuance of this ridge of low hills, and the Cambridge and St. Ives railway cuts
through the southern side thereof. In this cutting a great variety of fossils were found,
many smooth nodules crystallized within, and large boulders of hard sandstone.-

In this cutting, at a considerable depth, was found a large Ammonite, and 17 ver-
tebrze, and a paddle of a species of Plesiosaurus; and also one vertebra of another
Saurian, which were forwarded to Prof. Owen.

On the Eskers of the Central Part of Ireland. By R. Younc, C.E.

After having described the peculiar character of the country between Dublin and
Galway, and the absence of mountain chains, the sluggish character of the streams, the
immense tracts of bogs, the numerous gravel pits, and the enormous stretch of carboni-
ferous or mountain limestone; the author went on specially to take up and discuss the
phznomena invariably associated with the district—gravel, diluvium and bogs. Like
Mr. Griffith, he attributed the growth of the bogs to the gravel hills and diluvium, which
acted as barriers to the free discharge of the drainage from the land, and caused in some
cases extensive lakes, of which we have many evidences in the mar] beds and callow
lands along the Shannon, Suck, Brusna, &c. He divided the diluvial ridges of the coun-
try under two distinctive forms :—Ist, the gravel hills, which, he said, are sometimes
confounded with eskers, from their bearing at times a resemblance to them in form and
composition, though their character is distinct, and which seem to have been thrown
down from agitated water, as there is little appearance of stratification; and 2ndly,
the eskers proper—well defined, narrow ridges of pure gravel or blue-water gravel—
which, when not washed through by pent-up waters, can be distinctly traced, many

64 REPORT—1852.

for 20 or 30 miles, and which, when they traverse a flat country, bear a striking resem-
blance to a railway embankment. They are invariably found to consist of water-worn
limestone, gravel, associated with boulders both of limestone and sandstone, also much
worn, and sand without clay. The larger boulders are generally arranged in a bed at
the bottom of the ridge, the interstices often filled up with a marly stalagmite, the
gravel and sand-beds lying above them. Mr. Young went on to describe some
remarkable peculiarities with regard to the form and direction of the eskers, and con-
cluded by stating it as his opinion, in common with others, that the drift had its
origin in the sea currents and eddies, at the same time pointing out on a map which
he has constructed the probable direction of the currents across the depressed tract
between Galway and Dublin, when the country was submerged 500) feet.

BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY, r1nctupinc PHYSIOLOGY.

Borany.

On the Development of Ferment Cells in the Warm-Water Flax Steeps.
By Professor ALLMAN, M.D., M.R.LA.

Tue author described a peculiar cellular growth which invariably accompanies the
process of flax-steeping by the warm-water or patent method of Mr. Schenk. It is
strictly analogous to the cells which are developed during the alcoholic fermentation,
and first shows itself in the flax-steeps a few hours after the commencement of the
steeping process, in the form of isolated cells of a nearly spherical figure containing
minute colourless granules, but without any decided indication of a nucleus. These
cells rapidly multiply by a process of gemmation, and ultimately form dichotomously
branched groups which collect on the surface of the steep in the form of a thick
yeasty head. The very peculiar and characteristic odour which accompanies the
process of flax-steeping, appears to be exactly coincident with the formation of the
cells, and to go on increasing with their multiplication.

The cells appear by their presence to determine in the fluid a peculiar fermenta-
tion, and the consequent decomposition of the intercellular substance which holds
together the fibre of the flax stem, a process which, however generally confounded
with common putrefaction, must nevertheless be carefully distinguished from it.

On a Microscopie Alga as a Cause of the Phenomenon of the Coloration of
large masses of Water. By Professor Attman, M.D., M.R.IA.

It appeared, in little conglomerated gelatinous-like masses, and, when submitted to
the microscope, it was found to consist of a number of fronds. The younger fronds
were nearly spherical, and consisted essentially of a central mass of transparent ge-
latinous matter, surrounded by a crust composed of minute cells, containing a green
colouring substance. The crust being much slower in its growth than the internal
nucleus, it soon burst, and the nucleus then, by an apparent spontaneous action, as-
sumed a regular form, not unlike an hour-glass, which soon separated into two distinct
fronds. Some of them being put into a glass tube, and placed in the window, were
observed to arrange themselves in a mass on the side of the tube opposite to that
exposed to the sun’s rays—that side of the mass towards the light being formed into
a beautiful concave curve, which might, he thought, when fully investigated, reveal
some important facts as to the nature and influence of light.

Remarks on the Flora of the South and West of Ireland.
By Professor BaLrour, M.D., Edinburgh.

The communication on this subject contained the result of a three weeks’ tour
just completed with some of his pupils in the southern and western districts of
Ireland, viz. in the counties of Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Galway. The floras of
these districts belong to Professor E. Forbes’s Armorican and Lusitanian divisions ;

,
t
;

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 65

the former containing plants resembling those of Cornwall and Devonshire, and the
French coast at Normandy; the latter having plants resembling those of Portugal
and of the Asturian division of Spain.

The mountains of the south and west of Ireland, although some of them
attain an elevation of upwards of 3000 feet, were not found to exhibit an alpine or
Scandinavian flora like the mountains of Scotland. The few alpine species seen
were chiefly Silene acaulis, Draba incana, Dryas octopetala, Saxifraga nivalis
and stellaris, Saussurea alpina and Polystichum Lonchitis. Some of these appear
at much lower elevations than they do in the mountainous districts of Scotland.
The flora resembles in many respects that of the western coasts and islands of
Scotland. This is shown by the prevalence of such plants as Cotyledon Umbilicus,
Osmunda regalis, Hypericum elodes, Pinguicula lusitanica, Eufragia viscosa, Ulex
nanus, Anthemis nobilis, Hymenophyllum Tunbridyense and H. Wilsoni. But in ad-
dition to these, there are many peculiar species. The prevalence of Sawifraga
umbrosa, with its varieties serratifolia and punctata, as well as Saxifraga Geum, S.
elegans, S. hirsuta, S. hirta, and S. affinis, tend to give a marked character to the
flora of the south-west ; and in the Connemara district, Erica mediterranea, E. Mac-
kaiana and EL. ciliaris, along with Dabecia polifolia and Eriocaulon septangulare,
give a remarkabie character to that flora.

The Cork flora has been fully given in a work published by Dr. Harvey at the
time when the British Association met in that town. Dr. Balfour’s party noticed on
the sides of the Glanmire river, as well as at Aghada, a species of Hypericum, pro-
bably Hypericum anglicum of Fries, which had not previously been recorded in Ire-
land. The plant abounds in that part of the county of Cork, and appears to be ina
wild state. At all events, if it has been introduced, it has become completely natu-
ralized. On the roadside near Monkstown, Cork, there was observed profusion of
Petasites fragrans, apparently wild. In Killarney, the prevalence of Trichomanes
radicans, Lastrea Thelypteris and Lastrea fenisecii, was remarked, as well as Pin-
guicula grandiflora, Arbutus Unedo, and Orobanche Hedere,

In the large island of Arran there was seen abundance of Adiantum Capillus Ve-
neris, Spiranthes autumnalis, Sesleria cerulea, Alsine verna, and a peculiar form of
Saxifraga hypnoides. On the limestone of that island were found many plants
which are common in the trap districts of Scotland.

ee ee

On the Distribution of the Marine Alge on the British and Irish Coasts, with
reference to the Influence of the Gulf-stream. By Professor Dicxiz, M.D.

_ There are forms of marine Algz generally admitted to be characteristic of our
northern coasts, and others of the southern. The present remarks have reference
to those generally deemed of southern type; that is, those usually more or less
abundant in low latitudes, and on the other hand absent from high latitudes. Such
species, natives of our coasts, may be classed under three heads :—first, those con-
fined to the southern parts of Great Britain and Ireland; second, species of more
extensive range, since they extend to the north of Ireland and south-west of Scot-
land; third, those found abundantly in the south of England, and ranging along the
western coasts of both islands, as far as Orkney and Shetland; and the species com-
prehended under these three heads, and amounting to at least twenty, are, so far as
known at present, absent from a certain part of the east coast of Scotland, A con-
siderable proportion of them reappear in Shetland and Orkney. The marine vege-
tation in those northern islands in some respects resembles that of the north of
Ireland, though there is a difference between them of from four to five degrees of
latitude. The marine vegetation of some of the north-eastern counties of Scotland,
intermediate in latitude, is of more boreal character.

The drifting of tropical fruits, &c. to the western and northern parts of Britain
and Ireland, is a proof of the course and presence of the Gulf-stream ; the develop-
ment of southern forms of Algz at the extreme northern parts is a proof of the
same, and an indication of its influence in reference to temperature. Are we to
consider their absence from certain parts of the east coast of North Britain as
owing to a lower sea temperature than in localities where they exist? The portion
of the coast in question is precisely that which, from the generally understood

1852.

oe

66 REPORT— 1852.

course of the Gulf-stream, may be least exposed to its influence. Investigations
respecting the temperature of our seas are, however, still desiderata, and without
such, an important modifying element has been overlooked having reference to the
climate of the British islands.

Notice of a Monstrosity of Bellis perennis. By Professor Dicxir, M.D.

Each capitulum was surrounded by an involucre of the usual form; the recep-
tacle (as in a well-known variety of the plant) supported numerous secondary
capitula, each having an involucre of three to five pieces, and enclosing generally
three, five, or six imperfect flowers, most of which seemed reduced merely to open
carpellary leaves, and attached to some of them there was an imperfect ovule. The
secondary capitula were either sessile or stalked, and the same was true of the car-
pellary leaves. This variety presented therefore a remarkable example of arrest of
development, the flowers being reduced to imperfect carpels with or without rudi-
mentary ovules.

Remarks on the Altitudinal Ranges of Plants in the North of Ireland.
By Professor Dicxiz, M.D.

The observations were made on Slieve Donard, in county Down, attaining an
elevation of 2796 feet, Muckish and Erigal in county Donegal, the height of the
former being 2190 feet, of the latter 2450 feet, and Nephin in the north-west of
county Mayo, its elevation being 2639 feet. Neither of these mountains present
the same richness of vegetation seen on many of those in North Britain. Only one
of them, namely, Slieve Donard, comprehends the upper part of the Mid-Arctic zone
of Mr. H. C. Watson, lying between 3000 and 2000 feet. Only six species attain
the summit of Slieve Donard, three being Monocotyledons, and three Dicotyledons ;
six of the former and twelve of the latter were found on the summit of Muckish;
Erigal has on its comparatively narrow summit four Monocotyledons and seven Di-
cotyledons ; on the summit of Nephin were observed four of the former and eight of
the latter; there are only two species common to all the summits, viz. Festuca
vivipara, and Vaccinium Myrtillus.

The upper limits of 39 Dicotyledons and of 32 Monocotyledons were carefully
measured. It might have been expected that in general the species noted would
have the upper and lower limits of each respectively, obeying the usually understood
law. Instead of which, it appears that their natural upper limits are, with a very
few exceptions, lower in the North of Ireland than in North Britain.

The lowest limits of plants usually found at high elevations were next examined,
and those of 20 species in Ireland compared with their recorded lowest limits in
different parts of North Britain; from which comparison it appears that the lower
limits in Ireland are generally much lower than in Britain. It may be stated, in
other words, that in Ireland, with a climate generally mild, plants usually growing
in the low grounds do not rise so high upon the mountains as in North Britain
with a less favourable climate; and plants usually growing at high elevations,
descend lower in Ireland than in many parts of North Britain.

On an Anomaly of the Trifolium repens (white clover), in which the Pedicles
of the Flowers were very much elongated, and the Petals and Pistil converted
into Leaves. By the Rev. Professor W. Hrncxs.

Morphological Analogy between the Disposition of the Branches of Exogenous
Plants and the Venation of their Leaves. By the Rev. Professor M‘Cosu, M.A.

The view which the Professor took of the morphology of the plant might be regarded
as an extension, in the same direction, of the theory of Goethe. According to this
theory, all the appendages of the axis of the plant, including leaves, bracts, sepals, pe-
tals, stamens, &c., are formed on a common plan, of which the leaf may be taken as
the type. It had occurred to him (Dr. M‘Cosh) that we may regard the branches
of the plant and the whole plant as formed on the same plan. We may thus regard

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 67

the plant as constructed on one model throughout. Speaking in this paper of reticu-
lated leaved plants, he showed that there is a correspondence between the disposition
of the branches along the axis and the distribution of the venation of the leaf.

(1.) In some plants the lateral branches are disposed pretty equally along the
axis, whereas in others a number are gathered together at one point, and the plant
becomes verticillate or whorled. Now, he found that wherever the branches are
whorled, either the leaves of the plant, as in the rhododendron, dlchemilla alpina,
common barberry, broom, laburnum, marsh trefoil, or the veins of the individual
leaf, as in the common sycamore, dlchemilla vulgaris, currant, gooseberry, guelder
rose, geranium, maple, are also whorled.

(2.) When a leaf has a petiole, the tree has its trunk unbranched at the base (as in
the case of the sycamore, apple, &c.), and when the leaf has no petiole, the trunk
is branched from the root, as in our common ornamental lawn shrubs—the bay
laurel, holly, box, &c.

(3.) He proceeded to show further, that the angle at which the branches go off
from the axis is the same as that at which the side veins go off from the main veins.
His observations during the past summer had been chiefly directed to this point.
He made the measurements by means of a graduated semicircle with a moveable
index. In these measurements he took the angle formed by the main lateral branches
with the axis, and by the main lateral veins with the midrib. The angle of the
veins of the leaf is easily taken. It is more difficult to determine the natural angle
of the branches, inasmuch as the direction of the branch may be altered by a variety
of circumstances, as by winds, its own weight, &c. Still, there is evidently anormal
angle for each species of plant, which may he ascertained by taking the average of
a number of measurements of a freely growing branch. He had measured in all
about 210 species of plants, and found the angle of the branch and of the vein to
correspond. He produced a tabulated statement of these 210 plants, and called
the special attention of the Section to several of them, as under the letter A.

Plants with Woody Structure. Angle of vein
and branch.
° °

Alaternus, very short petiole and branched to near root 50
Alder, short petiole and short unbranched trunk ..... 50
Andromeda speciosa. .......-. aowenols aysiie seh ciao
Apple, has petiole and unbranched trunk ....... 2+» 45
Arbutus, very little petiole, or unbranched TUUDK sop endycs 55
Azalea,no petioie, and no unbranched trunk, leaves and

branches; WHOM ho, «sy af <0: aieprey ojalishy soe, sok poy ska claagepien/GO

Native Herbaceous Plants.

Achillea millefolium ..... custiiioss sete Seatant ens sgh aD
Achillea ptarmica .......---- Pees fastener se OOO
Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi......-...--.+-. eerten et 35—38
Agrimonia eupatoria..,......-.. qloronaRe arcane +. 35
Alchemilla vulgaris, main veins whorl, and leaves an

branches whorl ..........--- Sr ihe, Banh hd seca atiee 37
Alchemilla alpina, leaflets whorl, a also flowerstalks,

and'leafstalks . 2.2300. oe. tl ee ee seca iceparon a cx4
Angelica sylvestris ........0- ee eee eee eee eee 40
Anthriscus sylvestris... 2.0.22. eee ee eee ees . 40
Arctium lappa, angle decreases from base.......-.-+ 48—40
Apargia autummalis ........ 2.022 e cere tree ees 50
Atriplex patula......... Do cue Oar Beka wate sa) eed

Alisma plantago, has whorled veins and whorled leafstalks 60

(4.) He had also observed that the curve of the branch seems to be the same as
the curve of the vein.

These observations seem to show that there is a morphological analogy between
the ramification and venation of reticulated leaved plants. Though he could not
enter on the subject at present, he believed that there was a similar unity running

5%

68 REPORT—1852.

through linear-leaved and monocotyledonous plants. In conclusion, he remarked,
that these views, if substantiated, would aid in giving us the true science of the mor-
phology of the plant, and in particular show that there is a unity of design in the
skeleton of the plant, similar to the unity of design which has been discovered in the
skeleton of the animal frame. Possibly they might also help to determine the di-
rection of the vital forces as operating in vegetable organisms ; they would certainly
make us better acquainted with what Humboldt would call the physiognomy of each
species of plant, and furnish some additional marks to distinguish genera and species,
and, what was to him especially interesting, enable the student of natural theology
to make successful use of the plant, to illustrate the order which reigns in the uni-
verse.

On the Transmutation of Egilops into Triticum.
By Major Munro, 39th Regiment, F.L.S.

The origin of all our domesticated animals is still considered by the most cele-
brated naturalists to be unknown, and this is the opinion very generally held with
regard to our principal cereal grains also. The difficulty may possibly have arisen
from looking for an animal or plant bearing too close a resemblance to their culti-
vated descendants. Mythology, hitherto considered an amusing dreamy account of
early history, may come to our aid in this matter also, and iead us, in the fable of
Ceres and Triptolemus, to Sicily as the birth-place of our much-valued grain, wheat.
Certain it is that at different periods it has been believed that some species of
Ggilops is the origin of our wheat, the produce of some of the numerous varieties
of the cultivated Triticum. It has also been stated, that the inhabitants of the
neighbourhood of Mount tna used to collect the seed of the gilops ovata which
grows there wild, as food. It is a small insignificant-looking plant, but from a
series of specimens produced to the meeting, it does not require any great stretch of
imagination satisfactorily to trace the gradual alteration the plant assumes in its
various advances towards the state which is commonly called Tonselle wheat. The
still greater external change from bearded to smooth wheat, and the very extraordi-
nary looking forms called Egyptian and Abyssinian wheats (Triticum Polonicum and
compositum), take place under our own observation daily, especially in cultivating
wheat in India from English and Egyptian grown seeds. M. Esprit Fabre seems
most satisfactorily to have proved that both gilops ovata and triaristata pass acci-
dentally into 4, triticoides, and thence into Triticum. His experiments, as detailed and
illustrated in a pamphlet edited by M. Felix Dunal, appeared to have been carried
on most carefully and regularly for twelve years, commencing in 1838. For seven
years the plants were raised in a garden surrounded by a wall, and for five years as
a field crop, producing an average return with other wheats grown in the neigh-
bourhood. M. Fabre had no favourite idea to illustrate and enlarge upon, and no
object apparently in his experiments but the interests of science, and was so badly
provided with books, that he had only one, and that certainly a very good one,
Decandolle’s Flore Francais, He therefore details minutely the gradual change which
took place after each successive sowing in this remarkable progress of Avgilops ovata,
about six inches high, with its brittle head, shedding, as soon as ripe, its few, one to
three, perfect hairy seeds, into good wheat three feet high, producing from each
lasting head often 100 and upwards perfect, almost smooth seeds, remaining in
the spikes till removed by the hand of.man. In proof of the correctness of these
observations, M. Dunal has forwarded a very interesting series of specimens to
England. Still the fact, it is but right to state, is doubted by some botanists, and
especially by him who is considered by almost every naturalist as Botanicorum
facile princeps. The objections appear scarcely sufficiently strong, and the difficulty
of procuring ripe seeds of 4yilops into England has hitherto prevented some minute
inquiries into the internal structure of the seeds. In making conclusive experiments
in cultivation, it will be necessary first to procure the shoot or varieties of 4gilops
ovata, which is called triticoides, and not simply to cultivate the Mgilops ovata,
which might go on for years reproducing itself without variation. All gardeners
in seeking to produce double flowers carefully collect the seed from the best semi-
double ones.

Fully persuaded, in conformity to the opinion of most botanists, that Triticum

ate ie

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 69

and 4égilops are identical asa genus, and that M. Fabre’s experiments are fully to be
depended upon, there is no reason to adopt the notion, that this really very curious
but not unnatural change of AZgilops into Triticum proves the little value of modern
genera, and leads us to expect that oats can be changed into rye, and wheat into
barley. The latter has been asserted as a fact, and may possibly have faken its origin
from the circumstance, that in 1817 Hordeum trifurcatum or Atgicerus was intro-
duced as Nepal wheat; but it was soon found to be a real barley, and it may pos-
sibly have been thought that the climate had changed the wheat into barley.

It certainly is very difficult to define what is a genus, at the same time the beauti-
ful order of God’s works in general indicate that he has made some divisions or
groups which naturalists and others. call genera, within the wide range of which
species may wander, but beyond which they cannot go. To three such different ge=
neta do wheat, barley and oats belong, and they never will be altered by cultivation
from the one into the other.

It may be interesting to add, that the observations of a very large number of
monstrosities in abnormal states in grasses (some quite as curious as the one the
subject of this notice), plainly show that there is always a tendency in grasses to
elongate their axis, and increase the number of the flowers in the spicule, and
never to become fewer-flowered, which would be the case if wheat or oats ever bee
came barley.

—_—_-—_—_——

The Biack and Green Teas of Commerce. By Professor RoyLe, M.D., F.R.S.

It was a remarkable fact, that the subject of the difference between the black and
green teas had been, until recently, a matter of great uncertainty. The Jesuits, who
had penetrated into China, and Mr. Pigou, were of opinion that both the black and
green teas were produced from the same plant; while Mr. Reeve believed that they
Were manufactured from two distinct plants. Now, as regarded himself, he (Dr.
Royle) had adopted the view that the best kinds of black and green tea were made
from different plants ; and examination of tea samples seemed to confirm that view,
but a repetition of the experiment had not done so. Mr. Fortune, subsequent to the
China war, having been sent out to China by the Horticultural Society of England,
made inquiries on the subject. He there found the Thea bohea in the southern parts
of China employed for making black tea ; and in proceeding as far north as Shanghae,
he found the Thea viridis used in making green tea near the districts where the best
green tea was made. So far, therefore, the information obtained seemed to confirm
the view of two different species of Thea being employed to make the two different
kinds of tea; but Mr. Fortune, in visiting the district of Fokien, was surprised to find
what he conceived to be the true Thea viridis employed in making black tea in di-
stricts near where the best black tea was made. He took plants with him from

. Fokien to Shanghae, and could find no difference between them. It was still, how-

ever, desirable to get specimens from the district where the black and green teas or
commerce were actually made, and this had latterly been effected. In consequence
of the great success which had attended the experimental culture of tea in the nur-
series established in the Himalayas, Mr. Fortune was again sent to China by the
East India Company. He proceeded to the northern parts of the country, in order
to obtain tea seeds and plants of the best description, as the most likely to stand the
Himalaya climate. Mr. Fortune procured seeds and plants in great numbers, and
sent them to the Himalayas, where they had been since cultivated. When he had
reached Calcutta, the tea manufacturers whom he had brought with him made from
plants in the Botanic Gardens their black and green tea from the same specimens ;
so that it was evident it was the process of manufacture, and not the plant itself,
that produced the green tea. All now who were acquainted with the difference be-
tween black and green teas, knew that they could be prepared from the same plant
without the assistance of any extraneous materials, though it was a common thing
for manufacturers to use indigo, prussian blue, turmeric, &c. in colouring the tea.
Dr. Royle showed specimens of the Black Tea plant from the Woo-e-Shan, and of
the Green Tea plant from the Hwuychou districts. No specific difference could be
observed between the two specimens.

70 REPORT—1852.

ZOoLoey.
On a peculiar Annelidan Larva. By Prof. ALtman, MD., MARIA.

The author described a minute Annelidan larva, which he obtained in abundance
in a small towing-net in July last off the coast of the county of Cork. It is vermi-
form, and swam about with great activity, the locomotion being chiefly effected by
the aid of ciliated discs, which are borne on the fourteen segments which imme-
diately succeeded the head. Lach disc carries a pencil of very long vibratile cilia;
and four such discs are carried by each segment.

The disc-bearing segments are followed by about twenty others much smaller
and destitute of discs. ‘The terminal segment is encircled by a wreath of very long
cilia. Dorsal and ventral oars are present on all the segments. The dorsal oars
carry cirriform branchial appendages densely clothed with minute vibratile cilia.
The sete are largely developed ; and in each pencil of set carried by the disc-
bearing segments there are two stronger and longer than the others, denticulated
and beautifully iridescent. A pencil of very large and beautifully iridescent sete
is borne by the head. A prominent ridge on the upper surface of the head is set
with thread-cells. The mouth is situated on the inferior surface of the head. The
alimentary canal is straight, dilated into a large sacculus in each of the fourteen
large anterior segments; in the smaller posterior segments the canal presents but
slight dilatations.

The little larvee were preserved in a phial of sea-water, and after about a week
were seen to be transformed into minute Annelides, nearly resembling Nereis. Their
death shortly afterwards prevented all subsequent observation on their development.

On the Universality of a Medusoid Structure in ihe Reproductive Gemma
of the Tubularian and Sertularian Polypes. By Professor ALLMAN,
M.D., MRA.

In this communication it was the author’s object to show that the Medusoid
structure was not confined to the free locomotive gemme of the Tubalarian and
Sertularian Polypes, but that a similar structure was also possessed by the fixed
capsules of the Zubularide, and by certain fixed organs found in the ovarian vesicles
of the Sertularide; that the Tubularian and Sertularian Polypes therefore produced,
by a process of gemmation, fixed as well as free Meduse, the real office of both being
apparently the production of ova by a true sexual process.

In the marine Tubularide, the capsular bodies which contain the ova consist of a
closed vesicle whose walls are composed of cells, and having a hollow peduncle pro-
jecting into it from the point of its attachment to the Polype-stem, the cavity of the
peduncle being in direct communication with the general cavity of the polypary.
The hollow peduncle here manifestly represents the stomach of a Medusa with the
mouth permanently closed, and the vesicie only requires to be open anteriorly, to
complete its resemblance to the bell-shaped disc. ‘The system of gastro-vascular
canals, which in the ordinary Meduse radiate from the stomach towards the margin
of the dise where they intercommunicate by means of a circular vessel, are, it is
true, here wanting, and the absence of this part of the medusan organization may
at first sight appear to invalidate the view here taken. That the absence of the ra-
diating canals in the marine Tubularide however affords no real ground for objection,
is proved by Cordylophora, their freshwater representative.

In this curious genus, the reproductive capsules, altogether homologous with those
of Tubularia and its marine allies, present a well-developed system of branched tubes
communicating with the base of the peduncle and extending forwards in the walls
of the capsule. These tubes will easily be recognised as the true equivalents of the
gastro-vascular canals of the Medusz, and at once complete the series of homologies
between the fixed sacs of the Tubularide and their locomotive medusoid gemme.

The contents of these sacs are either bodies presenting ail the characters of true
ova, with the germinal vesicle, and in many instances the germinal spot, and ex-
hibiting the phenomenon of yelk-cleavage and the subsequent steps in the develop-
ment of the embryo, or else they present no appearance of ova and are merely com-
posed of a multitude of minute corpuscles, endowed in some cases with independent

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 71

motion, and which are most probably spermatozoa. The ova-like bodies are there-
fore true ova, and the bodies developed from them (sometimes polypoid embryos,
but most frequently resembling the “Planule” of Sir J. G, Dalyell) are the product
of a true sexual process, and not, as has been asserted, mere gemme or bulbille.
In the Sertularide medusoid bodies have been witnessed by many observers to
escape from the “ ovarian vesicles” of Campanularia, and swim freely away ; while
Loven and Lister have observed similar though less completely developed medusoids
expand at the mouth of the vesicles of this genus, discharge their ova, and then
wither away without ever becoming free. Besides these gemmez of obvious medusoid
organization, certain more or less globular bodies are commonly seen in the interior
of the vesicle clustering round the fleshy axis, and described by various observers as
eggs. In these so-called eggs of the Cumpunularie, however, the author has de-
tected a medusoid structure quite as manifest as in 7ubularia. Each of them is in
fact a fixed Medusa, either developing within it true ova which present a distinct
germinal vesicle and germinal spot, and undergo the process of yelk-cleavage, when
they finally escape as “‘ Planulz ;’’ or else, as it would appear in some cases (though
this will require further observations for its confirmation), containing spermatozoa.
Among the Sertularine no case had hitherto been observed of the production of
anything resembling Medusa-buds, The author has however found the axis de-
veloped in the interior of the ‘‘ ovarian vesicle’ of Sertularia argentea into a medu-

* soid body, which, though permanently fixed, presented medusoid structure more

highly developed than in the fixed sacs of the Campanularie and Tubularide; the
peduncle of this Medusa terminated by an open mouth, and the disc was also
open; the gastro-vascular canals were present; the ova appeared to be developed
in.the walls of the peduncle.

The facts recorded in the present communication were believed by the author to
be the only ones wanting to harmonise the singularly discrepant observations of the

several trustworthy zoologists who have made these polypes their special study.

By a careful collation of these facts, and those already established by independent
observers, the following conclusions may be obtained :—

1. That the Tubularian and Sertularian Polypes are in their young state either
“ Planule ” or solitary naked polypoid larve (“ Actinule’”’).

2. That both “ Planule ”’ and “ Actinulz ”’ are embryos proceeding from real ova,
the result of a true sexual process.

3. That these ova are produced in all cases by a proper medusan structure, how-
ever masked this structure may be under the form of a fixed ovisac.

4. Thatthe free medusoids are not embryos, but buds, and that they are destined,
probably in all cases, as we know them to be in some, to produce ova by a true
sexual process in a manner similar to what takes place in the fixed sacs.

5. That every ? species of the Tubularide and Sertularide therefore produces by
gemmation two kinds of polypes, one hydroid and destined for nutrition, the other
medusoid and destined for sexual reproduction.

6. That the medusoid polypes are either fixed or free, the fixed with a more or
less masked medusoid structure discharging their ova in the immediate vicinity of
the parent stock ; and the free with a highly developed medusoid structure and fur-
nished with active powers of locomotion, by which they are enabled to carry their

- ova to a distance, and thus provide for the diffusion of the species.

On the Significution of the Ovigerous Vesicles in the Hydroid Polypes.
By Professor ALLMAN, M.D.

On a singular Locality chosen for its Nest by the Black Red-Start (Sylvia
Tithys). By Martin Barry, U.D., F.RS.

At the railway station in Giessen, Hesse Darmstad:, in May 1852, it was found
that a bird had built its nest on the collision spring of a third-class carriage which had
remained for some time out of use. The bird was the Black Red-start (Sylvia Tithys) ;
and the nest contained five eggs. The discovery was made by the ‘‘ Wagenmeister,”
Jacob Stephanij, who humanely desired his men to avoid as long as possible the run-

72 REPORT—1852. :

ning of that carriage. At length, when it could no longer be dispensed with, the car-
riage was attached toa train, and sent to Frankfort-on-the- Maine, distant between
thirty and forty English miles. At Frankfort it remained for six-and-thirty hours, and
was then brought back to Giessen ; from whence it went to Ldllar, distant four or five
English miles, and subsequently again came back to Giessen, having been kept awhile
at Lollar; so that four days and three nights elapsed between the bringing of the car-
riage into its use and its last return to Giessen. Stephanij, now finding the nest not
to have been abandoned by the parent birds, and to contain young ones, which he
describes as feathered, removed it from the carriage to a secure place of rest which
he had prepared, saw the parent birds visit it, and visited it from time to time himself,
until at first three and then the other two young birds had flown ; none remaining at
the end of four or five days. Now, while the carriage was travelling, where were the
parent birds? It will hardly be said that they remained at Giessen awaiting its return,
having to examine by night as well as by day hundreds of passing carriages in order
to recognise it; the young birds in their nests quietly awaiting food (!) There seems
little doubt that, adhering to the nest, one, at least, of the parent birds travelled with
the train. Nor, when it is remembered how gently and how slowly an enormous
Tailway carriage is pushed into connection with a train,—how gradually a train is
brought into full speed, and how equable the movements are upon a railway,—will it
appear incredible that at such a time a parent bird should continue with its nest, that
nest being quite concealed, and containing young. Not until after the above was
written did the author of this communication become acquainted with the important
fact, that while the carriage in question was at Frankfort, as well as during its short
stay at Friedeberg, on the way to Frankfort, the conductor of the train saw a red-tailed
bird constantly flying from and to the part where the nest was situated in that parti-
eae carriage. Is further evidence required that a parent bird did indeed travel with
the train?

Zoological Notices. By the Princz or CaANino.

The Prince exhibited a Ray which would have tempted many a naturalist of our
day to constitute a new genus, and perhaps even a new family ; yet itis only a mon-
strosity of the common Trygon pastinaca, or to speak more properly, a specimen in
which the transitorial forms of the embryo have become permanent. A teratologist
would claim the analogy of this our monstrosity to the bifida spina, or to the leporine
lip, which are nothing but normal and transitorial conditions in course of formation.

It would be easy with the fish before him, for the anatomist to prove,—J], the
embryonal changes of the Trygon and the Raiide; 2, their similarity and con-
sequent superiority in the scale to the Squalide, the proof of which has been a
desideratum in our science; whilst the greater development of the nervous system
proves these cartilaginous fishes higher organized than the osseous ones generally
placed ahead of them. '

The Prince of Canino also drew attention to three species of Bulweria to be men-
tioned: B.columbina, a second Smithian species from the Cape, and a new one from
the Isle of Bourbon; healso noticed a new Thalassidroma, which he calls Procellaria
thetis, from the Gallapagos, similar to pelagica, but even smaller, without the whitish
alar band, and with upper tail-coverts white to the tips, as in Pr. Wilsonii and
others, not black-tipped as in the pelagica.

Remarks on the Distribution and Habits of Echinus lividus.
By Professor Dickxiz, M.D.

This interesting species is well known on the west coast of Ireland; Bundoran
is the most northern locality recorded in Professor E. Forbes’s work on the Echino-
dermata; it has, however, a more extensive range. Mr. Hyndman observed it at
Tory Island ; it has been found by the Rev. Mr. Gallagher in the Bay of Dunfanaghy,
and in July last 1 saw it at Malin Head, county Donegal. It may possibly occur
on the east coast of Ireland, since I found a specimen cast up at Carrickfergus,
Belfast Bay. This species has the power of forming nest-like cavities in rocks of
moderate hardness; these are sufficiently deep to protect about two-thirds of the

_

—————e

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 73

animal. There appears to be some relation between the structure and composition
of the spines and the habits of this species; they are generally well-developed in
proportion to its size, and sections of them, viewed under the microscope, present
appearances of greater strength and density than similar preparations of the spines
of Echinus sphera, though a much larger species. The following are the results of
a chemical examination made, at my request, by Mr. J. W. Smyth, assistant in the
laboratory of Queen’s College.

Echinus sphera. Echinus lividus.
Specific gravity ...... 2°49 2°55
Inorganic matter ..... 82°03 per cent. 82°26 per cent.
Organic matter ...... 17°97 per cent. 15‘74 per cent.
Pens aeotn ot ncievae's to spat o)2e Chiefly carb. of lime. | Chiefly carb. of lime.
‘Siluie Soe peat bee SR Laie » + | 0°05 per cent. 0°41 per cent.
list has See ne chee ane none. a trace.

The smaller proportion of organic matter, and greater amount of inorganic gene-
rally, and of silica in particular, appear to indicate some relation between the spines
of Lchinus lividus and its burrowing powers. The spines on the sides and lower
surface of the animal are generally abraded, particularly in immature individuals ;
when it has attained full size, and the cavity completed, the spines are often, if not
always reproduced. By actual experiment, I have proved that the spines are capable
of abrading rock of moderate hardness.

On a New Map of the Geological Distribution of Marine Life, and on the
Homoiozoic Belts. By Professor Epowarp Forsss, £.R.S.
On this map the provinces under which animals and vegetables are assembled, are

delineated so as to show their peculiarities, relations, and contrasts. The character of
each is marked by the entire assemblage of organized beings constituting its popu-

lation ; a considerable portion in most cases being peculiar, and a still larger number

ora ee.

it.

ou
7

of species having their areas of maximum development within it. The several prfo-
vinces vary greatly in extent, some being very stall, some very large. But though

Hot equally important ih a geographical point of view, their inequality of extension is

not opposed to their being of equal natural history importance. The author showed
that the northern and southern limits of each province correspond with the boundaries
of a latitudinal belt,to which, on account of the similarity of organic features presented
throtighout its extension, the name of Homoiozoic is proposed to be applied. Nine
of these belts are distinguished; of which one is unique, central, and equatorial, and
four in the northern hemisphere represent as many in the southern. The boundaries
of these belts on land appear to correspond with the isotherm of the months in which
there is the greatest vivacity of animal and vegetable life. The homoiozoic belts are
not of equal breadth in all parts ; and whilst the Polar belts include only a single pro-
vince in each, the others severally include many provinces. On the same map, the
comparative distribution of marine life in zones of depth in different and distant re-
gions is also laid down, and a nomenclature applicable to all seas is proposed for
them.

Remarks on a species of Sepiola new to Britain, and first procured in the
_ Neighbourhood of Belfast. By Professor Epwarp Forsrs, F.R.S.

One species only has hitherto been recognised in the British seas, and this has always
been identified by our naturalists with the common Sepiola of the Mediterranean. Ger-
vais andVan Beneden, in 1838, maintained that the Sepiola of the Atlantic coasts of
Europewas different from that inhabiting the Mediterranean. The distinctions indicated
by them, however, were quite insufficient to warrant the inference drawn by these ob-
servers. M. A. D’Orbigny was the first to determine a true and important difference,
but likewise committed the error of supposing that all the Atlantic individuals were
of one type and the Mediterranean ones of another. He consequently referred all the

74 REPORT—1852.

figures and descriptions of British and Channel Sepiole to his S. Aélantica (those of
Pennant, Bouchard, Gervais and Van Beneden, and Thompson), and those of Medi-
terranean individuals to S. Rondeletii. It will be seen that we have both these species
in the British seas. Owing to the distinctive characters having been entirely over-
looked, it is impossible now to say which kind was intended by British authors who
quote this cuttle-fish under the names of Loligo sepiola, Sepiola vulgaris, and S. Ron-
deletii, Under these circumstances, we think it best to restrict our synonyms and not
include doubtful references.—1. S. Atlantica, D’Orbigny.—Suckers becoming sud-
denly four-ranked, crowded, and very minute at the extremities of the lower pair of
arms. Respecting this species, Mr. Alder writes as follows from the Menai Straits :
—‘‘ Miss Hughes has supplied me with three specimens of different sizes. This is
an odd fish, crouching generally at the bottom like a toad, with its great goggle-eyes
half-closed, and sometimes crawling along by means of its suckers, puffing the
water through the funnel all the time. When it does take to swimming it darts
very quickly through the water and is difficult to catch. When taken out of
the water and placed on the hand, it had recourse to an odd mode of progression,
turning two or three somersaults in regular tumbler fashion; first laying hold
with its arms, turning over, and laying hold again until it managed to get back into
the water. In this species, too, the tentacular arms generally lie concealed within
the others.”—Dr. Johnston remarks of it, that “although kept alive in a basin of
sea-water for about twelve hours, and repeatedly irritated, it never ejected any inky
fluid, with which it is, nevertheless, amply provided.’ It is probable, as has already
been remarked, that the majority of British localities of Sepiola re!ate to this species.
Whether Pennant’s Sepia sepiola from the coast of Flintshire was it, it is impossible
now to say. We have taken it in the Irish Sea; in fifteen, eighteen, and twenty
fathoms, among the Hebrides, and in seven fathoms in the Sound of Skye. Mr. Alder
has found it on the coast of Northumberland, and in the Menai Straits; also at Tor-
bay. The week before Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, died, he submitted to our exami-
nation two specimens of Sepiole as possibly distinct. His sagacity did not deceive
him in this, any more than in many other similar instances; for one of these little
cuttle-fishes taken at Bangor, in Ireland, in 1839, by Dr. Drummond, proved to be
S. Atlantica, and the other was an Irish example of the true Sepiola Rondeletii. The
statistics of the distribution of the two species have yet to be made out.—2. S. Ronde-
letii, Leach. —Suckers on the lower pair of arms similar to those on the others. I may
remark respecting the British cuttle-fishes,—1. That the Rossia Jacobi has proved to
be identical with Rossia macrosoma. 2. That among Dr. Ball’s specimens of Irish
cuttle-fishes, a form noted by him as probably distinct from Loligo media is apparently
the Loligo marmorea of Verany. 3. That the true Ommastrephes sagittatus has been
taken during the past winter at Brighton by the Marchioness of Hastings, and at
Folkestone by Mr. Mackie. The specimens usually so named have been shown by
Mr. Alder and Mr. Hancock to be the Ommastrephes todarus.

Catalogue of the Shells found in the Alluvial Deposits of Belfast.
By Joun GRAINGER.

The greater part of the town of Belfast is built upon alluvial deposits of sand and
silt. These depositions extend far intu the bay, and are extensively exposed at low
water, reaching to Holywood upon the county Down side, and to Whiteabbey upon
that of county Antrim. The localities which were most investigated were the em-
bankments raised for the two railways which run along the sides of the bay, and the
cuttings made during the progress of the harbour improvements. The embankments
of which the railways consist are formed almost entirely of the sand and silt raised
on the spot, and leaving numerous shallow excavations. The cuttings, however, made
to afford a straight channel instead of the old tortuous course of the tidal river pre-
sented shells from much deeper levels. They extended to the depth of nine feet from
low-water mark, and eighteen from that of high water. It affords an example of the im-
portance of seizing opportunities for prosecuting scientific researches, presented by
the progress of altogether different operations, when we consider that these places
will never again be accessible to inspection, the channel being now filled with water,
and the railways traversed by continually passing trains. All these localities pre-

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 75

sented vast numbers of shells, which appeared rather scattered everywhere throughout
them, than lving in regular beds. This, together with the fact that the same species
were found at almost every depth, made it impossible to observe levels to which the
species could be said respectively to belong. ‘The shells, no matter at what depth
found, were all of recent species; thus fixing the whole formation of one geological
age. In addition to these localities may be mentioned the foundations of the town
generally ; the whole affording a range of about twenty feet in the vertical. Eighty
species were enumerated. Of this number not one is extinct ; five are not now living
in the bay; seven occur so sparingly that they can scarcely be called inhabitants of
the bay, but are rather occupiers of some very limited spot in it; while the great ma-
jority of the remaining seventy species dwell at the distance of several_miles from their
ancient stations, although the latter are still under water. Thus six per cent. of the
former occupants of the harbour have left it, while nine per cent. appear in the fair
way of doing so. The shells which occurred in the beds in the greatest numbers
were those of the edible Mollusca.

Dr. Mature Hamitton read a paper ‘On the Lobos Islands.””—Along the sea-
board of Peru and Bolivia, within the Tropic of Capricorn, countless numbers of
aquatic fowls exist, which live on fish, and whose excretions are exceedingly fertilising.
In some localities, the number of guanos is enormous, so that when alarmed by dis-
charges of fire-arms, or otherwise, they rise from their nestling places in such masses
as cannot be supposed by those who have never seen these birds darkening the air
like acloud. Guano producers change their habitation when continuously disturbed,
but they do not permanently leave a locality which has long been frequented by them,
in consequence of a temporary alarm; for, in such a case, they soon return to their
old haunts, and totally abandon them only when teased by lasting annoyances.
The ocean on the west coast of South America within the tropic, teems with fish,
the quantity seeming exhaustless, and guanos equally abound; so that their egesta
are gradually accumulating somewhere either on or off that desert land, and now
have become an object sought after, not only by the Peruvian mountaineer, but by
the merchant, shipowner, and statesman.

On a Peculiar Organ which occurs on some of the Marine Bryozoa, and
which appears to indicate a Difference of Sex. By the Rev. Tuomas
Hincxs, B.A.

Some of tle marine Bryozoa are furnished with a curious intertentacular organ,
first noticed by Dr. Farre in his paper on the ciliobrachiata. It consists of an ob-
long and somewhat “‘flask-shaped”’ body, which is placed between two of the arms,
and attached to the tentacular ring. It has a wide orifice at the top, round which
there is a play of cilia. The neck is somewhat constricted. The interior cavity is
lined with cilia. The organ becomes narrow towards the base, and is closely united
to the sides of the tentacles. It is constant in its position, and (in Membranipora)
is always situated on the same side as the anal orifice. At times it is seen to be ex-
tended considerably, and to change its form.

It was observed by Dr. Farre on the Membranipora pilosa and Aleyonidium gela-
tinosum (Johnston), but he was unable to determine its function. I have also met
with it on the Cycloum papiliosum (Hassallj, and I can find no record of its occur-
rence on any other species but the three which I have named. It is possible, how-
ever, that it may not be confined to these, for it is commonly present on very few
individuals, and might readily escape observation. Dr. Farre states that he was
unable to detect any flow of fluids through it, nor could he ascertain with what parts
the cavity in its interior might communicate. At most times nothing is to be seen
but the regular and constant play of cilia within it and around the orifice. But in
spring I have met with individuals furnished with the appendage, in which Sperma-
tozoa were present in immense quantities, and have witnessed their expulsion from
the cell through the intertentacular organ. In one instance, when examining the
Membranipora, I observed a mass of the Spermatozoa moving upward from the lower
part of the visceral cavity. On reaching the base of the organ, which I have described,

16 REPORT—1852.

they were drawn iato it, and carried through it by the action of the cilia lining the
interior, and were then ejected and borne off by the tentacular currents. This ex-
pulsion went on for three or four minutes, during which time the active filaments
were streaming up from the lower part of the cell. After awhile a single sperma-
toxoon only made its appearance occasionally, and at last none were to be seen. The
ciliated intertentacular organ, then, communicates with the visceral cavity, and is at
certain seasons the channel through which large quantities of Spermatozoa are ejected
and diffused through the surrounding water.

Similar observations were made on the Cycloum. I have never met with Sper-
matoxoa in any individual which was not provided with the organ (and I have ex-
amined hundreds), while in those which possessed it, they were frequently present
at the proper season in astonishing profusion. The organ occurs on comparatively
few individuals. This has been ascertained by a careful examination of great numbers-
at different seasons of the year.

With the facts now related before us, there can be little doubt that the interten-
tacular organ of the Membranipora, Aleyonidium, and Cycloum marks a difference of
sex. It characterizes the male individuals, and is aspecial provision for the expulsion
of the Spermatozoa, which are produced in great profusion in a few of the cells, and
being thence diffused through the surrounding water, are drawn in by the tentacular
currents of other individuals (female), and so fertilize the ova.

A separation of the sexual organs has also been observed in some of the freshwater
Bryozoa, but I am not aware that any of the latter are supplied with the interten-
tacular organ.

—_—

Researches into the Structure of the Ascidians.
By Tuomas H. Huxtey, F.R.S., Assist. Surgeon R.N.

The author stated that he was desirous of laying before the Section an account of
some investigations into the structure of the Ascidians which he had been led to
make while endeavouring to form a catalogue of those contained in the collection of
the British Museum.

The Ascidians, varied as they are in external appearance, present certain general
anatomical uniformities, which are capable of being represented by a diagram. To
such a hypothetical structure thus represented, the author gives the name of the
Archetypal Ascidian. From this every actual form can be shown to be derived, by very
simple Jaws of modification. The author particularly desired it to be understood
that he attached no other meaning to the term Archetype than that thus defined.

It has been a matter of dispute which is the dorsal and which the yentral side of
the Ascidians ; there can be no question, however, that the heart is upon one side of
the axis of the body, and that the nervous ganglion is upon the other ; to avoid all
ambiguity therefore, the author proposes to speak of the ‘‘ hemal” and of the
“neural” eides, in accordance with the nomenclature proposed by him in a
memoir ‘Upon the Homologies of the Mollusca,’ read before the Royal Society.
The Ascidian Archetype differs from all others in the following points :

1. The intestine is always flexed towards the hemal side. In the Polyzoa it is
flexed towards the neural side, as pointed out by Professor Allman. .

2. The tentacles are small, while the pharynx is very large, and serves as a respi-
ratory cavity, its parietes becoming perforated. The author combated the view that
the “‘ branchial sac”’ of the Ascidian answers to the tentacles of the Polyzoon, or to
the united gills of the Lamellibranchiate Mollusk ; in opposition to the former view,
he endeavoured to show that the tentacles of the Polyzoa are represented by the
tentacles of the Ascidians; and against the latter, he urged, that the gills of the
Bivalve Mollusk have no representative in the Ascidian. The “ branchial sac ” of
the latter, represents not the gills of the Mollusk, but the perforated pharynx of
Amphioxus ; an analogy which has already been noticed by many observers.

The author brought forward the structure of the peculiar genus Appendicularia,
as fatal to the view that the branchial sac of the Ascidian is homologous with the .
united tentacles of the Polyzoa.

