I? *rrsee 71% ptetsbies yasisitee ores sae 2535 eos - ; aif, WA * } i igri hes ys : y Py ‘ Cd | ip La REPORT OF THE THIRTY-SIXTH MEETING ‘ “aH. rr ext \otls Miron Ags OP LON & mf ’ \ OF THE \=2 eS 3 j x = 8 aN BRITISH ASSOCIATION ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE; HELD AT NOTTINGHAM IN AUGUST 1866. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1867. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STRERT. — ALERE ? FLAMMAM. CONTENTS. Ossects and Rules of the Association............ 0. eee eee ees a Places of Meeting and Officers from commencement .............. XX TET SPN CCOUNL 5 c's. 5. ola lave (ave.n1 Meipislere'«-« some By Ghee Mier gach XXV Members of Council from commencement ........---.0- 20-2005 XXVi mice and Oonnell,. YB66-67: 28. 0.48 2 tidal eta es XXX Officers of Sectional Committees ........ 0... cc cece ee XXX1 errenmoniding Members... .:sy:p > «nisi nels sm vi aieikie eis wis elnie pipe» ves le XXXil Report of the Council to the General Committee ................ XXXili Report of the Kew Committee, 1865-66 ....,......... ee seers XXXiil Report of the Parliamentary Committee... ........---+ +e eeeeeees xl Recommendations of the General Committee for Additional Reports MUEREOODTOUOS AT, SCIQDOO ry a ohe apn 9.4.00. * sper cue bose ne tue rine we xli Bymopas of Money Grants 2.0... cece cee cee ewes (ai tone xlv General Statement of Sums paid on account of Grants for Scientific RARE Greil s cua in 72 p's ol aisle o> Gia MANU MA INIBON Bae xlvi Extracts from Resolutions of the General Committee ............ li Arrangement of the General Meetings ..................00005- hi Address’ of the President, W. R. Grove, Esq., Q.C., M.A., F.R.S. .. hii REPORTS OF RESEARCHES IN SCIENCE. Second Report of the Committee for exploring Kent’s Cavern, Devonshire. The Committee consisting of Sir Caartes Lyett, Bart., Professor Putiurs, Sir Jonn Luszocx, Bart., Mr. Jonn Eyans, Mr. Epwarp Vivian, and Mr. Wrttram Peneetty (Reporter) Preliminary Report on the Chemical Nature of Cast Iron. By A. Mar- eer, F.8.) aes OS ee ek De it lv CONTENTS. Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1865-66. By a Com- mittee, consisting of James Guatsuer, F.R.S., of the Royal Observa- tory, Greenwich, Secretary to the British Meteorological Society, &c. ; Ropert P. Gree, F.G.S., &e.; E. W. Brayrzy, F.R.S., &c.; and AT ExAnpER 6. Jdeescumn, BeAS Same oe. owicie ds cole om Mee » Pes Report of the Committee appointed to Investigate the Alum Bay Leaf- Bed. By W. Srepuen Mircuett, LL.B., F.G.8., Caius College, Cam- SPUN O bo, \atjee Oe eee Pade eeegtt wie tidus, ge > aie xber aie etn Report of the Committee appointed to make Experiments on the differ- ence between the Resistance of Water to Floating and to Immersed Bodies. The Committee consists of Joun Scorr Russet, C.E., F.R.S. ; James R. Napier; Professor Ranxrye, C.E., F.R.S.; and W. FroupE Report on Muscular Irritability and the relations which exist between Muscle, Nerve, and Blood. By Ricuarp Norris, M.D. .......... Report on the Physiological Action of certain Compounds of Amyl and Ethyl. By Bensamin W. Ricuarpson, M.A., M.D., F.R.S......... Second Report on the Structure and Classification of the Fossil Crustacea. gt err OCR WARD Ea axis vite Pe hil» «ioia'e ae.08 9, 2% eel ae Second Report on the ‘‘ Menevian Group” and the other Formations at St. David’s, Pembrokeshire. By H. Hicks, and J. W. Satrer, F.G.S. Report on Dredging among the Hebrides. By J. Gwyn Jerrneys, F.R.S. Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of Exploring the Coasts of the Hebrides by means of the Dredge.—Part II. On the Crustacea, Echinodermata, Polyzoa, Actinozoa, and Hydrozoa. By the Rev: Atrrep Merte Norman, M.A........... 0.0... 00. eee Notices of some Invertebrata, in connexion with the Report of Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys on Dredging among the Hebrides. By Josnua ALpER .. Report on the Ostracoda dredged amongst the Hebrides. By Georez S. ce Bs Hails, x de alaiaeia a's © cata ack Wally 9 5's sel ane chatter ere Report on Dredging in the Moray Firth. By the Rev. Warrer Mac- GREGHRDUGUROBERT DAWSON’ eae). ccc dlclelecs soniye te te ee Report of the Committee on the Transmission of Sound-Signals under a Secs ey een er eer Report of the Lunar Committee for Mapping the Surface of the Moon. By W. R. Brrr, at the request of the Committee, consisting of James GuatsHer, F.R.S., Lord Rossz, F.R.S., Sir Jonn Herscuet, Bart., F.R.S., Professor Purixies, F.R.S., Warren De 1a Roz, F.R.S., Rev. W. R. Dawes, F.R.S., Rev. T. W. Wzzs, F.R.A.S., J. N. Lockyer, F.R.A.8., H. 8. Extis, F.R.A.S., Herr Scuurpr, and W. R. Brrt, ER ACSi nT |. Het eel. ea GRe De ois der. ust bed wisa)-..aad eee Report ef the Rainfall Committee, consisting of J. Guaisuer, F.R.S., Lord Wrorrrstry, F.R.S., Prof. Parties, F.R.S., Prof. Tynpatt, F.RB.S., Dr. Lzz, F.R.S., J. F. Bareman, F.R.S., R. W. Mytnz, F.R.S., Cuaxtes Brooxe, F.R.S., and G. J. Symons, Secretary aie ce ce oe. 0 ee Page 16 146 212 214 CONTENTS. v Pago Report on the best means of providing for a Uniformity of Weights and ; Measures, with reference to the Interests of Science. By a Committee, consisting of Sir Jonny Bowrine, The Right Hon. C. B. Apperzzy, M.P., Sir Wirr1am Armsrrone, C.B., F.R.S., The Astronomer Royat, Samvurn Brown, W. Ewart, M.P., Dr. Farr, F. P. Frtztows, Prof. Franxianp, Prof. Hunnessy, F.R.S., James Herwoop, M.A., F.R.S., Sir Roserr Kane, F.R.S., Dr. Leonz Levi, F.S.A., Prof. W. A. Miter, F.R.S., Prof. Ranxrnz, F.R.S., C. W. Sremens, F.R.S., Colonel Syxzs, M.P., F.B.S., W. Tire, M.P., F.R.S., Prof. A. W. Wit1iamson, F.R.S., Lord Wrorrestey, D.C.L., F.R.S., James Yarrs, F.R.S. .......... 352 An Account of Meteorological and Physical Observations in Three Bal- loon Ascents made in the years 1865 and 1866 (in continuation of twenty-five made in the years 1862, 1863, and 1864), under the auspices of the Committee of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science, by James GuarsHEr, F.R.S., at the request of the Committee, consisting of Colonel Syxes, The Astronomer Royat, Lord Wrorrestey, Sir D. Brewster, Sir J. Herscuer, Bart., Dr. Luoyn, Dr. Rozrnson, Mr. Gasstor, Mr. Guaisuer, Prof. Trnpatt, Dr. Farr- emer sane Bis, WV wz A. (MATER 5 5 ain in fb a) «1010 Binge (nla opt sinigns eieeea’nl es 367 Report on the Extinct Birds of the Mascarene Islands. By a Committee, consisting of Prof. A. Newron, Rey. H. B. Tristram, and Dr. Sctarrr 401 Report on various Experiments carried out by Captain W. H. Nontz, R.A., under the direction of the Ordnance Select Committee relative to the Penetration of Iron Armour Plates by Steel Shot, to which is added a Memorandum on the Penetration of Iron-Clad Ships by Steel and piume Projectiles 2... <5,4) «,jasie,0 BRL REE SARI) SARS CAR Ce! 403 Report on Isomerism among the Alcohols, By J. A Wanktyn ...... 456 Report of the Committee on Scientific Evidence in Courts of Law, con- sisting of the Rev. W. V. Harcourt, Professor Wixt1amson, The Right Hon. J. Narrer, Mr. W. Tire, Professor Curistison, Mr. CarpMAz., Dr. Tynpatt, Mr. James Heywoop, Mr. J. F. Bateman, Mr. Tomas Wesster, Sir Bensamin Bronte, Bart., and Professor W. A. Mittrr: —Professor WILLIAMSON, Secretary... 1... ce esi cce ees n ene nenens 456 Second Report on Maltese Fossiliferous Caves, &c. By A. Lerrm Apams, EE AE ic ss pce ais: s Sag acety wy em eiacnip oho bie ss ms gh we a 458 2 al CONTENTS. NOTICES AND ABSTRACTS Or MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECTIONS. MATHEMATICS aynp PHYSICS. MatuEeMatics, Mr. ALEXANDER J. Evuis on Plane Stigmatics........... seve eeeeeeeeees — on Practical Hypsometry. .. 6. ...sisesevese ses Dr. J. D, Everert’s description of a New Proportion-Table, equivalent to a Sliding-rule 13 feet 4 inches long.............ccccecescseeeesetune ra Mr. F. P, FELtows on certain Errors in the received Equivalent of the Metre, MiGoo.0 6 OPE OG OA IDNR EA. cnrtocuDumoroCmEigid¢oc moc ase Professor R. Hariry on Tschirnhausen’s Method of Transformation of Alge- braic Equations, and some of its Modern Extensions............ Sei yor Poe — on Differential Resolvents ...:....s cess ceeeeee beeven ——'s Remarks on Boole’s Mathematical Analysis of Logic .. Dr. PLicxer on Complexes of the Second Order .......s cece ee eennaenes Mr. W. H. L. Russet on the Eu pomsligie Functions, Gépel and Weirstrass’s Systems........0c005 Vititho ee oo CARY FB oe Oe Geir) so ae. a, 5 Be Mr. H. J.S, Suru on a Property of Surfaces of the Second ae «supe on the large Prime Number calculated by Mr. Barratt Davis Mr. G. J, Sronzy on a Nomenclature for Multiples and Submultiples to render absolute Standards convenient in practice, and on the fundamental Unit of MYERS cr atesoia oc. clelstsiecx s alcine vis ebcyateveipieleiacele sore (ciest'e) s trae re Onan eect eae Mr. Cuarurs M. Witzicu on the Partition of the Cube, and some of the Combinations Of its Parts. \. siaissie ee rts oka aman Ligut. Mr. A. CLauprr on Optics of Photography.—On a New Process for equalizing the Definition of all the Planes of a Solid Figure represented in a be phic Picture. Means of producing Harmonious and Artistic Portraits . M. A. Cornu on a New Geometrical Theorem relative to the Theory of its: flexion and Refraction of Polarized Light (Isotropic Media) ............ Dr. J. H. GLapstone and the Rey. T. P. Dax on Dispersion-equivalents . os | ae CONTENTS. ’ Dr. J, JANSSEN sur le Spectroscope de poche .......... ciivsigine’ sisieis ditions inte : sur le Spectre Atmosphérique Terrestre et celui de la vapeur oS eee cee ern? «6 rreaiy ir Biaté bila obs A Professor Joun H. JELLETT on a Fluid possessing Opposite Rotatory Powers for Rays at Opposite ends of the Spectrum ....... +. see eeeeeeeeeeeeues Mr. CornEtivus VARLEY on Comets, and especially on the Comet of 1811 .. Heat. Dr. J. P. Jouxe’s determination of the Mechanical Equivalent of the Thermal Unit by Experiments on the Heat evolved by Electric Currents ,......... ELECTRICITY. Mr. W. Hooper on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Hooper's India-rubber Insulated Wire..........000eeees shotpiade’ $3) «Sie tere Soles a Mr. E. Horxrys on the Depolarization of Iron Ships, to prevent the Deviation Of the Compass......... 20 cee ee cece cece ec eesencnenagen Sug tae Extract of a Letter from Senhor CapPEexxo, of the Observatory Lisbon, on Magnetic Disturbance, to BaLrour Stewart, of the Kew Observatory... . Mr. C. F, Varury on certain Phenomena which presented themselves in Con- nexion with the Atlantic Cable..........cccscurerercerertserseeeeses on a New Method of Testing Electrical Resistance.,...,.:, METEOROLOGY, Sergeant ARNOLD on the Climate of Aldershot Camp ............-e00e0e+ Dr. Buys-Battor on the Method adopted at Utrecht in discussing Meteorologi- BMMRULISE HLL GIS ss a.0. 5,5. ojos ese eas epareapapsiare: aeaaTer eo ldiatatevejavecenfatatelo'sojulls slstel Mr. Francis*Gatton on an Error in the usual method of obtaining Meteor- logical Statistics. <6... ice cet eter scree eeeneecccesoreves on the Conversion of Wind-charts into Passage-charts Mr. J. Park Harrison on the Heat attained by the Moon under Solar Radi- BHON SC. esas ee a jabtatevats PRIM le 2) oto (ok Ae lophhe Mee ieale LD Staten tate this ait Professor Hennessy on the Diurnal Period of Temperature in relation to other Physical and Meteorological Phenomena. .........0..eeceee ee ereeenene —__________— on Meteoriec Showers considered with reference to the Moon onthe Solar SySteMl ..... wg acacne cscs est sccuaeenns cata 6 ODE Dr. W. J. Macquorn RanxrnE on a Table of Pairs of Stars for approximately Baredin coe MLCTIGIAM, 66) 0. «vere, 01 oyer0) 2) or foie: ares sie) oc asi erst vies Ala’n nce ol teeter ; InsTRUMENTS. Mr. Joun Brownine on some Recent Improvements in Astronomical Tele- scopes with Silvered Glass Specula ,.,....+++2++0e-0505 denies oiae ae Mr. L. CasEtia on a New Anemometer. ..0...ce eect e cence cece eres ennes Mr. A. CLaupEt on a Variable Diaphragm for Telescopes and Photographie MRETBAR tot ai tibe rh tia het Sota oan sve Aasghatege ttt bie Sgn! ohe dle olgts ile Yu atetets ANG) Metate tT RE on a Magnifying Stereoscope with a Single Lens ........ Mr. J. GLAISHER’s experiments off Ventnor with Mr. Johnson’s Deep-sea BRETOSS TG“ OCANCC nn awh cave onthe Oe oe aT dia i + UTM Gee Ae Ma Japh'D fer ape 11 12 12 12 Viil CONTENTS. M. F. Hormann’s Remarks on a new Telemeter ; a new Polarimeter; a new Polarizing Microscope; and various Spectroscopes..........0.0seseceees Mr. N. J. Hotmus on the North Atlantic Telegraph.............0e0eeueee Mr. J. T. Taytor on a Defect in the Demonstrating Polariscope, with a sim- plo.and effective Remedy. os .ice.. seldvss shset ends Janes eee CHEMISTRY. Address by H. Bence Jonzs, A.M., M.D., F.R.S., President of the Section. . Dr. J. ATTFrELD on the Assay of Coal, &c., for Crude Paraffin Oil, and of Crude Oil and Petroleum for Spirit, Photogen, Lubricating Oil, and Paraffin Dr. Bavrr on the Action of Chlorine on Amylene ..................000- Mr. Atrrep Brrp on the Purification of Terrestrial Drinking Waters with Natural Sulphateiof Alumina .'..../.,./35 0 5,« s+ syscsje-slardions anette oj.e efeiaa sae ate Dr. CracE-CaLveERrT on the Oxidizing Action of Carbon............000 ss Mr, Wii11aM CrooxEs on Disinfection ............ccecceeeeeecevenvecs Pe DAUBENY, ON OZONE’ «..\.%.6\s,c sve /eieieiale chaseteisageyeltte ups, sks ae ee ete ieee Dr. J. H. Guapsrone on the Refraction- and Dispersion-equivalents of Chlo- Mic, SCDINING, AMG TOMS oi. +. + «s0es ves p\ o:08,04,0:8 takin ae pan oe Mr. J. M. M°GavLey on the Nature and Properties of Ozone and Antozone Momonsigaved experimentally ........cccssscccsrves cures scute teens mee Dr. H. Bence Jones on the Chemical Action of Medicines..............+ Mr. H. Larkin on a Magnesium Lamp ..........ccceececeeeserencceees Drs. J. B. Lawes and J. H. Girperr on the Accumulation of the Nitrogen pfeManpra:inithe (SOUL. ««.:,5,di0ue") oa duapn Mbie ofsre et alexelbtat ose /epekonntey ake eae PERE CEVDY oh tra /5i aye acein's,odo.p. nigh o S12, avacnio'9 pifaisinnt ER {0/e\a ere ois Sie Ey Dr. Stevenson Macapam on the Poisonous Nature of Crude Paraffin Oil, and the Products of its Rectification upon Fish...........sesescccscesceses Dr. T. L. Putpson on an Extraordinary Iron Stone........ aytleorsra ah) tai ates Dr. Lyon Prayrarr on the Origin of Muscular Force in Animals.......... Mr. PETER SPENCE on a New Process in the Manufacture of White Lead .. Mr. C. Tomirnson on some Phenomena connected with the Melting and Soli- BEGUM INV AK ss oss. conve oes wovele gmiaisinialalyla Ss walgat:s eeigh alee DOT Mr. J. F. WALKER on a Phosphatic Deposit in the Lower Green Sand of Bed- POCA LUGE Meal gin.iis s'v'e\9: 0: +» « ses s:o104s; 4051 616,4. 0 of 0a, afis clabep pate: aah Ge audio ea Mr. WaLTER WELDON on a Proposed Use of Fluorine in the Manufacture of NOC ANIME U oh din tos c-ck dia’ ae) ote’ rie) oc ayaa onde ouptpipie’ e/a) oicels| onsoeyskeisunial hota taken een aaa R GEOLOGY. Address by Professor A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., President of the BAEELION, 5 5 vvminwnnio's.s vinraie(s sone a.0'e.0/0/+ aS nate treme fila atic ae Professor ANSTED on Intermittent discharges of Petroleum and large deposits of Bitumen in the Valley of Pescara, Italy ....... ccc eee e cece eeeeeeues ———___————- 0n a Salse or Mud Volcano on the flanks of Etna, commen- cing to erupt in the month of January last ..........: se se eee eeeee eens Mr. C. Spencr Bate onan Attempt to approximate the Date of the Flint Flakes SPIO VO SMU GEAWHIL Gotta cls we iclets sa cee evens ves wets a'e TEs) eee Page CONTENTS. P Dr. Bexe on the Island of St. John in the Red Sea (the Ophiodes of Strabo) Mr. Henry Briae, Jun., on the Occurrence of Flint Implements in the Gravel of the Little Ouse Valley at Thetford and elsewhere...........-.0eee ees The Rey. P. B. Bropre on the Correlation of the Lower Lias at Barrow-on- Sour, Leicestershire, with the same Strata in Warwick-, Worcester-, and Gloucester-shires, and on the Occurrences of the Remains of Insects at SH MMCINNAE TCs) <.o1 os; ciss's; oc 's'pis clans, nf as.cy sis caysiois ene tgnyey sins s.0] coke o Misa tahateersuTans Laer ot ove Mr. E. Brown on the Drift Deposit on the Weaver Hills .............4.. Mz. F. M. Burton on the Occurrence of the Rhetic Beds, near Gainsborough SAVACMA ITE AUT TOUTS SEGAL, fs ia: 0/~) = "Wlo’ ieyayave, Shoe yelsypkoke, 14/9 6 ahe'njh-aiaynteneete Mie Dr. C. Lt Neve Foster on a Curious Lode or Mineral Vein at New Rose- preemie Mine, Grwinenr, Cornwall «05, 0n0s:riq », sj04dingsibisieiotsysigierb #,e)0jere pyelate 84m pe Dr. F. M. Fostsr on the Discovery of Ancient Trees below the surface of the Land at the Western Dock now under construction at Hull.............. The Rey. J. Gunn on the Anglo-Belgian Basin of the Forest-bed of Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Union of England with the Continent during the Glacial UMMAH Soe! fataiatalaralpteaialesole sieleieclee vate Celtm da saee ey rigte 195s np» o.0 Mr. Epwarp Hepiey on the Sinking of Annesley Colliery.....,........4. Professor OswaLp H&EER on the Miocene Flora of North Greenland ........ Professor C. H. Hircucocx on the Geological Distribution of Petroleum in DRA EHR ATE ACTS Wn: atafe sce iehPegetetainis as a4) © eR ctelehsregs) auatnieig oy) sisan oc 8 ae egel ond Sir Ropericx I. Murcutson on the parts of England and Wales in which Coal may and may not be looked for beyond the known Coal-Fields...... Mr. Henry ALLEYNE NicHOLsoON on some Fossils from the Graptolitic Shales of Dumfriesshire ............ Petre capes syae « eimiatehstel east tsp inialolets, ) de spe on the Occurrence of Lemna arrhiza in Epping Forest .. Mr. O. Groom-Narier on the Food and Economical Value of British Butter- fitesrand) MOthSia.s cowie lore « Sa ceva e dust eMetoles clei ered © sete cheese ee re The Rey. A. MerLE Norman on the Crustacea, Echinodermata, Polyzoa, and Coslentardte of the Hebrides eer wees aes se csss sess ¢onsp pee Dr. W. H. Ransom on the Structure and Growth of the Ovarian Ovum in the Gasterosteus Leiurus Ce ee Dr. P. L. ScraTER on the Systematic Position of the Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) CUSCS eS VORP OTA DEMO we Dee tease os es enecatcesenase sie a #S Sivin © Mr. Jonn Suaw on the Distribution of Mosses in Great Britain and Ireland as affecting the Geography and Geological History of the present Flora Page Mr. C. Spencr Bare on the Dentition of the Common Mole (Zalpa Europea) 69 69 CONTENTS. x1 - Page Mr. U. SrEwart’s Notes on the Structure of the Echinoidea regularia, with Special Reference to their Classification ..........-..:s cess cece eee eee 79 Mr. W. TENNANT on the Traces of an Irish Lake Dwelling, found by Captain LEstrange, in the County of Cavan... .....scsceesercencesssrecereens 79 Professor W. TuRNER on a Remarkable Mode of Gestation in an undescribed BIPOClGs OF APT cece eect ie cere esas ese tape sardeeceenede 79 Mr. A. R. Wattace on Reversed Sexual Characters in a Butterfly, and their Interpretation on the Theory of Modifications and Adaptive Mimicry...... 79 Moen. ARD on the Poor Man's Gardens. OP Goer vee ere yet 79 Mr. Henry WoopwarpD on some points in the Structure of Zimulus, Recent Tin DEE ST ae inn as ith he ar ie AD COE ach 79 Dr. E. Percevat Wricut’s Notes on Lithosia cantola... 1... ccc ences 80 Botanical Notes of a Tour in the Islands of Arran, LSE GH TGS I i se ore ieee ie eS O.s CMR Fick Giows EEOC Meee eyo PHYSIOLOGY. Meadrosd by Professor HumPHRy, FR.B. 1. o.0.06 0 oo oisieda alate nese se een eens 81 Col. Sir J. E. ALEXANDER on the Effects of the Pollution of Rivers ........ 89 Dr. Copsop’s Remarks on the so-called Cattle-Plague Entozoa .......... 89 pei Msvvror tie Colour OL MON; cass. ccmecesecce sever ace ns otieanss 89 on the Question, Is the Carbonate of Lime in the Ege-shell of Birds in a Crystalline or Amorphous state 6.6. ... cece cece cece e eee 89 Dr. BatrHazar W. Fosrer’s Note on an Addition to the Sphygmograph .. 91 —<—$—<—<—$_————— on a Peculiar Change of Colour ina Mulatto 91 Dr. A. GamGEE on the Action of Carbonic Oxide in the Blood ............ 91 Drs. J. H. Girprert and J. B. Lawes on the Sources of the Fat of the Animal MMe PRCT Ane obit tek oN LOVIN dEUS SEN noe boat ile bed 92 Dr. W. H. Ransom on the Conditions of the Protoplasmic Movements in the Piao MOREOO US IRHES 2 NL TINT MU ES MI OIA RE rea 92 Dr. RicHarpson on the Comparative Vitality of the Jewish and Christian UU LUEIO TE de wed oct Rb OCS Bingo BER OUa HB OBEee OR thoruth: Pia oeea enti nc4 Hae 92 a ’s Physiological Demonstrations of Local Insensibility .... 92 Mr. W. L. Scorr on the Presence of Ammonia and its Homologues in the LT ore GOI © EOE. Saute OO ACE: kee ot. ck eck © err eta 92 on the Normal Existence of Quinine as an Animal Prin- LOLI, 2 REI en a ee ae eat sie. sio¥os Lene, oxacntetey oie sal cechay erase 92 Dr. Wiii1AM Suarp on the Physiological Action of Medicines ............ 92 Dr. Sreson on the Movements, Structure, and Sounds of the Heart ........ 93 ANTHROPOLOGY. maames by AR. WALLACH, FR.GIS,, &e. oc i ed 93 Mr. J. AnpERson’s Recent Explorations in Chambered Cairns in Caithness.. 94 Dr. J. Beppo on the Stature and Bulk of the Irish, and on Degeneration of Race 9 Vice-Admiral Sir Epwarp Betcuer on Stone Implements of Esquimaux .. 94 xii CONTENTS. Mr. W. J. Brack on Colonies in South Africa ............... SEs 1. tas "Od Mr. C. Canter Buaxr on a Condylus Tertius occasionally observed in the Skulls of Natives in the Indian Archipelago ............0 0. ccceeeeeeee 94 on Skulls from Round Barrows in Dorsetshire ...... 94 —_____—_———_ on a Human Jaw from the Belgian Bone-Caves .... 95 Mr. E. B. Boge on Fishing Indians of Vancouver’s Island ..............+5 96 Mr. W. Botiarrt on Ancient Engravings on Stone from Southern Peru.... 96 on Central American Hieroglyphs .................00 96 Dr. P. Broca’s Researches into the Anthropology of Lower Brittany ...... 96 Dr. R. 8. Coarnock on the People of Andorva..........0...eccceeeveces 96 Mr. J. Cotuinson on the Indians of the Mosquito Territory .............. 96 Mr. 8. P. Day on the Power of Rearing Children among Savage Tribes .... 96 Mr. A. Exnst on the Anthropology of Caracas ............0.cccceseseees 96 Mr. J. W. FLowEr’s Notice of a Kjékkenmédding in the Island of Herm .. 96 Mr. E. P. Haucuron on the Land Dayas of Upper Sarawak .............. 96 Dr. J. Hunt on the Cranial Measurements, &c. of Modern Norwegians...... 96 ————— on the Principle of Natural Selection applied to Anthropology, in Reply to Views propounded by some of Mr. Darwin’s Disciples ........ 96 Professor HuxitEy’s Remarks on two Extreme Forms of Human Crania .... 96 Consul T. J. Hurcurson on the Indians of the Parana ..............04-- 96 M. M. G. Laeneav on the Saracens in France .........ccsceescceeececes 96 Professor LEITNER on Papers from Lahore. ........s.ceeecesceececoncces 96 Dr. Roprrr Mann on the Mental and Moral Characteristics of the Zulu Kafirs of Natal ..... TOE ROCESS © UO so IGS GOD MOU roODHieed ccouK 96 Mr. J. PLant on Human Remains from Poole’s Cavern ......6..0..000005 97 Dr. J. SHorrr on the Habits and Manners of the Marvar Tribes of India.... 97 Mr. Epwarp B, Tytor on Phenomena of the Higher Civilization traceable to a Rudimental Origin among Savage Tribes........... ccc ceeeeceeeeees 97 Mr. C. S. Wake on the Antiquity of Man in relation to Comparative Geology 97 Mr. T. Wiixrnson’s Notes on Madagascar.........000000- ijt BORED 97 GEOGRAPHY anp ETHNOLOGY. Address by Sir Cartes Nicuorson, Bart., LL.D., President of the Section 98 Professor ANSTED on the Physical Geography of the Eastern Part of the Crimea nd te emnsuln of Taman’... ...5 ss srers Pcea eka meen a eee 99 Capt. H. H. Gopwin-AvsrEn on the District of Lake Pangong, in Tibet.... 100 Mr. Tuomas Barnes on the probable Lower Course of the Limpopo River, BS ALUR GAS ANTIOR eds y2\). sis, 0, 0:67 ais,aae Seca gahed ¢ AR ee ae Ue a ne 100 on the Zambesi and its probable Westernmost Source .. 101 Sir S. W. Baxer on the Relations of the Abyssinian Tributaries of the Nile and the Equatorial Lakes to the Inundations of Egypt...............05. 102 —————’s Observations on the Character of the Negro Tribes of Beairal Attica. 2. 4. namics din's opus iPod hae Guat anata cose. ae 104 Dr. Cuarwes T. Bex on the Lake Kura of Arabian Geographers and Carto- ECTS oes ah HAT RAE Ole Aa Cee e ee Te ett eee Oe ee 104 CONTENTS. xili Pag Dr. Cuartes T. Bexe on the Possibility of Turning the Waters of the Nile PRN BEC UTS EU acer ctare/ ele peerris encsfopsielcnetsie. + ots clever MME caloia a aie Die tutetaie.ia-¢ aes 105 Commander Lindsay Bring, R.N., on the Eruption at Santorin, and its Pre- caps Culp bityat QUS Se eS ee Oe SOO AO ROR OO: SBmobeo 5. de aces 107 Mr. P. B. Du Cuarttv on the Physical Geography and Tribes of Western Para EMU EU ICHL, ceeayelercyatc)cpovaretotereterefatalalinterese a's sw ee eletoleteleatele eet hic eie) ct 107 RRC EEATEN OCR OM ATIUOITH, se cceie's «eferc'ees wisieiec ass ses cowie eiatesicleles ee Plas 107 Mr. Jonn CrawFurp on Cesar’s Account of Britain and its Inhabitants .... 107 ——______—_—— on the Migration of Cultivated Plants with reference to (SCT ee 4 Sea ae gee ee Be Oe Oa ee ee a eS re 1OF ——____—_———— on the Invention and History of Written Languages .. 108 Mr. R. Dunw on some of the Bearings of Archeology upon certain Ethnologi- Sage TODLGTIS AC. EVCSCATCHOS «ie o).fais cele biases Deiaieev ghee le Mve-eie sd arelete 108 Sir Watter ExxtiottT on a Proposed Hthnological Congress at Calcutta .... 109 Col. F. J. Gotpsmi’s Notes on Eastern Persia and Western Beloochistan .. 110 Mr. G. Grove’s Report on the Palestine Exploration Fund .............. 110 Mr. Henry H. Howorrs on some New Facts in Celtic Ethnology ....... oe Mr. W. H. Jounson’s Explorations from Leh, in Cashmere, to Khotan, in Chi- RPI M NSTI Viinstay chau laiatleyo ian aegG WiyeRY' eS opspeilelgiraad Typicyaibeusteimieiosoyshaye's «se bia ae 111 Mr. R. H. Masor on Priority in Discovery of the Madeira Group.......... 112 rete. MANN of) the Kaitirsjof Natta. «)..0:0)5: 09) isejajd 'e}e. eselete syeeieys,scainie ola oleate 112 on the Physical Geography and Climate of Natal.......... 113 Mr. C. R. Marxuam on the Aleppy Mud Bank............ ccc cece cece eens 113 Sir R. I. Murncuison on the Reported Discovery of the Remains of Leich- Be TEMECO SELB avsio's cia'e ous ercisvs oss, «>sralatu.e. a Gupte sisiciey s1e 0\0) «x alo teak een 114 Mr. W. G. Paterave on North and South Arabia ............... cece eee 114 Mr. Rowianp WiLLiaAM Payne on the Transvaal District of South Africa... 114 Mr. J. Reppre on the Various Theories of Man’s Past and Present Condition 115 SIR ARONA 100 thin Vopr ls + )<'e\. op so\einiaears ole wbiave apalSs shscsiicupsivls wold olobrenit 115 Dr. Ryan on the North-east Province of Madagascar ..............000005 116 Mr. J. THomson’s Visit to the ruined Temples of Cambodia................ 116 Col. TREMENHEERE’s Notes on the Physical Geography of the Lower Indus.. 117 Mr. F. Wuymper on the Progress of the Russo-American Telegraph Expe- Res ticcyniss seer ine: SELMER! 5) shes cre aywed oe a/ said nfel a oje.e orece spvivino yw eidlb ele o dh 117 ECONOMIC SCIENCE any STATISTICS. Address by Professor Jams E. THorotp Rocers, M.A., President of the PR AN Perce asl. SoSH 2 BS NO. h FEF ic ci he oie «Sie. Sorel eel. a 117 Mr. Tuomas Brownz on the Transfer of Real Property ...............0..- 124 The Rev. Wii11aM Carne on some of the Results of the Free Licensing System in Liverpool during the last four years.............0.ccccceeaceuceeeee 124 Dr. Daupeny on the Number of Graduates in Arts and Medicine at Oxford Reemne ASG: CWO COMETS 2 ic59 Sik) fetere-vtonsde erave otajacolelosaW sto wamalto stele’ Eras Oh Mr. W. Fevxin on the Lace and Hosiery Trades of Nottingham .......... 128 Mr. G. Briu GaLtoway on Inventors and Inventions................... 13 XIV CONTENTS, P Mr. James Hrywoop on the Subjects required in the Classical Tripos Examin- ia ation and in the Trinity College Fellowship Examination at Cambridge... 151 Mr. J. G. Joycr on the Practicability of employing a Common Notation for Wilectric Teleprap hy... 5.00.00 00.00.00 olejsle + oc 0s. cies) aleieis an ieee 131 Professor LEonE Levi on the State and Prospects of the Rate of Discount with reference to the recent Monetary Crisis ............+. Wop eee . 13] Mr. E. REnAtzs on the Influence of Science Classes in Mechanics’ Institutions 131 Mr. GrorGe Senror on the Diminution of Accidents in Coal-Mines since the Appointment of Government Inspectors ......+++..+++-+ er soot 133 The Rev. C. SewELu on Hindrances to the Success of Popular Education ,. 133 Colonel SyKEs on Statistics of the Charitable, Educational, Industrial, and Public Institutions founded by the Native Gentry of India during the last VG YEATES cece os dens ote cece sas. 0 sues ae ay viprsystaie atoll lasgcese © Ciena 133 on Modes of Banking in America, Manchooria, and China .. 134 Mr. Cuartes TEssutTt on the Violation of the Principles of Economic Science caused by the Law of Distraint for Rent .........0ccc eevee ceeteecesens 135 Mr. JoserH Wurtz on the Statistics of the General Hospital, near Nottingham 135 Mr. Wiuxrnson on the Intoxicating Liquors consumed by the People of the Wnited) Kingdom in. SG lsat ea gata eto) ios Aeineiesinel- ih yea ses 9h 137 Mr. F. J. Witson on a National Bank and Payment of the National Debt .. 187 —_______-— on the Occupation and Ownership of Waste Lands ...... 137 — ——— on the Classification of the various Occupations of the MPCOPIS! 5... . 5 Sains hs > bia bis spud alg BG heleibtilnga WIep cme pial pie h eheiet= Bre acamiaiedagelier te 188 Rey. A, W. Worrturyeton on the Disproportion between the Male and Female Population of some Manufacturing and other Towns ............ 188 MECHANICAL SCIENCE. Address by the President, Taomas Hawxsey, V.P. Inst. C.E,, F.G.S. .... 189 Admiral Sir E. BeLcHER on the Application of the Expansive Power of moistened Vegetable Matter to the raising of Weights ......-..+-.+-2++5 140 M. M. Bererron on a System of Pneumatic Propulsion ..........+6+0005- 140 Mr. N. P. Burex on the Action and Effect of Flame in Marine Boilers...... 140 Mr. W. E. Carretr on an Hydraulic Coal-cutting Machine .............. 141 Mr. Joun DaGuisH on the Counterbalancing of Winding Engines for Coal HVAC Pictetelays)ateva les s.0°4 0/46 0. e'isi'eiouconl « literal slukeye apaye in Yelslisfads ie Laake (> Satis et iota Mr. H. Drrcxs on Steam-Boiler Explosions, with Suggestions for their Inves- AIP RTAOM Gy = «pe ohlelee dsl b LK. seam «Glo Seek See 241 Seda & Paige = = ler e = Mr. Witriram Farrparrn’s description of the Means employed for removing and replacing in a new position the Iron Columns of a Fireproof Cotton Mill 141 Mr. G. Fawcus’s Improvement in Pontoon Trains ....--..eeeeee eee eens 143 Mr, J. B. Fett on Locomotive Engines and Carriages on the Central Rail System for working Steep Gradients and Sharp Curves, as employed on the Mont Cenis. occ. cee ss ds os dias ¢ socal ete Slee: ditches auehe tons at tmana te te 143 Mr, W. D. GarysForp on an Invention for the purpose of attaining greater Adhesion between the Driving-wheel and the Rail ...........0eeseeees 3 a ’s Description of a Newly-invented System of Ordnance 144 Captain Dovetas Gatton on the Chalmers Target .......-.000+ 02s ee ees 144 ce eee 2 CONTENTS. Mr. Wrix1am Hooprr on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Hooper’s India-rubber Insulated Wire for Submarine Cables ...........-..00000 Mr. G. O. Huauxs on Rotary Engines, with special reference to one invented RE eh ats 5 snot US fen ERE 4s 4's MEL te aay POE Ve © 6.0 < caters Mr. Frepericx [nex on recent Improvements in the Application of Con- memenmareproot Constmcyions ci )hiec see c ca veec ce ue eget dencdeveas Mr, Frermine Jenxrn on a New Arrangement for picking up Submarine RNR Hef. h 4 S50 bai clean BEialteee obec late Mal oersia ve olde sdetevolulsreneisitetesatare Mr. Samuret J. Macxre on Zinc Sheathing for Ships ...........0.c00 eee Mr. R. MusHet on the Treatment of melted Cast Iron and its Conversion into Tron and Steel by the Pneumatic Process .........c.ccceceeeveeeneces Prof. W. J. Macquorn Ranxrne on the Theory of the Influence of Friction upon the Mechanical Efficiency of Steam .............04. pr arevaseraratetaerete 8 Remarks on the Experiments of the Com- mittee upon the Resistance of Water to Floating and Immersed Bodies... . Captain Wynants on Barytic Powder for Heavy Ordnance .............. XV Page 145 145 145 145 146 147 147 147 148 LIST OF PLATES. PLATES I., IL., III. Illustrative of the Report of the Committee on the Difference between the Resistance of Water to Floating and to Immersed Bodies. PLATES IV., V. Illustrative of the Report of the Lunar Committee for Mapping the Surface of the Moon. PLATE VI. Illustrative of the Report of the Committee on the Fall of Rain in the British Isles. OBJECTS AND RULES THE ASSOCIATION. ——— OBJECTS. Tue Assoctatron contemplates no interference with the ground occupied by other institutions. Its objects are,—To give a stronger impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific inquiry,—to promote the intercourse of those who cultivate Science in different parts of the British Empire, with one an- other, and with foreign philosophers,—to obtain a more general attention to the objects of Science, and a removal of any disadvantages of a public kind which impede its progress, RULES. ADMISSION OF MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES. All persons who have attended the first Meeting shall be entitled to be- come Members of the Association, upon subscribing an obligation to con- form to its Rules. The Fellows and Members of Chartered Literary and Philosophical So- cieties publishing Transactions, in the British Empire, shall be entitled, in like manner, to become Members of the Association. The Officers and Members of the Councils, or Managing Committees, of Philosophical Institutions, shall be entitled, in like manner, to become Mem- bers of the Association. All Members of a Philosophical Institution recommended by its Council or Managing Committee, shall be entitled, in like manner, to become Mem- bers of the Association. Persons not belonging to such Institutions shall be elected by the General Committee or Council, to become Life Members of the Association, Annual Subscribers, or Associates for the year, subject to the approval of a General Meeting. COMPOSITIONS, SUBSCRIPTIONS, AND PRIVILEGES. Lire Memerrs shall pay, on admission, the sum of Ten Pounds. They shall receive gratuitously the Reports of the Association which may be pub- lished after the date of such payment. They are eligible to all the offices of the Association. AwynvaL Susscrrsers shall pay, on admission, the sum of Two Pounds, and in each following year the sum of One Pound. They shall receive gratuitously the Reports of the Association for the year of their admission and for the years in which they continue to pay without intermission their Annual Subscription. By omitting to pay this Subscription in any particu- lar year, Members of this class (Annual Subscribers) lose for that and all future years the privilege of receiving the volumes of the Association gratis : but they may resume their Membership and other privileges at any sub- - sequent Meeting of the Association, paying on each such occasion the sum of One Pound. They are eligible to all the Offices of the Association. Assocrares for the year shall pay on admission the sum of One Pound. They shall not receive gratuitously the Reports of the Association, nor be eligible to serve on Committees, or to hold any office, 1866, ; b a xvill RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION. The Association consists of the following classes :— 1. Life Members admitted from 1831 to 1845 inclusive, who have paid on admission Five Pounds as a composition. 2, Life Members who in 1846, or in subsequent years, have paid on ad- mission Ten Pounds as a composition. 3. Annual Members admitted from 1831 to 1839 inclusive, subject to the payment of One Pound annually. [May resume their Membership after in- termission of Annual Payment. | 4, Annual Members admitted in any year since 1839, subject to the pay- ment of Two Pounds for the first year, and One Pound in each following year. [May resume their Membership after intermission of Annual Pay- ment. 5. ne for the year, subject to the payment of One Pound. 6. Corresponding Members nominated by the Council. And the Members and Associates will be entitled to receive the annual volume of Reports, gratis, or to purchase it at reduced (or Members’) price, according to the following specification, viz. :— 1. Gratis —Old Life Members who have paid Five Pounds as a compo- sition for Annual Payments, and previous to 1845 a further sum of Two Pounds as a Book Subscription, or, since 1845, a further sum of Five Pounds. New Life Members who have paid Ten Pounds as a compo- sition. - Annual Members who have not intermitted their Annual Sub- scription. 2. At reduced or Members’ Prices, viz. two-thirds of the Publication Price.—Old Life Members who have paid Five Pounds as a composition for Annual Payments, but no further sum as a Book Subscription. Annual Members who have intermitted their Annual Subserip- tion. Associates for the year. [Privilege confined to the volume for that year only, | 3. Members may purchase (for the purpose of completing their sets) any of the first seventeen volumes of Transactions of the Associa- tion, and of which more than 100 copies remain, at one-third of . the Publication Price. Application to be made (by letter) to Messrs. 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Office-bearers for the time being, or Delegates, altogether not exceed- ing three in number, from any Philosophical Society publishing Transactions. 4. Office-bearers for the time being, or Delegates, not exceeding three, from Philosophical Institutions established in the place of Meeting, or in any place where the Association has formerly met. 5. Foreigners and other individuals whose assistance is desired, and who are specially nominated in writing for the Meeting of the year by the Presi- dent and General Secretaries. 6. The Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretaries of the Sections are ex-officio members of the General Committee for the time being. SECTIONAL COMMITTEES. The General Committee shall appoint, at each Meeting, Committees, con- sisting severally of the Members most conversant with the several branches of Science, to advise together for the advancement thereof. 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C] a “yng bea ‘aos seston Spay Se URINE | ses cncsnssco «+ 10 0 0 _ British Annelida ............. see 10 0 0 ; Vitality of Seeds .....,...cecceeee 5 i ae ieor o _ Conduction of Heat ...,........... 4 2 0 £380 19 7 1855. Maintaining the Establishment at Kew Observatory teosesserseese, 425 0 0 Earthquake Movements ........ - 10 0 0 ' Physical Aspect of the Moon... 11 8 5 \ Vitality of Seeds ............. coven 10 F 11 ) Map of the World............0008 15 0 0 ~ Ethnological Queries — hae FO NO _ Dredging near Belfast ............ 4 0 0 t £480 16 4 » 1866, ry GENERAL STATEMENT, xlix i saerds 1856. Maintaining the Establishment at Kew Observatory :-— 18545,...6°75 0. 0 Rap ianse.. Saddar oye: Wy? Strickland’s Ornithological Syno- nyms ..,... Leeeccevecevecenbewes -. 100 0 0 Dredging and Dredging Forms... 913 9 Chemical Action of Light......... 20 0 0 Strength of Iron Plates Resssveediod | LOP + Or 1G Registration of Periodical Pheno- MENA wcvees Vevssseeveressees perkiorh 10 0 0 Propagation of Salmon ............ 10 0 0 £734 13 9 1857. Maintaining the Establishment at Kew Observatory sessecsssseeees 350 0 0 Earthquake Wave Experiments... 40 0 0 Dredging near Belfast ....... * 10 0 0 Dredging on the West Coast of Scotland.....0... Wing shfewsitp eres semi ilOs Ox) Investigations into the Mollusca of California se cnevsccccccucces 1040/40 Experiments on Flax wwe 5 0 0 Natural History of Madagascar... 20 0 0 Researches on British Annelida 25 0 0 Report on Natural Products im- ported into Liverpool ......... 10 0 0 Artificial Propagation of Salmon 10 0 0 Temperature of Mines ............ 7 8 0 Thermometers for Subterranean Observations ....cessessceee eens 5 74 Life-Boats .......+5 eeeeee Nive vate Me FOR MOTE £507 15 4 1858. Maintaining the Establishment at Kew Observatory .e...ssssee0ee 500 0 Earthquake Wave Experiments.. 25 0 Dredging on the West Coast of DCOUAMA fexccudsacecs secvesensss 1 10.10). 0 Dredging near Dublin | eseecereres easel oa ag Vitality of Seeds ............. Basso eter eM il dase Dredging near Belfast ..........+. 18 13 2 Report on the British Annelida... 25 0 O Experiments on the production of Heat by Motion in Fluids... 20 0 0 Report on the Natural Products imported into Scotland ...... fon AU OPO £618 18 2 1859. Maintaining the Establishment at Kew Observatory .,..... seevesee 000 0 0 Dredging near Dublin ........... ako Oke Osteology of Birds.....ssss0ee..00. - 50 0 0 Irish Tunicata ....... Spc taibocc ideeet FOr MONE Manure Experiments ....,....... 20 0 0 British Meduside ...... scecvossnnde in rommOl Dredging Committee.............. 20 -Sro0hed Steam-vessels’ Performance ...... 5 0 0 Marine Fauna of South and West Of Ireland | «4s sseseedes seccocsvecs 10° 0.0 Photographic a ati dadaeeedeto LOe Qua Lanarkshire Fossils ....4.......0. 20 0 1 Balloon Ascents..,.secsecsceseeee 39 11 0 "Boa Leak d 1 REPORT—1866. 1860. Sites Maintaining the Establishment of Kew Observatory ..e..sseecees 500 0 0 Dredging near Belfast........... is ot ec OLaD Dredging in Dublin Bay....... dase gale ED Inquiry into the Performance of Steam -vessels.....0sscessceses sey det 0) JO Explorations in the Yellow Sand- stone of Dura Den...........- 20 0 0 Chemico-mechanical Analysis of Rocks and Minerals............. 25 0 0 Researches on the Growth of PUA tires ais sc wens eeeanan cas sieasems Cun oO U0) Researches on the Solubility of WAliStesetacaccasdecsesosacssacsonve 30 0 0 Researches on the Constituents OLPVIABNECR sess. C= From 160° + 68° | to 158 + 54.7 Disappeared at 4 Cassiopeiz. way from « Ta randi. q From a point near a Aquarii below} Aquila, across the) Milky Way, to | pointnear 7Ophi-| uchi; disappear-] ing a few degr above Jupiter. First seen near | Aquarii, disap-} peared near Capricorni. from 6 Piscium k Aguile. oO From cto 2 (A, w)} Honcrum. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 31 \ppearance ; Train, if any, and its Duration. eft a train of 1°... | | | Length of Path. Direction ; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. Veneer O OOO ee we eee e ee ee se ennane .-. (Radiant, in Cassiopeia ..,'-+ Remarks. Kite-shaped, very bril- liant. Observer. T. Crumplen. iA. S. Herschel. | fo train OF Sparks ....06.6.)seeeeeees * SerenscGbar sek aetiot aoe dias fo train or sparks .........|.....++ tdesisee (Radiant, in Cygnus......)-.eesesenessecseenes nSge abe Id. e | | ‘uclens a stellar point; s+... 60. Gnqgacirdor-oaucenGodccian ...-|-4 Singular meteor ...... fd. no train or sparks. | MRUAGAyvapaeiceraeccessscees Oa aeraneeantrs Perpendicular ..... caste aelicne shoe aente Soot geoen tarps ‘Arthur Tarding. | | Le ee nocebeasens | AO oer acces IYO ass a Feaeneeteer veonr rs Prioc Pan stun places tere aoueeseny Id. | | | UES dite Kaas qos 3 Ramen easiteecs dnagieasdslecouee tes annaceth vices caceee eee shi ddacersterieeeroectsa| Wall. Wood. eras cide viy eve MOLI GEV ap DT Wee, shoal toe fos ages vaa/Lhe meteor finally ex-|Mrs. Crumplen, liant. | pleded into a nuwher of fragments. MRR iceecvaaavernvees{lO> ccquecees loses eee oe vas adeet Sack sedaateccadosvecsfoaseesssatso|Atbhuniarding, | MET eeasdaWeiyessekc.-lseecnsiedsosece|aesst aeore Sneenee Rr oRetan dad] EUG Ur Gpsente CATE SopbceoL st W. II. Wood. DONA OF SPArkS r00...00s/eeeeeseves seoe-{Radiant, in Cassiopeia ...|accececconsesccescerenscesnes A. S, Herschel. — Goveomescmbling thel.....c.-2...|...cccceessssce From Radiant, Fey” tl oobi ee \ Musca. | ta streak for 1 second ...., eee Rediant: “Ol int 4... sereeayes oes iId. Orion. WeMet cee, sss2s5 5-0. i aepeeee er eae Buaaveasecctauetnaltt cnecb ae Seer efile rkling brushy appear- cranes as. {MOF penumme Course. Mi-l.*.cy, 02s ties ces ohoe meee ‘Id. nce. diant, Polaris. ; Meer Or sparks ......-.-).00...1..5 ACCBR PEEDOCOCe CCL ane ere, veh SEER Sa Raa cir ce Id. ja streak for 2seconds|...............From Radiant O, inl... cece Pere 3 Orion. | a streak for 1 second),.........., ...\From Radiant O, in)... PCC ERE core |e , Orion: a streak for 2 seconds|,.,.........,../From Radiant O, inl... batekiati ssaseaec) fee Orion. fa streak for 3 seconds|.............../From Radiant O, inl....ccc...cceccccssseeceees ‘Id. cd Orion, a streak for 3 seconds)..............- From Radiant O, in’............... vaavedea tee ‘Id. ' Orion. Another, = Ist mag. star in Ge- | mini. astreak for 1 second)............... From Radiant ©), in). .s.scsssisessssatencressocaen| ithe Orion. a streak for 2 seconds|...,............From Radiant O, in)............0. Raa ae . Id. , Orion. 43 44 REPORT—1866. Hour. -[hm s 11 41 p.m. 11 43 30 p-m. 20/11 47 p.m. 20\11 48 p.m.| ll 57 p.m. | 20/11 58 p.m. 11 43 p.m.) Place of Observation. Hawkhurst (Kent). Ibid Ibid... eeeneneoeces [bidheaecdnnenssccte {Wsidh tae kth | [Did o...sasa0 Soar 20/12 0 p.m.) 21/12 1 30 am. 12 4 12-9 12 18 am.) iL2 19 ‘a.m.} 2 38 am. a.m. a.m. pm. p-m. p-m. Ibid -Tbid.. ibid... ‘Ibid ..... Ibid .. See eeeeeees seeeceens Nibidiecsscoss eee evenes Mare. Uawkhurst (Kent). Ibidistec.cesesesece Bayswater ..... | Weston - super - .) =2nd mag.« ‘= Ist mag.% =8rd mag.x . =drd mag.* | soo =Ord MA.K yi. =2nd mag. Apparent Size. =3rd MAg.% seseee =4th mag.x ...... =2nd mag.* =2nd mag. .... =Ist mag. =3rd mag.x =2nd mag.* =2nd mag.x =2nd mag.x . Three times as bright as a Ist mag. =Ist mag.x = dromede. 4 (8 Piscium, Pegasi). BAC Gephel). (D Ursz Majo iv = Persei. Majoris. Began at c Caneri noris, curved bi} neath Polar to Ursz Majoris. }, pearance ; Train, if any, and its Duration. ft a streak for 1 second. ourse for 2 seconds. PERFOR rere renee rere eee ae eases ft a streak for 2 seconds! ft a streak for 2 seconds ft a streak for 4 seconds: {ta streak for 3 seconds ft a streak for 1 second {ta streak for 1 second ‘ta streak for 1 second t a streak for 2 seconds t a streak for 2 seconds train or sparks t a streak for 14 second tain ....... Pere eeees ft a streak for 2 seconds. ft a streak on its whole... ft a streak for 1 second). Seer eeeeeene ———— A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 45 Direction; noting also Length of whether Horizontal, vd ae Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer. Inclined. mace sa00nE From Radiant O, inl.......... sedvanatcaunaetase . A. S. Herschel. Orion. } SCOCPORLEEEEE WPnone Radiant) Ojo! Files. hsartvaedasenousmoaytaet Id. Orion. | aeons sees Se pOkOMeRaniant ls, Mi LeGier, J.) cnccsteera me tases teste | AA eocnaeee iRrome Radiant “Fyy in|’, sak Bag cere eid Musca. | | SareeScRearcrcs iErenn-* hadiant OS sie. etree cre eee tae Orion. Neettae Roe ce Raine keatiiant Ol> inl Scenes! ieee es See: Or‘on. spntoaee averooe| LEOM™ Radiant Oy Uli, cccdsesstocarssececseaec LU Orion. ror AST eee (Eroni? Radiant OF Pint, see came: Orion. | Petoets eeemeneefROM= AGTANG IO; Nini, meses teases eres ee Lele Orion. Pats Seseseeves(EKom Meadiant Oy iniik. a etetitec tc cecec. or deeds Orion. Measiestede wesesikxom) Meadiatt. O%, atlil: Geet vorastesesceseecsccdjocibale Orion. tesceoesesesees/From Radiant O, in|..,...........006 aot irtnee he Td. Orion. baie Mapsessaee (LOM Mpatiant, Ee IN| cn) <>ccacsieesseee ucts Auriga. pac eevaveseas (HOM eieAUIAnG. (OS TM cs-Spatces cosencececeeee ee Id. Orion. socssseseceveee| Directed from 3 (B, k)|....ccceescescees adememeatas [d. Geminorum. Radiant O, in Orion. | macatstidane «eae From Radiant F, in)[n2 hours 15 minutes 41 Id. Auriga. meteors: clear sky ; no moon ; one observer. Svadsaeeseaens Curved............ss000---/Lost sight of behind a/Arthur Harding. house. saat Gadsnenee\ivesicssinecneaesnceesqessseessesl, vovaocerasessecessosecsccdeus| Volts WOOU. HePC DRED eveste anetherete craic ssi dass lctctcececeaeaesearttertenaten ttn oe Ererscnels 4G REPORT—1866. J a - 7 Place of S Col Durati eat or ate. Tlour. 5 Apparent Size. olour. uration. titude and | Date Observation. PP Azimuth. | 1865.;h m s Oct. 28.10 55 p.m. Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ......| White ........./0°6 second ... From E Psalteri (Kent). | © Eridani. INov. 5! 8 19 p-m.|Regent’s Park, |=I1st mag.x ......|White ...,.....,0°5 second ... From J Muscx : London. | (y, o) Arietis 5) 8 34 p.m.) Weston - super -|=Sirius ............ Red and yellow 1°5 second vee, = = Mare. Trom 90° + 82 | to 98 + 55) | | | 5, 8 40 p.m./Regent’s Park,/=Ist mag.x ......|White ......... 05 second + From o Custe London. | to w Urse | | joris. 6|Between G6) Lancaster. ...cs2s| Laree, MELCON ..ai50]2). sccanekdseses=]«0s00+cusbunynnen eee o —— and 7 p.m. | : 8 7 26 p.m./Greenwich ......,=2nd mag.% ...... Wellaware.s2%:) Momentary... Directed from point about { above o Hercul towards 6 Lyra 9| 7 40 30 (Blackheath ......,=3rd mag.* ....../Yellow .......0°3 second .+.|From a point al Ht p-m. above and to tl | N. of « Coron | Borealis, towari | horizon. 9 9-46 p.m. [bid .....ssseeeeee, =Ath mag.x ss. Blnish ....04... 77 Second... Appeared nea \ Kridani. | 12) 6 40 p.m. Brook, Norwich Bright as Venus ... White .......... L second ......,From Z to B | Majoris. | al ) 12:10 45 p.m./Cambridge ......| Bright meteor......|..... teeensceeecesleeeeaeees veers Crossing the | | star of the ta | Ursa Major. | 1210 55 p.m. Ibid...... eas Several bright me-|......000...s0es0 agie oda ddeenes «oan ee vest | teors. 12)11 17 p.m.|Flimwell, Sussex) =Srd mag.s ...... BIN, cecveesse|-o0-sccensererne- From near Capel to the Pleiade | 12)11 22 p.m. [bid oeeeeeeeeeseues (Brighter than Siti sueeeckens Pee nes| seesereereeerenees Disappeared Venus. below # Arie! TOUT 22 SOE OIG sc ccsncnesxsc ‘Brighter than (Blue ........./Moderate Disappeared a p.m. Venus. | speed. Orionis. 12/11 31 p.m. |[bid .+.........00-) == ord mags .....-|Rapid motion |..+....0000++s00e 'From 8° below | y Geminorum 12/11 46 p.m. Ibid............... =Ist mag.* . ..../Rapid motion |.........++-...++-/From Aldebarani | 38 Arietis. | | : 1211 49 p.m. [bid ................As bright as Jupiter Moderate leks ssteogspcneenie From 11° W. speed. | Pollux. | 1312 0 am. Hawkhurst =Ist mag.*......... White ...... + 15 second .,. From oUrseMajor | (Kent). to m Custodis. | ppearance ; Train, if any, and its Duration. ————— a slight train peveee t a slight train Preece eee ES IOST OS See eee eee Pee eet eee OURO R eee tO eee eee tenes eeees SUPRA HEs Syaosico ses scesee train or sparks . a phosphorescent streak. train or sparks ......... PORTO OOH e eee eeeseserse EE BIRAVs\g 2's po'vese aire TPR P ERE Eee etree eee eeseeeres a train o train or sparks ......... eee eererlene HTH Ree eee e ee eaeeeeeeaterene wee for 2 seconds ,.....!. Length of Path. Pere eee eee eee eee leeeeee eeneeeees A flash only eee Re eeeae BOS wens << 10° BRE: osncere 1s° COC etree Direction ; noting also | whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. SPOR e eee meee et Se tee eee serene EitOnWelecsvagsecserverere Slightly zenith. inclined NintGhneah sass esedeseeess | 'Perpendicular ....ss.ss00 Horizontal, left to right Inclinéd © scvecdestsecss cues | .. Course halfway from the Pleiades. Course halfway from the Pleiades. Prem ee renee ree rene eeee eres seeene seeeres Pee eeeeeesenee ee POO e etree eee eenmerereneeeerne FOO m eee ee tenet eeeeereeneee oe |e eee ee eee eear er te tenes eerenene to! POR e ee eee eet OEE RE HOES Ee eee ans FOee | A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. Remarks. clear sky; one ob- server. Oe eeeeeoresces eer rereteeees increased in intensity and showed a hemisphere. eee ee eee eeenee ee ee eenenes wee | eee ee eee eee eee ee eeeeee eee eee eee eee ‘Seen also at Manchester Omen teen neenreee POPs eeeereee Steen ene e eee eenee tet anaerenes treeee FOO n OE OOOO ete eens e rene HOOP Oe ee er ee ee eeeeeee ss eBeene FOO eee eee eee ene eee eeeeenrenns Cee e ee eee Peer eee) Three meteors in thirty minutes : half-moon ;) Tail 10° 1 sec. ; meteor red) crescent on anterior W. .| Manchester ‘ Ex- aminer & Times.’ ..|Thomas Wright. ‘Td. Id. iW. Id. | | Id. Id. T. Crumplen, Communicated by A. S. Her- schel, ‘H. Hudson. F. Howlett. 4 Observer. A. 8. Herschel. T. Crumplen. H. Wood. ... A. S. Herschel. 48 REPORT—1866. Place of Position, or Date.| Hour. Obscene Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. grenade | 1865. h m sz Noyv.1312 1 a.m.Flimwell, Sussex)=Ist mag.x ...... Blue ........./Very rapid ....From « Urse | | joris nearly | Cassiopeia. HSa2) 2 -a:m:|[bid\-..cscassceeete =2nd mag.# ...... +88 sense snosion-|vcasabpedeenemaee Began 4° W. of | Geminorum. 1312 9 am. Wisbeach ...... [=Ist mag.x ....../Yellow ...... 33 seconds .../From Z Geminorur | | to w Lyncis. 13/12 11 a.m:!Neweastle OM |Tbid 2... voveeee{—= 200 MAS. ..000. Yellow ......+9- 0°8 second _...|Disappeared at Pro- p-m. cyon. 1311 44 p.m. [bid ........0000 =3rd mag.x ...... Yellow ...... 0-4 second ...|From o to q Orionis VSL 47) 15> i Dbid eeeececewcessee =2nd mag.* ...... Mellow © ve-.se 0-4 second ...\from 12 Lyncis to p-m. L Camelopardi. 1311 50 p.m. [bid.......ss00+.|/=1st mag.* ....../Yellow ....../2 seconds....../Appeared at Dra-| conis. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS Of LUMINOUS METEORS. Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. Length of earance; Train, if any, sa 1 ; y Path. and its Duration. Traversed the heavens like Horizontal; E. to W.... an ordinary shooting- star. POO ee Hee EDO eeeeseeees +++'Perfectly _ horizontal; parallel with the plane of the horizon. Ceo eccceeeesees! sectce Pete Oo eeeeeroerereetees Sroke out rather stronger about the middle of its! course, and then seemed to grow smaller. PreeeeUeUE TET CUeeUCOOSOLICLOSUSOCT ISS eer eer rere rere ere eft a streak for 2 seconds|15° .....cccelecceceee treeseeseeeseescescseesescceees|ssesesseeeeeoes| PEFPENGiCUlar .......0000- eft behind it a very bril-'20° or 30°.. liant yellowish - white trail of light. eft a loug streak; threw off sparks. Nearly horizontal; E. to WwW. --'Horizontal ... sxactly like a large rocket)35° ........./Horizontal ...cessessesees ery like arocket ......... MUNMEPH ORES) 5.0 ccenci snes eave sesenel.,..s+seeses+\sscecsectscceccecvecece SoiGsince| Eig vacances aeebbeses A. 8. Herschel & H.T,Humphreys. Left astreak for 2 scconds,|....... Ge ekcaniis aicne ee RE Ee ere eel ete OPPPRTeE OBen Her nic, Id. which appeared to be divided longitudinally. Pee oc csiees A ee ROSA wes ee oso e| BItOuWeteecke cess Bede cu lacthenotuestnerancensagea eaves Id. Weft astreak for 3 seConds,|....secseceseeelecsccceccoccooesccecceoe nk), Very good observation..|Id. which faded from the ends towards the centre. | BORE 6356065 ois vee Pes crcaic dette tebe es ds sansieet [nt seeyaeees cvacnou se cacHaRes silos edeauaeedendeness feasubes...| We dda AWOOG. | | welt a broad yellow streak!....... Pesca cules sniecut Bake Tanacsuae cendscccl Secibyeyesteosuetaraces aed A. S. Herschel & for 2 seconds. H.T. Humphreys. LGaieccs eeeretcs ne “8c CCCPCOD REE] COTO chine cinwacenweitelecSrigctea sa chadsnestoses bee aetaneh dace mesmcest ee ..|W. I]. Wood. rew gradually less ; left. Canencdepeenesn eens Leeeeereerevececes ears dl cevocesee POP Cee keerensasecccee A. $3 Herschel & | no streak. H.T.Humphreys. Pisses ELE LECEEEEEREEEE Figen eee «o<{Directed from K Leonisi|!;..ctsiccsccssessoesaee seeeadlds wew gradually less; left)......seseeesse[erererees wae sduasowaxdeal ss scebdddeatvedacesusesart wae Id. no train. : ; iffused a strong light in|5°...... Geass Directed from Z Leonis..!............+ qaGaaeenaneectaes Id. the sky like lightning; streak red; duration 2 seconds. SMPTE TES gtk ve cncccccccccs|LO” seqeceee seeneeaceeseeeeeeeen sesengeetnsecs teeenseseseeses!Se He Miller. eft a streak for 2 seconds)...... 5 PPR Cre cnr Secreto er ec guvtl er aadts caceateasesseimerated A. S. Herschel & H. T. Hum- . phreys. O train or sparks; grew].......ccsssccs/ctteeeeees waefevese ens cccwacet Good observation ...,..\Id. gradually less. ee hee? ee es... Directed from % Leonis|..... Sakasses caeaendugancevnes Id. USER CERES OTOEOOSENY COsccsey k. ee eeeees ees (HtPOh ee revenese Cece erat eneas eeeeeeene® Oeeacees COR eeeeeeers Id. Te ee le swe ccesls cacy aagscccec|necscascecsdccnenecee atacoans Exact observation ...... Id. RBH EVEDY DICH)... .ccccgicscosleteescceeeegedsvoceoersssccece| ees FB rebeceocerterce re CF Id. streak for five seconds. eft a streak for 3 seconds|............5 “| Roncanerco- react aedaredeqes|oaea aguednass wewaanedtane aevecthds ; no streak ; grew gra-10° vs... Directed from 6 Auriga! ............csesscesssesceenee Id. y less. ett no train PO Reeeeeeeteees ies bbeeceavereniee Peer meee ered sores seeereeeeesiacecce eeeeeeees eeeeecceecseees Ss. B. Kincaid. | a : : 2 oft no train PEO OOOE eee e ss leen eee E Baan ewen seee sees EG Rb bed besten cetersael® Pee eee eet Oeeeereseeerees reer Id. 64 REPORT—1866. Date Hour. Place of Apparent Size Colour ; e Observation. PP ; > 1865.|h m Noy.14| 5 30 a.m.|Weston = super -|.ssssessceseeee soesewmen|aa ee sovedseccestvelscensttenvl untilsun-| Mare. rise. 15) 8 38 + |Greenwich Park p.m. 15) 8 54 p.m.|West Hendon, Sunderland. 15/About 10 40 Wimbledon p-m. (Surrey). 17; 7 47 p.m.|/Primrose Hill (London). 17| 8 30 p.m.'Greenwich ...... 18 About 4 30 Wimbledon p-m. (Surrey). 18) 4 30 p.m.\Cambridge ..... 18) 5 20 p.m./Royston ......«../A conspicuous me- teor. white. p.m. 18'6 4 30 (Blackheath ......;=3rd mag.# ...... =2nd mag.* ...+. Bluish wh«te... =3rd mag.*x ......1. de edcoeeeeeeneees Nearly = Sirius ...|Bluish white...|3 seconds =2nd mag.x ...... White ........./0°5 second ... =I1st mag.* ......|Bluish white..|Lessthan1sec.|/Passed across Nearly as bright as|.s.cecssseeeeeecas|-seseeseeeeeeeseee Passed somewl a Jupiter. From a point abou Position, or | Altitude and Azimuth. 3° above 6B Au rige. Disa peared a little te the S. of @ Au rigee. to 337 + 40m) Aquarii from ne, direction of f Equulei. below Polaris, — A brilliant meteor..|...... seeseeseeeee/2°0 Seconds ... In the western p or Yellowish : \ White .... Fell vertically pas joris. « Draconis _ to wards wy Ursa Majoris. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 65 Direction ; noting also Appearance; Train, ifany,) Lengthof | whether Horizontal, ; . = arks. Observer. and its Duration. Path. Perpen‘iicular, or Remarks Inclined. ME ise nue ssa] obesede dnaacac|aas estates saceneus oiahehad ed \Orange-coloured shoot- Communicated ing-stars = lst and) by W. H. Wood. | 2nd mag. stars; some brighter. Fell verti- cally from an altitude ' of about 25°, N. or N.W., at the rate of twelve per hour. Sky clear; radiant jp Le- onis. SIRMNEEDUIE esis =.+..00+00 --(Curved ......005 ea deteslet. aban iekt sesseeeveeeeeeess./Lhomas Wright. PERO eee rr senagucsercas ccs acecccateeteenlieceWastedacsainecswebreeeague| Le We backhouses fs a conspicuous train From E.N.E. to W.S.W.).cossessesveseveeereveeeesecee(Es C. Penrose, of phosphorescent light. eee eereereeres ¢ a train on its whole seeeeeeereeeeee Inclined a little down- tHe eeeSOeeeereeeaeentaeat atone T. Crumplen. course, wards to the right. ft no train steesevoecoedorleseeeseososesee(inclined at an angle Glidsaittuesccuvcaarerdaceedecdere W. C. Nash. 45°, MMEIECIVICED) TEST ,.,.44.5.5vs000l, cs sccisesecccaoieeseeseeienc: ee cc Te ...../Communicated end of its course into by F. C. Penrose. two bright objects, one following the other. ft a train of light of a t teteeeeeneeeeeslisessesseccesersseeesseeeeeses/VELy luminous; seen in Communicated ale green colour. strongtwilight. This ob-) by T. Crumplen. server saw the meteor of Nov. 13th, 5" 42™ p.m. € a rocket with a short}.............../Horizontal Sdearusvevesinestcesec. He Orricrercre terre ae ft MO HAIN sressessseeeees|D°.sseeeeeenee|Perpendicalar sessseseees Centre of track opposite|Tlomas Wright. « Draconis. 66 Place of Date. Hour. h 6 a | 30 1865. | m Nov.18, 14 p.m. 6 59 30+ p.m. Ibid ..... 18 9 23 p.m./Greenwich . 18| 9 45 ++ p-m. Granchester / 18 945 + | p.m. | Evening ...|Finchley, London. 21 2116 0 p.m.) | Norwich A few mi- nutes past 6 o’clock. | 21 Harpenden, 21A few mi-) nutes after 6 p.m. 2° 59’ 30”. 21} 6 5 p.m. Liverpool. Observation. (Cambridge). Mbidiee eens mectese near Oundle (Notts)... 6- 0 p.m.|Wisbeach (Cam- bridgeshire). Albans (Herts). Near Liverpool ; Lat. N. 53° 24’ 39”, Long. W. New Brighton, REPORT—1866. Apparent Size. Colour. Bluish ...0.+... woe) — SOG Wa eeW caceee Blue A bright meteor... ...(A bright meteor... Three times larger}..s.+.sss0+0 and brighter than Venus at its brightest. Unusually brilliant meteor. size of Jupiter. tail white. changing. St. Large and brigiit.../ Blackheath ......;=3rd mag.x ......| White deste seconds -|3 seconds ene ee ee eeenenee Twice the apparent|Meteor blue; Very large meteor..|Colours vivid; weeee POeeUeTU SCOOT Tete ee eee eed Large meteor ......|++++ Coaveeevsconss Moved slowly.|The meteor Position, or Altitude and Azimuth. Duration. ... Passed midway be tween p and & Lyre towards @ Draconis. ; From y Cygni to 2 point near Cygni. ../From the direction of Capella to-j wards « Orionis. . Course parallel to and just below) | 6B, y Urse Ma joris. - ...Near « Urse Ma- joris. % Passed direc overhead. \2 seconds... From 34° below Ceti to 4° beloy 6 Aquarii ; com mencing to the east of c Ceti; About 4 secs... Appeared within 5 of the Pleiades eee eee een ee tees At least 2 or 3|Started near th seconds. zenith, and _ dis: appeared S.W. — sere eeeeeeeeeres peared on southern m dian. first seen S.E, at altitude about 25° or 30°, and - 1 eared. fered Only from a fire-|.....ceeessseee york in its perpendicu- ar fall. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 67 Se HP Re eee eee eeeneeseeee Peeeees Thee etesenee eee Direction ; noting also Appearance ; Train, ifany,| Length of | whether Horizontal, sas and its Duration. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer. Inclined. ueft a faint train...... Breese spa MNCLINE Seo. sdes pistes oos|caeeetonas yas sseveceessers-eoe] LHomas Wright. .eft a faint train.........:.. -.|Slightly inclined from|--:... Coeteeeeeseeenseaseasens Id. perpendicular. faint train........... eegeanncs Inclined®)..c0ce«s Aout ah leis sive Necena mies Navstecss .-.|Ehomas Wright ; ein Arthur Harding. eft no train ......... roars O Mesbeccaes Inclined ....... ssssenseeselsssscons adeSeencactads seedy es W. H. Hudson. flash....., Metro tebostceiah No path .os|ecssenvesssssereee eoerseaeenee aan ssspbpssperospdaaesysssc) lO. Be chixesssasps.sc000+. Paeenl Peeves N.E. to S.W. ...+0+...++«/Cloudy and rain falling ;/J. H. Heal. stars invisible; the : meteor was above the clouds and shone through them. owed by a tail some 6°|.....6...ssseee|teer fete eeeeee eens seeeeeeese/ Approximate — position|Communicated or 8° long, but did not taken the following) by Hugh burst. evening. Weightman. shape like a blunt spear-|30° .........|{nclined 15° from hori-|,,............ceesseseesseeeee/The ¢ Times,’ head, drawing a tail o zontal. Noy. 24th. hite light, and sparks ehind it. eo ee ball of intensely brilliant) About 30°../Descending in S.W. ...|....ccccceccseecceseceecseess Norwich ‘ Mer- light, leaving behind it cury.’ a brilliant arch or bow of light. er gradually increasing|..+........4++ |E. to W. ..seseeeereeeeeeee/Sky calm and clear.|The ‘ Times,’ 9 dazzling brightness, The meteor cast aj Robert Lynn. t suddenly changed to shadow of the ob- he red glow of dull ig- server on the ground. | iition, and finally disap- vasa choee ses satenpeseitaesrds. | Mrathewes Brown. docu odenecs vache dedeoees rans cans: | Eee OWEr: REPORT—1866. 68 ] Dat H Place of Sey puke Observation. 1865.|; hm s Nov.21} 6 5 p.m (Middlesex) ; N. lat. b> 29° 40”, W. long. One: 21| 6 5 p.m.|Nottingham Park (Nottingham). 21/6 5 p.m.|Near Bedford 21) 6 5 p.m./Weston - super - Mare. 21/6 5 or |Oxford ......... 6 6 p.m. 21| 6 6 p.m.|Northolt (Harrow). 21; 6 8 30 |Colebyfield, p.m. Wimbledon (Surrey). 21/6 9 p.m./Shoeburyness (Essex). .../Large fireball Apparent Size. Near ee times as bright as Venus at its brightest. Large meteor ...... Very large ....0..0 Larger and brighter than Venus ap- pears. Large meteor .... 6’ of arc in width; + diameter of the moon. Very large meteor.. Peer eelnee Colour. Brilliant bluish white ;_ tail reddish. Duration. Slow speed; duration about 10 se- conds. eee eeeeseeeereee Blue eeeeeeree Oe eee ee renee nee eteen le White or greenish, shading into blue. No change of colour du- ring its ap- pearance. POOH eee rere eeeee Brilliant blue..|... a eee en ee eeeeeneees Speed 15° per second. About 7 secs... .-.|Appeared Position, or Altitude and Azimuth. First appeared an altitude it 40° above th eastern horizon Passed to the Sy of, and lowe’ than the con stellation Cassio- peia, almost ve tically overheady and disappeare about 25° abov in the E.N.E. or E., and disappeared S. Wy ..|Appeared at an alti: In the S., not man degrees above horizon. 4 Traversed thei sk northward of zenith, to a po in R. A. 18% N. Decl. 4 about 8° N.W.¢ a Lyre. positions m sured with equatorial scope soon after disappearance. | Appeared in the: | nith, and pas at an altitude reappearing im- mediately, an disappeared an altitude of 30° iF behind a dense A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. Appearance ; Train, if any, and its Duration. followed by a tail from 23° ‘to 3° in length. The throwing off of the matter forming the tail could be distinguished. Disappeared without bursting. resented the same ap- pearance as at Cranford. lobular ...... ike a Roman-candle ball,| | Length of Path. ueft a train 8° in length... ear-shaped, surrounded by an edge of purplish light, and by a halo caused by thin cloud, which hid the tail. Dis- appeared suddenly with- out any previous loss of light. followed by a train. embled a comet, being) eee eeeee) Almost sta- tionary. alee e eee eeeeee eee Fete eecerereeee = ee eeeteteeeees stent eeeeeesesttes Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. IEicMEGHW ayesccdcarecwaccerse FOR ee eee berate ereeeeesenenne seeeeee Inclined downwards to- wards the left from perpendicular. y sennee reer ee eee eer rere weet en eee [Due E: to: W. 2.2.0.0... Remarks. Sky hazy, and principal stars, with the excep- tion of those of Cas- siopeia, obscured. No noise accompanied or followed its appear- ance. AU e eRe e been be eeeeanenenenes .|Very brilliant ............ Very rough positions ... TOPO eee eee eee ee eetenetereee ‘Light of meteor very startling ; lightning at 8 p.m. Cast a light as bright, but colder in colour than moonlight. | a So). LEXBCHEl. O train or sparks ; grew].,..0...s.c.ssesssssecesceeessseseseeeeeeeee[FOUL meteors in one|Id. gradually less. hour: clear sky ; no moon; one observer. SonSECOL TELS SSOSRBEOLEEERONCM datbn arose sesceceeeeeeeees-- (Arthur Harding. Inclined ....... Be se ee ee sons gomewwebeaeen .». (Id. bridgeshire). 7 43 p.m.|West Hendon, Sunderland. 5 54 p.m.|Blackheath (Kent). Hawkhurst (Kent). 8 15 to 8 35 p.m. Blackheath (Kent). 9 22 p.m. Venus. =3rd mag-X ws. =3rd mag.x .... = 2nd mag.* severe neereonvasererrer 80 REPORT—1866. Pigneink Position, or : ize. : ration. itud Date. Hour. Obearentom: Apparent Size Colour Duration rhe at i 1866.| h m ze. Jan. 6) 9 59 p.m./Royal Observa-/Twice as great as|Brilliant blue..|5 seconds ...|From = a t} tory, Green-| Jupiter. . about 1° abov: e| wich. and N, Ti Cygni; disap: peared a W degrees N. of 6) " Pegasi. ii 610 4 p.m.|West Hendon, Far brighter than)... Scarcely 1sec.,|Passed very near @j) Sunderland. Venus appears at very fast. Eridani, and diss) its brightest. appeared withi 1° or 2° of w Ceti} 610 5 p.m.|Wisbeach (Cam- Twice as bright as Bright blue...|4 seconds ...|No exact note of ssaseceeteeeeeees]Vanished about 4 to the right of 7 Pegasi. _.{Bluish white...|Less than half/From the directior a second. of «, passed be tween Z and Orionis. peel eee ee eeeeeee ,, {Orange colour). Feet e ee eee eee eel seer eraeeeee ..ee.{3 Seconds....../From a point 3° 0; 4°. N. of « Ca siopeiz ; fell t wards 6 Copheis ..(Bluish ..., A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 31 Appearance; Train, if any, and its Duration. Left a fine yellow train for 3 seconds. Increased in brightness from first to last; disappeared suddenly. Had a bright sparkling train, and left a lumi- nous streak from R. A. 3® 2m §8., Decl. 11°, to R. A. 2% 45", S. Decl. 14°, for a third part of a minute, at least, if not longer, though very faint. Vanished rather gradually)... Left a train for 10 seconds|.... Length of Path. Peeper eeees Seeccovesees seen ee reer eneee Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. Pewee et evens Nearly perpendicular ... Fell vertically down . Inclineds scsscastearerese: sete eeeeeone POOP O rere renneee see neers COO etree eee et erane Remarks, Observer, bandas he seating seessssseeeeeees/Lhomas Wright. Sky cloudless ,.......,...)1.W. Backhouse. This was a remarkable shooting - star. Its appearance is repre- sented very nearly in the sketch. It showed three distinct stages : the central part dis- appeared first, then the head; and the train, in the shape I have represented, brightened up. Perpendicular .....+...++ Four small meteors seen in 20 minutes. Sky bright and clear; no moon; one observer. On the nights of the 9th and 10th the sky was overcast. ae eeeeternseee feeered eseeeenes S. H. Miller. | iT. W. pie Thomas Wright. A. S. Herschel. Thomas Wright. Date. Hour. 1866.|h m Jan. 8) 9 46 p.m. 810 5 p.m. 9 Evening ... 9| 9 14 p.m. 9| 9 35 p.m. 9,9 38 p.m. 1] Evening ... | | 11 9 52 pm. Place of Observation. Blackheath ee eeee IDid ...cscovseeeees Sunbury (Mid- dlesex). Blackheath ener Ibid .ecreseeaverers LDId. vossecseeceooes Alkmonton (Derbyshire). |Hay (S. Wales). =3rd mag.x =2nd mag.x we =Ist mag.* ‘REPORT—1 866. Apparent Size. Colour. Seneeeeee Bluish white... Large meteor ..+...|++ =2nd mag.x vie =2nd mag.x v.06 senor Much brighter than the fixed stars. Atfirst=2ndmag., afterwards twice as bright as Si- rius, but looking much larger ; di- ameter about 10’. Bluish white... ‘Bluish white.. White ....c000 Deep yellow; train whiter in colour than the head. '2 seconds...... .-../Very rapid Duration. l second 2 seconds ... Considerable velocity. Half asecond.. 1 second ...... speed. 4 or 5 seconds) Position, or Altitude and Azimuth. From a point a little above & Urse Minoris ; passed + Urse Minoris, to- wards @ Dra- conis. From about 1° above and W. of 7 Orionis; disappeared a few degrees be- low and E. of £ Orionis. Across the constel- lation of Orion. From a point aj little above Sirius ;} _ disappeared about 1° above and he- yond 6 Canis Ma- joris. From about 5° above and S. of a Pegasi; dis- appeared about 5° below that star. From a little above e; passed mid- way between e and g, and dis- appeared a little below 2 La- certe. Passed above a house, appa- rently at no great altitude. From aititude a- bout 15°, E.S.E. in Monoceros: the meteor passed exactly across « Orionis, and proceeded as far as the head of Aries, when it disap- peared behind.} The termination of its course not] seen. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. and its Duration. Appearance ; Train, ifany,| Length of Path. bf PMEEAN UG raenc's cee 005s [0 ccovescovecss MERTISIETAIN) cscceceeeveecss|D voascessccees Burst ' Left no train into fragments, which proceeded on- wards in the same direction, becoming dimmer. Left no train. MREEGTIO SLAIN .ccccsvecvcsces eft a tail of light in its track of considerable length. ike a projectile, leaving a train of 5° or more, Which was dense and SOeeveeeeeernee Goeecece SLO Ecc chnaesn| Br ceaeeonaers- Reached quite across the heavens. More than 60° while in sight. continuous with the head, but speedily faded. Like a bomb- shell fired from London into Ireland. .. Slightly inclined Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. Perpendicular senteee Oe e eee senerereneeet about 8.E. to N.W. E.S.E.to W.N.W., rising obliquely upwards. Rectilinear while in sight. Liichite de cccisseesnanscboslsa Perpendicular ...........- Curved sssseccnsersseneeloaes Perfectly horizontal ; Remarks. eel eee eee eeeereseresenerssesines © FOO rere eenes Seer ee Pe eereet ans Seen through trees ,..... Very brilliant. Whe- ther the metcor became extinguished or became lost in described. The train strongly visi- ble after the meteor was hidden by the house: soaredthrough the sky with a very Inajestic effect. space, could not be} 83 Observer. /Thomas Wright, Id. J. Gale. .|Thomas Wright. Id. Id. \‘ Derbyshire Ad- vertiser.’ Alpheus Slight. T. W. Webb. BA REPORT—1866. Place of Position, or Date.| Hour. s f Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and Observation. Asirnuth. 1866.;h m s Jan. 11} 9 53 30 |Royal Observa-jAt first equal to a/Yellow ...... 3 seconds.,..../From a point a few p.m. tory, Green-| 2nd mag.x; in- degrees below wich. creased _conti- the Pleiades to nually in bright- « Piscium. ness, being final- Centre of path ly larger and opposite y Ari- brighter — than etis. . Sirius. 11| 9 54 p.m./Bedford ........./Brighter than /Bright orange/About 1 sec. First appeared near Venus at its} colour. while in] 6 Orionis; passed) | maximum. sight. about 2° above’ y Pegasi. : 11| 9 55 p.m./Ashford ......... Large meteor ......|Quite blue ...)............ veeeeFrom £., or twe' points N. of E. to W. 11/A few mi-/Westminster {Large meteor .,....|......0+6 BcpoUgHIad Beedebigaceccadoao: ‘From over the di- nutes be-| Bridge, : rection of Lam- forel0p.m.! London, beth pier; dis- appeared behind the houses of Parliament. 11\10 0 p.m.|Ticehurst Much brighter than|llead and tail|6 to 8 seconds.|/From altitude 15°, (Sussex). a star of the Ist| brilliant Glided as E. byS.; passed magnitude. white. swiftly as) 20° S. of the} | | an arrow. zenith to altitude 5° due W. Zenith. Helge es G—__|_—“f> J West. East. 11/10 O p.m.|Bradford Splendid meteor ...|.............000- Several secs...|Apparent course! (Yorkshire). from 8.E. to W. 11|About 10 30 Hawkhurst ‘As bright as Venus|White .....,...'2°5 seconds... Disappeared mid- p.m. | (Kent). at its brightest. way between a | | | | Hydre and ff | | | Sextantis: course | halfway from @ | ; ancri. 11/11 33 p.m. [bid .......0......./=2nd mag.x .,,.../ White ...,....../1°5 second ; /Oisappeared at € | | ; very slow) Geminorum. | motion. | 1/11 33 PAM ITBid ccscacee ee thagex ......| White ........./0°6 second .../Mrom a Tarandi to | : r Custodis. t | — A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 85 | | Appearance; Train, if any,) Length of and its Duration. ——— Left a fine train ......... bre Left a bluish train 20° in),, length for 1 second. Like a Roman-candle ball ; disappeared without ex- plosion ; left no trace. Like a comet; exploded}. _at last. Like a sky-rocket, followed by a train of light like the tail of a comet. It gradually disappeared, leaving the whole length of its path visible by a luminous streak, which remained some seconds after the disappearance of the meteor. |Disappeared gradually ...|... Left a train for 4 a second Path. fo} 35 see ee ee eeeens Complete arc of the sky. Nearly the whole arch of the hea- vens; or 160°. -JOverSof the BE. to W. ..cccsecenseenes heavens. seneee 5 ° Disappeared siddenly ; no}.........0000.. train or sparks, Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. Inclined .......5+ PCr Cette eer soenenees Apparently in a semi- circle, from E. by S. to W. by N. wee eeeensees Stee eeeeeereeres cerotis. se eeneeee | Directed from m Mono- Oooo eeseeereeeee eee! Remarks. This meteor, when first seen, was about the size of a _ second magnitude _ star ; but throughout the whole of its course it continued to in- crease in __bright- ness, until at the time of its disap- pearance it was larger and_ brighter than Sirius. Sede eeeecceseeeeeseerere Among some large meteors seen by the same _ observer, none was remem- bered that took sch a complete circuit o: the heavens. POO e eee seb ee enero eeerssseetee Whether the meteor became exhausted or disappeared beyond the range of vision could not be deter- mined. Clear star- light night. Altitudes and positions mea- sured on the 15th. eel te eee eee ee ener seerewerennenee Imperfect view through a frosted window- pane. Two small meteors seen in the last half - hour. Clear sky ; no moon; one observer. stew eeeneeee Peeve ees eweenesee Observer. Ernest Jones. T. G. E. Elger. ‘The Standard,’ Jan. 15th. E.M. Communicated by T. Crumplen. R. Covington. Communicated by R. P. Greg. A. S. Herschel. 86 REPORT—1866. © Date. Hour. 1866.;h m s Jan. 1))/11 52 p.m./Hawkhurst =3rd mag.* ......, Wihite!cscsteses 0°5 second ;_ |From (Cor Caroli. Position, or Pl F 4 : oe Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude aud Azimuth. (Kent). very swift. | 0 Ursz Majoris) to » Urse Ma- 7 joris. 13/12 4 awm,|Ibid.............. =Srd mag.# ......| White coe...e0 0'8 second ....Appeared at 67 2 Urse Majoris : course _ three Majoris. 15|:9 19 p.m.|Blackheath ....../=1st mag.x.........|Bluish white..|Momentary ...|From a point 1° or 2° above B Urse Minoris ; past y Urse Mi- noris towards 4 Draconis. LEO eA psi: (UDI [Inclined slightly from horizontal, ‘Directed from Arcturus).. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. Remarks. eS FOO O rete eset tere raeeeeeeeeee TER Pe TORO E eee eee eetareetnns 'End of path not seen on account of obstacles. | Pee eee ee rere Pee eee weeeenee aeeeeeee see POO ee eeseseses Perpendicular ............ abebedss saesaiaudecenawi gee Inclined ...,... Ceccsesceses|scncnfaccnccccssbesssscacesees HMGlINSG -recetocczscdecsees eencatoeasnbccchncessstasacnes Perpendicular ............|. Soc PCO tee ree PE | [orreterteteteeeeeeeeeeas|oees ea sosatewosts Seueneegay ss Enelined! ssc. 42.202 Pere el errr * Rog un cuc ee pao eee aee Nearly perpendicular’... :)oscesd-<-ass.s00cn 000s toecesee UNCLE! [iss ecisaciccsceses|sscteaeesssineeeceen Seda arate oe 108 see ee ee Observer. ———.—-___ Thomas Wright and G. W. Farn- comb. W. C. Nash. Id. Id. « W. C. Nash ; Thomas Wright. Thomas Wright. Arthur Harding. ..... Ernest Jones ; Thomas Wright. W. C. Nash ; Ernest Jones. Id. W. C. Nash ; Ernest Jones ; Thomas Wright. |W. C. Nash. W. C. Nash ; Thomas Wright. SS Se SSS on Ne a 104 Date. 1866. Hour. — hm s May 18}11] 44 19 p-m. 1811 45 14 19 19 19 20 Junel3 20 p-m. p-m. p.m. 0 30 1 0 2 50 ‘ll 23 12 30 112 45 10 40 10 45 11] 47 49 12 0 p.m. 0 26 25 a.m. a.m. am. p.m. to a.m. a.m. Place of Observation. Royal Observa- tory, Green- wich. Ibid........ ie eeeee | = COAL AE anaes Ibid ....c.00.....0.,—=ISt MAG.X.scoseses| Dd somensesereassc =2nd mag.x ...... ADIGE eras denseeel 200 Ma sa asids Dhid Geeccseseseeoss|—20G Mate ..... EDTA. ccsonnsuessses)==StOMAL. csc. London .,........=3rd mag.# ...... [bid...0.seccceereee|=OFd MATA sievect Hawkhurst iedeadssses-caneantencad (Kent). East Hill, Hast- ings. a.m.|Folkstone......... REPORT—1866. Apparent Size. =Ilst mag.x |Very bright meteor’ Large meteor ...... ..| Yellow SWihitiensscsseces White ......... Colour. Duration. nae Dae ebecss TEBCCDNG: scat Bluish white...|0°5 second ...! Bluish white... second ...... Bluish white...|0°5 second ... Bluish white.../1 second ...... Bluish ........./4 second ...... 1 second ...... Bluish white...: 1:2 second ... '0°5 second ,..| FORO nee e eee e ee SHO TEEE Sees eeeeee eee eee teeter eens Sent e eee e eee eeneee Reem eee eee OOH eee eee eee ee en ee eee iTraversed the. sky| Position, or Altitude and Azimuth. From « _ Corone) Borealis ; passed midway be-|, tween € and @ Bootis. Moved past y andj’ 8B Ophiuchi. Line joining those stars paral- lel to track of} meteor. Fell past » and yv Bootis. Moved past « and|/ e Ophiuchi. From 6 Coronz Borealis ; _ past a Herculis to-| wards « Her-| tion of B Ursa Majoris ;_ passed between jy and)| rX Urs Majo- ris to a_point near d_ Leonis Minoris. | From a point 2° or 3° left of Urs Majoris ;| fell —_ vertically} | towards the ho- rizon. a From 4 (y, A) Bo- otis to y Urse Majoris. From v to 7 Cygni' Ld at an elevation|| of about 45°. \ppearance; Train, if any, and its Duration. eee nenees MIOTEEAW eras csvcscssces ns MEMO ETAIN ...000000...... [Dee Whee scescs ff no train ..... Rasascae 4 jn Me acnevse MIOGGAN <5 .ceccesccs-[10° ..,.0. aa ft a fine train ........... | 20° se. METS i evactecceces “odeor ene Pal ae te agama MPMOIOPEWATKS) ...cccye|serecsccvsees . train or sparks .........|-.. sentences g-Shaped ; left a long k in the sky visible ir about 5 minutes. ' a perfect train of joke, which remained Stinctly visible for me time, and gradu- y dispersed over the CL Sere ener 7° | se eeeeeceeres Oe a TIRCLNEG!-coccceseccee cokes: -/Perpendicular ... Inclined Perpendicular ............ Inclined . Inehined! 2222; .i..cackes Cr OOP ere reece eeeeeeneesesecseee| eee were reees eee rs eee ere HOw meee ee teeeeeteenes eeeeee, One meteor in thirty A FOOT meee erat eee eeeesttteneees eee eenees minutes ; clear sky; half moon; one ob- server, strict watch kept for meteors; none seen; clear sky; no moon. Id ..|From N, to S, N-Esit0 S3Warieresee.s, Followed by two reports sree Seen shining brightly. J. like thunder imme- diately afterwards. Atmosphere quite clear. Four or five minutes afterwards a double report was heard much louder than two pieces of ordnance fired on the heights of Dover. Lineliee testeeeeeeseseeeeeseeasl We C, Nash 3 Thomas Wright. Thomas Wright. .|Id. Id. .|Ernest Jones. se teeeeeesseeeseessseeesaeeae| We Co Nash, wf Ae Id. The ‘Times,’ A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 105 { ; Direction ; noting also Length of | whether Horizontal, BHeauele Observer. Path. Perpendicular, or Tnelined. S. Herschel. Shudy, Coast- guard Report, Hastings, June 21st. 106 rEPpoRT—1866. Place of F Position, or Date.| Hour. Obsernation Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. Altitude and | j Azimuth. 1866.) h m | June20/10 45 a.m.|Dover Castle ...| Brilliant meteor «..|........ Sor Meteo jaurrnnen nme Disappeared C hind a risin ground ; lel a thin line ¢ smoke whit marked its pat for about on minute. 20:10 45 a,m.|Boulogne ....es.seeereeee eecbwaueewaneal erie Pe ee sadoaeadtageeree Raltedeadaass se ont 26/10 45 a.m.|/Ticehurst, Sussex Half as large as the)...s.sseeeeseesees ‘Flight not ra-/Appeared in E. moon, and very) | pid; motion] N. at an altitul much more bril- smooth and) of 15°, and d liant than the regular ; appeared in § moon when seen gliding in) at an altitude in the day. its course as| 5° a heavy body might be supposed to do. 20,10 45 a.m.|Penshurst,Kent..'\The length of the White and red Motion rapid; About 35° abe meteor was about. more than| the horizon. ~ once or twice the) 2 seconds, "4 apparent diameter , ry of the moon. 2010 45 a.m.|Steyning, Sussex|Large meteor, very Almost white, 10 seconds ; Came from — bright. tail red. steady mo-| N.E., and pas tion. into the §.W. 2011 0 p.m.|Boulogne ......!.....s60 Resuagewadaencl sagas ssesendecees#|aaioecwegeos naign Position of the tre (Paris time) from altitude é = magnetic azim! (E. from N.) 9 to altitude 4 magnetic azim! (E. from N.)19 Appearance ; Train, if any, and its Duration. i te PRE R EER CERO re ete branes seeeres Length of Path. which appeared to draw © a point behind the aead, and rapidly died put. Ib advancing end was wrilliant red, with a white or shining en- elope or head. owed hy a very long). jery tail. Presented an te of a very large circle. yng narrow smoke-like jain remained in the ky, where a final puff jarked the place of kplosion with perfect \stinetness, owed by a short train, |. BOe i sais eeeeee see eeees Tene eeeeneeesies A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS, 107 Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. — From a point N.W. to S. FORE T POO tem eb eee eee teens N.W. to S.E., nearly parallel to the horizon, but with a slight de- cline to 8.E. NBS COUSE We seccercoss +s In about 30 seconds, A loud report shook the Moved across the clear Sun very bright, and .|An explosion, followed Remarks. a loud report was heard from the di- rection in which it disappeared. houses; the first re- port was sharp and decisive, but there ensued a dull noise, which lasted several seconds, and which appeared to recede equally on all sides. Trom a window was seen a long strip of vapour, not very high up and of a uniform pattern, very delicately traced, which was noticed by others a con- siderable time pre- vious to the first shock. partially clouded, and the sun shone out very clearly and warm atintervals. (See Ap- pendix II., 6.) sky, and disappeared behind a mass of clouds; no report heard. a clear sky. A rail- way train near pre- vented anything else being heard. by a lew and con- tinued rumbling, was heard. The meteor itself was not seen. (See Appendix IT., 6.) Observer. ‘Evening Mail,’ fe) ’ ‘Times,’ &c. Communicated by Sir J. Her- schel; Hes- keth Smith, The day was fine but/Communicated by R. Coving- ton. J. Nasmyth. Edmund Young. F. Galton. REPORT—1866. Colour. Golden Pure white; intense light but colour- 108 Date. Hour. out Nace Apparent Size. 1866.| h m June20)11 0 p.m.|Wrotham, Maid-|..........s0.+ Shoot stone, Kent. 20:12 21 a.m.|Delft (Holland)..|Large meteor ...... (Jocal time.) 2411 13 p.m.|Derby .......+.-.-|One quarter of the apparent dia- meter of the moon. July 5'About noon) Hawkhurst Large meteor ...... (Kent). WLLL 0 £0 [Tbid .......cescceeeleneceeeeees Tee 11 30 p.m. 15); 0 50 a.m.' Primrose Hill =2nd or 3rd mag.* (London). 15.11 20 p.m.|Ibid .....6...s eee. = 2nd mag.* ...... 15.11 37 p.W.|[bid wrcceseecceee =3rd mag.¥ we. 1610 35 p.m. Birmingham ...|=1st mag.#......... 1610 42 p.m.|[bid........ wscusen =2nd mag.* os... 1610 46 p.m, [bid .......eeeeees =2nd mag.* ...... 1610 45 p.m. |L[bid ...........ee =Srd mag-k we. 1611 O p.m.|[bid....... Seeccon | TPG UE 262 OAGaas less. Silvery white..|, Light orange colour. eeeeeeeee Wellowiecdsseses feneeee eeeseelesee Duration. 2 seconds; very rapid. eee ete newer eeeene '0°8 second .., \0°5 second ... iL second ...... 0°5 second ... 0°5 second '0-7 second .. 1:2 second .-.|From « Cygni 1 .. From 42 (Fl.) D .../From 2° S. of Position, or Altitude and © Azimuth, passed across Herculis and Coronz; Movedalon g the above the upp edge ofa dark clo eee eee ence eeeee Three rather brig shooting - star near y Pegasi. Commenced at Lyre. From a Aqui to & Scuti— biesii. From ¢ Aquile a point in R. 263°, N. ae ORs From 3 Cygni t point in R, 295°, N. Di 32°. Sagitta. conis to » D conis. Camelopardi 1° N. of 1 U Majoris. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 109 .ppearance; Train, if any,| Length of and its Duration. Path. —$<$<<——_$ << seen ew eee teen eee Pee eRe eee eeleeeeees weet ewes nical in form. Four times as long as broad. e head was an ellipsoid, With its major axis per- pendicular to the appa- rent course of the me- teor, followed by a very slender tail 7° or 8° in Nearly 60° length. ft slight trains ...,,.... About 5°... Direction ; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. Pee eee eee eee eee ee eeeres fect right line. SOR O ORO eee seen eee Se eeeans OOOO eee eee etree eeeeetaeee left. Apparent course a per-| Inclined downwards to Remarks. Observer. A shock like that of a! heavy body falling over head shook the houses and windows, and startled labourers in the fields. There were two reports, the first from S.W., the second from N.E. or I. ; the second sound- ed like an echo of the first. For noonday, it was, marvellously distinct. No sound was heard during or after its disappearance. eee ee eeeteereeeeens. The ‘ Times,’ R. P. The ‘ Times,’ J. Vertu. Communicated by A.S. Herschel. A. S. Herschel. ‘Seen in sunshine......... 'No meteors visible in 30 minutes : clear sky ; no moon; one observer. Radiant, near y Pegasi..|T. Crumplen. -- (SAB Eee Muwekevececs 2°. .eeeeeeeees| Directed from k Lyre,,. Short path, curved to-'[d. : a mk Lyra. A Eetsteneseetecsesssecccesesse)-eeservnvescoos| Radiant in Cassiopeia Or|ess..sescessseccnsssescenences (Ud Perseus. B@train....... Rp aswens esl ccascurevasesse|-chorereen.. cs. eeeeress (ericcerose wet a aie, e W. H. Wood. { ee SE ee kero ed Dele He. Srereoentrrns severe Id, { BOT SP ATKS 005.0... | sesssscsscenes Ressatesuasueenteoseucarecenteltrscasvareeer Sosesorsveoesesel ld EE ee ae mlecaccidevass seues|taews wendccceesveeeactees sooeel Ld. a streak on its whole................/Radiant in Cassiopeia OL}. -sceeeees Soc¥cagescedeceeecceiitle urse for 13 second. Perseus. 110 REPORT—-1866. Place of Position, or Date.| Hour. Observation, Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. aoe 1866.|h m : f July 17| 8 52 p.m.|Eidfjord,Norway,|Far brighter than Bright green...|...s00.+.+++ee++++| Disappeared vii N. lat. 60° 20’,| the full moon. W.N.W., perha W. long. 7° 8’. 20° in altitude. 17\11 0 p.m.|/Hawkhurst =2nd mag.* ......,White .......-./0°9 second .../From @ to « Ceph (Kent). 17/11 20 p.m.\Ibid ...ececcsseeee/=18t mag. ...+|White, then|7 seconds; |From #8 Ophiuel deep red. well counted.| to 4 (7, o) Sa gittarii. 17\11 29 p.m, Ibid ....e...seeee/=2nd mag.* ....../White, thenj1-1 second ...|Disappeared at red. (v,o); coursehally way from n Cygn V7 |UE SZ. prt: |[hid ccozecesuces ..,=2nd mag.* ....../White ee 0°6 second ...|Commenced near Cassiopeiz. LZ|L1 38 p.m {Ibid ....606.. cas =2nd mag.x ......|White ........./0°4 second ; From jt Draconis | very swift. V,, Herculis. LLL 58) PAN ids nase ceesee ons =2nd mag.% «..... White ........./0°3 second ; |From z to c L very swift. 18/11 28 p.m.|[bid ...s00..csceeee =2nd mag.* ......|White .........]0°6 second ...\From @ to Af dromede. | Aug. 4| 9 54 p.m.|Primrose Hill Spf MAG seaver|.0c peidek cave RADIO saw avece en Centre of path k (London). tween p, o Tav Poniatovii. 4\10 5 p.m. |[bid .........06664., = Aquila ........-/Yellow «..... 0°5 second ...|\Commenced at Aquile. : 5] 9 56 p.m. |[bid .....sse0eeeeee| = 2nd MaAgex oe... as soossseee[RAPIGC soreeeeee(/FYOM near Aquile, to near Aquarii, 5| 9 57 p.m.|[bid ....e.c00.se00.| = 1st mag.k ...... WHIitC Sersccnen|-ceeseenne seseeees(Commenced — nei | B, y Lyre. 5ILO 42 p.m.|[bid ......c00...00- =a Aquilz .......0- White ......00. 9°5 second .../From near y Cyg! to a Aquilz. 7| 9 20 p.m.|[bid Lineage =Ist mag.x ...... Pale blue...... Moved slowly. From y Delphi i, 7) 9 40 p.m. [bid .......ecsee00| =e Lyre. .sseeeseeee|Pale blue,.+.+-/Rapid motion |Appeared at « Lyr About 8 15|Hawkhurst Nearly half as large| White or yel-/3 seconds ...'From alt. 25°, a7 p.m. (Kent). as the moon and| _ lowish. muth W. from much brighter. 110°, to alt. Il azimuth W. fr S. 65°. Appre f mate __ positior ioe) afterwards,fro” bearings. 3 8, 8 15 p.m.|Bristol .....,../ Large MeteOl .esess|sevcascereerensteslensees seeaseeenees A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 111 Direction ; noting also ppearance; Train, if any,) Length of | whether Horizontal, and its Duration. Path. Perpendicular, or Remarks. Observer. Inclined. rain 5° or 10° long ; also At least 50°|,,..sssssseesseecsesesereeees| (SE Appendix II., 7)...|T. W. Backhouse. smoke. = PRMD HATICR) occ eens |ccs casvesseeees|acveesscccussdeoesscoice aoeans| SeeMescek vas eetancae .ese.-(A. S. Herschel. | Ee ee Bel etiaeanemvesdtnsie Breede chattees egteasasp staves cc (Ele tightest at middle of its|......c.sc.ses/scseesessesseeseceess Sy tei a et Wasnt tbat SU ited ele path; grew gradually less. No train or sparks. ft a streak for 2 seconds|2°......... ... Directed from Algol ...\Fifteen meteors in one Id. hour: clear sky; no moon; one observer. sft a streak on its whole|15° or 20°... Meteors with streaks,|Id. course for 24 seconds. shooting from the 10th of Aug. radiant, in Perseus and Cassi- opeia since the 15th. ightest at the middle Of}......essceeceslecceee arated s eaenvaneaueeeere Thee eter aenseneserseeereceees Id. its course. Left no treak, ft a streak on its wholel...............|Directed from Perseus..|Seven meteors in thirty Id. course for 2 seconds. © minutes: clear sky; no moon; one ob- server, ft a streak on its whole|]0° ......... Downwards, parallel to|............00 ssovecesavvqees{ 2» OrUMplen. course. the Milky Way. fé a broad streak on its5° ......... Slightly upwards, to-/A perceptible planetary|Id. hole course. wards ¢ Aquile. disk. 't a long bright streak...|.......... .-...|Downwards to left «.... fiendy, on the night ofjId. , the 6th. ty bright, planetary ap-|10° or 12°...|Downwards, almost at/Occurred while record-|Id. earance. right angles to Milky} ing the previous me- Way. teor. ht planetary disk.|20° ..,....,.) Downwards, crossing/Two small meteors at/Id. ueft a train 5° in the Milky Way. 10" 19™; no others ngth. seen fcr 10 minutes. -Shaped: grew gradu-'8°.......,.... Directed towards j/Followed by a smaller|[d. ly less. Cygni. meteor from y Del- phini within 15 secs. ; path more horizontal, to left. ORCS Directed towards (Path intercepted by|Id. Herculis. buildings. h longer than broad,'50° ..,......{Inclined ............ +./Seen in full twilight.|Communicated ing behind to a f ; Passed in its transit] byA.S,Herschel. iu. Disappeared with- behind a tree, through E t bursting. Left a the branches of which reak for some seconds, a it shone as brightly 4 as a lantern. BUREAUS SG Svcsescccacsccslaccseres “Seed: eascocu Bae Raw 8 ctovs'c sits aaacsietel Metesttacss seeseceeeseereeseeees/COMMunicated by W. H. Wood. rEPORT—1866. ao ao oO © 11 49 11 51 LiF =) =) p.m.) a.m. p-m. p.m. p-m. p.m. p-m. p-m. p.m. p.m. p.m. Place of Observation. |LDId .os.sceceeeeeee a|EDid. ....s-eeceeeees eeeeeee eee eneee -|[Did ....c02seeeees DIG. 5. cevcnesesns eee eeeeeneeee Ibid..... Wiassreest Mid Gerciecresccnes lilo G BResecacereninduc Primrose Hill (London). Birmingham ... [Did ..scesssceeeees Se} Apparent Size. As bright as Sirius. = 2nd mag.« eeeeee = 2nd mag. =2nd mag.* ...... = 2nd mag.x = 3rd Mag.% «ess. =Ist mag.* eeeeee = 2nd mag.* As bright as Sirius.. = 3rd mag.* =Ist mag.* Brighter than Ist mag.* = Ist mag.* =2nd mag.* eeeeee =2nd mag. =2nd mag.* = st MAg.Heeeseeeee =Srd mag.X ws. =3rd Mag.X wee. As bright as Sirius.. Colour. seeteenes! BIG} secresean| eeeeetaee Pane ereee eeeee eee eee eeeee seneaeeee wee eneeee White ......00. Brilliant blue..| Duration. 1 second '0°75 second... 0-5 second .. 0°5 second .. 0:5 second .. 0:75 second .. 0:75 second .. 0°3 second .. 0°25 second.. 1 second ..... Orange colour Yellow senenenee Orange colour Yellow ener Blue eeeeeeeee Blue Brilliant white oe meinen 0°6 second ... 0:5 second .. 0°3 second ; very rapid. 0-5 second ... 0°5 second ... 04 second ... From « Triangw ‘|From .|From y Urse J | .|From 0°5 second ... 0°5 second ... 0°5 second ... 1 second ...... 0-5 second ... Position, or Altitude and — Azimuth. laris. From \ Androme: to « Cephei. From a Cephei t Polaris. to « Arietis. _ — to noris to Cor Caro a to Aquarii. .|From v Persei - R. A. 60°, Decl. 35°. .|From yv Persei Musca. From @ Urse M joris to R. 115°, N. Dev 50°. q .|From a Lyre to Ophiuchi. From p to « Bool From « Bodtis R. A. 220°, Decl. 10°. .|From d to e Ui Majoris. From « Cygni t¢ Delphini. Commenced From « Draconis a Corone. Decl. 6°. pearance; Train, if any, Length of and its Duration. Path. POC ePO eee ar ee rasesseseaees SPREE OOO e eee eee ee renee eeeates sss OOReeeneenee PEPER Heer Tete eeeeeteeceetes seeeeeeeerereee PRR eee eee e eee EE eee nee ensee seeeetessseeaeD | SPECS ROEE TCC ED EH eee ree OOSErs seeeeeeeeres MURAI tage acareass desce|feséacesbesases POOP O HODES Eee e ewes eeeeeeie fee eweeeteeees BOLEM EAIN .05..s0r0ee0l- tt eeeeeeneeees MRP E Pasar ee reer es teeerenneie sete eeeeeeneees eee teen eens DASSSSSEII EIEIO EE Aeeeeeeereeees sparkled .........0.. PTET ET TEPER Ee eee eee eeeeteae lester eeereeeee TET TTEEOO Rees tees rete eeeeel eeeeeetesenes a train PORE ee eee eeenes Fee ee ee eeeeerne MBELGIINS Ses ccsccccesess a broad bluish streak|10° t Z of a second, fading ually. eee eeeeer alo teens PERS ORe ec eeteeerenersccvcce sceccenegtesens increased in steel d flickered. | steer teeeeeees TOON et eee eneees FTP ee TOO Heer eee eeet teen eeeeeeeeeteeeee .|Directed from e Persei.. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 115 Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. Directed from 6 Andro- mede. Directed from 8 Cephei Directed from 6 Persei.. Directed from 2 Came- lopardi. Directed from 60 Persei.. ‘Directed from v Persei.. Directed from » Persei.. THO POCO eee Teese eeeceeresens Directed from « Persei.. Directed from 8 Cephei lopardi. Directed from P Came- lopardi. Directed from y Persei towards a point 33° below Polaris. Directed from 6 Persei.. PERRO terre eee we eee eer eenes Directed from 6 Persei..|.. Directed from B Cephei ‘Directed from 8 Cephei| | Directed from a Came-} Directed from x Persei:.). Directed from P Persei.,. Remarks. Observer. Distant lightning in N./W. H. Wood. at 10° 25™ p.m. ; cloudy and showery until 11> 10™ p.m., then clear. “ FORE Tere ee eesereeerene FOO eee eee reese eee re eet ttees [TOPO remo er eee ee tense eeeene POOP Hwee eee ee OO tere rest eeeae hasswendemenaveuseacavecvs (fd. teontsevouroWessipeccoons tech Id. seca seesccseesersceeseeseees (LC. This meteor and the following were simul- taneous. Tere r eee ee eeeerneeeeees Twelve meteors obsery- ed, and recorded, per hour, by one observer. Sky clear at 10 p.m. ... Id. ceaceeveccceecereoscecessceces LCs \Clouds gathering.........{Id. Night of the 8th rainy./T. Crumplen. Two other small me- teors from Perseus. W. H. Wood. Saasecevessnseecceveceanaesere Id. Angular path thus Td. 1 14 REPORT—1866. a ee Ea Place of : Date.| Hour. Observation: Apparent Size. 1866.|; h m : Aug. 9,11 11 p.m./Primrose Hill |=3rd mag.x ...+.. (London). 9/11 12 p.m.|[bid .........6006+.|=2nd mag.x ..../V 911 18 p.m./Birmingham .../=2nd mag.x ....: 9/11 27 p.M.|Tbid ....eseeeeeee- =2nd mag.x «..... 9)11 57 p.m, |[bid .......eese0++-|=3rd mage sees 10} 0 6 a.m./[bid ............ v-|= 3rd mag.x sess 10) 0 14 a.m.|Primrose Hill |=1st mage ...... (London). 10) 0 21 a.m.|Birmingham ot Givin oseessave nck 10] 9 49 p.m.|Ibid..... cocceeceee|—=SUTIUS cesccscccecs 10} 9 50 p.m.|Ibid.......... sevee=Srd MAQek saves 10)10 10 p.m.|Ibid .....seeesseee =drd to 4th mag.x 10/10 17 p.m.|[bid .......0.......;=3rd magex s.... 10}10 19 p.m.|[bid .........s0006|=3rd mag.x seeoes 10}10 21 p.m.|Ibid .........006 [= 2nd mag.x ....0 10/10 22 p.m.|Ibid........ “specie =Ist mag.% ...... 1010 31 p.m.jIbid......... sosces| 186 MAg.x ceones 10)10 40 p.m. Ibid........... ....,=ard to 4th mag.* 10,10 52 p.m.Ibid....... ae =2nd mag.* ...... JO|LO 52 15.4 itd eee =Srd mag.* sere 10)10 55 p.m.Ibid .......e0...e =I1st mag.* ...... 1011 3 p.m.|Ibid...... eS ral) ees ODE Colour. Duration. Preee Tee T Cece eeee rere) ./0°5 second .. 0°5 second ... 0°5 second ... 0°5 second ... .|From y Persei to Position, or Altitude and Azimuth. First appeared ni y Draconis. and onwards wards the h rizon. Cassiopeiz. From ¢ Urse joris to R. A. 19 N. Decl. 43°. From y Piscium R. A. 350°5 Decl. 3°. From p Bootis 6B Herculis. Pale blue......|0°4 second ... Brilliant 1 second ...... yellow. 1 second + eeeveee|L SCCOUC ooeeee 1 second seo ee tere eoe we eeeees IE yisastcased 0°5 second ... 1 second eeneee 14 second | satateee 0°5 second ... 1°5 second ; slow motion. 05 second ... Re eeeneee ‘1 second jOrange Brilliant white 1°3 second ... ...|From R. A. Centre of path below £6 (ce N. Decl. 24°, y Ophiuchi. From p Bodtis Serpentis. From « Co Borealis to Serpentis. From R.A. 3 S. Decl. 1°, to Capricorni. From R.A. 35 N. Decl. 29°, a Pegasi. to From 6 Aquarii R. A. 300°, Decl. 6°. From ¢ Aquile R. A. 276% Decl. 2°. N. Decl. 54°, 6 Herculis. From « Draconis B Bodtis. From 6 to p Si pentis. From Bodtis Serpentis. From 6 Draconi | aw Herculis. a= é From 327° — 1 to 322 —2 A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 115 Se ee Appearance; Train, if any, and its Duration. AERP OO ee eeeesee feeeeee seen eee 4eft a momentary streak 20° in length. eft a train -gcdibhoc Sadieeseee Boeenaco HOPS eames esanerereronesesesesese tet eeeeres POOP O eee er eeeoeenes TAO e meee eee ee teeeeteeeuens eft a broad bluish streak! se eeeeee ett a train ....0...,. [PPE eee eee neeeesereeeeesens f€ & train............ exhes TO see eeeeenenccee POOP e ere ween Pee eee eeelene eee eereseences Heel ewer ewene eeeeee Cs ens OO ern meteor increased from 2nd mag.x ain (?). Left a st eeneras tel eeeeeseos seoencccarencs Length of HOt ene beeereee tenes Pee ee renee see eeeneeeeres Direction; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. y) Urs Minoris. 25° ...++.../Inclined downwards to|The longest flight of the left. --+-|Directed from k Persei.. Directed from Camelo-|...... se eereeveeeeees pardus, -+/Directed from near B Camelopardi. Directed towards 3} (8, Remarks. —_——, Radiant, near « Lyre... evening. Sky remark- ably clear. Id. Id. +»-([d. Meteors scanty for the night. seeaees s++-+e+-|Directed from K Came- lopardi. lopardi. lopardi. -|Directed from M Came-|....++ lopardi. Directed from B Came- lopardi. --|Directed from P Persei. Directed from B Came- lopardi. -«+-|Directed from ¢ Came-l... lopardi. Oeeel svecnenessiceccs sereeai Directed from p Came- PCO e emote rere reece eeeeeeenees Directed from M Came- lopardi. lopardi. ‘Directed from 3 Came-|. lopardi. PO eer eeerrrees Pee eeoerccceees POO eee eee eres sears eee eenes AOR O eee ereseas Heese erreee oo ee eeneseasenlsseeeee Wee eee ee rene eeee fe eeee Sky overcast p.m. A fine night. eeeeeee Pee eee eee eee er te taeaene Ob eee h erect ereene eeereeee Rain at 115 10™ p.m. Stars visible in places. +++---|Directed from H Came-|Sky clear from 9 30™\Id. Directed.irom-H Came-|is.sslesecesessses sees 0c cstue Id. Id. Id. Observer. T. Crumplen. W.H. Wood. ayHh te T. Crumplen. seeees sereel W. H. Wood. 116 REPORT—~1866. Date.| HI Place of =| apparent Si Col Durati Mdguband ate. our. ‘ arent Size. olour. uration. itude an Observation. PP Avimvaltt 1866.) h m . Aug.10)11 4 p.m.|Primrose Till |—1st maz.x.......-- Pale blue....:s.|..cocessoese weeeesErom D to 4 (1, (London). : Ursze Majoris. 1011 19 p.m.|[bid ...........006 = Ist mag.#......0+- Pale blucisesass|scceee ener saneuee From near « Her culis, passed mii way between and e Quadrantis 10/11 31 p.m.|Birmingham .../=2nd mag.x ...... Blue ....-+../0°5 second ...|From ¢ Pegasi to . Aquarii. LOMY 32) pim:|Dbidls.csse...-00000 = Ist mag.¥......606/Blue ...... .../0°5 second ...|From e Pegasi to Aquarii. 10/11 39 p.m.|[bid ......cscceeee |= 3rd Mage oo00e-/BIME .eeeeeee 1 second ......|Prom Sto 6 Ce phei. 1O|11 42 p.m./[bid .........sce00¢/=SITIUS .....0.-- eee Yellow ..+...ee-/0°2 second ... a= = From 337°-++ 83° to 335 +104 10/11 49 p.m.|Ibid .:............./== Sirius .........00 Brilliant 0-75 second...|From_ e¢ Andro yellow. medx to R.A a ON 10/11 54 p.m.|[bid ...........++++] = Ist MAg.x......06 JOrange ....../L second ...... From vy Andro ; 4 medx to B Pi 11; 0 3 am./Primrose Hill Jey... Vivid pale blue}.........0seeeeee (London). 11) 0 6 am.|Birmingham .../=2nd MAZ.% sess NV HIEC | sisrssces 0°5 second .../From d to « Ursé Majoris. 11/0 7 am. [bid ..........++.|=3rd mag.* .,.,..|Blue sesseeee. (0°75 Second ...|From 6 to over Ursze = Major and 3° beyond. 11) 0 16 am. tbid vevseeseeeee ee] = 3rd to 4th mag.x Blue .....-- 1 second ...... From the Head the Lynx to Draconis. 11) 0 16 a.m./Primrose Hill |=2.....,...... Pi dite Vivid pale blue|.......eeesseeeee-/From 4 Urs (London). noris to 4 Qué rantis, and rath beyond. 21 OR 7 acrid cee oe ae _..|Vivid pale blue|......ssesee+e+e++First appeared at Persei. 11} 0 19 a.m.|Birmingham SoS EATS calc caiee se ...|White ........./0°75 second ...|From ¢ Aquila R. A. 275°, Decl. 0°. 11} 0 20 a.m.'[bid .........-0666.,= 2nd mag.# ....../Red ......./1 second ....../From « Lyre to Herculis. 1]| 0 21 a.m.|Ibid ..........0+00.,=OFd MAG.# oe.ee|BIUE ..e...00- 0°5 second ...\From & Draconis | t Herculis. 11} 0 22 am. Ibid ......... vooes.| = OFA Mag. oeeo..(/BlUC 00... 1 second ......|From & Draconis a Herculis. Vd) 50: 24. acrid wecceeeee neces =2nd mag.x Blue * .........(0°5 second ... From R. A. 312 N. Decl. 7°, t Pegasi. Yl) 0 26. anu bid Soe =3rd mag.e ....../Blue oes... 0-5 second ... From Aquarii & (y Aquarii, Capricorni). A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. Direction ; noting also whether Horizontal, Appearance ; Train, if any,) Length of Perpendicular, or and its Duration. Path. Inclined. | a seseeseveeees.(LO° or 12°,../Directed from B Came- lopardi. eft a long bright streak../15° ........./Radiant, @ Lyra@......... SEES RSCSADs a0 88S000 000+ 000 0.eeely oe seeseeveeees| Directed from M Came- lopardi. MEG @ tFAIN ...cccceess 117 Remarks. Observer. ——_-_—___, cloudy sky all the earlier part of the night. Another from the same|Id. radiant shortly after. Rain at 11" 25™ p.m./W. H. Wood. Stars visible in south and in the zenith. Sky clearing ............{[d. lopardi. Conformable to B Ca- melopardi. OOO ee eres SUB aaiite Ja cne ve Ras aan eft a long and lasting), saaeasaeces ... Inclined downwards to) streak, tapering from) the left. the centre to the ends. 4 ft a long and lasting! 20° .........|Directed lopardi. DO) Pee Perle peegeoesegeces Directed from Pp Persci..! Eee emer eereee lopardi. Meee aoc e xy qices vce vavees|ecssesceeseoees(D rected from B Came-|...ccocsseccccscecesescecscces W. H. Wood. Lh hh in ih ht hehe Pee ee) M1 a Toe eee UPC Id. WMMDEEessltsr ssc ceccce cas sss seo] ecosccovcsseees (Directed {0M O PErsei..|.ssccsesces cone drones Id. towards aie. sqeesqescncssceeslosceegeesseeees| Directed from D Came-|... POCO e ee ee eee eee a eres seeeseee Pe eee ee eeeeeersseerees| PEREPANOEOUO ocevescesncrcessss|s aaatuasaaeadaslncdnseresson iecatesuee as wiaatee Peer ee ee teers eeeeneee wee (ld. 009. UTE nose ee ee ha I en RE the AE Be ccae an sdenccaee (LCs ft A trAiN ....scsseseececceelsssoessveceeeee/Directed from ¢ Came-|.sssreesecsere ak rea Id. beLG & train ..........0 “Pact APEeee ....-'Directed from 0 Persei.. cesnsecnsesesseteavescnsseesee ld. MMI sr esecates cot os lJesveueesstcnss| cece peak bbe eas 1 Four other meteors/T. Crumplen. about midnight, radi- ating from B Came- lopardi. LS CORESCONOgaBE aoe sveeeeleeeeesceceeess-/ Directed from H Came-!......+--+0e Seauneldsaacentene W. H. Wood. lopardi. IEEE EROSPORSES RSC ce over eeracoee eee ereeeeseee toca mere FOP erro seers eseleseeesvecseees Id. Id. T. Crumplen. Id. train, tapering fram the point 5° above Capella. centre to the ends. tp pseeseeeueterscrteceeet esses leaesssepeegeses’ Directed from D Came-|--.++ Steer eeneeeenersrecwens Id. Thunder-storm, and ajT. Crumplen. 118 REPORT—1 866. Place of Position, or Date.| Hour. Obsaneauiaat Apparent Size. Colour. Duration. ri atts 1866.|; h m s Aug.11) 0 26 15 (Birmingham ...)/=3rd to 4th mag.x/Blue ......... 0°5 second ,,./From y Pegasi to a.m. R. A. 357°, N. Decl. 8°. 11} 0 30 a.m./Ibid ..... Sgueieeaae = Ist mag.x.........| White .........0°5 second .../From 7 Draconis - | to. R.A. 2373am N. Decl. 51°. 11} 0 31 a.m.|Ibid ......... seveee{ =O MAg.X seeee. Blue’. ,%.cecsck 1 second ,.....\From « Draconis to ¢ Urse Mi-| noris. 11] 0 37 a.m./Ibid ...............|= sirius ............/Brilliant 1 second ......|From e Aquilz to - white. n Serpentis. 11) 0 38 a.m.|Ibid ...............;= 2nd mag.x ...... Blue ........-|1 second ......\From R. A. 347°, S. Decl. 10°, to 6 Aquarii. 11) 0 42 am.|Ibid ...............,= 18 mag.%......++./Blue ........./0°5 second .,.|From 6 to 1° above e Capricorni. 11) 0 44 a.m./Ibid .............../= 1st mag.#......... Yellow ....../0°5 second ...|From « Delphini to 6 Aquile. 11} 0 44 15 {Ibid.......... seve.) = 1St Mag.x%......... Bing = cote ses 1 second ....../From A Pegasi to 7 a.m. Delphini. FU'O.51 ami Mhid .i.:....5. .....{Brighter than a)White ..........1 second ....../From R. A. 78°, Ist mag.* N. Decl. 50°, to Capella. 11) 0 53 a.m.|[bid....... i nad = Ist mag.x......+../Blue ...... ...{12 second .../Path parallel and equal to the last.| Distance about ze 11} 0 59 a.m.|Ibid ............... = Ist mag.x....00++/White .....0-/0°5 second ...|From R. A, 51°, N. Decl. 28°, to R. A. 44°, NG Decl. 19°. 11/1 0 am, Ibid .............)=2md mag-* ..0/Blue ..40...0°75 second.../From R. A. 519 N. Decl. 28°, to R.- A. 47° Ng one : Decl. 13°. 1610 5 p.m,|Neré-Fiord, Brighter than aNearly white..|.....ss0sseeeeee/From R. A. 82 40", | Norway. [st mag.x N. Decl. 69°, to N. Jat. 60° 58’, R. A. 7" 30", N, W. long.6°50’. Deci. 65°. 20 9 16 p.m,|Bergen, Norway |=2nd to 3rd mag. Yellow oo...) cc eeaee sanmonta Disappeared near pi Persei. q 25/About 7 45 Hawkhurst Nearly = }.......4. White ........./2 seconds,,,...{Centre of path 10% | p.m. (Kent). west of, and on the same level as the moon. Sept. 110 29 p.m,'Sunderland ,..... =3rd mag.# ...... Yellow ...... \Very quick ...|Path 2° below f | | | Urse Minoris. | | , | A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 119 a pearance; Train, if any,) Length of and its Duration. Path. Deen een e een eee eeeeees Teele eee eeeeteeeees ERAPEYERT ccvctsccsepseeees FOR eeeeeeeeenes Peer eee Stee ns EEN TTOLI csec0ss 0.0 - seeeeeleceene aoe eee eed Pee eT eee eee eee aleteaielai a's ale BUPA VEMANING = Saceesevscesss "lee teeeeeeeeenes eee eee ; a yellow train 1° ng, 3° or 4° above e place of disap- arance for one or two conds. Tee ee ee eeteeeee — —_ | —__. __ FOr OP m erase eee tr re eeeeeeeeereee PUD WAWATOS:fscascessdess > Direction ; noting also whether Horizontal, Perpendicular, or Inclined. lopardi. Directed from K Came- lopardi. Directed from 6 Persei.. Directed from y Persei.. seeeee Keto eee eeereneee Directed from H Came- lopardi. Directed from H Came- Directed from D Came-|.. Directed from y Persei..|, Remarks. FOO e eee eee were reer as eee COTO O tees seen ener seeternes SEPP O Oe eee eRe eee ee er needes FOP emcee arene eet oP oneeeeeebues eee nent ee eetaresereee feneeenee seenee POOP eee ee ee aeenes TPP R Ree e meee tere see eee ereseene SOOPER eee eee ee eeeoeeereneeeees POCO eee eee eee re eaeeeeneenee Began and ended about 1° higher than the last (see fig.). eetereeee "lew et eens tteee i lopardi. PORTE TEETER eee eee eee eee re ee eee teen wan te eeeee eheee . eee eee eter e twee POPPA SHH T EEE HOH eee seeseeesees A melopardi. PURO eee seen neaeeeeneeeenes oe TC eeteeees wee eee neeeee Ke of light .....1006...(12° Perpendicular ............;Seen Taam eee eee e ett aeeseeeeeeeeees Conformable to B Ca- Sky overcast at 1" 15™ am. Nights of the llth and 12th over- cast. veeeeees —_—— —___. Observer. W. H. Wood. Id. Id. T.W. Backhouse. The train was as bright as the head, through clouds. hazy eeneee POO COreereeeeeresereoes A. §. Herschel. T. W. Backhouse. 120 REPORT—1866. Supplement to Catalogue.—Observations of Luminous 4 Apparent point of com- Apparent point of com- |Direction by 1865, oes mencement, mencement from globe. |hour of ima- No, |Noy.13th A.M.,| 3 3 ginary dial ; G.M. T. 2% ene es ye ee : ertical. 2 Sa, | Altitude. R.A. N.P.D. | ” hm 3s Aue ah of h m oy h 1, 12 9 O 1 244 55 44 9 8 35 43 30 73 2. 10 8 2 11 35 62 40 3 19 64° 20 4 3. 11 32 2 292 35 46 59 6 33 66 20 24 4. 13 38 2 276 5 26 29 6 37 52 40 3 Be 14 4 2 116 35 OO OMe, 255b2 36 20 8 6. 14 41 1 274 35 46 29 7 24 57 40 7x 7. 15 1 2 115 35 44 9 22 53 £3 30 8 8. 17 6 o- .| 187 35 19.9 14 47 34 10 8h oh 17 21 3 339 35 aE) 4 54 90 0 3 10, 18 30 3 | 47 35 46 9 | 2 36 73 20 6 1]. Zl Ol aleuepeconDs Wh) LORS sey). — HOMO 53 (0 9 12 2135 | 2 22330 | 1939 1059 | 53 0 9 13 B23.) O29 bBo S689. | OF Peale demeae 5 14 Doron cenmeseteoe 1 TG Sele Tbs ap) ed emo 83 15 2530), SU eaeest 5 ee e398 59) «| 935 55 10 12 16 ay lage ae oa ee 219 | 048 93 50 st 17 2d 800 WL To: 79 35 ey UE oP 58 20 4 18 23119) 402 42 5 43 9 130 | 4 20 4 19 30 14 Sarl § 35 43 39 Dol |) ssonau 3 20 Le! ase 1, eoOno 15 59 1 ies) 57 10 ai 21 33 24°) 3 | 242 5 27 39 10 29 50 20 5 22 34 26 3 335 35 42 9 5 21+ 87 50 4 23 34 41 1 165 5 UST 17 45 35 10 81% 24 40 17 3 1 5 30 39 3 55 96 0 5 25 42 10 2 160 35 37-9 19 54 22 20 7 26 43 27 | 3 211 5 18 39 13 4 41 39 84 Par 43 28 2 | 26.35 26 39 2 40 97 30 5 28 44 30 yf. 276 5 14 9 9 22 83 0 4% 29 46 2 ] 296 35 44 39 7 14 68 30 oe 30 46 27 2 177 35 42 9 16 56 10 12 9 31 46 33 “Sune Decal Ee 053 54 9 8 53 6 55 6 32 47 21 3 191 5 54 9 8 54 6 55 eee 33 47 25 3 42 5 42 9 217 78 50 4 34 51 41 2 266 5 20 9 9 45 71 40 4 35 53 35 3 332 35 Pa) 6 4 94 20 5 36 54 8 2 151 35 50 9 22 38 18 40 7 37 54 25 2 332 5 42 39 5 44 82 10 4 38 54 41 2 215 5 42 9 IE 26 10 82 39 56 10 2 159 35 hae? 18 50 3210 j= <8 40 58 44 3 292 35 21 39 8 28 85 40 43 4] 59 50 3 243 20 19 54 a 58 20 82 42 1 0 25 1 127 20 49 9 23 38 33 30 3 43. 0 48 2 10 5 22,9 3 45 103 0 vee 44, Let 1 30 35 20 9 2 35 102 20 see 45. Pp) 1 147 35 8 39 19 30 51 50 75 46. 3 0 3 13 35 27 9 3 47 98 20 4 47. 5 27 1 236 55 30 29 10 57 46 30 9 48. 5 27 | 3 108 35 65 9 1 53 37 30 7s 49, 633 | 3 322 5 24 9 6 56 96 0 4 50. 6 34 3 330 35 19° 9 6 3) 103 40 43 A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 121 Meteors at the Observatory, Cambridge, 1865, Noy. 13th, a.m. No. a edie Nar oS _ -_ . Yt et et tet tet Sot Seite Direction referred to an hour-circle through the pole (0°), round the circle through the W. ° ‘ 286 10 112 5 105 35 142 40 172 50 263 50 186 40 273 16 102 20 151 50 309 50 309 50. 110 10° 295 10 47 50 91 16 75 50 94 50 84 6 299 50 194 40 134 40 224 5 149 20 177 20 283 30 133 55 172 50 193 30 261 36 281 45 95 20 160 10 166 25 144 30 136 50 313 30 216 20 eeeeeeoee Notes. Left a train ....... AebenGece Puce Left a train.......... eeciad Reces Piet ara case paccaweesse ae eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee es eee ee eee. eee eee ees Left a slight train Left a slight train ... 1 MCinetUCAINN dastesscwvccecesrs Left a very short train ...... Left a slight Wri sc nes Racmacucs adelece Mss nissacueabeoases eu! $tie Gana. Positions GGubtinls ccc, cons J.C. Adams. Reset PLP ARE ORT Cee Reitz Id. Meatiapacecwanaviepnestmees acne cance ..| A. Graham. As bright as Jupiter; finetrain| J. C. Adams. Geawene pretties crsa ieetacsepcrsacsiee Ido peccesttcrses s Ane Left a short train. Nos. 30-32) A. Graham. computed R.A.andN.P.D. Dapesscacene Se clasgaipitiar ee maces» es Id. Rresan secs dacitdlawcesaeeso asacecsvalnlds Bescenvat vuasuecoacumeccbastconeeeh H. Graham. Wanuaddvestascedsvaratestarcssnceo J. ©. Adams. Daavanueadeubels Seasegnesneadencaever i. Graham. ASReCO ean EES sewesedavessasci ts Grahame Bea ac aces sea nwo avabeneeste cee H. Graham. As bright as Jupiter; finetrain| J. C. Adams. Left a short train ............ A. Graham. migroteie ve's'cie/e vatnageaahsonessedsesn<.| os Co Adams: eee eee eee eee ree er Moved slowly tia 5° of are. POPs eee see reseeeesesserer ees Left a train... Ssadenecel BaSose SOP e ee POP eee ese reason ees eseeneeeees Rough positions ............08 Observer. —_——_ J. C. Adams. A. Graham. J. C. Adams Id. A. Graham. J.C. Adams. A. Graham. J.C. Adams. | H. Graham. A. Graham. J.C. Adams. Id. A. Graham. J.C. Adams. -| Id. H. Graham. ..| A, Graham. | H. Graham. Td. J. C. Adams. Td. H. Graham. ...| J. C. Adams, Id. A. Graham. H. Graham. kas .....| A. Graham. .| H. Graham. .| J. C. Adams. .| A. Graham. H. Graham, Id. References, No. 3, identical with Hawk- hurst, 125 11” 305 a.m. See Appendix IV. 2. No. 29, identical with Hawk- hurst, 125 46™ a.m. See Appendix IY. 2. 122 REPORT—1866, Observations of Luminous Meteors at the 2 Apparent point of com- Apparent point of com- Direction by 1865, ox mencement, mencement from globe. |hour of ima- No. |Noy. 13th, A.M.,| 33 | ginary dial ; G.M.T. 22 See 2 | nae | Altitude. R.A. N. P. D. ii snes ; ; hm oes h Sl. 1 6 47 2 213 20 45 9 Pe 23 20 9% 52. 7 21 3 oieaee| | Od! O 1 30 94 10 44 53. 8 36 1 30 35 51 39 3 25 72 40 5 54. 10 22 3 50 5 21 41 1 41 94 0 4h 55. 10 34 1 65 5 19"°9 0 49 89 40 4 56 1] 51 2 219 35 28'"-9 12 16 37 53 8h 57. 12 4 3 19 35 25; 49 3 30 97 10 AL 58. 13. 8 1 137 35 49 9 23 30 28 50 ES 59 13 44 3 187 5 53 9 9 42 4 24 53 60. 14 40 3 5.5 30 12 6 0 96 20 43 61 14 40 2 33 (5 53° 9 3 28 71 20 4} 62 15 12 1 190 35 25 9 15 10 25 20 8i 63 16 25 1 183 35 13° 9 16 26 39 30 9 64 16 39 2 321 5 22 °°9 hgess 98 0 4 65 18 5 3 147 5 55 39 0 20 19°29 7 66 18 27 3 303 5 20 9 8 20 92 20 4 67 18 5 2 180 0 eee tn rece asaee 0 0 8 68 23 34 sos 348 5 62 14 5 15 64 40 1 69 24 11 1 63 35 37 39 1 46 74 20 5 70. 24 55 1 240 35 39 9 10 25 44 50 10 71 25 6 eee 53° 5 28 39 2 3 87 30 Bs0 72 26 32 1 112 5 42 9 0 0 46 20 6 13; 27 29 2 227° 5 18 29 12 30 55 20 84 74, 28 16 1 191 35 58 9 7 51 8 52 13 75 27 37+ 1 46 35 52 9 2 50 66 0 5 76 29 54 1 196 5 46 54 12 45 12 0 8} 77 30 20 3 347 42 26 9 5 45 100 0 4 78. 31 22 2 28 5 32 9 3 30 92 0 4 79 32 15 2 LiZsso~ | 199 15 6 34 0 8 80 33 32 2 Reetereees i cceneeooatan |(c. crers. ace all rece eeeeae 4} 81. 33 44 2 46 35 29 9 2 30 89 0 4 82 34 50 2 349 35 61 39 5 28 66 0 4 83 36 23 2 229730. (|S 2a" 9 12 24 44 50 8i 84 a8 1 134 35 16 9 21> 0 51 0 bes 85. 38 22 aie 47 5 23 9 2 20 93 40 4 86 39 55 3 165 35 479 22°38 120 vi 87 41 24 3 10i 35 39 (9 0 29 54°°0 6 88 41 27 3 181 5 38 39 18 0 34 0 8 89 42 2 2 300. 5 33 (9 8 23 77 40 7 90 43 40 2 209 5 32 39 13 30 28 20 ar 91, 43 46 3 83 5 24 9 0 33 75 0 4 92 43 51 3 100 35 53 39 1 37 43 40 8 93 43 53 3 ale aS 20: 8 3.15 102 0 8 | 94 a et 5135 | 19 9 ay 96 0 5 95 46 51 1 82 35 20 9 0 30 “9. 0 43 96 49 2 1 34 35 32 9 3 23 90 0 42 97. 51 5 2 134 5 19 39 21 55 49 0 7 98. 52 19 1 153°" “14-9: 20 7 44 0 8 4 =—s A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. Observatory, Cambridge (continued). j Direction referred to an hour-circle through the pole (0°), round the circle through the W. Notes. Motion VETY SLOW sse.e-c0000s Left a train Left a short train ............ Peewee tenes eeeseeeee Left a fine train ....... Left a train eeeeeene Rough observation . seeeeee Left a train Left. S,SUOLL ELAINE Aneoseset ste Through North Pole . Seewceesi RRR SSE wwewcoves ecauavateeasheteed BGG ALAM Svcs sane sees bucv ane al] Left a train...... anaes nae SOR eee ee eee ee meee een ee eee eee eees Computed R. A. and N.P. D. Left.@ fine Arain .....0ccecoeass Met AMEFAID) occageecsseesoores Through Polaris .............. Left a train ........0s0 eeieiaaicnts DACAAR OCAL Ow camsusesukeeacinns SGMOSING =P owatte sr ocr cceat eae One eee e eee t eee eetanene ere rr eee eee reer reer e errr re Trees Observer. .».| J. C. Adams. A. Graham. Id. H. Graham. ....| A. Graham. seeee| Je C. Adams. H. Graham. A. Graham. J.C. Adams, H. Graham. A. Graham. .| J. C. Adams. «| Td. .| H. Graham. .| A. Graham. H, Graham. J.C. Adams. H. Graham. A. Graham. .| J. C. Adams H. Graham. | A. Graham. J.C. Adams. A. Graham. H. Graham ...| J. C. Adams. .| H. Graham. Id. J. C. Adams. ...| A. Graham. H. Graham. A. Graham. .| J. C. Adams. A. Graham. POO e mere eens enone Tetons sa FC Adan. H. Graham. J.C. Adams. Rough observation ............ A. Graham. Sasancastdusienstisbanancie nate Td. Left. a train .. Beatties cree cctee H. Graham. SauasanvabneaaSsscieradcerses eres ccc? A. Graham. Wekta train’: 2) .f eevee ilt cred. Left a train... Left a short train ine aideie's Kaine Peer rere H. Graham. .| A. Graham. References. « No. 53, identical with Hawk- hurst, 12 8™ 455 a.m, See Appendix LV. 2. No. 70, identical with Hawk- hurst, 12 24™ 455 a.m. See Appendix IV. 2. No. 75, identical with Hawk- hurst, 1" 28™ 158 a.m. See Appendix IY. 2. 124 REPORT—1866. APPENDIX. I. Murrors DOUBLY OBSERVED. (1.) 1865, September 24th, 7" 8™ 45° p.w., G. M.T. The meteor observed at Greenwich, Ramsgate, and Hawkhurst (see Cata- logue), commenced its course sixty-seven miles above the coast of France, in the zenith of a place in N. lat. 49° 57’, E. long. 2° 12’, and disappeared thirty-eight miles above the English Channel, in N. lat. 50° 26’, E. long. 0° 23’, Path ninety-one miles in four seconds, directed from a point in R. A. 2°, N. Decl. 2°, near the first point of Aries. Velocity twenty-three miles per second. The meteor is a good example, triply observed, of the group of meteors directed from the radiant in Pisces or Cetus, described in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society for December 9th, 1864. (2.) 1865, September 24th, 8" 30™ p.w., G. M.T. The meteor observed at Greenwich and at Manchester, at Frome in Devon- shire, and at Winchfield in Hants, commenced its course thirty-four miles in the zenith of a place seven miles east of Bath, and disappeared thirty miles above a point four miles south of Gloucester. The course of the meteor, prolonged onwards, would nearly touch Man- chester, where it was seen to descend with a slight inclination, and a short course in the §.S.W. This observation necessitates a small correction. The course appears actually to have been from thirty-eight miles over Bath to twenty-seven miles over Gloucester. Velocity twenty-four miles per second. Path thirty-six miles in 14 second, directed from some part of the constella- tion Capricornus, not far from a point in right ascension 20", south declination 30°, described by Dr. Neumayer, at Melbourne, as a point of the highest in- terest, and deserving particular attention with the view of determining further points of radiation, (3.) 1865, September 26th, 82 55" p.w., G. M.T. The meteor observed at Thirsk, in Yorkshire, and at Hawkhurst, com- menced its course about 107 miles above a part of the North Sea, in N. lat. 54° 55’, E. long. 2° 43’, and disappeared seventy-six miles above the neigh- bourhood of Sheffield. Path 200 miles in 33 seconds. Velocity fifty-seven miles per second. Direction from a point near Auriga, in right ascension 69°, north declination 25°, This meteor is one of a group of meteors directed from a radiant in Auriga, described in the last-mentioned Number of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. It appears from this No., and from No. 1 of this Appendix, that the velocity of the meteors from Auriga is ad three times as great as that of the meteors directed from Cetus or isces. (4.) 1865, September 26th, 9" 21™ p.w., G.M.T. Notes of the meteor, seen by Mr. Harding, of the Royal Observatory, Green- wich, on the evening of the 26th of September last, were received, first, from Eastbourne, and second, from Weston-super-Mare, in Somersetshire. Over the latter county it appears to have attained its greatest brilliancy ; but at what altitude above the earth can only be roughly estimated from the obser= vation at Eastbourne, compared with that near Greenwich. The height indi- cated is from about fifty to about thirty miles above the surface of the earth, The radiant-point, or direction of its flight, was from about the position of Polaris, a region from which a wide group ef meteors take their course in A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 125 a remarkably definite manner during the month of August, and more especi- ally in September. (5.) 1865, November 13th, 5" 42™ p.a., G. M. T. The following account of the meteor is communicated by Mr. T. Crumplen. «* When first seen, it had the appearance of a star of the 3rd magnitude, rapidly increasing in splendour until its maximnm light was at least equal to three times that of the planet Venus. Numerous sparks were thrown off as it passed along, the nucleus exploding just before it disappeared. Its flight was certainly retarded during its passage ; it was visible over a large area, observations having reached me from places as widely separated as Boulogne and Market-Drayton. , _ “From these I conclude that the meteor was first seen about eighty miles in the zenith of a place midway between Aylesbury and Stoney Stratford, moving in a W.S.W. direction, passing south of Cirencester and just north of Cleveland, ending about the same height over Hartley Quay—a path of some 165 miles in 2 seconds. The velocity is certainly very great—sixty-six miles per second; but I am convinced that it was not less. This will serve for a sufficient indication of the height of these meteors, which we must consider to be part of the great November zone.” The height and velocity are both above the average. It should be borne in mind that small errors of observation may sometimes lead to exaggerated estimates, both of the height and velocity of a meteor’s flight. ; (6.) 1865, November 18th, 4" 30™ p.m. The appearance of the meteor seen in twilight by Mr. F. C. Penrose at Wimbledon, is also announced from Cambridge (see Catalogue) among the list of meteor-observations for November, communicated by Mr. T. Crumplen. Particulars of the apparent path of this meteor at other places, if they can ‘still be obtained, would lead to determining its real height and velocity, and of what meteoric shower the fireball formed a part. (7.) 1865, November 21st, 6" 5" p.w., G. M. T, The eastern coast of England is for the third time visited by a detonating meteor of large size, within a day before or after the date of the 20th No- vember (v. Report, 1865, p. 121). For the means of ascertaining its direct distance from the earth, the path that it pursued, its velocity, &c., the Com- mittee are mainly indebted to the accounts collected from distant places by Mr. Warren De la Rue, by whom the meteor was observed near Cranford. It was also seen, and the position of its point of disappearance was noted by Mr. F. C. Penrose, F.R.A.S., at Wimbledon. A loud report like that of a cannon followed its disappearance, at an interval of 2 minutes and 20 seconds. The meteor was observed by the Assistant at the Observatory of Cambridge, Mr. H. C. Todd, and at Oxford and at Liverpool, as well as at other places more near to the seat of the explosion, which was over the Thames valley. The ‘meteor traversed the entire length of the valley of the Thames, a distance of about seventy-five miles, from the Nore (height about forty-one miles) to Henley-on-Thames (height twenty-seven miles) in 6 seconds, at a velocity, therefore, of about eleven and a half miles per second. Sound, with its or- dinary velocity in common air, would take 2 minutes 50 seconds to traverse the distance from the latter point to the station where Mr. Penrose observed the meteor at Wimbledon. ‘The direction of the meteor was from a point in Bee bourhood of the constellation Taurus, between Taurus and the head of Cetus. 126 REPORT—1866. The meteor of the 19th November, 1861 (v. Report 1862, p. 79), as seen at Woodford, at first appeared stationary for two seconds at a point in Cetus. The epoch of the 19th—2I1st November accordingly deserves attention, partly as one for which the direction of the detonating meteors has been as- certained, and partly because their frequent returns within very narrow limits of time about that date makes it probable that, like the meteors of the 10th of August and 13th of November, they exist as a group of bodies revolving in a fixed orbit round the sun. (8.) 1866, January 6th, 9" 59" p.m, G. M.T. The meteor seen and recorded at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, ap- proaches nearly in time and general description to that recorded at Sunder- land and at Wisbeach. It is, however, distinct; and the radiant-region L H roughly represents the general direction of the two meteors, which was from between Leo Minor and the Head of Leo. (9.) 1866, January 11th, 9" 55™ p.m., Greenwich time. A meteor of very extraordinary length of path, generally observed in Eng- land. Referred to the stars at Bedford, and at Hay (8S. Wales), the visible path appears to have been either truly horizontal, or otherwise slightly inclined a little upwards, the meteor performing its transit at a height of eighty-five to ninety-five miles above the earth. The direction of flight was from E.S.E. to W.N.W., on a direct line from Paris to Cork, but probably extend- ing beyond the limits of either of those places at the beginning and end of its luminous track. Assuming the distance of the meteor from Ticehurst to have been only fifty miles (instead of ninety, as inferred from the other ob- servations), the altitudes (as measured at Ticehurst) of 15° at first appear- ance in the east, and 10° at disappearance in the west, give not less than 450 miles as the length of the meteor’s course. Half as long again as this, or nearly 700 miles, would not be an exaggerated statement of the extraya- gant length of path of this, certainly, very remarkable meteor. It may be compared in this respect to the meteor of 1758, described by Pringle, and to the meteor of the 18th of August, 1785. The meteor observed at the Greenwich Observatory about the same time, or two minutes earlier, is distinct, and crosses the path of the other at an angle. Both meteors were directed from a radiant region L H, near the confines of Leo and Hydra. (10.) 1866, June 20th, 10” 45™ a.m., Greenwich time (see Appendix IT. 6). Notwithstanding this great aérolitic meteor appeared by day and in bright sunshine, exact observations of its apparent path were obtained at Ticehurst by the schoolmaster of the village, Mr. R. Covington, and at Boulogne, by Mr. F. Galton, the Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society. Instru- mental measurements at those places show that the meteor first came into sight at a distance of fifteen miles above the town of Calais, and that when. it disappeared near Boulogne (about midway between that town and the town of Montreuil, in Somme) its distance from the earth was only four and a half miles. The following statement which appeared in a daily journal, if correct, shows the violence of the shock which was felt at Boulogne. “ The vibration caused by the explosion at that place was so great that an ill-constructed scaffolding fell to the ground, and one man at work upon the scaffolding was killed, and another seriously injured by the fall.” Although the meteor was of unusual dimensions, no meteorites are reported to haye been found, PALS. Se A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 127 II. Larce Mernors. (1.) 1768, December 23rd, 7" a... (local time). A very clear description * of the phenomenon attending the fall of ameteorite appears in the account of Cook’s Voyage round the World, published under the title of “A Voyage round the World in His Majesty’s Ship Endeavour, in the years 1768-71 (London, 1771).” Professor Miller, of Cambridge, who communicates the extract, accompanies it with the remark that “the passage must have escaped the notice of Mr. Greg, and of all other meteor historio- graphers.” Page 25, for Date and Place.—“ Thursday, Dec. 8, 1768, having pro- cured all necessary supplies, we left Rio Janeiro, ete.” Page 26, “ December 23rd we observed an eclipse of the moon ; and about 7 o'clock in the morning a small white cloud appeared in the west, from which a train of fire issued, extending itself westerly : about two minutes after we heard two distinct loud explosions, immediately succeeding each other like cannon, after which the cloud soon disappeared.” (2.) 1861, March 4th, 9" 38™ 30° s.u., Melbourne mean time. (Results of Meteorol. Observations in Victoria, §. Australia, 1858-62, by Dr. G. Neumayer ; p. 141.) A large meteor in bright daytime, seen in nearly the whole §.E. part of Australia. The meteor was seen at sea, on board of the ‘Constance,’ thirty miles 8. W. of the Otway. From the measurements of Captain Sérderbergh, and from various obser- vations made throughout the country, Dr. Neumayer adduces the following facts relative to the occurrence :— miles. Height of the meteor above the earth when first seen .. 54:6 Height of the meteor above the earth when bursting .. 10-0 Distance from Colar when first seen .............00- 17:2 Distance from Colar when bursting ................ 73°0 Diameter 0°18 mile, or 1190 feet. No mention is made by Dr. Neumayer of any detonation haying been heard. * (3.) 1865, December 7th, 7" 20™ p.u., G. M. T. (Paris Observatory Bulletins, Jan, 5th and 6th, 1866.) _ A fireball exploded at a height of thirty-eight miles over the mouth of the Loire with a report likened to that of a cannon fired off at a distance of a few miles (at Vannes), and to aslight shock of an earthquake at La Roche-Bernard. The meteor was visible over an extent of the coast from Brest to Bordeaux, Whence M. Gruey obtains from observations the following approximate elements of its path. The meteor proceeded, from a point about fifty-five miles above the sea at Quimper, descending at an inclination of about 15° from horizontal towards the E.S.E., a distance of eighty miles in 15 or 20 seconds, to the point of its explosion, thirty-five miles above the mouth of the Loire. Velocity not less than ten miles per second. —- The diameter is reckoned by M. Gruey at 180 yards, but it is added that the effect of irradiation would be to considerably diminish this amount. No meteorites were discovered, although the explosion was considerable, and the size and the luminosity of the fireball were quite unusual, * The punctuation is strictly given as in the original. The passage is also found in Barrow’s small edition of Cook’s Voyages. A. and C. Black, Edinb., 1860, p. 19. 128 rEPoRTtT—1866. (4.) 1865, December 9th, 8" 30™ p.ar. (local time). At Charleston, South Carolina, U.S., the sky being overcast and a slight rain falling, but unattended by thunder or lightning, a brilliant and strong light was for a moment perceived. A sentinel walking his rounds was enabled by the light to detect a boat with two persons leaying the fort, and by levelling his piece to oblige it to return. Half a minute or a minute after- wards, an explosion, and a loud jarring sound were heard ; the fireball itself, if such was the nature of the phenomenon, was hidden by clouds. (5.)* 1866, March 11th, 0° 20™ a.m. local time :— (March 10th, 11" 50™ v.u., G. M.T.) A yellow or reddish fireball, half the apparent size of the full moon, fol- lowed by a broad train of dull red colour, exploded into fragments near Liibbecke (forty miles east from Miinster) with a report loud enough to be plainly heard at Mister. People at Liibbecke were awakened from their sleep ; the report was likened to a discharge of artillery followed by that of musketry, and by a rushing sound like the arrival of a railway train. The light was sufficient to have counted money: the meteor, as drawn by Pro- fessor Heis upon a map, was visible in the surrounding districts of Libbecke, Westphalia, and Hanover. It commenced its course at a height of thirteen miles (British) above Miete, terminating at three-and-a-half miles (British) over Oldendorf in Liib- becke. Path, thirty miles in four to five seconds, directed from azimuth W. from 8. 50°, altitude 20°; velocity seven miles per second. At Liibbecke the report succeeded its disappearance in little more than a quarter of a minute. No meteorite in the neighbourhood is reported to have fallen. (6.) 1866, June 20th, 10" 45" aum., G. M, T. 1. As observed at Penshurst. Dear Sir,—In case you should not have seen the great meteor of 10" 45™ Am., June 20th 1866, I send you a rude sketch of the appearance as seen by ee ae ile i The Great Meteor, as seen from Penshurst, 10" 45™ a.., June 20, 1866. (Elevation 30°. Direction of flight from N.N.E. to 8.E.—Jas. Nasmyth.) * A Pamphlet by Prof. Heis, with map of meteor's course (Svo, Halle, 1866, TI. W. Schmidt), ———<———_ A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 129 me from here. I had a fine view of it for about two seconds as it skimmed majestically across a bright blue portion of the sky, which was in other parts covered by white clouds. I heard no sound, although I listened very atten- tively for it; but the wind was blowing through the trees, and so might have drowned the sound to me. The brilliant orange-red with rose tint on the after part (>), and bright white light at the forward end (a), gave it a most wonderful aspect when surrounded by the blue sky. The drawing, although roughly made, is, I may say, generally faithful. The elevation was about 30°; the inclination of the axis, about 5°; the length of the strikingly visible portion, about 1° 30'; the white vapour veil, perhaps 8° or 10° long, but, as it faded very gradually, one could not assign an exact length to it. The red tail appeared to flame and flicker consider- ably. cr if it had made its transit at night, it would have lit up the whole of England ; but such a meteor seen in bright sunshine gives it a very special character of interest. IT am, &c., Jas, NasMYTH. Penshurst, June 22nd, 1866. To A. S. Herschel, Esq. 2. As seen at Brighton. (From Mr. Galton’s MS.) “We saw T. point behind us; we turned, and saw a thing like a comet passing through the air; a bright ball of fire with a bright tail was what it looked like. As it got near the cliff which lies to the east, it got smaller and then vanished into space. Some people heard it go off like a gun when it disappeared. T. says it was much larger at first; it went fast and straight across between us and the town. “A meteor passed over Brighton at 103 a.m. on June 20th; it came from N.W. and travelled rapidly, and disappeared 8.8.E. The policeman on Kemp Town slopes described it as shaped like a ginger-beer bottle; one half of the bottle was a strong blood-red light, the other half of the body was like a thin white vapour, and the extremity of the object was a thin white cloud like a comet’s tail, but not luminous. So transparent was this tail, the blue sky could be traced through it. The meteer burst, or rather deployed (spread itself) and wholly disappeared; no sparks, no sound. «The coastguard on drill at Signal Station, near Brighton, saw the meteor. The body of it appeared like a bottle, half of it a very remarkable deep-red fire; the rest of the body and a tail, a long train of very thin white vapour. When it broke or spread and disappeared, the body, as the sailors call it, as- sumed a sort of grey hue, which they think was the blue sky seen through the thin white vapour. There was total absence of all noise or sparks; at the moment when immediately over their heads, the “ body” (the light part of it) seemed to ‘“ quiver,’ but there was no pause in its course. The “ quiver” was, only, if possible, less than an instant.” 4 3. As seen at Ticehurst (near Hurstgreen, Sussex). Respected and dear Sir,—A meteor of rather remarkable character, I should think, was seen by my schoolboys to pass this morning at 10% 45™ A.m. through a clear opening of the clouds, appearing in E. by N. at an alti- tude of 15°, and disappearing in S.E. at an altitude of 5°. All agree that it a. half as large as the moon and of a bright yellow colour, very much 66. K 130 REPORT—1866. more brilliant than the moon when seenin the day. Its flight was not rapid*, and its motion smooth and regular, gliding as a heavy body might be sup- posed to do, It was attended by a very short train, which rapidly died out and appeared to form a point behind. No noise or explosion was heard. Its path was very slightly curved; but I think there is no dependence to be placed on this. The day was fine, but the sky was partially obscured by large bright floating clouds, high above which was a stratum of a different kind—cirrus probably. The sun shone very clearly and warm at intervals, but for a few days previously we haye had strong west winds, Tam, &e., R. Covineron. Ticehurst Schoolhouse, June 20th, 1866. To A. S. Herschel, Esq. 4, As seen at Boulogne. To the Editor of the ‘ Times.’ Sir,—I was at Boulogne this morning at 11 o’clock (Paris time), when an explosion followed by a low and continued rumbling was heard in the Hotel des Bains, where I was then staying. The people in the house ran in alarm from their rooms into the courtyard, asking one another what had happened ; then observing through the gateway that similar crowds were also collecting in the street and by the harbour, and were equally puzzled as to the source of the noise, I went out and found myself in ample time to see the long, narrow, smoke-like train of a meteor hanging in the sky. The final puff that indicated the place of explosion was marked with perfect distinctness, but the point where the train first commenced was hidden from my view by a block of houses. I leisurely noted the necessary bearings, and then, running to my room, returned with a small travelling “ altazimuth” I had by me, and measured them. ‘The results were :—for the first point in the train that I could see, altitude 62°, magnetic azimuth (K. from N.) 95°; for the final puff, altitude 40°, magnetic azimuth (E. from N.) 195°, I doubt the error in any of these observations exceeding one degree ; I feel sure it does not exceed two degrees. The average breadth of the train of smoke was about one degree. A comparison of these measurements with any set taken elsewhere—and doubtless you will receive some other communica- tions —will at least indicate the path of the meteor, and will accurately fix its height above the earth at the timesof explosion. (Signed) Francis Garton. London, June 20th. 5. As seen in France. (From the ‘ Morning Advertiser,’ June 26th.) The meteor described as haying shot through the clouds over Folkstone on the 20th June, flamed amazement through all the towns in the northern department of France. It crossed over Boulogne, Calais, Hazebrook, Aire, Lilles, Bombourg and other places, and ultimately burst over St. Omer with an explosion like the roar of artillery. The peaceful inhabitants imagined an explosion of the neighbouring powder-magazines at Esquades. It is known to have exploded between the towns of Boulogne and St. Omer; but, though diligent search has been made, none of the fragments have been discovered. } * One boy, who saw the meteor from first to last, was asked to point with a stick towards the place whence it appeared to him to move. Moving the stick as the meteor appeared to him to do, the time in which he described the whole course of the meteor’s flight, up to the point of disappearance, was 33 seconds. : —_——-—___--- A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 131 6. The explosion at Calais. (Extract from a letter to the ‘Times,’ from H. B. M. Consul at Calais, Beaumont Hotham.) Sir,—The information of the explosion of a powder-mill near St. Omer, though transmitted by telegraph from St. Omer to Calais, and though officials here were informed of the “explosion,” and the St. Omer fire-engines were actually sent for, turned out to be incorrect. The meteor was of a very ex- traordinary description ; but the powder-mill, at least, was a canard. (7.) 1866, July 17th, 8" 52™ p.m. (local time), Hidfjord, Norway. It was quite light when the meteor appeared, far too light for any stars to be visible, and yet the meteor was ¥ery bright. I have no doubt it would have given very much more light than the moon, yet it was only about one- third the apparent diameter of the moon. I first saw it at an altitude of perhaps 45°; and after that it went about 50°, increasing in brightness as it went. The latter part of its course was at an angle of 45° downwards to the right. It had a bright tail 5° or 10° long, of a different colour from the head, I think fiery ; it vanished with the head; but I very soon saw a white train, perhaps 20° long, somewhat ser- pentine, exactly like white smoke, doubtless illuminated by daylight alone, as I do not think that it was at all self-luminous. It was consequently very faint to my naked eye. Some of the party saw it before I did, and say that it was simply curved and not serpentine. It rapidly became more serpentine, and perhaps two minutes after the disappearance of the meteor was of this shape :— It continued 10 grow more serpentine till it disappeared, part of it remain- ing visible twelve minutes. I remain, yours truly, Sunderland, Sept. 10th, 1866, T, W. BackHousE. To A. S. Herschel, Esq. III. A®Roxires. (1.) 1860, January 16th. Stonefall at Kusiali, Kumaon, India. (2.) 1865, January 19th. Stonefall at Mouza Khoona, Sidowra, Gorruck- pore district, India. (8.) 1865, August 12th, 7" pa. Stonefall at Dundrum, county of Tipperary, Treland (Scientific Papers from R. I. Academy’s Proceedings, vol. i. p. 230). Meteor not seen. A report like a cannon-shot and buzzing noise was heard, and the stone fell into the ground, where it lay, half buried in the earth, milk- — Kk 2 132 REPORT—1866. warm. Weight 4lbs. 1402s. ; specific gravity 3-07 to 3:57 in different parts of the stone, which has the form of a three-sided pyramid ; the base freshly broken ; the faces vitrified, and separated from each other by sharp edges of the crust as distinctly as if ruled witha ruler. Of the earthy portion of the meteorite, that which is soluble in muriatic acid is nearly pure olivine ; the insoluble portion is a highly siliceous mineral. The proportions are— Nickel-iron (Chladnite) .......... 20:60 (Fe 19:57; Ni 1-03) Protosulphuret of iron (Troilite) .. 405 Chromeiron Ore). eat oe. Jester cas 1:50 Mineral soluble in muriatic acid .. 33:08 (FeO 5-89; MgO 14:81) Mineral insoluble in muriatic acid .. 40°77 100-00 (4.) 1865, August 20th, 1" 30™ p.m. Erinpoorah, India. (Extract from an Agra newspaper.) I send you the following account of an aérolite, together with a photo- graph of the same, kindly taken by Dr. Eddomes, of the Erinpoorah Irregular Force. On Sunday, August 20th, 1865, about 1” 30™ p.m., a loud report was heard at Erinpoorah, as if a heavy gun had been fired in the cantonment. A child in the line called out ‘look, look, there is a lota* flying over.” At the same time a similar report was heard at Sarowli, twenty-four miles south of Erinpoorah, and a borah then saw what he took for a ball of fire pass over his head. The same loud noise was heard at the same time in Aboo, distant fifty-four miles south of Erinpoorah ; and there it was followed by a second report, or, as is more likely, a loud reverberation of the first. Some men were digging a tank at the time near the village of Bheenwall in Marwar, about thirty-eight miles from Aboo, when they were suddenly alarmed by a loud rushing noise anda ball of fire near them, throwing up the earth like a shell. Of course they all bolted, but, finding that nothing further occurred, returned to the spot, where from a hole three or four feet deep they dug out this aéro- lite: weight 331bs. The appearance of this stone exactly corresponds with the account given of Aérolites in Brandt’s Dictionary of Science. (5.) 1865, August 25th. Shergotty, India. (Extract from Calcutta Gazette.) A stone fell from the heavens accompanied by a very loud report, and buried itself in the earth knee-deep. At the time, the sky was cloudy and the air calm, no rain. The stone has been forwarded by the Government to the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (6.) 1865, August 25th, 11" 30™ a.m. Aumale, Algeria. (Comptes Rendus, 1866, January 8th, vol. Lxii.) A meteorite fell near the small stream Oued Soufflat, thirty-two miles north of the town of Aumale, an explosion like the roar of artillery first proceeding from a cloud in the air. The stone then fell, penetrating in fallow land 8 inches, and burying itself 12 inches deeper in hard calcareous earth, where it remained too hot to be extricated by the hand. Its figure when dug out was a four-sided pyramid,‘14 inches high, truncated at the top; the base 8 inches by 6 inches, the upper face 4 inches square. It weighed about 50 Ib, A second of the same size fell at a place about twelve miles N. by * A round vessel used in India to hold or carry water. A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 133 K., in N. latitude 36° 27’, E. longitude 3° 40’, which cut off branches from a shrub, excavated a hole 1 yard wide and 1 foot deep, and afterwards rolled down the mountain-side into a pathway, where it was found. The specific gravity is 3:56; the crust is thin, dull black, and rough. The stones attract the magnet, and contain about 10 per cent., by weight, of metallic iron alloyed with nickel. Sulphuret of iron is also present, with chrome-iron in small octahedral crystals. The meteorites contain soluble salts of soda (carbonate and chloride), and consist in their earthy portions of double silicates of iron and magnesia, partly attackable and partly unattacked by muriatic acid. The greenish-grey spherules, very hard and compact, with crystals of Enstatyte and Peridote, and other minerals scattered through the stone, are described by M. Daubrée as they appeared under the microscope. (7.) 1866, May 30th, 3" 45™ a.m. St. Mesmin, Aube, France. (Comptes Rendus, 1866, June 18th, vol. xlii.) A reddish meteor, drawing a long train of red fire, as seen from Nangis and Bray-sur-Seine, burst over the “banlieue” of St. Mesmin. Its disap- pearance was followed, at intervals of about twenty seconds towards the E., and of three, four, or five minutes towards the W.S.W., from which quarter the meteor came, by three cannon-like reports. After a clattering noise and a noise like rolling thunder that gradually died away, an aérolite 1 pound in weight struck the earth with a loud shrieking noise* in a railway-cutting at Haute de la Garenne, two yards from the rails, and penetrated 9 inches into the sloping bank. A second, nearly half a mile from the first, was dis- covered at Bas-le-Brun, which weighed 5 pounds; and a third, weighing 4 pounds, fell one mile from the other two. An indentation, about half an inch in width with a fresh surface, upon the smallest, is covered with thin thread-like lines of the perfectly fused dull black crust, where an angle of the meteorite is supposed from this circumstance to have been broken off during its fight in the air. The specific gravity is 3°56; and the stones contain 5 or 6 per cent. by weight of metailic iron combined with nickel. Protosulphuret of iron and chrome-iron ore are also present. The earthy portion of the me- teorites consists of about 60 per cent. of a mineral which is impure olivine, and about 40 per cent. of highly siliceous mineral unattackable by muriatic acid. (8.) 1866, June 9th. Shortly before 5" p.xt. (local time). Stonefall ; Knyahinya, Nagy Berezna, Hungary. (Vienna Acad. Sitzungsber., July 12th, and October 11th, 1866.) Two scientific persons, commissioned by the government from Pesth, after inquiry upon the spot into the circumstances of this stonefall, gave their report, of which the following is the substance :— The stones struck the carth in great numbers on an area 1200 yards in length, in lat. 49° N., long. 22° E. from Greenwich. The meteor was scen at distances varying from thirty to seventy-five miles from the place of fall. At Eperies, fifty-five miles west from Knyahinya, it presented the appear- ance of a burning birch-rod. The handle, which was directed foremost, was deep red: and the meteor shot over Saros and Zemplin to a point due east, where it burst, scattering its fragments in all directions, and houses shook * An experiment by which most of the different noises made by meteorites in falling, such as humming, buzzing, shrieking, &e!, can be imitated, may be made by projecting fragments of iron of different shapes from a common sling. 134 REPORT—1866. with the explosion. At Knyahinya the report was like that of a hundred cannons. A dense cloud, ten times the apparent width of the sun, marked the path of the fireball, extending itself towards Unghvar, a distance of twenty-five miles §., 5° W. from Knyahinya ; and it remained visible for fifteen minutes. Two or three minutes after the report was heard, a rattling sound came from the direction of the streak, and labourers at work in the fields saw stones fall. These, when picked up, were ice-cold, and emitted a strong sulphurous odour, that might be perceived at a distance of a mile round the place of fall. At least sixty stones were found, and the largest buried themselves obliquely at an angle of 30° or 35° to the horizon. Thirty-five fragments of the aérolite were sent by the Commissioners to Pesth. A perfectly incrusted stone was forwarded to Dr. Haidinger at Vienna, who cites the stonefall of Knyahinya, with that of Stannern, as a proof that aérolites, in their native orbits, occasionally consist of a swarm of separate stones, bound together by their mutual gravitation, while yet revolving in an orbit, like one body round the sun. The stone is marked by depressions upon its surface, like a perfect aérolite, and in its interior parts presents a marbled appearance, like the stones of Parnallee and Assam. ‘The specific gravity is 3520. ys (1.) Meteoric showers of October, 1864, and 1865 compared with previous Meteoric showers. The exact date of the October shower is not fixed, but varies between the 15th and 26th of October. On the 18th of October 1864, and again on the 20th of October 1865, shower-meteors were observed at Hawkhurst, diverg- ing from a particularly well defined radiant, at » Orionis, which preserved its place almost fixed in two successive years. The following is a comparison of the meteors mapped with those of other showers. The Table shows that a large percentage of the meteors mapped in the October shower were far more conformable to a radiant-point than was the case with the meteors in any of the other well-known and preyiously-examined showers. The initials M. N. refer to the Royal Astronomical Society’s ‘ Monthly Notices.’ z 3 Meteors retained. 3 23 Annas S - > A 3|g g . : ition > we 2 Ss Sen of Radiant, nd ate at | PARENT | 2% Pcs manned BS [B/S | | Referees D 0 E a the mean. $3 ga 5 3 vations. R. A.|N. Decl.| ° el g/ 4/165 K, (1864, Jan. 2nd) ...sesee 234| 51 | 26 12 14 | 54 | 2:0) 4:1 |Rep. 1864, p. 3 DG, (1864,Apr.19thand20th)/277 | 35 | 16 7 9 | 56 | 3:4] 6-0|Ibid. pp. 40-42, Fe Dec. 12th and 13th..|105 30 17 |Nos,10,12,14| 14 | 82 | 2°5| 6:°0|M. N.xxv. p.16 G : 1864, Nov. 28th, Dec. 9th.| 94 27 23 |Nos. 5,12,15| 20 | 87 | 3:0} 7:0 /Ibid. p. 165. 0] 1864, Oct. 18th ......00008- 90 16 19 |Nos.10, 11,12} 16 | 84 | 1°6| 3:0 |Ibid. p. 37. 1865, Oct. 20th ....... aes 90 15 14 |Nos. 15,18, 19) 11 | 84 | 1:4] 4:0|M.N. xxvi. p. 5¢ | | Reference number Se et See ee of A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 135 The meteors observed at Hawkhurst, from which the mean deviations of the first two places of the list were taken, were figured upon a map; and a list of the selected observations (only) is annexed in the following Tables, of which the particulars have already.been given fully, or in part, in the Cata- logue of the Report for 1864, Selected List of Conformable Meteors observed at Hawkhurst, . 1864, January 2nd (fig. 1). Selected List of Meteors observed at Hawkhurst, 1864, April 19th and 20th Magi-| ale solide dere | che meteors ae Hour, G. M.T., | tude as | 7°" tad (ic eg tiles’ Wk) copa anit aR Be Eee ae 1864 Joa. ind, | per |OTrae) Home) Hepa, | Saad, | lon | puctens oriinally, Stara Radiant. Streak, &c. R.A. |N. Decl.| R, A. |N. Decl. hm s 8 Sec. a g ice 8 F BES 2\y 0 1 15 16 | 162 25 | 150 15 4‘1 10 24 45 5 25 1:2 106 39 95 20 0:5 10 34 O |}. 2-3] 12 Hl | 365 67 9 | .56 2:0 10 40 30 |j>1 20 1l‘1 158 50 | 134 389 4°1 10 48 15 3-5] 87 | tse | 66 70 60 a7 | 1% Vt a Gye bs 2 16 15 92 29 85 13 1:1 |Train, 2 seconds. 11 20 30 2-3) ll 13 176 15 169 7 2°4 11 25 30 2 40 2:0 167 21 140 |= 8 19 1l 28 50 3 8 1:0 210 65 191 67 Bis) ll 45 45 3 15 1s 72 74 66 51 2:8 |Train, 1 second. Hb, 30 4 14 1:2 111 8 106 0 1:8 il) ey ae) 2 10 1:0 137 3 129 |— 8 0-0 He S7 30 3 12 0:7 41 55 42 49 1°9 Les. 0 3 18 peel RELY 70 | 339 64 0-0 Mean values...| ...... 17 PTT aeceocon| he sceo || coee ve | coneee 2:0 eure ee cele 20 Ph al Se eee ll, SIT ea A IN te (fig. 2). . iti t path. Ss Magni-| Length | Dtira- as atchad el! Héviae | The meteors are §3)| Hour, G.M.T., | tude as} of ap- | tion of TREE i spe from “ && 1864, April. per | parent | visible Began. Ended. from Bifcredioa atin, aA stars. | path. | flight. | | Radiant. Streak, &c. R.A. |N, Decl.| R.A. |N. Deel: | as a hm s sec. 6 ° 1. 19th. 1112 0| 3 | 16 | o8 | i181 134 | 63 | 60 2, 12°17? Oe 14 09 | 253 223 75 4:0 12 40 0 1 5 1:08 | 252 248 14 2°3 |Train, 1 second. 1253-0} 1 10 07 | 278 276 73 10 1259 20) eae 8 0-7 | 238 227 39 4:0 1425 6} 6 0-7 | 277 281 44 2°5 14 29 30) 2 15 | 09 | 273 276 49 } 55 14 55 30 3 10 0-6 301 308 15 6:0 20th. 1055 0 1 15 1:2 230 208 46 5°8 |Train, 2 seconds. Mean values...| ...... 11 OS = fodaseas Pe cas ach |leaaie'ss 3°4 | 136 REPORT—1866. Fig. 1. AT [SPSS IIS bere SPH DOP > Radiant D G,; 1864, April 19th to 20th. RB. A. 277°, N, Decl. 35° A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 137 (2.) Meteoric shower of 1865, November 13th, a.m. Mr. W. H. Wood reports at Weston-super-Mare :—On the night of the 12th of November, from 5° to 8" p.m., and again at 11" 30™ p.m., the sky was clear at intervals, but no meteors were seen. After midnight the sky continued overcast until the morning. On the night of the 13th, until 1 a.m. on the morning of the 14th, the sky was partially clear, but no meteors were seen. It then clouded over completely until 4" 30" a.m., when personal watching was abandoned, no symptom of a meteoric shower having appeared up to this time. From 5" 30™ a.m. until sunrise the sky was clear (commu- . nicated), and orange-coloured meteors appeared, falling at the rate of 12 per hour, from a gener val altitude of 25° in the N. and N.N. W., vertically down. Mr. H. Holiday reports at Torquay :—On the night of the 12th of No- vember, at 9" p.m., Cassiopeia was visible through a break in the clouds. The sky was afterwards examined at intervals throughout the night, and was found constantly overcast. On the night of the 13th the sky was very cloudy, and watching on this night was abandoned. Mr. T, Crumplen reports at London :—* This morning [the 13th] the sky became almost cloudless at 1" 15™ a.m. There were fewer meteors than one might expect to see; but those I saw were of all magnitudes, varying from Venus at its brightest to fifth=magnitude stars. The radiant in Leo came out very well; I also suspect a radiant near a Tauri.” Mr. George Knott thus describes the meteors on the morning of the 13th of November, at Cuckfield, in Sussex (see Monthly Notices of the Man- chester Lit. and Phil. Soc., Phys. and Math. Section, Dec. 7th, 1865) :—Two observers watched the southern half of the sky. “ Between 12" and 1" a.m. we counted 39 meteors, giving an average of rather more than 0:6 per minute ; the next 55 minutes added 61 to the number, giving an average of 1-1 per minute. After half an hour’s interval we resumed our watch at 2" 25™ a.m., and between that hour and 3" 5” a.m., when we ceased observing, we noted 55 meteors, showing that the average had risen to 1:4 per minute. The ob- servations of the last 40 minutes showed very clearly that the radiant-point was in the immediate vicinity of the star Leonis, or perhaps between that star and e and , of the same constellation—the neighbourhood, in fact, of what the Rey. C. Pritchard happily terms the “apew of the earth’s way.” The paths of a few meteors seemed to suggest a second radiant-point in the neigh- bourhood of 3 Tauri, but the observed flights were too few to afford satisfac- tory evidence on the point.” Mr. R. P. Greg reports at Manchester :—“ On the night of the 12th, during the hour from 11" to 12" par, , saw only two meteors. It then clouded over, but became quite bright ag ain a few minutes before 1 a.xr. Between 1" and 2" am. I saw a considerable number, of which I mapped some 20 or 30, but had not time to enter all the particulars. The radiant-point was not quite a definite one, some nearer Leo Minor than Leo. Hardly any were visible, except near the radiant-point ; say from Ursa Major to Canis Minor. These November meteors were very phosphorescent, in fact nothing else,—even the larger ones. I saw two from Cassiopeia, the regular radiant, as different as possible in appearance. At 2” a.m. it clouded over.” Observations of the same shower, by Mr. T. P. Barkas at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, Mr. S. H. Miller at Wisbeach, and Mr. 8. B. Kincaid at Streatham, near London, will be found in the Catalogue of this Report. On the morning of the 13th of N ee eeaber! the meteoric shower was ob- served at the Gcawich and Cambridge Observatories, and at Hawkhurst, with a view to determining the heights. and yelocities of the meteors. ‘The 138 REPORT—1866. hourly number of the meteors is stated by Mr. Glaisher and Professor Challis to have exceeded all before recorded at either of those two observatories. More than 250 meteors (279) were recorded at Greenwich, from shortly after midnight until shortly after 5" a.m. Nearly a thousand meteors are computed to have been visible at Greenwich during the hours from 1” to 5" a.m., appearing in greatest abundance during the hour from 1" to 2" a.m, Nearly two-thirds (172) left luminous trains visible for several seconds after the disappearance of the meteors. Their unusual number, and the appearance of leaving luminous streaks, agree with Olmsted’s description of the famous meteors of the 13th of November 1833, and leave no doubt that the meteors were a partial return of the meteoric shower of that year. The number of meteors of the first class (16) recorded at Hawkhurst during the hour from midnight to 1 o’clock on the morning of the 14th, was nearly equal to the number (17) recorded, under equally favourable circumstances, during the same hour on the morning of the 13th. The following are the hourly numbers of meteors observed at -the three places during the progress of the shower :— | Hours of Observation, A.M. 0" to 14/1" to 24/28 to gu gh to 4% 4h to 5h (Greenwich, Nov.13...) 23 91 66 48 45 Total number | Cambridge, Nov. 13...) 41 57 of meteors observed at Hawkhurst, Nov. isd Pag 21 33 _ A ss) 16 (Hawkhurst, Nov. The meteors here recorded, with the exception of six meteors observed at Greenwich, were equal to stars of the 3rd magnitude or upwards. More than half the total number of the meteors were equal to or brighter than 1st-magnitude stars. The number of observers was six at the Greenwich Observatory, three at Cambridge, and one at Hawkhurst. The sky was for the most part cloudless throughout the time, and the moon rose at about 4" a.m. Amongst the list of shooting-stars seen at Hawkhurst, seventeen were identical with meteors observed at Greenwich. Fifteen other meteors of the list were identical with meteors seen at the Observatory at Cambridge. The heights and velocities of ten of these accordant meteors were calculated (Tables I., II.) ; and this is also the number of accordances calculated by Drs. Heis and Behrmann, of meteors observed on the same night between Minster and Gottingen. The average height of the middle of the apparent paths differs little, at both places, from sixty miles above the surface of the earth. Tables I. and II. contain the apparent and computed paths observed at Hawkhurst, Greenwich, and Cambridge. Table III. contains the paths of 10 meteors similarly observed by Dr. Heis and Dr. Behrmann, on the night of the 13th of November, and computed by Dr. Behrmann (Astr. Nachr. vol. lxvi. p. 331-332). The average velocity of 11 meteors directed from Leo is 553 English miles per second, The average velocity of 4 meteors directed from Taurus or Perseus is nineteen miles per second. As the former radiant-region is hardly Taste I.—Apparent Paths. 139 Observed at Hawkhurst. Obseryed at (C) Cambridge, (G) Greenwich. 5 . Adopted points on ee 4 d 15 4 5 |8 arent path. nd ; 3 ae 1865, ey Began. Ended. 3 g = ma 3 © Noy. 13th, | 3 | a s/s. Began Ended a = | Greenwich | 2 z S “ig : ) 3 eee ie| oe | «| £2 | ¢| 8 co |a2|\ ces ge lee 8 ‘ aa = + 2 Ss ‘a & Sq =) =) 3 Ss as Migiok lc| Miso) SpilS) |Se |e hm s a = 6 3), SECS. eS 4 é 5 1. / 0 11 32 1 | 220-2 |48°2|174°5 [55°0| 3 C. | 2 | 296°0 |48-0| 342-4 |49-2| with 2.;046 2 1 | 222°2 (50-2) 180°3 /57-0| 2°5|| C. | 1 | 302-4 |46-4| 338-8 148-3] with a tl 8.37 2 |126°5 |49°5|139°5 [35-0 |none|| C. | 1 314 |50°7) 34:4 |46°9! none 4. | 1 24 56 2 |213°5 |29°3|197°3 |24°8| 2 C. | 1 | 244:3 |37-4| 236-1 [41:1] with 5. | L 27 38-+-| 1 | 107-0 \55:3|101°8 (38-5) 5 C. | 1 | 44:6 |54:2| 55-9 |38-9 | very fine 6. | 1 30 54 | 3 | 37:3 |58:3| 53:8 |46:3| 1 G. | 1 |343°3 |45:2| 352-2 |38-1| 3 secs. 7. | 2 3 38 1 | 135-2 |28:4|125:3 |21°8) 3 G. | 1 | 130-3 |50-7| 116°8 /15°3 | very fine 8.| 2 4 48 2 | 48°8 |82°8 | 305-6 |80°5 jnone|| G. | 1 | 339-4 |57°3| 314-7 138-9] 1 sec. 9) 29 27 |. 1 |323°0 |38-7 | 342°0 |33-1| 3 G. |Sirius| 323°0 [38-7 | 344°7 |21-0| 2 secs. 10. | 2 37 10 2 |306°3 (28°8/314°3 |25°3| 2 || G. | 1 | 287-3 |29-3) 308-8 |17°5| with : Taste I1.—Computed Heights, Velocities, &e. ee f Beginning. End. [EE SIEME ot oieth| Dutra Velocit 5 ; ee of path tion at fa B.S, Region of Radiant- Height Height |; ; |in B.S.) Hawk-| miles point. Long. fr 5 Long. fi 5 in B.S, di 2 | nat | lines. | tat, ome. | ns: Seca | Hate (pete ° ‘o ° ° sec. fe} Ole7 | 1°5 EL 75°5 | 51°6 | 0-4 E. | 53:7 | 64:6 | 53:9 | 1:3 40°9 Leo % | 51°6 | 15 E, 72°3 | 51°5 | O05 HE. | 55°1 | 63°7 | 44°7 | 1°5 29°8 Leo ? 515 | 06 W. | 67:7 | 52:7 | 05 W. | 44:0 | 55:8} 27-9 | 1-2 23-2 |Taurus or Perseus -| 52:9) 26 E. | 886 | 52:7| 1:4 BE. | 56:9! 72:8] 61:0! 0-8 76:2 Leo | 5Sl4 | 13 W. | 1145 | 514 | 2:0 W. | 86:1 |100°3 | 41°6 | 1:0 416 Leo » | 50°7 | O1 E. | 49:3 | 50°7 | 0-1. W. | 35:2 | 42:2 | 17-2] o-7 245 Leo + | 519 / 0:8 W. | 43:3 | 52:4 | 2:8 W.| 68:5 | 55:9] 96:1] 1-0 9671 Leo le | S19 | 04 E. | 56:7 | 52:0 | 06 E. | 47-4] 52:1] 147] 08 18:4 Perseus 48°9 | 2:9 E. |1469 | 49:6 | 1:2 E. | 68:1 |107°5 |120°6 | 0:9 | 134-0 Leo 506 | 1:3 E. | 248 | 50°6 | 1:2 E. 19-9 | 223 84 | 07 12:0 Leo Meanvheights ...) 74:0} ...... | ..cre 53°5 | 63°7 ABLE IIT.—Heights &c. of November Meteors observed at Gottingen and Miinster. 2 s Height in B. S. | Height Heneth | Veloese a3 Tear Hour, Géttingen Boa. pied miles. haar of path in B.S. Region of 3 2] Noy, |mean time, p.m. stars, &c.| left. in B. s.i2 = S.| miles | Radiant-point. FS -| Atbe- | 44 ong,| miles. | Miles: |per see. ginning. 4 hm s ; 1. | 13th 8 30 12 Pas ere dec 59°8 | 51°0 | 55-4 | 48:9 | 44:5 | Cassiopeia 2. p 10 24 3 VEZ aesece 89°5 | 252:1 | 170-8 | 254-6 | 53-0 Leo 3. 5 10 28 15 1-3 | ...... | 46°9 |} 38:1 | 49:5 | 12-2 | 174 Perseus 4, + 10 32 44 1 with | 80°9 | 31:2 | 56-1 |159:6 | 55-1 5. i} 10 41 55 3-5 | ...... | 72°4 | 501 | 61-3 6. » | 10 58 39 4-1 | with | 86-4 | 47-6 | 67-0 | 198-0 | 66-0 Leo ae is 11 0 20 Q-1 | with | 90:0 | 44:6] 67-3 | 73:2 | 36-6 Leo Beat 35 MILD £2 $-1 | with | 80:3 | 44-2 | 62:3 | 33:0 | 165 Perseus 9. ” ieaaeedees 1-2 | with | 73-2 | 62:2 | 67:7 Bael4th |... gach iguiazs cast: lll en ieas 94°3 | 32:9 | 63°6 Mean heights f.....| ...006° |. 760 | 44:6 | 60°3 | Omiting heights of No. 2. 140 REPORT—1866. 20°, and the latter more than 100° removed from the “ apea of the earth’s way,” it follows that the earth’s motion of translation is plainly recognized as the result of observation, by its effect of increasing the speed of the meteors from the former radiant-point to 553 miles per second, and diminishing the speed of the meteors from the latter radiant-point to nineteen miles per second. The position of the radiant-point in some part of the constellation Leo was noted, with the following results, at Greenwich and at Hawkhurst—to which are added the positions of the same radiant-point observed by Dr. Heis, and by observers in America, on the morning of the 13th of November 1865 :— Place and Observer's name, and Position of Radiant in Leo, Hour of Observation. 1865, Nov. 18th, a.m. Greenwich ...... (1" to 5" a.m., Mr. Glaisher) .. R.A. 160°, N. Decl. 30° Hawkhurst...... (1 to.3° am., Mr. Herschel)... 4, 148 es 23 Miinster... 2°25. (Oto 030" a.u., Dr. Heis),... . 3) d48 . 24 Newhaven, U.S... (Prof. H. A. Newton)........ 5 £48 ie 23 Philadelphia, U.S. (Mx. B. V. Marsh) .......... oy ds $5 24 The four latter positions are in remarkably close agreement with the position of the same radiant-point (R. A. 148° 10’, N. Decl. 23° 45!) observed by Professor Aiken at Emmettsburg, Md., U.S.A., from 4" 45™, to 6% 45™ A.M., on the 13th of November 1833. (Am. Journ. Sci., Ist Series, vol. xxvi. p. 330.) (3.) Meteoric Shower of January 2nd and April 20th, 1866. The January and April showers, in 1866, as shown by observations con- tained in the Catalogue, were completely in default. (4.) Meteoric Shower of May 18th, 1866. Meteors of the first class (7=1st-mag., 2=2nd-mag., 3=3rd-mag. stars) were observed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, towards midnight, on the 18th of May 1866, falling at the rate of 12 per hour. The radiant-point, although somewhat indefinite, was distinctly the radiant Q, (No. XXa) of Dr. Heis and Mr. Greg, between Corona and the Head of Hercules. The date, on account of the possibility of a connexion existing between shower meteors in May and the star-showers of November, merits attention, with the view of determining further points of radiation. (5.) Meteoric Shower of August 1866. A period of about 103 years, noticeable in the returns of the August meteors, would bring two star-showers of the years 830 and 833 a.p., cited by Biot from the Chinese Annals, into immediate relation with the pheno- menon of the 10th of August, 1863, to which the first or second of these star- showers might correspond. The hourly number of meteors on the night of the 10th of August, 1866, was not greatly above the ordinary scale of the phenomenon, A large meteor appeared in daylight over the south of England at 8" 15™ p.m., on the even- ing of the 8th; and a large fireball was observed at Hawkhurst at 0° 42”, on the morning of the 10th. At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the sky was clear on the 7th, and 175 meteors were observed. Two meteors were observed through a break in the clouds on the 8th. The sky was again clear on the 9th, and 113 meteors were mapped in a few hours. On the night of the 10th, 24 meteors were observed through breaks in the clouds. The radiant was in Perseus. At Richmond, near London, on the night of the 10th of August, the clouds A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 141 began to break at midnight; and the sky was completely clear at 0" 15" a.m. on the 11th. Between the hours of 11" 55™ p.m. on the 10th, and 1” 5™ a.m. on the 11th, Mr. J. Browning counted 26 meteors—six first-class, leaving trains (3 blue, 2 yellow, 1 white), A third part of the sky was in view throughout the time. At London, Mr. T. Crumplen reports meteors very scanty on the 9th. There was a thunderstorm on the 10th, with cloudy and unsettled weather until 11l* p.m. The sky was afterwards clear at intervals. LElectrical-looking clouds and distant lightning were conspicuous through the night as in pre- vious years. A few meteors were observed radiating from B Camelopardi and a Lyre. At Birmingham, Mr. W. H. Wood reports :— The present return of the August meteors has exceeded the ordinary scale of the phenomenon in point of numbers, and exhibits a radical and probably a physical difference in the nature of the substance composing the meteoric shower, as compared with that of August 1864. In the latter, various tints of yellow and red were its cha- racteristics, whilst the present shower is almost entirely composed of blue meteors of the smaller class, the proportion of colours being as follows— Red. Orange or yellow... White. Blue. Total. 5 11 12 42 70 meteors ; and the proportion of magnitudes being— = Jupiter. =Sirius. =lst mag. =2nd mag. =drd mag. 9 14 22 34 Total, 80 meteors. “ One-fourth part of the meteors left phosphorescent trains. «The prolongation of the meteors’ paths towards the points of origin, indi- cated two areas of radiation whence the entire shower emanated—one radiant area about 6 Persei, and the other about D Camelopardi. «The rate of appearance recorded by an unassisted observer was as follows:— - Aug. 8th, 10 to 10th, 11 p.m. to ll»p.m. 9th, p.m. - 10th, p.m. 11th, 15 aa, Meteors per hour 12 12 16 20 and these numbers are probably less than half the real ratio.” At Hawkhurst, on the nights of the 9th and 10th, the sky was remarkably clear to unaided vision. Bright meteors were frequent, and a large fireball burst overhead on the morning of the 10th. The meteor itself was not seen ; but a streak was left for 20 seconds, and the flash of light resembled that of lightning; no report was heard. The hourly number of meteors for an un- assisted observer was about 15 per hour on the 9th, increasing to very nearly 30 per hour on the morning of the 11th. On the night of the 11th the sky was overcast. Observations of August Meteors, 1866, with the Spectroscope. Mr. Browning having constructed three binocular spectroscopes for the British Association, on a plan approved by the Committce, for examining the spectra of meteors in the next November shower, the instruments were em- ployed by Mr. Glaisher, Mr. Herschel, and Mr. Browning, to examine the spectra of meteors on the 9th and 10th of August. Owing, however, to a delay in the delivery of the instrument at Greenwich, observations of meteor- spectra could not be commenced until the 10th. At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and at Richmond on Thames (Mr. Browning’s station), the sky 142 REPORT—1866, 3 on the night of the 10th was for the most part cloudy, and all attempts to catch the spectrum of a meteor proved in vain. Spectrum observations were begun at Hawkhurst on the evening of the 9th ; and the sky proving remarkably clear for this kind of observations, they were continued, until daybreak, on the following nights of the 9th and 10th. No difficulty was found in mapping the course of the meteors in the spec- troscope by the stars, of which a whole constellation, as for example the seven stars-of Ursa Major, are seen in the instrument at once. The brightness, duration, and length of path, and whether the meteor left a streak upon its course, could also be noted in the instrument as readily as with the unassisted eye; so that by this means the apparent paths of 17 meteors were noted in six hours, of which all, or all but one, diverged from Perseus and Cassiopeia. The proportions of magnitudes were as follows :— =Sirius. =Ist mag. =2nd mag. =drd mag. =4th mag. 4 2 The spectroscope being so held that the course of the meteors was parallel to the refracting edges of the prisms, the appearance of their meteoric spectra was found to be, in general, altogether different from the view of the same meteors obtained by the naked eye. Nevertheless in one instance (No. 8) the appearance of a meteor in the spectroscope was unaltered, being that of an ordinary bright shooting-star, leaving a slender yellow streak upon its course. In some cases (of the most conspicuous streaks), the appearance of the brightest and last fading portion of the streaks in the spectroscope was the same as to the naked eye, being a bright-yellow-coloured, slender line. Lastly, when the spectrum of the meteoric streak was diffuse, a bright-yellow very slender line was frequently observed in the spectrum on the side towards the red, which either faded away simultaneously with the diffuse portion of the spectrum, or, more commonly, remained visible alone after that portion of the spectrum had disappeared. The bright-yellow line was observed in eight cases among 17 meteoric spectra. Its presence in a very conspicuous form in many of the streaks leads Mr. Herschel to the conclusion that the metal sodium is abundant in the 10th of August meteors. The following account of the original discovery of a yellow line strongly resembling that of sodium in the train-spectra of the August meteors, is taken from Mr. Herschel’s description of the observations, in the ‘ Intellectual Observer ’ for October, 1866, where it is accompanied by a tinted plate :— “«‘ All the necessary preparations having been made, and with the prospect of a considerable meteoric shower at hand, a watch for meteors was commenced, in order to observe their spectra, on the night of the 9-10th of August last. Expectation on the first night was not destined to be disappointed, and six meteors were obseryed to pass across the field of view. Notes of the peculia- rities were made, and of the general appearance of their spectra, and are briefly as follows :— « August 9th—No. 1, 8" 40" pw. About equal to a fourth-mag. star. Passed across the body of Cygnus in half a second, leaving no streak. The spectrum exactly resembled that of a fourth-mag. star (o Cygni), close to which the meteor passed, the conclusion being that the meteor might be a solid body. . heated to ignition. « August 10th.—No. 2, 0° 27" a.m. Nearly as bright as Sirius. Com- menced near Polaris (in the field of view), and shot 15° or 20° (beyond the field of view) along a line directed from Cassiopeia, leaving a streak on its whole course for four seconds, The latter part of the meteor’s course was aE _ A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 143 seen with the naked eye. In the spectroscope, two images of the meteor and of the streak were visible, one refracted, and one accidentally reflected at the side. These two images of the meteor and of its streak could not be distin- guished apart, at least in their general appearance,—the conclusion being that the light, both of the nucleus and of its luminous streak, was homogeneous, and that its luminous substance was a gas. “No, 3, 0 42" a.m. Avery brilliant fireball with a flash like lightning burst overhead, leaving a streak from ¢Cygni, halfway to a Lyra, for twenty seconds. A cloud unfortunately dimmed the streak. In the spectroscope, as far as cloud would permit any judgment of the streak to be formed, its aspect was the same as to the unassisted eye. The light of the stfeak was therefore probably homogeneous, and the streak itself probably a luminous gas. “No. 4,1" 15" am. About equal to a second-mag. star. Shot in three- quarters of a second from @ Cassiopeie, halfway to o Honorum, and then turned round the quarter of a circle to w Honorum, where it vanished, leay- ing a streak for half a second on its course. In the spectroscope, the general appearance of the meteor and of the streak in the field of view was the same as that of the purely reflected image by the side,—the conclusion being, as before, that the light, both of the meteor and of the streak, was homogeneous, or that the luminous substance of the meteor was a gas. ; “No. 5,1" 40" a.m. About equal to a second-mag. star. Passed slowly through a short path near 6 Tauri, directed from Cassiopeia; duration one second, leaving a streak at the place for three seconds. The spectrum of the meteor and streak was quite equally diffused over a space about 2° in width ; its colour greyish white ; the diffuse train-spectrum vanished without further change,—the conclusion being that in this case the train might, like the nucleus, be composed of heated sparks. “ No. 6, 215" a.m. Equal to a first-mag.star. Shot on the same course as No.2; duration one second, leaving a bright streak for four seconds. The spectroscope was turned towards the streak before it disappeared. The train was widened by the prisms to a greyish-white band, somewhat greater than a quarter of a degree in breadth. It faded from sight without further change,— the conclusion in this case also being that the train might possibly be composed of heated sparks. “Three spectra in the foregoing observations appeared homogeneous, like that of a luminous gas (Nos. 2, 3, 4); and three were continuous or diffuse (Nos. 1, 5, 6), like that of an ordinary spark. The question, accordingly, whether luminous meteors might or might not contain solid substance, re- mained undecided, when daylight beginning to appear put a stop to further observations. “The following night observations could fortunately be resumed ;. and the perplexing appearance of the meteor-spectra on the previous night received a truly surprising and most satisfactory explanation, in the repeated appear- ance in the spectra of the streaks of a yellow line, wnmistakeably that of the metal sodium in combustion. “Two observers being"engaged to watch on this night, one checked the ob- servations of the other with the naked eye. The troublesome reflected image in the spectroscope could accordingly be dispensed with, and it was kept out of sight ; so that the views obtained of the meteor-spectra came as nearly to perfection as could be wished. “ August 10th, continued.—No, 7, 4" 22™ p.w. Equal to a first-mag. star. Shot from y Cephei to 7 Draconis in three-quarters of a second, leaving a bright streak for five seconds on its course. The meteor first appeared in the 144 REPORT— 1866. field of view, and passed out of it. The brightest portion of the streak, how- ever, was brought into the middle of the field of view, where it occupied an excellent position (parallel to the refracting edges of the prisms) for viewing its prismatic spectrum. A slight effect of distortion (produced in the prisms) caused it to appear somewhat bent, like a bow, across the field of view. The spectrum presented the appearance of a narrow line of light, exceedingly brilliant, of a golden-yellow colour, and not more than 5’ Mie width: It faded gradually along its whole length, and disappeared in about two and a half or three seconds. Its description, noted in the register, kept for the purpose at the time, was—“neither double, triple, nor multiple, nor continuous, but purely and positively monochromatic.” “ August 11th.—No. 8,0°15™ a.m. Equal to a third-mag. star. Shot from (2 Cephei to 6 Draconis in three-quarters of a second, leaving a luminous streak for two seconds. The spectrum of the streak was a remarkably slender orange-yellow line of no appreciable breadth, without any continuous spectrum near to it, or any other neighbouring bands or lines. It was very bright, remaining in sight two. seconds, and it gradually faded away until it vanished. The spectrum of the nucleus appeared to be undistinguishably the same as that of the streak. “No. 9, 0" 20" a.m. Equal to a third-mag. star. Shot from a Cephei to 33 Cygni (FI.) in three-quarters of a second, leaving a streak for one second and a half. The spectrum of the streak was dull grey, diffuse, about 1° in width, with a yellow line included in it on the side towards the red. The yellow line and the diffuse band disappeared together. The spectrum of the nucleus appeared to be appreciably the same as that of the streak. * No. 10, 0°33" 4.m. Equal to a fourth-mag. star. Shot from p Cassiopeiz to o Honorum in half a second, leaving no streak. The spectrum of the nucleus appeared to be concentrated into a few faint lines with wide intervals between them; but this description is very uncertain. gals ogg aa 0" 33" aan. Equal to a third-mag. star. Returned about half- way along the course of the preceding meteor in half a second, leaving no streak. The spectrum of the nucleus was a concentrated point of yellow light, having all the appearance of an ordinary yellow shooting-star. “No, 12,0" 42™ 4.m. Equal to Sirius; colour white. Shot from « Trian- guli to 7 Piscium in one second and a quarter, leaving a streak for four seconds on its course. In the spectroscope the meteor slowly crossed the middle of the field of view, on a course directly parallel to the refracting edges of the prisms, producing a very superb spectrum. The spectrum of the nucleus was red, green, and blue, extremely brilliant. The train-spectrum was diffuse, 7° in width, in which a thin bright orange-yellow line was plainly seen on the side towards the red. The diffuse portion of the train-spectrum faded in about two seconds, apparently following the nucleus. The sodium line re- mained extremely bright for not less than two seconds longer, and faded _ gradually along its whole length, when it also disappeared. The singular characters of this spectrum were most distinctly and beautifully seen, and the long endurance of the sodium line, after the rest had disappeared, was leisurely watched. “ No. 13, 15 23" aw. Equal to a third-mag. star. Shot from P Camelo- pardi to a Draconis in half a second, leaving a streak for two seconds on its course. The train-spectrum was a diffuse band of greyish light 7° wide, somewhat brighter on the side towards the red, and it so vanished. The spectrum of the nucleus was appreciably the same as that of the streak. No, 14, 1°55" a.m, Equal to a first mag. star. Shot from o Custodis to A CATALOGUE OF OBSERVATIONS OF LUMINOUS METEORS. 145 3° below Polaris in three-quarters of a second, leaving a bright streak for three seconds. The meteor first appeared in the field of view, and passed out of it. The spectrum of the early portion of the streak, behind the nucleus, was a greyish diffuse band 3° in width. The spectrum of the nucleus was appreciably the same. The brightest part of the streak, before it faded, was brought into the field of view, well situated parallel to the edges of the prisms, and in the middle of the field for about two seconds. Its appearance was that of a golden-yellow line of light about 5° in length, some 4’ in width, tapering gently towards the ends, and perfectly sharp and well defined. It was unaccompanied by any continuous spectrum, or any bands or other lines, and it so disappeared from the ends towards the centre. “No. 15, 2215™ a.m. Equal to asecond-mag. star. Shot from p to a An- dromedz in three-quarters of a second, leaving a streak for two seconds. The train-spectrum was a diffuse greyish-white band, 7° in width, and about 6° or 7° long, and faded away without any further change. The spectrum of the nucleus showed prismatic colours. “No. 16, 2" 16" a.m. Equal to a second-mag, star. Shot from ¢ Cassio- peiz to 3 Andromede in half a second, leaving a streak for two seconds and a half. The meteor was seen with the unassisted eye. The last-fading por- tion of the streak was examined in the spectroscope, where it appeared more widely diffused than when seen with the naked eye. Its colour in the spec- troscope was a dull greyish white. “No. 17, 2°27" a.m. Brighter than afirst-mag. star. Shot from a Cas- siopeiz to o Honorum, leaving a streak for two seconds and a half. The train-spectrum was a diffuse greyish-white band 3° in width, not sensibly brighter in any part, and it so faded, The spectrum of the nucleus was bright red and green. “Daylight at this time began to appear, and observations were obliged to be discontinued ; the streaks of the August meteors might, however, already be plainly divided into two classes. In the majority of cases, a bright yellow line, having the unmistakeable appearance of the sodium line, was clearly visible in the spectrum. In a smaller number of cases the spectrum was merely a diffuse and greyish light band, or ordinary spectrum of weak inten- sity, resembling the spectrum of the glowworm’s light. It will be interesting to observe this form of meteoric spectrum, should it be more common among the “ phosphorescent” streaks of the November meteors than it was in August last, when only five such purely ‘phosphorescent’ streaks were noticed entirely free from sodium light. “The spectra of the meteor-nuclei were seen in a few cases only with ° distinctness, as they were in general overpowered by the brightness of the sodium light whenever that was present. When the streaks were phospho- rescent only, and free from sodium light, the nuclei in general presented highly-coloured spectra, like the spectrum of solid matter at a glowing white heat, or like the spectrum ofan ordinary gas-flame containing white-hot solid particles of carbon. A better night for observing nucleus-spectra would be the 12th of December, when meteors leaving no trains are plentiful; and they are for the most part very brilliant, radiating from some part of the constellation Gemini. “That which spectral examination of the August meteors has most certainly brought to light is the existence of an extraordinary quantity of the vapour of sodium in their luminous streaks; so that many of the streaks, especially the most conspicuous and the most slowly-fading amongst them, consist of nothing else but soda-flames for a great proportion (that is to say, the latter 1866, L 146 REPORT— 1866. portion) of the time that they continue visible. Their condition is then exactly that of a flame of gas in a Bunsen’s burner, freely charged with the vapour of burning sodium, or of the flame of a spirit-lamp newly trimmed and largely dosed with a supply of moistened salt. ‘Tt is difficult to believe that the vapour of the metal sodium exists in such considerable quantities at the confines of the atmosphere. It is much more reasonable to suppose that it is brought into the atmosphere by the meteors themselves, so as to be deposited in the luminous trains that mark their course. The material of the August meteors is, therefore, probably a mineral substance in’which sodium is one of the chemical ingredients. Such is the rather satisfactory termination of an experiment which it will be very easy to repeat whenever an abundance of meteors on the night of the 10th of August offers an equally favourable opportunity for examining their spectra by the aid of the meteor spectroscope. “The connexion believed by adherents of Chladni to exist between shooting- stars and aérolites is now shown, at least in August, to extend itself in some measure to their chemical composition. The meteorites of Aumale, which fell on the 25th of August 1865, were found, on analysis by M. Daubrée, to con- tain soluble salts (chloride and carbonate) of sodium. A circumstance so un- common in the composition of aérolites, allies the meteorites of Aumale very closely with the sodium-bearing streaks of the meteors of the 10th of August. “Tn this manner, each new acquisition of knowledge, however unforeseen may be its origin, tends to support the theory of Chladni, and to confirm the belief that shower-meteors and shooting-stars are actually aérolites of small dimensions. In whatever manner aérolites and shooting-stars are related to each other in their astronomical and other peculiarities, they will evidently require a vast number of further experiments to unfold their real source.” Report of the Committee appointed to Investigate the Alum Bay Leaf- Bed. By W.Sreruen Mitcuett, LL.B., F.G.S., Caius College, Cambridge. Tur bed known to geologists as the “ Leaf-bed,” or “ Pipe-clay bed,” of Alum Bay, is the band of white clay which occurs in the lower Bagshot beds in Alum Bay, about 200 feet from their base (No. 42 in Memoir of the Geological Survey). It is about 6 feet thick; but one portion only, a few inches in thickness, contains the plant-remains. No other organic remains whatever have been noticed. The occurrence of these plant-remains was first observed by Mr. Prestwich (see Geol. Soc. Journ. 1847, p. 395), and since then collections have been made. Dr. P. de la Harpe, of Lausanne, examined these, and gave a notice of several species in a paper on the “ Flore tertiaire de l’Angleterre,” which appeared in the ‘ Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles’ for June 1856. In December 1860, in conjunction with Mr. J. W. Salter, F.G.S., he prepared the list which is published in the memoir of the Geological Survey of the Isle of Wight. This list includes the collections from “ the same strata worked at Bourne- mouth and Corfe Castle, in Purbeck, Dorset ;” yet for the compilation of it ON THE ALUM BAY LEAF-BED. 147 the total number of specimens that could then be brought together from the three localities was but about 300. It is therefore no matter of surprise that in larger collections since made many fresh forms are met with. At our last Meeting at Birmingham I exhibited drawings of some few of the most striking new forms, and mentioned that both Dr. P. de la Harpe and Dr. Oswald Heer urged the importance of a more careful examination of this flora. A committee for this purpose was appointed, and the sum of £20 was placed at our disposal. Through the kindness of Professor Sedgwick and the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, we obtained the services of Mr. H. Keeping, now at the Woodwardian Museum, who has had much experience in the working of this bed. I went down to Alum Bay last September with Mr. Keeping, and remained there during the working to note the appearance of the leaves when first turned up. In the majority of instances, not only the outline, but the venation, even the most delicate, is at first clearly visible, though a few hours’ exposure to the air almost obliterates the more delicate marks. A washing with a solution of isinglass often preserves them; indeed in some instances it brings them out even more sharply ; but, unfortunately, it often fails. There are some speci- mens on which I partly traced the venation with pencil as soon as they were exposed ; now, after an interval of ten months, they are so faded that the part not pencilled is hardly, if at all, to be made out. It is much to be regretted that there is this difficulty in preserving the specimens, and we shall be very glad to receive suggestions for their treatment. All our speci- mens have had the usual isinglass wash, though I fancy it somewhat obscures the character of the surface of the leaves. I cannot speak with certainty on this point ; for, as I had not anticipated such a result, I did not record the character of the surfaces among the notes I made on the spot. Still, from comparing the recollection I have of the appearance of the leaves when first turned up with their appearance now, I am almost certain this is the case. This I the more regret as the character of the surface of a leaf is often a useful help in determining its genus. I hope to have an opportunity of again examining this bed; and I shall endeavour to take both drawings and complete descriptions of the leaves before the air and light have in any Way injured them. After a fortnight, bad weather put a stop to our work. We had, however, succeeded in obtaining a good collection, numbering altogether some 470 Specimens. The leaves are, on the whole, well preserved, but the bed in one part yielded forms so indistinctly marked asto be almost worthless. I have in course of preparation descriptions of all the leaves in this, as well as in my own collection, which I will lay before one of the learned societies of London*. Were they now complete, this would not be the suitable place for reading them ; and the publication of them in a report, without drawings, would much lessen their value. T have brought drawings of some of the leaves, which show that the aid afforded by this Association for examining this bed has helped us to obtain, not only finer specimens than Dr. P. de la Harpe and Mr. Salter had at their disposal, but also many fresh forms. * The Palxontographical Society has undertaken the publication of a monograph. L2 148 REPORT—1866. T decline to attempt to fix the number of new species, or even genera, which we are able to add to the list in the Survey Memoir ; for not only is the deter- mination of fossil leaves at all times very unsatisfactory, but that list was not intended for a monograph, and has neither drawings (except a few) nor the exactness of description requisite for identification. Then, too, the nomen- clature of fossil leaves is very unsettled, the same leaf having often half a dozen different names. With regard to the species of fossil leaves, I believe the word “ form ” might often with advantage be used where “species” is now universally employed. Species” is applicable only to the entire plant; “form” is applicable to individual leaves. When we consider the variation often met with in leaves growing on the same tree, I think we see reason for great caution in determining what “forms” represent the existence of distinct “© species.” [Mr. Mitchell exhibited photographs and drawings of some of the larger and more interesting leaves |. Report of the Committee appointed to make Experiments on the differ- ence between the Resistance of Water to Floating and to Immersed Bodies. The Committee consists of Joun Scorr Russety, C.L., F.R.S.; James R. Napier; Professor Ranginu, C.L., F.R.S.; and W. Frovupe. Tue following Report describes the experiments made by the Committee. The Committee held several meetings in the course of the winter and spring of 1864-65, and agreed to a programme of experiments, of which the following is a summary :— «1, Two models to be made of painted wood, designated respectively as A and B. «© 2. The models to be ship-shape, and each of them to consist of two equal and similar halves joined together at the middle water-line. Elements of Models. AY B. MHL Vores-s)a8 ears eis Aaa cerdierae eee RS 4 feet 4 feet Breadth, ? of length... 1. s.02.%, 0'd71 foot 0:571 foot Rotel depths. ices -tes tis, ap tush nes se 0-571 foot 0-364 foot Form of midship section ...........: he Circle Ellipse Area of midship section .............. 0-256 sq. foot 0°163 sq. foot Ratio of thosesareas\. icin. cs « sien le iy 0°6366 Form of water-lines of fore body ...... Harmonic curyes Form of water-lines of after body ...... Trochoids (Stem and stern-post at first intended to be vertical straight lines, but afterwards rounded off to prevent the corners from being chipped.) Length of fore body: length of after body ::3:2 3:2 Mean girth %. .). Sab eerie Gace: | 1:45 feet 1 foot Displacement when half immersed...... 17:228 lb. 10-986 lb. ON THE RESISTANCE OF WATER. 149 ‘3. Model A to be in two parts, joined at the circular midship section, so that by turning the after-body through a right angle about a longitudinal axis the water-lines can be converted into buttock-lines, and wice versd. «4, Experiments to be made according to the method formerly put in prac- tice by Mr. Scott Russell, in which the uniformity of the propelling force is maintained by means of a regulating weight hanging from a pulley, under which the hauling cord passes; the model to be guided in a straight course by means of a stretched wire. «5, Those experiments to be made principally at speeds not exceeding the natural speed of the wave corresponding to the length of the model, ‘viz. about two knots per hour, or 3°38 feet per second; but a few experiments may be made at higher speeds. *« 6, The experiments to be made on each model under two circumstances, viz., with the model immersed as nearly as may be to the middle water-line, and with the model totally immersed.” The programme of experiments having been thus drawn up by the Com- mittee, the superintendence of its execution was undertaken by Mr. Scott Russell, as being the only member of the Committee resident in or near London. Full-sized drawings of the models having been prepared in conformity with the programme, the models were made from those drawings*. The actual execution of the experiments was entrusted by Mr. Russell to Mr. J. Quant, Naval Architect, who performed that duty with a skill and assiduity which the Committee desire to acknowledge in the highest terms. The experiments were made upon a lake in Blavkheath Park, the use of which for that purpose was liberally granted by Dr. Joseph Kidd. A platform was laid down near the water’s edge, and on it was erected a trestle; in the crosspiece at the top, two brass wheels were made to turn in sheaye-holes; on the outside and against the platform in the water an oak pole was fixed, on which pole, a little above the water, another brass wheel was made to turn, care being taken that the inside of the rim of this wheel was in a perpendicular line with the outer rim of the outer wheel in the top of the crosspiece; from the oak pole to a length of about 98 feet, where another pole was fixed in the water, was stretched a wire, about 9 inches above the surface of the water, to act as guide for the model when running, two forks being fixed on the model for that purpose. Ata distance of 20 feet from the outer pole was driven a stake into the bed of the lake, exposing its top above the water; at 25 feet from the first stake, a second was driven, and at 25 feet from the second, a third. In commencing an experiment, a silk cord was passed over the wheels, and, when geared round the lower wheel, the end was fixed by a hook to the model. The model was then drawn, by means of another cord, to the outer pole; and on its arrival there this cord was unhooked, and the model held by a boy seated on the top of the pole. The propelling weight was then suspended between the two top wheels in the trestle on the platform, by means of a pulley under which the cord passed ; and whilst the boy yet held the model, the propelling weight was hoisted up to a height of 6 feet from the ground. The word “go” was then given, the model set free, and the propelling weight allowed to fall to within a few inches of the ground, and there held by steadily hauling in the cord till the model arrived at the platform. While the model was running, observations were taken as to the time when it * Both drawings were exhibited at the Birmingham Meeting and also Model B. Model A, being in use, was not sent to Birmingham. 150 REPORT—1866. passed each post*, The first 20 feet were intended to enable the model to acquire a uniform speed by the time it arrived at the first post. A drawing of the apparatus just described was shown at the Birmingham Meeting. As the form of model A when half immersed is of itself unstable, it was partly hollowed out, and made stable by the help of leaden ballast. It was found impossible to make satisfactory experiments with this model at deep immersions, because it then became too heavy to be trimmed with that de- gree of delicacy which was requisite for the experiments. With model A, therefore, the bow and stern were combined in various ways; and the under- water experiments were made with model B. This model floated exactly at half the depth when solid, and with that immersion the experiments were taken as given in the following Tables. It was afterwards hollowed out, and then loaded to such an extent as just sensibly to tend to sink. Some runs were taken with this model as deep as 15 inches; and at that time it was to a slight extent hanging on the wire, so as to meet with a little additional friction: these runs are marked with an asterisk. While model B was being hollowed out, the run was lengthened to 150 feet, so that in each subsequent experiment four observations of speed could be made, ~ The following Tables show the observations as made when the models were running. The first column gives the number of the experiment; the second column, the weight suspended as before mentioned, plus the weight of the pulley and spindle, the sum being called the “ propelling weight.” The resistance of the model in each case was of course approximately one-half of this propelling weight. The third and fourth columns give the times occupied by the model to run through the first and second spaces of 25 feet each; the fifth column gives the mean of the two former columns; the next three columns are the three preceding reduced to speed in feet per second; the next column is the mean of the runs made with the same propelling weight, in feet per second. The phenomena that take place at high speeds are described and illustrated by sketches. Prats I. Plan of the Lake “ Fleur de Lis” at Blackheath, on which the experiments were taken. A is the platform on which the trestle was erected for the propelling weight. The line A B shows the guiding wire. B is the starting point from which the assistant started the models ; and between A and B, parallel with the wire and about 9 inches away from it, are placed, at equal intervals, the poles which serve to mark the time of the passing models. Cis the station of a boat, by means of which the assistant com- municates with station B. A vertical section from A to B in this plate is given on Plate III. Puate II. Contains the body-plan, profile, and waterlines of Model A. From aft, at the height of half the depth, the spindle is seen round which the bow or stern was turned at will, as was required for the experiments. Puare III. The upper drawing shows the body-plan, profile, and waterlines of Model B. The waterlines of both models in the bow are pure curves of lines, and in the stern trochoids. The lower diagram on this plate represents a section of the experimental station A B, shown on Plate I. A is a trestle erected to carry the propelling weight, which is maintained at the stationary height shown on the diagram; and the propelling line passes over a pulley near the level of the water. * With a stop-watch lent for the purpose by Mr. Frodsham, are is ah i oy 8G gt q ! Wy i 0% Ny 1)! uly | "y Fy ' ty } ) ti) i hy = r Herth, a rae a ay! 4 fe . 7 / Va Stoning and Sppreastdl ¢ Mac hb Park, lent ON THE RESISTANCE OF WATER. 151 Mover A. “ Ses 5 a we ey o fF > =I = = a3 | 2 s a f| 2 [ils eelSeié | § fF) @ |al ¢ SelE2/4E| 3 é F |e| § . |Fe|Se| os] & Pie a) &}] g (Salee| ee) se Bes | 3} 3 | 2 |Sel/38/e | x a) e |al2) 2 \eigelg| 3 Poe | a | a le |e |S | s a Coase) | X5, | 12 12°5 | 1°92] 2°08] 2° 2° 2 9 | 8 8°5 | 2°77| 3°12] 2°94 Position 1, a. 3-| *687) |10 | 8 9 | 25 | 3°12) 2°81) 2-81 Ayea of immersed section =0:14 square 4 95) 9 9°25) 2°63) 2°77) 2°70 foot. Weight of model, 18-728 Ib. 5 8 | 8 8 3°12] 3°12] 3°12 6 7 | & | 65 | 3°57| 4°16) 3°86 | 7-)11874) 9 | 7 | 8 | 2°77) 3°57] 3°17] $+ 3°53 8 8 | 6 7~ |3 12/4716) 3°64 ; ; “ciel alg PEA bie Die $h 19. |, 4°16| 4°16] 4°1 : Ta 187 { 6 | 5°5| 5°75] 4:16 4754) 4°35 jas ) \ Position 2, b. Area of immersed section=0-128 12. 14 |1 I 1°78) 1°92 1° % ° ‘ 13, 437{ 15 i yee ae 2 33 ae } 1°81 sree foot. Weight of model, 17-228 14. Ir |10 10°5 | 2°27/2°5 | 2°38 : Is. str] 12 | 9°5 | 10°75) 2°08) 2°63] 2°35 fae 16. I2"5)10) | 11'25)2 | 2°5 | 2°25 17. 12 | 13 12°5 | 2°08) 192/22 | \ 18. DSi 13 13 1°92] I°92| 1°92 19. 13°5)13 | 13°25] 1°9 | 1°92/ 1°96 20. 14 |13°5 | 13°75) 1°78) 1-9 | 1°84 20.) “4374/15 114 | 14°5 | 1°66) 1°78) 1°72] } 1-82 2. CY ee Ca 1°66) 1°66) 1°66 4 14 |13 13°5 | 1°78) 1°92| 1°85 14 |13 | 13°5 | 1°78/ 1-92] 1°85 Position 8, ¢, 10'S} 10°2 | 10°35] 2°38] 2°45] 2°41 Area of immersed section=0-128 Ir | 9°5 | 10°25] 2°27) 2°63] 2°45 square foot. Weight of model, 17-228 10°5) 9°5 |10 | 2°38) 2°63| 2°50 Ib. “6874 10 | 9°5 | 9°75] 2°5 | 2°63| 2°56] $249 TO | 9°5 | 9°75) 2°5 | 2°63) 2°56 8 | 75 | 7°75| 3°12) 3°33) 3°22 =; (| 895] 778 | 8-15) 2°94! 3°34] 3-14 7°5| 675) 7°12) 3°33| 3°70] 3°51 1°18 Z'5|\ 7 7°25) 3°33) 3°57] 3°45 ; STV) 8 | 7 | 75 |3121 3°59] 3°34] (3°37 8 | 7 | _7°5 | 3°321 3°57] 3°34 75) 7° |7°25 | 3°33] 3°57| 3°45 6 | 5°5 15°75 | 4°16) 4°54) 4°35 187 6 | 5°5 | 5°75 | 4°16) 4°54) 4°35 4°39 | 3°5} 5°5 15°51 4°54) 4°54) 4°54 6 | 55 | 5°75 | 4°16) 4°54) 4°35 y) Area of immersed section=0-128 square foot. Weight of model, 17-228 lb, 13°5/11°5 | 12°5 | 1-9 | 2°17/ 2°03 13 | 11°6 | 12°3 | 1°92| 2°15| 2:03 12°5) 12°2 | 12°35/2 | 2°04! 2°02 18° |15 |165 | 1°38| 1°66 1°52 1675) 14°5 | 15*s | 1°66! 1-72 I°6y 437 16°5 ile 15°62) 1°66 7 1°68 ie Position 4d. 152 REPORT—1866. Number of experiment. as B= = 5 eel sa eee =)|) = g é S a 2g] 5,8] 8 Al + o 1D oa ae) D — = |e | a gslge|aa| 3 o a > a2 in ov Eo 2 | ae ; |Eslsslasl| & i Vas al q |S8)/ 22/38] 3 = elmer B | Se|S3| & 2) a |e |e | 4 |e jo a a (\12 |11 11°5 | 2°08] 2°27] 2°17] ) \ 1375) 13°2 | 13°35] 1°85] 1°76] 1°80 12 | 10°5 | 11°25) 2°08] 2°38] 2°23 13 | 11 12 | 1°92] 2°27] 2°09 "4374 | 14°5| 12 13°25] 1°72| 2°08] I*g0| - 1°98 14 | 13°5 | 13°75| 1°78] 1°85] 1°81 12°5| 11°2 | 11°85} 2 2°23] 2°11 74°5| 33 a7) Rafe 4°92) 732 Position 5, e \ ba hace oes ae pe. . 32 Area of immersed section=0:14 ses (|r) a ee Rel square foot. Weight of model in lb 10 | 8-5 | 9°25] 2°5 | 2:94] 2°72 18-798 5 g ” EO} e955) O75) \23 i : 6874 |7° | 9 915, : Tiles, 9 ; 10 |10 |10 ; | II‘5| 10°5 | 11 : Io |Io |10 ; ) 7 a a hee : 8 | 8 8 $5 95) § 18 9 i) | west 7 |g 38 7 | 6°75) 687 8°5| 8 8°25 ( Srey, 75 6) 6 6 6 6 6 : =| 6 6 ; 2°187 6 6 6 i Gyn 6 g Gs Ord tease) 4°28 y M Position 6, f. | Area of immersed section=0-128 square foot. Weight of model in lb., ‘i : eoals-68 17-228. 3 |12 | 1275 | 1°92] 2°08} 2 5 14 |13 13°5 | 1°78] 1°92] 1*90 437 15 |14 |14°5 | 1°66) 1°78) 1°72 15 |14 |14°5 | 1°66) 1°78) 1°72 13 12 12°5 | 192 2°08] 2 Position 7, 9. 687 = * Pe 5 ae oe i 1°88 Area of immersed section=0-2 Sela ce al weal cca aaeee foot. Weight of model, 34-456 to {Ir | 115 | 2°5 | 2°08) 2°29 ; 11874 | 10'S} 10 | 10°25] 2°38) 2°5 | 2°42) ¢ 2°37 SS IO*§}1O | 10°25] 2°38) 2°5 | 2°42 = —— | 85] 8 8°25] 2°94) 3°12] 3°03 | ons 8°5 | 2°76) 3°12] 2°94, Ses 8 | 3°12) 3°12) 3°12 ON THE RESISTANCE OF WATER. 153 | Number of e BS ; EI he tas) + 4 s || ce 5 3 el a € |S ]e 2 +> oo ormd| 10 o =| g wey = 10 asl AN8 | 3) a 3B & a 10 9| gy g =n 1D oo N3| a?7l ac ee zy ‘3) an a Bri o8] a D = ra 8 ; BH) Sa(/98 R oT) - D ev Ae) aZtl|eo 3 ES 2 ae ii RS eal Bl a 5 5 5 Bs BI og|a 3° =a 2 2 a a*| Sg] 8 8 = 4 eS i Se a Ob g Py a] a a nD m a a Position 8, h. Area of immersed section and weight 98. m3) px 13 1°92) 1°92| 1°92 | of model the same as in position 7. 99-| 11874 | 12 | 11 11°5 | 2°08) 2°27/ 2°17) -2°01 100. 12 | 14 13 2°08] 1°78] 1°93 | Iol 8 | 8 8 3°12) 4°12) 3-12 2°187 s : 3°12 102. 8 | 8 8 | 9712) 3°12| 3-12 Remarks on Model A. In Position 1 the model at high speeds raised waves before and behind. In Position 2 higher speeds were impracticable, the stern lifting itself out ofthe water ; in fact, with the propelling weight -687 lb., there was a little waye propagated, In this position the model was exactly half trim, there being ample stability in this position. In Position 3, with the last propelling weight, a beautiful wave was formed, also with the last weight but one, but not so large. In Position 4 further experiments were fruitless. Its path or course was so irregular that taking down quantities was impossible. It may, how- ever, be remarked, comparing Position No. 3 with Position No. 4, that the latter has more resistance than the former. In Position 5, with a propelling weight of -6871b., a wave was formed as shown in the sketch, and these waves became larger as the propelling weight increased. In Position 6 further experiments were abandoned, the phenomena being the same as in Position No. 2. 154 REPORT— 1866. Moprr B. 48 : A < | + z .| 3 # Peale ce |i ee eee ee 2 Q " a Lo] AS] g2 As 5 Se oie Ree oe mea hanhee | co SF (ee ee Se eee |e 5 = ‘S bs p [es | oo) 2 3 B{ & | oda} 2 /e"/eale |. 3 A a |e |e] & le le |S a 103. { 13 |12 | 12°5 | 192] 2°08] 2 i) 5 104. 12°5| 12 12'25|2 | 2°08] 2°04 105.| °4374|15 |14 14°5 | 1°66) 1°78] 1°72] > 1°90 106. [ 14°5/13 | 13°75] 1°72] 1°92] 1°82 107 13 i9)(03) os se ro2| a921 192 | 108 9 | 8 8°5 | 2°77] 3°12] 2°94 ) 109 10 9 9°5 | 2°5 | 2°77) 2°63 Position 1, 7. ‘ 110 Cane? 7°5 | 3°12] 3°57] 3°34 Area of immersed midship section= ms 10) |"'9 9°5 | 2°5 | 2°77| 2°63 0:0816 square foot. Weight of model= Ti2.) , 8 8:5 | 2°77] 3°12) 2°94] | _. 10-986 Ib. pe RETA gulacohes ibe-alcene| Siyg|ancal P99 114 7 9 8 : : ; atic 115. oe |e 85 | 2° p : fc lial ie 116. 3 |10 9 ; . 7 Mees 117. 10 | 9 9°5 |2" : : ——— 118. 6'5| 6 6°25] 3° 119 rt 7 | 6 6°5 | : 120. 6'5| 6 6:25 121, 45) 4 | 4°25 | 122. 2°187 6 5 5°5 123. tess) 5°25 124. 6 5 5°5 With the propelling weight 1-187 1b. the model raised a wave in the bow and stern; and these waves became larger as the weight increased. SS atop 125. (| 1075 10 9°75| 2°38) 2°5 | 1-44] ) \ 126. vie laieee) 13 1°92) 1°92 a | 127 12°65] 11°5 |12 |2 |2*t7/2°0 Positian Se, meee lResds ar | 86 ee beet bak see rene Area of immersed midship section eek | ae oe | sere eee ianes ans | =0-0816 square foot. Weight of mo- 130 EPs I | x0-25 2 \vecazl ons del. 10-986 Ib 131. (Jar | 9°5 | 10°25] 2°27] 2°63) 2°45] ) 2 ; 132 8-5) 8 $°2.5| 2°94! 3°12] 3°03 133: DPR a) Srale a7) a eae ss rT 134.| °687 Oe 8°5 | 2°77] 3°12] 2°94. Eel ee 135- 8-5| 8 8°25] 2°94] 3°12] 3:03 == 136. 9 | 85 | 8:75] 2°77) 2°94] 2°86 ar 137. [ 8 | 7 | 7°5 |3°12/ 3°57 x45 138. EN 725) 3°33) 3°57| 3°45 139. | 64) 6 6'2 | 3°9 | 4°16) 4°03 = (@ 149-| 1.3894 | 7 | 64 | 67 |3°57/3'9 | 3°73 b 3°54 % 141. 87, | 75\'332| 3°57) 3°34 iz 142. | 7°5| 68 | 7°15} 3°33| 3°68] 3°50 i 143: 8 | 7°5 | 7°75| 3°12] 3°33] 3°22 144. L) 7 | 8° | 75 | 357] 332| 3°73 145 65) 5 | 5°7513°86)5 | 4°43 146 5°5) <5 5°25)4°54|5 | 4°77 From the propelling weight -687 lb. 147 2°187 6 | 5°25) 5°62) 4°16) 4°76) 4°46 4°66 upwards, the model raised waves; and 148. }| 33) 5 D29|Foal oe VArd7 those waves became larger as the speed. 149. all sso] 3 525145415 14°77 increased, and spread themselves hori- ee) BSS \a5 S251 45415 |4°77 zoutally in the form of a wave-line. ge ee ee ee Number of experiment. Propelling weight. —— 1 | Time of first 25 feet. 14°5 i a | ho pS i379 ~ BS 14°5 — Ss ee Mmm un 14°5 ol cl I2°5 | om! 12 II‘5 10 10°5 ON THE RESISTANCE OF WATER. 3 ? ar | as Lo! N S| iz 2 3 3| 6 2 o ae TAY ues 14 13 Iz 12 13°5 | 13 Ii’5 8 AG t I2°5 II £2°5 | 12 13 13 14 13 14 14 14, 3 15 | 13°5 TA, (|ra 14°5 | 13°5 10°38 | 875 II 9°5 To°5 | 9°5 10 9 II 9°5 Io 9°5 9519 9 9 2 a 4 g |g a ae EI 3 a a 12 1a os 12 13°25 II 12°5 12 13°I 10 11°37 Io 11°87 Il 12°25 LOTSA Nei ig ov 2 Bz) 2325 13°5 | 14:12 12 13°5 12 13°87 PE eats 12°75 | 13°82 8 9°57 8°5 | 10°37 8 5 88 97 3 10°12 8 9°5 8-5 | 9°25 8°5 9°25 5 feet, in cd of first 2: feet per second. Spee 2°47 Speed of second 25 feet , in feet per second. Speed of third 25 feet, in | 1°78 | 2°63 | 2°63 2°77 feet per second. d of fourth 25 feet. feet per second. 2 1°92 2°08 1°92 2°27 227 2°63 1°92 1°92 1°92 1'9 I 9 2°94. 2°63 2°77 2°63 2°63 2°77 in Spee 277 2°94. per second. Mean speed, in feet Mean of experiments, | ) \ | 2°62 | ) 2°74 155 ? The position, the area of the immersed section and the weight of model, as Position 1 The experiments from No. 151 to No. 172 were taken with the lengthened tun. The acceleration with the larger weight was uearly one second every five and twenty feet; hence the difference when the quantities are compared with Position 1. The unseasonable weather made it necessary to stop the above experiments and commence those in which the model was entirely im- mersed. 19°4. 212 19°2 19°6 21°6 19°6 198 20 19°2 11°8 M72, 12°8 15°6 15°83 16 27°2 29°3 19°8 21'2 19°95 19°5 20°65 19°45 12°45 17°6 12°6 15°35 14°05 15°46 27 25°9 16°8 10°77 9°82 92 10°7 10°9 10°8 13°35 13°42 8°55 9°25 10°25 10°S 11°55 6°7 1°29 118 1°30 1°26 1°26 1'22 2 1°52 1°92 1°51 222 1°33 109 1°26 1°08 Za 2°47 2°55 2°23 2°04 2°27 1°33 1°85 Aor 2°55 2°41 2°41 2°11 1°26 Ils 1°26 1°25 I'21 1°22 1°31 eo 1°33 1°98 1°49 2°06 I'7i 1°70 2°15 1'23 I'l7 I'21 1'27 rig 1°29 1°80 1°25 Be 1°62 1°72 0°98 1°16 1.78 2°40 27% 2°34 2°55 2°40 2°40 1°09 1°90 2°90 2°77 2°60 2°36 2:27 4°16 1°25 rie te, 1°25 Lig Ag 120 128 2°01 1°42 1°98 1°64 1°82 1°68 0°94 Be 1°54 DEE 2°54 272, 2°34) 2°30 2°31 1°62 1°88 2°90 2°70 2°44, 2°38 2°16 3°76 4 N aN Ce ee 5 the & * Without 18 186 and mean is 1°72, eS Ss re section =0:163 Weight of model, 22 Ibs, ship Area of immersed mid- m square foot. ll —r Number of experiment. 156 REPORT—1866, > r=] = 35 oI 3 ie $ 3 < : Eni 2. end & 2 oo 19 Zz a d esis iS3)s8) ac ‘eS o na =| co > ~~ EA on 5 >) a/ 78 eo a z 3 Z EI . |#nl8elas| sales ey Be | ia | rea eed & Se [Sea eter Shee am le ce oeee ee eee eee a2) 2eeeeed g s |" (88/35 | 8.8] 3 2 E-|a4 |42)8 |) 2 loa le |e ole le le joa (| 158 | 15:2 | 156 | 15°83 | 156 | 3°51 r°6 | 1°6 | 1°51} 1°55 (ose | | 12°6 | r2°8 | 118 | 12 12°25 | 1°98] 1°95) 2°15) 2°5 | 2°14 ee i 687 4-|12°6 | 1474 | 13°8 | 14°6 | 13°85 | 1°98] 1°72) 1-09) 1°71 1°62 «| gs | 142 |15°4.|15°4 | 15°83 | 15:2 | 1°76] 1°62) 1°62) 1°51 1°62 aa ag 14°8 | 14°8 | 14:2 | 14°6 | 14°6 | 1°7 |1°7 1°76| 1°71) 1°71 as (| 122 {11 |10%4 | 96 | 10°8 | 2-04] 2°27| 2°4 | 2°60] 2°31 2 |10°6 | 11°6 | g'2 | 102 | 1o"4 | 2°36) 2°15) 2°71) 2°45) 2°41 Se || 108 | 10°6 | 10°6 | 88 | 10:2 | 2°32) 2°36) 2°36 2°84) 2°47) | 1, a5 1:187 4 | 112 | 96 | 1072 | g°8 | ro"2 |2°23/2 | 2°45) 2°55 2°48 2 | Bhs Hae 9°8 | 10 10 9°95 | 2°5 | 2°55) 2°5 |2°5 | 2°51 “1 g33 }10°8 |10°4 | 92 | 94 9°85 | 2°4 | 2°4 | 2°71) 2°66) 2°54 ‘go's (| 11°2 | 10"2 | ro 94 | Io72 | 2°23 2°4.5| 2°5 | 2°66] 2°46 A Aa (| 78 | 776] 8 7°38 7°38 | 3°21] 3°28) 3°12) 3°21| 3°20 a5” | 7:2 | 7:6 | 778] 8:6 7°38 | 3°47| 3°28) 3°21) 2°9 | 3-21 wee . . . | | ° S | FO 1, 7S || AIO. ALE, 75 | 3°28) 3°23) 3°28) 3°57) 3°33) | Sees e874) | 70.) 778 | 7 76 7°5 | 3°28] 3°21] 3°57) 3°28) 3°33) ¢ 2S a, [| 78 | 76 | 76] 7:4 | 7° | 3°23] 3°28) 3°28) 3°38) 3°28) =-5 2 | 80 | 74| 74 | 7:6 | 76 | 3x2] 3°38| 3°38) 3°28) 3:29 ZFS 78 | 7°38 | 7:6 8 7°83 | 3:21] 3°21) 3°28) 3°12] 3°20) H SUMMARY. Mopet A. Speed, in feet per second. ooo ooo a. | Half immersed. Stem and stern vertical, bow foremost ...... 2 2°81 37531425 b. > 1% Stem vertical, stern horizontal. e sac | RON] 2292 ce . _ Stem horizontal, stern vertical. = ...| 1°82] 2°49] 3°37| 4°39 d. . 3 Stem and stern horizontal. . ...| 1°59] 2°03 é. = 3 Stem and stern vertical, stern foremost ...... 1°98] 2°54) 3°19] 4°16 Ve fe 5 Stem horizontal, stern vertical, stern foremost} 1°83 g. Wholly immersed. Stera and stern vertical, bow foremost ...... 1°88} 2°37| 3°03 hor eae 5 Stem vertical, stern horizontal, bow foremost 2°01| 3°12 Monet B. Speed, in feet per second. ro 4. | Half immersed. Stem and stern vertical, bow foremost ...... 1°90| 2°99) 3°95|4°95 k. ” ” ” ” ” stern ” w-+| 2°11) 2°94) 3°54 4°66 m.|Wholly immersed. _,, sy » bow os «.{ 1°24] 1°56| 2°25] 2°71 n. x 3 oe +5 » stern ;, vee] eee | 1°72] 2°45] 3°26 In the preceding statement the Committee have given simply the observed facts, deferring for the present to draw from them any general conclusions. ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. 157 Report on Muscular Irritability and the relations which exist between Muscle, Nerve, and Blood. By Ricuarp Norris, M.D. Moscuxar irritability is commonly recognized and defined as that property of muscular tissue by virtue of which it contracts under the influence of stimuli. This property is said by Du Bois Reymond to bear a definite relation to its electromotor powers. He says, “ the diminution of the muscular current after death is proportional to the diminution of the excitability of the muscle; both the electromotor force and the excitability have the same termination, @. é. in the rigor mortis, caused, as Brueck has proved, by the coagulation of the fibrin contained in the muscles external to the blood-vessels.” As a general summary of his researches on this question, Du Bois Reymond again says, “ the electric power of a muscle is always proportioned to its contracti- lity, inasmuch as those agents which do not influence its contractility exert no influence on its current.” Matteucci has asserted “that the muscular current continually decreases after the death of the animal, or after the separation of the muscle from the body ” *, Taken in concert, these statements of Matteucci and Reymond amount to this: muscular irritability continually decreases after the removal of a muscle from nervous and blood influences. This view of the gradual decline of muscular irritability after somatic death is concurred in by physiologists generally. Certain researches in which the author of this paper has been long engaged, have led him to doubt the accuracy of this conclusion as a ne- cessary and fundamental truth. As the consideration of the subject opens up a considerable range of ex- * By the death of an animal the author of this paper understands the loss of the pro- perty of. excitability or neurility on the part of the ganglionic nervous masses, without power of restoration, in fact molecular death of the vesicular nervous tissue. It is certain that the phenomena of life, as manifested by animals, may be again aroused into exhibition so long as the capacity for molecular life persists in the nervous system, notwithstanding that both respiration and circulation may have long ceased. In a chapter on death, p. 905 of Carpenter's ‘ Principles of Human Physiology,’ the following passage occurs:—“ A surer test, however, is afforded by the condition of the muscular substance; for this gradually loses its irritability after real death, so that it can no longer be excited to contraction by electrical or other kind of stimulation; and the loss of irritability is succeeded by the appearance of cadaveric rigidity. So long, then, as the muscle retains its irritability and remains free from rigidity, so long we may say with certainty that it is not dead; and the persistence of its vitality for an unusual period affords a presumption in favour of the continuance of some degree of vital action in the body generally ; whilst, on the other hand, the entire loss of irritability and the supervention of rigidity afford conclusive evi- dence that death has occurred.” On this the present writer would remark that although the persistence of muscular irritability affords strong presumptive evidence of the existence of systemic life, yet it cannot be invariably relied upon, inasmuch as the irritability may in cases of excessive inter- stitial change increase after the molecular death of the nervous masses and the final arrest of the blood-current. On the other hand, universal rigor mortis, the result of the absence of blood or suitable nutritional plasma, is a certain evidence of death whenever the circum- stances of the case imply that the nervous system has also been subjected to a simultaneous absence of its proper nutrition, inasmuch as it appears to be a law without exception, that, if muscular and nervous tissues be simultaneously shut off from their source of nutrition, the molecular life of the nervous tissue is the first to succumb. It is, however, possible to conceive of certain spasmodic affections of the minute arteries supplying muscular tissue in warm bloods inducing rigor rapidly, in the same manner as deligation of arterial trunks; and if at the same time it should happen from any collateral circumstance that this condition of vascular spasm did not extend to the nervous masses, somatic death would not necessarily be implied even by the existence of rigor. Universal putrescence is therefore the only absolute evidence of death. ‘ 158 REPORT—1866. ~ perimental inquiry, it is conceived that it may be most efficiently discussed in its various bearings by an attempt to support the following propositions, mainly derived from the study of phenomena which are best and most con- stantly seen in cold-blooded animals, but which nevertheless, under favour- able circumstances, may be observed in warm-bloods, and, in special patho- logical conditions, in the case of man himself :— 1. That the property of irritability in muscle is capable of a high degree of exaltation above the normal standard, and that the highest degree of sus- ceptibility is attained in cold-bloods long after death, or under conditions tantamount to death, as before defined. 2. That the forces of nerve and muscle, the neurility of the former and the irritability of the latter, are not only independent of each other for their existence and maintenance, but actually possess an antagonistic relation ; that is to say, nerve-tissue, instead of producing, is, when in action, constantly concerned in maintaining a condition of things which diminishes muscular irritability, and that not simply when it is engaged in the production of motion. Hence muscular tissue, relieved from the operation or influence of nerve-tissue, gradually acquires exalted contractile powers either in the pre- sence or absence of the blood. 3. That the blood, or the nutritional plasma derived therefrom, not only furnishes the materials by which muscular irritability is maintained, but is likewise the determining cause of that polar arrangement of the muscular molecules which maintains or restores the elongated or relaxed state. It is a well-observed fact in physiology, that after the death of animals the irritability of the muscles frequently exhibits itself in an abnormal manner. In the living animal or the amputated limb, the contractions which are in- ducible by the application of stimuli, such as galvanism, pinching, or striking, are of a pulsatory character; that is to say, the contraction is limited in extent and speedily gives place to relaxation ; but in the cases where the peculiarity alluded to is present, the contractions following on such stimuli are more ex- tensive and persistent, and simulate very perfectly contraction induced by volition. The same peculiar exalted susceptibility has also been witnessed in man after death from certain forms of disease, more particularly in cholera and yellow fever. Dr. Bennett Dowler, by experimenting upon amputated limbs, proved the dependence of this phenomenon upon muscular irritability alone. It is as- serted, not only that in some of these cases the movements can be excited by mechanical stimulation, but that they not unfrequently occur spontaneously, and strongly resemble the actions of the living state. Carpenter quotes the case of an Irishman, aged 28, in whom the following series of movements took place spontaneously not long after the cessation of the respiration :—* First the left hand was carried by a regular motion to the throat and then to the crown of the head; the right arm followed the same route on the right side ; the left arm was then carried back to the throat and from thence to the breast, reversing all its original motions, and finally the right hand and arm did exactly the same.” This hyper-irritable condition of the muscular system attracted the notice of Dr. Brown Sequard, and he found it to present itself more con~ stantly in young animals. This experience of Brown Sequard’s is conform- able with my own; but I have also been fortunate enough to observe it in cold-bloods with sufficient frequency to enable me to study it. It is well known that in many particulars the young of warm-bloods are analogous to the cold-bloods ; and one of these is the length of time that muscular irrita- bility persists, Pad ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. 159 I will now cite two or three experiments in illustration of this exalted state. April 7, 1863.—A frog carefully etherized, was placed upon his back, and ee heart was excised. The frog was then left till the following morning, a eriod of 13 hours. At this time the webs-and toes were in a dried state ; t the muscles responded with extreme readiness to slight blows, but were Pee into contraction when pinched by forceps. They were very susceptible to weak galvanism. These observations on the muscular system having been made, the nervous system was tested by removing the head and attempting to irritate the cord. Galvanizing the cord would not excite the muscles even when a copper wire was thrust low down into its substance. The cord, in fact, seemed quite incapable of either initiating or conveying any stimulus to the muscles. The sciatic nerve was now raised upon a glass tube, and it was found that it could not be excited by the strongest galvanism. The neurility or special life of the neryous system was in fact gone; while the peculiar life of muscular structure, viz. its irritability, had become preter- naturally exalted. Another frog having been etherized till incapable of exhibiting any reflex phenomena (that is to say, until the nervous system was temporarily extin- guished), the muscular system was still, under these conditions, highly sensi- tive to galvanism. The frog did not recover from the etherization. It was allowed to remain all night ; and its-muscles were still found susceptible to galvanism in a high degree, but not to other modes of stimulation. The nervous matter of the cord was now broken down and removed, and the body placed in a little water to prevent desiccation, It was again left all night ; and on the following morning the muscles were found to be exceedingly sus- ceptible to slight blows or pinchings imeluding not only the skin but also a small portion of muscular substance. These motions simulated in their extent and power volitional movements. They were excited with the utmost ease, and seemed to ordinary observers to be purposive acts resulting from sensation. These effects were observed 36 hours after the etherization of the creature. May 18, 1863.—A frog having died in spawning, the muscles were found to be somewhat susceptible to slight blows, and very susceptible to galvanism. A portion of the calvarium was removed so as to allow the brain and cord to be tested. A copper wire was thrust into the canal, and an attempt made to galvanize the cord, but with no result; neither did any contraction take place during the final destruction of the cord. In fact, the nerve-tissue was dead and could not be stimulated. This frog being left in this condition for 15 hours, the muscles of the thigh of one limb were found to be peculiarly susceptible to the influence of both slight blows and galvanism ; and when a contraction was excited, the limb was forcibly raised or drawn up, and re- mained so for several seconds. After a few minutes’ experimentation, in which many contractions were produced, the force appeared to be exhausted ; hence it seemed that the force which confers contractility had accumulated to a certain pitch or intensity, and was used up in the act of contraction. The fol- lowing is a more recent observation, from my experiment-book. 9 A.at, August 13, 1866. “On taking up this frog, now dead, and touching the limb, with my finger, which during life had been paralyzed by section of its nerve, it was suddenly shot out as if alive. 1 placed the body down, and one or two appa- rently spontaneous movements of small extent afterwards occurred. On touch- ing the skin gently with the point of a needle, by the slight pressure upon the muscle beneath, movements of the limb were also induced ; but this high degree of exaltation very rapidly disappeared, after which the muscles were oe 160 ) REPORT—1866. “ss found ordinarily sensitive to galvanism.” It is necessary to state that the limb exhibiting these effects had been paralyzed, so far as nervous influence ‘is concerned, for 63 hours, and deprived of blood for at least 6. We have here, then, three examples in which this phenomenon has been» produced artificially, and one in which it occurred naturally. In all of them” the leading feature is, that the nervous and vascular functions ceased to eam long prior to the production of the exalted state of the muscular system—i case 13, in another 15, and in a third 36 hours; and in the last example nervous influence had been absent for 63 hours, and blood for 6 hours. We must not hastily infer from these experiments that it is simply necessary to destroy these functions in order to secure this hyper-irritable condition of the muscular system. It is needless to say that cold-bloods may be destroyed in numerous ways which altogether prevent the exhibition of this peculiarity. Thus, if the head be crushed, the condition of the nervous system, which arrests suddenly the action of the heart, appears also to impair the powers of the general system of muscles, and causes rigor to supervene at a comparatively early period. Again, in death by strychnia the irritability of the muscles is diminished and they pass quickly into the state of rigor, the flexors of the hind limbs prior to the extensors. In death by CO? the irritability is depressed and rigor comes on quickly. Muscles subjected to chlorine lose their irritability very quickly indeed, and the state of rigor follows more rapidly than in any of the other cases. Prolonged action of weak ether vapour removes every trace of irritability, and paves the way to early rigor. Again, if after the section of the spinal cord at the junction of the atlas and occiput the creature can still control his limbs (as frequently happens with frogs), the post mortem exaltation of the muscles will be much less likely to occur than if the section was lower down, so as to completely paralyze them*. : * In the existing condition of neural physiology it may perhaps be desirable to offer some explanation of the above remarks. To those who are practically engaged in physiological - experiment, it must be apparent that our present views of the functions of the cerebro- spinal system await considerable modification, if not reconstruction. Certain it is that to deprive some vertebrates of their entire cerebral organs is by no means to destroy their capacity for willing and feeling. To Mr. G. H. Lewes belongs the credit of having first prominently brought forward this highly important fact, in an admirable and logical essay — on the nervous system, to be found in his second volume of ‘The Physiology of Common Life.’ Since perusing this essay I have repeatedly made experiments upon the matter, both in private and publicly before my class and colleagues, with the most unequivocal results. The matter is so important that I may be pardoned the insertion of an illustrative experi- ment. On March 30, 1863, 9.50 A.st., I struck off, with a sharp chisel, the head of a frog. At 10 o'clock the creature spontaneously drew up its extended limbs into the normal flexed position beneath its body, and then moved itself round in a circular manner three or four times. It then remained quite still for five minutes, and then again turned round a fourth of a circle after the fashion of the unmutilated animal. At 10.8 made another turn, and afterwards commenced to move freely about the table as if very little had happened. “10.40. This frog has executed several spontaneous leaps. At 11.45 I found it still crawling about. Tf in leaping it came down on its back, which it seemed liable to do, by struggling it soon righted itself. 1.20. This frog is even more vigorous, and leaps and moves about more freely than before.” I now cut off the upper portion of the spinal column and included cord; the frog was tremulously conyulsed, but after a short time drew up its limbs, and moved again spontaneously. The removal of the last portion put a stop to the action of the larynx. Of such experiments as these I possess numerous records; but the above is suffi- cient for our purpose. It will’occur to the reader that Marshall Hall laid particular stress upon what he deemed to be a cardinal fact in neural physiology, viz. that no spontaneous movements ever occurred in decapitated animals. On the truth of this observation he based . ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. 161 The general deduction warranted by the experiments seems to be, that any mode of death which tends to interfere with the processes generating muscular force, either by acting directly on the muscular tissue or indirectly y exciting the nervous tissue to the consumption of muscular force, is op- posed to the production of this exalted state; on the other hand, modes of death which quietly destroy the nervous system by sedation or by with- holding its nutrition (blood), and at the same time do not interfere materially with the muscular system, seem favourable to its production. The extensive character of the contraction which takes place during this exalted state of muscular tissue appears to result from a propagative action : é. g., im the most sensitive state it is simply necessary to include the smallest portion of a muscle within a pair of forceps, or to touch a single spot with the point of a fine needle, to excite contraction in a considerable portion of the muscular mass. As in the case of the heart, a few fasciculi immediately subjected to stimulation contract, and in the act excite contraction in con- tiguous fasciculi ; and in this way the effect rapidly spreads throughout the muscle, and, by calling into play a large number of elements, induces a marked and continuous contraction allied to that produced by the medium of the nerves. The nervous stimulus seems to differ from other modes of stimulation in the effect produced, mainly in the fact that it can call at once into effective action considerable masses of muscular structure by virtue of the minute distribution of its filaments among the muscular elements. In the case be- fore us a similar effect seems to be brought about by a preternatural degree of excitability on the part of the muscular tissue itself. In dealing with my second proposition, it is not my intention to recapitu- late the many arguments which have been adduced to show the independence of muscular irritability of nerve-force. I wish simply to demonstrate that in all cases where nerve-influence may be considered in active operation there is a diminution of muscular irritability, and that, conversely, when that influence is cut off from muscle, there is a tendency in the muscular force to accumulate. In all animals there is a marked distinction in the states of the nervous and muscular systems during mental activity, and the condition his theory of reflex or excito-motory action. The arguments of Dr. Hall may be briefly summed up thus:—If cold-blooded animals or the young of warm-bloods be decapitated, or their brains removed, irritants applied to their bodies will still induce movements. That the animals have lost the power of volition is maintained on the ground that they perform no spontaneous movements ; and inasmuch as volition is the second link in the chain of which sensation is the first and motion the Jasf, the creatures cannot possess sensibility ; there- fore the movements which follow irritation, however purposive or adapted to ends they may seem, are not the result of either sensation or volition, inasmuch as these are proper- ties of the brain alone; therefore they result from a purely mechanical arrangement, the principle of the operation of which is that any excitation applied to the extremities of sensory nerves is conveyed to the nervous centre and there reflected on to a motor nerve, which in its turn stimulates muscle into action, no sensation whatever being perceived. In respect to these opinions of Dr. Hall, I would remark that, whether or no the absence of spontaneous movement proves the absence of volition, it is quite certain that the converse is true, viz. that the presence of spontaneous movement proves the existence of volition ; and, as seen in the above experiment, the decapitated trunk gives all the evidence we can have or ever do have of the possession of both volition and sensation: the whole theory of Marshall Hall is completely disproved and subverted, and the brain can no longer be re- garded as the exclusive seat of these powers. In order to secure success in this expe- riment, certain precautions are necessary. 1. No anesthetic should be used, as it raaterially decreases the chance of recovery. 2. The hemorrhage must be trifling. 3. The nervous tissue must be cut, not crushed. To achieve these conditions, the angles of the mouth should be slit sufficiently far back to allow of the removal of the head by means ofa sharp chisel ; the lower jaw, tongue, and principal yessels are then uninterfered with. 1866. M 162 REPORT—1866. in which volition is cut off from its nervous associations. By the state of mental activity, I mean simply the waking state of an animal, in contradi- stinction to the condition which obtains during profound sleep, fainting, or complete etherization. During the waking state the muscular system of an animal is maintained, through the medium of the neryous, in a condition of slight contraction, in which the muscles firmly balance or steady each other, and thus the will holds firm possession of the muscular organism. It would appear that this active volitional state involves a constant expenditure of neuro-muscular force. In profound sleep and allied conditions this psycho-neural influence ceases to operate upon the muscular system; hence we find the head falls forward upon the chest, the arms sink down, the fingers relax ; if the person is standing he may fall down, or if sitting slide from his chair; the eyes become closed, &c. In fainting and death the same powerless, flaccid condition of the muscular system is seen in excess; yet in all these cases the elasticity and irritabilty . of the muscular system still exist. Sleep, fainting, deep etherization, and death seem to represent different degrees of what may be called functional neural paralysis, in contradistinc- tion to purely muscular, in which the irritability of the muscular tissue is diminished or gone, while the neurility of the nervous centres and nerves remains. When we reflect that the mere waking state of animals involves a con- stant expenditure of both nervous and muscular force, the importance of sleep for their reaccumulation becomes obvious. It is not, therefore, alone in the production of motion that the will consumes neuro-muscular force, but also in the maintenance of the normal position of the animal; for few muscles of the body are during the waking state in a condition of non-con- trol or laxity; most are subjected to continuous stimulation of a mild form. In the tremulousness of old age, or after exhausting disease, we witness the effect of deficiency of this tonic power. Whenever the mind has to make a greater effortthan usual for the accom- plishment of an act, it is an evidence that the forces of the system are below par, and do not respond with their accustomed delicacy to the influence or stimulus of the will; in such cases the animal is said in common parlance to be tired or fatigued. The degree of stimulation exercised by nerve upon muscle may be normal or abnormal; and in proportion to the severity of the stimulation will be the rapidity with which irritability will be consumed and rigor mortis supervene. There appear to be three conditions of nerve in respect to the muscular tissue :— 1. It may exist as a mere structure, 7. e. functionally inactive. 2. It may be in that condition which enables an animal so to control its limbs as to maintain any required position. 3. It may be concerned in producing actual movement. The two latter conditions appear to be degrees of the same kind of action. We wish to ascertain by direct experiment whether all or any of these conditions of nerve are concerned in exhausting muscular irritability. This is by no means an easy matter ; for although we have abundance of experimental evidence from the negative stand-point, that irritability is ea- alted, in the absence of nerve-influence, it is difficult to devise reliable experi- ments in support of the positive proposition, The reasons of this will become ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. 163 more obvious as we proceed to review the interesting experiments which clear the ground. It will be well to bear in mind the conditions necessary to a successful experiment, as the bearing of the after remarks will be more apparent. 1. The source of irritability, viz. the blood, must be cut off from two sym- metrical limbs of the same animal. 2. The possibility of nervous supply must be cut off in one limb and retained in the other. Three animals (in all respects similar) so situated must be taken. One must be placed under conditions which enable the limb with the nerve intact to remain in a flaccid, uncontrolled state, equivalent to the condi- tion of volitional paralysis ; another must be caused to maintain continuous control over the limb, without the induction of motor acts; the third to exercise the limb and contract the muscles. These conditions being achieved, we have to note in which of these cases rigor mortis of the limb supplied with nerve sets in earlier than in the other limb deprived of both nerve and blood. This will furnish us with the com- parative rate at which the irritability is exhausted in limbs so situated. The next question is, whether such an experimental combination is pos- sible. At the very threshold an insurmountable obstacle meets us in the tase of warm-blooded animals; for in them to cut off the supply of blood is to induce immediate paralysis, which is rapidly succeeded by the condition of rigor mortis. This is well illustrated in the effect of deligation of the abdominal aorta. During the early stages of the paralysis thus induced in the hind extremities, both the nerves and muscles are susceptible to the stimulus of galvanism, and sensation is likewise perfect. Why, therefore, is it that volition is unable to influence these limbs? The same, and similar experi- - ments upon cold-bloods enable me to answer this question. I find that if, in these creatures, the circulation be cut off from a limb in which the nerve is still allowed to remain, the paralysis is not immediate—in fact, does not come on for a period of from one to three hours, the frog during this interval being able to use the limb; but at length we get the same condition of complete paralysis which obtains at once in the warm-bloods. The following experi- ment will illustrate this :— August 11, 6 p.m. 1866.—A large frog was taken and thoroughly ether- ized. The artery supplying one of the hind limbs was taken up and tied, and then cut below the ligature. The ligature was applied to prevent general bleeding. The nerve was then raised up out of the way, and the whole of the structures of the thigh were cut through to the bone, leaving the nerve intact. The skin was then brought together with sutures. In rather over an hour the frog began to respire, and I found he possessed sensibility in the limb, and was also able to move it a little. 10 p.m. The frog seemed to have complete control over the partially amputated limb in all those muscles still possessing bony connexions. 8 a.m. Aug. 12. The limb was found to be completely paralyzed, but quite flaccid. It possessed very little irvitability—quite a marked difference in this respect between the two limbs. The limb is now dragged after the body at full length. ts ' sensation appears perfect. 4p.m. The paralyzed limb is now void of all irritability, as tested by galvanism. It is, however, still flaccid, and the sen- sibility to pain normal. 9 a.m. Aug. 13. The paralyzed limb is now in a@ state of rigor, and there is an entire absence of sensation. In this case, as in others of the kind, we observe there is a gradual dimi- uw 2 164 REPORT—1866. nution of muscular irritability. But this will not account for the paralysis for we have many examples in which frogs would move their limbs by voli- tional effort, where the muscles are far less irritable, and rapidly passing into a rigid state; such examples are furnished by certain stages of thermal tetanus. The following experiment will throw light upon the real causes of the paralysis. August 10, 4 p.m. Compression was exercised upon the abdominal aorta of a frog. It was then ascertained by the microscope that the circulation mm the limbs was completely arrested. The sciatic nerve of one limb was then divided. The paralysis of this limb was complete. The creature had per- fect control over the limb deprived of blood, but with the nerve intact. In about an hour afterwards it was observed that, although quite vigorous, tt had lost all control over this limb. I tested the muscles of both limbs for irritability, and found them in both cases tolerably sensitive. The distal extremity of the cut nerve is also irritable. 10 p.m. The limb possessing its nerve remains perfectly paralyzed, and is, with the other limb, dragged after the frog at full length. The tourniquet was now removed from the aorta, and the creature placed in water. At this time the muscular irrita- bility was at a very low ebb. At 8 a.m. Aug. 11, the frog was much in the same condition; the limb in possession of its nerve and artery was still completely paralyzed, although the muscles of both limbs had acquired in- creased susceptibility to galvanism. On examining the webs, I found a free circulation now going on in both limbs. The sensation in the skin of the paralyzed limb possessing the nerve is perfect. 1 p.a. No return of motor power in the anatomically perfect limb. 9 a.m. Ang. 12. The limb is still paralyzed, but the muscles are very irritable, in fact, more than normally so. At 8 am. Aug. 13, the frog was placed under the influence of strychnia, to ascertain if the nervous impulses generated by the drug would pass over the nervous obstruction and contract the highly irritable muscles. Not the slightest effect, however, was produced. This experiment shows that in thus cutting off blood from a limb we in- terfere seriously with the functions of the motor nerve; and as in animals deprived of blood the excitability of nerve-tissue is always first to perish, it is legitimate to assume that this degradation of the nerve is the primary effect of cutting off the blood from a limb, and therefore the cause of the paralysis. This functional degradation of the nerve being brought about immediately in warm-bloods and gradually in cold bloods, is consistent with all our knowledge of the differing degrees of vital persistence possessed by these classes respectively. This experiment further proves that the nerve may suffer past restoration by prolonged absence of blood, but that the mus- cular irritability may be completely restored—in fact. exalted. The question as to the part of the motor nerve (the trunk or the terminal branches) concerned in the paralysis is one of ‘extreme interest. Inasmuch as the sensory fibres still convey their impressions, it seems probable that the defect in the nerye must lie in its ultimate distributions to the muscular tissue; otherwise we should have to consider that the motor fibres of the trunk of a nerve are dependent upon the general circulation of a limb for their integrity, and that the nutrition of the sensory fibres of the same trunk is maintained in some other way. There seems to be a remarkably interesting analogy between this form of paralysis and that induced by the action of the woorara poison*, * How is it that the terminations of the motor nerves in muscles are so interfered with, while neither the trunk or its ramifications, nor the muscular tissue, appears to be affected ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. 165 Comprehending now more fully the nature of the paralysis which results from depriving limbs of blood, we are in a position to see that whatever in- fluence nerve may exercise in exhausting irritability, when the source of its replenishment is cut off, must necessarily be eaercised prior to the accession of the paralysis ; for this form of paralysis affecting the ultimate distributions may be regarded as equivalent to the absence of nerve-tissue ; and under such circumstances the irritable muscular tissue represents the condition and capacity of living muscle freed from nerve-influence. It is clear, then, as the terminal distributions of the nerves to the muscles of warm-bloods become at once insensible to the stimulus of volition, that the nerve in these cases can have no influence in hastening rigor by exhausting irritability, and the accession of rigor mortis here must therefore be referred entirely to absence of the blood; for in these cases we are not even disturbed by speculations as to the possible influence exercised upon the muscle by the mere presence of living nerve-tissue in a state of inaction. We see, then, that the question with which we started is one capable of solution only by experiments upon cold-bloods carried out in the manner previously indicated ; for in these only is it possible for nervous influence to act upon muscular irritability in the absence of the blood, and in these for a limited period only, but, nevertheless, sufficiently long to prove whetker or not the mere presence of imactive living nerve diminishes muscular irritability, or whether the loss of irritability is appreciable only when the muscle is either controlled or indwced to contract by nervous influence. Space will not permit me to recite the complicated experiments by which the necessary conditions were achieved, and I must content myself in this place by briefly stating the deductions arrived at. ' 1. Mere presence of living nerve in a state of inaction neither hastens nor retards the accession of rigor, and therefore has no influence on irritability. 2. The condition of nerve concerned in simple muscular control and in contraction leads to earlier rigor mortis, and therefore possesses the power of exhausting irritability. Leaving now this aspect of the question, we proceed to inquire what evidence do we possess that muscular irritability is capable of abnormal ex- altation in the absence of nerve, or in those uncontrolled powerless states of the muscular system which, from the absence of volitional impulse, are equi- valent thereto. First, we have the fact that if one limb of a frog be paralyzed by sec- tion of its nerve, after a certain period has elapsed it will be found more susceptible to the various forms of external stimulation than the other limb ; and if such an animal be killed or happen to die, the limb in which the nerve is intact will lose its irritability, and pass into the state of rigor, long prior to the limb the nerve of which has been divided. Dr. Radcliffe remarks, “‘ Many experiments might be mentioned, all of which seem to show more or less clearly that the disposition to convulsive muscular contraction is inversely related to the supply of nervous influence to the muscles.” Vide ‘ Lancet, 1863, vol. i. p.321. This is in the main cor- rect, but it renders no support to the inhibitory theory of nervous action as propounded by its talented author. The readiness with which muscle contracts as always in direct proportion to the amount of force accumulated in its struc- ture, or, in other words, to its irritability. It is not that the absence of nerve past restoration? Is. there any intermediate tissue differing from nerye or muscle which _ forms the bond of union between them ? 166 REPORT—1866. produces a greater proclivity to contraction in the muscle, but that the muscle in the absence of nerve can accumulate the force on which irritability depends. In all the experiments in which muscle contracts more readily in the absence of nerve, the element time is an important ingredient; for if its influence be excluded, the opposite condition, viz. that muscle contracts more readily in the presence of nerve-influence, is the normal law, as I hope shortly to show. To the fact that muscle relieved from nerve-influence acquires additional contractile energy I add the further important observation, that it retains its irritability not unfrequently for days after its fellow has passed into the — state of rigor mortis. The experiment just cited also tends to show that the presence of nerve in action keeps down muscular irritability and initiates rigor mortis, as before demonstrated ; for we see that when blood is circulating equally through two limbs, the irritability of the one cannot be maintained at the same standard in the presence of the nerve. If rigor mortis could be regarded as a contraction, it might be supposed, in accordance with old notions, that the dying nervous system had something to do with its premature induction ; but as rigor is a mere setting of the muscular tissue, this idea has not a shadow of probability * ; besides the rigor will supervene in the limbs simultaneously in cases in which the death of the animal succeeds immediately the section of the nerve. Dr. Brown Sequard has furnished us with a most beautiful experiment which bears intimately upon the present question, and which also has been used by Dr. Radcliffe to support the proposition, “that the state of muscular relaxation is more readily disturbed by contraction, and that the contraction itself is more powerful when the muscles are receiving a diminished supply of nervous in- fluence.” The experiment is as follows :—Two frogs (A and B) are taken and their spinal cords divided low down in the cervical region so as to remove the lower limbs from the control of the brain and medulla oblongata. Im such cases the reflex (?) contractions induced by pinching the toes are capable of raising heavier weights than could be raised by the hind limbs when the frogs were in their normal condition. Thus they raised before division of the cord 60 grammes. Immediately after division A raised 20 and B 10 grammes only. In five minutes A raised 45 grammes and B only 30; thus they pro- ceed increasing rapidly in power, till in four hours A can sustain 140 grammes and B 130. At the end of twenty-four hours they are found to have reached their maximum point, viz. 150 and 140 grammes respectively. The first point worthy of notice in this important experiment is, that a degree of shock was produced by the operation in frog A measured by a loss of power equivalent to 40 grammes, and in frog B to 50 grammes. This diminished power would be entirely due to loss of nervous force and muscular irritability, chiefly the former,—partly the direct result of severe injury to the nervous centres, and partly of loss of blood and depression of the heart’s action. Secondly, it would be at this period, when A could raise but 20 and B 10 grammes only while suffering from shock, that the nervous influence would be at its lowest ebb; and if the muscles possessed a fair amount of irritability (which they certainly do) after such operations, this should be, if Dr. Rad- cliffe’s views are correct, the period at which the greatest weights could be raised ; for the period of profoundest nervous shock admitting of neural ex- citement of the muscles would be the one in which the minimum degree of nervous influence exists. % See my paper on that stibject in Brit. Assoc. Report for 1865, Trans, of Sect. p. 109. ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. 167 But it is evident that the muscular and neryous systems progressively acquire force from this shock-point, stopping not at their normal amount, but reaching a marvellously abnormal degree of exaltation, and this under the very conditions I have pointed out as leading to nervous and muscular exaltation, viz. the absence of the exhausting principle of volition or nerve in action. We see, then, by these experiments that muscles possess no abnormal powers immediately after they are liberated from nerve-influence, as in section of the sciatic, or after they are removed from the influence of the upper part of the cord, but that these are gradually acquired, many hours being con- sumed in reaching the maximum degree. The correct explanation, therefore, of Sequard’s experiment would seem’ to be, not that muscle contracts more readily in the absence of nervous influence, but that, in the absence of voli- tional or other excitement, both the nervous and muscular systems can accu- mulate their own special forces, and that to an extent that can never become apparent under normal life conditions. Thus, in the experiment, 60 grammes measure the nervo-muscular force of the frogs when unmutilated. After the operation the frog B suffers more from shock, and the sum of its nervo- muscular force is represented in consequence by just half that of the other, or one-sixth of its normal force; A possesses after the operation one-third of its normal force. The nervous system gradually recovers from the influence of shock, but is no longer stimulated by volition, and therefore no longer controls the muscles in the usual way; consequently they remain flaccid or paralyzed, and this gives them an opportunity of accumulating force, which they gradually do till they acquire nearly three times their normal amount. The exact proportions in which this accumulated foree is divided between the nervous and muscular systems is a delicate subject for future consideration. The fact is here broadly stated, that the psychigal principle of volition do- minates and exhausts both the nervous and muscular systems, and that in the absence of this influence they acquire exalted powers*. I propose now to turn for a short time to a consideration of the part which the blood plays in connexion with muscular contraction. The following is the proposition which I shall endeavour to maintain :— That the blood or nutritional plasma derived therefrom not only furnishes the materials by which muscular contractility is maintained, but is likewise the determining cause of that polar arrangement of the muscular molecules which maintains or restores the elongated or relaxed state. * In June 1866, Professor Frankland read a paper to the Royal Institution of Great Britain “On the Source of Muscular Force,” which contains the following passage :— “ The combustible food and oxygen coexist in the blood which courses through the muscle ; but when the muscle is at rest there is no chemical action between them. A command is sent from the brain to the muscle, the nervous agent determines oxidation. ‘The potential energy becomes active energy, one portion assuming the form of motion, another appear- ing as heat. Here is the source of animal heat, here the origin of muscular power. Like the piston and cylinder of a steam-engine, the muscle itself is only a machine for the transformation of heat into motion.” The reader will at once perceive that this idea of muscular force being generated only during nervous action is quite incompatible with the experiments and views of the author of this paper. There can be no doubt that chemical action is constantly taking place between certain clements of muscle and blood, and that force is being continuously stored, nervous action being concerned in its consumption, and discharge rather than its formation. As to heat, it is certainly generated in other portions of the body besides the muscular structures ; and if xervows action is necessary to oxidation, how is this heat produced ? The piston and cylinder are a means of regulating mere repellent force; but muscle is a mechanism haying the power to convert some fluid, which is either electricity or a close correlate, into a source of both repellent and attractive power ; for it is only by assuming two such forces that-the phenomena of elongation and contraction can be explained, 168 REPORT—1866. Last year, when treating upon the question of rigor mortis, I drew the attention of the Section to a form of muscular contraction induced in cold- bloods by the irritant action of such vapours as ether, chloroform, bisulphuret of carbon, amylene, &e. I pointed out that they were the most extreme forms of contraction of which these muscles were capable. The persistent, in most cases permanent character of the contraction at once associated it with the forms of tetanus induced by water of certain temperatures and by the discharge from Ruhmkorff’s coil. The extreme delicacy of this mode of exciting muscular contraction by ethereal vapours has enabled me to perform some very interesting and instructive experiments. I have succeeded in proving, by experiments in which the nervous system has, as far as possible, been removed, and, better still, by experiments on isolated muscles, (1) that both chloroform and warm water act directly upon and produce universal contraction of the muscular tissue, which, accord- ing to the cireumstances of its induction, may or may not be permanent; (2) that when the nervous and vascular systems are present they complicate the result, and furnish us with illustrations of most important physiological prin- ciples. Taking first Turrmat Teranvs, I find two normal limbs (7. e. supplied with both blood and nerve-influence) contract simultaneously. Two limbs de- prived of both blood and nerve-influence also contract simultaneously. Of two limbs, the one having neither nerve nor blood, and the other both nerve and blood, the latter contracts first. Of two limbs, the one haying neither nerve nor blood, and the other blood only, the former contracts first. In Cutorororm Trranvs the same holds good as in the first two examples of thermal tetanus ; but of two limbs, the one having neither blood nor nerve, and the other having both blood and nerve, the former contracts first. Of two limbs, the one having neither blood nor nerve, and the other nerve but no blood, the latter contracts first. An analysis of these various results shows that both warm water and chlo- roform exercise an excitant action upon the nervous system of the frog, which tends in both cases in the direction of muscular contraction, but which of itself alone is too weak to bring about such an affection of muscle, and, further, that the warm water is more powerful in this respect than the chlo- roform. It also affords evidence of the important principle, that certain elements of the blood in the interstices of the muscular tissue oppose a powerful obstacle to such agencies as tend to throw muscular tissue into a state of contraction. Muscle when dynamically perfect is related, on the one hand, to certain stimuli, as nerve and external agents, which tend to induce contraction, and, on the other, to some of the elements of blood, which bring about its elongation ; but its degree of proneness to fall into contraction appears to be directly pro- portionate to the amount of force generated in it by the blood—in other words, to its irritability ; and although the galvanometric evidences of the existence of force are masked during contraction by the derived electro- motor currents taking on the negative variaticn, yet this by no means proves (as some suppose) that the blood-generated forces are absent; for we have previously seen in explaining Sequard’s experiment that the contractive energy, 7. é. the tendency of the molecules of muscles to approach each other, may be increased two-and-a-half times, which is at once proof that they do not approach by virtue of any permanent force which they possess as mere physical atoms; for such force would be a fixed and not a varying quantity. It is evident therefore that both the power of contraction and of elongation is derived from the blood, and not the elongating force alone; and we must ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. 169 not, with Dr. Radcliffe, fall into the error of considering that muscle neces- sarily passes into a state of contraction in the absence of an elongating force; for experiment shows that the most perfectly relaxed state of muscle is com- patible with the absence of every trace of irritability. I shall now_proceed to narrate several experiments in which the relation which blood bears to muscular tissue is more fully displayed, and by which it is made evident that the blood gives the power by which the elongated or, relaxed state of muscle is maintained. Exp. 1.—A frog is moderately chloroformed; when removed from the vapour, particular note is made that the limbs are perfectly flaccid or relaxed, and that the heart is beating. The heart is now exposed and excised, and in a few seconds or minutes, according to the amount of chloroform imbibed by the tissues, the limbs will spontaneously extend and become rigidly tetanic. Another frog was slightly chloroformed, and the observation made that the heart was still acting, and that the whole of the muscles were quite flaccid. The structures of one thigh were then cut through to the bone, so as to sever all nervous and vascular connexions. The muscles of this limb gradually commenced to contract, and in a few minutes the leg and foot were extended and the webs stretched out. The muscles of the other limb and the trunk generally remained in a completely relaxed state. After the lapse of some minutes I observed a tendency in the unmutilated limb to extend, and in the fore feet to approach the central line of the body, and to clasp, as in tetanus of the male frog. Directing my attention to the heart, I could not detect any pulsation, and I therefore removed the parietes of the chest ; the access of air reexcited the action of the heart, and very quickly the muscles of the unmutilated limb and general trunk became again flaccid. The heart again losing power, the condition of contraction a second time came on, and gradually became more and more complete. On reexamining this frog after the lapse of an hour, I found that the muscles had again become flaccid—this time not only in the unmutilated limb, fore feet, and muscles of the trunk, but also in the limb which, as far as its soft parts were concerned, was completely amputated. Not the slightest trace of irritability, however, was now detectable. Nothing could be plainer than the teaching of this experiment. The muscular tissue was subjected to a dual influence :— first, the chloroform tending to excite it to contract; secondly, the blood, or certain of its elements, tending to maintain it in the relaxed or elongated state ; and accordingly as one or other of these influences prevailed, the muscles became alternately contracted or relaxed. After the cessation of the circulation the antagonism was feebly continued between the evaporating traces of the chloroform on the one hand, and the interstitial juices of the muscle on the other, the balance of power being so nicely adjusted that the interstitial nutrition was just capable of restoring the relaxed condition, but incapable of conferring the slightest degree of irritability upon the muscles. It is rarely that we obtain this exact. balance of the influences ; for if the amount of chloroform in the muscles is too large, the condition of permanent contraction obtains; and if too small, there are slight evidences of returning irritability after the muscle has become elongated. Another satisfactory mode of exhibiting this function of the blood is to compress the abdominal aorta of a frog, and, haying ascertained by the microscope that the circulation in the lower limbs is securely arrested, oil all parts of the body, with the exception of one limb, expose this to the vapour of chloroform, protecting as much as possible all other portions of the body from its influence. This limb will after a time show a disposition to con- 170 REPORT—1866. tract. It should then be removed from the vapour; and when it has become fully extended, the tourniquet should be taken off; the blood will then gradually find its way into the limb, and restore the flaccid elongated con- dition. In this experiment we have the contrast of two limbs without blood, one of which is under a contracting influence ; and we get an excess of chloro- form in the tissues of one limb and protect the animal to a great extent from being generally affected. As might be expected, this state of contraction is never so easy to produce when an animal possesses its full complement of blood; for although the blood may be stagnant in the vessels, it will supply for a considerable time the elements which oppose the contracting-powers of the chloroform ; hence, if we would produce the state of contraction under such conditions, an amount of chloroform is demanded in the tissues which ordinarily destroys the animal. But by adopting the plan of allowing the ingress of the chloroform only through the limb which we wish to affect, we overcome this obstacle and retain the heart in such a condition that the circulation can be restored and the contractive state dissipated when the mechanical impediment is removed from the aorta. In concluding this paper, I propose to take a hasty survey of the various affections of muscular tissue as they have presented themselves in my expe- riments. Let us take as an illustration the gastrocnemius muscle of the frog in the elongated or uncontracted state. 1. It may exist in this elongated or un- contracted state with all its dynamical powers in a state of integrity. This is its normal condition, as we see it in the absence of stimuli. 2. It may exist in this state when deprived of dynamical power, or, in other words, in the absence of irritability. 3. Both these conditions of elongation may be asso- ciated with softness or flaccidity of the muscular structure,—the former neces- sarily so; the latter not, as the fixity of rigor may prevail. Now let us take the same muscle in a state of complete contraction. 1. It may exist in this state of contraction with its dynamical powers per- fect. This is true in those normal contractions which quickly give place to relaxation. 2. It may exist in this state when deprived of dynamical power, as seen in the forms of permanent contraction induced by warm water and ethereal vapours. 3. In a state of softness, or in a hard coagulated state. The soft state is represented by normally contracted muscle, severed from one of its attachments. The hard state is induced by ethereal vapours and extremes of temperature. As with the state of elongation, so with that of contraction, the truly dynamical state is one of softness. The dynamical conditions on which irritability depends may therefore exist both in the elongated and in the contracted state, and may also be non- existent in both of these states. Properly speaking, irritability is no more the tendency which a muscle exhibits to contract than the disposition it shows to relax or elongate subsequently to contraction; in fact a comprehensive definition must include both these conditions. Nor is either of these states to be regarded (as far as muscle alone is concerned) as conditions of rest ; for they are both active states so long as the muscle is a vital structure, and both inactive when the dynamical power of muscle are absent. As yet there seems to be no reliable experimental evidence to show that muscle per se ever contracts spontaneously, 7. ¢. in the absence of a stimulus ; but there are plenty of indications that the same agent is a greater stimulus at one time than another; nor is there any evidence to show that muscle ON MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY. a7 will contract on the withdrawal of elongating influences, but abundance to the contrary in the fact that it will. remain in the elongated state in the ab- sence of all susceptibility. Contraction and elongation would seem both to be dependent on the existence of polar forces, which have a certain relation, on the one hand, to excited nerve and external stimuli, and, on the other, to some of the elements of the blood,—excited nerve and external stimuli in- ducing the attractive, which involves contraction, and the blood the repulsive polar attitude essential to elongation. The attractive state of the muscular molecules which represents contrac- tion, is the condition in which force is exhausted by the association of unlike polarities ; while the state of elongation being that in which every molecule is opposed to every other, force may be accumulated. In proportion to the amount of force accumulated in the molecules will be the intensity of their contractive or elongative energy; and also in proportion to their charge will be their proclivity to disturbance—in other words, their susceptibility to stimuli. When a stimulus can no longer act, it is because the force is exhausted. If the chemistry of the muscle be not absolutely arrested, the power to contract under a stimulus will return. If at the moment-of its action a stimulus be so excessive as to induce the attractive state of the molecules, and at the same time to destroy the force-producing powers of the muscle, the moiecules will remain in the state of approximation, simply because there is an absence of any power to rearrange them. Conversely, if the force- producing powers be destroyed during the state of elongation, the molecules remain apart. Muscle, therefore, as a dead structure, has no tendency to remain in either one or other of these states preferentially. The loss of irritability is the first evidence we possess of a series of chemical changes which culminate in such a coagulation of the muscular juices as to cause fixity, or setting of the muscle. When these changes take place in the elongated muscle, the fixed condition is produced which we recognize as rigor mortis; when, on the other hand, they take place in the contracted muscle, they induce the fixed hard condition of the muscular structure seen in ethereal and thermal con- tractions. Substances which affect muscular tissue may be classified as pure stimu- lants, stimulo-coagulants, and depresso-coagulants. All substances possess- ing the coagulant property arrest the chemical reactions between the mus- cular tissue and the blood, by which the fluid on which irritability depends is generated. The stimulo-coagulant class is represented by the irritant action of chloroform and the ethers generally, and by extremes of tempera- ture; the depresso-coagulant by chlorine, carbonic acid gas, and the sedative action of very dilute ether-vapour. It is possible, therefore, to have rigor mortis, or coagulative setting, in both elongated and contracted muscles. While, therefore, my researches contradict the theory which refers the phenomena of living muscle to statical electricity as an elongating power simply, contraction being regarded as due to an inherent attractive power of the muscular molecules, they are singularly in accordance with the con- clusions of Du Bois Reymond, who regards every elemental part of muscle as a centre of electromotor action, containing within itself positive and negative elements, arranged in a dipolar series,—and seem to fill up a gap, by showing that the repulsive attitude of this series is maintained by the blood. 172 REPORT—1866. Report on the Physiological Action of certain Compounds of Amyl and Ethyl. By Brnsamin W. Ricuarpson, M.A., M.D., PRS. Ly two previous Reports to the Association, I dwelt especially on the action of certain of the compounds of amyl. The first Report dealt exclusively with the substance known as the nitrite of amyl. The second Report had further reference to the same body, and also to amylene, amylic alcohol, and the acetate and iodide of amyl. In some degree these Reports were com- plete as far as they went; that is to say, the facts presented were sufficient to demonstrate what visible physical influences were exerted on dead and on living matter by these representatives of the amyl series; and as I care- fully separated the facts from the speculations that were fairly to be founded on them, the Association expressed its satisfaction by requesting me to con- tinue researches in the same direction but with a wider object. I was de- sired in the next Report to repeat what might require repetition, but specially to pay attention to the ethyl-compounds, with a view to determine, if that were possible, whether there was any analogy in physiological action between the analogous compounds of the two series. SUMMARY OF PAST RESEARCHES. Before I enter on new ground, it will be advisable for me to recall the main facts described in previous years and bearing on the amyl series. 1. 1t was shown that the nitrite of amyl when inhaled was the most pow- erful excitant of the circulation at the time known. It was demonstrated that during such inhalation the action of the heart was doubled in rapidity in thirty seconds, in men and warm-blooded animals: further, it was proved that this intense action was immediately followed by deep suffusion of the skin, by Lreathlessness like that produced by running, by a peculiar sensation of fulness and throbbing in the head, and ultimately by failure of muscular power of the extremest kind. It was also proved that there was no destruc- tion of the nervous sensibility, that in animals there was an obvious expres- sion of sensibility up to the moment of death. Lastly, it was shown that in cold-blooded animals, such as frogs, the nitrite of amyl suspended animation for hours, and even days,—and that, in young warm-blooded animals, after exposure to it until they seemed to be dead, the action of the heart continued for so long a period as eighteen hours. 