Especial attention was directed to the formation of what the author termed the
“ Atrium,” under which term he included the cloaca and the space between the
branchial sac and the ‘‘ third tunic ” of writers, The author endeavoured to show

tie
-

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 77

that it answers to the mantle-cavity of ordinary mollusks; that its excessive de-
velopment accounts for the presence of the “third tunic”’ in the Ascidian, and
that Savigny’s comparison of an Ascidian to an inverted Patella had very con-
siderable justice.

The author next proceeded to detail many structural points of interest which he
had made out in the genera examined. A minute account was given of the structure
of the branchial sac in Boléenia, Cynthia, Phallusia, Syntethys, and other genera.
The branchial meshes are always true apertures, generally more or less rectangular
or oval in shape; but in one species described they were arcuated or semilunar, so
as to give the appearance of spiral vessels in the branchial tissue.

The structure of the dorsal folds and of the “‘ Endostyle,”’ a structure first noticed
as distinct by the author in his memoir upon the Salpe, was minutely described ;
and the singular and characteristic variations in form of the peculiar organ of sense
—the “‘tubercule antérieure ” of Savigny—were pointed out.

The “‘ Tubular System,” described in the same memoir as a peculiar and unique
organ in Salpa and Pyrosoma, was shown to be the form of hepatic organ proper
to, and universal among the Ascidians.

The reproductive system exhibits remarkable and hitherto little noticed pecu-
liarities, which have Jed the author to distinguish the simple Ascidians into Mono-
thalamous and Dithalamous groups, the section Styela (Sav.) being the type of
the latter. Owing to the discovery of a Marsupial Cynthia, that is, of one whose ova
pass through all stages of their development in the Atrium of the parent, the
author was enabled to lay some interesting embryological facts before the Section.
The Cynthia in question has the appearance of a compound form; it does not,
however, become multiplied by gemmation like the true compound forms, but the
originally free, tailed larvye, adhere and become firmly united before the withering
away of their appendages. The mass is therefore an aggregation of distinct indi-
viduals, not one individual represented by many Zooid forms.

The development of the muscular tissue of the tail was described, closely resem-
bling that of the muscles of the tadpole as given by Kolliker.

With respect to the structure of the test of the Ascidians, the author stated that
he had verified in many new cases the discovery of the presence of cellulose in large
quantities therein made by Schmidt, and extended by Lowig and Kolliker, and by
Schacht. In other points, the author’s results differed somewhat from those of
these writers ; and after pointing out what he considered to be the true structure,
he drew particular attention to the essential identity of the test of the Ascidian with
true bone (if for the calcareous salts cellulose be substituted) on the one hand, and
with vegetable tissue on the other. The physiological distinction betwee: plants
and animals, which authors have endeavoured to draw, upon the ground that the
Ascidians do not form cellulose, but only take it from plants, seems incompatible
with the circumstance made out by the author, that the Ascidian larve contain cel-
lulose while they are yet a mere mass of cells contained within a structureless mem-
brane, and totally without any organ, except the tail.

The author endeavoured to show that the Ascidians might be divided into natural
groups, by considering :— ;

lst, The arrangement of the organs with regard to the axis, whence the animal
may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, according to the relative development of the
neural and hemal regions, and of the branchial sac; and,

2ndly, The nature of the tentacles and of the reproductive organs.

In conclusion, the author stated that the Ascidian type appeared to be sharply
defined from all others, nowhere exhibiting any transition forms.

On a New Species of Acaleph from Belfast Bay. By Grorar C. HynpMAN.

Dr. J. D. Marsuatt exhibited specimens of the “‘ Bonaparte’s Gull,’’ “ Sabine’s

* Gull,” “ Little Auk,” and some other fowl], all shot in the neighbourhood of Belfast.

The specimen of ‘“‘Bonaparte’s Gull,”’ he mentioned, had been called after the Prince
of Canino; and is the only one hitherto shot in Europe, having been obtained in the
Lagan in 1848. It is at present in the Belfast Museum.

78 REPORT—1852.

On the Geographical Distribution of Animals in connection with the Progress
of Human Civilization. By Wit.tAM Oeitsy, F.Z.S.

The author treated his subject in a very popular manner, and pointed to the less
civilized nations of the world, as being so from the absence of animals capable of do-
mestication. America and Australia were the great types of this deficiency. The
following conclusion of his paper will give an idea of the general argument and style.
“‘Let us now examine the facilities which the natives of Europe, Asia, and Africa
possessed for developing civilization compared with those of America and Australia.
The former had those great collaborateurs in their social progress, they had the horse,
the ass, and the camel, for beasts of burden; and they had the sheep, the ox, and the
goat, for food andathousand other useful purposes. The consequence of this was,
that, at a very early period—at a period of which there are few authentic historical
documents extant—the nations of Western Asia had advanced in civilization to an
extent which is now only beginning to be thoroughly understood and appreciated.
The researches of such eminent men as Dr. Layard into the antiquity of Assyria and
Egypt, prove this beyond question; and show that those nations had advanced toa
power which in modern times has scarcely been equalled, and that we are only now
in the same state with regard to civilization that they were three or four thousand
years ago; whilst the less fortunate inhabitants of America and Australia would be
obliged, by the want of those facilities possessed by the former, to remain in their
original condition for eternity.”

On the Homologies of the Cranial Vertebre. By Professor Owen, F.R.S.

On some Fishes, Crustacea and Mollusca found at Peterhead. By C.W. Peacu.

The fish were Yarrell’s blenny (Blennius Yarreliii) in considerable numbers, and
Ray’s bream (Brama faii). A new species of Hippolyte, and several specimens of
Limapontia nigra, constituted the contributions to the Fauna of Peterhead.

On the Character of the Sertularian Zoophytes.
By Wyvittet T. C. Tomson.

Mr. Thomson’s remarks were confined to the pointing out of some of the most re-
markable peculiarities in this very numerous class of zoophytes. He described their
appearance and the circumstances under which they are found; and exhibited bottled
specimehs of most of the species found along the Aberdeenshire coast. With regard
to the specific distinctions of those species, he conceived that the standard of classifi-
cation hitherto adopted was by no meansa safe one. As an instance of this he referred
to the Sertularia rosacea and Sertularia margarita, which had been described by na-
turalists as belonging to separate species; but on recent and minute investigations it
hasbeen found that there is no specific distinction between them, and that they belong
to a third, Sertularia pinasta. He suggested that, instead of the ovigerous vesicles
being regarded as the principle of comparison in determining the species, the stem and
general skeleton should be adopted as being more fixed and invariable.

PuHysIoLoey.

On the Part played by the Cavernous Sinus in the Circulation of the Brain.
By Dr. J. BARKER.

On a New Effect produced on Muscles by the Electrie Current.
* By Dr. E. pu Bots-Reymonp.

Last spring, Dr. Bence Jones of London, whom I am proud to call my friend,
published a short abstract of my Researches in Animal Electricity. To those who

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 79

have perused this little volume, the name of the electrotonic state of the nerves will
be familiar. I have ventured so to call the altered condition of the nerve which is
induced by any electric current pervading any portion of it, however short, and
which denotes its presence by a most striking change in the electromotive action of
the nerve. The nerve, when in its natural state, produces electric currents accord-
ing to the law of the antagonism of the longitudinal and transverse section, the
former one being positive, the latter negative. The nerve, when in the electrotonic
state, in addition to its usual electromotive action, produces electric currents accord-
ing to the law of the voltaic pile. Every portion of nerve, however short, acquires
an electromotive power such as to produce a current in the direction of the exciting
current. This new condition of the nerve begins and ends as soon as the exciting
current itself. I have endeavoured to account for it in the following way. The
ordinary nervous current I consider as being produced by peripolar groups of dipolar
electromotive molecules. According to Grotthuss’s well-established theory, the ex-
citing current may decompose these groups, so as to make all the dipolar molecules
turn their positive poles in that direction in which the current goes. If it be ad-
mitted that this new arrangement extends with decreasing regularity over the whole
length of the nerve, all the phenomena of the electrotonic state of the nerves could
easily be explained. :

In the second volume of my large book, I have stated that the muscles do not ex-
hibit the phenomena of the electrotonic state. Indeed no change of the electromo-
tive action of the muscle is perceived, when that portion of it which extends beyond
the ends of the galvanometer is submitted to a constant electric current. Neverthe-
less, I have succeeded in discovering a mode of action of the electric current on the
muscles, which undoubtedly corresponds to that action of the current on the nerves
which I have called their electrotonic state.

If a muscle, while in the state of life, is submitted to a strong electric current, of
any kind whatever, and if directly afterwards it be placed in the circuit of the gal-
vanometer, the very portion of it which was comprised between the electrodes is
found to have acquired a new electromotive power, such, indeed, as to produce,a
current in the direction in which it was pervaded by the extraneous current. This
new electromotive power is the greater according to the intensity of the extraneous
current. It rapidly decreases so as to become insensible after a certain lapse of time,
the length of which, of course, depends on the original amount of the electromotive
power induced, as well as on the sensitiveness of the galvanometer employed.

This new effect produced on muscles by the electric current is quite different from
that which was discovered by Peltier, who found that muscles, when for a long
time exposed to an electric current, acquire an electromotive power in the contrary
direction to that in which they were pervaded by the current. These two effects,
that observed by Peltier, and that now denoted by myself, both coexist, so as partly
to counterbalance each other. But the contrary electromotive power, induced in
muscles by electric currents, is analogous to that which is engendered by passing a
current through metallic electrodes immersed in any electrolytic liquid. On the
contrary, the electromotive power, which keeps the same direction as the current
by which it was induced, owes its origin to the peripolar groups of dipolar electro-
motive molecules in the muscles being decomposed by the current, and the dipolar
molecules having their positive poles turned with more or less regularity in that
direction in which the current goes.

The electric current, therefore, acts in the same way on both nerves and muscles,
viz. it decomposes the peripolar groups, and forces the dipolar molecules into a
certain arrangement different from the natural one. In the nerves this preter-
natural arrangement extends on either side of the portion submitted to the current,
and even, though with decreasing regularity, over the whole length of the nerve,
but it vanishes as soon as the exciting current itself. In the muscles, on the con-
trary, the preternatural arrangement does not extend to any sensible degree beyond
the portion immediately acted upon by the exciting current; but, instead of it, the
arrangement continues to prevail a certain time after the exciting current has ceased.
Hence it appears that the production of the new electromotive power in a nerve
and that in a muscle, by means of an electric current passed through their substance,

80. REPORT—1852,

bear to each other a similar relation as the production of magnetism in a bar of per-
fectly soft iron and that in a bar of steel, by means of an electric current passed
through a coil surrounding the bar. Suppose, indeed, that a current be passed
through a coil surrounding a very short portion of a long bar of soft iron, the bar
will directly prove magnetic in its whole length, only the intensity of its magnetic
force will decrease from the coil to the two ends of the bar. As soon as the circuit
of the coil has been broken, the bar would be found quite bare of any magnetic power,
provided the iron be perfectly soft; in making the experiment, however, there will
still be some magnetism left. Again, suppose that the same coil were placed in the
same manner on a similar bar of steel, instead of soft iron, then its action would
not extend over the whole length of the bar, only the very portion surrounded by
the coil, and those placed in its immediate neighbourhood, would become magnetic ;
but in this case they would remain so even after the circuit of the coil had been
broken.

This difference in the magnetic phenomena elicited in steel and iron by the electric
current, philosophers are in the habit of ascribing to a coercitive force possessed by
the former substance, by which force the magnetic fluids are prevented from moying
freely so as to require a certain amount of force to be separated, and to remain so
afterwards ; or by which force, to speak in accordance with Ampére’s theory, the
molecules surrounded by currents, on which the magnetic phenomena are admitted
to depend, are kept in the positions in which they once have been put by any pre-
vious action. It therefore may be concluded, that with respect to the mobility of
their electromotive molecules, the muscles and nerves differ from each other in the
same way as steel and soft iron; or that the muscles possess a coercitive force which
prevents their electromotive molecules from moving as freely as they seem to do in
the nerves.

This statement appears the more important, as I had hitherto not succeeded in
pointing out any essential difference between the electrical phenomena of muscles
and nerves. Yet such a difference ought to exist, if any relation be admissible be-
tweer the electrical phenomena of muscles and nerves, and their other vital properties,
which present such striking discrepancies.

On the Forces by which the Circulation of the Blood is carried on.
By Professor T. Wuarton Jonzs, F.R.S.

On the State of the Mind during Sveep.
By Ricuarp Fow er, .D., F.R.S.

What is the state of the vital and mental forces during sleep, dreaming, trance,
asphyxia, coma, compression of the brain, intoxication ?

The body of an animal is its coil (“ mortal coil”’), and this, like a federative re-
public, of which the brain coil is the chief, is composed of a congeries of coils (organs
of sense, glands, &c.), and, above all, of a muscular apparatus so adjustible as to
enable the mental force to form it into coils for occasional purposes, for expression
by speech and gesture, execution of works of art, &c.

In its waking state, the mental force has indirect perception of the adjustments
of the muscles by the muscular sense, rendered more sensitive by the blood accom-
panying every retransmission to the muscular and nervous fibres.

The mental force has, in addition to perception and volition, a power to modify
the adjustments induced by sensations and conceptions. It has its sense of buoyancy
and fatigue from the different degrees of compression felt on the sentient extremi-
ties of the muscular nerves, hence the idea of power. Hume challenged the as-
sertors of our having an idea of power to adduce the impression from which it may
be inferred ; and here is an adequate impression.

That mind and vitality are forces, is ascertained by the resistance they can oppose
to all the physical forces, to those of gravitation and motion, by mounting a hill or
swimming against a rapid stream, by the heavier weight sustained by a living than

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 81

a dead muscle, and by the fracture of bones by falling, without the contact of hard
substances. Dead fishes are disintegrated by being frozen ; but Sir John Franklin’s
fish, at Fort Enterprize, were alive when thawed, after having remained frozen thirty-
six hours, Men have resisted the effects of temperature which roasted and boiled
butchers’ meat,

To what source but to mind can we refer the existence and marks of intelligent ©
contrivance on the earth, and in all we have learned of the universe?

It is an indispensable condition of all force to be latent to our faculties till a fit
coil is present. We knew but little of motion, heat, light, gravitation, &c., before
the watch, steam-engine, thermometer, barometer, &c., were invented; but the
presence of the coil ensures the presence of the force, and the more perfect the coil
the stronger the force (coil for atmospheric electricity)*.

When asleep, our coil is like a drum unbraced, or harp unstrung—unadjusted,
whether for sénsation or action. But what is its state when we dream? Then
some of our organs retain such a state of tension as to be excited by impressions or
conceptions, and impressions upon vital: coils induce definite adjustments (probably
by retransmission). If the lips of a comatose patient be rubbed with a spoon before
its contents are put into the mouth, the adjustments of deglutition are so accurately
made as not to risk suffocation. It is thus intelligible. How suggestive touches
induce retransmissive adjustments, by which sleepers, the blind and ceaf (feeling
by the touch), are enabled to interpret the meaning of others; and questions to
persons asleep are suggestive of the adjustments by which they are answered. This
is analogous to the suggestive effects of questions in ordinary conversation, but still
more palpably of leading questions in courts of justice.

The less the relaxation of tension (as in the morning) the more vivid the dream.
Our belief in our dream (as in the diorama) is not contradicted by objects outside.

When conceptions are vivid, such as belong to the passions, they produce retrans-
missions to the parts to which the conceptions belong. —__

Again—That the adjustments required for sensation are the same as those by
which conceptions are formed, is proved by various cases—by the experiment of
Bankst+—by the murderer, suffering from remorse, having always the image of his
murdered child before him.

It is contrived by Benevolence, that like adjustments induce like conceptions.
Many repetitions are required to form accurate conceptions. And we must do to
know, for it is not till we have done that we get the conceptions which form the
painter, sculptor, orator, singer, &c. Sir J. Reynolds says, that it was not till he
had been at Rome a year, that he began to appreciate the works of Raphael.

We know how vibrations induce definite diagrams. Thus are also definite adjust-
ments induced, and thus identity is recognised, by the likeness of this object to our
previous conceptions of it.

Unadjust the coil, and the force disappears. This is the sleep of the coil, not of
a force. In man, who is, as we have said, a congeries of coils, they do not all
sleep.

Feeling in the body, and conception from abiding adjustments of past sensations,
are the instructive interpreters of new sensations, ‘Thus the conception of a ship
near to us, interprets the perspective appearance of a distant sail. Every known
part is suggestive of its whole. A conception already in the mind retransmits such
adjustments to the ear, that it interprets the sound of the words sung in music.
(Men “‘ walking in darkness.” Chant.) -

Some persons seem to live in a dreaming state, unadjusted by attention. They
do not observe what is passing; for we must look to see, listen to hear, &c. Their
impressions and conceptions induce no definite adjustments, and adjustments are, to
the perceptive mind, signs of thought.

In profound sleep, we are. not aware of more than suspension of consciousness,
and are without dreams. In what, then, does this differ from death but in time?
*<Sleep, the death of each day’s life.” ‘But in the sleep of death, what dreams

* The late Mr. Read of Knightsbridge had on the top of his house an electrical apparatus,
oe that it indicated by-bells the slightest change in the electric strata of the atmo-
sphere. u
: Banks in Dr. Darwin’s Zoonomia (his report on ocular spectra).

82 REPORT—1852.

may come?” If my notion of this subject be physiologically correct, the mind is a
force acting as physical forces do, each through the medium of its appropriate coil,
and returning to a latent state when the coil is withdrawn. A force is not mani-
fested when the coil is not, any more than thinking is, when the coil is discon-
nected with mind force. What then becomes of the mind? What becomes of any
other force? Motion is individualized in a watch—gravitation in a pendulum—heat
in a thermometer—and gravitation again in a barometer—magnetism in a natural or
artificial magnet. ;

Endow appropriate coils with consciousness—as soon as an appropriate coil is
presented, the force will, as we observe in all coils, enter it, as in the instance of the
coil for atmospheric electricity.

Where, then, is mind, when its mortal coil is perishing in the grave? Where are
the physical forces when the instruments which they actuated (the,pendulum of a
clock, a steam-engine, a voltaic trough, or a Leyden phial) are broken? Gravita-
tion, motion, heat, and electricity do not cease to exist. They existed before their
coils were invented, and will continue to exist when this earth and all material or-
ganized structures shall have ceased to exist; and that this will be the condition of
the mind, we have abundant reason to expect. It is the mansion, not the tenant
that is changed. Mind may still live as distinct from flesh and blood, which is
sustained by food, as is the swimmer from the flood.

ETHNOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.

ETHNOLOGY.

Remarks on an Ethnological Collection, in illustration of the Ethnology of
Java. By Dr. BiaLLoBLorTzKt.

On the Misapplication of the terms Evolution and Development, as applied
y Ethnographical Philologists to the Inflexions of a Language. By
ICHARD CuLL, Fellow and Hon. Sec. of the Ethnological Society.

Tus paper is more of a critical character than fraught with new facts, as indeed
its title conveys. Philologists speak of a language developing its inflexions, or
having its inflexions evolved. It appears to the author that Horne Tooke clearly
pointed out the nature of the inflexions of languages, that the researches of all
philologers have confirmed his view, and yet we continue to speak of evolving
inflexions. Many persons attribute a vast mental superiority, at least in language,
to certain nations of antiquity, for having developed inflexions in their language ;
and deem the descendants of those same nations to be inferior, because they have
not only not developed any inflexions, but have been unable to maintain those which
were developed by their ancestors. If the views of Horne Tooke be sound, the idea
of developing, in the sense of opening or unfolding, is erroneous.

A change in the form of a word to express a different meaning is called an inflexion.
The form of a word can be changed in two ways.

1. By adding one or more sounds, or even syllables to it, as love, loved, loving.

2. By a change in the word, as speak, spoke; and both methods of changing the
form may occur in the same word, as speak, spoken.

The word loved differs both in form and sense from the word love. The word
spoke also differs in both respects from the word speak. And the word spoken differs
in both respects from speak. :

What is expressed in one language by such a change, called an inflexion, may be
expressed in another by a different method; thus the Latin dominus, a lord, besides
its other changes of form, has one which gives it a feminine signification, domina, a

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 83

lady ; but the English word lord Ras no feminine inflexion. Thus while in Latin a
part of the word only is changed, in English another word is adopted. The word
lady is not an inflexion of the word lord. Languages differ greatly in regard to
inflexion ; some abound in inflexions, while others have but few. They are numerous
in Sanscrit, Greek, Latin arid the Sclavonic languages, less so in English, and at the
lowest in Chinese.

We know how these inflexions were produced. They are not produced by any
opening as a bud opens into a flower, but by the coalescence of another word, or
fragment of a word, with the original word.

We can show in many languages the word whose fragment is coalesced. Now a
junction of two things, even when well incorporated, together cannot with propriety
be called a develepment or evolution.

In the Hebrew language the personal pronouns are termed separable and in-
separable. The separable pronouns represent the person to be in the nominative
case. The inseparable exhibit only some fragment of the separable pronoun com-
bined with some word.

In the Malay the plural is formed by adding some word or words which signify
much, many, or the like, or by repeating the same word, as oran baniak or oran oran,
many man, or man-man. s j

In the Coptic the syllable ni or na, which is prefixed to form the plural, is, no
doubt, says Professor Lee, the word na or naa, which means much, many or great.
In Lee’s Hebrew Grammar the subject of the coalescence of words with fragments
of other words is treated in a masterly manner.

If we study human speech for ourselves, by closely observing what is going on,
instead of merely reading books on the subject of grammar, we shall detect the
process by which inflexions are formed. The formation of inflexions, like other
changes in language, are not the result of a committee of learned men sitting in
solemn council, There is no deliberation whatever in the matter. Learned men
and grammarians do not make the changes. They only observe and record the
changes that are taking place in the language of the mass of the people; and all
these changes are made in the spoken language.

The two objects of language are—

1. To convey ideas, &c.

2. To do so rapidly.

In our common speech we are ever striving to convey our thoughts with rapidity,

and in our efforts to do so, we involuntarily abbreviate many words and join those
abbreviations or verbal fragments to other words. In this way we ceconomise sounds,
syllables, and sometimes words. The word them is commonly imperfectly uttered
in the rapidity of familiar discourse. It is abbreviated by cutting off the theta in
such phrases as, I gave ’em instead of I gave them. This was observed above a
century ago, when an attempt was made to render the written language a transcript
of the spoken by printing the abbreviation ’em for them. The first edition of Lord
Shaftesbury’s Characteristics was so printed.
_ Again, in familiar talk we say I aint for I am not; I wont for I will not; I shant
for I shall not. These examples, so far. from being exhaustive, are merely instances
from groups of such abbreviations. The act of subordinating an auxiliary verb to the
principal verb of a sentence seems to crush the auxiliary into a mere fragment, as in
the sentence I have done, which is in rapid talk broken down into I’v done. Such
cases illustrate the formation of an inflexion, and is what is passing under our daily
observation. A number of reasons prevent the transfer of these colloquialisms from
being transferred to writing, but no one who has studied the siibject will doubt, that
if our language were an unwritten one ard now about to become a written one, such
forms of inflexion would be noted and written as a part of the language.

The author has observed similar phenofiena in several European languages:
Hence the causes that produce such phenomena in our Own laiiguage are also
operating with similar results in certain other living languages, and it is to such
causes alone that we can refer the formation of inflexions in the Hebrew and other
ancient languages. The formation of inflexions, then; is not by developing some-
thing out of a word, but by adding something to that word.

6*

84 REPORT—1852.

Notes on Blumenbach’s Classification of the Human Race.
By Ricuarp Cutt, Hon. Sec. Eth. Soe.

—_ —_—_

Description of a Samoied Family seen at Archangel, in a letter to
Dr. Hodgkin. By Joun V. GiLEs.

During my late visit to Archangel I had an opportunity of observing a family of
Samoieds, and beg to offer a description of them. They consisted of five individuals,
the father, mother and their children, and my interest was chiefly enlisted in them
by their exceedingly diminutive stature.

In beating about the coast of Lapland for some weeks and round the North Cape,
I had accustomed myself to the low stature of the Laplanders, but the height of
these poor wandering Samoieds approached dwarfishness.

The mother, who was about three inches taller than the man, was scarcely four
feet high. The next most striking peculiarity I observed in them was a close re-
semblance in features to the Chinese, or to such of the Chinese people as I have seen
about Lintin, Whampoa and Canton, who are, I believe, a race between the Chinese
and Tartars. The chief point of resemblance was the oblique set of the eyes in the
head, they being also small, dark and piercing; cheek bones high; hair long and
black; complexion dark and swarthy. There appeared to be much labour expended
upon their dress, which consisted of an infinite number of very small pieces of deer
skins, cut into the shape of lozenges or diamonds, closely and rather neatly sewed
together, the fur side of the skin turned inwards. Much pains seemed to be taken
to ornament them, by plaiting and working up strips of skins into tassels.

The upper vestment resembled a strait jacket, having long sleeves closed at their
extremities, which appeared to be used as a scrip, for when anything was given to
them they released the arm through an opening made under the armpit, and then
drew the arm in again, depositing the article in the nether extremity of the sleeve,

The lower part of their dress terminated in and was joined to a sort of mocassin,
made also as the upper portion, of an infinite deal of patchwork, I imagined they
had been in the habit of exhibiting themselves to English vessels, for they had learned
a few words in our language, and could ask for tobacco, biscuit and beef. To my
repeated inquiries as to where they came from, they pointed to the north-east.

They made me several visits during my stay, seemingly very much pleased with
the gifts of tobacco and biscuits they received from me, but would never come on
board the ship. Unlike the people around them, they would not drink raw spirits.

The youngest of the children I judged to be about three years of age. The man’s
features were regular and tolerably well-looking, but in the woman I discerned
the marks of premature old age ; she was wrinkled and had lost some teeth.
Upon first seeing them I had taken them all for children from their size, until I came
to look into the woman’s face, when seeing the marks of age, and making inquiries
as well as I could, they made one understand their relationship.

As they are a people not much known, I have imagined an account of them, how-
ever short, by one who had personally met with them, might contribute to your
researches in ethnology.

Notes upon a Collection of Irish Crania. By Joan GRATTAN.

On placing this collection of ancient Irish crania before the Section, the author
offered a few remarks as to whence they were obtained, and as to their probable an-
tiquity. For some years Mr. Grattan had been associated with Mr. Getty in his
examination of the round towers in Ulster, having for his special object to rescue
from destruction any crania that might be brought to light during Mr. Getty’s pro-
ceedings. Ten round towers were examined in which various osseous human re-
mains were found, including eleven crania. In all the towers, except that at Trum-
mery, upon removing a greater or less depth of heterogeneous materials,—evidently
the slow accumulation of ages,—a flooring of lime, apparently the result of the acci-
dental dropping of mortar during the building of the tower, was reached, from which
downwards the offsets that constituted the foundations of the tower extended, the
interior being filled up with soil similar in all respects except compactness to the

xe

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 85

virgin soil upon which the foundation rested, and in this soil and under the lime
floor, without any exception whatever, the remains when present were found.

The skulls so obtained were with one exception in so frail and crumbling a con-
dition that it was found impossible to remove them, except in almost hopeless frag-
ments, but by carefully saturating them with glue and cementing them together,
they were restored to the condition in which they then appeared (specimens were
exhibited).

The ten towers examined were Drumbo, Trummery, Clones, Armoy, Drumlane,
Rams’ Island, Devenish, Island Mahee, Antrim and Torry. Five of these towers
contained human osseous remains; one had been previously disturbed, and four ex-
hibited no trace whatever of any. At Trummery, a tower of comparatively recent
erection, according to Dr. Petrie, the osseous remains were found in a carefully con-
structed stone chamber.

Of the eleven skulls discovered within the Round Towers, one was found at
Drumbo ; one at Truntmery; six at Clones; two at Armoy ; and one at Drumlane.

The whole collection (including crania from various other sources) was thrown
into four chronological groups, viz. the Prehistoric, the Remote historic, the Anglo-
Trish and the modern periods. The eleven crania from the round towers were re-
ferred to the second or Remote historic group, which from Dr. Petrie’s researches
must belong to a period ranging between the fifth and thirteenth centuries. The tower
of Drumbo not being of later erection than the sixth century, the cranium must have
an antiquity of not less than twelve or thirteen hundred years. Drumlane tower
being of nearly the same period, scarcely so old, its cranium therefore might be one
thousand or eleven hundred years old.

The collection exhibited unquestionable evidence of the existence in Ireland at
various epochs of strikingly contrasted varieties of the human family. But amongst
the varieties of form attention was fixed upon one fact strongly shown, viz. the
tenacity with which different types preserved their identity through periods of time
which embraced no small portion of the history of mankind.

The crania of the second group, viz. those found in the round towers, it was sug-
gested, might possibly represent the magnates of their day. The construction of an
elaborate stone chamber under the tower of Trummery would scarcely have been
undertaken unless the individual had been a person of some importance, probably
the immediate progenitor of the erector of the tower; yet, although the interment
took place within the tower, it was not to be assumed that the towers were built for
such a purpose. The decapitation of a slain chieftain, either by friendly or hostile
hands, was a matter of ordinary occurrence ; now with the cranium from Armoy
were found the three superior cervical vertebra, and no more, precisely so much of
the spinal column as would remain attached to the head when separated from the
trunk. Hence the inference was not unreasonable that it was removed from some
fallen chieftain to rescue it from indignity, and the tower in which it was found
being probably then in the course of erection, was there interred, just as the head of
Diarmid M‘Fergus was buried at Clonmacnoise and his body at Connor, as recorded
in the annals of the four masters a.p. 565.

A hope was expressed that the collection was but the commencement of one cal-
culated one day to afford useful data to science; and the author concluded by ex-
pressing his own belief, that, though these interesting relics of dim and distant ages
and their congeners of more modern times might present to the eye of the ordinary
observer but few and barren facts, they would be found, nevertheless, when viewed
through the medium of what appeared to some minds a deeper research and more
exact knowledge, to stand forth, voiceless and unsuggestive as they seemed, enduring
hieroglyphs of our race pregnant with meaning of hidden but grave import, and not,
perhaps, of very difficult decipherment.

On the Ethnological Bearing of the Recent Discoveries in Connexion with
the Assyrian Inscriptions. By the Rev. Evwarp Hincxs, D.D.
Correct ethnological reasoning must be founded on facts, of the present or former
existence of which we have satisfactory evidence; that is, statements in relation to
them, reduced to writing while they still existed, and that by persons who must

«

86. REPORT—1852.

have been cognizant of the reality of what they recorded, Facts of this nature may
be isolated, or reduced to a system by those who recorded them. Of such a system
we have a good example in the Germania of Tacitus, Dr. Latham’s recent edition of
which was warmly commended. Other collections of facts of a somewhat similar
character were alluded to; but all had the disadvantage of recording much as to
which the collectors had only imperfect information, indiscriminately mixed up
with what they knew; and again, all such collections have come down to us
through many copyists, ia passing through whose hands they have been much
depraved.

In these respects they must yield to the collection of facts deducible from Egyptian
or Assyrio-Babylonian records, of which we possess autographs, or at any rate
copies made under the superintendence of the authors, while the facts were yet
recent. Nor is danger to be apprehended from intentional misrepresenting. Facts
connected with history, would, doubtless, be presented in a manner more favourable
to the royal authors of the inscriptions than truth would warrant. But, in facts
which most concern the ethnologist, there is in general no room for misrepre-
sentation ; they being facts which come out as it were accidentally, and as to which
national vanity has no place.

The facts recorded in the Assyrian inscriptions are of more importance than those
in the Egyptian, because they are not clouded as the latter are by ignorance in
respect to their chronology or geography. The chronology of the period to which
the most important Egyptian inscriptions and papyri belong is still a subject of
controversy ; while it was stated that the commencements of the reigns of Sargon
and Sennacherib were as certain as those of any of the Lagide or of the Cesars.
Dr. Hincks had announced in a paper recently read before the Royal Irish Academy,
that the twelve first years of Sargon corresponded with the twelve years assigned in
the Canon of Ptolemy to Mardokempad, which name is a corruption of that of
Marduk Baladan. In the course of July, he had identified the three years of the
Belibus of the Canon (Belib) with the second, third, and fourth of Sennacherib. It
followed from this that the reign of Sargon lasted eighteen years, and that the first
interregnum of the Canon, which occupied two years, is to be referred to the last
year of Sargon, and the first of Sennacherib. Sargon’s reign began in 721 B.c.;
Sennacherib’s in 703 B.c. Marduk Baladan was three times conquered; first by
Sargon, in 710; secondly, by Sennacherib, in 703; and thirdly, by the same king,
in 700. On the first occasion, Sargon added Mesopotamia to his kingdom; on the
second, Sennacherib gave it to Belibus ; and on the third, he made his son Assurnadin
king of Mesopotamia and Chaldea, which last country had been left to Marduk
Baladan on the two former occasions. Dr. Hincks identified this name with the
Aparanadius, which is the name of the successor of Belibus in the best MS. of the
Canon of Ptolemy, which is, however, not an ancient one ;. the Greek p being a mis-
take for ss, which might easily have been occasioned by the similarity of these letters.

Before Sargon we have Shalmaneser, Tiglath Pileser, and Pul. Col. Rawlinson,
who had first recognised the name of Marduk Baladan, has recently discovered a
series of annals of Tiglath Pileser. In a fragment of the annals of Pul, Dr. Hineks
discovered the name of Menahem as a tributary, in the eighth year of his reign.
This being fixed by 2 Kings vi. to about 770, his reign must have commenced about
777. Divanubar, the obelisk king, must have begun to reign about 900 B.c., as
Hazael, the commencement of whose reign is known to be about 885, was king in
his eighteenth year, but not in his fourteenth. Col, Rawlinson has found a series of
annals of the father of this king, in which Ithobal, king of Tyre, is mentioned. It
appears from the Tyrian annals, extracted by Menander, and preserved by Josephus,
that he reigned from 936 to 904, which is in perfect harmony with the date of his
son’s reign,

Reasons were then given why the geography of the Assyrian inscriptions was
capable of being better determined than of the hieroglyphic ones; namely, that the
Egyptian could only go in one direction to Asiatic countries, whereas the Assyrians
made expeditions in all directions; and the direction in which an unknown country
lay could generally be determined by that of other countries noticed along with it,
if, indeed, it was not expressly pointed out by the king’s saying that he went to it
over the Euphrates or the Zab.

" TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 87

The great ethnological fact respecting Assyria—its language—was then treated of.
Dr. Hincks considered the Assyrian language to belong to a family akin to that of
the Syro-Arabian languages hitherto known, rather than to that family itself. He
first pointed out what it had in common with all these languages. It had verbal
roots, which were normally triliteral, but of which some letters might be mutable or
evanescent, whence arise different classes of irregular verbs. These roots admitted
not only the simple conjugation, but others in which radical letters are doubled,
other letters added, or both these modifications made at once. From these roots
verbal nouns are formed, either by a simple change of the vowels, or by the addition
of letters, such as are called in Hebrew Heemantic.

It agreed with the Arabian more closely than with any other Syro-Arabian lan-
guage in three respects :—Ist. In forming the conjugations, consonants are inserted
among the radical letters, as well as prefixed to them. This takes place regularly in
Arabic, but in Hebrew only where the first radical is a sibilant. 2nd, The termina-
tion of the aorist varies as in Arabic; different verbs taking different vowels between
the second and third radicals, while the first radical sometimes terminates the verb ;
and sometimes takes after ita oru. 3rd. The forms of the plural vary, and the
cases of nouns differ in a manner which resembles, in some measure, what takes
place in Arabic.

The Assyrian language differed from all the Syro-Arabian languages known
hitherto in the following respects :—I1st. Where they have 4, it has s in a variety of
instances, and.especially in the pronouns and pronominal affixes of the third person—
si, si, sunu; su, sa, si, sun and sin, most of which resembles forms in other languages,
if only h be substituted for s.

The same difference occurs in the characteristic of the causative conjugation. In
these respects, but not by any means generally, the Assyrian agrees with the
Egyptian, and through it with the modern Berber. 2nd. The Assyrian has no pre-
fixes, such as 6 for in, J for to, which occur in all the Syro-Arabian languages. In
place of these it has separate prepositions; and to avoid the awkwardness of joining
these to the prenominal affixes, and perhaps for greater clearness, nouns are inserted,
forming compound prepositions, as ina kirbisu ‘‘in its midst ”’ for “in it”? Com-
pound prepositions may be used also before other nouns, as ina kirib biti, ‘‘ in the
midst of the house” for ina biti. Sometimes the Assyrian uses affixes as substitutes
for prepositions. Instead of ana, to or for, before a noun, isk may be added. Thus
‘for a spoil” is expressed indifferently by ana shallati and shallatish. This last
form has much of the nature of an adverb and has some resemblance to the Hebrew
noun with He locative*. 3rd. The Syro-Arabian languages made frequent use of a pre-
terite, in which the distinctions of number and person are confined to the end of the
root ; but the Assyrian rejects it, or at least uses it in an exceedingly sparing manner.
On this account Dr. Hincks proposed to consider the Benoni participle, masculine,
_ singular, in regimen as the root. 4. The varieties in the termination of the future are
not connected with any particles that may precede them, but of themselves indicate
different tenses. The termination in w is certainly a pluperfect. Thus where men-
tion is made of “ that Marduk Baladan whom I had defeated in my former campaign,”
the verb is askunu ; but whenever ‘‘ I defeated ’’ occurs in the simple narration askun,
askuna, or in a different conjugation, astakan is used. This law has been fully esta-~
blished. The addition of a seems not to change the sense ; it is added to every verb
when what it governs follows it, and to some verbs even where it precedes it. These
are chiefly such as denote locomotion. :

The resemblance of the most common Assyrian prepositions and of the pronouns
to Indo-European forms is curious, and points to a common though remote origin.

The Babylonian inscriptions are in the same language as the Assyrian. This was
probably the court language at Babylon; but the common people most probably
used the Chaldean language, in which some parts of the books of Ezra and Daniel
are written.

* Since this was written Dr. Hincks has been led to alter his views as to the final ma,
which is not connected with the pronominal affix, but with the verb that precedes it, of which
it modifies the sense; thus addin-su-ma is not “1 gave to him,” but “ when I had given to
him,” or “ having given to him.”—(June 1853.)

88 REPORT—1852. é

On the Forms of the Personal Pronouns of the Two First Persons in the
Indian, European, Syro-Arabic, and Egyptian Languages. By the Rev.
Epwarp Hincks, D.D.

Dr. Hincks began by saying that he now only threw out suggestions, which
might be followed up by others. The question, of which he took a novel view, could
not be settled by considering the pronominal forms exclusively. Many other points
would have to be considered ; and whether the conclusions which appeared to him
to follow with a high degree of probability from these forms, would be confirmed or
proved to be erroneous by the examination of other forms, was what he could not
now say. He only wished to set persons to think. It appeared to him that a cer-
tain theory had been taken for granted, and he wished that it should be subjected to
examination.

The affinity of the personal pronouns in all the Indo-European languages was not
to be disputed; nor did Dr. Hincks mean to challenge any reasonable opinion re-
specting the absolute antiquity of the Sanskrit. What he called in question was its
antiquity relative to the European languages akin to it. The case with respect to
the pronouns of the two first persons might be briefly stated. The Asiatic members
of this family have a final am which is wanting in the European numbers. Was this
am omitted by the Europeans, or added by the Asiatics? The former is the received
opinion ; the latter seems more probable to Dr. Hincks. Examples of both processes
are common. The English pronoun we is nearly the same with that in many lan-
guages of Northern Europe. It is admitted by all philologists that this has been
shortened from a more ancient form, wir or wis. This abbreviation has been made
in Swedish within the historic period. In other languages it was made in the pre-
historic period ; that is, we have no written documents of an age before it was made.
Philologists are, however, agreed that the s or r at the end of this form was an ad-
dition, and that there must have been an older form without it; and the received
opinion is that this form wi or vt was an abbreviation: of the Sanskrit wiyam. Dr.
Hincks considered this to be a false view. He assumed a form anwis or anus (and
that wi and wu pass into one another appears from a vast number of instances; as the
Latin termination vis, where the Greek and Sanskrit have us; the Semitic copulative
conjunction, &c., &c.), from which wis and nus (nos) would both arise. -This anus
was the Semitic pronoun anu, which was common to the Indo-Europeans and Semitic
races before their separation, in the same manner as anaku and anta or aniu; and
the Indo-Europeans added s under a false impression that a plural termination was
necessary, the fact being that anu was itself plural. As it is not likely that this mis-
take would be made simultaneously by unconnected nations, Dr. Hincks argued that
the addition of s must have taken place while the Indo-Europeans were one people ;
and hence the necessity of assuming an ancient form which would account for both
weis and nos. It was observed that n was peculiarly liable to be attached to words be-
ginning with a vowel. The Irish names of Newry and of the river Nore, the English
noun newt, in which the 7 has etymologically no place, and the abbreviations, nan,
ned, nol, are proofs of this.

At first, it was assumed that the pronoun of the first person singular in the Euro-
pean languages showed traces of the Indianam. ‘The o in ego might be for om, as the
o in lego certainly was. A trace of this 0 remained in Sclavonic, and its omission in
Lithuanian and Gothic was evidently a degradation. Dr. Hincks maintained, how-
ever, that this o might be otherwise accounted for, the Assyrian form of the pronoun
being an-aku. According to this view, the Indian pronouns aham and viyam are so
far from being the original forms that they are obtained from late European forms ;
not from the more ancient aku and vis, but from the abbreviated ak and vi.

If this philological view be correct, it tends to an ethnological view, which re-
sembles what has been advanced by Dr. Latham. The Indo-European race pro-
ceeded westward through Asia Minor, and over the Hellespont and Bosphorus.
They then dispersed through Europe, and at length an offset from the Sclavonic
branch returned to Asia between the Caspian and Black Seas, overrunning some
countries eastward of Assyria and at length penetrating to India.

The Semitic and Indo-European pronouns of the second person plural are distinct,
having been developed in different manners after these races separated.

The Egyptian pronouns of all these persons take that an at their commencement
which the Semitic pronouns of the first two persons have.

ae

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 89

The Origin, Characteristics, and Dialect of the People in the Counties of
Down and Antrim. By the Rev. A. Hume, D.C.L., LL.D. P.S.A.

The district comprising the counties of Down and Antrim, of which Belfast is the
natural centre, is one which has exercised a most important influence on the des-
tinies of the human race in these islands. In Down, the patron saint made his first
convert, and there his ashes repose ; in Antrim, the real Ossianic poems are supposed
to have existed. In Down was the ancient Ulidia, from which the extended name
Ulster is derived; in Antrim was the ancient Dalradia, the name of which was
applied to a large portion of modern Scotland. Ireland was originally known as
Scotia, or Scotia Major; and, when the name was superseded at home, it was
retained by our enterprising colonists to Argyle and Lorn, and afterwards extended
to all North Britain, after the conquest by Kenneth in the ninth century. The
line of kings descended from Fergus the son of Erc, not only mingled its blood
with the Saxon and Norman royal lines of England, but afterwards inherited the
sovereignty of Great Britain; so that Queen Victoria traces an authentic descent
from the petty chieftains of this neighbourhood in the fifth century.

More than a thousand years afterwards, the debt of colonization was repaid, at
the time of the Plantation of Ulster. The Anglo-Saxon population had been so long
separated into two branches, the English and Scotch—differing in country, laws,
religion, manners, prejudices, &c.—that they must be regarded as two peoples, and
not one. If to these we add the remnant of the native Irish, there are three distinct
elements, from the composition of which, in different quantities and situations, the
inhabitants of the two counties are derived.

These localities are the following :—the Irish, in the hilly districts, as in the

_“Glynnes ” [glens] of Antrim; and the Irish-speaking population in the neigh-

bourhood of Cushendall. There are a few in almost every parish, and several in the
great towns. In Down, few occur north of Downpatrick and Ballynahinch; they
then converge to the mountains of Mourne, by the parish of Loughin-island. In
the past generation, Irish was frequently spoken in the markets of Downpatrick,
Castlewellan, Dromara, and Ballynahinch ; now itis rarely used as a separate mode
of communication. In the districts of the Celts they preserve their traditional anti-
pathies, though they assimilate in language ; and the terms “ Irish,”’ ‘‘ Scotch,” and
“ English,’’ are used currently by the nearest neighbours in reference to ancestral
origin. ;

The Scottish immigration followed two natural routes—by the Mull of Cantyre to
the County Antrim, near the Causeway ; and by the Mull of Galloway to the County
Down, by Donaghadee. From the earliest time, coracle skiff and coaster must have
passed in this way, and the two distinct streams ran right across the counties. In

_ Down, the Scotch current is traceable by Comber, Killileagh, Saintfield, and Anna-

hilt, nearly to Hillsborough ; also, by Castlereagh and Purdysburn, to near Belfast.
In the County Antrim, the course is by Ballymoney and Ballymena, up to the town
of Antrim, and over the back of Devis and the Cave-hill.

The English settlers occupied mainly the low countries, such as the basins of the
Lagan and Bann, and the banks of Lough Neagh, Belfast was originally an English
town, but its external increase has been mainly from the two Scottish districts.
Lisburn was a small English and Welsh colony ; it is now practically an English
town. In one barony of Antrim, of 128 townlands, the population is all of English
origin; and Aghalee, Ballinderry, &c., look like parts of England.

At various points the different races meet, but refuse to mingle. There are English,
Irish, and Scotch quarters in several towns, such as Downpatrick and Carrickfergus ;
and the Lagan, near Lisburn, separates the two races. In one half of -the parish
of Hillsborough the people are all Scotch, in the other they are all English. A hill
near Ballynahinch separates the two races; and the island of Rathlin has its two
promontories occupied, one by the Irish, the other by the English and Scotch.

‘ The religion, habits, customs, &c., may all be deduced from this distribution. In
religion, for instance, the rule is, that the English are Episcopalians; the Scotch,
Presbyterians ; and the Irish, Roman Catholics. The lines of Scottish population
may be marked on the map by a double chain of Presbyterian meeting-houses, while
in the English districts they are rare or unknown. In fourteen Presbyteries of the
General Assembly, seven of which are in each county, there are upwards of 200 con-
gregations. If to these we add other Presbyterian congregations not connected

90 REPORT—1852.

with the Assembly, we shall find that fully one-half of all the congregations in
Ireland are situated in these two counties, or connected with Presbyteries that cen-
tralize in them. More than one-half of these are in rural districts, unconnected
with towns or villages, and called by the names of townlands; showing that the
Scotch were in general agriculturists, and less settled in towns than the English. In
the English districts the church-and-king feeling is strong, but, from the magnitude
of the parishes and the distance of churches from particular points, the people are
less attentive than they should be to their religious duties. In the Irish districfs
the Roman Catholic congregations are large, and those of the two branches of the
Protestant Church are small. In the English and Scotch districts, several parishes
are united to form one in the Roman Catholic arrangements; and again, Drumgoo-
land, where Protestants are few in number, is divided into two Roman Catholic
parishes. This is in the neighbourhood of Dolly’s Brae, and it is said that in two
townlands of Backaderry and Magheramayo, as well as in several others, there are
scarcely any Protestant families.

The habits of the people, as well as their creed, indicate their origin. In the
English districts there is more comfort and tidiness than we find elsewhere; for the
man of Scottish ancestry does not enjoy life so well, though he may be actually
richer. The Scotchman is often more intelligent than his English neighbour, but he
rarely excels him in weight of character. In the English districts the farms are
large, and there is a better kind of house, furniture, stock, food, clothing, &e. The
man of English origin will live and let live. In the markets of Lurgan, Lisburn,
Moira, and Portadown, the Down farmer is known from the Antrim one, or rather
the Scotchman from the English, by his hardness in driving a bargain. The old
English sports and pastimes were kept up till recently at Lambeg; the May-pole is
still known in Holywood, and tradition leads us to believe that certain mystery
plays have been performed in the district. The custom of hiring servants at stated
fairs is followed in Antrim, as is the case in many other towns and places of England ;
and while those who attend for the purpose at Carlisle carry a straw in the mouth,
those at Antrim carry a little white rod in the hand. The settlers on the Marquis
of Hertford’s estate were in general natives of the shires adjoining the Bristol Chan-
nel, and as their ancestral district is the apple district of England, so the barony of
Upper Massareene is the apple district of Ireland. After the lapse of 250 years, the
ancient custom is preserved as if it were of yesterday. The superstitions of May-
eve and Hallow-e’en are still practised, and not one of the ceremonies in Burns’s
poem is neglected, even by those to whom the poem is utterly unknown.

The names of persons and of places are also highly illustrative of the people. In
the English districts, we meet with such names as Turner, Standfield, Hull, Moore,
Shields; in the Scottish, Dunbar, Edgar, Livingstone, Kennedy, Douglas, and
sometimes they undergo curious transformations. In the Irish districts, a few names
are used with distinctive terms and epithets, and sometimes Irish names are trans-
jated into English or Anglicised; M‘Shane becomes Johnston, and Ginnif, Sands,
while M‘Gurnaghan is altered to the more euphonious Gordon. Names of places
are often derived from those of persons, as Hill-town, Hill-hall, and Hills-borough,
from the Downshire family ; Gill-hall and Gilford from the M‘Gills; and similarly
Warings-town, Ross-trevor, Echlin-ville, Mount-stewart. Grooms-port is Graemes’-
port, and Ballymcarrett the village of M‘Art. Many names are less distinctly
known, as Bryan’s-ford, Lyle-hill, Randals-town; others allude to the original pos-
sessors, as Acre M‘Cricket, Taggart’s-land, Douglas-land, Dobbin’s-land, Bally-
copeland, Bally-french, Bally-gilbert.

Dr. Hume concluded his remarks with a vivd voce description of the Hyberno-
English dialect in these two counties, and showed, by various quotations, its local
characteristics, and also its usefulness. From the fusion of many peculiarities and
the mingling of provincialisms from various parts of the United Kingdom, it is par-
ticularly useful in the illustration of our old English literature.

Heads of a Paper “ On the present state of Medo-Persie Philology.”
By Professor MacDova tt, M.A., Queen’s College, Belfast.
Tendencies have been lately exhibited, in works treating of comparative philology,

to disturb, whether by contraction or by enlargement, the relations which profound
vesearchs was upposed to have definitively settled between the Indo-European

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 91

languages and those of other families, and also to question, on various points, the
principles on which the present arrangement of the members composing the Indo-
European class itself reposes. In particular, the position usually assigned to the
Medo-Persic element has been assailed; and not merely has the registry of its
functions and claims been thought to demand revision, but a disposition has been
evinced to jostle it altogether out of its existing connexion, Although it was not
to have been expected that such theories as those formerly advocated by Othmar
Frank on one side, and Col. Vans Kennedy on another, would be reproduced after
the natural history of languages had been traced by Schlegel, Humboldt, and their
coadjutors, yet that the present attitude of Medo-Persic philology is a retrograde
one, might be inferred from such surmises as those which, having been propounded
by an authority like Dr. Latham, drew upon him unmeasured censure in a recent
number of the Edinburgh Review. If it be not certain, after all, that the Iranian
speech is cognate with the Sanskrita,—if it be still possible that the organisation of
any of its dialects may pass for Seriform,—then it is certainly high time that the
notions generally current in reference to it should be reviewed, and, if requisite,
corrected. A resumé of the progress already made may be useful as a preliminary
to prospective steps in this direction.

The Languages spoken by the subjects of the Achemenian Kings—preserved
through past ages on rocks, bricks, and slabs of stone, in the Cuneiform Inscrip-
tions—are now partially resuscitated. One of these—generally known as “the
third ’’—is admitted by all decipherers, with the (probably) solitary exception of
Grotefend, to come under the Semitic category, like those of the Inscriptions of
Assyria and Babylonia. The “second ”’ type has not yet been so definitely classified :
the designation at first given to it, ‘ Pahlavi,’’ has been given up, and that of
“‘ Median ”’ has been substituted provisionally ; -but, while some consider it Aramaic,
others are at a loss whether to treat it as Arian, or as Turanian,—and in either case
disguised by foreign accessions,—or as a hybrid offspring, and one of uncertain pa-
rentage. Only the “first ’’ of these monumental languages is admitted by all to be
Arian, and by nearly all to represent the ‘‘ Old Persic.”” Not only its orthography,
but its lexical and grammatical constitution, has been already to a great extent
elucidated ; and,—what it is here of importance to observe,—it has been shown to
resemble very closely the Old Sanskrita,—that of the Vedas.

Distinct from the Languages just noticed, and likewise from each other, are those
preserved in the Sacred Books of the Parsis—whether those of the Sipasi heretics, or
those of the orthodox Zoroastrians or Mazdayagnis. It is true, that not only the
antiquity and genuineness of those books has been questioned by European criticism,
but that the very languages, both of that oracle of the Sipasis—the Dasaitr, and of
those Zoroastrian books which are represented as the oldest and as the prototypes of
the rest, have been regarded as fictitious products,—travesties of real but recent
tongues, or else as mere gibberish. Whether, however, that in which the so-called
version of the Dasatir is composed represents the vernacular of Persia about the
time of the Moslem conquest, or is some centuries later,—and whether that of the
so-called original, the Asmant Zaban, be such a fabrication as the Balai-Balna
of the Sufis or the Formosan of Psalmanazar, or after all be, as suggested by
Von Hammer and Troyer, the relic of some old local dialect,—are points which, on
the one hand, cannot be regarded as finally decided, and, on the other hand, do not
furnish available data in the present inquiry. But it has come to be generally
acknowledged, in respect to the Mazdayagnian Books, that they in reality belong to
three distinct epochs :—the originals being fragments of the revelations attributed
to the undated Seer, Zarathustra ;—the proximate versions or imitations of these,
with some commentaries on them, being of the Sasanian age ;—and the versions of
those versions, with other pieces founded upon and referring to them, coming down
as far as—and in some instances even below—the era of Yazdajird. And the history
of the three Languages, in which these three classes of Books are composed, requires
now to be traced with the utmost attainable accuracy.

I, The First of them has been variously designated the Language of the “ Ména-
thar” (=* Invocations’’), or “‘ of the Avesta”? (= Text, Discourse,” or perhaps
primarily “‘ Appointment, Decree ’’), or “‘of the Zend” ( =“ Book,” or perhaps
** Gnosis, Science ’’), from the documents in which it has been preserved. The third

92 REPORT—1852.

of these names is the one most usually employed; though Spiegel and some other
scholars have lately questioned its propriety, conceiving it to designate the more re-
cent version, in an Aramaising idiom, which will be noticed under the next head.
So long as this language could be studied only in the specimens exhibited by An-
quetil Duperron, its character and rank were very imperfectly apprehended ; but
now, that its genuine physiognomy has been portrayed by the happy ingenuity
of Rask, its framework rebuilt and reanimated by the master-hand of Burnouf, and
its relations elicited by the comprehensive analytics of Bopp, it has assumed its
rightful stand-point as one of the primary members of the Indo-European family.
As yet, however, opinions remain divided in reference to its original locality,—its
growth, progress, and decline,—the age, authenticity, and mutual relations of its
literary muniments.—The idea of Anquetil, Kleuker, and Herder, that the Zend-
books were composed under Darius the son of Hystaspes and succeeding kings of
the Achemenian house, has been advocated by Adelung, Rask, Malcolm, and Klap-
roth: Wahl likewise concurred,—although he held that their language was merely
a hieratic vehicle, gradually refined from the one in popular use by the sacerdotal
caste : and the late Dr. Prichard adhered to the same chronology, without pronouncing
decidedly for Wahl’s theory, but evidently well inclined to it. Foucher and Tychsen,
however, believed the groundwork of the liturgy to date from the reign of the Mede
Cyaxares I., above 600 years 8.c.; while they allowed that expositions of various
parts, with additional prayers and tracts, composed under the Achemenids, must have
been incorporated with antique fragments in the existing compilation so lately as
under the Sasanian dynasty. Rhode and Heeren went still farther back, making
the age of Zarathustra anterior to the Median empire; and this hypothesis has been
stamped with the sanction of Burnouf, Lassen, and Pott.—For the locality of “ the
Zend-folk,”’ the older inquirers had pitched upon the North-West provinces of Iran,
between the Caspian and Black Seas, and supposed the vocabulary to have been
that of Northern Media: philological affinities were therefore sought, by Anquetil,
’ Kleuker, and Wahl, in the subsisting dialects of Armenia and Georgia; but—more
discreetly—by Klaproth and Rask, in the speech of the Caucasian Iron or Osi,
whose descent from the old Medes had been traced through the Alans of the middle
ages. An antagonist theory points to the North-Eastern provinces, those bounded
by the Caspian and the Himalayan range; and, styling the speech of the Avesta
“« Sogdo-Bactrian,”’ makes it intermediate, as to local habitation not less than age,
between the ‘‘ Medo-Persic ”’ of the Achemenian Inscriptions and the Sanskrita of the
Vedas. And this latter theory,—first suggested by Foucher and Tychsen, afterwards
maintained by Rhode and Heeren,—is now commended by Burnouf, Lassen, Pott,
Spiegel, and Westergaard ; while Prichard, after a show of resistance, has virtually
capitulated in its favour.—The definite conclusions of Westergaard on other points
have not yet been announced; but, in 1843, he proposed to keep in view, throughout
his forthcoming Grammar and Dictionary, certain ideas,—previously thrown out by
Mr. Erskine of Bombay,—viz. that in the extant rifacciamento of the Parsi books
but a small residuum of the old Bactrian oracles can be detected, and that their
language is in a condition of decrepitude and semibarbarism. Col. Rawlinson, in
different papers, oscillates between Erskine’s notion and that of Wahl; but his
latest statement, in 1846, is opposed to the belief that these books conserve any
tongue which was spoken under the ancient monarchy. Finally, Spiegel’s acute
criticism has not only dissevered the relics of most hoar antiquity from the recent
Sasanian accessions,—has not only detached from both extremes various specimens
of the literature which partially bridged over the wide gap between,—but has dis-
parted the ‘‘ Old Zend ”’ itself into two distinct dialects, and referred to each of these
such of the extant documents as exhibit their respective peculiarities. What if this
distinction,—which Westergaard homologates,—was one of locality rather than of
age? What if one-half of the book Yagna was composed on the Western or Median
side of the Caspian Lake, and the other on its Eastern or Bactrian border? If so,
we may amicably close all controversy about “ Media” or “ Bactria,” as the home
of the Zend speech—which must thus have been “‘ Medo-Bactrian,” and as the
cradle of the Zend people—in whose sagas the spiritual and secular powers were
symbolised, respectively, by Zarathustra, the Seer born in Urumiya, and Vishtag¢pa,
the Monarch enthroned in Balkh.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 93

II. Under the early Sasanian kings the First Book-language had become obsolete,
and the Second,—called by the Parsis ‘‘ the speech of Huzvaresh’’ (=** Auspicious
Heroism,” as it used to be rendered, or rather, as it is now understood, “* Acceptable
Sacrifice’’),—became the hieratic vehicle. In this appeared both versions of the old re-
velations, and also some new works designed to facilitate the restoration of Magian
worship, such as the Viraf Namah, the Bun-Dehesh, the Mino-Khirad, the Din-Kard,
&c. That any secular works were composed in it, or indeed existed at that epoch, there
is no evidence. In it, however, are expressed the legends upon the fire-altar-coins
struck by the early Sasanids, and also the vernacular portions of bilingual inscrip-
tions upon various monuments at Naqsh-e-Rustam, Naqsh-e-Rajab, and Karman-
Shah, belonging to the same period. This fact was discovered, as is well known, by
the illustrious Silvestre de Sacy. The labours of successive numismatists and de-
cipherers have gradually, though still but imperfectly, elicited the laws and charac
' teristics of the language: they have been most clearly expounded in an essay of
Joseph Miiller, and the publications of Spiegel and Westergaard are now rendering
them at once more definite and more widely known. All inquirers continue to agree
that it is isolated, among the Arian kin-tongues, by a copious Aramaic infusion,
neither inherited from its predecessor nor transmitted to its successor, which has im-
parted to it a hybrid and abnormal aspect, and which at the same time assures us
that this is the “language of Zardusht’’ described by Abu-’1-Faraj as an admixture of
Old Persic with Nabathzan or Assyrio-Chaldaic.—Now, these circumstances all
harmonise with—if they do not absolutely require—the hypothesis, that the Huz-
varesh speech must have originated in the Western provinces of the empire, where
the maniform intercourse of Arian and Semitic tribes would naturally produce a
mongrel phraseology. While compatible with Anquetil’s view of its being indige-
nous in Lower Media, in the region between Mazandaran and Farsistan, the
rather favour that for which the cogent arguments of Erskine, Miiller, Mohl,
Lassen and Knobel have secured a general reception—viz. that it was formed in
the Border-land along the Tigris, including at first Khuzistan and Iraq-Ajami,
and subsequently also the Northern districts about. Hamadan and Kirmanshah.
They decisively preclude the fancy of Quatremére and Pott, that this language
was vernacular East of the Caspian, among. the Parthians,—was successfully pro-
pagated towards the West and South by the dominant Arsacids,—and only relapsed
into obscurity after several reigns of the native Sasanians. For, in this case, it
should have been’ distinguished by a Turanian, not an Aramaic, infusion ; its monu-
mental inscriptions should have been found to the Kast, not the West, of the Great
Salt Desert; its coin-legends should have belonged to the “ Phil-hellenic’’ Arsacids,—
whose mintage however is purely Grecian,—not to their Sasanian successors, whose
policy would naturally have discouraged its use. Equally inadmissible is the idea of
Anguetil and his immediate followers, that this dialect so early and so extensively
encroached upon the domain of others, as to have been adopted, under the Kaianian
dynasty, as the speech of the court and the empire, and to have maintained that
rank at least 900 years, including the most brilliant and palmy period of Persian
ascendency, and reaching down almost to the Moslem invasion. It is sufficient to
remark,—without mentioning the historical and geographical difficulties which hence
arise,—first, that it is not this language which supplies the words adduced by
Greek and Latin writers as exemplifying the classical Persic of their day; and,
secondly, that és structure does not accord with the intimations of Firdausi, Nizami,
and other Moslem authors, that the speech of the ancient monarchy had survived the
revolution, and had come down to themselves so far exempt from any material change
that they had no difficulty in consulting the chronicles preserved in it

I1I, In respect to the Third Book-language, the prevalent—and, as would appear,
well-founded—belief now is, that 7¢ was the one referred to by Firdausi and Nizami;
that it had been the vernacular idiom of Farsistan, which, under the later kings of
the Sasanian line, became fashionable and literary; that it ranked as the Dart or
“‘ Court-speech ’’ during two centuries, but shrank into the obscurity of a book-lan-
guage after 'a.p. 641, when it ceded its title of Dart by resisting that influx of Arabic
terms and phrases which began thenceforward to colour the vehicle of ordinary con-
versation and business. Its analytical character, intermediate between the still com-
plex—though doubtless partially relaxed—tissue of Huzvaresh and the consummated

a

disintegration of Neo-Persic, warrants the philological soundness of this belief: Its
name, “‘ Parsi,” at once recals its original locality, and identifies it as the distant de-
scendant of the language which occupies the first place in the Achemenian Inscrip-
tions—although, of course, the resemblance between these two has been seriously im-
paired by diversified influences in the wide chasm of time by which they are separated.
Since in it various holy Oracles were translated from Huzvaresh,—if not, im rare cases,
even from the older hieratic tongue,—and since expositions and devotional pieces by
revered Mobeds were preserved in it by those who adhered to the old faith after the
triumph of Islam, it is now found to be largely saturated with the spirit of those
uncongenial idioms,—especially the latter of them, with which it was in more imme-
diate contact. Hence too it has been designated the speech of ‘‘ Pa-Zend”’ = ‘‘ the
Commentary,” and of “ Buzurgdn-e-Din’’ = “the Doctors of Religion.” But,
though the literary memorials now extant in it are, probably without exception,
religious, others, now lost, are recorded to have been composed in it on secular sub-
jects ;—such as the Zafar-Namah=“ Book of Victory,” by Buzur, the Vazir of
Nushirvin,—the far older Kar-Ndadmah = “ Journal,” of uncertain authorship,—
and a work on Morals by Ardshir Babagan. Further, it must be this same Parsi or
Old Dari which Mohammedan writers term ‘‘ Pahlavi,’ while stating that in it,
under the patronage of Nushirvaén and his successors, were composed the Bastan-
Namah = “‘ Old Hero-book,” and also sundry versions as well of Sanskrita collections
of apologues as of treatises by Plato and Aristoteles.

Although, in the present abstract of a long paper*, the disputed appellations Avesta,
Zend, Dari, have been passed without discussion, yet it is necessary concisely to
review the history and circumscribe the import of the name just mentioned,—Pahlavz,
—because it has been bandied about, in reference to unconnected and alien objects,
with such latitude as to have involved the whole field of Medo-Persic philology in a
perplexity truly tantalising.

From the time of Hyde and Anquetil, European writers, with the sanction and
concurrence (as would appear) of the Parsis themselves, have designated the Second
Book-language ‘‘ Pahlavi.” And, in accordance with the different views which they
have taken of the origin and history of that language, they have espoused different
derivations of this name. Some have deduced it from pahlu = “ vigour,” or pahlau
= “strong, hero,” as if it were strictly synonymous with Hu-zvdresh (according to
the etymology put upon the latter term until lately), and representative of the speech
in which the Pahlawdan-e-Jahan—those Paladins who upheld Iran, while its sway was
most extended—embodied their conceptions ;—others, from Pahlava as applied to
the Parthian tribes, or from Pehlev as indicating the old battle-ground of Rustam and
Afrasiab ;—others, from Pahl, as restricted to the Border-land between the purely
Persian and the Arabo-Chaldaic territories. But Pahlavi is defined by some Moslem
authorities as simply = “‘ ancient Pars? ;” and by all of them this is employed as the
ordinary designation of the tongue which they describe as having been the national
one down to the Saracen conquest, or even later. Numerous words noticed by
Firdausi as Pahlavi? are purely Iranian—not of Semitic parentage, as many of them
at least must have heen, if really Huzvd@resh ; and it has been observed likewise, that
that poet commutes Pahlavi and Pars? as epithets distinctive of his own phraseology.
The truth then is, that, in Moslem usage, Pahlavz suggests the Third Book-language—
the one above discussed under the titles Pa-Zend and Pars? ; occasionally compre-
hendihg also the Dav?, in which the third language came to be absorbed—just as the
names Dart and Pars? likewise have been sometimes treated as interchangeable.
Before this state of the case was clearly demonstrated by Joseph Miiller, the name
Pahlavi had been construed, in all Oriental works alike, as referring to exe language,—
and that the Huzvdresh; but the unhappy result had been the perpetuation of such
philological and historical hypotheses, incongruous and untenable alike, as have pre-
viously passed under our review.

Since, now, the name in question has been ascertained to denote, in one set of
writers, the Second Book-language—one strongly tinged with Aramaism, but, in an-
other set, the Third Book-language—one of more purely Iranian organisation, it

94 ; REPORT—1852.

* In it the later “ Dari phasis” of the language, the modern Farst, and various Arian
dialects pure and mixed, were also reviewed, but not in a way that readily admits condensa~
tion or abridgement.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 95

may be inquired, whether either of its applications favour any of the three etymolo-
gies, which, as was above mentioned, have been proposed for it, or rather a fourth
must be resorted to for it in one or other—or both—of those applications. Now,
a retrospect at the conditions of the problem evinces that two of the etyma must be
summarily set aside. The third, viz. Pahla = “ Border-land,”’ is suitable to
Pahlm? as denoting the hybrid speech of Khuzistan; but, manifestly, it is not at
all appropriate in reference to the language of Farsistan and Kohistan, of which the
Dari employed by Tabari and Firdausi was the offspring; and hence it becomes
desirable to find one which may lie at the root of and explain both applications.
Various reasons recommend pahalam = par’ uwam = parum, &c., a word which
means both “excellent ’’ and “ancient,”’ and which moreover—what it is especially
important to observe—is sometimes contrasted in usage with the later ‘‘Parst,” and
synonymous with ‘‘ Zaban-e-Bastant’’= “the ancient tongue.” It will thus appear
probable, that the Pahlavas and Pahalwan are so designated as being ‘the ancient
tribe,”’ and the Pahlavi as being “‘the ancient speech.”” If so, one may collate the
Pelasgoi and the Graioi or Greci in relation to the Hellenes, as also the Prisci and
the Casci in relationto the Latini ; and this, whether or not “‘ ancient ”’ be likewise
the radical sense of—that much-tortured appellative—Pelasgoi, as well as of Casci,
of Prisct = pristini, and of Graioi—an abridgement of geraiot which is illustrated by
graia and graus. It were needless to embarrass this analogy by suggesting further,
that Pelasgot,—if strengthened from Pelagoi, a sister-form of Palaioi,—might not
. €yen serve as an etymological link between Prisci (coll. prius, primum, prin, paros,
perusi, palat, &c.) and Pahlava or Palhava, through a series of letter-changes, which
separately would be easy, although cumulatively they might appear improbable.

GEOGRAPHY.

An Attempt to account for numerous appearances of sudden and violent drain-
age seen on the sides of the basin of the Dead Sea. By Capt. W. ALLEN,
RN, F.RS, FRGS.

The Dead Sea, the lake Asphaltites of the ancients, is now generally understood
to have a depression of more than 1300 feet below the level of the Mediterranean ; yet
hitherto no satisfactory theory has been given of the cause of the phenomenon. If
Capt. Allen ventures to offer one, it is because he thinks it right to record impres-
sions forced on his mind, by certain features which arrested attention on approaching
its mysterious shores, by the road of Jericho.

These features were :— :

1. Some indications of lines of alluvial deposit on the sides of the mountains, a little
below the level of the sea ; especially observable on the eastern declivities.

2. A succession of sand-cliffs on both sides of the Jordan.

3. Some parallel lines of pebbles, about 50 feet wide, near the Dead Sea, per-
fectly resembling its actual beach, which is composed principally of flat pieces of
bituminous shale, with fragments of Lydian stone. These lines of pebbles are re-
markable, because previously not a stone had been seen for several miles ; while
between and beyond them the soil is a very soft alluvium.

_ 4. The precipitous mountains rising from this sea are rent with ravines, and their
innumerable peaks have a tendency to group themselves in a succession of plateaux.

5. Near the N.W. angle of the sea are some conical hills, with flat summits and
steep furrowed sides. These had all the appearance of sedimentary formation, which,
however, was gradually less observable in ascending the mountain ; and at last the
horizontality of the strata could only be detected in a general sense.

Similar appearances in terraces and cliffs have been noticed in the Southern as
well as in the Northern Ghor, which both slope downwards to the Dead Sea.

Now, if these remains of sedimentary deposit be admitted as evidences of occa-
sional subsidence of the waters of the Dead Sea, its surface may be traced by them
to its original level with the Gulf of Akabah, to which it would then have been joined
by a narrow strait, similar to that of Tirahn, by which this gulf communicates with

96 REPORT—1852.

the Red Sea. The actual condition of this strait, Tirahn, would give countenance
to the idea, that it is in process of closing; for by the chart it will be found that
a well-defined bank or shoal is advancing from the nearest opposite points, between
which the channel is unfathomable and is less than half a mile wide.

The growth of coral reefs*, deposits of sand and grayel, &c., cast up by the sea,
may have, in the same way, closed up the hypothetical strait at Akabah, and cut off
the communication between the two gulfs¢. Then the upper basin being of great
extent, evaporation from its surface would exceed the supplies poured into it from
the river Jordan, and other small streams, and would therefore cause it to fall, as
well as to contract its limits.

If this effect of evaporation had not been modified by other circumstances, it would
have left the whole dry bed of the basin with a uniform covering of alluvial deposit.
But the lines of silt seen at different elevations, the terraces, the sand-cliffs, the
flat-topped hills and the parallel beaches, concur in showing that the subsidence of
the surface was not always gradual, but that it has been subject to occasional and
sudden changes of level, of which these are the monumental records. ;

On these assumptions, the lake Asphaltites in its original state was the upper end
of a long and narrow arm of the ocean, extending from the base of Mount Hermon,
or Anti-Libanus, nearly 2000 miles, and gradually increasing in breadth from a
few yards at the north end to about 200 miles at the other extremity.

The undulations in the bed of this fissure divided it by narrow straits into several
basins.

In the same way the upper basin, or the portion cut off from the Gulf of Akabah,
would have had also its undulations in the bed, in other words, irregularities in

depth.
Mount Hermon.
Level of the Mediterranean and of the Red Sea.
Akabah,
c a ae
ao SS ee Ss »

Wadi Arabah.

Valley of the Jordan.

a. Lake Tiberias, b, 6, b. Barrier. ce. Dried-up Strait.
1. First line. 2. Second line. 3. Third line.

The prodigious evaporation from so large a surface would have brought it down,
soon after the separation, from the upper line in the diagram, to the first irregularity
or barrier on the second line; where the further process of evaporation would cause
a division of the waters into two basins, of which the upper, having the Jordan run-
ning through it, would preserve for a time its level at the second line, while the»
lower basin, being still so much larger in proportion to the supply, would continue
to fall.

Suppose it to have fallen to the third line; and then, the upper basin beirg still
at the level of the second line, if the weight of water, or the action of the current of
the Jordan on a soft bed, or their combined effect, forced the barrier, the water of
the upper would have been transferred to the lower basin, with a violence that would
have torn up and scoured the sides of its former bed, leaving marks of its action in
rugged ravines, and traces of its ancient level round the margin.

But if the lower strata of the barrier had been of rock so solid as to resist the
action of the waters at a certain point, then a part of them would have been retained
in the depression, forming a freshwater lake, as the lake Tiberias.

The process would have been repeated, dividing at the barriers, or shallowest
parts, successively, which having also been forced by the same action, the same
effects would be produced by the violently retreating waters, leaving vestiges, such
as the monticules or conical hills, with their crowning attestations of former levels,
the sand cliffs of the banks of the Jordan, and the more recently formed parallel
beaches near the Dead Sea.

As the only solid barrier was at the lower end of the lake Tiberias, this is the only

* See Riippell. + Or the separation might have been caused by a slight upheaving
of the land by volcanic agency.

———

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 97

reservoir of fresh water that has remained; and the Jordan winds its rapid course
through the Ghor to the last deep central basin, where the excessive saltness of the
water will now be naturally accounted for, since it is a condensation of that, which
having been a part of the ocean, was salt ab origine.

The process of evaporation and depression would continue, till the Dead Sea
shouid be reduced to such an area, as would just balance the water discharged into
it; and then the only variations would be in the oscillations of that balance, caused
by extraordinary floods or droughts.

From a fact observed by travellers in three consecutive years, namely, that a salient
part of the northern shore is sometimes an island, and sometimes a peninsula, it
would appear as if the point of equilibrium has been already attained. Whether
this be the case or no, could be ascertained by careful observation on this fact, or
by comparing fresh lines of soundings with those taken by Lieut. Lynch, U.S.N.,
in the southern portion of the sea, which is extremely shallow.

A proposed new line for a Ship Canal to the East Indies through the Dead
Sea. By Capt. W. Auten, #N., PRS. FRG.

Referring to the communication immediately preceding, the author observes that
the extent or elevation of the jilled-up strait, the water-shed, in fact, between the
Dead Sea and the Gulf of Akabah, remains still undetermined. The depression is
bounded on either side by mountain ranges several thousand feet above the level of
the sea. Those on the east are continuous from Mount Hermon, or Anti-Libanus,
to the Red Sea. Those on the west are broken only between the Lesser Hermon
and Mount Gilboa, by the low plain of Esdraélon; which is watered by the brook
Kishon, having its principal sources in the neighbourhood of Mount Tabor in the
N.E., and in the mountains of Gilboa to the S.E. They unite near the middle of
the plain, and flow N.W. between a shoulder of Mount Carmel and a spur of the
Nazareth range of hills, to a little estuary in the most sheltered part of the bay of
Acre.

The swelling of the plain i is so gentle, that no precise part can be pointed out as
the watershed ; but it is doubtless near the forks of the river at the village of Afuli.
Its elevation is perhaps less than 200 feet above the Mediterranean Sea on the
west, and about 900 feet above the Jordan, with a rapid slope to the east.

Thus Nature has furnished a stupendous “ cutting ’’ of 200*miles in length, sepa-
rated from a sea at either end, by avery slight barrier, which might be cut through,
at the north end at least, with very little trouble and expense, for the plain of Es-
draélon appears to be an alluvium of great thickness, with no obstructions of rock,

The required length of canal here would perhaps be about 25 miles, the greater
part in the already deeply cut bed of the Kishon,

By damming up the head waters of the Kishon in reservoirs near the junction of
the principal affluents, they might be used to sluice out trenches previously prepared
by loosening the soil with mines of gunpowder, &c., so as to work east and west at
the same time, as there is a fall both ways. When these trenches shall have been
cut to a sufficient depth below the level of the sea, its floods being let in, would, it is
imagined, with the aid of gunpowder, soon force a channel wide and deep enough
for navigation.

Likewise, if the hypothesis of the ‘“ dried-up strait ’’ at Akabah should prove to be
correct, the difficulties of removing the barrier at that end may also be inconsiderable.
Of this at present the data are more uncertain, as they depend on observations of
travellers, not made for such an object. But similar aid might be afforded by the

force of a current from the Gulf of Akabah, backed by the Indian Ocean, to clear the

canal.

These barriers being removed, the now Dead Sea would be restored to its ancient
level, and would be converted into the active channel of communication between
Europe and Asia.

Such operations would, it is true, involve the submergence of a territory, a city,
and some Arab villages belonging to the Sultan. But the territory is useless, the
city is in ruins, the villages are but mud huts or tents, and it is presumed that His
Highness and his subjects would be amply remunerated for the loss of these, by

1852,

98 REPORT—1852.

great reyenues arising from transit dues, from the increased value of adjacent and
fertile, but rebellious and neglected territories, and lastly, from the facilities the canal
would afford to the pilgrims, who now have a toilsome and dangerous march of more
than six weeks in the desert, between Damascus and Mecca.

On the Antiquities of the Island Ruad, the ancient Aradus, and.on the an-
cient Harbour of Seleucia in Pieria. By Capt. W. Auten, R.N.,
PRS. PR.GS.

Travellers, to whom the maritime renown of the Pheenicians is familiar, cannot
fail to be struck by the disproportion of the means by which it was attained. The
island of Tyre, little more than half a mile long, situated near the dangerous coast
of Syria, formed their principal harbour. A colony from Sidon took advantage of
similar circumstances at a more northern part of the coast, in the little island of
Aradus, the modern Ruad, which is still smaller ; yet it soon became so flourishing
as to be the parent of colonies, and Strabo describes it as full of inhabitants and
lofty houses. The vestiges which remain show that he did not overrate its pros-
perity. It is situated in lat. 34° 48’ N, and long. 35°51! E.; the extreme length
is about 800 yards, lying N.W. and 8.E.; so that the side towards the coast presents
tolerable protection from the prevalent S.W. wind.

Considering that this little island may again become a place of shelter for ships
in the increasing trade of Syria, and especially as a convenient coal depot for steamers,
Capt. W. Allen, R.N., made a survey of it in the spring of the year 1851*.

The whole N.E. side of the island is converted into two little ports by three piers,
which all more or less show their ancient construction: the most northern is quite
in ruins ; that to the southward still answers its purpose, but is occupied by a mosque,
and therefore could not be examined ; but the middle pier is almost perfect. It is
constructed with massive blocks of sandstone, 16 feet long by nearly 7 in depth and
breadth, placed transversely ; with large bollards at the extremity of the pier. On
either side are quays of concrete, now “a wash.” The length of the pier from the
present waterline is 224 feet. In both ports are also traces of similar quays. From
the base of the northern pier is a fine bed of concrete, stretching across the island,
about 150 yards long by 125 yards wide, very nearly level, the slight inclination
being towards the port, where its margin forms the quay. Pococke, with great
reason, supposed that this was used for drawing up the smaller shipping for shelter.
The concrete round by the west is about 30 yards wide, increasing on the south side.
Its probable purpose here was to increase artificially the dimensions of the island,
which having in its natural state been surrounded on the exposed side by numerous
rocks and islets, the summits of these were leveled, and the interstices filled with
the fragments and squared stones, imbedded in concrete as hard as the rock itself,
which it perfectly resembles. Along the three outer sides of the island are gigantic
remains of the ancient walls, which in two places have still five or six courses of
stones, 15 to 18 feet in length, lying transversely and forming the thickness of the
wall. On the west side, however, the wall, for about 10 feet high, is of the solid
rock, which to seaward, at this part only, is cut in the form of a moat and glacis.
The purpose of this, doubtless was to break the fury of the wayes in S.W. gales. A
small culvert, leading from the ‘ moat,” through the wall and the concrete, towards
the port, led to the conjecture that the water from the waves rushing up the glacis
being received in the moat at a higher level, might have been conducted by this cul-
yert to the port for the purpose of cleansing it.

The central or natural portion of the island is covered by the modern town, which
has wonderfully increased during the last century, Pococke in 1738 found very few
houses, except in the castles, which were defended by cannon against corsairs. Fifty
years later Volney says, ‘‘ there does not remain a single wall of that crowd of houses,
which, according to Strabo, were built with more stones than those of Rome itself.’
Now, according to the report of an old man, there are 500. When he was a child
there were very few, and he had heard that 100 years ago, there were only 5 houses.

The present inhabitants retain some of the spirit of the ancient Arcadians, as they

* The hydrography has since been more completely done by Mr. Hooper, of H,M.B.
Frolie under Commander Vansittart.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 99

are all engaged in maritime affairs, and shipbuilding is carried on with considerable
energy. There is no room for cultivation on this confined spot, so that all sup-
plies are drawn from the mainland, little more than a mile distant. They depend
for water on cisterns, and do not appear to be cognizant of the submarine fountain
described by Strabo.

With the same view to the probable requirements of inereasing commerce of these
rich countries, Capt, Allen made a little survey of the ancient harbour of Seleucia in
Pieria, situated still further ta the north, in the bay of Antioch, near the mouth of
the Orontes, in lat. 36° 8! N. and long. 35° 55! 30" E. This noble work consists of
an inland basin, connected with a small sea-port by a canal, and of a magnificent
culvert cut through a mountain for the purpose of feeding the one and cleansing the
other, as well as to avert the destructive effects of the mountain torrents.

The sea-port, noticed in the Acts of the Apostles as the place whence St. Paul em-
barked, is formed by two massive moles, about 200 yards apart. That to the north
is quite a ruin; the other has its inner part nearly perfect, constructed with large
blocks of stone placed transversely, some of which measured 25 feet, and one, broken,
29 feet 4 inches. This port, though small, was probably sufficient for the reception
of ships preparatory to their entering the basin, and for the purpose of refuge in
bad weather.

The inner harbour or basin was probably an excavation, with a strong wall front-
ing the sea. It is retort-shaped, communicating with the sea-port by the neckpart,
a canal about a thousand feet in length, and was possibly at a higher level than the
sea, and entered by locks, as Colonel Chesney saw the remains of hinges of gates.
The basin is about 700 yards long by 450 wide. It is now a swamp, through
which a little stream passes to the sea by a gap in the wall. The great culvert is
nearly 1200 yards long, terminating near the sea-port. Its commencement is at
the turning of a little valley, across which an enormous wall was built for the pur-
pose of directing the torrents towards it. This wall has a great portion of it still
standing ; the dilapidated part being in the middle, where probably there were sluice-
gates to feed the basin. The culvert is for the greater part an “‘ open cutting,” in
one place not less than 150 feet deep in the solid rock.

There are two tunnels of 2) feet aperture, with a channel for the water in the
middle ; which arrangement was doubtless intended to facilitate the removal of frag-
ments of rock that might have been carried thither by torrents. There is also a
conduit at the side to supply the marine suburb of the city with water.

Some Greek and Latin inscriptions are to be seen in the culvert, but too much de-
faced by time to be legible.

The principal object Capt. Allen has in view in describing this ancient and splen-
did work, which had been previously examined by other travellers, and especially by
Colonel Chesney, R.A., is to show the facility with which it could be again ren-
dered available for the reception of shipping: for, although each of the three
members of it is dilapidated to a certain extent, enough remains to justify the belief
that its restoration could be accomplished without much labour or expense.

Both Col. Chesney and Capt. Allen, by independent calculations, estimated the
cost of cleaning the inner harbour, by manual labour entirely, at about £30,000 ; but
Capt. Allen considers that by making use of the appliances left by the ancients to
aid in the operations of nature, the greater part of both expense and labour would
be reduced.

To this end, whether anciently it was a basin above the level of the sea, and
- entered by locks or no, he would now propose to make it so, by raising and strength-
ening the west wall, which is the only part of the circuit of the basin not bounded
by rising ground, so that any depth required might thus be had, as there is a per-
ennial stream running through it.

When full, the immense volume of the basin, a surface of about 47 acres, might he
used as a “ backwater” to clear the canal and the sea-port. The piers of this would
have to be repaired and carried further out seaward, which would be the principal
part of the expense. The culvert and the great wall with its sluice-gates might be
easily repaired.

The examination of the ruins of this once-flourishing city not being the principal
object, Capt. Allen did not devote much time to them, but he visited some mat:

100 REPORT—1852.

cent sepulchres, excavated in the mountain through which the culvert is cut. From
their dimensions it is probable that they were of the Seleucidz, especially as the
natives call them the ‘‘ Cave of the Despot.’”” They consist of two large chambers,
ornamented with arches, pillars and sculptured scrolls, &c., containing two prin-
cipal isolated tombs, with numerous Joculi in the walls and in the floor. All have
been rifled and stripped of their ornaments. In the neighbourhood of the city are
many sarcophagi, and some vaulted chambers in the face of the cliffs.

In conclusion, it is hoped that this fine harbour may again become the outlet of
the unrivalled fertility of the neighbouring countries, and be the fitting terminus to
Col. Chesney’s projected communication with our possessions in the East Indies by
the river Euphrates.

On a Railroad through Asia Minor. By W.¥. Atysworta.

The paper, after describing the route intended to be taken, and remarking on the
engineering difficulties and facilities on the way, proposed to connect Constanti-
nople with its Asiatic suburbs by means of a floating viaduct, or tunnel, such as
they have in Wales at present. The author considered that, in the event of this
great undertaking being attempted to be carried out, the better route through Asia
Minor would be along the eoast of the Sea of Marmora, rather than, as some scien-
tific gentlemen had recommended, through the mountains of the interior of Ana-
tolia, which Mr. Ainsworth considers it would be next to impossible to surmount.
The Turks, who just now are very much alive to the great importance of commerce,
are engaged in opening a great commercial road from a port on the Black Sea to
Sivaze, a town in the centre of Asia Minor; and Mr. Ainsworth considered that
the completion of this undertaking would be one of the greatest inducements to the
commencement of the projected railway. Throughout the land route, only in one
instance was it necessary to allude to a tunnel, and that was where the Fawnes
mountain crossed the route, and this, there was reason to hope, could be passed
without atunnel. Taking the matter all in all, the author pronounced it difficult to
imagine any country better adapted for colonization or improvement. At present,
the country could not be said to be safe from the predatory Arabs, but the Turks
and agricultural Arabs were well-disposed. ‘The road from London to Bombay is
5500 miles; for 2600 miles of this distance there is already a railway, and works
could be carried on cheaply in Asia Minor from the facility of procuring labour. The
capital required he calculated at twenty-two millions.

On the Distribution of Common Salt, and other Saline Bodies, with a view
to show their Primary Origin and subsequent Formations. By WiLL1AM
Botvaert, F.R.G.S.

The attention of the author of this communication was first drawn to the subject
whilst chemical assistant in the laboratory of the Royal Institution about 1824, and
when in Peru shortly afterwards, the occurrence of so much salt from the level of the
sea to great elevations in the Andes was noticed by him. Subsequently, being in the
north part of Mexico, opportunities offered of making other researches.

Mr. Bollaert, in a paper to the Royal Geographical Society in 1851, on “‘ Southern
Peru,” in noticing the existence of salts bordering the Pacific Ocean, in the mountain-
range of the coast, in the great plains beyond, as well as in the Andes, said that such
a disposition of things would lead one to surmise, that the salt and other saline mat-
ters may derive their origin from other sources than the ocean, viz. volcanic, and the
decomposition of rocks.

Dr. Daubeny was one of the first to draw attention to the fact, that salt and
muriatic acid are among some of the most abundant compounds thrown out by vol-
canos; and his researches fortified Mr. Bollaert’s opinion, formed in Peru in 1826,
that the greater part of salt found from the Andes to the coast may claim a direct
volcanic origin.

With reference to the author’s own observations made in Peru and other places,
as well as those of others in various parts of the world, and omitting here geogra-
phical, geological, chemical, climatalogical and other details, he offers the following

bie |

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 101

resumé as to the origin of common salt and other saline bodies, adverting only to the
more salient points.

I. Bay-salt, deposited entirely by solar evaporation from sea-water, particularly in
warm latitudes; in Greenland, however, the heat of the few summer days is so great
as to evaporate the water left by the tide among the rocks, and to reduce it to a fine
salt. There is an important commercial fact connected with bay-salt, inasmuch as
it has been found, particularly at Buenos Ayres, to be much better suited to the salt-
ing of meat (which appears to be owing to its containing the deliquescent chlorides)
than the salt procured from the salt-lakes and plains of Patagonia, the latter being
nearly a pure chloride of sodium; thus the following conclusions may be arrived at,
that the superficial saline deposits in Patagonia and other inland plains in various
parts of the world are not behoiden to the ovean for such deposits.

II. Bay-salt, as procured from sea-water by allowing it to run into shallow reser-
voirs on the surface of the ground, where it is partially evaporated by the sun’s heat,
and then by artificial means; a purer chloride of sodium is thus obtained, in conse-
quence of the separation of the bittern from it.

III. Another and a harder species of bay-salt is found near the level of the ocean,
a few feet above the sea, particularly on the coast of Peru; here it has been but
recently uplifted above the sea.

IV. Salt is produced in Russia by the freezing of sea-water, and then evaporating
the brine. One effect of the low temperature is to decompose a portion of the salt,
and convert the sulphate of magnesia of the brine into sulphate of soda and chlo-
ride of magnesium.

The formation of sulphate of soda in this way may be the principal cause of its
existence in Peru and other places, that is to say, the saline lakes in the Andean
and other mountainous regions, would in winter be reduced to a low temperature,
when the chemical change would be produced; as summer approached, the snows
above the lakes would melt, and rains would run into the lakes; these in time would
overflow, causing streams; some of these waters would find their way into rivers and
then into the ocean, whilst others would run into hollows, low lands and plains; and
in such arid countries as Peru, Mexico, Patagonia, parts of Asia and Africa, and
perhaps in Australia, would yield layers of saline materials, the principal one being
common salt. In Saxony, Sardinia, and some other localities, water from brine-
springs is evaporated by passing over and through ‘‘ Thorn Houses.”

V. Salt, having risen with the vapour of sea-water or with the spray of the ocean;
alee with the vapour arising from saline inland lakes, as in Asiatic Russia in par-
ticular.

V1. Rock or Fossil Salt is found constituting portions of mountain ranges; in the
Carpathians in Europe; in the Sulemien mountains in Asia; also in Thibet, here in
company with borax and muriate of ammonia; and doubtless the many brine-springs
in the interior of China have their origin from masses of rock salt. As so much salt
is found in the arid parts of Africa, it is reasonable to conclude that the mountains
also contain it. We know that in the mountains of Morocco there is rock salt. To
the east of this section much carbonate of soda (Trona) is found.

The inland waters of Australia are brackish, and its plains covered with saline
materials; hence we may suppose that in the interior of that large mass of land
there may be rock salt.

In North and South America there is abundance of rock salt. In the north,
among other ranges affording it, is the Wha-sacht, which is above the Great Sali
Lake of Utah or of the Mormons; in South America, from the Andean region to the
coast, on either side it is found, and in company with many other curious saline bodies.

From the small per-centage of saline matter in sea-water, not 4 per cent., we can
hardly look to the ocean as the origin of so much pure or almost pure chloride of
sodium existing in mountain regions, but rather to sources of a volcanic character
at different epochs; sub-marine as well as sub-aérial volcanos yielding it. During vol-
canic eruptions, with vast quantities of sulphur and other volatile bodies, the vapour
of muriatic acid escapes, and salt has been found sublimed about craters as well as
muriate of ammonia. Sea-water may find its way into the igneous interior of the
earth; however, the formation of salt in all probability is mainly due to the direct
union of chlorine and sodium; salt thus formed from its elements in the bowels of the

102 REPORT—1852.

earth, then ejected through volcanic vents, at times with steam and water as a hot
saturated solution, at times with earthy matters, the salt afterwards forming masses,
of in those peculiar orbicular layers, as seen in Cheshire and elsewhere, and such
operations having gone on at various periods and under different circumstances and
elevatiotis, may account for rock or fossil salt being now fourd below the level of
the sea, above it, and at great elevations on the surface of the globe. Having now
arrived at the supposed origin of rock salt, the next division is proceeded with, viz.

VIL. Saline Lakes situated in the elevated regions of India, 'Thibet, and other parts
of Asia, 48 well as at lower levels, including the Dead Sea, which is below the ocean ;
the saline lakes of North and South America. In these cases, as already mentioned,
the waters of melting snows and rain would dissolve the salt formed in high regions,
washing it down into hollows, and then salt lakes would be formed at all élevations,
aiid when these waters became saturated salt would be deposited; in summer some
would dry up, leaving a cake of the substance.

VILL. Brine Springs are met with all over the world; such being formed by water
percolating through the earth, first at high levels, then coming into contact with de-
positions of salt, producing springs, lakes and streams, from which the saline matters
are found in some cases to remain in hollows and plains, forming large tracts of surface-
salt.

IX. The saline matters found in the Steppes of Asia, Deserts of Africa, Pampas of
Patagoitia, and other places to the north, in the Desert of Atacama, and along the
west coast of America; and lastly, in the great saline deserts of Mexico, California,
and the United States. In these cases the salt has been brought down by streams
and springs from higher regions to a lower.

X. Saline bodies formed by the decomposition of voleanic and other rocks; the
albites or soda granites, so common in the New World; the red granites, yielding
potash, as in India, giving rise to nitrate of potash ; such decomposition would go on
at all elevations, and, by the aid of water, the soluble parts would find their way into
lower regions, and ultimately into the ocean.

Mr. Bollaert then describes the section of country from Buenos Ayres to Potosi and
Lima, also another in South Peru, from Iquique in the province of ‘Tarapaca, lat. 20°
12' S., long. 70° 14! W. to Potosi, the latter in particular, as being interesting in regard
to the subject of his observations.

The now important port of Iquique is in the centre of a region where it seldom or
never rains. No water is found on the coast, except where a rivulet may come from
the Andes; such water-courses being very scarce, and often salt. Under the Incas,
Iquique was a fishing-place, and guano was collected there. There is no vegetation
whataver to be seen, and in early times water had to be brought from the interior, When
the celebrated silver mines of Huantajaya were discovered in 1556, a few miles inland
frum Iquique, then this port was supplied with water from the ravine of Pisagua,
which is to the north; but of late years, and since nitrate of soda has been shipped
from thence, stills have been employed for the distillation of fresh- from sea-water,
supplying 1000 to 1200 people as well as animals. In some of the plains near the
coast, bay-salt is met with 15 to 20 feet above the sea, the laid having been recently
uplifted from it.

Frotn the sea-shore in many places there is an abrupt rise of 2000 to 3000 feet, at
which level are plains, hollows and undulations; and rising out of them ranges of
porphyritic and argillaceous mountains 3000 feet higher. Veins of metallic matters
are abundant, gold, copper, lead, arsenic, &c., the silver mines of Huantajaya having
yielded from 1726 to 1826 more than 15 millions sterling. In the hollows, plains
and undulations are extensive superficial collections of salt, containing a little chlo-
ride of calcium. This coast-range is 30 miles wide, and, having passed it, the Great
Plain of Tamarugal is entered, which is 3000 to 8500 feet above the sea, and some
80 miles wide. In the south is the brackish river Loa, with salt streams running
into it; in the north there are other salitie streams. Where water from the Andes
gets into this plain, and it often runs over its surface, and that water not very salt,
there a few Tamarugos (Mimosa) grow; and buried under the soil there is much appa-
rently of the same species of tree undergoing a saline fossilization. The author is
strongly inclined to think, that we must look to this surface-water as the vehicle
that has brought down from great elevations the saline matters, such as ate found

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 103

all over this plain, as well as those in the Desert of Atacama. A curious point
about the greater portion of the water obtained from the wells in this plain is, that
although there is so much saline material on the sutface, there is little or none of it in
the water. It is in this plain, where there is so great an abundance of salt, nitrate of
soda, sulphate of soda (Glauberite), carbonate of soda (Trona), sulphate and mutiate
of lime, and a newly-discovered salt of borax (Hayesine or Hydro-boro-calcite), this
valuable salt is found with and under the beds of nitrate of soda, and often in company
with Glauberite*. With the nitrate of soda, in particular, there are iodic salts}, and
probably bromic. In the hills, on either side of this plain, are large quantities of
native alum or Pickeringite.