2. In respect to amylene, it was shown that the vapour of it was antiseptic, even when freely admixed with air; physiologically tested on living animals, it is found to be capable of administration by being inhaled. It does not provoke local irritation, but it rapidly produces collapse and total insensibility to pain. At the same time it scems to interfere less with consciousness than other narcotic vapours. -This fact is of peculiar interest, because the appa- rent consciousness exhibited by the subject is not shared in by himself, it is an objective, not a subjective phenomenon. The person under the influ- ence of the vapour may perform acts which have all the semblance of conscious acts; but when he recoyers he has no recollection of anything that has oc- curred. The state thus induced is yery much like the phenomenon of som- nambulism ; and I ventured to suggest that in this experiment we had a key to the cause of the disease somnambulism, viz. that there was possibly formed in the body of the somnambulist, by a faulty digestion, a substance of similar action to an amyl-compound. Amylene I showed was a good anesthetic, and many surgical operations haye been performed under its in- ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF AMYL AND ETHYL COMPOUNDS. 173 fluence, but it enters into no chemical combination with the tissues. This is due to its great insolubility in the blood and animal fluids. Amylene requires 9319 parts of water for its solution. 3. Of amylic alcohol it was shown that, like amylene, it was antiseptic. When the vapour of it is inhaled, it produces first irritation of the nostril, and next drowsiness and a kind of coma, but without insensibility to pain. In this comatose state there is developed a peculiar muscular action, a series of rigors which increase in force under any degree of excitement; but it is almost impossible to destroy life byits means. Animals brought to the verge of death and seeming past all recovery begin to rally so soon as they are placed in the open air. 4, The acetate of amyl was shown to produce the same kind of symptoms as those produced by amylic alcohol ; it also preserves organic substances from putrefaction. It is used for flayouring-purposes under the name of essence of pears. ; 5. The action of the codide of amyl was shown to be somewhat different from that of any of the other compounds. When inhaled it induces mixed symptoms, resembling in part those produced by the nitrite of amyl, and in part those produced by amylic alcohol. It causes excitement, great tremor of muscles, and during recovery a singular motion of the animal in a circle ; it also excites salivation, and renders the extremities of the animal red and vascular during inhalation. In the discussion which followed the reading of the papers named above, one special point attracted most attention. A question first was asked by Dr. Heaton, of Leeds, and afterwards by Professor Wanklyn :—Whether the differences of symptoms observed in dealing with different compounds of the amyl series turned actually on a change in the base itself, or on the combi- nation of the base with a new compound. To take an illustration: was, for instance, the nitrite of amyl so peculiarly active simply because it was an amyl-compound, or because it was the nitrite of amyl? This question is one of the chief (if not the chief) questions answered in the present Report. It was considered in the last Report in the following terms :—‘ The base amyl is, if I may use the expression, the keynote; but variations are introduced as new elements are added. The order of varia- tion is most interesting. We take a simple hydrocarbon, the hydruret of amyl, and we have an almost negative body, acting not unlike nitrogen, and partly destroying motor force and consciousness, but no more. We introduce the element oxygen into the inquiry by using the hydrated oxide of amyl or the acetate, and there is added to the above-named phenomena violent and persistent tremor. We move from this to another compound, and brine iodine into the field, and the phenomena now embrace free elimination of fluid from the body, vascularity of the extreme parts, with increased action of the heart and of respiration. We change the combination once more to bring nitrogen and oxygen into operation with the base, and the vascular action is raised beyond what is seen from any other known substance, to be followed by a prostration so profound that the still living animal might for a time pass for dead.” NEW RESEARCHES. In the past year I have repeated the experiments conducted originally with the compounds of amyl, the compounds themselves being most accurately made. The result has been to confirm the facts previously observed, in all their integrity. In two directions I have extended these researches, with the 174 REPORT— 1866. object of trying to make the substances under notice of practical utility to mankind. ; Nirrire or Amy As A Remepy. I first experimented to ascertain whether nitrite of amyl, which, as we have seen, exerts so decided an effect in quickening the action of the heart when it is inhaled by the living animal, might be turned to account as a means for stimulating the heart into action in cases where that organ has suddenly ceased to beat, as in cases of fatal fainting, in drowning, in sunstroke and lightning-stroke, in death by chloroform, and in suffocation from other nar- cotic vapours. To test this, the substance was introduced into the body in two ways—by artificial respiration, and by transfusion directly into the heart through the arteries. By neither of these methods could any decided effect be produced. By the first (the artificial respiration) a spasmodic action of the diaphragm and a peculiar action of the muscles of the nose are produced for a short time ; but the effect is very transient. By the second, the effect seemed to be that the action of the heart was the more decidedly and rapidly para- lyzed. In one case, in connexion with my friend Mr. Gay, after repeating in the dissecting-room the experiment of the injection of a dead limb of the human subject with oxygenated blood, I introduced a free current of a blood containing one minim of the nitrite of amyl to the eight ounces. The muscles were by this means evenly and steadily injected, and the odour of the amyl- compound was distinctly perceived ; but there was no sign of muscular action in response to the injection, and muscles laid bare and subjected to irritation were still quiescent. For these experiments I invented a new instrument for transfusion, which works so simply and effectually that I may be excused, perhaps, if I diverge for a moment to describe it: the practical physiologist will find it of great value in many inquiries. This instrument, as shown in the diagram, con- sists of a glass cylinder (A), with a flexible tube (B) running from its lower ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF AMYL AND ETHYL COMPOUNDS. 175 part or chamber, for insertion, by means of a quill or hollow probe, into the vein to be injected: the upper part of the cylinder is provided with a stopper, through which a tube passes, connected with a small pair of hand bellows (D). Within the cylinder is a small hollow ball (E), or safety-valve regulator, which floats if there be fluid in the cylinder until the fluid allows it to descend to the constricted lower part of the cylinder, when all further passage of fluid is prevented. The flow of fluid along the escape-tube can be checked, or set at liberty at pleasure by the clip (C). In using this instrument, first place the fluid to be injected in the cylinder (A) and let a little run through the escape-tube (B) to displace all the air; next close the escape-tube by means of the clip (C); then, having opened the vein or artery, while it is being pressed upon from above, insert and fix the quill or hollow probe at the end of the escape-tube, and, when all is ready for the fluid to flow, remove the clip and raise the cylinder two or three feet above the subject. The ordinary fluid-pressure will now usually suffice to carry the fluid into the body equably and gently ; but if there be any obstruction, the merest pressure of the lower ball of the hand bellows will remove it. As the fluid descends, the hollow ball goes down with it to within three inches of the bottom of the cylinder, where it is opposed by the constricted neck, and where it effectually closes in all that is below it, so that no air can possibly get into the blood-vessel. Reverting to the experiments related above, they, although negative as regards the particular object in view during their performance, teach an interesting and useful physiological lesson. They illustrate that when in the living body the nitrite of amyl, after its inhalation, excites the heart to such vigorous action, producing suffusion of the skin and the other extreme symptoms of excitation, the effect is conducted solely through the nervous system. I believe that the action of the nitrite, telling, at the moment of inhalation, upon the extreme filaments of the olfactory nerves, as well as on the pneumogastric tracts, communicates a peculiar and rapid motion, which traverses them and, without any indirect action on the blood, reaches the heart, giving to it impulse and vehemency of action. The experience of every-day life tells us that the heart may be thrown into similar activity by impressions or influences communicated from the external world to the senses, and through them to the heart. The influences of -sounds, harsh or melodious, of sights, appalling or fascinating, are well known, from the manner in which they come upon us. From their invisibility of action, if I may be allowed such an expression, we are prone to look on them as immaterial agents: they are not so; thoroughly understood they are as material as a physical blow, or the impress of a liquid or gaseous sub- stance. Nitrite of amyl is one of those substances which enable us to realize this connexion between the really material and the seemingly immaterial influences which surround us. We take an appreciable quantity of it, say, half a grain, and inhale it from paper, and at once we feel a quickened action of the circula- tion so decisively that we trace the effect immediately to the cause: we could, if we liked, quicken the heart to absolute silence by pushing the cause far enough. Here there is no mistake, no possibility of mistake. But we can modify the experiment and refine upon it. By admixing the vapour of am- monia with that of amyl, and diffusing the combined yapours through a large space of air confined by walls and closed windows, we can charge a room with a compound which the olfactory sense, as such, does not detect, but which tells with active and peculiar force upon the heart. In this way an invisible 176 REPORT—1866. and, as it would seem to the unlearned, an immaterial agency acts by known rules and in obedience to the human will*, The day will soon come when we shall know the mode by which these agencies act upon the body through the nervous expanse: we shall follow out the living organism as so much matter moveable and transformable or transmutable, built in, and I had almost said upon, a refined medium, itself unchangeable, all-pervading, and establishing a bond of union between our own material parts, ourselves, our planet, our universe. We shall see how this fluid, itself physical, subjected to various influences, is disturbed, and how it communi- cates such disturbance to the grosser matters which it permeates; then a vast number of strange and, as they now appear to us, conflicting phenomena will resolve themselves into a single and simple law, and physiology, in its wholeness, the science of the sciences, will be the most useful and the most exact. I have said that when the motion of the heart has once been stopped, the influence of the nitrite of amyl ceases; that the nitrite can quicken the living action, but cannot restore the lost action. These are the facts as they stand at the moment ; but I must add as a qualification that the negative result may perchance be due to inadequacy of experiment, and that new and continuous experiment may change the argument. Tur Amyts AS ANTISEPTICS. The second new line of inquiry to which the amyl-compounds were subjected, was to determine whether they could be turned to account, practi- cally, as antiseptics. I had already found that every one of the series is preservative, and I therefore took one (the acetate) and subjected it to special inquiry. The reason for taking the acetate (essence of pears) was that it is most c¢asily obtainable, is comparatively innocuous, and is removed entirely from any organic substance by the process of cooking. The experiments were made in the following manner :— 1. By placing organs of soft texture of dead animals, such as the spleen, kidneys, and liver, in lightly closed earthenware chambers, in which the acetate of amyl was also placed, in a small open dish, or in cloth or sawdust. 2. By painting over the substance to be preserved with a mixture of size and acetate of amyl. 3. By injecting the body of a rabbit through the arteries with a fluid con- sisting of glycerine, water, and acetate of amyl. 4, By subjecting the quarters of a sheep to a solution of acetate of amyl, and then burying the parts in melted fat or melted size. The results of the experiments are as follow :— By the first method, animal substances may be preserved fresh when the temperature is below 46° Fahr. for three weeks; and when the tempe- rature is above 46° and under 65° for a week. When the temperature is over 65°, the effect of the acetate is very uncertain. The change that takes place in the meat when the effect of the acetate ceases, is a change differing from ordinary putrefaction ; it is a process of white odourless softening. The second method, that of painting over the surface with a gelatinous envelope containing acetate of amyl, was not successful. The third method, that of injecting the tissues by the arteries, is a good method. The body keeps well, even when exposed to the air at, 60°, for four- * T could make every heart in a room rise ten beats, at least, within a minute without diffusing a detectable odour, as surely as I could vary the motion of a steam-engine by moving the lever. ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF AMYL AND ETHYL COMPOUNDS. 177 teen days. I have no doubt that animals injected in this way might be transported wholesale, if enclosed in boxes, during a voyage of three weeks or a month. ; The last method, that of bringing the structure into close contact with the amyl-compound, was not successful. I gathered from all these experiments that as antiseptics the amyls require to be so applied that they diffuse through the tissues, and that they continue to act until they are carried away. ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF SOME COMPOUNDS . OF THE ETHYL SERIES. Turning from these amyl-compounds, I have next to report on some of the bodies belonging to the ethyl series. For many centuries the ethers have been known and studied as substances possessing peculiar powers over animal bodies ; and of late years their use as anesthetic substances for general and local purposes has given to them additional interest. The compounds of ethyl which I have specially studied are the oxide, the acetate, the nitrite, and hydrofluoric ether. OxipE oF Eruyt. The first of these, commonly known as pure ether, rectified ether, or sulphuric ether, is a substance that has been of great interest to the modern physiologist, owing to the fact that it has been applied largely for producing general insensibility to pain by the process of inhalation, and more recently by the local process of evaporation. Although largely demanded for the first of these processes, the oxide of ethyl that has been sold for the purposes of the medical physicist has been most imperfect. The absurd rule of the Pharmacopeeia, which allowed a cer- tain small admixture of alcohol with ether, was the loophole through which the most flagrant abuses were permitted to find way. In fact, when at the commencement of the present year I required oxide of ethyl on a large scale, I could not for many weeks obtain any pure specimen that was not specially made for me: there was no uniformity either in respect to specific gravity, boiling-point, or reaction. These facts fully account for the great diversity of the opinions that have been expressed: relative to the action of ether on the bodies of men and animals. The process for obtaining a pure oxide of ethyl is nevertheless very simple, and demands only care, patience, and honesty. Since February last, two thousand pounds weight of absolute ether have been sent out from one London house alone, that of Robbins and Company of Oxford Street. The pure substance is a colourless, almost inodorous fluid; its specific gravity is 0°716 to 0-720; and 88° Fahr, may be taken as its mean boiling- point. With a pure and reliable oxide of ethyl, I have been enabled to study the physiological action of the substance with a precision not before attained. To produce a decided effect on the body of a warm-blooded animal by means of ether, it is best to administer the substance in the form of vapour, charging the air with from twenty to twenty-five per cent., and sustaining the supply steadily. The sensations produced are from the first pleasurable; there is expansion of idea in relation to space and to objects, then confusion with a peculiar sensation of sweetness in the mouth, and at last. oblivion. The ether being withdrawn, recovery is very rapid indeed, so rapid that there is scarcely any perceptible stage of recovery: it is a sudden awaking to complete consciousness. In this respect ether closely resembles amylene in its action. 1866. N 178 REPORT—1866. If inferior animals be subjected to absolute ether, and the influence of the vapour on their lungs, heart, and blood be carefully observed, we find that the lungs undergo a slight congestion, that the heart is filled with blood on both its sides, and the venous blood in its transit through the pulmonic circuit ceases to become arterialized. At the same time there is no destruction of the parts of the blood, and the process of coagulation is unaltered. When death is induced by pure ether, the event occurs by arrest of respiratory power. It occurs much in the same way as in death by drowning or by suffocation in_ carbonic acid. It is a great point to state, and it is most strictly true, that absolute ether has no directly poisonous action upon the heart. I have seen good pulsation of both sides of the heart for forty-five minutes after what may be considered the death of the animal. For this reason the action of absolute ether contrasts most favourably with chloroform, Chloroform kills by its paralyzing action upon the heart; hence when chloroform becomes deadly, it is inevitably deadly because it becomes impossible to remove it from the parts on which it acts to destroy. Ether, on its side, when it begins to cause embarrassment, is acting simply upon the respiration; and it is only necessary to cease to administer it to ensure recovery. On the whole, after a most careful comparison of the action of absolute oxide of ethyl with the action of other volatile substances possessing aneesthetic properties, I claim for it that it is the safest of all known anes- thetics, that any indifferent effects arising, in past times, from its employ- ment were due to badness of the article, and that science, not less than regard for human life, bids us, when a general anesthetic is absolutely necessary, go back to ether as the safest agent. In order to ascertain what would be the effect of actually impregnating the whole body of an animal with absolute ether, I injected one ounce of it into the aorta of an animal (a rabbit) already rendered-insensible by the vapour. The result was that the fluid injected began to boil rapidly in the tissues with a free escape of ether-vapour, followed by a sudden, almost in- stant stiffness affecting the muscles of the whole body. This effect was due to the rapid extrication of heat from the tissues. It was a kind of general freezing of the tissues, AcETATE oF Ernyt Anp Hyprorivoric Eruemr. The acetate of ethyl and hydrofluoric ether are chiefly remarkable for their powerful solvent action on all the tissues of animals. They.can neither of them be safely administered by inhalation, but both of them may admit of being largely and usefully employed for the destruction and removal of morbid growths. Directed on the blood they break it up absolutely, destroying alike the corpuscles, the fibrine, and the albumen. In short, hydrofluoric ether may be looked on as a universal solvent of the animal tissues ; nothing escapes its action except the gelatinous structures, and these not altogether. Nitrite or Eruyt. The nitrite, or more correctly the hyponitrite of ethyl, nitrous ether, is made in a similar manner to nitrite of amyl, the difference being that the nitrous fumes are passed through ordinary alcohol. The fluid when pure is of a light amber-colour; the specific gravity is 0-950, and the boiling-point 60° Fahr. The physiologist who would work with it, should mix it with absolute ether in fixed proportions—say, of ten, twenty-five, or fifty per cent. It is so volatile that without this precaution it cannot be readily employed. The action of nitrite of ethyl, as Professor Wanklyn suggested last year, STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. 179 is closely analogous to the action of nitrite of amyl. Inhaled in quantities of not less than a grain, it induces the same sensation of fulness of the head, rapid action of the heart, and some suffusion of theskin. Animals subjected to it in the proportion of fifteen minims diffused as vapour through a cubic foot of air, die almost instantaneously from sudden failure of the heart, but even up to the moment of death they retain their consciousness and sensi- bility. The nitrite, consequently, is in no sense to be regarded as an anesthetic. , Precisely as the nitrite of amyl, nitrite of ethyl, when it kills, leaves the lungs entirely collapsed and so perfectly white that one could assume they had been carefully washed free of blood. This effect is due perhaps to the rapid contraction of the pulmonary capillaries. The blood is changed in colour, the arterial blood being rendered very dark, and the venous of a deep chocolate tint* ; the muscles are also all left blanched, as if the death had occurred from loss of blood. It will be remembered that, in describing the action of nitrite of amyl, I ex- plained that in cold-blooded animals the substance suspended their animation, and that frogs that had been rendered powerless by it, and to common obser- vation inanimate, would sometimes spontaneously recover even so long as nine days after the administration. This same phenomenon I have observed with nitrite of ethyl, together with another even more singular. Itis this. Ifa young animal, say a kitten, be subjected so suddenly to the nitrite as to fall senseless and to appearance dead in or within the minute, it will remain in the same state for six or even ten minutes, yielding no evidence of life: it will not breathe, and the most delicate auscultation will fail to detect motion of the heart. But after a period varying from six to ten minutes it will spontaneously recommence to breathe, and with every movement of expiration a breath sufficient to dull a mirror will pass from the nostril. As the breath- ing recommences, the heart also begins its work,. making a series of distinct intermittent strokes. This condition, looking like an actual return of life, will last so long as half an hour, and will then cease gradually, the animal lapsing again into a state of actual inertia or death. In concluding this Report I would place the facts I have collected, in respect to the ethyl series, as follows :— 1, Oxide of ethyl, or pure rectified ether as it is commonly called, is the best of all known agents for the production of general anesthesia by inhalation. - 2. The peculiar difference of action between the oxide of ethyl and the nitrite of ethyl is due to the introduction of a new element, nitrogen, into the latter compound. This difference of composition makes the nitrite approach, in action, bodies of the alkaloidal class, strychnine and its analogues, Second Report on the Structure and Classification of the Fossil Crustacea. By Henry Woopwarp, F.G.S. I wAveE now to submit a Second Report upon the Fossil Crustacea, which have for some years past occupied my attention. Since the last Report made to the British Association in Birmingham in 1865, I have described and figured a new Liassic Crustacean from the Lower Lias of Charmouth—the * The coagulation of blood is not modified, w2 180 REPORT—1866. Aiger Marderi—a genus hitherto characteristic of the Solenhofen Slates of Bavaria*. The following new genera and species of Crustacea were communicated by me to the Geological Society on the 23rd May last, and will appear in the next part of the ‘ Quarterly Journal’ of that Society :— «2, «On a new Genus of Phyllopodous Crustacea from the Moffat Shales (Lower Silurian), Dumfriesshire.’ ; ‘«‘ The fossil described consists of the disk-shaped shield or carapace of an Apus-like Crustacean, the nearest known form to it being Péltocaris apty- choides, Salter, from which, however, it is at once distinguished by the absence of a dorsal furrow. «A line of suture divides the wedge-shaped rostral portion of the shield from the rest of the carapace, the two parts being seldom found together. From its strong resemblance to Discina, the author proposed for it the generic name Discinocaris, and named the species Browniana, after Mr. D. J. Brown, who first drew his attention to it. «3. *On the Oldest known British Crab (Paleinachus longipes, H.W.) from the Forest Marble of Malmesbury, Wilts.’ «“ The author stated that three genera and twenty-five species of Brachy- urous Crustacea had already been described by Professor Reuss and H. von Meyer from the Upper White Jura of Germany; but as no limbs or abdo- minal segments had been met with, it was more doubtful where to place them than the species now described, which had nearly all its limbs in situ, and a portion of the abdomen united to it. Palwinachus closely resembles the common Spider-crabs (the Maiade and Leptopodide) living on our own coasts. «4, «On the Species of the genus Eryon, Desm., from the Lias and Oolite of England and Bavaria.’ «The genus Zryon of Desmarest was established for certain extremely broad and flat forms of Astacide found in the Solenhofen limestone near Munich, and first described in 1757. The late Dr. Oppel has recorded fourteen species, two of which, HZ. Barrovensis and E. (Coleia) antiquus, are from the Lias of England. Mr. Woodward gave descriptions and figures of Z. Barro- vensis, M‘Coy, and five other species, namely :—E. crassichelis, E. Wilincotensis, and E. Brodiei, from the Lower Lias; #. Moore?, from the Upper Lias of Ilminster; and £. Oppeli, from the lithographic stone of Solenhofen.” The plates exhibited form (with one other) the first part of the Monograph on the Merostomata for the Paleontographical Society, and will be published shortly?. I ae lately had the opportunity to examine specimens of Zimuli from the Coal-measures of Kilmaurs, Dudley, and Coalbrook-dale, and am happy to state that they have enabled me in the most satisfactory manner to de- monstrate the connexion between this division of Crustacea and the older Eurypterida on the one hand and the recent King-crabs on the other. (See Report, Section Dz.) The forms which occur in this zone (the Pennystone Ironstone) differ from Limulus in the less anchylosed condition of their segments and the possession of three well-marked divisions, representing the head, thorax, and abdomen, the latter being represented by three anchylosed segments, and having the intervening segments of the thorax free and unarticulated. * See Geol. Mag. 1866, vol. ii. p. 10, pl. 1. + They have since (Dec. 1866) appeared. t Also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 28. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. 181 The best example of this is the Belinurus regine of Baily, from the Irish Coal-measures; then follows the B. trilobitoides, of Buckland, the B. an- thraw, Prestwich, the B. arcuatus, Baily, and lastly, the B. rotundatus of Prestwich. By placing these forms in the order indicated, we find a gradual change from the less to the more anchylosed condition of the body-segments, which attains its greatest concentration in the recent Limulus. But besides these, we have in Hemiaspis a form more separated into distinct segments than is Belinwrus regine ; so that the passage from Hurypterus to Belinurus, and from that again to Limulus proper, seems capable of being bridged over, and we are justified in placing them in the same order, though separated into distinct subdivisions. We have adopted Dr. Dana’s name of Mrrosromata for the order, making the first suborder, Euryprerma, to contain :— A, 1. Pterygotus, Agassiz, having 14 species. 2. Shmonia, H. W.., 35 3 %y 3. Stylonurus, H. W., a 6 Bt 4. Eurypterus, De Kay, ,, 20 ee 5. Dolichopterus, Hall, ee 1 of 6. Bunodes, Eichw., 3 1 a 7. Arthropleura, Jordan, ,, 1 n B. 8. Hemiaspis, H. W., ” Sear 51 species. Second suborder, XrpHosura, to contain :— A, 1. Belinurus, Konig, haying 5 species. B. 2. Limulus, Miller Sneed (2: 3 19 species. I characterize the order Mrrostomara as Crustacea having the mouth fur- nished with mandibles and maxille, the appendages to which fulfil the func- tions of limbs, becoming walking- or swimming-feet, and organs of prehension. Suborder Evryprerma, Huxley, 1859.—Crustacea with numerous free thoracico-abdominal segments, the first and second of which bear one or more broad lamellar appendages upon their ventral surface, the remaining segments being devoid of appendages ; the anterior rings united into a carapace bearing a pair of larval eyes near the centre, and a pair of large marginal or subcen- tral eyes; the mouth furnished with a broad postoral plate or metastoma, and five pairs of moveable appendages, the posterior of which form great swim- ming-feet,—the telson or terminal joint being extremely variable in form, and the integument characteristically sculptured. XipHosvRA (Gronoy.).—Crustacea haying the anterior segments welded together to form a broad convex buckler, upon the dorsal surface of which are placed two larval frontal eye-spots, and two large lateral compound eyes. Beneath this shield-like covering is placed the mouth, furnished with a small labrum and a rudimentary metastoma, and six pairs of moveable appen- dages. Posterior segments of the body more or less free in the fossil species, but anchylosed together in the recent species, and bearing upon their ventral surfaces a series of broad lamellar appendages. The telson or terminal segment ensiform. 182 REPORT—1866. I have prepared a Table which gives the species in detail, with their geo- logical position and locality (it includes ten genera and seventy species*); also representations of all the genera save three, which require further con- firmation before they can be figured otherwise than as fragments. The geological range of this order is as follows:—We find there are 37 species in the Upper Silurian ; 7 in the Lower, and 8 in the Middle Devonian ; 1 in the Lower Carboniferous, and 7 in the Upper ; 1 in the Permian of Russia ; 1in the Trias of Germany ; 7 in the Lithographic stone of Solenhofen ; 1 in the Tertiary Brown Coal of Saxony ; and 4 living species inhabiting the shores of Molucea, Japan, China, the East Indies, and the eastern shores of North America. They have been met with geologically in the State of New York, especially in Buffalo county ; in Ireland (Kiltorcan, fragments only); in For- farshire, Lanarkshire, Fifeshire, and Caithness in Scotland; in Hereford- shire, Worcestershire, and Staffordshire ; in the islands of the Baltic (Oesel and Gothland) ; in Bavaria, Saxony, Poland, and as far east as the govern- ment of Perm and the Ural Mountains; so that their geological distribution is quite as wide as that of their living congeners. The Limulus of the Upper White Jura cannot, so far as we are acquainted with it, be well separated generically from those of the present day. How vast, then, must have been the period represented between the lifetime of the Belinurus of the Coal-measures and that of the Limulus of the Oolites! and yet we should be unwilling to doubt their relationship by descent. Each an- tecedent period, then, must have been infinitely greater as we recede to the Wenlock, where the first traces of Pterygotus occur. Second Report on the “ Menevian Group” and the other Formations at St. David’s, Pembrokeshire. By H. Hicks, and J. W. Sater, HGS. Tun work of the past year has not been confined to procuring fossil speci- mens, although that object has been kept steadily in view. The extent and direction of the various beds has been particularly noted ; and a much greater area than was formerly suspected has been found occu- pied by the respective lower fossil groups Menevian, Ffestiniog, Tremadoe, and the great Arenig or Skiddaw group—tormations which have only of late years been accurately explored. Above these rocks, and forming their upper limit, we have in the St. David’s promontory the Llandeilo flags, a formation that does not need a special description, since it is already well known to us in the ‘ Silurian System,’ and under the name of Lower Bala in Prof. Sedgwick’s works. The fossil-bearing strata in the neighbourhood of St. David’s are mostly exhibited in coast sections; and the grant has been very useful in enabling Dr. Hicks to employ boat-service in the work. Without boats, indeed, it would be impossible to make sure of the succession, so much have the strata been disturbed and faulted, and also in many parts covered by drift. But the series, once accurately defined by this examination, could be tested by reference to roadside and brook sections, where the beds are weathered; and hence we can now offer a tolerably accurate map of all the formations, and extend it over a larger part of the district. Moreover in all about sixty-five * This Table has since been published by the Paleontographieal Society,—Dee. 1866. ON THE MENEVIAN GROUP. 1838 or seventy new or partly described species have been found peculiar to this region, and these wait for description. That the additions to the geology of St. David’s during the last few years may be more clearly understood, it is well to state what formations are now known to be present in the promontory that forms the north shore of St. Bride’s Bay. The Survey Map does not profess to subdivide the slate-rocks and volcanic grits, but only to separate these as a mass from the purple and grey sandstones coloured as Cambrian rock (the Harlech group of Professor Sedgwick). In ascending order we have then :— 1. Lhe Harlech Group (Sedgwick), consisting of purple and greenish-grey sandstone, passing aboye into grey sandstones (not grits) which are fossili- ferous. This mass of purple and greenish-grey flags forms the axis of the promon- tory, thrown into a violent anticlinal along the line of the so-called *syenite,” which is partly altered Cambrian rock, and partly crystalline rock, perhaps syenite in some places. 2. The Menevian Group, 1500 or 1600 feet thick, of dark-grey (and even black) flags and shales, alternating in its upper and larger portion with sand- stone. This is the great fossiliferous group. 3. Ffestiniog Group (Sedgwick).—Hard siliceous sandstone with grey flaky slate, containing Lingulella Davisii. 4. Tremadoe Growp.—Sandstones and earthy slates, much like those of the Ffestiniog group, but of a bluish-grey colour and more uniform texture. 5. Arenig or Skiddaw Group.—A thick series of iron-stained slates and flags, interlined throughout by felspar lines and felspathic ashes, containing large Trilobites and shells of new species, and Graptolites like those of Skiddaw. — 6. Llandeilo Flags.—Black slates, with felspar beds and interbedded trap, fossils abundant. We may now give a few explanatory details, as brief as possible, respecting each of those formations :— 1. Concerning the Harlech group, it must be noted that the sections on the south coast (Caerbwddy for instance) show a distinct passage down- wards into the central syenitic mass, so gradual as to induce the belief that the mass of rock is no other throughout than altered Cambrian beds. Near St. David’s the same thing is visible. Altered purple beds close to the town are succeeded by rock apparently crystalline, but showing distinct rounded grains of quartz (as minute pebbles) throughout the mass. It is evidently a slightly altered grit or conglomerate. In other places further east, the rock is certainly melted in its central portions, but passes so gradually into olive shales through hardened flinty beds and hornstones, that no true boundary can be traced. The series of sandstones, purple, green, and grey, which succeed are laid down with tolerable accuracy on the Survey Map (except where bounded by the prevailing faults), All the accessible localities have been searched for fossils, but with no success until the highest portion was reached ; immediately above the topmost purple bands, 160 feet or so of these top beds contains fossils, not many species, but of the genera Paradowides, Conocoryphe, Ag- nostus, Theca, and a new genus, Cyrtotheca. These are of much the same character as those of the newt group, though the Trilobites differ specifically. 2. Menevian Group.—tThe list of fossils belonging to this group is now 184. REPORT—1866. extended to more than forty species. Their distribution remains precisely the same as that elaborated in the last Report. The greater number of species occur with the largest Paradowides, P. Davidis, which is the upper- most of the three forms known; P. Hicksii occurs at the base of the really dark shales, close upon the grey beds of the Harlech group just mentioned, in which group, 200 feet down, lies, as before noted, the P. Aurora. It is worth notice that these three species, with their accompanying smaller forms (Conocoryphe, Theca, Agnostus with each), keep close to their own particular domains, the species of Paradowxides being never found mixed together. This may serve to show how very perceptible a change of fauna may occur within moderate limits; for the section is perfectly continuous, and yet these Trilobites are confined to narrow bands and do not reappear. A species of Orthis, with few large plaits, has been found this year, the minute predecessor of ail the Orthis tribe. Hitherto nothing but horny species of Brachiopods (Lingula and Discina) has been known to occur in these old beds; and one or other of these go down to the very base, while the Orthis is only found above the limit of the highest Paradowides-beds. [The fossils exhibited gave a general idea of this old fauna; a much larger series is sent to the British Museum and Jermyn Street. | 3. With respect to the Ffestiniog group, or true Lingula-flag beds, we find this formation occupying its right place, at the very top of the Mencevian group. It occurs in a faulted patch in Whitesand Bay ; and forms a bold but narrow synclinal at the mouth of Solva Harbour and the Cradle Rock. It also occurs, of diminished thickness, in the district lying between the granite of Brawdy and Asheston and the syenitic axis. Upon it lies a trough of— 4. Tremadoc Beds, or what we regard as such. They have only this year been worked out fully. And lying as they do upon the true Lingula- flag and under the Arenig or Skiddaw slate, they can hardly be anything but Tremadoc beds. They graduate by insensible degrees from the Lingula- Sandstones, first as bluish-grey slate, and then earthy grey thick-bedded rock of a peculiar tough texture, and contain the following fossils :— Calymene, 2 species. Homalonotus, 1 species. Asaphus, a giant species and a smaller one, the former all but undistin- guishable from the Asaphus Homfrayi of the Tremadoc rocks. Orthoceras, with peculiar arched strie. Nucula or Ctenodonta, 2 or 3 species. Orthis Carausii, a coarse-ribbed fossil, highly characteristic of these beds. Orthis, a fine-ribbed species like O. elegantula. Bellerophon, Lingula, Obolella. Now this fauna is wholly unlike the deep-water fauna of the Tremadoe region. Itis evidently a thin formation, deposited in much shallower water and this may be the reason of the great change in the fauna. But there is something peculiar in the absence of the recognized upper beds of the Lingula-flags as they exist in North Wales. Instead of a recurrence of black slate for the Upper Lingula-flags and lower portion of the Tremadoe group (forming a very thick set of formations deposited in deep water), we have only a thin series of comparatively shallow water accumulations, marked by abundance of worm-tracks, and the fossils above quoted. This gives a marked character to the series, and indicates the following succession up to this point :— ON THE MENEVIAN GROUP. 185 (1) Shallow-water or shore beds for the Harlech group. (2) Slow depression for the Menevian group. (3) Shallow-water or shore accumulations for the Lingula-flagq. (4) Gentle depression for the Tremadoc. (5) And, lastly, deep and decided depression of the sea-bed to receive the next great formation—the Arenig Rocks (Lower Llandeilo, Murchison). 5. Arenig or Skiddaw Rock.—A formation at least a thousand feet thick, of vertical beds of black shale, seen in Whitesand Bay, and occupying also more than half of Ramsey Island, where they lie in a distinct trough of Tremadoe and Lingula-flags ; and everywhere characterized by the following fossils :— Aiglina, 2 species. Ogygia, 2 large species. O. peltata and O, bullata. Asaphus, a large species. Trinucleus, 2 species. Ampyx, 1. sp. Agnostus, Orthis, Lingula, Theca, Bellerophon. And, lastly, branched and twin Graptolites, viz. Dendrograpsus and Di- dymograpsus. No Graptolites occur beneath the Skiddaw group in Britain. And though all these species, except the Graptolites, are distinct from the fossils of the same strata in North Wales and Shropshire, the probable reason is, that the latter were in shallow water, while ours is evidently, like the Skiddaw slate, a deep-water series. We may therefore expect these species to be found in Cumberland. Ramsey Island is worth a visit; for the exhibition of the three sets of rocks (Lingula-flag, Tremadoc, and Arenig) is very complete on the north side of the island, and fossils are abundant. 6. To complete the geology of St. David’s, one must go to the overlying Llan- deilo flags of Abereiddy Bay. These fine slate-quarries are full of fossils. Trilobites of well-known forms, familiar to us at Builth and Llandeilo, crowd the slaty bands, and Graptolites in myriads, principally the species called the tuning-fork graptolite (Didym. Murchison). The chief Trilobite is Ogygia Buchii; but there are many other Builth species, and some very rare ones, Barrandia Cordai, for instance. A few words on the faults of the district, which are literally innumerable. E. and W. faults, sometimes of large amount, but not much indicated on the surface. V.N.W. ones, more conspicuous as lines of valley and marsh; often shift- ing the strata much, and giving outline to the coast. N.E. faults, frequent, but not of very large amount; have not been well observed. NV. and 8. faults, believed to be the latest, and they give much impress to the features of the district, forming short valleys, and shifting the strata, but less than the others, Summary of the facts stated. 1. We have two axes of elevation in the promontory, viz. the granite of Brawdy and Asheston on the south-east, and the so-called St. David’s syenite in the centre. The latter is chiefly altered rock. 2. Between these two axes, and on either side of them, the purple and grey Cambrian rock forms a steep trough, supporting black shales of the Menevian group, followed by Lingula-flag and Tremadoe rock, and on the north side of the coast Arenig or Skiddaw rocks covered by Llandeilo flag. 186 REPORT—1866. 3. The conditions of deposit seem to be, that the Harlech group was nearly uniform with that of North Wales, but, being of finer grain, indicates a somewhat deeper-water deposit. The Menevian, Lingula-flag, and Trema- doc rocks are all much thinner, and, as a rule, of more even deposit, than in North Wales. They, too, seem to have been formed far out at sea, but pro- bably in no great depth of water. The depression in the Arenig and Llandeilo groups seems to have been greater, and particularly in contrast with the conditions of deposit in North Wales and Shropshire, where shore accumulations were being everywhere laid down. But in this respect they are more like the Skiddaw slates, some of whose fossils they include ; and the presence of repeated beds of lava, ash, and ashy slate lends no countenance to the idea that these beds were subject to the oscillations of a shallow sea; for the deposits are remarkably tranquil, fine-grained, and regular. Beds of fossils occur at intervals only in the Arenig and Llandeilo rocks, and are then plentiful, as in other deep-sea de- posits. But the Tremadoc rocks, being apparently laid down on a stationary sea-bed, present us with conditions wholly unlike those of the same period in North Wales, and, perhaps as a consequence of this, with a very different set of organic remains. The Harlech, Menevian, and Ffestiniog group have each large and well stratified beds of true contemporaneous volcanic rock, as well as many in- truded beds, J. W. SALTER. HENRY HICKS, Report on Dredging among the Hebrides. By J. Gwyn Jurrreys, F.R.S. Tus exploration lasted nearly two months, viz. from the 24th of May to the 14th of July in the present year. It comprised Sleat Sound, Lochs Alsh, Duich, Slapin, and Scavaig, and the Minch from Croulin Island to Loch Ewe. Thad a good cutter yacht, the master of which had been employed by me for many years as dredger and took considerable interest in the work, an active and willing crew, four serviceable dredges, 300 fathoms of new rope, ma- chinery for hauling up the dredges, a large tub, sieves, and various other apparatus. The Hydrographer of the Navy obligingly supplied me with such charts as I required, to show the depths and nature of the sea-bottom in the district which I proposed to examine ; and these were of great use in dredging, as wellas for navigation. The weather was too fine ; we were often becalmed for many hours together: and instead of steady breezes, we had too many of those squalls which are so prevalent, and occasionally dangerous, in the He- brides. The Hebridean seas have been often searched, but not explored, by zoolo- gists. Their great extent, and the number of lochs and inlets which indent the coast in every direction, would render necessary an immense deal of money, time, and patience for a complete investigation. There is little pro- bability that the subject of the present Report will ever be exhausted. The Invertebrate fauna of this district is of a northern character, although there are a few exceptions. Such are, among the Mollusea, Zrochus wmbili- calus, Phasianella pullu, Rissoa cancellata or crenulata, Odostomia lactea or ON DREDGING AMONG THE HEBRIDES. 187 Chemnitzia elegantissima, and Plewrobranchus plumula, These may be re- garded as southern forms. The first and third occur as far north as Storno- way; the second ranges to Dunnet Bay in Caithness ; of the fourth I dredged a single specimen in the upper part of the Minch; and the last lives between tide-marks in the Isle of Mull. As a set-off to the above, I would mention the following species, which have now for the first time been found so far south as the Hebrides, viz. Montacuta tumidula (a new species, which I will presently describe), Zvrochus occidentalis, var. pura, Jeffreysia globularis, and Odostomia eximia. ‘The first is Swedish ; the second is Zetlandic, Scan- dinavian, and North American, although it has also been procured in the Orkneys and on the Aberdeenshire coast; the third is Zetlandic, and the fourth Zetlandic also and Norwegian. It must be borne in mind, as regards the extent of geographical distribution, that the southern extremity of the Shetland Isles is distant about 200 miles from the northern extremity of the Hebrides, “ as the fish swims.” Besides the four last-named species, the following seem to reach their most southern limit in the Hebrides :—ZLima elliptica, Leda pygmea, and Trochus Grenlandicus. Leda pygmea has indeed been dredged on the coast of Antrim; but I am now inclined to re- gard the specimens thus obtained as quaternary fossils. Tethea craniwn (a sponge not before known south of Shetland) occurred in tolerable numbers on the Ross-shire side of the Minch. Species of Mollusca, inhabiting the Hebridean seas, which are in the main northern (although they have been fowhd somewhat further south, and some of them occasionally even in the Mediterranean), are— the rest of the terms being insignificant. The second term is AX in the ‘Nautical Almanac.’ Because I is very small, and iE B' is always less than I, sin @ or ea will be very nearly = to unity. Also because 7—A', ¢,, and 3—B' are all small arcs, we may substitute the arcs for their tangents and sines. Hence 1—A'=cos 6 (8—B)=a' (8—B’) and ¢, =f—B; consequently I= + sin 2(A— 93) tan? sue a =A +AX+ fe a and as the libration in longitude /'=/—1,, where J,=the moon’s mean lon- gitude, the libration in longitude=A+AX +# —1,; but since, as mentioned Uy Gavin in section 9, —d’' is to be substituted for ¢,, the expression becomes V=\+A 2 —l,, as in p. x of the ‘ Nautical Almanac.’ a 22. Lohrmann, whose symbol for the moon’s mean longitude is l,*and for the libration in longitude is l’', gives, in ‘ Topoggaphie derSichtbaren Mondoberfliiche,’ p. 28, the following formula for computing the lbration in longitude: ]'=L—L (see section 18 and fig. 6). Now L=270°+B—A and ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 231 L’=1+supp. & (see section 18). For the formul used in computing B see section 11, and for A see section 7. These formule have been employed in the following computations of points of the First Order. The principal part of the libration in longitude is 7—A (see section 9), which, besides changing sign in each lunation with respect to east and west, changes sign also with respect to north and south by the motion of the moon’s apsides. Application of the foregoing investigations to the motion on the apparent disk of the point at which the Equator intersects the First Meridian. 23. It now remains to inquire how the point of intersection of the moon’s equator and first meridian will be affected by the changes in latitude and longitude which the centre of the apparent disk is perpetually undergoing ; for as only the latitude and longitude of this single point are determined by the formule for computing the librations, we do not appear to have at pre- sent the means for tracing out on the moon’s disk the curves representing the moon’s equator and first meridian for any other epochs than that of mean libration, when, as before mentioned, they cross the disk in two straight lines intersecting at the centre; and this inquiry is perhaps the more important as showing how necessary it is, for accurately mapping the surface, to have good determinations of points of the first order. Taking, therefore, the spot on the moon’s surface at which the equator and first meridian intersect each other, we may inquire the path it will describe on the apparent disk during the changes of libration through one revolution of the nodes. 24. In fig. 9 let W ENS represent a small circle concentric with the limb or margin of the apparent disk of the moon, W E being a portion of the equator, Fig. 9. ov NV a and N'§ of the first meridian in mean libration at the passage of the descend- ing node and perigee respectively, and 0 the point of intersection of the two (0° of latitude and longitude), and o! the position occupied by the point o by the joint effect of both librations, o E will consequently represent the greatest excursion of the point 0 in longitude, and oS that in latitude, the equator being projected in the curve ¢!o'g, and the first meridian in co!'m. The 232 REPORT—1866. . displacement of 0 being in the line 0 o', the libration of the centre of the appa- rent disk « will be W in longitude and N in latitude. It is easy to see that the path of the point of intersection of the equator and first meridian, a short time before and after the epoch of mean libration, will be in a very narrow ellipse, the line o! o!' being the major axis, which does not, however, retain its position on the apparent disk, but revolves around the central point. 25, This ellipse opens out and undergoes changes of form proportional to the interval elapsing from the epoch of mean libration until the epoch when the greatest excursion of libration in longitude towards the east (of the point of intersection of the equator and the first meridian) coincides with the passage of the ascending node when the equator is represented as a straight line across the apparent disk and the first meridian by the curve c E m in fig. 10, Fig. 10. where the libration of the centre of the apparent disk is nothing in latitude, but west in longitude. When the first meridian returns to its normal posi- tion, the equator is represented by the curve E!' N q (fig. 10), and the point of intersection is situated at o! (nearly); the libration of the centre in this case is nothing in longitude but south in latitude. 26. At this epoch, intermediate between two of mean libration, the path of the point of intersection of the equator and first meridian may be re- presented by the four diagonals, of which o! o'' (fig. 10) is one, or, perhaps more correctly, by a wavy ellipse; for as the values of the two librations differ in amount, the circle W ENS is not a true representation of the excursions of the intersecting point E and W, N and 8; so when the greatest deviation ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 233 from mean libration occurs, the real path of the intersecting point on the apparent disk is a wide ellipse, which gradually contracts to a narrow ellipse as the epoch of mean libration is approached. This will be the case propor- tionally with every point on the apparent disk, and the displacement will be in every possible direction and at every conceivable angle with the centre of the apparent disk. This suggests that by far the most effective mode of de- termining positions on the moon’s surface is by measures for points of the first order; for let x’ y’ represent the measures in right ascension and decli- nation from the east and north limbs of the point E, x and y will be the corresponding rectangular coordinates necessary to determine the selenogra- phical position when the librations of the centre and the other elements are ascertained. Computation oF Pornts oF THE First ORDER. Measures. In order to compute the selenographical coordinates of a point on the moon’s surface (its latitude and longitude), the following measures are necessary :— Between five and ten measures of the distance of the point from the illu- minated north or south limbs; also from the illuminated east or west limbs as the case may be. The moon’s diameter in the direction of the line drawn through both cusps, which may be assumed perpendicular to the ecliptic as the moon seen from the sun, departs at the utmost only 50” from the plane of the ecliptic. These measures require to be corrected for refraction according to the fol- lowing formule. The measured diameter in micrometer revolutions, which call D, is to be 2 a! dy multiplied by the factor ( 14 a ) in which n'= the angle which the line of the cusps makes with the vertical circle passing through the moon, dr= the difference of refraction in seconds for 10’ in the altitude of the moon (within the narrow space of the moon’s disk the difference of refraction may be assumed proportional to the difference of altitude); dr may be taken from the ‘ Connaissance des Temps.’ The formule for correcting the measured distances (also in micrometer revolutions) of the point from the moon’s limbs are as follows :— In the declination circle, Ah.dr.cosn 25:12 10 ’ in the parallel, Ah'.dr.sinn, 25:12x10 ” nm representing the inclination of the apparent declination circle to the ver- tical circle passing through moon’s centre, and Ah, Ah’ the differences of alti- tude of the measured point and the tangents at the respective limbs. When southerly the correction is + for heights and — for depths, and the reverse when northerly. Having obtained these measures and corrected them, the following elements for the time of observation should be taken from the ‘ Nautical Almanac.’ Elements. a = the true right ascension of the moon. 6 = the true declination of the moon. 234 REPORT—1866. a = the moon’s equatoreal horizontal parallax. R= the moon’s true semidiameter in seconds. The following elements, already computed, will be found in the ‘ Nautical Almanac,’ page 491, year 1867; 489, year 1868; 490, year 1869; 493, year 1870. i = inclination of the moon’s equator to the earth’s equator. A =are of the moon’s equator from its ascending node on the earth’s equator to its ascending node on the ecliptic. 6&3 '= AR. of the ascending node of the moon’s equator on the earth’s equator. 1 = moon’s mean longitude. For the formule see ante, sect. 7, p. 224. In addition,— p = log of earth’s radius at the place of observation. ' = latitude of the place of observation corrected for the spheroid. S = sidereal time of observation conyerted into are. Example. Taking Lohrmann’s example, we have, 1823, October 22, 0" 35™ 15s, true time Dresden, Theophilus from the N. limb...... 48-32 i- Hs dD da aR A is 55°61 Moon’s semidiameter ............ 38:79=R’, all in micrometer revolutions corrected for refraction. Hiew ie In fig. 11 let F be the measured point, then «= the coordinate in the parallel, and y= the coordinate in the declination circle. Accordingly, a= +16"82, y=—9"53. The values of the above-named elements at the time of observation were as under :— i a“ Oo i “ a= 50 Aten i= (99 5b 84 3 = +422 59 22 A = 109 38 6 <= | Onbesee 2'= 3 30 36 R= omer liicks pbasanell ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 235 Latitude 51° 3' 0" N., longitude 0° 45" 40° E. of Paris Observatory, from whence rel : g= 50 51 53 log p=9:9991353 log (p sin g’)=9-8888055 log (p cos ¢')=9°7992703 S= 34 35 45 Parallax in Right Ascension and Declination. The next step is to obtain the apparent right ascension and declination of the moon. Also p'=N.P.D. of moon’s apparent centre =90 +0’, d'N,— o'8,+ A= inclination of ito p'= 90°— 9'+a’, or =270°+ Q3'—a’'. Let a’ = the moon’s apparent right ascension ; 8’= the moon’s apparent declination ; then for a’ we have 1s pcos ¢' sin (a—$) i 9008 9' sin T655 (gg) = oie = 1—p cos g' sin r Ty ales sienna ies = (CON (aa cos 6 a= 50 44 54 S = 34 35 45 (a—3)= 16 9 9 ; log p cos ¢' 9-79927 log ae 8-06829 os log sin + 8-23308 log cos(@—-3) 9°98251 ar. co. log cos 6 0:03594 sum = log 2 8:05080 sum = 8:06829 n 0:01124 logsin(a—3) 9:44434 (1—n) 0-98876 ar. co. log (1—n) 0:00491 , sum = log tan @” 751754 fe] 4 “i a" + 01119 : 50 dd Ba sum = @’ 50 56 13 For 6’ we have ‘inne sin g' sin + tan 3’ = cos 6 a psing' sina _ 1__ 2.008 9" sin 3 (ecet-3} 8 ona inches = Mo ee o° E PT ae Jiameter Plate V. AREA IV Af. O2 LO° South Latitude 9° 8° ‘i EAST ys . LUNAR MAP ZONE IV @° 50 6 sourit 3° phe | (os 10) 10! 9° bf i 2 WEST EAST L ' ¥ List = Fy 70 7 \" NORTH he ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 941 localities of IV A* and IV A? may be easily ascertained by refereuce to exist- ing maps, the large formations, Hipparchus, Albategnius, and Ptolemzeus, being sufficiently indicated. The plate contains a portion from Beer and Midler’s map corresponding to areas IV A* and IV A’. The small circle above on the same scale represents one degree at the centre of the disk in mean libration. The large circle be- low represents a similar area on the scale of 200 inches to the diameter, that of the British Association Outline Map. It contains 279-27 square miles (English), and is seen under an angle of 16’-277+. It is only at the centre of the disk that one degree is seen under an angle of 16-277; in other parts of the disk the reduction is in the proportion of the angle subtended at the centre x cosine of the angular distance from the centre ; thus at a distance of 12° from the centre, 16"-277 x cos $22 ==15"7922, and at a distance of 60°, 16’-277 x cos 60°=8""139. The arrangement of subzones to each observer in zone II. area IV A“ is as follows :—No. 1, S. lat. 0° to 1°; No. 2, 0° to 2°; No. 3, 1° to 3°; No. 4, 2° to 4°; No. 5, 3° to 5°; and No. 6, 4° to 5°S. lat.: No. 6 of area IV A* will be allotted to No. 1 of zone IV area IV A$, the numbers of which are -as follows :—No. 1, S. lat. 5° to 6°; No. 2, 5° to 7°; No. 3, 6° to 8°; No. 4, 7° to 9°; No. 5, 8° to 10°; and No. 6, 9° to 10° S. lat. The very high probability, if not certainty, that the crater “Linné” has undergone a physical change since it was first figured by Riccioli in 1653, induces the belief that if lunar objects were observed upon a regular system from time to time, other instances of inferred physical change may be detected, especially among the smaller features. With this view, the objects in each area of two subzones, arranged in the order of their visibility, as far as ascer- tained, are specified, that observers may have as little trouble as possible in selecting objects for observation. The following numbers refer to the accompanying catalogue. Those marked with two asterisks (**) are conspicuous, those with one (*) are easy, those with a dagger are difficult (+), and those with a double dagger ({) are very difficult, and but rarely seen. Nearly the whole of the objects recorded in area ITV A’ have been observed with an aperture of 41 inches, object- glass by Cooke, power 230. The exceptions are mostly noticed, It is re- commended that conspicuous objects should be examined first. _ Anza IV Aq, No. 1. Lat. 0° to 1° S.—1**, 43, 46, 47, 49, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 85, 87. No. 2. Lat. 0° to 2° S.—1**, 11, 15, 19, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78, 84, 85, 87 No. 3. Lat. 1° to 3° S.—2**, 10**, 4*, 5, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 77, 78, 83, 84, 86. No. 4. Lat. 2° to 4° S—2#*, 10**, 4#, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 49, 54, 56, 57, 67, 73, 77, 81, 82, 83, 86. No. 5. Lat. 3° to 5° §.—2**, 10**, 51**, 6*, 7#, 9*, 18*, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 67, 71, 73, 79, 80, $1, 82, 88, 754, 76+. No. 6. Lat. 4° to 5° S.—51**, 6*, 7*, 9*, 18%, 3, 17, 22, 23, 24, 28, 33, 34, », 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 71, 79, 80, 81, 88, 75+, 76t. R 242 REPORT—1866. Ara IV AS. No. 1. Lat. 5° to 6° §.—47**, 24*, 49*, 58*, 11, 38, 39, 81, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 854. No. 2. Lat. 5° to 7° 8.—4'7**, 24*, 28*, 37*, 49*, 56*, 58*, 60*, 61*, 11, 27, 38, 39, 46, 48, 57, 59, 80, 81, 85, 86, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114. No. 3. Lat. 6° to 8° 8.—1**, 4**, 6**, 7**, 16**, 25**, 29**, 3*, 28%, 80*, 31*, 37*, 49*, 56*, 60*, 61*, 11, 13, 14, 27, 44, 45, 46, 48, 57, 59, 80, 81, 86, 88, 92, 98, 99, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114. 2+, 15+, 18+, 19f, 214, 22+, OF, 204, 624, 63t, 644. No. 4, Lat. 7° to 9° Si—1**, 4**, 5**, 6**, 7**, 16**, 25**, 20**, 33**, 77**, 3*, 30*, 31*, 82*, 37*, 43*, 61*, 65*, 13, 14, 23, 26, 27, 42, 44, 45, 54, 66, 78, 79, 83, 84, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 107, 2T, 15t, 18+, 19, 21t, 22+, 76T, 89+, 8t, IF, 204, 71t, 62f, 63, 64t. No. 5. Lat. 8° to 10° S.—5**, 16**, 17**, 25**, 33**,34**, 36**, 67**, 77**, 10*, 12*, 32%, 43*, 52*, 55*, 65*, 75*, 23, 26, 35, 40, 41, 42, 50, 51, 53, 54, 66, 68, 69, 70, 78, 74, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 72+, 76+, 89+, Bt, 9, 714. No. 6. Lat. 9° to 10° 8.—17**, 33**, 34**, 36**, 67**, 10*, 12*, 52*, 55*, 65*, 75*, 35, 40, 41, 42, 50, 51, 53, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 78, 82, 83, 87, 97, 72t. OBSERVATIONS, Identification —The first step is to identify the objects in each pair of subzones, which may be best exemplified by the following record of observa- tions for this purpose. Identification of Objects in Subzones No.3, Area IV A®. 1866, October 16, 7*15™ to 8" 30", G.M.T. No. 500. Day elapsed of the Julian Period (D. J. P.) 2402891, moon’s latitude north 4° 54’ Apogee+ 92", Perigee —201", Royal Astronomical Society’s Sheepshanks telescope, No. 5, 23-inch aperture, power about 150. Definition good, terminator grazing east edge of Ptolemeus. IVA$!, Very conspicuous, but outline more circular. 4. Quite conspicuous. 6. Very conspicuous. 7. Quite conspicuous. 25. Its individual character and slight depression discernible, but this telescope appears to be unable to bring out its features strongly, 29. Quite easy; the spur is not so distinct. 3. Conspicuous, border illuminated, interior filled with shadow. 28. Just perceptible, but not very distinct. 30. Scarcely discernible. 31, Just perceptible. 13, 14 & 15. Not at all distinct, but some indications of the crater-row. 27. Just perceptible. It is not very striking, and would by no means arrest the attention with this aperture and power. 2. Not visible with this aperture nor power. 18, 19. Not visible with this aperture nor power. 21. Not visible with this aperture nor power. 22. Not visible with this aperture nor power. 9. Not visible with this aperture nor power; the shadows of Tyas! and IVA$>® project slightly. | ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 243 20. Not visible. There is, however, some indication of depression or excavation on the interior slope of IV A$!, just south-west of the promontory stretching towards the crater-row 13-19. In this manner every object may be sought for, and either identified, or if it be beyond the power of the telescope to show it, recorded as such, and so far as the pair of subzones extends, the capability of the telescope to reach only certain objects determined. These may be arranged—for the telescope employed—in classes of conspicuous, easy, difficult, very difficult, and invi- sible; and in thus becoming fully acquainted with the objects in the pair of subzones he has selected, the observer will find that he has employed his time to great advantage ; indeed he will be surprised that, by regularly exa- mining his portion to identify the objects already on record, he has become thoroughly acquainted with all the prominent features of the region. In work of this kind the observer will find it very advantageous to exa- mine his subzones under similar conditions of illumination, which recur roughly in periods of fifty-nine days, but more accurately in fifty-nine days eighty-eight minutes; and these periods will afford an interval of about eight months, during which, in every alternate month, should the sky be clear, he will see the objects similarly illuminated (very nearly). The numbers in the sixth column, headed “ days elapsed of the Julian Period,” on p. xx of each month in the Nautical Almanac, will facilitate the computation of these periods. Thus, if on January 13, 1867, at 6 p.m., he notices the Terminator or Light boundary to pass over any particular spot, 594 1" 30™ afterwards the Terminator will very nearly be on the same spot. Now the day elapsed of the Julian Period (written short D. J. P.) on January 13, 1867,is ...... 2402980 6 0 ails ip onan tn oe thar 59 1 30 Margh 18; 1567 ° 356. .s.; 2403039 .7 30 Upon referring to the column for March it will be found that on the 18th, at 7> 30™ p.a., the same phase will recur; and in a similar manner it may readily be found that on May 11th, 9" 0", July 9th, 10" 30™, and September 6th, 128 0", the Terminator will be nearly in the same part of the disk, so that on those evenings the observer can resume his examination or other kind of observations under nearly similar circumstances. Corrections—When he has become familiar with his ground, the ob- server may proceed to examine the map and catalogue critically. For ex- ample, he may carefully ascertain if the relative position of the objects on the portion of the map furnished him be correct, and whether the alignments generally agree ; for this purpose, a pair of cross wires in the field of the eye- piece, by which he can readily determine objects in the same line, will be found useful. It is important to notice particularly the outlines of objects, as should he be satisfied after observing them under differing circumstances of light and libration * that correction is needed, such correction should be made on the map either in ink or a different colour from that of the map. New Objects—As the Terminator passes over the portions of the sub- * Libration, in a popular sense, signifies the displacement of an object as regards its mean position on the moon’s surface, in which it can be observed only once in three years. When the moon has north latitude, all objects appear north of their mean places, and when she has south latitude south of them. When the moon is passing from Apogee to Perigee they are west, and when she is passing from Perigce to Apogee they are cast of their mean positions. R2 ye 244. REPORT—1866. zones selected, as well as at other times, all objects observed that are not to be found on the map nor described in the catalogue, should be inserted pro- visionally, their relative positions having been carefully determined by align- ment or otherwise. Drawings.—When opportunities occur, drawings should be made of groups, especially such as are indicated of conspicuous and easy visibility. (Difficult objects may be sketched when definition is very fine.) Reaumur, Rheticus IV A“!0 TV A#11 with the group near IVA$!, also TVA$25, TV A858, Hal- ley, and Horrox are very suitable for this purpose. Measurements—The most important are for determining points of the first order, and consist of measures taken with the micrometer between the apparent east or west and north or south limbs of the moon and the object; the subject is fully treated with an example of the computation in Ap- pendix II. Report, 1866. The mountain IVA$29, and the craters IV.AS, IVAS7, andIVA$ 12, appear to be very suitable as points of the first order. Measures may also be taken for magnitude: see Report, 1865, p. 295. The following measures of Halley in a direction perpendicular to the paral- lel, the object being made to run between the wires, may serve as an example :— 1866, June 23, 8" 10™ to 8" 25" G, M. T. Yr. r. 10317 9-692 4 af 10:307 9-717 Means ..... ————,——_ = "2982 10-321 9°727 Dionysius 10°316 9-697 . 5 17. 10:2366 —9°7732 __ oaqe 10-295 9-741 80 to8 DS ae == Deh « The magnitude is determined by dividing the measure of the object by that of the standard, thus: Halley=-2982, and Dionysius=:2317, therefore the magnitude of Halley oo = 1-287. 2317 In reading the micrometer head, the value of the fixed wire from which the positive readings are made, is reckoned equal to ten revolutions, there- fore the negative readings are equal to nine revolutions+ the readings of the micrometer head, and as the difference between the two readings will equal twice the measure of the object, it follows that the mean of the positive— the mean of the negative readings—divided by 2, will equal the measure of the object. For the reception of the observations above specified copies of Form No. 1 (Report, 1865, p. 287) will be supplied, and when corrections and additions have become sufficiently numerous, duplicate copies of the map will be furnished. Each observation should be accompanied by references to the following data :—Greenwich mean time; day elapsed of the Julian Period (D. J. P.); the moon’s latitude to the nearest minute, and the moon’s nearest distance from Apogee to Perigee with the sign—before or+after. At the time of the observations given on p. 242, the moon had passed Apogee 92 hours and wanted 201 hours of Perigee. Objects were therefore west of their mean positions. It is desirable that returns should be made at specified intervals not ex- ceeding six Iunations. ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. | 245 CATALOGUE. In the following Catalogue every feature seen on the photographs (as well as some of the more minute detail discoverable by the telescope) is described. The descriptions include all the points of interest that have presented themselves in the examination of this part of the moon’s surface, either by the aid of photographs or by means of personal observation; and some at- tempt has been made to assist in obtaining a more correct representation of the moon’s surface, by giving the measures in seconds of arc of the objects catalogued, and in the case of craters the deduced apparent magnitudes, the erater Dionysius being considered as the standard. These measures and de- duced magnitudes can only be regarded as roughly approximate, the epochs being mean distance and mean libration; they cannot consequently be ex- pected to coincide with any actual measures ; for as the epoch of mean libra- tion cannot be coincident with that of mean distance, measures made at mean distance will not agree with those made at mean libration. The basis of measurement is as follows :—the semidiameter of the moon 15' 32'"27, as given by Oudemans from occultations and direct measurements by the helio- meter (see Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. xxvi. p- 260), has been adopted, and as this gives 1864'°54 for the diameter, a scale has been adapted to the datum 100 inches=1864":54. Rutherford’s photograph, from which the measurements have been taken, is 20°874 inches in diameter, and as the measures are readily convertible from 20°875 to 100 inches, they are at once referred to mean distance, irrespective of the actual position of the moon, either as to distance or libration, and, as before stated, can only be considered as approximate; nevertheless it is hoped they may be of some service both in obtaining a better acquaintance with the moon’s surface, and also contributing to its being more accurately represented. The magnitudes for the epoch of the photogr aph have been deduced as de- scribed in my last Report (Report, 1865, p. 295), but the values are pro- bably too small, as the measured diameter on the photograph of Dionysius appears to be excessive, the crater being surrounded by a fringe of light*. As most of the measures for magnitude have been made in a direction at right angles to a line joining the north edge of Dionysius and the south edge of Agrippa, the deduced magnitudes may be easily corrected at any future time by measurements in the same direction. It is proper to remark that the positions have been laid down and the magnitudes in the first instance determined by a scale, radius=50 inches, all measures being expressed in parts of this scale, radius=unity. For the expression of all quantities in seconds of arc the measurements have been re-made, and directly referred to the scale, 100 inches=1864'"54, quite irre- spective of the scale 50 inches=radius. The magnitudes have been deter- mined on both scales, and the resulting mean adopted; some discrepancies, however, will be found between the measures in seconds of are and the magnitudes, which, as before stated, are the results of two sets of measures, while the value in seconds of arc depend on one only. The greatest number of differences in this respect occur amongst those objects that range between 3” and 4”, but as they do not materially interfere with the gradations of magnitude which range between 0™-06 and 0™-70, it is considered best to * This fringe of light appears to vary in size, the differences in above 70 sets of mea- sures of the diameter of Dionysius in various directions included by an angle of 50° po nese to about 6" or 4" more than can be accounted for by the varying distances of the moon 246 REPORT—1866. give the results of the measures as they stand; especially as the object is to indicate to selenographers the work to be done, rather than to claim for the present work anything like perfection ; still it is hoped that no little progress is now being made in selenography. Wherever the word “ crater” is used in the catalogue, it invariably signi- fies a pit, cavity, or more or less round depression, in which at sunrise or sunset a well-marked interior shadow is seen on the side next the sun, the opposite side reflecting more or less strongly the sun’s rays. It is also retained with the same signification for all those objects designated craters by previous selenographers, It has been suggested to employ the term “ craterlet” for the round white glistening objects which are so numerous, particularly in the mountainous regions of the moon, associating with it the idea of a more recent formation than the larger objects. These small objects frequently occur in rows, as mentioned by Schmidt (see Appendix to last Report, 1865, pp. 305-807), and called by him crater-rills. It is in rills and crater-rills that Herr Schmidt is disposed to seek for new formations (see Report, 1865, p. 299), and recom- mends the particular study of them with this view. As it is important to have some distinguishing feature between ordinary craters (including even large formations) and craterlets, I would suggest for this purpose size or magnitude, all pits having a smaller diameter than mag. 0:3 or 5” being re- garded as “craterlets ;”’ bright craters exceeding 5” will form a class inter- mediate between “ craterlets” and “ light-centres.” In a few instances objects are mentioned as bright or lucid spots, the exact nature of which it is difficult to determine. The recent obscwration or pro- bable filling up of the crater “ Linné” on the Mare Serenitatis, and a lucid spot having been seen in its place, suggests that such objects should be care- fully observed, especially when the Terminator is near them. IV A%%9, TV A&7!, and IV AS !02 may be specified as examples. Area LV A®, Introduction. The positions in this area are more easterly than given by Beer and Midler, or by Lohrmann. ‘They are all taken in the first instance from De La Rue’s photograph of the 4th of October, 1865, G. M. T. 9" 0™ 4%. Libration in longitude at 11° 40™-6=—0° 39'-7, and latitude = —0° 209; so that the middle of the apparent disk was not very far distant from the point which is central in the orthographic projection. The libration in longitude was, how- ever, of an extent sufficient to remove the point 0° of longitude so far to the west as to require a correction of -020 to all measures on the photograph be- tween 0° and 15° of latitude. On making this correction for the ordinates Y, taken from the photograph, of Messier, Theophilus, and Dollond, the south half of the central meridian exactly coincided. The central mountain of Albategnius differed from the three ordinates above-mentioned ‘010. There does not appear to be any error in the mean of Lohrmann’s seven measures, or in the computation as given by B. & M. of the ordinate Y of the central mountain ; still in this respect the photograph differs from the computed quantity. The central mountain in Theophilus lies in nearly the same parallel as that of Albategnius, the computed difference of Y being °36659, the measured 37400, which also gives the position of the central mountain in Albategnius more eastwardly than the computed. As the central moun- ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 247 tain of Albategnius is the only point of the first order south of the equator between 0° and 15° of south latitude and 0° and 10° west longitude, all posi- tions in this and the neighbouring areas are measured from it either directly or indirectly on the photograph (glass) of 1858, February 22 (De La Rue), this giving the features near the middle of the disk more distinctly than that of the full moon. It is to be regretted that points of the first order are so few; the method of determining points of the second order involving a certain amount of inaccuracy, very few are found to coincide with the positions as given by measurements on the photographs. B. & M.’s points of the second order are indicated thus, x7, &c. The crater IV A** and the mountain-peak IV A229 on the east of Halley, may form suitable points of the first order for the areas IV A* and IV A°. There should at least be one point of the first order in each area, In the greater portion of this area three distinct levels may be recognized under suitable illumination ; that on the south-west consists of the northern part of Hipparchus. The central level is that surrounding the crater LY A%#;, it is lower than that of Hipparchus; the surface of Reaumur constitutes the third leyel; it is on the east of the area. Two great lines of disturbance from Tycho can be traced on this area, of which the western is the most prominent, and appears as a lucid ray in full moon. It presents the character of a gently swelling raised land across the smoother floor of Hipparchus in the southern part of the area, and rises. into somewhat lofty cliffs on the western borders of IV A%!°, and Rheeticus in the northern, The eastern line of disturbance can be well traced to Tycho along the western borders of Ptolemzus and Alphonsus through Arzachel, haying in its interior produced a ridge on which a crater is opened, it is thence continued along the west border of Thebit and east border of Purbach, and erosses LV A“ and IVA“*. In areas IV A%, IV A% a portion only of this line of disturbance appears lucid at the time of full moon. Points of the First Order. None. Points of the Second Order indicated thus x. ; x x 8. lat. W. long. TV Att... 04018 05665 218 3°15 AS? “04769 -02440 2 44 1 24 | ie ‘07672 00145 4 24 0 5 PV ART ks 07527 "04726 419 2 43 **], Rumricus.—Lohrmann’s map, 234, Sect. 1., K. The part south of equator, Rheeticus is a well-marked walled depression, apparently of a nearly tri- angular form, situated on the equator. It is one of the few formations that can have both the sun and the earth in its zenith. Its walls are per- fect with the exception of two passes, one at its south angle, the other at its north-west. The west wall, which is the highest, is nearly straight, and forms part of the high land which appears in the full moon as the “ Ray from Tycho” passing through the east border of Albategnius. This wall is dislocated by the fault IV A” 1, Ty AB 20, Ty A@72, and it is near the point of dislocation that the north-west pass is found. The north and east walls form a somewhat semicircular mountain-range, but the north being the flattest, tends to impart to the formation a triangular 248 REPORT—1866. figure, and this is increased by the more gentle slope of the north interior as compared with the interior slopes of the east and west walls which are steeper. The exterior slopes, although rugged, are much more gentle than the interior. The north wall is disturbed by the same fault that has dislocated the west, the effects of which may be seen in the crater Triesnecker, The level of the floor of this interesting formation is the lowest between TV A@10 and the Sinus Medii. B. & M. mention and delineate a central mountain in Rheticus. Lohrmann also gives it. I observed and sketched it 1864, April 14, and again 1867, April 11. On the west and south, and including the valley IV A**® on the cast, Rheticus may be said to be partly surrounded by a second wall nearly equidistant from its centre, and about the same distance from the east and west walls as the length of the east and west diameter of Rheticus. The portion of the second wall on the west is parallel with the west wall of Rheticus, and is also the highest. Longest diameter from summit of north wall to the summit of south wall east of “ Pass” 29"-48. Shortest diameter at right angles to the longest, from summit of east to summit of west wall 27'-10. Riccioli’s Rheeticus is situated between Stadius and Copernicus. **2, Reaumur.—A somewhat depressed plain surrounded by a “ wreath” of mountains, V of Lohrmann, Sect. I. 236; of his map. Schmidt mentions a rill, No. 364, south to north across Reaumur. I do not find it on the photograph. It was discovered in 1853, May 14, with the Berlin refractor. 3. Hipparcuus.—Lohrmann’s map, 233. The north-east part. This formation, which is very strongly individualized by Lohrmann in his Section I. (Topographie der Sichtharen Mondoberflache), and nearly as much so by B. & M., can hardly be said to possess so distinct a character, for it is only when the terminator is in its neighbourhood that its real features are well seen. Indeed, B. & M. describe it as an assemblage of diverse lunar forms, rather than a general whole, which are only scen to advantage near the time of sunrise and sunset; for at these times, especially at sunrise, the interior surface, of a dark-grey and furrowed through by long shadows, sepa- rates itself distinctly from the brighter environs. According to later obser- vations, it appears to consist of a tract of land between two depressions, Albategnius, and the low land IV A@!!, which surrounds the crater IV A“ 4. Of these depressions Albategnius is the lowest. The surface of Hipparchus is slightly convex, the highest point being near the formation TV A¢58, Its boundaries differ very considerably front the ordinary boundaries of walled plains, so much so that it can scarcely be regarded as a formation of this class, As figured by Lohrmann and B. & M., its 8.W. boundary commences near the bright crater [TV A °5, and is continued in a nearly straight line to the valley IV A”°, This boundary is really that of the mass of high land in which Halley, Hind, IV A”? and IV A”8, are opened, and which appears to be the highest in this part of the moon; and the boundary is continued as a high steep range of mountains E.S.E. along the steep crater rill TV Aé ®7 on the north of Albategnius to the junction of the 8.W. and west borders of Ptole- mus and Alphonsus. The west border of Hipparchus coincides with the “fault” IV A711, TV AB 20 TV A@ “2 (this fault extends as far as or beyond Triesneckcr). The north boundary differs in a very marked degree from the S.W., inasmuch as the land on the §S.W. rises to a considerable elevation, ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 249 while on the N.N.E. it is depressed. The north boundary consists of cliffs which do not appear to rise much, if at all, above the surface of Hipparchus, —_ S.w. Hipparchus,. N.N.E. their faces looking towards the depressed land IV A*!!. It is this feature which occasions the evanescent character of Hipparchus, so that in about forty-eight hours after the terminator has passed it, this boundary is no longer discernible. It is in the neighbourhood of IV A®“ that the cliffs be- gin to rise to any extent above the surface of Hipparchus, and itis here that the east boundary commences. This boundary passes through IV A*!7, TV A¢29, the mountains IV A¢37 and IV A5°!, the west slope of IV A%® to Ty AS%3, where the S.W. boundary commences. The south angle of Hipparchus is filled with the formation IV A% 25, which is slightly depressed below its level, the land filling the angle between Alba- tegnius and Ptolemeeus being higher. *4, A crater just 8.W. of a line joining the south point of Rheticus with the 8.W. point of Reaumur. H. of B. & M. 6°18, mag. 0°37. Shown by Lohrmann. This crater, although neither large nor bright, is yet sufficiently conspicuous to form a point of the “ First Order.” Its position, second order, x 4, as given by B. & M., is ‘0145 west of its position as measured on the photographs. This crater is very interestingly situated on the depressed land IV A@!1, extending between Rhecticus, Horrox, and Reaumur, and is surrounded by mountains and cliffs disposed in a nearly circular form at an average dis- tance of 24-73. These mountains, however, must not be regarded as by any means intimately connected with the crater; for the ranges of which they form parts have over a very extensive area a general direction 8.8S.W.-N.N.E.; but the interesting feature is, that with the exception of those to the N.E., the summits of the mountains in the neighbour- hood of IV A“‘ attain their greatest altitudes at or about the distance above named. We are not without numerous instances of craters being accompanied by strong evidences of their having been centres of considerable disturbance ; and although but few radiating marks are found characterizing TV A@#, yet they are not entirely wanting, as doubtless large apertures will show; so that it is not unlikely that while the general mountain formations originated by the operation of a force of a very extensive character, the out- burst which produced IV A** might within its range of action have modified the surrounding surface. It is noteworthy that IV A%‘ and the group IV A%? are opened upon a “ Ray from Tycho,” which is coincident with the high ranges forming the west borders of Ptolemxus and Alphonsus, and also with - the crater and ridge on Arzachel. It is probable some of the highest peaks in the central portion of the southern hemisphere may be found on this ray. Its direction is 8.S.E.-N.N.W., and, as mentioned under IV A4,is to be referred to a more recent convulsion than that which produced the lines of disturbance having a general direction 8.S.W.-N.N.E. 5, A mountain-peak on the 8.W. border of Reaumur, A of B, & M. 250 REPORT—1866. Length of crest 8-08. Position, second order, x 5, ‘0103 west of photograph. Not well shown by Lohrmann. This peak is a conspicuous object on the line of cliffs extending from the east of Ptolemeus past Herschel (III A¢!), and the west rim of Reaumur to the S.W. end of the rill of Hyginus. See partial description in Notes on IIT A’. *6, A crater S.E. of Reaumur 8-08, mag. 0:5. In consequence of the position of objects being more to the east in arca IV A%, the west border only comes into TV A*. The crater is a conspicuous object on the line of cliffs noticed under ITV A®% 5. 92 Lohrmann, See. I. *7, A crater between Reaumur and Halley, also between Herschel and Horrox. F of B. & M., 5’-71, mag. 0°34. Position second order x 7, ‘0139 west of photograph. This crater is placed by B. & M. and Lohrmann on the N.E. border of Hip- parchus, which is figured both by B. & M. and Lohrmann, as a plain sur- rounded by mountains (see ante, p. 248), 1867, Feb. 11, I found it, as figured by B. & M. and Lohrmann, opened on a mountain. It is probable that a mountainous connexion exists between Reaumur and IV A$ 59, 8. The N.W. part of the line of cliffs from Reaumur to Herschel. *9, The N.W. part of a plain west of Herschel, the W of Lohrmann, Sect. I. See IV AS?4. **10,. A crater-form depression south of Rheticus. This depression, which is a very conspicuous and well-marked object on the photograph of February 22, 1858, is hardly if at all recognizable on B. & M.’s map or Lohrmann’s, Sect. I. Its form is sufficiently remarkable to arrest the attention. The southern part presents the appearance of a crater which is elongated, and contracted towards the north, from whence a valley [V A °5 extends towards Rheeticus. The south end of IV A%!° forms a somewhat high cliff, [V A* 14, as com- pared with its interior. The valley LV A%*? is excavated in this cliff; IV A% 1° is more particularly described under IV A**?. The west border of Rheeticus, and also that of IV A*!°, the cliffs passing east of Horrox and crossing Hipparchus with the formation IV A¢?°, and the mountains continued as far as the crater TV A*® on the east of Albategnius, together form a line of cliffs with gently sloping faces towards the west by south. This line of cliffs comes out in the full moon as a “ Ray” directed towards Tycho. It is well marked, and more or less continuous, although in many places it suffers interruptions. 11. The tract of low land surrounding IV A%* discovered by W. R. Birt, 1866, Noy. 14. It is principally at the time of sunrise that this tract is perceptible as a depressed surface ; at other times, except that of sunset, it is scarcely if at all distinguishable from the surface of Hipparchus. 12. A somewhat wide valley between IV A* 82 and IV A®®° on the line of cliffs from IV A%? toTV A%!°, The east and west sides rise into eminences ; ITV A%°° on the east is immediately between IV A“? and IV A@ !8, its sloping sides forming respectively the east and west interiors of the depressions adjoining. An attentive inspection will, however, convince the observer that IV A% 9° is a mountain sloping ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 251 in every direction, and that the depressions east and west present the characteristics of valleys in the line of cliffs on the south border of [LV A%11, The eminence on the west is the east side of the val- ley IV A% 32. The approximate measures of IV A% 12 are, length 8.S.W.-N.N.E., 12”:0, breadth 9-0. 13. A bay in the south border of IV A%!! between IV A%!2 and IV A% 28, 14. A cliff or mountain-peak south of TV A% 19, Shown by Lohrmann. From this cliff there are three divergent lines, one slightly west of south to IV A558; this (IV A% 49) forms the west foot of the cliff, IV A%38, Ty A%38, TV A“ 14; one nearly due south, but slightly inclined to east, this forms the summit of the cliff IV A¢ 38, which is furrowed by IVA%81, The third passes through the mountain IV A¢37, and in the south part of its course is coincident with the east edge of the shallow and sinuous continua- tion of the valley IV A¢ 89, Iv A@ 14, Ty A#%82, Ty Aw12, TV A380, TV A#18, and IV A%28 exhibit a well-marked and characteristic line of cliffs south of the crater IV A%*; a depression ITV A¥?°, not unlike IV A%!2 and IV A# 13, connects IV A% 4# with this line, to which, with the mountains around, IV A% #, stands somewhat in the relation of a centre. 15. A short mountain-range extending §.E. from the §.E. border of Rheticus. IV A%7 and IV Aé49 with ITI A216, the crater on the floor of Ptolemzeus, are in the continuation of this line. 16, A mountain-peak on the west border of Reaumur. Length of crest 7-18; probably B. & M.’s 8. Not well shown by Lohrmann. 17. A bright spot S.S.W. of IV A% 7, the north part. 5-94, mag. 0°37; probably a crater in the east boundary of Hipparchus. See IV Aé 39. *18. A craterlet S.E. of Horrox. 2'°85, mag. 0-18. 19. A mountain-peak on the N.W. border of Reaumur. Length 7'-13. TV A@16 and IV A%!9 are in continuation with a slight break. IV A%5 and IV A#16 are quite detached. None are shown well by Lohrmann. 20. A depression between IV A # and IV A@!5, and also IV A% 28, Direction S.S.W., length 12':36, breadth 6-66. Two rays proceed from the E.S.E. side; the S.S.W. ray extends as far as IV A%27, and the N.N.E. ray nearly as far as IVA%?!. The depression consists of two parts, one to the 8.S.W., the other to the N.N.E., not very unlike two craters that had coalesced. This, however, is hardly likely to have been the nature of their origin, for they rather appear to be hollows in the E.S.E. side of the chain of low mountains or cliffs running towards Hipparchus. Two summits in this chain are discernible, [V A% 8° at the W.N.W. end of the depression, Iv A* 15 and IV A%3! forming the S.W. part of IV A% 2°, A somewhat similar formation, [V A 54, but rather smaller, occurs near and to the south of the group IV Ao! both IV A* 20 and IV Aé 54 have the same direction. 21. A mountain 8.W. of IV A” 5 with a spur running between IV A# 25 and IV A¥27, Il figured by Lohrmann. 22. A craterlet E.S.E. of TV A®7 3’-6, mag, 0-21. Not in Lohrmann. 252 REPORT—1866. 28. A craterlet S.E. of IV A% 2? 2”-85, mag. 0-18. Tv A#7, IV A% 22, and IV A# 23 form a short crater-row; length 12':4, which with IV A% 24, TV A# 26, and the mountains extending towards Reau- mur, form an interesting group between IV AS! and its surroundings, and IV A*4, It is, however, not nearly so conspicuous as the group IV A$}, 24, A somewhat shallow crater opening into the valley IV A¥ 29. It is in the line of disturbance IV A% 5—IV A®@ 7. . 6-66, mag. 0°39. This line is very eactly in the prolongation of VIII. 8.S.W. of IV A%, but separated from it by the comparatively smooth floor of Hipparchus, which extends here over a wide space. 25. A short mountain-range east of IV A% 24 and IV A% 2! ; length of crest 11-0. It appears to take its rise at the east edge of IV A% 24, and nearly fills the angle of IV A%2!. 26, A craterlet W.N.W. of IV A% 24, 3'"1, mag. 0:18, shown by B. &M. but misplaced. Shown much larger by Lohrmann ? 27. A short mountain-range, crest somewhat sinuous, extending from TV A@ 24 and IV A% 26 towards IV A% 1; length of crest 11'-4. 28. A short mountain-range west of IV A%7 and IV A®% 26, direction S.S.W., length of crest 8'"56, breadth of base 6:18. The W.N.W. slope appears to be more gentle than the opposite, and the crest is rounded. The north end of this mountain-range appears to be B. & M.’s y, and Lohrmann’s See. I. 33. - 29. The valley between TV A% 25 and IV A% 27, apparently communicat- ing with IV A% 24. Shown by Lohrmann. 30. A mountain between the depressions IV A@ !? and IV A@ 18, 31. A mountain at the S.W. end of IV A%?°; its west slope is pro- minent. Shown by Lohrmann, Sec. I. near 32 and 33, 32. A short valley S.S.E. of IV A% 1°, length 14'-74, breadth 5’-23. This valley is very exactly in the line of the similar valley IV A” !8 which pierces the line of cliffs IV A" 16, forming the south-west border of Hippar- ’ chus. The surface of Hipparchus from IV A” !8 to the cliff LV A% !4, on which IV A# 82 is situated, appears to be smooth. The direction of the line joining the valleys (S.S.W.) is sensibly parallel with the lines VIII. §.8.W., IX. 8.8. W. Area IV A¢. The 8.S.W. mouth of IV A% 32 is blocked by the summit of the cliff [V A% $8 coincident with the “Ray from Tycho.” 33. The northern part of the cliff IV A¢ 38, The cliff, or rather the gently rising or swelling ground of which IY Aé 8 is the southern extremity, extends lengthwise from the north of IV Aé 25, where it is broadest, to the west of IV A%!°, where it merges into the cliff IV A“ 14, The west foot is well marked as it crosses Hipparchus. 34. The east part of the interior slope of Horrox, IV Af 16, 35. A small hillock on the east of Horrox, 2'38, mag. 0-16. TV AZ100 Ty A# 18, and IV A% 85 are upon the foot of the rising ground TV Aé 88, TV A% 83, A faint ray connects IV A% *5 with the mountain at the extremity of IV A% °? in the direction of the dotted line, ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 253 36. A short mountain-range nearly crossing IV A# 1°, length of crest 12'"36. Not well shown by Lohrmann. This mountain-range lies precisely in the direction of a faint ray, IV A% 83, from IV A%*. 37. Two adjoining mountains on the west border of IV A% !9, 38. An elongated depression or valley in the north part of TV A% 1° (see IV A% #2). Not in Lohrmann. 39. A mountain on the west border of IV A% 38, 40. A mountain-range, its south end projecting into IV A% 8. 41, A lucid spot west of IV A% *, probably the south slope of an emi- nence on LV A%!5, Not in Lohrmann. 42. A line of fault extending north from IV A% }? which it crosses. It is continued east of TV A 1° as far as the range IV A@ !5, and re- appears on the north side of IV A% !9 in the ridge IV A 43. The surface immediately west of this fault is very greatly disturbed, ex- hibiting a series of somewhat intricate formations, which are ill figured both by B. & M. and Lohrmann. The. most remarkable are [V A%!9, TV A% 38; and IY A* #0, As these formations appear to be intimately connected, it may perhaps be better to describe them with the fault. IV A%!° is a consider- able depression, a little east of the line joining Rheticus and Horrox. Its west side, which is continued in a N.N.E. direction, as the west side of TV A 88 is rather considerably elevated. ‘It is on the “ Ray from Tycho,” and is marked by the peaks IV A% 14 at its south end, IV A% 97 (two) on its west side, and IV A% 39 at its junction with IV A# $8, and also the cliff IV A% 5°. An interior ledge on the west side is visible. The floor of IV A% !° is irregu- lar and rough, the east interior slope being seen under a suitable illumination rising from it. The most interesting feature of IV A% !° is a ridge, IV A# 36, nearly but not quite crossing it from east to west. A faint ray, TV A% 8%» extends between the east end of this ridge and the crater lV A%*, and is continued (IV A%®!) in a slightly altered direction on the opposite side of Ty A**, The north part of the depression IV A% 1° is connected with the south, round the west extremity of IV A%%6, South of IV A% 19 is the val- ley IV A% 32; the two, however, are not connected, although there is a par- tial depression in the south wall of IV A% 1°, for IVA“! is much deeper than IV A% 32, Running into IV A# 10 on the north, is the depression IV A% 38, closed at its south end; both the east and west sides are somewhat elevated, but the north is entirely open, giving ingress to the narrow extremity of the moun- tain-range [V A* 40, All the depressions to the south of Rheticus are very unlike “ craters,” as a single glance at Horrox will sufficiently indicate. They appear to fill the space between two ranges of mountains which diverge from a point south-east of Rheeticus. This space attains its greatest width in the neighbourhood of the mountain-range IV A% 36, which nearly crosses TV A@ 10, and the two ranges unite at the south-west extremity of the valley IV A® 32: The axis of the larger irregular and partially blocked valley, extending from 254 REPORT—1866. Rheeticus to the 8.W. end of IV A%82, is parallel with the line of fault iy Ae 42, The surface on the east of the south part of the line of fault is very dif- ferent. Between it and the mountains TV A% 9° and IV A@ 3!, it appears to be generally smooth, but diversified by rays which in a measure, although not very marked, conyerge to IV A%* as a centre. Between IVA%* and IV A% 38 is the lucid spot IV A% #1, 43. A mountain-ridge in the continuation of the line of fault IV A% 42, direction 8. by W., face toward W. by N., length 23-0. It has upon it three craterlets. 44. The south of two craterlets near the south end of TV A% 43 10, mag. 0:06. Not in Lohrmann. 45, The north of two craterlets near the south end of ITV A% 43 1’-0, mag. 0:06. Not in Lohrmann. 46. A craterlet on the north part of IV A 49 1'-0, mag. 0-06. 47. A deep cleft on the south border of the Sinus Medii. The east side of this cleft is a continuation of IV A% 43, 48. The south part of the second wall of Rheeticus. 49, A line of fault extending from the south part of TV Aé 58 to the west border of Rheeticus, where it intersects the fault 1V A” 11, IV A820, Ty A#72, The portion between IV A%!0 and IV A“! (Rheeticus) is on the “ Ray from Tycho.” 50. A cliff on the north part of the west border of IV A% 38. **51, The mountain-arm west of IV A% 9, IV A& 24, the north part. 52. A curved mountain-range extending from IV A% 2? to the east part of the valley TV A” 29. 53, A short shallow valley on the north border of TV A® 9, length 8-56, breadth 9:99. Lohrmann’s Sec. 1.90. | 54. A chain of mountains extending from the west border of TV A% § to the south of Reaumur, length 13'"0. Shown by Lohrmann. 55. A mountain between [IV A% 5! and Reaumur, also between LY A®% 79 and IV A# 80, 56. A mountain N.W. of IVA% 55, 3'°5. 57. A craterlet on the south border of Reaumur, 3':8, mag. 0-26. 58, A valley east of and parallel with IV A% 4%, This valley is very interestingly situated with regard to Rheticus. It is about as far from the east border of Rheeticus as the west portion of the second wall is from the west border, but unlike this portion, in its being depressed, instead of elevated above the surface. he directions of the two are also dif- ferent, the high west ranges being 8.8.E., and the depressed valley south by west. Their directions produced meet at the south part of IV Aé 58, but there are no indications of any connecting formations. The space between Rheeticus and IV A% 58 is occupied by rugged ground, about the middle of which the ridge IV A% #9 is elevated. TV A%58 lies very exactly in the line of depression IV A”17, TV A”?4, IV A“ 12, the direction of which is south by west. This line of depression intersects VIIL..8.8.W. in the mountain IV A 29, ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 255 59. A ridge between IV A% #7 and the north end of IVA%58, This ridge is on the line of cliffs between Ptolemeus and the S.W. end of the rill of Hyginus. 60. A craterlet north by east of [VA% 58. 3-5, mag. 0-21, 61. A ray from IV A” 4, extending in a N.E. direction as far as the range of cliffs N.W. of Reaumur. Schmidt’s rill, No. 365, N.W.- 8.E., discovered by him in 1853, May 14, with the Berlin refractor, is near this ray. I do not find the rill on the photographs. 62. A low ridge from IV A@ 16 to TV A” 58, forming a depressed portion of the line of cliffs from Ptolemeus to the 8.W. end of the rill of Hyginus. 63, A mountain on IV A% 62, Probably shown by Lohrmann. 64, A curved mountain-range between IV A“ 19 and IV A#®!, 65, A curved mountain-range N.W. of IV A% 61, 66. A low ridge connecting ITV A% §! with LV A@ 65, This low ridge is nearly parallel with the depressed portion between TV A*!6 and IV A% 58 of the line of cliffs from Ptolemeus to the rill of Hyginus. 67. The 8.W. border of Reaumur. 68. A dark spot east of IV A% ®, 69. A dark spot north of Reaumur. 70. A light spot north of IV A% 68, TV A%68, TV A% 69, and IV A% 7° form part of a line of cliffs north and N.W. of Reaumur. It is shown by Lohrmann. 71. A bright spot between IV Af 16 (Horrox) and IV A% 17, 72. Part of the “ Fault” IV A711, Ty AB 20, This interesting “ Fault,” which is of considerable extent, takes its rise in the crater IV A” 2, the north border of which is cracked by it. The fault has dislocated the 8.E. end of the mountain-chain IV A” !2, and produced the long narrow valley [IV A“1!,_ About the middle of IV A” !! it is inter- sected by the fault [VY A” 2%, which taking its rise on the east border of Hind, can be traced nearly as far asGodin. This fault, TV A” 25, is coincident with the “‘ Ray from Tycho” which passes through or along the west border of Albategnius, and also crosses the Mare Serenitatis. It is on this Ray that Bessel is situated. Just north of the point of intersection of the two faults the ground rises, the crater TV A® 19 being included in the angle formed by the intersection. Near the point of intersection the fault IV A” !! enters the area LY AF, in which it is designated as IV A®2°. On the extreme edges of the cliffs formed by IV Af 2°, the small craters IV A? 2! and IV Af 15 have been opened. From IV A*!5 the fault proceeds directly to the west border of Rheticus, having dislocated IV Af 33, the west portion of [V A% 48. The west and north borders of Rheticus have suffered very marked dislocations by this fault. Its effects are not visible on the smooth surface south of Triesnecker, which—as well as the crater Ukert—has suffered by it, and much disturbance occurs in the same line as far as the Apennines. An interesting question as to priority of epoch suggests itself in connexion with these faults. The neighbourhood of IV Aé 36 indicates that of the two 256 REPORT—1866. lines intersecting at that point, the one from Tycho is the most recent. Now the ray from Tycho, on which the fault [TV A“ 2° occurs, is nearly parallel with the one on which IV A% 86 is found, and it may be of nearly the same age. The fault IV A” 1!, TV AS 20, Ty A# 72, which intersects IV A” 23, is nowhere obliterated between IV A”? and the north border of Rheeticus, while in the neighbourhood of IV A®19 the fault IV A”25 is obliterated, the elevated ground on which the crater is situated effacing it. Does this point to a more recent epoch than that of Tycho for the outburst of the crater TV A”?? Also, Is the fault IV A”25 more recent than the ray from Tycho on which it occurs ? 73. A rill from IV A@ 28 to TV A% 16, length 21-87. Schmidt, No. 363. Schmidt discovered this rill in 1853, on May 14, with the Berlin refractor. He describes it as having a N.E. and §8.W. direction, and extending from Hipparchus y to Reaumur # of B. & M.’s map. It is very faintly traceable on the photograph, and may probably be a crater-rill, 74. A rill crossing Rheeticus from §.E. to N.W. Schmidt, No. 366. This rill was also discovered by Schmidt in 1853, on May 14, with the Berlin refractor. There is another rill more to the N. in Quadrant I. cross- ing Rheeticus, probably Nos. 47 and 48 of Schmidt’s Catalogue. These were discovered by him on the same day, and with the same instrument with which he discovered the above-mentioned rills, viz. Nos. 363, 364, 365, and 366. Both the rills in Rheeticus are apparent on the photograph. +75. The continuation of the shallow part of the valley TV Aé 85, £76. The depressed portion of the valley [V A% 75 discovered by W. R. Birt, 1866, Noy. 14, with the Royal Society’s achromatic of 41-inch aperture, power 230. This object, as well as the valley of which it forms part, is very evanescent, being visible only about the time of sunrise. 77. A valley-like depression running 8.W.—N.E. between the faults TV Af 20 and TV A@ 49, from IV Af 89 to TV AX 78, 78. A crater in the angle between [IV A% 38 and IV A% 48, length E.-W. 9'-03, breadth S.-N. 4°76, mag. 0°42, 79. A depression on the S.W. slope of IV A% 54, most probably b of B. & M., length 4°76. 80. A mountain-range running between IV A% 23 and IV A# 55, length of crest 22-82. Probably the 8.E. side of Lohrmann’s 87, Sec. I. 81. A depression on the S.W. slope of IV A% 54, N.N.W. of IV A% 79, length 6'°66. 82. A small depression north of [LV A%1!3, 2'-3, mag. 0:15, 83. The ray from IV A%# to IV A% 36, 84. A mountain-peak on the N.W. border of Reaumur in conti- nuation of IVA%19, length 6-18. IVA%1!6, TV A#19, and TV A 84 form an almost continuous mountain-chain on the N.W. border of Reaumur, length 22'-35. This mountain-chain is con- nected with IV A% 28 by the rill IV Aé% 79, 85. A shallow depression west of LV A%7% 3':33. ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 957. Arga IV AS, Introduction. The greater portion of this area, which possesses much irregularity of surface, is principally occupied by four groups of objects, viz., those on the rocky land—partly surrounding a plain—in the angle formed by the N.E. border of Albategnius and the N.W. border of Ptolemzeus; the crater group in the north angle of Albategnius; the slightly depressed surface IV A 25; and the lower land north of the crater-row from IV A‘! to Ptolemeus. These groups occupy nearly twenty superficial degrees, or about 6953 square miles. The remainder of the area, about 1857 square miles, is occupied with the much more level surface of the south part of Hipparchus and the region east of it. In the four groups of lunar objects above named there are no large craters; the largest is IV AS!, which measures 10-94, mag. 0°70. The following arrangement shows the distribution of 44 as to size: — Between Dene € eat Badr Alpe ht tae 6” tery 7 fe sf 8" Objects.. 3 10 11 6 6 4 4 Points of the First Order. None. Points of the Second Order indicated thus x. x Y S. lat. W. long. IVaz?..., 13716 03486 7 53 2 1 Iv Ao10... -1'7950 ‘08157 9 56 4 45 IVAS!2... -16476 03012 9 29 1 45 *#1. A crater situated on the rocky land between Ptolemeus and Hip- parchus. Lohrmann, 235 on map, X in Section I., who describes it as of 16-1 English miles in diameter, 7° of brightness, the floor being 5°, mag. 0°70. I suspect a central mountain in it. This crater is of irregular form and not rownd, as given by Lohrmann. A line between IV A%° and LV A27 measures 10-94. The figure is that of a very irregular trapezium; the sides, however, are not right lines, but more or less curved. The longest side, 12-36, which is sensibly curved, is from south-east to north-west, the exterior slope facing the north-east. It in- cludes the promontory on the border towards IV A¢!%, The next longest side, 9-03, is from south-west to north-east, the exterior slope facing the north-west. The two remaining sides do not much differ from this in length. At the south end of the crater, and between the south-east and south-west walls, is a break or “pass,” IV A¢2, not unlike the “gorge” at the north-west point of Rheticus. [Qy. Is this “pass” at the south-west end of Webb’s Furrow, between the craters IV Aé4 and IV A%5?] It is not shown by Lohrmann, but can be traced in the position queried on De La Rue’s and Rutherford’s photographs. Just exterior to the south-west wall are the two craters, [V AS4 and ITV A25, Exterior to the south-east wall, and lying close to it, are two dimples, IV A¢8 and IV A%9, not in any way indicated by Lohrmann nor by B. & M. From these a row of five craterlets extend to the west border of Ptolemeus. B. & M. give and mention six; probably they may include the dimples, as there is some doubt about IV A% !9, the craterlet ee the wall of Ptolemeeus, being really one, the rising ground tending to 66. s 258 REPORT—1866. produce such an appearance. Mr. Ingall has observed an excavation in the mountain-slope. At the north point of IV AS! is a crater, [V A’, probably a little larger than either IV AS 4 or IV A¢5, and this has a minute craterlet on the east, and also one on the west. The crater [V A&! has a “ furrow” crossing the interior of the south-east wall, in the direction of the crater-row IV A518-IV A¢!9 (see IV A5?°). It is worthy of remark that a prolongation of this crater-row and furrow will pass through the bright mountain TV Ae, +2, A pass or “gully” in the south end of IV A5!.. ‘Recorded in Obs. Bk. 1864, Sept. 22715" 45™ G. M. T, No. 292, p. 102, Roy, Soe. 43, power 230. Definition “ very good.” #3. A depression or crater on the N,W. border of Ptolemeus, Length §.8.W. to N.N.E. 9-03, breadth W.N.W. to E.S.E. 4'"76. #4. The N.W. of two craters S.W. of IV AS! 5'-23, mag. 0-33. #5. The §.E. of two craters 8.W. of IV A! 4'-76, mag. 0:32. Lohrmann gives both these craters, and mentions them in his text (Topo- graphie der Sichtbaren Mondoberfliche, erste Abtheilung, p. 55, See. I. X). Beer and Madler give only one. #6, A crater on the 8,E. border of Hipparchus 6'°66, mag, 0°44. i of B. & M. 35. Sec. I. of Lohrmann. #7. A crater just north of IV AS! 6'-18, mag. 0:40 (Beer and Miid- ler’s position of the second order K is indicated by 7 x on IV A$‘), IV AS}, Tv AS4, TV AS5, TV AZ6, and IV AS? form a very interesting and conspicuous group, the conformation of 1, 4, 5, and 7 contributing to its being easily found at some distance from the “ terminator,” +8. The §.W, of two small dimples just S.E. of IV A°!, estimated 3-5, mag, 0:21, +9. The N.E. of two small dimples just 8.E, of IV AS!, estimated 35, mag, 0:21, IV Aé8 and IV A&® are both recorded in Obs. Bk. 1864, Sept. 224 16" 0™ G.M.T., No. 292, p, 103, Roy. Soc. 44, power 230, Definition admirable ; they are difficult objects. #10. A crater on the interior N.W. border of Albategnius 6’:18, mag. 0°37, Position of second order x10 on its §.E. margin, 11. Hiprarcuvs,—Lohrmann’s map 233, the $.E. part, The 8.W. part is shown in area IVA”, The floor of Hipparchus is convea, the highest part being in the neighbourhood of IV A¢ 58, probably the cliff TV A388. #12. A crater south of LV Ao!. Gof B. &M.? Longer axis W.8.W.- E.N.E. 8:56; shorter axis N.N.W.-8.8.E. 6'-66, mag. 0:46. Although a point of the second order, this crater appears to be wrongly placed by B.& M. There does not appear to be a crater either on the pho= tograph of February 22, 1858, or on Lohrmann’s Section I., between IV Aél and the angle formed by the walls of Albategnius and Ptolemeus, In this angle on the photograph is a crater, which I take to be B. & M.’s G, The position of second order, 12 x, comes upon its west margin. 13. The S.W. of three craterlets cast of TV A&1 2:85, mag, 0°18. f. of Bb. & M, ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 259 14, The middle of three craterlets east of IV AS 1 2'-85, mag. 0°18. +15. The N.E. of three craterlets east of [TV A}. These craterlets lie in a line from the east border of IV A°! to the rocky border of Ptolemeus. On Sept. 22, 1864, these three were recorded, with a probable fourth. B. & M. give siv, and say, in ‘ Der Mond,’ p. 346, “a row of six craters.” 1865, Jan. 5, four are quoted by Mr. Freeman of Mentone, with two very small ones. 1866, Feb. 22,1 found five. The additional ones are IV A138 and IV A$!9, **16. The mountainous west border of Ptolemeus. Lohrmann, Sec. I. 16. **17. A mountain on the west border of Ptolemzus forms a terrace inter- mediate in altitude and position between the high rugged land at the N.E. of Albategnius and the smooth surface of Ptolemeus, and has a slight, but very perceptible, depression on its summit, which is not unlike a tableland. West of it is the deep hollow IV A&9". +18. A small craterlet N.E. of IV A&}5, +19. A small craterlet N.E. of IV Aé 18, These two craterlets complete the record of the crater-row from IV Al to TV AS16, Mr. Knott: considers that IV A%!9 is not a craterlet, but only a rise in the ground, which produces a craterlike appearance. This crater-row may now be considered as well determined, and with the dimples IVY A28, IV A%9, will constitute a crater-rill, according to Schmidt, although not found in his catalogue. It is noteworthy that it occurs on the line of cliffs extending from Halley to Ptolemeus, which is broken by. Iv AS!, Iv AS4, Ivy A? is common to two lines of cliffs, which cross each other nearly at right angles. The magnitudes of TV A¢!5, IV AS 18, IV A¢!9 have not been determined nor estimated. The length of the crater- rill from TV A218 to TV A&!9 inclusive is 15-22. It is not in Lohrmann. +20. A furrow on the interior slope of the 8.E. rim of IV AS 1 length 10-94, This furrow was discovered on the 6th of December, 1864, by the Rev.- T. W. Webb, who thus mentions it in a letter under date of the 7th of December, 1864. Speaking of the row of craters extending from IV Ash to Ptolemy, he says, ‘There are but four, or at most five craters in their [B. & M.’s] row of six. I could readily count them but for the great agitation of the air; the S.W. one, which seems to be Albategnius f of the map, is the largest; they decrease somewhat towards Ptolemeus. The direction §.W. is carried on by a furrow (I presume one of your dimples) through the wall, and visible on its interior slope to the junction of the two subcraters on the S.W. side of X (IV A5!),” On the 5th of January, 1865, Mr. Freeman at Mentone, the Alpes Mari- times, examined this locality, but could not find the furrow. Of the crater- row he says, “The four were too nearly in a direct line with IV A°°> to enable a furrow within the ring of 235 (L.) to connect them.” On February 22, 1866, I obtained at Hartwell, with the equatoreal of 5-9-inches aperture, a view of Mr. Webb’s furrow; my observation is thus recorded :—“ I saw also distinetly Mr. Webb’s furrow on the interior of the §.E. border of X (IV A51), which is a continuation of the crater-row, in which at least there are five craters.” : The existence of this furrow is accordingly confirmed, although it would s2 260 : REPORT—1866. seem that its appearance or visibility is rare, being seen, as many other objects are, only under particular angles of incidence and visual ray. Mr. Knott examined the locality on the 23rd and 24th of February, 1866. He does not mention it in his record, but says that ‘‘ Mr. Freeman’s description of this region tallies better with my own seeings than that of Mr, Webb.” It is not unlikely that the S.E. rim of Lohrmann’s X (IV A$!) may possess such a configuration as sometimes to throw the furrow out of sight. This might be produced by the interior slope being presented to the eye nearly in avertical line. It clearly appears that this object may be placed amongst the most delicate and fugitive of the lunar features. +21, A small crater east of IV AS’, This crater appears on the photograph as elliptical? The longer axis, E.-W., 4:76; the shorter, N.-S., 2'"85; mag.0°:23. It may be regarded as acraterlet. Lohrmann gives two here, none on the W. +22. A craterlet west of IV AS‘ 2-38, mag. 0-16. Mr. Freeman mentioned these craterlets to me in a letter bearing date 1865, January 21. On the 22nd of February, 1866, at Hartwell, I recorded an observation of them, and remarked that B. & M. gave only the east crater. T, however, find in their map, close to the west border of IV AS", a very small crater, and if the two be intended by B. & M. for the craters seen by Mr. Freeman and by me, the position of one, if not both, requires to be more accurately determined. They are given on the map as they align in the photograph. B. & M.’s craters lie S.E. and N.W. Mr. Freeman and I give them as seen in the telescope, east and west. 1867, March 15, seen as on map. 23. The highest (?) point of the west border of Ptolemeeus. Well shown by Lohrmann both in his map and Section I., but indifferently by B. & M. The mountain presents a fine, bold and steep front W.N.W. to the high land situated in the angle between Albategnius and Ptolemeus, and extends N.N.E. to about the middle of IV A¢7". Length from the west edge of IV AS 72 to the promontory opposite IV A&S7713"-79, Atits W.N.W. foot is a valley, IV A°‘8, somewhat wide at first, but which gradually con- tracts towards the N.N.E., and terminates at a point where the rill, IV A’ "9; which furrows the slope of IV A°?%, also terminates. *24, A plain west of Herschel (III AS1), the S.W. part. There are several objects on this plain. See p. 279, IV A514, &e. %*25. The formation between Halley IV A774 and IV A$}. This is a very individualized formation on the south part of Hipparchus, measuring N.N.W.-S.S.E. from IV A?5°_TV AS *? inclusive, 37’-09, and W.S.W.-E.N.E. from IV A529_TYV AS ° inclusive, about 34”. Its boundary on the 8.W. and south consists of a mountainous border, springing from the mountain IY Aé 29 on the east border of Halley, which forms the N.W. part of the mountain-chain separating Albategnius from Ptolemeus, and of which the mountain IV A¢2° is the highest point. The N.W. (IV A$ 2%) and N.E. boundaries appear to be depressed below the general surface, the N.W. some- what in the nature of a rill with two elevations, [VY A‘56 Ty A257 on the S.E. side; the N.E. has somewhat the appearance of a crater-row, two cra- ters being very apparent, IV A&80 and IY A546; in addition there are two mountains, [TV AS 28 and TY AS, At the east extremity of this formation ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 261 is the crater IV A°°, which is opened up in the rising and elevated ground, forming the east boundary. This elevated ground fills the angle between Albategnius and Ptolemzeus, and is marked “ higher level.” The interior surface of [LV AS? is slightly depressed and irregular. It is marked “lower level (2),” indicating that it is lower than the surface of Hipparchus “lower level (1).” On the west portion are two conspicuous mountains, one, IV A 29, in the angle formed by the 8.W. and N.W. boun- daries, and also in a line with the mountain IV A¢29 and the crater IV ASS; the other, IV A°*!, N.E. of IV A539, and forming with it two elevations nearly parallel with the depression or broad rill, [TV A&2", The mountain IV A‘? forms the continuation of the east boundary from Tv A°%, There are two (apparently) elevations, one nearly between IV AS 8° and Ty A> 32 (IV A&7), the other between IV A! and IV AS 6. There are three conspicuous craters on this formation; one, IV A244, S.W. of IV A°%, and two N.W. of IV A%°, viz. IV AS4> and IV AS 4, at the south foot of IV Aé 28, 26. The mountain on the S.W. boundary of IV A%2°, 27. A valley forming the N.W. boundary of IV A%?°, length from TV A°?9 to TV A? 5! 25"-68, *28. A cliff forming part of the N.E. boundary of IV A%?5, length W.N.W.-E.S.E. 10-94. **29. A mountain on the east border of Halley, height according to B. and M. 3543 English feet or 1080 metres; it has a spur towards the N.E.; length of spur 7-13. This mountain is yery suitable for a point of the first order. The spur towards the N.E. inclines very considerably to the level of the valley IV A 2’. As the sun rises upon it, it is seen as a fine line of light. *30. A mountain on the west floor of LV A¢ 2°, length 8-56. #31, A mountain on the north floor of IV A&2°, length 8-56. _*32. A mountain nearly S.S.W. of IV A&® 4”-28, mag. 0-29. This mountain is longer than shown in the photograph. It is situated on the line of cliffs from Tycho, and extends nearly as far north as IV Aé°. It is the N.E. spur of Lohrmann’s 20, Sec. I. East of and parallel with it is a erater-rill containing three adjoining craterlets, [V A59°, TV AS9!, and Iv A292. Another crater-rill branches from IV A29! to TV A& 43 contain- ing two adjoining craterlets, IV A593 and IV A&%, **33. A craterlet at the extreme north point of Albategnius 3'-80, mag. 0-26. It is opened on the crater rill IV A ®, at its western end. **34, A pear-shaped depression, as seen, under some aspects, on the north part of Albategnius, opening into a crater on IV AA, of which it forms the north part. This is imperfectly shown both by B. & M. and Lohrmann. It contains three craters, the south and largest, [V A!’, the middle one, LV AS50 and the north, IV A541, 35. ALBATEGNIUS, the north part. **36. A crater on the N.K. border of Albategnius, length 8-56. Its real form requires to be determined. Shown by Lohrmann. 262 REPORT—1866. *37, A mountain appearing as a bright spot just N.E. of IV Ab 25, length N.N.W.-S.8.E. 11'"41. Well shown by Lohrmann. 38. A cliff (apparently) on the high land crossing Hipparchus. It is on a “ray from Tycho.” Not in Lohrmann. 39. A bright spot 8.8.W. of IVA’. See IV A*!7, 40. An isolated craterlet between IVA! and IV A%*? 3”80, mag. 0°22. 41. A crater just S.E. of IV AS °°, 6-6, mag. 0°41. This crater, of nearly the same superficial extent as IV A$52, which adjoins it on the south-east, differs from ITV A5°? in an important particular ; IV AS 4! has a narrow border, and appears to be deeper than TV AS5?, which is a shallower pit in a broad border, a class of crater of rather common occur- rence on the moon’s surface. The magnitude of IV A552, (-42, includes the proad border. IV A%4! is remarkable for its apparent priority to the crater- rill TV A$ °7, which cuts completely through it, rendering the north part brilliantly white, while the surface tint of the south part is dark. It would appear that the north part of IV Aé4lhas been raised, the crater-rill IV Aé 6 occupying the very summit of the wall of Albategnius (see IV A&82), from which the south slope is very steep. The crater is shown by Lohrmann. 42. A craterlet a little N.N.W. of IV A225 3-80, mag. 0-25; situated on the W.S.W. slope of the cliffs crossing Hipparchus. #43. A craterlet between IV A&*° and IV AS# 4!-76, mag, 0°29. 44, A craterlet W.S.W. of IV AZ6 3!-33, mag. 0:23; situated on the W.S.W. slope of the cliffs crossing Hipparchus. 45. A craterlet N.W. of IV Aé® 41-76, mag. 0-29. 46. A craterlet N.N.E. of IV A¢*, estimated 3!-20, mag. 0°19. **47, The west mountainous border of IV A%?+, length N. by W.-S. by E. 18"-07. Well shown by Lohrmann. 48, A short mountain-range between IV AS? and IV A%4", length N. by W.-8. by E. 14-74, Shown by Lohrmann. *49, A craterlet on the south extremity of IV AS‘? 3!-33, mag. 0-25. It is situated on the east side of the end of the mountain- arm, and is the c of B. & M., but not shown by Lohrmann. 50. A crater on the north of Albategnius, between IV AS34 and TV AS 4!) 5/-23, mag. 0:32. Shown by Lohrmann. This is the middle one of the three craters which make up the pear-shaped depression as seen under some aspects on the north of Albategnius, Sce Iv A°*4, It is not difficult with a suitable aperture and power. 51. A crater between TV AS! and IV AS*4, 5!-23, mag. 0:33. #52. A crater east of IV A5°° adjoining it. 7!-13, mag. 0-42. 53. A crater-form depression between IV A°° and IV A&*!, 54, An elongated depression between IV A* and IV A5°%; length S.S.W.-N.N.E. 8-56, breadth uncertain, under 5". This depression occurs in the high land which fills the angle between Ptolemeus and Albategnius, and is S.E. of IV AS; the direction— N.N.E.-8.8.W. (somewhat inclining east and west) of IV A> °4—is similar to that of numerous rents and fissures in this and other parts of the moon, and ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 263 may probably be connected with the easternmost of the two ‘“ Ray-centres” in the neighbourhood of Furnerius. This System of Rays appears almost to rival that from Tycho in magnificence, but as it is nearer the limb than Tycho, the rays which issue from the centre are not so apparent. There is also this peculiarity: a ray, which may be regarded as central, passes in a nearly rectilineal direction towards the central part of the visible hemisphere, passing the north of Fracastorius and between Theophilus and Cyrillus to Alfraganus, and is lost apparently in the light ground that surrounds Alfraganus ; but many of the irregularities of the surface, even as far as the rocky land bordering the smoother surface on which Triesnecker is opened, partake of the same direction, 7. ¢. mountains and ridges in the neighbour- hood of Godin and Agrippa are directed towards this ray-centre, and even the lateral valleys of the Apennines manifest the same general arrangement. The rays issuing from the ray-centre above-mentioned towards the north and south bend so as to form branches of parabolic curves, and it is this feature which constitutes the peculiarity before alluded to. - The parallelism of the valleys TV A” !7, Ty A254, and III AS 2 appears to connect them with this system; for although the general direction of these valleys is not immediately towards the ray-centre, yet they appear to form portions of the prolongations of rays that converge to it. Ty A°°* coincides with and is prolonged in a line of upheaval passing through IV AS°, IV AS! (east side), IV A548, TV AS49, TIT Aa2 (west side), and the east boundary of Reaumur. See IV. §.8.W.-N.N.E., p. 272. *55. A craterlet on the floor of Ptolemeus, between the mountains IV Ao!" Ty Ao16 3.33, mag. 0°19. Well shown by Lohrmann. *56. A mountain on the S.E. side of IV A%?", length 8.S.W.-N.N.E. 979. 57. A mountain near the N.E. extremity of IV A", length S.8.W.— N.N.E. 5°23. These mountains, with the N.E. spur of TV A$?9, form the 8.E. boundary of the valley IV A&27; it is uncertain if the mountains be isolated or con- nected by low ridges, but it appears probable that the surfaces of the valley TV AS?" and the depression IV A525 are at the same level, and that toge- ther they form the lowest portion of Hipparchus, the levels of Ptolemeus and Albategnius being considerably lower. . *58. A curved mountain-chain on the floor of Hipparchus, west of the cliff IV A°%8. It is concentric with the 8.W. border of Hipparchus. Diameter N.W. to 8.E. 20'-45. There is great reason to believe that this formation is an ancient and partly Jilled crater with a very broken wall, as under an oblique illumination its surface is seen to be depressed, and it presents the crater character. The eraterlet TV A100 appears to form a point in the line of ancient wall. 59. A craterlet at the 8.W. extremity of the mountain-arm enclosing the plain IV A> ?4, ITT A214 on the south. Diameter east to west 476, north to south 285, mag. 0-23. It requires further ob- servation. *60. The mountain-range between IV A°5? and IIT A%2, length 8.8.W.- N.N.E. 1331. *61. A mountain north of IV A%® 8-08. Lohrmann 34, Sec. I. TV A587 and IV AS! are two conspicuous mountains, with the valley 264 REPOoRT—1866. TV A285 between them, situated on the N.W. border of the plain in which the group IV AS! and surrounding objects are situated. +62. A minute craterlet at the 8.W. end of IV AS27, estimated 1-0, mag. 0:06. +63. A minute craterlet N.E. of IV A®%?, estimated 1-0, mag. 0-06. +64, A minute craterlet N.E. of IV A> %, estimated 1”-0, mag. 0-06. These minute craterlets form a short crater-row at the closed extremity of the valley IV A&S27, They are inserted on the authority of Lohrmann, who mentions them in his text, ‘ Topographie der Sichtbaren Mondoberfliche,” Erste Abtheilung, auf Section I. p. 49, A. I have not yet seen them. Es- timated length of crater-row 5'"0. *65, A crater-form depression 8.E. of Halley. 48, Sec. I. of Lohrmann. Length S.S.W.-N.N.E. 16’64, breadth W.N.W.-E.S.E. 7'°61. 66. A depression in which the mountain IV A®26 is situated. 7-61, mag. 0°46, Not shown by Lohrmann. **67, A crater-rill on the summit of the N.E. wall of Albategnius, dis- covered as such by Schmidt, on February 3rd, 1865. It is No. 355 in his ‘ Catalogue of Rills,’ and extends from the west edge of TV A233 to TV A235, length W.N.W.-E.S.E. 21°40. This crater-rill forms the N.E. boundary of the group of craters in the north angle of Albategnius, and would appear to be the most recent in- stance of volcanic action in this locality, except the fault from Tycho. Its extreme whiteness, as compared with the surface in its neighbourhood, the steepness of its S.S.W. and N.N.E. sides, and particularly its cutting through the crater IV AS 4!, testify to the comparative recent epoch of its formation. See IV A282, It is a fine object at sunrise. 68. A craterlet on IV AS ® east of LV AS4!. 2'-61, mag. 0°15, 69. A crater-form depression on the W.S.W. slope of the line of cliffs which cross the N.E. angle of Albategnius in a line with those crossing Hipparchus; it is situated just §.8.E. of IV AS 36, 7.13, mag. 0-42. It is shown by Lohrmann, 70. A crater-form depression on the E.N.E. side of the same line of cliffs 7-61, mag. 0°50. It is shown by Lohrmann. +71. A formation, somewhat of the character of a trapezium, on the line of cliffs extending from IV A&$*? to ITV A$?9, It hasa bright bor- der with a dark interior. Length, N.W. to 8.E., 7-61; breadth, S.W. to N.E., 4°76. +72. A depression on IV A&?3, apparently a crater. Elliptical, longer axis, east to west 8'"56; shorter, north to south 5’°71, mag. 0°44, This depression was seen, 1866, Sept. 19° 8" 0", G.M.T., with the Royal Society’s 4}-inch achromatic, power 230, as a very imperfect crater; the north rim appeared nearly perfect, but the south rim, if it previously existed, has been broken away by the conyulsion that produced the deep hollow TV A$9", It is not shown by Lohrmann. 73. A small depression (not craterlet) in the elevated angle between TV A$ 59 and Ty$35, 2-38, mag. 0-16. 74. A craterlet on the crater-rill IV Aé ®?, just east of IV A269 and TV AS86428, mag. 0-26, Lohrmann gives it larger than IV Ne S6" ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 265 *75, A mountain south of IV A$!2, at the S.E. end of the crater-rill Ty A$8?, 5-23, mag. 0:31. +76. A slight elevation, somewhat similar to a circular tableland, east of the depression IV Ag 54 5°23, mag. 0°31. Not in Lohrmann. **77, The slope of LV AS16 fronting the west, and south of IV A$3, length 8.8.W.-N.N.E. 12”:84. Lohrmann, Sec. I. 16. 78. The valley at the W.N.W. foot of IV A523, nearly parallel with IV A? 54, length, §.8.W.-N.N.E., 12'-84. 79. A rill furrowing the N.E. portion of the W.N.W. slope of IV A523; it communicates with the N.N.E. end of the valley IV A$*8, length 6-18; discovered July 21, 1866, by the author on Ruther- ford’s Photograph, and seen with the Royal Society’s 43-inch re- fractor, power 230, on the 18th of August, 1866. 80. A crater-form depression at the N.W. extremity of the N.E. boundary of TV A$?5 5-23, mag. 0°31. Not in Lohrmann. 81, A rill extending from the angle formed by the N.E. borders of IV A&®° and IV A$28 to a point east of the cliff JV A%38 16-17, I do not find it in Schmidt’s ‘ Catalogue of Rills ;’ it was discovered, July 21, 1866, on Rutherford’s Photograph. This rill is in continuation of the line of cliffs that crosses Albategnius and IV A$25, The elevations forming the N.E. border of IV A%2> have apparently slightly heaved the line of cliffs, and probably produced the rill, which runs but for a short distance. After crossing the central parts of Hipparchus, the cliffs, which to the south present their faces to the W.S.W., have them to the north, facing steeply the E.N.E. as well as W.S.W. on the borders of IV A*! and Rheticus. The whole line of cliffs is well marked, extending from the east border of Albategnius to a point N.E. of Agrippa. 82. A crater-rill on the N.E. wall of Albategnius 16-17. It is probably No. 354 of Schmidt’s ‘ Catalogue of Rills.’ If so, it was discovered by him on the 17th of August, 1843. It is in the same line with IVA§°%, and most probably the two formed one continuous crater- rill at an earlier epoch than that of the protrusion of the line of cliffs crossing IV A$ 25 and Hipparchus, at which period the crater- rill was separated into the two portions, IV A$ °" and IV Aé82, The earlier discovery of this rill, combined with the brightness and steep- ness of LV AS 67, which Schmidt did not discover until February 3, 1865, appears to point to a probable brightening and raising of IV A$ ©” within the twenty-two years, otherwise the oversight of IV A$®7 by Schmidt in 1843 is remarkable. 83. A valley parallel with IV A$", but a little more than half its length. Length, S.S.W. to N.N.E., 8-08. 84. A valley in the west border of Ptolemexus opening out to the plain between the mountains IV A$!” and Iv 16 and running with a gradual ascent between IV A$ 2% and IV AS16 to the high land bounded by the erater-rill TV A313 to TV AS 19, length about 160. 85. A valley between the two high mountains TV A$®! and IV A& a length 64'-67, 266 REPORT—1866. This valley opens out into a shallow sinuous valley that crosses Hipparchus just east of the line of cliffs, and enters a mountain-gorge just east of IV A“ !9; the opening into the shallow valley on the plain of Hipparchus is partly obstructed by some low hills. The shallow valley is provisionally shown on the map, as it is not discernible on the photograph, and good drawings of it are required. It is only visible just after the passage of the morning, or just before the passage of the evening terminator, and is marked with a +. 86. A small detached mountain N.W. of IV AS °7 3'-33. 87. A small depression at the foot of IV A%7® 3-33, mag. 0-20. 88. An imperfect crater between IV A$ 3 and TV A$°85"-71, mag. 0°34. +89. A ridge connecting IV A$ 76 with IV AS, length 7-5. 90. A craterlet 8.E. of the mountain IV A$, It is the most southern of three, forming a crater-rill, estimated at 3’0. 91. An elongated crater east of the mountain IV AS 82 between IV AS 9 and IV A$ 92, estimated at 5:0. 92. A craterlet just south of IV A$°, the most northern of the crater- rills east of IV A$ 82, estimated at 2-5. The above three objects form a crater-rill, estimated length 11’-0, not in Schmidt’s printed Catalogue ; it was discovered by the author on the 18th of August, 1866. Lohrmann has four craterlets here. 93. A craterlet N.W. of and adjoining IV A$ 4°; it is the south-eastern of a crater-rill between IV A$ 43 and IV A$ 82, estimated at 2'5. 94. A craterlet between IV AS 91 and IV A$ 9, estimated at 2"-6, TVAS 91, Ty Ao 94, Ty AS 93, and IV AS 4% form a crater-rill, estimated length 11-5; not in Schmidt’s printed Catalogue. It was discovered by the ‘author on the 18th of August, 1866. Lohrmann gives a mountain, 95. A craterlet just south of IV AS4, estimated at 2'-5. This craterlet, with IV A542, is in a line with the ecrater-row IV A$ 15 to TV A219, and a little inclined southwardly to the line of depression III. W.S.W.-E.N.E.: Webb’s furrow IV A52° is in the same line. It is not shown either by Lohrmann or B. & M. 96. A valley extending from IV A548 to TV A547 in the direction S.S.W.-N.N.E. It is not inserted in the map, as it has only been observed once, when its outline was not ascertained. It is slightly west of the line of depression and upheaval V. 8.8.W.-N.N.E. 97. A deep hollow of a very irregular form in the high land between Albategnius and Ptolemeus. It is situated, west to east, between the mountains IV AS7> and IV AS !7, and north to south between the north rim of IV Aé ‘2 and the high land between the east bor- der of Albategnius and the 8.W. border of Ptolemzus. Its inte- rior W. and N.W. slopes, which are very rugged, form the pre- cipitous descents from the summits of IV A5™, the S.E. rim of IV AS !2, and the broken portion of IV A¢??; the west front of Ty A¢17, which does not appear to be so rugged, forms its interior east slope. It is not shown by Lohrmann. 98. A steep point in the N.W. border of Ptolemeus just north of IV AS 8; itis indicated on B.&M.’s map by n. Their measures give ON MAPPING: THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 267 8672 English feet, or 2643 metres for its altitude. It appears to be on the line of cliffs on which the crater-row IV A& !3 to IV AS 19 is situated. 99. The steep interior slope of the east rim of Halley, the west foot of the mountain IV A$ 29, is distinctly visible on the floor of Halley as a curve projecting inwards. 100. A craterlet on the north border of TV A¢58 1-9, mag. 0°16. 101. A furrow crossing TV A258, c& the foot of the cliff IV A¢%8, The foot of the cliff with further indications of the furrow is continued past IV A@!S to the west edge of IV A“!9, It was discovered by the author, Noy. 2, 1866, on Rutherford’s photograph. 102. A light spot just east of the valley IV Aé §° 3"-8, mag. 0-21. The strip of surface east of the valley appears-as a “ray” from IV A& 9", It is on this ray that IV A¢!9? is situated. [103.] IV A” 28, a crater or depression on the west side of IV AS58, It needs further and careful observation, See p. 279, IV A‘. Summary of Rills, Crater-rows, and Valleys registered as above not in Schmidt’s printed Catalogue :— IV A‘ 9 to TV AS 92, Crater-row, discovered August Ss. to N. S.S.W. to N.N.E. W.S.W. to E.N.E. N.W. to N.W. to N.N.W. to N.N.W. to N.N.W. to S.E. S.E. S.S.E. 5.S.E. 8.8.1. Ty AS 102, 18, 1866. Furrow discovered November 2, 1866. IV Aé © to TV A254, Crater-row*, IV A2}3 to TV AS}9, Crater-row. IV Af #3 to TV AS9!, Crater-row, discovered August IV AS?9, IV Aé8!, IV AS 84, IV AS 85, 18, 1866. Rill discovered July 21,1866. Rill discovered July 21, 1866. Valley. Valley. Area IV A*, Full-Moon Aspect. One of the most interesting features of this area under the full-moon as- pect is the portion of a “ray from Tycho,” which traverses it from N.N.W. to §.8.E., and is coincident with the surface west of Rheticus, and also west of the depression ITV A*!°. The mountains IV A“*", the cliff IV A“!4, andthe south-west extremity of the valley 1V A**? are crossed by this ray as well as the west boundary of TV A*'9. As the ray passes east of Horrox and crosses the floor of Hipparchus, it is intersected by a short ray from Horrox towards E.S.E., which includes the depression LV A%’, The depressed surface TV A*!! around the crater IV A%4, which is a bright spot at the time of full moon, exhibits a variety of middle tints that appear to be wnconnected with any definite objects, as none are found corre- sponding with them when IV A“!! is near the terminator. * Inserted on the authority of Lohrmann. 268 REPORT—1866. Between IV A#11 and the “ray from Tycho” is a dark strip interrupted by the slope of IV A%5°. This dark strip passes over the west of Rheticus and extends south from Rheticus to TV A°, It is resumed in the depression IV A%*8, it crosses TV A* 9, and part of the valley IV A% 88, traverses the western interior of TV A%!°, crosses the middle of the valley IV A*3?, the south-west part of the depression IV A% !?, and is continued east of the bright ray from Tycho into the area IV AS. The interior of Reaumur is dark in the full moon. The south-west part is crossed by a strip somewhat lighter than the general surface ; the west and north-west mountain border is also somewhat lighter. From the mountain IV A%° on the border of Reaumur the tint character- izing the mountain border extends as far as the spot [V A%“!, and includes the mountain IV A*?8, The crater-row? IV A“, IV A%2?, and IV A*% 78, with the spot IV A%!’, TV A%89, appear as a large bright spot, from which a portion of a line of disturbance from Tycho appears as a ray which extends toIV A777, This bright ray is skirted by a dark strip, which is very promi- nent, in consequence of a light-ray parallel with that which extends from IV A*’ toIVA‘"’, This parallel light-ray appears to take its rise from IV A“4, and crosses IV A*?!, between IV A*%* and IV A@?!; it isnarrow, but from IV A%?! it becomes broader and brighter as it traverses the surface between IV A?! and IV A“5!: it is continued along the east side of the mountain-arm IV A$ 4” in area TV AS, TV AS. Full-Moon Aspect. This area is crossed from N.N.W. to S.S.E. at the time of full moon by a portion of a “ray from Tycho” sensibly parallel with the “fault” IV A” 25, which is just cast of, and thus nearly coincident with, the next westerly “ray from Tycho.” Both rays traverse uneven ground of the nature of cliffs, having their slopes towards the west. In passing over the broken ground of IV A525 the east ray is much broken, but it recovers its brightness in traversing the uneyen rocky interior of the north-east wall of Albategnius. A lucid arm from the crater Halley traverses the south-west slope of IV A&26 and the crater-rill IV AS ®, in which IV AS °° is conspi- cuous as a bright spot; it joins the “ray from Tycho” at the bright spot or crater LV A5%°, which appears to be the most elevated point of the north- east border of Albategnius. The crater TV A5° appears as a bright spot just east of the “ray from Tycho,” while the group of craters IV AStery Ae ee Tv AS 34, Ty A540 Ty AS53, Ty AS50 Ty AS52 in the north-west angle of Albategnius presents a tint intermediate between the darker portions of the surface of this area and the bright rays. East of the “ray from Tycho” pass- ing over IV A‘, both the high land in the angle between Ptolemeus and Albategnius, and the surface east of the cliff IV AS 38 on the floor of Hippar- chus, present the darkest tint, as well as a strip which, from the west of TV A547, extends to the west border of Ptolemeus. ‘The east part of the mountain-arm LV A‘ 4? is bright in full moon. Between the dark spaces just mentioned we have bright spaces intermingled with middle tints; a bright ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 269 streak not unlike a “ray,” extending from IV A$ %9 (a bright spot), crossing Ty AS 48, where it becomes brighter than usual, still further crossing the erater-row east of IV A¢!, and proceeding to the high mountain IV A& 77 on the west border of Ptolemzus, has been identified with a portion of a line of disturbance from Tycho. The group IV A$!,TV A 4, IV AS 5, and IV AS? is also bright. It is worthy of remark that the general direction of these light and dark spaces is towards Tycho. Areas IV A%, IV AS. Directions of Rills, Crater-rills, Crater-rows, Valleys, Mountain-chains, sc. Since the year 1786 several endeavours haye been made to render certain features of the moon’s surface especial objects of study, particularly the rills, the first of which—the remarkable wedge-shaped valley of the Alps—was discovered by Bianchini on Sept. 22, 1727*. Lohrmann, Midler, Kinau, and Schmidt have carried on the study of rills during the interim, and the number now known exceeds425. In the admirable ‘Catalogue of Rills’ lately published by Schmidt, not only has the class been considerably augmented by including large valleys, of which the first-discovered rill may be regarded as the type, but the direction of each has been given in a very clear and distinct manner. Tam not aware, however, that any attempt has been made to classify the “rills” according to direction, which may haye an important bearing on the subject of the manifestation of the effects of those forces which have modified the surface ; for there can be no doubt that while the crater-form is appa- rently by far the most prominent feature, the directions of the rills, valleys, crater-rows, and mountain-chains indicate the lines in which the forces mo- difying the surface operated, it may be over wide-spread areas around foci of disturbance, such as Tycho, and other ray-centres; con sequently an arrange- ment of these directions may in some degree contribute to our knowledge of the operation of forces on a minor scale which may have modified the features of smaller portions of the surface. It is not my intention to undertake a classification of the directions of Schmidt's 425 rills, but simply, as this work proceeds, to arrange under each artificial area of 5° of longitude by 5° of latitude the directions of rills, cra- ter-rows, crater-rills, valleys, mountain-chains, or any feature that indicates the line in which the action of either upheaving or depressing forces has been manifested, thus laying the foundation of a more enlarged generalization at some future period. In the following Table of lines of upheaval and depression in areas IV A@ and IY A the directions are expressed by the two opposite points of the lunar compass between which the line lies, regarding throughout the meridian as the starting line, and passing from south by west to north. In Qua- drants I. and IV. the arrangement will be from the meridian westward, and in Quadrants II. and III. from the meridian eastward. * Schmidt, in his ‘ Catalogue of Rills’, ascribes the discovery of this interesting formation to Schréter, who noticed it 1787, October 1, and delineated it in his Selenotopographische Fragmente ; but it was carefully observed by Bianchini on the date given in the text, and described and figured by him in his < Hesperi et Phosphori Nova Phsenomena,’ printed at Rome in 1728. Bianchini mentions it as indicated in Cassini’s chart, 270 Direction. S. by W.-N. by E. S. by W.-N. by E. S. by W.-N. by E. S.8.W.-N.N.E. .. S.S.W.-N.N.E. .. S.S.W.-N.N.E... S.S.W,-N.N.E. .. 8.S.W.-N.N.E... W.N.W.-E.S.E. W.N.W.-E.S.E. S. by W.-N. by E. REPORT—1866. Character. 1. Depression, .,. 2. Upheaval and depression. 3. Upheaval and depression. 4. Upheaval .... 1. Depression and upheaval, 2. Depression and upheayal. 3. Upheayal and epression. 4. Depression and upheaval, 5. Depression... . 1. Depression and upheaval, 2. Depression and upheaval. Objects and Remarks. IV A? TV At58, TV Aol? Ty Ao76, This line is continued in area TV A” across Halley; it intersects S,S.W.-N.N.E. IVA$ No. 8 in the mountain IV A$”9, and merges into [IV A”#? and IV A”, IV A¢ as IV A@10, IV A@32, TV A*%, IV A%49, TV A@!8, TV A$101, The three lines which differ slightly in their inclination to the meridian all con- verge to the mountain IV A$?9. IV A235, TV A799, TV A*, and the east border of Rheeticus. IV A’, TV A244, TV A®9, TV Ao, TV A@3!, TV At5, TV .AS** TV A@®? Ty AS TV Ao". PV Aes, TYAS, TY As, Fy As, IV A*8, TV A*%, Also the lucid spot TV A®?!, These three lines are parallel with and close to each other, and agree in direction with three somewhat similar lines in area IV A$ on the opposite side of Hipparchus; viz, S.S.W.-N.N.E, IV AS Nos, 8 and 9. See Table, p. 272, and the low hills on the N.W. side of the valley IV A$?27, The middle lineS,S.W.-N.N.E. No. 20f IV A* andNo,9 of IV A$, can be traced on the §.S,W. inthe direction of the crater C and ring d of B, & M. on area IV A’, TV A220, TV A“!3, TV A276, TV AS, and the west border of Halley. Ty At*, TY Av!8, The close coincidence of direction of the lines of depression and upheaval on the N.E. and 8. W. sides of Hipparchus appears to point to a more recent epoch for the for- mation of the floor than that at which the mountainous border was produced, and the very general direction $.S.W.-N.N.E. of the lines of disturbance in this part of the moon points to a still earlier epoch, when the surface was dislocated in lines running S.8.W.-N.N.E. TV Ae, TV -At*?, TV At, TV Als, TY A®’, IV Ac, Ty Ae) Peas, TV AM TV Atty Ae ee TV St TV A% 2B Tv A& 26. IV ACe. IVAt™, [Vv At, These lines form a range of cliffs which is parallel with the line W.N.W.-ES.E. ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 271 D‘reciion. N.W.-S.E.,.... N.N.W.-S.S.E. .. N.N.W.-S.S.E... N. by W.-S. by E. a Character. 1, Upheaval and depression. _|2. Upheaval and epression, 1. Depression... 1, Upheaval and depression. 2. Upheaval ..,. Objects and Remarks. IV AS 6 (see Table, p. 273) on the opposite pare of Hipparchus, and separates the higher evel of Hipparchus from the lower level of IVA*"*, If the two W.N.W.-E.S.E. vange. in IV A and IV A$ were contempo- raneous in their origin, either the higher level of Hipparchus has been comparatively undisturbed, or the irregularities between the two lines of disturbance have been over- spread subsequent to their formation; the apparently ancient crater which now ap- pears as a wreath of disjoined mountains in IV A$*8 is significant in this respect. Iv Ams IV A& a IV Ac®, TV A@ 5, Fy Ae15; FV arr iy Ae Sry Att IV A* Ty Aee7, This line forms part of a very extensive range of cliffs, which can be traced from the east border of Ptolemzeus past the con- spicuous crater Herschel I across the area IV A‘, N.W. of the N.E, point of the bore der of Rheeticus, probably as far as the cra- ter Menelaus, on the south border of the Mare Serenitatis. With the exception of the small portion forming the N.E. border of Ptolemzeus which faces the S,W., the | faces of the cliffs are directed towards the N.E. Inthe N.W. part the range is-parallel with a portion of the Apennines. In area IV A* this line with W.N.W.- E.S.E. No. 2, and 8. by W.-N. by E. No.4 in- close atriangular space more or less disturbed | in which the crater IV 4%* is prominent. |} IVA“, TV A*3! TV Aa7, IVAS 49, through the N.W. border of Ptolemzus. to the crater on its floor. IV A*®, TV Az%, Ty A270, This short line prolonged across Reaumur intersects W.N.W.—E.S.E. No. 2,and N.W.- S.E. No.1,nearTV A*°?, Thecrater in Ptole- | mus is in the continuation of this line. IV A?!8, IV As, Ty A266, This line is directed towards the west border of Thebit, and the east border of Purbach. TV A**?, TV A??? TV A**8, Rheeticus. This line of consederable depression lies be- } tween the two faults TV A* # and IV A*?9.} TV AS, TV AS9!, TV AS9?, TV ASS, and} py as", A line principally of depression (craters). There is quite a knot of craters east of IV A$*?, forming apparently a second point of upburst on the “ ae from Tycho,” the | 272 REPORT—1866. Direction. S.S.W.-N.N.E.. S.S.W.-N.N.E... 8.S.W.-N.N.E. S.S.W.-N.N.E... S.S.W.-N.N.E. . S.S.W.-N.N.E.. S.8.W.-N.N.E... S.S.W.-N.N.E .. S.S.W.-N.N.E... S.W.-N.E, .... ..,.|2. Depression.... .|8. Upheaval .... S.W.-N.E. S.W.-N.E. W.S.W.-E.N.E. .-| 3, Depression... Character. -| 1, Upheaval and depression. 2. Depression.... 4, Depression and upheaval. .|5. Depression aud upheaval. .| 6, Depression and upheaval. ~] . Upheaval with depression. 8. Upheaval .... 9, Depression. ... 1, Upheaval .,.. 1, Depression. ... Objects and Remarks. neighbourhood of IV A$*®, and IV A‘74 being the fist as regards magnitude. IVAS97, IV AS72, TV AS*3, IVAS77, TV AS3. This is a line of upheaval with a depres- sion at each end in which the highest points —two mountains—are IV A$”3 and IV A$", | It lies in the same direction as the east wall | of Albategnius, and extends N.N.E, into area IIT AS. IV A$®7, TV AS? IV AS#8, Inthis line the crater [V AS!” is prominent. |TV AS79, TV AS83, The crater-rill TV A$®? on the line W.N.W.-E.S.E. No. 2 ses this line. IV AS69, Tv AS74, TV AS54, IV ASS, and IV AS! the east wall. This line is interrupted by the crater-rill IV A$ 82. IV As, TV AS®2, Ty AS4?, TV AS43, IV A$4, ITV A$! the west wall, IV A$7, This line is separated into three por- tions by the line of upheaval and depres- sion IV A$ ®7 W.N.W.-E.S.E. No.2, also by the line of upheaval N.N.W.-8.S.E. No. 5. IVAS4, TV AS 50 TV AS 41, TV AS6, IV AS%. This line prolonged N.N.E. will pass through IV A“%*!, as well as the point of up- heaval IV A$®?, Iv A$, Ty AS, Ty A$26, This line is in continuation with the N.W. border of Albategnius. Hatxey, the E. border IV A$%9, IV AS *, Iv A$ *7, This line is continued 8.8. W. to the W. border of Albategnius. The valley IV A$ ®7 with Lohrmann’s three craterlets, [VAS ®, Iv AS, TV AS %, IV A$, TV AS! TV AS 4 TV AS33, IV AS *, TV A$31, These three lines are greatly separated on the area IV AS. IV AS, TV AS 53, TV AS, TV AS 5, Iv A$73, Ty As74, TV AS 12, IV AS”, Iv As *, This is a line of craters and depressions, the longest on the area. It hardly assumes, however, the character of a continuous line of depression, although the craters and de- pressions are near each other, being inter- rupted by the line of upheaval N.N.W.— Me ef de ee W.N.W.-E.S.E. | Direction. W.S.W.-E.N.E. | 2. Upheaval . W.S.W.-E.N.E ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 273 Character. - | 3. Depression. ... W.N.W.-E.S.E. | 1. Depression.... W.N.W.-E.S.E. | 2. Depression on a line of up- heavyal. W.N.W.-E.S.E. | 3. Upheaval .... W.N.W.-ES.E. | 4. el eles and epression. W.N.W.-E.S.E. | 5. Depression.... Objects and Remarks. S.S.E. No. 5, and also crossed by the N.E. wall of Albategnius, which is identical with the line of upheaval and depression W.N.W.-E.S.E. No. 2, at the point of cul- mination IV A$°6, It is not unlikely that the two upheaving forces, whether contem- poraneous in their action or otherwise, pro- duced great disturbance in the north part of Albategnius, the result being the large group of craters in the south part of the arealV AS. The two main lines of disturb- ance are clearly W.N.W.-E.S.E. No. 2, N.N.W.-S.S.E. No. 5, of which N.N.W.- S.S.E. No. 5 appears to be the most recent. . {IV AS6, TV AS?! TV AS9, TV AS9!, This line of upheaval is interrupted by the line N.N.W.-S.S.E. No. 5, and east of that line it curves into S.8S.W.-N.N.E. No. 5. It forms a curve across the formation IV A$ 25, IV AS%, TV A$?, TV A$?°, and the crater- row IV A$ !3_IV A$ }9, It would almost appear that this line of depression was due exclusively to the out- break that produced IV A$! and its sur- rounding group of craters; but the line W.S.W.-E.N.E. No. 2 being in exactly the same direction, in fact a continuation of it, and notonlyso, forthis same line iscontinued W.S.W. past Halley, and E.N.E. on the N.W. border of Ptolemezus, it would rather appear that the whole line of upheaval and depression resulted from the operation of a force that exerted itself over a much greater extent of area. TV AS?9, TV AS51, TV AAY7, FV AA 18, IV AS iv A$82, This line has been interrupted by the line N.N.W.-S.S.E. No. 5. It is formed of Schmidt’s crater-rills Nos. 355, 354. IV A$?9, TV A$ 26, Nos. 2 and 3 appear to be portions 0 the same line of fault ; No.3 being slightly N.E. of the continuation of No. 2, which indeed is continued on the N.W. side of Halley. IV AS, TV A$91, TV AS94, TV As93, Iv AS$43, This appears to be of small extent and confined to the second point of upburst on the “ Ray from Tycho.” ; IVAS®, IV AS*, IVAS5, and the S.E. mouth of the valley IV A$ §*. 6, Upheaval ....| TV a$57, TV AS89, TV AS?8 Ty AS6l, IV AS! N. border, IV A$ 16, a ee 866. Ak 274 REPORT—1866. Direction. Character. Objects and Remarks. These six lines traverse a nearly rectangu- lar area, bounded on theS.S.W. by W.N. W.— E.S.K. No. 1, on the N.N.E. byW.N.W.- E.S.E, No. 6, on the W.N.W. by 8.8. W.- N.N.E. No, 8, and on the E.8.E.by 8.8.W.— N.N.E. No. 1. The area thus enclosed is the most disturbed in this part of the moon. 7. Upheaval ..../1V A$ ®* the longer axis. W.N.W,-E.S.E, N.W.-S.E. ..../1. Rill.......3.. lv A$79, This rill, which is not in Schmidt’s Cata- logue, was discovered on Rutherford’s pho- tograph by the author on July 21, 1866. It was observed with the Royal Society’s te- lescope of 4{-inch aperture, power 230, on August 18, 1866. It les in the line W.N. W.- E.S.E. No. 5. N.N.W.-S.S.E,..|1. Valley ...... IV AS 84, N.N.W.-S.S.E,..|2. Upheaval ....| Tv A$37, IV A$86, N.N.W.-S.S.E.. .| 3. Depression... .| Ty A¢ 85, IV AS §7, which is just at the S.E. corner of the disturbed rectangular area before de- scribed, is in the same line of direction. 4, Depression on | Ty A$7°, TV A$74, TV AS43, TV A$ 93, a line of. up-| Jy AS, TV AS92 TV AS6 IV AS4s, heaval IV A$ 46, IV AS 28, TV As 8, These objects, with the exception of the rill [V A$ ®! are on the east side of the main line of fault N.N.W.-S.S.E. No. 5; the mountain IV A$ ®! is just east of it. .|5. Upheaval ..../[V AS ®, TV A $36 Ty $42 IV AS90, TV AS%2, TV AS 4, TV AS %, This is the main line of fault crossing the area, It appears as a portion of a lucid ray from Tycho in the full moon. It is noteworthy that these five lines of upheaval and depression are found in this area on the east of the main line of fault only, including it. N.N.W.-S,S.E.. . N.N.W.-S.S.E.. N. by W.-S. by E.| 1. Upheaval ....) TV AS!7, TV AS55, TV AS 36, Forming the west border of Ptolemeeus. N. by W.-S. by E.| 2. Upheaval ....} IV AS 47, N. by W.-S. by E.| 3. Upheaval ..../TV AS*. General Remarks.—The most interesting feature resulting from this dis- cussion, confined as it is in extent, is the almost rectangular area of greatest disturbance on IV A& crossed by two main lines of fault which intersect each other in the point IV A235; one, W.N.W.-E.S.E. No. 2 (IV A¢ 67, IV A¢5?), coincident with the north-east wall of Albategnius, having several craters opened on it, and running parallel with the S.S.W. and N.N.E. boundaries of the area; the other, N.N.W.-S.S.E. No. 5, which breaking through W.N.W.-E.S.E. No. 2 at the point of intersection, leads strongly to the conclusion that the line N.N.W.-S.S.E. No. 5 is the most recent, and this ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 275 line of fault appears to be connected with Tycho. It does not appear at pre- sent that W.N.W.—E.S.E. No. 2 is connected with any centre or point of outbreak, unless it may be with IV A", of which we may have to say more in treating of that area. Another disturbed area occurs on IV A% between the lines W.N.W.-E.S.E. No. 2, N.W.-S.E. No. 1; it is bounded on the west by the line 8. by W.-N. by E. No. 4. The lines of disturbance at right angles to W.N.W.—E.S.E. are the most numerous, nearly 30 per cent. of the whole on the two areas, equal to 17688-°35 square miles English; and there is some reason to believe, as mentioned under IV AS *4, that the whole set may be in connexion with the easternmost of the ray-centres in the 8.W. portion of the moon, but a more extensive examination is necessary before this can be de- cided. Arranging the whole of the directions according to a percentage scale, we have as under :-— Directions. Lines. Percentage. S.S.W.-N.N.E. ....| 14 29°17 W.N.W.-E.S.E. .... 9 18°75 N.N.W.-S.S.E. .... 7 14:59 S. by W.-N. by E. .. 4 8:33 N. by W.-S. by E. .. 4 8°33 SHW Nebo. roa tau, 3 6:25 W.S.W.-E.N.E. .... 3 6°25 INSWiS Ele teees 3 6:25 SNe betel erate oleae ater 1 2:08 The following Table exhibits the proportion in each area :— Directions. Ly Az: TV AS. Lines. Percentage. Line. Percentage. S. by W.-N. by E.. + 25:00 S.S.W.-N.N.E. ... 5 31-25 9 28°125 W.N.W.-E.S.E. .. 2 12°50 7 21:875 N.N.W.-S.S.E 2 12-50 5 15°625 W.S. W.-E.N.E sé A 3 9°375 BaWN.E. os. ese a 3 9:375 N. by W.-S. by E L 6:25 3 9°375 INOW SH ac ee Bate 2 12°50 1 3° 25 Shai: sss c.cnlsies oe ly 3125 Area IV A* = 8877-925 square miles English. Area IV AS = 8810-425 square miles English. It is worthy of remark that the directions giving the greatest numbers are at right angles to each other. That which is evidently the main line of fault, extending both N.N.W. and S.S.E. beyond the areas IV A@ and IV A& is accompanied with the next greatest number of parallel lines of upheaval and depression, but confined to the eastward of the main line of fault, while in the other directions the numbers are few. ‘ The point between IV AS%, Ty Ao? Ty A236, and TV AS"4 appears to be a centre of disturbance, or point of upburst. There is one of a secondary character at IV A>%?, which is also a point of intersection of lines of upheaval and depression. T2 276 REPORT— 1866. Postscript.—1867, April 12. In order to avoid any bias in the production of the outline, or in drawing up the catalogue, I purposely abstained, except in a few special instances, from consulting either B. & M. or Lohrmann, so that the work, so far as it has proceeded, is perfectly independent of the labours of previous selenographers ; but while the foregoing sheets were passing through the press, and after the areas IV A% and IV A& were engraved, I very carefully compared them with Lohrmann’s sections (the reader can make his own comparison with B. & M., the corresponding portions of their Map being given in the Plate). As it is not unlikely that some of the notes may be of interest, I take this opportu- nity of adding them. A few have already been inserted. IV A*.—2. Reaumur. Neither B. & M. nor Lohrmann give any objects on this plain. 7. The mountain-range on which this crater is opened is continued by Lohrmann towards his mountain 34, Sec. I. (IV A¢*"), where he gives an opening into the plain west of IV A$24 (Lohrmann’s W. Sec. 1). IV A“!7, IV A$ °9 is in the direction of this mountain-chain, and it may probably: be the craterlet which Lohrmann shows on or near its south end. 12,13 are shown by Lohrmann as valleys opening into Hipparchus. In his ‘ Topographie der Sichtbaren Mondoberfliche,’ Sec. I. p. 45, he says, “The valley between 32 (IV A%°°) and 33 (IV A%?8) unites the interior floor of Hipparchus with the plain of the Mare vaporum.” I have not met with an opening—certainly not with one that would easily strike the attention—in the line of cliffs forming the N.E. boundary of” Hipparchus. If I have interpreted Lohrmann’s language correctly, it would appear that he considered that the floor of Hipparchus and that of the Mare vaporum (Sinus Medii, B. & M.) were at the same level. Now in my obser- vations of the region around IV A%* I found it depressed below Hipparchus, the line of cliffs forming the partition. The only valley which I have given is IV A%*2, south of IV A%!°, 1867, April 11,1 found an opening in IV A*!*; the surface is, however, inclined towards IV A%!!, Query. Is IV A#!? Blocked towards 1V A% 10as shown by Lohrmann, by the mountain which appears to be the east side of the valley IV A%°?? 20. The mountain on the west of the south portion (IV A%*!) appears to be figured by Lohrmann at the mouth of the valley between 32 and 33 of his Sec. I., but he does not in the slightest degree indicate the depression to the east. 25. This appears to be the N.W. side of the valley which Lohrmann men- tions and figures in See. I. 87. 32. This valley is shown by Lohrmann with a mountain-range within it. The interior mountain-range I have not seen. Lohrmann shows the 8.W. mouth of the valley open, and ewactly in the line of the valley IV A” !8, 43, 58. These formations are partially shown by Lohrmann with at least two additional mountain-chains ; 1V A” *® appears, according to Lohrmann, to stand in a valley; IV A%°® is ill figured. 47. This cleft is well shown by Lohrmann, as well as the dark colour on the surface which is very marked in the photograph. 53. Lohrmann, in his text, p. 55, speaks of this valley as connecting the ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 277 plain W. Sec. I. (IV A*9, IV A2?4) with a plain east of Hipparchus. He gives four openings (valleys) in the mountainous border of this plain, viz. 88, 89, and 90 of Sec. I., and another, which do not by any means appear pro- minently in the photograph. 59. Lohrmann gives this as the N.E. extremity of a long mountain-range parallel with IV A**°, 61. Lohrmann gives a short low mountain-range which lies in the direc- tion of this ray; or it may be IV A%®, 72. This “ Fault,” which under a suitable illumination is quite apparent, is not indicated by Lohrmann, neither are the marked dislocations of the border of Rheeticus shown. 75. The north portion of this valley, with apparently a low mountain- range separating it from IV A**®, is shown by Lohrmann in Sec. 1.25. The valley IV A” as it enters IV A? !? has a darker tint in Lohrmann. 77. Lohrmann shows a plain here. 79, 81. Are these the two craterlets which Lohrmann places at the entrance of his valley, Sec. I. 87? 80. Lohrmann mentions (p. 55) and delineates in this neighbourhood (pro- bably the lower part of the slope of ITV A“ *°) a valley, 87, Sect. I., 77 German miles (32-2 English miles) in length. This valley, with the individuality ascribed to it by Lohrmann, has not arrested my attention. I am neverthe- less disposed to regard it as running between IV A%®° and IV A“°2, Lohr- mann also mentions and shows two craterlets at its entrance. The following objects occur in Lohrmann’s Section I., 15, 30, 68, 69, 70. The following objects are not found in Lohrmann’s Section I., 23, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 57, 60, 64, 65, ? 66, 71, 73, 74, 82, 83, 84. IV A>.—25. This formation is alluded to, although not individually de- scribed, by Lohrmann under 28, Sec. I., p. 44. The N.E. boundary is exceedingly ill figured by Lohrmann, and 34, with its two mountain-peaks, IV A>®! and IV A237, is placed too far to the east. The valley IV Aé 85 between IV A¢°! and IV AS °" is blocked on the 8.9.E. by Lohrmann. 27. This valley is well shown by Lohrmann. In it, just N.W. of his mountain (IV A °%, TV AS°7 shown as one), he has placed a craterlét, which I have not found, nor am I aware that it is mentioned in his text. 31. This mountain is shown in Sec. I. of Lohrmann, but the semi-crater TV A288 is absent. 32. This mountain appears to be the N.E. spur of Lohrmann’s 20, Sec. L., the south part of which he places in the position of Schmidt’s crater-rill 355. I have not detected his N.W. spur, unless it be IV AS 1) which is a difficult object. Lohrmann gives four craterlets on the east side of the N.E. spur. I have seen three of them, viz. [IV A¢9, IV A59! and IV AS 92, 33, 68. Both given by Lohrmann on See. I. IV A%?? between his 48 and 20, and IV A$® on his 20, 40. It is uncertain if Lohrmann has this craterlet; he indicates a very small depression of a similar nature not far from its locality. 42, 43. Both these craterlets are given by Lohrmann on his mountain 19, Sec. I. I have not yet met with this mountain. 47. Lohrmann shows IV A‘ *” as connected with a range running towards 278 REPORT—1866. Iv Aé! (X of Sec. I.). This does not appear to be the case from the photo- graph. ‘The whole of this portion of the map requires to be very carefully examined under good atmospheric circumstances at the telescope. Ihave a record 1864, July 24, of the valley 88, Sec. I. between the range above men- tioned and a parallel one. 52. Shown by Lohrmann, but not at all correctly. It is quite detached in Sec. I. from the mountain 20, on the south edge of which it is evidently situated. 56, 57. Lohrmann gives these mountains as one, which he describes as the highest of the mountain-ranges near 28 of Sec. I. 58. Lohrmann, Sec. I. p. 44, classes 25, 26, and 27 together as apparently belonging to low wall-mountains; 26 I have not found; 27 I describe as an ancient and partly filled crater (IV A°°8) with a slightly depressed surface ; and 25 is the depression IV A%“° in the valley TV A$ ®°. 59. Lohrmann shows at the extremity of the mountain-arm IV A‘, which he extends further to the 8.W., a craterlet; this is probably IV AS 959, 67, 82. Schmidt’s crater-rills 354 and 355 are situated respectively upon the 8.W. edges of Lohrmann’s two mountains 19 and 20, Sec. I., which he places in the mountain-border of Albategnius. These mountains he separates in the line with TV A5%°, IV A591, and TV A>. Tv AS4?, which he places on the south part of his mountain 19, is a little too far east as com- pared with mine; and IV A&36, which he places incorrectly with regard to Iv A542 (inasmuch as it is on the S.W. of IV A54?), he throws a little too far to the east of the line IV A¢ 99, TV AS9!, Ty A292, It is the crater Iv A%%6 which separates the rills, and Lohrmann shows it with IV Aé “4 lower than the mountain-border and on the floor of Albategnius. There is no point of upburst indicated by Lohrmann such as is evident on the photo- graph. 78. Given by Lohrmann opening into a plain at a higher level than the floor of Ptolemeus. On this plain Lohrmann places IV aC 55, This plain is entirely wanting in the photograph. 1866, Sept. 17, 8" to 10%, I recorded the appearance of a plateau between IV AS“ and IV A> !%, intermediate in level between the high N.E. border of Albategnius and the low floor of Ptolemeus, which I afterwards found was the summit of the mountain TV A¢17, and between it and the mountain TV A¢‘> was the deep hollow Tv AS 97, seen very distinctly on the 19th of Sept. 1866. I have not met with Lohrmann’s plain. The deep hollow IV A%°" is entirely wanting in Sec. L., in which the plain occupies the position of IV A523. 84. Lohrmann shows this valley as blocked by a portion of the border of Ptolemzeus between his 16, Sec. I., and the plain west of Ptolemzus, 7. e. be- tween IV AS !6 and IV A&2%. The following objects, some very imperfectly, are found in Lohrmann, See. L.,'10, 17, 26, 29, 83, 87. "The following objects do not occur in Lohrmann, 30, 54, 79, 86, 88, 89. ADDENDA TO CaTALoguE. 86. A craterlet north of IV A%*; estimated 2’-0 mag. 0-12. First seen 1867, April 11, with the Royal Society’s achromatic 44-inch ~ aperture, power 230. Tt is not in B. & M., nor in Lohrmann. ON MAPPING THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 279 87. The low central range in Rheeticus, the south part. 88. The mountain-range on which IV A“? is opened. It is 5 of B. & M. The dotted lines in areas [LV A* and IV A$ indicate the west foot of this mountain-range, the east requires to be determined. IV A’.—103. A craterlet east of IV A5!18; estimated 2'0, mag. 0-12. Not in Lohrmann, but shown by B. & M. 104. A mountain on the plain IV AS 24 shown very plainly by Lohrmann on Sec. I., and mentioned in his text(p. 55) as lying in 0° 30’ of west long. and 5° 40’ of south lat., direction north to south, estimated length 6"-33, breadth 3”. It is inserted from Lohrmann’s sections, but does not appear on the photograph. 1864, July 24, I saw and sketched it. The in- strument used was the Hartwell Equatoreal, power 118, the eyepiece being furnished with a diaphragm having a narrow slit, along which the object was allowed to pass, or kept in position by the clock motion. 105. A hill between the south end of IV AS !94 and IV AS 47; estimated diameter 1-75. 106. A hill between the north end of IV A¢ 194 and IV AS 47; estimated diameter 1-75, These two hills which are not seen on the photograph, are from Lohrmann. They are on his Sec. I., and mentioned in his text, p. 55. I saw and sketched them 1864, July 24. 107. A slight elevation in and rather west of the centre of IV A$!, seen with the Royal Society’s achromatic, 43-inch aperture, power 230, 1867, March 15, 7" 40™, G. M. T. 108. A bright spot on the north part of the mountain IV A%®!, 109. A bright spot on the north part of the mountain IV A237, Both spots were seen 1867, March 15, 7" 45", G. M. T., with the Royal Society’s -achromatic, 43-inch aperture, power 230. 110. A mountain between IV AS 7 and IV AS 4" in the east border of Hipparchus. 111. The south part of the mountain-range IV A* 88, 112. A craterlet near the south end of IV A*88, TV AS!11, estimated 3-5, mag. 0°21. Shown by Lohrmann, but not by B. & M. 113. A craterlet S.E. of IV A512; estimated 2-0, mag. 0°12. Not in Lohrmann, but shown by B. & M. 114, A depression N.E. of the north end of IV A110; estimated length S.W.—N.E. 4:0. Neither in B. & M., nor in Lohrmann. Tv AS 103 and IV AS!!9 to TV AS 114, excepting IV Ao!!! were first seen by the author, 1867, April 11, with the Royal Society’s 43-inch aperture, power 230. The positions are confirmed by the photograph, although the objects are not sufficiently distinct in the photograph to be recognized inde- pendently of observation with the telescope. Livres oF UPHEAVAL AND DEPRESSION. The south border of IV A’ 58 is in the prolongation of the line of upheaval IV AS, W.N.W.-E.S.E. No. 6. IV Aé S.S.W-N.N.E. No. 5.—IV AS 48 and IV A’ 47 are in continuation of this line, which forms a gentle curve convex to E.S.E. 280 REPORT-— 1866. IV AS N.N.W.-S.S.E. No. 5.—This well-marked “line of fault” from Tycho is continued across the area TV A®* west of IV A” 10 and Rheeticus. The careful study of the lines of upheaval and depression is particularly recommended to lunar observers as full of promise. It is not at all unlikely that several of the “ Rays from Tycho” will be found to possess the charac- ter of lines of volcanic energy. It is an interesting fact that the two points of upburst, IV AS 36 and IV A& 82, on the “ray from Tycho” crossing the area IV A occur in localities where several lines of upheaval and depression in- tersect each other. Concluding Remarks. We would again call attention to the Note on p. 239, to the effect that the present Map is not intended to be perfect or complete; and we are the more anxious on this point, as various suggestions have been offered with the view of rendering it more efficient, with which we most cordially agree. At pre- sent the engraved portions of the Map are in outline, and will doubtless re- quire considerable modification, as observers work at the subzones (see pp. 241, 242) which they may select. One suggestion, and a very important one, is, ‘that as the craters on the moon’s surface are the leading objects, catch- ‘ing the eye first, and giving points of reference to the region under obser- vation, it would greatly facilitate the work of observers if the craters were rendered more conspicuous in the engravings.” The present imperfection of our knowledge of “ detail”? interferes materially with adopting any conven- tional mode of distinguishing one class of objects from another, further than as explained on p. 240; but as the Maps are intended for working-purposes, and are printed on paper that will bear colouring, we would strongly recommend that each observer should, before commencing his observations, tint with a suitable colour the craters in his pair of subzones; and if a few other conspi- cuous objects, as mountains, were desirable as points of reference, they might be tinted, but with a colour as much in contrast as possible. The portion of Beer and Madler’s map, referred to on p. 241, does not accompany this Re- port. Apprnpix IV. Determination of the apparent Equator on De La Rue’s Photograph, 1865, October 4° 9" 0™ 4°, Name. X, Pho. X, B. & M. Diff. 8. Messier .2.....+.066 035 "035 ‘000 Theophilus......... *200 "196 +:004 Albategnius ...... “190 "193 —'003 Dollond ........+... OG} 178 —"005 Herschel............ *096 098 —*002 Gassendi ......... "286 "291 —"005 N. iRicard iis casssecs=s 253 ‘250 +'003 Dionysius ......... 054 "Os +'003 PING vscecscvescceee *4.70 4.66 +:004 Agstilltsyccsssess = *560 556 +004, Biche estar ccere sees *718 713 +005 Kepler _.........++ "147 135 +-o12 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 281 Determination of the apparent First Meridian. Name. Y, Pho. Y, B.& M. Diff. W. Albategnius ...... "079 068 +-or Theophilus......... "451 "434 ++017 Messier ............ 754 “733 +021 Dollond ............ "262 "242 +:o20 Picard © 2. .ccs..0. "803 "782 +021 Dionysius ......... "313 "294 +:or9 aimm6's;caseoakenee. “Ig! ei f +°o14 Aristillus ......... 023 "O15 +:008 E. Gassendi............ *602 609 —007 Herschel..........0. "028 037 —*00g Kepler ............ *6o1 "606 —"005 PICO: ese Seed oaesacces “105 ‘112, —*007 The values of the coordinates are expressed in parts of the moon’s semi- diameter, which is equal to unity. See Report, 1865, p. 295. Report of the Rainfall Committee, consisting of J. Guaisumr, F.R.S., Lord Wrortestey, F.R.S., Prof. Puiiurps, F.R.S., Prof. TYNDALL, F.R.S., Dr. Lez, F.R.S., J. F. Bareman, F.R.S., R. W. Myunz, F.R.S., Cuartes Brooke, F.R.S., and G. J. Symons, Secretary. Iris satisfactory to state,that in all branches of rainfall investigations steady progress has been maintained, and order, regularity, and accuracy more fully established than at any previous time. Mr. Symons’s last Report to this Association in the volume just published, contained an epitomized history of rainfall investigations from 1677 to 1865, the present one deals principally with the progress made since the Meeting at Birmingham. The Rainfall Committee appointed at that Meeting having been fully impressed with the paramount importance of promptly collecting all the old rain records that are in any way accessible, directed that a circular should be sent to every news- paper in the United Kingdom; and as the circulars had to be modified for each journal, and there are upwards of-1400 newspapers regularly published, the preparation of these circulars was rather a tedious process, even. to one pretty well used to voluminous work. They were, however, all ready at last, and posted simultaneously. It speaks volumes for the willingness of the press to help ‘science, and for its disinterested public spirit, that these circulars (and troublesome ones to print too) were inserted by many hundred journals without a scruple or a word as to payment. The circulars were as follows :— British RAINFALL. To the Editor of the Str,—I have to ask your readers’ attention for a few moments to a request on the above subject, the importance of which in relation to engineering and drainage questions is well known. It is now some years since I began col- lecting returns of the fall of rain—with what success I will mention pre- sently, but my main difficulty has been to find out the persons who keep such _ records, and one of the most obvious sources of assistance is the Public Press ; I now, therefore, ask from each and every journal in the British Isles their all-powerful aid. When the collection was first organized in 1860, scarcely 200 persons were known to observe and record the rainfall; by steady per- 282 REPORT—1866. severance, and the aid of a portion of the press, the number has been raised until there are now more than 1200 places whence returns are regularly re- ceived. Still I know there are many more, probably hundreds, who have either never heard of the establishment of a central depét to which copies of all rain records should be sent, or they have been too diffident to send them. It is of paramount importance to gather these, and make the Tables yet more complete. I therefore beg leave through your columns to ask every reader to think for a moment if he or she knows of any one who keeps, or has kept, a rain-gauge ; or who has any tables of rainfall (or old weather journals) in their possession. Andif they do know of such persons, I ask them on behalf of science, of my fellow-observers, and on my own behalf, to use every effort to secure their assistance, and to favour me with their names and addresses. We want old records, we want records for the present year, and from many parts of the country we want returns for the future, if a few persons will notify to me their willingness to assist, and to pay 10s. 6d. for the very cheap and simple gauge now supplied. To prevent needless correspondence, I annex a list of the places in Bedford- shire whence returns have been already collected for the years mentioned in the last column, and shall be very glad of any additions or corrections. Other counties, or the complete list for the whole country, shall be sent to any one willing to make good use of it. I may add that an influential committee of the British Association has been appointed to superintend and assist in my investigations, and that they cordially support my present application. ; I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, 136 Camden Road, London, N.W. G. J. Symons. The Committee consists of J. Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S.; Lord Wrottesley, F.R.S.; Prof. Phillips, F.R.S.; Prof. Tyndall, F.R.S.; Dr. Lee, F.R.S. ; J. F: Bateman, Esq., F.R.S.; R. W. Mylne, Esq., F.R.S., and myself. BrpForDsHIRE. Station. oti Observer. Period. Amn pti aes. see. diane ditean lesions dex W.S. Slinn, Hsq. ....:.... C 1865- Bedford (Britannia Farm) ......... ee Mrs. Bowick si20,. 20.028 C 1865— fo op se eo (Hlanper Street) ie... sce: hie. WD iBarker......ssese se. . 2 C 1851— 3, (Observatory)* .....:..-.:- fee Admiral Smyth............ 1831, 1833-38. Cardington (Staff gauge) ............ roo | Mr. M‘Laren............... C 1846- pee (Obs. auge) its. cccue. es. oc 100 8 C 1848- » (86ft.+ground) ......... 136 5 C 1848- 5y ) ACSA DLOOK) \e ane-edacess ssc ... | R.S. Stedman, Esq. ...... Potton (Sutton Park) ... | Sir J. M. Burgoyne ...... C 1864- Stotfold [Baldock] ..... ..--| 220 | W. Denne, Esq. ......... 1864— Woburn (Apsley)........ ; 460 | Rey. G. W. Mahon ...... C 1856- The practical results of the publication of upwards of a million copies of this circular were awaited with much interest. Many hundreds (if not thousands) of letters were received, but the majority of them referred either to observers with whom Mr. Symons was already in correspondence, or to old observations already collected. About 200 letters notified that the writers had recently procured rain-gauges, and would be happy to send the results in future; and about 100 only contained what was (and is) most required, namely, old observations not previously collected—some of these were very valuable records; but on the whole the result of the appeal was to confirm the belief that there are not now very many records in private hands of which copies are not already obtained and classified. ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 2838 Taking, as we may, the total number of additional stations at 300, it does not seem expedient to give yet a list of them, but rather subsequently to issue a supplement to the list in the last Report, or perhaps a completed reprint. Extraction and Classification of published Records.—We regret to say that absolutely nothing has been done in searching the Library of the British Mu- seum during the past year. Records once there being safe, it has been judged more expedient to secure those from other quarters, where their safe custody is always uncertain; the observers die, and the records are too often destroyed. Examination of Rain-gauges.—Eyer since Mr. Symons’s rainfall investiga- tions were commenced, he has made it a principal aim to visit as many as possible of the gauges actually at work, and by conversation with the ob- servers, and by examination of the accuracy of their gauges and the suitability of their position, to secure at once stronger personal interest in the work, and greater uniformity and accuracy in the mode of carrying it on. It is therefore with much pleasure that the details of 166 such visits are annexed to this Report, drawn up, it is hoped, in such a manner as to afford a good general idea of the position of the gauges, and absolute knowledge of the degree of accuracy of each gauge at different poimts of its scale. Without entering at present on a minute analysis of the results of these examinations, it may be affirmed that they are on the whole immensely beneficial. Asa rule, the gauges are found to be in error less than two per cent. ; and though now and then he comes upon gauges which are a disgrace to those who made them, these cases are altogether exceptional. A more frequent source of error is the proximity of trees and tall plants; it cannot be too strongly impressed on observers, that they must keep a clear open space round their gauges. Inclined and Tipping Funnelled Gauges—At the last Meeting of this Association it was suggested by Mr. Varley and Prof. Phillips that we should ascertain the indications of a gauge whose mouth instead of being horizontal should be inclined, and kept face to wind by a vane. We are happy to be able to announce that Mr. Chrimes of Rotherham has erected, and regularly observed, a most exhaustive set of instruments for the investigation of this question. They are erected on a piece of exposed high land in the suburbs of Rotherham, and the gauges are read daily and 5 monthly. The instruments are— 1. A gauge similar to one employed many years.ago by Prof. Phillips, haying one horizontal and four vertical funnels, facing E., W., N., and 8, Of course if the rain is absolutely vertical it will only enter the horizontal funnel; if coming absolutely horizontal, and from, say, due east, it will only enter the funnel facing east; if at any intermediate angle, it will partly fall into two or three funnels, each being provided with separate pipes and taps ; the quantity caught by each is known, and the angle and point whence the rain fell can be easily calculated. 2 to 5. Four gauges revolving by vanes, and having their funnels tilted towards the wind at angles of 223°, 45°, 674°, and 90°. 6. A gauge similar to the above, except that the tilt of the gauge is not fixed, but, being supplied. with levers, &c., varies with the pressure of the wind. In a dead calm the funnel is horizontal, and in a gale it will, it is hoped, be tilted to an angle of 70° or 80°. It should thus be always at right angles to the wind, and catch more than any other gange in windy weather. : 7. A Robinson’s anemometer, to give the horizontal motion of the air. 8. A set of gauges at different elevations—10 feet, 15 feet, 20 feet, and 25 feet above the ground; two at each height, one for daily and one for monthly measurements. These, and also the above-mentioned gauges, are all 5 inches diameter. 984 REPORT—1866. The observations were submitted for discussion to Mr. Baxendell, F.R.A.S., who reports as follows :— Note on Mr. Chrimes’s Rain-gauge Experiments, by Joseph Baxendell, Esq., F.R.A.S.—Comparing the quantity of rain received by the horizontal mouth of the five-mouthed gauge with that received by the 90° inclined gauge, I find that the mean monthly angles of deviation from the vertical of falling rain were— ee pa ae April .... 54 46 May .... 50 22 June .... 35 15 The mean derived from the entire series of observations (not the mean of the monthly means) is 42°13’. This value is greater than I was prepared to expect, but is borne out by the results of the other gauges; thus, the greatest quantity of rain was, in every month, received by the 45° inclined gauge; and comparing the results of all the inclined gauges, we obtain the following monthly values :— fo] April .... 56 May ...... 59> 20, Tansyeaees 37 The mean daily movement of the wind on rainy days was 149 miles. Arranging the rainy days in two groups, the one including all the days when the movement of the wind was above, and the other all those when it was below the mean value, we find that with a mean daily movement of 103-8 miles, the rain fell at an angle of 33° 38’ from the perpendicular, and with a mean daily movement of 227-4 miles the angle was increased to 58° 21’. The five-mouthed gauge was in use two months earlier than the series of inclined gauges, and the mean monthly horizontal direction of the rain de- duced from its indications was as follows :— Webra iid. itt. ss S. 74 11 W March ereti jas’. meee 8. 25 4E AorWer 6 Beret a) ot N.57 29 E. ye PS cae ees N. 65 14 E. JUNE Sere eters ohae N. 46 36 E. Tf I understand the construction of the tipping-gauge aright, it ought to receive more rain than any of the other gauges, but the observations show that while in general it receives more than the horizontal and vertical gauges, it receives less than the gauges whose orifices are inclined at angles of 222°, 45°, and 674°. On days when the velocity of the wind is less than the average, the tipping-gauge receives less than either the 223° or 45° inclined gauge, and more than any of the other gauges; but with the velocity of the wind above the average, it receives more than the horizontal gauge and less than any of the others.. It appears therefore to be irregular in its action, and to require some modification before its results can be used with confidence in rainfall investigations. Tass, Ramtaigia. Cheetham Hill, Manchester, August 17, 1866. P.S.—So far as I can see at present, Mr. Chrimes’s experiments do not throw any fresh light on the question as to the cause of the differences in the amounts of rain received by gauges at different elevations. Influence of River Mists on the Amount of Rain collected.—An observer of great practical experience once marked on his return “ affected by a large pool adjacent to the gauge.” Mr. Symons at once began speculating how much this could amount to; and it has also often been questioned by those who, from an elevation, have seen the mist hanging over the windings of a river, so marked and well defined that its course can be traced for miles. Is it to these mists, or to the percolation of the water through the river banks, that their luxuriant vegetation is to be ascribed? If to the mists, ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 285 should we not find the rainfall in the places they cover above that of neigh- bouring stations? By the cooperation of the Thames Conservancy Commis- sioners and the observer at Weybridge Heath (W. F. Harrison, Esq.), three gauges have been erected with a view of testing the point*. There was obviously some little difficulty in deciding on the best mode of fixing the gauge in the middle of the river, yet where it should be safe from injury by the barges or mischievous people. Eventually it was fixed on the top of one of the guard piles protecting Shepperton Weir; Mr. Symons felt at the time that, elevated 6 ft. above the water, 150 ft. from either bank, the gauge would, from its exposed position, catch too little, less even than the ordinary fall at that height, because of the great exposure, still he did not then see any better arrangement. On receipt of the following report from Mr. Harrison we are inclined next year to try if we can have the gauge moored floating on the stream, with its mouth only a foot or so above it. Rainfall Observations at three Stations at and near Weybridge, Surrey. 1st Srarion 2np Station (read daily). (read monthly). es: ecg Bartropps, Weybridge | Rev. Dr. Spyers’s, Wey- 7 Ee We 2 Heath. bridge Village. 3 Sanne ; Observer, Observer, aS W. F. Harrison, Esq. W. F. Harrison, Esq. Mr. Thomas Vokins. Height of rim of gauge. | Height of rim of gauge. | Height of rim of gauge. um ey Above feet. Above feet. | Above feet. 1866 ? | Mean sea-level... 150°26 | Mean sea-level ... 53°08 | Mean sea-level ... 41°79 SeehGround, ....2:.<- 0°50 | Ground ............ 0°66 | Ground ............ 6:00 inches. inches. inches. Penuary s..| ......00. CGE Gi wlll Seonbonee 3°2650 2°350 Mebruary | .......... ASA ON Gs al) bitesticeees ATISGM teehee 2°945 0 eA eee 1°6275 1-5 QUOMmE|Metccacaslone 1265 BREED eoicad|| | en ossoses paige {| | chaser 2-067 Rama ete seerncs 1880 WN ReROm Ge || \ osecsr.s TSO7 Sunuliisscces.css 1:205 3102) on ALTAQO) |p wrsatenes sod Map e Nl. seiSedase 3°045 BRULVAe wagdh |) <-s.06-.- 0. LiO400 8 + |. Sse he. .e 11525 1°135 Totals.,.... fy DIC | ey tsp RGs7 TS OuN || i otstacces 13°825 REMARKS. The fall at station 2 differs but slightly from that at station 1, but is in derect five times for twice that it is in excess. The fall at station 3 is very remarkably in defect of that at station 1, and materially so of that at station 2, being only once in excess of either of the other stations respectively. I think the extraordinary discrepancy between the fall at station 3 and that at the other stations during January and February is to be accounted for by the high winds which accompanied the rain in those months, causing much drift and splashing at such an exposed station as No. 3, The observer at that station is very careful, and has, I think, recorded the fall accurately. Bartropps, Weybridge Heath. W. Ee * Station No. 1 is on the northern slope of a rising ground, about a quarter of a mile ES.E. of the Weybridge Station of the London and South-Western Railway; No. 2 is close to Weybridge Church, about one mile N.N.W. of Station No. 1, and nearly level with the river; No. 3, at Shepperton Weir, is half a mile N.N.W. of No. 2, and one mile and a half N.N.W. of No. 1. - 286 REPORT—1866. With the double object of checking these experiments in the upper por- tions of the Thames valley, and also of ascertaining how serious were the errors incidental to a rain-gauge on board ship, a gauge was, by the cour- tesy of the Elder Brethren of the Trinity House, placed on board the Nore light-ship, and its indications have been checked against the returns from the land stations at Sheerness, Shoeburyness, and Rochford. The result again seems to be a less amount in mid-stream, but neither set of experi- ments have gone on long enough for generalization. First Approximation to Fluctuation of Rainfall, 1726 to 1865. In Mr. Symons’s last annual Report he gave “ a few particulars respecting the rainfall of the last fifty years,’ and exhibited the smaller of the two diagrams accompanying this Report* ; that investigation he expressly stated was temporary only, and if he had consulted only his own inclination it would have remained for a few years longer the solitary examination of the question; his reason being that the importance of the question of the secular variation of rainfall is such that temporary and partial investigations are unworthy of it. On the other hand, no sooner were the previous data pub- lished, than he was urged to give some approximations to the truth for pre- vious years, to see if older records gave any indication of droughts equal to those of the ten years ending with 1865—to see, in short, what facts can be discovered in this hitherto untrodden branch of inquiry. He thought that if he persisted in maintaining that this second series, like the first, was but a partial discussion of the question, curiosity would be partly allayed, and there would be less occasion to hurry on the final work, he now therefore submits the results of the following process. (1) Eight of the longest and most complete registers were selected, most being for periods of over fifty years, viz. — Southwick, near Oundle, Northamptonshire (George yrs. Dayana, Misty. ).) 946) ~aai 1910-19, ... yh 98-60: foie ., 1895... ipsa a de 1890-99, han 1032} 100-9 896°. 1835. ....101-3)-.... 1830-39), 5) 101d | sae 1836 ,, 1845 .... 100-2 f 200 8 | 1840-49 17. 102.6 | oe 1846 5, 1855. .... 100-6] go_ || 1850-59... 952 1856 1865 .... 963 Table IV. is an abstract of the last column of Table III., which brings out very clearly the dry periods in the middle of the eighteenth, and at the beginning and in the middle of the nineteenth centuries. : One obvious use of Table HI. may be mentioned, as it may_not occur to every one, namely, that as these calculations are mainly based on stations in the midland counties, the probable fall at any place in that district, in any of the last 140 years, may be obtained by multiplying the adopted mean ratio from Table III. by the mean fall at any given place, as deduced from modern observations. For instance, the first year in the Table 1726 is set down 109 ; from modern observations we know that the mean fall in North- amptonshire is about 24 inches, then 1:09 x 24=—26:16; the observed fall (26-70) was 2 per cent. greater. Fifty years later 1776 stands as 107; the fall in Rutland may also be taken at 24, then 1-07 x 24=25-68; the observed fall (27-84) was 9 per cent. greater. Another fifty years, and 1826 stands as 77; Manchester has a mean fall of 36 inches, then -77 x 36=27°72; the observed fall (24-91) was 8 per cent. less. * Since these calculations have been finished, Mr. Symons has received from Dr, Barham of Truro a complete copy of the register kept at Plymouth from 1727 to 1752 by Dr. Huxham ; the yearly totals and ratios are entered on Tables I. and IT. so as to be avail- able for comparison, but in different type, because they are not used in forming Table III, Their fluctuations agree very fairly with the adopted mean values in Table III. 288 REPORT— 1866. Lastly, to take a short group of years, the fall at Ware, in Hertfordshire, may be taken at 25 inches, we then get the following results :— Ratio from Computed Fall observed at ge Table III. fall | Youngsbury. Difference. in. in. in. Vai tee, 96 28:00 23-66 _434 17661 eee 65 16:25 17-68 41-43 Tao). Lai 116 29:00 29:49 40-49 170014’ £t.. 2s AP BE 21:50 22-97 41-47 Tyla teades 105 26-25 24-20 ~ 2.05 Mean... 2420 23-60 —0-60 This accordance is specially satisfactory for two reasons, it proves at once the safety of the plan suggested, and the reliability of these old observations. Rainrart 1864 anv 1865. Tables V., VI., and VII. continue the series of detailed rainfall tables com- menced in 1860, and are arranged exactly as in previous years. The exces- sive drought of 1860, and its locality of greatest intensity, are shown very markedly by Tables V. and VI. Lengthened comment on the returns is un- desirable, but it may be well to mention that the drought of 1864 prevailed only in England and Ireland, and that its greatest intensity was in the eastern counties, where many stations had less than 15 inches in the whole year. In July 1864 there was considerable drought, many English stations having less than a quarter of an inch; in October, on the contrary, there was an exces- sive rain in the south-east of Scotland amounting in Roxburgh to more than the fall in the previous nine months. September 1865 was the driest month that has occurred for some years: at 129 stations the fall was under a tenth of an inch, and at 48 no rain fell at all. October, however, was wet through- out the country; the ordinary fall in that month is 11 or 12 per cent. of the yearly total, in 1865 it was about 30 per cent. Taste V.—Average fall of Rain in 1864 and 1865, and difference between the two years: deduced from Table VI. Division. 1864. 1865. |1864-1865. in. in. in. England :— I. Middlesex . . . eine ee 17°280| 28:612| — 11°332 * TI. South-eastern Counties a eae Ne 21°754.| 357113] — 13°359 3 III. South Midland Counties. .. . 17°461| 28-389] — 107928 i IV. Eastern Counties . .... . 15690] 26:950| — 11'260 e V. South-western Counties ... . 26°859| 41°088] — 14:229 VI. West Midland Counties . ... 21°761| 29°3874| — 8113 y VII. North Midland Counties. . . . 20°746| 25°861| — 5-115 53 VIII. North-western Counties . . . . 36°569| 33°476| + 3:093 Ps PX: Yorkshireyp wt. ae) saisinnateys 25°624| 27:°940| — 2°916 i X. Northern Counties . 44°925| 41°957| + 2°968 Wales, &c. XI. Monmouth, Wales, and the islands 33°274| 38°579| — 57305 Scotland :— XII. Southern Counties... A 45°963| 42°988|] + 2°975 ff XIII. South-eastern Counties . . . . 31°816| 30°024) + 1°792 a XIV. South-western Counties . . .. 41'227| 35°932| + 5:295 a XV. West Midland Counties . . . . 54°163| 49°894| + 4°269 5; XVI. East Midland Counties . .. . 39°400| 35°586| + 3°814 wy XVII. North-eastern Counties . . . . 31°889| 29°781| + 2°108 5 XVIII. North-western Counties . . . - 44°446| 36°394| + 8-052 e XIX..Northern Counties. . ... - 32°782| 27°194| + 57588 Treland:-- XX. Munster... +--+ +--+: - 36840] 44°753| — 7°913 “ XT. Wemster™ 4,-5.5) + 8 te ce 29°967| 32°334| — 2°367 " XXII. Connaught ..-.--.-.-. - 40°373| 42°190| — 1°817 SiO, a REX EN Uster ot ERE eee cee * etter 31°970| 37°079 Mean . . 32°295| 34°869] — 2°574 ON THE RAINIALL IN TIIE BRITISH ISLES. Tanrz VI.—Rainfall in 1864 and 1865, at selected stations. ENGLAND AND WALES. Diy. I.— Minn eseEx. 1864. | 1865. in. in. Hammersmith 16°69 | 25°89 Camden Town 17°02 | 29°44. Hackney , 16°56 | 29°24 Hampstead 19°02 | 31°39 Harrow . . Seat ae 13°95 | 29:00 Lower Edmonton 15°44] 26°71 Div. I.—Sovurn-Hastern Countiks. Dunsfold, Godalming . 17°85 | 30°32 Deepdene, Dorking 21°83 | 34°30 Brockham, Betchworth 20°53| 31°89 Cobham Lodge . . 17°78 | 29°17 Weybridge Heath . 16°39 | 26°99 Bagshot 18°44 | 31°37 Kew Observatory . 16°95| 26°45 South Fields, Wandsworth 17°75 | 29°23 Dover . . ‘ 23°04] 38°03 Horton Park, “Hythe caer | 2a c7Ail 39199 Linton Park, Staplehurst Be |) oN Reyer: Tunbridge . . ean aao7e River Hill, Sevenoaks . 18-42 | 29°69 | Acol, Margate Aue 15°84| 29°80 Welling, Bexley Heath 18-08 | 30°13 Aldwick, Bognor IgII | 29°97 Brighton ; 22°85 | 35°13 West Thorney A 22°83 | 31°51 Chichester Museum 23°25] 35°68 Bleak House, Hastings 20°79 | 30°88 Dale Park, Arundel 20°71 | 42°26 Battle . . . : 28°30 | 39°60 Chilgrove, Chichester . 24°67| 38°45 Hurstpierpoint . 23°39 | 36°36 Petworth Rectory 23°02 | 38°83 Uckfield . . 23°48 | 38°97 Ventnor, Isle of Wight 21°87| 32°73 Ryde, 23°87] 39°20 Osborne, ke 22°67| 34°96 Fareham . 24°75 | 39°11 Southampton Ordnance Survey Office. . . 25°26) 42°71 Selborne, The Wakes . 23°71 | 38°18 Liss, Petersfield . 25°22 | 42°81 Aldershot. . 18-61 | 29°62 Sandhurst, Roy. Mil. Coll. 15°38] 24°37) Long Wittenham 18°31 | 30°35 Diy. I11.—Sovurn Mipuanp Countizs. Watford House. . 18°40 | 29°59 Berkhampstead . 19°82 | 31°70 Royston 16°67 | 29°33 motehin . 9. 2 |. ws 17°16} 30°26 Radcliffe Obs., Oxford 18°26 | 28°53 Banbury He iM bec 20°22 | 28-29 Althorpe . . . 17'2I| 25°50 Wellingborough . 16°83 | 30°66 Bedford : 15°73| 24°78 Wisbeach Observatory 15°41 | 26°52 Mid Level Sluice 16°31 | 27°12 1866, Diy. [VY.—Easrern Covuntizs. 1864. | 1865. in. in. Epping. 14°80 | 26°94 Dorwards Hall, Witham . 15°40] 24°99 | Dunmow . » | 14°98] 27°00 Bocking, Braintree 16°94] 27°04 Ashdon, Linton . 15°98} 25°40 Gr undisburgh suit 16:25 | 28°85 Culford, Tike St. Edmunds | 1 6:44.| 28°31 Diss ‘ 15°35| 28°44 Norwich 17°79 | 26°51 Egmere, Fakenham 14°16] 26°29 Holkham . 14°50| 26°68 Diy. V.—Sovuru-Westrern Countizs. Baverstock 21°40] 3I°IO Marlborough . 21°29} 32°80 Castle House, Calne 20°17| 29°92 Encombe, War eham 21°16| 37°40 Little Bridy . 27°14) 45°12 Bridport ~ 22°07 | 40°31 Saltram Gardens 28°22| 45°49 Torhill, Ivybridge . 32°14] 49°51 Goodamoor, Plympton 38°29 | 58°00 Highwick, Newton Bushel | 25:40] 46°68 Westbrook, aus 22°06] 42°03 Dawlish - | 20°67) 38-84 Broadhembury . 25°37] 37°15 Cove, Tiverton . . 28°48 | 44°50 Castle Hill, South Molton 33°55| 46°49 Great Torrington 30°88 | 40°36 Barnstaple 26°43) 39°36 Helstone . 28°56) 44°74 Penzance. . 29°83 | 47°58 Tehidy Park, Redruth 29°27| 38°97 Royal Institution, Truro. | 32°14] 48°26 Bodmin 37°13] 48°98 Treharrock House, Wade- bridge : - | 30°24.) 41°53 Rosecarrock, Port Isaac . 30°21 | 38:22 Taunton : 21'00| 33°62 Long Sutton, Lang gport 22°51 | 31°57 Sherborne Reservoir 28°49 | 41°96 Batheaston 17.96| 29°96 Diy. VI.--Westr Mipuanp Counrins. Park Row, Bristol . 21°93 | 33°82 Clifton . S28 22°75 | 36°50 Cirencester : 24°68 | 35°82 The Spa, Gloucester ers I7‘II| 21°81 Haughton Hall, Shiffnal . | 17°23] 23:25 Whitchurch . : =) ) || (22703) (Nala Hengoed, Oswestry - | 27-29) ageaaa Northwick Park. . . « | 23°08} 30°35 West Malvern . . a 22836 pero Worcester ose: Hill) 20°39 | 28°04 Orleton 21°79} 29°88 Rugby . . . 16°39] 25°94 Edgbaston, Birmingham | 24° Ey | eres Birmingham . : «|| 2asBLN) Zoey 0 290 Div. VII.—Norru Mipianp Countins. REPORT—1866. Taste VI. (continued). Div. X.—Norturrn Countins (continued). 1864. | 1865. 1864. | 1865. in. in. in in. Wigston . 17°60} 26°80|| North Shields 26°77 | 26:90 Thornton . 19°54| 25°82]! Deadwater . 42°80 | 39°60 Belvoir Castle . . - | 16°34] 25:22|| Park End, Hexham 29°02 | 29°80 Greatford Hall, Stamford 1511) 21°75}} Roddam 5 35°88 | 31°72 Boston . : 15°23} 25°79|| Lilburn Tower 31°97 | 39°39 Lincoln 16°99 | 20°82] Stonethwaite . 100°76| 34°13 Market Rasen 14°67 | 23°32 || Seathwaite . 134°67 |t17'49 Gainsborough 18*10| 24°49 || Whinfell Hall, Cockermouth 50°49} 44°25 Brigg 19°60| 25°17 || Keswick 52°68 | 49°18 Grimsby . . 15°37| 21°84|| Cockermouth a ie 41°33 | 37°79 New Holland 17°23 | 22°76 || Mire House, Bassenthwaite 46°42 | 42°62 Welbeck : 22°60} 24°51]| Silloth . : 33°57 | 28°74 Hast Retford . 24°10| 23°74|| Scaleby 27°27 | 28°83 WWerby aa 21°74) 24°46/| Kendal 47°57 | 42°67 Chesterfield 21°34} 27°09 || Lesketh How : 74:09 | 65°80 Comb’s Moss . 42°18 | 42°03 || The How, Troutbeck . 75°74.| 64°05 Chapel-en-le-Frith . 34°94.| 34°03 || Edenhall, Penrith . 28°61 | 28-99 Diy. VIII.-—Nortu-Wasrern Countins. || Appleby 28°85 | 30°26 Macclesfield . Nesey 7g) Div. XI.—Monmovurn, Wauzs, AND Quarry Bank 26°33] 26°93 Tne Isuanps. Manchester 30°64 28-39 MB eres: : ; Waterhouses . 29°99 | 27°53 || PECTS : 40°45 aa't5 Bolton-le-Moors 42°74.| 37°51 ye Skeet pbs 4 ob Rufford, Ormskirk . 29°14] 27°85 S GRERYOnY - § S738) 35°7 ereawavebtct shall gall, aawvamen 34:79 | 33°48 Vatalvfo : 24°74 gees Howick, Preston 34°41 | 31°55 Ge ay: ste ; 44 36 TR South Shore, Blackpool 28°80] 26°55 Bh aie eRe 33" 2 5°47 Stonyhurst 41°80| 40°59 JOWEN : 48°9 43°33 ercinc © 41°93 | 34°36 Pembroke Dock . 36°91 | 42°64 aiken, Captnal” so" 43°56 | 38°35 || Haverfordwest 40°06 | 50°77 Wray Castle, Windermere | 61-06 54°91 Lampeter . Ee 42°39 Frongoch . 37°20| 43°74 Diy. [X.—Yorxsmire. Pen-y-maes . .. . 23:28 | 30°99 Broomhall Park, Bhedielt 24°36| 28°69|| Rhayader, Cefnfaes. . 37°02] 41°48 Redmires, ay 31°88 | 32°47 || Hawarden ; 21°67] 21°96 Tickhill » ; 19°36| 25°26|| Maes-y-dre : 21'1g| 21°22 West Melton 19°08 | 20°04]! Llandudno . : 25°35 | 2811 Penistone . 24°80} 26°73]| Talgarth Hall Se 53°01 | 43°32 Saddleworth . . 34°75 | 33°05|| Brithdin, Dolgelly . 41°23 | 57°59 Longwood, Huddersfield . 24°39| 26:08|| Bangor ... . 36°69| 33°94 Wakefield. . . : 22°59] 21°71 || Llanfairfechan 31°39 | 33°80 Well Head, Halifax 23°64.| 27°96 Ovyendon Moor ,, 38°70| 35:00 Isle of Man. Manor-road, Leeds. 17°04] 25°78 || Calf of Man . 25°07 | 22°29 Kecup, ‘ 18°95 | 22°66|) Douglas 37°60| 33°80 Boston Spa 23°75 | 26:54|| Point of Ayr , 28°12 | 27°55 York 21°13 | 23:19 : Harrogate . 26°48 | 27-70 Guernsey. Settle 32°60} 35°38|| Guernsey . é 32°66 | 43°35 Arneliffe . . - + | 45°78} 47°26|| Millbrook, Jersey 25°95 | 39°04 Beverley Road, Hull ; 13:27 | 23°80]| Gorey 22°85 | 29°37 Holme-on- Spaldin eipor 21'14| 25°16 Malton a 22°85 | 23°32|| Alderney . 20°56 | 30°57 Beadlam Grange 29°09 | 28°55 Ganton, Leto i 23°10 | 28°35 : SCOTLAND. Diy. X.—Nontnern Counties. Div. XIJ.—Sovrnern Counties. Darlington . . 22°11 | 27°05 || Stranraer, South Cairn. 42°45 | 41:30 Stubb House, Winston 24:26 | 26°73 || Little Ross : . | 26°59} 25°24 Sunderland : 23:76| 26:06 || Slogarie, Castle Douglas - | 65°95} 57°78 Allenheads 43°24] 44°43 Care gen . : - | 40°%2) 41°19 Bywell . 28°77| 29°82 || Drumlanrigg. . - - 42°00 | 39°55 Wylam 27°57| 29°67 || Wanlockhead 58°67| 52°87 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. Taste V1. (continued). 291 Diy. XIIJ.—Souru-Hastern Countizs. 1864. | 1865. ‘ in. in, Selkirk, Bowhill. . . | 28°82] 28°69 N. Esk Reser, Penicuick . | 35:98} 36°70 Berwick - | 31°75] 28:80 Yester . 34'15| 36:10 East Linton . 29°92] 23°87 Glencorse . 35°80] 34°60 Inveresk . 30°02| 27°78 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh| 28:09] 23°65 Div. XIV.—Sovurn-Westerw Counrtzs. Newmains, Castle Douglas | 44°88) 36-42 Auchinraith . E 2) | 27°94 5) 2428 Glasgow Observatory . Bete eaGear7 Baillieston . . 41°71 | 38°04 Hillend House, Shotts. 32°10| 24°18 Girvan. . « | 43°35] 41°66 Auchendrane House, Ayr. 36°81 | 31°06 Mansfield, Largs - « | 42°80] 39:80 Nither Place, Mearns . 51°75| 38°38 Paisley, Stanely Reservoir 39°80| 36°63 Greenock . 5 55°80| 49°43 Div. XV. Wah eure CounTIEs. Balloch Castle + 549387) |b 4520 Arddarrock, Loch Long . | 70°60| 60°79 Stirling, Polmaise Gardens | 36:00] 32°60 Pladda . 23°53| 26°95 Devaar, Campbeltown . 38°53| 40°61 Rhinns of Islay . Ps Bia ECGs McArthur’s Head . 60-40] 54°40 Tarbert, Stonefield . 56°20] 55°70 Hafton, Dunoon 68-51] 56:42 Otter House. . « | 56°14) 47°84 Kilmory, Tochgilphead - | 53:50] 55:20 Fladda . : - « | 62:30] 68-20 Inverary Castle . 47°50| 40°10 Oban 62°43] 54°25 Lismore. . 52°12) 40°11 Hynish, Tiree. 78°42| 76°70 Loch Eil Corran 85°55] 67°90 Ardnamurehan . 46°17! 40°78 Div. XVI.—Easr irons Countizs. Dollas . . 5 36°62| 36:20 Loch Leven Sluice . 36°10] 34°10 Leven, Nookton . 29°75| 25°77 Dunblane, Kippenross 38°20] 32°35 Deanston . - 42°90} 33°75 Loch Katrine. : 71°20] 61°70 Auchterarder House, . . | 33°51} 32°70 Stronvar, Loch Harnhead. | 71°67| 62°11 Trinity Gask . ; 37°20] 30°55 Scone Palace . 28°70} 28°79 Stanley . 28°60| 27°46 Dundee 33°97] 30°59 Arbroath . 34°20] 27°88 Montrose . ‘ 29°99| 34°26 Div. XVII.—Norrtn- wae Countizs. Brechin, The Burn 36°30| 34°70 Bogmuir . : 33°30] 30°20 Banchory House 26°10) 32°40 Braemar . 32°50 | 29°72 Aberdeen . 27°95 | 27°68 Diy. XVII.—Norru-Hastern Countizs (continued). | 1864. in. Castle Newe . . 36°48 Tillydesk, Ellon . 32°96 Elgin Institution 29°52 1865. in. 33°35 27°09 23°11 Div. XVIII.—Nortn-WeEstERN Countizs. Inverinate House, Loch Alsh) 62°30 Cromarty. . 23°32 Ardross Castle, Alness. 35°34 Oronsay oats 92°86 Raasay . 69°95 Barrahead . . 36°77 8. Uist, Ushenish 39°95 Island Glass . 17°51 Urquhart, Corrimony « 41°70 Culloden . .- 24°76 56°73 19°51 29°68 46°98 57°25 35°44 39°66 17°93 35°80 24°96 Diy. XIX.—Nonmeen CountTIEs. Dunrobin Castle 28°16 House of Tongue 43°70 Cape Wrath . 38°19 Nosshead 27°23 Holburnhead . 18°14 Pentland, Skerries . 31°94 Balfour Castle 30°75 Sandwick . 33°28 Sumburghead 23°90 Bressay_ . 43°00 East Yell . Sey Aes ae IRELAND. Div. XX.—Monster. Cork 34°61 Valentia 47°62 Waterford 344.6 Portlaw ‘. 2 40°27 Killaloe 35°64. Ennis . as 28°44 Div. XXI. tered Kilkenny . 35°18 Portarlington 42°45 Birr Castle, Parsonstown . 27°04 Tullamore a ic 23°98 Bray, Fassaroe . 31°66 Black Rock 25773 Dublin oie 29°75 Glasnevin. . . | 23°95 Div. XXIT. Caveat: Gort, Crege Park . . 33°89 Queen’ s College, Galway . 58°07 Doo Castle, Bunninadden 31°89 Hazlewood, Sligo 37°64. Div. XXIII.—Utster. Red Hills, Belturbet . | 27°07 Florence Court . ; 29°43 | Armagh Observatory . 34°82 Miltown, Banbridge 25°10 Waringstown 25°44. Antrim 29°74. Moneydig, Garvagh 31°76 Londonderry . 35:03 Leckpatrick, Strabane . 34°99 Letterkenny . 46°32 21°06 28°90 32°80 15°09 24°91 26°05 25°45 3421 27% 32°10 38°09 43°01 59°09 41°02 47°25 46-04 32°11 39°43 43°84 eines: 26°92 42°21 29°80 29°23 24°34 38°43 48°90 39°62 41°81 36°92 43°15 37°93 29°21 28°62 29°41 37°36 39°24 37°99 50°46 v2 ro) No) w REPORT—1866. TasLe VIT.—TABLES OF MONTHLY RAIN- - ENGLAND AND WALES. Division I.—Mrppresrx. Height of Rain-gauge above Ground ...... Sea-level...... September ...| October ...... November ... December .. Totals ...... Surrey (continued). Height of Rain-gauge above Ground Sea-level naneee August ...... October ...... November ... December ... Totals Mippiersex. Wandsworth | 8S. Fields. 1ft.0in. | 1864. | 1865. in. in. 87] 3°30) 85) 1°88 | 2°70} "95 1°00 oy 2°00} 3°00} 1735| 2°25| 55) 2°60} 2°58| 4°38) w57| -°57 125) 603 2°65) 2°55 "38 1°35 | 17°75 | 29°23 | an Division II.—Sourn-Easrern Covyrtes (continued), | Rear Ganon Hackney. | Hampstead. Harrow. E en S| = - : 1 ft. O in. O ft. 4 in. O ft. 6 in, 1 ft. Oin. 1 ft. 2 in. 0 ft. 9 in. 12 ft. 100 ft. 40 ft. 360 ft. 854 fr Meroe | 1864. | 1865, | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865.) 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. in. in. in. in. A |i. em] cla in. in. in. roo} 2°98) 107| 3°63! 106] 327) 4125] 3:50] 4x24] 2-47 87 84| 2°18 70 22g *80} 2°04 94.) 2°63 “92 i aga “86 242 OX 07 | 26%)" 4°09)| 7 2754 | \1G8'| 2°35) x69)| | -ons)|| sacor 2°27 gel Taz | > 921s S37) was] gb |) °86) . -BateegO acre ames r5t| 3°44| 1°54] 3°40] 1°62) 3°67) 1°74! 3:13] 1°94] 3°00] 1°43 2°09 78) “1:68 | “Xc7d 44) 191) 2°25 I'71| 2°09] - 1°96]. 1°83 es Lana “6r} 1°91 "§0| 221) 59] 2°30 51) 2°44 “41 122} 4°46) 1°30) 4°97| 122) 4°72 | 838) 577) tg) Sar75 eaeeg | 2°75| 53) °2°53|'. 756) (2°30))" "30! 3:19] 62] 2°98) , <6) Maan ; 119| 5°60| 114] 6°20] 1:04) 6:27 B-32| 6°76)" “a:82,|" 1622) eros: 2°27 | 2°39) 218) 197] 2°26) 2°25| 2:09] 2:32] 270} 2°55| o12 "43 *76 68} 1°36 ‘60! 1°06 | =7 6) haemo 71 | 10s oes 16°69 | 25°89 | 17°02 29°44| 16°56 | 29°24 | 19°02 | 31°39] 18°95 | 29°00] 15°44! 26°71] © Kent. Horton Park, | Linton Park, & River Hill, Dover: Hythe. Staplehurst. Ponbrder: Sevenoaks. 2 ft 2 in. 1 ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in. 1 ft. O in. 9 ft. 0 in. 16 ft. 350 ft. 300 ft. 125 ft. 520 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. in. in. in. in. | in. in. in. in. in. 68) 549) mat] 415] -77| 448| °74| 3°80] 76) 3°60 RIa7 2 -OL | 227i 83°O6)|) 3:46) 2°49) 1°06) arg °97| 2°0% 2°66| 2:27| 2°57| 3°63) 3°06) 2:14| 3°42) Igor] 341] 143 “61 "24 "46 “36 59 | “38 “88 "36 "82 *36) Qu omiee2t 53} 2°05 |- 3°42) 2°35 | 2°89|- 1°76] 3°64] 1°64) 3°49 Mery 146) 2-48) 103) 1:24) wz) 122) gies | sry "321 435) 71) 3°55| 63) 3°48) “51| 4748) 56) 2-957 169] 3°76) 1°59] 3°97| 1°63| 5:26| x18) 4°84] 126) 4-16 2°44. 15 | 2°96 554) | ata -sauls EGS hmmm 502)\|aes5i *00 162} 923] 122| 9°79) 147| 814) 1°63] 7°86 *85| 6°79 5°96) 4°58) 5:29] 488) 450| 2°74| 4°65] 2°78] 3:78| 2°78 100] 1°36 "92 |. 1:62, | meng) 3593 T05 | 1 -74iiemon ‘ || 23°64 38°03, 23°73 | 39°99 | 21°25 | 35°18 | 21°41 | 34°75) 18°42 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, FALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. ENGLAND AND WALES. Division I].—Sovuru-Eastrrn Counties. SURREY. Dunsfold, Deepdene, | Brockham, Weybridge ‘ Kew Godalming. Dorking. | Betchworth. Cobiad Heath. ES, Observatory. 0 ft. G in. 2 ft. 9 in. 0 ft. 6 in. O ft. 7 in. O ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 3 in. Locoeaccocge gil = sec eeeeBeDEES 180 ft. 100 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 19 ft. 1864. | 1865. |.1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. P25} 2°92) £13] 3°85 68) 3:41 53.3! 279 a7 Ts | EZKOA: F015) || 2033 *96|} 37:10 105} 1°70 *93| <2°80 *98| 2°07 °85| 2°00 83 | 2°02 SOV. |) $2202, 73) | “IQs 2°90 Bo} 3°62) 128] 3°39] 1°55] 3°74 84] 2°67 7A S905! || EON) F2r63 “SI m5 Se She 125 129 oe oh 259) || 9 aCe 43) 177 “54 "86 “45 160} 390] 168] 2°45) 2°73) 2°87] 1°34] 4°62 E59 | 267) 147) 2°42) I-59 gta7 125) 2740) 1°55} 1°45] 1:04) 2°28) x19] 1°76| 00] 2°54 *91| 2°84) 2°06] 1°58 e235) 47) 3°05)) s95)) 2:68) S45) oor 29) 217) 46] 2:23] 67/ 1°82 "7O| 4°25) 88) sz} 96) 4°45) 3:25] 4°53) 2706| 428] roo! 443| ras] 4734 285) "10/ 3°82) 15] 3°59|° ‘15| 2°83] “19| 2°83] 37] 2-79] + 53] aso] ° a7 B35) 7°779| 178) 8:58)- 189) 6:79) 1°73) G47] 1°32] 6:37) 1-84 6°83] 128] 6715 2°75| 360) 3°80) 4°67] 3°51] 3°67| 2°50] 2:42] 2°63] 2:12] 2:86] 3:26 1°93} 1°86 45) 2°20| 17 65 62] 1°64 S72 107 “237 | eteae 47| 1°98 “49 65 17°85| 30°32] 21°83] 34°30] 20°53] 31°89 | 17°78 | 29°17] 16°39 26'99 18°44 31°37] 16°95| 26°45 Division I1.—Sourn-Easrrern Counris (continued). Kant (continued). West Sussex. Acol, Welling, Aldwick, : ; Chichester | Bleak House Margate. | Bexley Heath.| Bognor. Brighton. | West Thorney. Museum. Hastings. i 1 ft. O in. 6 ft. O in. O ft. 6 in. 4 ft. Oin. 0 ft. 10 in. O ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 60 ft. 150 ft. Sitties 50 ft. 10 ft. 60 ft. 80 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. | in. in. tes Il! Tne in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. 49) 323) 66) 3:10) 346) 3°70] 1730] 4'50| 2°23] 3°43) 1°37| 4:19] 323] 344 : 1°62 *96| 1°78 500) 962526) 5 1250)|| 2:83 *96| 2°66) x52). 2:20)" x-x7)|| Sieox 163! 268] 1o02|! 364] 1-26) 3°60] 1°43] 3°64 48| 4°01] rt} 2°28) 161 39 ‘7° “54\+ °96 44| “60 64. | atzA. 82] I'49 155 *38 *24. 2°60} 2°65] 4°32 |) 7737) 239) 330] 348] 41:17] 2°30) I4n] 2°65] 2:00] 3:16 3) (2:92) | 225) "72| 1°60 60 *65] 158) 1°83) 1°30) 2°23 *90| 161 2°82 46| 3°59) $23 esaeaS *60| 2°44 B56.)\| tele 22] 2°48 118) 21°46 #48) 1'43/ 3°28|) 304/ 2°73| 2:20) 3°63]° 129] 4°84! 3°39| 4°39| 1°73] 27% BAZAN 6 3505 WT ||) ea5z *OI| 3°90 235i (0 eka STS ulin Sean "O3 | 2 gana Tole) 675} 126] 7°41) 192| 8:65! 1:70| 10°10 1°83) 8318] 186] 1016} 181] 10°88 3°61) 2°62] 1°88|| 3°31 2°45|/ 440| 2°48) 4:06) 3:14] 4°37] 3°02] 6°34] 2:42 1°82 59 79 | I'04| 2°00 | TLS. e270 *9I| 1°95] 1°30) -2'22 *66| 1°50 29°80] 18°08] 30°13 IQ'II} 29°97) 22°85) 35°13] 22°88) 31°51 | 23°25] 35°68 20°79 | 30°88 294 REPORT—1866. ENGLAND AND WALES. Division IT.—Sovrn-Easrern Covunrrss (continued). Wesr Sussux (continued). Easr Sussex. ioht of | Dale Park, Chilgrove, Hurstpier- Petworth Pee seek Arundel. Baile, Chichester. point. Rectory. tee above Ground ...... 4ft.0in. | 1f.3in. | Off 6in. | Off Sin. | 2 ft. 4in, 6 ft. 0 in. Sea-level...... SAO tind! Vecarenatid 284 ft. 120: ft. 4u), Seabee 149 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. in. rae aay in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. January...... 211} 4°29] I°30] S10}. 2°06} 4:35] 151] 4°31] 1°55) 4°95 94} 5°26 February *4t| 3°36| 250} gar] 48) 2°60 “92\| 2°77-| Ifo) ‘apgaul|, #503") "06g March ...... 2°43) 1:45 | 2:68} 2°04. 3°39) .F26|' 3°34) wgx| ocBael wezgill 9104s) rsp) orally seereree 1°02 28} 104 26| 148 “Ag (NST 38] 1°50 22 || 104 39 Mary 2. savage: 1°31} 2°72] 2°43] 3°87] 160] 2°89] 134] 3°05] 1°88] 3°36 1°94] 3°37 JUNC. |5.. coe: SOQ PMA TAS “EAA Eggi eam meg °87| %I'40] I*ro I'ol 1°35 ebealige® jut-'acras cla "O5| 3°73 88} 2:94) °38| 2°44) 42] 3°48 "33| 2°46 46] 4°86 August ...... £°39)|, 5:28) 2:24)! 3°99) cod! 5:49), E80) Z:97 |) 1:36)|. roe ie Gay As) September ...| 3°70 *12| 4°00 og] 4°26 30] 3°24 *g2)||. “gsair "16 || 3706 ‘02 October’ :..... 1°63} 12°23] 2°15] 11°88] 1°88} 9°95] 2°58] 10°59} 1°50] 1o'rg|| 2°09) 11°23 November...) 3°61] 3°36) 6:28] 3°16) 435] 3°50] 5°03] 348] 4°67] 4:43]) 5°56] 3°06 December ...) 1°29] 3:20] 1°32) 218] 1:42] 2:97] 1°37] 13°93] 1:28] 3°37 *98| 2°28 Totals ...... 20°71 | 42°26 | 28°30] 39°60] 24°67] 38:45] 23°39] 36°36) 23:02] 38:83 || 23°48] 38°97 Diy. [1.—Sourn-Easrern Countins (continued). Tlampsuire (continued). Height of Rain-gauge above Ground Sea-level January ...... February ... March © ...... August ...... September ... October ...... November ... December ... Diy. U11.—Sovurm Mrptanp Counties. Berxsuire. HeErrrorpsiire. Royal Military L ; fe ’ ong Watford Berkhemp- Aldershot. College, Wittenham, |. Howse: atead: Royston. Sandhurst. | 3 ft. O in. 5 ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 0 in 1 ft. 6 in 1 ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in. 325 ft. 246 ft. 170 ft. 190 ft. 370 ft. 266 ft. 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. in, in. in. = in. in. in. in. in. in. in. "Oz SERA rGn| 2°77) i06)|\ sash Tor! 7a Prso| 3°85 sarog)) Waegg 123] 2°68 sOg) || oreOih | een eeaig | sor7'|| arom] Eo4| axhig *72| 2°86 2°94 ‘70 || 2°46 73)" Geog woos (2765)| WTO} F°FL |) TsO lmegemigl| maso 1°64 “71 i| 1°42 Sa es c/a 934 10 *33,| 1°46 "49 "71 “30 162] 4184|| 152) 28x] x60] 3:14) 189] -2°6r}- 2°47| 183) 2728] 1°63 292: || 2162 *go) 2°58] 31°76| 3:36] 2°44] 21) 362) 2:49) 3F26) 2°13 34 1°60 “40 2°06 "44.| 2°19) “99 3°97 29 3°01 38 3°54 "Br} 3°91 || Tr04] 2°92] 93) 2°85) “59| 3°59) "68) 3°69} 36) 3°74 g725| OH! B98) 927) 2:09) ‘19] 2°74) 48) 27g) isn) eg: ie 158| 5°80]] 1°43) 4°72] 122] 6409 110] 6:20] 1°63] 6°55) 13°32] 6°56 2°52] 3°54|| 2°44] 2°95] 2°23] 2714 2:26] 2°28] 3:04) 2°93| 2°36] 1:84) *84| 2°04 sel heat re 87 | 1°63 66) 2°39 45) 2°41 48) 125 18°61 | 29°62 || 15°38] 24°37] 18°31] 30°35] 18:40] 29°59] 19°82] 31°70] 16°67 29°33 | =) ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. ENGLAND AND WALES. Division I1.—Sovurn-Easrern Counties (continued). HLAMpsuire, Ventnor, Ryde, Osborne, Fordhaii oe The Wakes, Liss, Tsle of Wight.| Isle of Wight.) Isle of Wight. 3 gurvey Office.| Se!borne. Petersfield. 3 ft. 0 in. 7 ft. O in. 3 ft. O in. O ft. O in. 1 ft. 3 in. 4 ft. O in. O ft. 6 in 150 ft. 15 ft. 172 ft. 26 ft. 7o ft. SOOT | sees 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. |-1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. | in. 179) 5°74| 2°35] 4°98| 1°70] 4°48) 2°84| 4tog| 2°85) 5:05) 1°97| 3°86) 1°92} 410 Pomieeas | 355| 3°22) £43) 2351) 118) 3°56] B2:Pr) 4°08) 1°98) 3:1) 65) F17 4°26) 129) 3°77| I'10| 3°30 °97| 3°52| ror} 3°32) 10) 3°69) 18) 3°87) 1-24 1°34 *59| 170 *62| 1°73 *67| 2°86| 1°30] 2°46 *86| 1°86 8g] 2°11 “68 W31| 186) 41) 2°74) 146) '2°52| 20] 3°46] 1°55) 2°92| 1°56) 2°44) I'49] 2°92 Reo; 2°90| 58} 242) 90) 2°36 86) 2°96} TA!) 2:56) 2753) 2°95) x14) - 3750 *38| 1°36 *24.| 2°01 “Fh | 4 254: 3S) 507 *32| 4°07 36 | 2177 *32| 2°64 82) 2°44) 100] 3°97 *96| 3°28 Toe |, Lore “8i'| §°06|| £07] 5°01] L'05)| "5297 2°41 "I4| 2°85 Ot) Aro ‘o4] 4°40 GHA eae ee) *£3)| | 3°62 20] 3°96 ci Wi7| $884) 1°72) ri‘to| 31°27] S10] 2°10| 6°89) 1°42] 8°74) 2°03] 7°95] 1°93] 10°30 449) 3°18| 4°12] 3°59] 3°92) 3°79| 3°18] 4°31) 4°27] 4°82) 4:20] 4°33] 441) 5°07 Bree sr} 288) 3°24) FAI] 3°70| 180} 2°66) 2°32) 3°32) F224) -3°59) 2°97) ° 9869 1°87 | 32°73 | 23°87 | 39°20] 22°67| 34°96] 24°75 | 39°11} 25°26) 42°71] 23°71 | 38°18) 25°22) 42°81 as Division [1I.—Sovrn Mipranp Covuntins (continued). Herrr ye Oxrorp. Nortnampron. BEp¥orp. CAMBRIDGE. SHIRE (cont.). | | realy: Radcliffe ‘ Althorpe Welling- Wisbech Eick. Observatory. a || House. borough. ee Observatory. 2 ft. O in. O ft. 8 in. 7 £6. O in. i 3 ft. 0 in. O ft. 2 in. 3 ft. O in. 8 ft. O in. 240 ft. 210 ft. 345 ff Ot wi See eeasdeese 104 ft. 18 ft. 1864, | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | 1364. | 1865. I 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. Ge. jin, | in. | in. | in. [in | in. [in | in [in fin | im | im | in Fo6) 2°96] 97) 3°05| *94) 2°51|} “95| 2°52] “91) 3°52|| “95| 2°62] 66) 2:53 *56) 2°38 ]| 1°44) 3°87| faq| 2°35|) 1°45] 188} “72| 4°71 DO} 2 25) |e de 414; 1°22 247 167 |) (2-95 || “hoe |p 2'6o) 107) 3°57) (I z0 4°03} 1°22 Pals ft a "94. 64. 1°63 *Or| 2°37 “78 1°52 Sippy (ie RSE SI es 2} 1°03 “64 "62 “54 206) m42|| 2°85] 2'19|/ 2:61| xsgo|| i65| 144} x51| 188]} 1°88) 1°61 || 1-69] “2-62 1°30] 1°76 rot} 3°§2) “E-§0| 3:69 °93| 3°16| 106} 2°36 *94| I'91 1'13| 1°56 27| 477\|| °47| 280) 88] 3°66|} 66) 3:59) °76) 3°67 Bg) 2°86 \| *54) 4°37 63) 428|| -79|- 3:09| “67| 3°79|| *73| 3°55| “49| 3°80]/ “39| 3°88) “85{ 4:26 215 “59 || 2°94| °18| 2°06 Of 25 3 18 | 2°05 ‘41 161 57 1°90 “37 B35/ 7°07|| 1°56) 5:4r| 2*ro/ 4°56|| 145] 3°72] 1'72| 4°54|} 1'06/ §5:02|| "84) 5-42 2°03] 2°16|| 2°32] 2°58] ato] 2°52|| 1°93] 2°31] 1°74| 2°03|| r60| r'5r\| 2:13] 75 Bi7 | TOL *51} 1°96) x70} 1°62 72h) SEY REO Ts || ena y wh “69 || r'04} 1°16 17°16 | 30°26 || 18°26] 28°53 | 20°22] 28:29 |] 17°21} 25°50| 16°88) 30°66]! 15°73} 24°78 || 15°41] 26°52 296 REPORT—1866. ENGLAND AND WALES. Div. III.—S. Mipranp Counties (continued). Division [Y.—LEasrrern Countries. CamprinGE (continued). Essex. P Dorward’s : : Mid-level : Bockin Ashdon Height of nes Epping. Hall, Dunmow. ee : ; R ae gauge Sluice. Pping Witham. Braintree. Linton. above soa a | Ground ......| 4 ft.0 in. 6 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 3 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 1ft.0in. || q Sea-level...... 16 ft. 360 ft. 20? ft. 234 ft. 200 ft. 300 ft. 1864. 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. n. in. | January ...... 86) 1742 "631 3°45 pre nano, 63] 2°78 *S0] 3°25 go] 2°79 || | February ... *65| 2°08 75 area.) . 2:00) 2545 *42| 180] 1247 2:08 *82| 1°70 || J March ...... 2°57| 27] 2°44 Bc) 2°61) x13] 2'24| 3°35| 2:45] 3°52 || 3:07] 1:24; ANoyut losaseopoe “49 82 "42 "37 "34 20 16 “61 °38 “45 51 || 0 May. ...0000s 2157, tan | 2195| 271) 16) 2372) S20) 2:24))| img Se o7) |) Vroom! PUNE: eoseb eae 1°30 r42] 1°75) x:8| x49|- 1:30| 1:69] “x37 |) 3e6)|) sty) 2tos) Jini area srbaac 62 "62| 31°82 242) | SN2n75 “52)\'. | ‘gtor Se7 |e esa 71) 4°22 || 9 August ...... 1°37 135 | °3:47| i52| 5:13) 09) 4704] | 1:39) haeRs "75|- 3°38 || September .?-| 1°86 1°84 *50| 1°80 505i" 25955 58.) 1°95 *18| 1°78 "40 || 4 October ...... 1‘ol rao] 6:22] x14) 5°56] 1°03] 6°67) x38] 5:56) 1:14) 5:06 mm November ...| 1°98 1°97| 1°75] 99] 150| 2543] 2°15] 2:44) 0 225 |) 242) 1:60) December ...| | 1°03 ‘AT)| x62) "05 |) ars *65| 1°51 *70| 1°34 <7 6)|\ a Ds | Totals ......| 16°31 14°80 | 26°94 15°40] 24°99 | 14°98 | 27°00| 36°94 27°04 15°98] 25°40|| | Division V.—Sourn Western Covuntiss (continued). Winrsnire (continucd). DorsErsiire. - sono | Castle House, || Encombe, ‘ : ae Marlborough. Gain Wareham. Little Bridy. above Ground ...... 4ft.Oin. | Oft. 1lin. || 0 ft. 6 in. O ft. 4 in, , Sea-level...... 500 ft. 250 ft. || 150 ft. 348 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | 186-4. | 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. January eee...) 1°06] 3°90] 1°66] 3°65|| 1°87] 3°60] 3°43] 5°57 Hebruary. ...| 1:64.) s2:11 |, 3°09] 2°77) 2°%5)| 4568'|| 2°29] 4°42 March ...... 2:22) eatenG | 2a 2, SOL. ||| See aihetse he e299) asO5 Jalal ee spencer 1°89), pemeeenln art7,S 73 FTO! | TOA ers T “$1 MAY acacens E64) ecAgee OO) eas Oca s | 230) T-00 |) 9:22 [rPUNC. fo oesiceve 1°48 | wiocroy), em67 2 var 5x eA OH aera) | Tai -14 a °Cb. | uly See ncsaes 62] 2°49 767] 2°89|| 53] ‘1°64 *38| 162 } Aupust. .....: “AS: eage75 66] 4°17 86] 3:10 89) 4°46 | September ...! 2°24 "19| 2°69 "12 || 2°26 *cO| 3°15 03 | October sonsee|) = 21990) |muiyag2 | e2rial) ssearall sei7.0)| 5 x50) .1°77'|) sgram | November... 3°16] 3°75) 1°79] 3°21 || 3°44] 3°98] 404] 5°99 | December ...| 1°93]. 2°34| 2°51| 2°34|| 2°07] 3°50] 4:02] 4°68 | Totals ...... 21°29| 32°80| 20°17] 29°92 || 21°16] 37°40] 27°14] 45°12 | Devonsuire. | | | . | Saltram Bulpor, Gardens. | _ O ft. 11 in. 0 ft. 3 in. 85 ft. 96 ft. 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. in. in. in. in, 3°40} 4°60}| 3°31) 7°14] 1°56] 3°70]| 2°90} 3°20] 2°23| 1'29|| 2°43) 2°45) 129 "69 || 1°29 *89 84] 2°42|| 02] 2°98 rr8| 1°75]) 2°36 37 "49| 3°56) 29) 328 76) 5c4|) 89] 5°47 2°91 ele) 3°09 mole) } 1°63| 7°70|| 2°30] 8-859 2°57| 5°33|| 405] Sos} 3°21) 423]| 3°29) 4°85 22°07 | 40°31 || 28°22 | 45°49) ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. ENGLAND AND WALES. Division [Y.—Easrern Counties (continued). 297 Dive Vi S.-W. Coun. SUFFOLK. Nonrrour. WIttTsHIRe. Grundis- (Culford, Bury . -, Eemere, ; burgh. Remldimnnide, Diss Norwich. Eskevhan: Holkham. Bavyerstock. 4 ft. lin 1 ft. 2 in. 0 ft. 6in O ft. 3 in. 4 ft. 8 in. O ft. O in. 3 ft. O in. Be | | | ccc cuctase 115 ft 00 ft. 150? ft. 39 ft. 300 ft. 864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. n. in. in. in. || in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 81} 2°87 533) 2:77) -80| 2770 65] 2°03 46| 1°59 53 415 Fog} 158) 1°36) 2:46]} x30] 2:22| 148] 2:86] 330] 2°47] 1747 2°10 272| 224) 3°09] 2°16 2°50| 2°66| 2743] 2°66] 2°29] 2°98] 2°40 1°05 5 29 "38 "28 “40 “43 “17 35 "23 38 28 “9° 179| 188) 2°66) 1°96] 2°30] 1°36| 2°63] 1°06] 13°56] 1-44] 1-40 3°00 BIO} 2°05] oq} 120] 60] 419} go] 1:21] 141] 1°03] 1°20 2°20 *44| 4°10 "49/ 4°01 °54| Sco] 1°26] 3°85 *62| 6°16 "50 1°70 w29) 429 59} 3°94]| °73) 4°30 98) 3°44 96) 3°09] I-00 2°80 1°27 fag || 1°37, 04. || 1°68 "04.| I°50 *60)|| aver ‘og}| «115 *I0 mie6) = 7tr/° 116) 7:22]| 100] 7:46] 3°70| 5°83 90} 4°63 95 680 B58) 143] 2°84) 359]| 2:10; °30| 2°34] 189] 2:01] 41°50] 2°20 4:20 75 96 63 68 CLK | AES CH MESA So all a Ore *93| 1°42 2°10 6°25 | 28°85 | 16-44) 28:31 | 15°35) 28°44 17°79] 26°51 | 14°16| 26:29] 14°50| 26°68] 21°40] 31°10 Division V.—Sovrn-Wustrrn Counties (continued). Devonsurre (continued). Torrhill, Goodamoor, eee Westbrook, Daelih Broadhem- Cove, Ivybridge. Plympton. BOsBET Teignmouth. Fite bury. Tiverton. O ft. 4 in. 0 ft. 2 in. 1 ft. 6 in. O ft. 3 in. 0 ft. 8 in. 2 ft. 4 in. O ft. 10in. 240 ft. 580 ft. 250 ft. 50 ft. 62 ft. GOO ft. 450 ft. P64. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865 1864. | 1865, 74 in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. a in. ey B38) 7°58] 424] 7°58] 3°31] 6:56] 3°13] 6-60] 2:20 4°51} 2°74) 4°13] 2°38] 5-52 BOX) 4°93] 3°51] 5:58) 189] 4751] 52 2°95} 1°46| 4°65| 2:06] 3°69] 2°62] 5-08 m3 | 329/ 2°93) 3°91| 318] 2:00! 3°34] 2:44] 3:42] 2°04 2°99| 190) 2744) 2°42 “68 6g] 1°67 *98| 1c4 63] 41°52) roo] 1-31 "77 "96 48) 1°54 ‘9 37) 3°71) 3132) 3°74) 182) 3°58) 1:28) 3:11] 1-32 3°29} 10} 3°85] 1:20] 3°96 “59 131) 2°79) 326) 3x34) 2°78) x38 2°35 7a 2205)||) igo, || 2 .cain aes 1°79 m,| $333) 103) 4°46) "54) 40) 30) 3:15) 44] 2:26) 75] 2°83] 97] g-gn HO} 590) r10) 7°36) 123] 482] x10] 4:39 83) 3°57] re8| 427] 150] 5-c6 55 705 |) 5°23 *c8| 1°93 ‘co| 2°60 *co| 1°86 *co} 3°93 OI] 3°99 03 2) 750) 2°65/ 10°36) 1°66] 7°66] 1°58] 8-08] 1°38 791} 209] 654] 2°35] 5:74 "° 6c2] 6°51 680 3°998| Go8} 376) 3°33] 3:19 22! 2°68) 4°66] 4°65| 5:95 B |} 480) 471) 589) 3°53| 466) 435] 4:13] 2°52] 3°57| 3°63] 3-44| 2°96 473 14 49°51 | 38°29 | 58°00| 25°40] 46°68| 22°c6 42°03] 20°67 / 38°84 | 25°37] 37°15] 2848) 44°50 298 REPORT—1866. ENGLAND AND WALES, Division V.—Soura- Western Counties (continued), Devonsume (continued), CoRNWALL. ; Castle Hill, Great Tehidy Park, oe ae South Molton.| Torrington. Barnstaple. ee ERE Redruth. above pen Ground ......| 3 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 10 in. O ft. 6 in. 5 ft. O in. 3 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 0 in. Sea-level...... 150 ft. 450 ft. 3l ft. 115 ft. 94 ft. 100 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. 1864, | 1865. || 1864.| 1865.| 1864.} 1865.| 1864.| 1865. in. in. in. in. ine!” | “in, in. in. in. in. in. in. January .s....| 1°84] 5°50] 2°12] 5°58] 1°74 4°95|| 2°70] 6:02| 3°36] 690] 3°80} 5°45 February 1°95} 4°37| 2°23] 313] 2°15| 3°98|]) 2°37] 4°63| 166] 5°63) 1°82) 3:40 March .2.:.. 3°14]. 3°57| 2°62) 3°33] 2°56] 2°99|| 2°64] 2°39| 2°63) 2°84] 2°30) 20g April vssss01..| 2°23] ror! °53| 1°43] 2°04) r4i5|| 1°57) 144] 4°28) Tog) 3°35) 32m MAY .sacicss. 1°58| 4°09 COTey S279) 2-o5| 16g ho 1°46] 2°34| 1°33] 3°12] 1°60] 3°468 JUNC .iisioeee B82) |) 2eLO||'. B47 || E33} | 3103 | 2°26 1°59| 1°93] 1°76) 1°42] 1'60 “50. Fly sais... Be2y)\ og) Tet) 304. 89] 3°02 *77| 409|, °77| 9729) Tos | 4eagm August ...... @g0)| 16277.) T9209) 302) | rmx | 4°52 "fo| 5°64) 125) 4°35| i312) 3°8G September 5°51 44.| 4°32 *ro| 4°29 26 || 3°33 *G5\| “Afo3 *"16| 4433 ‘Ol October ...... 2°73) 5°68) 3°77| 5°39) ‘64| 5°57|| 3°32| 7°75| 2°67| 8:21] 3°70) 5°80 November...) 4°51} 5°17| 417] 4°44] 3°54| 4°04| 3°90] 4°93] 5°15| 5°89] 3°40| 4°70 December ...| 2°47|/ 3°16] 3°15] 3°74] 2°09] 3°14|| 4°41] 3°53} 3°94] 4°80| 4:20] 4:20 Totals ...... 33°55 | 46°49] 30°88] 40°36] 26°43 | 39°36 || 28°56] age74 | 29°83} 47°58! 29'27 38°97 Div. V.—S.W. Covunrins 7 - . (continued). Division VI.—Wust Miptanp Counties. SomErser (continued). GLOUCESTER. SHROPSIIRE. ; Bristol, : . The Spa, Haughton wee of | Batheaston. sap me Clifton. Cirencester. Gloucester. ||Hall, Shifnal ain-gauge above —_—_—_—__—_ Ground ...... 2 ft. O in. 6 ft. 0 in. O ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 2 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 4 ft. 6 in. Sea-level...... 226 ft. 140 ft. 192 ft. 446 ft. 50 ft. 450 ft. 1864. | 1865.] 1864.) 1865.} 1864.) 1865.| 1864.) 1865.| 1864.] 1865, || 1864. 1865. hey in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. January .,....) 1°90} 2°67) 1°66) 321) 1°56) 3°76) 1°82) grax] x12) 2°17 73) 3°16 February ...| 1/22] 151} 1°74). 2°96/ 1°88) 2°88] 1°93] 2°50] 327] 4x°62|/ 339] 1°79) March “.3.2:. 2°19 *86) 2°4r| I"12| 2°62) 16) 3°08) 40} 2°28 78 || 1°59 | Tog April, 74.2... 1°69 77) 1°56 *70| 1°40 ea AX AON Tae * 55 "79 || 140) 1°IO May | ccc dgeen 88] 189 "7O)| 2:11 86) 1°99} 450] 1°92] 1°36] 37g] 188) 2°6m HIS .420220-2 Hs4| x28) 2706) 1°53| 2:12) 1°58) 1°35) 2°05 *g0| 1°37|| 322] 2-928 uly sccadse.: 61) 3°84 *94.| 3°03] F'00] 4°23 *88] 5°50 *56| 3°60 *58| 1°45 August ...... 62) 5°09 *83| 846) 12) 851] 1°24! 4°00 *76| 2°16|| 1°36] 3°88 September ...| 2°58 op} 3°56 Fos|| 3°36 ‘o2| 3°68 *08| 2°16 *og || 1°50 "18 October ...... 1°37} 5°37] 198) 4°67} 1°90] 4°97| 2°25] 646] 379] 3°31|| I'80] 3°27 November ...| 1°46] 3°91] 2°36) 3°25] 2°95] 3°25] 3730] 3°67| 2°26) 2:31|/ 1°80 1°83 December .;.| 2°50] 2°72] 2°08| 2°73] 1°98| 3°42] 2°25] 2°78] 210) 382|| 98) 114 Totals .:.... 17°96| 29°96] 21°93) 33°82| 22°75| 36°50| 24°68] 35°82] 1711) 21°8r/) 17°23 | 23°25 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. ENGLAND AND WALES. Division V.—Sovuru- Western Countizs (continued), CornWAuL (continued). Somprser. | . Treharrock Sherborne fon os om Bodmin. House, oe am Taunton. een, arial Reservoir, ¥ i Wadebridge. F : 8 ‘| E. Harptree. 40 ft. 0 in. 2 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 7 in. 5 ft. O in. | 96 ft. 325 ft. 303 ft. 210 ft. 38 ft. wend aed s 360 ft. 864. | 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.} 1865.| 1864.|} 1865. |) 1864.| 1865. 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865. n. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, || an in. in. in. in. in. 362) 6:40) 4°34) 6°91) 2°37) 5°31) 3°09] 4°81|| 1°65) 3°72) 1°59] 3°23] 2°24] 5+18 2°36) 4°28) 2°25] 4°87| 2°01) 3°51} 71] 3°77 1°46} 2°48] 1°24] 2°28) 2°37) 4°25 2A2|} 2°79| 3°19) 2°55] 2°34] 2°09| 1°88] 2°00]| 2°94| I'40| 2°60 "99| 3°56] 1°81 m22| 307} 40} 3°52) 5x} $10] 1°59 63 1°96 *94| 1°95| I'r0} 1°68 63 027) 2°58) 1°48) 3°05) 189] 3:03] 1°62) 2°77 *99| 3°24] I'00}] 3°19 "85|> 2°83 meA5| 1°79) 2°82) 3°85) 2°26) 1°95] 2°30] x6o]| 127) 1°50) 21°86] 1°75] a1 |: 1°76 ‘74| 4°31] 130} 3°51) 127| 4°59] 1°20! 3°44 *7O| 2°34| 66) 2°57} roq] 4-11 M14) 5°33) 450! 528] 41°62) 4°42) 31°54] 5°09 “68 4°77 "71| 4°56) 405} 5°84 3°64. *65| 4°83 FE) 4rr5 "13| 4°36 "26 || 2!63-[ 66) 3°72 *oo| 4°01 ‘IO 431} 9'09/ 3°56| 7°98| 2°60] 6°81} 2°91] 5°65)| 2°20] G41] 1°65] 5°54] zor} 6°69 #63) 4°97) 5°50| 7°00| 4°83] 5°07| 4°57] 5°38|| 2°24] 3°94] 2°36] 3°46| 3°64) 5'02 5°34) 5700} 4°96| 435) 3°39] 3°72] 3°44| 2°92/| 3°02) 2°88| 3°17) 2°93) 413] 3°44 14} 48°26] 37°13} 48°98 | 30°24] 41°53] 30°21 | 38°22 || 21°00] 33°62} 22°51] 31°57] 28-49] 41°96 Division VI.-—-West Mrpranp Covntizs (continued). Sirs (continued). Worcester. | Warwick. } | é Hengoed, Northwick : Lark Hill, j Thitchureh. Oswestry. Park West Malvern. Woresior: Orleton. Rugby. ) ft. 10 in 6 ft. 0 in: 1 ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 5 in. 1 ft. 0 in. Oft.9in. |} 2 ft. 4in. Wiaeecteue 471 ft. nedadieddees 900 ft. 157 ft. 200 ft 384 ft. | 64, | 1865.| 1864. | 1865. || 1864.) 1865.) 1864. | 1865.| 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865. he in. in. ine in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. Mga) 2'60| 3°52] 3°75 °20| 2°47| 431] 41°56] or) 3°19] 1°31} 2°58] *92| 2°04 me), ET7| ¥'94) 2°34)| B60) 3 cr| Or} 2:87} 1°58) 99] 13°73| 2°66]| 1:45] 3°97 "34; 148| 4°05) 1°59 #63} rina) .2164. *gI| 2°63 “89 | 2751| ©IZ i} o-Sx |e 53) 45] 199] 312 77 | BAA | 97 res | x9 | Tiog| 1°38) : a0 || ma4s 68 AG) 2°30} 2°12); 544|| 2 tr] 3°88] 1743] 2°91] 1°85] 2°25] 3°78) 3°56 1°39| 1°62 35 75} 2°26| 2°26)| 1329 665) 28) i2°n7 | ree] 2738) 1236} sroR 87 |. 2°47 *o7| 1°56 "96| 2°07 41) 6721 *86| 3°36 72) gerd *82/ 2°68 "27 | 3°85 “O1) 5°43) 149) 7°21 *36 | 3°11 “37| 3°41 TST | - 2299 79| 4°80 °73| 3°47 “59 *26| 3°08 "18 || 2°70 *08| 3°59 °13| 2°65 "10| 2°69 *rr|| 1°36 24 EQ} 4°07] 3°05} 5°86)) 2°24) 5°43] 2°37| 4°36] 2°12] 5:20] 2°23] 4°83]] .1°67| 4°60 P78| 2°00} 3°18) 4:09] 2°47| 2°89] 2°47| a98| 2°64] 2°91| 2°36] 2°98] 1°65] 2°29 72) 217] 165) 2°43]) 3°30/ 2°07; 2°96] x71] 2°63] 4°50] 2°33] I40]| 41°79| 1°29 03 | 25°24) 27°29| 38°34 || 23°08 | 30°35 | 22°36] 27°82] 20°39] 28°04) 21°79] 29°88 || 16°39] 25°94 800 REPORT—1866. ENGLAND AND WALES. Division VI.—Wesr Mipranp Counties (continued). Division VII.—Norra Mipzanp Covnrtizs. WArwiok (continued). LEIcusTEr. Linconnsuire ‘ Edgbaston, bse Vio Thornton Belvoir Greatford eile of Birmingham. Birmingham. | , Wigston. Reservoir. Castle. Hall. ain-gauge above Ground ......| 1 ft. 6 in. O ft. 10 in. O ft. 6 in. 2 ft. 8 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 9 in Sea-level...... 510 ft. 340 ft. 220 ft. 420? ft. 237) fheNs ~ ||,| Vance 1864. | 1865. | 1864.) 1865.] 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865. || 1864. | 1865, re aa Sas ee Ls See , in. | in. | in. | ins) Pim. | in. | ins | in| in | im | in. | nd January ...... 1°22] 3°17] E15] 3:08 Boo. 4233 84) 1°98 °57| 2°59 "78 | 25a) February ...| 2:02] 2°60) 1°77] 2°63] 471 2°43) 2°12) 4x80] 98) 2°06) 1°34] 1-6g March ...... 3°47| 1°43] 3°44] 123] 242! ror] 2:70| 89] 2°75| 413x]] 2°84] 14g) PASE ane ceee: I4i] 1°33] 17°45 “6o} 1°74 *40| 1°30 *40| 1°89 67 83 °35) May sisscves. 160] 3°00] 1°59] 2:87] 1°88] 3°00] 2:40] 2°17 96) 2°34 | I°59| 1°54 eNO Seheeas. 5s 1°61] 2°34] -1°63] 2°36] 1°36] 2:29] 2:12] 2°42 1Q3)| ae4n| 84] 1°77) iilys teense 2837] 3385 "88 | 3°89 $30) 93°25 44.) 3°25 "25| 3°00 °32| 3°78H August =... 66) 4°47 48) 4°59 °54| 3°54 "51}| 4°20 56) 3°54] "50|} 2°00) September ...| 3°13 "18 | 3°46 ‘217 1°50 =2/2,\ -1°70 26! 1°69 ‘21 || 324 *40) October ...... 2°75| 563] 2°56] S06] 1:66] 4°88) 1:67) 5-74 1°34] 4°78 | r4r 3°36) November ...} 2°67] 2°31] 2°42] 2:25 2°19] 2°42/ 2°48) 1°97) 199] 2°38]! 2°05] 2°15 December ...) 2°74] 1°25] 2°68| x10] 142 103) || ex26:|) Pieoqllebocog "93 | 1'37 "86 Totals ...... 24°11 | 31°56 23°51 29°87] 17°60] 26°80} 19°54| 25°32| 16°34 25720, I5‘11 21°75 Division VII.—Norra Mrpranp Counties (continued). | | Norrincnamsnire. Derpysuire, h Chapel-en-le | Height of Welbeck. | East Retford. Derby Chesterfield. |Comb’s Moss. eth, | Rain-gauge ’ above — —| Ground ...,.. 3 ft. 10 in. 2 ft. O in. 5 ft. O in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft.6in. | Sea-levelies. 3.) waeesesickes 50 ft. 180 ft. 248 ft. 1669 ft. 965 ft. | ma | 1864. | 1865.) 1864.| 1865. | 1864.) 1865.| 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865.) 1864.| 18 3. in in. in. in. in. in. in. in. ine in. in. in. | January ...... 1°03 | 2°03 86) 1°96]) 1°08] 2°00] x02} 385] 2°23] 3:00] 31°85 3°19), February ...) 1°32] 3169] 1°46] 1°61 | 2°52| 2°06) 1°87] 1°83] 3°49] 2°89] 2°90 87) March ...;.. 2°03 *69| 2°09] 1°44|| 2:49] r04| 2°67 *68| 210) 1°63) 3:09] 240m Atri seamaster s 1°34. SOS) |\eemer S| ro7)|| © 2T0 °97| I92| 1°87| 3°33] (x°72| 1°78)\) May <.apass: 418) 3°21] 4°74] 3:21]| 1°67) 2°63] 1°31] 2°90] 4°67] 3°76| 232] 2 78 JUNO sista: 1°33] ro8| 388) r45]| rar} 1°83 81] 313) 4:25] xx8| 3°54) sem amily: . deeses ee 1°17} 2°86] 1°07] 2°86 °74.| 2°68 °31| 2°77| . 2°37)) 9257 Toxo August Sten 1°89) B17a| ome7O| 2747 || 71 | 3°25] 1:03] 429) 9972)’ 5199] 93°99) September ...} 1°93 Erfenl|, ree 16 || 3°23 n5||) 12973 *O5| 3°70 "51| 4:06| "44 October ...... 2°94| 4°86] 2°91] 4°79|| 2°07) 5:20] 2°96] 6:13] 3°52] 8:99] 2°43] 6°93 November ...| 2:21] 2:21] 2°16 2°09 |/ 1°99} Igo| 3:18) 2°71] 710] 667] 478) 475) December . 1'23 *6r| 1°97 63 || 1°93 B75 |= ieee 88] 3°70] 2°18] 2°95] 1399 Totals ...... 22°60 | 24°51 | 24°10] 23°74 || 21°74) 24°46] 21 34 | 27°09| 42°18 | 42°03] 34°94] 34°03 5 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 301 ENGLAND AND WALES. Division VII.—Norra Mrpranp Counzres (continued). ee errs are) ST eee re ee a (ee cS eee ee Division VIII.—Norru-Western Covunrtes, a. IO OO mm»>g>ma i III LIncoLnsuireE (continued). en a : Market : : : Boston. Lincoln. Hascn Gainsborough.| _—_—_ Brigg. Grimsby. |New Holland. 6 ft. 0 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 15 ft. O in. 3 ft. 6 in. 10 ft. 26 ft. 100 ft. 76 ft. 16 ft. 2 ft. 18 ft. 64. | 1865.| 1864. | 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. yr | 1 182 83) 1°28 °53| 1°58 *84| 140 81| 1°68 "97 62 83] 1°37 135] x90] 40] 12 60} 3°75) I05} 130] 160] 41°86] 1°43] 4118] 1-49] 1°72 zor} xr2r] 1°85 "99 °97| rr8| 1742 64) 1'27/ 1°18 °86) 182| 163} 1:28 1°24 *30 93 "42 "44. o'50 *89 “71 95 “38 ‘Ig “57 1'OI "59 r°63} 2°23] x41} I'g1 54] 4°53] m7) 2°70) 1°47) 4°35) x12] 41°31] 4x17] 2°76 95} 1°74) 86) 1°56) 389] 2°09] 1°09] 1°48) 191 9 Img} 125] 12] 1°13 *33) 5°29 °57| 2°68 "25| 1°89 *65| 2°81 68 | 1°97 *36| 118 S27 | Renee "87| 2°92) 122/ 3°28) 1'47| 2°97| 3°49] 3°32} 1°57| 4°57| 1°92] 4°65] 1°40 4°91 1°30 *40| 1°60 7oo| 2°28 "04.| 1°44, ‘I7| 2°44 533)|| ax7g6 "10| 2°05 "22 ||" "97| 4°62) 172) 513] Iso] 4°35] 2°14] 4°33] 210| 46x] 367] 4°33] 1°97] acz5 #08} 2°21) 2'09| 2:20] 2°64] 1°95] 2°33] 2°07] 3:05] aur] 2:66 3°42] 2°12] 2°07 79-115 | 1°51 25| 1°56 49] 1°05 56) 375/ 117! 1°64] aqx| 2°17 79 5°23 | 25°79 | 16°99| 20°82] 14°67) 23°32 | 18'10| 21°49| 19°60] 25°17 15°37 | 21°84| 17°23] 22°76 Cnrsnire. LANCASHIRE. : i Bolton-le- Rufford, Standish lesfield. uaney Bank. || Manchester. | Waterhouses. Nigues, Osmais Wigandl O ft. 8 in. 2 ft. 7 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. O ft. 8 in, 0 ft. 6 in. 295 ft. 106 ft. 345 ft. 286 ft. 38 ft. 300 ft. 1864. | 1865. || 1864.) 1865. | 1864. | 1865.] 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864. | 1865. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. | in 137] 2°55]/ 168) 311) 125/ 2°79| 3°61) 4:20] 1°95] 2°40] 2°30] 2-94 2°88 |. 1°78|| 4:03] 2°36| 3°47) 2°67| 410] 4:18] 1°87] 2°02] 2°50] 3:12 2°12) r8rj| 201} 1°67} 1°96) 1318} 3:06| 1°74] 2°47] 1°61] 3°12] I'99 r16) 1°23]/ 160} 308] 1°02} 1:08] arg] 1°32] 1°39] 149] 1°85 1°98 2°08 | 3°23 || 317) 3°19] 4°08] 2:91) 3:29] 3:21] 2°05] 3°63| 2°39] 3°96 3°03) I40}) 2°95 96) 2°54) °72]. 3°99 503) | 3iai 63) 4°14 “53 1°45} 2°64 || 1°69] 3°00] 1°90} 2°71] 3°10] 3°39] 1°85] 2°27] 2°49 3°88 2°00} 3°81j] 2°37| 3°84] 2°45| 4:14] 3°63] 6178] 1°79] 4°38] 219 5°10 3°81} 44)! 4°or| °67| 4°30) 70] 4°74] 43] 3°52] °38| 4°67] “43 176} 4°71 || gr} 5:00) 1798) 4°g8| 2°55) 640] 2°90] 4°53] 2°36] 4'99 2°75| 2°67)| 3°25] 2°77] 3°11] 3°00] 5:48} 3°92] 3°70] 2°95] 4°56] 3°30 I'g2 *66|| 1°97 “7A4\| 1293 “65| 3°00] 91] 2°28) 1°56] 2°22] 1:26 27°19 | 26°33 | 26°53 || 30°64] 28°39 / 29°99| 27°53] 42°74| 37°51| 29°14] 27°85| 34°79| 33°48 —— ——————_—__——————_—____| 802 Height of Rain-gauge above Ground seeeee Peete eens pee eee eee November .. December ... Totals . Height of Rain-gauge above Ground Sea-level...... teens January February ... July August ...... September ... Oetober ...... November ... December ... Potals ..3.<. Division VIII.—Norru-Wasrern Counties (continued). REPORT—1866. ENGLAND AND WALES. Lancasuire (continued.) Howick. een Stonyhurst. | Caton. Guolkes: | Wray Castle | O ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 8 in. 1 ft, 3 in. 1 ft. 9 in. 4 ft. 8 in. 4 ft. 9 in. 72 ft. 29 ft. 381 ft. 120 ft. 155 ft. 250 ft. | 1864. | 1865.| 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865.) 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865.) 1864.| 1865, in. in. in. in. ins | ani in. in. in. in. in. 3700} 2°30] 1°65) 390] 3:30] gir] 3°04] 2°95] 3°18] 3:86| 4:28 475} 2°65} 60) 3°40) 461} 3°63) 3°51| 3°27] 3°75| 3°59] 5°13 2°62} 1°85] 2°20) 380} 3°70] 2°30! 3°94] 2°17] 4°35] 2°05] 5°57 R50 ergo} ers) £676) +2 x78 7 |) Ve'20 | x93 *97| 2°18 "99} 1°96 2°15} 5°95] 179) 3°45} 2°93) 521] 2°95] 4°89) 2°92) 5°34] 2°35 3°50 *40,|) 9°10 55 | eee a *69| 4°76 *63| gcor *70| 4°20 1°75 2°90 1°40 2°35 225 3°21 2°63 2°21 3°16 2°29 3°98 2°60] 4°60] 2°80) 3°10) 3°28) 5°79] 3°38] 4°82] 3:29] 5°56} 3°53 3°70} "40| 2°85|- *7o| 4°37) 1706] 4°54] 3°30] 4:15} 1°58] 7°59 2°24} 4°40] 2°60) 4°50) 2°40) 669} 2:47) 5:21} 3°45] 634] 3°49 4700] 3°00} 4°95) 2°90) 5°07} 4°0I| 4°99) 3°62) 4:24] 3°69| 7°26 2°60} 180] 2°30) 4350} 2°87] 369] 3°79] 2°32] 4:88] 2°36| 8:72 34°41 | 31°55] 28°80) 26°55) 41°80] 40°59 | 41°93) 34°36) 43°56 | 38°35 | 61°06 Division [X.—Yorxsue (continued). Yorxsnme—Wesr Riprne (continued). Manor Road, Wakefield. We Oradea Holbeck, water- a ‘ Boston Spa. works Office. 4 ft. 0 in. O ft. 11 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. O in. 0 ft. O in. O ft. 11 in. 115 ft. 487 ft. 1375 it. 95 ft. 340 ft. 74 ft. 1864, | 1865. | 1864. | 1865.) 1864.| 1865.| 1864. } 1865. 1864.| 1865.| 1864. 1865. | in. in. inva) oan in. in. in. in. in. in. in. ins "72| 1°37| 1°48| 2°59] 2°60] 1°60 *64| 1°30 "79| 1°00 96! 1:66 ' I-7X{ 1°43] 2°13] 213] 2°90] 3°30] 4rq4r} 1°57] 1°41] 2:00} 1°50 43, 2°23 "56} 2°99 80} 4:00} 2°10} 1°79 *56| 2-19 "72 he 98 | 1°80 Soe bealAO | E23 °ns340.|" 2:20} 1°42) +54) 75 96} 1°33 2°70 | 293r) 1°75} 220} 2:20) 3°40] 31°64) xI80! 1473} 3-701) 263 1°57} high red 4: 84] 4°00] I*IO *gI 23) 2-71 |) 63ip 272 *65} 2°60 9} 2719] I'40 “60 "70 } 0 2350) 84) 149} 1°04 IS7| 4104 96) 4:70} 1°30] 5°50 *89| 5°98 93) 4°55, Fez 1°58 "15 | 2°45 SROib) E:TO\} 9FsTO,!" “1:45 ‘Ig| 1°61 29] 2°14 3°30] 5°20] 3°32| G60} 4°70} 7°60} 1°97} 5:82] 4x-71/ 4°59] 3°30 2°77| 2°02) 3°23| 2°82) 5:30) 3°90) 2°59} 2°95| 2°63] 340} 2°97 1°98 *87| I-50] 2°16] 3:90|- 2°60] 1°73] 3:25] 1°69] 3°93} 2°82 22°59 21°71 | 23°64) 27°96| 38:70] 35:00/ 47°04} 25°78] 18°95 | 22°66] 23°75 ' ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 808 . ENGLAND AND WALES. Division [X.—Yorxsurre. Yorrsuire—West Rivine. Seoomhall craks : Park, Redmires, Tickhill. | West Melton.| Penistone. | Saddleworth. Longwood, Sheffield. Huddersfield. Sheffield. 2 ft. 0 in. 4 ft. Oin. 2 ft. O in. 0 ft. 10 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 5 ft. O in. 4 {t. 6 in. 337 ft. 1100 ft. G1 ft. 172 ft. 717 ft. 640 ft. 600 ft. 1864. | 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.) 1865.) 1864.| 1865.) 1864.| 1865.) 1864.| 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in. P19] 2°35] 161) 3°20 80} 1°28 *70 “49 80] 41°59] 1°47] 3°93] 1°47) 2°30 az | aces) 2:83) aro | x29) 21°53) 21°79 *96| 2:00] 1°66] 3°57) 3°51] 2718) 1°59 340 *87| 3°67| 1°36] 2°48 "8r| 2°68 P50) 6 eee epee) Sra | Re Se 12795 7 Bag) 3241) o:26 | 2488) aga | (aenr |, at92) 4°67 *94| -Irvo| 1:26] 2°73] 15] Td 1°58} 3°55] 2°33| 2°80] 164] 2°82] 1°64) 2°42) 3°08] 3:27) 3°79 2°48| 2°25] 2°40 Race} a7g5| 2:50| 2:26) 1998) 3°54 98) 1°25 95), 700) 3°52] 1742] 1°92) 1:03 "54 mgt} 98) 177| °63| 4°31] 64) 2:38) 43) 174) 189| 240/ 96) 2°72 124| 5:42] 223] 499| 1°62) 3°45) 166] 3°07] 140 3°98| 1:70} 5°72] 1:28) 3°64 2°07 ‘TS 2°80 "39 1°51 "I2 1°35 "94 2:81 12 4:21 “29 2°67 "29 B°73| 5°83] 4°22] 715] 2°35| 502] 280/ 341| §°93| 676) 4°30) 5:42) 3°31) 5*69 a6) 2776} 4°32] 3:52) 2°35) 2°56) 9°03) 2°93) 3°91) 9°40) 4°32) G10) 314) 29 1'79 “98 2:14.) I10| 1°80 “FE| 1°29 62] 1:98 "79| 1°45] 420} I'5r} 1°57 124°36| 28°69 | 31°88) 32°47| 19°36| 25°26| 19°08 | 20°04] 24°80) 26°73] 34°75] 33°05 | 24°39 2.608 a = | Division [X.—YorksuHire (continued). Yorxsrire—West Ripine (continued). || Yorxsurre—Hast Rinine. YorxsHIRE— N. Rivine. Holme, on York. Harrogate. Settle. Arncliffe. || Beverly Road, Spalding Malton. Hull. Moor. | 0 ft. 6 in. O ft. 6 in. 40 ft. O in. 3ft.Oin. | 3 ft. 10 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. O in, ' | 50. 490 ft. 498 ft. 75oft. | 11 ft, 30 ft. 73 ft. > [a i 864.| 1865.) 1864.| 1865. 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865. || 1864.) 1865.| 1864.| 1865. || 1864.) 1865. | in. in, in. in. in. in. ae |e ant in. in. in. in. in. feea2) 1°07| 1:23] 2°62] 3°77) 3°03] 4°98] Gooll ‘g99} ‘E51 *94.| 1°72 |) Eron|> Iz0 B15} 155) 393] 2:04} 3:32) 3°28) 3°89) 3°64) ror} 148} 31°43} F79} 174) 31°53 H78| 118] 2°91) 31°63] 2°98) 1°66) 3°90] 2°90]} 1°68) 3°58) rr} x'gol] 1°88} 1°86 W76) 1st) 175} 125] 154) 180} 2°24] I°50|/ 105 °77| s6] r4gil 13th xrg0 Mea Tot) 2°63| 2:22) 3°57] 3°77} 1°78) 5°72|| 43°32] 2°54] 3°o3| 2°56]| 2:62) ‘ae2 MgO} 1:09] 2°36) ‘90| .2°84 "79| 4°64 “Go| 1:39] 103} 2°49} PTO} 233997 "44 47| 1°82 “70| Figk | IgO|s aan mgm) “2:79 | 46| 1°84 So] 2°53 *93| 1°42 16} 5:28 *89| 4:44] 2°16) 5°84] 2:61] 6:°37)) rxz} 4°96] 325) 4:45 “79| 3°42 2°31 23) 2°10) *30/ 3°99 “77 6770) -1°63)||) 2°02 “47| 2°09 “29 213 “17 257|. 4°43) 4°75| 5°79} 2°86) 634) 3:19] 6:92] 2:08] 4:36) 1°55) 4°97]| 3°10} 4°43 Bas| 2:06) 2:35| 3:43) 4:38] 3°81] 5°63) G-60]} 232] 2:28) 2°83] aro} 244) e-35 252) 106) 2°33) x17] 2°69] 1°53} 510} 2°09|| 2°34 98) 2°26 *86}) 24r| 1:28 eee | 23°19 | 26°48| 27°70| 32°60| 35°38] 45°78 | 47°26 | 18'27| 23°80} 21'F4.| 25°16]) 22°85 | 23°32, 804 Division [X.—Yorxsu1Rre (continued). REPORT—1866. ENGLAND AND WALES. Height of Rain-gauge above Ground ...... Sea-level...... January February . November ... December . h Division X.—NorrHern Covuntizs, Yorxsumre—Norru Rivine (continued). Duruam. one | Beadlam Ganton, : Stubb House, 4 Grange. Sesboniaels Darlington. Winsten Sunderland. | Allenheads. O ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 6 in. 4 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 9 in. 1 ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 5 in. 192 ft. 120 ft. 140 ft. 458 ft. 85 ft. 1360 ft. 1864, | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. | iro] gr} x18} 2:°27f x7] 4103] 1°53] 412] oOo] I'Sg}| 3°24) 4° 14h POON eee 7 eeegy |) ar 718) akeZO *96| 1°58) 31°33] 1°96] 3'49|| 3°69] 3°r0H 2'08| 2°65| 2°25] 2°08 2°50| 1°64] 3°39] 3:20] 2°77] I'20]] 5°90] 146 1°80] 1°03 65 “53 1°24| 60}. ro8| x18| 1°72 *94.|| IOr| 1:20] sr1r| 2°74] 109] 2°64] 1°81] 3°59) 1:25] 3:24] 180] 4°74]! 2°08] 615) 2°54 E78) SOL "574 2°24 "74| 71 *90|} 1°48 80 3°58 "75 | “80 "70| 1°39] 3°09 *65] 1°92 S51] 2°37 *96| 1°87 1°32] 2°00 18} 6:38] x05] 4:28] 192] 5°19] 3°55] 4°53] 19] 3°32 155] 480] 1°66 '20| 2°10 39] 61 *28| 1°79 *16| 1°25 *56 || 3°91: “50] 4°90] 5°44] 2°48] 647] 2°32] 5°56| 5:12] 654) 4°94] 5°53|| 9°63 | 11°82 2°76| 3°34] 4°41] 2°34] 2°89} 2°69] 2°20] 2:01] 1°57) 2°41|| 4°06] 4°80 3°14] 'gr| 3°02] r92f 2°56) 85] 2°55) 2°95) 312) m61)) 3°27) «376 29'09| 28°55 | 23°10] 28°35] 22°11 | 27°05 | 24°26] 26°73| 23°76| 26°06 || 43°24 | 44°43 | Division X.—Norruern Counties (continued). Mire House, Bassenthwaite. Oft.7in. |. 310 ft. : 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | _——| \y in. in. P| 2°99| 3°72) | 3°30] 3°53) 501) 2°40]}7 245; 48) 2'09| 643) 3°99) 100} 1'25| 2°86] 3:21| 410 6°58) 1°54) 5°22) 5°95 | 5°97| 5°43 j 4°36] 517) CUMBERLAND. ee eee ee es ee ee re ehion : : Whinfell Hall, EG Fi ae Stonethwaite. | Seathwaite. Giickernoath: Keswick. | Cockermouth. above Ground ...... O ft. 6 in 1 ft. O in. 2 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. O in. O ft. 6 in. Sea-level...... 330 ft 422 ft. 266 ft. 270 ft. 158 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865, | 1864, | 1865. | 1864. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. January .....- 10°16 | ~9°45| 13°23] 13°84| 3°40] 4°73| 4°59] 420] 2°67| 348 February 6°35|. 6°51] ro'11| 10°94] 2°52] 4°02] 3:25] 3°83] 278) 3°39 March ...... g'16| 4°44) 12°14] 644) 4°34} 2°40] 4°86] 2°65) 3°72] 2°57 SATU wee steer 2°33| 2°30] 3°04] 4°31] 2°28 TAL CELE) S53 |e 222.0 56 May; ‘ivaewcss 2°86| 13°48| 4°53| 16°72| 242] 7°73] 2°05] 6793) 2°44] 632 JUNE) saveraee- g'18| ro2z| 1162} 1:25] 4°24 "64| 3°81 °59| 3°24 "70 IU Vie Socebence 5°84| 4:50] 7°57| 7°08| 198] 2°52] 2°48] 2°98) 166) 2°80 August ...... 4°60] 9'26| 9°72] 13°06] 4:09] 4°31] 2°44) 515] 3°02) 3°51 September ...] 13°65 | 3°60] 16°55] 7719] 7°21) 2°23| 860] 1°84} 579) 199 October ...... 3°25] g'28| 637| 11°78] 4°71| 5°13] 4°79| 667] 322) 3°41 November ...| 12°43 | 11:24] 16"10| 13°83| 6°07} 4°84} 8°74] 6°79 487| 422 December ...] 20°95| 9°05| 23°69| 11°05| 7°23| 5°25| 4°70| 7°02| 632) 4°93 Totals ...... 100°76 | 84°13 |134°67 |117°49| 50°49 | 44°25| 52°68] 49°18 41°33 | 37°79 | 46°42 | 42°62 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. ENGLAND AND WALES. 305 Division X.—Norruery Counties (continued). NortnumBerann (continued). Bywell. | Wylam. [North Shields) Deadwater. | 7 End | Roddam, | bilburn 0 ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 4 in. mits Olina) | Ske ee 0 ft. 4 in. / O ft. 6 in. 6 ft. O in. | 87 ft. 96 ft. 2 i ee | Seed oo eae 277 ft. 545 ft. 290 ft. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. *38] 1°68 76} 21 99| 1°76) 4:20| 3:20] 3°52] 1°86] 1°58] 3:05 "90/ 2°10 1°57 1°72 1°96 I'50 2°49 1°47 2°30 2°70 3°37 4°50 4°03 1°94 2°41 I°05 3°59) 179) 3°79) 154) 3°49) 1°54] 3:20| 2:20] 3°16] 1°26] 4:62] 1°53] 2°58] 1°26 1°05 1°32 1°04, 124| 1°69 1°56] 2°00 1°00 *g90 "79 "66 "99 “QI 85 3°08] 4t91} 2°73] 4°56 2°59) 411] 2°00} 700] 2°04] 3°51] 3°02] 1°67] 3°06] 4°93 1°36 471) 116 63] 1°94 65] 3°00] I'00|] 1°92 52 “9Q)|, aor 87 “59 555062732 *67| 2°56 *9I| 1°93] 2°80] 3°00 68} 3°65) 1°26] 3°30) 1°32] 2°87 1°74] 3°64) 1°58) 2:86] 1:14] 2:82] 2°00 320] 1:08] 3°08 “g7\) Bie7S *92| 2°60 2°88 24.) 1°99 *32| 1°97 *56| 5700] roo! 2°88 *50| 2°79 "07 | 2°62 223 7592} 7°49} 667! 9'51| 4°60] 6°61] 6:26] 6:00 4°53] 5°24] 8°56] 1043] 10°58| 8°47 226) 249) 2°17) 2°74| 2°38| 2°36] §s:00/ 420] r4r| 3°36] 3°44] 3°55| 3°04] 408 2°87] 1°75 3°05] roo} 2°58 1°53] 5°10) 95°F) 3°53] I'531 93°96) 2°23) 2°76)/— meg 28°77 | 29°82 | 27°57 29°67 | 26°77| 26:90} 42°80 39°60] 29'02| 29°80} 35°88] 31°72} 31°97 30°39 Division X.—Norruern Covunttes (continued), - Cumpxrianp (continued). WESTMORELAND. oe ; The How. Edenhall Silloth. Scaleby. Kendal, | Lesketh How. nash Penrith,’ Appleby 3 ft. 0 in. 0 ft. 8 in. 4 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 0 in. Paton |: eae: 1 ft. 0 in. i 7 149 ft. 200 ft. 470 ft. ocn 449 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. 1864, | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. in. in, in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 2°35} 2°55) 2°31) 4198|! 517] 4°60] 9°95] 8:25] 10°96| 7°48| 2:10! 2°05 2°92| 1°89 ¥17| 2°63) 204) 2°92]! 3°97| 4°80] §°73| 7:00) 7°14] 7°57| 1°65| 1°95] 2:22] aga je 75| 144) 2°30) 50)! 3°73) 1°79] 6-97] 2°99| 7°99| 3°43] 2°67] “65 T'99| 3°60) 166 38) 1°54 “65 || 2:26! x21] 2°99] 1°80] gor! rsx] 1°55 9°} 1°37 85 Tor) 4°34] 2°38] 5°39|| 1-36 6°56) 2°52) 8:65] 2°44] 8:14] 1°83] 5:20] 2°22] 5°58 291 ‘97 1°98 122 3°63 “56 4°69 65 5°25 “54. 2°37 ‘94 2°72 76 1065] 2:03] 1°31] 1°86 3°31} 196} 3°65} 3°39] 3°34] 3°37] 102] 2:25] x25] dar} | aso 375) 190} 4°24|! 3°55] p10] 5:21) 8:12] 480] 7°38| 3°75| 4:10] 1-74 3°85 3 ¥32| 437/| °70|| 642) -1-78] 9°39] 2°78] 8:47| 2°33] 3°73| “85| 420] 44 [47° ) 364) 3°03] 4°70]] 3:04] 5°20] 3°95] 7°74] 2°99] 849| 4°05| 4°60) 2°37] 4°73 fen} 3.02] 147] 2°52 || 3°81) 427] 747] 714] 665] 7°99] 3:27] 3700| 2:46] 2:89 4#79| 2°79| 2°64) 2°15|| 7-12] 284] 11°57 729| 1120} 5°82] 2°62] 2°50] 3°39] 3°94 | 83°57 | 28°74) 27°27] 28°83 || 47°57| 42-67 74°09 | 65°80] 75°74| 64°05] 28°61 | 28°99| 28°85] 30°26 | 11866, x "ac 806 REPORT—1866. “ENGLAND AND WALES. Division XI.—Monmovru, WALES, AND THE IsLANDS. Monmovtu. GLAMORGAN. CARMARTHEN. | | Height of Abercarn. Ane Abergavenny.|| Swansea. Ystalyfera. || Carmarthen. } Rain-gauge Tredegar. 8 y above Ground ...... 1 ft. 3 in. 0 ft. 9 in. 1ft.3in. || 16 ft.Oin. | 1 ft. Oin, 0 ft. 5 in. Sea-level...... 450 ft. LHI AN «ses ainass 30 ft. 368 ft. 78 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865, | 1864. | 1865. 1864. | 1865. | in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. January «.:... 4°53) 5°80| 4°59| 4°75| 2°42] 3°35|| 2°22) 3°47| 4°34| 7°04 715}) February ...| 2°58] 2°21] 2°46) 4°46 167| 3°13 || 178] 2°52| 3733) 489 4°62 March ©.2.4:. 4:27| 1°76|. 3°83|~1°76| 3°28] x51] 2°05) 3°74) 3°53 2°96 2°79 |) Appr seadte *50 669 | 0°53 |) r67') GE Z0 69 *76| 249] 1°34) 1°74 1°53 WE 2 eee cera 1°36| 4°28 *94| 4°08 -94| 3°19 || 120] 2°59) 168] 7°15 5°78) PUNne sss... g1r| 131] 2°89) 2°32] Igo] 1°53]; 1°74 2°06| 4:06] 2°56 1'29 duly stack. 1°28| 3°03] 1°38] 3°34 49)| (2°53 *77| 3:10] 2°27| 5°88 3°11} August ...... 2°05| 4°82) 2°19] 617] 141] 3°79] 169] 3°61] 3°95] 7°22 6°66 | September ...} 6°04 *22| 6:28 "22 | 2°95 ‘or || 4°70 "a1 | 783 fera2 58 October ...... 3°76| tost| 3°83] 7°89] 2°78) G6*90|) 1°85] 5°47) 2°51 7°60 7°38 | November ...| 7°64] 5°79| 7°25| 6°13] 644] 5°47]| 3°59] 3°74 6'60| 7°98 6'11 December ...| 3°33} 5°39| 2°95| 4°28] 2:20] 3°66)) 2°48) 2°15) 3°70) 5°55 : Totals ,..... 40°45} 45°75| 40°12 | 46°07] 27°18] 35°76 || 24°74) 33°05 | 44°94 61°69 Division XI.—Monmourn, WauEs, AND THE IsLanns (continued). Fuinr. DeEnzicH. MerIoNnerTu. Height of | Hawarden. | Maes-y-dre. || Llandudno, |/Talgarth Hall. poke Rain-gauge win above ss Ground »..... 1 ft.Oin. | 5 ft. O in. O ft. 6 in. 1ft.Oin. | 1 ft. Oin. Sea-level...... 260 ft. 400 ft. 99 ft. 150? ft. 500 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. || 1864..| 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | 1864. | 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. January .....- Vir} 1°95 22) 2°35|| 2°19] 2°43 || 473) 5°35] 4°72 698 February ...| 1°35) 1°75 25 68 *92| 41°51] 2°90) 4°77| 3°98 418 March ...... 3°32| 1°54) 2°35| 1°36|| 3°01] 1°34)|| 3°45] 4°37] 3°70 3°66 April pases: 1°62 +93 |. 4758 Bo || 1°71 -74\| 3°37| 1°36] 1°33 3°06 May waceses-- 2°32| 2°83] 1°90| 2°70\| 2°67) 318] 3°93] 5°30 1°36} 4°91 PUTS Fesmass 2s 1:65 | 3%32,|| 2203 || 3:31 1°81] 18x|] 9°79) 2°98] 3°62] 190 July Sesaeases *67| a9) Vor) 2°13 "99| 1'46|| 2°95] 3°70] 41°50] 43° August .....- 132| 4°37| 1°67] 3°16]| 2°49] 5°68] 3°87| 5°92) 2°71 4°98 September ...| 2°13 2 6 ae wok) "23, || 2°09 *13|| 7°24] 50) 5°82 75 October ...... 2°69| 3:07] 3°03] 3°43)| 2°51| 4'y5 || 2°64) 162) 3°25 7:08 November ...| 2:10] 2°36] 2°40| 2°16 9:61 || 4720 5°39| 5°25] 653] 7°49 December ...| 1°39 “SA Sao) eee Ds 1°35| 1°68|| 3°35] 220] 2°73 8°30 | Totals .......| 21°67 | 21°96 | 21°19 21°22 || 25°35 | 28°31 || 53°01 | 43°32 41°23 | 57°59 25? x ON THE RAINFALL 1N THE BRITISH ISLES. 307 ENGLAND AND WALES. Division XI.—Monmovru, Waxes, anp tHE Istanps (continued). CanManTHEN PEMBROKE. CARDIGAN. Brecenock. || Rapyor. (continued). Pembrok Haverford- Cefnfaes, x:pO BLY pears esys 1°45 1°84) 2°20] 2°00] 2°70] r80]| 1°57] 1°92 61} xrg0] 1°99) 3°34 August ...... 1'08 1°76} 120] 1°70] 3°52] 3:84]| 2°26 "55 *90] IQ} 2°04] I'90]] September ...) 4°20 *81) 3°90] 110} 4°97] 3°05]| 2°60 °55| 1°36) 2:21] 2746] 184i October ...... 3°83] 3°60) 4°60] 3°50] 3°06} 4°38] 4°88] 2°05] rI°90} 3°95] 5°60] 3°49 November ...| 2°80] roo] 4°80] 2°40] 3°66] 2°721]| 461] 2°18] 2°10] 3:12] 4°88] 2°79 December ...| 2°30] 1°07] 3°60] 2:20] 4°47| 2:21 1°37 42) 3927 | 1853.) 2rog9'| ate, Totals ...... 28°16 | 21°06 | 43°70] 28:90] 38°19| 32°80]| 27°23] 15°09] 18°14] 24°91] 31°94| 26°05 |] Division XX.—Mounster (continued), | Diy, XXI.—Lzrnsrer. | WATERFORD. CLARE. KULKENNY. QuEEns Co. Height of | Waterford. Portlaw. Killaloe. Ennis. Kilkenny. || Portarlington. Rain-gauge ; above a Ground .,.... 4 ft.O0in. | 20 ft. Oin. 5 ft. O in, 2 ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 6 in. 1 ft. 1 in. Sea-level ...... 60 ft. 50 ft. 128 ft. 35 ft. 200 ft. 236 ft. 1864. | 1865.| 1864, | 1865. |] 1864. | 1865.| 1864.| 1865.4 1864.| 1865.|| 1864.| 1865. i eat || | in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. | in, in. in, in. I January ...... 3°75) 429] 6:06) 4°03}) 2°95] 613) 2°49] 5:25] 3°79] 3°28] 3°97] 4:51]) | February L277 |) Sol esos Ooi teoey 4 5x68. To 2°90) 83] 4'18}) x15) 5-41 March,: ssc. 3°18} 1°70} 3°66/ 219] 2°85) 342) 217) 27454 2°42) 2°13/] 3°74] 3°43) PAEIL hcg oe one 185} sro} 145] 185]] 122 45) 128) O'75$ 1°95 *94 |] 2°08] 1°02) May........0+. 167) 4°54] 194) 5:12|| 184) 5°52] 1°43] 3°57 2°11] 3°51]] 3°18] 4°80 PNG pase iene 1°20 68} 2716 259 || 3°39] 2°19] 2°44.) r'10] 2°32 87/1 2:12] 1:06 UY. .cssepceses 1°73] 3°62] 3x28} 440]! 1°64]- 3°54 °53| 1°54 "75| 2°68 "79| 5°48 August ...... I°53| «508 |) Carrhae s 1°63] 4°34| - 2°04 “SIR 3°32] 3°32]! 2°50] 5:09 September Beg “BS ||| Sanz 7. “51 |} 5°63] 10} G02] 504 3°73 83 || 6:23 “59 October .,..,. 5°05] 4°07] 5°54] 4°29]] 3°23] 5°05 "10| 3°62) 4°46] 3:29]/ 5°87] 5°83 November ...]) 4°91] 6°00] 6°36] 8°75 |/ 6:48] 5°06] 5°25] 5:20] 5°62] 2°89] 631] 3°84 December ...) 4°59| 6:22| 4:55]. 7°73] 2:90] 4°08] 2°73| 3°72] 3°89 2°46 4°51| 2°78 Totals ...... 34°46 | 41°02] 40°27] 47°25 |] 35°64.| 46°04| 28°44) 32°11] 35°18 | 30°43 || 42°45| 43°84 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. SCOTLAND. Division XTX.—Norrnern Counties (continued). 315 IRELAND. Div. XX.—Monster. ORKNEY. SuErLAND. Cork Kerry. Balfour Castle. 5 aia Sumburghead. See East Yell. errno Valentia. 0 ft. 3 in. 2 ft. O in. 3 ft. 4 in. 0 ft. 9 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 6 ft. O in. 2 ft. O in 50 ft. 78 ft. 265 ft. ? 12 ft. 176 ft. 65 ft. | 30 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864.| 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | 1864.) 1865.| 1864. |} 1865.} 1864. | 1865.|| 1864.| 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. Ilo] 2°55) 1°37) 4°08 1°54] 2°67] 2°70] 4°80| 2°88] Grool 4:07} 4°22]] 5:44] 8:02 4°20 Igo] 3°78] 3°40 r81} 196|) 4°00} 4°20) 3:10} I'g0f 1°67] 3°00]/ 2°89] 3:77 310] 2°20! 2°69] 4°74 99| 2°44] 3°20] 2°60} 7°76) 4°88] 3:24] 3°82]] 3°96] 4:19) bap fo) Ilo) 123] 1°47 1°38 “gt 1°7Q}| 2°00) 1°85.) 479 1°77) 1°54 1°55) tt7y 1°50 125) 1°88] I-go}| Y05|] ror} 2°80} x60} 1°74} x68] 2°44] 4°36]] 2751] 3°54! 1°30 1°07} I90}| 142 1°62 *58| 2°00 "50] 3°19] 04] 2°06 *66|) 4:92] 1°31) zopy 210) 1°64) 1°55 0°93 |= 3°24, /7 9 $0404 4 28401) ©2580)" 1236 e701" 3Pg'5 1°44| 2°35 1°90 3°20|} 2°60] 266 2°39] I'gi| 3°50] 2°20] 3°60] 3°34] 1°87] 4°39 3°44} 6717 2°80 1°60] 3°69] 2°28 1°97) 1°75) ° 3'20 | 390) 2°35) beg) © 2°77 35 §°320| arr al 5°10 4:28] 3°66] 4°85 27 Vor} 4°50] 2°20] 5*09} 4°3824 4°81 3°29 2°72,| 8°60 310) 2°30) 4°69] 3°07|| 3°37] 2°72] 650! 410) 4°35} 6949 5°78] 684]! 8:04] 9°08 3°55) 190} 416) 2°79] 3°58} 2°27]. 5°50] 3°60) 3°60) 218] 3°43] 6°69]] 5°39} 6-30) 30°75 | 25°45 | 33°28) 34°21|/ 23°90) 20°47) 43°00] 32°10 | 42°31 | 38:09] 34°61 | 43°01 |] 47°62 | 59°09 | pat Division XXI.—LernsreEr (continued). Div. XXII. Connavcur. Kies Co. WIckKtLow. Dusuin. GaALway. Birr Castle, | matlamore Bray,Fassaroe.|| Black Rock. Dublin. Glasnevin Gort,” Parsonstown. ; " | Cregg Park. 0 ft. 3 in. 3 ft. Oin 5 ft. 0 in 29 ft. 0 in. 18 ft. 0 in. 6 ft. 6 in. 3 ft. 0 in. 200 ft. 235 ft 250 ft 95 ft. 42 ft. 66 ft. 120 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864.| 1865. |) 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865.| 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865.] 1864. 1865. Mae | hin: .|-in, | in, |i | der.) in,olin, fan | in. | ee r8r} 3°88) 1°78) 2°05 3°09} 4°03 1°83] 3°18] 245) 2°29] 1°45 149] 2°23] 4:23 68) 2-71 ‘71| 2°48]| 1:22) 4:29 89] 219] 17] 2°68} 1:03] 1°79 1°98| 3°38 2°64) r80| 241] 398} 412) 1°83]| 3°03] I'21] 3°51] 1°94] 2°58 IIs} 3:10] 2°58 HI74) 7°05) 1°13 "72 46) r8s5{| 58] 461] 1-20] 1°50 "73'| Tro s ag 5) 32 1°65 3°69) 115) 3°36] 1°38) 4°82]) 1°78] 2°89] 1°70 3°92] 1°59] 3:12] 2:07] 3:44 325) 85) 2°53) 87] 163) -7g|} 3°26) 47] 1°35] 70] x14] +75] 245] I-75 81) 3°19 *56| 2°18 41] 4°42 °59| 2°71| 1°06] 3°62 °87| 2°03] 117| 5°66 1°73| 2°82) 1°56) 2°99 1°38) 4°46|/ 1°47] 4°32] 1°35] 2°84 92] 3°95] 2°02] 415 3°34 FARE? 3°37 "29 || 2°01 *09 1°65 ‘oZ| 2°46 ‘II] 1°59 "037 5°50 97 3°75) 4°03) 3°94| 3°66], 7:24! 5°38] 644] 4:13] 5°65! 3°74 613] 3°35] 3°29] 2°89 407) 421) 326) 387]) 5°62/ G:00]] gor} 3:78] 4:67 3°09] 3°35] 271] 6°55) 3°71 214] 3°19) 1°68) 2°47|| 3:10] 425]] 2:20] -3°29|-~3°18 |-« 2:80 | 2-07 2°87 2°18) 4°35 27°04.) 31°90 | 23°98 | 26°92)| 31°66 | 42-21 || 25°73] 29°80| 29°75| 29°23 23°95 | 24°34) 33°89 3843 316 REPORT—1866, IRELAND, Division XXII.—Connaveur (continued). Division X XIII.—Utster. U qf Gatway (continued). Suico. CAVAN. FrerMAnacu. Anmacu. |} . Galway, Sli ; ; Height of Oupen’s Doo Castle. | Sligo, Hazle-] Red Hills, Florence Armagh }} Rain-gauge College. wood. Belturbet. Court. Observatory. |} above Ground ...... 6 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. Oin 2ft.4in. | Off. 9in. || 11 ft. Oin, |] -30ft. Oin. Sea-level ...... DSW. sesteasvert 7 i oe aoe 300 ft. 238 ft. 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. | 1864.) 1865.] 1864.) 1865. || 1864. | 1865. || 1864. | 1865. in. in. in. in. in. in. fin. in. in. in in. in. January ...... 4°62! gorl] 304] 465| 2°70) 416] 1°68] 328]| 2°69] 4g] 2°51) 3°65 February...... 4:16} 504i) 80] 2°86) 241) 3°51] 1°53] 4°62 1°59| 4°38]| 2°36) 4-44 March......... B33 2754), 2:07 N 3°28). 2:09) 4-744 2°34) 2:84). 3:17 3°18||. 2:74) 2°90 I April Meccsaes >: 2°99 “All X:GO ll eicAO)| s2"AA, L659) 2°29)| 0. 78 2°07 I‘Io|| 2°07 "99 May, ‘arcmeenos. 2°88] 419]] 2°04] 2°55) 3°85) 225] 1.80} 4°05 1°80 3°67|| 199) 5°21 | inne! pees 5-41] 126) 2°84) 1°33] 3°87] ~ 2°94| "48])/ 3°04 61] 2°69) 74H) July. s .sasee-- 3°01] 4°6ol] 1°60] 3°99] 1°79] 3°08] 1°53] 2°91 84) 3:05|] 1°84) 2°48] August......... 410] 4'91|| 2°32] 3°85| 2°09] 616] 1°96) 3°93 2°37 511) 249| 3°46] September 7°32| 2°21|)| 4°42 SOTA). 245723 ; 4°19 “66 || 2°36 "99/| 3°44 “48 October 4°38] 5:91|| 2:19] 5°61| 2°31] 5°69] 1°56) 592]] 1°30] 5°85]] 3:10] 6°50 November ...| 9°23] 3°97]| 5°23] 4°98] 7°06| 420] 519] 412]! 5°99 S‘Ig|] 6°61) 4°22 December ...| 4°14) 4°52|| 1°54] 4°51} 180) 4°51] 2°06) 3°33]/ 2:21 5°93] 2°98] 3745 Totals ......... 58°07 | 48°90 || 31°89] 39°62] 37°64.) 41°81] 27°07| 36:92] 29°43] 43°15 |] 34°82] 37°93 EXAMINATION OF RAIN-GAUGES. As an introduction to the following Tables, and also as calculated materially to avoid continued repetition, it may be well to refer briefly (1) to the objects of this examination, (2) the means adopted to carry it into effect, and (3) to explain the results herein given. (1) The objects of this examination are principally to ascertain the accu- racy of the gauges in actual use, the suitability of their position, the correct- ness of the mode and time of observing, and generally to advise the observers concerning the proper management of their gauges under all circumstances. (2) The means adopted simply consist in Mr. Symons’s visiting each sta- tion, and personally measuring every important element concerned, the details being entered at the time in printed forms prepared for the purpose*. (3) The result of 166 such examinations in different parts of the British Isles are given in the following Table, in which only two points appear to re- quire any explanation :—(1) That the Roman numerals refer to the gauges in Plate VI., and denote the general form which the gauge most nearly re- sembles, since the varieties of form are so numerous that it would be undesi- rable to represent each ewactly. (2) The mode of testing usually consists in filling the glass belonging to the gauge up to various points (called in the Table scale-points, 7. e. points on the scale) ; this quantity is then measured in grains, and entered as “grains equivalent to scale-point,” then the difference between this observed quantity and that which is due to that * The following were not measured by Mr. Symons :—Nos. 1 to 12, 56, and 58 to 61, BO Report Brit: Assoc: 1866. . Plate V1. Raw Gauges WW WS UW Lb06. J I : : : : o \\ a \ AW \ \ y : A a | NY WN \ & \ \ f, | uf Hi ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 317 IRELAND. Division XXIII.—Utsrer (continued). Dowy. ANTRIM. LonDonDErry. Tyrone. <1 > a a ‘ ‘ dig, Leckpatrick, : ieliee Waringstown. Antrim. pees oie Londonderry. Sie hace Letterkenny. 0 ft. 8 in. 0 ft. 4 in. 1 ft. 0 in. 1 ft. 1 in. O ft. 6 in. 0 ft. 5 in. 0 ft. 6 in. 200 ft. 190 ft. 150 ft. 121 ft. 80 ft. 260 ft. 107 ft. 1864. | 1865. | 1864.| 1865. || 1864.| 1865. || 1864.| 1865.| 1864. | 1865. |] 1864.| 1865.| 1864.| 1865. J fs in. s in. F cS in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 138) 2°66) 165) 2°95]! 1°56) 310] 2°63) 448] 2°55} 673|| 221] 4-98] 3°55| 7°95 MAO ee270|| I-T9 | 2:75 ‘79| 2:g90]} 1°86) 3:7] 260] goof] 2°72] 3:30] 3-62 5°03 2°05| 2°24) 2°11} 2°25 3°53] 2°05 3°58| 2°77] 3°79] 3°40 3°18] 3°40] 6°56 3°56 209 SEM CoRcey “S9}| 2°45 "52 || 2°27} 1:27) 2°60} 41°34 ]} 2°58] 455] 3:01 95 185] 4:20] 2°12] 3°80]! 1°37] 3°52]|/ 2:09] 3°68| 2°75] 2-90|] 2°68 2°91] 1°93] 2°68 260) 50) 2°64) 54|| 3°67} *73 || 419] “71] 3°20] 66]! 3:49] 25] 4:77| -85 1°27} 1°55] xmx5| 1:28 I92,| 2°34 1°73| 2°20] 3°74] 2°50 2°56) 3°75] 2°30] 3°76 2°35| 2°68) 2:28] 3:16]/ 2°03] 3°35]/ 2°23] G15] 2:42] 550] 41°98 DEV erage Sees ot) 3°) 220) 38) 3°69) 9=46l) 3°62) 56) germ) “74 4°38) +73] 5-60) 385 2°35] 6:02|} 43:98} 4:91 3°01} 4°56 1'77| 489] 3°18] 4°32 2°28) 5°30] 3:32| 22 3°47| 3°55) 3°93| 3°65]| 3°82) 3:71|| 4:20] 400} 4°75] 450} 5:37] 4-81 5°91] 6°58 T96| 2°22) 2°13] 2°36]/ 190} 2°17 1°59] 3°28] 1°35| 2°65 1°76| 3°64] 2°38 5°53 2510} 29°21 | 25°44) 28°62]/ 29°74) 29°41]| 31°76] 37°86] 35°03] 39°24]] 34°99 37°99 | 46°32] 50°46 scale-point of the gauge the area of which is known from the mean diameter, gives the last column, “ Error at scale-point.” An example will make this clear. Gauge No. I. has a mean diameter of 7-995, therefore 0-1 of an inch should be 1268 grains, but the glass only held 1260 grains, being 8 grains too little, it therefore shows 0-001 too much; that is to say, when rain falls to the depth of 0-100 in. it shows 0-101 in., an error of no practical effect, being less than the ordinary error of observing*, Concerning this Plate it is neeessary to explain that Nos. I. and II. are liable to considerable error if the rods are allowed to rise much above the funnel, as they then intercept rain which would otherwise pass over; they are sometimes tied down to the cross piece, sometimes only dropped in when an observation has to be made. No. VI., Crossley’s gauge, registers on the dials by an arrangement of wheelwork, but it is desirable it should (when used) always be provided with a cistern and tap so that the quantity may be measured by a glass, and the clockwork-record thereby checked. Nos. Mis VIL., VIIL., X., XT., and XII. are all provided with glasses similar to No. III., but of course varying in capacity. No. IX. was designed by Mr. Marshall, of Patterdale Hall, for use in the mountains of Cumberland and Westmoreland. * It may here be noted that though the errors are uniformly worked out to three places of decimals, very much reliance cannot be placed on an error of ‘O01 in a 5-inch gauge, seeing that it involves the correct reading of a water-surface to one hundredth of a linear inch. Reference number. - cS oS 10. | Date of 318 examination. co a ba Aug. 5. Aug. 6. Aug. 6. Aug. 20. Aug. 7. Aug. to. Aug, 10. .| Cumberland Aug. 16. Aug. 16. County. Westmoreland ... Laneashire......... Lanéashire......... Lancashire,........ Lancashire......... Lancashire......... Westmoreland ... Cumberland Cumberland REPORT—1866. I S) AS . oO a Name of station, owner, and es Sp of observer. ae a So ions) < aa HH ial Kendal, 8. Marshall, Esq. ...... Holker, Cartmel, Duke of De- | VIIT. yonshire, Mr. W. Wilson. Pitt Farm, Cartmel, Mr. Binyon| VIII. Alithwaite, Cartmel, Mr. Nash | ITI. Monk Coniston Park, J. G. Mar- shall, Esq. IX. Wray Castle, Windermere, Dr.| VIII. Dawson, Mr. Paisley. beens Lesketh How, Ambleside, Dr. J. Davy, F.R.S. Borrowdale, Seathwaite, I. Flet- cher, Esq. Keswick, Mr. J. F. Crosthwaite | VIII. Mirchouse, Bassenthwaite, T. 8S. Spedding, Esq. .| Mr. 8. Marshall... Mr. 8. Marshall... EXAMINATION OF Maker’s name. Mr. 8. Marshall... Mr. 8. Marshall... Casella Beare eee eee Marshall & Co.... Poere eee eEr eee rrr eegy rere Mr. 8. Marshall... seer ween nena nent anne ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 319 RAIN-GAUGES. Height of 2 = “= | Equivalent of | Error at Q ys gauge. £8 § water. scale-point, z 3 | ane) specified in Remarks on position, &e. & A i) Above bali i E revious 2 | ground. devel. ASA aah ane he a ft. in.| feet. in. in. 4 6] 149 795 | ‘I 1260 + ‘oor | In garden §.E. of the house, and about | 1. 8:04. | ‘2 2520 +oo1 120 feet from it; it is quite open in M 7995 all directions. Measuring-glass more than a foot long, but only holds 0-25 in. It is beautifully divided to thousandths. ALS 155 Sor cr 55 +'oor | Gauge stands in thé middle of a large | 2. 8:00 | ‘2 2510 +003 garden, quite removed from any ob- 8-02 ject that could interfere with its in- M 8:o10 dications. Gry) |) 70) Stoo | ‘3 1240 +:003 | Stands in the garden; quite un-| 3. 8:00 | “2 2500 +004 sheltered. | 8:07 | °3 3750 -++'c06 8*00 “4 5000 +:'008 M 8:018 ae) 88 5700 | *2 1030 —‘oc8 | From N.H. to §.8.H. there are shrubs | 4. 5°00 2 1540 —‘oll and trees from 8 to 16 ft. high, at 4°99 | °5 2520 —*009 distances of 15 to 40 ft. The house M 4°997 (perhaps 30 ft. high) is to W.S.W., at a distance of 40 ft. The gauge may possibly be slightly sheltered by the shrubs. 411} 150 9°96 Hidevd linterna a: laxeBeanens ....| Owing to the peculiar construction of | 5. 10°02 this gauge, it was found impossible 10°08 to test it. Its position is unexcep- 10°05 tionable; fixed in the middle of M 10'027 the park, and free from. all obstruc- tions. 4 9} 250 8:02 | ‘I 1250 +'oor | Gauge stands on a small hill; the! 6. 7°98 "2, 2510 +002 trees and castle are too distant to 8-00 affect it. 7°99 M 7°998 ' @ 2 | 200 8:04. | 24 3000 +005 | Gauge on a little rise, having a few] 7. 8:06 | 469 | 6000 correct. trees on the top. In E.S.E. and} ~ 8:02 | °708 | gooo +:005 E.N.E. trees 15 or 20 ft. high are 8'or | *942 | 12000 +:004 10 or 20 ft. distant, and in 8.8S.W. M 8032 ie 20 feet high and only 18 feet off. HO} 422 504 | ‘2 490 +*oo1 | Gauge is at the elbow, where the valley | 8. Aco Mom 980 +003 bends from about N.E. by N. to 5703 | °3 1500 —"002 8.8.E., with high perpendicular hills 4°99 § °4 1990 correct. on both sides. Nosmall objects of any , 57007] °5 2480 +'oo1 importance near the gauge. me 3 | 270 804 | I 1230 +*oo2z | Gauge very old, and receiver out of | 9. 7°64. | 2 2490 +:002 shape. Nowstandsin a timber-yard, 8:30 | 3 3760 + oor but will be moved Jan. 1, 1863, to 7387 | 4 5000 +002 a better position, same height above M 7°962} °5 6320 —'003 sea. [New gauge, started in 1865.] m5} 3co ster | -s 510 —‘003 | Gauge in flower-garden, and quite free | 10. 4°99 | 2 1030 —'007 from any object that could interfere EGO an 33 1510 —'005 with its accuracy. Trom N.N.E. to M s‘cool *4 2000 —"004 §.E. mountains rise gradually from G 2510 —-006 the house. 320 14. 15. 16. 18, 19. 20. Date of examination. Sept. 21. Sept. 24. .| Middlesex | Orkney ......+... County. .| Lancashire......... Lancashire........ eee new eee Middlesex ....... Orkney .........00 Orkney .....s+ Aberdeen ..,.... Kincardine........ Cambridge......... REPORT—1866. Name of station, owner, and observer. Hest Bank, R. B. Peacock, Esq. .| Caton, Rey. A. Christopherson. Finchley Road, G. J. Symons, Esq., G. W. Moon, Esq. .| Finchley, Upper, G. J. Symons, Esq., G. W. Moon, Esq. Sandwick (Lawn Gauge), Rev. C. Clouston. .| Sandwick (North Park Gauge), Rey. C. Clouston. .| Kirkwall, Dr. R. B. Baikie, Mr. J. G. Iverack, ..| Aberdeen, A. Cruickshank, Esq. .| Banchory House, A. Thomson, Esq., Mr. J. Forrest. Cambridge Observatory, Prof. Adams, Mr. A. Bowden. ; EXAMINATON OF — ‘=| lo} “5 = eb & | Maker’sname. | ° ¢ nae on BE &9 gs Sa = 6 ioe) As II. 9 a.m III. | Davis, Leeds...... Uncer-! tain. X. | Negretti&Zambra) 9 a.m. X. | Negretti& Zambra| g a.m. VERT. eiscseessesectonauans sesh eenle WE Seecteee scswreaet 9 a.m I, vee] p.m I, i ..| 9 a.m. || I, DY. AIN-GAUGES (continued). PHeight of gauge. Lo Above vi 4 round. eek, —— t. in. | feet. % I 82 4 |) 120 > 4] 270 ’ : 4 306 ° 78 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. mean). Diameters (that marked M Equivalent of Water. 4 Grains. in, a 520 2 1030 3 1540 “4 2030 “47 2400 a 1300 2 2504. 