The formation of nitrate of potash in India, and nitrate of soda in South America,
is difficult to explain. It was formerly supposed that the nitrogen required to pro-
duce the nitrate of potash in India came from the decomposition of organic matters ;
but as the greater portion of nitrate of potash was found in situations affording none,
this opinion was abandoned, and the nitrogen of the atmosphere was resorted to.
With regard to the formation of nitrate of soda in South America, at least in South
Peru, there are no organic matters whatever in the soil from the Andes to the sea-
shore; for the whole country is, and has been for ages, arid, rocky, sandy, and marly
saliferous deserts. The nitrogen and oxygen of the air may possibly yield, in some way
or other, nitric acid, when assisted by tropical heat, the chemical rays of the sun and
Moisture ; still, if we have to look to volcanic sources for the formation of Salt and
other chlorides, why not recur there also for the origin of the nitrates, sulphates,
borates, iodates, &c.?

A short remark on the probable cause of the South Peruvian deserts may not be
out of place here. The S.S.E. wind, having been deprived of much of its humidity
in traversing the continent of America, arrives in the frozen regions of the Andes, so
dry as not to be in a position to deposit any moisture of consequence; and this dry
or S.S.E. wind blowing across the lands of the west coast, appears to be the main
cause of its present desert character.

The nitrate of soda has as yet only been met with on the western side of the Pampa
de Tamarugal, and the deposits of it have interruptions or spaces covered with salt,
The nitrate grounds vary in breadth, but are of great length, and in places 7 to § feet
thick, sometimes quite pure.

The Caliche, or rough nitrate of soda, is boiled in water, the nitrate is held in solu-
tion, whilst the salt and earthy parts fall to the bottom of the boiler: the saturated
solution is run into troughs to erystallize, and is then ready for sale.

The principal occupation of the Province of Tarapaca is in the nitrate of soda trade,
the article being shipped from Iquique to Europe, where it is used as a fertilizer in
the manufacture of nitric and sulphuric acids, &c.

There is sufficient nitrate for the consumption of Europe for ages to come. The
supply, however, at-present for export cannot be much augmented over 30,000 tons
annually, in consequence of the scarcity of beasts of burden in this desert country to
convey it from the oficinas or works to the port of Iquique. Since 1830 to 1851, the
exports have been about 240,000 tons, one of the principal exporters being Mr.
G. Smith, to whom the Province is greatly indebted for his pérseverance in esta-
blishing this new branch of trade.

Having traversed the Pampa de Tamarugal, ranges of sandstone mountains present

. *® The boracie acid of Tuscany and borax from India is almost monopolized by one party
in England; the price for British refined being in November, 1852, £4 to £4 4s. per
cwt. Now it would be important if supplies of the boro-calcite from Tarapaca could be ob-
tained. Mr. Smith fears it only exists in small quantities there, but in which opinion I do
not quite concur. According to his views as to the origin of salt and many other saline
bodies being volcanic, the author would recommend a search for nitrates, borates, iodates,
&c., in those dry and desert saline districts, the more particularly where there are evidences
of volcanic influences.

+ Hayes found in a sample of nitrate of soda, 0°63 iodic salts, composed of iodaté of soda
and chloro-iodate of magnesia.

In November, 1851, dry iodine sold for 64d. to 7d. per oz., but at the same period, 1852,
it tod risen from 1s. 3d. to ls. 6d. Thus in these salts from Tarapaca we have another source
of iodine.

104 REPORT—1852.

themselves, at the base of which there is much sulphate of soda and some carbonate,
and a little higher up large quantities of gypsum. Ascending, a broken mountainous
country is attained, where, on account of it receiving some rain, coarse pastures,
Cacti and some brushwood are met with ; here saline matters would be found, but that
the rains wash them into the lower country. In this district there are gold and cop-
per veins in abundance ; and on examination, it is thought that Lavadero or grain-gold
will be met with: and there are extensive plains in the Andes, at 14,000 and 15,000
feet, out of which rise ridges and knots of mountains; that of Lirima is supposed to
be 24,000 to 25,000 feet above the sea.

In this Andean volcanic region there is among others a great salt deposit known as
the Pampa de Sal: it is a few miles to the east of the volcano and town of Isluga. The
volcano is in 19° 12'S., 68° 50'W. The volcano and salt plain was first made known
in Europe by Messrs. Bollaert and Smith in 1827; and it was on beholding so large a
collection of salt in the elevated position of nearly 15,000 feet, that so strongly im-
pressed Mr. Bollaert with the idea that we ought to look for the origin of the greater
portions of saline materials to direct volcanic sources.

This Pampa de Sal extends to near Potosi, varying in breadth from 3 to 8 leagues,
the saline matters being 8 to 10 inches thick. In this elevated region there are
many lakes, some containing fish. Many of these lakes are salt; how can they be
otherwise, when saline bodies exist in more elevated regions, ejected in all probability
from craters and fissures, the whole country being pre-eminently volcanic? In this
way we may reasonably account for the large quantities of fossil salt in the mountains
of Chili, Peru, Mexico, and in those of the United States; also in the more elevated
portions of Europe, Asia and Africa ; and the melting of snows and rains would wash
much of this soluble material into the sea.

Observations on the Euphrates Line of Communication with India.
By Colonel Cursney, R.A., D.CL., PRS.

In compliance with the request of a distinguished member of the British Asso-
ciation, Dr. Robinson, whose continued interest in the subject of the Euphrates line
of communication with India is a source of extreme gratification to me, I have put
together a few observations for the purpose of showing,—Ist, what was the past
state of the overland communication with India; and 2ndly, what may be done to
accelerate if not to perfect this intercourse.

Had not the want of the means promised by Government prevented the appear-
ance of the remainder of my work, it would have been unnecessary for me now to
enter upon the subject of our communication with the East, since the succeeding
volumes would have contained all the details of the Expedition.

The use of the overland route dates almost from the discovery of India itself.
We find that the far-seeing Elizabeth maintained a fleet at Bir to facilitate trade
along the Euphrates, which being then the high road to India, was constantly made
use of by Balbi, Fitch, and others, who had occasion to pass by that line with mer-
chandize. The route from Europe was by Alexandretta and Aleppo to Bir on the
Euphrates, whence the goods were carried by boats, partly for the use of the inha-
bitants of the country, and partly for India, whither the products of Europe were
conveyed at this period, by way of the Persian Gulf.

Space and time will not permit us to discuss the latter subject, but I may remind
you that in the time of Herodotus, Mesopotamia was the most productive country
in the world; and as it still retained a portion of its commercial wealth at the
period of which we have just been speaking, this route was but the continuation,
or rather the remains of the trade, of Tyre, Sidon, Egypt, &c., and not, as has been
frequently imagined, the adoption by the Levant Company, of a new and shorter
line than that by the Cape of Good Hope.

Up to the time when the East India Company ceased to trade, Bushire, Bassorah,
and Baghdad, were productive seats of commerce. But although their value to
England has greatly diminished in consequence of the cessation of the commercial
intercourse which previously existed, I may just observe, that it appears from official
returns (which are given in my work), that the trade between India and the Persian
Gulf is still about two millions annually.

—_——

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 105

The line of the Euphrates, however, had, as it still continues to have, another
advantage for England. The direct line from London passes by Vienna, Constanti-
nople, and Asia Minor, to Aleppo, from whence, by the desert of Arabia, it reaches
Bassorah.

Messengers in Europe, and Tartars in Arabia, used to accomplish this journey in
from twenty-five to thirty-six days; and fast-sailing schooners carried the despatches
along the Persian Gulf to Bombay in about twelve days more.

The route by the Red Sea had been used in the same manner, but being less
speedy by a great deal, the regular transit was continued through Arabia up to the
peace of 1815; and it was considered of such importance, that, on examining
in the archives of Bombay the result of the intercourse by this route in 1836, I
found that instead of trusting to the Secretaries, the communications on this sub-
ject were from the pen of Lord Wellesley himself.

My acquaintance with Mesopotamia commenced in this way :

Purposing to assist in the defence of Turkey against the Russians in 1829, I pro-
ceeded to Constantinople in that year; but arrived, as it proved, almost at the close
of the war, and I consequently undertook a journey into Asia with the object of
examining the proposed lines of communication with India. Public anxiety on this
subject led to a series of queries being drawn up by Mr. Peacock of the India House,
which fell into my hands, and decided me to attempt the examination of these
routes ; for I was one of those who began to see, in part at least, what might be done
by steam.

In a lecture at which I was present in 1802, Mr. Walker, in noticing the embryo
power of steam, made this remarkable prophetic observation :—‘‘ The day,’’ said he,
*« will arrive, when, instead of changing horses, we shall only require to light a
coal.”” Already this grand idea has been realized almost to the letter, and I may
live to see it equally carried out, by means of a railroad and electric telegraph be-
tween England and India.

But to return from this digression. Provided with Mr. Peacock’s queries, I
examined the route by Cosseir and the Nile, as well as that across the isthmus of
Suez, and a detailed report was made to Government through the Right Hon. Sir
Robert Gordon, allowing twenty-two days between Bombay and Alexandria.

This, I believe, was the first proposal, at least the first founded on examination,
for opening a steam communication by way of the Red Sea. It is not therefore
surprising, steam by sea being then in its very infancy, that the Earl of Clare, in
commenting on my paper, should have said, in allusion to the time allowed, ‘The
misfortune is that Capt. Chesney endeavours to make out a case.’’ I need scarcely
add, that the energy and activity of Waghorn has performed in fifteen, and even
twelve days, that transit for which I had allowed twenty-two.

In proceeding from Egypt towards the Euphrates, which was my next object,
difficulties and impediments occurred in consequence of my having been carried off
by the Arabs for some time, and over a considerable tract of country. I must not,
however, occupy your time by describing a journey which I still remember with the
deepest interest.

On regaining my freedom, I continued my journey across the great desert, and
succeeded in reaching the Euphrates.

The line taken from Damascus was that by Palmyra; the country was not sandy,
but part of it had a hard pebbly surface, while the rest was undulating, and covered
with sheep grass, not unlike the Dorsetshire downs. A slight illness so far dis-
armed the suspicions of the Arabs, as to offer an excuse for my going by the river;
and having taken leave of my camels, I caused a raft to be constructed of hurdles
supported on thirty-three inflated sheep-skins, on which, accompanied by three
Arabs, I was fairly launched on the great river Euphrates.

The compass gave me the bearings, and the depth of the river was ascertained by
means of a-pole going down from the bottom of the raft, by which means I avoided
the suspicions that would have been raised by the ordinary method of sounding.
The raft was kept mid-stream during the day, and was secured to a bank by night,

_ and thus made its way to Felujah opposite Baghdad, not however without some

difficulties and even dangers, such as being fired at by the Arabs from the banks,
and being three times robbed of my money under the name of a tax. The condition

106 REPORT—1852.

of an isolated individtal deprived of all resources wheh at such a distance from
Europe, may appear to have been almost desperate ; but, strange to say, I sueceeded,
through the influence of the English name, in borrowing funds from the very indi-
viduals who had previously robbed me, and the descent by Babylon to Bassorah, and
ultimately across the Persian Gulf, was happily accomplished.

I must not attempt more than a very general description of the Euphrates, but I
may observe that I found it deserved even more than its celebrated name as the
fourth river of Paradise. :

It is wide, deep, and highly picturesque, flowing between ancient aqueducts and
irrigating mills, some of which are of modern construction also, with frequent vil-
lages and occasional towns, sometimes seated on islands, at others on the banks of
the river, amidst luxuriant groves of date-trees, and occasionally, as in the neigh-
bourhood of Babylon, surrounded by the richest wheat cultivation.

I now laid down and sent home, a map of that part of the river which had been
exainined ; and recollecting that my temporary captivity had deprived me of the
Opportunity of visiting the country between Seleucia and the river Euphrates,
above and below Bir, 1 traversed about 1700 miles of Persia, passing through
Ispahan and several other great cities of that kingdom, to the sources of the
Euphrates, and also travelled over some 1800 miles through Asia Minor, which
enabled me to examine the country between the Mediterranean and the upper part
of the river.

These explorations occupied three years and a quarter; their result was a printed
report to Government, submitting at the same time, that a steam communication
with India should be opened alternately by the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. I
believed then, as I do now, that our great kingdom requires a second line, even if
we were free from all chance of interruption; and even irrespectively of the mercan=
tile and other advantages which belong to the route through Arabia.

This report had scarcely appeared, when I was summoned to St. James’s, aiid
after going into the question in much detail, the King (William the Fourth) took a
lively interest in the comparative merits of the Red Sea and River Euphrates lines,
observing, that as a sailor, he considered that about one-half the distance of open
sea gave a manifest advantage to the latter.

The subject was next taken up by Lord Palmerston, Lord Ripon, the Marquis of
Lansdowne; and Mr. Grant, now Lord Glenelg, and after a lengthened examination
by a Committee of the House of Commons, £20,000 were voted for an Expedition
to the Euphrates and Tigris, in the command of which I sailed early in the
year 1835.

It consisted of two flat-bottomed iron steamers, the fifth and sixth of the kind
that had been built, with a competent staff of scientific and other officers, together
with detachments of artillery and sappers, all of whom, having been originally boiler-
makers, mill-wrights, &c., were prepared to assist in putting up the vessels, which
we carried out in pieces.

The upper Euphrates near Bir was the place selected for this purpose, as we
considered we should there be less likely to meet with opposition from the Arabs,
than if we had landed with this object at the mouth of the river; moreover there
are two cities, Antioch and Aleppo, on this line, and many villages which offered great
facilities in men, animals, &e.

Accordingly the Expedition landed at the mouth of the Orontes, where, contrary
to previous promises and arrangements, we found ourselves stopped by the Pasha of
Egypt, who was then in authority.

In this dilemma, I determined, instead of sailing away to go round to India, to
disembark the steamers and their equipments, and having formed a camp, about
400 tons of materials were deposited on the banks of the Orontes, and the Co-
lumbine sloop of war and transport which had brought them, took their departure,
by way of proving to Mohammed Ali that the Expedition was not to be stopped.
Open impediments ceased after a time, but underhand opposition still met us in
every quarter, when we had roads to make, waggons to construct, and men as well
as animals to collect. The delays consequent upon this state of things brought us
to the ordinary impediments of the rainy season; but at length all difficulties were
6vercome, the diving-bell was rolled under the surface of the water to be carried

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 107

onward, and the last piece of boiler, weighing seven tons, and drawn by 104 bullocks,
entered Port William under a triumphal arch, and thus the extraordinary energy
and perseverance of the officers and men of the Expedition accomplished, what a
French writer termed “the gigantic operation”’ of transporting this and the other heavy
weights a distance of 147 miles, frequently over difficult country, from the Orontés to
Port William on the Euphrates.

This operation consumed all the funds of the Expedition, and having been told by

Government that no more would be given, I was forced either to stop, or to find the
funds myself. I felt that if I decided on the former course, it would lead to the belief
that we had failed, and I therefore ventured to draw on my friends at home for up-
wards of £2000, and as a compensation for this unpleasant alternative, we had the
pleasure of seeing two steamers floated, one 108 feet long, atid both completely
arnied and equipped for the intended service, with ample supplies of provision and
fuel. The latter is found abuidantly of two kinds, viz. mineral pitch, and plenty
of Tamarisk wood, which gave nearly a knot an hour more speed than coal.
The descent and survey of the river now commenced. For the latter purpose two
boats preceded the vessels day by day, sounding and taking bearings, and the officer
in Charge of this party became the pilot of the steamers next day for so much of the
river as he had thus explored.

In this way our operations were peaceably and successfully carried on, till on one
portentous morning, we discovered a cloud, like 4 man’s hand, coming towards us
with fatal speed. All efforts were made to secure the vessels in time, and the lesser
one, the Tigris, even reached the bank, but the whirlwind of the desert had reached
her at the same instant, and though still in its infancy, such was its violence, that
that unfortunate vessel recoiled from the bank, and was held as if in a vice, heeling
over. The storm soon attained its greatest power. The Euphrates was backed at
this moment to avoid a collision with the unfortunate Tigris, and at 1 p.m. we
floated past as a mere log, in the midst of darkness deeper than that of night, im-
tense waves breaking over and into the ill-fated vessel, till she was carried to the
bottom in seven fathoms water, the helmsman and all others remaining firmly at
their posts. So fearful and so violent had been the effects of this whirlwind from
the désett, which would have blown a frigate out of the water, that portions of the
paddle-boxes were in the fields before I and seven others reached the shore.
Tweiity of my brave companions had scarcely found a watery grave when a calm
succeeded the huiricane, Which had run its whole course in fifléen minutes. Had it
lasted eight or ten minutes more, the Euphrates, though secuted to the bank with
chain cables and large jumpers driven into the earth, must have gone to the bottom
also. The Arabs, however, showed the greatest kindness ; for instead of taking ad-
vantage of our condition, as is unhappily frequently the case in our more civilized
couhtry, they gave us every possible assistance by collecting the remains of the
goods, &c. Our loss however was very, very great; 1100 drawings, and all the
accounts of the Expedition; all the money, with a large quantity of stores, &c., went
to the bottom.

This catastrophe happened at Werdi, about half-way between the Mediterranean
and Persian Gulf, or nearly 500 miles from either; at the very spot where I first
came upon the river, and also riear the place where the apostate Julian lost the
greater part of his fleet from a similar storm. The Arabs told us they had often
witnessed storms, but never one such as this had been.

I had been saved, and therefore I could not despair, though half the river still
réfmained to be navigated. I had now the painful task of communicating what I
had hitherto concealed from the officers and men, the orders to break up the Expe-
dition a8 soon as it should reach the Persian Gulf. I announced that I considered —
the late calamity would justify a departure from these orders, and being nobly
seconded by the officers, who gave up their pay to lessen the expenses, we happily
continued our stirvey and descent by Babylon to Bassorah, where we fired seventy-
two fuis, one for every year of our warm-hearted monarch King William.

The expected supplies had not yet reached the Persian Gulf from India, but they
were received at a later period, and we renewed our operations by ascending more
_ than 300 miles of the river Tigris, to the city of the Kaliphs, Baghdad. The
steamer everywhere created surprise if not amazement. On one occasion, an Arab,

108 - REPORT—1852.

placing his head between his knees, was heard to exclaim, ‘ Has God only made
one such creation’’? The Arabs had a kind of prophecy that when iron should
swim on the water, their dominion was to end, and they came in consequence hun-
dreds of miles to ascertain the fact that it really did swim.

On descending again to Bassorah, we found the Hugh Lindsay with a mail and
passengers from Bombay. We took both on board, and immediately commenced
the ascent of the Euphrates. But when we had reached the distance of nearly 200
miles, the cross-head of the engine snapped, and it became necessary to drop down
to Bassorah, and to send the mail by land to England.

The officer who took charge of it is now Captain FitzJames, one of those Arctic
voyagers, to ascertain whose fate England is now making such meritorious, and let
us trust they will prove successful exertions.

I now proceeded to India to urge the continuance of the enterprise, and the
engine having been repaired, Colonel Estcourt, who was left in charge, ascended to
Baghdad, after exploring the river Karun, &c. Fresh orders were however received
to break up. the Expedition, and the party returned to England by land, while I
followed taking from Bombay important despatches. With these documents I made
a desert journey of nearly 1000 miles from sea to sea. My party consisted of two
Arabs with four camels, The compass guided our steps by day and the stars by
night, and thus the journey to Damascus was accomplished in nineteen days. We
occasionally halted in Arab tents, when I heard them speaking of Chesney Beg, who
having shaved off his beard was not recognized by them.

On reaching England, I received a communication from Prince Metternich, ex-
pressing his readiness, his earnest desire indeed, to meet the supposed Indian line at
Scanderoon ; but the British Government did not enter into the question at all,
beyond turning it over to the East India Company. Three river steamers were
however afterwards floated by the Company on the Mesopotamian rivers, and Cap-
tain Campbell of the Indian Navy successfully ascended the Euphrates as high as
Beles. Captain Lynch of the Indian Navy (who was one of the officers of the
Expedition), in his descent of the river, crossed by one of the ancient canals flowing
from the Euphrates to the Tigris, into the latter river. The necessities of the ser-
vice during the Affghan war, caused these vessels to be taken to the river Indus, and
the question of their navigation remained in abeyance till last autumn. The Turkish
Government then took the matter up, and after some reference to me, two steam-
vessels of suitable dimensions have been constructed by Messrs. Laird of Birkenhead,
and will speedily be launched on the rivers of Mesopotamia. I feel, however, no
small anxiety lest a great undertaking should fall to the ground from want of
competent management, such as might be found by British enterprise, either on this
or any other line.

Of late the Eastern Steam Navigation Company, in competing with the Peninsular
and Oriental Company, appears to have come to the conclusion that long and
powerful steamers, using both the screw and paddles, might reach India by the Cape
in about thirty-two days, and it is understood that vessels of this description are
now being built. Admitting that the most complete success should attend this
great undertaking, and that a distance of 10,790 miles should be accomplished
within the specified time, it is quite clear that this line will have to compete with
vessels of similar power on the shorter lines, namely, the one of about 5238 miles
by the Red Sea, and that of 4823 miles by the Euphrates.

Of another line, that by America, which is to be brought before this Section, I
know little or nothing, but it seems clear to me that either of the other two must
lave manifest advantages. As the communication by the Red Sea has for a long
time been as regular as can be desired, it only remains to notice the facilities belonging
to the line through Asiatic Turkey and Persia, and again by the same line of country,
partly by railroad and partly by steam-vessels.

A railway already exists from London to Hungary, and ere long it may reach
Constantinople, either by crossing the Balkan partly by means of stationary engines,
or coasting the sea-shore by way of Varna, in order to turn this chain, and thus
reach Constantinople with facility. The great chains of Asia Minor present, as I
know, and as you have seen by Mr. Ainsworth’s paper, very serious impediments,
but not such as might not be overcome by the science of the present day; and having

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 109

once attained the valley of the Mesopotamian rivers, the line might be continued
along the southern shores of Persia and the coast of Mekkran to India.

But, although practically attainable, the enormous expense on the one hand, and
the unsettled state of this part of the country on the other, render such a line of
communication only likely to be successfully attempted at some distant period. We
may therefore postpone the consideration of all that is eastward of the Euphrates,
and confine the question toa railway through Arabia, having a steamer to India
from one extremity, and another to Trieste from the other. The line supposed is to
quit the Mediterranean at the Bay of Antioch, and pass from thence by ancient
Aleppo to the Euphrates at Jaber, and so along the right bank of the river to its
estuary, a distance of 715 miles. Were this completed, with the assistance of
powerful steamers at each extremity, letters might reach Bombay from London
In eighteen or nineteen days, and messages, partly by electric telegraph, in ten
days.

Seven hundred and fifteen miles of a single line of railway on the American plan,
might be executed for about £5,720,000, or with two powerful steamers on the
Arabian, and as many on the European side, for about £6,000,000 sterling, including
the necessary port in the Bay of Antioch.

Instead, however, of engaging in the first instance in such a serious outlay, tem-
porary, and by no means costly arrangements can be made. There is, as we all
know, a railway open to Trieste, from whence the Austrian Lloyd’s Company
vessels would carry the mails and passengers to Scanderoon, which, as a temporary
harbour, requires no outlay whatever. From thence by the Bir-line, it is but 110
miles to Beles on the Euphrates, between which place and Bassorah small steamers
might be used :

Days. Hours
London to Trieste...... soBoOGOE re Basen cneaesses 12
Trieste to ScamderOon .......ccccsecscaccccadence 2 13)
Scanderoon to Jaber ............ path eb cok uoae eae aI Io
Paver tO WNASSOLAL ssa. seaceccaceccacercscccessesa® i 10
Bassorah to Bombay....... cago nekaae das saap ease 4 12

Delays DCRR A aM Ti 10

18 18

and if partially using the electric telegraph, ten days.
: Such an opening as this as a commencement, might be accomplished with a bond

fide capital of £50,000, or at the outside, £80,000; and if the undertaking were
_ conducted by practical men, I should have no fears as to its result. For the tem-
porary land journey, either camels might be used, with frequent relays, or the car-
_fiages of the country, called Tack-i-van, which are carriages slung between two
camels or horses; and the necessary protection from place to place being connected
_ with the hire of the animals, this would give large employment to the Arabs, and
their interest would go hand in hand with the undertaking.

During our extensive intercourse with them, the Arabs showed the most favour-
able disposition towards us; and they were not only glad to be employed, but proved
remarkably faithful, not only in transporting goods and stores, but in money also.

_ All our stores, and upwards of £6000 were safely carried in small sums from time
to time by Arab messengers, without any loss whatever, and the existence of com-
“mercial intercourse for centuries in Arabia, is the best proof that no great difficulty
_ can attend more extended relations with this people.
_ As the fertility of Mesopotamia greatly exceeds that of Egypt, being capable of
_ growing indigo, cotton, sugar, grain, and wool to any amount, this country opens
_a vast field for agricultural and commercial enterprise, with the safe and productive
investment of capital. Besides the advantages of a postal communication with
India, alternately with that by the Red Sea, a ready intercourse with Southern
Persia, Arabia, Mesopotamia, and Kurdistan, must greatly extend the outlets for
our manufactures, and would probably afford at the same time desirable localities
for colonization.
' The climate is healthy, and it could be easily shown by calculation, that there
would be ample returns for the capital of any company that may be judiciously

110 REPORT—1852.

organized. One of my officers, Mr. Hector, remained on the Euphrates, and com-
mencing from nothing, has realized a small independence by the occasional freight-
age of a ship from England with cotton and other goods. The natives, both of Arabia
and Asia Minor, are anxious for European manufactures, which, when I was in
Mesopotamia, were chiefly obtained from Russia, and of an inferior quality. These
goods were retailed by the native merchants at an enormous price, their profit being
generally cent. per cent. It is however necessary to consult the taste of the natives
in cottons, muslins, and other manufactures, to ensure success. The Russians have
done this judiciously, and have secured popularity for their goods.

Much more might be said on the subject of commerce; but setting aside all these
considerations, let us reflect for a moment on the vast field that would be opened to
scientific research and observation, in countries so rich in remains of early civiliza-
tion, so deeply interesting to the antiquarian and the historian, so fertile in produc-
tions for the naturalist and botanist. To the ethnologist, geologist, and geo-
grapher also, the opening of this line of route would be of inestimable value, while
to be the means of re-introducing Christianity and civilization to regions hallowed
by the most sacred associations is surely an object worthy of the best efforts of the
British people. The Mesopotamian rivers should not be allowed to remain almost
useless to mankind, and I cannot relinquish the hope that I shall yet see this long-
cherished desire, fully and judiciously realized.

To carry out the whole project of a railway through Arabia, only £1,205,000
would be required, and the annual cost would be about £140,000. The greater
object of a railway to India all the way, would require about £33,800,000. But
my proposal only requires for a beginning £50,000 or £80,000, to be gradually
increased as success crowns our efforts to a capital of £1,205,000; and we may
leave the question of the £33,000,000 for our sons or our grandsons.

Expedition under Mr. F. Garton, to the East of Walfisch Bay.
Climatologieal Notes on Pisa and Lucca. By Dr. J. GAson of Dublin.

Recent Survey for a Ship Canal through the Isthmus of Central America.
By Messrs. Lionet GisBorNE and Forpe. Communicated through the
Royal Geographical Society, by the Foreign Office.

On a Recent Journey across Africa from Zanzibar to Angola, as com-
municated from Her Majesty's Foreign Office to the Royal Geographical
Society.

On certain Ancient Mines. By the Rev. Epwarp Hincxs, D.D.

There are two places in the Cuneatic inscriptions in which mines or quarries are
mentioned. The first is on the obelisk, brought from Nimrtd, where the following
passage occurs, It is Divanubar, king of Assyria, who speaks :—‘‘In my twenty-
second year (about 878 B.c.), I crossed the Euphrates for the twenty-first time. I
went down te Tabal. I received their tributes from twenty-four kings of Tabal. 1
went to the mines of silver, of salt, and of gypsum.” The last-named substance is
identified by its being that of which certain colossal bulls are said to have been
made. The country where these mines existed must be a part of Cappadocia; and,
from the number of its kings, it is evideat that it was of considerable extent. It
appears, from the inscriptions, that it bordered on Khelakku, which Colonel Raw-
linson has identified with Cilicia, Its name is probably preserved, ina slightly cor-
rupted form, in Tavros, the name given by the Greeks to the mountain chain which
lay in the south of it. So Wararadh, or Ararat, was properly the name of a
country, but is now applied to a mountain in the east of this country. As a more

‘familiar instance, Mourne is properly the name of a barony, but is best known as
that of a mountain chain which lies in it. In this country, Mr. Ainsworth has

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 111

mentioned two salt mines, one near Kankari, and the other at Tuz Koi, near Neu
Shehr. The latter is described as an immense bed of salt, in which a pit was
originally dug, round which shafts are now sunk. Gypsum quarries are found in
abundance in this district, as is also marble; but of this substance it appears that -
no bulls have yet been found, No mines of native silver exist in the country; such
a mine may have existed formerly, and have been exhausted; but itis more probable
that the mine was of argentiferous galena, the reduction of which is less difficult
than of copper ore; and we know that the mode of reducing this was known many
centuries before the date of this inscription. Such a mine exists at Denek Tagh,
about eighty miles north of the salt mine. [M. de Tchihatchef mentioned another
silyer mine, lying between this and Sivas, which he thought more likely to have
been visited by the Assyrian king.] The other passage in an Assyrian inscription
is in the annals of Sargon. In Botta’s pl. 83, |. 9, under the 11th year (711 8.¢.),
when he took Ashdud, the king of which fled to Egypt, there occur the words,
‘«* Baal Zephon (Bahil Zapuna) the great mine of copper.’’ The preceding and fol-
lowing words are lost. The earliest known copper mines are those in the peninsula
of Mount Sinai. A place called Surdbat Hl Khadem attracted much attention some
years ago. It was believed to be an Egyptian place of pilgrimage. Some pillars
were found there, containing dates in the reigns of many Egyptian kings, and these
were believed to be tombstones. At length Lepsius visited the place, and ascer-
tained that it was a great copper mine; and that the pillars contained records of its
being worked at the times mentioned, and invocations of Hathor, the Egyptian
Venus, who presided over the country. This connexion of Venus with copper, in
the worship of both this country and Cyprus, and in the fancies of the alchemists,
was noticed as a curious coincidence that required explanation. On the Nimrid
obelisk are the tributes of five nations, the first and fifth of which offer copper; and
this was, no doubt, a production of their countries. The name of the first nation is
Gilzan, probably the Gozan of scripture. The name probably signifies the country
of the Gele, whom Strabo places on the shore of the Caspian sea. It is
the modern Ghilan. Here is the celebrated copper mine of Shichterabad, which
Colonel Monteith says is probably not exceeded by any in existence for richness
and facility of working. It is near a river which is called at this day Ozan. The
second tribute is that of Jehu, king of Israel. The third is of a country formerly
supposed to be Egypt, the name of which very clcsely resembled its name; but it is
the hilly country to the east of Nineveh, and not very far from it. The fourth tri-
bute is supposed to be that of a nation on the west of the Persian Gulf. The fifth
“is, according to Colonel Chesney, that of the people on the opposite coast of the
Gulf where copper is found. The mode of reading this name is uncertain, the first
character having different values. Dr. Hincks was disposed to read it Shirutinay,
identifying it with the Sharutana of the Egyptian inscriptions, or the people of
Cyprus; but the appearance of the people was, according to Colonel Chesney, so
decidedly Persian that he would not press this point. He, however, went on to
state his reasons for believing the Sharutana to be from Cyprus, as it led to some
interesting conclusions. They are called ‘the Sharutana of the sea,”’ and this is
analogous to a phrase ‘‘ of the middle of the sea,’’ which, in the Cuneatic inscrip-
tions, is added to certain names implying insular position. This is one of the few
points on which Dr. Hincks and Colonel Rawlinson differ. A series of names of
people are mentioned on a great slab at Nimrdd, as paying tribute to the father of
Divanubar. This list begins with the Tyrians and ends with the people of Arwad.
Then comes this phrase, which Colonel Rawlinson supposed to apply to all the
people, and to mean that they lived on the sea coast; but Dr. Hincks supposes it to
belong to the last people only, and to imply that they lived in an island. The same
phrase is appended to two other names; and this difference as to its interpretation
has led to very different views of what these names apply to. We have the Yavnay,
who arementioned in several places, and particularly as being employed by Sen-
nacherib to navigate his vessels, along with Tyrians and Sidonians. Colonel Raw-
linson makes them to be the people of Jabneh, in Palestine, but Dr. Hincks believes
them to be the Ionians, or people of the Grecian islands. But what is more inter-
esting is, that Luli, the king of Sidon, is said to have fled from Tyre to a place
named, according to Colonel Rawlinson, Yatnan, and supposed by him to be Rhi, —

112 REPORT—1852.

nocolura, on the frontiers of Egypt. He evidently believes that Luli fled by land.
Dr. Hincks reads the name Yavan, and believes it to be the country to which the
Yavnay belonged, or the Grecian islands, including perhaps Crete. He observed
that, in the Khorsabad inscriptions, an invasion of seven kings of this country is men-
tioned, and they are said to have been seven days on their voyage. This implies
that they came from Crete, or from beyond it. What makes this matter most in-
teresting is, that the flight of the Tyrians to Yavan, which is represented in the se-
venty-first plate of Mr. Layard’s Monuments of Nineveh, seems to be the fulfilment
of the prophecy in Isaiah xxiii. 12. Tyre, the daughter of Sidon, is here passing
over to Chittim. Commentators have looked to the time of Nebuchadnezzar for the
fulfilment of this prophecy; but here is a more direct fulfilment than could have
occurred then, more than 100 years earlier, and not above fifteen years after the
prophecy was delivered. The sculpture evidently refers to a flight, not to a warlike
expedition, as women and unarmed persons are represented in the ships; and an
adjoining slab represented the castle of Tyre on the sea shore, and a woman, who
had embarked, receiving a child from a man on the shore. After this digression,
the identity of ‘ Baal Zephon, the great copper mine,” with the place of that name,
before or over against which Pihahiroth was situated, was maintained. Baal Zephon
was supposed to be Surabat el Khadem; and it was maintained that Pihahiroth
must be on the part of the coast which fronted this mine; a position which agreed
with that of the coast south of Rds ’Atdkah, but by no means with any part of the
‘ coast north of it. This was considered to refute the opinion which so many have
adopted of late years, that the Israelites crossed the sea in the neighbourhood of
Suez. Dr. Hincks observed, in conclusion, that the truth of the narrative in the
book of Exodus was one for the theologian and not for the geographer. The po-
sition of Pihahiroth, whether close by Suez or to the south of Ras ’Atakah, was a
geographical question. If the former opinion prevailed, another geographical ques-
tion arose, whether a multitude of people could cross the sea in that place, under
any circumstances of wind or tide, without the laws of nature being suspended. But
if the latter opinion be adopted, there is no room for this second question. Every
one must admit, that, below the Cape, if the Israelites crossed at all, they must
have crossed the broad and deep sea, when the water must have stood as a wall on
their right hand and on their left, as the narrative expressly affirms that it did.

Latest Explorations in South Africa to the North of Lake N’gami. By
Messrs. Livineston and OswELuL.

On the Expedition to the Interior of Central Australia in search of
Dr. Leichardt.

On the Proposed Expedition to ascend the Niger to its Source.
By Lieut. L. Macteop, RN.

In the contract lately made by the Admiralty with Mr. M‘Gregor Laird, for the
conveyance of the mail to the west coast of Africa, there is a clause by which the
contractor binds himself to supply a steam-vessel suitable for river work, for the
purpose of geographical and scientific research, at the small cost of 46. per mile. By
taking advantage of this clause, Mr. Macleod proposes to open the Niger and the
Chadda to the commerce of this country and continue researches as to the course
and source or sources of that river.

Notes on the Distribution of Animal Life in the Arctic Regions.
By A. Petermann, F.R.G.S.

The occurrence of animals in the arctic regions, and its bearing on the missing
expedition under Sir John Franklin, is a subject which has of late excited a good
deal of interest, and has given rise to the most conflicting opinions: some have
maintained the existence of animals in the arctic regions in great numbers, afford-
ing abundance of food to man; others as stoutly insisted upon the extreme

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 113

scarcity, if not total absence, of animals. Mr. Petermann then procecded to state,
that the views hitherto entertained regarding this subject were narrow, circum-
scribed, and consequently erroneous; that individual observations in particular
localities, comprised within a small space on the American side, had been received
as data upon which to build general statements regarding the entire arctic re-
gions, though in such observations the whole Asiatic side of the polar basin had
been altogether overlooked. Arguments were then adduced, from the geographical
features, and natural history of those northern regions, to prove that the commonly
received hypothesis, that with ascending latitudes there was a proportional descent
of temperature, and a consequent decrease of animal and vegetable life, is a fal-
lacious one. With regard to the bearing of these observations upon the Franklin
expedition, Mr. Petermann further remarked:—The general opinion is that the
missing vessels have been arrested somewhere between Wellington Channel and
Behring’s Straits, and the Siberian shores. Most probably their position is nearer
to the latter than to the former points. As these three regions abound in animal
life, we may fairly conclude that the intervening portion partakes of the same cha-
racter ; and, moreover, that the further Sir J. Franklin may have got from Weiling-
ton Channel, and the nearer he may have approached the north-eastern portion of
Asia, the more he will have found the animals to increase in number. The direction
of the isothermal lines corroborates this assumption, as they are indicative of a
higher summer temperature in that region than in any other within the Polar basin.
Those countries being probably uninhabited by man, the animals will have continued
unthinned by the wholesale massacres by which myriads are destroyed for the sake
of their skins or teeth. An interesting fact was mentioned by Lieut. Osborn,
namely, that Captain Penny, in September 1850, had seen enormous numbers of
whales running southwards from under the ice in Wellington Channel... We know
this to be also the case in the Spitzbergen sea every spring, and that these animals
are numerous along the Siberian coasts. This not only proves the existence of one,
or perhaps two Polar seas, more or less open throughout the year, but also that
these seas abound in animal life; to satisfy enormous numbers of whales, an amount
of food is required which cannot be small. And it is well known among the
Tchuktchi, on the north-eastern coasts of Siberia, where land to the north is said to
exist in contiguity to, and probably connected with, the lands discovered by Captain
Kellett, that herds of reindeer migrate between those lands and the continents.
Taking all these facts into consideration, the conclusion seems to be a reasonable
one, that Franklin, ever since entering Wellington Channel, has found himself in
that portion of the arctic regions where animals probably exist in greater plenty than
in any other. Under these circumstances alone his party could exist as well as
other inhabitants of the Polar regions; but we must not forget that, in addition to
the natural resources, they would in their vessels possess more comfortable and
substantial houses than any of the native inhabitants. So far as food is concerned,
reasonable hope, therefore, may be entertained that the missing Expedition would
not altogether suffer by the want of it ; their fate, however, depends upon other cir-
cumstances as well, among which that dire scourge of mariners, the scurvy, is pro-
bably more to be feared than any other.

Commercial Documents relating to the Eastern Horn of Africa, translated and
communicated by Dr. Suaw.

Notes on the Possessions of the Imaum of Muscat, and on the Climate of Zan-
zibar, with Observations on the Prospects of African Discovery. By
Lt.-Colonel Syxes, F. RS.

Col. Sykes referred to a graphic account of the condition of Zanzibar by Lieut.
Fergusson, Indian Navy, derived from the testimony of a Mohammedan merchant.
Nothing, he said, comparatively speaking, was known of these territories, and it
was an unfortunate thing that such should be the case, particularly as the Imaum was
the friend of England, and willing to do anything he was asked. Two missionaries of
the Church Missionary Society had resided on the coast of Africa, opposite Mombas,
_ for six or seven years, and an account of their experiences appeared in the Journal
1852.

114 REPORT—1852.

of that Society. From these we learn that several districts in the country referred
to were, owing to their great elevation, very healthy, and that the people on the
coast were Mohammedans. The travels of Rebmann and Krapf in these districts
led to the discovery of ¢wo snow-capped mountains directly under the equator. This
mountainous region was believed to be the source of the true Nile. The territories
of the Imaum of Muscat were confined to the coast from the Red Sea to 10° south
latitude.

On the most Rapid Communication with India via British North America.
By Capt. Synee.

Having pointed out that a route towards the North by a line almost direct from
England, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, would be the shortest, the
writer compared the relative advantages afforded in British America and the States
when another line was proposed, and stated that the former possessed superior
facilities. The plan which he suggested was composed of four distinct links of com-
munication, each independent in itself, capable of separate execution, and opening
up important sources of profit. Railways throughout Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick, connecting the seaboard with the interior, were essential to the success of the
plan, The Report then entered into details of the project; which contemplated the
connexion of Lake Superior, Winipeg, the Rainy Lake, and the rivers and lakes in-
tervening, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and thence, by creating permanent
dams or reservoirs, to open the passes through those mountains, and regulate the
descent of the waters to the Pacific. The paper entered into the calculations of the
altitudes of the lakes, the highest water being estimated at about 1400 feet above
tide-water ; and having referred to the ascent accomplished in the Welland Canal,
and the necessity of a perfect geographical survey to ascertain the levels with pre-
cision, the writer urged the practicability of the design, and gave elaborate details of
the beauty and fertility of the country to show the important results which might be
obtained from opening up the communication.

Late Explorations in Syria and Palestine.
By the Chevalier Van DE VELDE, of the Dutch Navy.

On the Upper Nile. By Consut VANnDEY.

STATISTICS.

On the Present State of the Law of Settlement and the Removal of Paupers
in Scotland. By Professor Auison, M.D., F.RSL.

Havine remarked on the difference of this law in Ireland, England, and Scotland,
the Doctor denounced that of the two latter kingdoms as repugnant to justice and
common sense; and cited various authorities (¢. g. Adam Smith, Turgot, and Sir
Robert Peel) to show that its impolicy, as impeding the free circulation of labour,
and the hardships inflicted by it, e. g. in times of distress in manufacturing districts,
when labourers from thence, knowing nothing of agriculture, were sent back to agri-
cultural districts merely because they had been born there, had been long since
clearly pointed out by the most competent judges.

The law of settlement and removal lately introduced into Scotland had frequently
frustrated the otherwise beneficial working of the new poor law. Strangers were
allowed to obtain a settlement in any part of Scotland by five years’ residence with- ~
out parochial aid ; and this provision he thought equitable, but it was coupled with
others, often rendering it quite ineffectual for the relief of the poor, and very bur-
thensome, at least to the charitable amongst the higher ranks. The ill-understood
boundaries of parishes in towns were one main cause of such evils, Again, a man,

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 115

however industrious, after living four years and ten months in one place, might fall
ill, require casual relief, and thereby lose his settlement ; even if an Irishman gave
Scotland the benefit of his labour for thirty years, and acquired several settlements
in the country during that time, he lost all claim to relief if he had not been residing
five years in the parish where he lived when first requiring relief. A married woman,
however respectable, could not gain a legal settlement by her own labour, if deserted
by her husband; although an unmarried woman, however profligate, might do so.
And the forcible removal of persons thus denied relief led to much fraud, expense,
concealment of contagious disease, and other evils of which he gave examples.

He agreed with Mr. Pashley, Q.C., in recommending that the legal right to relief
should take effect wherever destitution might show itself; the relief being admini-
stered, as at present, by local boards, under due supervision from a_ general fund,
two-thirds of which should be raised throughout the whole United Kingdom, and
one-third only in the district where the relief was given, in order to ensure caution
and ceconomy in the administration ; and in this way he thought that much expense
would be saved (now incurred by disputed questions of settlement), and the various
evils above stated be entirely avoided. :

On the Neglected and Perishing Classes, and the Means of their Reformation.
_ By Rey. Joun Enear, D.D.

—

On the Laws of the Currency in Ireland, as exemplified in the Changes that

have taken place in the amount of the Annual Circulation of Bank Notes in
Ireland since the passing of the Act of 1845. By J.W.Gitpart, F.RS.

In 1845, the average amount of notes that had been in circulation during the year
ending the Ist of May 1845—#£6,354,494—-was made the fixed or authorized issue.
For any amount beyond its authorized issue each bank was required to hold an equal
sum in gold or silver coin, the silver not to exceed one-fourth of the gold coin. The
Act came into operation on the 6th of December 1845; and from that period each
bank has made returns, stating the average amount of notes in circulation during the
preceding four weeks, distinguishing the notes under £5 from those of £5 and up-
wards, and stating the amounts of gold and silver coin it held in its vaults. These
returns were made by all the banks of circulation in Ireland. The proportion per
cent. these averages bear to the certified circulation of £6,354,494 is also stated
hereunder :-—

Average Proportion to
Circulation. Certified Circulation.

POA AAR TARO LO LO Rikattescascccsteccvecss 114°25

Ty ET 2k 6008, 83D) caccccecccc cee cectonees 94°55

1848 eRe weRE BAO ee, ARIE ee 76 ‘
oe rae as ey RRUEU Ets PAS ROLOGO cin tecsenteccesevcses se 67°83

LO5OP RE EAE aad 0 Wie og 71

FR , 4,462,908 ...... ECG C OREO E eG 70°25

From this it appeared, that, if the authorized issue be represented by the number
100, the actual circulation for the six years, 1846 to 1851 inclusive, will be repre-
sented by the numbers 114, 94, 76, 67, 71, 70. The question occurs—What is the
cause of this falling off in the annual circulation since the passing of the Act of
1845? The amount of notes in circulation does not correspond with the amount of
gold in the Bank of England; for the gold in the Bank of England is at the present
time much higher than it was on the Ist of May 1845, although the Irish notes
in circulation are much less. There were three negative laws of the currency in
Ireland, namely, that the amount of notes in circulation is not regulated by the
Act of Parliament, nor by the wishes of the Irish bankers, nor by the stock of
gold in the Bank of England. Notes are issued in Ireland chiefly for the purpose
of purchasing agricultural produce; it would seem to follow that the amount of
notes put into circulation will be regulated mainly by the quantity of that produce,
and by the price at which it is purchased. If, then, we found that, in the years
since 1845, the quantity of agricultural produce has been less, or the price at
> g*

116 . REPORT—1852.

which it has been sold has been less, and especially if both these circumstances
should have occurred, then have we an adequate cause for a reduction in the amount
of bank notes in circulation. The annual productiveness of the harvest would affect
the amount of notes in circulation. Again, a bad harvest in one year may, by the
distress it produces, cause a less production of commodities in several following
years, and hence there may be a less demand for bank notes. A bad harvest pro-
duces distress among the farmers, and this distress affects the amount of the circu-
lation in two ways :—First, the farmer consumes his own produce instead of selling
it, and thus does not require the use of notes. Secondly, the distress of the farmer
diminishes the instruments of reproduction. If he has no potatoes, he can rear no
pigs. An abundant crop of potatoes produces in the following year an abundant
crop of pigs. After the failure of the potato in 1846 the exportation of swine was
reduced from 480,827 in 1846, to 106,407. The potato crop again failed in 1848.
The number of swine exported in 1848 was 110,787; in 1849 it was only 68,053.
The destruction of the pigs which took place in 1846 would doubtless affect the cir-
culation of notes in subsequent years, especially in 1847, 1848, and 1849, and pro-
bably, also, to a certain extent, in the years 1850 and 1851. He next proceeded to
lay down as propositions, that a reduction in the quantity of commodities produced
may be caused by a reduction in the number of producers, and this would occasion
a less demand for bank notes; and that the amount of notes that circulate in a
country will also be affected by the quantity of commodities exported, and the quan-
tity imported. After addressing himself to these points, he said that we found that
the reduction in the amount of notes in circulation in Ireland had been preceded or
accompanied by a reduction in the amount of commodities produced, occasioned by
a reduced productiveness in the land actually cultivated, a destruction in the instru-
ments of reproduction by the distress thus occasioned, a reduction in the number of
producers by deaths and emigration, and the exportation of an increased portion of
its capital in exchange for food. But there was another circumstance that concurred
in powerfully producing the same effect, that is, the price at which the commodities
brought to market were sold. He went into a variety of calculations to sustain the
foregoing positions, and then said that, from the whole, he inferred that the difference
between the amount of bank notes circulating in a country at two different periods
cannot be regarded as any correct test of the condition of its inhabitants at those
periods, unless we take into account all the circumstances by which that difference
is attended—that the decline of the circulation of bank notes in Ireland, from the
year 1845 to 1851, is no accurate measure of the distress that has existed in the
country, or that now exists, as other causes besides distress have concurred in pro-
ducing that effect—that in comparing the circulation of 1845 and 1851 we are
making a comparison unfavourable to the country, as the year 1845 was a year re-
markable for the high amount of its circulation—and that we should indulge in no
desponding inferences as to the condition of the country, even if the circulation
should never recover its former amount. Even the permanent reduction of the cir-
culation to its present amount would be no conclusive evidence of the distressed
condition of the country; for, though distress first caused the decline of the circu-
lation, yet, from the new circumstances which that distress introduced, the same
amount of bank notes are not now necessary for conducting its operations.

—_—

Should our Gold Standard of Value be maintained if Gold becomes
depreciated in consequence of its Discovery in Australia and Cali ortee. ?
By Professor Hancock.

After a long dissertation on the standard of value in different countries and ages,
that in England being now 5 dwts. 92 grains of gold to the pound (which originally
meant the pound weight of fine silver, that standard having been altered in conse-
quence of repeated depreciations in value, until silver was only one-third of the value
it was when the standard of value was fixed)—after showing how the standard
might be depreciated, by altering the quantity of gold or silver representing it—the
alteration of the purity of the metal representing the standard, by the substitution
of some other commodity for gold and silver as the standard—and from the standard
falling in value from excessive supply—and referring to various tamperings with the

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 117

currency until it was restored by Sir Robert Peel’s Act of 1819—the Professor stated
that the last cause of depreciation of the value was the one with which they had
then to deal, from the recent discoveries of gold in Australia and California. When
the large discoveries of gold and silver took place in South America there prices fell
considerably in value; but though the Government took the matter into serious
consideration, they were unable to find any remedy for the depreciation in the value
of the precious metals arising from their excessive supply, though it caused great
confusion in the carrying on of all descriptions of trade, and the collection of tax-
ation. He was of opinion, notwithstanding the theoretical opinions of many writers,
that from the parallel of what took place when the South American mines were
discovered, the gold, if depreciated in value, would cause great confusion in the
country; and he would therefore suggest that silver, which did not appear likely
to be depreciated, should be taken as the standard of value. Should, however, silver
also be depreciated, there ought to be a scientific inquiry to see whether, from some
combination of metals, a standard of value might not be found which would have
the same effect with regard to the commerce, &c. of the country as the compensating
pendulum had with regard to time.

Are there any Impediments to the Competition of Free Labour with Slave
Labour in the West Indies? By Professor HAncock.

The principal conclusions to which Prof. Hancock came were,—1. That, as a con-
clusion of moral philosophy, it was shameful to maintain slavery for a single hour.
2.That, as a conclusion of pclitical economy, emancipation should be immediate, and
not gradual. This position Prof. Hancock proved by the history of the emancipation
in the West Indies, where the apprenticeship system turned out a failure; and re-
marked that, where emancipation cannot be immediate, it is the duty of those who
see that the change is inevitable to make such previous arrangements that the deve-
lopment of free labour may arise as soon as possible. 3. That auxiliary measures,
such as education, reform in the courts of law, especially respecting the tenure and
sale of land, are essential in order that the blessings of emancipation may be exhibited
on the community at large. Prof. Hancock showed that these auxiliary precautions
had not been taken. Grants had sometimes been made in favour of education, but
as soon as any pressure came they were withdrawn. He also dwelt on the im~-
portance of permanently fixing the law of property in land. 4. That the loss of
property consequent on emancipation should not be thrown on the slaveholders, but
on the community at large, inasmuch as the whole British people had been respon-
sible for slavery. Accordingly, the slave-owners were compensated, partly in money,
and partly in differential duties which had not yet quite ceased. 5. That free labour
requires no protection to enable it to compete with slave labour. In slavery there
was not the same division of labour as in freedom. Again, the invention of machines
proceeded from free labour, freemen desiring to ceconomize labour. The consequence
was, that more labour was wasted in slavery than in freedom to produce equal re-
sults. If free labour could not compete successfully with slave labour, he feared that
the moral question would be in great danger. 6. That the allegations about the negroes
in the West Indies demanding too high wages are untrue, and the imputations on
their character unfounded. It turned out, when inquiries were made into the facts,
that wages were very low; and Prof. Hancock quoted authorities to show, that
wages were at such rates as 6d., 4d., and 3d. per day, so that if the negroes had not
provision grounds, they would often be in great straits. 7. That the state of the
West Indies did not show the impracticability of free labour competing with slavery,
but shows, on the contrary, the folly of the laws which have been passed by the
Colonial Legislatures, the folly of the short-sighted selfishness of the planters, and
the folly of those philanthropists who, instead of seeking the removal of those laws,
demand a monopoly for the planters. In arguing this head at length, Prof. Hancock
touched upon the following points :—the bankrupt state of the West India proprie-
tors before the emancipation—the evils of the Coolie immigration—the unjust taxes
on the labouring classes in the West Indies—the unfair restrictions on their progress
—the system of oppressive laws by which a labourer is condemned where a pro-
prietor escapes—and the unsatisfactory tenure of land in the matter of summary

118 REPORT—1852.

ejectment and want of leases, and in the impediments to the transfer of landed
property.

Statistics of the Revenues of the University and some of the Colleges of Oxford,
compiled from the Report of the Oxford University Commission. By JAMES
Heywoop, M.P., F.R.S.

It appeared, as far as could be ascertained, that of nine colleges, the average in-
come of the heads of houses was £1100 a year; and as regarded Fellows, taking
in the Canons of Christ Church, the average income was £234 a year. The total
income of Oxford University was about £22,000, and of the colleges £152,000;
at Cambridge the total income was about £133,000, and that of Trinity College,
Dublin, was about £50,000, making in all about £355,000. There were 557 fellow-,
ships in Oxford, of which about thirty-five were vacant every year. The revenue
arising from the University Press, by the printing of Bibles and Prayer-books at
Oxford, was stated to be about £8000 a year—though the amount was not regu-
larly paid over, but only when it had jncreased to sums of £40,000 or £60,000.

Notice of the Progress of the Sewed Muslin Manufacture in Ireland.
Communicated by Mr. HoLpen, and read by Professor Hancock.

It stated that the trade was introduced into Ireland between 1800 and 1810, but
little progress was made with it until the period between 1820 and 1830. The,in-
troduction of lithographic printing between 1830 and 1835, instead of the old block
system, was one of the most important elements in firmly establishing the trade.
The old blocks cost from 3s. 6d. for simple patterns, to £6 or £7 for more intricate,
besides the time (two or three weeks) occupied in the preparation of the patterns,
and cutting them upon the blocks, whilst they could now be produced in a few
hours at about the same amount of shillings as it formerly cost pounds. So exten-
sively had the business increased during the last fifteen years, that there was now
employed in Ulster, and other parts of Ireland, nearly a quarter of a million indi-
viduals. The wages of the young persons were, when they first commeneed, only
from 6d. to 1s. per week ; the more experienced obtained 4s. to 6s., and a few first
class workers 10s.; and there was now paid between £500,000 and £600,000 per
annum for the manufacture, exclusive of the cost of the materials ; and moreover,
the employment was afforded in the best manner, being given to young females at
their own homes, under the supervision of their parents. A great deal of good had
also been effected by the establishment of training-schools for teaching the em-
broidery, and the landed proprietors had been very forward in establishing those
schools. Amongst others, the Earl and Countess of Enniskillen established one of
these schools; and the result was, that the females of Enniskillen were now earn-
ing, from embroidery, no less than £400 a week. The Irish manufacture was
rapidly growing into importance, and, despite of fiscal arrangements, was making
great way on the Continent; even in France, where the import of goods of this
description was interdicted, a large quantity obtained admission by smuggling.

Statistics of the Island of Portsea. Communicated by the Literary and
Philosophical Society of Portsea.

A mass of documents, giving minute particulars of the results of laborious inquiries
into nearly every subject connected with that locality,

Excessive Emigration and its Reparative Agencies in Ireland.
By Joun Locke.
The following brief abstract of this paper is intended to indicate the subjects dis-

cussed in it. The paper has been printed at length in the proceedings of the Statistical
Society of London, and subsequently in a pamphlet by Parker and Son, London.

:
%

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 119

_ 1, The famine of 1846, originating cause of the excessive emigration.

Number and averages of emigrants for last ten years, and enormous amounts of
money remitted from North America to Ireland, chiefly to promote emigration.

Increase of emigration during first four months of 1852.

Causes of the gradual deterioration in the physical type of the natives of the extreme
West of Ireland.

2. Reparative agencies. Educational and industrial progress—a well-defined law
of land tenure—and improvement of the labouring classes.
. Advantages of facilitating the sale and transfer of land, proved by aseries of tables
compiled from the records of the Incumbered Estates Court.

3. Steady improvement only to be expected from industry and educational pro-
gress, all classes, however differing in creed or opinion, being bound to each other
and to the throne by the links of constitutional loyalty and social order.

On the Connexion of Atmospheric Impurity with Disease.
By Henry M‘Cormac, M.D.

—

On the Statistics of the Province of Nova Scotia. By D. M‘Curtocn.

On the Sanitary State of Belfast, with Suggestions for its improvement.
By A. G. Matcorm, M.D.

In this paper, the sanitary state of Belfast, including its drainage, external venti-
lation, water supply, street cleansing, construction of small houses, state of its great
working establishments, public schools, slaughter-houses, burying-grounds, and
suburbs, is first detailed ; after which statistical-proof is given of the propositions,—
Ist, that the vital statistics of the town corroborate the sanitary laws already esta-
blished ; and, 2nd, that the tendency to epidemic visitations and outbreaks and their
mortality are on the imcrease; and the paper is concluded by a reference to the
efforts that have been made, the obstacles encountered, and the objects which are re-
quisite to improve and permanently sustain, when acquired, the public health of the
town, An Appendix is added, containing several Tables, besides coloured diagrams
and maps for illustration. ;

[This paper has been published under the charge of the Belfast Social Inquiry
Society.]

On the Productive Industry of Paris. By the late G. R. Portrr, F.RS.

After a review of the various inquiries which had been from time to time instituted
with a view to ascertain the extent of production and employment within the city of
Paris, the writer proceeded to the detail of the most important points ascertained by
its Chamber of Commerce in an elaborate inyestigation into the effects of the Revo-
lution of 1848 on the trade of the French capital. The total number of workmen

_ employed in 1847 was 342,530, which fell, in 1848, to 156,125, being a diminution

of fifty-four per cent. The chief falling off was in furnishing, where the reduction
Was seventy-three per cent., and the least was in the preparation of food, which only
fell off nineteen per cent. The latest value of the productions of Parisian labour in
1847, was £58,545,134, and in 1848 only £27,100,964. Although the falling off
of employment in the preparation of food was not great, that in consumption was
very remarkable. The quantity of flesh meat consumed in Paris in 1847 was 1501bs. per
head; in 1848 it fell to 873lbs. per head. After affairs settled down again, it rose
in 1849 to 146lbs. per head, and in 1850 reached 158lbs. per head. The difference
between 1847 and 1850 is partially to be attributed to the increase of population.
The statistics on the degree of instruction found among the workmen is very inter-
esting. Out of the entire number of workmen, 147,311, or eighty-seven per cent.,
could read and write. Out of 86,617 women, 68,219, or seventy-nine.per cent., were
able to read and write. The rate of weekly wages was given on an average as fol-
lows :—Tailors, 20s, 2d.; butchers, 19s. 7d.; jewellers, 31s. 9d.; bakers, 19s. 7d, ;

120 REPOR?T—1852.

shoe-makers, 16s. 6d.; carpenters, 27s. 4d.; cabinet-makers, 20s. 3d.; masons,
18s. 9d.; confectioners, 21s. 9d.; milliners, 20s. 3d.; laundresses, 12s. 3d. It was
found that 950 women earned less than 6¢. per diem; 27,452 males and 100,050
females earned 6d. to 2s. 5d.; 157,216 men and 626 women earned 2s. 5d. to 4s.; and
10,393 more than 4s.

On the Progress and Extent of Steamboat Building in the Clyde.
By Joun Srrane, LL.D.

No business during the last fifty years had exhibited so much progress in the
West of Scotland as that of steamboat building. It was a manufacture of home
production, the materials being within themselves, and requiring skill in every de-
partment, the remuneration was higher than in the ordinary manufactures of the
country ; it, in fact, created the districts in which it was established, and gave con-
stant employment to the industrious. It was just forty years since the Comet made
its first trip from Glasgow to Greenock. ‘The Comet was only 30 tons burthen,
and its engine was but 3 horse-power. Dr. Strang then proceeded to trace the dif-
ferent forms in which steam-vessels had been built, and paid a just tribute to Henry
Bell, the first man who rendered steam available for navigation purposes. In refer-
ence to the progress of the trade of steamboat building on the Clyde, he showed
that in the year ending June 1852, the number and tonnage of steamers engaged in
traffic on the Clyde were 93 vessels, of 11,992 tons; the increase on regularly em-
ployed vessels on the river was 26, and in tonnage 5301 tons. But that gave no
idea of the magnitude of the steamboat building and marine engine making. During
the last seven years, there have been constructed, or are constructing, in Glasgow
and neighbourhood, 123 vessels, 122 of which were iron, 80 paddle, and 43 screw,
consisting of 200 wooden tonnage, 70,441 iron tonnage; 6610 horse-power engines
for wooden hulls; 22,539 horse-power for iron hulls; and 4720 horse-power en-
gines for vessels not built in the Clyde. At Greenock and Port Glasgow, during the
last seven years, there have been constructed, or are constructing, 66 steam-vessels,
13 of which are wood and 53 of iron, 25 being paddles and 41 screws; the gross
tonnage being 47,202 tons. At Dumbarton 58 of iron, 20 paddles and 38 screws,
having a tonnage of 29,761. It would be seen that the wooden hulls are fast giving
place to those of iron, and the screw is more patronized than the paddle. The pro-
portion in 1852 was 73 iron against 4 of wood, and of screws to paddles it is as 43 to
30. Dr. Strang then exhibited the amount of money expended in this branch of
trade, and the quantity of employment it gives. Both were enormous; taking the
last seven years of building on the Clyde at £4,650,652, and the employed at Dum-
barton, Greenock, Port Glasgow, and Glasgow, at 10,820 persons at annual wages
of £450,112, without reference to the very large body of joiners, painters, carvers,
giders, upholsterers, sail-makers employed by this trade.

On the Census and Condition of the Island of Bombay.
By Lieut.-Colonel Syxes, F.R.S.

The author observed that on the night of the 1st of May 1849, the government
obtained a census, as to population and as to the distinctive castes into which the
population was divided. The entire population of the island, which is only seven
miles in length and not more than twenty miles in circumference, was 569,119.
Of this number, 354,090 were males, and 212,029 females. The Hindoos com-
prise more than one-half of the population. The Mussulmans are more nume-
rous than the Parsees, the descendants of the ancient fire-worshipers; who, even
in the present day, observe the old form of worshiping the sun, and the old cere-
mony of exposing their dead as food to fowls of the air. They construct towers,
on the top of which the dead bodies are placed. The Parsees have newspapers,
printed in the Guzerat language; and on one occasion they published a life of Mo-
hammed, with an engraving or likeness of him. The Mussulmans, regarding this as
a caricature of their prophet, rose against the Parsees, and threatened to exterminate
them. The feud was only put a stop to by the intervention of the military. The
Europeans, Indo-Europeans, native Christians and Jews are 20,426; and all are
subject to the same social and political influences and laws. In the Bombay tables

a. ed ee

TPES meee

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 121

there is nothing to indicate the extent of vagrancy, or the number of houses. One
great feature is presented in the tables—the excess of males over females. The
contrary is the case in Europe, where the females are much in excess of the males.
The disparity between the sexes in India was attributed to the crime of female in-
fanticide ; and so great was the evil in Kattywar, that the government encouraged
a marriage fund from which portions might be given with the daughters of the
chiefs and others, so that the inducement to destroy their infant females might be
lessened ; and the result has been very satisfactory. In Bombay female infanticide
never did exist, and the disparity between the sexes is owing to the Persian Gulf and
Red Sea traders and immigrant labourers leaving their females at home. Among
the Hindoos the females number 48 percent. ; among the Mussulmans, 48 per cent. ;
and among the Parsees, 82 per cent. The youth of both sexes in the Parsee popu-
lation are as 23°4 per cent. of the population; Mussulmans, 17°7 per cent.; and
Hindoos only 10°8 per cent. Bombay had anciently been considered the grave of
Europeans—the Sierra Leone of India—owing to the high tides which divided the
island into six or seven parts; the water formed morasses, giving rise to pestilent
miasmata; however, means have been taken to prevent the influx of the tides, and
the best results have followed, in a sanitary point of view. In Great Britain the
mortality is as one in forty-seven; and it is represented in the tables to be now
only 2°1 per cent. in Bombay, though the view is thought to be too favourable.

Statisties of the Deaf and Dumb in Ireland. By W. A. Witve.

This was an abstract of the Report on the condition of the Deaf and Dumb in
Ireland taken in connexion with the Census Commission of 1851. Ina series of
tables amounting to no less than sixteen in number, Mr. Wilde furnished a variety of
data for judging of the conditions under which this form of permanent disease exists
and is perpetuated. Among these, were tables showing its proportion to the general
population, and relative proportion of the sexes affected—their education, and sus-
ceptibility to education, both literary and industrial—the class of the community
which the malady chiefly affects—and the localities where it principally prevails—
with a view to seeing whether geological position, soil, aspect, elevation, humidity,
dryness, salubrity or insalubrity of climate, density or paucity of population, une
healthy crowded cities or open fertile plains, acquired disease, hereditary predispo-
sition, family peculiarity, or the consanguinity of parents, may have conduced to
the development and propagation of this disease. Mr. Wilde stated generally, that
while in Europe the average of deaf and dumb was one in 1593, 4449 deaf mutes
were returned for all Ireland, or one in 1580.

A short Account of the early Bills of Mortality at Dublin. By W.A.Wi.vE.

MECHANICAL SCIENCE.

On Telegraphic Commmunications by Land and Sea.
By F. C. BAKEWELL.

Mr. Baxewett took a general review of the progress which has been made in this
important medium for the transmission of intelligence, and examined the accidents
which have still interrupted the perfection of the medium, with a view to suggesting
remedies. The principal remedies suggested referred to the formation of submarine
telegraphic communication. Instead of employing several thin copper wires enclosed
in a protecting wire cable, he recommended the use of a strong self-protecting iron
wire covered with gutta percha. He contended that a single wire might be made to
answer all present purposes, with suitable arrangements and by employing rapidly
transmitting instruments, and when more wires became necessary he recommended

122 REPORT—1852.

that they should be sunk separately at considerable distances apart. Mr. Bakewell
exhibited a contrivance for still further facilitating Mr. Morse’s plan for transmitting
symbols by making dots and strokes on chemically prepared paper ; and stated that in
his Copying Telegraph—which has the great advantage of transmitting at once coun-
terparts of the actual handwriting of parties, so that secrecy as well as the authen-
ticity of the messages is secured—he has effected improvements which increase the
rapidity of transmission to three hundred letters per minute.

Mechanical Proof of the Composition of Rotatory Forces.
By Joun Barker, MB.

This was an apparatus constructed for the purpose of exhibition and demonstration
of these powers.

On the Permanent Way of Railways.
By James Barron, CLE.

After a brief review of the steps by which from the first wooden rail about the year
1676 at Newcastle, the railroad advanced; next to tram-plates, and lately to the pre-
sent forms of wrought-iron rail secured to wooden sleepers, which are now in com-
mon use, the paper proceeded to consider what the defects were in the present
system, being generally describable under two heads, the imperfect joint, and the tem-
porary nature of the wooden substructure.

To remedy-these evils, those whose professional duties had brought this subject
prominently before them, had devised various improvements, and several patents were
taken out; amongst which, four were described; the first, that of Sir John Macneill,
which consists of a cast-iron sleeper upon which the bridge form of rail beds evenly,
and to which it is riveted, the proper gauge and bevil being secured by cross-bars set
on edge, and upon which two opposite sleepers are cast. The second isa cast-iron
sleeper applicabie to the edge rail, as patented by Mr. Peter Barlow, and in which
each sleeper consists of two parts, which when bolted together by a horizontal bolt
requires no key or other fastening. The third consists of an improvement for the joint
of the edge rail on ordinary timber roads, and is a fishing of the joint by bars laid in
the hollow of the edge rail and riveted through its vertical web: this is a patent of
Mr. Samuel’s. The fourth is a patent of Mr. William Henry Barlow, and consists of
a wrought-iron rail forming its own sleeper, being rolled wide enough to be its own
base; it is of the bridge form, and eleven, twelve, or thirteen inches wide, according
to weight; the connections are formed by a chair of wrought iron, the external form
of which exactly coincides with the inside of the rail, to which as a joint cover both
are riveted, the cross-ties being angle irons, bent to give the bevil for the carriage
wheels to the rail, and secured by the same rivets which hold the chair.

The author has laid some of each of these kinds of permanent way, except Mr.
Samuel’s, and tried a number of experiments thereon, both as to strength, smooth-
ness, and cost of maintenance; and the experimental lengths of each kind have been
under the regular traffic of the Belfast Junction Railway for the last year and a half.
Of the first kind, Sir J. Macneill’s, the Drogheda Railway Company have taken some,
their rails being still quite sound but their wooden sleepers decayed; the second, Mr.
Peter Barlow’s, has been largely laid in England on the South-Eastern, and Ashford
and Hastings; and in Ireland, on the Londonderry and Enniskillen. The last de-
scribed, that of Mr. W. H. Barlow, is now being extensively adopted by Mr. Brunel
in England, and Mr. Hemans in Ireland; and the author has laid seyen miles, and
ordered materials for twelve more; this being the total at present required on the
Belfast Junction Railway. The result of the experiments was the adoption of this rail
as the best when the rails are not already purchased ; it was found by far the strongest
and considerably the cheapest. The cost of the different kinds are given in the an-
nexed table, the estimates being either from the author’s own knowledge, or when
they refer to maintenance for a term of years, are taken from actual tenders made to
him for the work. This rail thus gives a first cost saving of £360 per double mile, and
an annual saving of £56; the cast-iron sleepers show an increased cost at first of about
£160, but an annual saying of about £50,

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 123

Cost of renewal
Cost of materials} Cost of ballast-| from decay and
for a double line|ing per mile of | wear of materials
for one mile,and} double line. | of permanent way
for laying same.|_ Average. {for double line, per

mile, per annum,

Description of Road.

——S=— |

Cross-sleeper, timber road, and
bridge rail, eighty pounds to the £ £ £
Mar scaces aged Wrasse ahaa cee teva sat 2900 800 80

Cast-iron sleepers either for bridge
or edge rail, Sir J. Macneill’s, or
Mir. Batlow'ssiisas. ds) docccudd 4. dete 3260 600* 80

Broad-flanged rail, W. H. Barlow’s} 2740 600 24

_ It is proposed to rivet together these rails at the joint; and the paper proceeded to
discuss the question of the feasibility of riveting together a continuous line of rails;
directly opposite opinions have been given on this point, and amongst those opposed
to it were Professor Barlow in 1835. ‘The matter is, the author would submit, one
capable of being considered philosophically, and is dependent on the amount of ex-
pansion and the strength of the iron; he showed that the contraction by cooling a
rail through the whole of our range temperature, say 75°, would cause a tensile strain
on the bar only equal to five tons per sectional inch, which the bar is quite capable
of bearing. The practical fault appears to be, that the rail when riveted at alow
temperature gives way by flexure and gets out of line, acting asa pillar, and so
bearing, not as in tension according to its sectional area, but the cube of its width,
and inversely as the square of the length unsupported. It would therefore appear
perfectly safe to rivet together a line of rails, but it should be done at a high tempe-
rature. The effect of change of temperature of the air is moreover largely reduced
by the rail being bedded into the ballast instead of placed upon a non-conductor of
heat like the timber sleepers.

When the author recommended the adoption of the broad-flanged rail to the Com-
pany for whom he tried the experiments, he did not do so on light grounds, as in
doing so he took the responsibility of recommending a large outlay on a system
hitherto untried except by the patentee; in now however bringing it before the Sec-
tion, he has the concurrent opinions of a number of the most eminent of his profes-
sional brethren. This road having been objected to for a supposed sensation of
hardness in passing over it, diagrams of the motion of a carriage over it and other
descriptions of road were exhibited, taken by an instrument called a salograph, and
which appeared to show the wrought iron had less motion than any other rail.

Tables of experiments were annexed to this paper,

On the Calculation of Strains in Lattice Girders, with practical deductions
therefrom. By James Barton, C.E.

The author commenced by showing, that notwithstanding the large and valuable
investigations of late years into the theory and forms of wrought-iron girders for large
bridges, yet the nature, intensity, and directions of the strains in the vertical web
or portion of the beam- which separates the top and bottom were comparatively
neglected, or conclusions drawn without correct theory; and having shown the large
‘amount of material used in this portion of girders, the sides in the Britannia tubes
weighing 3454 tons, whilst the top is 2962 tons, and the bottom 2944 tons, and
therefore the ceconomic importance of this investigation, he proceeded to explain the
mode in which he had arrived at accurate results as to these strains in the case of
lattice girders. He had investigated the subject, and tried some experiments on a

* The iron roads require five or six inches less of ballast in consequence of the depth of
wooden:sleepers, and this decreased quantity gives the same depth under the sleeper.

124 REPORT—1852.

large scale with tubular and lattice beams, in connection with some large bridges
which he has lately erected on the Belfast Junction Railway, and especially for the
design for the Boyne Viaduct, the calculations for which, and the working out of the
details, were entrusted to him by Sir J. Macneill and the directors of the company :
the results show the high importance of an accurate consideration of the various strains
to which each bar is subjected, and the separate and different effects of a passing and
constant load. ‘he paper proceeded to explain how these calculations were to be
carried out, by resolving each part of the load into its separate effect of tension and
compression on every bar in the same system, and on the top and bottom, and adding
to these results the constant effect of the weight of the structure, and the results or
maxima strains for every bar were shown in diagrams, as also a geometrical elevation
of the strains ; the general result is, that in ordinary trussed or lattice-bridges the bars
sloping downwards towards the bottom at the centre were subject toa tensile, and
the others to a compressive strain, and that these strains increase nearly in an avith-
metical proportion towards the points of support; but that they pass each other for
some distance at the centre, so that a certain number of bars are subject to a small
amount of both tensile and compressive strain. The geometric elevation showed the
very small proportion the strains in the sides bear to those in the top and bottom,
and therefore the inutility of making the sides solid plates, whilst from the amount
of compression a single plate does not give rigidity. The paper went on to compare
the relative value of single systems bracing with the lattice, and to consider the true
angle of ceconomic bracing which appeared to be 45°; also how far the calculations are
affected by riveting together the bars at their intersections. The paper further pro-
ceeded to the practical application, and to the details of construction, explaining
some improvements introduced by the author, both as to the mode of construction of
the compression bars, which by him are made to form lattice beams, as also in the
connection of plates by means of which he proposes to rivet plates with a very slight
loss of their sectional area. An isometrical projection of a lattice beam was also ex-
hibited carrying out the principles laid down.

A series of Observations on the Discharge of Water from actual Experiment.
By J. F. Bateman, CLE.
Mr. Bateman stated that his experiments proved the accuracy of formule esta-
plished Dy Chevalier Dubuet, for calculating the mean velocity of water in the separate
channels,

On the Evolution of Gas in Wallsend Colliery. By GrEorGE CLARKE.
Communicated by Professor PHILLIPS.

This paper relates to one of the coal-mines in the district of the Tyne which
have been rendered remarkable for the frequent explosion of the inflammable
gas which they yield, and the loss of life which has in so many cases been the conse-
quence. The colliery in question has been wrought for many years in safety, by the
exclusive use of the Davy lamp, though it evolves every moment abundance of gas.
A district of this colliery, covering about fifty acres, was effectually walled up, in con-
sequence of the immense discharge of gas that was continually taking place. A pipe
was led from this enclosed portion up through the mine and for forty feet above the
surface, and from this pipe there has been a constant discharge of gas for the last
eighteen years. This gas has been inflamed, and in the roughest and most stormy
weather it has burned without intermission; and were it as rich in naphtha as ordi-
nary carburetted hydrogen, it would illuminate the country for miles round. -Two
water-pressure gauges were fixed, one to the pipe at the surface of the earth, and the
other at the bottom of the mine; and the results were that, whilst the pressure in the
mine was only 4%;ths of an inch on an average, that at the top of the pit was upwards
of four inches. 'rom observation in these mines, it appears that discharges of fire-damp,
governed by atmospheric pressure, have taken place before depressions of the baro-
meter, and that as an indicator of danger that instrument cannot be implicitly relied
on. A fact somewhat similar was first observed by Professor Daniell, in his researches
at the Royal Society, where the water barometer indicated the change of pressure an
hour earlier than the usual mercurial standard barometers constantly employed for

observations.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 125

An Account of the Drainage of the Middle Level of the Bedford Level ; with
Observations on Arterial Drainage. By James Cooper.

On the Mechanical Properties of Metals, as derived from repeated Meltings,
exhibiting the maximum Point of Strength, and the Causes of Deterioration.
By Witu1aM Farireairn, F.RS.

After some preliminary observations, Mr. Fairbairn stated that having been
requested by the British Association, at their last meeting, to undertake an inquiry
into the mechanical properties of cast iron, as deduced from repeated meltings, and
feeling desirous of ascertaining to what extent it was improved or deteriorated,
arrangements were made for conducting a series of experiments, calculated satisfac-
torily to determine this question, and to supply such data and such information as
will enable the engineer and iron-founder to ascevtain with greater certainty how far
those remeltings can be carried with safety; or till such time as the maximum of
strength is obtained, and such other properties as appear to affect the uses of this
valuable and important material. Mr. Fairbairn further stated, in connection with
this subject, that it was his intention to investigate another important process, which,
to a considerable extent, affects the stability of some of our most important iron con-
structions, viz. the rate of cooling as it affects the adhesive properties of the material,
and the more complete and effective process of crystallization. On these points it is
well known that a rapid rate of cooling is invariably attended with risk; that an im-
perfect crystalline structure is obtained, and that irregular and unequal contractions
are not only present, but they are frequently the forerunners of disruption, as well as
exceedingly deceptive as regards appearances, or the dangerous consequences which
invariably follow in cases of rapid cooling and unequal contraction.

On the Tensile Strength of Unwrought Iron Plates at various Temperatures.
By Wii11aM Farreairn, F.RS.

_ Mr. Fairbairn said, the experiments were not sufficiently advanced to enable him
to lay before the Section any detailed account of them, in consequence of the appa-
ratus for conducting those experiments having, for the last six months, been pre-
occupied for the Royal Society to'determine the temperature of fusion or the laws of
the solidification of bodies under great pressure. Under these circumstances, it was
next to impossible to make much progress with the experiments on the effects of tem-
perature, &c. on wrought iron plates. Up to the present time, they must therefore
be considered preliminary; but, judging results obtained on a former occasion from
experiments on bars of iron subjected to a transverse strain at varied degrees of tem-
perature, it is more than probable that some new and interesting facts may be deve-
loped by those now in progress.

New Tubular Boiler. By Witw1aM Fairpairn, F.R.S.

This subject was illustrated by tables and diagrams. The new boiler consists of
two furnaces, the same as the double-flue boiler, but with this difference, that the
cylindrical flues which contain the grate bars are united at a distance of eight feet
from the front of the boiler into a circular flue which forms the mixing chamber, and
which terminates in a dise plate, which contains a series of three-inch tubes, eight
feet long, and similar to the locomotive boiler. These tubes in a boiler seven feet
diameter are 104 to 110 in number, and from the thinness of the metal become the
absorbents of the surplus heat escaping from the mixing chamber and the furnace.
On this principle of rapid conduction, the whole of the heat, excepting only what is
necessary to maintain the draught, is transmitted into the boiler, and hence follows
the ceconomy of entirely dispensing with brickwork and flues—an important deside~
ratum in these constructions.

Remarks on the Minie Rifle. By WitiiAM Farrzairy, F.R.S.

Mr. Fairbairn observed that, until of late years, all the gun barrels for the army,
and other descriptions, had to be welded upon mandrils, some of them formed by a

126 REPORT—1852.

bar of iron rolled upon the mandril, in a spiral direction, and then welded by re-
peated beatings from the muzzle to the breech. Others were differently constructed,
by welding the bars longitudinally, in the'line of the barrel, and not in the spiral di-
rection adopted in the former process. Now the whole is welded at one heat, and
that through a series of grooves in the iron rollers, specially adapted for the purpose.
This, with other improvements, has rendered the manufacture of rifles and other
arms a matter of much greater certainty and security than at any former period.
Admitting the advantages peculiar to this manufacture, it does not affect the prin-
ciple of the rifle itself, in which there is no alteration, but in every respect similar,
even to the spiral grooves, which he believes are not altered, but are the same
as in the old rifle. This being the case, it has been a question of much interest to
know wherein consists the great difference in the practice with the new rifle, as com-
pared with that of the old one. It is not in the gun, and must therefore be in the
ball, or that part of the charge which generates the projectile force. But, in fact, the
improvement consists entirely in the form of the ball, which is made conical, with a
hollow recess at the base, into which a metallic plug is thrust by the discharge. The
plug is so constructed, as that when driven into the ball, it compresses the outer edges
against the sides of the barrel, and at the same time forces a portion of the lead,
from its ductility, to enter the groove, and to give the ball, when discharged, that
revolving motion which carries with such unerring certainty to the mark. In the
practice with one of those rifles on the marshes at Woolwich, the following results
were obtained. Out of twelve rounds, at a distance of 700 yards, as near as Mr. Fair-
bairn can remember, only one bullet missed the target, and the remaining eleven
rounds were scattered within distances of about six inches to four feet from the bull’s
eye. At 800 yards threeshotsmissed the target, and the remaining nine wentthrough the
boards, two inches thick, and lodged themselves in the mounds behind, at a distance
of about twenty yards. The same results were obtained from a distance of 900 yards,
and at 1000 yards there were very few of the bullets but what entered the target.
In these experiments the end of the rifle was supported upon a triangular standard,
and the greatest precision was observed in fixing the sight, which is graduated
to a scale in the ratio of the distance, varying from 100 to 1000 yards, which
latter may be considered the range of this destructive instrument.

On Improvements made in the Harbour of Belfast.
By Rosert Garrett, CL.

This paper described the situation of the town of Belfast on the River Lagan, at
its junction with that extensive inlet known as Belfast Lough, and stated that the
courses of the tides do not tend to the formation of the shoals and bars so formidable
at many harbour entrances. It appears there are fourteen miles square of good an-
chorage ground, and from two to ten fathoms of water. The particulars of the river
and the Lough, and the various engineering additions for accommodation were then
detailed—from 1720, when the first quay wall was built, and 1785, which marked
the commencement of the progress which has continued to the present time. The
designs suggested for the improvement of the harbour by Messrs. Rennie, Telford,
Cubitt, &c. were described and compared with that given by Messrs. Walker and
Burges, attention being in particular directed to the manner in which the tidal action
had been taken advantage of in the latter design, now so successfully carried out into
execution by Mr. Smith, the Resident Engineer to the Harbour Commissioners.

On Malleable Iron for Beams or Girders.
By Tuomas Murray Grapstone, CLE. of Belfast.

This paper pointed out the difference between cast and wrought iron for beams or
girders; it was shown that cast iron from its extreme brittleness was unsafe even far
below the test usually applied to it, especially where any sudden impact or force was
necessary ; that as the nature of the metal was changed from cast to a malleable state,
its power of bearing tension in the latter condition was increased more than four-fold,
while its resistance to compression was not sensibly diminished ; that in consequence
of this increased strength, the lower webs of the wrought iron girder could be propor-

ae Se

POLE

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 127

tionably reduced, and thereby one-half the lineal weight saved, which compensated
for the difference of price. The material point which supervened in favour of
wrought iron, was that it gave ample warning by great deflection before the breaking
point was reached, which was not the case with cast iron.

By experiment it was found that with double T-iron, 8 inches deep, and the top
and bottom flanges each 4 inches wide, the whole § inches thick, and having two
girders 10 feet apart and 10 feet span, witha load of 21 tons, within a radius of
4 feet from the centre, the deflection was only 2 inches, and immediately on the load
being removed the beams returned back to their original position. Other examples
were given for the Members to see at the Belfast Iron Works, the result showing
that with the given section the depth ought to be about y5th the span, and the
thickness of all parts 7;th the depth of girder, while the best form was for the flanges
to be 3 the depth.

The paper was accompanied by drawings showing the different points bearing upon
the advantages of this new feature in the application of malleable iron, so interesting
for security of life and property in fire-proof buildings.

On an Improved Cast-Iron Sleeper for Railways.
By Joun Gopwin, C.E., Belfast.

Mr. Godwin said that his attention had been a good deal directed to the subject
of laying and upholding the permanent way of railways, from the necessity which
had arisen on the Ulster Railway with which he was connected, of relaying a con-
siderable length on which the timber was decayed, and a large outlay became neces-
sary for its reconstruction. '

The Ulster line is laid on longitudinal bearings of timber, and the rail is of the
bridge-form, of about eighty pounds to the yard; although this kind of permanent way
has answered exceedingly well, yet the certainty of decay in the timber, and the conse-
quent necessity of frequent reconstruction, inflict a serious outlay on the company,
and renders a large reserve fund necessary to meet such contingences.

In the hope of obviating this serious and frequent source of expense, he directed
his attention to the cast-iron sleeper for the bridge rail introduced by Mr. Barlow,
and patented by him; on examining the lines on which this sleeper had been laid,
he thought that an improved mode of fastening the rail to the sleeper was required,
and that the form of the sleeper itself was capable of some improvement.

In Mr. Barlow’s plan the sleeper is flat, and the rail is secured to it by means of
small detached pieces of iron and small screw bolts; these bolts are liable to shake
loose, and the stability of the line is consequently injured.

The alteration which he (Mr. Godwin) had adopted in the form of the sleeper is
in making it curved instead of flat, and thus giving it more strength, a better hold
on the ballasting, and effecting a consequent saving in the labour of packing and
adjusting. ‘

In Mr. Godwin’s plan, the chair on which the rail rests is so constructed as to
project over the flange of the rail on both sides, and is secured by a broad wedge
driven between it and the under side of the rail, forcing it upwards against the pro-
jections of the chair: the joints are fastened in a similar manner by a single wedge at
each joint.

Betore Mr. Godwin had tested this plan of permanent way, by laying a length of
it and subjecting it toa severe test, he was apprehensive that the wedges would
shake loose, and that it would not remedy the defect of the screw fastenings; but after
a severe trial of six months he found the line as secure as when first laid, although it
had not been packed or otherwise meddled with; he found, however, that a few of
the joint sleepers had broken, but without in the slightest degree affecting the per-
manence and steadiness of the line.

In order to prevent a recurrence of this he has determined on laying the joint
sleeper transversely, and thus preventing the possibility of their breaking.

The advantages to be expected from this kind of permanent way, are its durability,
simplicity of construction, facility of replacing defective rails, and ceconomy in up-
holding.

128 REPORT—1852,

This kind of chair and sleeper is applicable to iines already laid, and to any pat-
tern of rail, and when it is necessary to relay the line, or renew the sleepers.

In concluding his paper, Mr. Godwin suggested the possibility of constructing a
railroad in such amanner that the engine and carriages should never rest on a joint,
but roll over a continuous and unbroken line of rails. He thought that this might
be effected by rolling the rail in two halves, and riveting them together in such a way
that the engine would never bear wholly on a joint ; and by adopting the wedge-fast-
ening alluded to. above, the strain on the rivets would be relieved and not likely to
shake loose ; indeed, the section of the rail might be so contrived that the action of
the wedge in keeping the rail tight in the chair may also tend to force the half rails
together, and probably render rivets altogether unnecessary; of course it would be
necessary to provide for expansion and contraction, which could easily be effected.

On a Dynamometric Machine for Measuring the Strength of Textile Fabrics
and other Substances. By M. PERREAUX.

On Telegraphic Communication between Great Britain and Ireland, by the
Mull of Cantyre. By W. J. Macquorn Rankine, C.L., and Joun
Tuomson, CLE.

The authors recommend the construction of a line of electric telegraph between
Great Britain and Ireland, crossing the North Channel from the Mull of Cantyre to
Tor Point, chiefly on the following grounds :—

1. It involves the construction of a much less length of submarine telegraph than
any other line, the distance across the channel in the line proposed being only thirteen
miles, while that from Portpatrick to Donaghadee is twenty-two miles; from five to
five and a half additional miles of submarine telegraph would be required to cross
small arms of the sea; but this would be in small detached portions, easily laid and
repaired, and would make the total length of submarine telegraph only about eigh-
teen miles.

2. It is the most secure of all sites for an electric telegraph between Britain and
Ireland, for no vessel ever casts anchor in the proposed line.

3. Besides these national advantages, it has the local advantage of connecting the
North-East of Ireland directly with the ports on the Clyde.

As it may be considered necessary for local purposes that the electric telegraph
should be carried as far north as Larne in Ireland, and as far westward as Dumbarton
and Greenock on either bank of the Clyde, Larne may be looked upon as the Irish
terminus of this scheme, and either Dumbarton or Greenock as the Scottish terminus.
The line from Dumbarton would require 106 miles of land telegraph, the alternative
line from Greenock 93 miles, to complete the communication.

The authors consider the security of this line of telegraph to be an advantage, in a
national point of view, sufficiently great to warrant its execution, even were the lines
by Portpatrick and Holyhead in full operation.

Remarks on the Mechanical Process for Cooling Air in Tropical Climates
proposed by Prof. C. Piazzi Smyth. By W. J.M. Rankine, C.E., F.RSE.

The most improved form of the apparatus proposed by Prof. Smyth consists,—1. of
a compressing pump, by which the air is to be forced into, 2. a refrigerator, consist-
ing of a long tube, or a series of tubes, exposed to a stream of water, in which the
air will be deprived of the heat generated by the compression, and from which it will
escape into, 3. an expansion cylinder, in which the air will at once become cooled
by expansion to an extent nearly, but not quite, equal to that of the original heating
by compression, and will propel a piston, to assist in working the compressing pump.
The air will be delivered from this expansion cylinder into the building to be venti-
lated. The principal resistance to be overcome in this improved machine will be the
friction. The author gives formule and rules for calculating the dimensions of the
parts of this machine, and the power required to work it, supposing the friction to be

:, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 129

known. It is difficult to estimate the amount of friction beforehand; but supposing
it to be ‘a little greater in proportion than that of a Cornish pumping-engine, the
author calculated that about 25,000 cubic feet of air per hour may be cooled down
from 90° Fahr. to 60° by an engine of 1-horse power *.

EA tt

A Model of a new Reaping Machine, by Mr. R. Robinson, was exhibited by one of
the Secretaries.

Design for Safety Harbours. By Captain J. SAUNDERS.

The advantages sought by the author are, durability, cheapness of execution (when
compared with the important object it has in view), and security from damage during
the progress of the work. The sea pavement, which has heretofore been the ruin of

_ our best harbours, will be by this design dispensed with, substituting a strong sea-wall
instead. ‘The bell-work to seaward will be constructed on a new plan, diminishing
one foot in each course till it reaches low-water mark, on which the great sea-wall will
commence; this wall will be supported from the interior by horizontal arches and
sectional walls; the horizontal arches will be filled with concrete and small stones to
high-water mark. The contractor may undertake, with a small capital, a large work
without any risk or danger, as each section can be completed before another is com-
menced, as particularly described on the design and model; the cost of execution will
be less, and the permanency greater, than by the usual mode of construction, and the
design may be adapted to any situation or scale of magnitude.

On the Natural Peculiarities and Advantages of the Mineral Field and the
proposed Harbour of Fair Head. By W.H. Smitu.

This was a proposal to erect a harbour at Fair Head, the extreme point on the
north-eastern coast of Ireland, and establish a submarine telegraph between it and
the Mull of Cantyre, which is only twelve miles distant on the Scottish coast, and is
the principal point to Glasgow. Having pointed out the variety of mineral wealth
and natural products, consisting of coal, iron, sulphur, copperas, ochre, building-
stone and limestone, and other valuable substances which abounded in the district, but
_ could not be turned to full advantage in consequence of the want of a harbour,—while
_ shipwrecks on the coast have occurred annually since the old harbour of Ballycastle
adjoining was allowed to fall to decay,—the paper stated, that a harbour at Fair Head
_ would be a permanent protection to shipping, and besides increasing the spirit of com-
‘mercial enterprise, would in some cases be the means of shortening the passage to

America by several days. The harbour was proposed to be constructed on the recoil
principle, being formed of a framework fastened to piles, with counterbalancing weights
attached, so that it would yield to the waves and yet recover its position continually.
A lighthouse on the same principle was proposed to be attached.

= ee

On Penrose and Bennett's Sliding Helicograph.
Communicated by Professor C. Prazzi SMYTH.

The author, Mr. Penrose, observed, ‘‘ I was led, during my researches on the subject
of the refined curves of the Greek mouldings and ornaments, to consider whether it
would be possible to contrive some method of describing the volutes and scroll-work at
once more ready and more satisfactory than the tiresome approximations, by means of
circular ones, which have generally been used. 1 invented an instrument for this pur-

* From calculations made since this paper was read, it appears that if the compressing
pump and expansion cylinder be made on the principle of the gasometer (by bells dipping
into a tank of water, as in M. Struyé’s machine for extracting the foul air from mines), the
power required to reduce the temperature of a cubic foot of air from 90° Fahr. down to 60°,
will be about 164 foot-pounds for the mere reduction of temperature, and about 134 foot-
pounds additional for friction, or 30 foot-pounds in all; so that by an engine of one real
horse-power, 66,000 cubic feet of air per hour may be cooled from 90° to 60° Fahr., being
enough for the supply of 264 persons, at 250 cubic feet per hour each.

1852. 9

130 _.... REPORT—1852.

pose, called the Screw Helicograph. This instrument has been elaborated into the im-
proved form now exhibited. By simply turning round the graduated ring within the
square frame, this instrument is enabled to draw in pencil or ink any form of the equi-
angular spiral from the circle to the straight line; and, by alterations in the position of
the pen, or of the centre, with respect to the guide bar, certain variations may be ob-
tained. Also either a parallel line to the first may be drawn by a simple adjustment
of the pen, or a duly converging line, by bringing the whole frame nearer to or farther
from the centre. Expressing the ratio between two spiral radii at an interval of 360°
(viz. a7) by the term ‘ spiral ratio,’ it appears that curves drawn with this instrument
with spiral ratios less than 8 or 10 to 1 are fitted for volutes and scroll-work, and
those which are drawn with higher ratios form the outlines of vases and other such
figures where a gentle variation of curvature is desired. This quality is ensured from
the property of the curve that the radius of curvature is proportional to the length of
the are. For figures where great energy is required, curves of a different nature are
more suitable, but no curves appear to surpass these in sweetness of sequence.”

On some Properties of Whirling Fluids, with their application in improving
the action of Blowing Fans, Centrifugal Pumps, and certain kinds of
Turbines. By James Tuomsoyn, A.M, Civil Engineer, Belfast.

The author pointed out several properties possessed by masses of fluids revolving
in the circumstances of one of the most ordinary kinds of whirlpools, that, namely,
which is formed when water is supplied at the circumference of a widely extended
vessel, with a very slight rotatory motion, and is allowed to flow away by a central
orifice in the bottom. Of these properties, the following, in which the influence of
friction is left out of consideration, may be cited :—

The equation of the curve whose revolution would generate the curved surface of
the whirlpool is

Snes!
where y is the depth of any point of the curve below the level of the fluid taken
at any part far away from the whirlpool, where there is no perceptible depression,
a the distance of the point from the axis of revolution, and © a constant
quantity. :

Every point of the surface of the fluid moyes with the velocity which a heayy body
would attain in falling from the level of the surface far away from the whirlpool to
the level of the point. Also every point in the interior of the reyolying mass
moves with the velocity of the point on the surface vertically above itself; and it
follows, that the velocities of points at various distances from the centre are in-
versely proportional to the distances. It follows also that the yelocity of each point
in the mass, is the greatest that is possible without an increase of the velocity of
every other point revolving further from the centre.