3 3760 =X 1300 2 2500 3 3780 5 6270 rk 2650 2 5250 3 775° 4 10400 5 12960 om 2650 2, 5250 3 775° "4 10400 5 12960 3 415 6 830 ex 2 (3 “4 5 Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. —"005 —"008 —‘ol2 —‘oll —'o16 — "004. correct. correct. —*004 +'oo1 —*002 correct. — "005 —"008 — "007 —"012 —"o14 —*006 —"009 —009 —‘o1g —'ol7 +067 +134 correct. "Too leaky to be tested. Remarks on position, &e. Gauge placed just over the brow of a small hill, on the N. side. House and a tree are W.S.W., distant 45 ft.; also trees in S8.S.E., about 60 ft. off; testing not complete owing to absence of observer. On 8.S.W. slope of a small hill, there are at present a few small fruit-trees near it, but they will be moved in the winter. House 35 ft. high, 55 ft. W.N.W. of gauge. Walls 7 ft. high in E.S.E., N.N.E., and §.8.W., but not within 18 ft. of gauge. On roof of house perfectly exposed, the wind having no obstruction west- ward for many miles. In vegetable garden, at foot of lawn, sloping gently to the west, about two miles from the sea, between which and the gauge there is no ob- struction whatever. On a slight knoll above the lawn and manse, in a very exposed position. Dr. Baikie’s gauge temporarily placed in Mr. Iverack’s garden; a 6-foot wall 40 ft. S.W., another 20 ft. N., the house 25 ft. high, 45 ft. E. The proper glass is broken, and an ordinary 2-oz. glass is used instead, 1 oz. being taken=-30 in. Observer absent and measure inac- cessible. Gauge sunk in a grass- plot, rather sheltered, especially on E., where a 5-ft. wall is only 9 ft. distant. Float-gauge sunk in a plot of Spergula pilifera. Gauge correct, but if abso- lutely emptied it shows 0-20 too little. I found that it was some- times emptied, sometimes set to the zero properly. Rather an old gauge, and much the worse for repeated repairs, necessi- tated by its frequent bursting in frosty weather—[a new one has been | | | | | Reference number Leal _ . 12. 14. 15. 16, 17. 18, 19. 20. 322 a eS 3 aS q 3 1862. 21. Oct. 8, 22. | Oct. 8. 23. | Oct. 9. 24. | Oct. 9. 25. | Oct. 9. 26. | Oct. 9. 27. | Oct. 9. 28. | Oct. 9, 29. | Oct. g. 30. | Oct. 9. REPORT—1866. Name of station, owner, and oil observer. Cambridge ......... Cambridge, Christ’s College, r. Hays. Suffolk: .3¢0ttss geeae Abbey Gate St., Bury St. Ed- munds, Mr. E. Skepper. Dullolk' | i. xalseeees Beech Hill, Bury St. Edmunds, H. Turrier, Esq. Suffolk: ..tgs.escnes Botanic Gardens; Bury St. Ed- munds. Suffolk -ihticcries. ni secre Bury St. Hamunds, R. Burrell, Esq, Suffolk ...... ss..| Culford, Mr. P. Grieve. Suffolk vices. Barton Hall, Sir C. Bunbury, and Mr. Allan. Suttolke® oy iiss, cise Nether Hall, Vhurston, Bury St. Edmunds, W. C. Basset, Esq. Suffolk s...cc.. Nether Hall, Thurston, W. C. Basset, Esq. Suffolk wocicc. Thurston Vicarage, Bury St. Ed- munds, Rey. W. Steggall. TV. | Negretti & Zambra) 2 p.m. TEE, [bsscenvssencesat Pisaeass 1 TIL, |iisaaanye Fe iitecs.<-- aa TID. [bss05 00s. Hiab cccee. month TH. IYMUtiiir trite month: ly. i q Tit, | Casella ....,.%..... 8 am TH, |} Casella, 27ats-7..523 9 a.m. Vv. | Horne & Thorn- |month thwaite. ly. III. | Watkins and Hilli....... VI. | Watkins and Hilll........ RAIN-GAUGES (continued). Sealy A~ CUO) vow BNSHUFON HUG NS HORS NS HUGS 2 = ~~ | Equivalent of 234 water. oc gs gag Be il = in. ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 823 Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. +004 +:'008 +1003 —"005 —'007 —'006 —"009 —"009 —'003 "004 —"004. —"005 —*008 —‘ool —*002 —'003 —"004 —*005 correct +005 +003 +:co8 +:008 —"oor —*002 —"003 Remarks on position, &c. ee erected since]. It stands on a grass- plot 100 ft. W. of the Observatory, which may be 30 ft. high. In N.W. and 8.W. are shrubs about 5 ft. high and 10 ft. distant. A 12-in. copper gauge, inaccessible, measuring-tube of small diameter, | and divided on its own stem; rain not allowed to pass into the tube except at time of measurement. Gauge on ridge of roof, andwell placed, except that there is a chimney in the N. 6 ft. distant, and nearly 6 ft.higher than the gauge. Glass inaccessible, but said to be iden- tical with No. 22. Placed ina flower- garden freely exposed. On the gen- tle slope of a hill. Well exposed in all directions, near the river, In a very damp situation. Freely exposed in a large garden ; pla- ced in a large box to protect from frost or accidental overthrow. Gauge perfectly exposed in a very large garden. Gauge perfectly exposed on large lawn —nothing within 150 ft. save a very light iron fence placed round the gauge to protect it. Gauge fastened on short stump of a tree in the centre of the kitchen-gar- den, quite freely exposed. This gauge has been removed and sup- planted by a new one because mea- suring-glass broken off at 0°30 in. Well placed on lawn, very good ex- posure. On December 31st each year is taken to pieces by a watch- ¥2 Reference number | 21. 22. 23. 24. 25 26, 27, 28, 29. 30. |. 324 REPORT—1866. EXAMINATION OF E 8 Sxl OF ; ' = & “ebb 5 2 25 County. Name of fee and E z Wevkawts vane: ; A re 3] Ag BS aS a S (S) Ha 1362. 31.) Oct. 10. | Northampton ...| Marholm, Peterborough, Rev.| TTT. |........ccccssseeeeees ga.m. R. $8. C. Blacker. 32-| Oct. 13.| Rutland... Empingham, Mr. W. Fancourt. | IT, | Private ......+. +-| daily. 33-| Oct. 13. | Lincolnshire ...... Wytham-on-the-Hill, Bourne, | II. [..........cccseseceee +.-(month General Johnson. ly. 34. | Oct. 13. | Lincolnshire ...... Greatford Hall, Capt. Peacock | II. | Casella ....,.......[month 4! { ly. 35-| Oct. 14. | Leicestershire ...| Belvoir Castle, Grantham, W.| X. | Negretti and ga. mn, Ingram, Esq. Zambra. t 36. | Oct. 15.| Lincolnshire ...... Grantham, J. W. Jeans, Hsq....) X. |......ccseceeeeees veers] QA. 0 37.1 Ocbar6.!) YOrk). .cvses,aeteess Wheldrake, Rev. R. B. Cooke ...| TIT. |...cccseceeceeee Rvssacee Sai ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 325 RAIN-GAUGES (continued). a Height of Za5 Equivalents of | Error at 8 3: gauge. Pee 2 water. scale-point, ‘ 5.8 ancl S = il specified in Remarks on position, &e. Roms Above | “sea- 5 = Beale- Grains. | Previous es R jground.) jaye) Ass peu. column. | ft. in.| feet. in. in. 10°00 maker, carefully cleaned, and re- M 10°000 placed. 0 6} 108 505 |ecttereee|ecseeseeeeeel sec eceeee ....-| Position good, well exposed. On| 31. f 5°05 visiting this gauge, found that the 5°05 measuring-glass had been entirely 5°05 destroyed a short time previously ; M 5050 graduated a glass roughly for tem- porary use, and ordered one for the above diameter to be sent to Mr. B. immediately. Meno.) .220.7 G00 8q.|++e eevee lees terete eeleeeees teeerenee A bad gauge badly placed, the house | 32. 6°05 5, 30 feet high, being only 15 feet S.E. 6:00 of the gauge. The rim of gauge, in- 5°95 stead of being knife-edged, is 0-04 M 6-000 in. thick; the float is a large bung. Having found the gauge standing at 1:15 in., added 500 grs., it showed 117; added 1000 grs., it showed 1:20; added 1000 grs., it showed 1:30; added 1000 grs., it showed 1:40; added 1000 grs., it showed 150; added 1000 grs., it showed 1:60; added 1000 grs., it showed 1-71; added 1000 grs., it showed P 1-81; added 1000 grs., it showed é 1:92; added 1000 grs., it showed ; 2:02; added 1000 grs., it showed P| 211. From the bad position and bad construction of the gauge, the observations, extending over 30,years, ee are evidently useless. eg | 1677 6718 ‘10 1oco —'032 | A very old metal float-gauge, freely | 33- 6:20 "21 20co — "054 exposed, except to W., where there 6°18 33 3000 —'066 is an apple-tree, 30 ft. distant and Yl 6716 ‘44 40co —"088 20 ft. high. e M 6'180 ° 9 32? 5°00 ae aidiae'aiz| vie vue emlontsinio|nn'o sins easier aia Perfectly open situation, on a very fine | 34 5:00 lawn. Glass not properly tested, 5°co but believed to be correct, Sol Bet M 5°003 mo} 237? 8-00 I 1270 correct. | In the gardens below the castle; per- | 35: = 798 2520 + oor fectly exposed. th 8-02 A: 3830 —-002 >. 8:00 35 4470 — ‘Oo! 2. M 8000 . j@ 6} 179 8:00 "302 | 3900 —"00§ | In small garden at rear of house. It} 36. | = 7°95 "56 7950 +:005 is more or less sheltered from all ie 8°07 points, but not seriously from any. B: 8:00 it M 8:005 4 ; In kitchen-garden, quite exposed. number. Reference | 40. 41. 42. 43. 45. 46. 47. 326 examination. Oct. 21. Oct. 23. Oct. 24. Oct. 24. Oct. 24. Oct. 24. Oct. 25. Oct. z5. REPORT—1866. EXAMINATION OF : Big County Name of oe, ised and 5 & | Maker’sname. Sb BS ee s) Ae Mork “s..sch-ceeent Holme on Spalding Moor, G. II. Davis, of Leeds ...| 9 p.m. Dunn, Esq. Work’ ssiseve seeyee.| Scarborough, Mr. Roberts ...... X. | Negretti& Zambraj g a.m. | York ...,. Seis uage Old Malton, H. Hurtley, Hsq.,..) VIL. |..ccc.csescsssceresenae[estnes cual York .....s:eeeeeeee| York, Bootham, J. Ford, Esq..| III. | Casella ...........5 9 am, | | | MW OM’. (aby ev sneores Havrogate, Dr. Bainbridge ...... X. | Negretti & Zambra| 9 am, | i York .seccsseeeeeese| ueeds, Holbeck, Messrs. Mar-) IX. | Messrs. Marshall |month> shall & Co. & Co. ly. PGC Les» sexy feaaeee Leeds, Manor Read, Holbeck,) VI. |---. Oy Cert SOO, daily. Leeds Water-works. ME ie acs cep se ...| Bradford, Horton Hall, E. Hail-| X. | Negretti& Zambral......... stone, Esq. Bona nr easi,sos'oe Well Head, Halifax, J. Water-) I. |......- veseens month house, Esq. ly. Mork. scsrpeeeesee Wakefield, W. R. Milner, Esq. | VIII. |Mr. Milner....:.... daily. IN-GAUGES (continued). Equivalents of water. a Grains. in. ay 530 2 1020 3 1505 4 1980 is 2490 *I 1220 2 2480 °3 3700 I 2520 "2 5010 % 7729 ci » 502 "2 1000 4 2000 D 1220 £2, 2450 7 2530 t2, 5070 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. —'007 —'006 —'003 correct. — "002 +:003 +:002 +005 correct. "002 —"006 seen eeenneeeee seer pee eenennes correct. —'0o1 Remarks on position, &e. Neither trees nor buildings within a considerable distance. Gauge is thoroughly exposed on a frame, ele- vating it to the above height. Flat country all round, Position very unsatisfactory, in a con- fined back yard, sure to catch drip- pings from a tree in N.E,; had it moved a few feet as being better, but still very objectionable. Gauge in a large garden, quite ex- posed. Gauge kept at the Friends’ school, on a very large lawn, and well exposed. Glasses often broken and fresh ones bought. Gauge in garden of a house, said to be in High Harrogate, but certainly not in highest part thereof. Well exposed. Fastened to a stone slab on the roof of the factory, but as its area is 2 acres, the height aboye ground is measured to the turf, wherewith the roof is covered, and not to the street. The ground level is 95 ft., the height of the factory 28 ft., and of the gauge 4 ft. Sufficiently exposed; sunk in a pit 6 ft. square at top, sides formed with flagstones, sloping at 40°; gauge stands in the middle, its top level with the ground. Freely exposed; there are conserya- | tories to the E. about 40 ft. distant, but only about 10 ft. high. Glass not accessible. Very hilly. Gauge on slope of lawn, quite open to S.W. Scale-rod measured at several points, and appeared correct. Cylin- der also true size at the places mea-. sured. [Since reported to give dif- ferent results from a new gauge placed near it. Perhaps this one has been stretched by frost. ] In the garden of the prison ; very well placed. Reference number. 38. 40. AI. 42. 44. 45. 46. 47. 3828 REPORT—1 866. EXAMINATION OF Sel & s 5 Sp =| o3 N tati 33 : g E 2 County. ame of ee = £ & Maker’s name, oP al =| A § Sl ° aS | oO ie) i= S| | _———el a ————_—-— ——SaS ee | ell 1862. ! 48.1 Oct. 27.| York ......... seoee-| Hugegate, Pocklington, Rev. T.} WIE. |....c....cscsecsseeccons}eoess loll Rankine. Ag Oct. 27.) York s....ccscecense Middleton, Beverley, Rev. H. D.| III. | Casella ............ month¢ | Blanchard. ly. 50. | Oct. 28. | York ......seeseeees 7 York Parade, Beverley Road,| X. | Negretti& Zambra) daily. ” tall, J. Smith, Jun., Esq. 51.| Oct. 28.| York ........ Pepe Patrington Flax Works .........|| IX. | Messrs. Marshall month-| and Co. ly. 1863. 52. April’ 6. | Sussex ......se00e. 39 Tower, Leonards-on-Sea, J. | III. | Private ......... vos |aneceean C. Savery, Esq. 53-| April 6.| Sussex ............ Marina, Leonards-on-Sea, J. C.| III. | Casella ............ daily. Savery, Esq. 54.| April 6.| Sussex ..........4 Eleak House, pres (Old| II. | Newman............ daily gauge) Mr, ‘J. Banks. g5.| April 6.| Sussex ....44...... Fairlight, J. Rock, Esq. ......... X. | Negretti & Zambra| daily, 56.| April 8. | Kent .........+..| West Wickham, Rev. J. T.|......0.e0 Rogetodharpense rns. daily Austen. 57.|June 12.| Middlesex ......... Colney Hatch, Mr. Rose ......... X. | Negretti& Zambra) 10 & dail 2S oe “ea Tm? .. | Height of tLe ' gauge. £28 t Above 5 3 “Above 7 “= ground. | teva, | FSS Re ponicens (continued). Equivalents of water. Scale- Grains. eee eee ee ee reer ry ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, 329 Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. correct correct —*002 —'006 .| Bad gauge, badly placed. Remarks on position, &e. Mr. Ran- kine had no measure except a scale of inches, halves, and quarters, painted on a box into which the water was poured. A shrub, nearly a foot higher than the gauge, grew close to it and overhung it, and about 15 feet to E. there was a tree 20 feet high. Observations use- less. Freely exposed in kitchen-garden. Rather sheltered, house 30 feet high, being scarcely 30 feet distant in N.E. Not tested for same reason as No. 5. Gauge in flower-garden, 150 feet from house or nearest tree. Level ground for miles; but a ditch near gauge. In the garden of Martello Tower, No. 39; quite exposed. About 100 yards from high-water line. In yard at back of Marina; very much sheltered by buildings on S.E., 8., and S.W. On the slope of a steep hill facing S.W. House 20 feet high, ro feet to N.E., all else quite open. Very fair position, on S. slope of the hill; house 25 feet high, 30 feet to N. Freely exposed, in kitchen-garden, on the W. slope of a small hill, not far from its top. On sloping roof of asylum facing 8. W.., in which direction, however, there is a chimney about 20 ft. distant and Reference number. +. = 49- 50. Gre 52. 53+ 54 55: 56. 57: 330 REPORT—1866. EXAMINATION OF } Name of station, owner, and County. observer. q (o} a 3 , & Maker’s name, Fe (2) ie) seeeses+e-] Chartwell, Westerham, J. C, . | Casella ...s.sna7--- Colquhoun, Esq. eeorssese| River Hill, Sevenoaks, Rogers, Esq. oatpheas :.-| Linen Hall, Belfast, Mr. Stewart. Queen’s College, Belfast, Mr. J. Bell p -| Northumberland -} Rosella Place, N. Shields, R. Spence, Esq. Sunderland, West Hendon, T., |......-.. W. Backhouse, Esq. Durham Hendon Hill, Sunderland, J. | III. W. Mounsey, Esq. Durham Field House, Sunderland, Rey. | VII. G. Tiff, Devon Plymouth, Saltram Gardens,Mr,| TIT. |......,....cceseseeeeee weekly, J. Snow. Deyourgerssaseessene Plymouth, Ridgeway, Miss B. T. Phillips. ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 331 - Height of 2 = & | Equivalents of | Error at Qe gauge. £36 water. scale-point, xa a8 Sea wre ae g F specified in Remarks on position, &e. ze Aboye é B= Scale- EL revious 8 ‘iat A ce] point. Fa eimai, - a . in.| feet in, in. 7°98 4 5040 —"002 15 ft. higher than the gauge. Gauge M 7990} °5 6300 —"002 about | ft. above slates. o| 500? 5702 "I 500 —‘cor | Some trees W. of gauge, but not near | 58. 4°98 2 1000 -— "002 enough to influence the amount col- 5700 *3 1510 —*004. lected. It is placed on face of a hill M so00f “4 1980 +-oo1 sloping to E. Tale 520 4°98 @ 1000?| —-o03 | Funnel fixed about 1 ft. above the gar- | 59. 4°99 “4 1440 +:008 den wall: rain runs down a pipe M 4985] °5 2460 correct. into a graduated glass receiver. I‘o 4920 +002 8 24 11°28 05 1250 correct, | Quite unsheltered. 60. 1129 "2 2500 +'oo1 M 11285 m 1 58 11'29 "05 1240 +:oor | Formerly stood E. of the college build- | 67, 11°35 +$ 2500 +-oo1 ings, 9 ft. aboye ground, but haying Il'24 been intentionally damaged, was re- M 11293 i moved about two months since to the S., where it now stands, 7 ft. 1 in. above ground; it will finally be erected on a stone pier 9 ft. 3 in. aboye ground, mo} 124 7°98 oF 1200 +-:co5 | In vegetable garden, more sheltered | 62. 802 2 2480 +:004. by fruit-trees than is desirable, 7°95 3 3760 +:002 7°96 "4 5100 —"004 M 7:9784 °5 6280 +7003 g 61} 126? 21 5 440 —‘oo3 | An extraordinary gauge, consisting of | 63. ep Io 880 — 006 a stout glass tube about a foot long M 2:100 and half an inch internal diameter, opened out at the top to a cylinder 2-1 inches in diameter; the divi- sions are on the tube; the whole is of glass, and, there is no provision against frost or evaporation. Posi- tion good. =o .6} -130 4°97 Oi 510 —oo4 | Very near to No, 63 (the grounds ad- | 64. 4°95 2 1010 — 006 join). Position very good, 4°98 5 2540 —ol9 49 M 4968 rs 98 9°95 05 1260 —oo1 | Inkitchen-garden of Field House, sub- | 65. 10°00 Hh 2520 —‘oo1 sequently called “The Hall.” f 9°85 ere) M 9°925 ‘ DO. 4 96 5°00 I 500 —‘oor | Well exposed; but being so close to} 66. 4°97 3 1500 — "004. the ground, recommended that moss 4°99 "4 1980 —‘0Oo1 or short cut turf be put round it to 3 5700 5 2490 —*004 prevent splashing. i M 4°990 © 3] 116 5°01 I 510 —‘ooz | Well placed, on grass plot, but rather | 67. 4 4°99 2 1000 —‘ool too near an apple-tree; suggested i 5°03 “3 1500 —‘oor - its being moved a few feet, 5 Reference number. 69. 70. iS fed 73: 74- i Be £5 County Name of Seance Oper; and x 3 NMaksbs wae Pe sb Q =| server. g ‘3 2 g a S =: o o Ae 1363. - Sept. 9.| Devon........:...... Plympton, Goodamoor, H. H.| III. }....0......., Nelgs ssave ss AQUEOHE Treby, Esq. Sept. 10.! Devon.........+06.. Dartmoor, Morley Clay Works, | TIT. |... .ceesseesececeeeees an W. Martin, Esq. Sept. 10.) Devon........ teeeees Dartmoor, Prison Reservoir, Mr.| III. |..........cseeeeeeeeees 9 am H. Watts. Sept. 10.) Devon........-+00+ Dartmoor, North Hessary Tor, | TID. |.........se0ss0+++se0e-/Month- Mr. H. Watts. ly. Sept. r1.| Devon......s.00000+ Milton Abbot, Edgecumb, H.| IID. |............ asuveeseveds weekly,| | Clarke, Esq. Sept. 11.) Devon..ereeees. Milton Abbot, Endsleigh Gar-| TIT. oo... ceecscceseeseeseeseeees dens, Mr. Cornelius. Sept. 12.! Devon ...... sereer Plymouth, Ham, Rev. C. Tre-|Seere-|......sssceccceesseeees daily marks. 332 REPORT—1866. lawny. EXAMINATION OF | ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 333 ; AIN-GAUGES (continued). Height of 2 = ee Equivalents of | Error at ye gauge. £5 3 water. scale-point, 28 g Aa specified in Remarks on position, &c. 2 r 83 !l Seale-| Gyains, | Previous 5 Ass point. column. me A in. in. M so12 6 2950 +:008 Sor af: 500 —‘oor | In grass plot, in kitchen-garden; very | 68. 5700 2 1000 —*002 well placed. 4°99 eg 1490 correct. | The second set of readings are from a 5°00 *5 2480 correct. large glass, not generally used. M sooo} *6 2950 +7005 I 500 —‘ooI *% 960 +:006 =3 1420 +015 "4 1920 +'013 *¢ 2500 “| —-o04 6 2900 +015 8 3950 "004 b axe) 4950 +'002 5°03 “I 500 correct. | On lawn, fully exposed, except to N.W., | 69. 4°98 "2, 1000 —‘oo1 where the house, 20 feet high, is 5°00 “5 2430 +'or1r nearly 50 feet distant. 5°02 b axe) 4850 +:024 M 57007 5700 a 495 correct. | Placed near the lower reservoirs, on | 70. 5702 “3 1440 +'o10 the E. slope, and nearly at the foot 4:98 °5 2480 correct, of North Hessary Tor. It is about 51 1'o 4940 +'004. 100 feet W. of the prison, fully ex- M 5002 posed, and about 20 feet higher than the ground on which the prison stands. 5°00 "r 495 +’oo1 | Nearly at the top of the hill, about }| 71. 5700 a3 1440 +o11 of a mile N.W. of No. 70. 5°04 | °5 | 2480 | +002 5700 I‘o 4940 +008 M s:o10 5°00 3 500 —‘cor | Onslope of a hill facing S., sufficiently | 72. 5700 e 1000 —‘002 exposed ; at foot of the hill (20 feet 5°00 “3 1500 —*003 below the gauge) is a small surface sol "4 2000 —'003 of running water. M s:002} °*5 2500 —"co4 5°00 ‘I 500 —‘oot | Gauge well placed, in a level part of | 73. 4°99 "2 1000 — "002 the kitchen-gardens. 501 ag 1500 —'003 5700 "4 2000 —'003 M soo0f =°*5 2500 —"004 6°75 “I 1200 —035 | A very old established, but also a very | 74. 6°70 "2 2050 —'030 unusual gauge, consisting essentially 6°70 3 2900 — "026 of a catching apparatus, and a sepa- 6°65 "4 3900 —038 rate one for measuring; the former M 6-700 may be described as Fig. X. fixed on a dwarf post, and provided with a tap for drawing off the water into the measuring-apparatus ; a cylinder about 2 inches diameter in which floats a bung carrying a divided rod ; a constant correction for “sink- age” is included in the above tabu- 3384 ; REPORT—1866. EXAMINATION OF ye 8 83) ss ; S & . Be 2 FI County. Name of 5s nes owner, and E 3 Mee aetna, Seb @3| & : observer. Ec ag re a 8 BE 1863. 75. | Sept. 12.| Devon ........00#! Ivybridge, Torrhill, J. Widdi- | IIT. }.......... Pr, Sabet Erochus- comb, Esq. 76.| Sept. 14.) Devon ............ Torquay, Woodfield, B®. Vivian, | X. | Negretti & Zambra'‘month Esq. ly. 77- | Sept. 14.| Devon ..........-. Newton Bushel, High Wick, Dr. | VIIT. |...........:::cse00006{ daily. i Barham. : 78.| Sept. 14. Devon .........++- Bovey Tracey, John Divett, Esq.| TIT. | Knight ............ deoee soe :79-| Sept. 15.) Devon ...s.tss..e. Teignmouth, W. C. Lake, Esq. | X. | Negretti & Zambral...... a 80. | Sept. 15.) Devon ...seesees. Teignmouth, W. C. Lake, Esq. | TIT. fo.....seccseseeseseeees deesoseed 81. | Sept. 15.| Devon ..s..-.seee Teignmouth, Westbrook, Miss | IIT. }.........cscsesseeeneee daily. i K. T, Clark. Hy 82. | Sept. 15.] Devon ............ Dawlish, Charlton Villa, Pi J. | TID. fisrictiis...s.....0.- Satu : ; Margary, Esq. day. 83. | Sept. 16.) Devon’ ..... se... Exeter, Pennsylvania, G. Ken-| IIT. } Amateur............{... yeall naway, Esq. ; 84. | Sept. 16.) Devon eer ..| Exeter, Albert Terrace, W. Vi-| X. | Negretti& Zambra 9 a.m. eary, Esq. 85.| Sept. 16.| Devon iis......... Exeter, Albert Terrace, W. Vi- | X. | Negretti& Zambral........ cary, Esq. ‘Height of 6| 94 8 60 8 | -60 6 50 8 62 Io} 293 6 140 b 7. Ry ate ‘ at °o| 160 gauge. 250? M 7'987 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. -GAUGES (continued). mean.) Scale- point. Diameters (that marked M in, PN OUNPU NH > a nN M 7°998 57008 Yr c. in. 4°98 ,. M 5:000 5°05 5°05 5°05 M 5:050 7°98 798 7°98 8-00 ON H 3.29 595 502 5°00 M 5017 5°05 5°04. 5700 5°02 M 5:027 495 501 5°95 5°03 M 5‘o10 Awd UAFU NS HUB NH 5°93 5°04 5°04 5°05 M 5‘c40 fi 795 8-02 8-02 7°97 M 7'990 7°96 7°96 UBN HONS ot Grains. Equivalents of | Error at water. scale-point, specified in previous column. —'003 =-"006 =o1g —‘020 —*020 —*007 —*oo08 —*oo08 — ‘oor —"'003 —"'003 correct. +°004 +004 correct. +'oor +oo1 +004 +:oo1 + oor + ‘oor —‘o10 — ‘007 —'oll ='008 —-o16 +019 +:038 +:078 +118 +°222 correct. +002 +:003 + coz correct. + oor Remarks on position, &c. lated errors, which the said correc- tion of -02 increases. In terraced garden, 3 feet from the 5- feet fall of an EB. and W. wall. House 20 feet high, about 20 feet N. of gauge, [Correct glass forwarded 17 Nov. 1863.] Funnel yery much out of shape, had been much battered. Position not good, on a steep declivily facing 8.W. Another gauge (inaccessible) on roof. Moderately good position, in a garden sloping slightly to N.W. Measuring-glass broken aud almost useless. A new one supplied. Gauge in flower-garden, rather too near the house. Observations from. this station sup- pressed, the position being extremely unsuitable, and no improyemet prac- ticable. See above ; gauges Nos. 79 and 80 were close together. Very good position, near the crest of the hill; ground undulating. On lawn in a good position, very open to all but N.E., and not much shel- tered even from that. [Diameter of funnel increased to 5:12 inches, and gauge thereby rendered almost correct, Oct. 1863.] - Thoroughly exposed, on a large lawn. Had not been in use many months; previous observations cancelled. [New glass graduated correctly, sup- plied Nov. 1863. ] Position moderately good, on small grass plot in rear of house. Fixed with the funnel rising 1 ft. above the top of the gable-end of | Reterence number, 76. 77: 78. 80, 81. 82, 83.1. 84. 85. 836 REPORT—1866, EXAMINATION OF | S 3 | 3 8 8 3 Sp 4 gs County Name of station, owner, and | 2% | Maker's name. | 3 ® €3| 33 . observer. a "| 0 fa Al A S 3 ° EM o o He 1836. 86.) Sept. 16.) Devon ......e0008 Exeter, Albert Terrace, R. Dy- | III. |.-......++ Passkie sevee-| 9 A.M, mond, Eeq. 87.| Sept. 16.) Devon .........4.. Hxeter, High Street, W. H. | VIII. |...s.cceccssssescrereerles aie Ellis, Esq. i 88.) Sept. 16.) Devon ............ Exeter Institution.........60:00000 ETs, Hpeouere Shacivtasieccecss oh cept H d 89. | Sept. 16.) Devon wu... Exmouth, Bystock, E. Divett, | III. | Knight & Foster. 9 a.m, | Esq. , | ' go. | Sept. 17.) Devon .........00 Exeter, St. Thomas’s Hospital nO ed eae oedbesuestay ses] eee g1.| Sept. 17.) Devon .......0006 Honiton, Broadhembury, Rey. } IIT. |.....::sccssseceseeeeveslevesscees W. Heberden. j | | 92.| June 8. | Wilts...:.......0000- Calne, Castle House, Col. Ward. | IIT. | Casella ....... wee Q a.m | 93. | June 8. | Wilts.....ccccceves Calne, Castle House, Col. Ward.| III. | Casella ........10 9 a.m, } 94. | Sept. 26.) Kent .........ceeee Dover Castle Keep, H. J. Poul- | TIT. }.........+e00e eiccstgleccax oal ter, Esq. 95.) Sept-. 26) Kent -o.ccossccatesen Castle Street, Dover, H. J. | TLD. |-sesescsscessteeseseefercees “a Poulter, Esq. RAIN-GAUGES (continued). ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 8337 Equivalents of water. mean). Diameters 5’ | (that marked Seale- | Grains. point. in, M 3830 6310 Me 500 Ne 1460 2460 Uw Nw Mw nw fon) N fe) ° “I 520 2 1000 S 1500 "4 2020 os 2520 "2 500 ng 1500 5 2480 500 IoIo 1510 2010 2520 500 1100 2020 Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. —"004. —‘oor —"002 correct. —'005 —"005 —‘oor —*"004. —"005 —"005 —*008 —'oo! —"004. —"0c7 —*008 I 2 3 4. 5 I 2 3 1520 4 5 2530 I 500 2 1000 3 1520 5 2520 500 2 1000 3 1520 —‘ol2 —‘ool —'003 —‘008 —'olr —"009 —‘o17 Remarks on position, &c. | | | | | | | the coach house ; about 6 ft. of pipe conducts the rain into a bottle placed in an accessible position. This gauge is 30 ft. from No. 84, About 200 ft. from No. 84. In a good- sized garden, rather sheltered by some peas, which were removed, and a promise was given that nothing should shelter it again. Rises about a foot above flat roof of observatory; funnel taken down, restored to a truly circular figure, and a correct glass supplied. Gauge so constructed that true dia- meters could not be taken ; position very unfavourable; fastened on a wall, and with a very fine holly tree 6 ft. above the gauge and not 8 ft. from it. It was immediately cut down. On a raised part of the roof, near its centre, and perhaps 20 ft. from the nearest side. Very old and roughly made, much sheltered by trees, especially by a wall-like row of lofty poplars. In the hollow stump of a tree, well exposed in every direction except E., where some laurels were growing too high. Mr. Heberden promised |° to have them cut. On lawn in an open position; ground level for some distance round the gauge, but it falls to a lower level about 100 yards to the 8. On roof, water conveyed by pipe into ground floor ; experiments often re- peated show that the loss in passing through this length of pipe is almost inappreciable. By permission of the officer in com- mand of the garrison this gauge was placed on the summit of the keep, the highest point of the Castle, and regimental orders issued for its roteetion by the bombardiers on uty. Funai made by a local workman as “exactly 5 inches!” A new funnel, 5°05 in. in diameter, was sent to re- | Reference number 86. go. gi. 92. 94. 95- 338 rEPORT—1866. a g2| os He! of Name of station, owner, and Be as County observer. aa 3 = 8 1364. 96.| Jan. 4.) Surrey s.seeeseree Cobham Lodge, Miss Moles- worth, 97.| Apr. 25.| Leicestershire .,.) Thornton Reservoir, Leicester Water-works, Mr. Allen, 98.| May 2.| Leicestershire ...' Fleckney, Mr. Putt. ...ssseseeerees 99.| May 5.| Leicestershire ,.,| Leicester, Wigston, T. Burgess, Esq. 100.| May 5.| Leicestershire ...| Leicester, H. Billson, Esq, ...... tor.| Sept. 5.) Kent ....s-eeeeeeee Margate Royal Sea-Bathing In- firmary, British Association. 102. Sept. 10.| Lancashire..,...,.-| Royton, Oldham, Mr. Heap. . 103, Sept. 12.| Lancashire........ Manchester, Piccadilly, Man- chester, Sheffield, and Lin- coln Railway Company. 104. | Sept. 12;| Lancashire......... Manchester, Old Trafford, G. , Y. Vernon, Esq. ros. | Sept, 13.| Lancashire....... ..| Manchester, Castleton Moor, Rey, J. C. Bates. Construction of gauge. WBE EXAMINATION OF Maker’s name. 6 sp ES | Kright)..c.j:+sseuahyeavesaae Troughton.........| 8 a.m. Wy ie Ii, III, dike Til. Neeretti& sis a.m. Negretti& Zambra);,,...... | Negretti& Zambraj,,.,..... Gasellacugtateans gas Casartelli .....04.. Negretti& Zambra}.....-+« Casella ..ececeeeers 9 a.m, ee oe ON THE RAINFALL 1N THE BRITISH ISLES. 339 N-GAUGE (continued). Equivalents of water. Seale-| Grains, point. 2520 500 1000 1500 2000 2510 2550 4900 7250 9250 11950 450 95° 1480 2000 2500 1240 2475 3700 4970 6280 1250 2500 375° 525° 6280 496 1000 1490 2000 2490 I10o 2000 3000 3999 4910 1420 2840 5720 2480 4950 170 340 559° 720 — econ Sai: | Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. —'048 —‘ooI — ‘oor — ‘002 —*oo2, —"005 —"025 —'031 —'036 —"045 "042 +'o10 + oro +'004 correct. correct, +002 +'005 +'008 +008 +005 +°oo1 +003 +7004 +'002 +:005 correct. —"ooz —'ool —'003 —"002 —"'005 correct. correct. +'oor +'005 +'oor +'002 +002 +7004 +009 +005 +o1o +1007 +002 Remarks on position, &e. place this one. Position rather shel- tered, but the best available. Fir-tree 30 feet high, 50 feet N. of gauge, and house 40 feet high, 30 feet 8. of it, the former having grown sincé the gauge was placed there. Gauge only holds 1:54 inch, a decided fault. Position EH. of the reservoir embankment and below it, but so far to the E. that nothing rises 10° above the gauge. In a valley running E. and W. Hedge 2 feet high, 6 feet S.W.; some trees in W. rise to 32° above gauge. Sunk in garden. Glass wrongly divided, being one division short at the bottom. [Fresh glass supplied. ] Rather surrounded by vegetables; sug- gested a removal, about 10 feet. Sheltered, especially in S.W., by trees rising to 50°, in N. to 45°, and in S, to 35°. About 100 yards from the sea-shore in garden of principal medical officer ; quite exposed. : [Reexamined June 2nd, 1866, and found in good order. ] ; On sideof slightvalley, sufficiently open. Gauge very rough, the measure being Reterence number. 96. 97: 98. 99¢ ro ./i Tot. 102. a tin can with a glass slit, [New| - gauge since supplied, as the correet- ness indicated by these measurements was believed to be fortuitous. ] Box fastened to a plank between two ridges of the roof; quite exposed. In garden at back of Osborne Place, rather sheltered, especially by a tree 20 feet high, 10 feet N.E. of gauge. This and the following gauges, to No. 113 inclusive, are placed in the gar- den of St. Martin’s Vicarage, about + of a mile 8.E. of Blue Pits station. Zr 103. 104. 105. 340 REPORT—1866. EXAMINATION OF | g § Bx} Ss Name of stati ie? = | ame of station, owner, an 22 4 é a £ 5 County. Siaerrer: £& Maker's name. = s/ ABS i mal oS 5° A 4 oO 1864. 106. | Sept. 13.) Lancashire......... Manchester, Castleton Moor, XK. > '|) (Casella ecaec eats: Rey. J. C. Bates. 107. | Sept. 13.] Lancashire.......,.) Manchester, Castleton Moor, | VIT. | Casetla ........¢64.] 9 a.m. Rey. J. C. Bates. 108, | Sept. 13.| Lancashire,........| Manchester, Castleton Moor, | TIT. |.......+ S Meecouteness Rey. J. C. Bates. 10g. | Sept. 13. Lancashire......... Manchester, Castleton Moor, | IIT. |....-.-sccsesssseeeeness Rey. J. C. Bates. 110, | Sept. 13.| Lancashire......... Manchester Castleton Moor, | XII, |....... ttecceeeccerseeee| Q BM. | Rey. J. C. Bates. 111. | Sept. 13.) Lancashire...... ...| Manchester, Castleton Moor, | X. | Negretti& Zambra|g a.m.| Rey. J. C. Bates. 112. | Sept. 13.| Lancashire........., Manchester, Castleton Moor, | X. | Negretti& Zambrajg a.m. Rey. J. C. Bates. 113.| Sept. 13.| Lancashire......... hg Moor, Rev. J. C. | X. | Negretti& Zambra|g a.m. ates, | 114.| Sept. 24.| Leicestershire ...! Owston, British Association, | IIT, | Casella ..........+ Miss Gilford. 115.| Nov. 26.| Middlesex ....,....! Highgate Nurseries, J. Cutbush, | IIT. | Casella .,,.....-++.| 9 a.m.| Esq. 1865. 116.| Mar. 22.| Kent ...........0665 veh Bexley Heath, H. 8.| TIT. | H. 8S. H. Wollas- H. Wollaston, Esq. ton, Esq. Height of gauge. mean.) Diameters (that marked M in. M 3°005 799 7°98 7°95 8°00 M 7°980 10'0089 10°00 ,, Io’00, 10°00 ,, M 10'000 5°00 5°00 5°02 4°98 M 5-000 500 4°98 5700 4°98 M 4990 570° 4°98 5700 500 M 4995 799 797 8-00 8*00 M 7"990 7°98 8-00 7°98 8°03 M 7998 8:00 8:02 7 9F 8:00 M7993 5°co 499 5°00 5'or M 5‘oco 5°co 5°00 4°98 5°02 M 5000 5°95 5°99 RAIN-GAUGES (continued). ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, 341 Equivalents of water. Scale- point. in, OHUBGS HAPS HUES S dU EOS SU SUE FUPUN HURON KURU N KURO Grains. 1260 2540 3800 5050 6300 2560 5120 7630 10160 12620 506 1020 1500 2000 2520 500 980 1480 575 2474 506 1020 I5co 2000 2520 1260 2510 375° 5020 6310 1260 2510 375° 5020 6310 1260 2510 375° 5020 6310 500 999 1490 1980 2480 500 1000 1500 2010 2505 640° 199¢ Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. correct. —‘ool — ‘ool correct. +'oor —‘ool —*003 —"co2z —"002 correct. —"co2 —*oo6 —*002 —*003 —*008 —"col +*002 correct. correet. —'oor —‘oc2 —*006 —'003 — "004 —"o0g correct. +002 + "004 +004 +'0o2 +'ool +002 +004 +7004 +°003 + cor +002 +004 +'004 + "coz —‘ool correct. —‘oor + ‘ool correct. — oor —'‘co2 —*003 —*005 —"005 + o10 -+'020 Remarks on position, &e. The situation is quite open, and the gauges are well placed. East end of village, on gentle slo to N. and near the crest of the hill; ground undulates in all directions; gauge well placed. Houses 20 feet high, 50 feet N.of gauge, all else free. Hill drops rather abruptly to 8. Tree 12 feet high, 8 feet S.E. of gauge, which is 9 inches above roof of green- pe 114. number. Reference | 108. 109. Iil. 112. 113. 115. 116, B42 number. | Reterence examination. .| Surrey ... .| Warwickshire ... .| Warwickshire .| Bedfordshire .| Derbyshire .| Flintshire REPORT—1866. Name of station, owner, and observer. ....| Kew, Kew Committee, B. Ba- ker, Esq. Acol, Margate, British Associa- tion, E, 8. Lendon, Esq. Ramsgate, R. Cramp, Esq. ...... Calthorpe Street, Birmingham, W. Southall, Esq. ..| 63 Bloomsbury Strect, Birming- ham, D. Smith, Esq. Bedford, Dr. Barker Chatsworth, Duke of Deyon- shire, Mr, Taplin. Hawarden, Dr. Moffat............ Llandudno, Dr. Nicol of gauge. EXAMINATION OF Maker’s name. Casella cigcsececsee Negretti & Zambra| 9 a.m, | Negretti & Zambra) 9 a.m. } ‘a rig | Height of |. gauge. | RAIN-GAUGES (continued). Feet ee ree tee eee oe YReutwon 4 Equivalents of water, Grains. Error at scale-point, specified in previous column. — ‘002 — ‘002 correct, correct. correct. "oor —"004 —"006 —*005 —"orl —Ort +'o12 + "012 +009 correct. +'co4 +'oIo +:003 +:006 +°o10 +010 +'oIo —"002 +°003 +014 correct. —‘oo2 —‘oo! —"003 correct. +'006 —"005 ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 343 Remarks on position, &e. house at foot of slope to 8S. Ground generally level in the neighbour- hood. In Observatory enclosure, but quite freely exposed. Ground level for some distance, especially towards the Thames. South end of the village, in a field clear of all obstructions. About 2 miles from sea. Ground gently un- dulating. Gauge mounted on top of thermometer stand, in the centre of a kitchen-gar- den and quite exposed. Very much sheltered by trees, except to S. and 8.W. The observer has always taken 0:10 as 0:09, 0-20 as 0-19, &c., thereby nearly correcting the error. Very weil placed, in kitchen-carden ; quite open. ...| Internal diameter of cylinder 4-1, and each O-1 of scale=-895, therefore | gauge very nearly correct; shel- | tered, however, on all sides by houses and trees. Gauge on pedestal in kitchen-garden, quite open. | At west end of the village, in large garden; position satisfactory in every respect. On the eastern slope of Ornies Head, the crest of the hill in N.E. rising 45° above gauge; in othet respects: well placed. Freely exposed on the E. side of a hill, half a mile S.E. of Llanfairfechan railway station. ; | Reference | number. 117. 118. 119. 120. \I21. 123. 124. 125. 126. cd. REPORT—1866. “ A 5 gu 34 Name of stati ails 2 58 g £ County. esses ciateser rs E &, | Maker's name. S Fy 2! Az g¢ a3 me, 8 5 Be | 1865. . 127. Sept. 27.| Carnarvon .......-- Bangor, Rey. Canon Purvis...... X. | Negretti & Zambra| 9 a.m. 128, Sept. 28.| Carnarvon .......+./ Llanberis, Royal Victoria Hotel, | ITI.* | Casella ............ g a.m. Mr. Williams. j 129. |Sept. 29. | Carnarvon ......... Beddgelert, Sygun, Mr. Searell. | IIT.* | Casella .........0. gam. | 130.| Sept. 30.| Flintshire ......... Rhy], Mr. Evans ....sssssese00ee-| XID. | Casella ............) Satur- day. 131.| Dec. 28.| Surrey ............ Weybridge, Rev. Dr. Spyer,| X. | Negretti& Zambra’ 9 a.m. W.F. Harrison, Esq. on first. 132.| Dec. 28.| Surrey ...........- Weybridge Heath, Bartropps,, X. | Negretti& Zambra)......... W. F. Harrison, Esq. 1866. 133.|/ May 23.) Went 4. ...:0c1,.en-- | Nelson Crescent, Ramsgate, Dr.| XI. | Negretti & Zambra} 9 a.m. Smniles. 134i May 28. || Kent *,..0.-.0.0.0000 Canterbury, Chartham, C. T.| X. | Negretti& Zambra| 9.30 Drew, Esq. to pre- yious day. | 135.| May 28.| Kent .......0......| Canterbury Barracks ...........- X. |. caches cea | * These and all other gauges in North Wales, started under the joint auspices of Captain Mathew and Mr. Symons, are mace with a cylinder about 5 inches high, rising from the rim, ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 345 RAIN-GAUGES (continued). _ Height of Fa = = | Equivalents of | Error at ‘gauge. Zs water, scale point. K as 2 ag speci fea ag Remarks on position, &e. ae lig ial Seale- | Grains, | Previous Ss 5 level A cy] Boe * | column. ee feet. in. in. 105 7°98 “7 1250 +-oor On the N, face of a hill, and near its 127 8-50 “2 2550 —‘ool foot; fair position; mounted on a 8-00 “3 3800 correct. pillar in the middle of a garden. 8-00 "4 4950 +o1o | M7995] °s5 6120 +*018 370 sco | o'r 500 —‘oor | In the garden of the hotel, a good |128, 4°99 2 990 correct. position, but accessible to tourists ; 5*O1 "3 1490 —‘ool the ratio between these returns 5°00 4 1980 +'oo1 and those of the other gauges on the M 5000] °*5 2480 correct. spans of the lake are however very steady. 330 5°co I 500 —‘ool On a post (otherwise would be shel- 129. sor es Ic¢00 —*o02 tered by trees) near the bottom of 4°99 “3 1480 | +002 a gorge, running nearly E. and W. 5700 "4. 1980 + "ool M sooo] °5 2480 correct. z 20 SOO foceseasealessseecseces|sersensvcerees Gauge placed in a 6-inch iron water- |130. 5°00 main, in the yard of the gas-works, 4°99 west end of Rhyl, 100 yards from 5702 sea-shore, and nearly level there- M 5002 with. Glass inaccessible, Mr. Evans being absent. 53 8:00 I 1270 correct. | In kitchen-garden, clear, save that 131. 8:01 2 2540 correct. there is a cedar 40 ft. high 60 ft. 8:04 | 73 3800 + ‘col N.W. of gauge. 799 | "4 | 51co | —‘oor M 8-010} °5 6380 —*co2 150 (oT Bee ABE Peco) eee pqsearasiey In kitchen-garden of Bartropps, on the |1 32. 8:02 northern slope of a rising ground 7°99 ¢ of a mile E.S.E. of Weybridge 8-or railway station. Forgot to test M 8:cos glass. Mr. Harrison informed me it agreed with a tested one subse- quently sent. go 5°c0 "1 510 —‘oo3 | Rather sheltered by trees in N.E. and 133. 5°00 [7:5 1240 correct. E., and the house 30 ft. high, 20 ft. 5°00 "40 1983 +'co1 S.W. of gauge. Recommended that 5°02 *50 2459 +:cos the gauge be placed on a shelf 8 ft. M 5:005 high, as securing a better position, but still objectionable. 40 8:05 ‘OI 130 correct. | At the paper mills, in a valley runing |134. 795 oT 1330 —"C05 about E.and W. Rather sheltered 7°96 2 2550 —*ool by trees and buildings; moved to a 8°02 4 5050 +:002 clearer spot. M7995] °5 6340 correct, «GAA PREBen oso aclsac| ict aaa ay puesto os'|e cleus cw'enis .».| Gauge not tested ; it is noticed simply 135 to record that at the date stated thi gauge was enclosed by a high paling so close round it as to utterly vitiate the returns. _ whereby snow is more adequately measured. For the comparison of a gauge of this kind, __with an ordinary No. III. gauge, see British Rainfall, 1866. Reference 346 number. Date of examination. | ™ oo rox s 138. May 29. 139.|May 29. REPORT—1866. Name of =| 6 5 station, owner, and 2 observer. = 5 (S) 136.) May 29. | Kent .....ccecseasss ear Faversham, W. C.| XI. unt, . | Kent sssse0.seeee00e] New Place, Hartlip, W. Bland, Esq. Sitting Reenter eneenee Sheer: scesccseetunene Taud, Eeq. Kent ...0sseseee00./ Sandwich, Eastry, Walton House, Col. Rae. Esq. Esq. bourne, Tonge, G. Eley, mess Water-works, J. co cninaa aeeRs Eastry, The Vicarage, Rey. C. Wilson. ween eens eee eee teens ween eeneenes Hythe, Saltwood Stone, G. 8. Hythe, H. B. Mackeson, Esq. ... Court, Esq. Hythe, Horton Park, J. Kirk- patrick, Esq. 2 Paivate isdvcucsvae Horne & Thorn- Negretti & Zambral 9 a.m. ween teens X. Negretti & Zambra| 9 a.m. | Negretti& Zambra)....... ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES, RAIN-GAUGES (continued). ‘Height of gauge. Diameters that marked (M=mean) 4°96 5°02 4°99 5'or M 4-995 4°00 4°05 4°10 M 4°038 2 5°00 sq. 5°04, 55 5°02 4, 5°00 ,, M 5015,, 9} 5700 4°99 500 5°01 M 5:coo - 53 eo 3 5702 5'O1 5"00 M 5'007 4°98 5°03 5°05 5°05 M 5-027 12 8*00 7°96 8°05 8:00 M 8-002 8:02 7°98 7°98 8:03 M 8-002 62 325 4.00?|.. 797 8°04, 8-04. 7°98 M 8-007 4°00 sq. Equivalents of water. Seale | Grains 50 ‘I 504. 72) 1000 3 1490 "4 1980 *"§ 2480 ‘OZ 100 063 250 "125 500 “188 720 25 980 "50 1900 cub. in. ‘ol 522. *y 2°5 "2 570 3 76 "4 10°2 5 12°6 Grains ‘ol 50 “I 500 ‘2 1000 aa 1500 4 1980 i 2480 ‘ol 48 I 506 He 1000 3 TAgo 4 2000 ae 2500 “a 502 2 1020 :3 1540 4 2000 5 2500 ori 1270 2 2540 3 390° "4 5179 “5 6300 ‘oI 130 I 1300 2 2550 3 390° "4 5100 on} 6300 1250 AWS A aS ) Mn fe) 347 Error at scale-point, specified in previous “eolumn. correct. —'002 —‘oo2 —‘oo! correct. —"oor -+'007 +002 +'004, +'013 +'ol2 +'042 +'oor +°oor + oor —*002 —o06 —'ool correct. —"oor —"oo2 —'003 +'oor correct. correct. —‘oor SOG correct. —"002 —'003 correct. —*oo4 —*007 + ‘oor + ‘ool correct. correct. —*oo7 —"oo7 +'004 correct. —'oo2 —‘oor — ‘007 —"002 —"004. +'002 +003 "009 +:018 +'02z0 Remarks on position, &c. In flower-garden, quite clear except in the-W., where there are elms 50 ft. distant and 70 ft, high. Gauge on a stump in flower-garden. In the N.W. are trees about 70 ft. distant and 50 ft. high, all else quite open. In flower-garden, fairly open in all directions. | In yard of water-works, slightly shel- tered from E,. by the tower, other- wise clear. ; : | In open vegetable garden, clear, except in N.., where there are lofty elms - about 90 ft. off. In centre of large lawn, quite clear, very good position. : First =3,th not marked, it was there- fore cut on with the writing diamond. In large kitchen-garden, level and quite clear. West end of Hythe. On high ground near the railway tun- nel; well placed, in kitchen-garden. In large flower-pot-in centre of lawn. Hills rise somewhat in N. | | | Reference number. al uw SN é 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 348 REPORT—1866, Reterence number. 145. 147. 148. 149. 151. 152. 153. 154. 150. Name of station, owner, and observer. County. Date of examination. 5 - oo toa) ee June 7. | Kent .......+++-+..-| Rolvenden, Maytham Hall, R. : Appach, Esq. : | June g. | Sussex ........ ...| Hastings, Hollington, High Beach, Capt. Lewis. June g. | Sussex .....s.ssaee Hastings, High Wickham, E. Field, Esq. June 11.) Sussex ....00.....| Bleak House, Hastings (new gauge), J. Banks, Esq. June 11.) Sussex ......00- ,».| Hastings Cemetery, J.C. Savery, Esq. June 12.) SUSSeX vsseomseaes Battle, F. Webster, Esq., Mr. T. Cruse. June 12.| Sussex _......+ .....| Battle, Abbey Gardens, F. Web- ster, Esq., Mr. Jaques. June 12.) Sussex ...cseseeeee Salehurst, Church House, Mr. 8. Boorman. June 12.) Sussex... Lamberhurst, Scotney Castle, E. Hussy, Esq. June 13.| Sussex ......44. ...| Lamberhurst, Court Lodge, W. C. Morland, Esq. Construction of gauge. x. XII. XII. XxX. III. Ite TIL. II. IIT: EXAMINATION OF Maker’s name. Negretti & Zambra ee | Casella wissecseses- 10a.m, Casella ....00....5. 9 a.m, | Negretti & Zambra| 8 a.m. | q Private ....... eens |oaecaseall Casella ......s..00: occa Casella ............ ga.m pre- Casella een ceevecesslecs veto. Knight?......... ncs| cased F ON THE RAINFALL IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 349 RAIN GAUGES (continued). Height of Fa = %S | Equivalents of | Error at . Oe gauge. = as water. scale-point, 23 SS a 5 = 7 specified in Remarks on position, &e. 26 A Seis 3 Scale- : revious pat pom level: |" Sx | point. Seen: Ha ey PI q ft. in.| feet. in. in. 1 171 7'97 I 1270 correct. | In kitchen-garden; fair exposure. 145. 8-00 +2. 2550 —‘oor 3 3800 correct. “4 5100 —*002 W 6360 —"002 To} 286 ‘OI 50 correct. | On terraced walk, on a hill facing |146. I 500 —‘oor W., perfectly open in every direc- 2 1000 —"co02 tion. 3 1500 —'003 "4 1980 correct. os 2480 —‘oor Oo 9] 212 510 —*003 | Open in all directions except S8.W., 147. 2 1000 —*o02 where the house, 30 ft. high, is only 3 1500 —"003 about 30 feet off. "4 2020 —"008 "5 2500 —"004 i 3 80 "05 640 —‘oot | House 20 ft. high, ro ft. distant in E., 148. I 1320 — "004 all else clear. [Close to gauge No. 2 2550 — ‘ool 54; both are regularly observed, the 3 3900 —'008 readings are “ generally nearly alike, 4 5080 —‘oor if anything No. 148 is in excess,” 5 6350 —"002 which is exactly what the testing shows. ] o-oo ir In the middle of the cemetery ; high |r49. ground and very open; measured occasionally, but no glass there on that date. ‘ol 50 correct. | In a garden, the house 25 ft. high, |150. I 510 — "003 being 40 ft. N. of the gauge, other- 2 1030 —-008 wise clear. 3 1530 —"009 4 2030 —‘oIo "5 2530 —"o12 a 510 —"co3 Slightly sheltered from S.E., but on |rs5r. 2 IOIO — "004. the whole in a good position. 3 1510 —"005 "4 2020 —*o08 25 2500 —"004 I 510 —‘003 | Onapost in garden; rather sheltered |x 52. a1 1010 —'003 in W. by atree 30 ft. high, 30 ft. off, 3 1520 —*006 and in S.W. by others 20 ft. high "4 2030 —‘009 and 20 ft. off. 2500 —"003 E 540 —‘0o7 | At angle of the castle terrace, quite |153. 2 10sec — ‘008 open. 3 1550 5007 “4 2010 +*002 5 2560 —'Cco7 *! 550 —‘oog | Not in operation, but to be started |r 54. 2 1050 —"007 January Ist, 1267. $3 1530 — "002 "4 2030 correct. Ss 2550 —*003 350 28 w . » + > EXAMINATION OF : : E S es Name of station, owner, and E & 1 ’ ’ =] ’ z E £ q County. a $s Maker’s name. oS As Ban mi | 8 O° 1866. © 1§5-| June 13.| Kent ..........--00 Goudhurst, Mr, Stevens ......... XII. | Casella ......... seal | specified in previous column. — ‘ool correct. —‘oor + "oor correct. —‘ool —"oo1 —'002 —‘ool correct. — ‘ool correct. “oo —‘oor correct. +'cor correct. Remarks on position, &e. Slightly sheltered, but probably not injuriously ; in N.E., however, the house is only 30 ft. off, and perhaps 30 ft. high. Mounted on a brick column in the middle of a field, very carefully placed. In a valley, and too much sheltered by trees; there is an apple-tree 35 ft. high only 25 ft. to B., and a fig-tree 10 ft. high 8 ft. to 8. Found some currant bushes very near. They have since been moved. In kitchen-garden, quite open. Tn kitehen-garden, somewhat sheltered by shrubs in N.E. Close to orna- mental lake. On the grass margin of a large tank provided for water-fowl; clear, and in a level tract of country, In flower-garden, clear, except a tree 10 ft. high 4o ft. 8.8. W. of gauge, Houses 40 ft, high about 30 ft. off, in E.S.E. and N ; all else clear. Diameter of tube 103 inches, and scale 4 inches =inch, therefore reads cor- rectly. Quite open, in kitchen-garden. On lawn, sloping to river. Araucaria 8 ft, high, ro ft. W, Found in rather a sheltered position ; ed. Reterence number. HGS 157. 159. 160. 161. 162. 166. suggested remoyal, which was adopt- 352 REPORT —1866. Report on the best means of providing for a Uniformity of Weiyhis and Measures, with reference to the Interests of Science. By a Committee, consisting of Sir Joun Bownine, The Rt. Hon. C. B. ApDERLEY, M.P., Sir Witti1am Armstrone, C.B., F.R.S., The ASTRONOMER Roya, Samuet Brown, W. Ewart, M.P., Dr. Farr, F. P. Ferxtows, Prof. Franxianp, Prof. Hennessy, F.R.S., James Hrywoop, M.4., F.R.S., Sir Ropert Kanez, F.R.S., Dr. Leone Levi, F.S.A., Prof. W. A. Mitier, .R.S., Prof. Rankine, F.R.S., C. W. Siemens, F.R.S., Col. Syxes, M.P., F.R.S., W. Titz, M.P., F.R.S., Prof. A. W. Wititamson, F.R.S., Lord Wrortestey, D.C.L., F.R.S., James Yates, F.R.S. Your Committee have much pleasure in repgrting that during the year steps of great importance have been taken to promote the adoption of one common decimal system of weights and measures, both at home and abroad. In November 1865 a second Conference was held at Frankfort, of official dele- gates from different German States, including Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Olden- burg, and the Hanse Towns, with a view of determining the basis of a uniform system for the whole of Germany, in confirmation of what had been agreed upon in 1863, on which occasion, however, Prussia was not repre- sented. By a protocol of the 28th of November, the delegates resolved to take the metre as a unit of measure with the other portions of the metric system, allowing the coexistence of the foot of 3 decimetres, the inch of 3 centimetres, and the line of 3 millimetres. It is much to be regretted that by thus com- bining two otherwise antagonistic systems, the Commissioners have thrown an impediment to the absolute introduction of the metric system; but the question will doubtless be subject to further consideration. The war which has taken place in Germany has delayed the consideration of this and other measures of progress; but it is gratifying to learn that one of the first conditions laid down in the preliminaries of peace was the establishment of a uniform system of weights and measures, not only over the north for Germany under the immediate influence of Prussia, but over the southern portions also. In the United States of America considerable advance has also been made. Seizing the opportunity of Mr. Yates Thompson’s visit to the States, your Committee desired him to ascertain what steps were taken on the subject in that country ; and it is gratifying to learn that the Americans seem prepared to advance further and much more expeditiously than we have done. Mr. Thompson, whose able Report we have the pleasure to append (p. 355-363), informed us that on the recommendation of a Select Committee on weights, measures, and coinage, appointed by the National Academy of Science, two Bills were introduced in the Senate and House of Representatives, one rendering the use of the metric system lawful in the United States, and the other authorizing the use in Post-oftices of weights of the denomination of grammes ; ~ whilst joint resolutions were passed, enabling the Secretary of the Treasury to furnish to each State one set of the standard weights and measures of the metric system, and authorizing the President to appoint a Special Com- missioner to facilitate the adoption of one uniform coinage between the United States and foreign countries. These resolutions passed the House of Representatives with little or no opposition. ‘The two Bills have passed into law. The approaching Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1867 appeared to your UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 353 Committee a most favourable opportunity for promoting uniformity in weights and measures, and they have suggested to the Imperial Commission an Ex- hibition of the weights, measures, and coins of all countries, and the hold- ing of an International Conference on the subject at the same time. A similar request was sent to the Imperial Commission by the International Decimal Association, and in union with them we deputed Professor Leone Levi to proceed to Paris to put himself in communication with M. Le Play, the Commissaire-General, with a view to the advancement of the object. Professor Levi has fully succeeded in his mission, and a Special Committee of the Scientific Commission has been appointed. Your Committee indulge the hope that the proposed Exhibition with the International Conference will greatly promote the desired uniformity, and they are most anxious for the success of an undertaking in initiating which they have taken an active part. Professor Levi’s report on the subject is appended (pp. 363-365). The International Statistical Congress, which met last at Berlin in 1863, proposes to hold its next Meeting in Florence in October next. At all its previous meetings the question of uniformity of weights, measures, and coins, in their character as statistical units, formed the subject of grave discussion ; and although the Congress has not only repeatedly expressed its opinion in favour of uniformity, but made specific recommendations with a view to its attainment, it is most desirable that it should on this oceasion also, when many of the Southern States of Europe are likely to be there represented, give its authoritative voice in favour of uniformity in weights, measures, and coins, both for statistical purposes, and the general progress of scientific and social intercourse among nations. The British Association has never yet been represented in that Congress, and it seems befitting that the section of Statistics and Economic Science should seize the opportunity for the discussion of a subject in which both that Congress and this Association have taken such lively interest, and for the establishment of a correspondence and mutual representation likely to prove most beneficial to Statistical Science ; and Italy, whose contributions to science and art and political economy have been so valuable, will doubtless heartily welcome the representatives of this great and eminently progressive Association. The state of weights and measures in India has been brought before your Committee in two pamphlets, one on Indian weights and measures, by Mr. Gover, Principal of the Military Male Orphan Asylum of Madras, and the other by Mr. James Bridgnell, Head Accountant of Her Majesty’s Mint, Calcutta, entitled, «« Suggestions for a Decimal System of Measures, Weights, and Money for India.” Having regard to the great importance of extending to that empire the same advantages of uniformity as we are labouring to promote in other parts of the world, your Committee have sent an address on the subject to the government of India. The question is now under their consideration; but much difference of opinion exists between the Madras and Bombay Commissions on the respective merits of the decimal and binary systems. It is most important that India should neither be separated from nor remain behind any country in the world ; and we trust that at the forth- coming Exhibition and International Conference to be held in Paris she will send copies of all her weights, measures. and coins, and be duly represented in the French capital, especially as her trade with countries using the metric system is becoming more and more extensive. It is much to be desired that a measure for legalizing the use of metric weights and measures, similar to that passed in the United Kingdom, should be need in all the British Colonies, and your Committee would be glad 6, 2a 854 - ‘anPORtT—1866, to obtain the cooperation of Her Majesty’s Secretary for the Colonies in so important a matter. At home, the only legislative measure recently passed bearing on the sub- ject, is one for transferring to the Board of Trade the department of weights and measures, previously connected with the office of the Comptroller of the Exchequer. Your Committee regret that no provision has been made in the Act for authorizing that Board to provide themselves with a copy of the standard metric weights and measures, with a view to the stamping of the metric weights and measures in common use. The law on the subject is in a very anomalous state. Although the Metric Weights and Measures Act of 1864 has rendered permissive and legal the use of such weights and measures, the inspectors of weights and measures are by law bound to seize any such weights and measures not duly stamped ; and since no means are now afforded for stamping them, the Act is rendered inoperative. Seeing that-the system is being extensively introduced in many arts and manufactures, and in com- merce generally, it is much to be desired that the law on the subject may speedily be amended. A deputation from your Committee waited on the late President of the Board of Trade, Mr. Milner Gibson, on the subject, and he promised to consider the introduction of a separate measure to remove the anomaly. But the session was too far advanced, and nothing has been done. Among the means by which Her Majesty’s Government could promote such introduction, we might mention the preparation of all statistical documents by the Board of Trade in the terms of the metric system as well as in the imperial, and the publication of the British Tariff in a similar manner. The International Statistical Congress has strongly urged the former of these measures, and we see no reason why the Board of Trade and the Board of Customs should not supply these additional facilities, both to statists and British merchants. Although the articles now subject to Customs duty are very few, still the operation of the British Tariff is most perplexing to those accustomed only to a decimal computation. Your Committee have given their earnest consideration to the procuring of a Mural Standard as a means for diffusing information; and they have appointed a Subcommittee to ascertain and report on the best form and material in which such standard can be constructed. The Subcommittee have devoted much time to the subject, and they have finally succeeded in obtaining from Mr. Casella a model of a Metre and Yard combined, which seems to fulfil all the conditions necessary for the proper exhibition of these measures in the most conspicuous places. A special report on the subject by the convener of the Subcommittee, Mr. James Yates, is appended (pp. 3865-367). The Committee propose purchasing some copies of such standard; and as the cost is five guineas each, the sum already voted by the Association will be barely sufficient for this item alone. Your Committee are anxious to see school instruction made more operative towards extending the knowledge of the metric system among the young, To promote this object, they have addressed themselves to the President of the Committee of Council on Education, for the purpose of suggesting the intro- duction of the metric system into the examination of teachers in the training schools supported by parliamentary grant, and a conference with teachers and others interested in education was held on the subject at the Lecture Theatre in Jermyn Street. Great difficulty is, however, experienced in inducing teachers to give due prominence to the metric system, so long as the use of it is only permissive, and all the tables of weights and measures according to the imperial system are still to be taught. UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 3855 - The measures and weights of the metric system having been almost universally adopted by scientific chemists, there seemed to be every reason to expect that they would be adopted in pharmacy also, ‘This has been done in some countries which have not yet introduced the system into commerce. The Swedish Pharmacopeia is constructed on this principle, and in the United States of America prescriptions are written in terms of the metric system. In this country the change has hitherto been opposed by the General Council of Medical Education and Registration, which issues its decrees under the authority of an Act of Parliament. In these circumstances, the Metric Committee of the British Association resolved to address the Medical Council, suggesting that “ the objection formerly urged to the intro- duction of the metric system side by side with the imperial in all the formulas for the preparation of drugs and chemicals, that the metric weights and measures were not yet sanctioned by the Legislature, is now remoyed by the passing of the Metric Weights and Measures Act,” and expressing the desire of the Metric Committee that the system may be introduced into the forth- coming new edition of the Pharmacopeia. Hereupon the following resolu- tion was passed: ‘‘ That the General Medical Council are not prepared to adopt, in its full extent, the suggestion of the Metric Committee of the British Association ; but the Council will direct that a complete comparative table of metric and imperial weights and measures, with instructions for their mutual conversion, shall be inserted in the forthcoming edition of the British Pharmacopeeia.” Your Committee thought it probable that great advantages would arise from the introduction of the metric system in the carrying department of railways. On this question Professor Levi consulted some of the officials at the Clearing-house in London, and Mr. Louis d’Eyncourt, a member of the Council of the International Decimal Association, embraced the opportunity of a visit to Boulogne to make inquiries regarding the goods traffic by rail- way between England and France. But although the evidence thus obtained was important and decisive, it appeared that the Royal Commission on the Railways in Great Britain and Ireland was not disposed to proceed with the inquiry. Your Committee have reason to believe that they have already exercised considerable influence in the promotion of an object of so wide and general importance as the uniformity of weights, measures, and coins in all countries ; and, in conclusion, they would recommend the reappointment of the Com- mittee with similar powers, and another vote of at least fifty pounds towards the purchase of copies of the Mural Standard, and more especially in con- nexion with the forthcoming Universal Exhibition and International Statis- tical Congress. Report on the Progress of the Metric System in the United States of America. By H. Yates Tompson, F.S.S. GeytLEMEN,—In accordance with your letter to me, dated 17th February 1866, I took occasion, on a visit to the United States of America in May and June last, to ascertain what steps are being taken by friends of the Metric System of Weights and Measures to promote its adoption in that country. It appears that ever since the settlement of the Constitution in 1789, wherein it was declared that Congress should have power “ to fix the standard of weights and measures,” there has been a continual effort, which has hitherto been without practical result, to obtain a uniform and decimal 242 856 REPORT—1866. system of weights and measures for the United States. In 1790, in accor- dance with a recommendation of President Washington, Mr. Jefferson, then Secretary of State, reported elaborately on the subject; and it is probable that one or other of the plans proposed by him would have been carried into effect, had not the proposals of the French Government for an international system inclined the American Legislature to wait and watch the result of the efforts made in France before initiating any radical changes in their own weights and measures. The adoption of the metric system in America does not seem to have been urged till very recently. During the early part of the century that system was still an experiment in France, and by adopting it the Americans would have sacrificed, what was then more important to them than now, uniformity with England. But its inherent merits were so great, and its ultimate success was becoming so probable, that, although Mr. Jefferson in 1790 recommended the seconds pendulum as the standard of measure, Mr. John Quincy Adams, to whom the matter was referred by the Senate in 1817, and who reported in 1821 in probably the most ex- haustive essay that has been written on the subject, advised a suspension of all innovation at home until an international scheme could be adopted by America in conjunction with foreign nations. Though Mr. Adams did not recommend in so many words the adoption of the metric system, there is no doubt that that was the system which he most admired. Indeed, in one re- markable passage, he almost puts off the gravity of the statesman to anticipate with rapturous enthusiasm the time when “ the metre will surround the globe in use as well as in multiplied extension, and one language of weights and measures will be spoken from the equator to the poles.” The plan which he did recommend consisted of two parts, the principles of which were— 1. To fix the standard with the partial uniformity of which it is sus- ceptible, for the present excluding all innovation. 2. To consult with foreign nations for the future and ultimate establish- ment of universal and permanent uniformity. The first part of Mr. Adams’s plan has been in a great degree accomplished. [ visited at Washington the building in which are deposited the standards of the weights and measures of the United States, under the charge of J. K. Hil- gard, who is now Acting Suprintendent of Weights and Measures in place of Professor Bache. From this central office of Weights and Measures, full sets of standards, including most beautiful and accurate balances, have been furnished to all the States and Custom-houses of the country. Each State Government in its turn directs the distribution of standards to its counties ; and in States where the further subdivision of towns exists, as, for example, in the State of New York, the authorities of each county are instructed by a law of the States to provide each town with standard weights, measures, and balances, and to compare them with the county standard once in every five ears. q The office of Weights and Measures at Washington contains, moreover, several copies of the metric standards which have been from time to time fur- nished by the French Government. ‘The first of these were sent to Congress in 1795, being-copies of the provisional metre and kilogram. The latest addition was made in 1852, and consists of three different series :— 1. A standard metre of steel upon a bronze base and a standard kilogram of brass gilt. 2. A graduated brass metre and a litre, both by Gambey. 3. A complete and yaluable collection of the whole apparatus composing fod UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 357 in France the assortment of a bureau of verification of weights and measures of the first order. It will be seen, therefore, that the American Government has not only brought its present system for the manufacture and distribution of its own standards to a considerable degree of perfection, but is already amply pro- vided with copies of the metric standards. With regard, however, to the second of Mr. Adams’s suggestions, viz. “ to consult with foreign nations for the future and ultimate establishment of universal and permanent uniformity,” no progress has yet been made. The subject has been commended to Congress on two occasions by Secretaries of the Treasury ; in 1847 by the Hon. R. J. Walker, and in 1861 by Mr. Chase, who is now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Scien- tific men generally throughout the country had been for some time gradually coming to the conclusion that the metric system was that which ought to be adopted ; but it was not till the International Congresses, postal and sta- tistical, held at Paris and Berlin in 1863, that the idea took a practical form. The United States was represented at the Paris Postal Congress by the Hon. J. A. Kasson, and at the Statistical Congress in Berlin by the Hon. 8. B. Rug- gles. Both these gentlemen were deeply impressed with the advantages of the metric system. They participated in the strong resolutions adopted at both these Congresses in favour of its general adoption ; and in December 1863 Mr. Ruggles forwarded to the Secretary of State a Report on the subject, which was printed as a public document, and contained in an appendix (A) the Report of the Special Commission appointed by the Statistical Congress of 1860 on International Weights, Measures, and Coins; (B) a copy of the Debate in the House of Commons on the Metric Bill of 1863, This docu- ment was republished by the State Government of New York at Albany in 1864, and was in such request that a further issue was required in 1865. At the same time, the Legislature of the State of Connecticut (it is to be remembered that only State Governments in America have to do with educa- tion) had recommended to all its school officers that the metric system be taught in the schools of the State. We must bear in mind that during the above period, from 1863 to 1865, the civil war was raging, and it is therefore not surprising that the leading American statesmen had little time to give to such matters as weights and measures. Mr. Chase, however, had (in 1863) procured the appointment, by the National Academy of Sciences, of a Committee on Weights, Measures, and Coinage. This National Academy of Sciences had been incorporated in 1863 by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, and consists of a body of not more than fifty scientific men, whose chief duty it is, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, to ‘ investi- gate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art.” This Committee included all the most notable men of science in America who had given special attention to weights and measures. The members were as follows :—Joseph Henry, Chairman; J. H. Alexander, Fairman Rogers, Wolcott Gibbs, Arnold Guyot, Benjamin Silliman, Jun., William Chauvenet, John Torrey, A. D. Bache, John Rodgers, L, M. Rutherfurd, Professor New- ton, Samuel B. Ruggles, J. E. Hilgard. ; After a thorough investigation of the subject in January 1866, these gentlemen reported shortly in favour of the authorization and encouragement by Congress of the introduction and use of the metric system; and with a view to this it made three practical suggestions : 1. The immediate manufacture and distribution to the Custom-houses and States of metric standards of weights and measures. 358 REPORT—1866. 2. The introduction of the system into the Post-offices, by making a single letter weigh 15 grammes, instead of 14:17 grammes or half an ounce. 3. To cause the new cent and two-cent pieces to be so coined that they shall weigh respectively 5 and 10 grammes, and that their diameter shall be made to bear a determinate and simple ratio to the metric unit of length. Such were the recommendations which the National Academy of Sciences forwarded to Congress in January last. The Report was at once referred to a Standing Committee of the House of Representatives on Weights, Measures, and Coins, which had been wisely constituted at the beginning of the present Congress to take cognizance of this important subject. This Committee was constituted chiefly through the exertions of the Hon. J. A. Kasson, who became its Chairman, and to his energy its prompt action is greatly due. He obtained the assistance of Professor Newton, of Yale College, a well- known man of science, as Clerk to the Committee ; and with his aid a Report was prepared and printed in May last, which is well worthy of the attention of all friends of the metric system. After examining at some length the whole subject of weights and measures in the United States, Mr. Kasson’s Report proceeds to demonstrate the progress which is being made by the metric system throughout the world. With regard to the action of England, it declares that the course taken by the House of Commons “ must be regarded as evincing a deliberate intention to introduce the metric system into England, and as giving up any purpose of creating a separate system founded upon the yard, the foot, or the inch, and as paying the way for the ultimate exclusive adoption of the metric system.” The Report next points out and illustrates by Tables the inconveniences and want of system of the weights and measures now in use in America, with all which we are sufficiently acquainted, and contrasts therewith the order, simplicity, and perfect harmony of the metric plan. - The Report pronounces strongly on several grounds against a change of nomenclature, and after illustrating by a Table the somewhat astonishing fact that of the total value of the imports and exports of the United States for 1860, which amounted in all to 762,000,000 dollars, the amount of nearly 700,000,000 dollars was with nations and their dependencies that have now authorized or taken the preliminary steps to authorize the metric system, concludes as follows :— Your Committee unanimously recommend the passage of the Bills and joint Resolutions appended to this Report. They were not prepared to go, at this time, beyond this stage of progress in the proposed Hf ee The metric system is already used in some arts and trades in this country, and is especially adapted to the wants of others. Some of its measures are already manufactured at Bangor, in Maine, to meet an existing demand at home and abroad. The manufacturers of the well-known Fairbanks scales state, “For many years we have had a large export demand for our scales with French weights, and the demand and sale is constantly increasing.” Its minute and exact divisions specially adapt it to the use of chemists, apothecaries, the finer operations of the artisan, and to all scientitic objects. It has always been and is now used in the United States’ coast survey*. Yet in some of the States, owing to the phraseology of their laws, it would be a direct violation of them to use it in the business transactions of the com- munity. It is therefore very important to legalize its use, and give to the people, or that portion of them desiring it, the opportunity for its legal employment, while the knowledge of its characteristics will be thus diffused among men. * T ascertained that the metric weights are in use in the Assaying Department of the bp Treasury at New York, and by analytical chemists generally throughout Ameriea.— ayo, UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 359 Chambers of commerce, boards of trade, manufacturing associations, and other voluntary societies and individuals will be induced to consider and in their dis- cretion to adopt its use. The interests of trade among a people so quick as ours to receive and adopt a useful novelty will soon acquaint practical men with its convenience. When this is attained (a period, it is hoped, not distant), a further Act of Congress can fix the date for its exclusive adoption as a legal system. At an earlier period it may be safely introduced into all public offices and for Goyern- ment service. In the schedule of equivalents provided in the Bill, extreme scientific accuracy is not expressed. The reasons follow. The exact length of the meter in inches and the weight of the kilogram in grains can of necessity be determined only approximately. The most careful determinations of these quantities now possible are liable to minute corrections hereafter as more numerous observations are made and better instruments are used. Instead, therefore, of aiming at an accuracy greater, perhaps, than is attainable, it is more expedient to consult the convenience of the people by using the simplest numbers possible in the schedule, and yet such as shall be in tact more nearly exact than can ever be demanded in the ordinary business of life. These numbers are to be used in schools and in practical life millions of times as multipliers and divisors, and every unnecessary additional figure is justly objectionable. In a popular sense of the word, however, the numbers in the schedule may be said to t: exact. The length of the meter, for example, is given as 39:37 inches. The mean of the best English and the best American determinations differs from this only by about the amount by which the standard bar changes its length by a change of one degree of temperature. Such accuracy is certainly sufficient for legal purposes and for popular use. The second measure recommended is a joint resolution, necessarily following the adoption of the leading Bill, and provides for furnishing the standards, which will thereby be required, to the several States. The third proposition is a Bill to authorize and provide for the use of the weight of 15 grams in the Post-office, in conformity with the system adopted by that department for foreign correspondence. The fourth is a Resolution looking to effective negotiation for a uniform coinage among nations. Respectfully submitted, Joun A. Kasson, Chairman. Cuar Les H. WINFIELD. THomas WILLIAMS. Hezexran 8. Bunpy. Henry L. Dawes. BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT. A Bill to authorize the use of the Metric System of Weights and Measures. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the passage of this Act, it shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system; and no contract, or dealing, or pleading in any court, shall be deemed inyalid, or liable to objection, because the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric system. Src. 2. And be tt further enacted, That the tables in the schedule hereto annexed shall be recognized, in the construction of contracts, and in all legal proceedings, as establishing in the terms of the weights and measures now in use in the United States, the equivalents of weights and measures expressed therein in terms of the metric system ; and said tables may be lawfully used for ne ge deter- mining, and expressing in customary weights and measures the weights and mea- sures of the metric system. hs 369 REPORT—1866. Measures of Length. | . . . * Metric Denominations and Values. Equivalents in Denominations in use. Myriameter .. Kulometer.... Hectometer . Dekameter Meter ¢...:. Decimeter.... Centimeter . Millimeter .. 10,000 meters. 1,000 meters. 100 meters, 10 meters. 1 meter. ,|;th of a meter. ziath of a meter. soyath of a meter. 62137 miles. 328 feet 1 inch. 393°7 inches. 39°37 inches. 3°937 inches. 0:3937 inch. 0:0394. inch. Measures of Surface. 062137 mile, or 3280 feet 10 inches. 550 square inch. Metric Denominations and Values. | Equivalents in Denominations in use. Hectare...... 10,000 square meters. | 2-471 acres. JEL aaa 100 square meters. | 119-6 square yards. Centare...... 1 square meter. | 1 Measures of Capacity. Metric Denominations and Values. Equivalents in Denominations in use. 2 a: : Names i. off Qubic measure. Dry measure. Liquid or wine iters. measure. Kiloliter or stere | 1000 | 1 cubic meter ..| 1508 cubic yard. .| 26°417 gallons. Hectoliter...... 100 | ;1; of a cubic meter .| 2 bus.and 3°35 pecks | 26-417 gallons. Dekaliter ...... 10 | 10 cubic decimeters | 9-08 quarts........ 2°6417 gallons, IOI Sonor coc 1 | 1 cubic decimeter. .| 0-908 quart........ 1:0567 quart. Deciliter ...... +5 | a, of cubic decimeter| 6°1022 cubic inches | 0°845 gill. Centiliter ...... =%, | 10 cubic centimeters) 06102 cubic inch . .| 0°338 fluid-ounce. Milliliter ...... aaaa |1 cubic centimeter ..) 0-061 cubic inch .. .| 0-27 fluid-drachm. Weights. Equivalents in Metric Denominations and Values. Denominations in use. a < Weight of what quan- Names. Number of) tity of water at maxi- | Avoirdupois weight. gush mum density. Millier or tonneau .| 1,000,000 | 1 cubic meter ........ 2204-6 pounds. Quintal ene eiet 100,000 | 1 hectoliter .......... 220:46 pounds. Myriagram ...... OOOO MOM teLS sy. sarees. the oee = 22046 pounds. Kilogram or Kilo. . HEC MUalttereMinreiersis ioe cee: 2-2046 pounds. Hectogram ...... HOON Medeetlber. serra evict 3'5274 ounces. Dekagram........ 10 | 10 cubic centimeters . 0°3527 ounce. Gram, | wees eeeeee 56°0 (4) 6 22 0 5 29°90 107 56+ (5) 645 9° » 28°99 967 57+ (6) 6 26 30. 5, 28°81 1,139 582 628 0 » 28°68 1,266 58'7 572 | 15 55°9 (7) 629 0 5; 28°64 1,302 58°9 57°5 "4 562 (8) 630 0 ,, 28°94 1,011 58°5 Baik .6 ar Os, 2894 | r0rr | 58:2 | 56'5 47 | 350 (10) 6 32 0 5, | cereee | terse 58'0 56°5 rs 55°2 (11) 6 33 0 3 29°24 727 57°8 57°0 o8 56°3 (12) 6 35 0 5 28°99 967 57°8 57°0 o8 56°3 (13) Gab via sire 28°69 1,255 58:2 572 1'0 56°3 637 O » 28°62 1,323 578 | 572 06 56°7 (14) 6 38 0 ;, 28°64 1,304 | 58'0 57°2 o°8 56°5 640 © , | 28°62 1,322 58'0 57°3 O'7 56°6 (15) 641 0 » 28°53 1,409 58'0 57°3 o7 56°6 (16) 642 0°, 28°56 1,380 578 572 o6 56°7 (17) 6 43 © » 28°54. 1,399 582 57°5 o'7 56'9 (18) 645 0 » 28°56 1,380 58:2 57°5 o"7 56'9 (19) 646 0 5 28°61 1,331 58:2 57°3 o9 54°6 (20) 647 ° » 6 48 30 5, 28°64 1,302 58°2 6\ 50 70", 28°69 1,254. ie) ‘ 06 6° on oe oe 5 57°4 56°9 (22) 6 52 0 +, 28°64 1,302 58°0 574 o°6 569 653 Oss 28°64 | 1,302 580 Sica o5 | 577° i 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Ti (1) Fixed a flat piece of cotton-wool on end of the supporting frame, and placed on it the bulb of a delicate minimum thermometer, with its bulb fully exposed to the sky; and placed a second minimum thermometer with its bulb projecting into space, and also fully a k : exposed to the sky. (2) In the balloon just before starting. (3) Left the earth, and found I could not read the instruments. ; ~ (4) Can just see the temperature is more than 56°. (5) Have just succeeded in seeing that the temperature is above 57°. (6) Can see better. (7) Nearly opposite Victoria Docks. (8) Off Brunswick Pier, Blackwall. (9) Over the Thames. (10) Light of moon across the river very grand. (11) Over the Isle of Dogs; most difficult to write. (12) Over the River Thames again. (13) London Bridge in sight. (14) Our course is almost directly up the river. (15) The minimum thermometer on wool near 58°, and that in air near 58°. (16) Over South-Eastern Railway Station, London Bridge. (17) Over Southwark Bridge. (18) Over Blackfriars Bridge. (19) Nearly over Hungerford Railway Station. (20) Can see people walking along the streets. Reflexion of light very remarkable indeed, Nearly over Oxford Street. (21) Over Marble Arch. (22) Passing between Edgeware Road and Bayswater Road. ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN’ 1865 snp 1866. 075 Taste I. 1.—(continued). g 3 he Dry and Wet Thermometers (free). & Zz Time. Barometer. Saas 2 Dry. Wet. Diff, a point, Le & ee ae =. fe 2 ee (1) 6 54 opm. | 28°38 1,552 58'9 57° 1'0 57'° (2))].655 0 ,, 2814 | 1,785 590 | 58'2 on8 57°5 656 0 ,, 27°97 1,949 59°6 58°6 I'o 57°8 (3) GaeSn GO. eee 1,488 59°0 so o'9 57°3 Cpe Doig 20°7 1,191 59°3 581 r°2 G7ir jeroe Ge. 28°66 1,286 58°8 57°2 1'6 55°8 (4) gk OF; 28°84. 1.115 58°7 57°6 I'l 56°5 Fee) 8a >, 28°83 1,124 58°7 576 I'l 56°5 (5) eae 28°84 1,115 586 57°6 I'o 567 7a-O. oO 28°84. 1,115 58° 57°4 1'2 563 Sar ae 29°04. 925 586 574 12 56°3 Jalen Os, 28°99 97° so7 ay yiclatete Hae 29°04. 925 582 56° 14 55°5 (6) 716-4. ,, 29°14 835 572 55°8 1'4 54°5 Tol] @ Os 55 29°19 79° 573 558 1°5 54°3 (7) Tales D5; 29°34 655 57'5 562 1°3 55°0 (8) Teaoe ds ;, 29°04. 925 sy 55°6 2°6 532 yo ake er 29°09 cS) 58° 569 I'9 55°2 Tpea? Oy 3; 29°24 745 582 56°83 1'4 55°5 7124-0) 5, 29°1 17 Tz 4. Gt, 29°16 817 58°5 56°5 2'O 54°7 T0295 5, 29°16 817 58°5 570 15 556 ih Sons Bape 29°34. 637 sa 567 13 55's Wi35« 9% x 29°44 537 57° 561 1°5 54° { Teais Ox y 29°24 736 58'0 56°5 1°5 552 | 739 ° ,, 29°03 947 58°6 Vaan On. 29°55 519 57°2 562 I’o 55°3 FRAO, G3 29°44 618 571 5570 22 52°9 (9) (i a 29°39 663 58'0 55°8 2°2 54°7 { (10) TibOs Gs .: 29°16 802 58°0 55°9 21 54°9 Faun G3 29°06 898 58°7 (a1) 7 55 cae 28°94 1,029 584 560 24. 53°8 To5s. Oy, 28°94 1,029 58°5 ‘ SFG. 5 29°24 751 563 54°6 2°2 Fy 7 (12) a2, 8» 5, 29°44 561 57°0 . (13) hy a: 29°36 637 572 55°5 U7 54'0 ; 810 o , 29°14 846 57°7 (14) ea 29°36 637 569 54°5 2"4 52°3 Ch ee 29°09 890 57°2 5570 2°2 53°0 (15) #26 9, 29°24 756 57°5 54°9 2°6 524 p (ie) oe 6, 29°61 aon 573 56'0 13 54°8 ZO 6 Py fe cece < me) if ; 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7. (1) Thermometer on wool 58°. (2) Thermometer with projecting bulb in space 58°. (3) Leaving London; great contrast looking towards London and looking towards __ Uxbridge, the direction in which we are going nearly. (4) Misty and very dark. , (5) Misty. (6) Changed diréction. Can see the shadow of the balloon on the ground. * (7) Loud cheering heard. (8) The shadow of the balloon on the ground is very dark. (9) Instruments difficult to read. (10) Crossing the River Thames. (11) Over a wood. (12) Can see valve of the balloon. (13) Over water, crossing the River Thames again. 14) Can just see # Lyre at the boundary of the balloon. 3 Over very wooded country. , (16) Descended on a farm at Highmoor, in Oxfordshire, nine miles from Reading and five miles from Henley-upon-Thames. oF 876 REPORT—1866. Taste I. p.—Meteorological Observations made in the Twenty-seventh Balloon Ascent from Woolwich Arsenal, December 2, 1865. g s Dry and Wet Thermometers (free). 53 : id | Height above SZ anes Bavometer.| searlevel a me Dry. Wet. Diff. Dew- point. hm 8 in. feet. ° a ° o (1) 5 0 opm 29°68 | 33°8 38°0 o8 37°0 5 8 Oo » 29°68 oh 39°0 381 °"9 36'9 59° oO 5; 29°68 the 4 39°0 38°0 I'o 36°7 BRU SO) 055 29°68 eonnd 39° 380 I'o 36°7 514 0 » | 2968 || || 38:5 | 38% os | 374 (2) 515 0 » 29°68 (| 38°3 38°0 0°3 37°6 (3) 516 o 5 29°38 320 36°6 362 o'4 35°7 (4) Saly. “CO Bs 23°23 1,410 36°2 36°0 oz 35°7 5 18 0 5, 28°15 1,485 36°2 3670 o'2 35°7 (5) 519 © 5 28°13 1,504 36°2 36°2 oho) 36°72 520 © 5, 28°13 1,504 362 36°0 o2 35°7 Bigt: Ox sg 28°03 1,598 36°3 36°2 oO! 36°0 (6) eae, 10) 53 28°33 1,316 36°3 36-2 ol 36°0 524 0 » 28°38 1,269 36°2 35°8 O74 35°3 (7) 525 0 3 23°38 1,269 36°5 526 0 » 28°28 1,363 36°6 36°5 ol 364 S227 = O45 28°23 1,410 36°7 36°6 o'r 36°5 Sale 10) 955 27°98 1,643 36°3 36°0 0% 36'5 530 0 » 27°93 1,692 364 35°9 O°5 35°2 531 O° y 27°98 1,642 372 37°0 oz 36°7 (8) Cpa eu al 28°00 1,625 36°6 37°0 (9) 532 + 5 28°08 1,548 Buda 10) Gy 28°01 1,615 36°6 36°6 oo 36°6 534 9 » 27°93 1,692 36°7 36°6 or 36°5 5 35 0 » 27°93 1,692 36°6 36°6 070 36°6 (10) Bab) FO, %; 27°68 1,930 36°3 36°2 o'r 36°0 Fao7 OF 5s 27°58 2,025 36°2 36°0 o'2 3527 538 © » 27°52 2,083 36°0 35°8 o'2 35°5 pedecae 0 27°48 | 2,121 36°5 36°3 O72... | sabe GOs dO) 35 27°33 1,788 37°0 36°8 o'2 36°6 (11) BAO) Ons, 27°88 1,741 a7" 37°0 03 36°6 541 0 5 27°93 1,692 37°6 372 o"4 36°7 (12) 544 0 » 27°93 1,692 37°5 37°2 03 36°8 545 0 » 27°73 1,882 37°2 37°2 o°0 37°2 546 0° 5, 27°53 2,072 35°90 35°2 BATE Omni 27°28 25323 34°2 34°0 o'2 Aa (18)° 547 + oy 27°08 25572 34/2 34°2 AS) 34°2 548 0° y 26°98 2,601 34°0 34/0 o'o 34°0 549 © 4 26°98 2,601 34°0 34'0 oe) 340 (14) FeSO a2 27°13 25457 34°2 34°2 o°0 34°2 1. 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. a (1) Let off a pilot balloon, which took the direction of N.W. (2) Left the earth. (3) Misty all round. (4) Damp to sense ; cannot see London. : ; (5) Going in the direction of W. by N. ; can see Woolwich,Greenwich,&ec.,but not London, (6) Going towards Stratford. (7) Near Commercial Road ; can see its long line of lights. (8) Discharged sand, about 14 ]bs. in weight, and caused us to rise about 550 feet. (9) Both radiation thermometers near 28°. (10) A densely cloudy sky. (11) Cloudy ; nothing visible. (12) Earth dotted with large white clouds; some of them miles in extent. (13) Moving N.W. by compass. (14) Gas clear. ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTs IN 1865 anv 1866. 377 Taste I. B (continued). 8 z Dry and Wet Thermometers (free). 53 - i Height above 82 Time. Barometer.| sea-level. a3 Dry. Wet. Diff. Dew- point. hm i =°s in, feet. ° ° ° ° 5 50 30 p.m. 27°44 2,157 34'8 342 06 34°2 551 0 ys 27°51 2,088 35°0 34°9 o'r 34°8 552 0 » 27°53 2,068 34°8 34°0 8 32°7 Bue3 2 Ay 27°53 2,068 34°8 34°6 "2 34°3 55s O 29°16 722 Groy OP: 29°16 722 Bk O25; 29°28 oe Oe 0} 29°20 03 oy 29°10 779 (6) 9 4 Os 29°01 865 (7) gI0 0, 29°16 722 giz oo, 28°91 961 92S NO Tas 29°16" 722 914 9 » 29°26 631 lee Suge or 29°31 585 (8) 925 20» 29°55 ground. + 1. 2 3 (1) Moon just p eeped out of cloud. (3) Compelled to use the lamp. (5): Extraordinary wooded country. jand before us. Dry and Wet Thermometers (free). 43°7 43°6 44°0 44°5 45°0 46°5 47° 43°2 49°3 52°5 53°0 53°2 537 53°7 53°7 53°7 53°7 53°9 540 54°0 53°8 53°5 53°7 54°0 538 54°0 53°38 . 53/0 52°7 50°2 4. (2) Can hear a train to the (4) Near Petworth. (6) Began to pack up, being near (7) Sand thrown out. Farm, 5 miles south of Pulborough. Wet. Diff. Dew- point. ° ° ° 34°2 o8 32°9 34°6 "9 33°2 34°5 a) 32°3 34°3 17 31°7 342 2°0 312 34°1 1°8 30°1 33°9 1°7 31°3 Se) 2'0 30°9 33°8 22 30°5 33°5 2°1 30°2 33°5 22 30°1 34°2 2°3 39°9 34°3 2°5 30°8 34°4 24 310 35°1 zr 32°2 35°8 aa 33°9 38-1 o°6 37°3 37°1 I°9 346 372 21 34°4 57% 2°2 | 34°9 37°8 2°9 34°1 37°9 31 34°70 38°0 3°0 34°2 40°5 a0 37°70 40°5 3°2 36°7 40°5 Ant 36°38 40°7 3°3 36°83 410 3°5 36°9 412 3°8 36°6 42°71 4°4 ae 43°0 40 38°5 ae 4°2 40°6 47°8 47 43°0 47°4 56 418 474 58 416 482 5°5 42'8 49°9 3°83 46°2 49°9 3°83 462 49°9 3°8 462 49°9 3°8 462 7 42 45°5 49°3 47 44°7 49°0 48 | 44°3 47°5 62 41° 46-2 78 53°6 450 3-8 364 45°5 | 85 37°72 45°4 o& 84 37°1 45°4 76 37°3 45°3 74 ao a 72 39°5 5. 6. 7. left. the sea; high (8) Came to the ground at Mr, Tickner’s | ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1865 anp 1866. 383. § 4, Avoprep TemprRATURES oF THE AIR, THE WET-BULB, AND THE DEw- pornt IN THREE Battoon AScCENTS. Taste IT. 4—Showing the adopted Reading of the Barometer, calculated Height above the Sea, Temperature of the Air, Temperature of the Wet- bulb Thermometer, and Temperature of the Dew-point, in the Twenty-stxta Ascenr,—October 2, 1865. 5 Reading F . Readin . observa | oFtH | shove the [TEMP ofthe | of the || observes | ofthe’ | atest the |Temp-| ‘fae | ofthe tion, aie ed| level of ae Wet- | Dew- tion. a tee level of | % ni Wet- | Dew- PM. lig ggop,| the sea. bulb, | point. PM, |to goop,| the sea bulb point. hm = s/in feet ° a i /}hm_= s) in, feet ° S ° 5 25 Ogo'co] ...... 612 | 584 | 55:9 || 7 4 of 28°84 ims | 587 | 57°6 | 56°5 Sm 0) goer | ..:.... 59°8 | 56:4 | 53°5 5 0} 28°83 1124 | 587 | 57°6 | 56°5 mee (0) 9q'OR |. 45... 58°38 | 5770 | §5°4 7 0/2884] r1i15 | 586 | 57°6 | 56°7 55 30°01 | «... | 578 | 55°99 | 54°2 9 02884 | 1115 ee 574 - Sy OF 9Q°OT |p aise 57°70 II 0} 29°04 925 50° 574 BG OC} go'or |) .,.... 57°0 12 0/2899 979 | 538°7 : BP, ©} 90°OF | yess 56°5 15 0} 29°04 925 | 582 | 56°38 | 55°5 eR eee ee 56:0 | 55°70 | 54:0 16 0} 29°14 835 15772 | 55°83 | 54°5 22 0} 29°90 107 | 56+ 17 Oj 29°19 79° | 5773 | 55°38 | 54°3 25 0/2899 | 967 | 57+ 18 0 29°34 | 655 |57°5 | 56:2 | 55°0 26 30) 28°81 1139 | 58°2 Ig 0/ 29°04 925 | 582 | 55°6 | 53°2 ; 2I 0} 29°09 880 | 58°38 | 56:9 | 55°2 22 0/2924 | 745 | 582 | 56°38 | 55°5 24 0| 29°16 817 27 0} 2916 | 817 | 58°§ | 565 | 54:7 Bae. PP regsces | 30 029 16 817 | 58°§ | 5770 | 55° 32 0/29°34 | 637 | 580 | 567 | 5575 | 35 92944} 537 | 57°6 | 561 | 54°8 37 29°24 | 737 | 580 | 565 | 55:2 39 9/29°03 | 947 | 58°6 44 0 29°55 519 | 57°2 | 562 | 55°3 46 0] 29°44 618 | 572 | 55:0 } 52°9 48 0 29°39 | 663 | 58:0 | 55°38 | 54°7 50 29°16 802 | 580 | 55:9 | 54°9 52 0} 29°06 898 | 58-7 | 55 0/2894 | To29 | 584 | 56:0 | 53°8 | 58 0/2894 | Io29 | 585 |} - | 8. 0 0/2924 751 | 56°83 | 54°6 | 52°5 2 01 29°44 561 |57°0 4 0) 29°36 637 | 572 | 55°5 | 54°0 TO oO] 29°14 846 | 57°7 12 0 29°36 637 | 569 | 54°5 | 52°3 15 0) 29°09 890 | 57°2 | 55°0 | 53'0 16 0 29°24 756 |57°5 | 54°9 | 52°4 18 0 29°61 403. | 57°3| 56:0 | 54°8 20) Olieerese ground. | 56°0 | 55°6 | 55°2 384 cootv000000t000000+t000000000000000000000"% w w ooooo0°0 oO TWENTY-SEVENTH ASCENT. REPORT—1866. December 2, 1865. Height shore = ae velo . the sea. a feet ° ( 33°38 3 7 Wee 65 | 39°0 fees | p3gie ao 38°5 } \ | 383 320 | 36°6 1410 | 36°2 1485 | 36°2 1504 | 36°2 1504 | 36:2 1598 | 36°3 1316 | 363 1269 | 36:2 1269 | 36°5 1363 | 36°6 1410 | 36°7 1643 | 36°3 1692 | 36°4 1642 | 37°2 1625 | 36°6 1548 1615 | 36°6 1692 | 36°7 1692 | 36°6 1930 | 36°3 2025 | 36°2 2083 | 3670 2121 36°5 1788 | 37°0 1741 | 373 1692 | 37°6 1692 | 37°5 1882 | 37°2 2072 | 3570 2323 «| 342 2522 | 342 2601 | 34°0 2601 | 34°0 2457 | 342 2157 | 34°8 2088 | 35°0 2068 | 34°8 2068 | 34°8 2316 | 34°5 2560 | 32°8 2589 | 32°7 Temp. | Temp. || of the | of the |) Wet- Dew- bulb. | point. 38°0 | 37°0 381 36°9 38'0 | 36°7 38°0 | 36°7 38°0 | 37°4 38-0 | 37°6 362 | 35°7 360 | 35°7 360 | 35°7 362 | 36:2 360 | 35°7 362 | 36:0 36°2 | 36:0 35°83 | 35°3 36°5 | 364 36°6 | 36°5 36:0 | 36°5 35°9 | 352 370 | 36°7 377° 36°6 | 36°6 36°6 | 36°5 36°6 | 36°6 362 | 36°0 360 | 35°7 35°8 | 35°5 36°3 | 360 36°83 | 36°6 37°70 | 36°6 3772 | 367 37:2 | 36°8 372 | 3772 35°2 34° | 33°7 34°2 | 342 34°09 | 340 349 | 34°0 34°2 | 342 342 | 34°2 34°9 | 34°8 340 | 32°7 34°6 | 343 34°3 | 34°0 33°0 32°6 | 32°4 we WON DAH W PY HOM ww 0 Oo) Ob Ono) 0.0) OC. On0n> w 900000000000 000000 000000000 ° o©ooooo0o090 Reading of the Barom. reduced to 32°F, in. 26°98 27°03 27°08 | 26°83 | 26°65 26°63 26°61 26°58 26°53 26°53 26°63 26°38 26°33 26°33 26°43 26°58 26°61 26°65 26°88 2753 26°68 26°08 26:01 25°91 25°38 25°38 25°97 26°13 26°23 26°35 26°35 | 26°13 25°95 25°73 25°71 25°55 25°43 25°15 24°93 25°28 2e88 26°01 26°08 26°43 26°93 27°13 25°13 | above the Height level of the sea. feet. 2589 2541 2492 2736 29°99 2929 2949 2978 3032 3032 2934 3179 3228 3228 3129 2980 2950 2910 2680 2443 2833 3477 3546 3646 3575 3675 3585 3425 3325 3206 3206 3426 3606 3826 3846 4003 4.126 4406 4628 4428 4278 3678 She 3478 3128 2628 2428 Temp. of the bulb. 325 332) 332 330 32°9 327 32°9 317 3%t7 322 330 32°3 32°7 33°5 32°3 29°5 30°0 30°0 30°0 29°9 29°0 28°2 26°2 26°2 26°2 26°5 2672 26'2 26:0 27°2 28°5 290 an6 30°3 315 32°0 at » ® ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1865 anp 1866. 385 Twenty-LicHru Ascrent.—May 29, 1866. i Reading} ye; ht Temp. |'Temp. || Time of {Reading Heig’ m Tem fora. ooh Stale the oe an, of the of the | obserya- i hee eee fee a the of the tion, |), ducea| levelof | 4;.") Wet- | Dew- || _ tion. reduced| Jevelof | 4; "| Wet- | Dew- P.M to 39° F,, the sea bulb. | point. | p.m. to 32° F,| the sea. | bulb. | point hm _ sin. feet. a e 5 h ms sj in. feet. 4 3 ° 6 12 0}29°88 | ground | 580 | s5'0 | 52°3 | 7 20 0/23°76 | 6162 30°§ | 28°5 | 22°8 21 0/23°86 | 6053 | 31°0 | 28:0 | 198 14 30] 29°31 562 15 7°2 le §5°re | 53°2 22 0] 23°91 5998 13175 | 287 | 218 15 0/2856 | 1247 | 55°2 | 53:1 | 51x 23 0123798 | 5922 | 32°0 | 29°5 | 23°7 16 0/2846 | 1340 | 54°7 | 52°5 | 50°3 24 0/23°88 | 603r | 31°8 | 29:2 | 23:0 77) Sa GRP 53°5 | 510 | 48°5 26 oj2411 | 5790 | 318 | 30°0 | 25°8 17 30/28°or | 1782 | 52°5 | 481 | 43°6 27 0) 24°26 | 5617 | 32°2 | 31°5 | 30% 18 0/27°86 | 1929 | 52°5 | 47°71 | 41°6 28 of 24°41 5454 |33°0 | 3172 | 27°6 19 0/27°76 | 2027 | 52°2 | 46°5 | 4o'7 29 0124751 | 5350 |33°0 | 31:2 | 27°6 20 0/27°76 | 2027 | 52°8 | 47°2 | 41°5 30 0/2466 | 5197 | 332 | 310 | 267 2I 0} 27°88 1908 | 52°2 | 47°5 | 42°7 31 0/24°76 | 5078 |34°0 | 31°2 | 2672 21 30) 27°96 1829 | 53°0 | 47°0 | 41°0 32 oO} 24°81 5025 |34°5 | 31°8 | 27°53 21 45|27°96 | 1829 | 52°7 | 47°0 | 412 33 O124°91 | 4919 | 34°5 | 32°2 | 283 22 0/27°77 | 2017 | 52°5 | 47°3 | 42°0 34 0/2528 | 4526 | 35°5 | 33:1 | 294 23 0) 27°56 | 2223 | 50°2 | 450 | 39°5 35 25°37 | 443% | 360 | 34:2 | 31°5 24 0/27°31 | 2469 | 49°2 | 44°8 | goo 37 025758 | 4209 | 362 | 34°7 | 32°3 38 9/25°76 | gorg | 362 | 35°0 | 33°2 27 0/27°06 | 2715 | 48'0 | 44°0 | 39°6 39 0}25°86 | 3918 | 37°71 | 35°83 | 34:0 31 30/26°81 | 2961 | 47°5 | 44°0 | 4o'r 40 0/2616 | 3615 | 38:0 | 36:5 | 3475 32 0/2631 | 2961 |47°2 | agro | 40°4 41 0| 26°31 3463 | 389 | 36-7 | 33°8 33 912668 | 3093 | 46°8 | 44'0 | 4o'9 42 0] 26°51 3261 | 39'2 | 37°70 | 3472 36 0/2661 | 3171 | 47°2 | 43°1 | 38°5 43 0126754 | 3230 | 40°5 | 37°5 | 33°7 37 02651 | 3276 | 48-2 | gar | 35°4 44 0/27°06 | 2716 | 411 | 37°8 | 33°7 39 26°37 | 3418 | 48'9 | 42°0 | 34°5 45 9/2711 | 2669 |4r'1 | 38:0 | 34°1 40 0] 26°31 3481 | 47°2 | 41°5 | 3572 46 0/2711 | 2669 | 42°0 | 38°5 | 34:2 43 0} 26-01 3796 |47°2 | 42°0 | 362 47 0/27°38 2407 |43°5 | goo | 35°8 45 0125796 | 3848 | 462 | 41'5 | 367% 48 0/2746 | 2329 |44°0 | 402 | 35°7 46 o}25°91 | 3900 | 43°6 | goo | 35°38 49 0/27°65 | 2742 | 44°9 | 40°3 | 34°9 47 25°78 | 4036 | 43°5 | 39°3 | 343 50 0/2786 | 1937 | 44°9 | 40°5 | 35°4 48 0/25°56 | 4264 | 43:2 | 39°8 | 35°8 51 0} 27°98 1821 |45°0 | 4o'g | 36:2 O}25°51 | 4316 | 43°5 | 4o°o | 35°9 52 0) 28°36 | 1457 | 462 | 42:0 | 37°72 0} 25°46 | 4368 | 43°3 | 4or2 | 36'5 53 0 2843 | 1393 |47°0 | 422 | 368 0}25°38 | 4447 | 43°2 | gor | 364 54 0/2846 | 1365 | 48:0 | 4275 | 36-4 9} 25°26 | 4572 | 41°5 | 39°5 | 37°0 59 0/2851 | 1318 | 48:0 | q2°5 | 364 0) 25°16 | 4675 | 39°0 | 39°0 | 39°0 59 30] were | eevee 482 | 43°2 | 37°7 0} 25°21 | 4623 |39°5 | 39°70 | 384 || 8 o o| 28°81 103I | 482 | 43°2 | 37°7 0)}25°36 | 4467 |40°5 | 387 | 3573 I 0 28°38 960 | 48°3 | 43°93 | 37°38 ©2541 | 4415 | 40°9 | 382 | 34°7 3 02891 | 939 | 483 | 43°3 | 37°8 © 25°43 | 4394 |41°0 | 381 | 34°4 4 © 29°01 847 | 49°0 | 44°5 | 40°6 3) cree aa 39°2 | 3775. |. 3593 5 © 29°06 Sor |49°5 | 44°5 | 397% O}24°91 | 4934 |38°0 | 36°5 | 34°5 6 © 29°21 663 | 51°2 | 46:0 | 40°6 0) 24°77 | 5078 | 372 | 361 | 34°6 7 © 29:22 654 |51:2 | 460 | 40°6 ° 24°67 | 5182 |37°2 | 35°0 | 32°2 8 0 29°22 654 | 512 | 46:0 | 40°6 O}24°41 | 5469 | 35°0 | 34°5 | 33°7 9 92941 | 479 | 54:0 | 47°83 | 41-7 01 24°40 | 5480 | 34°5 | 34°0 | 33°2 IO 0) 28°74 | IIIO | 52:0 | 465 | 40°9 0/2416 | 5739 | 35° | 34°5 | 33°7 Ir 0 2846 | 1379 | 510 | 462 | 41-2 0} 24°16 | 5739 |35:2 | 34:1 | 32°4 Iz 0 28:26 1571 | 50's | a5°5 | 4072 9) 24°14.) 5760 | 35°0 | 34° | 32°7 13,0 27°88 | 1958 | 4or | 4q*r | 38-7 0) 24°14 | 5760 | 35°2 | 33°6 | 31-2 14 0/27°46 | 2362 | 48-2 | 43°7 | 38°8 Oj 24°21 | 5673 | 35°7 | 33°7 | 30°7 15 0 2701 | 2795 |47°0 | 43°0 | 38°5 0} 24°36 | 5489 | 36'0 | 33°5 | 29°8 15 30/26°66 | 3152 | 44:2 | 41-8 | 39:0 0} 24°11 5778 |31°8 | 3070 | 25°8 16 0/2628 | 3540 | 43°5 | 40'8 | 37°6 © 24°06 5832 |31'0 | 30°0 | 27°3 16 30 26:06 | 3761 |42°2 | 4075 | 38°4 ©}23°91 | 5999 | 30° | 2971 | 2571 17 0 25°37 | 3952 |41'0 | 4o°9 | 408 0} 23°76 | 6162 |29°5 | 28:0 | 23°0 17 30/25°64| 4197 | 39°38 | 38:2 | 361 0) 23°61 6325 | 29°5 | 28°0 | 2370 17 4512545 | 4388 |39:1 | 38:0 | 36°6 23°66 | 6271 | 30°0 | 28-3 | 23:0 18 0 25°27 | 4579 | 38:9 38'2 | 37°3 1366, 2c 886 REPORT—1866. Twenry-ErGHTH Ascent.—May 29, 1866 (continued). rime of Reading! preight | Temp. | Temp. || Time of |R¢ading| Height Temp. | Temp. observa- ehte seer the Temp. of the of the ihigers- pene shore the pe of the of the tion. | reduce d level of in, | Wet- Dew- tion. een cea level of | “ai. Wet- Dew- P.M. lt 99° F, the sea. * | bulb. | point. P.M- lig 30° F. the sea. * | bulb. | point. hm = s| in. i feet. 5 S 5 hm _ =°s| in. feet. ° ° ° 8 18 15|25'08 | 4778 |38'9 | 385 | 38° || 8 39 © 26°01 3801 |39°0 | 371 | 34°6 18 30/24°88 | 4990 | 38'9 | 38°5 | 38°0 40 0/2616 | 3646 |39°3 | 372 | 344 18 45|24°74.| 5143 |38°9 | 38°5 | 380 40 30} 2621 | 3595 | 40°0 | 37°8 | 349 19 0} 24°56 | 5339 |38°9 | 385 | 38°0 41 o}264r | 3391 | 40°7 | 37°8 | 342 19 15} 24°38 | 5533 |38°5 | 384 | 383 41 30\26744 | 3361 |4ro | 37°9 | 34°0 19 30|24°28 | 5642 |38°0 | 383 | 3870 42 0} 26°48 3321 |41'0 | 380 | 342 19 45|23°96 | 5979 |34°5 | 342 | 337 43 0/2676 | 3041 | 43°5 | 40°5 | 37° 20 0/2376 | 6197 |33°5 | 33°3 | 33°° 43 30[2681 | 2991 |43°7 | 405 | 367 20 15|23°66 | 6317 |33°6 | 334 | 332 44 0|26°83 | 2971 |43°6 | 40°5 | 36°8 20 30123764 | 6341 | 34°0 | 34°0 | 34°0 45 026798 | 2823 | 44°0 | 40°7 | 36°8 20 45|23°64 | 6341 |34°5 | 34°5 | 34°5 46 o|27°38 | 2427 |44°5 | 410 | 369 21 0/2364 | 6341 | 34°6 | 34°5 | 34°4 46 30|27°71 | 2104 |45°0 | 41°2 | 36°6 21 15) 23°61 6377. | 35°09 | 34°9 | 34°8 47 0} 28°01 1810 |46°5 | 421 | 37°1 21 30/23°58 | 6413 | 35°1 | 34°9 | 34°6 48 of 28°08 | 1743 | 47°0 | 43°0 | 38°5 21 45/2363 | 6356 |35°2 | 35°0 | 34°5 48 30/2844 | 1397 | 482 22 15/2377 | 6198 | 35:9 | 35°3 | 344 49 0/2868 | 1186 | 49°3 | 4571 | 40°6 22 30] 23°78 6186 |35°9 | 35°53 | 3474 50 0) 28-91 967 |52°5 | 478 | 430 22 45/23°91 | 6039 |35°9 | 35°3 | 34°4 51 of2gor | 872 | 53:0 | 47°4 | 418 23 0123796 | 5982 |35°9 | 35°3 | 34°4 52 0} 29°08 802 | 532 | 47°4 | 416 23 15|24°04 | 5892 |35°5 | 35°2 | 34°7 53 ol2g16 | 722 | 53:7 | 482 | 42°8 23 30/24'04 | 5892 |35°0 | 34°2 | 32°9 54 0} 29°16 722 |53°7 | 49°99 | 462 23 45|23°94 | 6005 |35°5 | 34°6 | 33°2 55 of2g16 | 722 | 53:7 | 49°9 | 462 24 0/23°88 | 6073 |36°0 | 34°5 | 32°3 56 of29'16 722 |53°7 | 49°9 | 462 25 0/23°86 | 6096 | 36:0 | 34°3 | 31°7 57 O}29716 722 |53°7 | 49°99 | 462 26 0/2386 | 6096 | 362 | 34°2 | 312 || ' 58 of2zg16 722 1539 | 49°7 | 45°5 27 0/23°88 | 6073 |35°9 | 341 | 30% « 59. 02916 722 | 54:0 28 0| 23°78 6136 |35°6 | 33°9 | 31°3 || 9 © 9) 29716 722 |5§4°0 | 49°3 | 44°7 29 0/23°84 | 6118 | 3579 | 33°99 | 3°°9 I 0} 29°28 608 | 53°38 | 49°O | 44°3 | | 30 0|23°88 | 6073 36°0 | 33°38 | 30°5 || 2 0} 29°20 684 | 53°5 Br al2eo6"| 45875 1356 | 45.5 | 30'2 ees | OT epttO 779 |53°7 | 475 | 40 gz of 24°19 |) 5733 1357 | 33°55 | 3°72 4 0} 29°01 865 | 540 | 46-2 | 58°6 33 0/24°38 | 5528 | 36°5 | 34:2 | 30°9 10 oj 29°16 722 |53°8 | 45°0 | 364 34 o245r | 5388 |368 | 34°3 | 30°8 12 [28°91 | 961 | 54°0 | 45°5 | 37°2 35 0/2486 | 5010 | 36°8 | 34°4 | 31°0 13 of2g16 | 724 | 53°83 | 45°4 | 37° 36 ol2sizr | 4740 |37°2 | 35°2 | 32°2 14 0/29'26 | 631 | 53°0 | 454 | 37°8 37 0(25°46 | 4362 |372 | 35°8 | 33°9 15" 0/293" 585 | 52°7 | 45°3 | 37°9 38 of25°78 | 4036 | 387 | 38% | 37°3 25 0/29°55 | ground | 50°2 | 45°0 | 39°5 The readings of temperature in the preceding Tables were formed in small groups, including observations which had been taken in quick succession, or at about the same distance from the earth, or when the balloon had passed upwards and downwards through the same space within a few minutes ; as, for example, on May 29, between 6" 17" and 6" 22™ ea ee Height. Temperature. Dew-point. feet. . < at 6 17 30 1782 52°5 43:6 at 618 0 1929 52°5 41°6 at 6 19 0 2027 52:2 40°7 at 6 20 0 2027 52'8 41:5 at 6 21 0 1908 52:2 42-7 at 6 21 30 1829 53:0 41:0 at 6 21 45 1829 52°7 41:2 at 6 22 0 2017 52°5 42:0 —_ —_——_ —— Mean otto sree 1917 52°6 41°8 j 2 ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS in 1865 AND 1866. 387 These mean values at the mean height were laid down on a diagram; all these points were joined, and a curved line was drawn through, or near them, so that the areas of the space between the original and the adopted lines on one side were equal to those of the spaces on the other side. The curve thus formed was assumed to be the curve of temperature freed from local disturbance, and that it was assumed that the deviations of the original curve indicated the places and the amount of disturbance. The next step was reading from these curves the temperature at every 100 feet, and in this way the next Tables were formed. The numbers in the first column show the height in feet, beginning from the ground and increasing upwards ; the numbers in the second column show the interval of time in ascending to the highest point ; the notes in the third column show the circumstances of the observations ; the numbers in the fourth and fifth columns, the observations and the approximate true temperatures of the air, and those in the next column the difference between the two preceding columns, or the most probable effect of local disturbing causes. The next group of columns are arranged similarly for the descent, and the other groups, on May 29, for the second ascent and second descent. Taste III.—Showing the Temperature of the Air, as read off the curve drawn through the observed temperatures, and as read off the curve of most probable normal temperatures, called adopted temperatures, and the calculated amount of disturbance from the assumed law of decrease of temperature. TwENTY-sixtH ASCENT. Temperature of the Air. 1865. Ascending. Descending. October 2nd. Height, in feet, Caleu- Calcu- shove dhe mean [Between|ciseum-| Ob-, [Adopted], fated. |Beteeniczeum-| OP-, [Adopted ated, tai times. |S@nces- temp. temP- Idisturb- || times. | S*@7Ce* temp. * |disturb- ance. ance. ° fe} °o ° ° oO 2000 5 59°38 | 59°8 oo 59°8 | 59°8 (ore) 1900 594 | 595 |— OF 59°6 | 59°6 "0 1800 59a0 15953) [7 eQiz2 5914 | 59° S.atee Ole 1700 59'O | 59m [eo 59°3: |, 59°40 ie One 1600 FI 589 | 58°9 oro by 592 | 593 |— OF 1500 S, §8°6 | 58:7 |— on 3 59°0 | 59°2 |— o'2 1400 z _ | 582 | 585 |— 04] B 59°0 | 5970 oro 1300 wy =| 58:2 | 583 |— o7 oy 58°9 | 58°9 fohfe) 1200 re = 583 | 581 |+ o2]) & oy 58°83 | 587 jt oF 3 isty 1100 e af 583 | 580 |+ 0 pale 58°7 | 586 |+ or 1000 q © | 582 | 57:7 |+ 0% B 58°5 | 58'5 oro goo P w& | 577 | 57°5 jt oz} © 53°3 | 58°3 oro 800 8 S74 | 574 o'o og 57°38 | 582 |+ o4 700 ee 572, b Raa o"o 8 57°7 | 58:0 |+ 03 600 g 57°0 | 57°0 oro z 574 | 57°38 |+ 04 500 2 56°38 | 56°8 oo|| Z 57°3 | 57°5 |+ o2 400 & 56°7 | 56°7 foMe) Pp 5rd ses fore) 300 56°5 | 56°5 foe) 57°09 | 57°0 fohe) 200 5693. |) 3654 o'o 56:7 | 56:7 o'0 100 561 | 56x oo 56:4. | 564 oo ° 560 | 55°38 |+ or2 560 | 56°0 oo _ ‘The temperature of the air was the lowest on the ground, and increased, with elevation, to the height of 2000 feet, the highest point attained ; and on the descent it decreased with decrease of elevation, and was the lowest on ching the ground. s 26/2 | | 388 REPORT—1866. Taste IIT. (continued). TWENTY-SEVENTH ASCENT. Temperature of the Air. ee vr Ascending. | Descending. Height, in fects Caleu- || Calcu- above the mean |petween) .. Ob- lated | Between! _: Ob- lated level of the sea. at |Circum- : Adopted | Cireum- a Adopted med stances, mee temp. pies | eee stances. piss temp. red ance. I ance. rer hi a | ° ° ° | ° ° 4600 27°2 | 27°2 9°0 || t 27:2 | 2722 oro 4500 ae Vee ee oo || 27°2 | 27°74 | —o'2 4400 I he a ey > foe) 27°3 | 27°5 | —o'2 4.300 7 A2 272, 070 || Very 27% | 27°77 | —o'1 4200 27°2 || 2772 foe) cloudy | 27°9 | 27°9 o’o 4100 27°3 | 27°3 loo) above, ae ae [oxe) 000 27° 27°5 fee) 28°4 | 20°5 —O ees oe 27°38 | —o'1 28°6 | 28°7 | —o'7r 3800 28°3 | 284 | —o1 28°8 | 2970 | —o'2 3700 29°70 | 29°0 role) 29°3 | 29°3 o'o 3600 Cold to | 296 | 29°6 fone) 29°7 | 29°7 o"o 3500 sense, | 30°0 | 30°2 | —o'2 30°5 | 30.0 | +o 3400 30°8 | 30°8 rode) 30°6 | 30°3 | +073 3300 314 | 31°6 | —or2 30°7 | 30°5 | +072 3200 ‘ 32°3 | 32°2 | ou 30°9 | 30°9 oro 3100 | 33°2 | 32°6 | +06) & 41°21) sare o'o 3000 Lam 33°71 | 32°8 | +03 S 314 | 304 [oXe) 2900 Ss 33°70 | 33°0 [oe) a 316 | 31°6 love) 2800 g 33°0 | 33°2 | —o2 = 318 | 31°8 oo 2700 EA 33°5 | 334 | tor|| & 32°0 | 3270 |. oo 2600 So Igaamet CEO | S35 O|| us 32°3 | 32°3 oro 2.500 & | below. | 33:5 | 338 | —o3|| @ 24 | 32° | —or2 2400 : 34°0 | 341 | —orl| 3 ra 2300 es 34°6 | 34°5 | tor] EB leuishea, 22,00 es 35°5 | 35° | +o5|| = 2100 ra 35°6 | 35°5 | +o7 = 2000 = | Very | 35° | 360 | —o4] 4 1900 mi cloudy ;} 37°0 | 36°99 | -+-orr a 1800 B ark B72, aia oo|| 3 1700 Fa visible. 36'9 36°9 o'o || 5 1600 36°5 | 366 | —o'1 1500 362 | 364 | —o'2 1400 3671 | 362 | —orr 1300 3672 11 3672 o'0 || 1200 36:2 | 36:2 oo | 1100 36:2 | 362 foMye) 1000 36°3 | 3673 o'o | goo 36°3 | 36%3 o°0 | 800 | 364. | 36:4.| .0r0|| 700 | 364 | 364 oo | 600 36°5 | 36°5 oo || 500 | 36°5 365 | oo} | 00 pea NE hey 3675 |; .0'0 || | ae Misty all] 55-2 368 aii 200 round. | 35-7 | 371 oo | | 100 37°6 | 37°6 oO | ° 38°5 | 385 oro | The temperature decreased from 38°:5 on the ground to 36°-6 at the height of 300 feet ; was then yery nearly stationary to the height of 1500 feet, de- ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1865 AND 1866. 389 _ creasing to 36°-1 at this elevation ; it then increased to 37°2 at the height of 1800 feet, the sky being cloudy as ‘seen from here, and the air was misty. In the next 100 feet the temperature declined 0°'2, and as much as 1°4 in the succeeding 100 feet ; the temperature then declined slowly to 34° at 2600 feet, the clouds being at a lower elevation: the decline of temperature continued to the height of 40C0 feet, where it was 273°, and there was very little change in the next 600 feet. On descending, the femperature slowly and steadily increased to 32°-4 at the height of 2500 feet, when the light was accidentally extinguished, and no more observations could be made. Tasre IIT. (continued). TWENTY-EIGHTH ASCENT. ‘ ‘Temperature ot the ree 58 366. Ascending. Descending. | a aes ae Ce Rial ) : 3 | Height, infect, ' Al H oo i | ‘ Pees | above the mean Between) oj -.ym- |Adopted ated | Between Cireum-| ©-, |Adoptea| J2te Herel thenes| bat fatences| SIP | temp. (ae of | Wht [tances Sete | temp. lege of . ance. || ance. rr Sa ae o_O q 6 | oO ° } ° I ° ° ° ‘ 4.00 || 7 6300 | 6200 29°8 | 29°8 o'o | 30'2 | 3o°0 | +o'2 6100 | 30°2 | 30° | —o%4 30°8 | 30°5 | +03 6000 | 30°5 | 31°4 | —o'9 || 314 | 30°38 | +06 5900 30°8 | 32°3 —1°5 31°6 | 31°3 | +03 5800 | 31°4 | 3370 | —1°6) | 31°38 | 316 | +o - 5700 1352 | 34f0° |! p32 I 32°0 | 32°0 [oKe) 5600 | 35% | 345 | +0'7|| 324 | 32°4 oro 5500 | 35°2 | 350 | +o2 3226))'|'32°6 (ore) “54.00 d | 35°6 | 35°6 oro} 3370 | 33°0 oro 5300 a, 36°3 | 363 | ool § 334 | 334 | ofo 5200 Fy | 3679 | 369 o70}/ Gy Sue |e Soe7 foe} 5100 r 1375 | 376-| om] (| @ lao tl aaomhn Ga 5000 a | 38:0 | 38% | —or'r| eg 2 34°3 | 34°3 o’o 4900 3 ass A8e a2 | ees = | 346 | 34°6 oro 4800 = | 3a | 39%) | O38) a Sb aee S49 oro 4700 5 | 39°5 | 399 | -O4]) & a oma (ee oro 4600 oe 40'2 | 406 | —o%4|| © H | 35°5 | 35°5 oro 4.500 a : 41°2 | 41'2 oo || = 2, 35-7 thor (oxo) 4400 z Muty..| 420 | 418 | +o] ‘9, 4 36°0 | 360 oro 4300 i ee | 42:6 |) 4233--| Fors] 36°2 | 364 | —o'2 4200 A 43°3 | 43°0 | +03!) 36°3 | 36-7 | —o%4 4100 = | 43°7 | 43°5 | -or2|) * 36°5 | 37°0 | —0'5 4000 | 44°5 | 440 | +0'5 | 36°7 | 373 | —o6 3900 (452 | 44°5 | +0°7 | 37} e379 Pai 3800 466 | 45:0 | +16 374 | 379 | —9O'5 3700 | 46°83 | 45°6 | --1°2 37°38 |. 38°3° 1 —o'5 3600 | 47'0 46:0 | +1°0 | 38'2 | 386 | —0o4 3500 |Bluesky| 47° 465 | +0'7| 38°5 | 389 | —0%4 3400 | above. | 48°7 | 46°99 | +1°8 | 391 | 39°3 | —O2 3300 Sun | 48°3 | 47°3 | +10) 39°6 | 39°5 | +ox 3200 (pone 475 | 47°5 o°0 | 40°0 | 39°99 | +o'L 3100 "| 467 | 480 | —1°3) 40°3 | 40°2 | +0'1 3000 47°. | 484 | —1°3 40°6 | 40°6 o°o 2900 47°5 | 487 | —1'2 40°7 | 40°7 orc 2800 47°77 | 491 | —1'4 Aten Ars o'c 2700 480 | 49°6 | —1°6 414 | 41°5 | —o'x 8390 REPORT—1866. Taste IIT. (continued). Twenty-rEIcHTH Ascent (continued). Temperature of the Air. 1866. Ascending. Descending. May 29(con.). Heigh iin te Between|q:oym-| O-, | Ado pted tase, Between) o: oum- Ob- Jag opted con level ofthe sea.| what lstancen| Sted “temp, jfetet | what Istances, zr | temp. |e ance. ance. ° fe) ° ° ° ° 2600 48°5 | 50°0 | —1°5 42'°0 | 41°99 | +01 2500 48°9 |-50°3 | —1°4 42°6 | 42°5 | -o'r 2400 493 | 507 | —14 43°4 | 42°8 | +0°6 2308) OEE SS ie ie 441 | 43°3 | +08 2200 fos fegt ss | 76 44°3 | 43°83 | +0'5 2100 Fa 51°3 | 51°99 | —o'6 44°5 | 44°3 | +02 2000 Bs 52°70 | 5273 | —O3]] by 44°8 | 44°5 | +03 1900 Z pe aad | ool] ¢ 45°0 | 45°0 oo 1800 a fat 5) Saad, “COV & a | 45:3 | 45°3 o"0 1700 a 535 5305 oro|] @ | 457 | 45°7 oro 1600 e jaca fos kes oo as S 462 | 46-2 oo 1500 5 54°3 | 54°3 o'o 3 =, | 46°6 | 46°6 oo 14.00 A 54°6 | 54:6 oo]! s 4 | 471 | Are o'o 1300 a 55:0 | 55°0 ool] B @ | 47°6 | 47°6 oro 1200 ce 55-3 1.5573 oo|| B | 47°38 | 48:0 | —o2 1100 = Sat: 35-5 0°0|) pw, | 482 | 485 | —0-4 1000 a) 55°38 | 55°38 oO] & 4 48°3 | 49°90 | —0O'7 goo | 56°2 | 56°2 foe) 3 48°38 | 49°55 | —0O'7 800 z 564 | 564 | ool 49°5 | 50° | —0'5 mee ee 56:7 | 56-7 oo || & 50°7 | 50°5 | +02 600 57:0 | 57°0 loo) 518 | 51to | +0°8 500 B73, | Sys | Or 53°6 | 518 | +1°8 400 57°75 | 57°6 | —ovr : 300 57°6 | 57°83 | —or2 BIS 57°8 | 58:2 | —o4 100 57°99 | 585 | —0o°6 ° 58'0 | 588 | —o8 pe 35°2 | 35°2 oro 35°2 | 35 sam 300 ‘ 34°31) 354 | —ir2 Mi 352" Saree apiece page dafSenbly) gase | ges) | = theland;| 35°5 | 35°5 | 0% 6100 q ana 341 | 35°77) | —x6 = | cannot 35°7 | 35°6 | +o7 6000 S 34°6 36'0 —1%4 g see far. 35°8 358 oo 5900 2 35°4 | 363 | —0'9|| 35°6 | 36:0 | —o4 5800 PI 36 | 366 | —o4 S 35°6 | 361 | —o'5 5700 re 370 | 368 | +02 % 358 | 36:2 | —o4 5600 4, 37°38 | 370 | +03] w 361 | 363 | —o-2 5500 2 38°3 | 3773 | trol & 36°3 | 365 | —o'2 54.00 4 38°5 | 37°77 | to8] SB 36°5 | 366 | —orr 5300 a 38°6 | 37°99 | to7|| EF 36-7 | 367 | or 5200 onl 38°7 | 382 | +05 a 36°8 | 36°8 o'o 5100 a 38°38 | 385 | +03 Noe 369 | 3770 | —o'l sslele a 390 | 388 | +o2! 4 37 Osha eo 4900 3 39°70 | 39°° oro || %E 37°0 | 3774 | —0%4 4800 5 390 | 394 | —O4! 37:0 3775S ey 4700 ca 391 | 39°77 | —0°6] & 371 | 37°7 | =o6 4600 39°71 | 40°0 | —o'9 a) 372 | 380 | —o8 4500 392 | 404 | —12) 374 | 383 | —o'9 4400 39'2-| 407 | —1'5| | 37°6 | 384 | —o8 dete ay ‘ a ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1865 anp 1866. 391 Taste IIT. (continued). TweEnty-rIGHTH AscENT (continued). Temperature of the Air. 1866, ; 3 May 29 (c on). Ascending. Descending. he Feet, | Calcu- || Caleu above the mean = 4 level of the sea. |Between) Giroym-| Ob-. | Adopted! lated _| Between| (; -|-Ob- | | Adopted) lated qiiat | stances) forme’ | temp. |Site cimen. | Mane) feroge | temp. |Get ance. ance, ° ° ° ° ° ° 2905 ii42 Onde 5 37°8 | 386 | —o8 40.0 | 412 | —1°2 382 | 38°83 | —o6 40°5 | 41°5 | —1°0 384 | 391 | —O'7 410 | 418 | —o'8 38°6 | 39°3 | —O'7 41°5 | 42°2 | —o'7 389 | 39°5 | —0'6 42°0 | 42°5 | —o'5 392 | 39°7 | —9o'5 42°5 | 42°8 | —0%3 39°5 | 40.0 | —0'5 42°9 | 43°1 | —o'2 39°99 | 40°2 | —073 43°4 | 43°5 | —o1 40°4 | 40°5 | —o'r 43°38 | 43°38 foe) 40°7 | 40°7 oo 44°3 | 44°3 fohzfe) 417 | 41:0 | --owm 44°7 | 44°5 | +o" arg | 41'4 | +0'5 452 | 447 | +0'5 42°77 | 417 | +10 45°6 | 451 | +0'5 43°4 | 420 | +14 ; 460 | 45°5 | +0°5 43°9 | 42% | +1'5 5 46°3 | 45°99 | +o'%4]| 44x | 427 | +14 2 468 (43 | al ig 44°3/ 431 | +12 a 47°0 | 46-7 | +03]} © 44°5 | 43°5 | +1'0 cm 47°5 | 47° | +05 = 44°38 | 43°38 | +1'0 a 478 | 474 | +04); § 450 | 44°2 | +08 & 48° | 4777 | +04 3 45°3 | 44°6 | +o'7 s 485 | 48:2 | +03] 3 455 | 451 | +04 2 48°7 | 485 | to2) = 45°6 | 45°5 | +or1 2 49° | 489 | +o2]| © 460 | 460 | +o0'0 =) © 5 7 Z 49°4 | 493 | +o1 = 464 | 464 o'o oe 49°77 | 49°6 | +o1]/ & 46°83 | 46°8 o'o es goo | 49°79 | +o7 5 A472 | 47°2 oe) qd 50°3 50°3 oo tS 47°5 | 47°5 oo 2 50°6 | 50°6 oo 5B 48'0 | 480 o'o FH 510 | 51°0 00 48°3 | 48°3 o'o 514 | 514 o'0 48°7 | 48°7 oo 519 | 517 "0 49°5 | 49°0 | +0°5 52°70 |. §2°0 o'o 507 1495 | +12 52°3 | 52°3 oo 5179 | 50°0 | +1°9 52°7 | 52°7 oo 53°0 | 50°5 | +2°5 53°0 | 53°0 foe) 53°6 | 5170 | +2°6 53°4 | 53°4 oro 53°38 | 514 | +2"4 53°5 | 53°5 oro 53°09 | 519 | +17 5470 | 54°0 oro 52°5 521 51°6 To a 50°6 | 5°r > — + tae oe) ee vn oe 392 REPORT—1866. The temperature of the air declined from 55°-0 on the ground to 52° at 2000 feet, and somewhat more rapidly to 46°-7 at 3000 feet; it increased to 48°-7, or by 2° in the next 400 feet, and then gradually declined to 29°8 at the height of 6200 feet. On descending, the temperature increased gradually to 48°-3 at 1000 feet, and then much more rapidly to 55°-6 at the height of 500 feet: this rapid increase was remarkable. On turning to ascend the sun having set, the temperature declined pretty equally to the height of 4000 feet, and at greater heights, with somewhat less regularity, to 34° at 6000 feet, when the temperature increased to 35°3 at the height of 6400 feet: this increase was very remarkable. On descending again, the temperature inereased with moderate regularity to 48°°7 at the height of 1300 feet, and then with much greater rapidity to 53°°8 at the height of 600 feet, when the increase was arrested, and the temperature at lower elevations rapidly declined, on approaching the earth, to 50°1. This decline of temperature from 600 feet is remarkable. By comparing the readings at the same heights before and after sunset, it wili be scen that at the height of GU0O fect, the temperature was from 5° to 6° warmer after stnsct than it was before sunset, and that the temperatures on the ground, and at 1000 feet high, were nearly the same, whilst at intermediate heights they were much higher, Taste VI.—Showing the Decrease of Temperature with every increase of 100 fect up to 6400 feet. : - } } | | Oct. 2, 1865. Dec. 2, 1865. || May 29, 1866. | pores vk 2! eae se E | State of the Sky. Height, Se ; ate of the Sky in fect, I] | above the Cl | | level of xy i} Cloudy. Partially clear and cloudy. the sea. = tb 3 to | - to | « yeaa 3) I to g to | = th s Ef are 5 a Wess | Sao 3 ee ee a FS Gs) = bam ets rs 3 5 a |g e738 8 | Se Fr T 3 ap a | eat ae ra) 3 % é rom oO < A < Aiea A < A feet feet. A 5 A 6 i ° ° ° = 6300 6400 {| “beds . o'2 o'r 6200 6300 eae ol Weer 6100 6200 | og O's o'2 ol | 6000 6100 | og o'3 o3 o'2 5900 6000 o"9 O°5 0°%3 o'2 5800 5900 | As | mow, 03 o3 ol 5700 5800 | | Tio ||. o4 tore Semeonr 5600 5700 / 12 “O55 Oo“) oO Boe 5500 5600 | "os: | opi og Bites 5400 5500 . 06 04 | o% ol 5300 5400 o5 Bes ode wea o'7 o'4 o'2 ol 5200 5300 =e Spe |e rot al| 2 O10 03's FOR ol 5100 5200 ae SENG | leant | ony 03 | 03 o'2 5000 5100 a oll 0% |“ ORaH) som o'2 4900 5000 «>|: 06k) S030 tow o'2 4820 4900 |] 06 0°3 o4 | oO: 4720 4800 | o°6 03 03 o'2 4600 4-700 | O77 f- O80} Of 0°73 4500 J 4.600 | | | oo o2 || 0°6 o'2 o'74 03 | ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1865 AND 1866. 393 Taste VI. (continued). Oct. 2, 1865. . Dec. 2, 1865. May 29, 1866, | i} : State of the Sky. Height, 2 in feet, | above the | | level of Clear. | Cloudy. | Partially clear and cloudy. the sea. | a me rates ae | ence he | & tb E ae: ee eS £ = as) | oe! | = | — cs =] cs | SB] 21. tele] eye 5 2 3 2 5 z 3 2 From To 4 A 4 A 4 a < a | feet. feet. ° ° ° ° ° PAT) ° | 4400 4500 eee see lous) ol oO o*3, «| O35 Onis ! | 4300 4400 sag die fohze) o°2 O'5 Ona G73 o'2. | 4200 4300 eee ee loee) o'2 or7 03 | Oo” oz | 4100 4200 aa ee or 0°3 76/4)" OM4n oy o%3 | 4c00 4.100 ev eehail hag 2 03 O's 0°3 0% oz 3900 4000 ree ary 03 O°2 |} 0°5 o"4. o'4 o'2 3800 | 3900 or ore 0°6 O°3 | 0°5 o'2 03 o'2 3700 3800 | «.. “icte 06 o'3 jf 06 O'4 0°3 0°3 3600 3700 at: Sot 0°6 o4 o"4. 03 0°73 o'2 3500 | - 3600 sc " 06 o°%3 O°5 o°%3 O74 0°%3 34.00 3500 vee eee 0°6 0°3 || *0"%4. o'4 03 o2 3300 34.00 see eee 08 o2 o'-4 o'2 0°5 0°%3 32c0 3300 tee an 0°6 o'4 o'2 o""4 o'2 o'4 3100 | 3200 ore Se O"4 oe Hl | ake 043 o"2 03 3000 3100 See ma or2 O72 || 04 o'4 o4 03 2900 3000 be a o'2 o'2 03 ol o'4 o4 2800 2900 one ove} ee O72, o'2 o4 O74 o4 03 2700 2800 eee aq or2 oz O°5 o'4 o'4 o'4 2600 2700 a fe ol o°3 || 04 o'4 o'4 04 2500 2600 oo iw 03 03 «|| 03 0°6 0°%3 03 2400 2500 ce ore 03 oe || Oak 03 oO} oh 2300 2400 Pers see o%4 cea | eee: 3 0°5 o%3 "4. 2200 2.300 oes oe O's oes o4 o's o°5 O'5 2100 2200 7 sss 0°5 o'4 O's 03 03 2000 2100 ee 0 O's o4 o"2 o'4 o°5 1900 2000 ee ae o’9 | | o% O'S O74 O'4 1800 1900 |—O'2 |--o'r ||—o0'%3 o"4 03 O73 O74 1700 1800 |—o'2 |—o'1 ||—0%3 o'4 o'4 o'3 o'4 1600 1700 |—o'2 |—o'r ||—o73 0% o'5 o'4 o3 1500 16090 |—0o'2 |—o'r ||—o'2 see |] 0°5 o"4 0°3 o'5 1400 1500 |—0'2 |—o'2 |i—o'2 03 o'5 o'4 0°3 1300 1400 |—o'2 |—o'r |f oto o4 o°5 o4 O74 1200 1300. |—0'2 |=o72 co 03 o'4 03 0°%3 1100 1200 |--o'r |—o'Z oo o'2 o°5 0°3 o's 1000 1100 |—0o'3 |—o'x o'r o'%3 o'5 03 o'5 goo 1000 |—o'2 |—o'2 robe) o4 o°5 o'4 O'5 800 900.) |—Ofn- | ork o'l | o'2 o's 0°%3 0°5 yfele) 800 |—o'2 |—o'2 [oXe) O73 o's o'"4 O74 600 700 |—o'2 |—o'2 o'r 0°%3 o'5 o'l O'S 500 600 |—o'2 |—0%3 o'o o'4 o°8 0°5 O74 400 500 |—o'r |—o'2 o"0 o'2 oo 03 300 400 |—o'2 |—0'3 o'r o2 : o"4 200 300 |—o'2 |—0%3 O'5 O74 o's 100 200 |—o'2 |—0'3 || 0'5 || 03 O's§ O | 100° }-0'3' |= 04 o'9 0°%3 ; | os 394 REPORT— 1866. Taste VII.—Showing the Variation of the Hygrometric condition of the Air at every 100 feet of height. TweEnty-stxTH ASCENT. Humidity of the Air. 1865. Ascending. Descending. October 2. (== Height, in feet, » T ‘ Teerce toa agen Pete circum-patae a EstG| “Gt Pen circum, |aare ol reef oh times. | Stances- ee ap vapour on times. | Stances. the dew- vapour. a q in i in. 2000 GSO lok wae. 94 1900 S77 | 477°) 94 57°8 | ‘479 | 92 1800 57°6 | 475 | 95 576 | 475 | 93 1700 573 | 47° | 95 57°5 | 473 | 93 1600 | 572 | 467 | 94 ta} 57°5 | 473 | 94 1500 a 570 | 465 | 94 S 57°4 | “472 | 95 1400 & _ | 569 | 464 | 96 5 5771 | 467 | 94 1300 mY BP 1 565 | 457 | 94 > 569 | 464 | 94 1200 & 2 1 55°99 | 447 | 93 4 Misty 567 | “461 93 fo} Cj 1100 a | | 554 | 89 | 9° [og and very! sss | “44 % 1000 a | af | 554 | 439 | 9° B 539 | 4x6 | > goo 5, z= 56°0 | "449 92 3 54°6 | °427 86 800 a B | 561 | 451 | 94 % 54°4 | 424 | 86 700 3 ® | 55°38 | 446 | 95 S 543 | 422 | 86 600 g 55°5 | 441 | 94 B 54°5 | “425 | 88 500 3 553 | 437 | 94 || 3 550 | 433 | 91 400 mH 55° | 433 | 93 B 54°38 | 430 | 93 300 547 | "428 | 92 54°9 | “43% | 93 200 545 | 425 | 93 55°0 | 433 | 93 100 542 | “421 | 93 55° | "434 | 94 ° 540 | "418 | 93 55°2 | “436 | 96 The temperature of the dew-point increased on ascending to the height of 900 feet, then decreased, the air becoming drier, or the degree of humidity less; at heights exceeding 1200 feet, the degree of humidity was nearly the same as at heights less than 900 feet. On descending, the temperature of the dew-point decreased, and the air was driest at about the height of 1000 feet ; at heights less than 1000 feet the temperature of the dew-point increased, and the degree of humidity increased till the ground was reached. TWENTY-SEVENTH ASCENT. December 2.| § te 4600 roy 217 | *116 79 S 2r°7 | 116°) 79 4500 cm 21Gb *r16 79 a 212 | “114 77 4400 PI 21°7 | 116 79 a 20°5 | “Kas 78 4300 a 22°4 | ‘120 81 | No . 24° | “130 86 a i 2 e 4200 _ 23°0 | °123 84 || 3G | reeng 25°2 | °136 | 88 > 3 - 4100 g 22°5 | 120 | 83 5 24°8 | °134 | 87 4000 a 20°8 | 112 | 75 =: 24°6 | °133 | 84 3900 E 20°0 | *108 70 = 24°3 | °131 33 3800 4 20°0 | ‘108 ial |e ett Zant) (RO 80 3700 tn aro | 113 | 71 C} 24°7 | °133 | 81 | 3600 g a ee a | 25°5 | 138 | 82 S | Cold to Tey dey 3500 a «| sense. | 244 | 131 | 78 || B 27°0 | "147 | 85 ae ae - ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1865 anp 1866. 395 Taste VII. (continued.) TWENTY-SEVENTH ASCENT (continued). Humidity of the Air. 1865. Ascending. Descending. December 2. oo, ee gaat Between _.. Tempe-| pjastic | PeBtee || Between! | Tempe-| mrastic | Desree level of the sea. | what Grea Roan force of ied j. || what a ek force of wat times. . font vapour. dity. times. - matt vapour. dity. a. (pin. Eu é in. 3400 25°4 | "137 | 78 5 25°5 | 138 | 79 3300 27°3 | ‘149 | 83 2 27°9 | "152 | 88 3200 291 | ‘160 88 ae 28°3 | °155 gI 3100 30°4. | ‘170 89 3, 28°6 | °157 go 3000 © 318 | ‘179 95 65 2g9°0 | ‘160 89 2900 31°8 | ‘179 95 9 294 | *162 gI 2800 314, |) °7Z6 94 3 29°6 | *164 92 2700 32°4 | 184 | 95 5 30°0 | °167 gz sfbs Beate) sero | 296 | 100 | 8 [Gay | 223 | 709 | “I . . . 2500 I 32°8 | +186 96 = guished. bY Sie i le 2400 Es 33°5 | “192 | 98 - 2300 3 33°9 | "195 | 98 ~ 2200 P 342 | ‘197 a7 B 2100 oS 35-1 19D | Oe s 2000 é _| 35% | °204 98 1900 ° Very 36°7 | :218 99 7 cloudy; | 1800 s nothing) 36°7 | ‘218 99 cS, | visible. 1700 on 364 | 215 | 99 1600 a 361 | "213 | 99 ' 1500 a 35°8 *210 99 : 1400 = 35:7 | 299 99 1300 = 35°7 | 299 99 § 1200 Fi 35°7 | °209 99 : 1100 35°7 | “209 99 § 1000 : 35°7. | °209 98 F goo 35°7 | ‘209 | 98 t 800 35°7 | °209 | 98 : 700 35°7 | ‘209 | 98 4 600 35°7 | ‘209 | 98 . 500 35°7 | ‘209 | 98 400 | 35°7 | *209 | 98 1 Misty all) . : ] she) pannel 35°7 rh. = 200 36°3 | "214 | 98 100 37° | *220 98 ° 37°5 | 225 | 98 The temperature of the dew-point on the ground and to the height of 1800 feet was very little below that of the air, and consequently the air was nearly saturated with moisture, and was quite so at 1900 feet high ; after this the temperature of the dew-point was again a little below that of the air, till 2600 feet was reached, when the air was again saturated ; at heights exceeding this the two temperatures separated more and more, till at 3800 feet high the air was the driest, the degree of humidity being 68 only. At heights exceeding 3900 feet the air became somewhat more damp to 4200 _ feet high, and then again somewhat less so at 4600 feet. 396 REPORT—1866. Tasie VIL. (continued). TWENTY-EIGHTH ASCENT. Ho S fie a 1866, Ascending. Descending. May 29. = Height, in feet, | above the mean, /BetWeED icant of SHG | GT | Between) cireum,|eatire of EUS | SF level of the sea. | what | ooo ces.(the dew-|£°FC€ Of) humi- | What | stances. the dew- force of | humi- times. point. vapour. dity. times. | point. ses | dity. od _— — | | —| —_—_——. | é in. | s in. 6400 ! | | 6300 | } 6200 5 126 76 21°8 117 69 | pipe 242 | *130 7 214 115 ad 000 Zito! NED AG 7 Q1s9: hae ae | 5900 25°8 | "140 80 24°3 131 | 72 5800 265 | -144 | 81 26°3 143 79 5790 32°71 oe ee | 28 153 = 5600 32°1 182 27 152 4 5500 | 32°% 182 86 27 151 | 83 5400 | 324 | ‘184 | 85 27°6 | "151 | 80 Eb sa city | 8 8 | ewes | if 5100 33°6 193 86 27°2 | *r48 76 5000 34°5 | "199 | 87 27°3 | "149 | 74 4900 35°5 | ‘208 88 | 27°9 152 74 4800 36°3 | 214 | 91 28°5 | 156 | 77 age ! 37 3 | ‘223 } 9° || , 2971 - 78 4.600 = 38°0 | ‘229 go || 29:7) |var65 77 4500 a, 37°0 | ‘220 84 || g072 “168 «hig foe) 2 Misty. | 36°0 | ‘212 Soh sits Ko @ o8 |) a972 82 44 Es y 2 ; g o —} 3 ie 5 4300 ~ 35°6 | ‘20 75 a @ | 304 | “17 3 4200 a 9576 |i208 | ZO] om =, | 32m | x82 1 84. 4100 } 35°6 | 208 Spam | io eq. | 3275 1) S85 84 4000 eo 356 | 208 | 68 || = er |. 3332 al sr8gmnnos 3900 a 35°6 | 208 | 69 Ss 8 | 334 | ‘191 | 87 3800 % SOc alee. 03 65 col w, 33:0 | “agg 85 3700 os 35°7 | 209 | 64 2 S| 33°8 | 194 | 82 3600 5 35°5 | °208 64 | 2a 34°0 | *196 84. 3500 | Bluesky, 35°2 | "205 | 63 || £ 34°1 | 196 | 82 above. | = , Sun | 3400 warm to, 34°6 | ‘200 srr) 340 | ‘196 83 sense. 3300 351 | ‘204 | 59 | 34°0 | "196 | 79 3200 37°0 28 7 33°9 "195 79 3100 40°9 | ‘25 78 | 34°0 | ‘I9 7 3000 AD'S | sag 79 34'0 | "196 76 ase 3 248 75 || 34°0 | ° se 79 2900 39° °245 74) 3470 | “19 77 we es 243 72) 34°0 19 75 2000 9 243 the 343°) 1 7 2500 39°7 | °244 68 | 34°7 “20 ‘A 2400 39°7 | 244 68 35°1 | "204 70 2300 40°0 | ‘247 67 35°5 | °208 7° 2200 40°4 | ‘251 67 35°6 | ‘208 70 2100 409 | 256 66 35°7 | °209 70 2000 41°5 | :262 7° 35°8' | ‘210 | 70 1900 42'0 | ‘269 65 35°83 | ‘270 69 1800 43°7 | 285 7° 35:0 | *204 64 1700 45°5 | 3°95 74 361 | ‘213 67 as Caen Maa ee is ee ee ese a Ss ON THREE BALLOON ASCEN‘’S IN 1865 anv 1866, 397 Tare VII. (continued), Twenty-EIGHTH AscENT (continued). Humidity of the Air, | iy Ascending. Descending. eet feet, is oy ee mevntl mpe- . egree - . Tacbot he dea. B epee Cireum- atare of paar oF ; gets ”| Circum- rature of a a , times. | tances. pas “| vapour. Pana. | times, | Stances. pti vapour pn | eee _—_—_——|—. — | Hs in. é in. 1600 46°2 | °313 73 36°3. | ‘214. 69 1500 47°5 | °329 76 36°5 | *216 67 1400 I 48°7 | 344 | 76 = 367 | ‘218 | 68 1300 3, 49°9 | *360 83 g 369 | ‘219 66 1200 £ 50°83 | °371 85 hs Q | 377 | 221 65 1100 <= Gir 375 85 = g 27 Gualer22g 67 1000 eu 51°5 | °381 85 || oo g 37°38 | 227 66 goo 8 518 | °385 85 E = 39°0 | *238 66 800 3 52°2 | 391 85 3 a 40°O | °247 68 700 a §2°6 | °397 86 E & | 4o°5 | 252 67 Goo 530 | 403 | 86 || & | & | 409 | 256 | 64 500 = 53°70 | *403 86 ° m, | 4I°5 | 262 63 4.00 B 52°38 | ‘401 83 ne “ 300 & 52°7 | 399 | 82 , 200 52°5 | °396 81 5 100 52°4 | °394 81 G ° 524 | “394 | 81 6400 34°5 | ‘199 98 34°6 | *200 97 6300 34°1 | *196 | I00 ‘ 34°5 | "199 97 6200 Beresbly 33°8 | *194 | 99 ee 33°4 | ‘191 93 6100 car aa? ie tea. |) 98 earth; | 32°5 | “184 | 82 6000 cold. | 34°° | “196 99 cannot | 32°3 | “183 81 5900 35° 204 99 see far, 321 182 $4. 5800 35°8 | ‘210 99 319 | "180 83 5700 : 36°6 |) -257 99 ia chet feel ko) 82 5600 | SPS, 225. | 1099 5 35 | 177 | 83 5500 ay 38°2 | °231 | 100 5 31°3 | *176 81 5400 re 38:2 | -231 99 || 0 9r-Te<174 79 5300 PI 33'2 | 231 | 99 Ry 3ro | 174 | 77 5200 H 381 230 99 | FTF (eres 76 5100 = 380 | 229 | 97 || w 314 | "176 | 79 5000 es 37°38 | :227 96 R195 aio 82 4900 £ 37°77. | 226 96 7 32°0 | "181 83 4800 g 37°5, | 225.1, Osta E 32°3 | “183 | 83 4700 Sy 373 | °223 | 94 Ss 32°5 | +184 |) 84 4600 & 72 be222 94 vm 32°9 | ‘187 84 4500 Pi 369 | "219 | 92 » 33°3 | 190 | 84 4400 oF 36°38 | -218 92 at 33°5 192 83 4300 gE 3770 | 220 | 92 ~ 33°38 | -194 | 82 4200 es 37°4 | 224 | gf 8 3470 | "196 | 84 4100 37°7 | ‘226 | go 343 | “198 | 84 4.000 38°0 | 229 go 34°6 | 200 83 3900 38°5 | 233 | 89 349 | ‘203 | 85 3800 38°38 | 236 89 35,1 | ‘2040 eae 3700 39°0 | 238 | 87 35°1 | ‘204 | 83 3600 39°70 | ‘238 86 | 34°83 | "202 82 3500 3970 | 238 | 83 || 34'°5 | "199 | 80 3400 SI i a | ihe | 34°2 | "197 | 76 398 ; REPORT—1866. Taste VII. (continued). Twenty-EeHTH Ascent (continued). Humidity of the Air. 1866. Meds Ascending. Descending, Heights saat 2 = | + = abo empe- . Tr empe- . egree ee ekat! Rebneen Circum- iataee of Pate ot Peiaeen Circum- bo heee of Hiaehic. f times, | tances: eee “| vapour. ee times, (ooo cae vapour, sor A in. 5 in. 3300 390 | 238 | 87 34°5 | "199 | 78 3200 38°9 | 237 | 77 35°0 | ‘204 | 77 3100 38°9 | 237 77 35°8 | ‘210 76 3000 38°9 | 237 | 75 || 36°5 | ‘216 | 76 2900 38°9 | 237 | 77 369 | 219 | 79 2800 33°38 | 236 76 37°90 | °220 76 2700 38°38 | +236 75 37°0 | ‘220 7 2600 38°38 | °236 74 37°09 | 220 75 2500 33°38 | *236 73 3730 e225 74. 2400 ; 38°83 | °236 72 bal 375 | 22n 74 2300 g 38°38 | °236 71 S 371 | *221 73 2200 2 38°8 | +236 70 5B 37° | ‘221 73 2100 cs 39°0 | °238 69 mS, S72 | 222 73 2000 a 39°3 | “240 69 » 3753. li zee 73 1900 a 39°5 | 242 | 69 5 378 | 227 | 73 1800 & 39°8 | 245 | 69 x) 38°3 | *231 | 73 1700 i 40°2 | *249 69 33 38°83 | +236 73 1600 4 404 | "251 69 5 39°2 | °239 72 1500 a 40°7 | 254 | 69 ae 39°5 | 242 | 72 1400 3 40°8 | °255 68 4 4o°r | 248 71 1300 ron 4o'8 | *255 68 ca 4075 | 2Zh2 71 1200 = 5 40°9 | ‘256 67 & 41°O | °257 7° 1100 FI 40°9 | *256 67 en 42°0 | '267 71 1000 9 410 | °257 66 5 42°83 | *275 71 goo ce 41'2 | °259 66 : 43°8 | °286 71 800 41°3 | *260 65 438 | '286 68 700 4I’5 | *262 64. 43°0 | ‘277 61 600 41°5 | -262 63 40°0 | '247 61 500 41°7 | °264 63 39°9 | *246 62 490 39°8 | 245 | 64 300 39°7 | ‘244 | 64 200 39°6 | 243 | 65 100 39°6 | °243 66 ° 39°5 | ‘242 68 The degree of humidity of the air increased from the ground to the height of 500 feet; from this height to 1200 feet the air was somewhat less humid, and still less so at heights exceeding 1200 feet. At the height of 3400 feet the degree of humidity was 57 only; the air was again wet at 4800 feet, and somewhat less so at heights exceeding 5000 feet. On descending, the humidity of the air was more uniform down to the height of 3400 feet, and below this the air was less humid than at the same elevations on the ascent, and particularly at low elevations. On descending below 400 feet, I packed up the instruments, for fear of the balloon striking the ground; at this time the sun was setting. On ascending again, after sunset, the air was more and more humid, and most so at 6300 feet ; and the same we found in the descent, to the height of 600 feet, where the degree of humidity was 61, and it in- creased to 68 on the ground. ON THREE BALLOON ASCENTS IN 1865 AnD 1866. 399 Taste VIII.—Showing the degree of Humidity at every 200 feet. Oct. 2, 1865, Dec. 2, 1865. May 29, 1866. State of the Sky. Height =a ue Clear. Cloudy. Partially clear and cloudy. the sea. S/2i/F/eieiéelelé =| | Gs! & 3 S 3 a 8 3 § 3 3 3 3 8 E E z g E g S g < a < A < A < A feet. 6400 . ve 98 97 6200 76 69 99 | 93 6000 . 78 65 99 81 5800 | 81 79 99 83 5600 . 86 | 84 | 99 | 83 5400 85 80 | 99 79 5200 87 77 99 76 5000 87 74 96 82 4800 Tg irae Be ag a 4600 79 | 79 9° | 77 | 94 | 84 4400 79 78 82 82 92 83 4200 84 88 70 84. gt 84 4000 75 | 84 68 | 85 | 90 | 83 3800 68 80 65 85 89 86 3600 75 82 64 $4. 86 82 3400 7 79 57 83 81 76 3200 83 | gt 67 2h (zante aae ae 3000 95 | 89 79 | 76 | 75 | 76 2800 94 | 92 73 ‘b Zetth ee fae 2600 . Too | 92 Tl i} Fatt taAe Pegs 2400 98 68 | 7o | 72 | 74 2200 97 67. - avin geerne i 2000 98 60 70 69 73 1800 95 | 93 99 70 | 64 | 69 | 73 1600 94 | 94 99 73 | 69 | 69 | 72 1400 96 94 99 76 68 68 71 1200 93:40 Os 99 85°) Gea) Vay tie ae 1000 go 83 98 85 66 66 71 800 94. 86 98 85 68 65 68 600 94. 88 98 86 64 63 61 400 93 | 93 98 83 64 . 200 93 93 98 81 . 65 : ° 93 96 98 $1 68 ee sa.” | a 400 REPORT—1866, Meteorological Observations made in connexion with the Balloon Ascent on October 2, 1865.—Royat OxssErvATory, GREENWICH. Reading of | a oa : ba epi Dewte Dee | = 2 afin, narom,| Teermom, | "Ee Mon yam| tone | 2 |B Henan, reduced point. | pour. | dity. | wind. H5\¢e¢ to 32°F.) Dry. | Wet. <0 <5 2 m os é ° | 5 : in. ai : oOp.m.| 29°840) 60°0| 57°2) 54.8} "430 3 E.S.B. o | 090 5 . 6 10 ,, | 29°840) 60°0} 57°2! 54°8| 430] 83 E.S.E. | 0 | © Clondleesss rea tm eter 6 20 5, | 29°842) 59°9| 57°2) 54°9| “431) 84 | E. bys. | © | © ait Gis 6 30 5, | 297843! 59°5| 57°1| 55°0| *433] 86 Es.E. | © | © |Cloudless. , Balloon first seen 6" 30" 15°. Due East of ob- eereoee 6 40 ,, |29°845) 59°3] 57°21; 55°1| °434| 87 E.s.E. | © | © |Cloudless. Balloon passed N. of the observatory about 6" 38™. }: 6 50 5, |29°845| 59°3| 57°71] 55'1| -434| 87 | E. bys. | © | © |Cloudless. Balloon last seen | ~ at 6 46™, moving in a due Westerly direction—disap- | peared in the gloom of London. 7 © » |29°849) 59°0| 57°1) 55°4| ‘439| 89 | ESE. | 0 | © |) 7 10 5, |29°853! 58°6| 57°0| 55°6| 443) 89 | E. bys. | © | © 7 20 5, |29°856) 58°5| 57°0) 55°7| “444| go E. ei] 2 7 3° 5, |29°860) 582] 56°83] 55°5| -441| gt | E. by N.| © | © 7 42 » |29°869) 57°4| 56°2| 551) 434) 92 | ENE. | 0 | © 7 50 » |29°870) 57°2| 56°2| 55°3| 437) 93 | BE. byN.| O | 0 8 o ,, | 29°873) 56°7| 56°0| 55°4| *439| 95 E. o | © | }Cloudless. Heavy dew. 8 10 5, |29°873| 56°7| 55°9| 55°2| "436| 94 | E. by N.| 0 | © 8 20 4, | 29°873| 56°0| 55°6| 55:2| -436| 97 E oS 8 30 4, | 29°880| 55°7| 55°2| 54°8| -430| 97 E. o}o 8 40 4, | 29°887| 55°5| 55°0| 54°6| -427| 96 E. © | © 8 So ,, |29°888) 55°6| 55°0| 54°5| 425] 96 E. o | 0 9 © » |29°892/ 55°6| 55'0 54'5| “425 | 96 E oF) ty December 2, 1865,—Royat Onservatory, GREENWICH. ; , 5 op.m.! 297594) 38°6| 37:1 | 35:2 | -205| 88 S.E. 6 hao lala fi 5 10 4, | 29°593] 39°0| 37°4| 35°3| 206) 87 | saves a ee ae Rete ones : x » |29°593) 39° 37°8 35°7| “209 a8 teseee 9| ° Hin ten f | 29°592 39° | 37°) 35°7| 209} 88 | wee Io] 0 She , 5 42 4, |29°590 39°1| 37°3| 35°7 Sol gsihdas 10 | 0 | the iw is covered with: 5 5° s |29°588) 39°2| 38°0| 36'4| -215/ go | uu... lo} 0 a : GMOs 5, 0l29°579)139:21|) 3850) B6:6|) 2am OL lr e.ce o |Generally overcast with cirro- | stratus and cumulostratus, clouds broken in 8.E. 6 10 ,, |29°576) 39°0| 37°9| 36°5| ‘zx6) ox | ...... 10 | 0 Generally overcast, clouds 6 20 ,, |29°576| 39°0| 38°0| 36°7| :218| 92 | ...... Io | o broken in zenith, | 4 3° ss |29°575) 39°4) 384 a7rtieee2 ||. (92. sae 10 | o |Overcast. 40 » |29°573] es, 38°60 | 37°2) °222) 92 | veers Io | o 6 50. 29°571 398 38:7) 367-218 ipa to, | 941 | Senora ae ae 7 © 5, |29°573| 40°1| 38°9| 37°4| 242-4 bans | Salt Aiea Io! 0 eee. Ue 710 ,, |29°579| 4072)! *3970)|/"9775 || "2251 90° | J... To mor) 7 20 4, | 297568) 40°7/ 3974) 37°38) "227| go | ..... 10 | 0 7 32 » | 297566 4go"9, 39°4| 37°9) °228 33 seve 10 | o | ¢ Overcast. 7 49 355 | 29°53 AT DAO) S72 Copa 8 Ge | esac | 10 | ° J ON THE EXTINCT BIRDS OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS, 401 Meteorological Observations made in connexion with the Balloon Ascent on May 29, 1866.—Royat Ossrervarory, GREENWICH. ape |Temp. rear urea Se [ssi | . 'si irece- | BI) we | adel Barom,| Thermom. Flees. Pa tama tion of | pe Bs Remarks, reduced|" > point. | pour.| dity.| wind. | 23| 28 | to 32°F.| Dry. | Wet. <3/<5) hm es iad oman aii Ae 6 op.m.|29°703! 59°3| 50°3| 42°3| ‘270| 53 | N. by x.| 8] 2 |Cirrostratus and cirrocumulus. TO ,, |29°704) 58°7| 49°4/ 41°1] °258] 53 | ...... 7 | 3 |Sun obscured. 20 5, | 29°707| 58°4| 49°0| 40°6| 253] 53 | ...... 6 | 3 |Sun shining. 3° », | 29°708| 57°9| 49°0| 41°0] °257| 57 | ...... 5 | 3 |Sun shining. 4° ») |29°713) 57°6| 49°0| 412] 259] 57 | ...... 6 | 3 |Sun obscured. 5° 55 | 29°717) 57°5| 49°O| 41°3 a Me ge oe ee Jab a. © 5, |29°718] 57'2| 48°9| 41°0| 260] 56 N. 6 | 3 (Sun shining. IO 5, |29°721) 56°1 48:0 | Bora 250 |e SST | oath 6} 3 20 5, | 29°729| 56:0| 47°8| 4oro| ‘247| 57 | ...... 813 Sun obscured. 32 29°729| 56°8| 48°0 | 40°7| ‘254| 57 | ...... all oe 29°729| 55°4| 47°6| 40°2| 249] 57 | ...... 9 | 3. |Cirrostratus. 29°742) 551) 47°1) 39°4| 241} 56 | ....., 9| 3 29°742| 54°6| 47°0/ 39°6| °243|) 58 | ...... 9ialta3 Overcast nearly. 29°752| 54°5| 47°°| 39°7| °2441 59 | ...... 9 | 3 | 29°758] 54°4| 46°9| 39°6| -243] 59 | ...... Io} 3 | \ 29°759| 53°8 | 46°4) 39°2 | 239) 59 | ...... ro} 3 || 29°760] 53°5| 46°6| 39°8| °245) 60 | ....., LG) li) 29°762| 53°1| 46°0/ 38°9| °237| 59 ras FOr}, Sin . 29°763) 53°2| 46°0| 38°38) 236] 59 | ...... | 10] 3 Overcast. 29°765 52°7 | 45°7| 38°7| °235 Cova ira [enolase | 29°769| 52°4| 45°0| 37°5 | “225| 57 | ou... 1o| 3 |} 29°772| 52°1| 44°6| 37°0| ‘220| 57 | nN. by B./ 10! 3 |) 1 ' t 1 | Report on the Extinct Birds of the Mascarene Islands. By a Com- mittee consisting of Professor A. Newton, Rey. H. B. Tristram, and Dr. Scuater. Atmosr immediately after the appointment of the Committee, intelligence was received in England of the very important discovery by Mr. George Clark, of Mahébourg, in Mauritius, of a large deposit of bones of the true Dodo (Didus imeptus), in a marsh known as the ‘Mare aux Songes,’ an account of which that gentleman has published in ‘The Ibis’ Magazine for April 1866. Several fine series of these bones haying been sent to England, some were purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum, and formed the subject of a memoir “ On the Osteology of the Dodo,” read by Professor Owen at a meeting of the Zoological Society of London, 9th J anuary, 1866. This memoir is understood to be nearly ready for publication, and will appear, copiously illustrated, in the ‘ Transactions’ of that Society. Some other fine series of these bones have, by the liberality of Mr. Clark, passed into the _ possession of one of the members of your Committee ; and a portion of them _ is now exhibited. Several smaller series of bones have likewise been vari- _ ously distributed by sale or gift both in England and on the Continent, so that _ humerous Museums (one of these smaller series forms the subject of some “ Remarques” communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris, 23rd April, 1866, 2D é; er Xs. 402 | REPORT—1866. 