He was led from these and other properties of whirling fluids, to find that the
efficiency of centrifugal pumps for water, and of fans for causing blasts of air, may
be greatly increased by the provision, outside of the circumference of the wheel, of
a space in which the fluid may continue to revolve without any interruption after it
has left the wheel. He mentioned also, that an apparatus termed a “‘ diffuser,”’ and
involving the same principle, has recently been applied with good results, in turbines
of great power constructed in America.

On a Jet Pump, or Apparatus for drawing up Water by the Power of a Jet.
By James Tuomson, C.Z. ;

The purpose for which the author has designed this new pump, is to clear the
water out of the pits of submerged water-wheels, when access to them is required for
inspection or repairs. This pump may also be used for raising water in other cases
where an abundant fall of water is available; as, for instance, for draining a marsh
in the neighbourhood of a waterfall. Its action depends on two principles, One of
these is the same as that of the steam blast used in locomotive engines, and in the

—

TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 131

ventilation of mines. The other is that of the increased flow of water from a pipe,
produced by giving a gradually widening form to its discharging extremity.
_ A sketch of the apparatus is given in the accompanying figure, where A is a pipe

which supplies the water to the nozzle B- for the jet, and C is a pipe which receives,
at its narrow end, the jet from the nozzle, and on account of its gradually widening
form, causes a suction capable of raising water by the pipe D.

The various principles brought into action in this apparatus, have, as was stated by
the author, been long known in hydrodynamics; but their combination in this form
for use’ he believed to be new... A rush of water had been used previously in a some-
what similar way in Italy to draw up and carry off the water of a marsh. In respect
to the method there employed he had not been able to obtain full information; but -
the description of it he had received led him to suppose that it was not so efficacious
as the method which formed the subject of his communication to the meeting.

On the Production of Cold by Mechanical Means. By W.S. Warv.

To effect the purposes named in a preceding paper, Mr. Ward proposes a different
method, and the substitution of the vapours of volatile liquids, such as sulphuric
gether in place of air. He believed the theoretical results would be the same, and
some sources of loss diminished ; but although he doubted whether either form of
apparatus would be ceconomically efficient, he felt that interesting results would follow
well-conducted experiments on the subject.

On Telegraphic Time Signals. By Cuartes V. WALKER.

The object was, to explain the arrangements that have been completed, as far as
his part in them extends, for promoting the scheme of transmitting Greenwich mean
time throughout the kingdom. On the 5th of August 1852, the first tume-signal passed ;
and on August 19th, the clock at Greenwich, which originates the signals, having
been brought to time, and the adjustment elsewhere having been completed, the
sae transmission of signals commenced; in the first instance, to Dover, at noon,
and at 4 p.m. Mr. Walker then described the apparatus constructed by Mr. Shep-
herd, and erected at the London Terminus, by which the connexions are made. And,
incidental to this, it is to be understood that in the galvanic-room at the Royal Obser-
vatory is a set of ordinary sand-acid batteries (to be replaced ultimately by graphite
batteries) ; one battery termination is connected with the earth, by means of the gas-
pipes; and the other with a spring contained in Mr. Shepherd’s electro-magnetic
clock. The Greenwich London wire also terminates in the same clock: and the
connexions are such that, at the last second of the last minute of eack hour, this line-
wire and the battery-wire are placed in contact for an instant; and, consequently, if
the circuit is completed at the other end of the wire, whether at London, Dover,
Rochester, the Strand, Lothbury, or elsewhere, a signal will pass every hour; and,
when the circuit is left open, no signal will pass. To accomplish this, a train of
_ wheels is connected with the rod of Mr. Carter’s large turret-clock, now erected over

g*

132 REPORT—1852.

the South-Eastern Terminus. Sets of springs are placed near at hand to some of the
wheels; the springs are all tipped with platinum, and are respectively connected with
the several wires concerned in the scheme; and, according as the contacts between
the several springs are varied, so is the time signal led to its destination. Mr. Walker
then explained an ingenious contrivance, by which, at the completion of the circuit at
Greenwich, a voltaic current of instantaneous duration passes from Greenwich to
Dover, and causes one sharp deflection of the galvanometer needle of the usual elec-
tric telegraph. The clerks at the several stations, should they overlook the general
order to cease working, and to be on the watch, are reminded that the time is nearly
due by finding that the telegraph circuit is broken; which happens during the two
minutes that the spring is lifted by the pin off the earth wire at London. The clerks
watch the signal, and make note of the error of their local clock. The time-signals
will, at set times, be allowed to pass automatically to Hastings, to Deal, and to
Ramsgate, by turning them on the main line by the usual telegraph turn-plates now
in use at junction stations. The signal will be transmitted to intermediate stations by
hand, which can be done correctly to a fraction of a second. ‘The clerk will watch for
the signal while he holds in his hand the handle of a group, or a branch instrument ;
he will move his hand as he sees the signal, and a simultaneous signal will pass along
the group.

On Graphite Batteries. By Cuarites V. WALKER.

After referring to the unfitness of copper, and the too great cost of the superior
metals for the purpose of batteries for telegraphic purposes, Mr. Walker said he had
early sought a substitute, and had found one which seemed to promise all that was
required in the deposit of carbon or graphite from iron gas-retorts,

On the New Patent Law. By Tuomas WessteEr, F.R.S.

The author contrasted the facilities which the new law afforded in the application for
and obtaining of patents, and in the protection to such property, with the cumbrous,
expensive, and duplicated processes which characterized the old system. He further
pointed out the necessity of extending further protection to designs according to a
system analogous to that of the new patent law, if the industrial education which the
schools of design were endeavouring to introduce was to be useful to the pupils as
creating a body of educated persons not only dependent on their employers or on
capitalists.

On a New Method of Scutching the New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax).
By Mattuew Wuyttaw, C.E. of Auckland, New Zealand. (Communi-
cated by Sir Davin BrewstTER.)

After noticing the plan hitherto used in the colony, and pointing out some of its
defects, Mr. Whytlaw went on to show that the principle on which New Zealand flax
ought to be scutched was by transverse rubbing instead of longitudinal beatings as
now in use, and described a very simple machine invented by him, in which this
principle was carried into effect, and which was perfectly effectual for the purpose;
and he suggested that a machine on the same principle might be used with advantage
for European flax.

On the Mould for casting Conical Bullets. By Aurrep J. WoopHousE.

INDEX I.

TO

REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.

Oss ECTS and rules of the Association, |

xiii.

Places and times of meetings, with names
of officers, from commencement, xvi.
Members of Council from commence-

ment, xviii.

Treasurer’s account, xx.

Officers and Council, xxii.

Officers of Sectional Committees, xxiii.

Corresponding members, xxiv.

Report of Council to General Committee
at Belfast, xxiv.

Report of Parliamentary Committee to
General Committee at Belfast, xxix.
Recommendations adopted by General
,Committee at Belfast, xxxii ; involving
‘grants of money, ib. ; involving appli-
cation to Government or public insti-
tutions, xxxiii; not involving grants
of money or application to Seen

ment, &c., xxxiv.

Printing of eddraunications, XXXV.

Synopsis of money grants appropriated
to scientific objects, xxxv.

General statement of sums paid on ac-
count of grants for scientific purposes,
XXXVi.

Extracts from resolutions of General
Committee, xl.

Arrangement of general meetings, xl.

Address by Colonel Edward Sabine, R.A.,
xli.

Adams (H.), meteors observed at Here-
ford in Nov. 1841, 190.

Animals, on the composition of foods,
in relation to respiration and the feed-
ing of, 323,

Aylesbury, observations of luminous
meteors made at the observatory, Stone
Vicarage, 208.

Bengal, on the temperature and rain in,
252, 256.

Birmingham, on the meteorology of, 297.

Birt (W. R.), observations of shooting
stars, 226; on luminous meteors ob-
served in Victoria Park, 232, 234.

Boreham (Mr. and Mrs.), meteors seen
by, 230, 233.

Buist (Dr.) on luminous meteors seen at
the coast of India, 238.

Bulard (M.), observations of luminous
meteors, 191.

Calcutta, meteors seen at, 228, 229,

Cane (T.), meteors observed at Hereford,
in Nov. 1841, 190.

Carlisle, on a meteor seen at, 232.

Chalmers (Charles B.) on luminous
meteors seen at Weston-super-Mare,
237.

Chemical action of thesolar radiations, on

’ the, 262.

Cull (Richard), a manual of ethnological
inquiry, 243.

Daubeny (Prof.), twelfth report on the
vitality of seeds, 177.

Earthquake phenomena, on the facts of,
1.
Ethnological inquiry, a manual of, 243.

Fauna of Ireland, supplementary report
on the, 290.

134

Flax plant, on the composition and ceco-
nomy of the, 273; history of flax cul-
tivation in Ireland, ib.

Flax-straw, composition of the ash of the,
before and after steeping, 286.

Foods, on the composition of, in relation
to respiration and the feeding of
animals, 323.

Forbes (J. D.) on the laws of the con-
duction of heat, 260.

Gilbert (J. H.) on the composition of
foods, in relation to respiration and
the feeding of animals, 323.

Gladstone (J. H.) on the influence of
solar radiation on plants, 239.

Heat, on the laws of the conduction of,
260.

Henslow (Prof.), twelfth report on the
vitality of seeds, 177.

Hewitt’s (Mr.) meteor, 231.

Hodges (Dr.) on the composition and
ceconomy of the flax plant, 273.

Hodgkin (Dr.), a manual of ethnological
inquiry, 243.

Hunt (Robert) on the chemical action
of the solar radiations, 262.

India, meteors seen in, 226, 238.

Invertebrata of Ireland, 292.

Ireland, history of flax cultivation in,
273; supplementaryreport on the fauna
of, 290.

Lawes (J. B.) on the composition of
foods, in relation to respiration and the
feeding of animals, 323.

Lawson (Henry), meteors observed at
Hereford, in Nov. 1841, 190.

Lindley (Prof.), twelfth report on the
vitality of seeds, 177.

Lowe (E. J.), observations of luminous
meteors, 1851-52, 198. ;

Madras, meteors seen at, 226.

Mallet (Robert), third report on the facts
of earthquake phenomena, 1.

Meteorology of Birmingham, on the,
297.

Meteors, observations of luminous, 178
to 239.

INDEX I.

Moore (J. Carrick) on a meteor seen at
Carlisle, 232.

Plants, on the influence of solar radia-
tions on, 239.

Powell (Rev. Prof.), fifth report on ob-
servations of luminous meteors, 178;
appendix, 226.

Rain in Bengal, on the, 252.

Read (Rev. W.) on luminous meteors
seen at South Mimms, 236.

Respiration, on the composition of foods,
in relation to, and the feeding of ani-
mals, 323.

Seeds, on the growth and vitality of,
Vee

Solar radiation, on the influence of, on
plants, 239; on the chemical action of
the, 262.

South Mimms, on luminous meteors
seen at, 236.

Spectrum, analysis of, by absorbent
media, 262.

Strickland (H. E.), twelfth report on the
vitality of seeds, 177.

Sykes (Colonel) on the temperature and
rain in Bengal, 252.

Temperature in Bengal, on the, 252.

Thompson (the late William), supple-
mentary report on the fauna of Ireland,
290.

Thomson (James) on the vortex water-
wheel, 317.

Vertebrata of Ireland, 291.
Victoria Park, on luminous meteors ob-
served in, 232.

Water-wheel, on the vortex, 317.

Webb (T. W.) on luminous meteors,
from 1818 to 1850, extracted from
old diaries of natural phenomena,
178. ;

Weston-super-Mare, on luminous me-
teors seen at, 237.

Wills (William) on the meteorology of
Birmingham, 297.

INDEX II.

TO

MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE
SECTIONS.

Aca.era, on a new species of, from
Belfast Bay, 77.

f&gilops, on the transmutation of, into
Triticum, 68.

Africa, on a recent journey across, from
Zanzibar to Angola, 110; latest explo-
rations in south, to the N. of lake
N’gami, 112; commercial documents
relating to the eastern horn of, 113.

African discovery, observations on the
prospects of, 113.

Ainsworth (W. F.) on a railroad through
Asia Minor, 100.

Air, on the thermal effects of, rushing

_ through small apertures, 16; on the
mechanical process for cooling, in tro-
pical climates, 128. :

Alga, on a microscopic, as a cause of the
phenomenon of the coloration of large
masses of water, 64.

Alge, marine, on the distribution of the,
on the British and Ivish coasts, 65,
Alison (Dr.) on the present state of the
law of settlement and the removal of

-paupers in Scotland, 114.

_ Allen (Capt. W.), an attempt to account
for numerous appearances of sudden
and violent drainage seen onthe sides
of the basin of the Dead Sea, 95; on a
new line for a.ship canal to the East
Indies through the Dead Sea, 97; on
the antiquities of the island Ruad, the
ancient Aradus, and on the ancient

, harbour of Seleucia in Pieria, 98.
Allman (Dr.) on a microscopic Alga as

». a,cause of the phenomenon of the co-

_>sloration of large masses of. water, 64;
on the development of ferment cells in

|. the warm-water flax steeps, 7b.; on the

_ |} universality of a medusoid structure in

_oythe, reproductive gemmz of the tubu-

larian and sertularian polypes, 70; on
oa peculiar annelidan larya, 2b.; on the
signification of the ovigerous vesicles
in the hydroid polypes, 71.

Almorness Head, on the occurrence of
graphite at, 50.

Alps, in the vicinity of Mont Blane, on
the, 43.

America, on the plan adopted by the
Smithsonian Institution for investigating
the meteorology of North, 26; on aship
canal through the isthmus of central,
110; on the most rapid communication
with India, vid British N., 114.

Anastatic process, on Glynn and Appel’s
patent paper for the prevention of pi-
racy and forgery by the, 35.

» Andrews (Dr.) on the atomic weights of

platinum and barium, 33; on the dis-
covery of minute quantities of soda by
the action of polarized light, 7b.; on
the microscopic structure of certain ba-
saltic and metamorphic rocks, and the
occurrence of metallic iron in them,
34; on a new variety of magnetic iron
ore, with remarks upon the application
of bicarbonate of baryta to quantitative
analyses, 41.

Angola, on a recent journey across Africa
from Zanzibar to, 110.

Animals, on the geographical distribution
of, in connexion with the progress of
human civilization, 78. _

Annelidan larva, on a peculiar, 70.

Antrim, on the geological structure of the
county of, 42; on the fossiliferous beds
of, 53.

Apjohn (Dr.) on the results of analysis of
a substance resembling the pigolite of
Prof. Johnston, 35; Is the mechanical
power capable of being obtained by a
given amount of caloric employed in
the production of vapour independent
of the nature of the liquids ?, 7d.

Aradus, on theantiquitiesof the ancient, 98.

Archangel, description of a Samoied fa-
mily seen at, 84.

Arctic regions, on the distribution of ani-
mal life in the, 112. -

136

Argyleshire, on the disposition of granite
blocks in, 43.

Arithmetic, an account of a treatise on,
in the Chinese language, 1.

Arran, on the occurrence of glacier mo-
raines in, 55.

Ascidians, on the structure of the, 76.

Asia Minor, on a railroad through, 100.

Assyrian inscriptions, on the ethnological
bearing of the recent discoveries in
connexion with the, 85.

Asteroids, proposed theory of the origin
of the, 21.

Astronomy, 21.

Atmosphere, on the causes of the excess
of the mean temperature of rivers above
that of the, 30.

Aurora, on the, 26; observed at Hug-
gate, 31.

Aurora borealis, on the, 31; observed at
St. Ives, Hunts, 32.

Australia, onthe expedition tothe interior
of central,in searchof Dr. Leichardt,112;
Should our gold standard of value be
maintained if gold becomes depreciated
in consequence of its discovery in ?, 116.

Bakewell (F. C.) on telegraphic commu-
nication by land and sea, 121.

Balfour (Dr.) on the flora of the south
and west of Ireland, 64.

Barium, on the atomic weight of, 33.

Barker (Dr. J. H.) on the part played by
the cavernous sinus in the circulation
of the brain, 78.

Barker (John), mechanical proof of the
composition of rotatory forces, 122.
Barry (Dr. Martin) on a singular locality
chosen for its nest by the black red-

start, 71.

Barton (James) on the permanent way of
railways, 122; on the calculation of
strains in lattice girders, with practical
deductions, 125.

Baryta, on the application of bicarbonate
of, to quantitative analyses, 41.

Basaltic rocks, on the microscopic struc-
ture of certain, and the occurrence of
metallic iron in them, 34.

Bateman (J. F.) on the discharge of
water from actual experiment, 124.
Bateson (Samuel) on Glynn and Appel’s
patent paper for the prevention of pi-
racy and forgery by the anastatic pro-

cess, 39.

Batteries, on graphite, 132.

Beams or girders, on malleable iron for,
126.

Bedford level, on the drainage of the
middle level of the, 125.

INDEX

II.

Belfast, on the shells found in the alluvial
deposits of, 43; ona species of Sepiola,
procured in the neighbourhood of, 73;
on some fowl shot near, 77; catalogue
of the shells found in the alluvial de-
posits of, 74; on the sanitary state of,
with suggestions for its improvement,
119; on improvements made in the
harbour of, 126.

Belfast Bay, on a new species of Acaleph
from, 77.

Bellis perennis, on a monstrosity of, 66.

Bennett and Penrose’s sliding helico-
graph, 129.

Bialloblotzki (Dr.) on an ethnological
collection in illustration of the ethno-
logy of Java, 82.

Biquaternions, on, 2.

Blood, on the forces by which the cireu-
lation of the, is carried on, 80.

Blumenbach’s classification of the human
race, notes on, 84.

Boiler, on a new tubular, 125.

Bois-Reymond (Dr. E. Du) on a new ef-
fect produced on muscles by the electric
current, 78.

Bollaert (William) on the sources of com-
mon salt, 41; on the distribution of
common salt, and other saline bodies,
with a view to show their primary
origin and subsequent formations, 100.

Bombay, on experiments in the island of,
to determine the fall of rain at different
heights below 200 feet, 25; on the census »
and condition of the island of, 120.

Botany, 64.

Boulders, on the conditions under which
they occur in Scotland, 61.

Brain, on the part played by the cavernous
sinus in the circulation of the, 78.

Brazier (JamesS.) on Irish bog-butter, 35.

Brewster (Sir David) on a tree struck by
lightning in Clandeboye Park, 2; ona
case of vision without retina, 3; on the
form of images produced by lenses and
mirrors of different sizes, 7b. ; on certain
phzenomena of diffraction, 24; account
of a remarkable case of mirage, 7b.;
observations on the diamond, 41.

Britain, on a species of Sepiola new
to, 73.

Bryce (Rev. Dr.), account of a treatise on
arithmetic in the Chinese language,
by the Rev. Dr. Moncrieff, 1.

Bryce (James, jun.) on the geological
structure of the counties of Down and
Antrim, 42; on the disposition of gra-
nite blocks in Argyllshire, 43.

Bryozoa, on a peculiar organ which oc-
curs on some of the marine, 75.

INDEX Ii.

Buist (Dr. G.) on atmospheric daily and
yearly fluctuations in India, &c., 25;
on four simultaneous experiments in
the island of Bombay to determine the
fall of rain at different heights below
200 feet, ib.

Bullets, on the mould for casting conical,
182.

Butter, on Irish bog, 35.

California, Should our gold standard of
value be maintained if gold becomes
depreciated in consequence of its dis-
covery in?, 116.

Camera, on a manifold binocular, 6.

-Canal through the isthmus of central

America, on a ship, 110.

Canino (the Prince of ), zoological notices,
72.

Cantyre, telegraphic communication be-
tween Great Britain and Ireland by
the mull of, 128.

Cape of Good Hope, on certain furrows
and smoothings on the surface of gra-
nite, caused by drift sand at the, 61.

Carboniferous series of Ireland, on the
lower members of the, 46.

Cells, on the development of ferment, in
the warm-water flax steeps, 64.

Charters (Major) on the Alps in the vi-
cinity of Mont Blane, 43.

Chemical combination, on, 39.

Chemistry, 33; on the application of cer-
tain optical phenomena to, 39.

Chesney (Colonel) on the Euphrates line
of communication with India, 104.

Chinese language, an account of a treatise
on arithmetic in the, 1.

Civilization, on the geographical distri-
bution of animals in connexion with
the progress of human, 78.

Clarke (George) on the evolution of gas
in Wallsend Colliery, 124.

Classes, on the neglected and perishing,
and the means of their reformation,
115.

Claudet (A.) on the stereoscopometer, 6 ;
on 2 manifold binocular camera, 2b.
Climates, on the mechanical process for

cooling air in tropical, 128.

Clyde, on the progress and extent of
steamboat building in the, 120.

Coasts, British and Irish, on the distribu-
tion of the marine algz on the, 65.

Cochliodus, on the mode of succession of
the teeth in, 55.

Cold, on the production of, by mecha-
nical means, 131.

Colliery, on the evolution of gas in Walls-
end, 124,

137

Conductors, on the mutual attraction be-
tween two electrified spherical, 17.

Cooper (James) on the drainage of the
middle level of the Bedford level; with
observations on arterial drainage, 125.

Copiapo, on the mines of, 53.

Coprolites, on, 53.

Crag formations, on, 53.

Crania, on a collection of Irish, 84.

Crustacea found at Peterhead, on some, 78.

Cull (Richard) on the misapplication of
the terms evolution and development,
as applied by ethnographical philologists
to the inflections of a language, 82;
notes on Blumenbach’s classification of
the human race, 84.

Cultra, on the Permian fossils of, 53.

(Currency in Ireland, on thelaws of the, 115.

Cyphoniscus, new genus, 59.

Dead Sea, an attempt to account for nu-
merous appearances of sudden and
violent drainage seen on the sides of
the basin of the, 95; ona ship canal to
the East Indies, through the, 97.

Deaf and dumb in Ireland, statistics of
the, 121.

Delesse (M. Achille) on the changes oc-
casioned during the cooling of the gra-
nite of Mont Blanc, 43.

Devonian rocks in the S. of Ireland, 51.

Diamagnetism, on the laws of, 6.

Diamond, observations on the, 41.

Dickie (Dr.) on the distribution of the
marine alge on the British and Irish
coasts, with reference to the influence
of the Gulf-stream, 65; on a monstro-
sity of Bellis perennis, 2b.; on the alti-
tudinal ranges of plants in the north of
Ireland, 66; on the distribution and
habits of Echinus lividus, 72.

Diffraction, on certain phenomena of, 24.

Disease, on.the connexion of atmospheric
impurity with, 119.

Down, on the geological structure of the
county of, 42; on the fossiliferous beds
of, 53.

Down and Antrim, on the origin, charac-
teristics and dialect of the people in the
counties of, 89.

Drainage of the middle level of the Bed-
ford level, and on arterial drainage, 125.

Drawing, on an instrument for, 32.

Dublin, on the early bills of mortality
at, 121. :

Dynamometric machine for measuring
the strength of textile fabrics and other
substances, 128.

Earth, on the connexion between geolo-

138

gical theoriesand the theory of the figure
of the, 21; on the position of the poles
of the, 61.

East Indies, on a ship canal to the,
through the Dead Sea, 97.

Echinus lividus, on the distribution and
habits of, 72.

Eclipse of 1851, solar, on the red promi-
nences seen during the total, 13.

Edgar (Rev. John) on the neglected and
perishing classes, and the means of
their reformation, 115.

Electric current, on a new effect produced
on muscles by the, 78.

Electricity, 2.

Emigration and its reparative agencies in
Treland, on the excessive, 118.

Equations, on criteria for real and imagi-
nary roots of biquadratic, 2.

Eskers of the central part of Ireland, on
the, 63.

Ethnographical philologists, on the misap-
plication of the terms evolution and
development as applied by, to the in-
flexions of a language, 82.

Ethnology, 82; on an ethnological col-
lection in illustration of the, of Java, ib.

Euphrates line of communication with
India, on the, 104.

Fairbairn (W.) on the minie rifle, 125;
on a new tubular boiler, #b.; on the
tensile strength of unwrought iron-
plates at various temperatures, id. ; on
the mechanical properties of metals, as
derived from repeated meltings, exhi-
biting the maximum point of strength,
and the causes of deterioration, 2b.

Fair Head, onthenatural peculiarities and
advantages of the proposed harbour of,
129.

Faraday (Dr.), letter from Professor Mat-
teucci on the laws of magnetism and
diamagnetism, 6.

Fata Morgana of Ireland, on the, 29.

Ferromagnetic substance, on the equili-
brium of elongated masses of, in uniform
and varied fields of force, 18.

Fishes, on the structure of certain fossil,
found in the old red sandstone of the
north of Scotland, 55; on some, found
at Peterhead, 78.

Flax, New Zealand, on a new method of
scutching the, 132.

Flax steeps, on the development of fer-
ment cells in the warm-water, 64.

Fleming (Dr. Andrew) on the rocks of
the Upper Punjaub, 43.

Flora of the south and west of Ireland,

on the, 64.

INDEX II.

Fluids, whirling, on some properties of?
with their application in improving the
action of blowing fans, centrifugal
pumps, and certain kinds of turbines,
130.

Forbes (Prof. E.) on the fossils of the
yellow sandstone of the South of Ire-
land, 43; on a species of Sepiola new
to Britain, and first procured in the
neighbourhood of Belfast, 73 ; on a new
map of the geological distribution of
marine life, and on the homoiozoic
belts, 2b.

Fossil remains of the lower Silurians of
the south of Scotland, on the, 48.

Fossiliferous beds, on the, of Antrim and
Down, 53; on the lowest, of N. Wales,
56.

Fossils, on the, of the yellow sandstone
of the south of Ireland, 43; on the
Permian, of Cultra, 53; on a few ge-
nera of [rish Silurian, 59.

Fowler (Dr.) on the state of the mind
during sleep, 80.

Galton (F.), expedition under, to the east
of Walfisch Bay, 110.

Galvanic battery, on the sources of heat
generated by the, 16.

Garrett (Robert) on improvements made
in the harbour of Belfast, 126.

Gartland (W.) on criteria for real and
imaginary roots of biquadratie equa-
tions, 2.

Gas, on the evolution of, in Wallsend col-
liery, 124.

Gason (Dr. J.), climatological notes on
Pisa and Lucca, 110.

Geography, 95; physical, 41.

Geological formations, on the supposed
action of water in, 61.

Geological structure of the counties of
Down and Antrim, 42.

Geologists, German, on the researches of,
ol.

Geology, 41; of Ireland, 47.

Gilbart (J. W.) on the laws of the cur-
rency in Ireland, 115.

Giles (John V.), description of a Samoied
family seen at Archangel, in a letter to
Dr. Hodgkin, 84.

Girders, on the calculation of strains in
lattice, with practical deductions, 123.

Gisborne and Forde (Messrs.) on a ship
canal through the isthmus of central
America, 110.

Glacier moraines in Arran, on the oecur-
rence of, 55.

Gladstone (Thos. Murray) on malleable
iron for beams or girders, 126,

Leip me tall

INDEX II.

Godwin (John) on an improved cast-iron
sleeper for railways, 127.

Gold, Should our standard of value be
maintained if gold becomes depreciated
in consequence of its discovery in Au-
stralia and California?, 116.

Graham (Prof. T.) on the principle of the
endosmose of liquids, 36.

Grainger (John) on the shells found in
the alluvial deposits of Belfast, 43;
catalogue of the shells found in the
alluvial deposits of Belfast, 74.

Granite blocks, on the disposition of, in
Argyllshire, 43 ;' on the changes occa-
sioned during the cooling of the, of
Mont Blane, 7b.; on some peculiarities
of, in certain points of the Pyrenees,
62; on certain furrows and smoothings

_on the surface of, caused by drift sand
at the Cape of Good Hope, 61.

Graphite batteries, on, 132.

Graphite, on the occurrence of, at Almor-

' ness Head, 50.

Grattan (John), notes upon a collection of
Irish crania, 84.

Greensand of the N. of Ireland, on the
phosphatic nodules of the, 36.

Griffith (Richard) on the lower members
of the carboniferous series of Ireland,
46; on the geology of Ireland, 47.

Hamilton (Sir W. R.) on biquaternions, 2.

Hamilton (Dr. Mathie) on the Lobos
Islands, 75. ;

Hancock (Professor), Should our gold
standard of value be maintained if gold
becomes depreciated in consequence of
its discovery in Australia and Cali-

_ fornia?, 116; are there any impedi-

~ ments to the competition of free labour
with slave labour in the West Indies ?,
117.

Harbours, design for safety, 129.°

Harkness (Robert) on the fossil remains
of the lower Silurians of the south of

Scotland, and their position, 48; on

- the occurrence of graphite at Almor-

ness Head, Kirkcudbrig'stshire, 50.

Heat, 2; on the sources of, by the gal-

. .vanic battery, 16; on the amount of,

“produced by the combination of seve-
ral metals with oxygen, 39.

Helicograph, on Penrose and Bennett’s

- sliding, 129.

‘Hennessy (Henry) on the connexion be-

__ tween geological theories and the theory
of the figure of the earth, 21; on the
___ researches of German geologists, 51,
Henry (Prof.), letter from, to Colonel Sa-
bine, on the plan adopted by the Smith-

~

139

sonian Institution for investigating the
meteorology of N. America, 26.

Heywood (James), statistics of the reve-
nues of the University and some of the
Colleges of Oxford, compiled from the
report of the Oxford University com-
mission, 118.

Himalaya Mountains, on the geology of
a portion of the, 62.

Hincks (Rev. Edward) ou the ethnologi-
cal bearing of the recent discoveries in
connexion with the Assyrian inscrip-
tions, 85; on the forms of the personal
pronouns of the two first persons in the
Indian, European, Syro-Arabic and
Egyptian languages, 88; on certain
ancient mines, 110.

Hincks (Rev. Prof.) on” an anomaly of
the Trifolium repens, 66.

Hincks (Rev. Thomas) on a peculiar or-
gan which occurs on some of the marine
Bryozoa, and which appears to indicate
a difference of sex, 75.

Hodges (Prof. J. F.) on the phosphatic
nodules of the greensand of the N. of
Treland, 36.

Hodgkin (Dr.), description of a Samoied
family seen at Archangel, in a letter
to, 84.

Holden (Mr.) on the progress of the sewed
muslin manufacture in Ireland, 118.

Homoiozoic belts, on the, 78.

Homologies of the cranial vertebrze, on
the, 78.

Hooper (Lieut. W. H. H.) on the aurora,
26.

Hymenocaris, new genus, 58.

Hyndman (George C.) on a new species
of Acaleph from Belfast Bay, 77.

Huggate, meteorological summary at, for
1851, 81; on an aurora observed at, 7b.

Human race, notes on Blumenbach's
classification of the, &4,

Hume (Rev. A.), the origin, characteris-
tics and dialect of the people in the
counties of Down and Antrim, 89.

Hwrricanes, on tropieal, 31.

Huxley (T. H.) on the structure of the
Ascidians, 76.

Images, on the form of, produced by lenses
and mirrors of different sizes, 3.

Impurity, on the connection of atmosphe-
ric, with disease, 119.

India, on the Euphrates line of commu-
nication with, 104; on the most rapid
communication with, vid British N.
America, 114.

Industry of Paris, on the produetive, 119.

Iodine, on the estimation of, 37,

140

Ireland, notes on the meteorology of, 26 ;

on the Fata Morgana of, 29; on the
phosphatic nodules of the ereensand of
the north of, 36; on the fossils of the
yellow sandstone of the south of, 43;
on the lower members of the carboni-
ferous series of, 46; on the geology of,
47 ; on Devonian rocks in the south of,
51; on the Eskers of the central part of,
63; on the flora of the south and west
of, 64; on the altitudinal ranges of
plants in the north of, 66; on the Jaws
of the currency in, 115; on the exces-
sive emigration and its reparative
agencies in, 118; on the progress of
the sewed muslin manufacture in, ib.;

statistics of the deaf and dumb in, 121.

Trish bog butter; on, 35.

Trish crania, notes upon a collection of, 84.

Trish Silurian fossils, on a few genera of,
59.

Tron, on the occurrence of metallic, in
certain basaltic and metamorphic rocks,
34; malleable, for beams or girders,
126.

Tron ore, on a new variety of magnetic,
41.

Iron plates, on the tensile strength of un-
wrought, at various temperatures, 125.

Tron ships, on placing compasses on board,
10.

Tron sleeper for railways, on an improved
cast, 127.

Java, on an ethnological collection in
illustration of the ethnology of, 82.

Jet, on an apparatus for drawing up water
by the power ofa, 130.

Johnson (Capt. E. J.) on placing com-
passes on board of iron ships, 6

Jones (Prof. T. Wharton) on the forces
by which the circulation of the blood is
carried on, 80.

Joule (J. P.) on the thermal effects of air
rushing through small apertures, 16.
Jukes (J. Beete) on Devonian rocks in

the S. of Ireland, 51.

Kelp and kelp liquor, 38.

King (Prof.W.) on the Permian fossils of
Cultra, 53.

Knox (Mr.) on the effect of the moon’s
rays, 36.

Koh-i-noor diamond, on the, 29

Labour, free and slave, are there any im-
pediments to the competition of, in the
West Indies?, 117.

Land and sea, on telegraphic communi-
cations by, 121.

INDEX Il.

Larva, on a peculiar annelidan, 70.

Law, on the new patent, 132,

Leaves, morphological analogy between
the disposition of the branches of exo-
genous plants and the venation of their,
66.

Leichardt (Dr.), on the expedition to the
interior of central Australia in search
of, 112.

Lenses of different sizes, on the form of
images produced by, 3

Lepteena, on the subdivisions of, 55.

Light, 2; on an instrument for exhibiting
the colours of liquids by transmitted,
20; on the discovery of minute quan-
tities of soda, by the action of polarized,
33.

Lightning, notice of a tree struck by, in
Clandeboye Park, 2.

Liquids, on an instrument for exhibiting
the colours of, by transmitted light, 20 ;
on the principle of the endosmose of, 36.

Lituites hibernicus, new species, 61.

Livingston and Oswell (Messrs.), latest
explorations in S. Africa to the N. of
lake N’gami, 112.

Lloyd (Colonel) on the mines of Copiapo,
53.

Lloyd (Rev. H.), notes on the meteoro-
logy of Ireland, 26.

Lobos islands, on the, 75.

Locke (John), excessive emigration and
its reparative agencies in Ireland, 118.

Long (Mr.) on crag formations and co-
prolites, 53.

Lucca, climatological notes on, 110.

Luminous beams, on, 11.

MacAdam (James) on the fossiliferous
beds of the counties of Antrim and
Down, 53.

Macdonnell (A.) on the atomic weight of
magnesium, 36.

MacDouall (Prof.) on the present state of
Medo-Persic philology, 90.

Macleod (Lieut. L.) on the proposed ex-
pedition to ascend the Niger to its
source, 112.

Magnecrystallic action, on Poisson’s theo-
retic anticipation of, 20.

Magnesium, on the atomic weight of, 36.

Magnetic curves, on certain, 18.

Magnetism, 2; on the laws of, 6.

Malcolm (Dr. A. G.) on the sanitary state
of Belfast, with suggestions for its im-
provement, 119.

Marine life, on a new map of the geolo-
gical distribution of, 73.

Marshall (Dr. J. D.) on some fowl shot
in the neighbourhood of Belfast, 77.

————Se

a

INDEX II.

Mastodon angustidens, on a skeleton of,
found near Montopoli, 62.

Mathematics, 1.

Matteucci (Prof.) on the laws of magnet-
ism and diamagnetism, in a letter to
Dr. Faraday, 6.

M‘Cormac (Dr. Henry) on the connexion
of atmospheric impurity with disease,
119.

M‘Cosh (Rev. Prof.), morphological ana-
logy between the disposition of the
branches of exogenous plants and the
venation of their leaves, 66.

M‘Coy (Prof.) on the mode of succession
of the teeth in Cochliodus, 55; on the
subdivisions of Leptena, #b.; on the
structure of certain fossil fishes found
in the old red sandstone of the N. of
Scotland, id.

M‘Culloch (D.) on the statistics of the
province of Nova Scotia, 119.

M‘Farland (Mr.) on the Fata Morgana of
Treland, 29.

Mechanical science, 121.

Medo-Persic philology, on the present
state of, 90.

Meials, on the amount of heat produced
by the combination of several, with
oxygen, 39, 40; on the mechanical
properties of, as derived from repeated
meltings, 125.

Metamorphic rocks, on the microscopic
structure of certain, and the occurrence
of metallic iron in them, 34.

Meteorological summary for 1851, at
Huggate, 31.

Meteorology, 24; of Ireland, 26; on the
plan adopted by the Smithsonian In-
stitution for investigating the, of N.
America, 2b.

Meteors, 21.

Microscopic structure of certain basaltic
and metamorphic rocks, on the, 34.

Mind, on the state of the, during sleep,

80.

Mineral field of Fair Head, on the natural
peculiarities and advantages of the,
129.

Mines, on the, of Copiapo, 53; on certain
ancient, 110.

Minie rifle, remarks on the, 125.

Mirage, on a remarkable case of, 24.

Mirrors of different sizes, on the form of
images produced by, 3.

Molecular action, on, 20.

_ Mollusca found at Peterhead, 78.

Moncrieff (Rev. Dr.), an account of his
treatise on arithmetic in the Chinese
language, 1.

Mont Blanc, on the Alps in the vicinity

141

of, 43; on the changes occasioned
during the cooling of the granite of, ib.

Montopoli, on a skeleton of Mastodon an-
gustidens found near, 62.

Moon’s rays, on the effect of the, 36.

Mortality at Dublin, on the early bills of,
121,

Munro (Major) on the transmutation of
Agilops into Triticum, 68.

Muscat, on the possessions of the Imaum
of, 1138.

Muscles, on a new effect produced on, by
the electric current, 78.

Muslin manufacture in Ireland, on the
progress of the sewed, 118.

Nasmyth (James), proposed theory of the
origin of the asteroids, 21.

Nebulz, on drawings to illustrate recent
observations on, 22.

New Zealand flax, on a new method of
scutching the, 132.

N’gami, latest explorations in S. Africa
to the north of lake, 112.

Nicol (Prof.) on the occurrence of glacier
moraines in Arran, 55; on the struc-
ture of the South Silurian mountains of
Scotland, 2b.

Niger, on the proposed expedition to as-
cend the, to its source, 112.

Nile, on the Upper, 114.

Nova Scotia, on the statistics of the pro-
vince of, 119.

Ogilby (William) on the geographical di-
stribution of animals in connection with
the progress of human civilization, 78.

Old red sandstone of the N. of Scotland,
on the structure of certain fossil fishes
found in the, 55.

Optical properties of a recently discovered
salt of quinine, 15.

Owen (Prof.) on the homologies of the
cranial vertebre, 78.

Oxford, statistics of the revenues of the
university and some of the colleges of,
118.

Oxygen, on the amount of heat produced
by the combination of several metals
with, 39, 40.

Palestine, late explorations in, 114.

Paris, on the productive industry of, 119.

Paupers, on the present state of the law
of settlement and the removal of, in
Scotland, 114.

Peach (C. W.) on some fishes, crustacea -
and mollusca found at Peterhead, 78.
Penny (Prof. F.) on the estimation of

iodine, 37.

142

Penrose and Bennett’s sliding helico-
graph, 129.

Permian fossils of Cultra, 53,

Perreaux (M.) on a dynamometrie ma-
chine for measuring the strength of
textile fabrics and other substances,
128:

‘Peterhead, on some fishes, crustacea and
mollusca found at, 78.

Petermann (A.) on the distribution of
animal life in the arctic regions, 112.
Philology, on the present state of Medo-

Persic, 90.

Physics, 1.

Physiology, 78.

Pigolite of Prof. Johnston, on the analysis
of a substance resembling the, 35.

Pisa, climatological notes on, 110.

Plants, morphological analogy between
the disposition of the branches of exo-
genous, and the venation of their leaves,
66; on the altitudinal ranges of, in the
N. of Ireland, 7d.

Platinum, on the atomic weight of, 33.

Poisson’s theoretic anticipation of magne-
crystallic action, 20.

Polypes, on the universality of a medu-
soid structure in the reproductive gem-
mez of the tubularian and sertularian,
70; on the signification of the ovigerous
vesicles in the hydroid, 71,

Porter (the late G. R.) on the productive
industry of Paris, 119. .

Portsea, statistics of the island of, 118.

Potassium, iodide of, 37.

Powell (Prof.) on luminous beams, 11;
on a peculiarity of vision, #b,; on con-
verging sunbeams, 12,

Pronouns, on the forms of the personal,
of the two first persons, in the Indian,
European, Syro-Arabic and Egyptian
languages, 88.

Pterotheca, new genus of, 61.

Pumps, on some properties of whirling
fluids, with their application in impro-
ving the action of centrifugal, 130; for
drawing up water by the power of a
jet, 130,

Punjaub, on the rocks of the Upper, 43.

Pyrenees, on some peculiarities of granite
in certain points of the, 62.

Quinine, on the optical properties of a re-
cently discovered salt of, 15.

Railways, on the permanent way of, 122 ;
on an improved cast-iron sleeper for,
127,

Rain, on four simultaneous experiments
in the island of Bombay, to determine

INDEX II.

the fall of, at different heights below
200 feet, 25; monthly amount of, from
the register, Armagh Observatory, 29.

Rankin (Rey, T.) on an aurora observed
at Huggate, 31; meteorological sum-
mary for 1851, at Huggate, 2.

Rankine (W. J. Macquorn) on the recon-
centration of the mechanical energy of
the universe, 12; on the causes of the
excess of the mean temperature of ri-
vers above that of the atmosphere, re-
cently observed by M. Renou, 30; on
telegraphic communication between
Great Britain and Ireland by the Mull
of Cantyre, 128; on the mechanical
process for cooling air in tropical cli-
mates proposed by Prof. C. P, Smyth,
ib,

Reaping machine, model of a new, 129.

Red-start, black, on a singular locality
chosen for its nest by the, 71.

Reflecting instrument for use at sea, on
an improved form of, 12.

Renou (M.) on the causes of the excess
of the mean temperature of rivers above
that of the atmosphere, as recently ob-
served by, 30,

Retina, on a case of vision without, 3.

Rivers, on the causes of the excess of the
mean temperature of, above that of the
atmosphere, 30.

Robinson (Rey. Dr.) on drawings to illus-
trate recent observations on nebula,
22.

Robinson (R,), model of a new reaping
machine, 129.

Rocks, on the microscopic structure of
certain basaltic and metamorphic, and
the occurreice of iron in them, 34,

Ronalds (Prof. E.) on the oil of the sun-
fish, 39.

Rose (C. B.) on the discovery of a new
Talpina?, 55.

Ross (Rear-Admiral Sir John) on the au-
rora borealis, 31.

Rosse (The Earl of), drawings to illustrate
recent observations on nebula, 22.

Rotatory forces, mechanical proof of the
composition of, 122.

Royle (Dr.) on the black and green teas
of commerce, 69. .

Ruad, on the antiquities of the island, 98.

Sabine (Colonel), letter from Prof. Henry
on the plan adopted for investigating
the meteorology of North America,
26.

Salt, on the sources of common, 41 ; on the
distribution of common, and other sa-
line bodies, with a view to show their

INDEX Il.

_ primary origin and. subsequent forma-
tion, 100.

Salter (J. W.) on the lowest fossiliferous
beds of N. Wales, 56; on a few genera
of Irish Silurian fossils, 59.

Samoied family, description of a, seen at
Archangel, 84,

Sandstone, yellow, on the fossils of the, of

the S. of Ireland, 43.

Saull (W, D.) on the supposed action of
water in geological formations, and the
position of the poles of the earth, 61.

Saunders (Captain J,), design for safety
harbours, 129. '

Scotland, on the fossil remains of the lower

_ Silurians of the south of, 48; on the
structure of certain fossil fishes found
in the old red sandstone of the north
of, 55; on the structure of the South
Silurian mountains of, 7b. ; on the condi-
tions under which boulders occur in,
61; on the present state of the law of
settlement and the removal of paupers
in, 114,

Sea, on an improved form of reflecting
instrument for use at, 12; on telegra-
phic communications by land and, 121.

Seleucia in Pieria, on the ancient harbour
of, 98.

Sepiola, on a species of, new to Britain,
and first procured in the neighbourhood
of Belfast, 73,

Sertularian zoophytes, on the character of
the, 78.

Shaw (Dr.),. commercial documents re-
lating to the eastern horn of Africa,
113.

Shells found in the alluvial deposits of
Belfast, on the, 42; catalogue of the,
found, in the alluvial deposits of Bel-
fast, 74.

Ship canal to the East Indies through the
Dead Sea, on a, 97,

Ships, on placing compasses on board iron,

Silurian fossils, on a few genera of Irish,
59.

Silurian. mountains of Scotland, on the
structure of the south, 55.

Sleep, on the state of the mind during,
80. .

Smith (James) on the conditions under
which boulders occur in Scotland, 61.

Smith (W. H.) on the natural peculiarities
and advantages of the mineral field and
the proposed harbour of FairHead, 129.

Smyth (Prof. C. Piazzi) on an improved
form of reflecting instrument for use at
sea, 12 ; on thered prominences seen du-
ring the total solar eclipse of 1851, 18;

143

remarks proposed by, on the mechanical
process for cooling air in tropical cli-
mates, 128; on Penrose and Bennett’s
sliding helicograph, 129.

Soda, on the discovery of minute quan-
tities of, by the action of polarized light,
33,

Solar eclipse of 1851, on the red promi-
nences seen during the total, 13.

Spain, on the geological structure of,
62.

Stanger (Dr. W.) on certain furrows and
smoothings in the surface of granite,
caused by drift sand, at the Cape of
Good Hope, 61.

Statistics, 114.

Steam-boat building in the Clyde, on the
progress and extent of, 120,

Stereoscopometer, on the, 6.

St. Ives, on the geology of, 63. .

Stokes (Prof.) on the optical properties of
a recently discovered salt of quinine,
15; on the application of certain opti-
cal phenomena to chemistry, 39.

Strachey (Capt.) on the formula for the
wet-bulb thermometer, 31,

Strang (John) on the progress and extent
of steam-beat building in the Clyde,
120.

Stygina, new genus of, 59,

Sunbeams, on converging, 12.

Sun-fish, on the oil of the, 39.

Sykes (Lieut.-Col.) on the possessions of
the Imaum of Muscat, and on the cli-
mate of Zanzibar, with observations on
the prospects of African discovery, 113;
on the census and condition of the island
of Bombay, 120.

Sylvia'Tithys, on a singular locality chosen
for its nest by the, 71.

Synge (Capt.) on the most rapid commu-
nication with India, vid British N, Ame-
rica, 114,

Syria, Jate explorations in, 114.

Talpina?, on the discovery of a new, 55.
Taylor (Dr. J.) on tropical hurricanes,
31,

Teas of commerce, on the black and green,
69.

Telegraphic communications, by land and
sea, on, 121; between Great Britain
and Ireland, by the Muil of Cantyre,
128 05 4.

Telegraphic time signals, on, 181.

Tennant (Prof.) on the Koh-i-noor dia-
mond, 39,

Textile fabrics and other substances, on a
dynamometric machine for measuring,
128,

144

Thermometer, on the formula for the wet-
bulb, 31.

Thompson (James) on a jet-pump, or ap-
paratus for drawing up water by the
power of ajet, 130; onsome properties
of whirling fluids, with their applica-
tion in improving the action of blowing
fans, centrifugal pumps and certain
kinds of turbines, 130.

Thomson (Prof. W.) on the thermal effects
of air rushing through small apertures,
16; on the sources of heat generated
by the galvanic battery, #; on the
mutual attraction between two electri-
fied spherical conductors, 17 ; on cer-
tain magnetic curves; with applica-
tions to problems in the theories of
heat, electricity and fluid motion, 18;
on the equilibrium of elongated masses
of ferromagnetic substance in uniform
and varied fields of force, 2b.

Thomson (W. T. C.) on the character of
the sertularian zoophytes, 78.

Townsend (R. W.) on an instrument for
exhibiting the colours of liquid by trans-
mitted light, 20.