1866, by M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards) and collections have reaped the benefit of Mr. Clark’s valuable discovery, the importance of which may be better appreciated when it is remembered that previously the only remains of the Dodo known to naturalists were the head and foot at Oxford, the skull at Copenhagen, the portion of an upper mandible at Prague, and the foot in the British Museum. Now it is believed that every bone of the bird’s skeleton has been recovered, with the exception (though that is an important excep- tion) of the extremity of the wing. The attention of Mr. Edward Newton has been especially called to this deficiency, which seems likely to be supplied by a thorough and systematic examination of the Mare aux Songes, or at least the part of it which has been most prolific in Dodos’ bones. That gentleman has accordingly determined to carry out this undertaking as far as may be expedient; but according to the latest accounts received from him, he had been obliged to defer com- mencing operations in this quarter till the expiration of the rainy season, as the marsh still continued to hold much water, and he expected to be able to do no real good there until next month, when the Committee hope that com- plete success may attend his excavations. The collection of bones formed in Rodriguez last year by Mr. George Jen- ner, and sent home by Mr, Edward Newton (as stated in the communication made by that gentleman to this Section at Birmingham) arrived safely in England in the course of the autumn; and the majority of them proved to belong to the Solitaire or Dodo, peculiar to that island (Pezophaps solitaria). They were exhibited at a meeting of the Zoological Society, 23rd November, 1866; and a select series of specimens from them is now produced, among which are several that were previously unknown—such as the proximal end of the tibia, portions of the pelvis and coracoid, the ulna, radius, and phalanx, Mr. Edward Newton has been very desirous of completing the exploration of the caves in Rodriguez, in the hope of finding the remaining portions of the Solitaire’s skeleton ; but communications between that island and Mauri- tius being suspended for a large portion of the year, and when existing, being uncertain, the difficulties in the way of carrying out his design were much increased. At last, after long delay, he was informed that labourers were So scarce in Rodriguez that the necessary assistance was not to be obtained for making excavations there. To meet this new and unexpected difficulty he was compelled to hire men in Mauritius and send them to Rodriguez, under engagement for the express purpose of dig gging in the caves. The Committee trust that the best results may follow this mission. Bourbon or Réunion, the third of the Mascarene Islands, which is known to have formerly possessed a Didine bird, has not been neglected by the Com- mittee ; but they regret to say that at present they see no chance of success- fully carrying on researches there. Mr. Edward Newton, however, is thoroughly alive to the importance of discovering the remains of this species (of which, unlike its allies, not a single relic is on record as now existing) ; and ho has commissioned a gentleman, who has lately proceeded thither, to make a preliminary survey in the hope of finding places likely to reward a search for its remains. J PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 4038 Report on various Experiments carried out by Captain W. H. Nostx, R.A., under the direction of the Ordnance Select Committee, rela- tive to the Penetration of Iron Armour Plates by Steel shot, to which is added a Memorandum on the Penetration of Tron-Clad Ships by Steel and other Projectiles. [A communication ordered to be printed among the Reports. ] Ty 1862 the Special Committee on Iron proposed a series of experiments for the purpose of ascertaining whether the penetration of projectiles into iron was proportional to their vis viva. The guns proposed for use were the 68-pounder smooth-bore, and 7-inch BL rifled gun, and the necessary charges were determined by the Ordnance Select Committee with the aid of Navez’s Electroballistic Apparatus. A few experiments were subsequently made; but the results were not to be relied on, as the projectiles used were cast iron and broke up on impact. This subject was revived in 1864 by the Ordnance Select Committee, and a series of experiments were authorized for the purpose of determining the fol- lowing points :— First. To determine the relative penetrating effects of two shots on an iron plate, provided they strike with the same “work’’*, notwithstanding that the one may be heavy with a low velocity, and the other light with a high velocity. Secondly. To determine the relative resistances of a plate to penetration by two shots of similar form of head, and striking with “work” proportional to their respective diameters. An example of the first point may be stated as follows:—The 10'-5 wrought-iron gun of 12 tons is fired at an iron plate with a charge of 50 lbs., and spherical steel shot of 1682 lbs., the velocity at 200 yards being 1576 feet, and consequent “ work” 2898 foot-tons*. _ The same gun is fired in its rifled state at a similar plate, with a charge of 40 Ibs., and hemispherical-headed steel elongated shot of 800 Ibs., the velo- city at 200 yards being 1180 feet, and consequent “work” 2898 foot-tons. Will the penetration be the same in both cases? The following case will serve to illustrate the second point :— The 100-pounder smooth-bore gun of 6} tons is fired at an iron plate with a charge of 15-4 lbs., and spherical steel shot of 104-1 lbs. weight and 8:87 inches diameter, the velocity at 100 yards being 1254 feet, and con- sequent “ work” 1135 foot-tons. The 7-inch ML rifled gun of 130 ewt. is fired at a similar plate, with a charge of 13-5 Ibs., and elongated hemispherical-headed steel shot of 100-3 Ibs. weight and 6-92 inches diameter, the velocity at 100 yards being 1129 feet, and consequent “ work” 886 foot-tons. Will the penetration be the same in both cases, the vis viva being proportional to the respective diameters, or as 8°87 to 6:92? * v2 ? oF , where W =weight of shot, , v=velocity on impact, g=the accelerating force of gravity. t Vis viva has been given in foot-tons instead of foot-pounds, in consequence of the number of figures required to express the latter. } By penetration is meant actual perforation through the plate, or the power of passing through the plate. In the case of penetration éx¢o iron plates the term “indent” has been used. Pipi ge: 404 REPORT—1866, The experiments which the Ordnance Select Committee instituted for the purpose of obtaining a solution to the foregoing questions must be regarded as preliminary to any inquiry into the larger question of the penetration of iron defences by steel projectiles. No attempt has been made to found any absolute law of resistance upon the following results; for these results are not sufficiently extensive to warrant any such proceeding. They were car- ried out for the purpose of affording a practical solution to the questions at issue, and were limited in extent by considerations of expense. To found any general law of penetration into iron defences would require a much more extensive and costly trial; and although the results of such an investigation might be highly interesting as a philosophical question, it is doubtful whether they would prove of sufficient practical utility to warrant the unayoidable expense*, When it is considered that this question is surrounded by difficulties and causes of error over which we haye no control, it will appear that it is at present hopeless to look for anything but an approximate result. The very quality of the materials we are obliged to make use of, the rough and prac- tical nature of the trials, and the necessity of carrying them out on a moderate scale, all tend to make the ex] >riments, philosophically considered, imperfect and insufficient as a basis for mathematical analysis. The following programme of experiments was determined on for the first oint :— : Gun.—6'3-inch M L rifled gun (Shunt). Projectiles—Four descriptions of steel shot, of the following weights, as nearly as manufacturing limits will allow :—spherical 35:5 lbs., elongated 71 Ibs., elongated 106-5 lbs., elongated 64 lbs.t,—all to be hemispherical- headed, and of 6-22 inches diameter. Charges.—To be so arranged that each projectile may strike with the same “ work” stored up in it. Iron Plates—Best rolled iron, 53 inches thick, placed vertically at a dis- tance of 100 yards, and unbacked. The programme for the second point was as follows :— Guns.—6'3-inch M L rifled gun of 140 ewt.; 7-inch ML rifled gun of 134 ewt.; 100-pounder smooth-bore gun of 61 tons (9-inch), Projectiles§.—For 6°3-inch gun, same as detailed in the first programme ; for 7-inch gun, elongated steel shot of 100 lbs. weight and 6-92 inches dia- meter; for 100-pounder gun, spherical steel shot of 104 lbs. and 8-87 inches diameter. Charges.—To be so arranged that each projectile may strike with a “work” proportional to its diameter, taking the 6-3-inch as the standard. Iron plates—Best rolled iron 53 inches thick, placed at a distance of 100 yards, and unbacked. * The experiments hitherto carried out have given us a fair practical knowledge of the conditions to be fulfilled in order that complete penetration through iron defences may be effected. We can predict, with a very close approximation to the truth, whether a given projec- tile striking with a given velocity, will or will not perforate a given iron structure; but supposing it not to be able to perforate it, we cannot say how far it will indent it, and it is submitted that this is of little consequence. ft The gun used in the first series of experiments against 55-inch plates was the experi- mental 6-3-inch gun of 140 ewt., length of bore 126 inches. This enabled the necessary high velocity to be obtained. { Same weight as service-shot. § Elongated projectiles were all hemispherical-headed. ee PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. A405 Determination of the charges.—The charges were determined with the aid of Nayez’s apparatus, by which the velocity of each projectile was observed at the distance of 100 yards from the muzzle. Cast-iron shot were sup- plied for this experiment, their weight being the same as the steel shot. The spherical projectiles were shells weighted up with lead. The following Table shows the velocity which it was necessary each pro- jectile should have in order that the conditions might be fulfilled :— Taste I.—Showing the necessary velocities and charges detcrmined by ex- periment. 55-inch plates, Projectile, solid steel hemispherical-headed shot. oe Charge Projectile. | Neces- | * Work”? | S@| deter- |— ——| sary ve-| on im- Gun. Sa Hapa Mean 7 seg ae at Led: Remarks, = riment, | Weight.| meter. | yards. | yards. | Ibs. Ibs. | inches,| feet. | foot-tons. ( 1 | 15°848 | 35°56, 6:22 | 1917 | go06-2 2 | 12°000 7112) 6:22 | 1355 | go6:2 | 3 | 11'219 | 106°68| 6:22 | 1107 | 906-2 | cn ath o// | 63-inch ML 4 |13°875 | 35-56) 622 | 1823 | 81973 1] ey ao : rifle gun ... ee ‘ f | ., |{ Lo compare with 5 |1o"500 | 71°12} 6°22 | 1271 | 796°2 1 No. 9. ; : ; : “To compare with 6 | 9812 | 10668) 6:22 | 994 | is htels { 68-pounder*. 7 | 13°500 | I00'00} 6°92 | 1130 | 885°8 1eiwetae ns with 7-anch ML r tay ic rifle gun .. 8 | 11°625 | 100°00| 6'92 | 1022 | 724'8 beaNolleees with ( | To re wit 100-pr. ML 9 | 15°374 | 10g'oo} 8°87 | 1254 | 1135°4 | ee eke ee ree j : : | : To compare with gun (9-inch) | | 10 | 11°125 | rog‘oo| 8°87 | 1135 | 929°0 No. 8. The necessary charges having been thus previously ascertained, the guns were placed in battery at 100 yards from a row of 53-inch iron plates firmly fixed by upright supports, but unbacked*t. : The actual velocity of each round was observed at a short distance in front of the plate, and the striking-velocity determined by calculation. The following Table (p. 406) gives the results. It appears that the striking-velocities of the steel shot varied shghtly from those previously determined and detailed in Table I. above. This slight difference is due to minute variations in the weights and diameters of the projectiles, and atmospheric influences, errors which it is quite impossible to guard against. Such differences, however, are of no practical importance whatever. * Previous experiments had been made with these guns. + The guns were fired directly at the plates; that is to say, the plane in which the shot moved was perpendicular to the face of the plates. 1 eae RO ae 406 REvONT—-1866. | Taste IJ.—Abstract showing the results of the experiments carried out at Shoeburyness, 22nd March, 1865, against 5-5-inch unbacked plates. 1000 to 1010 show effect of equality of vis viva where V and W vary. In the last three rounds the effects are not comparable :— ins. 35-Ib. shot, spherical, length 6-220 | 63-lb. shot, elongated, length 8-500 70-lb. shot, elongated, length 9-315 106-lb. shot, elongated, length 13-458 hemispherical-headed. Photo- Approximate 4 ‘ graphic Weight |Velocity We? Effects with steel projectiles of 6°22-inch dia- number} Charge. of on “29° meter, fired from the 6°3-inch gun of 140 of projectile. | impact. | in foot-tons ewt., R., Expl. No. 275. round. on impact. Ibs. lbs. feet. f Clean hole through plate, and 3 ft. 2 ins. into earth. Clean hole through plate, and stopped by a balk of timber. Clean hole through plate, and 3 ft. 6 ins. into earth. Struck left edge of plate and broke in three pieces. S 1006 | 12°000| 71'250 | 1346 8951 1 Petia, ints oer plate, ,amd\ Ot { Clean hole through plate, and 3 ft. 1000 | 15°848| 35°875 | 1920 91770 1003 | 15°848| 35°562 | 1925 913'8 IOOI | 12°000] 63°687 | 1417 886°7 1004 | 12°000| 70°937 | 1345 889'8 a 1002 | I1'219| 106°625 | r1I10 git'o 3 ina: into Garth 1007 | I1'2Ig| 106°812 | 1112 g15°8 | pete ole ae plate, depth in 1008 | 13°875| 357562 | 1829 8549 { Pless tee plate, about 14 ft. | Stuck in plate; base projects 3} ins. from face of plate; slight star in rear, outer lamina off plate. {io in plate; base projects 7 ins. 1009 | 10°500! 70°875 | 1270 792°7 from face of plate; part of shot | ToIo | 9'812| 106'562 | 996 7331 showing through in rear. if we consider this Table, it appears that numbers 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1006, and 1007 all passed through the plates, and to about the same depth in the earth behind, which is a rough indication of their possessing the same remaining “work.” ‘These effects were produced by projectiles of various weights, the difference being very considerable; but the velocities were so arranged that the expression Wv* was nearly a constant. Thus No. 1000, consisting of a spherical shot of 35-9 lbs., with velocity of 1920 feet, and “work” of 917 foot-tons passed through the plate, and subsequently pene- trated 3 feet 2 inches into earth. No. 1002, consisting of an elongated steel shot of 106°6 lbs., with velocity of 1110 fect, and “work” 911 foot-tons, also penetrated the plate, and subsequently 3 feet 3 inches into earth. The difference between W and v in this instance is very marked, and the “ work ” done is the same. * Harth loosened by a former shot. 407 IL Mqey cog = ‘ayepd ur yonjg} $.1EZ Teer 966 Zt.9 > | Z9S.go1r | Z1g-6 frvrrs rP WW Yout-g.9 | oror ‘Z80'FT anny “Pos Waly “puryeq poyoesd oyerd “sur g'e quopuy | Z.066 7.066 S9f1 | 16.4 | 000.24 | 000.91 | o.10q-qjooms tapunod-gg | go6 ‘quo ‘sul $e osvq ‘oyeyoued you pq ‘aaoqeaag| £.61g L.z6L olz1 | 72g |S$Lg.0L |00S.01 TW yur-¢.g | 6001 TI A4eT, 90g “Yytwe esooy ojur “4F Fy] ‘oyerd oyy pagnujauad ysng | £.61g 6.423 6zgr | 22.9 |zoS.SE |SLg.Er feveeeeeeees ' TW wpure.g| S9L ‘JOo}s SUMOIG “TJAVO OFUT “4 Z ‘ytd oT} poyeajouod ysnpe | z.g06 7.906 o60r | gg.g | o00.01r | 000,24 Jers “TF yout-y | goor ‘OL0T “FOOT ‘QONT sv oyetd owreg -avor ut [Joy pue ‘oaenbs “47 T poom g.59g 1.683 rf11 76.9 | z1£,00r | 00S.£1 |--- LIZ “ON “TW Your-J, | gzor Jo qaoddns oyoaq pur yonays yoys ‘oye YSnoayy efor weap “YJAva OFUL “sul gE 47 GE pue ‘oyeyd ysnoayy epoy uvotg | v.SErr| +v.SEr1 bSzer | 4g.g | Szr-bor | LEb.Sr loxoq-yjyoous aepunod-ggq | 110z “AVOI UL Poyowso oye RS ; ‘ToyautUp ‘suLT-J ‘deap ‘surZ yuoput ‘pepumogear yoyg pret OEE zror | 76.9 | Szr.cor | $z9.11 L1G ‘ON "TW Yout-y | f1or “peyoeto Yonut yoqg = “Aeat UL poyoRlo o4Vpq | 8 tel J . ‘rqjoulerp ‘surge. ‘daap ‘surgcg.g yuopur ‘papunoqea yous ae voor |» zbi9 | créer |'$z9-a4|--- L1G ON “TW qour-y | tror ‘6001 ‘GO0T ‘ZOOT 88 oyeyd oureg 47] Aq “surg az] JO ware UR FAO “Ivar TH 0,626 0.626 S€r1 | 2g.g |ooo.vor | Szr.11r a10q-qOows aapunod-ggy | 4zor peyowdo puv pesyng oye[d ‘deap-sur ¢g-¢ yueput ‘papumogas yoy “Yonoary} Ajrvou sem osony *(*TT 97g, ey She 208) ayepd Jo aovg wos ‘sur Fe syoofoad seq ‘ayepd ur yong he talad Mande GEE BEG, 5 BL: Rome eran LW wur-g.g | 6001 ‘Y}{vo OFUT “SUL g 4) E pur ‘ozerd Yono.ryy opoy uve | v.SErr} .SEr17 Ser | Lg.g | Ser-vor | LEv.Sx a10q-yjoours aspumod-ggyz | TrOz PENETRATION OF TRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. "pay “SUL "Sq "Sql ‘aajameip | ‘youduut uo : j «“puno. 0} [eUOT} | SU0}-3005 UT | -goeduar aajamaniqg | *4y 319A, aie I “sya -rodoad sv Urs uo : | -adaeyo ‘uny Jaquinu “ud ot AQ00[9.A orydesd LOM ayeurrxoiddy *apqoalorg -0100d “popvoy-Teoroydsimay Joys Jo0}s prog “sioyowerp yUarayLp doy} 0} Teuozodoad ware sa YALA SuryLys pue proy Jo WoF IETS Jo szoys omy Aq uoyxjousd 03 o4v[d vB Jo SoOUMISISEL OATJY[OI OY OUTULIOJOP OT, “[]] ®IAVI, 408 , REPORT—1 866, If we examine Table III., it appears that penetration* varies nearly in the inverse ratio of the diameter. The only round which does not bear this out is No. 1009; and in this case the fault may have been in the steel of which the projectile was composed. Thus Nos. 1008 and 765 agree exactly ; 1011 and 1026 are practically equal in effect, and Nos. 1027, 1012, and 1013 are all very similar in their effects. As before mentioned, in an experiment of such a practical description we must not look for too much theoretical harmony in the results; and when we remember that steel and iron vary so much in quality, exact results cannot be expected. The Committee, however, determined to repeat the experiments against 4-5-inch plates, and to fire with such charges that the projectiles should strike aes : force which would be merely sufficient to just penetrate through the platet. It appears from Table IT., round 1008, that a 6-22 inch projectile is just able to penetrate a 5:5-inch plate, with a “work” on impact of about 825 foot-tons ; and if we assume that the resistance of the plate varies as the square of its thickness, we shall have the following proportion to determine the “work” necessary to penetrate a 4:5-inch plate with the same projec- tile, viz. :— 5:5? ; 825: : 4:57: as and v=552 foot-tons. In order therefore to just penetrate a 4:5-inch wrought iron unbacked plate, a 6°22-inch solid steel hemispherical-headed shot ought to strike with a ‘ work” represented by about 552 foot-tons; and if we take the weights of the projectiles to be approximately 35°56 71-00 lbs. 106°62 the following Table gives the velocities which cach of these projectiles must be moving at, in order that the “‘ work” on impact may equal 552 foot-tons. Taste 1V.—Showing the weights of hemispherical-headed steel 6-22-inch shot, with the velocity necessary to give a constant “ work” of 552 foot- tons at 100 yards. Weight | Necessary Wo? of ent. | pag 100 on | Remarks. lbs. | feet. foot-tons. 35°56 | 1496'5 552°2 Round shot. 63°37 | 1116°6 aa a 71°00 1059°0 552-2 106°62 864°2 552°2 Having carried the investigation thus far, it became necessary to determine whether the assumption, that the resistance of wrought-iron plates varies as the square of their thickness, was correct,—in other words, to ascertain whether a “ work” of 552 foot-tons would just penctrate a 4:5-inch plate * See note t, p. 403. + The results obtained by the previous experiment had proved that the “ work” in some of the shot was more than sufficient to effect complete perforation; and the aim of the second experiment, against 4:3-inch plates, was to so apportion the charges that the several projectiles should be only jus¢ capable of getting through the plate. a =~ * F ; PENETRATION OF TRON PLATES BY STEEL SHO’. 409 bf with a 6-22-inch shot. This was determined in the following manner by a preliminary experiment. The weight of the steel shot was 63-87 lbs., its diameter 6°22 inches, and the required velocity 1116-6 feet. It was found by experiment that a shot of this description would be moying with a velocity of nearly 1116°6 feet at 100 yards distance, if it were fired with a charge of 6 lbs. 11 ozs. of powder. This charge was therefore employed in round 1047 with the following results. Shot struck 4-5-inch unbacked plate about the centre and just penetrated the plate, the shot rebounding 6 yards. From this result it appeared that a “work” of about 552 foot-tons was just capable of piercing a 4:5-inch un- backed plate, and that, practically speaking, the assumption that the resist- ance varies as the square of the thickness was correct. The experiments might therefore proceed. It appears from the above Table that when the weight of the projectile varies from 35 to 106 lbs. the velocity will vary from 1496 to 864 feet, if the “work” is required to be constant. In order therefore to strike the 4:5-inch plates with a constant “ work” of 552 foot-tons, we must so proportion the charges of powder that the seve- ral projectiles on impact may be moving with their corresponding velocities as shown by Table IY. This has been done by observing the velocity at 100 yards of a series of cast-iron projectiles of as nearly as possible the same weight as the steel shot, the cast-iron projectiles corresponding to the spherical steel shot being a shell brought to the proper weight by being filled with lead. The following Table shows these charges determined by experiment :— Taste V.—Showing the approximate charges with which various steel hemi- spherical-headed shot should be fired from the 64-pounder M L gun, in order that the work may be constant at 100 yards. | Wr? | Approximate | Weight of Velocity on | see) | charge deter- shot. impact. 2g | mined by | : | | experiment, | | Tbs. | feet. foot tons.| Ibs. ozs. | sso AS ST I iS 5225. | ° 63°87 DENG: |} 552°2 6 10 71°00 1059'0 552°2 6 10 | 10662 | $64°2 552°2 6.1% | | The charges given in the last Table are termed “ approwimate,”’ because it would be untrue to assert that these charges would give the absolute veloci- ties required, although they are the nearest approximation we can make, or the probability of the velocity being the required one is nearer with these charges than with any others. The charges having thus been determined, the different projectiles were fired at the 4°5-inch unbacked plates; the velocity of each projectile was observed at a short distance in front of the plate, and the small loss of velo- _ city due to the resistance of the air during this short distance was calculated by the most approved theory, which, although it may not give results which _ are strictly correct, is practically sufficiently near the truth when the range is small. \ The following Table gives the velocities, both observed at 80 fect distance from the plates, and calculated on impact. The penctration of cach shot is given in the column of remarks. 410 Fk ee ee ee REPORT—1866. Taste VI.—-Abstract showing the results of experiments carried out against 45-inch uubacked plates to determine the relative penetrating effect of projectiles of the same diameter and form of head, but so varying in weight and velocity that the vis viva on impact was constant. Date of experiment March 13, 1866. Brand of powder, Rifle LG. July 8, 1864. Lat. 805. graphic num- ber of round. Photo _ » Leal O° nun +- oo “I x 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 116S 1166 1167 Number of plate. ~ 8-00) Weight and length | of projectile, 63°87 lbs. 8-42 in. 63°87 lbs. 8-42 in. 70°94 lbs. 9°3 in. 106'r glbs, 13°39 in. 35°50 lbs. 6-22 in. 53°56 lbs 6°22 in. 70°94. lbs. 9°3 in. 63°81 lbs. $°42 in. 106°62 lbs. 13°39 in. ” 35°50 lbs. 6:22 in. y Observed velocit at 220 feet. feet. 1i21'2 11283 1077°7 864°1 1483°6 1506'7 1069°2 II07"I 861°3 863°1 1§09'2 on impact at 300 Calculated velocity feet. S is°] ot I112°2 II19°3 860°5 1460°0 1482°4 1098'2 857°7 859°5 1484°9 Approximate We" 2g on in foot-tons 545°2 524°7 54u°8 533°6 543°9 546'2 542°8 a I] a a | Ae Effects with hemispherical-headed steel projec- tiles of 6°22-inch diameter, fired from the service 64-pounder ML. Gun of 6°3-inch calibre. Just penetrated. Shot rebounded about 6 yards; length of shot 8-05 inches. Just penetrated; broke plate behind in the usual manner; shot rebounded 4 feet; length of shot 7-92-inches ; diameters of hole 6 x 6-25 inches. Miss. Struck support of plate and glanced off into the earthwork. Through plate, breaking away rear in the usual manner. Shot fell 2 feet in rear; length of shot 12-92 inches; diameters of hole 6°75 X75 inches. Stuck in plate, breaking it away behind ; shot almost through. Just penetrated; broke plate behind in the usual manner; shot rebounded 4 feet; diameter of shot 6°32 inches; diameters of hole 6-4 6-5 inches. Miss. Struck support and glanced into earthwork. Almost penetrated; broke away plate behind over an area of 1 foot by 1 foot. Shot rebounded 5 feet 9 inches. In- dent 4°35 inches; length of shot 7:88 inches. Stuck in plate, breaking it away at back something more than round 1164; shot almost through. Through plate. Shot turned over and entered earthwork to a depth of 1 foot ; length of shot 12-96 inches. Made a hole clean through, but shot re- mained sticking in the plate, project- ing as much in rear as in front. If we examine this Table, it appears— 1. That all the projectiles but one struck with “work” slightly under that which was required, viz. 552 foot-tons ; and that 542 tons is only just capable of piercing a 4°5-inch plate. Thus, in most instances, the shot, after penetration, rebounded and fell in front of the plate, showing that they had expended almost their entire force in the penetration. As 552 tons was calculated on data supplied by a shot (round 1008) * Preliminary round, PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 41 which penetrated and had some little force left in it, it is to be expected that a force of 542 tons should act as it did. It appears that a reduction of 2 ozs. in the charge, and consequent diminution of “ work’ to 525 foot-tons was sufficient to prevent complete penetration (round 1161), although it ap- parently required but a small blow with a hammer to separate the piece of plate at the back of the point struck: as this effect was produced by the shot moving with the highest velocity, it is a convincing proof that with steel shot the penetration is not proportional to a higher power than the square of the velocity. 2. Round 1164 is the only anomalous round in the present series: it was supposed to be fired with exactly the same charge as round 1158; yet the penetration was inferior, and the observed velocity less. It is difficult to account for this except on the supposition that, through some oversight, a smaller charge was employed, or that the projectile was not quite rammed home. 3. It is clearly proved that plate 2 was of somewhat better quality than plates 1 and 3. The fracture showed a better weld; and this is evi- dent by the increased resistance it offered to the projectiles—round 1165 especially. It is difficult to guard against this cause of error, which is one of the many that beset this question. From these experiments, the following practical conclusions may be drawn when the projectiles are fired direct. 1. An unbacked wrought-iron plate will beperforated with equal facility by solid steel shot of a similar form of head, and having the same diamcter, provided they have the same vis viva on impact ; and it is immaterial whether this vs viva be the result of a heavy shot and low velocity, or a light shot and a high velocity. 2. An unbacked iron plate will be penetrated by solid steel shot of the same form of head but different diameters, provided their striking vis viva varies as the diameter nearly—that is as the circumference of the shot. 3. That the resistance of unbacked wrought-iron plates, to absolute pene- tration by solid steel shot of similar form and equal diameter, varies as the square of their thickness nearly *, up to 53 inches. 4, These experiments have proved that although, in the case of cast iron, a light projectile moving with a high velocity will indent iron plates to a greater depth than a heavier projectile with a low velocity but equal “ work,” it is not as necessary that there should be a high velocity when the projectiles are of a hard material, such as steel and chilled tron: and this result will be much in favour of rifled guns, by enabling them to prove effective with com- paratively moderate charges. If we wish to put these results in an algebraic form, we shall have, taking the units as the pound and the foot, We? 29 Se as oe $4 oe tea «ty Ai ao sai * This is only true when the plates are of the best quality. It is well known that it is easier to make a thin than a thick plate, and that the latter is liable to imperfect welding in the process of rolling. The manufacture of armour-plates has, however, been so much improved of late, that it is practically allowable to assume that their resistance varies as the square of their thickness, within ordinary limits. t+ The above might be put as follows: foot-tons=0?d, where d is the diameter of the projectile. The circumference, however, is preferred as better representing the portion of iron actually sheared, 412 REPORT—1866. where W =weight of shot in lbs. v=velocity on impact in feet. g=gravity. 2R=diameter of shot in feet. b=thickness of unbacked plate in feet. i-=a coefficient depending on the nature of the wrought iron in the plate, and the nature and form of the head of shot. The shot is supposed to be of the best quality of steel, and the plate of the best quality of wrought iron. Solving the equation (1) for b, we have W | Beata bey i eet) o's Us feo Sea ne Va () ee Ee say {) olelg intl, horete yh 4rRgb? Cy In order to determine /:, we can form a series of equations of the follow- ing conditions :;— and for k, 4nR,gb?*k—W v7=0, 4rR,gPk—Wv=0, 4rR,ghk—W v7 =0, &e. &e. &e, Substituting the experimental values of the different quantities, and eli- minating i, we find that for hemispherical-headed shot k=5357200, Having thus determined the value of /, we can calculate the “ work” necessary to penetrate any unbacked plate of given thickness. Thus, let us determine the “work” required to just penetrate a 5:5-inch plate with a hemispherical-headed steel shot of 6-22 inches diameter. Here we have R=3'11 inches=0°25917 feet, b=5:5 inches=0:45833 feet, k=5357200 ; and substituting these values in equation (1), we find that We" = 1832522 Ibs. at =818 foot-tons. We see that round 1008, consisting of a spherical shot of 35-56 Ibs. and 6-22 inches diameter, moving with a velocity of 1829 feet, and consequent “ work” of 825 foot-tons, just penetrated a 5:5-inch plate. This “ work” is practically the same as that given in the above example, as a difference of 5 ozs. in the weight of the shot would have reduced its work to 818 foot-tons. By means of the foregoing equations, we can determine most of the effects against unbacked plates ; and the following examples are given in proof. Example 1—What thickness of unbacked wrought-iron plate will with- stand the impact of a solid hemispherical-headed steel shot of 115 lbs. weight, and 6:92 inches diameter, fired with a charge of 22 bs. from the 7-inch ML rifled Woolwich gun at 1000 yards, remaining velocity at that distance peing 1260 feet ? PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 413 Here we have from equation (2), b=b tnRgk’ and substituting the values above, we find b=6°486 inches. The thickness of plate to resist this shot ought therefore to be more than 6°5 inches. Example 11.—The 68-pounder smooth-bore gun is fired with a spherical steel shot of 72:0 lbs. weight and 7-91 inches diameter, the striking-velocity at 200 yards being 1365 feet; what thickness of unbacked plate will it penetrate ? Here we have, as before, aoa / aor p=, ————e 4rRgk and substituting the above values, b=5-2 inches. Round 906, fired with the above charge, failed to perforate a 5-5-inch plate, although it indented it to a depth of 2-8 inches, and cracked off the plate behind. We find, however, that the 68-pounder penetrated a 4-75-inch plate on the “ Small-plate” target (round 842), anda 5-inch plate (round 960). Example 11.—The 13°3-inch gun of 22 tons was fired at an 11-inch plate with a spherical steel shot of 344-41bs. weight and 13-24 inches diameter ; charge 90 lbs., the striking-velocity being 1574 feet at 200 yards: ought it to have penetrated the plate? Now the thickness of unbacked plate which this shot will penetrate can be found from equation (2), : \/ iPr ON 4xRgki and substituting the above values, we find b=10:14 inches. Round 704, minute 11,287 shows that a shot of the above nature indented an 11-inch unbacked plate to a depth of 4-9 inches and broke the plate in two. Example 1V.—The embrasures of a fort are protected with unbacked wrought iron plates of 8 inches thickness, with what velocity should a 250-lb. hemi- spherical-headed rifle shot of 8-92 inches diameter strike so as to ensure pene- tion? Here we have, from equation (1), 4rRgk v= ers : and substituting the above values, we find v=1197 feet. From this it follows that if the 9-inch rifled Woolwich gun was fired with its service-charge of 43 lbs. and a 250-lb. steel shot it would penetrate an unbacked 8-inch plate at about 1200 yards. Example V.—The 12-pounder B L Armstrong gun is fired with an elongated steel shot of 12-60 lbs. weight and 2-90 inches diameter, charge 1:5 Ib., velo- city 10,807 feet at 200 yards *; will this projectile penetrate a 3-inch plate * These velocities were all observed. Pere ers 414 REPORT—1866. : at that range? Here we have, from equation (1), 2 = =102 foot-tons, or 11-2 foot-tons per inch of the shot’s cireumference; and we also find from the same equation that it requires 12-46 foot-tons per inch of the shot’s circumference to penetrate a 3-inch plate. The above shot therefore would not penetrate, although it would be very near it. This result is borne out by rounds 986 and 993. Example V1.—We wish to test some steel shells of 115 Ibs. weight and 6-92 inches diameter, fired from the 7-inch M L Woolwich gun, with 22 Ibs. charge, and a striking-velocity at 200 yards of about 1380 feet. We have a target, expressly constructed for the trial of steel projectiles fired from heavy guns, which consists of 8-inch plates backed by about 20 inches of wood. Will this suit our purpose in the present instance ? Now, in order effectually to test a steel shell, the following conditions ought to be fulfilled, viz. the iron plate which protects the target should not be of greater thickness than that which the shell would be capable of penetrating unbacked. Or, assuming that the shell, if fired blind would have as great a penetration as a shot of the same form and weight, the thickness of the plate should be such as will admit of the shot getting its nose into the backing, This condition is self-evident; for if we increase the thickness of the pro- tecting plate beyond the power of the shot. it is manifest that the only result of firing a shell at it would be an indent, and that it would not signify whether there was powder in the shell or not. From equation (2), W b=r 4x Rgk’ we can find the maximum thickness of plate which a shot of the same form as the above shell will penetrate. Substituting the values, we find b=7-09 inches. From this we sce that a target faced with 8-inch plates is unsuitable for testing shells from the 7-inch Woolwich gun with the above charge, and, moreover, that something less than 7 inches should be the maximum thickness of plate of a target placed for such a purpose at 200 yards. We could further demonstrate that the 8-inch target would do very well for larger projectiles, such, for instance, as those fired from the 9-inch Wool- wich gun of 12 tons. Example V1I.—The wall piece is fired with a cylindrical steel shot of 0-344 lb. weight and 0-87 inch diameter at a 3-inch plate, velocity on im- pact being 1141 feet; ought it to penetrate it? and will it also penetrate a 1-inch plate? Here we have L Wey, YN 4gRgke? and substituting the above values, we find b=0-906 inch, The shot would therefore penetrate a 3-inch plate, but not one of 1 inch. That this is correct we find from the Tables. Example VIII.—We wish to just penetrate a 5-5-inch plate with a solid steel hemispherical-headed shot of 6-88 inches diameter, fired from the 7-inch PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 415 breech-loading gun ; with what “ work” should the projectile strike in order to accomplish this ? Here we have by equation (1) We? ely pe: BP Dy aR b? ; and substituting the values, we find that the necessary “ work” or We" 5a, =905 foot-tons. g Experiment gives 906 foot-tons as the “ work’’ necessary. It is unnecessary to give further examples of penctration through unbacked plates; the subject of backed plates will be further considered when the results of experiments against various targets representing existing iron-clad slips have been reviewed. On Oblique Fire.—We have hitherto considered the fire as being direct; that is to say, the plate has been supposed to have been placed perpendicular to the ground and the gun to have been so directed that the plane in which’ the shot * moved was perpendicular to the face of the plate, or nearly so. Let us suppose, however, that the plate has been set at an angle, or that the gun fires obliquely at an upright plate. The shot has then a tendency to glance off and continue its motion in a new direction, and we shall have the following proportion, viz.: The force with which the shot, acting obliquely, will strike is to that with which it would strike if acting directly as the sine of the angle of incidence is to unity y. Equation (1) will therefore become We? _ 27Rkb? = aber arsd Sers See! 4B. paryiee es 29 sin’ @ (4) and (2), WwW It appears from this that the resistance of the plate increases as the value of @ diminishes. We have already shown that a 4-5-inch unbacked plate, when fired at direct, requires a force represented by 28 foot-tons per inch of shot’s cireum- ference to ensure penetration. Let us suppose, however, that we place the plate in such a position that it makes an angle of 38° with the ground. From equation (4) we find that the force required to penetrate it in this position amounts to 1445 foot-tons for a shot of 6-22 inches diameter, or 73-9 foot-tons per inch of the shot’s circum- ference. We may expect, therefore, that a less force will not penetrate a 4-5-inch unbacked plate placed at an angle of 38°. An experiment of this nature was actually tried by the Armstrong and Whitworth Committee; they caused 4:5-inch plates to be set up at an angle of 52° with the vertical, and fired at them from 200 yards distance with the competitive Armstrong and Whitworth guns. It appears that the projectiles were solid steel shot of 70 lbs, weight and 6°34 inches diameter, that they struck with a ‘‘ work” of 1049 foot-tons or * The shot is assumed to have no lateral deviation. + That is, the shot striking in a slanting direction may be supposed to have opposed to it a plate of a thickness equal to the diagonal formed by the line of direction. b=vsin @ 416 REPORT—1866. °~ 52-7 tons per inch of shot’s circumference, and that they failed to pass through, although the plate was cracked and opened at the back. The Special Committee on Iron carried out some experiments with a wall- ae firing steel flat-headed shot at ?-inch unbacked plates placed at various angles. The wall-piece is able to pierce this plate in an upright position, but it failed to do so in any case when the plate was at an angle. It is a pity this experiment was not continued with different thicknesses of plates, as the present results do not afford sufficient data. The results of experiments with this wall-piece have proved that much valuable information may be obtained at a comparatively trifling expense. Although it would be of advantage to carry out further experiments on the effect of fire directed obliquely against iron defences, still we have suffi- cient evidence to prove that the power of resistance is much increased by placing the target at an angle. This result is in favour of turrets or cupolas for sea and land defences, as there is a great probability that such structures will be struck obliquely. It is also in favour of protecting guns by iron shields placed at a slope, and not upright. The effect of Cast-Iron Projectiles as compared with Steel of the same size and form. The difference between the effects of cast iron and steel shot is most marked. The latter material is the nearest approach to perfect hardness and cohesion which we have been able to procure, and the amount of work expended on the shot is less with steel than any other known material. With ordinary cast iron a very large amount of “work” is expended in breaking up the projectile, and hurling the fragments in all directions. When steel shot are manufactured in the best possible manner, very little “ work” is expended on the projectile; and in one instance a 12-pounder Whitworth steel shot was of such perfect material that, after passing through 23 inches of solid iron, its temperature was apparently unaltered, and its form so slightly changed that it might have been fired from the gun a second time. Several experiments have been instituted with a view of ascertaining the amount of work lost by the breaking up of cast iron, alteration of form of steel shot, &ec. Sir Wiliam Armstrong endeavoured to treat the question by an applica- tion of the dynamic theory of heat. Having fired projectiles of various materials against iron plates, he attempted to measure the quantity of heat generated by the concussion. This method was very ingenious, but most difficult to carry out; and the results of such trials can only be looked upon as approximate. The conclusions drawn by Sir William Armstrong from his experiments were as follows :— 1st. With hard and well-tempered steel shot the “‘ work ” expended on the projectile was about one-tenth of the total work in the shot on impact. ' 2nd, With soft steel the “‘ work” expended on the projectile was about two-tenths of the whole “ work.” 3rd. With soft wroughtiron it amounted to nearly one-half. These experiments are alluded to in the memorandum on this subject by Professor Pole, F.R.S., published in the Report of the Special Committee on Iron, 1862, p. 30. If we examine the results of the various experiments in which cast-iron pro- jectiles were used in comparison with, or under the same circumstances as, steel i PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 417 shot, we shall find that in almost every instance where the projectiles were moying at a velocity not exceeding 1200 feet, the cast-iron shot may be said to require about 23 times the “work” necessary to effect the same amount of perforation with steel shot. When, however, the velocity of the cast-iron shot is very high, this proportion is reduced to about 1:7. This latter result is due to the influence which the element velocity has in the penetration of cast-iron shot. If we suppose two cast-iron projectiles to be of the same form of head and diameter, and to be animated with the same amount of energy or “work,” consisting in one case of a heavy shot and low velocity, and in the other of a light shot and high velocity, the effect of these projectiles will be very different. The damage in the case of the low velocity will be spread over a larger surface, and the absolute indent will be small; while in the case of the high velocity the effect will be confined to the immediate neighbourhood of the point of impact, and the result will be a deep indent. This result with cast- iron shot is so well known that it seems almost needless to allude to it; we may, however, select one or two examples for record. Thus the ‘ Bellerophon’ target was struck by two projectiles fired from the 10-5-inch gun (rounds 717-719). The first consisted of a spherical shot of 150 lbs., moving with a velocity of 1547 fect, and a consequent “work” of 76 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference; the second, of an elongated shot of 308 lbs., moving with a velocity of 1090 feet, and consequent “work” of 77 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference. In the first instance the indent was 5 inches, and the damage was con- fined to the point struck. In the second instance the indent was 1-6 inch, but the plate was cracked and bulged over a large area. The following Table shows the absolute thickness of plate which can be penetrated by cast-iron shot fired from various guns with service-charges : the guns were at a distance of 100 yards from the plates, with the excep- tion of the 68-pounder, which was at 200 yards (see Appendix, Table X.) :— Taste VII.—Showing the difference between the effects produced by cast- iron and steel shot, when fired at iron plates. Foot-tons per inch of — é circumference required for Proportional ee absolute shir oe Differ- ee for Re k ae SSS ee ee cast-iron ne utes Cast-iron Steel shot. shot*. shot tT. inches. From results with 1-286 5-63 2:29 3°34 2517 6-pr. B L rifled gun. 1-803 11:05 4-49 6°56 2-461 i 2 aaa = 2-350 18°32 7-64 10-68 2°398 206n%s 9 2-820 25°32 11:00 14:32 2-302 40 5 = 3°850 35°30 20°50 14:80 1-722 68-pr. smooth-bore. If we compare the results given by this Table with the effect of steel pro- jectiles, it will appear that the cast-iron shot requires about 2} times the », work” of the steel shot to effect the same penetration, except where the velocity of the cast-iron shot is large. This Table has been drawn up with a view of showing the difference in effect of cast iron in comparison with steel shot. * From actual experiment on plates of various thicknesses. t Deduced from experiments with various guns at plates of 5:5, 4:5, 3-5, 3:0, and 2-5 inches thickness. ¢ Shot moving at a high yelocity. 1866, Qn IS yon bate 418 REPORT—1866. On the Material and Proper Form of Projectiles for the Penetration of Iron Defences. We have already seen that it is almost useless to fire cast-iron projec- tiles against iron defences if penetration is required; it will therefore be necessary to use a material which will effect our purpose at a moderate cost. Steel is a most expensive material for shot ; and as we have proved that Palliser’s chilled iron is almost, if not entirely, as good as steel, all our projectiles for battering-purposes will most probably be made of this material. The proper form of front or head to be given to hardened projectiles for use against iron plates is a subject of much importance. Various forms haye been proposed for this purpose. Mr. Whitworth relies on the flat-headed form, while most of Sir Wm. Armstrong’s projectiles have been round-headed or hemispherical; Major Palliser has used elliptical heads, and lately, in the projectiles for the 13- inch gun, a sharp-pointed form. The flat-headed form is supposed to be right, because it is generally used as the form of a punch. But although a flat-headed punch, when used with a die, will make a nice clean hole in a plate of iron, it by no means follows that a sharp-pointed or “ centre” punch will not make a rugged hole of equal size, with the same, if not greater ease. The manufacturer uses the flat-headed punch in order that he may be enabled to cut out a clean hole; but the artilleryman does not care what shaped hole he makes so as it is made; and if he has a preference at all, it is for a rugged hole which it is difficult to mend or plug up. We find in practice that the pointed form is the best for the artillery- man, particularly when the iron plates are backed by wood. p soon desption of the result of firing at a backed target will make this evident. The flat-headed or round-headed shot punches out a piece of the armour plate, and drives it into the backing; the shot, however, has no means of ridding itself of this piece of armour plate, and consequently it has to push “it in front of it through the backing. Thus in targets penetrated by flat- headed or round-headed shot, we invariably find that the piece of armour plate has passed through the target along with the shot. It is needless to remark that this piece of jagged armour plate must greatly increase the resistance which the shot meets in passing through the backing. When, however, the shot is of the form of a pointed ogival, the results of its action are far different: this projectile cuts through the armour plate, or rather tears it through, and the plate is bent back and forced into the backing round the edge of the hole. The shot thus passes through the backing without carrying any Jagged armour in front of it*. A very good illustration of this was obtained in the practice with the 13-inch ML gun at the ‘Hercules’ target; and the photographs of the target taken when the plates were removed show the effect in the most marked manner. Round 1141: a steel round-headed shot penetrated the lower or 8-inch plate of the ‘ Hercules,’ forcing the piece of plate against the backing. On the plate being removed, this piece of iron was found exactly as the shot had punched it out, and endeavoured to force it forward. The total pene- tration or indent was about 13 inches. Round 1145: a chilled iron pointed-headed shot also struck the 8-inch * In practice with ogival-headed shot we seldom, if ever, find that any part of the armour plate has passed through the target with the projectile. PENETRATION OF 1RON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 419 plate and tore through it, bending the edges of the plate back, and forcing them laterally into the backing. The penetration in this case was 22 inches ; and if the shot had been a perfect casting it would probably have had a greater effect. We see also from Table XII., in the Appendix, how much greater penetration was obtained by a steel shell with a solid head in the form of a pointed ogival, than where this form was not used. There is another disadvantage which the blunt-headed form labours under, yiz. the tendency to “set up” or bulge at the head; and this result is often very marked. A pointed head, on the contrary, does not “set up” to anything like the same extent, and almost all those which have been fired have preserved their points intact after passing through the plates. On the whole, it may be said that in the case where the projectile ought to be capable of piercing the plate or target there is little difference between the effects of a flat head and a hemispherical head; but when the target is beyond the power of the shot the hemispherical head makes the deepest indent. This is clearly shown in the case of the experiments with a wall-piece at a 45-inch unbacked plate, and 12-pounder Armstrong and Whitworth guns, at the Scott-Russell target. In every case where the target could not be pene- trated, the round gave a deeper indent than the flat head. The Tables in the Appendix give the results of some late experiments, which clearly show the great superiority of the pointed head. In these experiments, both steel and Palliser’s chilled shot were used. All the projectiles were fired from the same gun, under the same circum- stances, the velocity of each round being observed. The targets consisted of a strong structure, representing the side of an iron-clad vessel protected by solid plates of 6 inches thickness, backed by 18 inches of compact teak, an iron skin of two half-inch plates, the usual iron ribs, &c. A second target of unbacked 45-inch plates, inclined at an angle of 38° with the ground, was erected at the same distance. The projectiles were of a mean weight of 115 Ibs., and of the following forms of head, viz. :— For Palliser’s Chilled Shot. 1. Ogival, head struck with a radius of 1 diameter, and brought to a point. 2. Belgian form, head struck with a radius of 1:47 diameter, and pointed in the shape of a cone. 3. Elliptical, the height of the ellipse being equal to the diameter of the projectile. For Steel Shot. 1. Hemispherical. 2. Ogival, head struck with a radius of 1 diameter, and brought to a - point. See Table XI., in the Appendix, round 1186 to 1201. From this it appears— Ist. That hemispherical-headed steel shot, striking the box target with a “work” of 68 tons per inch of shot’s circumference failed to penetrate completely: this result might be expected, as from calculation it would require about 82 tons per inch of circumference to send a hemispherical- headed shot completely through such a structure. ' 2nd. That ogival-headed steel shot, the head being brought to a point, striking the above target with a “work” of 68 tons per inch of shot’s circumference, penetrated completely, with some remaining force left. 3rd, That pointed chilled shot, striking the above target with a “ work ” of 252 420 REPORT—1866. 66 tons per inch of shot’s circumference, penetrated completely, and were fully equal to the steel. 4th. That elliptical or blunt-headed chilled shot, striking the above target with a “ work” of 66 tons per inch of shot’s circumference, failed to pene- trate completely, the indent being about equal to that made by the hemi- spherical-headed steel shot. 5th. That ogival-pointed chilled shot striking the 45-inch unbacked plates, inclined at angle of 38° with the ground, with a “work” of 66 tons per inch of shot’s circumference, penctrated completely. 6th. That the same shot with the Belgian coned head failed to penetrate. 7th. That it would require a “ work” of above 70 tons per inch of shot’s circumference to send a hemispherical-headed steel shot completely through 4-5-inch unbacked wrought-iron plates, inclined at an angle of 388° with the ground. Such a structure therefore presents a greater obstacle to com- plete perforation than the ‘ Warrior’ target if fired at direct. Sufficient experiments have not yet been made with pointed shot to enable us to determine the value of / for this form of projectile with any great exactness. It is probable, however, that & for pointed shot will be found to be about four-fifths of that for hemispherical-headed projectiles, when the target is backed, or ko = 4k, k! = 45357200 k! = 4285760 Spherical versus Elongated Projectiles. The experiments against iron-plated targets have clearly demonstrated the immense superiority of elongated over spherical projectiles, when the shot or shell are made of a hardened material. Elongated projectiles have been found to be less liable to alter their shape on impact; and the cylin- drical form is much better adapted for steel shells, which as spherical would be almost worthless. The best form of steel shell known at present is the steel solid-headed shell, the head being ogival and moveable, so as to offer the least resistance to the action of the bursting charge in the forward direction. The chief characteristics of this projectile are:—its solid pointed head, which penetrates or punches a hole in the armour, and so permits the powder to explode in the backing*; and the construction of the head which renders it very strong when acted on by a force from the outside, but weak when subject to pressure from within; it is thus easy for the bursting charge to blow the head forward through the backing and inner skin. The form of this projectile is also well adapted for the use of gun-cotton ’ as a bursting charge, the cotton being made up in the improved manner, viz. disks of pulp. These shells having been first proposed by Captain H. J. Anderson, R.A., are known as the “ Alderson shell;” and Table XIII. (in the Appendix) shows what success attended their use (rounds 1048-1050). It is believed that Sir William Armstrong was the first to point out the advantage to be gained by causing the powder to act in a forward direction ; and the steel shells known as the “Armstrong pattern” are thus made. All these shells, however, are furnished with hollow cast-iron heads or caps, and their penetration is inferior to the shells with solid steel heads. * See R, A. Institution Proceedings, vol. iii, page 71, line 21. sf : * PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 421 On the Penetration into Unbacked Plates. We have hitherto considered the effects due to absolute penetration or perforation, that is, when a clean hole is made through the iron plate. Let us now examine the results of various experiments where the effect was to bend and indent the plate in consequence of the force not being sufficient to perforate it. The Tables in the Appendix give the results of various experiments at un- backed plates. From these Tables it appears that, when the shot is unable to perforate, the effects are very variable and difficult to compute. Thus the total effect or “ work done” by round 986 was made up of the following items :— 1st. Indent 2:3 inches. 2nd. “‘ Work” expended in cracking indent. ord. ‘ Work” in cracking and bulging rear of plate. 4th. “ Work” in cracking the head of, and “ setting up” the shot from 7-4 inches to 6-74 inches. Again, we have, round 993, fired under the same circumstances :— Ist. Indent 2-2 inches. 2nd. “ Work” expended in twisting the shot, cracking its head, and reducing its length from 7-4 to 6:5 inches. Here no “‘ work” was expended in cracking the indent or the back of the plate, but, on the other hand, the shot was more distorted in form, and more reduced in length. It would be difficult to reduce such results to any law, unless we were pos- sessed of data furnished by a number of carefully conducted experiments made with shot of the same form and quality, and plates of equal strength. It is submitted, however, that the knowledge of how far a shot will penetrate into an iron plate is of little practical value. We can determine with a close degree of approximation whether it will penetrate through the plate or not ; and that is the chief point. Itis, however, interesting to observe the differ- ence between the way in which the work is done in the two cases, viz. when the plate can be perforated, and when it cannot. Thus round 986, with a work of about 102 foot-tons, only penetrated to a depth of 2°3 inches in a 3-inch plate, whereas it would haye perforated the plate if the work had been 114 foot-tons. The 68-pounder smooth-bore, firing solid steel spherical shot with 16-lb. charges, could perforate a 5-inch plate, but would only penetrate to a depth of about 3 inches in a 53-inch plate. The effects of the wall-piece, firing steel flat-headed shot, are very strange. Thus this projectile can penetrate, at 25 yards, all plates up to and including ?-inch ; it fails to penetrate an inch plate, and indents it 0-28 inch, but it indents a 5-inch plate almost as much; and there is no difference whatever between the indent in a 5- and a 4-inch plate. This seems to prove that anything above a 4-inch plate may be regarded as being of infinite thickness, relatively, to a wall-piece projectile. ; Examination of the Results of various Experiments against Targets repre- senting Iron-clad Vessels. The experiments before detailed have indicated that the comparative effect produced on iron defences by steel shot can be very closely represented by the vis viva of the projectile on impact—and that it is of little importance 422 ~~ REPORT—1866., whether this vis viva be the result of a heavy shot and a low velocity, or a light shot and a high velocity, Thus the 10:5-inch gun with a spherical steel shot of 165 1bs., and a charge of 35 lbs., gives a striking-velocity at 200 yards of 1470 feet, and a “ work” on impact at 200 yards of 2472 foot-tons*. If the same gun be fired with an elongated steel shot of 300 Ibs. and charge of 35 lbs., the “ work” will be practically the same at 200 yards, viz. 2472 foot-tons. The effect of these two projectiles may therefore be assumed to be equal ; that is, either of them would punch the same hole. This, however, is only true in the case of projectiles of the same diameter ; it would not hold good if the comparison had been made between a shot of 10°5 inches diameter,and a shot of 9:22 inches diameter. It is also necessary that the shape of the head, or front part of the shot, should be the same in both cases. Thus, when a comparison is made between a spherical and a cylindrical shot, the head of the latter should be hemispherical. If the cylindrical head be pointed or elliptical, it will have a certain advantage over the spherical form. In the’ experiments with steel projectiles which have taken place in this country up to the present time, the form of the head has been, generally speaking, hemispherical ; the effects there are fairly comparable. It has been said that the diameters of the shot should be the same, in order to ensure a direct comparison. Recent experiments, however, have shown? that with projectiles of different diameters the vis viva should vary as the diameter nearly. That is to say, the force required to puncha 10-5-inch hole is to the force required to punch a 9:22-inch hole as 10:5 is to 9°22 nearly ; so that, if it be found that 2472 foot-tons are required to send a 10°5-inch projectile through the side of an iron-clad, the same effect, as regards penc- tration, will be produced by 2171 foot-tons in the case of a 9°22-inch pro- jectile. : Let us now examine some of the principal experiments which have taken place in this country in relation to iron-clad sea defences {. In the remarks on these structures and the effects observed, the following points will be chiefly attended to, viz. :— Ist. Experiments against targets which represent actual sea-going vessels. 2nd. The effects produced by guns of those calibres only which are likely to be carried on board ship. 3rd. In most cases, solid steel shot. The accompanying brief description of the several targets alluded to in the Tables is inserted here for reference. Warrior.—This target represented a portion amidships of the frigate of that name. It is a specimen of an iron armour-plated ship. * The vis viva of a body in motion is the whole mechanical effect which it will produce in being brought to a state of rest, without regard to the time occupied; and it varies as the weight of the body multiplied by the square of its velocity. This mechanical effect, or ‘ work” accumulated in the moving body, is represented by the weight which it is capable of raising 1 foot high, and is equal to the weight of the moving body multiplied by the square of its velocity, and divided by twice the force of gravity, or 5 : Thus, if weno of 165 Ibs. weight be moving with a velocity of 1470 feet per second, the “work” accumulated in it will be represented by 165 x 1470 x 1470, 2 x 32:1908 which is equal to 5538048 lbs., or 2472 tons. That is to say, the force stored up in this shot is capable of lifting a weight of 2472 tons 1 foot high. t See Table IIT. { See Tables in Appendix. PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 4.23 The following are the scantlings :—3-inch iron skin laid on the 18-inch iron ribs of the ship ; 18-inch teak backing composed of timbers 9!' x 9", the inner tier being laid horizontally, the outer tier vertically ; 43-inch iron armour plates. The whole supported by strong diagonal braces. The iron armour plates were tongued and grooved. Minotaur.—This target consisted of 3 plates, 5-5 inches in thickness. The backing consisted of 9 inches of teak, and the inner skin similar to ¢ Warrior.’ Each plate was fastened by three rows of bolts, the upper and lower rows being 1:75 inch diameter, and the centre ‘row 1°5 inch. The majority of the bolts went completely through, having double nuts on the inside; but some of them were screwed into the teak backing, being in fact only large wood screws. Strips of iron, 1-25 inch thick, were placed in rear, at the junction of the plates, the upper strip being 16 inches wide, the lower strip 10 inches wide. The supports in rear were similar to that of the ‘ Warrior’ target. It appears, therefore, that this target differs from the ‘ Warrior’ by the sub- stitution of 1 inch of armour plate for 9 inches of teak backing. Bellerophon.—Each frame of the target was made of an angle-i -iron 10" x 32! x 2, and two angle-irons 33" x CBN x 3", rivetted together. To the double angle- irons of this frame, the skin, “which was composed of two thick- nesses of 2” plating, making together 13", with a layer of painted canvas between, Sa rivetted. On the outside of the skin plating four horizontal angle-iron stringers were attached, two under the upper armour plate, 92" x 33! x 3", the broad flange being square to the skin, and not reaching out to the armour by half an inch ; the other two were placed behind the lower plate, 10” x 34" 3M The breadth of the broader flange being thus equal to the backing, it rests against the armour. The wood backing, "10" thick, was worked longitudinally on the skin plating, and between the angle-iron stringers, and bolted with nut-and-screw bolts through the skin plating, The armour consisted of two rolled plates, 6" thick, “weighing upwards of 9 tons each. The upper armour plate was bolted with 24 Pinch bolts, the lower plate with 23" bolts. The bolts ran through, and were secured by nuts and washers. In “erecting the target, care was “taken to support it behind with beam ends, &c.; so that the actual condition of the proposed ship’s side was appr oximated to as closely as possible *. Lord Warden.—This target represents the ordinary construction of a wooden ship, armour-plated, ‘with the addition of a thick iron skin worked outside of the frame-timbers of the ship. The following are the scantlings :—Frame-timbers moulded, 122"; iron diagonal riders “connecting the frame- timbers, 6" by 13"; inner planking 8 “thick ; iron skin 14" thick ; outside planking 10" thick ; rolled armour plates 4: ‘5 inch thick. Armour-plate bolts 23! diameter. Tron washers were placed under the bolt-heads, and rested on india- rubber washers, the latter being let into the timber. Merk Dea msslOMel. eet e taucva bra «tm. strays so cease 15 by 12 i PEPOE © POA e eR iad © shicein Wes bite & ol tys 16 by 16 Wi aiomwray, LOW AT sy ole PMI. sie. spe e giv » Sages 15 by 15 i ME AORT yas Gore eta as aay cp stauta Rags wean 13 by 14 * Transactions and Reports of the Special Committee on Iron, page 195, 1863. 4.24, REPORT—] 866. Neck-planking, dower ¢ + Wieemagy en nM eit te wee y oe 4 TPP OIL AF eee hel foe oe Baad py ni faye. io sR taal 4 Tron knees to each beam. Small Plate.-—This target represents the ordinary construction of a wooden ship armour-plated, the armour plates being of small area, and secured by large wood screws, The target was faced with four rows of plates of the following dimensions ;— Tiwi PPE TOWS ise saliva k sie! sw Hse D9X27X 475 Diao lover moms oi False ehaphs + ato «2t.0-8 5 59x 25x 59 The following are the scantlings:—Timber frames 11"; inner planking 6"; outside planking LON. The target was furnished with deck-beams, waterway, and deck-planking. Massive wooden knees to each beam. The Hercules.—This was the strongest target ever fired at at at Shoebury- ness ; indeed, it is probable that a structure of such immense strength has never yet been tried in any other country. The upper half of the target was faced with a wrought-iron plate 9 inches thick, and the lower half with a similar plate 8 inches thick. Behind both plates was a compact backing consisting of 12-inch timber, laid horizontally, and divided by four horizontal iron plates placed edgewise. This backing rested against a skin of two #! plates. The whole was secured to the iron ribs, which were 10 inches deep, with vertical timber worked in between them. Behind the ribs were two linings of horizontal timber 18 inches deep, confined by 7-inch iron ribs inside “all, and an inside iron skin. The armour plates were secured by 3-inch bolts. The total thickness of the target, wood, and iron, exclusive of the 7-inch inside ribs, was :—At top, 51:25 inches; at bottom, 47:25 inches. It may easily be imagined that a structure such as this, 4 fect thick, presented a very serious obstacle to the passage of any nature of projectile. Mr. Chalmers’s Target—This target was composed of 3-75-inch hammered armour plates, with a compound backing 10°75 inches thick, formed of horizontal layers of wood and iron plates. Behind this was a second armour plate 1} inch thick, with a cushion of timber 3°75 inches thick between it and the 3-inch plate, which formed the skin of the ship. The iron plates used in the backing were 3-inch in thickness, and 5 inches apart from centre to centre. The armour plates were secured by through bolts. 73-inch Target—This target consisted of a 7-5-inch rolled armour plate 11! 9"-25 x 3! 8-37 x 7-5, backed by 7 inches of wood, and secured to the frame of Mr. Samuda’s target (23 inches thick), the plates being secured by 23-inch conical-headed bolts with “double nuts. 62-Inch Target—This target consisted of a 63-inch rolled armour plate, backed by 17 inches of wood, and on ‘ Warrior’ skin and framet. Portsmouth A.—This target consisted of a roiled armour plate 5°5 inches thick, bolted to the sides of a wooden line-of-battle ship. The backing was therefore about 25 inches of oak. Portsmouth B.—Exactly the same as the aboye, with the exception of the armour plate, which was 6 inches thick. Portsmouth C_—Exactly the same as the above, with the exception of the armour plate, which was 4:5 inches thick. * Transactions, p. 102 (1862). T Ibid. p. 173 (1863). PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT, 4.25 Let us now examine the results of the various experiments given in the Appendix Tables*, The Lord Warden.—lt appears from round 813, that this vessel could be completely penetrated by a steel shot of 9:14 inches diameter, striking with a stored-up work of 2642 tons. The gun in this case used a reduced charge of 30 lbs. We learn from this that, had the full charge, viz. 44 Ibs., been used, it would have been equivalent to a removal of the gun to something over 1000 yards from the target. The 9-22-inch gun of 12 tons, with an elongated steel shot of 221 Ibs, and charge of 44 lbs., is therefore capable of completely piercing an iron-clad vessel of the ‘ Lord Warden’ class at 1000 yards, We have before mentioned that recent experiments have indicated that for complete penetration through iron, the “ work” must vary as the diameter of the shot nearly. If, therefore, we were to use a 10°5-inch gun against the ‘ Lord Warden,’ the force required to obtain the same effect as that accomplished by the 9:22- inch with a striking-“work ” of 2642 tons, would be expressed by the following proportions :— 9:14; 2642: : 10°43: wv; and we find w = 3015. The 10-5-inch gun would therefore require a force of 3015 tons to com- pletely penetrate the ‘ Lord Warden.’ That this reasoning is nearly correct, we find by observing the effects of round 806, where a steel shot of 10-43 inches diameter, struck with a “work” of 2898 tons, and failed to get com- pletely through. - In the same manner we can approximately determine the effect which would be produced by any other steel shot of given diameter and weight. Let us take, for example, the 15-inch and 11-inch cast-iron smooth-bore guns used in the United States. The first of these guns would throw, provided they had such projectiles, a spherical steel solid shot of 484 1bs. weight, and 14°85 inches diameter, with a maximum battering charge of, say, 50 Ibs. The second gun would fire a steel solid shot of 189 Ibs. with a charge of 20 Ibs. The following Table shows the remaining velocities of these projectiles at various distances, with their corresponding stored up “ work :”’— Taste VIII.—Showing the remaining velocities and “ work” of spherical steel solid shot fired from 15-inch and 11-inch guns. Projectile. Initial At 200 yards. At 500 yards. At 1000 yards. =) 50 Gun, 2 yelo- on E wh aH sae] ae E_ [reste |Dinmete| ity. epaiing) i | Menai] Vi | Ronan Ve Ibs. Ibs. | inches. |- feet. feet. tons._| feet. ltons.|| feet. tons. 15-inch...| 50 484 | 1485 | 1070} 1028 |8547)) 969 3152 880 = |2599 Il-inch...| 20 189 | 1085 | 1080] 1019 1361|| 936 (1148 818 877 Bm ' { | From this Table we can approximately detcrmine the effect of 15-inch and 11-inch stecl projectiles. Thus, assuming that the penctration varies in- * The projectiles are assumed to strike direct, i ee 426 REPORT—1866. versely as the diameter, and that it requires 2642 tons of “ work ” on impact to send a steel shot of 9''-14 through the side of the ‘ Lord Warden ;’ the penetra- tion of a steel shot from the 15-inch gun will require a force represented by the following proportion :— 9°14: 2642 ::14:85: 2; and #« = 4292 tons. It would therefore require a force of 4292 tons to send a steel shot of 14:85 inches diameter through the ‘ Lord Warden.’ A glance at the last Table shows that the 15-inch gun, if fired with a 50-lb. charge, is unable to accomplish this even at a range of 200 yards ; and it is further very doubtful whether this gun, fired with 50 lbs. of powder, and a solid steel shot of 4841bs., would penetrate the side of the iron-clad ship ‘ Lord Warden,’ even were the muzzle of the gun touching the armour plates of the vessel, It is needless to remark that the 11-inch gun would be much less effective. These conclusions go to prove— Ist. That the 7-inch ML gun of 134 ewt. rifled, fired with a solid elon- gated steel shot of 100 Ibs. and charge of 25 lbs., is not capable of piercing the ‘Lord Warden’ at any range. 2nd. The same remark applies to the 100-pounder smooth-bore gun with a spherical steel shot of 104 Ibs. and 25 lbs. charge. 3rd. The 9-22-inch rifled gun of 12 tons, fired with an elongated steel shot of 221 Ibs. and 44 Ibs. charge, is capable of piercing the ‘ Lord Warden’ up to a range of about 1000 yards. 4th. That the same remark applies to the 10-5-inch gun of 12 tons, fired with a solid elongated shot of 301 lbs, and charge of 45 Ibs. 5th. That the American smooth-bore guns of 15, 13, 11, and 9-inch calibre, fired with solid spherical steel shot and their service charges, are not capable of piercing the ‘ Lord Warden’ at any range whatever. 6th. This vessel could steam past batteries armed with the above smooth- bore guns without suffering except from “ racking” effect. The Bellerophon.—The trial of this target was of such an undecided cha- racter, and of such a comparatively mild form, that it is difficult to obtain sufficient data upon which to base any comparison between this vessel and other iron-clads. The most severe blow it encountered was from the 10-5-inch rifled gun, with a spherical steel shot of 165 lbs. and charge of 35 Ibs., the striking ‘‘ work ” being 2472 tons, This shot failed to penetrate the target ; but we have no evidence to prove that the 10°5-inch gun would not have penetrated with a charge of 50 lbs., and striking “work” of 2898 tons. The ‘Bellerophon’ is undoubtedly of a stronger construction than the ‘Warrior’ or ‘ Minotaur’ class ; but there is no direct evidence to prove that it is as strong or stronger than the ¢ Lord Warden.’ We have seen that 75:4 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference has failed to penetrate the ‘ Bellerophon ;’ but it appears that this force is quite sufficient to penetrate this target when the plates are 5:5 inches thick instead of 6 inches (rounds 949 to 952). We have no evidence, however, whether 75 foot-tons per inch may not be too much for a ‘ Bellerophon’ with 5:5- inch plates. If we assume that this force is only sufficient for the pene- tration of 5:5-inch plates on a backing and skin similar to the ‘ Bellerophon,’ the latter with 6-inch plates would require a force of 89°6 foot-tons per inch, which is about what is required by the ‘ Lord Warden.’ : PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 427 The fact, however, of the 10:5 inch gun having failed to pierce this target, indicates that the American smooth-bore 15-inch gun fired with solid steel shot and 50 Ibs. charge, would not penctrate it at any distance over 100 yards. This vessel, therefore, could pass batteries so armed without suffering, except by “racking.” The Warrior.—The only steel shot which have been fired at the ‘ Warrior ’ target have been from 100-pounder and 68-pounder smooth-bore guns, and the 7-inch rifled gun, and 6:3 and 5-inch rifled guns. We sce from the Table that the 7-inch rifled gun is capable of piercing the side of this vessel with a 100-Ib. shot and 20-lb. charge, the striking “work” being 1374 tons (round 1018). The effect of the 100-pounder gun would, therefore, be represented by the proportion 6°91:1374::8°87:2; and w=1764. The force, therefore, required to send a steel shot from the 100-pounder gun through the ‘ Warrior’ would be about 1764 tons ; and we may assume that any force under this would not produce the required effect. Thus we find (round 972) that a shot from the 100-pounder struck the ‘ Warrior’ with a force of 1573 tons, but failed ‘to penetrate. In the same manner we can approximate to the force required to send a shot from the 9°22-inch gun through the ‘ Warrior,’ 6:91:13874::9:14: 4; and v=1813 tons. The 9-22-inch gun could therefore send a steel shot through the ‘ War- rior,’ provided the striking force were 1813 tons. If the shot, therefore, was 221 lbs. weight, the necessary velocity would be 1087 feet; and if the gun were fired with its full charge of 44 Ibs., it would send an elongated steel shot of 221 lbs. through the ‘ Warrior’ at 2500 yards range. In the same manner, in the case of the 10-5-inch gun, we have the pro- portion 6°91: 1374::10-43: a; and #w=2074. The 10-5-inch gun would therefore send its shot through the ‘ Warrior,’ provided the striking-force were 2074 tons. From this it appears that the ‘ Warrior’ is of weaker construction than the ‘Lord Warden,’ as the 10-5-inch gun failed to penetrate the latter with a striking-force of 2898 tons. In the case of the 15-inch American gun, we have the proportion 6°91: 1374::14:85: a; and #=2953 tons. From Table VIII. it appears that the 15-inch gun, fired with a spherical steel shot of 484 Ibs. and a charge of 50 Ibs., would penetrate the ‘ Warrior’ at any distance up to 500 yards, but would not do so at 1000 yards, In the case of the 11-inch gun, we have . 6-91: 1374:: 10:85: x; and #=2157. . And from Table VIII. we find that the 11-inch gun, fired with a solid steel shot of 189 lbs. and charge of 20 lbs., would not penetrate the ‘ Warrior’ at any range, not even if the muzzle of the gun were touching the armour plates. 428 REPORT—1866. From these considerations the following effects are probable :— 1st. The 7-inch muzzle-loading rifle-gun of 130 cwt., with a solid steel shot of 100 lbs. and charge of 25 ibs., is capable of piercing the side of the ‘ Warrior’ up to a range of 600 yards *. 2nd. The 100-pounder smooth-bore gun (9-inch) of 125 ewt. with a solid spherical steel shot of 104 lbs. weight and 25 lbs. charge, is not capable of piercing the ‘ Warrior’ at any distance over 100 yards. 3rd. The 9:22-inch rifled gun of 12 tons, with a solid elongated steel shot of 221 lbs. and charge of 44 Ibs., is capable of piercing the ‘ Warrior’ up to a range of 2500 yards +. 4th. The 10-5-inch rifled gun of 12 tons, with a solid elongated steel shot of 301 lbs. and charge of 45 Ibs., is capable of piercing the ‘ Warrior’ up to a range of 2500 yards. 5th. The American 15-inch gun of 22 tons, with a spherical steel shot of 484 Ibs. and charge of 50 lbs., is capable of piercing the ‘ Warrior’ up to a range of 500 yards, 6th. The American smooth-bore 11-inch and 9-inch guns, fired with solid spherical steel shot and their maximum charges, are not capable of piercing the ‘ Warrior’ at any range. 7th. This vessel could pass batteries armed with 15-inch guns, as aboye, at a distance of 800 yards without suffering, except by “ racking.” The Minotaur.—This class differs from the ‘ Warrior’ in having 1 inch of iron armour plating substituted for 9 inches of wood backing. In the trial of this target, an experimental powder named 2A, was made use of; and this accounts for the effects observed with the 10:5-inch gun. It appears that, when the ordinary service, powder was used, the result was something the same as in the case of the ‘ Warrior.’ The actual strength of these ships may therefore, in absence of direct evidence to the contrary, be assumed to be equal; but whether the wood and iron, which combined form the mass of resistance, have been more ad- vantageously distributed in the construction of the ‘ Warrior’ than in that of the ‘ Minotaur,’ is a separate question. On the whole, it may be assumed that the remarks which apply to the ‘Warrior’ are equally applicable to the ‘Minotaur’ and ships of her class. The Hercules.—This target was by far the strongest ever tried at Shoe- buryness, and accordingly it received the most severe treatment. The pre- liminary experiments were made with the 9'22, 10’-5, and 10" rifled guns of 12 tons, firing solid steel shot with very high charges. It appears that rounds 1041, 1045 broke the 8-inch plate and forced the pieces into the 12-inch wood backing. Both these rounds struck between two ribs ; 1045, however, met with more resistance than 1041, as it struck just over one of the horizontal plates; the armour plate was thus supported in rear of the point struck by a rigid backing. An 8-inch plate unbacked requires 88-6 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circum- ference to just penctrate it; it was to be expected, therefore, that the above rounds should do so. * The same result would probably occur with the present service charge for this gun, viz. 22 lbs. and shot of 115 Ibs. t The same result would occur with the service 9-inch gun of 12 tons. i PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 429 Rounds 1043, 1044, 1040, 1042 struck the 9-inch plate, which, if un- backed, would require a force of 112-1 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circum- ference to penetrate it. Round 1044 was therefore the only shot which had sufficient force to penetrate the plate; and this round struck both on a rib and full on one of the rigid backings; 1040 almost penetrated the plate, as, although the absolute indent was only 4:5 inches, the piece of plate struck was almost dislodged; 1042 ought to have done more damage than it did ; probably the steel was not of the best quality. The target was subsequently tested by firing at it with the 13-inch wrought-iron gun of 22 tons, using solid steel and chilled iron shot of 570 Ibs., with 100 lbs. of powder. The gun was at 700 yards from the target. The results proved that the target was impenetrable when struck fair, although it was penetrated by a chilled shot which struck just above a pre- vious round. When it is considered that this target was only 18-2 feet x 8 fect x 4 feet, and that it received blows amounting in all to over seventy thousand foot- tons, it must be confessed it did its duty. The Small Plate—This target represented a wooden ship armour-plated, such as the French ‘ Flandre’ &c. It appears that this class of iron-clad is not quite as strong as that repre- sented by the ‘ Warrior’ or ‘Minotaur’ (which are iron vessels armour-plated), and of course not nearly so strong as the ‘ Lord Warden’ or ‘ Bellerophon.’ Thus the 10-5-inch gun with a striking-“ work’ of 1657 tons penetrated the “small plate” target ; and we have seen that this gun would require a striking-force of 2047 tons to send the same shot through the ‘ Warrior.’ It is hardly fair, however, to take this round (850) for the basis of a com- parison with other guns, as it appears that the target had been previously considerably shaken. On the whole, it may be assumed that vessels of the class represented by the “small plate” target are something weaker than those represented by the ‘ Warrior,’ and that the remarks which apply to the latter are applicable to the former in a greater degree*, The following Table shows the probable distance at which various guns, firing solid steel shot, with full service charges, would penetrate iron-clad ships at present (1866) in the service :— * This target is of equal, if not superior strength to the ‘Warrior, if struck on the 59-inch plates, 1g) ewe 430 REPORT—1866. ; Taste IX.—Showing the probable distance at which various guns would penetrate existing iron-clad vessels, provided they were fired with full ser- vice-charges and solid steel shot. Distance Sup |'Sab- at which Gun. pos ficiedl esse) 4 - ti Ee Remarks. charge.| shot. sented by. charge will pe- netrate. lbs. | Ibs. yards. 13'-3 ML rifled of 22 tons...) 70 600 | Omnes* ......| 2000 | to 4000 yards. 9" ML rifled of 12 tons ...) 45 300 | Lord Warden| 1000 3 r, 45 300 | Bellerophon 1000 =) 45 300 | Warrior......! 2000 55 vi 45 300 | Minotaur ....| 2000 ” ” 45 300 | Gloire......... 2200 | 10-5 ML rifled of 12 tons...) 43 250 | Same as 9-in. 7-inch M L rifled of 130 ewt.| 22 115 | Warrior ...... 500 9 af 22 115 | Minotaur .... 500 ” 3 22 115 | Gloire.........] 600 | to 700 yards. 100-pounder smooth-bore ...| 25 104. | Warrior .. ... 100 33 45 2 104 | Minotaur ... roo % 3 25 104 | Gloire......... 200 15” smooth-bore (American) | 50 484 | Warrior...... 500 s 5 50 484 | Minotaur ... 500 i$ - 50 484 | Gloire......... 700 Résumé of Experimental Results against Backed Plates. The experiments which have hitherto been made in this country in con- nexion with targets representing iron-clad vessels, haye been of such a decidedly practical nature that it is difficult to make any theoretical deduc- tions from the results. The trials have been chiefly for the purpose of testing various specimens of armour-plated vessels ; and the guns employed have been of a very varied nature, mostly experimental. The results of such experiments have furnished much valuable practical information ; but as they were conducted under such varying circumstances, it is difficult to base any theoretical conclusion on the facts established. We can, however, make several deductions which, if not absolutely, will be relatively true, and will give us some approximation of what is required. Thus, if we examine the experiments which from time to time have been carried out against targets representing the ‘ Warrior’+, we find that the target was completely penetrated by a steel shot which struck with a “work” représented by about 63 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference (round 1018), and that 59 tons failed to penetrate, although it cracked the inner skin (round not numbered). We may therefore assume that a force of about 60 or 61 foot-tons w uld be the minimum to ensure the absolute penetration of the ‘ Warrior’ with a steel shot of good quality, striking direct t. The round quoted above (1018) consisted of a hemispherical-headed steel shot of 99-56 Ibs. and 6-91 inches diameter, moving with a velocity of 1411 * At present afloat (August 1866). t+ See Table XIII. (in the Appendix). ¢ This applies only to hemispherical-headed shot. ’ + PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 43 | fect ; we can therefore find what thickness of unbacked plate it would have penetrated. i barn | are Ankgle’ From equation (2), b=6°76 inches. And as the armour plating of the target was 4:5 inches, the backing, inclu- ding the inner skin, was equivalent to an extra 2-26 inches of plating. We can also determine the ‘“‘ work” necessary to penetrate the 45-inch plate Penveed) by the above shot. From equation (1), Na ag b° = 608'4 foot-tons, 29 or 28 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference. As the total force required to penetrate the target would be 61 foot-tons per inch, we see that this may be divided into twenty-eight for the armour plate, and thirty-three for the backing. It is, however, possible that this backing might be penetrated with greater ease if it depended on itself alone; and possibly it is only when combined with the armour plate that its resistance is so great*. That this reasoning is approximately correct, we find by examining the results of round 979. Here the striking-“‘ work” was 22 foot-tons per inch, and, as might be expected, the plate was not penetrated ; again, round 736 struck with 39 tons per inch, and penetrated the plate, driving the pieces into the backing. We learn from the foregoing results that any good hemispherical-headed steel shot will penetrate a structure like the ‘ Warrior,’ provided the striking- * work” be not less than about 61 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference, and that the shot hits direct f. In the absence of direct proof to the contrary, we may assume that the same results would take place in the case of the ‘ Minotaur’ and ships of her class. Tf we examine the results of round 1 in the Portsmouth experiments, it appears that a spherical steel shot of 113-81 lbs. weight and 9-15 inches dia- meter, moving with a velocity of 1450 feet, and consequent “ work ” of 57-7 foot-tons per inch, penetrated a 5-5-inch plate and the side of a wooden fri- gate, viz. 25 inches of wood. The amount of “work” due to the plate was here 41:4 foot-tons per inch, which leaves 16-5 tons for the backing. It will be seen from this that the backing and inner skin of an iron-built ship like the ‘ Warrior’ is capable of much greater resistance than the side of an ordinary frigate. If we suppose the ship to have been protected with the 4-5-inch armour plates, as in the case of “Portsmouth C” target, the resistance will be ap- proximately proportioned to the squares of the thicknesses of the plates, the backing being the same in both cases. » - "We ‘might therefore expect that a “work” of about 44 tons per inch would penetrate “ Portsmouth C.” It appears from round 4 that 38-7 foot- tons per inch failed to penetrate this target. _ * We have no experimental data to determine this point. + The above only applies to Sane rere bem ia shot; if the projectile be ogival- headed the “work” required will be less. 432 REPORT—1866. As before stated, it is proved that a “ work” of about 58 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference will just penetrate a 5:5-inch plate and 25 inches of wood ; and we may assume that it will require a a force of 44 foot-tons per inch to penctrate the same ship if the plates be 4:5 inches. In order to demonstrate how this knowledge may prove of advantage, let us suppose the following case. H.M.S. ‘ Favourite’ is a wooden ship of about 22 inches thickness, pro- tected by 4'5-inch plates, and armed with 7-inch M L rifled guns throwing solid elongated steel shot of 115 lbs, weight and 6-92 inches diameter, with a charge of 22 lbs. Suppose this ship meets an enemy’s vessel of the same thickness, but pro- tected by 5°5-inch plates, and armed with 11-inch smooth-bore guns throw- ing solid spherical steel shot of 189 lbs. weight and 10-85 inches diameter, with a charge of 20 lbs. To all appearance the enemy’s vessel is much the stronger of the two. We find, however, that at 500 yards the*11-inch projectiles would strike with a “work” of only 34 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference, and conse- quently would fail to penetrate the ‘Favourite,’ which requires a force of about 44 foot-tons; while, on the other hand, the projectiles from the rifled guns of the latter ship would at 500 yards strike with a “ work” of about 65 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference, which would be amply sufficient to penetrate, even with steel or chilled shells, the side of a ship of 22 inches thickness, protected by 5:5-inch plates. It may, however, be urged that, although the 11-inch shot could not pene: trate, they would have ereat battering effect. But it is submitted that the projectile which can perforate the side of an enemy’s ship and disable her crew, machinery, or magazine, is decidedly to be preferred. Battering is all very well in theory, but we know what a battering the ‘Tennessee’ stood without being much injured; and if the ‘ Favourite’ should ever happen to fall in with an enemy’s wooden frigate protected by 5°5-inch plates and armed with big smooth-bore guns, she will most likely be able to dispose of her in a satisfactory manner. If we examine the experiments carried out against the ‘ Lord Warden’ target, it appears that the target was completely penetrated by a force repre- sented by 92 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference, while 88 tons per inch failed to penetrate, although it evidently very nearly did so. We may assume from this that a force of about 90 tons per inch is just capable of piercing the ‘ Lord Warden.’ Now this ship consists of— 1st. A 4:5-inch armour plate. 2nd. 83 inches of wood backing. 3rd. A 1:5-inch iron plate, 4th. 203 inches of wood, And if we assume the force required to penetrate the iron part of it to vary as the squares of the thicknesses of the plates, we shall have 28 tons for the 45-inch plate, and 3-1 tons per inch for the 1:5-inch plate, thus leaying 58 tonsfor the backing and wood. This seems a large amount, but we must re- member that the target is very thick, We have, unfortunately, no data upon which we can depend relative to the penetration of backing and the effect of dividing it by vertical iron plates of less thickness than the principal armour plate. It is probable, however, that the strength of the ‘ Lord Warden’ would have been increased had the 13-inch inner plate been differently dis- posed. It would have been interesting to find the effect of adding one inch to the armour plate and supplying a 3-inch iron skin. On the effect of Backing to Iron Plates. It might appear at first sight that wood backing would have the effect of strengthening an iron plate; the results, however, of a very large number of cases go to prove the opposite—namely, that the backing affords little, if any, support to the plate, unless it be of the rigid form, such as the ‘ Hercules’ and ‘ Bellerophon.’ In other words, if a shot is capable of perforating an unbacked 43-inch plate, it will perforate it or break it away equally if it be backed by wood alone. We have many instances of this. Thus we find that a steel shot fired from the 68-pounder perforated 43-inch plates on the ‘ Warrior,’ 43-inch plates on the Small Plate, a 5- inch plate (round 960), and penetrated ta the same depth in 53-inch unbacked and backed plates. We have evidence, however, that a rigid backing is a great advantage ; this was particularly apparent in the case of the ‘ Hercules,’ where the plates were not perforated by some shot which struck with sufficient “‘ work” to penetrate them completely if unbacked. We have also evidence of the great superiority of packed backing of teak, such as in the ‘ Warrior,’ ‘ Minotaur,’ &c., over the ordinary side of a line- of-battle ship, and of the great support which an inner skin affords. Thus it required 33 foot-tons per inch of shot’s circumference to penetrate the backing and skin of the ‘ Warrior,’ viz. 18 inches of compact teak and a 5-inch iron plate, strengthened~and supported by iron ribs; and we see that 16 foot-tons per inch were sufficient to penetrate the side of an ordinary line-of-battle ship, viz. 25 inches of oak. We also find that the backing of the ‘ Lord Warden’ required 58 tons per inch, and of the Small Plate target about 16 tons per inch. This shows the vast superiority of compact backing supported by internal iron plates. PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 433 Résumé of the Conclusions which may be drawn from the experiments against ron. 1. When it is required to perforate the plate, the projectile should be of a hard material, such as steel or chilled iron. 2. The form of head best suited for the perforation of iron plates, whether direct or oblique, is the pointed ogival. 3. The best form of steel shell is that in which the powder can act in a forward direction, and which is furnished with a solid steel head in the form of a pointed ogival. 4, When chilled iron can be made of the best quality, it is almost, if not quite, as effective as steel for solid shot. And where the projectile can per- forate with ease, the chilled shot is more formidable than steel, as it enters the ship broken up, and would act as grape *. 5. To attack well-built iron-clads effectively, the guns should be, if pos- sible, not under 12 tons weight and 9 inches calibre, firing an elongated projectile of 250 lbs. with about 40 lbs. of powder. 6. When the projectiles are of a hard material, such as steel, the perfora- _ tion + is directly proportional to the ‘‘ work” in the shot, and inversely pro- portional to the diameter of the projectile; and it is immaterial whether this * The introduction of chilled iron is due to Major Palliser, who has devoted much time and attention to the subject. ‘ t Or power of complete penetration. 1866. 2F 484, REPORT—1866. ‘* work” be made up of velocity or weight, within the usual limits which occur in practice. 7. The resistance of wrought-iron plates to perforation by hemispherical- headed steel projectiles varies as the square of their thickness. 8. Hitting a plate at an angle diminishes the effect as regards power of perforation in the proportion of the sine of the angle of incidence to unity. 9. The resistance of wrought-iron plates to perforation by steel shot is not much (if at all) increased by backing simply of wood; it is, however, much increased by a rigid backing, either of iron combined with wood, or of granite, iron, brick, &c.* 10. Iron-built ships, in which the backing is composed of compact oak or teak, offer much more resistance than similarly clad wooden ships. 11. The best form of backing seems to be that in which wood is combined with horizontal plates of iron, as in the Chalmers, ‘ Bellerophon,’ and ‘ Hercules’ targets. 12. An inner iron skin is of the greatest possible advantage; it not only has the effect of rendering the backing more compact, but it prevents the passage of many splinters which would otherwise find their way into the ship. No iron-clad, whether iron-built or wooden converted, should be without an inner iron skin. 13. The bolts known as “ Palliser’s bolts,” are the best for securing ar- mour plates. In these bolts the diameter of the shank is reduced, so that it is less than the diameter at the screwed end. In the foregoing pages great stress has been laid on penetration. There are two methods by which an iron-clad vessel can be destroyed by the fire of artillery. 1. Racking +, or the impact of heavy shot of large size moving at low velocities, and intended to shatter the vessel’s armour, and by repeated shakes ultimately to knock the whole structure to pieces. 2. Punching t, or the penetration of the vessel’s side either by elongated shot or shell, intended to kill the crew, damage the machinery, and sink the vessel by holes made through her, at or near the water-line. Both these systems have their advocates, and there is undoubtedly a great deal to be said on both sides. All warlike operations. tend to the crippling of your enemy; and that system is evidently the best which will cripple him in the shortest time, in the easiest manner, and at the least possible expense. Now time is an element which will largely enter into consideration in future actions with iron-clad vessels. Suppose two opposing iron-clads to meet, one armed with guns on the “racking” system, the other with guns on the “ punching system; ” it is probable that the vessel which could send her shot clean through the sides of her adversary would have the greatest chance of reaching a vital part in a given time. Besides which, a ‘“‘ punching” shot is usually an elongated rifle projectile, animated by a moderately high velocity, and has consequently a flatter trajectory than the “racking” shot, which travels at a low velocity ; and as accuracy and a flat trajectory are closely allied, the “ punching” . * That is to say, a shot which is capable of breaking a hole through a 4'5-inch plate unbacked, will be also capable of doing so if the plate be only backed by wood, to the extent that, were the plate taken off the backing, the piece of iron where the shot had struck would fall out. t American system. ¢ English system. J PENETRATION OF IRON PLATES BY STEEL SHOT. 435 system would gain another chance, viz. that of making the greatest number of hits for a given number of shots. Suppose an iron-clad is desirous of running past a fort which defends an important harbour or roadstead, she would, if possible, probably pass at a rate of over 10 miles an hour. The fort in this case would only have time to fire a few rounds at her; and if the effect of those rounds was merely an external racking, the vessel might receive no real injury at all—nothing, at least, which would in all likelihood stop her. On the contrary, a happily directed punching shot would have the chance of destroying the machinery, blowing up the magazine, or establishing a leak at the water-line. In attacking an iron-clad by the racking system, the whole effect is directed against the casing or armour plating of the vessel, which, for all offensive purposes, is harmless ; the enemy which we want to cripple are the men and guns behind the armour. It appears from these considerations that an attack on the “ punching” system will probably be attended with gain in time, as the vital parts of the vessel cannot be reached so quickly by an attack on the “ racking”’ system ; and even were an enemy’s ship ultimately shattered, and her offensive power destroyed by the effect of heavy blows, this result might not be effected before she accomplished her object, partly, if not altogether. The attack on the “‘ punching” system is carried on in an easier manner than that on the “racking” system. The former employs light rifle guns, from 6 to 12 tons, the latter unwieldy heavy ordnance of from 12 to 50 tons. The “ racking” projectiles are heavy cast-iron shot fired with relatively small charges ; and the loading and working of such projectiles and guns cannot be ~ earried out as easily or expeditiously as in the case of a system which uses a lighter shot and relatively larger charge. The question of expense is one which, although it should come last in an inquiry of this nature, is too often made the most important consideration. If, however, we compare the cost of the 9-inch 12-ton gun, as fairly repre- senting the ‘‘ punching” system, and the American 15-inch smooth-bore gun as representing the “racking” system, we shall find that the total cost of gun, carriage, and 100 rounds of ammunition is very much the same for each gun. On the one hand, the money will have procured a gun which can send a shot, and possibly may send a shell, through the strongest iron-clad yet afloat at 1000 yards range. On the other hand, a gun will be obtained which, if fired with service charges, cannot pierce the above ship at any distance whatever—whose shot at 1000 yards would, if cast iron, merely indent the armour and fall back broke into the water, and if steel, would merely lodge in the ship’s side, and whose shell would be absolutely worthless against an iron-clad, and even against wooden ships or earthworks, inferior to the 9-inch rifle shell both in accuracy and bursting-power. 272 REPORT—1866. 436 “purqeq esjnq ON “‘yno padooos oyejd jo ooard yeug “‘purgaq o8[nq ou oyeyd ‘yout $¢.9 yuepuy ‘PUryeg es[ng 4 S1ys oye ‘qour Qe.Q yuopuy ‘puryog pesyng ozx[d “yout g9.0 yuepuy “‘puryeq pesfnq eyed ‘your ¢¢.9 yuepuy 9ET-L | PSOL-E IFIL |48:0| FFE-0 9E1-L | PSOT-E IFILL |28-0| FFE-0 9&1-L | PSOL-€ TFIL {28:0} #F8-0 961-1 | PSOL-E IFIL |48-0| FFE-0 9E1-T | PSOL-€ IFIT 48-0] 8-0 “peor yey ILA Joys 9048 [ea -rapurphg hd of OBMT Ol OL Or Ol OL rf oOL 3% OIG «| 'S 00% 38 OIC G : o08 3 OWIG | -% : oGh F OIG | G 009 JO sopsue ye peoesd oye ss aoord-Tpeqy | YouI-E peyoequy | °Z "so[suv JuorayTp ye pooerd ‘soyeyd poyouqun yout-F ye ooord-yjea v yyLM sorJovId Jo sy[Nser oY} Sutmoyg—(q) "xT aIaVy, ‘dn 001g JOYS “Yo u10} youq oy jo soaid osrK] Bf Yysno1Y} poxoeso pue pos -[ng yoeq =‘doop soyout £¢ pure ‘peosq SoyoUL J ‘SUO] soyOUI F][ JUOpUt Ue opey “dn o¥0.1q joyg “ut0} svm oooid ofaey ve Yor mods ‘yorq 4yv yno peusdo pue ysnoagy poyovdo oyeTq “pvosq ‘ur $g pur ‘doop soyout $f ‘suoT seyOUl FT JUepUr ue opey ‘dn oyoaq youg “tear oy} 0} USATIp pure ozeTd oy JO Hoeq oy} Yo u10} o10M soderd oS1e[ OMT, ‘o7eTd oT} Ysnorgy erenbs soyout Z ynoqe efoy @ pure ‘prorq seyour J pue Suoy seyout GT Jo Juoput ue opeut ‘9;e[d jo eayue0 yong *sjoaya paarasqg L2o| 6FOL| O-OLFI |Fe-9| Oo] “ 2 OFT L2G| 6F0L| OOLFL E9! 0-02 a " O-FI “qos [9049 TeoLrp L-GG GFOL| O-OLFL [FE-9| 0.0L) -atAD DO TOBA] 0-F1 *qooy | ‘sur "sql “sql “2009 “00d o m3) . . seyuens|eoaoss | ayoonn |B | 88°68 ound ge ea [MAME © % “dung eae UE a On *aqtoaforg ‘adreqo ‘ums oayyod *o8@ Jo “MoosuOTsMIY | osu we We oyeTd TW sopunod-9y| peyorqun your-¢.5] *T “4a3r1e 1, ‘e[suv uv ye poovld ‘sozefd poyoequn youl-G.F 4e poy sopyooford Jooqs YL oorjovad Jo synsor oy} SutMoyg—(YV) “XT {Ta4Vy, “XIQNAddV a ae a eg a “aToy ou} ur dn ueyorq pouremos yoyg “Ay Sts rE pes [ng 41 YOrga ‘Uys tatu 0} poyeajouad SP | fous fsqut omy uoomyoq ‘QRTT awou yonyg} 90.99] cerI| FIEET | “ | OTT i . 3 s ‘O6TT “op ‘aqua ‘soyurd ‘soul GT yueput fefoy 29-81 youl-% omy jo oy} Ul poureuier pue dn syoaq youg “1 ULYSB puvyLo} JO ‘surpeq Ur yonys pure ‘oyeyd smoure yous "JMO OG] Jo und | ‘sui gy uo oje/d peyesrjoued ‘sqrt omy uaagoq arey yonayg} 90.99 BEFL| 8SET | 6-9] O-LTT | PATIO |O TUM] BB | PB TIA Your-Z| your-g yosuey xog |-98TT "JODY XOq 7B JOYS poy[Myo pue Joo}s yILM ooryovad Jo sy{nsor oy} SuIMOYI—'TX CIV, “joys MWOat-48v0 ‘e10q-q} 00s ‘eyed on) ysnosqy poyeajouod ysne| ogee! o.gze! oer l16-2| 0¢-99 |reoweqdg i 9-1 tepunod-g9 098-6 ‘ayer oy} Ysno.rqy poyexjoued ysnpe| ze.ez} gle! 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MA | peyowqun yout-FF “ “ ‘S66 ‘oye d UOAT-JYSNOIA “ peyoequn Youl-G.F |'866 “ec “ "G66 “ “ce “166 ‘aqeid uodT-qySno0TM y poyouqun your-¢.¢ |'186 “poyoeso joys { urys JOUUT pasyng pue ‘syatt puL s4[0q oxoaq ‘goiduey Ur Yorys Jog ‘soyuT Gg.g yuopuy “payors Yonur pure dn yas yoyg ‘soyour [.¢ Juepuy "poyorso puv dn yes yoyg “purgaq payors oyeid { soyout g.z yuopuy “poyov.io pure dn yas youg “purqeq poyouso oyeyd ‘ soqout ¢.g yuepuy ‘dn oyoaq joys {soyout Gg.g yuopuy 400} FL pepunoqoas ‘peyorio pue dn yas yonu yogg aed 499} Q UMOATY SadoId puR OM4 UL WExOAG !SOYoul G.F Jueput ‘ oyerd jo eayueo Yona ‘(spumo.x 04 FO Uveut) Yout cz.9 yuopuy ‘(spunoa 0M4 Jo UveUT) Your ¢z.Q JuepUT REPORT—1866. ‘(spunoz 90.143 Jo UeauI) YouT 97.0 JUepUT ‘(spuno.a xIs Jo Ure) Ysnoayy, *(sptmog 4qs1e Jo uve) YSnomyy, *(spunoa outa Jo uveut) Ysnoayy, “spre 79 pepunoger pure ayoaq yous “ut F., JUopUT ‘syoaye paarasqQ 442 9-19 &-GFL 9ET-T 9E1-T 961-1 9ST-T 9ET-T 9EL-1T TL-91 *aoua -rayUINdI10 8,0Y8 jo your sad SU0}-3007 PSTE TIFI L8G 6996 €891 916¢ FSOL-S PSOL-E FSOL-S POLS FSOL-E POLE 0-§9T *g0edurt uo §0}-300} UL sae OM OLGI OST S61 CTIET OLE PLGT IFI1 IFII cage TrIl TFIT IFIL OSET "yay *Aq190]9A “Suns 66-6 66-9 66-6 SL-6 66-4 18-0 18-0 18:0 18-0 18-0 18:0 IL-G 16:6 *saqoul | ‘werd | ' “joeTe GUIYS VY} YONUI pey joys popeay-punowy x ‘ayeulesto “4048 ‘jeyuourtedxe jo | 19948 [BO *su0} ZI jo emnevaquib qysia | 0-28z|-! parts und TW HOOT FO Bip as seraTEU 940 OFT | o-cTT| “ 0-81 30 und Ty WW your-2 | | *sU0} ZT JO g.cgz, suns TW Yout-oT suo} ZI Jo | O-Gez, ta OF | MS TW Youl-Zz.6 | is *94eULOseo [eyuourtsedxe : JO OnsRAquUId 4JOT” | "[90]8 [Bo "sUu0} J JO | SuLUTAOF ‘poyorq G.0¢T|-purdp uns ‘TW yout-g | -un oye[d yout-gT “19938 “804 £7 jo “payorq F-FrE oMeydg|o7T op | 06 | ans TW your-g.gq | -un oqurd your-T] 495.18} 8 8}10q 03, FFE-0 cs ‘IJ Uo oye] d Yyour-F ‘qooue, Warequrey 2-0 se uo oyetd Yyour-G *payorq F¥E-0 7 “un eyed qout-T "poqonq | FFE-0 Ww -un oye, qour-§ “poyorq FE-0 Ke ~um oyeyd yout-F “peyoeq FPE-0 “ see eeenee goo1d-[[8 AA -un oyeid your-¥ “proy yep yous “yonaR} 19238 ‘eo ‘uns T gq Wom §=| Tossmyy =: 900g L&I “WYM Jopunod-zy | uo oyeid yout-ep "sqI sqysioyy | weueT *aqaaforg *(panunuod)—'T TX CIAV, 1901 ‘8c0T ‘FOL “PGP 5) = B ° q Dm =| = iS 2 mn tal (=) m & Bi < ~ PY Za (2) EA _ Fa ° Za i) = E Bi fz a a Py I “pepunoges joyg “Avot UL pas[ng pue poyorio oyeyd fseqour 7 Juepuy “papunoged yoyg 9 “vad Ut poxoRao pue pesmq oyejd ‘soyour ¢g.¢ yuepuy “papunoged yoyg “aver WL payout pur posinq oyed ‘soyour ¢z.g Juepuy “4qnq oxur pur oye(d Yonomyy, “wed UL TINoLyy Sutmoys joys jo yutod ¢ oyeyd oy ur yonyg “qqnq our pue oye YSnocyy, "4ynq oyu pus oyepd Yyono.aqy, gant -aq oyerd Aeme oyorq ‘oyeyd oy ur yonyg ‘4qnq oyu pus oyeyd Ysnoayy, ‘4qnq OUI pue oye YSnonyy, “4qnq UL yonys { Yono«yy ysnpP “4qnq ozUL pus oyeyd Ysnoayy, “qqnq oFUT pur oye, Yono«qy, ‘payovso pue dn yes joys ‘oye{d oprsyno ey} paTyonq pue ‘sJoAlt pus 8q}[OG Aueut eyoiq { sayour 6Z-9 uepuy “TGOT Mofeq ysnf yong “poyovao pu dn yes yoyg =“ payovsto UIYs pue Twat UL pasing yos1w} ‘oye[d oy} UT yonys yoys ‘soqpur co.g Juepuy “poyorso pu dn qos 09 “ATU SITS yorq poolog pparys ‘peyowto puw “Ur 1.g yuopuy “payors puvdnyeszoyg “payavao Aqyq31[s PUB youg poorog PLOIYs ‘ SoyoU! g.z yuepuy ‘poyovszo pue dn 4yos joyg “poyouso Apysys Juepur + AVqSIs youq peomoy pperys + seyour ¢.¢ Juopuy “poyorso joys “ULys souur poyowro pue pespnq ‘soyour g-J, JuepuUy “ysnosyy peyoeso urys douur ‘soyeyd jvorqaea -ouad ‘amsvaiquie Jo [IIs aojeq ysnf yong eu} pesporsrp pue oyx[d 10yn0 poyeay - 6-101 0-112 1-T0L 0-666 FEL 0-662 8-416 0-116 L-G6L 1-968 1-988 6-F68 8-16 0-L16 Fg1E 0-GT0T 0-F00T 0-SETT 0-F961 0-966 O-GIIT O-OLTT 0-0L6T O-9FST O-LIFT 0-668T 0-S66T 0-0G61 ANN AAA AS co 6 co 3 GGT-001 61&-001 000-F0T S6I-FOL 69¢-901 618-901 969-901 GL8-0L GG-TL 189-69 69G-GE G9G-GE GL8-GE C3-GL| TW Jepunod-Fa | -un oye,d Your-c.g |'OOOT “ “ GE9'T I o "19048 [BO "4M9 FET -IapurfAg}9 'T eprar|ae9- TT | Jo wns "TW Yout-1 “ec “ GZI A I I “ "8u0} FQ Jo [9948 uns910q-100Um8 jeoroydg) OT | HST zopunod-90] “ oe 18:6 “ “ce “ 616: I T i - “ \61@-11 : “ “cc 0-01 “ “ee “ 0-ZI a“ “yous [9248 ‘pug | 0-ZI . ‘a “ 1GL8-81 ‘ “e “ G8-GT “ *(yequoutr1edxo) “gous [9098 “GMO OFT jo un3 [eoreydg e "suo04 GIL jo ‘ i 0-96 | UNS TAL Your-OT “cc “ 06-68 “e “su0} GT JO ~ “ | S3-0g | 89 TIN YoUul-Ze-6, *suo} J in “ GG | JO Us TW Your-g 440 OFT . . 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BALB OTGRIAPISUOD B JOAO Pos|Nng ULys pue poyovto Sutyorq { uoyeys Ajsnopuewes, sea gosuey oy} { oye oy} Ul Jjesyt powrmel pue dn yos joyg *pumod snora -aad ot} 0} avprums Ayyoexe ysoumye syooyoy ‘saoqutyds Aue pure oyetd jo ooard oT} FL WIA Surdareo ‘ySno.y} weeps pos -sed joys ‘ poyerjouod Ayoyo;du00 yo8.aez, (g98t ‘ord ‘suoyjousueay,) ‘UTYs JouUL oY} pos[nq A[snotes pue sqrt omy oyoaq “Suryowq oy} UL pespo, pue anoue poyenjousg spotted Xeme uoyorq oye[q “poyxovao yonur yoyg ‘soyout ¢ Suljoaload ‘oyeyd oyy ur yonyg ‘poyoviojoyg “payors pue “surg. yuopuy *pexyorso youg “4foq uo ATyaed yonayg ‘poyorso ATYSTS pus ‘sorout 9.g Juepuy ‘og ‘Op = ‘seyour G.g yuopuy od "op = ‘seyour ¢g.g Juepuy *peyovio JOYS “peyowto puw ‘soyour g.g Juepuy | ‘sy009 Poarosqg G-9L | 68h 26-84 G89T $-GL LEG €601L| 9966 L-GOL| LEE L‘GOL| LEE 8-8 | OGL FLE | O86 oG-LE | O86 9-18 | G&6 GF-lLE | O86 oP LE 0&6 GF-LE | O86 “0009 |-qoedunt uo ~doyOINoATO 5U04-J00; ur 84048 Jo bg your sod are 809-4007 eM “yoys UWOdT-4sB0 LEGL | 96-01) 0-0¢1 |Teameydg) HT ag TOYS [9298 96-9 peprey G1ZT |9¢-9 | @-6FL | -98LT ee 1Z "goys eoqs| HT OLFL | SF-01] O-G9T |[womeyds) opry Gs ‘yoys UAL -yqsN01M TELL | 48-01) 0-291 |Teomeydg) og FELL | LE-01| 00-08T * a 0g FELT | L8-01| 00-061 a FVG | 0g “gous WOAI-48B9 OZ9L | LE-01} 00-0ET \Teemeqdg) =“ 0¢ ecsl | 16-4 |4a-eL f a 91 GGsT | 68-4 | 00-EL iS ‘f 91 PEEL 126-4 | 0¢-8L " z. 91 IST | 06-4 | 0¢-E2 * 3 91 EGS 106-4 | G3-GL “ ss 91 “10948 ccel |06-2 |00-6L |Teoreydgs) pT | OT *qo0y = |sayout) “sq *BQT . 3 . “ureIy | “4yd1O A peel pe ae “V1 *£4I00TOA “SupTEag ‘aoe forg ‘odaeyo *(panurquor) "TT TX TIaVJ, "8110} ZT JO uns 'T W Yur-g.0T ‘und POMP AA YOUL-J, “ “" coydoroT[og , “ “ “ "su0} ZI ouns 'T J woar -JYSNOIM YOur-G.QT|"****"""* ,aNVJOUTTL ,| “GRP ‘qos1e} SOUL “TeYQ Jo Suryouq as uo oyeyd yout-¢| 096 “ “ . 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[[B poyowso pue ‘seyour g quepuy} G1e | 0,0E6 Osel |68-L | O-LL “ “ 91 “ &t TZe “puryeq peyorsto oyeyd ‘ paxyoeso YONUTyOYS ‘ poyow.lo pus ‘soyourge.g yuopuy | G.1E 0-086 GZEl 169-2 | 28-92 ee te oI F, “ ‘06 “purraq “JOS 19948 ‘aqe{d your-c.G poyorso oyerd { poyouso yuoput ! paxowzo feorraypds Aq peyooyoad ‘Sut Yond ‘papunogad goyg ‘seyourg yuepuy) ¢-1E | 0-086 POST | 68-2 | G-9L |touosseq) +) 'T 9 | }440 GG ‘ropud-go |-youg woydosor[aq,| *116 ‘goog | seyOUT] = “sq “BI | . ( ] *ysue] pus] -1apaog h a) ae ed 4 a Ries ure | “USO M | “oanqe yr jo puvig Y51O MA Z $ S ‘g}aye PaaresqgO 8§,4048 Jo bz ies ta aT vias fs etre ‘ung “qas18 7, ag a Ae ot M ap ‘ayaa lorg -asreqg *(panuyuor) "TT TX I1aVJ, 451 eB fe) feo] mM | a 3 2 n be m nm I a“ S| a A ° io _ i Z=C.sec L. INSTRUMENTS. On some Recent Improvements in Astronomical Telescopes with Silvered Glass Specula. By Joun Brownine, RAS. During the last year I have devoted a large portion of time to an attempt to improve the construction of telescopes mounted with silvered glass specula. The methods usually adopted for mounting the speculum are, Ist, suspending it; 2ndly, supporting it upon an air-cushion, or a bed of felt ; 3rdly, allowing it to rest on a number of balanced triangles. All of these plans are open to the objection that the see when thus mounted, are very liable to get out of adjustment. The plan I have adopted consists in bringing the bottom of the speculum to a very accurate plane surface, and then lacing it in an iron cell, the inner surface of the cell on which the speculum rests Being also made an accurate plane. Mounted in this manner, the speculum can be removed from and replaced in the telescope without fear of deranging its adjustment. he adjusting screws must be arranged so that they do not throw any strain on the iron cell, which would be liable to produce flexure in the speculum. Many specula have been mounted by this method, up to 10 inches diameter, with success. It is known that the arm which carries the diagonal mirror in reflecting tele- scopes produces coarse rays on bright stars. Instead of the usual arm, I mount the diagonal mirror by means of three strips of chronometer spring strained tightly edgewise towards the.speculum. hen observing stars with reflectors, the diffraction-rings surrounding them are greatly reduced by employing with all Huyghenian eyepieces a good Barlow lens. Achromatic eyepieces (not the Kellner construction) give superior results to Huyghenian. Tube-currents can be almost entirely avoided by making the body or tube of iron, meee quickly equalizes the temperature of the air inside and outside the tube. Should an observatory be built for a reflector, it should be made of sheet-iron, as when constructed of this material the temperature inside and outside the building will be always nearly alike, and annoying air-currents, which would be generated in a building constructed of a non-conducting material, will not occur. Reflecting telescopes require steadier stands than refractors, and the importance of securing this steadiness can scarcely be overrated. With reflectors mounted as described, if the precautions which have been enu- merated are adopted, the performance will almost rival that of good refractors, and in dividing power excel them, The Moon Committee of the British Association has recommended that ob- servations upon the moon should be made with a power of 1000 diameters. Sn a power can only be applied in telescopes of large aperture, which are very costly, . TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 23 As the reflectors are only half the length of achromatic refractors of equal aperture, and their price is scarcely a quarter that of refractors of the same power, I believe, when their qualities are more generally known, they will be very ex- tensively employed. On a New Anemometer. By L, Casera. On a Variable Diaphragm for Telescopes and Photographic Lenses. By A. Cravpet, F.R.S. This diaphragm is formed by a number of narrow strips of india-rubber, the two ends of which are respectively attached to two short tubes placed near the object- glass in the telescope, or in the middle of the photographic optical combination. One of the tubes can, to the extent of 180°, be made to revolve by the handle of an endless screw placed outside, and acting oa a half-toothed circle fixed on the moyeable tube, so that one end of each strip being attached to the immoveable tube, and the other end being carried round as much as half its circumference by the circle to which it is fixed; each strip, extending sufficiently by its elasticity during that motion, hides more and more the aperture of the tube, until it coin- cides entirely with its diameter. All the strips, acting simultaneously in the same manner, cross each other, and in doing so gradually reduce the aperture of the tube until it is shut entirely, when the strips overlapping one another form two cones with their apices turned towards each other. The action of this diaphragm, being as rapid as may be needed, is very effective. It may be usefully employed in astronomical investigations, allowing the observer to alter gradually, or at once, the aperture of the lens, according to circumstances and different kinds of experiments. This diaphragm is also yery convenient in photographic operations, as it enables _ the artist, during the sitting, to increase or reduce rapidly the aperture of the lens according to sudden changes in the intensity of light. But it has another most important advantage in taking portraits, which consists in affording the means, first, to impart to the portrait a certain degree of softness resulting from the spherical aberration produced by the whole aperture, and immediately after, by gradually reducing the aperture until it is shut entirely, to communicate to the picture upon the slightly confused image another one sharply defined ; the blend- ing of the two effects producing an harmonious and artistic portrait, which could we be eed separately, either by the whole aperture, or by the centre of the ens only, Ona Magnifying Stereoscope with a Single Lens. By A. Cuavper, F.R.S. In the ordinary stereoscope each eye has its lens, but if a single lens be placed on any point where the optic axes may be directed and cross each other, such a lens is sufficient to enable both eyes at once, and each separately, to see through it, the slide placed behind containing the two pictures; each eye perceiving only the one, the perspective of which belongs to it. In looking with the two eyes the combined image appears in relief, and just as if it were situate on the lens itself, where, by the required convergence of the two optic axes, the two pictures seem really to coincide. The pictures are mounted as usual on a slide, one near the other, but with the right perspective on the left, ed the left perspective on the right, from whence through the single lens they can only, of course, reach their respective eyes. The slide must be placed at the distance behind the lens, which, corresponding with its focus, gives a distinct vision of the picture. The observer must place himself exactly before the lens, which is to be precisely in the middle of the space between the eyes and the pictures. Placing against the lens and in front of it a black card with a square opening, the picture appears on the plane of that opening, and as if it were seen on its usual square mounting. _ For persons who (converging the optic eyes upon the lens) can keep them in that position while they look through it at the pictures behind (which, by a little practice, is easily acquired), the stereoscopic illusion is very complete, and the 24 REPORT—1866. effect exceedingly beautiful. The observer sees an enlarged square pictyge in full stereoscopic relief, without being conscious by what means it is prodifced, and without even noticing the apparatus which is employed; for the whole may be hidden by a screen, having in the middle of its surface a square opening upon which the eyes are directed. Experiments off Ventnor with Mr. Johnson’s Deep-sea Pressure-gauge. By J, GuaisHer, F.RS., fe. In the year 1861 I brought under the notice of Section A a deep-sea thermometer and a deep-sea pressure-gauge, both instruments invented by Henry Johnson, Esq. Experimental trials were made with these instruments by Sir F. Leopold MeClin- tock during his sounding voyage in H.M.S, ‘ Bull-dog,’ on the proposed route of the North Atlantic Telegraph in the year 1860. ‘ In the experiments made with the deep-sea thermometer, the indications in various deep soundings, to the depth of 1400 fathoms, approximated to those of the best mercurial thermometers specially arranged for temperatures at great depths: my own observations upon one of these instruments daily recorded for six months, during which time it was suspended on a stand with other thermometers, at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, also were in agreement. I have taken great interest in this thermometer, which is not liable to be affected by pressure of water; and which was contrived in consequence of some experiments made by me upon the temperature of the Thames water at Greenwich being frustrated by the pressure of water on the bulbs of the thermometers then used, at the depth of only 24 feet, when the pressure of water would be rather more than two-thirds of the weight of the atmosphere, as represented by the column of water of 32 to 34 feet in the water-barometer. The deep-sea thermometer is composed of brass and steel, and the specific gravity of these metals being 8:39 and 7:81 respectively, they are not liable to compression by water, which acquires a specific gravity or density of 1:06 only, under a pressure of 1120 atmospheres, as de- ~ ages by Mr. Perkins, This pressure is equal to a depth in round numbers of 5000 fathoms, In the construction of the instrument ad- vantage has been taken of the well-known difference in the ratios of expansion and con- traction of the two metals by variation of heat to form compound bars consisting of a thin plate of each metal rivetted together. These bars assume a slight curve in one direc- tion when heat has expanded the brass more than the steel, and a slight curve in the con- trary direction when cold has contracted the brass more than the steel. The indications of the instrument record the motions under changes of temperature of such compound bars, in which the proportion of brass, the more expansible metal, is about two thirds, and of steel one third. To the lower end of a narrow plate of metal, about a foot long, are firmly fixed the ends of two such compound bars, the other ends being free to move to one side or the other, according to the action of temperature upon the more dilatable metal. The free ends of these bars are connected : a : by lateral arms to a needle moving on a pivot g ‘ in its centre, at points equally distant from the centre, and the motion of the needle on its axis is reeulated by the motion of the bars under the action of the temperature, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 25 Bice of temperature, ranging from 25° to 100°, and thus exceeding the range of the temperature of sea-water, are fixed upon the upper end of the plate, to the lower part of which the bars are attached. Upon one of these scales the present temperature is shown by the needle or pointer (E), regulated by the motion of the bars. Two other needles moving upon the same pivot are useful as indexes, the needle (g) being pushed by a pin on the pointer (I) to the highest temperature attained, and the needle (F) to the lowest, where they are retained in position by stiff friction on their axis. It will be observed that lateral concussion is avoided by the employment of two bars attached to the needle at points equally distant from its centre. The experiments made by Sir F'. Leopold MeClintock with the deep-sea pressure- gauge showed that further improvements in the instrument were essential. The pressure-gauge used by him in 1860 consisted of a brass cylinder, with a solid piston rod, in which the water was compressed in descending by the piston rod, forced inwards by the pressure of the denser external water until it became equally dense. In filling this metallic cylinder,.it was found that so many air-bubbles adhered to its internal surface as to interfere very materially with the results of experiment. To obviate this difficulty, a cylindrical vessel of glass was adopted, with a gra- duated scale upon a long neck or stem, and closed with an elastic plug of caout- chouc, which when descending was forced inwards by external pressure, compressing the water in the pressure-gauge, and pushing along the graduated scale a spring index, which remained and marked the degree of compression, when the elastic plug was forced back again to the top of the scale by the expansion of the com- pressed water, as the pressure-gauge was raised again to the surface. In this instrument the absence of air-bubbles was easily secured, but the difficulty of regulating with exactness the lubrication of this plug, and thus regulating the friction against the inner surface of the stem, rendered the results of experiments still somewhat uncertain. The form of instrument now used combines the advantages of a transparent glass vessel with the absence of friction. It consists of a cylindrical glass vessel (A), haying at one end a sphere (B) perforated with one or more small apertures, and covered with a close-fitting elastic diaphragm, and at the other end an oiled silk valve (D), resembling the valve of an air-pump, and admitting water into the cylinder under external pressure when descending, until the water in the pressure- gauge is of equal density with the external water. Upon a shoulder projecting near to the upper end of the cylinder a small glass vessel (H) is fixed, coverimg the sphere (B); and from it rises a small tube (1), graduated on such a scale that each part or degree is equal to =; part of the volume of the water contained in the cylinder, and consequently one-tenth of a degree is equal to =,4,5, part. To protect the valve from grit, and also to prevent the admission ot air into the cylinder, an elastic waterproof bag (E), with a perforated metal cover, is filled with water, and screwed on to the valve wnder water to exclude air; an@ the valve is then screwed into the end of the cylinder, which should be quite full of water, the superfluous water escaping through a slot in the valve-screw, so that air is ex- cluded from the cylinder, When the pressure-gauge is thus filled, and the case fastened, it is ready for sinking valve downwards, on a sounding line, into water of great depth. When the pressure-gauge sent down is again raised into water of less density, the increased quantity of water forced into it by external pressure is retained by the valve in consequence of the elastic diaphragm covering the sphere yielding readily to its expansion, and being distended in proportion to the quantity of water forced in; and an equal quantity of water is expelled, through the open tube, from the small glass vessel (1) covering the sphere. This displacement of water from the vessel (H) is the measure of the depth to which the pressure-gauge has been lowered, and the amount of it is ascertained réadily by adjusting the water in the tube (I) to the degree 2000, and then turning the yalve-screw (D) very slightly, to allow the excess of water to escape through the slot in the valve-screw, and the elastic diaphragm to sink again closely on the sphere, -and then reading off on the scale-tube the height of the water remaining im it. 26 REPORT—1866. The moderate depths of water that can be attained on the coast of this country do not admit of any trial of the instrument as arranged for deep soundings. However, some larger instruments were made, in order to test practically the principle on which the pressure-gauge has been constructed, at moderate depths ; and the proportions of the cylinder and of the tube (I) were so arranged that one degree on the scale of the tube should be equal to 54; part of the volume of the cylinder, and also should be one-eighth of an inch in length, so that variations were read without difficulty. FIC. In July last Thomas Sopwith, Esq., F.R.S., Captain J. I. Davis, of the Hydro- graphic Department at the Admiralty, Mr. Johnson, my son and I, went to Ventnor in the Isle of Wight, off which place is a depth of water of 40 fathoms, which is a greater depth than can be conveniently obtained at any other place near the coast, and we succeeded in obtaining the following series of experiments on July the 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 31st :— 8 were made at the depth of 10 fathoms. 13 ” ” ” 15, 7 ” ” ” 20 ” 7 ” ” ” 25 yy : ” ” 9 80 we} 22 ” ” ” 33 ” 12 ” ” ” 40 5 The results of experiments are shown in the annexed diagram. On every occasion the compression at the greatest depth was recorded, and appeared to be nearly in proportion to the depth. The ratio of compression for sea-water, which has a den- sity of 1.027‘equal to the density acquired by fresh water, according to Mr. Perkins’s experiments, under a pressure of about 500 atmospheres, appears to be som part for a depth of 10 fathoms—in the moderate available depth for experiments. These experiments are considered to have established the principle of the instru- ment as sound. Still, a series of experiments at greater depth appears. necessary to test the instruments under various conditions of depth, temperature, &c., and also to construct a table of depths to be used in deep-sea soundings, and which can be arranged in fathoms. The deep-sea thermometer is intended to be used at the same time with the deep- 26. [Z'o face p. [To face p. 26. oe --- ao ra ee eA Le Eg wee LNAI cee = ; _ - , = — - earl OPPU CRESS COPE —- $ 7 a 3 * ee é 1 | | 2 L 8 vt | 5 FZ = | Lo | |_“ ila ey} fof a cle “a | Sala | 20 - 2 L J 25 | 25. ala 20. I 2 Ac 10 + a é ] | | + ae T ed ae Lb [Gb rnecn) Lh Rly 3/ Gyth Geral, PEL, fem al te eam Poets ee a - we ComiypeeeatOore be From tly te kh, 7 “3 3 4 athens ti z 3 & aes Erte afee BEESBeEl z : i} ee +. LE. | | LE ° S + a > = ; 20. | i] — © lial feat |_ 4. =i, ee — es} 3S. 3b _| iE (= { | zo [| A TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 27 sea pressure-gauge, in order to supply any correction required for variation of the volume of water in it through change of temperature. ane However, it has been suggested by Captain Davis that, to render this instrument independent of this calculation, it should be placed previous to use in water of about the temperature of the air, so as to acquire this temperature, and the same action repeated after use and before reading off. Variation in the Volume of Sea-Water, boiled to free it from air, with change of temperature. Thermometer 67°5 Fahr. Barometer 29-92 inches. Deg. No. of Parts. Deg. No. of Parts. || Deg. No. of Parts. 86° 20000-0* 64° 199300 || 42 198880 85 19596:0 || 63 19927°5 || 41 19886°7 84 19992°5 || 62 19925:0 || 40 19885°5 83 19989-0 61 199225 | 39 19884:5 82 19985°5 60 199200 || 38 19883°5 81 19982:0 59 199175 || 37 19883:-0 80 19978°5 58 199150 || 36 19882°5 79 199750 57 19913:0 3D 19882:0 78 19971°5 56 199110 34 19881:5 ae 19968°0 55 199090 || 33 19881:0 if 19964-7 54 19907-0 32 19880°5 75 19961-5 53 19905:0 31 19880-0 74 1995825 52 19903-0 3 19880:0 73 19955:0 51 19901:0 29 19880:0 72 19951:5 50 19899-0 28 19880:0 71 19948-0 49 19857-0 27 19880:0 70 19945 0 48 19895:0 26 19880-0 69 199425 7 19894:0 25 19880-0 68 19940:0 46 19892°5 24F 19880:0 67 19937°5 45 19891:0 23 19880:0 66 199350 44 198900 || 22 19880-0 65 19932°5 42 19889-0 Remarks on a new Telemeter; a new Polarimeter; a new Polarizing Micro- scope; and various Spectroscopes. By M. Hormayn, On the North Atlantic Telegraph. By N. J. Howes. The author described a projected line of telegraphic communication between England and America vid Scotland, the Faroe Isles, Iceland, Greenland, and the coast of Labrador, and known as the North Atlantic Telegraph. A glance at the map in the direction pointed out will at once show that convenient natural landing stations exist, breaking up the cable into four short lengths or sections, Not only will this subdivision of the cable diminish mechanical risks in submerging, but the retardation offered to the passage of the current through the several short sections is almost as nothing when compared with that of an unbroken length of 2000 miles. The average depth of the ocean between Scotland and the Faroe Isles is only 150 fathoms, the greatest depth 683 fathoms. Between the Faroes and Ice- land 250 fathoms, with about the same maximum depth. Between Iceland and Julianshaab, the intended landing-place of the cable in Greenland, the greatest depth is 1550 fathoms; and between Greenland and Labrador rather over 2000 fathoms. These lengths of cable and depths of ocean are both not only manage- able but practicable, and no difficulties in the working exist that are not already known by reference to the practical working of existing cables under the conditions * The volume at 86° being considered as unity, and divided into 20,000 parts. t A gentle motion kept up to equalize the temperature of the sea- : ; Pecoteg ak oon, ip to eq Pp sea-water has prevented 28 REPORT—1866. of similar lengths and depths. As regards the presence of ice, it is only at certain seasons of the year that the south-west coast of Greenland is closed. At other times this ice breaks up, and the coast is accessible to the Danish and other trading vessels frequenting the port and harbour of Julianshaab, the proposed station and landing-place of the cables, and at such times the cables will be laid. Reference to the depth of the soundings up the Julianshaab Fjord will at once in- dicate the security of the shore-ends of the cables from interference by ice when submerged. The landing-places of the cables in Iceland are likewise in no way liable to be disturbed by ice of such a nature as to cause damage to the cable; and on the Labrador coast the risk of injury to fhe cable cannot be considered greater than that to which the Anglo-American telegraph shore-ends are exposed in the vicinity of the Newfoundland bank. On a Defect in the Demonstrating Polariscope, with a simple and effective Remedy. By J.T. Taytor. CHEMISTRY. Address by H. Buncz Jonrs, A.M., M.D., PBS., President of the Section. From the foundation of the British Association in 1851, I believe no practising physician has been President of the Chemical Section; and I cannot take this chair, when I know there are so many around me much better qualified than I am to lead and to direct the discussions that will take place on various papers that will be read, without asking your extreme indulgence for my shortcomings when sub- jects are before you which will be far above the direction of my inquiries. When, however, I consider that my presence here may be regarded as a slight evidence of the relationship that exists between chemistry and medicine, I am encouraged in my undertaking by the thought, that whatever sets forth the union of chemistry and medicine tends to promote not only the good of science but also the welfare of mankind. For centuries this union has been at one time admitted and at another disal- lowed; but in the last half-century the discovery of Dr. Bright has proved that chemistry is absolutely requisite for the detection of a large class of diseases, and that without chemistry the nature of these diseases cannot be understood. Moreover, since this great discovery the action of different chemical substances on the different forces in the different living textures, as, for example, in the muscles and nerves, has been so far investigated by chemists, that it is daily becoming more and more certain that not only must every medical man become a chemist if he wishes to have any clear idea of the action of air, food, and medicine, but that the chemist who has most knowledge of the different forces that act in the body will require to learn the forms of matter in which those forces reside, and then with tentative skill he will quickly be able to regulate the qualitative and quantitative errors which constitute disease. In other words, when the union of chemistry and medicine is perfect, then science will show us how to keep or to regain the greatest of blessings, health. The past year has not for chemistry been a year of great progress, though the harvest of new truths has been quite equal to the average, That grand field for discovery, the synthesis of organic substances, furnishes as usual the most important fruit; and, as in duty bound, let me first mention the results that have been obtained by Professor Frankland at the Royal Institution. His synthetical researches on ethers have partly been published in the Philo- sophical Transactions. He has succeeded in replacing all three atoms of hydrogen in the methyl of acetic acid by alcohol radicals ; and thus he has obtained a third kind of butyric acid, namely, di-meth-acetic acid, 130 fe? and a new valerianic acid, namely, tri-meth-acetie acid, 160 Ho} also iso-lauric acid, pee mat) The same reaction has also been extended to the replacement of the hydrogen of * For a full explanation of these formule, ede Journ. Chem. Soe, 1866, pp. 372 e¢ seq. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 29 acetic acid by isopropyl, and an entirely new series of compounds containing this radical has thus been obtained. One of these forms a second new valerianic acid, namely, isopropyl-acetic acid, Sa. 18 Ht, The numerous compounds of this 3 beautiful series have not yet ail been examined and submitted to analysis, and hence these results are still unpublished. Taken together, the data furnished by this investigation establish beyond doubt the internal architecture of the fatty acids, placing the constitution of these bodies on as certain a basis as that of the compound ammonias synthetically investigated by Hofmann. Professor Frankland has also continued his researches with Mr. Duppa on the synthesis of acids of the lactic series. M. Persoz and Professor Maxwell Simpson have added still further to our know- ledge on the synthesis of organic acids; and Professor Hofmann, notwithstanding his engagements in superintending the building of two grand laboratories for the promotion of chemical research, has found time to send us the synthesis of guanidine. Before leaving this subject of synthetical chemistry, I must mention Professor Roscoe’s paper on the “ Chemical Intensities of Sunlight,” for this is the direction in which the chemist looks for the glorious climax of all his synthetical investiga- tions—the- discovery of the chemical architecture of substances in the vegetable world. The next grand field of investigation, analysis, seems comparatively deserted now. A most remarkable discovery has been made by the Master of the Mint on the absorption and dialytic separation of gases by colloid septa; for example, he finds that mixed gases pass through india-rubber at different rates proportioned to their power of liquefaction. The oxygen of atmospheric air passes through rapidly, whilst the nitrogen is comparatively stopped. The importance of this discovery in metallurgy, and its application to the physiology of respiration and of the passage of oxygen from the blood into the textures, must be apparent to all. Mr. Vernon Harcourt has begun to estimate quantitatively the effect of time in influencing the amount of chemical change; or more generally, the laws of connexion between the conditions of a chemical change andits amount. Then we have new researches on gun-cotton, and a new series of hydrocarbons has been extracted from coal-tar. Some further spectrum analyses have been made by Mr. Huggins: among these are the analyses of comets and of the new star in Corona Borealis, of which the author will give you his own account; and lastly, in physiological chemistry we have an important paper on animal heat, by M. Berthelot, being the third memoir of his researches on thermo-chemistry ; and a most valuable work on colourine- matters and extractive matters of the urine, by Dr. Schunck; and a paper on the detection of an alkaloid fluorescent substance like quinine in the different structures of the body, by Dr. Dupré.and me. Pardon my egotism if for a moment I dwell on my own subject, when you may consider other subjects are far more deserving of further remarks. It seems but a few years ago when we were taught that the animal and vegetable kingdoms were composed of entirely different kinds of substances. Nitrogenous compounds were said to belong to the animal kingdom, and the vegetable kingdom was said to be formed of carbonaceous matters only. The ammoniacal products of the gas-works were considered curious; and only from the time of Professor Liebig’s investigations do we date our knowledge of the all-pervading presence of albuminous substances in vegetables. We can now see plainly that this was the death-blow to all chemical distinction in the composition of vegetables and animals. But no wrong knowledge is easily set right. First starch, then woody fibre, then colouring-matters like indigo, then alkaloids like quinine were one after the other thought to distinguish the vegetable from the animal creation, and each of these substances or their representatives havevat last been found in animals. Even pro- tagon, which was thought to belong only to the nerves of animals, has been found by Hoppe in maize and other cereals to the amount of 0-149 per cent. So that really at the present time no chemical distinction whatever between vegetables and animals can be made. And except in the mode in which these different sub- stances are produced in the two kingdoms of nature, no chemical difference exists. 