Trifolium repens, on an anomaly of the,
66.

Triticum, on the transmutation of A.gilops
into, 68.

Turbines, on some properties of whirling
fluids, with their application in im-
proving the action of, 130.

Twining (Henry) on an instrument for
drawing, 32; on some peculiarities of
granite in certain points of the Pyre-
nees, 62.

Tyndall (John) on molecular action, 20;
on Poisson’s theoretic anticipation of
magnecrystallic action, ib.

Universe, on the re-concentration of the
mechanical energy of the, 12.

Vallini (Dr.) on a skeleton of Mastodon
angustidens found near Montopoli, 62.

Van de Velde (Chevalier), late explora-
tions in Syria and Palestine, 114.

Vandey (Consul) on the Upper Nile, 114.

Vapours, on the gradient of density in
saturated, 2.

Verneuil (M. De) on the geological struc-
ture of Spain, 62,

Vertebrz, on the homologies of the cra-
nial, 78.

Vicary (Major) on the geology of a por-
tion of the Himalaya mountains, 62.
Vision, on a case of, without retina, 3;

on a peculiarity of, 11.

INDEX II.

Wales, North, on the lowest fossiliferous
beds of, 56.

Walfisch Bay, expedition under Mr. F.
Galton to the east of, 110.

Walker (Charles V.) on telegraphic time
eles 131; on graphite batteries,

32.

Wallsend colliery, on the evolution of gas
in, 124.

Ward (W. 8.) on the production of cold
by mechanical means, 131.

Water, on the supposed action of, in geo-
logical formations, 61; on a micro-
scopic alga, as a cause of the phzno-
menon of the coloration of large masses
of, 64; on the discharge of, from actual
experiment, 124,

Waterston (J. J.) on the gradient of den-
sity in saturated vapours, and its deve-
lopment as a physical relation between
bodies of definite chemical constitu-
tion, 2.

Watts (J. K.), aurora borealis observed at
St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, 32; on the
geology of St. Ives, and its neighbour-
hood, 63.

Waves, 21.

Webster (Thomas) on the new patent
law, 132.

West Indies?, are there any impediments
to the competition of free labour with
slave labour in the, 117.

Wet-bulb thermometer, on the formula for
the, 31.

Whytlaw (Matthew) on a new method of
scutching the New Zealand flax, 132.

Wilde (W. A.), statistics of the deaf and
dumb in Ireland, 121; on the early
bills of mortality at Dublin, 121.

Woodhouse (Alfred J.) on the mould for
casting conical bullets, 132.

Woods (Dr. T.) on chemical combina-
tion; and the amount of heat produced
by the combination of several metals
with oxygen, 39; on the combination
of metals with oxygen, 40.

Young (R.) on the Eskers of the central
part of Ireland, 63.

Zanzibar, on a recent journey across
Africa from, to Angola, 110; on the
climate of, 113.

Zoological notices by the Prince of Ca-
nino, 72.

Zoology, 70.

Zoophytes, on the character of the sertu-
larian, 78.

List of those Members of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science to whom Copies of this Volume [for 1852] are supplied
gratuitously, in conformity with the Regulations adopted by the
General Committee. [See pp. xiii. & xiv. ]

HONORARY MEMBER.
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS, PRINCE ALBERT OF SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Adair, Robert Alexander Shafto, 7 Audley
Square, London.

Adam, Walter, M.D., 89 George Square,
Edinburgh.

Adams, John Couch, M.A., Pres. R.A.S.,
F.R.S8., St. John’s College, Cambridge.

Ainsworth, Thomas, The F fosh, Egremont,

umberland.

Aldam, William, jun., Warmsworth near
Doncaster.

Alexander, William Maxwell, Southbarr,
Paisley. .

Allecock, Samuel, Rushulme Place, near
Manchester.

Allen, William J. C., Secretary to the

’ Royal Belfast Academical Institution ;
8 Wellington Place, Belfast.

Allis, Thomas, Osbaldwick, York.

Ambler, Henry, Watkinson Hall, Oven-
den near Halifax.

_ Amery, John, F.S.A., Park House, Stour-

bridge.

"Andrews, Thos., M.D., F.R.S., M.B.LA.,

Vice-President of, and Professor of Che-
mistry in, Queen’s College, Belfast.
‘Ansted, David Thomas, M.A., F.R.S.,

17 Manchester Street, Manchester
' Square, London.
Appold, John George, F.R.S., 23 Wilson
Street, Finsbury Square, London.
Armistead John, Springfield Mount near
Leeds.
Ashton, Thomas, M.D., 71 Mosley Street,
_ Manchester.

_ Ashworth, Edmund, Egerton Hall, Turton

near Bolton.
Atkinson, Joseph B., Cotham, Bristol.
Auldjo, John, F.R.S., Noel House, Ken-
* sington.

Babbage, Charles, M.A., F.R.S., 1 Dorset
Street, Manchester Square, London.

Babington,; Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S.,

Leese! Treasurer), St. John’s College,
ambridge.

Backhouse, John Church, Blackwell, Dar-

_ lington.

Baddeley, Capt. Fred. H., R.E., Ceylon.

Bain, Richard, Gwennap near Truro,

Bainbridge, Robert Walton, Middleton
House near Barnard Castle, Durham.

Baker, William, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Baldwin, the Hon. Robert, H. M. Attor-
ney-General, Spadina, Co, York, Upper
Canada.

Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., Professor of
Botany in the University of Edinburgh,
F.R.S.E., F.L.S. ; Edinburgh.

Ball, John, M.R.I.A., 85 Stephen’s Green,
Dublin.

Ball, William, Rydall, Ambleside, West-
moreland,

Barbour, Robert, Portland St., Manchester.

Barclay, Joseph Gurney, Walthamstow,
Essex.

Barker, Richard, M.D., M.R.D.S., 6 Gar:
diner’s Row, Dublin.

Barnes, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S.E., Carlisle.

Barnett, Richard, Stourport, Worcester-
shire. : .

Barton, John, Bank of Ireland, Dublin.

Bashforth, Francis, M.A., St. John’s Col-
lege, Cambridge.

Bateman, Joseph, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Ex-
cise Office, Broad Street, London.

Bayldon, John, Lendal, York.

Bayley, George, Camberwell, London.

Beamish, Richard, F.R.S.

Beatson, William, Rotherham.

Belcher, Capt. Sir Edw., R.N., F.R.A.S.,
22 Thurloe Square, Brompton, London.

Belcombe, Henry Stephens, M.D., Minster
Yard, York.

Bennoch, Francis, Blackheath Park, Kent.

Bergin, Thomas Francis, M.R.I.A., 49

‘ Westland Row, Dublin.

Berryman, William Richard, 6 Tamar
Terrace, Stoke, Devonport.

Bickerdike, Rev. John, M.A., Leeds.

Binyon, Alfred, Mayfield, Manchester.

Binyon, Thomas, St. Ann’s Square, Man-
chester.

Bird, William, 5 Old Church Yard, Li-
verpool.

® ‘ .
{It is requested that any inaccuracy in the Names and Residences of the Members may be communicated to
Messrs. Taylor and Francis, Printers, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, Londor.

2 MEMBERS TO WHOM

Birks, Rev. Thomas Rawson, Kelshall
Rectory, Royston.

Birley, Richard, Upper Brook Street,
Manchester.

Birt, W. R., 11 Wellington Street, Vic-
toria Park, London.

Blackwall, John, F.L.S.,
Llanrwst, Denbighshire.

Blackwell, Thomas Evans, F.G.S., 65 Pul-
teney Street, Bath.

Blake, Henry Wollaston, F.R.S., 62 Port-
land Place, London.

Blake, William, Bishop’s Hull, Taunton.

Blakiston, Peyton, M.D., F.R.S., St. Leo-
nard’s on-Sea.

Bland, Rev. Miles, D.D., F.R.S., Lilley
Rectory near Luton, Bedfordshire.

Blood, Bindon, M.R.1.A., Cranaher, En-
nis, Co. Clare, [reland.

Boddington, Benjamin, Burcher, Kington,
Herefordshire.

Bodley, Thomas, F.G.S., Anlaby House,
Pittville, Cheltenham.

Boileau, Sir John Peter, Bart., F.R.S., 20
Upper Brook. Street, London.

Bond, WalterM.,The Argory, Moy,Ireland.

Boughton, Sir William Edward Rouse,
Bart., F.R.S., Downton Hall near Lud-
low, Shropshire.

Bowerbank, James Scott, ’.R.S., 3 High-
bury Grove, London.

Brady, Antonio, Maryland Point, Essex.

Brakenridge, John, Bretton Lodge, Wake-
field.

Brammall, Jonathan, Sheffield.

Briggs, Major-General John, E.I.C.S.,
F.R.S., 104 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde
Park, London.

Brisbane, General Sir Thos. Makdougall,
Bart., K.C.B., G.C.H., D.C.L., Pres.
of the Royal Society of Edinb., F.R.S. ;
Makerstoun, Kelso, Roxburghshire.

Brogden, John, jun., 29 Gloucester Ter-
race, Hyde Park, London.

Brooke, Charles, M.B., F.R.S., 29 Keppel
Street, Russell Square, London.

Brooks, Samuel, Market St., Manchester.

Brooks, Thomas, (Messrs. Butterworth
and Brooks,) Manchester.

Broun, John A., Observatory, Travancore,
India.

Brown, Thomas, Ebbw Vale Iron Works,
Abergavenny.

Brown, William, Docks, Sunderland.

Bruce, Alexander John, Kilmarnock.

Bruce, Haliday, M.R.I.A., 37 Dame
Street, Dublin.

Brunel, Isambart Kingdom, F.R.S., 18
Duke Street, Westminster.

Buck, Geo. Watson, Ramsay, Isle of Man.

Buckland, Very Rev. William, D.D., Dean

Oakland,

of Westminster, Reader in Geology and
Mineralogy in the University of Oxford,
Trust. Brit. Mus., F.R.S.; The Deanery,
Westminster.

Buckman, James, F.G.S., Professor of
Botany, Royal Agricultural College, ~
Cirencester.

Buckton, G. Bowdler,28 Gloucester Place,
Hyde Park Gardens, London.

Budd, James Palmer, Ystalyfera Tron
Works, Swansea.

Buller, Sir Antony, Pound near Tavistock,
Devon.

Bulman, John, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Burd, Jokn, jun., Mount Sion, Radcliffe,
Manchester.

Burlington, William, Earlof,M.A., LL.D.,
Chancellor of the University of London,
F.R.S.; 10 Belgrave Square, London.

Campbell, Sir James, Glasgow.

Campbell, William, 34 Candlerigg Street,
Glasgow.

Carew, William Henry Pole,
House near Devonport.

Carne, Joseph, F.R.S., Penzance.

Carpenter, Rev. Philip Pearsall, B.A.,
Academy Place, Warrington.

Carr, William, Blackheath.

Cartmell, Rev. James, B.D., F.G.S.,
Christ’s College, Cambridge.

Cassels, Rev. Andrew, M.A., Batley Vi-
carage near Leeds.

Cathcart, Lieut.-General Charles Murray, ~
Earl of, K.C.B., V.P.R.S.E., The
Weaste, Manchester.

Cayley, Sir George, Bart., Brompton,
Yorkshire.

Chadwick, Hugo Mavesyn, F.R.G.S.,
Mem. Egypt. Lit. Soc., Mavesyn-Rid-
ware, Rugeley.

Challis, Rev. Jas., M.A., F.R.S., Plumian
Prof. of Astronomy in the University of
Cambridge; Observatory, Cambridge.

Chambers, Robert, F.R.S.E., Edinburgh.

Champney, Henry Nelson, The Mount,
York.

Chanter, John, 2 Arnold Terrace, Bow
Road, Bromley.

Chatterton, Sir William, Bart, F.R.G.S.,
Castlemahon, Cork.

Cheetham, David, Staleybridge, Man-
chester.

Chevallier, Rev. Temple, B.D., F.R.A.S.,
Prof. of Mathematics and Astronomy

Antony

in the University of Durham; Durham. - §

Chichester, Ashhurst Turner Gilbert, D.D.,
Lord Bishop of, 43 Queen Ann Street,
Cavendish Square, London.

Chiswell, Thomas, 30 Carlton Terrace, |
Greenheys, Manchester.

BOOKS ARE SUPPLIED GRATIS.

Christie, Samuel Hunter, M.A., Professor
of Mathematics in the Royal Military
Academy, Woolwich, Sec.R.S.; The
Common, Woolwich.

Clark, Rev. Charles, M.A., Queen’s Col-
lege, Cambridge.

Clark, Francis.

Clark, Henry, M.D., 74 Marland Place,
Southampton.

Clay, J. Travis, F.G.S., Rastrick near
Huddersfield.

Coathupe, Charles Thornton, Clifton, Bris-
to]

Cobbold, John Chevallier, M.P., Tower
Street, Ipswich.

Cocker, Jonathan, Higher Broughton,
Manchester.

Compton, Lord Alwyne, Castle Ashby,
Northamptonshire.

Compton, Lord William, 145 Piccadilly,
London.

Consterdine, James, New Cannon Street,
Manchester.

Conway,Charles, Pontnwydd Works, New-
port, Monmouthshire.

Conybeare, Very Rev. William Daniel,
Dean of Llandaff, M.A., F.R.S.; The
Deanery, Llandaff.

Cooke, Arthur B., 6 Berkeley Place, Con-
naught Square, London.

Cooke, William Fothergill, Kidbrooke
near Blackheath.

Corbet, Richard, Adderley, Market Dray-
ton, Shropshire.

Cork, Cloyne and Ross, James Wilson,
D.D., Lord Bishop of, M.R.I.A., Cork.

Cotton, Alexander, Landwade, Cam-
bridgeshire.

Cotton, Rev. William Charles, M.A., New
Zealand. ;

Courtney, Henry, M.R.I.A., 24 Fitzwil-
liam Place, Dublin.

Cox, Joseph, F.G.S., Wisbeach, Cam-
bridgeshire.

Crampton, The HonourableJustice, LL.D.,
M.R.I1.A., 3 Kildare Place, Dublin.
Crewdson, Thomas D., Dacca Mills, Man-

chester.

Crichton, William, Glasgow.

Crompton, Rev. Joseph, Norwich.

Crooke, G. W., Liverpool.

Currer, Rev. Danson Richardson, Clifton
House, York.

Curtis, John Wright, Alton, Hants. .
Dalby, Rev. William, M.A., Rector of

Compton Basset near Calne, Wilts.
Dalton, Rev. James Edward, B.D.,

Queen’s College, Cambridge.
Danson, Joseph, 6 Shaw Street, Liverpool.
Darbishire, Samuel D., Manchester.

3

Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, M.D.,
F.R.S., Regius Professor of Botany, and
Aldrich’s Professor of Chemistry, in the
University of Oxford; Oxford.

Dawes, Rev. William Rutter, F.R.A.S.,
Wateringbury near Maidstone, Kent.
Dawson, Christopher H., Low Moor,

Bradford, Yorkshire.

Dawson, Henry, 14 St. James's Road,
Liverpool.

Dean, Sir Thos., Dundanion Castle, Cork.

Dent, Joseph, Ribston Hall, Wetherby,
York.

Dickinson, John, 66 Stephen’s Green,
Dublin.

Dikes, William Hey, I°.G.S., Wakefield.

Dilke, C. Wentworth, 76 Sloane Street,
London.

Dobbin, Leonard,jun., M.R.1.A., 27 Gar-
diner’s Place, Dublin. -

Dodsworth, Benjamin, Great Blake Street,
York.

Dodsworth, George, Fulford near York.

Donaldson, John, Professor of the Theory
of Music in the University of Edin-
burgh; Edinburgh.

Donkin, Thomas, F.R.A.S.,
Whitwell near York.

Dowden, Richard, Sunday’s Well, Cork.

Downie, Alexander.

Drury, William, M.D., Claremont Build-
ings, Shrewsbury.

Duncan, James, M.D., Farnham House,
Finglass, Co. Dublin.

Dunlop, William Henry, Annan Hill,
Kilmarnock.

Dunraven, Edwin, Ear] of, F.R.S., 3 Hal-
kin Street West, London.

Westow,

Earnshaw, Rev. Samuel, M.A., Sheffield.

Ebrington, Hugh, Viscount, 17 Grosvenor
Square, London. ;

Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bart.,
M.P., F.R.S., Oulton Park, Cheshire.
Ellis, Rev. Robert, A.M., Grimstone

House near Malton, Yorkshire.

Ellis, Thomas Flower, M.A., F.R.S., At-
torney-General of the Duchy of Lan-
caster; 15 Bedford Place, London.

Fone Jone Samuel, F.G.S., Enys, Corn-
wall.

Erle, Rev. Christopher, M.A., F.G.S.,
Hardwick Rectory near Aylesbury.
Evans, George Fabian, M.D., Waterloo

Street, Birmingham.

Exley, Rev. Thos,, M.A., Cotham, Bristol.

Eyre, George Edward, F.G.S., Warrens
near Lyndhurst, Hants.

Fairbairn, William, C.E., F.R.S., Man-
chester.

10*

4 MEMBERS TO WHOM

Faraday, Michael, D.C.L., F.R.S., Ful-
lerian Professor of Chemistry in the
Royal Institution of Great Britain ; 21
Albemarle Street, London.

Fellows, Sir Charles, F.R.G.S., 4 Mon-
tagu Place, Russell Square, London.
Fischer, William L. F., M.A., Professor of
Natural Philosophy in the University of

St. Andrew’s, Scotland.

Fisher, Rev. J. M., M.A., Lower Grove,
Brompton, London.

Fisher, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Luccombe
near Minehead, Somerset.

Fitzwilliam, Charles William, Earl, F.R.S.,
President of the Yorkshire Philosophi-
cal Society; Mortimer House, Halkin
Street, Grosvenor Place, London.

Fleming, Colonel James, Kinlochlaich,
Appin, Argyleshire.

Fleming, William M., Barochan, Ren-
frewshire.

Fleming, William, M.D., Manchester.

Fletcher, Samuel, Ardwick Place, Man-
chester.

Forbes, James David, Professor of Natural
Philosophy in the University of Edin-
burgh, Sec. R.S.E., F.R.S.; Edinburgh.

Forbes, John, M.D., F.R.S., 12 Old Bur-
lington Street, London.

Forrest, William Hutton, Stirling.

Forster, Robert, B.A., Springfield, Dun-
gannon, Ireland.

Forster, Thomas Emerson, 7 Ellison Place,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Forster, Wm., Ballynure, Clones, Ireland.

Foster, Chas. Finch, Mill Lane, Cambridge.

Foster, H. S. Brooklands, Cambridge.

Foster, John, M,A., Clapham, London.

Fowler, Robert, 23 Rutland Sq., Dublin.

Fox, Chas., Perran Arworthal near Truro.

Fox, Joseph Hayland, Wellington, So-
merset.

Fox, Robert Barclay, Falmouth.

Fox, Samuel Lindoe, Tottenham.

Frankland, Rev. Marmaduke Charles,
Malton, Yorkshire.

Freeland, Humphrey William, B 3 Al-
bany, London.

Fullarton, Allan, Greenock.

Gadesden, Augustus William, F.S.A.,
_ Leigh House, Lower Tooting, Surrey.
Gaskell, Samuel, 19 New Street, Spring
Gardens, London.
Gibson, George Stacey, Saffron Walden.
Gilbart, James Wm., F.R.S., London and
Westminster Bank, Lothbury, London.
Gilbert, John Dayies, M.A., F.R.S., Wast-
bourne, Sussex.
Gladstone, George,
Stockwell, London.

Stockwell Lodge,

Gladstone, John Hall, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
21 Tavistock Square, London.

Goodman, John, Salford, Lancashire.

Goodsir, John, F.R.S. L. & E., Professor
of Anatomy in the University of Edin-
burgh; 21 Lothian Street, «Edin-
burgh.

Gordon, James, 46 Park Street, Bristol.

Gordon, Rev. James Crawford, M.A., De-
lamont, Downpatrick, Downshire.

Gotch, Rev. Frederick William, B.A., 1
Cave Street, Bristol.

Gotch, Thomas Henry, Kettering.

Greme, James, Garvoch, Perth,

Graham, Thomas, M.A., F.R.S., Professor
of Chemistry in University College,
London ; 4 Gordon Square, London.

Grahame, Captain Duncan, Irvine, Scot-
land.

Grainger, John, Rose Villa, Belfast.

Grattan, Joseph, 94 Shoreditch, London.

| Graves, Rev. Charles, D.D., Professor of

Mathematics in the University of Dub-
lin, M.R.I.A.; 2 ‘Trinity College, Dub-
lin.

Graves, Rev. Richard Hastings, D.D.,
Brigown Glebe, Michelstown, Co. Cork.

Gray, Rev. David, M.A., F.R.S.E., Pro-
fessor of Natural Philosophy in the Ma-
rischal College and University, Aber-
deen.

-Gray, John, Greenock.

Gray, John Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S., Keep-
er of the Zoological Collections of the
British Museum; British Museum.

Gray, William, F.G.S., (Local Treasurer),
Minster Yard, York.

Greenaway, Edward, 9 River Terrace,
City Road, London.

Greswell, Rev. Richard, B.D., F.R.S.,
Beaumont Street, Oxford.

Griffin, John Joseph, Glasgow.

Griffith, Richard, M.R.L.A., F.G.S., Fitz-
william Place, Dublin.

Griffiths, 8S. Y., Oxford.

Grooby, Rev. James, M.A., F.R.A.S.,
Swindon, Wilts.

Guinness, Rev. William Smyth, M.A.,
Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow.

Gutch, John James, 88 Micklegate, York.

Habershon, Joseph, jun., The Holmes,
Rotherham, Yorkshire.

Hall, T. B., Coggeshall, Essex.

Hallam, Henry, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
Trust. Brit. Mus., 24 Wilton Crescent,
Knightsbridge, London.

Hamilton, Mathie, M.D., Glasgow.

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, LL.D.,
Astronomer Royal of Ireland, and
Andrew’s Professor of Astronomy in

_ the University of Dublin, M.R.I.A.,
F.R.A.S.; Observatory, Dublin.
Hamilton, William John, Sec. G.S., 14
Chesham Place, Belgrave Square, Lon-
don.
. Hamlin, Captain Thomas, Greenock.
Harcourt, Rev. William V. Vernon, M.A.,
F.R.S., Weldrake near York.
Harding, Wyndham, F.R.S., Wimbledon
a Park, Putney, Surrey.
Hare, Charles John, M.D., 9 Langham
: Place, London.
_ Harley, John, Wain Worn, Pontypool.
Harris, Alfred, Manningham Lodge near
Bradford, Yorkshire.
Harris, George William, 17 Park Street,
Westminster.
Harris, Henry, Heaton Hall, near Brad-
ford.
Harter, William, Hope Hall, Manchester.
Hartley, Jesse, Trentham St., Liverpool.
Harvey, Joseph Chas., Youghal, Co. Cork.
Hatton, James, Richmond House, Higher
Broughton, Manchester.
Haughton, William, 28 City Quay, Dublin.
Hawkins, John Isaac, C.E.
Hawkins, Thomas, F.G.S., 15 Great Or-
mond Street, London.
Hawkshaw, John, F.G.S.
Hawthorn, Robert, C.E., Newcastle-on-
Tyne.
Henry, Alexander, Portland Street, Man-
chester.
Henry, William Charles, M.D., F-R.S.,
Haffield near Ledbury, Herefordshire.
Henslow, Rev. John Stevens, M.A.,
F.L.S., Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, and Examiner in
_ Botany in the University of London;
Hitcham, Bildeston, Suffolk.
Herbert, Thomas, Nottingham.
Heywood, Sir Benjamin, Bart., F.R.S.,
9 Hyde Park Gardens, London.
Heywood, James, M.P., F.R.S., 5 Eaton
Place, London.
Heywood, Robert, Bolton.
Higson, Peter, Clifton near Bolton.
Hill, Rev. Edward, M.A., F'.G.S., Sheering
Rectory, Harlow.
Hill, Henry, Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall,
London.
_ Hill, Rowland, F.R.A.S., General Post
Office, London.
Hindimarsh, Frederick, 17 Bucklersbury,
_ London.
Hindmarsh, Luke, Alnwick, Northum-
berland. ;
Hoare, Rev. George Tooker, Selworthy,
___ Minehead, Somerset.
Hoblyn, Thomas, F.R.S., White Barnes,
Buntingford, Herts.

BOOKS ARE SUPPLIED GRATIS. 5

Hodgkin, Thomas, M.D., F.R.G.S., 35
Bedford Square, London.

Hodgkinson, Eaton, F.R.S., Professor of
the Mechanical Principles of Engi-
neering in University College, London ;
44 Drayton Grove, Brompton, London.

Hodgson, Adam, Everton, Liverpool.

Holden, Moses, 13 Jordan Street, Preston.

Holditch, Rev. Hamnet, M.A., Caius
College, Cambridge.

Holland, P. H., 86 Grosvenor Street,
Manchester.

Hollingsworth, John.

Hone, Nathaniel, M.R.D.S., 1 Fitzwilliam.
Square East, Dublin.

Hopkins, William, M.A., V.P.R.S., Cam-
bridge. é

Horner, Leonard, F.R.S., The Grove,
Highgate.

Horsfield, George.

Houldsworth, Henry,
Manchester.

Hoyle, John, 20 Brown Street, Man-
chester.

Hudson, Henry, M.D., M.R.I.A., 23
Stephen’s Green, Dublin.

Hull, William Darley, F.G.S., 15 Hatch

- Street, Dublin. =

Hulse, Edward, D.C,L., All Souls’ Col-
lege, Oxford.

Hutchison, Graham,
Square, Glasgow.

Hutton, Robert, M.R.I.A., F.G.S., Put-
ney Park, Surrey.

Hutton, William.

Newton Street,

16 Blythswood

>

Ibbetson, Captain Levett Landen Bos-
cawen, K.R.E., F.R.S., Clifton House,
Old Brompton, London.

Jackson, James Eyre, Tullydory, Black-
water Town, Armagh.

Jackson, Stephen, Butter Market, Ipswich.

Jacob, John, M.D., Maryborough.

Jardine, Sir William, Bart., F.R.S.E.,
Jardine Hall, Applegarth, by Lockerby,
Dumfriesshire.

Jee, Alfred S., 6 John Street, Adelphi,
London.

Jenkyns, Rev. Henry, D.D., Professor of
Divinity and Ecclesiastical History in
the University of Durham; Durham.

Jenyns, Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S.

Jerram, Rey. S. John, M.A., Witney,
Oxfordshire.

Jerrard, George Birch, B.A., Examiner
in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy
in the University of London; Long
Stratton, Norfolk.

Johnson, Thomas, Mosley Street, Man-
chester.

6

Johnston, James F. W., M.A., F.R.S.,
Professor of Chemistry in the Univer-
sity of Durham; Durham.

Johnstone, James, Alva near Alloa, Stir-
lingshire.

Johnstone, Sir John Vanden Bempde,
Bart., M.P., M.A., F.G.S., 27 Gros-
venor Square, London.

Jones, Christopher Hird, 2 Castle Street,
Liverpool.

Jones, Major Edward, 21 Athenzum St.,
Plymouth.

Jones, Josiah, 2 Castle Street, Liverpool.

Jones, Robert, 2 Castle Street, Liverpool.

Joule, Benjamin, jun., New Bailey Street,
Salford, Manchester.

Joule, James Prescott, F.R.S., Acton
Square, Salford.

Joy, Charles Ashfield, 45 Gloucester Road,
Regent’s Park, London.

Jubb, Abraham, Halifax.

Kay, John Robinson, Boss Lane House,
Bury, Lancashire.

Kay, Rev. William, M.A., Lincoln Col-
lege, Oxford.

Kelsall, Henry, Rochdale, Lancashire.

Kenrick, Samuel, Harborne Road, Edg-
baston, Birmingham.

Kerr, Archibald, Glasgow.

Kerr, Robert, jun., Glasgow.

Knowles, Edward R. J., 23 George Street,
Ryde, Isle of Wight.

Knowles, William, 15 Park Place, Clifton,
Bristol.

Knox, G. James, at C. G. Knox’s, Esq.,
7 Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, Lon-
don.

Lacy, Henry C., jun.

Laming, Richard, 1 Woodland Terrace,
New Charlton, near Woolwich.

Langton, William, Manchester.

Lansdowne, Henry, Marquis of, K.G.,
D.C.L., Trust. Brit. Mus., F.R.S., 54
Berkeley Square, London.

Larcom, Major Thomas A., R.E., F.R.S.,
Board of Works, Custom House, Dublin.

La Touche, David Charles, M.R.I.A.,
Castle Street, Dublin.

Laurie, James, Langholm near Carlisle.

Lawson, Andrew, Boroughbridge, York-
shire.

Leatham, Charles Albert, Wakefield.

Leatham, Edward Aldam, Wakefield.

Leather, John Towlerton, Leventhorpe
Hall near Leeds.

Lee, John, LL.D., F.R.S., 5 College,
Doctors’ Commons, London.

Leeson, Henry B., M.A., M.D., F.R.S.,
St. Thomas’s Hospital, and Greenwich.

ee

MEMBERS TO WHOM

Lefroy, Captain John Henry, R.A., F.R.S.
Magnetical Observatory, Toronto.

Legh, George Cornwall, M.P., F.G.5.,
High Legh, Cheshire.

Leinster, Augustus Frederick, Duke of,
M.R.I.A., 6 Carlton House Terrace,
London.

Le Mesurier, R. Arthur, M.A., Corpus
Christi College, Oxford.

Lemon, Sir Charles, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.,
46 Charles Street, Berkeley Square,
London.

Lemon, James, jun., Ardville, Belfast.

Liddell, Andrew, Glasgow.

Lindsay, Henry L., C.E., 33 Lower Rut-
land Street, Dublin.

Lingard, John R., Stockport, Cheshire.

Lister, Joseph Jackson, F.R.S., Upton,
Essex.

Lloyd, George, M.D., F.G.S., Stank Hill
near Warwick.

Lloyd, Rev. Humphrey, D.D., F.R.S.,
Vice-President of the Royal Irish Aca-
demy; 17 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.

Lloyd, George Whitelocke, 1 Park Square
West, Regent’s Park, London.

Lockey, Rev. Francis, Swanswick near
Bath.

Loftus, William Kennett, F.G.S., Stand
House, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Logan, William Edmond, F.R.S., Director
of the Geological Survey of Canada;
Montreal.

Lubbock, Sir John William, Bart., M.A.,
F.R.S., Mansion House St., London.

Lucas, William, St. Helen’s, Lancashire.

Luckcock, Howard, Oak Hill, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

Lundie, Cornelius, Syston by Grantham.

Lutwidge, Charies, M.A.

Lyell, Sir Charles, M.A., F.R.S., 11 Har-
ley Street, Cavendish Square, London.

McAll, Rev. Edward, Rector of Brigh-
stone, Newport, Isle of Wight.

McAndrew, Robert, F.R.S., 84 Upper
Parliament Street, Liverpool.

MacBrayne, Robert, Barony Glebe, Glas-
gow.

Macrory, Adam John, Duncairn, Belfast.

M«Connel, James, Manchester.

M°‘Culloch, George.

MacDonnell, Rev. Richard, D.D., Pro-
vost of Trinity College, and Professor
of Oratory in the University of Dublin,
M.R.1.A., Dublin.

McEwan, John, Glasgow.

McGee, William, M.D., 10 Donegall
Square East, Belfast.

Malcolm, Frederick, 4 Sion College, Lon-
don Wall, London.

:

BOOKS ARE SUPPLIED GRATIS. 7

Mallet, Robert, M.R.I.A., 98 Capel St.,
Dublin.

Manchester, James Prince Lee, D.D.,
Lord Bishop of, F.R.S., The Palace,
Manchester.

Marshall, James Garth, M.P., M.A.
F.G.S., Headingley near Leeds.

Martineau, Rev. James, 12 Mason Street,
Edge Hill, Liverpool.

Mason, Thomas, York.

Mather, Daniel, 58 Mount Pleasant, Li-
verpool.

Mather, John, 58 Mount Pleasant, Liver-

pool. .

Maxwell, Robert Percival, Finebrogue,
Downpatrick, Ireland.

Mayne, Rev. Charles, M.R.I.A., 22 Upper
Merrion Street, Dublin.

Meadows, James, York Place, Rusholme
near Manchester.

Meynell, Thomas, jun., F.L.S., Gillygate,
York.

Michell, Rev. Richard, B.D., Prelector
of Logic, Lincoln College, Oxford.

Miller, Patrick, M.D., Exeter.

Miller, William Allen, M.D., F.R.S.,
Professor of Chemistry in King’s Col-
lege, London.

Mills, John Robert, Bootham, York.

Milne, David, M.A., F.R.S.E., Edin-
burgh.

Moore, John Carrick, M.A., V.P.G.S.,
4 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington Gore,
London.

More, John Shank, Professor of the Law
of Scotland in the University of Edin-
burgh, F.R.S.E., 19 Great King Street,
Edinburgh.

Morris, Rev. Francis Orpen, B.A., Naffer-
ton Vicarage near Driffield, Yorkshire.

Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, G.C.St.S.,
M.A., F.R.S., Pres. R. Geogr. Soc.,
16 Belgrave Square, London.

Murray, John, C.E., 5 Whitehall, London.

Murray, William, Polmaise, Stirlingshire.

Muspratt, James Sheridan, Ph.D., Col-
lege of Chemistry, Liverpool.

Napier, Captain Johnstone (74th High-
landers), C. R. M°Grigor, Esq., 17
Charles Street, St. James’s, London.

Nasmyth, James, F.R. A. S., Patricroft
near Manchester.

Newall, Robert Stirling, Gateshead-upon-
Tyne.

Newman, Francis William, Professor of
Latin in University College, London;
7 Park Village East, Regent’s Park,
London,

Newman, William, Darley Hall near
Barnsley, Yorkshire.

Newman, William Lewin, F.R.A.S., St.
Helen’s Square, York.

Nicholls, John Ashton, F.R.A.S.,
wick Place, Manchester.

Nicholson, Cornelius, F.G.S., The Hill,
Hornsey, London.

Nicholson, John A., M.D., M.R.I.A.,
Balrath, Kells, Co. Meath.

Ard-

O’Reardon, John, M.D., 35 York Street,
Dublin.

Orlebar, A. B., M.A., Rottingdean near
Brighton.

Orpen, Charles Edward H., M.D., Cape
of Good Hope.

Osler, A. Follett, Birmingham.

Ossalinski, Count.

Outram, Sir Benjamin Fonseca, M.D.,
C.B., F.R.S., 1 Hanover Sq., London.

Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, D.D., Lord
Bishop of, F.R.S., 61 Eaton Place,
London.

Palmer, William, St. Giles’s, Oxford.

Parker, Charles Stewart, Liverpool.

Pasley, Major-General ‘Sir Charles Wil-
liam, Royal Engineers, C.B., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., 12 Norfolk Crescent, Hyde
Park, London.

Patterson, Robert, (Local Treasurer), 3
College Square North, Belfast.

Pattinson, Hugh Lee, F. R. S., Scots House,
Gateshead-upon-Tyne.

Pearsall, Thomas John, Agent and Lec-
turer to the Yorkshire Union of Insti-
tutes, Leeds; Leeds.

Peckover, Algernon, F.L.S., Wisbeach,
Cambridgeshire.

Peckover, Daniel, Woodhall near Brad-
ford, Yorkshire.

Peckover, William, F.S.A., Wisbeach,
Cambridgeshire.

Pedler, Lieut.-Colonel Philip Warren,
Mutley House near Plymouth.

Peel, George, Soho Iron Works, Man-
chester.

Perigal, Frederick, 28 Hereford Square,
Brompton, London.

Peters, Edward, Temple Row, Birming-
ham.

Philips, Mark, the Park near Manchester.
Phillips, J ohn, F.R.S., (Assistant General
Secretary,) St. Mary’ s Lodge, York.
Philpott, Rev. Henry, D.D., Master of

St. Catharine’s Hall, Cambridge.

Pike, Ebenezer, Besborough, Cork.

Pitt, George, 11 Pembridge Villas, Bays-
water, London.

Pollexfen, Rev. John Hutton, M.D., 4
Bedford Place, Clapham Rise, London.

Pontey, Alexander, Plymouth,

8 MEMBERS TO WHOM

Poppel well, Matthew, Rosella Place, Tyne-
mouth.

Porter, Henry John, Tandragee Castle,
Co. Armagh.

Portlock, Lieut.-Colonel Joseph Ellison,
Royal Engineers, F.R.S., Woolwich.
Powell, Rev. Baden, M.A., F.R.S., Savi-
lian Professor of Geometry in the Uni-
versity of Oxford; 6 Stanhope Street,

Hyde Park Gardens, London.

Pratt, Samuel Peace, F.R.S., Clarendon
Chambers, Hand Court, Bedford Row,
London.

Prestwich, Joseph, jun., F.G.S., 20 Mark
Lane, London.

Pretious, Thomas, Royal Dockyard, Pem-
broke.

Pritchard, Andrew, 162 Fleet Street, Lon-

on.

Prower, Rev. J. M., M.A., Swindon,
Wiltshire.

Pumphrey, Charles, New Town Row,
Birmingham.

Radford, William, M.D., Sidmouth.

Ramsay, Sir James, Bart., F.G.S,, Bamff
House, Perthshire.

Ramsay, William, M.A., F.S.S., Professor
of Humanity in the University of Glas-
gow, (Local Treasurer); The College,
Glasgow.

Rance, Henry, Cambridge.

Ransome, Robert, Iron Foundry, Ipswich.

Rawlins, John, Birmingham.

Rawson, Thomas William, Saville Lodge,
Halifax.

Read, William Henry Rudston, M.A.,
F.L.S., Hayton near Pocklington, Y ork-
shire.

Reade, Rev. Joseph Bancroft, M.A.,
F.R.S,, Stone Vicarage, Aylesbury.
Redfern, Peter, M.D., Lecturer in Ana-
tomy and Physiology in the University
of Aberdeen; 2 Crown Place East,

Aberdeen.

Renny, H. L., C.E., United Service Club,
Stephen’s Green, Dublin.

Richardson, Sir John, M.D., C.B., F.R.S.,
Haslar Hospital, Gosport.

Riddell, Captain Charles J. B., R.A.
F.R.S., Plumstead Common, Woolwich.

Roberts, Richard, Globe Works, Man-
chester.

Robinson, John, Shamrock Lodge, Ath-
lone, Ireland.

Robson, Rev. John, D.D., Glasgow.

Rogers, Rev. Canon, M,A., Redruth,
Cornwall.

Roget, Peter Mark, M.D., F.R.S., 18 Up-

_ per Bedford Place, Russell Sq., London.

Ross, Captain Sir James Clark, R.N.,

D.C.L., F.R.S., Aston House, Aston
Abbots, Aylesbury.

Rothwell, Peter, Bolton,

Roughton, William, jun.,
Northamptonshire.

Rowland, John, 30 Terminus Road, Brigh-
ton.

Rowntree, Joseph, Payement, York.

Rowntree, Joseph, Scarborough.

Royle, John Forbes, M.D., F.R,S., Pro-
fessor of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics in King’s College, London,
(General Secretary); Heathfield Lodge,

wActon, Middlesex. ;

Rushout, Capt. George (1st Life Guards),
M.P., F.G.S., 11 Charles Street, St.
James’s, London.

Russell, William J., Owen’s College,
Manchester.

Ryland, Arthur, Birmingham,

Kettering,

Sabine, Colonel Edward, Royal Artillery,
Treas. and Y.P.R.S., Woolwich.

Salter, Thomas Bell, M.D., F.L.S., Ryde,
Isle of Wight.

Sanders, William, F.G.S., (Local Trea-
surer), Park Street, Bristol.

Satterthwaite, Michael, M.D., Tulketh
Hall near Preston.

Schemman, J. C., Hamburgh; at L,
Thornton’s, Esq., The Elms, Highgate,
London.

Schlick, Le Chevalier.

Schofield, Robert, 1 Gresham Street, City,
London.

Scholes, T. Seddon, Prestwich near Man-
chester.

Scholey, William Stephenson, M,A., Clap-
ham, London.

Scholfield, Edward, M.D., Doncaster.

Scoresby, Rey. William, D.D,, F.R.S.,
Torquay.

Sedgwick, Rev, Adam, M.A., F.RS.,
Woodwardian Professor of Geology in
the University of Cambridge, and Canon
of Norwich; Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. ;

Shaen, William, 8 Bedford Row, London.
Shanks, James, C.E., 23 Garseube Place,
Glasgow.

Sharp, William, F.R,S., Rugby.

Sherrard, David Henry, 88 Upper Dorset
Street, Dublin.

Shortrede, Captain Robert, F.R.A.S.,
H.E.1I.C.’s Service, Aden.

Sillar, Zechariah, M.D., Rainford near
Liverpool.

Simpson, Rev. Samuel, Douglas, Isle of
Man.

Simpson, Thomas, M.D., Minster Yard,
York. i ‘ ;

A

,
i

BOOKS ARE SUPPLIED GRATIS. 9

Sirr, Rev. Joseph D’Arcy, D.D., M.R.LA.

Slater, William, Princess St., Manchester.

Sleeman, Philip, Windsor Terrace, Ply-
mouth.

Smith, Rev. Geo. Sidney, D.D., M.R.1.A.,
Professor of Biblical Greek in the Uni-
versity of Dublin; Aughalurcher, Five-
mile-Town, Co. Tyrone.

Smith, John, Welton Garth near Hull.

Smith, Rev. Joseph Denham, Kingstown
near Dublin. ,

Smith, Rev. Philip, B.A., Professor of

_ Mathematics in New College, London ;
53 New Finchley Road, St. John’s

_ Wood, London.

Smith, Robert Mackay, Bellevue Crescent,
Edinburgh.

Smyth, C. Piazzi, Professor of Practical
Astronomy in the University of Edin-
burgh; 1 Hill Side, Edinburgh.

Solly, Edward, F.R.S., Professor of Che~
mistry to the Horticultural Society of
London ; 15 Tavistock Square, London.

Solly, Samuel Reynolds, M.A., F.R.S.,
Surge Hill, King’s Langley, Herts.

Sopwith, Thomas, F.R.S., Allenheads,

. Haydon Bridge, Northumberland.

Spence, Joseph, Pavement, York.

Spiers, Richard James, 14 St. Giles’s
Street, Oxford.

Spottiswoode, William, M.A., F.R.S.,
New Street, Gough Square, London.

Squire, Lovell, Falmouth.

Stainton, James Joseph, Lewisham, Kent.

Stanger, Joshua, Keswick, Cumberland.

Stanger, William, M.D., Cape of Good
Hope.

Stokes, George Gabriel, M.A., F.R.S.,
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in
the University of Cambridge; Pem-
broke College, Cambridge.

Strickland, Arthur, Bridlington Quay,
Yorkshire.

Strickland, Charles, Loughglyn, Balla-
ghadereen, Ireland.

Sutcliffe, William, 4 Belmont, Bath.

_ Sykes, Lieut.-Col. William Henry, F.R.S.,
47 Albion Street, Hyde Park, London.

Tayler, Rev. John James, B.A., Man-
chester.

Taylor, James, Todmorden Hall, Lan-
cashire.

“Taylor, John, F.R.S., (General Trea-
surer), 6 Queen Street Place, Upper
Thames Street, London.

Taylor, John, jun., F.G.S., 6 Queen
Street Place, Upper Thames Street,
London.

Taylor, Richard, F.G.S., 6 Queen Stréet
Place, Upper ‘Thames Street, London.

Taylor, Captain Joseph Needham, R.N.

Taylor, Richard, F.L.S., Red Lion Court,
Fleet Street, London.

Tennant, James, F.G.S., Professor of Mi-
neralogy in King’s College, London;
149 Strand, London.

Thicknesse, Ralph A., M.P., Beech Hill
near Wigan.

Thodey, Winwood, 4 Poultry, London.

Thomas, George John, M.A., Clifton,
Bristcl.

Thompson, Corden, M.D., Sheffield.

Thompson, John, Little Stonegate, York, |

Thomson, James, M.A , C.E., 16 Donegall
Place, Belfast.

Thomson, James Gibson, Edinburgh.

Thomson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Pro-
fessor of Natural Philosophy in the
University of Glasgow.

Thornton, Samuel, The Elms, Highgate,
London.

Thorp, The Venerable Thomas, B.D.,
Archdeacon of Bristol, F.G.S., Kemer-
ton Rectory, Tewkesbury.

Tidswell, Benjamin K., Brown Street,
Manchester.

Tindal, Captain, R.N., Branch Bank of
England, Birmingham.

Tinné, John A., F.R.G.S., Briarly Aig-
burth, Liverpool.

Townsend, Richard E., Springfield, Nor-
wood.

Townsend, R. W., M.A., M.R.I.A., Derry
Ross, Carbery, Co. Cork.

Trevelyan, Arthur, Wallington, Northum-
berland.

Tuckett, Francis Fox, Frenchay, Bristol.

Tulloch, James, F.R.S., 16 Montague
Place, Russell Square, London.

Turnbull, Rev. Thomas Smith, M.A.,
F.R.S., Blofield, Norfolk.

Tweedy, Wm. Mansell, Truro, Cornwall.

Vallack, Rev. Benj. W. S., St. Budeaux
near Plymouth,

Vance, Rev. Robert, 5 Gardiner’s Row,
Dublin.

Vaux, Fred., 17 Red Lion Sq., London.

Vivian, H. Hussey, Swansea,

Vivian, John Henry, M.P., F.R.S., Sin-
gleton near Swansea.

Walker, John, Weaste House, Pendleton,
Manchester.

Walker, Joseph N., F.L.S., Calderston
near Liverpool.

Walker, Rev. Robt., M.A., F.R.S., Reader
in Experimental Philosophy in the Uni-
versity of Oxford; Oxford.

Walker, Thomas, 10 York Street, Man-
chester.

10 MEMBERS TO WHOM BOOKS ARE SUPPLIED GRATIS.

Wallace, Rev. Robert, F.G.S.; 20 Camden
Place, Bath.

Warburton, Henry, M.A., F.R.S., 45
Cadogan Place, Sloane Street, London.

Ward, William Sykes, Leathley Lodge,
Leeds.

Waterhouse, John, F.R.S., Halifax, York-
shire.

Watson, Henry Hough, Bolton-le-Moors.

Way, J. Thomas, Professor of Chemistry,
Royal Agricultural Society of England,
Hanover Square, London.

Weaver, Thos., F.R.S., 16 Stafford Row,
Pimlico, London.

Webb, Rev. Thos. Wm, M.A., Cloisters,
Gloucester.

Western, T. B., Felix Hall, Kelvedon,
Essex.

Westhead, Joshua Proctor, York House,
Manchester.

Whewell, Rev. William, D.D., F.R.S.,
Master of Trinity College, and Professor
of Moral Philosophy in the University
of Cambridge; Cambridge.

Whiteside, James, M.A., Q.C., M.P., 2
Mountjoy Square, Dublin.

Whitworth, Joseph, Manchester.

Wickenden, Joseph, F.G.S., Birmingham.

Wilberforce, The Venerable Archdeacon
Robert J., Burton Agnes, Driffield,
Yorkshire.

Willert, Paul Ferdinand, Manchester.

Williams, Caleb, Micklegate, York.

Williams, Wm., 6 Rood Lane, London.

Williams, Rev. D., D.C.L., Warden of
New College, Oxford.

Williamson, Alex. W., Ph. D., Professor of
Practical Chemistry in University Col-
lege, London.

Williamson, Rev. William, B.D., Datch-
worth Rectory near Stevenage.

Wills, William, Edgbaston near Birming-
ham.

Wilson, Alexander, F.R.S., 34 Bryan-
stone Square, London.

Wilson, Capt. F. (52nd Light Infantry),
Dallam Tower, Milnthorp, Westmore-
land.

Wilson, John, Dundyvan, Glasgow.

Wilson, John, Bootham, York.

Wilson, Sumner, Southampton.

Wilson, Thomas, Crimbles House, Leeds.

Wilson, William Parkinson, M.A., Pro-
fessor of Mathematics in Queen’s Col-
lege, Belfast.

Winsor, F. A., 57 Lincoln’s Inn Fields,
London.

Winterbottom, James Edward, M.A.,
F.L.S., East Woodhay, Hants.

Wollaston, Thomas Vernon, M.A., F.L.S.,
95 Thurloe Sq., Brompton, London,

Wood, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles, Bart., M.P.,
Hickleston Hall, Doncaster.

Wood, John, St. Saviourgate, York.

Wood, Rev. William Spicer, M.A., Oak-
ham, Rutlandshire.

Woodd, Charles H. L., F.G.S., Hillfield,
Hampstead.

Woodhead, G., Mottram near Manchester.

Woods, Edward, 7 Church Street, Edge-
hill, Liverpool.

Worcester, Henry Pepys, D.D., Lord Bi-
shop of, 24 Grosvenor Place, London.

Wormald, Richard, 12 Little Tower Street,
City, London.

Worthington, Robert, Cheetham Hill near
Manchester.

Wright, Robert Francis, Hinton Blewett,
Somersetshire.

Yarborough, George Cooke, Camp’sMount,
Doncaster.

Yates, Joseph Brooks, F.R.G.S., West
Dingle near Liverpool.

Yates, R. Vaughan, ‘Toxteth Park, Liver-

pool.
York, Colonel Philip, F.R.S., 89 Eaton
Place, Belgrave Square, London.
Younge, Robert, M.D., Greystones near
Sheffield.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS. 11

\
ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS.

Alison, William P., M.D., F.R.S.Ed.,
Professor of the Practice of Physic in
the University of Edinburgh; Edin-
burgh.

Allman, George J., M.D., M.R.1.A., Pro-
fessor of Botany in the University of
Dublin; Trinity College, Dublin.

Anderson, Sir James, Glasgow.

Argyle, The Duke of, F.R.S., Hamilton
Place, Piccadilly, London, and Inverary
Castle, Inverary, Scotland.

Atkinson, John, Daisy Bank, Victoria
Park, Manchester.

Bakewell, Frederick, 6 Haverstock Ter-
race, Hampstead, London.

Bangor, Viscount, Castle Ward, Co. Down,
Treland.

Barrington,
Ireland.

Barrington, Richard, jun., Trafalgar Ter-
race, Kingstown, Ireland.

Barton, James, Newry near Belfast.

Bateson, Sir Robert, Bart., Belvoir Park,
Belfast.

Becker, Dr. Ernest, Buckingham Palace,
London.

Beke, Charles T., Ph.D., F.S.A., 34 Cum-

_ ming Street, Pentonville, London.

Benson, Starling, Gloucester Place, Swan-
sea.

Bossey, Francis, M.D., Woolwich.

Brazier, James S., Marischal College and
University, Aberdeen.

Brewster, Sir David, K.H., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., V.P.R.S. Ed., Principal of the
United College of St. Salvater and St.
Leonard, St. Andrew’s.

Brown, William, 25 Dublin Street, Edin-
burgh.

Bruce, Rev. William, Belfast.

Busk, George, F.R.S., Gloucester Cres-
cent, Greenwich.

Byrne, Rev. James, Ergenagh Rectory,
Omagh, Co. Armagh.

Edward, Fassdroe, Bray,

Campbell, William, Donegall Square West,
Belfast.

Carlile, Hugh. M.A., M.D., Professor of
Anatomy and Physiology, and Practical
Anatomy in Queen’s College, Belfast ;
8 Prospect Place, Belfast.

Carpenter, William Benj., M.D., F.R.S.,
Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in
University College, London; Univer-
sity Hall, Gordon Square, London.

Cheshire, Edward, 12 St. James’s Square,
London.

Claudet, A., F.R.S., 107 Regent Street,
London.

Clibborn, Edward, Royal Irish Academy,
Dublin.

Colfox, William, jun., B.A., Bridport,
Dorsetshire.

Connal, Michael, Glasgow.

Cooper, Henry, M.D., Hull.

Crawford, Alexander, jun., Mount Charles,
Belfast.

Cull, Richard, Hon. Sec. Ethnological
Society; 13 Tavistock Street, Bedford
Square, London.

Cunningham, John, Macedon, Belfast.

Dale, John A,, M.A., 11 Holywell Street,
Oxford.

Darby, Rev. Jonathan L., Acton Glebe,
Loughbrickland, Ireland.

Da Silva, Johnson, Highbury Park South,
London.

Dawson, William E., Plumstead Common,
near Woolwich.

Dennis, J. C., F.R.A.S., 122 Bishopsgate
Street, London.

Dickie, George, M.D., Professor of Natural
History in Queen’s College, Belfast ;
Botanic View, Belfast.

Dickson, Peter, 24 Chester Terrace, Re-
gent’s Park, London.

Dixon, Rev. Robert, M.A., Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin.

Dobbin, Orlando T., LL.D., M.R.I.A.,,
Hull College, Hull.

Domville, William C., F.Z.S., 5 Gros-
venor Square, London.

Donaldson, Rev. J.W., D.D., Bury St. Ed-
munds.

Drennan, Dr., Chichester Street, Belfast.

Dublin, Richard Whately, D.D., Arch-
bishop of ; the Palace, Dublin.

Dufferin and Claneboy, Viscount, Clande-
boye, Holywood, Belfast.

Dunville, William, Richmond Lodge,
Belfast.

Edgar, Rev. John, D.D., Professor of
Systematic Divinity in the General As-
sembly’s College, Belfast; University
Square, Belfast.

Edmonston, Rev. John, Selkirk.

Evans, G. F. D., M.D., St. Mary’s Sireet,
Bedford.

Everest, Lt.-Colonel George, Bengal Ar-
tillery, F.R.S., 10 Westbourne Street,
Hyde Park, London.

Fenton, Samuel Greame, 9 CollegeSquare,
Belfast.

12 ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS.

Ferguson, John C., M.A., M.B., Pro-
fessor of the Practice of Medicine in
Queen’s College, Belfast.

Fowler, Richard, M.D., F.R.S., Salis-
bury.

Garrett, James R., Holywood, Belfast.

Gassiot, John P., F.R.S., Clapham Com-
mon,’ London.

Gibson, James, North Frederick Street,
Dublin.

Gladstone, Thomas Murray, Parsonage,
Donegall Pass, Belfast.

Godwin, John, C.E., Professor of Civil
Engineering in Queen’s College, Bel-
fast; Woodhouse, Rostrevor, Ire-
land.

Goodbody, Jonathan, Clara, King’s Co.,
Treland.

Graham, John B., Lavender Sweep, Clap-
ham Common, London.

Greenwood, William, Stones, Todmorden,
Lancashire.

Hancock, Charles Brownlow, 12 Wel-
lington Place, Belfast.

Hancock, John, Lurgan, Co. Armagh.

Hancock, W. Neilson, LL.D., Professor
of Jurisprudence and Political Economy
in Queen’s College, Belfast.

Harcourt, Rev. L. Vernon, West Dean
House, Chichester.

Hawkes, William, Eagle Foundry, Bir-
mingham.

Henfrey, Arthur, F.R.S., Lecturer on Bo-
tany at St. George’s Hospital; 3 Down-
shire Hill, Hampstead, London.

Herdman, John, 9 Wellington Place,
Belfast.

Hervey, The Rev. The Lord Arthur,
Ickworth, Suffolk.

Heyn, Gustavus, Belfast.

Hill, William. F.R.A.S., Worcester.

Hincks, Rey. Edward, D.D., Killyleagh,
Ireland.

Hincks, Rev. T. D., LL.D., 7 Murray’s
Terrace, Belfast.

Hodges, John F., M.D., Professor of
Agriculture in Queen’s College, Belfast;
23 Queen Street, Belfast.

Hodgkinson, Rev. G. C., M.A., Training
Institution, York.

Hudson, Robert, F.R.S., Clapham Com-
mon, London.

Hunt, Robert, Keeper of Mining Records,
Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn
Street, London.

Huxley, Thomas H., F.R.S., 4 Upper
York Place, St. John’s Wood, Lon-
don.

Hyndman, George C , Belfast.

Ingram, John Kells, LL.D., Erasmus
Smith’s Professor of Oratory in the
University of Dublin; Dublin.

Jacobs, Bethel, Hull.

Jellett, John H., Trinity College, Dublin.

Jennings, Francis M., Cork.

Johnston, A. Keith, 4 St. Andrew Square,
Edinburgh.

Kay, Alexander, Church Bank, Bowdon
near Altrincham, Cheshire. t

Kelly, John, C.E., Dublin.

Kirkwood, Anderson, 1 Mansfield Place,
Glasgow.

Lankester, Edwin, M.D., F.R.S., 22 Old
Burlington Street, London.

Latham, R. G., M.D., F.R.S., Upper
Southwick Street, Edgware Road, Lon-
don.

Lawson, Henry, F.R.S., Lansdown Cres-
cent, Bath.

Leslie, T. E. Cliffe, LL.B., Leeson Street,
Dublin.

MacAdam, James, jun., Beavor Hall,
Belfast.

MacAdam, Robert, 18 College Square
East, Belfast.

Macaldin, J. J., M.D., Coleraine.

M°Cosh, Rev. James, M.A., Professor of
Logic and Metaphysics in Queen’s
College, Belfast.
M°Coy, F., Professor of Mineralogy and
Geology in Queen’s College, Belfast.
MeDermoti, Edward, 11 The Terrace,
Camberwell, London.

MacLaren, Charles, Moreland Cottage,
Grange Loan, Edinburgh.

M«Mechan,J ohn, M.D., Whitehouse near
Belfast.

Malcolm, A. G., M.D., 49 York Street,
Belfast.

Marland, James
Place, Dublin.

Marshall, James D., Holywood near Bel-
fast.

Maxwell, John Waring, Finebrogue near
Downpatrick. 3:

May, Charles, F.R.A.S., St. Margaret’s,
Ipswich.

Molony, William, LL.D., Carrickfergus.

Moore, Dr. Joseph, 10 Savile Row, London.

Mullan, William, Belfast.

Murney, Henry, M.D., 10 Chichester
Street, Belfast.

Murphy, Joseph John, ,Glengall Place,
Belfast.

Murray, William, F.G.S., President of
Anderson’s University, Glasgow.

William, Mountjoy

ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS. 13

Neale; Edward V., 34 Charles Street,
Berkeley Square, London.

Neild, William, Mayfield, Manchester.

Neville, Parke, C.E., Town Hall, Dublin.

Newport, George, F.R.S., 55 Cambridge
Street, Hyde Park Square, London.

Nicolay, Rev, C. G., King’s College,
Strand, London,

Nourse, William E.C., F.R.C.P. Lond., 28
Bryahstone Street, Bryanstone Square.

Peach, C. W., Peterhead, Aberdeen.

Perey, John, M.D., F.R.S.; Museum of
Practical Geology, Jermyn Street,
London.

Petrie, William, Ecclesbourne Cottage,
Woolwich.

Purdon, Thomas Henry, M.D., Belfast.

Ramsay, Andrew C., F.R.S., Director of
the Geological Survey of Great Britain,
Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn
Street, Londoui.

Randall, William B., 146 High Street,
Southampton.

Rankin, Rev. Thos., Huggate, Yorkshire.

~ Rankine, W. J. Macquorn, C.E., F.R.S.,

59 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.

Read, Thomas, M.D., Donegall Square
West, Belfast.

Ricardo, M., Brighton.

Robinson, C.B., The Shrubbery, Leicester.

Robinson, Rev. George, Tartaraghan

_ Glebe, Loughgall, Ireland.

Ronalds, Francis, F.R.S., Chiswick.

Round, Daniel George, Hange Colliery,
near Tipton.

Ryan, John, M.D., 23 Stepney Green,
London.

Saull, W. D., F.S.A., F.G.S., Aldersgate
Street, London,

Shewell, J. T., Rushmere, Ipswich.

Simms, William, Albion Place, Belfast.

Sloper, George Elgar, Devizes.

Sloper, Samuel W., Devizes.

Smith, Robert Angus, Ph.D., Cavendish
Street, Manchester.

Smith, William, Woodside Works, Paisley.

Smyth, John, jun., Milltown, Banbridge,
Ireland. -

Spence, William, F.R.S., 18 Lower Sey-
mour Street, Portman Square, London.

Spence, W. B., 18 Lower Seymour Street,
Portman Square, London.

Stevelly, John, LL.D., Professor of Na-
tural Philosophy in Queen’s College;
Belfast.

Stewart, Robert, M.D., The Asylum,
Belfast.

Talbot, William Hawkshead, Wrighting-
ton neat Wigan.

Teschemacher, E. F., 4 Park Terrace,
Highbury, London.

Thomson, Gordon A., Bedeque House,
Belfast.

Thomson, Alexander, Banchory House,
by Aberdeen.

Thorburn, William Reid, M.A., Starkies,
Bury, Lancashire.

Tooke, Thomas, F.R.S.,; 31 Spring Gar-
dens, London.

Twining, Richard, F.R.S., 13 Bedford
Place, Russell Square, London.

Tyndall, John, Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of
Natural Philosophy in the Royal Insti-
tution of Great Britain, Albemarle
Street, London.

Walker, Charles V., Electric Telegraph,
South Eastern Railway, Tunbridge.
Warington, Robert, F.C.S., Apothecaries’
Hall, London.

Watt, William, Glasgow.

Watts, John King, St. Ives, Huntingdon-
shire.

Whitla, Valentine, Beneden, Belfast.

Wigham, Robert, Norwich.

Wilde, William R., Dublin.

Wornell, George, 4 North Parade, St,
Giles’s, Oxford.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE.

The Published Reports of Proceedings ai the Meetings of the Association
may be obtained by Members on application to the under-mentioned Local
Treasurers, or Agents appointed by them, at the following prices, viz.—Re-
ports for 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852 at two-thirds of the Publication Price ;
and for the purpose of completing their sets, any of the first seventeen volumes,
of which more than 100 copies remain, at one-third of the Publication Price.

TREASURER. DEPOT FOR THE REPORTS.

LONDON ....essseeeeeeeeeeD0hn Taylor, Esq. Messrs. Taylor & Francis, Printing

G Queen Street Place, Upper Thames Street, Office, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

LOCAL TREASURERS. DEPOTS.
YORK ceoee ered cue Weocess a William Grays Hsy.\<...cetaees Yorkshire Museum.
CAMBRIDGE serseseseeee C. C. Babington, Esq. ....... -.House of the Philosophical Society.
EDINBURGH ceseeeeveres William Brand, Esq. ......... Union Bank of Scotland.
PUBDING cccoeestes cvccecesDEMOPpens osdeines. oe seeeeeseeeeto SOUtH Frederick Street.
BRISTOL .essceeeeee .... William Sanders, Esq........--Philosophical Institution, Park Street.
BIRMINGHAM .....s0000.e.W. R. Wills, Esq.....0..0000e. .. Birmingham.
GLASGOW .sscevseeeevens Professor Ramsay..........s.00+ The College.
sp, Mr. Orme, Chapel Walks, Cross Street.

MANCHESTER «+... ....G. W. Ormerod, Esq. ...... Winchester: ? ’
SOUTHAMPTON seosseoee John Sadleir Moody, Esq. ...Southampton.
SWANSEA ccseeeees «s-ee.J0hn Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq. ...Swansea.
IPSWICH cecoessseese «J. B. Alexander, Esq, ....... ..North Gate House, Ipswich.
BELFAST coscssccsceeseeees Robert Patterson, Esq.........High Street, Belfast.

Associates for the Meeting in 1852 may obtain the Volume forthe Year at the same price
as Members.

PROCEEDINGS or rue FIRST anp SECOND MEETINGS, at York
and Oxford, 1831 and i832, Published at 13s. 6d.

Contents :—Prof. Airy, on the Progress of Astronomy ;—J. W. Lubbock, on the Tides ;
—Prof. Forbes, on the Present State of Meteorology ;—Prof. Powell, on the Present State
of the Science of Radiant Heat ;—Prof. Cumming, on Thermo-Electricity ;—Sir D. Brewster,
on the Progress of Optics;—Rev. W. Whewell, on the Present State of Mineralogy ;—Rev.
W. D. Conybeare, on the Recent Progress and Present State of Geology ;—Dr, Prichard’s
Review of Philological and Physical Researches.

Together with Papers on Mathematics, Optics, Acoustics, Magnetism, Electricity, Chemistry,
Meteorology, Geography, Geology, Zoology, Anatomy, Physiology, Botany, and the Arts;
and an Exposition of the Objects and Plan of the Association, &c.

PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRD MEETING nfs Cambridge, 1833,
Published at 12s.

ConTENTS :—Proceedings of the Meeting 3—John Taylor, on Mineral Veins ;—Dr.
Lindley, on the Philosophy of Botany ;—Dr. Henry, on the Physiology of the Nervous Sy-
stem ;—P. Barlow, on the Strength of Materials ;—S. H. Christie, on the Magnetism of the
Earth ;—Rev. J. Challis, on the Analytical Theory of Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics ;—
G. Rennie, on Hydraulics as a Branch of Engineering, Part I.;—Rev. G. Peacock, on certain
Branches of Analysis.

Together with papers on Mathematics and Physics, Philosophical Instruments and Mecha-
nical Arts, Natural History, Anatomy, Physiology, and History of Science.

PROCEEDINGS of tut FOURTH MEETING, at Edinburgh, 1834,
Published at 15s.

Contents :—H. D. Rogers, on the Geology of North America;—Dr. C. Henry, on the
Laws of Contagion ;—Prof. Clark, on Animal Physiology ;—Rev. L. Jenyns, on Zoology ;—
Rey. J. Challis, on Capillary Attraction ;—Prof. Lloyd, on Physical Optics ;—G. Rennie, on
Hydraulics, Part II. F

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, and Recommendations of the Association
and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tut FIFTH MEETING, at Dublin, 1835, Pud-
lished at 13s. 6d.

Contents :—Rev. W. Whewell, on the Recent Progress and present Condition of the
Mathematical Theories of Electricity, Magnetism, and Heat;—A. Quetelet, Apercu de
VEtat actuel des Sciences Mathématiques chez les Belges ;—Capt. E. Sabine, on the Phe-
nomena of Terrestrial Magnetism.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof. Sir W. Hamilton’s Address, and Re-
commendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tHe SIXTH MEETING, at Bristol, 1836, Pub-
lished at 12s.

Contents :—Prof. Daubeny, on the Present State of our Knowledge with respect to Mine-
ral and Thermal Waters ;—Major E. Sabine, on the Direction and Intensity of the Terrestrial
Magnetic Force in Scotland ;—J. Richardson, on North American Zoology ;—Rev. J. Challis,
on the Mathematical Theory of Fluids ;—J. T. Mackay, a Comparative View of the more
remarkable Plants which characterize the neighbourhood of Dublin and Edinburgh, and the
South-west of Scotland, &c.;—J. T. Mackay, Comparative Geographical Notices of the
more remarkable Plants which characterize Scotiand and Ireland ;—Report of the London Sub-
Committee of the Medical Section on the Motions and Sounds of the Heart;—Second Report
of the Dublin Sub-Committee on the Motions and Sounds of the Heart ;—Report of the Dublin
Committee on the Pathology of the Brain and Nervous System ;—J. W. Lubbock, Account
of the Recent Discussions of Observations of the Tides ;—Rev. B. Powell, on determining the
Refractive Indices for the Standard Rays of the Solar Spectrum in various media;—Dr. Hodgkin,
on the Communication between the Arteries and Absorbents ;—Prof. Phillips, Report of Experi-
ments on Subterranean Temperature ;—Prof. Hamilton, on the Validity of a Method recently
proposed by G. B. Jerrard, for Transforming and Resolving Equations of Elevated Degrees.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof. Daubeny’s Address, and Recommen-
dations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS of route SEVENTH MEETING, at Liverpool, 1837,
Published at 16s. 6d.

ConTENnTs :—Major E. Sabine, on the Variations of the Magnetic Intensity observed at dif-
ferent points of the Earth’s Surface;—Rev. W. Taylor, on the various modes of Printing for
the Use of the Blind ;—J. W. Lubbock, on the Discussions of Observations of the Tides ;—
Prof. T. Thomson, on the Difference between the Composition of Cast Iron produced by the
Cold and Hot Blast ;—Rev. I. R. Robinson, on the Determination of the Constant of Nutation
by the Greenwich Observations ;—R. W. Fox, Experiments on the Electricity of Metallic
Veins, and the Temperature of Mines ;-—Provisional Report of the Committee of the Medical
Section of the British Association, appointed to investigate the Composition of Secretions, and
the organs producing them ;—Dr. G. O. Rees, Report from the Committee for inquiring into
the Analysis of the Glands, &c. of the Human Body ;—Second Report of the London Sub-Com-
mittee of the British Association Medical Section, on the Motions and Sounds of the Heart ;—
Prof. Johnston, on the Present State of our knowledge i in regard to Dimorphous Bodies;—Lt.-
Col. Sykes, on the Statistics of the Four Collectorates of Dukhun, under the British Govern-
ment ;—E. Hodgkinson, on the relative Strength and other Mechanical Properties of Iron ob-
tained from the Hot and Cold Blast ;—W. Fairbairn, on the Strength and other Properties of
Iron obtained from the Hot and Coid Blast ;—Sir J. Robison, and J. S. Russell, Report of the
Committee on Waves ;—Note by Major Sabine, being an Appendix to his Report on the Vari-
ations of the Magnetic Intensity observed at different Points of the Earth’s Surface ;—J. Yates,
on the Growth of Plants under glass, and without any free communication with the outward
Air, on the Plan of Mr. N. J. Ward, of London,

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof. Traill’s Address, and Recommenda-
tions of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tur EIGHTH MEETING, at Newcastle, 1838,
Published at 15s.

ConTENTs :—Rev. W. Whewell, Account of a Level Line, measured from the Bristol Chan-
nel to the English Channel, by Mr. Bunt ;—Report on the Discussions of Tides, prepared
under the direction of the Rev. W. Whewell;—W. S. Harris, Accotint of the Progress and
State of the Meteorological Observations at Plyniouth ;—Major E. Sabine, on the Magnetic
Isoclinal and Isodynamic Lines in the British Islands;—D. Lardner, LL:D., on the Deterii-
nation of the Mean Numerical Values of Railway Constants ;—R. Mallet, First Report upon
Experiments upon the Action of Sea and River Water upon Cast and Wrought Iron ;—R.
Mallet, on the Action of a Heat of 212° Fahr., when long continued, on Inorganic and Or.
ganic Substances.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Mr. Murchison’s Address, and Recommen-
dations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tuz NINTH MEETING, at Birmingham, 1839,
Published at 13s. 6d.

ConTEnTs :—Rey. B. Powell, Report on the Present State of our Knowledge of Refractive
Indices, for the Standard Rays of the Solar Spectrum in different media ;—Report on the Ap-
plication of the Sum assigned for Tide Calculations to Rev. W. Whewell, in a Letter from T. G.
Bunt, Esq. ;—H. L. Pattinson, on some galvanic Experiments to determine the Existence or
Non-Existence of Electrical Currents among Stratified Rocks, particularly those of the Moun-
tain Limestone formation, constituting the Lead Measures of Alston Moor ;—Sir D. Brewster,
Reports respecting the two series of Hourly Meteorological Observations kept in Scotland ;—
Report on the subject of a series of Resclutions adopted by the British Association at their
Meeting in August 1838, at Newcastle ;—R. Owen, Report on British Fossil Reptiles ;—E.
Forbes, Report on the Distribution of pulmoniferous Mollusca in the British Isles;—W. 8S.
Harris, Third Report on the Progress of the Hourly Meteorological Register at the Plymouth
Dockyard.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Rev. W. Vernon Harcourt’s Address, and
Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or rut TENTH MEETING, at Glasgow, 1840,
Published at 15s.

ConTENTS :—Rev. B. Powell, Report on the recent Progress of discovery relative to Radiant
Heat, supplementary to a former Report on the same subject inserted in the first volume of the
Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ;—J. D. Forbes, Supple-
mentary Report on Meteorology ;—W. S. Harris, Report on Prof. Whewell’s Anemometer,
now in operation at Plymouth ;—Report on “ The Motions and Sounds of the Heart,” by the
London Committee of the British Association, for 1839-40 ;—Prof. Schénbein, an Account of
Researches in Electro-Chemistry ;—R. Mallet, Second Report upon the Action of Air and
Water, whether fresh or salt, clear or foul, and at various temperatures, upon Cast Iron,
Wrought Iron and Steel; —R. W. Fox, Report on some Observations on Subterranean Tem-
perature ;—A. F,, Osler, Report on the Observations recorded dung the years 1837, 1888, 1839
and 1840, by the Self-registering Anemometer erected at the Philosophical Institution, Bir-
mingham ;—Sir D. Brewster, Report respecting the two Series of Hourly Meteorological Ob-
servations kept at Inverness and Kingussie, from Nov. Ist, 1838 to Nov. Ist, 1839;—W.
Thompson, Report on the Fauna of Ireland: Diy. Vertebrata ;—C. J. B. Williams, M.D.,
Report of Experiments on the Physiology of the Lungs and Air-Tubes ;—Rev. J. S. Henslow,
Report of the Committee on the Preservation of Animal and Vegetable Substances.

Todether with the Transactions of the Sections, Mr. Murchison and Major E. Sabine’s
Address, and Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tos ELEVENTH MEETING, at Plymouth,
1841, Published at 13s. Gd.

ConTENTs :—Reyv. P. Kelland, on the Present State of our Theoretical and Experimental
Knowledge of the Laws of Conduction of Heat ;—G. L. Roupell, M.D., Report on Poisons ;—
T. G. Bunt, Report on Discussions of Bristol Tides, under the direction of the Rev. W. Whewell ;
—D. Ross, Report on the Discussions of Leith Tide Observations, under the direction of the
Rev. W. Whewell ;—W. S. Harris, upon the working of Whewell’s Anemometer at Plymouth
during the past year ;—Report of a Committee appointed for the purpose of superintend-
ing the scientific co-operation of the British Association in the System of Simultaneous Obser-
vations in Terrestrial Magnetism and Meteorology ;—Reports of Committees appointed to pro-
vide Meteorological Instruments for the use of M. Agassiz and Mr. M‘Cord ;—Report of a
Committee to superintend the reduction of Meteorological Observations ;—Report of a Com-
mittee for revising the Nomenclature of the Stars ;—Report of a Committee for obtaining In-
struments and registers to record Shocks of Earthquakes in Scotland and Ireland ;—Report of

a Committee on the Preservation of Vegetative Powers in Seeds ;-—Dr. Hodgkin, on Inquiries
into the Races of Man;—Report of the Committee appointed to report how far the Desiderata
in our knowledge of the Condition of the Upper Strata of the Atmosphere may be supplied by
means of Ascents in Balloons or otherwise, to ascertain the probable expense of such Experi-
ments, and to draw up Directions for Observers in such circumstances ;—R. Owen, Report
on British Fossil Reptiles ;—Reports on the Determination of the Mean Value of Railway
Constants ;—D. Lardner, LL.D., Second and concluding Report on the Determination of the
Mean Value of Railway Constants ;—E. Woods, Report on Railway Constants pines bee ofa
Committee on the Construction of a Constant Indicator for Steam-Engines,

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof. Whewell’s Address, and Recommen-
dations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tHe TWELFTH MEETING, at Manchester,
1842, Published at 10s, 6d.

Contents :— Report of the Committee appointed to conduct the co-operation of the British
Association in the System of Simultaneous Magnetical and Meteorological Observations ;—
J. Richardson, M.D., Report on the present State of the Ichthyelogy of New Zealand ;—
W.S. Harris, Report on the Progress of Meteorological Observations at Plymouth ;—Second
Report of a Committee appointed to make Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds;
—C, Vignoles, Report of the Committee on Railway Sections;—Report of the Committee
for the Preservation of Animal and Vegetable Substances ;—Lyon Playfair, M.D., Abstract
of Prof, Liebig’s Report on ‘‘ Organic Chemistry applied to Physiology and Pathology ;”—
R. Owen, Report on the British Fossil Mammalia, Part I.;—8. Hunt, Researches on the
Influence of Light on the Germination of Seeds and the Growth of Plants ;—L. Agassiz, Report
on the Fossil Fishes of the Devonian System or Old Red Sandstone ;—W. Fairbairn, Ap-
pendix to a Report on the Strength and other Properties of Cast Iron obtained from the Hot
and Cold Blast ;—D. Milne, Report of the Committee for registering Shocks of Earthquakes
in Great Britain ;—Report of a Committee on the Construction of a Constant Indicator for Steam-
Engines, and for the determination of the Velocity of the Piston of the Self-acting Engine at
different periods of the Stroke;—J. S. Russell, Report of a Committee on the form of Ships ;
—Report of a Committee appointed “to consider of the rules by which the Nomenclature of
Zoology may be established on a uniform and permanent basis ; ”—Report of a Committee on
the Vital Statistics of large Towns in Scotland ;—Provisional Reports, and Notices of Progress
in Special Researches entrusted to Committees and Individuals,

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Lord Francis Egerton’s Address, and Re-
commendations of the Association and its Committees,

PROCEEDINGS or tur THIRTEENTH MEETING, at Cork,
1843, Published at 12s.

ContTENTS:—Robert Mallet, Third Report upon the Action of Air and Water, whether
fresh or salt, clear or foul, and of Various Temperatures, upon Cast fron, Wrought Iron and
Steel;—-Report of the Committee appointed to conduct the co-operation of the British As-
sociation in the System of Simultaneous Magnetical and Meteorological Observations ;——Sir
J. F. W. Herschel, Bart., Report of the Committee appointed for the Reduction of Meteoro-
logical Observations ;—Report of the Committee appointed for Experiments on Steam-
Engines ;—Report of the Committee appointed to continue their Experiments on the Vitality
of Seeds ;—J. S. Russeil, Report of a Series of Observations on the Tides of the Frith of
Forth and the East Coast of Scotland;—J. §. Russell, Notice of a Report of the Committee
on the Form of Ships ;—J. Blake, Report on the Physiological Action of Medicines ;—Report
of the Committee on Zoological Nomenclature ;—Report of the Committee for Registering
the Shocks of Earthquakes, and making such Meteorological Observations as may appear to
them desirable ;—Report of the Committee for conducting Experiments with Captive Balloons ;
—Prof, Wheatstone, Appendix to the Report ;—Report of the Committee for the Translation
and Publication of Foreign Scientific Memoirs ;—C, W. Peach, on the Habits of the Marine

Testacea ;—E, Forbes, Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Auxgean Sea, and on their

distribution, considered as bearing on Geology ;—L. Agassiz, Synoptical Table of British
Fossil Fishes, arranged in the order of the Geological Formations ;—R. Owen, Report on the
British Fossil Mammalia, Part II.;—E. W. Binney, Report on the excavation made at the
junction of the Lower New Red Sandstone with the Coal Measures at Collyhurst ;—W.
‘Thompson, Report on the Fauna of Ireland: Div, Invertebrata ;—Provisional Reports, and -
Notices of Progress in Special Researches entrusted to Committees and Individuals.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Earl of Rosse’s Address, and Recommen-
dations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or rut FOURTEENTH MEETING, at York, 1844,
Published at £1. Fs

Contents :—W. B. Carpenter, on the Microscopic Structure of Shells;—J. Alder and A.
Hancock, Report on the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca;—R. Hunt, Researches on the
Influence of Light on the Germination of Seeds and the Growth of Plants ;—Report of a
Committee appointed by the British Association in 1840, for revising the Nomenclature of the
Stars ;—Lt.-Col. Sabine, on the Meteorology of Toronto in Canada;—J. Blackwall, Report
on seme recent researches into the Structure, Functions and (Economy of the draneidea
made in Great Britain ;—Earl of Rosse, on the Consiruction of large Reflecting Telescopes ;
—Rev. W. V. Harcourt, Report on a Gas Furnace for Experiments on Vitrifaction and other
Applications of High Heat in the Laboraiory;—Report of the Committee for Registering
Earthquake Shocks in Scotland ;—Report of 2 Committee for Experiments on Steam-Engines ;
—Report of the Committee to investigate the Varieties of the Human Race ;—Fourth Report
of a Committee appointed to continue their Experiments on the Vitality of Seeds; —W. Fair-
bairn, on the Consumption of Fuel and the prevention of Smoke ;—F. Ronalds, Report con-
cerning the Observatory of the British Association at Kew ;—Sixth Report of the Committee
appointed to conduct the Co-operation of the British Association in the System of Simulta-
neous Magnetical and Meteorological Observations ;—Prof. Forchhammer on the influence
of Fucoidal Plants upon the Formations of the Earth, on Metamorphism in general, and par-
ticularly the Metamorphosis of the Scandinavian Alum Slate ;—H. E. Strickland, Report on
the recent Progress and present State of Ornithology;—T. Oldham, Report of Committee
appointed to conduct Observations on Subterranean Temperature in Ireland ;—Prof. Owen,
Report on the Extinct Mammals of Australia, with descriptions of certain Fossils indicative
of the former existence in that Continent of large Marsupial Representatives of the Order
Pachydermata ;—W. S. Harris, Report on the working of Whewell and Osler’s Anemometers
at Plymouth, for the years 1841, 1842, 1843;—-W. R. Birt, Report on Atmospheric Waves;
—L. Agassiz, Report sur les Poissons Fossiles de l’Argile de Londres, with translation ;—J.
S. Russell, Report on Waves ;—Provisional Reports, and Notices of Progress in Special Re-
searches entrusted to Committees and Individuals.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Dean of Ely’s Address, and Recommenda-
tions of the Association and its Committees. :

PROCEEDINGS or ruz FIFTEENTH MEETING, at Cambridge,
1845, Published at 12s.

ConTENTs :—Seventh Report of a Committee appointed to conduct the Co-operation of the
British Association in the System of Simultaneous Magnetical and Meteorological Observa-
tions ;—Lt.-Col. Sabine, on some points in the Meteorology of Bombay ;—J. Blake, Report
on the Physiological Action of Medicines ;—Dr. Von Boguslawski, on the Comet of 1843;
—R. Hunt, Report on the Actinograph ;—Prof. Schénbein, on Ozone ;—Prof. Erman, on
the Influence of Friction upon Thermo-Electricity ;—Baron Senftenberg, on the Self-
Registering Meteorological Instruments employed in the Observatory at Senftenberg ;—
W.R. Birt, Second Report on Atmospheric Waves ;—G. R. Porter, on the Progress and Pre-
sent Extent of Savings’ Banks in the United Kingdom ;—Prof. Bunsen and Dr. Playfair,
Report on the Gases evolved from Iron Furnaces, with reference to the Theory of Smelting
of Iron;—Dr. Richardson, Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan ;—
Report of the Committee on the Registration of Periodical Phenomena of Animals and Vege-
tables ;—Fifth Report of the Committee on the Vitality of Seeds;—Appendix, &c.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir J. F. W. Herschel’s Address, and Re-
commendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or rue SIXTEENTH MEETING, at Southampton,
1846, Published at 15s.

ConTENTS :—G. G. Stokes, Report on Recent Researches in Hydrodynamics ;—Sixth
Report of the Committee on the Vitality of Seeds ;—Dr. Schunck, on the Colouring Matters of
Madder ;—J. Blake, on the Physiological Action of Medicines ;—R. Hunt, Report on the Ac-
tinograph ;—R. Hunt, Notices on the Influence of Light on the Growth of Plants;—R. L,
Ellis, on the Recent Progress of Analysis ;—Prof. Forchhammer, on Comparative Analytical
Researches on Sea Water ;—A. Erman, on the Calculation of the Gaussian Constants for
1829 ;—G. R. Porter, on the Progress, present Amount, and probable future Condition of the
Iron Manufacture in Great Britain;—W. R. Birt, Third Report on Atmospheric Waves ;—
Prof. Owen, Report on the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton ;—
J. Phillips, on Anemometry ;—J. Percy, M.D., Report on the Crystalline Slags ;—Addenda to
Mr. Birt’s Report on Atmospheric Waves.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir R. I. Murchison’s Address, and Re-
commendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or truz SEVENTEENTH MEETING, at Oxford,
1847, Published at 18s.

ConTENTs :—Prof. Langberg, on the Specific Gravity of Sulphuric Acid at different de-
grees of dilution, and on the relation which exists between the Development of Heat and the
coincident contraction of Volume in Sulphuric Acid when mixed with Water;—R. Hunt,
Researches on the Influence of the Solar Rays on the Growth of Plants;—R. Mallet, on
the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Prof. Nilsson, on the Primitive Inhabitants of Scan-
dinavia ;—W. Hopkins, Report on the Geological Theories of Elevation and Earthquakes;
—Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Report on the Microscopic Structure of Shells ;—Rev. W. Whewell and
Sir James C. Ross, Report upon the Recommendation of an Expedition for the purpose of
completing our knowledge of the Tides ;—Dr. Schunck, on Colouring Matters ;—Seventh Re-
port of the Committee on the Vitality of Seeds ;—J. Glynn, on the Turbine or Horizontal
Water-Wheel of France and Germany ;—Dr. R. G. Latham, on the present state and recent
progress of Ethnographical Philology ;—Dr. J. C. Prichard, on the various methods of Research
which contribute to the Advancement of Ethnology, and of the relations of that Science to
other branches of Knowledge ;—Dr. C. C. J. Bunsen, on the results of the recent Egyptian
' researches in reference to Asiatic and African Ethnology, and the Classification of Languages;
—Dr. C. Meyer, on the Importance of the Study of the Celtic Language as exhibited by the
Modern Celtic Dialects still extant ;—Dr. Max Miiller, on the Relation of the Bengali to the
Arian and Aboriginal Languages of India;—W. R. Birt, Fourth Report on Atmospheric
* Waves ;—Prof. W. H. Dove, Temperature Tables ;° with Introductory Remarks by Lieut.-Col.
E. Sabine ;—A. Erman and H. Petersen, Third Report on the Calculation of the Gaussian Con-
stants for 1829.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir Robert Harry Inglis’s Address, and
Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tHe EIGHTEENTH MEETING, at Swansea,
1848, Published at 9s.

ConTENTS:—Rev. B. Powell, A Catalogue of Observations of Luminous Meteors;—J. Glynn
on Water-pressure Engines ;—R. A. Smith, on the Air and Water of Towns ;—Eighth Report
of a Committee on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—W. R. Birt, Fifth Report on Atmo-
spheric Waves ;—E. Schunck, on Colouring Matters ;—J. P. Budd, on the advantageous use
made of the gaseous escape from the Blast Furnaces at the Ystalyfera Iron Works;—R. Hunt,
Report of progress in the investigation of the Action of Carbonic Acid on the Growth of
Plants allied to those of the Coal Formations ;—Prof. H. W. Dove, Supplement to the Tem-
perature Tables printed in the Report of the British Association for 1847 ;—Remarks by Prof.
Dove on his recently constructed Maps of the Monthly Isothermal Lines of the Globe, and on
some of the principal Conclusions in regard to Climatology deducible from them; with an in-
troductory Notice by Lt.-Col. E. Sabine ;—Dr. Daubeny, on the progress of the investigation
on the Influence of Carbonic Acid on the Growth of Ferns ;—J. Phillips, Notice of further
progress in Anemometrical Researches ;—Mr. Mallet’s Letter to the Assistant-General Secre-
tary ;—A. Erman, Second Report on the Gaussian Constants;—Report of a Committee
relative to the expediency of recommending the continuance of the Toronto Magnetical and
Meteorological Observatory until December 1850.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Marquis of Northampton’s Address,
and Recommendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or tozE NINETEENTH MEETING, at Birmingham,
1849, Published at 10s.

ConTENTs :—Rev. B. Powell, A Catalogue of Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—Earl
of Rosse, Notice of Nebulz lately observed in the Six-feet Reflector ;—Prof. Daubeny, on the
Influence of Carbonic Acid Gas on the health of Plants, especially of those allied tu the Fossil
Remains found in the Coal Formation ;—Thomas Andrews, M.D., Report on the Heat of
Combination ;—Report of the Committee on the Registration of the Periodic Phenomena of
Plants and Animals ;—Ninth Report of a Committee appointed to continue their Experiments
on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds;—Francis Ronalds, Report concerning the Observatory
of the British Association at Kew, from Aug. 9, 1848 to Sept. 12, 1849 ;—Robert Mallet,
Report on the Experimental Inquiry conducted at the request of the British Association, on
Railway Bar Corrosion ;-—William Radcliff Birt, Report on the Discussion of the Electrical
Observations at Kew. :

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Rey. T. R. Robinson’s Address, and
Recommendations of the Association and its Committees,

PROCEEDINGS or rus TWENTIETH MEETING, at Edinburgh,
1850, Published at 15s.

ConTENnTs:—Robert Mallet, First Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena;—Rev.
B. Powell, on Observations on Luminous Meteors ;—Thomas Williams, on the Structure and
History of the British Annelida;—T. C. Hunt, Results of Meteorological Observations taken
at St. Michael’s from the Ist of January, 1840 to the 31st of December, 1849;—-R, Hunt on
the present State of our Knowledge of the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations ;—Tenth
Report of a Committee appointed to continue their Experiments on the Growth and Vitality
of Seeds ;—Major-Gen. Briggs, Report on the Aboriginal Tribes of India ;—Francis lonalds,
Report concerning the Observatory of the British Association at Kew;—Edward Forbes, Report
on the Investigation of British Marine Zoology by means of the Dredge;—Robert MacAndrew,
Notes on the Distribution and Range in depth of Mollusca and other Marine Animals, ob-
served on the coasts of Spain, Portugal, Barbary, Malta, and Southern Italy in 1849 ;—Prof.
Allman, on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Freshwater Polyzoa ;—Registration of
the Periodical Phenomena of Plants and Animals ;—Suggestions to Astronomers for the Ob-
seryation of the Total Eclipse of the Sun on July 28, 1851,

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir David Brewster’s Address, and Recom-
mendations of the Association and its Committees.

PROCEEDINGS or rue TWENTY-FIRST MEETING, at Ipswich,
1851, Published at 16s. 6d.

ConTENTS :—Revy. B. Powell, on Observations of Luminous Meteors;—Eleyenth Report
of a Committee appointed to continue their Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of
Seeds ;—J. Drew, Remarks on the Climate of Southampton, founded on Barometrical, Ther-
mometrical and Hygrometrical Tables, deduced from Observations taken three times daily
during the years 1848, 1849 and 1850 ;—Dr. R. A. Smith, on the Air and Water of Towns,
Action of Porous Strata, Water and Organic Matter ;—Report of the Committee appointed by
the British Association to consider the probable Effects in an Economical and Physical Point
of View of the Destruction of Tropical Forests ;—A. Henfrey, on the Reproduction and
supposed Existence of Sexual Organs in the Higher Cryptogamous Plants ;—Dr, Daubeny,
on the Nomenclature of Organic Compounds ;—Rev. J. W. Donaldson, on two unsolved
Problems in Indo-German Philology ;—T. Williams, Report on the British Annelida;—Robert
Mallet, Second Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Letter from Prof. Henry,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, to Col. Sabine, General Secretary of
the British Association, on the System of Meteorological Observations proposed to be
established in the United States;—Col. Sabine, Report on the Kew Magnetographs;—J.
Welsh, Report to F. Ronalds, on-the Performance of his three Magnetographs during the Ex-
perimental Trial at the Kew Observatory, April 1 till October 1, 1851;—¥. Ronalds, Report
coneerning the Observatory of the British Association at Kew, from September 12, 1850 to
July 31, 1851 ;—Ordnance Survey of Scotland ;—Provisional Report.

Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Professor Airy’s Address, and Recom-
mendations ef the Association and its Committees.

DOVE’S MONTHLY ISOTHERMAL MAPS of the GLOBE, with the accompanying
Memoir, Price 5s.

LITHOGRAPHED SIGNATURES of the MEMBERS who met at Cambridge in 1888,
with the Proceedings of the Public Meetings, 4to. Price 4s. (To Members, 3s.)

ai ok T hee * ae avg ¢ "See
; > 7D any ae
HIGH PRES|

«i Lae use. at the Loud
re

eiZ SS
Sas SS

hb

ll

((

4

s'il

é ian)

en i
SA chee EN {

\.

vil x

|

HM mnie Z

ii ii =f au

A NA ae

|

TTT

TO i i sa me Lees Jara keg ae ? : sank ss
a RE. VORTEX Ze @ Report Brit. = Sagem 1GS2—_ Pie
ge Mill near Belfast.

- Sectional Levatior

Water Lev vel TH the Me Race

om

SS
bal

nnySst*t*é“‘S™SC;O;OO!™!;!!!! Um SM GATTI

SMX MA. V“7 — Za iy WHER

_p feet

WICH’ PRES
Inuse at the Low ;

==
== \

=
— q7

mah

" &
Li

== a
Wed l
=
~ —|

(ll == .
ay b,
‘ Sy. aoe
Nl | \ le >
sii
al Ls
< } i \ “= ony |
Hi Seq ;
i ( 3) | dq |
{ i on | =! =
| fe ‘ iil | i ill q
iin: ay |
mal wi
Me |||
| i i 1
Hl Vi WM i
HY, AA ie =i
HH WA A Mi
MINA ae LL
(| i | Nia
al i Mi vi = i ; \
iN i < \
i iN /
| | ; a4 ; \
ii i \ y

See

LOW PRESSURE VORT

Erected at

ns

“,

$FB>§6W'W'WWW "rnd 0 (UL.

Inches 12. 96 3 0
+t

p)
| (
a
ti
:

iss

x
yy LLLLL 44 Yi
My Yi

AGM QQ . Qi

WY

zi 2 3 4
+t

Fi a

X WITH WOODEN CASE, 22" Report. Brit. Afsoe 1852, Pla. 8

lendary, near Belfast.

TT YL a r WE. RY ay rg
|
|
i}
ii ont =
oa |
1]
i
Ui,
UY,
HN,
UA
yi ZB
Y Y,
Uy
/j “4p
d Y
‘ee Y,
7y,) Y
Gy UY
Uy
Uy, Yj Hi
/ Uy
4 WA
iy Y
y L
Y
|
}

Vertical Section

6 7 8 ? to i 12 reet

i
LOW PRESSURE yori

a
Trected, ae

t

'

- rf

a

i i
i | |
WA a

pres ie Te
dra he

cule sn

of oy vane

Te Cor ee

> ws

Ci

ele ond has ¥iV"5eew. >

X WITE WOODEN CASE,
IY, new Beltast
Plan

22% Report Brit-Afsoc. 1852.

AHHH

= z
SSS
= =
———
:
=
2e = as
—3
= 2S:
E is
— —— ——
=== = —
WW 2k
(=
= ———S
a = == ———s
= ==
——— E
= : S
—— — —= =|
: |
———— = I
SS = S|
=}
== = == |
—=—= = =
=== : —— 2
4 SSS ——— E
= a :
== =
3: : E =
= ———— z j
———— =
————— —— ————
=— = :
== |
—— ——— ——
i: == a = 2
—— — —- i=
———— ————
————t ——————— ——. — i=
=== = ==
—— ——
== — —— :
——— ——— ——— = |
re — ————
: ——- ———=
= : ——— E
= — :: |
——— —— = =
: —— ee E
=: == ————— = a E =
: >
So =
=e
st ————— == =f : E
—— — — = =
——— ——=>=
=== |
—= — {
= )
= ;
——-
tot
i,
re
’
4
6 7 8 9 10 HL 12 feet
4: £ t i —

PL Be |

a ea ee SS ee

lj
N
/
/
/
/
|
|

\
\
|
|
|
:
|
l
I
!
|
!
!
|
|
|
!
|
!
|
A. |

i)

|

|

|

l

|

|
28
as

- 00+

POT JO 2TDIS*

i

i
&

S FF

& 888

a
FS

4
28 §
YPUT oe. O8- sz- oz SE OF 90-00

}

“OAISIU ‘TOT OL OG OT Won ‘savah G LOL SpuaNpySUOD Sp pun ‘ainssatd M.Q2ULO.LW
pup ‘yur0d-mag “adnyw.a dua, porenupr pun hyyou auv2su ayn $0 YOLDUL yp hiadeee SIAN)

i
nr
Di
até
2] &
ho
af F
5 8
ne.
:
MoT “Ag, , : 3 *

; x < eaee qany Cir. muy: Aoyy quedgr younyy “GT op aie

a ORRLT .

b. “POOF MOREE BAT 1.092 Y pi 8 = “ae ee eee ee

i ee — “in : « ~ — wv -~ --— _ a

:
el
i}

masirrigtets|
spite dae

ANE
IHD
ie! s
f! beats

if

ee
bette oath cf 4 if : 4
fieths se Eb ehee } VeSee st i isniyi ite
pecateren: 263 Paeaat: Als} Ha
pete teirt hi | Liha + 4 fae FES “)
eta 0d © : f Wie