80 REPORT—1866. This is seen in the following two columns of substances, and to each column must now be added Protagon. Formed a Formed Formed al Formed synthetically, fu analytically. synthetically, a analytically. Oxalic acid. Albumen. Olein. Palmitin. Formic acid. Casein. Capric acid. Butyrin. Lactic acid. Animal quinoidine. Caproic acid. Cholesterin.' Acetic acid. Indican. Caprylic acid. Cellulose. Valerianic acid. | Glycocol. Urea. Starch. Glycerine. Taurin. Leucin. Sugar. Sugar. Leucin. Taurin. Glycerine. Starch. Urea. Glycocol. Valerianic acid. Cellulose. Caprylic acid. Indican. Acetic acid. Cholesterin. Caproie acid. Quinine. Lactic acid. Butyrin. Capric acid. Casein. Formic acid. Palmitin. Olein. Albumen. Oxalic acid. Stearin. Stearin. Let me for an instant point out to you what a vast field for analytical discovery lies open here to the chemistry of the future. Various processes of oxidation, hydration, dis-hydration, and splitting, taking place at a temperature below 100° I’, produce in animals a multitude of com- pounds which lie between albumen and carbonate of ammonia. The analytical chemistry of the future will some day be able to form from albumen all these descending compounds, as surely as we are now progressing by synthetical disco- very to the formation of all the compounds that are put together by the synthetical chemistry of vegetables; and as the synthetical chemist is already surpassing nature by forming combinations which vegetable life has never yet fproduced, so the analytical chemist of the future will probably from albumen educe innume- rable compounds, which in the tissues and secretions of animals have never been known to occur. It is the special function of the British Association to popularize science and to interest the public generally in the discovery of scientific truth. This Association is in fact a means of education. It was intended to promote the diffusion of natural Imowledge among the people, because it was considered that that knowledge sur- passed all other knowledge in its usefulness and benefit to mankind. From its relationship to the public, the British Association is more interested than any other Society that exists in hastening the time when education in natural knowledge will be at least as general as the education in classical knowledge now is. My predecessor, Professor Miller, last year told you that “some years will no doubt elapse ere science is admitted to take equal rank as a means of education with the study of classical literature. Still itis but a question of time.” “The practical instinct of the nation is becoming alive to the necessity of making certain portions of the training of our youth consist in the systematic study of the elementary parts of properly selected branches of science.” though we may say with Mr. Gladstone that time is on our side, and although we are beginning to ask how our present formula for education has arisen, and why it remains almost unchanged whilst all natural knowledge is advancing, and although an entire change in everything except the highest education has taken place, yet public opinion is affected so slowly, and the prejudices of our earliest years fix themselves so firmly in our minds, and the belief we inherit is so strong, that an education far inferior to that which a Greek or a Roman youth, say twent. centuries ago, would have received, is the only education fit to make an Englis gentleman, that I consider it is of no use, notwithstanding the power which this Association can bring to bear on the public, to occupy your time with the whole of this vast question. But there is an outlying portion of this subject which personally touches each one of us here present, and this with much diffidence I venture to bring before this Section of the Babich Association. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. él T allude to the present state of education in natural knowledge of that portion of the community who may at any moment be asked to tell any of us here present, what mechanical means should be used to lessen or increase the mechanical actions of the body, and what chemical substances should be taken to lessen or increase the different chemical actions within us, when they rise or fall to such a degree as to constitute disease. I kmow well that no expression of opinion can be given collectively by this Chemical Section on the necessity for a preliminary education in chemistry and physics of those who undertake, first to understand, and then to give advice on the errors of oxidation, digestion, secretion, and nutrition of our bodies; but I may, perhaps, lead you individually to consider this subject, and to bring your influence to bear upon this question as being at the root of a great change, which may bring a direct benefit to us and to our children in helping us to procure and to preserve our health; whilst it will lead to an increase in the number of those who are looked on with great favour by the British Association: I mean the individual cultivators of natural knowledge. In order that you may see clearly what is wanted, I will contrast the present state of medical education with that reasonable knowledge, which I am quite sure every one in this Chemical Section will say ought to be possessed by those who attempt to understand and to regulate an apparatus that works only whilst oxygen is going into it and carbonic acid is coming out of it. I will, as shortly as possible, put before you the present education of those who practise medicine. The present higher education for the medical profession consists, shortly, in learning reading, writing, and arithmetic in the first ten years of life. In the second ten years, Latin, Greek, some mathematics or divinity, and perhaps some modern language. In the third ten years, physics, chemistry, botany, anatomy, physiology, and medicine, and perhaps surgery. Looking at the final result that is wanted, namely, the attainment of the power of employing the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and other forces in all things around us for increasing or diminishing the mechanical, chemical, and other actions taking place in the different textures of which our bodies are composed, it is quite clear that the second decennial period is passed without our advancing one step towards the object required ; and that in the third decennial period the amount to be learned is very far beyond what is possible to be attained in the time allowed. In the first eighteen years of life, reading, writing, and arithmetic, and enough Latin to read and write a prescription constitute the minimum to be acquired. During the next three years, physics. chemistry, botany, anatomy, physiology, and the practice of medicine, surgery, and midwifery have all to be learned, and from this crowding it follows that the study of physiology is begun at the same time as the study of physics and chemistry. In other words, the structure and the foundations are commenced at the same time. The top of the house may be almost finished when part of the foundations has not been begun. What chance is there of any one understanding the actions of the chemical, mechanical, and electrical and other forces in the body, until a fundamental know- ledge of chemistry, mechanics, and electricity has been first obtained ? What chance has a medical man of regulating the forces in the body by giving or with- holding motion, food, or medicine with any reasonable prospect of success, when a preliminary education in these sciences is thought to be of no importance P It seems to me that the only possible way to make the present preliminary education for medical men less suited to the present state of our Inowledge, would be to require them to know Hebrew or Arabic instead of Latin, in order that the origin of some of our words might be better understood, or that prescriptions might be written in one or other of these languages. Let me now, for contrast sake, draw you a picture of a medical education, based upon the smallest amount of classical knowledge, and the greatest amount of natural knowledge which can be obtained. In the first ten or twelve years of life, a first-rate education in the most widely used modern language in the world, English, with writing and arithmetic, might 32 REPORT—1866. be acquired, and in the next five or ten years a sound basis of knowledge of phy- sics, chemistry, and botany, with German or French, might be obtained; and in the following five years anatomy, physiology and medicine, surgery, and mid- wifery. iF overy medical man were thoroughly well educated in the English language, and could explain the nature of the disease and the course to be followed in the most idiomatic and unmistakeable English, and if he could use all the forces in nature for the cure or relief of his patient, and if he could, from his knowledge of chemistry and physics, and their application to disease and medicine, become the best authority within reach on every question connected with the health and wel- fare of his neighbours; and if he possessed the power of supervising and directing the druggist in all the analyses and investigations which could be required as to the nature and actions of food, drink, and medicines, and as to the products of disease, surely the position and power and agreement of medical men would be very different from that which they now obtain by learning some Latin and less Greek. At present, so far from physicians possessing more knowledge of food and of medicine than any other class of persons in the community, the analytical and pharmaceutical chemists are rapidly increasing in knowledge, which will enable them not only to understand fully the nature and uses of food and medicines, but even to detect the first appearances of a multitude of chemical diseases. Their habits of investigation and their knowledge of the nature of the forces acting in the body will gradually lead them to become advisers in all questions regarding the health of the community, and from this they will, like M. Bouchardat, in Paris, become almost, if not altogether, practitioners of medicine. No doubt chemists are very far from eine medical practitioners at present, but remember that there is no limit to natural Inowledge, and that each moment the chemical knowledge of things around us is progressing, and that chemists are becoming able better to answer every question that can arise regarding the air, water, food, drink, and medicine which, by means of the forces that exist in them, act upon the forces within us, and give rise to the phenomena of health and of disease ; whilst, as if to lessen the time that might be devoted to acquiring natural knowledge, the authorities who regulate medical education only this last spring have determined that, in addition to Latin, every medical man shall possess a com- petent knowledge of Greek, in order that the derivation of hard words may be obtained from the brain instead of a dictionary. In confirmation of my opinion of the direction in which the treatment of disease is progressing, I may just refer to the cattle-plague, which in 1745 was treated by Dr. Mortimer, at that time Secretary of the Royal Society, and therefore one of the nist scientific ee mash in the country, with antimony and bleeding. In 1866, two chemists, Dr. Angus Smith, Ph.D., F.R.S., and Mr. Crookes, F.R.S., gave the only useful suggestion for combating the disease, namely, by the arrest or the destruction of the poison by chemical agents. There is yet another point of view in which chemists will see the harm that results from our present medical education. The use of Latin in our prescriptions requires that the pharmaceutists should learn at least sufficient Latin to read what we have written. Many errors have arisen, and will arise from the dispenser being unable to give the directions rightly. To avoid such mistakes, a portion of the time that ought to be given to the attain- ment of the highest possible amount of chemical acquirement, and a perfect know- ledge of the English language, or some foreign language, wherein he might learn the discoveries in chemistry, and the improvements in pharmacy of other countries, must be devoted to the learning of Latin in which the physician writes his directions. All our druggists in England ought to be what they are in Germany and in France, chemists capable of any analysis that might be required of them, and able to satisfy themselves and the medical men that the substances they sell are what they profess to be, pure, unadulterated chemical compounds. No one of my hearers in this Section will consider five years a long time for the . TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 30 acquirement of such knowledge, and until the pharmaceutists all obtain this educa- tion, medicine will be subject to a great cause of uncertainty in the variations in the quality and quantity of the different substances which, under the same name, are obtained from different druggists. Before I conclude I must apologize to some in this Section who may think that this subject is of no interest to them, by reminding them that none but chemists can judge what the worth of chemical education really is; and I am sure that no body of scientific men exists who are so fitted to judge of the necessity of an edu- cation in natural knowledge for those who employ the forces around us to regulate * the forces within us as the Chemical Section of the British Association. Last year Professor Miller said, “ It behoves all who are themselves engaged in the pursuit of science to consider in what way they can themselves aid in forward- ing the cultivation of natural knowledge.” ask you, for the good of science and for your own good, to exert your influence in the first place, and more especially to effect a change in the preliminary educa- tion of all those who intend to practise medicine ; so that leaying Greek and Latin to be the ornaments and exceptions in their education, they may have time to obtain the best possible knowledge of the chemical and physical forces with which they have to deal. I urge this because of my conviction that whenever the most perfect knowledge of chemistry and physics becomes the basis of rational medi- cine, then, and not till then, medicine will obtain the highest place among all the arts that minister to the welfare and happiness of man. On the Assay of Coal, &c., for Crude Paraffin Oil, and of Crude Oil and Petroleum for Spirit, Photogen, Lubricating Oil, and Paraffin. By Dr. J. Arrrietp, /.C.S., Director of the Laboratory of the Pharmaceutical Society. The paper included descriptive details of the methods of examining small speci- mens of coal, shale, lignite, &c., with the view of determining their value as sources of crude paraffin oil. It also contained instructions whereby to obtain the value of a specimen of crude oil or of petroleum as sources of spirit, photogen, lubri- cating oil, and paraffin. The author placed no dependence on the process of igniting the coal, &c. in a crucible and taking the amount of volatile matter yielded as an indication of the value of the specimen. He preferred to submit the coal at once to distillation, with certain precautions, in a small iron retort arranged in a pecu- liar manner. After showing how to best separate and weigh the oil and other products of the distillation so as to avoid loss, the author proceeded to suggest the adoption of uniform operations to ascertain the value of the oil or petroleum. These were mainly operations of fractionation with or without previous distillation, with or without previous purification, The separation of parattin on the analytical seale of the laboratory was then described, the paper closing with suggestive remarks concerning the nomenclature of the various products. On the Action of Chlorine on Amylene. By Dr. Bauer. On the Purification of Terrestrial Drinking Waters with Neutral Sulphate of Alumina. By Atrrep Brrp. The paul upon which this process is founded is based upon the known affinity which hydrated alumina has for organic matters, in combining with them and ren- dering them insoluble. The action is as follows:— One part of neutral sulphate of alumina in solution is added to seven thousand parts of the water to be purified. As soon as the mixture is made, a cloudy haze 1s seen in the water, which haze rapidly condenses into flocculi, with little lanes of clear water of the greatest brilliancy and beauty between them. As the flocculi become more dense they rapidly descend to the bottom of the water, leaving it ely free from all organic colouring-matter, as clear as crystal, and free from aint. : ee time required for complete precipitation is from six to eight hours; if, there- 8A REPORT—1866. fore, the precipitant be put in over-night, the water will be ready for use in the morning, and as ¢’me for the action to take place, and not guantity of water is the con- coe ten thousand gallons can as quickly be purified by this process as a gallon. ~ The chemical action is thus:—The lime which is in solution in the water as a carbonate combines with the sulphuric acid of the sulphate, and forms sulphate of lime. — The liberated hydrate of alumina instantly attacks the organic matter, which it renders insoluble, and both rapidly descend to the bottom of the water, while the bili acid gas which remains in the water imparts to it a sparkling freshness and eauty. As he liberation of the hydrated alumina depends on the presence of carbonate of lime in the water, and as its absence in terrestrial waters 1s a most rare occur- rence, the applicability of this precipitant for the purification of terrestrial waters may be said to be universal, In order to test the effect of the precipitant upon very dirty water, a gallon was taken out of the Thames at half-tide, in the centre arch of London Bridge. Into this water was put twenty drops of a standard solution of the precipitant. The water was then allowed to stand eight hours, when it was found that all the filth had settled to the bottom, and the supernatant water was clear, sparkling, and pleasant to drink. The author has therefore the greatest confidence in recommending the precipi- tant for purifying the water contained in ships’ tanks, and the waters taken from tropical rivers and ponds, which in their natural state it is impossible to drink, in consequence of the decaying organic matter contained therein, being a direct incen- tive to cholera. If to such waters the precipitant be applied, they can be rendered as perfectly salubrious as water taken from the deepest wells. The same effect can be produced by the precipitant on tainted well-water, and the waters of stagnant ponds which are left for the use of cattle in the corners of fields. For testing the superior salubrity of water which had been purified with the pre- cipitant over the same water which had not been so purified, various experiments were detailed. : On the Oxidizing Action of Carbon. By Dr. Cracz-Carvert, /.R.S. On Disinfection. By Wri11Am Crooxns, F.R.S. As an illustration of the want of general knowledge of the laws of disinfection, and the eyils resulting from the absence of combined action between the local self- governing authorities, I may refer to what is being done in London in reference to the present outbreak of cholera, The drainage of one thousand acres, saturated with a powerfully oxidizing disinfectant, mingles in the sewers with the’drainage from an- other thousand acres, to which a powerfully deoxidizing agent has been liberally ap- plied, the result being that an enormous amount of money is expended on various dis- infectants and deodorizers, with very inadequate results; and many valuable agents may ultimately fall into discredit from the want of afew simple discriminating rules for their proper application. Disinfecting agents of great value are being used for purposes for which they are totally unfit; useful but incompatible disinfectants are recommended in the same paper of instructions; and chemicals of the most potent description are given to ignorant persons without a word of warning as to how they are to be applied. Disinfection is by no means so simple a process as is generally supposed. Che- mists are aware that we cannot use one substance with equal efficacy in-all imagi- nable cases. The process is one depending upon complicated chemical and physiolo- gical actions; and chemistry has placed at our disposal several substances which are applicable to various requirements of the case; but to pin one’s faith to one agent only, be it carbolie acid, chloride of lime, Condy’s fluid, or McDougall’s powder, is to limit one’s powers of disinfection in a very unwise degree ; whilst to recommend all these things without discriminating in what cases they are severally to be used, is like sending a sick man to a druggist’s shop, telling him neither what special drug to take, nor how much for a dose. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 35 It is highly important that the best plan of disinfection adapted to the present, or like emergencies, should be definitely settled by some competent authority, and its adoption then made uniform throughout the country. The various disinfectants ought always to supplement each other, so that when the contents of the adjacent gears blend together, the purifying action of the disinfectants used should pervade the mass. The word “ disinfectant,’’ in its ordinary sense, implies a body which will destroy an animal poison or virus, in whatever way it is accomplished ; in a more restricted - sense, the term is used to indicate an agent which destroys organic or offensive matter by oxidation or analogous a¢tion; whilst under the term “ antiseptics ” are classed those agents which arrest poisonous action by destroying the tendency to putrefy, and stopping chemical change. Oxidizing dismfectants—those which actually burn up organic matter by means of combined or atmospheric oxygen—are by far the best known and most used ; inasmuch as they appeal directly to popular prejudice, by destroying the foul odours which are the usual accompaniments of infection, whilst “ antiseptics”” have little or no action on these gases. This fallacious mode of estimating their relative value is one which does great injustice to antiseptics. In the search for disinfectants suitable to arrest the progress of a zymotic disease, it is necessary to strike off at once a whole class of valuable agents which will not meet the requrements of the case. It is more than probable that the infectious matter partakes of the physical properties of a vapour or of fine dust; and it is consequently hopeless to attempt to combat the virus by non-volatile disinfectants. For this reason, charcoal, chloride of zinc, the permanganates, solutions of metallic salts, and other similar substances are of limited use: what is wanted for general purposes, is a liquid and a volatile disinfectant, which, after first acting on infected surfaces, will, by gaseous diffusion, pervade the infected atmosphere, and destroy the floating virus. At first sight the action of a powerful oxidizing-disinfectant, like chloride of lime, or Condy’s fluid, upon noxious vapours or even septic germs, appears perfect. In presence of an excess of either of these agents, all organic impurity is at once burnt up, and reduced to its simplest combinations; and could we always rely upon the presence of a sufficient amount of either of these bodies, no other purifiers would be needed. But in practical work, these disinfectants are always very inadequate, except for a short time after their application; at other times, the oxidizing agent has presented to it far more noxious material than it can by any possibility conquer; and being governed in its combinations by definite laws of chemical affinity, the sulphuretted and carburetted hydrogen, the nitrogen- and phosphorus-bases, and other vapours of putrefaction, will all have to be burnt up before the oxidizing agent can touch the germs of infection; whilst the continued renewal of the gases of putrefaction will constantly shield the infectious matter from destruction. This is the chief objection to disinfectants which act by oxidation. If we ar- range in a series the possible substances which may be present in an infected neighbourhood, and gradually mix with them chlorine or a permanganate, we find that these vapours, which haye strong and foetid odours, and which we will place at the commencement of the list, are the first to go ; whilst the actual virus of the disease—the organized particles which have little or no odour—are the last to be attacked. It so happens that the stinking gases of decomposition are of compara- tively little danger, whilst the deadly yirus-cells of infectious diseases are imap- preciable to the sense of smell. Again, oxidizing disinfectants possess little or no permanent action, What they attack is destroyed perfectly, but what they leave as no special resistance to decomposition conferred upon it. They remove the roducts of decomposition, but they do not take away the power of subsequent ecomposition: Mere deodorization therefore is no protection whatever. Oxidizing disinfectants produce their effect by the actual destruction of the in- fecting substance. Antiseptics act by destroying its activity. The former act more energetically upon dead than upon living organic matter. Antiseptics attack first the opposite end of the list, and commence by destroying ,vitality. They exert little or no action on the foul-smelling but comparatively harmless gases of decom= 3% 36 REPORT—1866. position, whilst they act with intense energy on the inodorous germs of infection which these gases may carry into the atmosphere along with them. If, therefore, the matter which conveys infection from one person to another be of the nature of an organized germ, if its tremendous powers of destruction are due to its vitality, then antiseptics are the only agents fitted to deal with these special cases ; for whilst they leave almost untouched the majority of simply odorous gases, they seek out and destroy the one thing to be feared. Now, of all antiseptics, those known as the tar acids, are the most powerful ; and of these, commercial carbolic acid may be regarded as the representative. The powerful action which carbolic acid exerts on the phenomena of life, is the most remarkable property which it possesses. It may be looked upon as the test proper for distinguishing vital from purely physical phenomena; and in most cases its action is characterized by the certainty and definiteness of a chemical reagent. In the presence of carbolic acid the development of embryonic life is wellnigh im- ossible ; and before its powerful influence all minute forms of animal existence inevitably perish. The vapour of carbolic acid in the atmosphere exerts a specially selective power on all minute organisms possessing life. If the infectious matter of cholera is possessed of organic vitality, as is now almost universally admitted, it will be destroyed beyond the possibility of revival, when brought in contact with this vapour. Although the properties of carbolic acid are so valuable, the error I have already alluded to must be avoided, of considering it applicable to every case where disin- fection is requred. Whilst its peculiar properties render it of wide applicability, it may on many occasions advantageously be replaced by other disinfectants. Thus, for purifying water for drinking or culinary purposes, it is far inferior to ebullition in the presence of Condy’s fluid, which acts in this respect perfectly. Again, the liquid nature of carbolic acid renders it not so appropriate as McDougall’s or Cal- vert’s powder for many purposes, an excess of liquid being frequently a disadvantage where large quantities of solid offensive matter have to be dealt with, in which case either of the powders above mentioned is more suitable than carbolic acid. Although much more expensive than carbolic acid for equal amounts of puri- fying work, chloride of lime also is a more appropriate agent where mere deodori- zation is the chief desideratum. It has been assumed, I think on insufficient grounds, that the mere addition of permanganate of potash to drinking-water will certainly destroy the cholera virus. The oxidizing powers of this agent, although very energetic on dead organic matter, are successfully resisted by living organisms. Animalcules will live without appa- yent inconvenience for some time in water tinted with permanganate ; and, assuming that the cholera poison possesses organic vitality, we have no guarantee that the agent in question will effect its destruction. For this reason, I should be inclined to prefer boiling the water after adding permanganate. Let me here state a fact which ought to be generally known in respect to car- bolic acid. For disinfecting purposes, as ordinarily applied, it is very extravagant to use it in the undiluted form. Except in special cases, the aqueous solution of the acid should invariably be used. Water will dissolve about 4 per cent., and for most purposes this solution is a better disinfectant than the undiluted acid. A small insect which is killed in a few seconds by immersion in the 4 per cent. aqueous; solution, will live for a minute or more when covered with the undiluted acid. When the aqueous solution is added to sewage, the latter is at once disin- fected; but on adding to a similar quantity of liquid far more than the corre- sponding amount of undiluted acid, this sinks, as a heavy oil, to the bottom, where it remains; and unless the mixture be well shaken, so as to bring the oil in con- tact with every portion, complete disinfection will not be effected for some time. To throw undiluted carbolic acid down the drains, as is done in many places at the present time, is simply to throw money away. Allow me, in conclusion, to draw attention to the great importance of the scientific - prosecution, by qualified persons, of accurate experiments and observations in reference to the cholera, similar to those undertaken in respect to the Cattle Plague. The third report of the Cattle-Plague Commission has given us more insight into that pestilence than we possess of any human zymotic disease; and there is no TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS, 37 reason why a similar plan should not be carried out in this instance. The subject is so serious, that its treatment with regard to disinfection ought not to be decided by analogies between cattle plague and cholera, which are yet unproved. In a visitation of this character it is possible to try experiments of a nature wholly out of our power under ordinary circumstances; and thus it is feasible to suppose that, from the lessons derived from this pestilence, we might obtain insight into the laws governing zymotic diseases. Although foul sewage and putrefying animal matter are probably insufficient to generate the first septic germ of a pestilence, there can be no question that when such a plague does come amongst us, it spreads with the greatest virulence wherever such putrescent materials abound. It may therefore be expected, not unreasonably, that by extending the sphere of an operation of appropriate disin- fectants, we may diminish the death-rate, and materially augment the well-being of the community. On Ozone. By Dr. Daveeny, F.R.S. Dr. Daubeny communicated a summary of the observations and experiments he had been making with respect to the presence of ozone in the atmosphere, the sources from which it was derived, and its uses in the economy of nature. Judging from the depth of coloration produced upon Schénbein’s papers by exposure to the open air, as observed during a period extending on the whole to eight months, he inferred that the quantity of ozone at Torquay was much greater, on the average, during the prevalence of winds proceeding from the sea, than at times when they had blown over land.. By the same test he had endeavoured to ascertain whether this ozone was generated by vegetation ; and although he found that light alone exerted some influence in colouring the paper, in proportion to its intensity, was led to infer that, after deducting this, a certain residual effect was due to the action of the green parts of plants in generating ozone during the day ; and as ozone exercises an un- doubted power in removing putrid matter by oxidation, it seemed probable that the vegetable world may be thus the appointed means of destroying animal effluvia, and of thus restoring to the atmosphere its original purity when vitiated by the emanations of living beings. On the Refraction- and Dispersion-equivalents of Chlorine, Bromine, and Jodine. By J. H. Guanstone, F.RS. The refraction-equivalent of a substance is the product of its atomic weight into its specific refractive energy, that is, its refractive index minus one divided by its ' density. From data previously published by the author and the Rev. T. P. Dale, together with Dulong’s observations on gases, the following determinations of the refraction-equivalents of the halogens had been made. Chlorine, as a gas, or In gaseous combination, gives the number 8°7; in the chlo- ride of phosphorus it seems to be 9°4; while in several cases of its liquid com- pounds of carbon and hydrogen it ranged from 9°6 to 10. Bromine, as the elementary liquid, gives the number 16°6; its liquid compound with phosphorus indicates only 145, and its compounds with carbon and hydrogen about 15:5. Todine, as determined from four liquid compounds of the iodide-of-methy] series, averages 24:2. ; The numbers determined for bromine are nearly intermediate between those for chlorine and iodine. The dispersion-equivalent of a substance is the difference between its refraction- equivalents as calculated for the two extreme lines of the spectrum A and H. De- terminations from some of the same compounds of the halogens with methyl, ethyl, &e., gaye numbers, of which that for bromine lies also between those of the other two, but considerably nearer to chlorine than to iodine. The following determina- tions are strictly comparable :— : Chlorine. Bromine. Todine. . Refraction-equivalents...... 9:8 155 24-2 Dispersion-equivalents....., 0:5 13 2°6 388 REPORT—1866, ; On the Nature and Properties of Ozone and Antozone demonstrated eaperi- mentallu. By J. M. M°Gavrey. On the Chemical Action of Medicines. By Dr. H. Bence Jonus, F.R.S. The law of the conservation of energy entirely does away with every supposition that medicine can create or annihilate any force, Medicines may carry latent energy into each part of the body, and they may become active within by increasing oxidation, nutrition, secretion, motion, and sensation; or by their properties they may put a check upon these functions by increasing the resistance or by altering the conditions necessary for the conversion of latent energy into active force. The great functions of medicine are chemically to assist qualitatively or quanti- tatively, first the working, and secondly, the repair of the organs and structures of the body. For eres, only two of the chemical actions of medicines are dwelt on in this paper, namely, their influence on the two processes of oxidation and of nutrition that continually take place in each of the textures of the body. These processes are affected by medicines in at least two ways. First, directly, by the passage of the medicines into the different textures, where oxidation is promoted or retarded, and where nutrition is assisted or muscles prevented ; and secondly, indirectly, by the action of the medicines on the nerves that regulate the circulation, whereby the flow of blood through the vessels is increased or diminished. The motion equals the force of the heart divided by the resistance M=> _ On this view, the first great division of medicines consists of those which (A) directly or (B) indirectly promote oxidation, or (C) directly or (D) indirectly retard it. A. Medicines that directly promote oxidation,—Ivon ; oxygen and ozone; alkalies; chlorine, iodine, bromine ; permanganates?, iodates, chlorates ?, nitrates P, strong mineral, yegetable and animal irritants, as large doses of salts of antimony, cop- per, zinc, mercury ; croton oil ; cantharides; all forms of motion, including heat, light, and electricity. B. Medicines that indirectly promote oxidation by increasing the circulation. Among the causes that determine the force and the frequency of the heart’s con- traction are, (1) the action of the nerves, (2) of the muscle, and (3) the chemical and mechanical quality and quantity of the blood, and its relative proportion to the system of vessels in which it is contained. For stimulating or checking the centre of the circulation a most highly complex system of nerves exists, and a similar controlling power over the arterial capillaries exists throughout the periphery. : There are at least four different centres of nervous action for the regulation of the heart. 1. A stimulating or musculomotory centre in the heart itself; 2. an inhibitory centre there also; 5. a centre which acts through the ninth pair of nerves ; and 4, another with opposite action, which acts on the heart through the sympa- thetic nerve. Medicines may act chemically on any or all of these centres, and thereby stimulate or check the heart’s action. Thus, for example, digitaline acts on the centre which affects the heart through the ninth pair, for when these nerves are divided digitaline has no action on the heart. The experiments of Claude Bernard on the sublingual salivary gland show the antagonistic action of the sympathetic and the chorda tympani. Stimulation of the sympathetic checks circulation through the gland; whilst stimulation of the chorda tympani increases the flow of blood, by which secretion and oxidation are increased also. C. Medicines that directly retard oxidation. To this class-belong all the remedies which were included in the antiphlogistic regimen. Vegetable salines; vege- table acids; mineral acids ; substances which become organic acids in the system, as sugar; preparations of lead ; oxide of carbon; sulphuretted, arseniated, anti- moniated hydrogen ; oxide of nitrogen; rest from all kinds and forms of motion, mechanical, thermal, electrical, photal. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 39 D. Medicines that indirectly retard oxidation. These may be divided into (1) those that act upon the nerves, as prussic acid, morphia, and many other alkaloids; (2) those that act on the muscles, as rest, cold, salts of potass, lead salts, vera- trine, digitaline, nicotine; (3) those that alter the qualitative and quantitative relationship of the blood to the vessels, as local and general bleedings, starva- tion, dilution, evacuation. The second great division of medicines consists of those which (E) directly or (f) indirectly promote nutrition, or (G) directly and (H) indirectly retard it. The chemical actions which are concerned in the formation of the multitude of organic substances of which the body is composed are far more complicated than those comparatively simpler chemical actions on which oxidation depends. If even now the different steps and processes, the helps and hindrances which affect the formation of carbonic acid and water in the body are not yet determined, how much less able must we be at present to comprehend the chemical actions which take place in the formation of blood-globules, bones, muscles, nerves, &c. Many of those medicines that promote or retard oxidation at the same time promote or retard nutrition. When they are present in excess, they render the formation of different substances more rapid ; and when absent, the chemical actions necessary for the formation of these substances are retarded or altogether stopped. E. Medicines that directly promote nutrition. Iron helps to form blood-globules ; phosphate and carbonate of lime help to form bone; cod-liver oil and other fatty matters help to form adipose tissue. elatine perhaps helps to form cellular tissue ; and phosphorus, still more doubtfully, promotes the formation of nervous tissue. F, Medicines that indirectly promote nutrition (1) by increasing the action of the heart, (2) by lessening the resistance in the capillaries.—Alcohol, ether, chloro- form, nitrous oxide, chloride of methyl, olefiant gas increase the action of the heart by acting on the nerves. Ammonia almost immediately deprives motor nerves of their power of exciting motion, while it intensely irritates the mus- cular structures. Of medicines that cause the capillaries to dilate curare is the most remarkable. G. Medicines that directly retard nutrition, either (1) by themselves entering into combination with the organic substances of which the textures are composed, b which combination the chemical changes that would otherwise occur are ite d or (2) by the accumulation in the textures of any of the substances resulting from the chemical changes in the textures. Lead, zinc, silver, copper, arsenic, antimony, and in some rare cases mereury, act in small doses in the first way. Among the substances which act in the second way must be included all the different products from each texture in their down- ward course to carbonate of ammonia, water, and salts. Among these substances carbonic acid and carbonic oxide; organic acids from oxalic acid upwards; sugar; fat; nitrogenous substances from carbonate of ammonia, urea, kreatine, indigo ; animal quinoidine, to the first products formed from the albuminous substances. H. Medicines that indirectly retard nutrition by lessening the action of the heart and increasing the resistance in the capillaries, by which actions the flow of blood through the textures is lessened. Four different actions may be distinguished, by any of which nutrition may be lessened :—1. By an action on the nerves of the heart, as by strychnia, nicotine, conicine, digitaline ; 2. by an action on the muscular structure of the heart, as by veratrine, colchicine, salts of potass; 3. by contraction of the capillaries in conse- quence of an action upon the sympathetic nerve, as by morphine; 4. by the redue- tion, quantitatively or qualitatively, of the state of the blood, as by bleeding, starvation, excessive dilution, lead salts, mineral and organic acids. ; The actions of oxidation and nutrition are mutually dependent everywhere, and no separation of these two actions in any part of the body actually takes place, although, for clearness, I have considered them separately. The progress of all ~ accurate knowledge of the actions of medicines depends on exact chemical and physical experiments ; and by the perfection of these alone will the practice of 40 REPORT—1866. medicine lose its doubts and difficulties, its disagreements and deceptions, and become esteemed by all as the art that can confer the highest benefit upon man- kind, On a Magnesium Lamp. By H. Larxrn. The distinguishing peculiarity of this lamp is that it burns magnesium in the form of powder, instead of riband or wire, and does not depend on clockwork or any similar extraneous motive power for its action. The stream of the metal powder 1s mixed with a small portion of gas and fine sand in its progress through the tube; they escape together at its mouth, where they are ignited and continue burning with a brilliant flame. On the Accumulation of the Nitrogen of Manwre in the Soil. By J. B. Lawes, F.R.S., F.C.S., and J. H. Grisert, Ph.D., F.RS., FCS. The authors had been engaged for many years in an investigation in the course of which they had grown wheat year after year on the same land for more than twenty years; on some portions without any manure, and on others with farm- yard manure, or with various descriptions of manure. They had published the results obtained in the field during the first twenty years of the experiments *, and they had heen for some time, and were still engaged in investigating the composi- tion of the produce grown under the different conditions, and also the compara- tive composition of the soils of the different plots as affected by the various treat- ment. : The point to which they chiefly confined attention on the present occasion was the accumulation, and the loss, of the nitrogen which had been supplied in the manure and not recovered in the increase of crop. After discussing the difficul- ties of sampling, preparing for analysis, and analyzing soils in such manner as to yield results applicable to the purposes of their inquiry, and describing the methods they had adopted, they called attention to some of the results obtained, summaries of which were brought to view in Tables hung up in the room. Tae percentage, and calculated acreage, amounts of nitrogen existing in such condi- tion as to be determinable by burning with soda-lime were given for the soil of the first, of the second, and of the third nine inches, of eleven differently-manured plots, showing the amounts, therefore, to the depth of 27 inches in all. The accumulation of nitrogen from the residue of manuring was found to be, in some cases, very considerable; but even with equal amounts supplied, it yaried, both in total amount and in distribution, according to circumstances ; the depth to which the unused supply had penetrated being apparently influenced by the character and amount of the associated manurial constituents. The general result was, that, although a considerable amount of the nitrogen supplied in manure which had not been recovered as increase of crop was shown to remain in the soil, still a larger amount was as yet unaccounted for. Initiative results indicated that scme existed as nitric acid in the soil, but it was believed that the amount so existing would proye to be but small. In fact, it was concluded that a considerably larger proportion would remain entirely unaccounted for within the soil to the depth under examination than was there traceable, and the probability was, that at any rate some of this had passed off into the drains, and some into the lower strata of the soil. Finally, it was shown, by reference to field results, that there was not more than one or two bushels of increase in the wheat crop per acre per annum, due to the large accumulated residue of nitrogen in the soil, not- withstanding its amount was many times greater than that which would yield an increase of twenty bushels or more, if applied afresh to soil otherwise in the same condition. On the other hand, it was shown that the effect of an accumulated residue of certain mineral constituents was not only very considerable in degree, but very lasting. ’ * “ Report of Experiments on the Growth of Wheat for Twenty Years in succession on the same Land,” Journ, Roy. Ag. Soc. Eng. vol. xxv. pts. 1 & 2. : TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 41 On the Sources of the Fat of the Animal Body. By J. B. Lawxs, F.R.S., F.C.S., and J. H. Grtpert, Ph.D., F.RS., F.CS.* Tn 1842, Baron Liebig had concluded that the fat of Herbivora must be derived in great part from the carbo-hydrates of their food, but that it might also be pro- duced from nitrogenous compounds. MM. Dumas and Boussingault at first called in question this view; but subsequently the experiments of Dumas and Milne- Edwards with bees, of Persoz with geese, of Boussingault with pigs and ducks, and of the authors with pigs, had been held to be quite confirmatory of Liebig’s view; at any rate so far as the formation of fat from the carbo-hydrates was concerned. In 1864, however, at the Bath Meeting of the British Association, Dr. Hayden, of Dublin, read a paper before the Physiological Section, in which, basing his conclu- sions upon certain physiological considerations .of a purely qualitative kind, he ex- pressed doubt on the point. In August 1865, again, at a meeting of the Congress of Agricultural Chemists, held at Munich, Professor Voit, from the results of experi- ments with dogs fed on flesh, maintained that fat must have been produced from the nitrogenous constituents of the food, and that these were probably the chief, if not the only source, of the fat even of Herbivora. In the course of the discussion which followed, Baron Liebig disputed this conclusién ; and his son, Hermann yon Liebig, has since written a paper on the subject, in which, illustrating his views by reference to experiments with cows, he admits the probability that fat may be formed from nitrogenous substance, but nevertheless concludes that this is neither the only nor even the chief source of fat, in the ordinary feeding of Herbivora. The authors agreed with the conclusions of these latter authorities. The data cited by Hermann von Liebig did not, however, afford conclusive evidence on the point; and they considered that the results of experiments with cows were, in several respects, less appropriate for the purposes of the inquiry than those with some other animals. They showed, illustrating the various points by reference to expe- riments of their own, that, compared with either cows, oxen, or sheep, the pig had a much less proportion of alimentary organs and contents, consumed food of a much higher character, produced a much larger amount of fat both in relation to a given weight of animal within a given time and to the amount of food consumed, voided a much less proportion of the solid matter of its food in its solid and liquid excre- tions, and, finally, its increase contained a larger proportion of fat, For these rea- sons results obtained with pigs must be much more conclusive as to the sources in the food of the fat which they yield than those with either cows, oxen, or sheep. Tables were exhibited showing the results which had been obtained by the authors | in numerous experiments with pigs ; and from these the following main conclusions were drawn :— 1. That certainly a large proportion of the fat of the Herbivora fattened for haman food must be derived from other substances than fatty matter in the food. 2. That when fattening animals are fed upon their most appropriate food, much of their stored-up fat must be produced from the carbo-hydrates it supplies. 3. That nitrogenous substance may also serve as a source of fat, more especially when it is in excess, and the supply of available non-nitrogenous constituents is relatively defective. On the Poisonous Nature of Crude Paraffin Oil, and the Products of its Recti- fication upon Fish. By Stevenson Macavam, PA.D., PRSL., LOS., Lecturer on Chemistry, Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh. The great extension of paraffin oil-works, both crude and refined, during the last few years, has led to attention being directed to the nature of the discharges which emanate from such, more especially to those matters which find their way into rivers which form the natural drainage of the district. The deleterious nature of these discharges has manifested itself already in the total destruction of all fish in more than one of our Scottish streams, and to the impregnation of the water with paraffin oil, and the products of its rectification, to such an extent as to impart the characteristic taste and odour of paraffin to the water, and render it unsuitable for domestic purposes. * For fuller report, see the Philosophical Magazine for December 1866. 42 REPORT—1866, I have had occasion to make a large number of experiments on such discharges taken alone and diluted with much water, with the view of testing the destructive nature of these liquids and mixtures upon the life of fish, and the general results of the inquiry I purpose to lay before the Section. The discharges from the paraffin oil-works are of the following nature :— 1, Crude petroleum and shale-oil escaping from the crude oil-casks, either when full or when empty, when the drainings leak away into the surrounding soil and thence to the drains. - 2. The condensing water from the worms of the crude and refining stills, which often passes away impregnated with paraffin oil. 3. The spent acid liquor which has been used in acting upon the crude petroleum or shale-oil. . 4, The spent alkaline liquid or soda which has been employed in acting upon the oil which has been previously treated with acid. Besides these there is the accidental overflow of the retorts, both during the first redistillation of the crude oil, and subsequently in the distillation of the refined oil, and which can hardly be altogether provided against. The drainings from the oil-casks, when the latter have been emptied and are ex- posed to the sun, are considerable when a number of casks are stored together, and the oil which percolates through the soil is liable not only to ooze through the ground, but when rain falls, the oil floats thereupon, and is thus carried into the ordinary drains. Any material damage to rivers, however, from this cause may be lessened by providing proper surface drains, which carry all the oily water to traps where it settles, and the oil may be removed from the surface whilst the water is run off underneath. The condensing water from the stills is liable to be impregnated with paraffin oil from the leakage of the pipes, which is greater when the pipes are of cast iron than when they are constructed of malleable iron. Of course any ex- cessive leakage is quickly arrested, but there is generally that taint communicated to the water which, independent of the lesser proportion of oxygen dissolved in the water as compared with ordinary river-water, renders the water more or less dele- terious to the health of fish. The spent acid liquor and the spent soda-liquor, however, are the most serious discharges which, either regularly or occasionally, escape from parafiin oil-works, and their influence upon the health and life of fish are much more decided than the paraftin oil itself. The spent acid liquor consists of the sulphuric acid which has been added to the crude oil, accompanied by tar products, including picoline and other |e sic oils, and to which the acid liquor no doubt owes part ofits poisonous properties. \Vhilst now the material in question is to some extent utilized by separating the tar, and either mixing it with spent oak bark, or-sawdust, and using it as a fuel, or by distilling it into pitch, yet occasionally the acid liquor is discharged into a neighbouring stream. It is a black tarry liquid of the consistence of molasses, with a somewhat sulphureous odour, and a very small quantity added to water confers poisonous properties upon the latter. In one example I found the spent acid liquor, which was collected somewhat diluted with water, to possess the following powerful effects upon fish :— 1. When the liquor was taken by itself and fish immersed therein, they were dead in five minutes. ‘ 2. When the liquor was diluted with three times its volume of good stream water and fish introduced into the mixture, they were killed in ten minutes, 3. With one of the liquor and twenty of water, the fish died in fifteen minutes. 4, One of the liquor and 100 of water, killed the fish in fifteen to twenty minutes. 5. One of the liquor and 1000 of water was poisonous to the fish in two hours, whilst 6. In one of the liquor to 10,000 of water, the fish were not killed by their immersion in the mixed liquor for twenty-four hours, but were apparently sick and prostrate. The spent soda-liquor which has been employed in treating the oil which had been previously acted upon by acid is necessarily decidedly alkaline and caustic in TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 435 its nature. It has extracted from the oil and retains in solution more or less car- bolic acid and its homologues, and the poisonous nature of the spent soda-liquor is doubtless materially augmented by the presence of these acids. One sample of this soda-liquor which was flowing from a paraffin oil-work, and which contained extra water, proved destructive to fish in ten minutes; diluted with three parts of water, it killed fish in twenty minutes; with twenty of water, the fish were dead in twenty-five minutes ; with 100 of water, the fish were killed in thirty minutes ; diluted with 1000 of water, the soda-water was destructive to fish in twenty hours ; whilst in 10,000 of water the fish were not killed but were appa- rently slightly sick. Experiments were made with crude shale-oil and the refined oils obtained therefrom, and with crude Pennsylvanian petroleum, and the refined oils extracted from it. The crude shale-oil was destructive to fish when taken in the proportion of 1 of the oil to 1000 of water—the crude oil being more ener- getic in its action than any of the others, then in succession the lubricating oil, the burning oil, and the lighter spirit. The Pennsylvanian petroleum was not so powerful in its poisonous properties as the shale-oil employed in the experiments. The crude shale-oil, in the proportion of 1 to 1000 of water, was poisonous to fish in twelve hours; whilst the crude Pennsylvanian oil in the same proportion did not kill the fish for twenty-four hours. The refined oils acted in a corresponding manner on fish. Thus the refined shale- oil, in the proportion of 1 to 1000 of water, killed the fish in twenty-four hours; whilst the refined Pennsylvanian oil did not prove destructive for two days. The importance of this subject will probably soon be greater than what it is at present, as the manufacture of crude paraffin oil in conjunction with gas has already been introduced into one of our gas-works in Scotland. The coal used is the Newhbattle gas or Cannel coal, which yields when distilled in ordinary gas-retorts, at a bright cherry-red heat, about 11,000 cubic feet of gas, with an illuminating or photogenic power of thirty-four standard sperm candles for every five cubic feet of the gas burned during every hour. When distilled, how- ever, at a low or black-red heat in larger retorts, as carried on in ordinary paraffin oil-works, the coal yields only 3000 to 3500 cubic feet of illuminating gas, with the photogenic power of thirty candles for every five cubic feet burned during the hour, so that two-thirds of the total quantity of gas capable of being yielded by the coal is sacrificed; but in place thereof there are obtained about 60 gallons of crude paraffin oil with a specific gravity of 900 to 905. The gas-works in question are virtually crude paraffin oil-works in which the gas is utilized; and as the change in the mode of working the coal appears to be profitable, there is every reason to consider it likely that other gas-works will follow the example, and become virtually crude paraffin oil-works with refineries attached thereto, On an Extraordinary Iron Stone. By Dr. T. L. Purrson, F.C.8. fe. The author alludes in this paper to a journey which he made dwing the year 1865 in the principality of Waldeck (Germany), and gives an account of the mining district which he visited there. About twelve English miles from the mineral springs of Wildungen, in the region where the schists are upheaved by reenstone, containing lodes of copper ore, lead ore, and barytine, with some zine Blends, he met with a very remarkable ironstone which is distinct from the fine red hematite that abounds in these districts, by the presence of a considerable amount of magnetic oxide of iron, some specimens yielding as much as 23 per cent., and when smelted give about 59 per cent. of iron of exceedingly fine quality. This mineral occurs in a quartz lode, is crystallized in the rhombic system, and as brilliant as steel. It gives a dark purple powder. The red hematites of the same district all contain a little magnetic oxide, varying from 2 to 4 per cent. and even more. On the Origin of Muscular Force in Animals. By Dr. Lyon Prayrair, C.B., LL.D., F.RS.L. & EB. The author reviewed the recent experiments of Fick and Wislicenus on this subject. These physiologists ascended the Faulhorn, after having subsisted for thirty-one hours on cake made of starch fried in fat, and they found that they AA REPORT—1866. ascended the height of 2000 metres, with an evacuation of urea which, converted into muscular substance, did not represent more than half the actual energy ex~ pended in the ascent. The author pointed out as the main objections to this experiment (1) that the period of production of urea is not necessarily the period of its elimination ; (2) that when starch and fat are used as food alone, the nitro- gen of the alvine dejections, usually only one-twelfth that in the urinary secre- tions, augments so much as sometimes to be equal in amount to the latter. With respect to the first objection, E. Smith has shown that lowering of the barometer Asal thermometer retards the evacuation of urea, and these conditions were obyi- ously present at the top of a high mountain. The amount of urea passed for twelve hours before the ascent was 46 grammes; but it was only 38 grammes in the six hours of the ascent and six hours after it; while it fell to 32 grammes in the subsequent twelve hours, although a hearty meal had been taken, The result was not easily explicable on Liebig’s views, that muscular force is produced by muscular waste; but it was equally difficult to explain on the view that the urea is the mere representation of the waste of muscle due to the friction of the machine, whose natural fuel is non-nitrogenous [food ; for the experiments show that when the friction of the machine was largely increased by the work per- formed, the amount of urea actually diminished, instead of increasing proportion- ally to the work. . The author then entered largely into the proofs offered by experience in feeding man and animals, that albuminous diet must be offered in proportion to the work demanded. He showed that there was suflicient potential energy present in the ordinary supply of albumen to men to account for the work performed. But he did not deny that non-nitrogenous diet might, in the absence of such albuminous supply, be temporarily used for the production of muscular force. Such vicarious action is common in the body. But this admission did not interfere with the view that the normal food and fuel of muscles consists of albuminous bodies, which must constantly be supplied to produce sustained effort, and to prevent corporeal deterioration, . On a New Process in the Manufacture of White Lead. By Peter Spence. On some Phenomena connected with the Melting and Solidifying of Waa. By C. Tomuryson, 7.0.8. When melted bees-wax containing a small portion of a very fine powder, such as that of plumbago, is poured into a shallow tinned-iron tray and allowed to cool, the wax breaks up into a number of hexagonal figures more or less regular, the boundaries being marked by the plumbago. The lines of the hexagons are formed by the mutual pressure of rings of plumbago powder thrown off from cylindrical or polygonal centres of the wax in cooling. Even in deep vessels of melted stearine or grease, containing particles capable of floating about in it, and of being carried to and fro by currents, an irregular network is formed by. the particles arranging themselves on the surface in lines. There appears to be on the surface a movement of the grease from the centre to the sides of each of these polygonal figures. The figure varies with the material, and may be shown during the cooling. It may be seen on castor-oil and other fatty bodies; but not on spermaceti or crystalline fatty bodies. The figures are produced by a kind of local convection; that is, conyec- tive currents rise and sink in various parts of the mass, so that from many points at the bottom of the vessel rising currents are set up, and as the surface of the oil cools by exposure to the air, these cooler portions sink from various points of the surface, so that, instead of one central rising current, and one circumferential sinking current as in ordinary cooling, many small rising and sinking currents are established. Hence the surface becomes divided into many spaces, in the centre of each of which a current of warm oil is rising and around the circumference of which the cooler oil is sinking. Each of these systems tends to form a cylinder, with a rising central and a sinking circumferential current, and the contact of the boundaries of such cylinders produces a series of polygon-shaped systems. If the surface be very still, and there be no tendency in the oil to crystallize as it cools, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 2) nearly perfect hexagons are formed, and as the circumference of each hexagonal system is cooler than its centre, the floating particles are first arrested at the circumferences, and gradually accumulate there, giving an hexagonal appearance to the surfaee as the mass cools. In a crystalline material the tendency to assume its peculiar crystal would probably overcome these currents before the mass became cool. The second part of the paper referred to the passage of an electric spark through melted wax, &c. The early electricians remarked that anon-conductor, when melted, became a conductor. Faraday found that when such substances were fused and tested by their power to transmit a voltaic current, in no case did the current pass, unless accompanied by polarization of particles and decomposition. The same seems to be true for frictional electricity. The substance to be tried was contained in a glass bulb about 2 inches across in the widest part, and about 3! inches high, fitted with corks through which pointed brass wires were passed, or one pointed and one knobbed. On hanging such a bulb by its wire to the prime conductor of an electrical machine, connecting the lower wire with the earth, and setting the machine in action, a most vivid spark plays between the wires, striking out, as it were, from an anvil a multitude of smaller sparks, and lighting up the whole of the bulb and liquid in a remarkable manner. The smaller sparks, which apparently fill the bulb, are globules of gas, arising from the decomposition of a portion of the liquid, and illuminated by the principal discharge. When the point and bulb are far apart, the discharge is in the form of a brilliant rippled line o light, also accom- panied by decomposition“of the dielectric. The effects vary with different sub- stances, and also change with the cooling of each substance. Spermaceti, cocoa-nut oil, lard, and solid paraffin are well adapted to these experiments, and also such fluids as castor-oil, balsam of copaihee, paraffin oil, turpentine, and benzole. It was not found possible to pass a spark through melted camphor. By holding a bulb containing the solid over a spirit-lamp, the solid may be melted in a few minutes. The phenomena form good class experiments. On a Phosphatie Deposit in the Lower Green Sand of Bedfordshire. By J. F. Watxer. On a Proposed Use of Fluorine in the Manufacture of Soda. By Watrer WEtpon. When sulphate of sodium is treated with hydrofluoric acid, one half of the -Sulphate is converted into bisulphate and the other half is transformed into fluoride. Upon this fact of the reaction between sulphate of sodium and hydrofluoric acid yielding, without any destruction of sulphuric acid, a compound almost as readily caustifiable as carbonate of sodium itself, the author believed that it would prove practicable to base a manufacturing process by means of which soda should be pro- duced, not only, if not exactly without the use, at any rate without any consump- tion of sulphuric acid, but actually without the consumption of any materials whatever excepting salt and coal, all the reagents employed being recovered for use over and over again continually. One method by which this object could be accomplished was described as follows. It comprises four operations, the first of which consists in the production of sulphate of sodium by double decomposition between chloride of sodium and sulphate of magnesium, having associated with it at least one atom of water, the products of this reaction being, besides sulphate of sodium, hydrochloric acid and magnesia. The second operation consists in treating two equivalents of sulphate of sodium with one equivalent of hydrofluoric acid, whereby one equivalent of fluoride of sodium, which for the most part precipi- tates, and one equivalent of bisulphate of sodium, which remains in solution, are formed. The third operation consists in the decomposition of the fluoride of sodium obtained in the second operation by means of the magnesia obtained as one of the results of the first operation, the products being caustic soda and fluoride of mag- nesium ; and the fourth operation consists in the decomposition of this fluoride of magnesium by means either of the bisulphate of sodium obtained in the second operation, or of its second equivalent of sulphuric acid, separated in any conye- 46 REPORT—1866. nient way, with production of sulphate of magnesium, with which to repeat the first operation, and hydrofluoric acid, with which to repeat the second operation. All the reagents employed for the transformation of salt into soda by this method are thus continually reproduced, the only materials consumed being the salt and a small quantity of fuel. The author also described some briefer methods than the above of transforming salt into soda by way of the intermediate production of fluoride of sodium. GEOLOGY. Address by Professor A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.RS., Sc., President of the Section*. Sincx I last had the honour of acting as President of the Geological Section a custom has crept in of opening the meetings of the various Sections with presiden- tial addresses. I have, however, been called upon unexpectedly, and rather late in the day, to occupy this chair, while I was busy with a multitude of other avoca- tions, and I have not had the time to prepare an address; nevertheless I shall endeayour to the best of my ability to say a few words upon the state of opinion upon various subjects connected with physical geology, so as, possibly, to prepare in some degree the minds of persons, who are not thoroughly conversant with all branches of the science, for topics that may, perhaps, be touched upon in some of the papers to be brought before us. The great question which underlies much that concerns geologists is whether the economy of the world as we now see it represents in kind, and partially or altogether in degree, the average economy of the world as it has existed in time past, as far as it can be traced by reference to rocks and their contents as they appear at the surface, or as deep beneath the sur- face as we may dare to reason upon within the limits of presumed legitimate inference. After people had thoroughly made up their minds that the world consisted, as far as the outside of it is concerned, of two classes of rocks—igneous and aqueous— it was for a long time the fashion to attribute most of the chief disturbances which the crust of the earth has undergone to the intrusion of igneous masses. The inclined positions of strata, the contortions of the formations in mountain-chains, and the existence even of many important faults—in fact, disturbance of strata generally, were apt to be referred to direct igneous action operating from below. But a closer analysis of the rocks founded on careful surveys, not of a little area here, and a little area there, but on surveys of kingdoms and continents, has tended to disprove these old-fashioned ideas, although you may constantly see them brought up again and again in a certain class of popular works, and sometimes -eyen in memoirs by authors who ought to be better informed than merely to repeat the notions that we find in common-place popular works on geology. Now, if we look at those British formations in which igneous rocks are most generally developed, what do we find? Go first to North Wales, to the Lower Silurian strata, which are to a great extent intermixed with igneous rocks, There, instead of finding great masses that broke through the stratified crust of the earth and tumbled the strata into confusion, the igneous rocks consist chiefly of beds of felspathic lava and ashes of great thickness interstratified among the Lower Silu- rian strata, with here and there bosses of porphyry, which may sometimes repre- sent, as I think, the underground nuclei of old volcanoes of Lower Silurian age ; but the mountainous character of the country is due, not to the direct igneous action of that period heaving up the rocks. On the contrary, all the rocky masses of which the region consists, both igneous and aqueous, have been disturbed and thrown into great sweeping undulations formed of curved strata, thousands of feet thick, by those agencies, whatever they may have been, that at a later date pro- * This address was very imperfectly taken down in shorthand, and the speaker has since corrected it, and supplied the omissions of the reporter, to the best of his ability, from memory, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 47 duced disturbance. The igneous rocks were not that cause; for they haye them- selves been disturbed, together with the fossiliferous Lower Silurian rocks amid which they lie; and the mountainous character of the country, as it now presents itself, is due, not to direct yoleanic action, but to the unequal hardness of igneous and aqueous masses, acted on by many denudations both ancient and modern, both marine and subaérial. These causes, aided by faults which often brought hard and soft rocks into immediate juxtaposition, have given rise to all the rugged outlines on the surface of Wales, the hard rocks more strongly resisting decay and waste, the soft ones yielding to time, the sea, and the weather, with greater ease; and thus it happens that the harder masses generally form headlands, and the summits of the mountains, though often found elsewhere; while the softer strata, wasted away by the sea and by rain and rivers, are apt to lie in the recesses of bays and in yalleys and plains. This kind of argument I could equally well apply to the Carboniferous formations of Scotland, where igneous rocks are rife, and, indeed, to all those areas where igneous masses of ancient date are found intermixed with sedimentary strata*, Again, if we go to the Alps, and look at the strata there, which are disturbed on the greatest scale; in all that part of the range that I best know, from east to west for more than 100 miles in length, I have never seen a fragment of what I can call a true igneous rock. Gneiss there is, and granite there is, which, according to old ideas—a great advance in their day—some haye been apt to classify either as common igneous productions or as closely allied to them; but no basalts or green- stones, or rocks allied to these, play any important part in the structure of the country, although the strata have been disturbed in a manner of which no concep- tion can be formed by those who have only studied such minor mountains as those of the British Isles. There, in the Alps, we find areas as large as half an English county, in which a whole series of formations has been turned upside down. But by what means were masses of strata many thousands of feet thick bent and con- torted and raised into the air so as to produce existing results by affording matter for the elements to work upon? . Not by igneous or other pressure and upheayal from below, for that would stretch instead of crumpling the strata in the manner we find them in great mountain-chains like the Alps, or in less disturbed groups like those of the Highlands, Wales, and Cumberland, which are only fragments of older mountain-ranges; but, perhaps, as some have supposed, because of the radia- tion from the earth of heat into space, producing gradually a marked shrinkage of the earth’s hardened crust, which, giving way, became crumpled along lines more or less irregular, thus producing partial upheavals, though the bulk of the whole globe was diminishing. A modifieation of this hypothesis does not attempt to explain the positive cause of the shrinkage, but simply states, that from some un- known cause, irrespective of radiation, great areas of the earth’s crust haying been depressed, broad lines that lie between them haye been contorted and heaved into the air in the manner already indicated. Such shrinkage and crumpling, however it was produced, when most intense and on the greatest scale, is always (where I know 6 accompanied by the appearance of gneissic or other metamorphic rocks, and of granite or its allies; and it has often been the custom to attribute the dis- turbance of the strata in such mountain-ranges and their metamorphism into gneiss, crystalline marble, and the like, to the intrusion of granite. But my opinion has long been that, with regard to gneiss and granite, the first has been produced by processes of metamorphism which had no necessary connexion with the intrusion of granite, while granite itself is often simply the result of extreme metamorphism, having passed through and beyond the stage of imperfect crystal- lization, characteristic of gneiss, into that state of more perfect crystallization which marks well-developed granite. If this be so, then, so far from the intrusion of granite having produced such mountains as those I speak of, both gneiss and granite would rather seem to be results of the forces that formed the mountain- chains, I cannot tell how, but possibly connected with the heat produced by the intense contortion of such vast masses of strata, the parts of which now exposed by denudation were then deep underground. There is, however, a difficulty here * This argument has of course no immediate application to existing or late Tertiary volcanic areas, such as those of Auvergne, where entire and ruined craters still exist. 48 REPORT—1866. perhaps insuperable, and which my knowledge does not enable me to grapple with; viz., that if the shrinkage that contorted the strata were slow, the heat resulting from it might never have attained sufficient intensity to have produced, with the aid of alkaline waters, those common metamorphic masses, known as gneiss, granite, syenite, &c., and others less commonly recognized as metamorphic, such as some of the quartz porphyries, for the heat thus generated may have escaped as fast as it was formed. But I cannot now enter on these details. It has often been customary to speak of the Cumbrian mountains as a great dome, forces from below having heaved up the strata towards a central point, from whence the main valleys radiate as great rents produced by that upheaval. But the strata of Cumberland are not dome-shaped in the true geological sense. If it were so, the strata ought to dip from the centre. But instead of that we find Lower and Upper Silurian strata from the equivalents of the Llandeilo flags to the Ludlow beds, which though contorted, yet form an ascending series all across Cumberland from Cockermouth to Ambleside, with an average south-easterly dip. There is, indeed, nothing cone-like in the manner of their arrangement, and the igneous rocks associated with the Cumbrian strata have partaken of disturbances of the same ages as those that heaved up the Silurian rocks of Wales. Afterwards the whole} series was planed across by marine denudation before the deposition of the Old Red Sandstone of the area; and then, but chiefly at later periods, the valleys were scooped out from a great tableland, an old plain of marine denudation, especially after the removal by denudation of the Carboniferous rocks which at one time probably cased and concealed the whole of the Silurian strata. In this manner the character of the mountains of the country was produced, the harder masses being apt to form the heights, craggy, yet often rounded by glacial action. Now in disturbed districts, and m many not much disturbed, faults are more or less numerous, and they are of all ages and of varying amounts. On the Continent of Europe and in Britain, for example, from the Middle Tertiary strata downwards, somewhere or other, all the formations have been dislocated, some of the faults being of the amount of only a few inches or yards, and others of many thousands of feet. Several [know in Wales of 2000, 5000, or even 12,000 feet in amount; and as arule it is found that the greatest faults intersect strata that have been most disturbed, while also it often happens (but not always) that the oldest strata have undergone most disturbance, because they have been more frequently affected by disturbing agents. On the north side of the Alps the Miocene rocks of the Rhigi are inverted and faulted against the older formations, and the amount of the throw -must be very large, and as many Miocene species of mollusks are still living, far as it is removed from our epoch, this fault, by comparison with older ones, may almost be said to approach our own day. Now the question arises whether the agencies that produced contortion of strata and faults, which in certain cases have resulted in the formation of great mountain- chains, have been sudden in their operation, or if the changes have been as pro- gressive and gradual as the operation of those agents of denudation—the sea in the formation of plains of marine denudation, old and new, and the outlines of coasts ; together with the work of air, rain, rivers, frost, snow, and ice, that, long continued, have produced the familiar sculpturing of hill and valley. This is a very puzzling question to geologists, and various opinions have been stated. One of these is that we now live in a world, as it were, nearly in a finished state, and which will suffer no more catastrophes; another that the world now remains in a temporary state of repose after a succession of spasmodic throws which broke up suddenly great portions of the earth’s crust, and repeatedly revolutionized the world, and that such efforts may recur at later periods a long way beyond our time; or again, that the state of tranquillity we now enjoy, in which change is constant, more or less slow, and very sure, has been the order for all time, as far as geologists’ can trace back the history of the world in the rocks that form its crust. These are the leading opinions on the subject, and my own inclines to the last. But in the present state of our knowledge it is impossible to reduce to a demon- stration the truth of this opinion. Those who fancy the world to be in a finished state are seemingly forgetful of the fact that the old rocks were made by the same operations as those that are now forming ; and those who advocate sudden violence TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 49 and wide-spread revolution have, it seems to me, nothing beyond assertion to help them, founded on that kind of wonder and awe that arises from the contemplation of crags, peaks, and the inversions of the strata of great mountain-chains, or of other and kindred phenomena; while the advocates of peaceful change have little to say beyond an appeal to observed facts, gathered from a study of rocky masses and their contents, which to them seem to point throughout to gradual and continuous changes ; and these imperfectly understood phenomena have induced a half intuitive and growing belief that the laws, both physical and biological, that govern the world are quiet, progressive, and unviolent. Proceeding now a point further, the connexion of life with the modifications which have taken place in the crust of the earth somewhat helps us in our endea- yours to understand the question. As every one knows, there have been great numbers of different genera and species inhabiting the world at different geological epochs, the remains of which lie buried in the various formations; and looked at on a large scale, and over broad areas, it is evident that there has been a succession of life, each of the greater series cf formations being more or less marked by its own particular fauna. This fact led to the old geological doctrine that there had been many sudden creations, by which the world was at various times peopled; that these inhabitants, after long intervals, were as suddenly destroyed ; that new crea- tions came in, and that each formation was in this way marked by its peculiar forms of life. When, however, it was found that in some formations a few, or sometimes many, of the same species were common to two or more formations, this theory of complete and sudden extinction and creation was seen to be untenable. By and by, when the geological structure of Britain began to be minutely analyzed, it was found in cases of unconformable stratification, even when the upper formation was ~ an time the next known member of the series to that which lay below, that breaks in the succession of marine life, partial or total, always accompanied such uncon- formities in stratification. It has, indeed, been a question with some geologists whether two marine faunas, commonly recognized as belonging to two distinct and far apart Seological epochs, such as the Silurian and Carboniferous, could not have been contemporaneous in past eras, or indeed even now. It is very possible that something of this kind may have been the case ; but in my opinion only in a mixed and minor way between periods or formations that in a geological sense were not far apart in time. When we consider the greater formations, such as Silurian and Carboniferous, Oolitic and Cretaceous, the probabilities, as I have elsewhere argued, are almost infinitely against this assumption ; for if so, an Oolitic fauna, for example, in whole or in part might both underlie and overlie Cretaceous formations. But, however we may look upon this question, it is certain that the great principle of a succession of life, showing a method of change and progress, the old disappearing, and the new coming in, and breaks in succession of life, as | have shown in detail elsewhere, have a close connexion with unconformability of strata and gaps in geological time unrepresented by stratified formations over areas of varying size, such areas being determined by those agents that produced upheaval and denudation of continents and islands. I could follow out this view with particulars, but without now doing so, this reasoning seems to assure us that there never has been universally over the world any complete destruction of life, but that the succession of being has gone on in regular order and sequence, though for a time, or for ever, we have lost many of the records—whole chapters, whole books, in consequence of the disturbances and slow denudations which the earth’s crust has undergone. This must show, therefore, that there never has been any universal catastrophe which destroyed the life of the world ; especially because many of the forms are still alive that belong to compara- tively old epochs; and to my mind the continuity of genera and even of broader distinctions leads to a like result. But great changes in physical geography have often taken place in times too limited to have involved total changes of life; for life, I believe, dies out or changes not by violence or sudden edict, but by the slow effects of time. The north of Kurope and America has been more than half sub- merged during the last glacial epoch, and re-arisen without the disappearance of any one marine mollusk, Of the fossils of the Crag, part of an old German ocean, 1866. 4 50 REPORT—1866. large percentages still remain; and the Miacene formation of the Alps, which con- tain many land plants barely distinguishable (if distinguishable) from living species, have been formed, upheaved, inverted, and faulted without a total destruction either of terrestrial or of aqueous life. Putting all these things together, I feel myself almost driven to the conclusion that all these changes have been so slow and gradual, that to occupants of old time, had there been human intelligence to observe, everything svoull have seemed to go on in the same slow, steady, and apparently undisturbed manner in which they appear to us to go on now; and if this be true, then, instead of having recourse to unusual catastrophic action to ex- plain what is seen to have resulted, it all resolves itself into time—to effects in fact produced by small cumulative causes, which were more than equal to all the de- structive forces attributed to eruptions of igneous rocks, the production of faults; and immense contortions of strata; and the effect of all, but not the final effect, has brought about the astonishing changes which the world has so visibly undergone, enna a the present physical geology, physical geography, and life of the surface of the earth. On Intermittent discharges of Petroleum and large deposits of Bitumen in the Valley of Pescara, Italy. By Prof. Ansrup, F.R.S. On a Salse or Mud Volcano on the flanks of Etna, commencing to erupt in the month of January last. By Prof. Ansrep, F.R.S. : An Attempt to approximate the Date of the Flint Flakes of Devon and Cornwall. By C. Spence Barz, RS. On the Island of St. John in the Red Sea (the Ophiodes of Strabo). By Dr. Bux. The author gives an account of his visit to the Island of St. John, in the Red Sea, which he described as an upraised coral-reef, with a sharp voleanic peak in the centre. It afforded neither water nor vegetable productions. There was evidence along both coasts of the Red Sea that the land was uprising. The author exhi- bited a number of geological specimens collected on the island. On the occurrence of Flint Implements in the Gravel of the Little Ouse Valley at Thetford and elsewhere. By Henry Brice, Jun. The author in this paper described some discoveries of flint implements at five oints in the valley of the Little Ouse, a river having a common origin with the Waverney at Lopham Ford, and which, after receiving the waters of the Thet and another small river, takes a north-west course, and joins the Great Ouse. The country drained by the Little Ouse and its tributaries, is of the Upper Chall, largely overlaid with glacial drift; and the river-valleys exhibit extensive deposits of the debris of these formations arranged terrace-like upon their sides. From Thetford to Brandon the valley-gravels attain their greatest development, and are extensively quarried during the winter months for road-making material. It was at Santon, in the spring of 1862, that the first flint implement was dis- covered, and Mr. Brigg has since recorded further discoveries at the Red Hill and White Hill, Thetford (slight eminences upon the Abbey-heath, thus called by the pitmen from the colour of the gravels), Santon Downham, and further down the yiver, and without the valley, at Shrub Hill, in Feltwell fen. The discoveries at the Red and White Hill are important; the first from the large number of implements that have been found, the latter from the occurrence -in the same deposit of remains of the Elephas primigenius, Equus, Sus, &e. The im- plements of the Little-Ouse gravels are mostly of the spearhead form, with the usual variety of finish and staining. Many of them show traces of wear from use, while others have suffered much attrition and water-wear, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 51 The paper concludes by contrasting the flint tools of Thetford with those found in other parts of England, and comments upon their probable use and adaptation. On the Correlation of the Lower Lias at Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, with the same Strata in Warwick-, Worcester-, and Gloucester-shires, and on the Occurrences of the Remains of Insects at Barrow. By the Rey. P. B. Broprn, WA., F.GLS. The author first described two sections of the “ Insect and Saurian” beds at Barrow-on-Soar, not previously noticed. These were compared with other ad- jacent sections, and the variations in the strata duly noted. ‘The Insect beds were shown to occupy their normal position; but the thickness of the latter was not so great in Sr cidGateselienl as in Warwickshire. Hence a considerable thinning out of the Lower Lias in this direction was inferred. The Insect-bed were believed to extend into Nottinghamshire, and they have been also observed near Cave in Yorkshire. It remains to be proved whether the “ Rheetic series” is present beneath in Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire as in Warwickshire. It has been lately detected near Gainsborough, in Lincolnshire. A general compa- rison was then given of the lower Lias in the county of Leicester with the same series in Warwick, Worcester and Gloster. The insect limestones were shown to be of much economical value in making hydraulic lime and for other purposes. Several faults on a small scale were noticed both at Barrow and at Wilmcote, in Warwickshire, in this zone. The characteristic fossils were pointed out; and it appeared that saurians and fish were abundant, more so at Barrow than Wilmcote; and the remains of insects were now for the first time indicated there, though they had been long since discovered in the same division in Yorkshire. It was argued in conclusion, that these lower Liassic limestones have a very extensive horizontal range, and are characterized by the remains of insects throughout, which really distinguish them far better than the Saurians, which have a much wider vertical range. On the Drift Deposit on the Weaver Hills. By EK. Brown. On the Occurrence of the Rhetie Beds, near Gainsborough and the surrounding Strata. By F. M. Burton. Gainsborough is situate at the foot of a moderately steep escarpment of the Keuper or uppermost division of the Triassic system. This escarpment consists of the usual beds of the series, yellow and blue marls alternating with brown and grey sandstones and beds of gypsum; the latter pre- senting both the granular and fibrous varieties. Owing to the operations of the Great Northern Railway Company, who are lowering the gradients of their line to Lincoln, a fine section of Rhetic beds has been exposed at Lea, about two miles from Gainsborough, where the lowest bed of the series, containing Avicula contorta, bones, and coprolites, is seen resting unconformably, though with parallel stratifi- cation, on the blue marls of the Keuper. This is followed bya band of black shale nearly unfossiliferous, above which comes the bone-bed, a narrow band full of worn bones, teeth, scales, and coprolites, imbedded in a cement of pyrites. This is followed again by a number of other beds of shale, sand, and limestone, of vari- able thickness and degrees of hardness, the highest at present exposed, a band of black shale about two feet thick, containing large Septarian nodules. The whole series is highly pyritous, and contains Avicula contortd, Pullastra arenicola, with teeth of Hybodus, Acrodus, Sargodon, Termatosaurus, and other Rheetic fossils in abundance. ; The Rheetic beds are capped by a stratum of drift which covers the surrounding country, and through which the cutting passes to Marton Station, about three miles from Lea, where a fine and very fossiliferous section of lower lias is laid bare. Amongst the specimens found there are Septastrea Fromenteli, Montlivaltia Hameii, Pleurotomaria Anglica, Turbo elegans, Lima Hettangiensis, seyeral species of Am- monites, and others. 4® 52 REroRT—1866. The discovery of Rhetic beds near Gainsborough forms the northernmost locality of the series as yet known in England. On a Curious Lode or Mineral Vein at New Rosewarne Mine, Gwinear, Corn- wall. By Dr. C. Lz Nuvz Fosrer, F.G.S. The author observed that it was chiefly remarkable as being a brecciated lode, containing rounded pebbles. The lode or vein ran east and west, and dipped south, the average dip being about 85 degrees. The surrounding rock was the ordinary “ killas,” or a hard shale, for which the name of clay-slate was not appropriate. The lode, which had an average width of about 8 feet, contained on the north side mainly tin, and on the south copper ore. The “tinny,” or stanniferous part, some 6 feet wide, consisted of fragments of killas, elvan, and killas—breccia, cemented mainly by quartz, tin-stone, mispickel, and chlorite. The fragments were mostly angular, but some of the pieces of killas and elvan were rounded—in many cases sufficiently so to be called true pebbles. ‘The whole history of the formation of the lode described by the author implied an enormous lapse of time. On the Discovery of Ancient Trees below the surface of the Land at the Western Dock now under construction at Hull. By Dr. F. M. Fosrrr, Hull. Read by James OrpHam, C.Z. The space intended for the west dock, in Hull, has been inclosed from the Humber on three sides by a coffer-dam. In the cuttings at the east end, the upper stratum is noticed to be silt deposited from the turbid waters of the Humber, locally known as “mud,” and immediately under the silt, the trunks, roots, and branches of oak-trees, together with a peat soil of 2 feet in thickness, beneath that a strong clay soil, and under this (so far as is uncovered) an extensive bed of blue sand, containing the freshwater shells Lymnea, Planorbis, &e. Ata depth of 40 feet below the level of the adjoining land, trees (chiefly oak) are found in all positions; those which are upright and still 2 sitw having been broken off within 3 feet of the roots. One oak-tree, of noble dimensions, is per- fectly straight, its trunk being 45 feet long, and in the thickest part measuring 12: feet in circumference; it is tolerably sound, but blackened in colour. This tree lies nearly north and south, but others, which have also fallen, are to be met with in every direction. : In a hole caused by the decay of a branch, was found a quantity of hazel-nuts, possably the winter store of some provident squirrel; the shells, though black, were quite perfect. The undulating state of the original surface may be seen by the silt above being of a lighter colour than the lower stratum. It is evident, from the position of the roots, that the ground on the north or land side, on which the trees grew, has been higher than the south or river slde, thus indicating the side of a valley -before the existence of the estuary of the Humber, and probably of the North Sea. The trees cannot be less than 3000 years old; and would require at least 300 years to attain the dimensions given. In a boring made the chalk has been found at the depth of 110 feet below the surface of the sea. On the Anglo-Belyian Basin of the Forest-bed of Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Union of England with the Continent during the Glacial Period. By the Rey. J. Gun. A question of the greatest importance had been raised by Mr. Godwin-Austen with reference to the extension of the Belgian coal-measures to this country. It was evident that in the mesozoic period, the continuous ranges of chalk in Bel- gium, France, and England, formed a basin, in which tertiaries were deposited. The author, after researches carried on for upwards of thirty years, had come to the conclusion that the forest-bed was the estuarine deposit of some great river or rivers flowing westward, closed on the south by a ridge of chalk-hills, and open to the sea on the north ; and that such ancient river or rivers were now represented: TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 53 by the several rivers flowing into the German Ocean between the mouths of the Scheldt and the Rhine. Thus there might be said to be on the English coast the remains of an estuary without a river, and on the Belgian side of a river or rivers without an estuary. The author followed up a description of the deposits by a remark that he strongly suspected the disruption of this country from the Continent took place at a more recent period than was assigned to it by geologists generally. His impression was that the forest-bed and the crag-series which preceded it could only be studied to advantage in connexion with and as part of the corresponding beds of the Continent. On the Sinking of Annesley Colliery. By Evwarp Heptery. On the Miocene Flora of North Greenland By Professor Oswatp Herr. Translated by Rosert H. Scorr. The Royal Dublin Society is in possession of a rich collection of fossil plants, which have been brought from the Arctic Regions by Capt. Sir I’. Leopold M‘Clintock and Capt. Philip H. Colomb, at various times, and have been pre- sented by these gentlemen to the museum of the Society. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr, Robert H. Scott, Honorary Secretary of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, for a sight of these specimens, as the Royal Dublin Society has been induced to entrust the whole collection to me for examination. Before I received these, Dr. J. D. Hooker had entrusted to me specimens which had been pre- sented to the Museum at Kew by Dr. Lyall and Dr. Waller. In this latter collec- tion I discovered seven determinable species, which are also to be found among the specimens of the Dublin collection. In this I find sixty-three recognizable species. If we add to this the additional species mentioned by Brongniart and Vaupel, we obtain a total of sixty-six species. All the specimens of the Dublin and Kew collections come from Atanekerdluk, as do also the specimens which Capt. E. A. Inglefield brought home, of which he et a portionin the Museum of the Geological Survey, and retained a portion in his own hands. The former have been kindly sent to me by Sir Roderick Mur- chison, while I have obtained the latter through the goodness of their owner. Atanekerdluk lies on the Waigat, opposite Disco, in lat. 70°. A steep hill rises on the coast to a height of 1080 feet, and at this level the fossil plants are found. Large quantities of wood in a fossilized or carbonized condition lie about. Capt. Inelefield observed one trunk thicker than a man’s body standing upright. The leaves, however, are the most important portion of the deposit. The rock in which they are found is a sparry iron ore, which turns reddish brown on exposure to the weather. In this rock the leaves are found, in places packed closely together, and many of them are in a very perfect condition. They give us a most valuable insight into the nature of the vegetation which formed this primeval forest. The catalogue which I append to this paper will give a general idea of the flora of this forest of Atanekerdluk ; but before we proceed to discuss it, I must make a few remarks. (1) The fossilized plants of Atanekerdluk cannot have been drifted from any great distance. They must have grown up on the spot where they are found. This is roved— ‘ (a) By the fact that Capt. Inglefield and Dr. Rink observed trunks of trees standing upright. (6) By the great abundance of the leaves, and the perfect state of preservation in which they are found. Timber, hard fruits, and seeds, may often be carried to a great distance by ocean currents, but leaves always fall to pieces on such a long journey, and they are the more liable to suffer from wear and tear the larger they are. We find in Greenland very large leaves, many of which are perfect up to the very edge. It is, however, difficult to work them out from a stone which splits very irregularly ; and consequently we can hardly exhibit the entire leaves in a perfect condition. (ce) By the fact that we find in the stone both fruits and seeds of the trees whose 5A : REPORT—1866. leaves are also found there. Thus, of Seguoia Langsdorffii we see not only the twigs covered with leaves, but also cones and seeds, and even a male blossom cathkin (kiitzchen)—of Populus, Corylus, Ostrya, Paliurus, and Prunus, there are leaves and some remains of fruit, which could not be the case if the specimens had drifted from a great distance. (d) By our finding remains of insects with the leaves. There is the elytron of a small beetle, and the wing of a good-sized wood-bug (probably belonging to the family of the Pentatomide). (2) The Flora of Atanekerdluk is Miocene. Of the sixty-six species of North Green- land, eighteen occur in the Miocene deposits of Central Europe. Nine of these are very widely distributed both as to time and space, viz., Sequoia Langsdorffii, Taxodium dubium, Phragmites Oeningensis, Quercus Drymeia, Planera Ungert, Diospyros brachy- sepala, Andromeda protogaa, Rhamnus Eridani, and Juglans acuminata. These are found both in the upper and lower Molasse, while some species, viz., Sequoia Couttsie, Osnumda Heertt, Corylus Macquarrti, and Populus Zaddachi, have not as yet been noticed in the upper Molasse. From these facts it seems probable that the fossil forest of Atanekerdluk flourished in that high northern latitude at the lower Miocene epoch. (3) The Flora of North Greenland is very rich in species. This is evident from the great variety of plants which the specimens exhibit. Although the amount of material obtained from Atanekerdluk is of small extent compared with that which has come from the Swiss localities, yet many of the slabs contain four or five species, and in one instance eyen eleven. Atanekerdluk has been only twice visited, so that -we can only consider that we have got a glimpse of the treasures buried there, and which await a more careful search. At Disco and Hare Island there are extensive beds of brown coal, in whose neighbourhood we may fairly expect to find fossil plants. In fact, Professor Goppert mentions three species from Kook (?) in lat. 70° N., Pecopteris borealis, Sequoia Langsdorffii, and Zamites Arcticus, which, strange to say, he has described (in his Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, 1866, p. 134). ; (4) The Flora of Atenekerdluk proves, without a doubt, that North Greenland, in the Miocene Epoch, had a climate much warmer than its present one. The difference must be at least 30° I’, Professor Heer discusses at considerable length this proposition. He says that the evidence from Greenland gives a final answer to those who objected to the con- clusions as to the Miocene climate of Europe drawn by him on a former occasion. It is quite impossible that the trees found at Atanekerdluk could ever have flourished there if the temperature were not far higher than it is at present. This is clear first from many of the species, of which we find the nearest living representatives 10° or even 20° of latitude to the south of the locality in question. Some of the species are quite peculiar, and their relationship to other forms isas yet indoubt. Of these the most important are a Daphnogene (D. Kanii), the genus Mf Clintockia, and a Zamites. The Daphnogene had large thick leathery leaves, and was probably ever- een. M‘Clintockia, a new genus, comprises certain specimens belonging, perhaps, to the family of the Proteacere. The Zamitesis also new. Inasmuch as we know no existing analogues for these plants, we cannot draw accurate conclusions as to the climatal conditions in which they flourished. It is, however, quite certain that they neyer could have borne a low temperature. If, now, we look at those species which we may consider as possessing living representatives, we shall find that, on an average, the highest limit attainable by them, even under artificial culture, lies at least 12° to the southward. This, however, does not give a fair view of the circumstances of the case. The trees at Atanekerdluk were not all at the extreme northern limit of their growth. This may have been the case with some of the species; others, however, extended much further north; for in the Miocene flora of Spitzbergen, lat. 78° N., we find the beech, plane, hazelnut, and some other species identical with those from Greenland. For the opportunity of examin- ing these specimens, I am indebted to Professor Nordenskiold. Atthe present time the firs and poplars reach to a latitude 15° above the artificial limit of the plane, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 55 and 10° above that of the beech. Accordingly we may conclude that the firs and poplars which we meet at Atanekerdluk and at Bell Sound, Spitzbergen, must have reached up to the north pole, in so far forth as there was land there in the tertiary pened. The hills of fossilized wood found by M‘Clure and his companions in Banks and (lat, 74° 27’ N.), are therefore discoveries which should not astonish us; they only confirm the evidence as to the original vegetation of the polar regions which we have deriyed from other sources. ‘I'he Professor then proceeds to say that the whole course of reasoning which led him to the conclusion that the miocene tempe- perature of Greenland was 30° I’. higher than its present one, was too long to be included in a paper like the present one; it would be fully developed in his work ‘On the Fossil Flora of the Polar Regions,’ which will contain descriptions and plates of the plants discovered in North Greenland, Melville Island, Banks Land, Mackenzie River, Iceland, and Spitzbergen, and which he hopes to publish at an early date. F Te then selects Sequoia Langsdor fii, the most abundant of the trees at Atanekerdluk, and proceeds to inyestigate the conclusions as to climate deducible from the fact of its existence in Greenland. Sequoia sempervirens Lamb. (Red-wood) is its present representatiye, and resembles it so closely that we may consider S. sempervirens to be the direct descendant of S. Langsdorffiiz. This tree is cultivated in most of the botanical gardens of Europe, and its extreme northern limit may be placed at lat. 58° N. For its existence it requires a summer temperature of 60°F, Its fruit re- quires a temperature of 65° F. for ripening. The winter temperature must not fall below 31° I’, and that of the whole year must be at least 50° F. Accordingly we may consider the isothermal of 50° as its northern limit. This we may then take as the northern temperature of the Sequoia Langsdorffiz, and 50° F. as the absolute minimum of temperature under which the vegetation of Atanekerdluk could haye existed there, The present annual temperature of the locality is about 20° F. Dove gives the normal temperature of the latitude (70° N.) at 16° F, Thus Greenland has too high a temperature; but if we come further to the eastward we meet with a temperature of 33° F. at Altenfiord. yen this extreme variation from the normal conditions of climate is 17° F. lower than that which we are obliged to assume as haying pre- vailed during the Miocene period. The author states that the results obtained confirm his conclusions as to the cli- mate of Central Europe at the same epoch (conf. Heer, Recherches sur le Climat et la Végétation du pays Tertiaire, p. 193), and shows at some length how entirely insufti- cient the views of Sartorius yon Waltershausen ave to explain the facts of the case. Herr Sartorius would account for the former high temperature of certain localities by supposing the existence of an insular climate in each case. Such suppositions would be quite inadequate to account for such extreme differences of climate as the eyidence now under consideration proves to have existed, Professor Heer concludes his paper as follows :— I think these facts are convincing, and the more so as they are not insulated, but confirmed by the evidence derivable from the Miocene Flora of Iceland, Spitzbergen, and Northern Canada. These conclusions, too, are only links in the grand chain of evidence obtained from the examination of the Miocene Flora of the whole of Europe. They prove to us that we could not by any re-arrangement of the relative positions of land and water produce for the northern hemisphere a climate which would explain the phenomena in a satisfactory manner. We must only admit that we are face to face with a problem, whose solution in all probability must be at- tempted and, we doubt not, completed by the astronomer, The Geological Distribution of Petroleum in North America, By Prof. C. H. Hirencock, M.A., of New York City. During the past five years the United States of America have produced more than three hundred millions of gallons of petroleum. The average daily yield for the present year (1866) has been at least 12,000 barrels. The business of collecting, transporting, and refining it employs as many hands as either the coal- or iron-trade. 56 REPORT—1866. On account of its economi¢ importance, therefore, this commodity demands a passing notice of its geological relations. 1. Petroleum sometimes occurs in synclinal basins, like the subterranean streams of water penetrated by Artesian bore-holes. This is the case in Western Pennsyl- vania, the most prolific of all the “ oil-regions.” It is found beneath each of three sandstones, or sets of impervious strata, designated by the workmen as the “ first,” “second,” and “third.” In the small-yield wells the oil may constitute the drain- age of an inconsiderable thickness of saturated layers. The aid of pumps is often required to bring the fluid to the surface. 2. Petroleum may occur in cavities and fissures in the strata, either upon synclinal basins or anticlinal slopes. The existence of a cavity is inferred from the prodigious amount of fluid spouting out of the ground, as of the Grant Well at Pitt Hole, which at the time of my visit was producing 1800 barrels of petroleum every day. Many of these wells discharge their products intermittently. Besides petroleum, brine and gas are commonly, perhaps universally, discharged from the orifice ; and we may suppose that, before the tapping of the cavity, they were arranged according to their respective gravities, the gas uppermost and the brine at the bottom. The varying phenomena of discharge may be explained by supposing different parts of the cavity to have been reached by the boring-rod in the several instances. When a cavity is large, two or more bore-holes may penetrate it, as was the case with the celebrated Phillips and Woodford Wells. Generally the wells of one neigh- bourhood seem to have some connection with one another; for if old and unpro- ductive holes are not closed, the discharge from new and promising wells is im- peded. Abandoned holes should always be plugged up, partly for the benefit of new enterprises, and partly because it has been discovered that by rest they will again become productive. The oleiferous reservoirs may be irregular cavities, ver- tical, horizontal, or inclined fissures, an enlargement of natural joints, &c. Ex- plorers look for regions where the strata have been much folded and broken, pro- mising that the dislocations may produce cavities in which fluids will accumulate. 3. Petroleum may occur along lines of faults. Examples of this nature are in Western Virginia, Southern Kentucky, and elsewhere. 4, Petroleum may exist zr great quantities beneath anticlinal arches. A fault may change into an anticlinal along the strike. Examples of this nature are in Albert Co., N. B., Gaspé, C. E., and in Canada West. The roof acts as an impervi- ous cover to confine the fluids until the drill of the workman appears for their liberation. These facts show us where to expect petroleum in considerable amount. If we search in that area where the oil-layer comes to the surface, or its distribution is represented by the colours of a geological map, we shall find only shallow and small-producing wells. Nevertheless these may be more permanent than the deeper ones, and may be worked profitably from generation to generation, where labour is inexpensive. The great wells involve three essentials ; first, plenty of bituminous matter in the petroleum formation, from which an abundant supply may be drawn; second, cavities and crevices in the strata; third, an impervious cover, like the roof of an anticlinal, to have prevented the escape of the fluid in ast ages. The best “surface-indications” generally guide to shallow wells. The best reservoirs have been found at considerable depths. 5. There are no less than fourteen different formations in North America (not including the West Indies) from which petroleum has been obtained, generally in productive amount. (a). Pliocene Tertiary of California. This has been known for a century. (b). In Colorado and Utah, near lignite beds of Cretaceous age. Not yet explored. te. Tn small amount in the Trias of Connecticut and North Carolina. (d). Near the top of the Carboniferous rocks in W. Va., including many of the best producing wells in the state. (e). Shallow wells near Wheeling, W. Va., and Athens, O., not far from the Pittsburg coal. (f). 475 feet lower, near the Pomeroy ccal-hed. ——— so TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 57 (g). At the base of the coal-measures in conglomerate or millstone grit. (A). Small wells in the Archimedes limestone (Lower Carboniferous) of Kentucky. (2). Chemung and Portage groups (Upper Deyonian) in at least three different levels; in W. Penn. and N. Ohio. A careful study of the distribution of the pro- ducing wells upon Oil Creek has satisfied me that they are aranged in four groups, with scarcely any intermediate stragglers. These centres are at Titusville, Petro- leum, Cherry Run and vicinity, and about Oil City. Those at Pit Hole constitute another group. The quantity and quality of petroleum obtained is proportioned (the latter inversely) to the depth attained by the bore-holes. In the Cherry Run district the wells in the valley average 550 feet in depth; those at Pit Hole average 620 feet. At both these localities attempts have been made successfully to obtain petroleum by piercing the hill-sides, and that from levels above the average depth of the valleys. (j). Black slate of Ohio, Ky., Tenn., or the representatives of the New York formations from the Genessee to the Marcellus slates. This is about the middle of the Devonian. (k). Corniferous limestone, and the overlying Hamilton group in Canada West, extending to Michigan. This is largely productive. (J). Lower Helderberg limestone at Gaspé, C. E. This is Upper Silurian, and awaits development. (m). Niagara limestone, near Chicago, Il. Not yet remunerative. (7). In the equivalents of the Lorraine and Utica slates and Trenton limestone of the Lower Silurian in Kentucky and Tennessee. One well in Kentucky in these rocks was estimated to have yielded 50,000 barrels. The immense territory in North America, several hundred square miles in extent, underlaid by the formations mentioned above, in an unaltered state, assures the world that the petroleum of the New World, like its coal, is probably practically inexhaustible. 6. Petroleum is unquestionably of organic origin. In my opinion the great mass of it has been derived from plants ; but some think it comes from animals, being either a fish-oil or a substance related to adipocere. It does not appear to be the result of a natural distillation of coal, since its chemical composition is different from the oil manufactured artificially from the cannels, containing neither aniline nor nitrobenzole. Moreover, petroleum occupied fissures in the Silurian and De- yonian strata long before the trees of the coal-period were growing in their native forests. The nearly universal association of brine with petroleum, and the fact of the slight solubility of hydrocarbon in fresh- but insolubility in salt-water, excite the inquiry whether salt-water of primeval lagoons may not have prevented the escape of the vegetable gases beneath, and condensed them into liquid! The hint appears to us worthy of consideration. On the parts of England and Wales in which Coal may and may not be looked for beyond the known Coal-fields. By Sir Roprrtcx I. Murcutison, Bart., KCB. DOL, PRS, F.GS., Director-General of the Geological Survey. The ingenious suggestion of Mr. Godwin-Austen, that coal-measures might pos- sibly be found under London and the south-eastern part of England, was formed on a general and comprehensive view, as well as upon observation. He argued that as coal is worked under the chalk at Valenciennes, in France, and had been found to a small extent in recent sinkings under the cretaceous deposits ranging westwards towards Calais, it might further extend across the Channel, and occur under similar cretaceous rocks in the south of England. This theory, which, from the reputation of its author, attracted considerable atten- tion, has recently been largely and boldly applied by Mr. H. Hussey Vivian, M.P., who, in a speech delivered in the House of Commons, when moving for the appoint- ment of a Royal Commission to inquire into the quantity of British coal, expressed the opinion that this mineral might be found in the southern counties of England, and even beneath the Houses of Parliament. 58 REPORT— 1866. Reflection upon the order and nature of the rocks which surround the south- eastern counties of England, whether on the coast of I’rance, the Channel Islands, or the western, midland, or northern counties of Mngland, having led me to adopt an opposite conclusion, I beg to offer the following observations in explanation of the view which I take, viz. that no productive coal-measures can reasonably be looked for in Hssex, Kent, Sussex, Middlesex, Herts, Hants, Bucks, Oxfordshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, and the eastern counties, from Yorkshire southwards. In this list Nottinghamshire is happily not included. To it must necessarily be added all the numerous tracts wherein rocks older than the carboniferous rise to the surface, as in the greater part of Wales and Herefordshire, in all of which coal cannot of necessity be found. Let us first test the value of the data afforded by observations in France, which have led to the application of the above theory to the south of England. But although I differ from Mr. Godwin-Austen, the difference between us is not ereat, inasmuch that I do not believe that my distinguished friend maintains that a really valuable coal-field is likely to be found in the south-eastern counties, but simply, that some carboniferous and older rocks may there underlie the younger- deposits. His memoir is, indeed, full of originality in tracing out the gradual position of an old terrestrial area over which the vegetation that formed the coal-fields pro- bably extended. It is true that beds of coal of considerable dimensions are worked at Valen- ciennes at once beneath the chalk, all the intervening formations which exist in many other parts of the world being there omitted. This fact simply indicates that at Valenciennes the coal-bearing deposits had formerly been elevated, so as to constitute ancient lands, and had not been afterwards depressed under the sea during all the periods in which the Triassic, Liassic, and Jurassic formations were accumulated in other tracts. These carboniferous strata of Valenciennes con- stitute a portion of the southern edge or lip of the great coal-basin of Belgium, in which country, together with the subjacent Carboniferous and Devonian limestones, they form those great undulations so admirably laid down in the geological map of M. Dumont. The portion of these coal-strata which exists in France, and which at Valenciennes dips at a high angle to the north to pass into Belgium, has been also found to have a lateral extension on the strike for a certain distance to the west beneath the Cretaceous rocks, z. e., towards the British Channel. By trials made through the Cretaceous rocks and other overlying deposits, these same coal-strata have been proved to extend to the west of Bethune. But they there gradually thin out to a narrow band, which diminishes to a wedge-like mass directed to W.N.W. The western limit of the better portion of the field has been definitely proved by the fact that, in all the borings which have been made to the east of a village called Flechenelle, Devonian limestones, schists, and grits alone have been reached, the coal being thus completely omitted. For general purposes the geological map of France, by Messrs. Elie de Beaumont and Dufrénoy, sufliciently siete this thinning out to the west of the Valenciennes coal-field. My conclusions, however, are more specially drawn from a gcod statis- tical coal-mining survey map of France, recently prepared by able civil engineers, as laid down on the maps of the Dépot de la Guerre, as well as from my own ob- servations in the Boulonnais. On this map, every concession or grant of a right to sink for coal (in number exceeding 200) is marked; the results of each sinking, and the depths being regularly given. The limits of the coal-bearing strata on the north and on the south of the Carboniferous Zone haye been thus ascertained by trials, all of which show that the Devonian rocks flank on each side this narrow tongue of coal-measures, the extreme point of which is at Flechenelle. Between that village and Boulogne, Devonian rocks only are found under the secondary deposits in all the borings that have been made. It is only to the north of Bou- logne, at Hardingen, that a detached mass of carboniferous limestone, with an insignificant patch of worthless coal associated with it, is seen to be basined upon those Devonian rocks which there rise to the surface. In short, all the practical French geologists with whom I have conyersed are of opinion that the coal-basin TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 59 of Valenciennes and Belgium terminates, as far as productive value goes, a few miles west of Bethune. As the coal-measures thus thin out towards the British Channel, though some traces of poor coal have been found near Calais, we have a clear demonstration in the Boulonnais that no productive coal-measures are superposed to the carboni- ferous or mountain-limestone. In other parts, indeed, of the same district, the true Devonian limestone, with many fossils, as well as crystalline carboniferous limestone are at once covered by oolitic and cretaceous rocks to the entire exclu- sion of any workable coal. Judging, then, from the gradual deterioration and extinction of the coal-beds as they approach the French side of the Channel, Thold that there can be no reason to hope that better conditions can be looked for throughout the southern counties of England. Looking, however, to the well-ascertained data that the secondary rocks of the western and central parts of England which lie beneath the chalk, viz. the Trias, Lias, and Oolites, thin out in their extension to the south-east, as well proved by a memoir of Mr. Hull, still it is by no means improbable that the part of the oolitic series which appears in the cliffs north of Boulogne may be persistent under the cretaceous and wealden rocks of Sussex and Kent. But the question is What will the fundamental rock prove to be in these districts if it should ever be - searched for? Reasoning from such data and the visible outcrops in the Boulon- nais, my inference is that, if not in part Jurassic, they will probably prove to be a thin band of carboniferous limestone without any productive coal, or more pro- bably Devonian rock only. So far, then, I agree with Myr. Godwin-Austen as to ll (but unproductive of coal) being possibly found in the south-east of England. Again, if we follow the course of the older rocks in France southwards from the Boulonnais, everywhere Devonian rocks only have been found beneath the secondary strata; and, proceeding through Normandy and Brittany, we find that the Jurassic rocks repose at once on lower Silurian rocks to the total exclusion of everything Carboniferous or even Devonian; whilst in the Channel Islands nothing but crystalline rocks of granite, gneiss, and slate occur, with no signs of any inter- mediate strata between them and the Wealden and cretaceous rocks of the Isle of Wight and Hampshire. Tracing the line of the older rocks which separate the south-eastern from the south-western counties, we see the Devonian rocks of the Quantock Hills, in West Somerset, at once overlaid by new red sandstone, oolitic, and cretaceous rocks, without a sign of anything carboniferous. When we advance northwards from the Mendip Hills, the phenomena we there meet with are, it seems to me, indicative of the hopelessness of seeking for any productive coal-measures between these hills and the Straits of Dover, @. ¢. in Wilts, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Hssex, and Herts. For, on the west, the mountain-limestone forms the outward eastern girdle of the great Somerset and Bristol coal-basin from Wells and Elm, near Frome, on the south, to Chipping Sodbury, Wickwar, and to near Tortworth on the north. Throughout a distance of about 35 miles, the carboniferous limestone with traces only of mill-stone grit, which is the unproductive bottom-rock of every coal- bearing stratum in the south of England and Wales, is everywhere and at once surmounted on the east by new red sandstone, or the lias and oolitic forma- tions, It has been said that an exception to this rule occurs in the neighbour- hood of Frome, where the unproductive limestone is said to exhibit an axial form with coal-measures on two sides. Not having been for many years in that tract, I ask for information, and will only now say that, if the coal so worked be not on the eastern flank of the limestone but on the southern side, and is not seen to dip to the east and so pass under the secondary rocks, my reasoning is unaffected. However this may be, we know that all along the remainder of the outcrop of mountain—limestone which forms the eastern boundary of the Bristol coal-basin, the strata of that limestone are highly inclined to the west, thus passing under the Bristol coal-basin proper. Now, it is on the highly inclined and upturned edges of that mountain-limestone that the secondary rocks lying to the east at once repose, 60 REPORT—1866. without any portion of those deposits of coal which are so thickly spread out to the west of this band, whether in the Bristol basin, properly so defined, the Forest of Dean, or the great South Welsh coal-field. So much for nearly the whole of the country lying to the east of the outer- most or underlying band of all the carboniferous rocks of the south of England and Wales, including the Forest of Dean, to the east of which the non-existence of any coal-measures is rendered still more striking; because, in addition to a rim of mountain-limestone, wholly unproductive of coal, the Old Red Sandstone and Silurian rocks are interposed in the Tortworth country, and on the east are im- mediately covered by the lias and oolites. The same data and the same reasoning must, indeed, be applied to the country extending from that tract northwards, and to the valley of the Severn, and the Cotswold Hills, as well as to all the country lying to the south-east of Cheltenham. Who, for example, would speculate on the chance of finding coal to the north of the poor little outlying coal-tract of Newent, in Gloucestershire, when it is known that on the north the Silurian and older rocks rise to the surface; their flanks being covered at-once by Permian or New Red Sandstone? Equally absurd would it be to look for coal in those parts of the Severn Valley of Worcester, which lie to the east of the Malvern Hills, where the New Red Sandstone also lies directly upon the crystalline and other rocks of that range. The Malvern Hills on the south-west, and Charnwood Forest on the north-east, each composed of Cambrian rocks older than the Silurian, form salient promon- tories which seem to me to be indicative of the former southern coast-line of those pro- ductive coal-fields of the Central Counties, which have been raised up through the Permian and New Red Sandstone formations. I would not affirm that the southern- most of these fields, those of Leicestershire and Warwickshire, have no southern extension, though they give strong signs of deterioration in that direction. I know, however, that to the south of the South Staffordshire coal-field, all the produc- tive coal-measures haye been found by actual trials to thin out, old rocks of Silurian age being reached beneath. I presume, therefore, that no further efforts will be made in the more southern counties in that meridian. On the other hand there can be little doubt that vast supplies of coal will eventually be worked to the north and west of those fields, far beneath the Permian and New Red Sandstone formations of the Midland Counties, wherein the coal- measures have been raised to the surface by upheaval through those younger deposits. Thus, in the Red Sandstone tracts between Wolverhampton and Coal Brook Dale, in Cheshire, between the Flintshire and Lancashire Coal Fields, and over other large areas similarly circumstanced, there can be little doubt that coal will ultimately be worked—a view which I advocated thirty yearsago, and pub- lished in my work, the ‘Silurian System.’ To return to the consideration of the wide southern area in which London lies, let us proceed due north from Reading. On this line the first ancient rocks we meet with are the slates of Charnwood Forest, which are admitted to be of Cam- brian or infra-Silurian age. To the west of these, indeed, lies the Leicester coal-tract, as well as other coal-fields of the central counties to which I have alluded; but to the east, on the contrary, nothing is seen but secondary rocks, —from the New Red Sandstone and lias to the oolites and cretaceous rocks. Who, then, with such an outcrop of Cambrian slates in the west, would sink for coal in any of the counties lying to the east of Charnwood Forest and Hart Hill? The recent well-sinking at Harwich to procure water has, indeed, completely solved this portion of the problem. There, beneath 1025 feet of chalk, the trial ended in the discovery of a hard slaty rock, with fossils of the lower carboniferous lime- stone, evidently older than any coal-bearing stratum. Specimens of this rock are preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, as a warning to those speculators who would search for coal in the eastern or south-eastern counties of England. This fact shows indeed conclusively, that the great Belgian coal-field does not extend eastwards to England, though the older rocks on which it rests are persistent into our country. To widen the application of the mferences respecting those tracts where coal cannot reasonably be sought for, I may extend the reasoning to parts of Lincolnshire TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 61 and the East Rding of Yorkshire, as well as to a large portion of the North Riding of the latter county. On this head I will first allude to the south side of the valley of the Tees, a tract which I have long known, extending from Croft, by Middleton- one-Row, to the town of Middlesborough, where the New Red Sandstone, of enor- mous thickness, is covered by detritus and northern drift. At Middlesborough the spirited ironmaster, Mr. Vaughan, being desirous of obtaining subterranean water for the working of his engines, sunk an Artesian well to the depth of 1800 feet, and at length reached a body of rock-salt, subordinate to the New Red Sandstone, —in fact, without reaching even the surface of the magnesian limestone, through which the deep coal-pits of the east coast of Durham are sunk to the extreme depth at which coal has hitherto been worked in that county. If, then, the coal-measures should be prolonged underground to the south of the Tees (which, from my ob- servation of the rocks between Seaton Carew and Hartlepool, I greatly doubt, as there are symptoms of a basin-shaped arrangement of the strata), and should pass under the vale of Cleveland, and the hills of the eastern moorlands, what, I may ask, would be the vast depth at which they could be won, by passing through the oolites and lias, in addition to the New Red Sandstone and magnesian limestone ? In the excellent work on Yorkshire by Professor Phillips, and indeed on all geological maps of England, it is shown that throughout a distance of many miles the lower or unproductive carboniferous rocks of limestone and millstone grit of the Yorkshire Dales are at once surmounted by the magnesian limestone of the Permian group. On the banks of the Tees, west of Darlington, wherever the magnesian limestone forms the upper stratum, as at Conscliffe, it is at once underlaid by unproductive millstone grit, which on the west lies upon mountain-limestone; the productive coal-measure which ought to lie between the millstone grit and the Permian rocks being entirely wanting owing, either to great denudation or to an ancient elevation of the tract after the lower carboniferous period. This uprise of the older rocks seems also to form a southern border of the great Durham coal-basin. In fact, no valuable coaly matter has ever had an existence in the tract extending from Barnard Castle on the Tees, to the south of Harrogate. At the latter place and its environs, we have, further, the clearest possible proof of the omission of all the productive coal-strata; for the Plumpton rocks and conglomerates underlying the magnesian limestone, and forming, in my opinion, the base of the Permian system, are seen to repose directly on unproductive millstone grit, which, in its turn, rests upon the mountain-limestone of the western dales of Yorkshire. But whilst I give this as not merely my opinion, and that also of Professors Phillips and Sedgwick, who have surveyed the tract in question, and also that of many sound geologists, I may state that Mr. Lonsdale Bradley, acting for my friend Mr. Webb, of Newstead Abbey, is conducting experimental borings through the Red Sandstone and magnesian limestone between Northallerton and the Tees, in the persuasion that, as the mountain- or carboniferous limestone disappears rapidly beneath the superjacent deposits to the east of Middleton Tyas, there may be found a productive coal-field, like that of Durham or Leeds, between the strata which they are now piercing and the subjacent carboniferous limestone. This view is well explained in the diagrams which Mr. Londsdale Bradley has allowed me to exhibit on this occasion. I must, however, declare that I think the probabilities are entirely against the success of this enterprise, though as geologists we commend Mr. Webb for making this trial, by which he will have done good service to our science. To the south of Harrogate the great coal-fields of Leeds and the West Riding appear with a well-defined boundary of millstone grit on the north and west. To the east, however, of the known boundary of these fields there is a fair probability that some coal may be found to extend under the magnesian limestone and New Red Sandstone. As we proceed southwards along the escarpment of the magnesian limestone in its range from Yorkshire into Nottinghamshire, and thus flank successively the Sheffield and Derbyshire coal-fields, we find a progressive thickening of the coal which lies beneath the Permian rock. Whilst thin and poor beds only have as yet been worked in the south of Yorkshire beneath the magnesian limestone, we now 62 REPORT—1866. know, thanks to the spirit and energy of the late Duke of Newcastle, that at Shire Oaks good seams of coal, the prolongation of the Sheffield field, are worked to profit. But the most important phenomenon of all others to the inhabitants of Nottingham is, that in the tract between Mansfield and that town, the coal-strata of Derbyshire, rich as they are, become thicker and richer as they dip to the east under the magnesian limestone. When visiting Mr. William Webb, at Newstead Abbey, in the year 1868, I had sincere pleasure in announcing this important fact in a lecture which I gave in the Mechanics’ Institution at Mansfield, inasmuch as the realization of it rendered the properties of my friend and his neighbours much more valuable. The coal-pits which have almost been sunk along their lands near Hucknall and other places, are satisfactory proofs of the ‘certainty of now finding excellent coal, superior, indeed, in quality and in dimensions to most of the coal- beds of Derbyshire, in position and in tracts where no one, even a few years ago, except geologists, thought of their existence. Indeed it is possible that at some distant day, and when the more easily attainable coals are exhausted under the maenesian limestone, the mineral will be worked under the new red sandstone to the north of Nottingham, though at depths which at present would render such operations unremunerative. But whilst I thus advert to portions of Nottinghamshire as included in those British areas in which future supplies of coal will in all probability be obtained by sinking deep through overlying deposits, it forms no part of this communication to dwell upon this point,—still less to treat of the known coal-fields, whether they be basins subtended by old red and mountain limestone, as in South Wales or the Forest of Dean, or upcasts through the Permian and new red sandstones of the central counties. These subjects, which have already been ably handled by Mr. Hull, one of my associates in the Geological Survey, and whose work, as well as that of Mr. Jevons, has excited great public interest in reference to the duration of British coal, will, I know, be well inquired into by the Royal Coal Commis- sion, My sole object is to exclude from the reasoning upon the English coal-fields, whether near the surface, or attainable through overlying rocks, those hypotheses which, however ingenious in theory, are, in my opinion negatived by fair reasoning on the data we possess. Thus, when we exclude, as of necessity, 21,800 square miles, or nearly one-half of England and Wales, as consisting of rocks older than the coal-measures, and in which no coal can possibly be found; and when I have further shown strong @ priori reasons for setting aside the hypothesis that productive coal-fields may exist under our southern and eastern counties, we have first to proceed to form the best approximate estimate we can of the amount of coal left in those fields which have been lone worked. Next to endeayour to ascertain what is the prospect of a profitable extraction of coal from deep-seated beds, by reaching them at certain depths beneath the superjacent Permian, or other overlying deposits, through which they have been upheaved to constitute the coal- fields of the Midland Counties. Such will be the objects of the Royal Coal Com- mission recently appointed; and on which I am as yet unable to give any reliable opinion. nie excluding from the inquiry into the present or probable future coal supply of England and Wales, all the tracts of crystalline and paleozoic rocks which rise out from beneath the carboniferous strata, and in which no trace of coal can ever be discovered, and also all those secondary and tertiary rocks beneath which, for the reasons given, there can be scarcely any hope of finding that mineral, it will be seen that the existing and pohly future supplies have, for all practical purposes, an approximately defined limit, and that they range over little more than one-eighth of England and Wales, or an area of about 6000 square miles. Declining to express any opinion as to the duration of the accessible coal-beds in ‘Britain until a elise survey Shall haye been completed, I fully appreciate the anxious desire which is felt by all persons who are interested in the future welfare of their country, to have the subject fully and fairly inquired into; the more so as I have now in conclusion to announce that, by the last inquiry made by Mr, Robert Hunt, the indefatigable compiler of the Mining Records in the Goyern- ment establishment under my direction, the last year’s consumption of coal reached the portentous figure of nearly one hundred millions of tons. Most judiciously, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 63 therefore, did Sir W. Armstrong revive attention to this important national sub- ject at the Newcastle Meeting of the British Association; whilst in this com- munication [ have simply endeavoured to indicate that the public are not to be- lieve in the almost boundless range and contents of our coal-fields which some persons would assign to them. On some Fossils from the Graptolitic Shales of Dumfriesshire. By, Henry Atteyne Nicuonson, B.Sc. The upper Llandeilo rocks of the south of Scotland have long been known to yield graptolites in great profusion, few other forms of animal life having been recognized as occurring in them. Having had this summer an opportunity of examining the graptolitic shales of Garple Linn, near Moffat, I was struck with the occurrence in them of numerous bodies, differing from the graptolites in form, though resem- bling them in texture, These bodies present themselves as glistening pyritous stains, scattered in considerable numbers among the graptolites upon the surface of the shale. In their most perfect condition they appear to be bell-shaped bodies, which average three-tenths of an inch in length and two-tenths in breadth, and are provided at one extremity with a prominent spine or mucro, the other termi- nating in a nearly straight, or gently curved margin. - When compressed from above downwards, a condition in which they often occur, they appear as oval or rounded patches, frequently very definite in their outline, and presenting somewhere within their margin an elevated point, which is piekcdnded by several concentric ridges, disposed with more or less regularity. The elevated point marks the position of the mucro, and the concentric rings are merely due to vertical compression. When in this compressed condition, these bodies somewhat resemble crbicular Brachiopods in appearance. The texture of these bodies appears to have been corneous, like that of the graptolites ; but they show no traces of structure beyond the presence of the mucro, from which, in some well-preserved specimens, a filiform border is prolonged for a greater or less distance along the free margin. The mucro appears to have con- stituted their most solid portion, projecting as a marked elevation when obtained in relief, and leaving an evident hollow in the cast. In most cases these bodies are free and independent, but they occasionally occur in such close juxtaposition with the stipe of a graptolite as to justify the belief that the connexion is organic, and not merely accidental. I have not observed this except in Graptolites Sedgwickii, the form in which this might most reasonably be expected, as the cellules are separated from one another by a conspicuous interval till close to their bases. In this case the origin of the body appears to have been from the common canal or ccenosare. In one specimen the mucro has been pre- served, and seems to have been situated at the free extremity, and therefore to have been a point of dehiscence rather than one of attachment. ; The occurrence of these bodies in shales, crowded with graptolites and grapto- litic germs, and their close connexion in some cases with the graptolites them- selves, would seem to warrant the conclusion that they are “gonophores,” or “ovarian vesicles,” at first attached to the parent stem, but finally becoming free- swimming zooids. Bodies somewhat similar to these have been described by Pro- fessor James Hall as occurring in connexion with the stipe of Graptolites Whit- Jieldi, a diprionidian form, and these are regarded by him as true reproductive cells. If this conjecture as to the nature of these curious bodies (to which the term “ orapto-gonophores *’ might be applied) be correct, then the Graptolitide would have to be finally referred to the Hydrozoa, and would find their nearest living analogues in the Sertularide, from which, however, they would always be sepa- rated by characters sufficiently distinctive, ‘ The facts that no traces have been preserved of any central axis within these bodies, and that they are not as yet known to occur in other localities where graptolites abound, would to a certain extent militate against this hypothesis; but the first may be due to the soft nature of such an axis, and the second is probably referable to the attention of geologists not having been directed to their existence. 64 REPORT—1866. On a Peeuliar Denudation of a Coal-Seam in Coates’s Park Colliery, By Jamus Oakes. This denudation was discovered in working the “ Lower Hard” seam of coal at Coates’s Park Colliery in 1859; and it appeared to be the effect of a river which once existed, but has now disappeared, about 500 yards in width, which has as yet been traced only in a southwardly direction for nearly six miles. The whole seam (about 4 ft. thick) was broken up and deposited in disjointed masses throughout the course of this supposed river, in one instance these thicknesses of the seam being found piled upon each other; and where no coal existed, the underclay (or elunch), which ordinarily is about 2 feet thick, was heaped up, in one case, to a depth of 26 feet. A great body of water must have effected this; and the nodules of ironstone found in the underelay, by their worn shape, show that they have been subjected to the action of a strong current. Further Observations on, and Additions to, the List of Fossils found in the Boulder-Clay of Caithness, N.B. By Cuartes W. Pracu. “ At the Meetings of the Society in 1862 and 18641 laid before the Members lists of the fossils then found in the Boulder-Clay of Caithness. In the first paper, I suggested that “the mode of transport to the shores of Caithness was by water- borne ice and not by local glaciers.” That opinion I still retain. I have no objec- tion to the deposit being called glacial, believing, that, in the first instance, the materials were partly derived from glaciers formed at a distance from Caithness. These glaciers descended to the sea, and were launched into it; and from them ice- bergs were broken off. These, when so launched, picked up some of the sea-bottom, with its organisms, &c., and when on their voyages, wherever they touched, whether on the bottom of the sea, or the shores of the land, they added to their burdens, by picking up more organisms, stones, &c.; and, when finally stranded, mud, stones, sand, and the shells of Caithness became intermingled with them. As the icebergs slowly dissolved, the burden was dropped in a pell-mell manner. The ice pro- tected the materials, and prevented the sea from levelling and arranging them, and giving the deposit a stratified appearance. The gradual dissolving of the bergs gave time to the clay to solidify, and thus it was preserved when its carrier and rotector was no more. Once firm, especially in deepish water, little injury could e done to it. It suffers most when exposed to frost and atmospberic influences. The story of the voyaging and gathering of the icebergs is well told by the contents of their left burdens; for Crag, as seen by its shells, &c., Gault chalk and green- sand, by the flints, corals, and Foraminifera, with portions of chalk, both hard and soft—some so soft that it may be used for writing with—Lias and Oolite, by their Belemnites, Ammonites, fossil wood, Septaria, &c., Silurian, by its me- tamorphic limestones, quartz, and other rocks, Cambrian, by its gneiss, &c., granite, porphyry, &c., are not wanting. Then we have-the abundance of Old Red Sand- stone, turned up and mingled with all the above by the large bergs as they bumped and grated before finally resting. These remains form an interesting and sug- gestive collection. The organisms are entombed in a hard and stubborn matrix. Tt has, however, been made to give up its ancient dead, and to show that, at the time of its formation, life was as abundant in the sea as it isnow. With few excep- tions, the same species are found in it as are now living around our own shores, some few in the Arctic seas only ; and probably one or two may be extinct. I say may be, from haying been taught great caution by so many of those said to be extinct having been from time to time dragged from ocean-depths by our active dredgers. “The fragmentary state of the organisms proves that they could not have lived and died where now found; for, with two exceptions (two small specimens of Anomia squamula), I have not seen two valves united amongst the hundreds gathered by myself and other fellow-workers. The only way of accounting for the escape of these delicate shells from destruction is, that they, with many other perfect minute univalves, had been sheltered in depressions in some of the ponderous masses they were fellow-voyagers with.” He mentioned that chalk-flints were not uncommon in the boulder-clay and all over Caithness (even on the small island of Stroma) wherever the peat had heen removed. Several species of chalk Foraminifera and TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 65 other things he had washed out of the clay. All these show that the chalk formation must have been 7% sit at no great distance from Caithness. He also alluded to the scarcity of the common litoral shells, and comparative abundance of rare and deep-sea forms, as well as mentioned other things of interest connected with the state of preservation, &c., and concluded as follows :—“I might add much more, but feel unwilling to trouble you further beyond saying that, in taking leave of the subject—it may be for ever—permit me again to mention the kindness of Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, who has again named the mollusca for me. Mr. H. B. Brady, of Newcastle, has examined and named the Foraminifera; his brother, Mr. G. S. Brady, of Scarborough, the Entomostraca. To Mr. Joshua Alder, of New- castle, I am indebted also for much advice about the organisms. I am under deep obligations to all these kind naturalists for prompt and ready attention, by which I am able to lay before you lists that may be depended on. For myself I beg to say that I have not admitted a single specimen into the list but those I am satisfied were taken out of the clay.” Mollusea.—Nucula sulcata—Norway, Aegean. Leda pygmzea—Spitzbergen, Skye. minuta—Arctic Seas, South of England. Cardium exiguum—Norway, Aigean. Venus casina—Norway, Canary Islands. ovata—Norway Aigean. gallina—Iceland and Norway, Sicily. Cyrtodaria siliqua—Arctic Seas. Mr. Jeffreys says—“This shell is especially interesting. Dr. Rink found it fossil in Greenland.” Solecurtus candidus—Shetland, Canary Islands. Chiton cinereus—Greenland, Aigean. Trochus Groenlandicus—Polar Seas, Skye. Vahli—Arctic Seas, Littorina obtusata—Iceland and Norway, Vigo. Rissoa parva, var., interrupta—Norway, Canary Islands. Odostomia albella—Norway, Sardinia. acicula—Norway, Aigean. Natica Alderi, var—Norway, Sicily. Trophon truncatus—Norway, Yarmouth. Mangelia Lefroyi—Sweden, Mgean, pyramidalis—Arctic Seas. Tornatella fasciata—Norway, Aigean. Crustacea.—A. fragment of carapace. Entomostraca.—Cythere concinna; Cythereis Dunedinensis ; Cytheridea papil- losa; Cytheridea punctillata. Annelida.—Spirorbis granulatus: Sandy tube of probably a Pectinaria. Polyzoa.—Salicornaria; Hippothoa divaricata; Lepralia Peachii, var. labiosa; Cellepora pumicosa; Crisia denticulata. Dy Foraminifera. — Biloculina ringens; Quingeloculina subtrotundata; Quinqe- loculina triangularis; Trochammina incerta; Dentalina communis; Vaginulina le- gumen; Vaginicula linearis; Nodosaria raphanus; Polymorphina lactea; Poly- morphina compressa; Globigerina bulloides; Cassidulina levigata ; Truncatulina lobulata; Protalia soldarii ; Polystomella arctica ; Nonionina asterizans ; Nonionina depressula. Pearl of Mytilus edulis. Fish-bone, piece of. Summary.—Mollusea, 21; Crustacea, 1; Entomostraca, 4; Annelida, 2; Poly- zoa, 5; Foraminifera, 17; Pearl, 1; Fish-bone, 1—total of new list, 52; first list, 42; second list, 41—making altogether, 135. Of the shells, some are British, a few Arctic only; all are Scandinavian and Arctic. *,.* No correction for variation has been made for the compass-bearings in the- former papers, pestis i= 1866, : 5 66 REPORT—1866, Gradual Change of Form and Position of Land on the South End of the Isle of Walney. By R. A. Puacock, Jersey. Sheets Nos, 27 and 28 of the Ordnance Map of Lancashire are referred to in the following account. The Map is now in the Map Department of the British Museum, and shows the coast lines of 1797, 1833, and 1847, respectively, the two first in MS. The land, consisting mostly of sand and water-worn pebbles, continues to be washed away on the west coast, at the average rate of nearly eight feet in width per annum, round Hilpsford Point, and gradually progresses as gravel (the sand disappearing) along the beach towards south-east and north-east points, at and between which it remains, and gradually becomes covered over with loose sand drifted from the Rabbit Warren. The breadth of the land at the narrowest part on the west was about 1610 feet in 1847; and it follows that at the then rate of waste the sea will make a breach through the island about the year 2050. The gravel-bed at the south-east point, between 1833 and 1847, extended on an average nearly 12 feet annually, at which rate of progress it would fill up Haws Hole, and reach Seldom Seen Scar about the year 1930; thereby filling up the water- way leading to Peel Harbour, but in the meantime another water-way will pro- bably have been scooped out by Peel Channel (which is in fact a river conveying to the sea the drainage of a considerable tract of country) across Far-hill Sear, so as to continue to give coasting-vessels access to Peel Harbour. If this process of removal of land has been going on, say since Ptolemy’s time—and it would appear that it must have been, for the west side of the Rabbit Warren consists of sand, intermixed with rounded pebbles—it follows that more than 23 miles in breadth of land must have been washed away during the last seventeen centuries, and depo- sited further east. A sufficient consideration of these and similar events elsewhere, would often assist in explaining difficult passages in the descriptions given by ancient geographers and historians, On Raised Beaches. By W. Prenertty, F.R.S., F.GS., Se. The author stated that, “instead of aiming at description, his object in this com- munication was to call attention to certain facts which, perhaps, have scarcely received all the attention to which ‘they are entifled.”’ The substance of the paper may be gathered from the following recapitulation, with which it concluded :— “st. That accumulations of blown sand occasionally assume the character of raised beaches. “2nd. That it is not safe to conclude, in the absence of other evidence, that raised heaches, differing in height by as much as even 30 feet, necessarily belong to distinct periods. “3rd. That it is possible that what, in a small vertical cliff section having the direction of the coast line, appears to be one raised beach, may really be two. “4th. That, all other things being the same, raised beaches are likely to be most numerous on a coast composed of durable rocks.” On the Occurrence of Felis Lynx as a British Fossil. By W. H. Ransom. The author showed a lower jaw and part of the cranium of a species of Felis which had been submitted to Prof. Owen, and by him declared to belong to Felis cervaria, a north Asiatic variety of the Lynx. He recounted the circumstances of their discovery in a fissure in Magnesian Limestone at Pleasley, near Mansfield, associated with remains of wolves, deer, pigs, voles, and other food-animals. The jaw is preserved in the Museum of the Society of Naturalists at Nottingham. On some Characters of the Brain and Skull in Plesiosuurus. By Govier SEELEY. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 67 On the Carstone. By Govier SEEtry. On the Characters of Dolichosaurus, a Lizard-like Serpent of the Chalk. By Govier SEEtey. Lhe Relation of the Upper and Lower Crags in Norfolk. By Joun E. Taytor, Hon. Sec. Norwich Geol. Soc. The object of this paper was to prove that the present classification of shells in the Norwich Crag is imperfect, on account of an upper bed being included in the Crag. The mean percentage of the shells from the two Crags makes the relation of the Red and Norwich Crags very dissimilar, whereas there is really: a near connexion between them. By separating the shells of the upper bed, the underlying Norwich Crag approaches the Red; whilst the upper bed itself forms a graduating link between the three Crags and the overlying drift beds. After giving the established percentages of recent and extinct shells in the three Crags, as well as the proportion of Arctic shells found in them, the author men- tioned several places in Norfolk where the Upper Crag may be seen overlying the Norwich Crag, as at Coltishall, Horstead, Trowse, Thorpe, Whitlingham, and Bramerton. The height of the upper bed ranges above the lower by three to fifteen feet. It is marked by the total absence of freshwater shells, by the Pay of littoral species, and by the abundance of deep-sea shells. -It is also istinguished by the greater abundance of Arctic species, as at Bramerton and Thorpe, where several species of Astarte, Cyprina Islandica, Cardium Grenlandicum, Lucina borealis, and others abound. The author also showed that the shells of the Red and Norwich Crags separated them into distinct beds, whilst the same method would also separate the Upper from th: Lower Crag in Norfolk. He therefore contended for the existence of four crags, instead of the present classification of them into three. This arrangement established a complete and beautiful sequence between the oldest Coralline Crag and the latest Drift deposits. On the Physical Geography of East Yorkshire. By W. Toruny. On the Lower Greensand of Bedfordshire. By J. F. Watxer, F.0.8. The discovery of a new deposit of phosphatic nodules was made about three years since in the Lower Greensand of Bedfordshire, in the vicinity of Potton. This bed was formerly quarried for mending the roads, until it was found to contain the nodules for which it is now extensively worked. A section at a cutting near Potton Railway Station shows, commencing at the bottom,—1, sand of different colours (in some places white) ; 2, conglomerate bed ? ins. to 1 ft. thick) ; 3, sand of different colours, containing oxide of iron, about 12 ft. At a coprolite-working, on the left side of the line, looking towards Cam- bridge, a few yards from the edge of the cutting, the bed increases in thickness to two feet. Ata large working on the hill, the conglomerate bed is about six feet thick, the section being as follows:—1l, sandstone on which conglomerate rests ; 2, conglomerate (6 ft.) ; 3, flagey sandstone, not exceeding one foot in thickness (often less) and surface soil. The lower part of the conglomerate here is darker and more indurated than the upper. On the other side of the rvad is another working, where the nodules lie in a loose sand, and the phosphate-bed is about one foot thick, There are several other workings in the neighbourhood. The con- glomerate contains phosphatic nodules and pebbles in about the same proportion. The bed is dug out, sifted, washed, and laid in heaps, then conveyed into sheds, where the nodules are picked over by hand. The quantity of phosphoric acid in the nodules varies from 15 to 22 per cent. The deposit consists of ferruginous sand, more or less indurated, rolled pebbles, light brown nodules of Puosphaye matter 5 68 REPORT—1866. (which have an earthy fracture, and often contain remains of shells), and lumps of hardened clay. The nodules contain a much larger percentage of alumina than those of the Cambridge Greensand. This would indicate that the phosphatic nodules-had been formed of clay soaked in decomposing animal and vegetable matter, since the alumina could not be derived from animal or vegetable sources.” The nodules are often covered with perforations, which Mr. A. Wanklyn discovered to be the work of small d¢valves, of which he obtained several species. The remains of organic life found in this deposit exist in different states of miner- alization, Some are coeval with the deposition of the bed, whilst others have been washed out of preexisting deposits. Of vegetable remains are found :— 1. Large masses of silicified wood, resembling those found in the Purbeck. 2. Small pieces of wood, mineralized with phosphoric acid, and often bored by a new species of Pholas, which I have named “ Pholas Dallasii.” 3. Gane of Cycadacean, from the Wealden. Of remains of animal origin we find :— Rolled bones and teeth cf reptiles and fishes, also shells of mollusca existing in two distinct conditions, viz., phosphatic casts and ferruginous shells. The phosphatic casts of shells are generally so much worn, that it is impossible to identify their species with precision. Their general aspect resembles those of the Kimmeridge and Oxford clays. They consist of casts of Rhynchonella; Car- dium, Arca, Pholadomya, &e.; Pleurotomaria, Chemnitzia, Natica, &c. Also two or three species of Ammonites occur, of which Ammonites biplex is found in great abundance. Several of the Ammonites retain their nacreous lustre; phragmocones of large Belemnites are also found. Part of the ferruginous shells also have been derived from extraneous sources, and among these is Gryphea dilatata. The rest of the ferruginous shells are of the age of the Lower Greensand. Amongst these there are found— Waldheimia Tamarindus, —— celtica. Terebratula depressa. Pleurotomaria De Lahaysii. Pecten Robinaldinus, Ostrea macroptera, Exogyra conica. Myacites plicata. Sphera Sedgwichii, u. sp. Ferruginous casts of a shell resembling a “ Perna,” and other mollusca have been also found. The remains of fishes seem to be principally derived from the Kimmeridge Clay, The following species have been also found in the Kimmeridge Clay at Ely :— Spherodus gigas (palate teeth), very common, Pycnodus, sp. (palate teeth), Gyrodus, sp. (palate). Asteracanthus ornatissimus (dorsal spines), common, Leptacanthus (spine). Hybodus, sp. (spines and teeth), Sphenonchus. Lepidotus, sp. (scales). Psammodus reticulatus (palate teeth), yery common. Edaphodon, sp. The remains of reptiles are chiefly rolled bones and teeth of Plestosaurus and Ichthyosaurus; and remains of Pliosaurus, which reptile is characteristic of the Upper and Middle Oolites, occur in considerable quantities. Some teeth of Crocodilian character are found here as well as at Ely, probably belonging to a species of Quenstedt’s genus Dakosaurus. Waterworn remains of the Iguanodon, and pieces of shelly limestone containing Cyrenas, haye been derived TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 69 from a deposit of Wealden which previously existed near this district, and have been deposited in this bed subsequently to its destruction by denudation. We see, then, that the fossils contained in this deposit consist of some coeval with its formation, and of organic remains derived from the denudation of the Wealden and of the Kimmeridge and ,Oxford Clays: and thus its further study will i doubt serve to elucidate a series of very interesting and important geological changes. Notes on the Physical Features of the Land as connected with Denudation. By A. B. Wrnye, F.GS., de. The author called attention to a prevailing sameness of character generally observable in physical features—the results of denudation, arguing therefrom a uniformity in the action of the natural causes which produced them. Ground forms in England, Ireland, Africa and India were cited as instances to prove similarity of results, depending upon denuding agencies having been exerted upon rocks of similar kinds or in similar relative positions with regard to their strata, notwithstanding differences of climate, glaciation, rainfall, &c. The effect of rain and atmospheric weathering was alluded to, and also that variety of denudation produced by the sea, to which, for want of a more apparent cause, the formation of plains was attributed. The difficulty of reasoning upon questions of general denudation from examples occurring in countries where atmospheric agencies included the complex actions of both rain and ice, was adverted to; and the conclusion arrived at was, that although the sea may have done much towards eating into the land, the atmospheric agencies which have been in operation ever since land first rose above the sea, even in the earliest geological periods, and down to the present time, must be admitted to have performed a most important part, if not indeed the chief results, in obliterating former traces of marine action, and giving to the land the varied physical forms which it now presents, BIOLOGY. On the Dentition of the Common Mole (Talpa Europea). By C. Spence Barz, FR.S. On the Rhizopodal Fauna of the Hebrides. By Heyry B. Brapy, F.L.S., F.G.S. The author stated that he proposed only to supplement the Report on the Hebrides dredging, just read by Mr. Jeffreys, by a few remarks on the Forami- nifera which had been found amongst the dredged sands, and to note the occur- rence of certain interesting forms, either new or not before recorded from any British habitat. As the examination had not been completed, details were neces- sarily left to a future paper. Of the family Miliolida one important addition had been made to the British list: viz., Hauerina compressa, d’Orb., a species rarely met with in a recent state, but well known as a tertiary fossil. Three or four specimens had been found in one of the deeper dredgings. The abundance and variety of the arenaceous forms belonging to the Litwolide was perhaps the most striking feature in connexion with the Rhizopoda of the area dredged; and their investigations had led to some modification of the views hitherto held as to the relationship of the genera. All the previously known British species had been found, as well as three not before noticed on our shores, 70 REPORT—1866. namely, Valvulina comea, Orb. Trochammina squamata, P. & J., and J. gor- dialis, P. & J. The Lagenide were also largely represented. Lagena gracillima, Seguenza, L. Lyellii, Seguenza, and L. crenata, P. & J. were new to our fauna; and the list was further augmented by two new forms haying the following characters :— Lagena Jeffreysii, u.s. Shell flask-shaped, often more or less flattened on four sides, ecto-solenian; neck long, and furnished with a close spiral ornamentation: surface covered with minute aciculi, sometimes worn _ down so as to impart a merely rough appearance to the shell. Lagena pulchella, n. s. Characters as L. marginata, Mont., to which it. is closely allied, but differing in haying a number of delicate parallel cost springing from the base and extending into the upper half of the shell, in some specimens nearly to the aperture. Marginulina Raphanus, Linn., and Cristellaria cultrata, Montfort, were noticed ; but the specimens were scarce and of poor dimensions. A beautiful symmetrical variety of Polytrema and several obscure Rotaline were found ; but these and some other doubtful specimens remained to be worked out. _ Norr.—Since the paper was read the author has learnt from Dr. Aleock, of Manchester, that three or four dead shells of Lagena crenata had previously been found amongst the Foraminiferous sands of Dog’s Bay, Connemara. On the Application of the Greek and Latin Languages to Scientific Nomen- clature. By Tomas Brown. On Oyster Cultivation. By F. Bucxiann. The author began by explaining that it was difficult to give, in a few minutes, the result of a whole year’s information. He would confine his remarks principally to the history of the living spat of the oyster, the chemical analysis of the meat and the mother-liquor of the oyster, to the adhesions of the various substances to which they loved to adhere, and to the marketable value of the oysters as tested by weight. He proceeded to describe the exceedingly interesting action and movements displayed by the young oyster when first emitted from its mother’s shell, giving the reason why they sometimes floated on the surface of the water, and sometimes sank to the bottom, and the use to which the young oyster places its cilie, expressing it as his opinion that these organs never dropped off, but were ab- sorbed after the young oyster became fixed. He then exhibited a great variety of substances to which the oysters seemed to have a natural preference for adhering. Among these were several curiosities, such as a “ plague pipe,” to which an oyster had fixed itself; an ordinary pipe, presented to him by Sir Walter Trevelyan, in the bowl of which no less than three oysters had taken up their position; also some old-fashioned wine or spirit bottles, from the North Sea and Loch Ryan, pre- sented to him by Sir William Wallace. He then proceeded to describe the result of the chemical analysis which he had instituted in conjunction with A. Pythian ° Tarner, Esq., giving the amounts of mineral matter, the animal, and also the fatty matter. The results obtained showed that the phosphates were more important in the composition of the meat of the oyster than any other of the ingredients, and hence their great practical use for invalids and in sea-sickness. ‘He also gaye practical deductions as to choice of proper places where oysters should be laid in order to obtain a good supply of these Siosihatee. He then described the process of the growth of the oyster-shell, and detailed the manner in which the oyster formed the shell from the mother-liquor, the mode also by which the little oysters were enabled to form their shell inside the mother-shell, His observations enabled: him to come to the conclusion as to the possible way in which the young oyster was enabled to attach itself to various articles. He had been enabled to collect samples of oysters from almost every part of the United Kingdom. These have TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 71 been accurately weighed, and he gave a table showing the relative value (com- mercially speaking) of oysters from oyster-beds, or proposed oyster-beds of Hng- land, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. He stated that he was still carrying on his experiments near Herne Bay; and he was happy to be enabled to report that the French sytem of oyster-culture had been successfully carried out in a creek near Havant, not far from Portsmouth; and although he had not yet seen the results of the experiments himself, he could not help congratulating the managers upon their well-deserved success. Determined that England should be well represented, and that her oyster-fisheries should not be entirely ignored by our neighbours in France, he had at this moment one set of specimens at the Fish-Culture Exhibition at Arcachon, in the south, and another at a similar exhibition at Boulogne, in the north of that country, as well as his own collection at the Royal Horticultural Gardens, South Kensington, where he-was gradually making a complete series il- lustrative of the culture of oysters, as well as that of salmon. On the Scientific Cultivation of a Salmon River. By Frank Bucxiann. The author compared the ascent of salmon from the sea to the interior of the country (where it laid its eggs) to the process of following a tree from its root upwards to its upper branches. The salmon is a very clever fish; the feeling it’ shows when preparing to lay its eggs is so well marked, that he preferred to call it “reason” rather than “instinct.” The distance which salmon: ascend into hill country under the powerful feeling by which they are influenced when preparing to deposit their eggs, he instanced by their ascent of the Rhine to a distance of 400 miles, where they are stopped by the falls of Schaffhausen. Allow the salmon to lay, he said, and it will abundantly repay the care; put ladders on weirs for it to swim up, not nets to catch it. The salmon has many enemies—halkes, cormorants, and herons ; otters also hunt the salmon, not only for food, but as we ourselves do, for sport. Of all the enemies the salmon has to contend against he has not a more terrible than the millers. When a salmon comes to a water-wheel it will stay by it for days. The miller stops the wheel, and lets down a trap at the lower end of the mill-race and catches the fish. Steamers, too, are its enemies; and though the salmon is not a nervous fish itis delayed by them. It is very sensitive to smell; when it comes near large towns it will not venture to pass up rivers filled with im- purities. What does it do then? It waits until a flood comes, and then ascends in purer waters. Waterfalls are no friends to the salmon. There is a waterfall at Knaresborough. People thought the salmon used to jump every Sunday morning to please them, but the fact was the millers were obliged by law to let the water down on Sunday, and then the fish leaped. Poachers are great enemies of salmon. During the winter months it was not an uncommon thing for one poacher to destroy many fish. He heard from a converted poacher a confession that made his hair stand on end—he used to feed his pigs with salmon eggs! My. Ashworth, of Gal- way, has now the model fishery of the United Kingdom. The wonderful increase in the number of fish caught, and therefore its money value, showed the use of cul- tivation. To cultivate a salmon fishery, however, one must not lie in bed in winter ; this business admits of no idleness. Mz. Ashworth asked the salmon poachers how much they made by poaching during the winter, and gave them double the money to let the spawning fish alone. He had from 120 to 180 men employed to see that the salmon were not disturbed during the winter. He himself was proud of haying opened up the river Stour at Canterbury. There had been no salmon (Salmonide) for many years—a net had been placed across the river. A deputation waited on the mayor and corporation, an association was founded, and the result was, the Salmonide were on the increase. The Thames used to be a salmon river. The Eton boys used to catch “skeggers;” but now there were none in the Thames, for the salmon were not allowed to go up by the weirs erected on account of navigation. If they were allowed to go up, there would soon be sufficient eggs. He himself had hatched in his back kitchen 30,000 eggs. He was pleased to say that a salmon ‘had been brought to him which had been caught at Gravesend in a whitebait net. V2 REPORT—1866., He trusted it was from one of the eggs hatched either by himself or by the Thames Angling Preservation Society. He collected the fishermen at Gravesend, and they said that for more than thirty-three years a salmon had not been caught there before. He was certain that if the cultivation of salmon in the Thames were attended to, in a few years this valuable fish would be restored to the river. Mr. Buckland then gaye some details respecting the Exhibition of Fish-culture at Boulogne. He was happy to say that this congress did great good, commercially and intellectually, inasmuch as representatives of all nations—from Norway and Sweden in the north, to Spain in the south—met to interchange ideas, as well as to establish business correspondence. He had received one silver and two bronze medals from this Exhibition, as well as a silver medal from the Exhibition at Arca- clon for his labours in fish-culture. On Comatula rosacea, C. celtica, and other Marine Animals from the Hebrides, By Dr. Carpenter, F.R.S. =—- A few thoughts, Speculative and from Observation, on Colour and Chromula. By J. J. Cumarer, On the Entozoa of the Dog in relation to Public Health. By Dr. T. 8. Copzorp, FR. In this extended communication the author gave an account of twenty-one dif- ferent species of canine Entozoa. Amongst the most important forms were the Tenia echinococcus and the Trichina spiralis. In regard to the latter he remarked that “it was probably not indigenous in the dog; but the ease with which the parasite was transmissible obliged us to class it as a canine parasite.’”’ He had frequently reared it in the dog. Except in an indirect manner the dog would not be likely to give the Trichna disease to man; nevertheless, if infested dog’s flesh were eaten by us we should undoubtedly take the disease. At all events, there was danger in allowing trichinized dogs to roam at large, since the consumption of their flesh after death (by other animals) tended to propagate the disorder. Rats especially would thus become liable to the disease. On the Teaching of Science at the Public Schools. By the Rey. F. W. Farrar, W.A., F.RS. After alluding to the strangeness of the fact that science, to which the most characteristic progress of this epoch was due, should have been hitherto disregarded at our oldest seats of learning, the author proceeds to argue that the introduction of scientific instruction into the public-school system was necessary on three grounds: first, because it called into play a different order of faculties in boys who had studied language with success; secondly, because it evolved those faculties in boys who were naturally unsuited for classical training; and thirdly, because the schools had ceased to be solely preparatory for the Universities, and were therefore bound to give boys the opportunity of acquiring some knowledge which would be of direct ractical use to them in their future professions, He next treated of the difficulties in the way of carrying out these views. Those difficulties did not in the least arise from the prejudice of public-school masters, the majority of whom had used their best efforts to introduce more or less of scientific teaching into the schools, but from the conflicting opinions of scientific men, from the absence of any definite and well-considered scheme, from the badness of many existing text-books, and from the immense amount of time already devoted to the teaching of the modern languages, mathematics, and classics, a term which now involved a very wide range of studies. The author suggested that many of these difficulties might be removed if a committee were appointed by the Association, partly composed of scientific men TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 73 and partly of masters accustomed to the methods of public schools. He stated that at almost every school something was being done, but that the plans mainly adopted were three; yviz., 1. Modern schools in which science was made a part of the course; 2. occasional and compulsory lectures, of which notes were taken by the boys; and 3. a voluntary system, by which boys were encouraged rather than compelled to make themselves acquainted with various sciences. Rugby is the only school at which science is now regularly and completely introduced ; and the author therefore described the system there introduced, and the no less characteristic voluntary system which has been established with much care at Harrow, and which is working most advantageously. Finally, the author suggested his own scheme, which was a combination of the voluntary and compulsory systems, for which in the case of many boys ample time could be gained by a wise abandonment of the practice of Greek and Latin composition—an abandonment which (in the case of all but first-rate scholars) he warmly advocated as most desirable after a certain age. On the Power which some Rotifers have of attaching themselves by means of a Thread. By R, Garner, F.L.S, In this short paper the author observed that Rotifers are not common in sea= water, though one, Colurus uncinatus, may be found in any tank. That especially noticed, however, Syncheta Baltica, is more choice in its habitat, though it ma always be found in water from the mouth of the Mersey, from Rhyl, or Llan- dudno. The author has not noticed it to be luminous. It evidently has the power of forming a very fine thread from its posterior extremity, by which it attaches itself to other bodies; and when so attached it performs those remarkable circular moye- ments described by Gosse; its ciliated side processes being powerful locomotive organs. During the performance of these movements the thread may be inferred to be present, from small particles adhering, and it may be made visible with the highest power of the usual microscope, + inch: the Rotifer can snip it with its pincers at its pleasure, when it goes off with great velocity. Other Rotifers may have a similar power, as indeed is mentioned by Cohn in the common Hydatina. Variations in the Great Arterial Blood-vessels. By Gzorer Duncan Gipz, W.A., MD., LL.D., F.GS. Deviations in the origin of the great vessels from the aorta were seldom or never recognized during life ; whether they exerted any liability or disposition to morbid action, the author thought improbable. In the first of his examples the aorta gave off four branches, instead of the usual three. These were the left carotid and subclavian, arising in the usual manner, and the right carotid and subclavian, each arising direct from the arch of the aorta by a distinct and separate trunk, there being an absence of the innominata. The two vessels on the right side were larger than the left; the left carotid was the smallest of the four, The course of these vessels was the usual one, but the laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid artery of the left side perforated the thyroid cartilage, instead of assing inwards through the thyro-hyoid membrane in the usual manner. Both emoral arteries, and the left great ischiatic nerve varied in their division ; all the arteries of the extremities were calcified into hard unyielding cylinders. In the author's second instance, the main trunk or ascending portion of the arch of the aorta divided into two great branches, the first of which subdivided into the innominata and left carotid, the latter crossing the trachea obliquely upwards to the left side; the innominata divided into the two usual branches of right sub- clavian and carotid. The other subdivision of the arch was into the left subclavian and descending aorta, both vessels taking their usual course. If his interpretation of this peculiarity were correct, the author considered it a unique instance of divi- sion of the aorta into two branches which in their subdivision gave off the proper trunks. No similar example had been found, even in Mr. Quain’s great work ; and the inference was that it was unique. The division of the aorta in this second example was not unlike that of the abdominal aorta into the two iliacs, — 74 : REPORT—1866. On the Miocene Flora of North Greenland. By Professor Oswatp Herr. On the Probable Cause of the Existence of a North European Flora in the West of Ireland, as referred to by the late Professor EK. Forbes. By H. Hennessy, FERS. On the Oyster Fisheries in Ireland. By Joun Hoare. On the Ballast-Flora of the Coasts of Durham and Northumberland*. By Joun Hoce, M.A., P.BS., PLS. &e. The author, in his remarks on the plants which have been introduced with ballast by ships on the coasts of Durham and Northumberland, limited himself to the sea-coasts, and chiefly to the banks of the rivers Tees, Wear, and Tyne. Of the latter are the great ballast-deposits at Port Clarence, and those at West Hartlepool and East Hartlepool, and the embankment of the railway to the north of the latter town; the mounds of ballast at Seaham, at Sunderland, and near Wearmouth; as well as those at South and North Shields, and others along the Tyne nearer to Newcastle. The lists of the numerous species were divided into two heads—vyiz., I. Exotics or plants foreign to our island; and II. the rarer indigenous or naturalized species of Great Britain, which were rarely seen in the before-named districts. The number of imported evotecs in the first division amounts to 69 species; and that of plants comprised in the second division is 124, These numbers include the species which have been, during many years past, discovered by Messrs. Winch, Storey, Norman, and Lawson, as well as ty the author. The ballast of the localities specified is mostly chalk with flints, and therefore many plants which grow naturally in cretaceous formations, are there found. Yet Mr. Hogg stated that several orders of plants are unrepresented ; as, for example, there are no Orchidee, not even any of those species of Orchis, which flourish in calcareous soils; and no Sarifrage; one or two of the commonest Rose, Rubi, and Ranunculi only occur. It was noticed that after some years’ observations, the more tender species, especially the exotics, flourish for two or three years, but that they perish either by the frost of the first hard winter, or by the severe east winds in the spring. Also several sorts of British plants, which were seldom if ever met with before the numerous railways were made, have been carried with shingle along the lines of railway, and so have now fully established themselves. They have not, however, as yet caused any great decrease in the more common plants of the district. It was further remarked that after the ballast had heen deposited, Annuals mostly sprung up, but that in two or three seasons they gave way to a variety of Perennials, which succeeded to them. Mr. Hoge inserted inhis paper several lists of plants, which he had carefully prepared. On the Asexual Reproduction and Anatomy of Cheetogaster vermicularis (Mill.). By HE. Ray Layxester, of Christ Church, Oxford. This species of Cheetogaster is a minute cheetopodous worm, one-eighth of an inch long, parasitic on the common water-snail. Its most remarkable peculiarities are, the presence of oral bristles differing from those of the body, the very small number of segments composing it, and the total absence of reproductive organs. The author described its anatomy minutely, and its mode of reproducing by budding. * This paper is published nearly 77 extenso in the ‘Annals and Mag. of Natural His- tory; No. 109, for January 1867. : - . TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 75 On the Indians of Vancouver Island. By J. K. Lorn. The author gave a description of the customs of the Indians, their weapons, domestic animals, together with other most most interesting peculiarities. He began by showing that the numbers of these Indians were steadily decreasing ; he described their personal appearance as being strangely modified by the habit the coast tribes have of sitting continuously in their canoes and in their lodges. Espe- cial reference was made tothe curious fact that the teeth of most of the inland Indians are ground down to the gum by the sand which is drifted on to the salmon when exposed for drying in the sun; for it is upon this dried fish the savages sub- sist entirely during the winter months, The author exhibited an under jaw, in which the teeth were thus worn away. He pointed out the curious fashion the people haye of altering the form of the skull during infancy, either making it flat or conical, by means of pressure, Engrayings of these skulls, &c. are given in the author's ‘Naturalist in Vancouver Island.’ The strange ideas relative to the disposal of the dead and the rites of burial were also mentioned. The author then ave many particulars relative to the native dogs, and the probability of a dog ioee been imported from Japan which had a long, silky coat ; the natives used to shear these animals as we shear sheep, using the coat for the manufacture of rugs; but since the introduction of blankets by the Hudson’s Bay Company, the dog has disappeared from want of protection, and become extinct. He showed that the art of weaving was known to these tribes at a very early period of their history. The religion of these people is very remarkable, and they entertain beliefs in sacred days and periods and sacrifices to the sun; they believe in witchcraft and in deities representing good and evil. Animals, plants which are eatable, fish and birds, were believed to have been at one time human, The remarkable custom of obtaining the “medicine,” to guard them through life, called “tomanawax,” was described. They measure the sequence of the seasons by the ripening of berries and opening of flowers, the arrival of the crane and wild goose, spawning of fish, &c. Copious vocabularies of the different languages, and the jargon called Chinook, as spoken by the different tribes west of the Rocky Mountains, were submitted to the Section, The names and words seemed to be harsh, and decidedly unmusical. He then explained a valuable collection of stone weapons dug by himself from the ancient river-gravels of the upper Columbia river ; these were intermixed with stone beads, shells of the Ventaliodd, the parasitic barnacles found on the skin of the whale, buttons made from sea-shells, human skulls and bones, These relics were buried. at a great depth, and no trade exists at present betwixt the Indians there resident at the present time with those dwelling on the sea-coast; the distance from the sea is nearly a thousand miles. The author drew new and important conclusions from these facts. Lastly, the lodges and canoes were described, and these, it appears, vary among the different tribes, each tribe to a great extent haying a form of canoe peculiar to itself. A wonderful “ medicine,” called a“ copper,” was exhi- hited, from Fort Rupert, painted on its surface with brilliant colours, depicting quaint heraldic devices; also a large slate dish, most exquisitely and elaborately sculptured by the Haida Indians living on Queen Charlotte Island. Many other rare objects were exhibited and described. The author brought home a large collection of natural objects, to which frequent reference was made, These are now deposited in the British Museum. Results of the Cinchona cultivation in India. By Ciements R. Marxnan, F.R.GS, On a New Molluscoid Animal allied to Pelonaia (Forbes and Goodsir). By Dr. C, M‘Intosu, The specimen was found on the beach at St. Andrews, after a severe storm, in 1861, measuring 1? inch in length, in shape like an elongated Florence -flask with the bottom a little produced and the neck much elongated. Its test is constructed like sand-paper, the particles forming essential constituents of the mass; and at the wide end there is a series of hairs formed by prolongations of the basis structure, 76 REPORT—1866. with sand particles and mud attached. Witin this test lies a series of interlaced muscular fibres, which cross each other at right angles, and which muscular coat can be readily separated from the internal (and somewhat fibrous) surface of the test. The branchial sac is elongated, has its meshes of a square or slightly oblong form, ciliated at the edges, and is continued along the narrow part of the animal to the terminal apertures, the oral one of which has no tentacular fringes. Its structure, so far as the specimen was preserved, was detailed, and it was mentioned that its digestive system agreed in general with Pelonaia. In conclusion, the species differs from Pelneaia, as described by Forbes and Goodsir, in the extreme production of the portion sustaining the apertures; and in the structure of the test, which in P. glabra is thin and diaphanous, like parchment, and in P. corru- gata thick, cartilaginous and transversely wrinkled, while here it is like sand- paper. The shelf or transverse ridge in the interior of the mantle, as shown in the figure of P. glabra, is absent. It differs also very characteristically from the Bol- tenia.—The same author communicated some remarks on the Turbellaria and Annelida of North Uist, of which he had found about 110 species, including many rare and some new examples. He also exhibited numerous coloured drawings of new and rare marine animals recently got in the Hebrides and St. Andrews Bay. On a Rare Molluscoid Animal (Pelonaia corrugata). By W. C. WIntosu, 1.D., F.LS. This was at first considered to be a new species, from the erroneous or imperfect descriptions previously published, especially that in the ‘ British Mollusca’ of Messrs. Forbes and Hanley. A minute description was given of its appearance and anatomy ;—its unyielding flask-shaped sheath of sand particles, covered with sandy hairs towards its bulbous portion, and to which sheath the muscular coat does not adhere closely ; its elongated branchial cavity, curious digestive system, &c. Large coloured drawings of new and rare marine animals from the East and West coasts of Scotland were also exhibited. List of Turbellaria and Annelida of North Uist. By W. C. MWIntosn, M.D., FLAS. The list of Annelida from North Uist consists of about 110 species, some of which have hitherto been procured only at rare intervals, either in Britain or on the Continent, while others are new to science. Amongst the rarer forms may be noticed Lineus albus, Stylus fasciatus, Serpentaria fragilis, Polynoé scolopendrina, Lepidonotus clava, Spinther oniscoides, G'attiola spectabilis, Eteone pusilla, Scalibregma inflatum, Ophelia acuminata, Travisia Forbesii, Terebella maculata, Terebellides stremi, &e. The rare or new forms come under the genera Leptoplana, Borlasia, Ommatoplea, Lepidonotus, Lumbrinereis, Nerine, Trophonia, Phyllodoce, Clymene, Terebella, Aphlebina, and Dendrostomum. Attention was called to the fact that every specimen of Polynoé scolopendrina was found in the tube of a littoral Terebeila. This habit of frequenting the tubes of other annelids is not uncommon in its allies, The P. scolopendrina was also phosphorescent. The author mentioned that Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S. had just placed in his hands a large collection of deep-water forms from the Hebrides, so that a con- siderable addition to the foregoing list might be expected. On the Zones of the Conifere from the Mediterranean to the Crest of the Maritime Alps. By W. Mocertpee. On the Occurrence of Lemna arrhiza in Epping Forest. By W. Mocenrrner. On the Food and Economical Value of British Butterflies and Moths. By O. Groom-Narinr. TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 77 On the Cause of the Variation in the Eggs of British Birds. By O. Groom-Narrmr. On the Crustacea, Echinodermata, Polyzoa, and Ccelenterata of the Hebrides. By the Rey. A. Mente Norman. On the Structure and Growth of the Ovarian Ovum in the Gasterosteus Leiurus. By Dr. W. H. Ransom. The author described the mode of growth of the early ovarian oyum, and drew attention to the contents of the germinal vesicle, which he showed to be gela- tinous; to the germinal spots, which he showed to be drops of a thick fluid, apt to undergo singular changes of form, somewhat resembling those met with in pus cor- puscles; and to the yelk sac, which he showed was present at a very early stage of the formation of the ego; and he endeavoured to prove that it increased in all dimensions by interstitial deposition. On the Systematic Position of the Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). By P. L. Scrater, M.A., Ph. D., FBS, The author stated that his chief object in the present communication was to bring into more prominent notice a very important discovery regarding this animal, that had been made in the Zoological Society’s Gardens in the Regent’s Park during the past year, and had formed the subject of a paper read by Mr. Bartlett, the Superintendent of the Gardens, at one of the Society’s meetings in 1865*, This discovery was, that the horns of the Pronghorn were naturally shed every year—a phenomenon hitherto quite unknown among the Boyidee or hollow-horned Rumi- nants, with which the Pronghorn had always hitherto been associated, and only occurring in the allied Deer-family or Cervide. Mr. Bartlett’s observations had been made upon a young male of this scarce mammal, which had been acquired for the Society in January 1865}, and had since lived in good health in the Mena- gerie. This animal had shed both its horns on the 7th of November, 1865 ; and a finer air had since grown, which would, no doubt, be shed in like manner in Nov. 1866. ince Mr. Bartlett’s publication of this novel fact, full confirmation of it had been received by the Zoological Society, in a communication from their Corresponding Member, Dr. Colbert A. Canfield, of Monterey, California, who had come to the same conclusion as Mr. Bartlett, from observations on this animal in a state of nature made in the county of Monterey, in some parts of which the Pronghorn was yery commont, The author exhibited a skull of the Pronghorn with the horns fully developed and ready to be cast off shortly, and explained the mode in which he supposed the shedding to be effected. After the old horn was cast off, the horny matter, which was at first entirely confined to the upper end of the new horn, gradually spread itself down to its base, enveloping the numerous hairs with which the new horn was clothed when first appearing, and ultimately checking their growth and destroying their vitality. After the horn was perfected and hardened, new hairs developed themselves beneath the epidermis, and, not being able to force their way through the horny covering, became, as the author believed, the chief agent in causing the shedding of the horn. As regards the general structure of the horns of the Pronghorn, it was quite evident that they had little or nothing in common with those of the Deer. The latter were formed of bone developed upon a process of the frontal bone, and were more correctly termed antlers, whereas the horn of the Prong- horn consisted of true horn (like those of the ordinary Bovidee) gradually developed from the epidermis, the skin remaining complete underneath them. Two other points in which the Pronghorn differed from all the other known * “Remarks upon the Affinities of the Prongbuck,” by A. D. Bartlett, Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 718.) t See notice and figure, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 60, pl. 3. t See Dr. Canfield’s paper “On the Habits of the Prongbuck, and the periodical shedding of its horns,” Proce. Zool, Soc, 1866, p. 105, ~ 78 : REPORT—1866. Bovidex, were the furcation of the horns and the absence of the “ false hoofs,” as the stunted terminations of the rudimental second and fifth digits of each foot are termed, in which latter respect it resembled the Girafles (Camelopardalis). These three important modifications of structure, when taken together, induced the author to believe that it would be necessary to raise the genus Antilocapra to the rank of a family in the series of Ruminantia, which he proposed to arrange somewhat as given in the subjoined Table. Order ARTIODACTYLA. Division RUMINANTIA. T, RumMINANTIA PHALANGIGRADA, Placenta diffusa. Stomachus tripartitus: dentes primores jot - .1—l 6—5 5—5 : : ; soy canini -—) molares a aut aay pedes didactyli........... 1. Camelide. II. RummNantTIA UNGULIGRADA. a. Placenta polycotyledonaria. Stomachus quadripartitus: dentes 0—0 Ii _ 6-6 =. aut = molares aay a’ Pedes didactyli, ungulis succenturiatis nullis. a’, Cornua in sutura coronali posita, ossea, brevia, pelle primores ei 4 ; canini Lee Siw su adss celts dfaeats tantehin ogaessvsetys xe oa auber doe cesaaemers 2. Camelopardalide. b’. Cornua ex osse frontali orta basi ossea, parte superiore comes, durcata, decidua ......:..<1s-csse«sssesasaussoes ae 3. Antilocapride. '. Pedes tetradactyli ungulis, succenturiatis duabus. ce’, Cornua ex osse frontali orta, basi ossea, parte supe- riore cornea, non furcata, permanentia ...........e0seeeeeee 4. Bovide. d’’. Cornua ex osse frontali orta, omnino ossea, decidua... 5. Cervide. e''. Cornua nulla, dentes canini marium exserti ............ 6. Moschide. ; j , : 0 bd. Placenta diffusa. Stomachus tripartitus; dentes primores gf del pe slen oS, canini inv’ mo J ar Tn conclusion the author called attention to the geographical distribution of the -Ruminants, as shown in the subjoined Table, in which the geographical divisions employed were the same as those used by the author in his paper on the distribu- tion of Birds*, but which he believed to be equally applicable to the class of Mammals. pedes tetradactyli; cornuanulla 7. Tragulide. Table of the Distribution of Ruminants. OrBIs NOyUS. OrBIS ANTIQUUS. if a LJ ap oS o's Regio - Regio Regio Regio Regio (3 = Neotropica.| Nearctica. Paleearctica.| AEthiopica. | Indica. E 1. Camelidse ...........- | oe stieket vases akc dunsaueucatane Camelus h 2 Auchenia BER UnNIAR AI rs dcesalocsseteiee ell ceeeeeeessees «ee| Camelopardalis . Antilocapride ...... Posse career Antilocapra (i eeatectssseves (Haplocerus) || Antilope Antilope Antilope ste oet gecaptact eeeaeeueaveriause=|| CAPT Capra Capra . Bovide ... Ovis Ovis 2 Bile ee eed ..| Ovibos Bos Bos Bos Bos | Tarandus Tarandus Convids.:. taracaves Cervus Cervus. (| aHesetewres sis caay odes Cervus Feit ey ama tas sae oe dae eas Wale ads |] se senicaaan ee te das beey eben. deena Cervulus i Mioachidae a. cgdeanct ales cdtasabeeneeslanqeds apaeanseesc. | Moschus j : ene io erene| cacaenc satecss 171 Animals ;—Ninth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ; —F. Ronalds, Report concerning the Observatory of the British Association at Kew, from Aug. 9, 1848 to Sept. 12, 1849 ;—R, Mallet, Report on the Experimental Inquiry on Railway Bar Corrosion ;— W. R. Birt, Report on the Discussion of the Electrical Observations at Kew, Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Rev. T. R. Robinson’s Address, and Recommendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or tue TWENTIETH MEETING, at Edinburgh, 1850, Published at 15s. ConTentTs :—R. Mallet, First Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Rev. Prof. Powell, on Observations of Luminous Meteors;—Dr. T. Williams, on the Structure and History of the British Annelida;—T. C. Hunt, Results of Meteorological Observations taken at St. Michael’s from the Ist of January, 1840 to the 31st of December, 1849;—R. Hunt, on the present State of our Knowledge of the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations ;—Tenth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Major-Gen. Briggs, Report on the Aboriginal Tribes of India;—F. Ronalds, Report concerning the Ob- servatory of the British Association at Kew ;—E. Forbes, Report on the Investigation of British Marine Zoology by means of the Dredge ;—R. MacAndrew, Notes on the Distribution and Range in depth of Mollusca and other Marine Animals, observed on the coasts of Spain, Por- tugal, Barbary, Malta, and Southern Italy in 1849 ;—Prof. Allman, on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Freshwater Polyzoa ;—Registration of the Periodical Phenomena of Plants and Animals ;—Suggestions to Astronomers for the Observation of the Total Eclipse of the Sun on July 28, 1851. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir David Brewster’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or rot TWENTY-FIRST MEETING, at Ipswich, 1851, Published at 16s. 6d. CoNTENTS :—Rev. Prof. Powell, on Observations of Luminous Meteors;—Eleventh Re- port of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Dr, J. Drew, on the Climaie of Southampton ;-—Dr. R. A. Smith, on the Air and Water of Towns: Action of Porous Strata, Water and Organic Matter ;—Report of the Committee appointed to consider the probable Effects in an Economical and Physical Point of View of the Destruction of Tro- pical Forests ;—A. Henfrey, on the Reproduction and supposed Existence of Sexual Organs in the Higher Cryptogamous Plants ;—Dr. Daubeny, on the Nomenclature of Organic Com- pounds ;—Rev. Dr. Donaldson, on two unsolved Problems in Indo-German Philology ;— Dr. T. Williams, Report on the British Annelida;—R. Mallet, Second Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Letter from Prof. Henry to Col. Sabine, on the System of Meteoro- logical Observations proposed to be established in the United States ;—Col. Sabine, Report on the Kew Magnetographs ;—J. Welsh, Report on the Performance of his three Magneto- graphs during the Experimental Trial at the Kew Observatory ;—F. Ronalds, Report concern- ing the Observatory of the British Association at Kew, from September 12, 1850 to July 31, 1851 ;—Ordnance Survey of Scotland. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof. Airy’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or rut TWENTY-SECOND MEETING, at Belfast, 1852, Published at 15s. _ ConTENTS :—R. Mallet, Third Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena ;—Twelfth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Rev. Prof, Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 185i—52;—Dr. Gladstone, on the In- fluence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers of Plants;—A Manual of Ethnological Inquiry ;—Col. Sykes, Mean Temperature of the Day, and Monthly Fall of Rain at 127 Sta- tions under the Bengal Presidency ;—Prof. J. D, Forbes, on Experiments on the Laws of the Conduction of Heat;—R. Hunt, on the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations ;—Dr. Hodges, on the Composition and Economy of the Flax Plant;—W. Thompson, on the Freshwater Fishes of Ulster; —W. Thompson, Supplementary Report on the Fauna of Ireland;—W. Wills, onthe Meteorology of Birmingham ;—J. Thomson, on the Vortex-Water- Wheel ;—J. B. Lawes and Dr. Gilbert, on the Composition of Foods in relation to Respiration and the Feeding of Animals, _ Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Colenel Sabine’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees. 172 PROCEEDINGS or tue TWENTY-THIRD MEETING, at Hull, 1853, Published at 10s. 6d. ContTENtTS:—Rev. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1852-53; —James Oldham, on the Physical Features of the Humber ;—James Oldham, on the Rise, Progress, and Present Position of Steam Navigation in Hull;—William Fairbairn, Experi- mental Researches to determine the Strength of Locomotive Boilers, and the causes which lead to Explosion ;—J. J. Sylvester, Provisional Report on the Theory of Determinants ;— Professor Hodges, M.D., Report on the Gases evolved in Steeping Flax, and on the Composition and Economy of the Flax Plant ;—Thirteenth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Robert Hunt, on the Chemical Action of the Solar Radiations; —John P. Bell, M.D., Observations on the Character and Measurements of Degradation of the Yorkshire Coast; First Report of Committee on the Physical Character of the Moon’s Sur- face, as compared with that of the Earth;—R. Mallet, Provisional Report on Earthquake Wave-Transits; and on Seismometrical Instruments ;—William Fairbairn, on the Mechanical Properties of Metals as derived from repeated Meltings, exhibiting the maximum point of strength and the causes of deterioration ;—Robert Mallet, Third Report on the Facts of Earth- quake Phenomena (continued). Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Mr. Hopkins’s Address, and Recommenda~ tions of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or rut TWENTY-FOURTH MEETING, at Liver- pool, 1854, Published at 18s. ConTENTS:—R. Mallet, Third Report on the Facts of Earthquake Phenomena (continued) ; —Major-General Chesney, on the Construction and General Use of Efficient Life-Boats;—Rev. Prof. Powell, Third Report on the present State of our Knowledge of Radiant Heat ;—Colonel Sabine, on some of the results obtained at the British Colonial Magnetic Observatories ;— Colonel Portlock, Report of the Committee on Earthquakes, with their proceedings respecting Seismometers ;—Dr. Gladstone, ov the influence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers of Plants, Part 2;—Rev. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1853-54; —Second Report of the Committee on the Physical Character of the Moon’s Surface ;—W. G. Armstrong, on the Application of Water- Pressure Machinery ;—J. B. Lawes and Dr. Gilbert, on the Equivalency of Starch and Sugar in Food ;—Archibald Smith, on the Deviations of the Compass in Wooden and Iron Ships ;—Fourteenth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Earl of Harrowby’s Address, and Re- commendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or rue TWENTY-FIFTH MEETING, at Glasgow, 1855, Published at 15s. ConTENTS :—T. Dobson, Report on the Relation between Explosions in Coal- Mines and Revolving Storms;—Dr. Gladstone, on the Influence of the Solar Radiations on the Vital Powers of Plants growing under different Atmospheric Conditions, Part 3;—C. Spence Bate, on the British Edriophthalma ;—J. F. Bateman, on the present state of our knowledge on the Supply of Water to Towns ;—Fifteenth Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ;—Rev. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1854-55 ; —Report of Committee appointed to inquire into the best means of ascertaining those pro- perties of Metals and effects of various modes of treating them which are of importance to the durability and efficiency of Artillery ;—Rev. Prof. Henslow, Report on Typical Objects in Natural History ;—A. Follett Osler, Account of the Self-Registering Anemometer and Rain- Gauge at the Liverpool Observatory ;—Provisional Reports. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Duke of Argyll’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or tut TWENTY-SIXTH MEETING, at Chel- tenham, 1856, Published at 18s. ConTEnTs:—Report from the Committee appointed to investigate and report upon the effects produced upon the Channels of the Mersey by the alterations which within the last fifty years have been made in its Banks;—J. Thomson, Interim Report on progress in Re- searches on the Measurement of Water by Weir Boards ;— Dredging Report, Frith of Clyde, 1856 ;—Rev. B. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1855-1856 j—Prof. Bunsen and Dr. H. E. Roscoe, Photochemical Researches ;—Rev. James Booth, on the Trigo- -_ 173 nometry of the Parabola, and the Geometrical Origin of Logarithms ;—R. MacAndrew, Report on the Marine Testaceous Mollusca of the North-east Atlantic and Neighbouring Seas, and the physical conditions affecting their development ;—P. P. Carpenter, Report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America ;— T. C. Eyton, Abstract of First Report on the Oyster Beds and Oysters of the British Shores; —Prof. Phillips, Report on Cleavage and Foliation in Rocks, and on the Theoretical Expla- nations of these Phenomena: Part I. ;--Dr. T. Wright on the Stratigraphical Distribution of the Oolitic Echinodermata ;—W. Fairbairn, on the Tensile Strength of Wrought Iron at various Temperatures ;—C. Atherton, on Mercantile Steam Transport Economy ;——J. S. Bowerbank, on the Vital Powers of the Spongiadz;—-Report of a Committee upon the Experiments conducted at Stormontfield, near Perth, for the artificial propagation of Salmon ;—Provisional Report on the Measurement of Ships for Tonnage ;—On Typical Forms of Minerals, Plants and Animals for Museums ;—J. Thomson, Interim Report on Progress in Researches on the Measure- ment of Water by Weir Boards;--R. Mallet, on Observations with the Seismometer ;—A. Cayley, on the Progress of Theoretical Dynamics ;—Report of a Committee appointed to con- sider the formation of a Catalogue of Philosophical Memoirs. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Dr. Daubeny’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees, PROCEEDINGS or truz TWENTY-SEVENTH MEETING, at Dublin, 1857, Published at 15s. Contents :—A. Cayley, Report on the Recent Progress of Theoretical Dynamics ;—Six- teenth and final Report of Committee on Experiments on the Growth and Vitality of Seeds ; —James Oldham, C.E., continuation of Report on Steam Navigation at Hull;—Report of a Committee on the Defects of the present methods of Measuring and Registering the Tonnage of Shipping, as also of Marine Engine-Power, and to frame more perfect rules, in order that a correct and uniform principle may be adopted to estimate the Actual Carrying Capabilities and Working-Power of Steam Ships;—Robert Were Fox, Report on the Temperature of some Deep Mines in Cornwall ;—Dr. G. Plarr, De quelques Transformations de la Somme —% atl+1ge|+195¢|+1 0 Lelthytitt eft” est exprimable par une combinaison de factorielles, la notation afl+1 désignant le produit des t facteurs a (a+1) (a+2) &c....(a4+¢—1);—G. Dickie, M.D., Report on the Marine Zoology of Strangford Lough, County Down, and corresponding part of the Irish Channel ;—Charles Atherton, Suggestions for Statistical Inquiry into the extent to which Mercantile Steam Trans- port Economy is affected by the Constructive Type of Shipping, as respects the Proportions of Length, Breadth, and Depth ;—J. S. Bowerbank, Further Report on the Vitality of the Spon- giadz ;—John P. Hodges, M.D., on Flax ;—Major-General Sabine, Report of the Committee on the Magnetic Survey of Great Britain;—Rev. Baden Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1856-57 ;—C. Vignoles, C.E., on the Adaptation of Suspension Bridges to sustain the passage of Railway Trains ;—Professor W. A. Miller, M.D., on Electro-Chemistry ; —Jolhn Simpson, R.N., Results of Thermometrical Observations made at the ‘ Ploverc’s’ Wintering-place, Point Barrow, latitude 71° 21’ N., long. 156° 17’ W., in 1852-54 ;—Charles James Hargreave, LL.D., on the Algebraic Couple; and on the Equivalents of Indeterminate Expressions;—Thomas Grubb, Report on the Improvement of Telescope and Equatorial Mountings ;—Professor James Buckman, Report on the Experimental Plots in the Botanical Garden of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester ;— William Fairbairn on the Resistance of Tubes to Collapse ;—George C. Hyndman, Report of the Proceedings of the Belfast Dredging Committee ;—Peter W. Barlow, on the Mechanical Effect of combining Girders and Suspen- sion Chains, and a Comparison of the Weight of Metal in Ordinary and Suspension Girders, to produce equal deflections with a given load ;—J. Park Harrison, M.A., Evidences of Lunar Influence on Temperature ;—Report on the Animal and Vegetable Products imported into Liverpool from the year 1851 to 1855 (inclusive) ;—Andrew Henderson, Report on the Sta- tistics of Life-boats and Fishing-boats on the Coasts of the United Kingdom. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Rev. H. Lloyd’s Address, and Recommen- dations of the Association and its Committees. a étant entier négatif, et de quelques cas dans lesquels cette somme PROCEEDINGS or tute TWENTY-EIGHTH MEETING, at Leeds, September 1858, Published at 20s. , ConTENTS:—R. Mallet, Fourth Report upon the Facts and Theory of Earthquake Phe- nomena ;— Rev. Prof. Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1857-58 ;—R. H. Meade, on some Points in the Anatomy of the Araneidea or true Spiders, especially on the 174 internal structure of their Spinning Organs ;—W. Fairbairn, Report of the Committee on the Patent Laws;—S. Eddy, on the ]uead Mining Districts of Yorkshire ;—W. Fairbairn, on the Collapse of Glass Globes and Cylinders ;—Dr. E. Perceval Wright and Prof. J. Reay Greene, Report on the Marine Fauna of the South and West Coasts of Ireland ;—Prof. J. Thomson, on Experiments on the Measurement of Water by Triangular Notches in Weir Boards ;—Major- General Sabine, Report of the Committee on the Magnetic Survey of Great Britain; —Michael Connal and William Keddie, Report on Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Substances imported from Foreign Countries into the Clyde (including the Ports of Glasgow, Greenock, and Port Glasgow) in the years 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, and 1857 ;—Report of the Committee on Ship- ping Statistics ;—Rev. H. Lloyd, D.D., Notice of the Instruments employed in the Mag- netic Survey of Ireland, with some of the Results;—Prof. J. R. Kinahan, Report of Dublin Dredging Committee, appointed 1857-58 ;—Prof. J. R. Kinahan, Report on Crustacea of Dub- lin District ;—Andrew Henderson, on River Steamers, their Form, Construction, and Fittings, with reference to the necessity for improving the present means of Shallow- Water Navigation on the Rivers of British India;—George C. Hyndman, Report of the Belfast Dredging Com- mittee ;—Appendix to Mr. Vignoles’s paper “ On the Adaptation of Suspension Bridges to sus- tain the passage of Railway Trains ;”—Report of the Joint Committee of the Royal Society and the British Association, for procuring a continuance of the Magnetic and Meteorological Ob- servatories ;—R. Beckley, Description of a Self-recording Anemometer. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prof. Owen’s Address, and Recommenda- tions of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or tut TWENTY-NINTH MEETING, at Aberdeen, September 1859, Published at 15s. Contents :—George C. Foster, Preliminary Report on the Recent Progress and Present State of Organic Chemistry ;—Professor Buckman, Report on the Growth of Plants in the Garden of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester ;—Dr. A. Voelcker, Report on Field Experiments and Laboratory Researches on the Constituents of Manures essential to cultivated Crops ;—A. Thomson, Esq. of Banchory, Report on the Aberdeen Industrial Feeding Schools; —On the Upper Silurians of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire ;—Alphonse Gages, Report on the Re- sults obtained by the Mechanico-Chemical Examination of Rocks and Minerals ;—William Fairbairn, Experiments to determine the Efficiency of Continuous and Self-acting Breaks for Railway Trains ;—Professor J. R. Kinahan, Report of Dublin Bay Dredging Committee for 1858-59 ;—Rev. Baden Powell, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors for 1858-59 ; —Professor Owen, Report on a Series of Skulls of various Tribes of Mankind inhabiting Nepal, collected, and presented to the British Museum, by Bryan H. Hodgson, Esq., late Re- sident in Nepal, &c. &c. ;—Messrs. Maskelyne, Hadow, Hardwich, and Llewelyn, Report on the Present State of our Knowledge regarding the Photographic Image ;—G. C. Hyndman, Report of the Belfast Dredging Committee for 1859 ;—James Oldham, Continuation of Report of the Progress of Steam Navigation at Hull;—Charles Atherton, Mercantile Steam Trans- port Economy as affected by the Consumption of Coals ;—Warren de la Rue, Report on the present state of Celestial Photography in England ;—Professor Owen, on the Orders of Fossil and Recent Reptilia, and their Distribution in Time ;Balfour Stewart, on some Results of the Magnetic Survey of Scotland in the years 1857 and 1858, undertaken, at the request of the British Association, by the late John Welsh, Esq., F.R.S.;—W. Fairbairn, The Patent Laws: Report of Committee on the Patent Laws;—J. Park Harrison, Lunar Influence on the Tem- perature of the Air;—Balfour Stewart, an Account of the Construction of the Self-recording Magnetographs at present in operation at the Kew Observatory of the British Association ;— Prof. H. J. Stephen Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part I.;—Report of the Committee on Steamship performance ;—Report of the Proceedings of the Balloon Committee of the British Association appointed at the Meeting at Leeds ;—Prof. William K. Sullivan, Preliminary Report on the Solubility of Salts at Temperatures above 100° Cent., and on the Mutual Action of Salts in Solution, Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Prince Albert’s Address, and Recommenda- tions of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or true THIRTIETH MEETING, at Oxford, June and July 1860, Published at 15s. ConTENTS :—James Glaisher, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1859-60 ;— J. R. Kinahan, Report of Dublin Bay Dredging Committee ;—Rev. J. Anderson, Report on the Excavations in Dura Den ;—Professor Buckman, Report on the Experimental Plots in the Botanical Garden of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester ;—Rev. R. Walker, Report of — 175 the Committee on Balloon Ascents;—Prof. W. Thomson, Report of Committee appointed to prepare a Self-recording Atmospheric Electrometer for Kew, and Portable Apparatus for ob- serving Atmospheric Electricity ;—William Fairbairn, Experiments to determine the Effect of Vibratory Action and long-continued Changes of Load upon Wrought-iron Girders ;—R. P. Greg, Catalogue of Meteorites and Fireballs, from A.p, 2 to A.D. 1860 ;—Prof. H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part II.;—Vice-Admiral Moorsom, on the Performance of Steam-vessels, the Functions of the Screw, and the Relations of its Diameter and Pitch to the Form of the Vessel;—Rev. W. V. Harcourt, Report on the Effects of long-continued Heat, illustrative of Geological Phenomena ;—Second Report of the Committee on Steamship Per- formance ;—Interim Report on the Gauging of Water by Triangular Notches ;— List of the British Marine Invertebrate Fauna. Together with the ‘l'ransactions of the Sections, Lord Wrottesley’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRTY-FIRST MEETING, at Manches- ter, September 1861, Published at £1. ConTENTS :—James Glaisher, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—Dr. E. Smith, Report on the Action of Prison Diet and Discipline on the Bodily Functions of Pri- soners, Part I.;—Charles Atherton, on Freight as affected by Differences in the Dynamic Properties of Steamships ;—Warren De Ja Rue, Report on the Progress of Celestial Photo- graphy since the Aberdeen Meeting ;—B. Stewart, on the Theory of Exchanges, and its re- cent extension ;—Drs. E. Schunck, R. Angus Smith, and H. E. Roscoe, on the Recent Pro- gress and Present Condition of Manufacturing Chemistry in the South Lancashire District ;— Dr. J. Hunt, on Ethno-Climatology ; or, the Acclimatization of Man ;—Prof. J. Thomson, on Experiments on the Gauging of Water by Triangular Notches ;—Dr. A. Voelcker, Report on Field Experiments and Laboratory Researches on the Constituents of Manures essential to cultivated Crops ;—Prof. H. Hennessy, Provisional Report on the Present State of our Know- ledge respecting the Transmission of Sound-signals during Fogs at Sea;—Dr. P. L. Sclater and F. von Hochstetter, Report on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Birds of the Genus dpteryx living in New Zealand ;—J. G. Jeffreys, Report of the Results of Deep-sea Dredging in Zetland, with a Notice of several Species of Mollusca new to Science or to the British Isles ;—Prof. J. Phillips, Contributions to a Report on the Physical Aspect of the Moon ;—W. R. Birt, Contribution to a Report on the Physical Aspect of the Moon;—Dr. Collingwood and Mr. Byerley, Preliminary Report of the Dredging Committee of the Mersey and Dee;—Third Report of the Committee on Steamship Performance ;—J. G. Jeffreys, Preliminary Report on the Best Mode of preventing the Ravages of Teredo and other Animals “in our Ships and Harbours ;—R. Mallet, Report on the Experiments made at Holyhead to ascertain the Transit-Velocity of Waves, analogous to Earthquake Waves, through the local Rock Formations ;—T, Dobson, on the Explosions in British Coal-Mines during the year 1859; —J. Oldnam, Continuation of Report on Steam Navigation at Hull ;—Professor G. Dickie, Brief Summary of a Report on the Flora of the North of Ireland ;—Professor Owen, on the Psychical and Physical Characters of tlie Mincopies, or Natives of the Andaman Islands, and on the Relations thereby indicated to other Races of Mankind ;—Colonel Sykes, Report of the Balloon Committee ;—Major-General Sabine, Report on the Repetition of the Magnetic Sur- vey of England ;—Interim Report of the Committee for Dredging on the North and East Coasts of Scotland ;—W. Fairbairn, on the Resistance of Iron Plates to Statical Pressure and the Force of Impact by Projectiles at High Velocities ;—W. Fairbairn, Continuation of Report to determine the effect of Vibratory Action and long-continued Changes of Load upon Wrought-Iron Girders ;—Report of the Committee on the Law of Patents ;—Prof. H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part III. y Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Mr. Fairbairn’s Address, and Recommen- dations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or tHe THIRTY-SECOND MEETING, at Cam- bridge, October 1862, Published at £1. Contents :—James Glaisher, Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors, 1861-62 ;— G. B. Airy, on the Strains in the Interior of Beams ;—Archibald Smith and F. J. Evans, Report on the three Reports of the Liverpool Compass Committee ;—Report on Tidal Ob- servations on the Humber ;—T. Aston, on Rifled Guns and Projectiles adapted for Attacking 176 Armour-plate Defences ;—Extracts, relating to the Observatory at Kew, from a Report presented to the Portuguese Government, by Dr. J. A. de Souza;—H. T. Mennell, Report on the Dredging of the Northumberland Coast and Dogger Bank ;—Dr. Cuthbert Colling- wood, Report upon the best means of advancing Science through the agency of the Mercan- tile Marine;—Messrs. Williamson, Wheatstone, Thomson, Miller, Matthiessen, and Jenkin, Provisional Report on Standards of Electrical Resistance ;—Preliminary Report of the Com- mittee for investigating the Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of the Granites of Do- negal ;—Prof. H. Hennessy, on the Vertical Movements of the Atmosphere considered in connexion with Storms and Changes of Weather ;—Report of Committee on the application of Gauss’s General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism to the Magnetic Variations ;---Fleeming Jenkin, on Thermo-electric Currents in Circuits of one Metal ;—W. Fairbairn, on the Mec- chanical Properties of Iron Projectiles at High Velocities;—A. Cayley, Report on the Pro- gress of the Solution of certain Special Problems of Dynamics ;—Prof. G. G. Stokes, Report on Double Refraction ;—Fourth Report of the Committee on Steamship Performance ;— G. J. Symons, on the Fall of Rain in the British Isles in 1860 and 1861 ;—J. Ball, on Ther- mometric Observations in the Alps ;—J.G. Jeffreys, Report of the Committee for Dredging on the N.and E. Coasts of Scotland ;—Report of the Committee on Technical and Scientific Evidence in Courts of Law ;—James Glaisher, Account of Eight Balloon Ascents in 1862 ;— Prof. H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part IV. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, the Rev. Prof. R. Willis’s Address, and Recommendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRTY-THIRD MEETING, at New- castle-upon-Tyne, August and September 1563, Published at £1 5s. ConTENTs :—Report of the Committee on the Application of Gun-cotton to Warlike Pur- poses ;—A. Matthiessen, Report on the Chemical Nature of Alloys ;—Report of the Com- mittee on the Chemical and Mineralogical Constitution of the Granites of Donegal, and of the Rocks associated with them;—J. G. Jeffreys, Report of the Committee appointed for Exploring the Coasts of Shetland by means of the Dredge ;—G. D. Gibb, Report on the Physiological Effects of the Bromide of Ammonium ;—C. K. Aken, on the Transmutation of Spectral Rays, Part I.:—Dr. Robinson, Report of the Committee on Fog Signals ;—Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance ;—E. Smith, Abstract of Report by the Indian Government on the Foods used by the Free and Jail Populations in India ;—A. Gages, Synthetical Researches on the Formation of Minerals, &c.;—R. Mallet, Preliminary Report on the Experimental Determination of the Temperatures of Volcanic Foci, and of the Temperature, State of Saturation, and Velocity of the issuing Gases and Vapours ;—Report of the Committee on Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—Fifth Report of the Committee on Steamship Performance; G. J. Allman, Report on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Reproductive System in the Hydroida ;—J. Glaisher, Account of Five Balloon Ascents made in 1863;— P. P. Carpenter, Supplementary Report on the Present State of our Know- ledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America ;—Professor Airy, Report on Steam-boiler Explosions;—C. W. Siemens, Observations on the Electrical Resist- ance and Electrification of some Insulating Materials under Pressures up to 300 Atmo- spheres ;—C. M. Palmer, on the Construction of Iron Ships and the Progress of Iren Ship- building on the Tyne, Wear, and Tees ;—Messrs. Richardson, Stevenson, and Clapham, on the Chemical Manufactures of the Northern Districts ;—Messrs. Sopwith and Richardson, on the Local Manufacture of Lead, Copper, Zinc, Antimony, &c. ;—Messrs. Daglish and Forster, on the Magnesian Limestone of Durham ;—J. L. Bell, on the Manufacture of Iron in connexion with the Northumberland and Durham Coal-field ;—T. Spencer, on the Manu- facture of Steel in the Northern District ;—H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Num- bers, Part V. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir William Armstrong’s Address, and Recommendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or true THIRTY-FOURTH MEETING, at Bath, September 1864. Published at 18s. Contents :—Report of the Committee for Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—Report of the Committee on the best means of providing for a Uniformity of Weights and Mea- sures ;—T. S. Cobbold, Report of Experiments respecting the Development and Migration of the Entozoa;—B. W. Richardson, Report on the Physiological Action of Nitrite of Amy]; —J. Oldham, Report of the Committee on Tidal Observations ;—G. S. Brady, Report on deep-sea Dredging on the Coasts of Northumberland and Durham in 1864 ;—J. Glaisher, re* Ly Account of Nine Balloon Ascents made in 1863 and 1864 ;—J. G. Jeffreys, Further Report on Shetland Dredgings ;—Report of the Committee on the Distribution of the Organic Remains of the North Staffordshire Coal-field ;—Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance ;—G. J. Symons, on the Fall of Rain in the British Isles in 1862 and 1863 ;—W. Fairbairn, Preliminary Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of the pro- posed Atlantic Cable. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Sir Charles Lyell’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees. PROCEEDINGS or tue THIRTY-FIFTH MEETING, at Birming- ham, September 1865, Published at £1 5s. Contents :—J. G. Jeffreys, Report on Dredging among the Channel Isles ;—F. Buckland, Report on the Cultivation of Oysters by Natural and Artificial Methods ;—Report of the Committee for exploring Kent’s Cavern ;—Report of the Committee on Zoological Nomen- clature ;—Report on the Distribution of the Organic Remains of the North Staffordshire Coal-field ;—Report on the Marine Fauna and Flora of the South Coast of Devon and Corn- wall ;—Interim Report on the Resistance of Water to Floating and Immersed Bodies ;—Re- port on Observations of Luminous Meteors ;—Report on Dredging on the Coast of Aberdeen- shire ;—J. Glaisher, Account of Three Balloon Ascents ;—Interim Report on the Transmis- sion of Sound under Water ;—G. J. Symons, on the Rainfall of the British Isles ;—W. Fair- bairn, on the Strength of Materials considered in relation to the Construction of Iron Ships ; —Report of the Gun-Cotton Committee ;—A. F. Osler, on the Horary and Diurnal Variations in the Direction and Motion of the Air at Wrottesley, Liverpool, and Birmingham ;—B. W. Richardson, Second Report on the Physiological Action of certain of the Amyl Compounds ; —Report on further Researches in the Lingula-flags of South Wales ;—Report of the Lunar Committee for Mapping the Surface of the Moon ;—Report on Standards of Electrical Re- sistance ;—Report of the Committee appointed to communicate with the Russian Govern- ment respecting Magnetical Observations at Tiflis ;—Appendix to Report on the Distribution of the Vertebrate Remains from the North Staffordshire Coal-field ;—H. Woodward, First Report on the Structure and Classification of the Fossil Crustacea ;—H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, Part VI. ;—Report on the best-means of providing for a Unifor- mity of Weights and Measures, with reference to the interests of Science ;—A. G. Findlay, on the Bed of the Ocean ;—Professor A. W. Williamson, on the Composition of Gases evolved by the Bath Spring called King’s Bath. Together with the Transactions of the Sections, Professor Phillips’s Address, and Recom- mendations of the Association and its Committees. Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. tii "it al ‘ t weratnyys st te . ‘eget mpi Liphgaat sds Leis tind eth Tet iw arogteie Var 48th id art 4 Abbie? ri der cated Pa c ra ae ieee aut Grey nba * * } wit ty Fave{iln © aoe sy xe rab ‘nants ragtoean Es AM Ay | 2 ot alt pare = 7. s > eae v BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 4 k ‘ EES-F bd OF CORRECTED TO JULY 24, 1867, ot Bolte : eas ee a i ll i ee OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1866-67. TRUSTEES (PERMANENT). Sir RopErick IL Murcuison, Bart., K.C.B., G.C.St.S., D.C.L., F.R.S. Lieut.-General EDWARD SABINE, R.A., D.C.L., Pres. B.S. Sir PHILIP DE M. Grey EGERTON, Bart., M.P., F.R.8. PRESIDENT. WILLIAM R. GROVE, Esq., Q.C., M.A., F.R.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS. His Grace The DUKE oF DryoNsHIRE, Lord- | The Rt. Hon. J. E. Denison, M.P. Lieutenant of Derbyshire. J.C. WEBB, Esq. His Grace The DuKE oF RuTLAND, Lord-Lieute- | THoMAS GRAHAM, Esgq., F.R.S., Master of the Mint. nant of Leicestershire. JOSEPH HooKER, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.8., F.L.S. The Rt. Hon. Lorp BELPER, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.8., | Jonn RusseELL Hinps, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Lord-Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. T. CLosx, Esq., F.S.A. PRESIDENT ELECT. HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH, K.B., D.C.L, F.B.S., ETC. VICE-PRESIDENTS ELECT. The Right Hon. The EARL oF AIRLIE, K.T. Sir Davip Brewster, D.C.L., F.R.S., Principal The Right Hon. The Lord KINNAIRD, K.T. of the University of Edinburgh. Sir Joun Ocitvy, Bart., M.P. JAMES D. ForseEs, LL.D., ERS, Principal of Sir Roperick I. Murcaison, Bart., K.C.B., the United College of St. Salvator and St. LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e. Leonard, University of St. Andrews. Sir Davip BAxTER, Bart. LOCAL SECRETARIES FOR THE MEETING AT DUNDEE. J. HENDERSON, Esq. JOHN AUSTIN LAKE GLOAG, Esq. PATRICK ANDERSON, Esq. LOCAL TREASURER FOR THE MEETING AT DUNDEE. ALEXANDER Scort, Esq. ORDINARY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. ; BATEMAN, J. F., Esq., F.R.S. PRICE, Professor, M.A., F.R.S. Bropir, Sir B., Bart., F.R.S. RAMSAY, Professor, F.R.S. CRAWFURD, JOHN, Esq., F.R.S. RAWLINSON, Sir H., M.P., F.R.S DE LARUE, WARREN, Esq., F.R.S. ScLATER, P. L., Esq., F.R.S. Foster, PETER LE NEVE, Esq. SMITH, Professor H., F.R.S. GALTON, Capt. Dovetas, C.B., R.E., F.RS. | SMYTH, WARINGTON, Esq., F.R.S. Gassior, J. P., Esq., F.R.S. | STANLEY, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.P., F.R.5. GODWIN-AUSTEN, R.A.C., Esq., F.R.S. | SToKEs, Professor G. G., Sec. F.R.S. Hooker, Dr., F.R.S. | Sykes, Colonel, M.P., F.R.S. HUXLEY, Professor, F.R.S. SYLVESTER, Prof. J. J., LL.D., F.R.8. JEFFREYS, J. Gwyn, Esq., F.R.S. TiTE, W., M.P., F.R.S. Lussock, Sir Joun, Bart., F.R.S. TYNDALL, Professor, F.R.8. MILLER, Prof. W.A.,M.D., F.R.S. WHEATSTONE, Professor, F.R.8. ODLING, WILLIAM, Esq., M.B., F.R.S. WILLIAMSON, Prof. A. W., F.R.S. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL. The President and President Elect, the Vice-Presidents and Vice-Presidents Elect, the General and Assistant General Secretaries, the General Treasurer, the T'rustees, and the Presidents of former years, viz.— Rey. Professor Sedgwick. Sir David Brewster. | Richard Owen, M.D., D.C.L. The Duke of Devonshire. G. B. Airy, Esq., the Astronomer | The Lord Wrottesley, D.C.L. Rey. W. V. Harcourt. Royal. William Fairbairn, Esq., LL.D. The Earl of Rosse. Lieut.-General Sabine, D.C.L. The Rev. Professor Willis. Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart. | The Earl of Harrowby. Sir W. G. Armstrong, C.B., LL.D Sir R. I. Murchison, Bart., K.C.B.| The Duke of Argyll. Sir Chas. Lyell, Bart., M.A., LL.D. The Rev. T. R. Robinson, D.D. | Professor Daubeny, M.D. Professor Phillips, M.A., D.C.L, | The Rey. H. Lloyd, D.D. GENERAL SECRETARIES. FRANCIS GALTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.8., 42 Rutland Gate, Knightsbridge, London. Tomas A. Hirst, Esq., F.R.S., Professor of Mathematics in University College, London. ASSISTANT GENERAL SECRETARY. GEORGE GRIFFITH, Esq., M.A., 1 Woodside, Harrow. GENERAL TREASURER. WILLIAM SpoTriswooDk, Esq., M.A., F.B.S., F.R.G.S., 50 Grosvenor Place, London, S.W AUDITORS. James Heywood, Esq., F.R.S. Dr. T. Thomson, F.R.S. Dr, Gladstone, P.R.S. sr St * LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 1867. * indicates Life Members entitled to the Annual Report. § indicates Annual Subscribers entitled to the Annual Report. t indicates Subscribers not entitled to the Annual Report. Names without any mark before them are Life Members not entitled to the Annual Report. Names of Members whose addresses are inaccurate or not known are in ¢talies, Notice of changes of Residence should be sent to the Assistant General Secretary. Year of Election. Abbatt, Richard, F.R.A.S. Marlborough-house, Woodberry Down, Stoke Newington, London, N. 1866. §Abbott, George J., United States Consul, Sheffield and Nottingham. 1863, *Abel, Frederick Augustus, F.R.S., F.C.S., Director of the Chemical Establishment of the WarDepartment, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. 1856. tAbercrombie, John, M.D. 18 Suttolk-square, Cheltenham. 1863. *Abernethy, James. 2 Delahay-street, Westminster, London. 1860. §Abernethy, Robert, C.E. Ferry-hill, Aberdeen. 1854, {Abraham, John. 87 Bold-street, Liverpool. Acland, Henry W. D., M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford. Broad-street, Oxford. Acland, Sir Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.A., D.C.L, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Killerton, Devon. 1860, {Acland, Thomas Dyke, M.A., D.C.L., M.P. Sprydoncote, Exeter. Adair, John. 11 Mountjoy-square, Dublin. * Adair, Colonel Robert A. Shafto, F.R.S. 7 Audley-square, London. *Adams, John Couch, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in the University of Cambridge. The Observatory, Cambridge. 1856, {Addams, Robert. Adderley, The Right Hon. Charles Bowyer, M.P. Hams-hall, Coles- hill, Warwickshire. Adelaide, Augustus Short, D.D., Bishop of, South Australia. 1860, *Adie, Patrick. 15 Argyle-road, Kensington, London. 1865, *Adkins, Henry, The Firs, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 1861. tAgnew, Thomas. Fair Hope, ‘Eccles, near Manchester, 1854, fAikin, John, Princes Park, Liverpool, 2 Year LIST OF MEMBERS. of Election. 1845. tAinslie, Rev. G., D.D., Master of Pembroke College. Pembroke 1864 Lodge, Cambridge. . *Ainsworth, David. The Flosh, Egremont, Cumberland. Ainsworth, Peter. Smithills Hall, Bolton. 1842. *Ainsworth, Thomas. The Flosh, Egremont, Cumberland. 1859. tAirlie, The Right Hon. The Earl of, K.T. Holly Lodge, Campden 1859, 1851. Hill, London, W. ; and Airlie Castle, Forfarshire. §Airston, Dr. William Baird. 4Abbotsford-crescent, St. Andrew’s, Fife. Airy, George Biddell, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., FR.A.S., Astronomer Royal. The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, tAiry, Rey. William, M.A. Keysoe, Bedfordshire. 1855. tAitkin, John, M.D. 21 Blythswood-square, Glasgow. 1842. 1861. 1862. 1861. 1857. 1859, 1851. 1858. 1850. 1851. 1863. 1859. 1862. 1850. 1846. 1861. Aithin, Thomas. Alvoyd, Edward. Bankkfield, Halifax. *Alcock, Ralph. 47 Nelson-street, Oxford-street, Manchester. §Aleock, Sir Rutherford. The Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, London. tAleock, Thomas, M.D. 66 Upper Brook-street, Manchester. *Aldam, William. Frickley Hall, near Doncaster. Alderson, James, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. 17 Berkeley-square, London, W. tAldridge, John, M.D, 20 Ranelagh-road, Dublin. Alexander, James. {Alexander, Colonel Sir James Fdward, K.C.LS., F.R.A.S., F-R.G.S. Westerton, Bridge of Allan, N. B, {Alexander, R. D, St. Matthew’s-street, Ipswich. tAlexander, William, M.D. Halifax. t Alexander, William Lindsay, D.D. tAlexander, W.H. Bank-street, Ipswich. tAllan, Miss. Bridge-street, Worcester. tAllan, Alexander. Scottish Central Railway, Perth. §Allan, James, M.A., Ph.D. School of Practical Science, Sheffield. tAllan, Robert. 29 York-street, Edinburgh. Allan, William. 22 Carlton-place, Glasgow. tAllen, John Mead. Orchard-place, Southampton. tAllen, Richard. Didsbury, near Manchester. Allen, William. 50 Henry-street, Dublin. . *Allen, William J. C., Secretary to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. Ulster Bank, Belfast. . fAllbusen, C. Elswick Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Allis, Thomas, F.L.S. Osbaldwick Hall, near York. *Allman, George J., M.D., F.R.S. L. & E., M.R.LA., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. 21 Manor- place, Edinburgh. . §Allsopp, Alexander. The Park, Nottingham. . *Ambler, Henry. Watkinson Hall, Ovenden, near Halifax. *Amery, John, F.S.A. Manor House, Eckington, Worcestershire. * 55. tAnderson, Alexander D., M.D. 159 St. Vincent-street, Ndinburgh. . tAnderson, Andrew.. 2 Woodside-crescent, Glasgow. . {Anderson, Charles, M.D. 40 Quality-street, Leith. . tAnderson, Charles William. Cleadon, South Shields. . fAnderson, Sir James, Glasgow. . tAnderson, James. 46 Abbotsford-place, Glasgow. . tAnderson, James. Springfield Blantyre, Glasgow. Anderson, James, A. . tAnderson, John, 31 St. Bernard’s-crescent, Edinburgh. . tAnderson, John, D.D, Newburgh, Fifeshire. . §Anderson, Patrick, 15 King-street, Dundee. . tAnderson, Thomas, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Glasgow. LIST OF MEMBERS, 3 Year of Election. 1853. *Anderson, William (Yvr.). Glentarkie, Strathmiglo, Fife. 1850. t{Anderson, W., M.A. 1 Blacket-place, Edinburgh. 1861, LAndrew, Jonah. 1857. 1859. 1857. *Andrews, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Vice-President of, and Professor of Chemistry in, Queen’s College, Belfast. tAndrews, William. The Hill, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. tAneus, John. Town House, Aberdeen. *Ansted, David Thomas, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.8., F.R.GS., FE.S.A. 33 Brunswick-square, London, W.C.; and Impington Hall, Cambridge. tAnster, John, LL.D. 5 Lower Gloucester-street, Dublin. Anthony, John, M.D. Caius College, Cambridge. Apjohn, James, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Professor of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin. 32 Lower Bagot-street, Dublin. . LArbuthnot, C. T. . LArbuthnot, Sir Robert Keith, Bart. . tArcedeckne, Andrew. 1 Grosvenor-square, London, W. . tArcher, Francis. . *Archer, Professor T, C., F.R.S.E., Director of the Industrial Museum. 9 Argyll-place, Edinburgh. . TArgyll, The Duke of, K.T., LL.D., F.R.S.L. & E., F.G.S, Argyll Lodge, Kensington, London; and Inverary, Argyllshire. . tArmitage, J. W., M.D. 9 Huntriss-row, Scarborough, . §Armitage, William. 7 Meal-street, Mosley-street, Manchester. Armstrong, Thomas. Higher Broughton, Manchester. . *Armstrong, Sir William George,C.B., LL.D.,F.R.S. 8 Great George- street, London, S.W.; and Elswick Works, Neweastle-on-Tyne. . Armstrong, William Jones, M.A. Mount Irwin, Tynna, Co. Armagh. Arnott, George A. Walker, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. Arlary, Kinross-shire. Arnott, Neil, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.8, 2 Cumberland-terrace, Regent’s Park, London. . §Arrowsmith, John. Hereford-square, Old Bompton, London, 8.W. . *Arthur, Rey. William, M.A. Glendun, East Acton, London, W. Ashhurst, Thomas Henry, D.C.L. All Souls’ College, Oxford. . *Ashton, Thomas, M.D. 81 Mosley-street, Manchester. Ashton, Thomas, Ford Bank, Didsbury, Manchester. . §Ashwell, Henry. Mount-street, New Basford, Nottingham. *Ashworth, Edmund. Egerton Hall, Turton, near Bolton, Ashworth, Henry. Turton, near Bolton, . Ashworth, Rey. J. A. Dudcote, Abingdon. . §Aspland, Alfred. Dukinfield, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lanrey, Win- dermere. Aspland, Algernon Sydney. Saury, Windermere. Aspland, Rev. R. Brook, M.A. 1 Frampton Villas, South Hackney, London. . §Asquith, J. R. Infirmary-street, Leeds. . tAston, Thomas. 4 Elm-court, Temple, London, H.C. . {Atherton, Charles. Sandover, Isle of Wight. . §Atherton, J. H. Long-row, Nottingham. 5. §Atkin, Alfred. Griffin’s-hill, Birmingham. . {Atkin, Eli. Newton Heath, Manchester, . *Atkinson, Edmund, F.C.S. Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Farnborough. . *Atkinson, G. Clayton. Wyland Hall, West Denton, Neweastle-on- Tyne. . { Atkinson, James. . [Atkinson John. B2 4 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1858. 1842. 1861. 1858, 1863. 1859. 1860. 1865, 1865. 1853, 1858. 1858. 1865. 1858. 1851. 1866. 1846. 1858. 1865. 1861. 1861, 1865, *Atkinson, John Hastings. 14 East Parade, Leeds. *Atkinson, Joseph B. Stratford House, Carlisle-terrace, Kensington, W. tAtkinson, Rey. J. A. Longsight Rectory, near Manchester. * Atkinson, J. R. W. Atkinson, William. Ashton Hayes, near Chester. §Attfield, Dr. J. 17 Bloomsbury-square, London, W.C. * Auldjo, John, F.G.S. t Austin, Alfred. * Austin-Gourlay, Rev. William E. C., M.A. Stoke Abbott Rectory, Beaminster, Dorset. *Avery, Thomas. Church-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. *Avery, William Henry. Digbeth, Birmingham. *Ayrton, W.S., F.S.A. The Mount, York, Babbage, B. H. 1 Dorset-street, Manchester-square, London, W. *Babbage, Charles, M.A., F.R.S. L. & E., Hon. M.R.LA., FLRAAS. 1 Dorset-street, Manchester-square, London, W. *Babington, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. (Local Treasurer.) St. John’s College, Cambridge. Bache, Rey. Samuel. 44 Frederick-street, Edgbaston, near Bir- mingham. {Back, Rear-Admiral Sir George, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 109 Gloucester-place, Portman-square, London, W. Backhouse, Edmund. Darlington. }Backhouse, J. W. Sunderland. Backhouse, Thomas James. Sunderland. . t{Bacon, George. Tavern-street, Ipswich. * Baddeley, Captain Frederick H., R.L. Bagot, Thomas N. Ballymoe, Co. Galway. . *Bailey, C. D. 7 Camden-crescent, Bath. Bailey, Samuel. Sheffield. {Bailey, Samuel. The Peck, Walsall. {Bailey, William. Horseley Fields Chemical Works, Wolverhampton. §Baillon, Andrew. St. Mary’s Gate, Nottingham, §Baillon, L. St. Mary’s Gate, Nottingham. {Baily, William Hellier, F.L.S., F.G.S., Acting Paleeontologist to the Geological Survey of Ireland. 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. *Bain, Richard. Gwennap, near Truro. §Bain, Rev. W. J. Wellingborough. Bainbridge, Joseph. (Messrs. Morris and Prevost, Gresham House, London. gan ee Robert Walton. Middleton House, near Barnard Castle, urham., *Baines, Edward. Headingley Lodge, Leeds. tBaines, Frederick. Burley, near Leeds. *Baines, Samuel. Victoria Mills, Brighouse, Yorkshire. §Baines, I. 14 Union-street, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. {Baines, T. Blackburn. ‘Mercury’ Office, Leeds. {Baird, A. W., M.D. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich. §Baker, Francis B. Arboretum Street, Nottingham. {Baker, Rev. Franklin. *Baker, Henry Granville. Bellevue, Horsforth, near Leeds, tBaker, James P. Wolverhampton. *Baker, John. Catley-hill, Cheadle, Cheshire. *Baker, John. (R. Brooks & Co., St. Peter’s Chambers, Cornhill, London. §Baker, Robert L. Victoria-villa, Moseley-road, Birmingham, j 7 LIST OF MEMBERS. 5 Year of Election. 1847. {Baker, Thomas B, Lloyd. Hardwick-court, Gloucester. 1849. 1863. 1845. 1860. 1851. 1866. 1863. 1852. 1856. 1846. 1842. 1861. 1853. 1866. 1861. 1859. 1855. 1852. 1860. 1863. 1860. 1857. 1865. 1846, 1857. 1861. 1864. 1859. 1861. 1860. 1852. 1852. 1866. 1863. *Baker, William. 63 Gloucester-place, Hyde Park, London, W. §Baker, William. 6 Taptonyille, Sheffield. {Bakewell, Frederick. 6 Haverstock-terrace, Hampstead, London,N. W. §Balding, James, M.R.C.S. Barkway, Royston, Herts. *Baldwin, The Hon. Robert, H.M. Attorney-General. Spadina, Co. York, Upper Canada. *Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., M.A., F.R.S. L. & E., F.L.S., Professor of Medicine and Botany in the University of Edinburgh. 27 Inverleith-row, Edinburgh. *Ball, John, M.R.LA., F.L.S, Oxford and Cambridge Club, Pall Mall, London. §Ball, Robert. 43 Wellington Place, Dublin. §Ball, Thomas. Bramcote, Nottingham. *Ball, William. Bruce-grove, near London, and Rydall, Ambleside, Westmoreland. {Bangor, Viscount. Castleward, Co. Down, Ireland. {Banks, Richard William, Kington, Herefordshire. tBanks, Rev. 8. H., LL.D. Dullingham, Newmarket. Bannerman, Alexander. {Bannerman, James Alexander. Limefield House, Higher Broughton, near Manchester. t Bannister, Anthony. §Barber, John. Long-row, Nottingham. *Barbour, George. Bolesworth Castle, Tattenhall, Chester. {Barbour, George F. Bouskeid, Edinburgh. *Barbour, Robert. Bolesworth Castle, Chester. tBarclay, Andrew. Kilmarnock, Scotland. Barclay, Charles, F.S.A., M.R.A.S. Bury-hill, Dorking. Barclay, James. Catrine, Ayrshire. *Barclay, J. Gurney. Walthamstow, Essex. *Barclay, Robert. Leyton, Essex. tBarford, J. Gale. Wellington College, Berks. *Barker, Rey. Arthur Alcock, B.D. East Bridgeford Rectory, Notts. tBarker, John, M.D., Curator of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland. Dublin. tBarker, Stephen. 30 Frederick-street, Edgbaston, Birmingham. {Barlow, Rey, John, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.8. 5 Berkeley-street, London, W. Barlow, Lieut.-Col. Maurice (14th Regt. of Foot). 5 Great George- street, Dublin. Barlow, Peter. 5 Great George-street, Dublin. {Barlow, Peter William, F.R.S., F.G.8S. 26 Great George-street, ‘Westminster, London. *Barnard, Major R. Cary. Cambridge House, Bays-hill, Cheltenham. *Barneby, John H. Brockhampton Park, Worcester. Barnes, Rey. Joseph Watkins, M.A., F.C.P.5. Kendal, Westmoreland, *Barnes, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S.E. Carlisle. Barnes, Thomas Addison. *Barnett, Richard, M.R.C.S. 16 The Crescent, Oxford. {Barr, Lieut.-Colonel, Bombay Army. (Messrs. Forbes, Forbes & Co., 9 King William-street, London.) *Barr, W. R. Norris Bank, Heaton Norris, Stockport. {Barrett, T. B. High-street, Welshpool, Montgomery. §Barrington, Edward. Fassaroe Bray, Co. Wicklow. {Barrington, Richard 8. Trafalgar-terrace, Monkstown, Co, Dublin. §Barron, William. Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby, Barrow, Capt. C.J. Southwell. 6 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1858. 1862. 1858. 1855. 1858. 1851. 1857. 1852. 1864. 1858. 1861. 1866. 1866. 1850. 1848. 1842. 1864. 1852. 1866. 1863, 1863. 1861. 1858. 1851. 1866. 1854. 1855. 1842. 1860. 1861. 1366. 1857. 1855. 1861. 1859. 1851. 1864. 1865. 1858. 1360. {Barry, Rev. A. *Barry, Charles. Lapswood, Sydenham-hill, Kent. Barstow, Thomas. Garrow-hill, near York. *Bartholomew, Charles. Broxholme, Doncaster. {Bartholomew, Hugh. New Gas-works, Glasgow. *Bartholomew, William Hamond. 45 Grove-terrace, Leeds. {Bartlet, A.H. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich. {Barton, Folloit W. Clonelly, Co. Fermanagh. {Barton, James. Farndreg, Dundalk. *Barton, John. Bank of Ireland, Dublin. §Bartrum, John 8. 41 Gay-street, Bath. *Barwick, John Marshall. Albion-street, Leeds. *Bashforth, Rey. Francis, B.D. Minting, near Horncastle, Lincolnshire. {Bass, John H., F.G.S. 287 Camden-road, London, N. *Bassett, Henry. 19 Alfred-place, Bedford-square, London. — §Bassett, Richard. Pelham-street, Nottingham. tBastard, Thomas H. Chazleton, Blandford. {Bate, C. Spence, F.R.S., F.L.8. 8 Mulgrave-place, Plymouth. Bateman, James, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.H.S. Knypersley Hall, near Congleton, Staffordshire. *Bateman, John Frederic, C.E., F.R.S., F.G.S. 16 Great George- street, Westminster, London. *Bateman, Joseph, LL.D., F.R.A.S. Walthamstow, London, N.E. §Bates, age Walter, Assist.-Sec. R.G.S. 15 Whitehall-place, Lon- don, 8. W. Bateson, John Glynn. Liverpool. {Bateson, Sir Robert, Bart. Belvoir Park, Belfast. §Bathoe, Charles. 28 York-place, Portman-square, London, W. *Bathurst, Rev. W. H. Lydney Park, Gloucestershire. §Bauerman, H. 22 Acre-lane, Brixton, London. {Baxendell, Joseph, F.R.A.S. 108 Stock-street, Manchester. { Baxter, Robert. *Bayldon, John. Horbury, near Wakefield. *Bayley, George. 2Cowper’s-court, Cornhill, London, E.C, §Bayley, Thomas. Lenton, Nottingham. {Baylis, C.0., M.D. 51 Hamilton-square, Birkenhead. tBayly, Capt., RL. ; Bayly, John. 1 Brunswick-terrace, Plymouth. Bazley, Thomas Sebastian, B.A. Agden Hall, Lymm, Warrington. Beal, Captain. Toronto, Upper Canada. *Beale, Lionel S., M.B., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology and of Gene- ral and Morbid Anatomy in King’s College, London. 61 Gros- venor-street, London, W. Beamish, Francis B. *Beamish, Richard, F.R.S. (Local Treasurer.) Brightstone, New- port, Isle of Wight. §Bean, William. Alfreton, Derbyshire. *Beardmore, Nathanial. 30 Great George-street, Westminster, London. *Beatson, William. Rotherham. { Beattie, Joseph. ‘ * Beaufort, Wilkam Morris, F.R.GS. India. *Beaumont, Rey. Thomas George. Chelmondiston Rectory, Ipswich. *Beck, Joseph, F.R.A.S. 51 Cornhill, London. § Becker, Ernest, PhD. Darmstadt. §Becker, Miss L. E. 10 Grove-street, Ardwick, Manchester. §Beckett, Henry, F.G.S. Pecnover, near Wolverhampton. *Beckett, William. Kirkstall Grange, Leeds. {Beckles, Samuel H., F.R.S., F.G.8. Enden-yillas, Schiest-road, South Norwood. : LIST OF MEMBERS. 7 Year of Election. 1866. §Beddard, James. Derby-road, Nottingham. 1846. {Beddome, J., M.D. Romsey, Hants. 1854. 1858. 1850. 1846. 1865. 1847. 1847. 1850. 1859. 1860. 1855. 1862. 1855. 1859. 1864. 1855. 1863. 1842. 1854. 1866. 1864, 1848. 1850, 1852. 1857, 1848. 1863. 1848. 1842. 1845. 1863. 1865. 18653. 1848. 1862. 1865. 1858. 1865. 1859. t Bedford, James, Ph.D. { Bedford, James. {Begbie, James, M.D. 21 Alva-street, Edinburgh. {Beke, Charles T., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.G.S, Bekesbourne Tlouse, near Canterbury, Kent. *Belavenetz, 1, Captain of the Russian Imperial Navy, F.R.LG.S., M.S.C.M.A., Superintendent of the Compass Observatory, Cronstadt. (Care of Messrs. Baring Brothers, Bishopsgate- street, London.) *Belcher, Vice-Admiral Sir Edward, Kut. C.B., F.R.AS., F.R.G.S. 22, Connaught-square, Edgeware-road, London, W. {Belcher, William. Abingdon. {Bell, Charles, M.D. 3 St. Colme-street, Edinburgh. Bell, Frederick John. Woodlands, near Maldon, Essex. {Bell, George. Windsor-buildings, Dumbarton. {Bell, Rey. George Charles, M.A. The College, Dulwich, Surrey, 5. Bell, Capt. Henry. Chalfont Lodge, Cheltenham. *Bell, Isaac Lowthian. The Hall, Washington, Co. Durham. {Bell, John Pearson, M.D. Waverley House, Hull. *Bell, Matthew P. 245 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. {Bell, Robert, jun. 8 Airlie-place, Dundee. tBell, R. Queen’s College, Kingston, Canada. { Bell, the late Sheriff. Glasgow. Bell, Thomas, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8., Professor of Zoology, King’s College, London. The Wakes, Selborne, near Alton, Hants. *Bell, Thomas. Usworth House, Gateshead, Durham. Bellhouse, Edward Taylor. Eagle Foundry, Manchester. {Bellhouse, William Dawson. 1 Park-street, Leeds. Bellingham, Sir Alan. Castle Bellingham, Treland. *Belper, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. 88 Eaton- square, London, 8.W.; and Kingston Hall, Nottingham. *Bendyshe, T. t{Benham, E. 18 Essex-street, Strand, London. {Bennett, John Hughes, M.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Institutes of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh. 1 Glenfinlas-street, Edinburgh. *Bennoch, Francis. The Knoll, Blackheath, Kent. {Benson, Charles. . 11 Fitawilliam-square West, Dublin. Benson, Robert, jun. Fairfield, Manchester. {Benson, Starling, F.G.S. Gloucester- place, Swansea. {Benson, William. Fourstones Court, ewcastle-on-Tyne. {Bentham, George, F.R.S., Pres. L.S. 26 Wilton-place, Knightsbridge, London. Bentley, John. 9 Portland-place, London. {Bentley, J. Flowers. Stamford, Lincolnshire. §Bentley, Robert, F.L.S., Professor of Botany in King’s College. 55 Clifton-road, St. John’s-wood, London, N.W. §Berger, C. H., F.C.8.__ Lower Clapton, London, N.E. +Berkley, C. Marley Hill, Gateshead, Durham, {Berrington, Arthur V. D. Woodlands Castle, near Swansea. *Berryman, William Richard. 6 Tamar-terrace, Stoke, Devonport. {Besant, William Henry, M.A. St. John’s College, Cambridge. § Bessemer, Henry. Denmark-hill, Camberwell, London, S. {Best, William. Leydon-terrace, Leeds. §Bevan, Hugh J. C. The Temple, London, E.C. {Beveridge, Robert, M.B, 20 Union-street, Aberdeen. 8 LIST OF MEMBERS, ' Year of Election. 1863, {Bewick, Thomas John. Allenheads, Carlisle. *Bickerdike, Rev. John, M.A. St. Mary’s Parsonage, Leeds, Bickersteth, Robert. Rodney-street, Liverpool. 1863. {Bigger, Benjamin. Gateshead, Durham. 1864. {Biggs, Robert. 17 Charles-street, Bath. 1855, {Billines, Robert William. 4St. Mary’s-road, Canonbury, London, N. Bilton, Rey. William, M.A., F.G.8. United University Club, Suffolk- street, London, S.W.; and Chislehurst, Kent. 1842. Binney, Edward William, F.R.S., F.G.S. 40 Cross-street, Man- chester. 1842, *Binyon, Thomas. Henwick Grove, Worcester, Birchall, Edwin, College-house, Bradford. Birchall, Henry. Scarsdale-villas, Kensington. 1854, {Bird, William Smith. Dingle Priory, near Liverpool. 1865, {Birkenhead, Edward Hasketh, D.Sc., .G.8., Royal Infirmary School of Medicine, Liverpool. Birkenshaw, John Cass. 1862. §Birkin, Richard. Apsley Hall, Nottingham. 1866. *Birkin, Richard, jun. The Park, Nottingham. *Birks, Rev. Thomas Rawson. 1842. *Birley, Richard. Seedley, Pendleton, Manchester. 1861. {Birley, Thomas Thornely. Hichfield, Heaton Mersey, Manchester. 1841. *Birt, William Radcliff, F.R.A.S. Cynthia-villa, Clarendon-road, Walthamstow. 1854. {Bishop, Rev. Francis. 1866, §Bishop, Thomas. Bramcote, Nottingham, 1863. {Black, William. South Shields. Blackburn, Bewicke. Blackburne, Right Hon. Francis. 84 Merrion-square South, Dublin, Blackburne, Rey. John, M.A. Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. Blackburne, Rey, John, jun., M.A. Rectory, Horton, near Chip- enham. 1859. {Blactie, John Stewart, Professor of Greek, Edinburgh. 1855, *Blackie, W. G., Ph.D., F.R.G.S. 10 Kew-terrace, Glasgow. *Blackwall, John, I'.L.S. Hendre House, near Llanrwst, Denbigh- shire. 1863, {Bladen, Charles. Jarrow Iron Company, Neweastle-on-Tyne. 1859. {Blaikie, Sir Thomas. Kingseat, Aberdeen. 1863, §Blake, C. Carter, F.G.S. Anthropological Society, 4 St. Martin’s- place, Trafalear-square, London, W.C. 1849. *Blake, Henry Wollaston, M.A.,1".R.S. 8 Devonshire-place, Portland- place, London, W. 1846, *Blake, William. South Petherton, Ilminster. 1865. *Blakeley, Captain. Blakeley Ordnance Company, Bear-lane, South- wark, London. 1860, {Blakeley, Capt. A. T. 34 Montpellier-square, Knightsbridge, London. 1845, {Blakesley, Rey. J. W., B.D. are Vicarage, Hertfordshire, 1861. §Blakiston, Matthew. Mobberley, Knutsford. *Blakiston, Peyton, M.D., F.R.S. St. Leonard’s-on-Sea. *Bland, Rey, Miles, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.A.S, 5 Royal-crescent, Ramsgate. Blanshard, William. Redcar. Blore, Ndward, F.S.A. 4 Manchester-square, London, W. 1853. {Blundell, Henry J. P. Brunswick House, Beverley-road, Hull. 1859. {Blunt, Sir Charles, Bart. Heathfield Park, Sussex. Blunt, Henry. Shrewsbury. 1859, {Blunt, Capt. Richard. Bretlands, Chertsey, Surrey. Blyth, B. Hall, 135 George-street, Edinburgh, — ys LIST OF MEMBERS. 9 Year of Election. 1850, {Blyth, John, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in Queen’s College, Cork. 1858. 1845. 1864. 1866. 1859. 1859, 1849. 1866. 1863. 1866. 1861. 1835. 1861. 1861, 1861, 1849. 1863. 1859. 1858. 1850. 1866. 1858, 1846, 1856. 1866. 1863. 1863. 1863. 1865, 1849. 1864. 1861. 1842. 1857. *Blythe, William. Holland Bank, Church, near Accrington. Boase, C. W. Dundee. tBodmer, Rodolphe. Newport, Monmouthshire. tBoge, J. Louth, Lincolnshire. §Bogg, Thomas Wemyss. Louth, Lincolnshire. *Bohn, Henry G., F.R.G.S. _York-street, Covent Garden, London. *Boileau, Sir John Peter, Bart., I.R.S. 20 Upper Brook-street, London ; and Ketteringham Hall, Norfolk. {Bolster, Rev. Prebendary John A. Cork. Bolton, R. L. Gambier-terrace, Liverpool. {Bolton, Thomas. Hyde House, near Stourbridge. §Bond, Banks. Low Payement, Nottingham. {Bond, Francis T., M.D. Hartley Institution, Southampton. Bond, Henry John Hayes, M.D. Cambridge. Bonomi, Ignatius. 36 Blandford-square, London, N.W. Bonomi, Joseph. Soane’s Museum, 15 Lincoln’s-Inn-fields, London. §Booker, W. H. Cromwell-terrace, Nottingham. §Booth, James. Castlemere, Rochdale. {Booth, Rev. James, LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. The Vicarage, Stone, near Aylesbury. *Booth, John. Monton, near Manchester. *Booth, Councillor William. Dawson-street, Manchester. *Borchardt, Dr. Louis. Bloomsbury, Oxford-road, Manchester. {Boreham, William W., F.R.A.S. Haverhill, Suffolk. {Borries, Theodore. Lovaine-crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Bossey, Francis, M.D. Oxford-terrace, Red Hill, Surrey, Bosworth, Rey. Joseph, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., M.R.LA., Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford, Oxford, {Bothwell, George B. 9 Bon Accord-square, Aberdeen. {Botterill, John. Burley, near Leeds. Bottomley, William. Forbreda, Belfast. {Bouch, Thomas, C.E. 1 South Hanover-street, Edinburgh. Bourne, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Heathfield, Liverpool. §Bourne, Stephen. Hudstone-drive, Harrow. tBousfield, Charles. Roundhay, near Leeds. *Bowerbank, James Scott, LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S, 2 East Ascent, St. Leonard’s. *Bowlby, Miss F. E. 27 Lansdown-crescent, Cheltenham, *Bowman, E. Victoria Park, Manchester. {Bowman, R. Benson. Newcastle-on-Tyne. Bowman, William, F.R.S. 5 Clifford-street, London, W. tBowring, Sir John, LL.D., F.R.S. Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, London; and Claremont, Exeter. §Bowron, James. South Stockton-on-Tees. §Boyd, Edward Fenwick. Moor House, near Durham. Boyle, Alexander, M.R.ILA. 35 College Green, Dublin. {Boyle, Rey. G. D. Soho House, Handsworth, Birmingham. Brabant, R. H., M.D. Bath. Bracebridge, Charles Holt, F.R.G.S. The Hall, Atherstone, War- wickshire. {Bracey, Charles. Birmingham. §Bradbury, Thomas. Longroyde, Brighouse. Bradshaw, Rev. John. *Bradshaw, William. Mosley-street, Manchester. *Brady, Antonio. Maryland Point, Essex. *Brady, Cheyne, M.R.LA. Four Courts, Co. Dublin. Brady, Daniel F., M.D. 5 Gardiner’s Row, Dublin. 10 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1863. 1862. 1858. 1864, 1864. 1865. 1850. 1861. 1852. 1857. 1859. 1859. 1860. 1854. 1866, 1854. 1865. 1859. 1866, 1866. 1865. 1863. 1842. 1848. 1859. 1847. 1834. 1865. 1853. 1842. 1855 1864. 1855. 1865. 1846. 1847. 1863. {Brady, George 8. 22 Fawcett-street, Sunderland. § Brady, act Bowman, F.L.8., F.G. S. 40 Mosley-street, Newcastle- on-Tyne. {Brae, Andrew Edmund. 29 Park-square, Leeds. §Braham, P. 354 Great George-street, Westminster, London. §Braikenridge, Rey. George Weare, M.A. ,F.L.S. Clevedon, Somerset. *Brakenridge, John. Wakefield. §Bramwell, F. J. 354 Great George-street, Westminster, London. Brancker, Rey. Thomas, M.A. Limington, Somerset. {Brand, William, F.RB.S.E. 5 Northumberland- street, Edinburgh. *Brandreth, Henry. Worthing. Brandreth, John Moss. Preston, Lancashire. tBrazier, James 8. Professor of Chemistry in Marischal College and University of Aberdeen. tBrazill, Thomas. 12 Holles-street, Dublin. {Brebner, AlexanderC. Audit Office, Somerset House, London, W.C. *Brebner, James. 20 Albyn-place, Aberdeen. {Brett, G. Salford. *Brett, John Watkins. 2 Hanover-square, London, W. sBrettell, Thomas (Mine “Agent). Dudley. tBrewm, Robert. §Brewin, William. Cirencester. {Brewster, Sir David, K.H., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. L. & E., Hon. M.R.LA., E.G. S., FRA, S3°¥i ice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, tBrewster, Rey. Henry. Manse of Farnell. *Briges, Arthur. Rawdon, near Leeds. *Briges, General John, F. R, S., M.R.A.S., F.G.S. 2 Tenterden-street, London, W. §Briges, Joseph. Ulverstone, Lancashire. *Bright, Sir Charles Tilston, C.E., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S. 12 Upper “Hyde Park-gardens, and 'L Victoria- street, ’ Westminster, London. Bright, John, M.P. Rochdale, Lancashire. {Brivit, Henri. Washington Chemical Works, Washington, Durham. Broadbent, Thomas. Marsden- -square, Manchester. tBrock, G. B. Bryn Tyfi, Swansea. {Brodhurst, Bernard Edwin. 20 Grosyenor-street, Grosy enor-square, London, W. {Brodie, Sir Benjamin C., Bart., M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford. Cowley House, Oxford. {Brodie, Rev. James. Monimail, Fifeshire. t{Brodie, Rey. Peter Bellenger, M. A., F.G.8. Rowingten Vicarage, near Warwick. tBromby, J. H., M.A. The Charter House, Hull. Bromilow, Henry G. Brook, William. Meltham, York. *Brooke, Charles, M.A., F.R.S. 16 Fitzroy-square, London. . tBrooke, Edward. Marsden House, Stockport, Cheshire. *Brooke, Rey. J.T. Bannerdown House, Batheaston, Bath. tBrooke, Peter William. Marsden House, Stockport, Cheshire. §Brooks, John C. Wallsend, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Brooks, Samuel. King-street, Manchester. *Brooks, Thomas (Messrs. Butterworth and Brooks). Manchester. Brooks, William. Ordfall-hill, Hast Retford, Nottinghamshire. {Broome, C. E. Elmhurst, Batheaston, near Bath. *Brough, Lionel H., F.G.S., one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Coal- Mines. 38 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol. *Broun, John Allan, F.R.8., Astronomer to His Highness the Rajah of Travancore. LIST OF MEMBERS, 11 Year of Election, 1863, {Brown, Alexander Crum, F.R.S.E. Arthur Lodge, Dalkeith-road, Edinburgh. Brown, Charles Edward. Cambridge. . Brown, Colin. 8 Manstield-place, Glasgow. . *Brown, Rey. Dixon. Unthank Hall, Haltwhistle, Carlisle. . {Brown, Alderman Henry. Bradford. . §Brown, Edwin, F.G.S. Burton-upon-Trent. Brown, Hugh. Broadstone, Ayrshire. . {Brown, John. Barnsley. . {Brown, John H. 29 Sandhill, Newcastle-on-Tyne. .. [Brown, Ralph. Lambton’s Bank, Newcastle-on-Tyne. . *Brown, Samuel, F.S.S. The Elms, Larkhall Rise, Clapham, London. *Brown, Thomas. Hardwick House, Chepstow. *Brown, William. 3 Maitland Park Villas, Haverstock-hill, London. , [Brown, William. 179 Bath-street, Glasgow. . {Brown, William, F.R.S.E, 25 Dublin-street, Edinburgh. 5. {Brown, William. 41a New-street, Birmingham. . [Browne, B. Chapman. Tynemouth. . [Browne, Henry, M.D. . *Browne, Rev. J. H. Lowdham, Nottingham. . *Browne, Robert Clayton, B.A. Browne’s Hill, Carlow, Ireland. Browne, William. Richmond-hill, near Liverpool. . §Browne, William. The Friary, Lichfield. . §Browning, John, 111 Minories, London, E. . §Brownlee, James. 173 St. George’s-road, Glasgow. Brownlie, Archibald. Glasgow. . {Brownlow, William B. Villa-place, Hull. *Bruce, Alexander John. Kilmarnock. 2. {Bruce, Rey. William. Belfast. . {Bruff, P. Handford Lodge, Ipswich. 3. *Brunel, H. M. Duke-street, Westminster, London. . t{Brunel, J. Duke-street, Westminster, London, . LBryant, Arthur C. . [Bryant, Wilberforce. . §Bryce, James. York Place, Higher Broughton, Manchester. Bryce, James, M.A., LL.D., F.G.8. High School, Glasgow. Bryce, Rey. R. J., LL.D., Principal of Belfast Academy. Belfast. .. [Bryson, Alexander, F.R.S.E. Hawkhill, Edinburgh. . {Bryson, William eee Cullen, Aberdeen. Buchanan, Andrew, M.D., Regius Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the University of Glasgow. Glasgow. Buchanan, Archibald. Catrine, Ayrshire. Buchanan, D. C. Poulton cum Seacombe, Cheshire. . [Buchanan George. Buchanan, James, RL. *Buck, George Watson. Ramsay, Isle of Man, . §Buckle, Rey. George, M.A. Twerton Vicarage, Bath. . {Buckley, Colonel. New Hall, Salisbury. . “Buckley. Henry. Church-road, Edgbaston. Birmingham. . {Buckley, Rey, W. E., M.A. Middleton Cheney, Banbury. . *Buckman, James, F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Bradford Abbas, Sher- bourne, Dorsetshire. . *Buckton, G. Bowdler, F.R.S. Weycombe, Haslemere, Surrey. . {Budd, Edward. Hafod Works, Swansea. . *Budd, James Palmer. Ystalyfera Iron Works, Swansea. . {Bullen, George, Carr-street, Ipswich. 12 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1845. 1845. 1865, 1863. 1854. 1842. 1863. 1857. 1865. 1859. 1860. 1866. 1857. 1864. 1855. 1857. 1845. 1861. 1855. 1845, 1854. 1852. 1854. 1858. 1863. 1854, 1858. 1863. 1861. 1855. 1857. 1845, 1857. 1842. 1855. 1857. *Buller, Sir Antony. Pound, near Tavistock, Devon. {Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart., F.R.S., F.LS., F.GS., F.R.G.S. Barton Hall, Bury St. Edmunds. {Bunbury, Edward H., F.G.S. 15 Jermyn-street, London, 8S.W. {Bunce, John Mackray. ‘ Journal Office,’ New-street, Birmingham. Bunch, Rey. Robert James, B.D., F.C.P.S. Emanuel Rectory, Loughborough. §Bunning, T. Wood. 34 Grey-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Bunt, Thomas G. Nugent-place, Bristol. {Burckhardt, Otte. Bank Chambers, Liverpool. *Burd, John. 37 Jewin-street, Aldersgate-street, London, E.C. *Burgess, John. Rastrick, Yorkshire. Burgoyne, General Sir John F., Bart., G.C.B., D.C.L., F.B.S., Inspector General of Fortifications. 8 Gloucester-gardens, London. tBurk, J. Lardner, LL.D. 2 North Great George-street, Dublin. {Burke, Luke. 5 Albert-terrace, Acton, London. {Burnett, Newell. Belmont-street, Aberdeen. {Burrows, Montague, M.A., Commander R.N. Oxford. *Burton, Frederick M. Highfield, Gainsborough. {Busby, John. 9 Trafalgar-terrace, Monkstown, Ireland. tBush, W. 7 Circus, Bath. Bushell, Christopher. Royal Assurance-buildings, Liverpool. *Busk, George, F'.R.S., Sec. L.S., F.G.S., Examiner in Comparative Anatomy in the University of London. 15 Harley-street, Cayen- dish-square, London, W. tButt, Isaac, Q.C. 4 Henrietta-street, Dublin. tButterfield, J. M. 45 Mount, York. *Butterworth, John. 58 Mosley-street, Manchester. *Buttery, Alexander W. Monkland Iron and Steel Company, Cardar- roch, near Airdrie. { Button, Charles. Buxton, Edward North. {Byerley, Isaac. Seacombe, Liverpool. Byng, William Bateman. Orwell Works House, Ipswich. {Byrne, Rey. Jas. Ergenagh Rectory, Omagh, Armagh, Cabbell, Benjamin Bond, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., F-R.G.S. 1 Brick- court, Temple, H.C. ; and 52 Portland-place, London, W. Cabbell, George. t Cadell, William. §Cail, John. Stokesley, Yorkshire. tCail, Richard. The Fell, Gateshead. tCaine, Nathaniel. Dutton-street, Liverpool. *Caine, Rey. William, M.A. Ducie-grove, Oxford-road, Manchester. {Caird, Edward. Finnart, Dumbartonshire. *Caird, James Key. Finnart on Loch Long, by Gare Loch Head, Dumbartonshire. *Caird, JamesT. Greenock. tCairnes, Prof. Queen’s College, Galway. tCalder, Rey. William. Fairfield Parsonage, Liverpool. Caldwell, Robert. 9 Bachelor’s-walk, Dublin. fCallan, Rey. N. J., Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth College. Callender, W. R. The Elms, Didsbury, Manchester. tCalver, E.K., RN. 21 Norfolk-street, Sunderland. f{Cameron, Charles A., M.D. 17 Ely-place, Dublin. Cameron, John. Glasgow. Yas LIST OF MEMBERS, 13 Year of Election. 1859, {Campbell, Rey. C. P., Principal of King’s College, Aberdeen. Aber- deen. 1857. *Campbell, Dugald, F.G.S. 7 Quality-court, Chancery-lane, London. 1855. 1861. tCampbell, Dugald, M.D. 186 Sauchiehall-street, Glasgow. Campbell, Sir Hugh P. H., Bart. 10 Hill-street, Berkeley-square, London, W. ; and Marchmont House, near Dunse, Berwickshire. *Campbell, Sir James. Glasgow. Campbell, Rey. James, D.D. Forkhill, Dundalk, Ireland. . {Campbell, John. Campbell, John Archibald, F.R.S.E. Albyn-place, Edinburgh. . {Campbell, William. Donegal-square West, Belfast. . {Campbell, William. Dunmore, Argyllshire. . *Campion, Rey. William. Queen’s College, Cambridge. tCamps, William, M.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. 40 Park-street, Grosvenor- square, London, W. Cape, Rey. Joseph, M.A., F.C.P.S, Birdbrook Rectory, Halstead, Essex. *Carew, William Henry Pole. Antony House, near Devonport. {Carlton, James. Mosley-street, Manchester. Carmichael, H. 18 Hume-street, Dublin. Carmichael, John T. C. Messrs. Todd & Co., Cork. *Carpenter, Philip Pearsall, B.A., Ph.D. Montreal, Canada. . {Carpenter, Rey. R. Lant, B.A. Halifax. . {Carpenter, William B., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S8., F.G.8., Registrar of the University of London. 56 Regent’s Park Road, London, N.W. Carpmael, William. 24 Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, London, E.C. . {Carr, John. Queen’s Circus, Cheltenham: . {Carr, William, Gomersal, Leeds. . *Carr, William, M.D., F.R.C.S. Lee Grove, Blackheath, Kent, $.E. . tCarrick, John. . *Carrick, Thomas. 37 Princess-street, Manchester. . *Carson, Rey. Joseph, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, M.R.I.A, 18 Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin. . {Carte, Alexander, M.D. Royal Dublin Society, Dublin. . tCarter, G.B. Lord-street, Liverpool. . §Carter, H. H. The Park, Nottingham. . {Carter, Richard, C.E. Long Carr, Barnsley, Yorkshire. *Cartmell, Rey. James, D.D.,.G.S.,Master of Christ’s Coll. Cambridge. Cartmell, Joseph, M.D. Carlisle. Cartwright, Rev. R. B. . }Carulla, Facundo, F.A.S.L. Care of Messrs. Daglish and Co., 8 Har- rington-street, Liverpool. . §Casella, L. P., FL.R.A.S. South Grove, Highgate, London, N. . *Cassels, Rev. Andrew, M.A, Batley Vicarage, near Leeds, Castle, Charles. Clifton, Bristol. - Castle, Robert. Cleeve Court, Bristol. . {Cator, John B., Commander R.N. 1 Adelaide-street, Hull. . {Catterill, Rev. Henry. . {Catto, Robert. 44 King-street, Aberdeen. . §Catton, Alfred R. St. John’s College, Cambridge. . t{Cawley, Charles Edward. The Heath, Kirsall, Manchester. . §Cayley, Arthur, F.R.S., V.P.R.A.S., Sadlerian Professor of Mathe- matics in the University of Cambridge. Cambridge. Cayley, Digby. Brompton, near Scarborough. Cayley, Edward Stillingfleet. Wydale, Malton, Yorkshire. . *Chadwick, Charles, M.D. 35 Park-square, Leeds, . §Chadwick, David, 64 Cross-street, Manchester, LIST OF MEMBERS, 4 Year of Election. 1842. Chadwick, Edwin, C.B. Richmond, Surrey. 1842. Chadwick, Klas, M.A. Pudleston-court, near Leominster. 1842. Chadwick, John. Broadfield, Rochdale. 1859. {Chadwick, Robert. Highbank, Manchester. 1861. {Chadwick, Thomas. Wilmslow Grange, Cheshire. *Challis, Rey. James, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Plumian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Cambridge. 13 Trumpington- street, Cambridge. 1859. {Chalmers, John Inglis. Aldbar, Aberdeen. 1859.. {Chalmers, Rev. Dr. P. Dunfermline. 1865. {Chamberlain, J. H. Christ Church-buildings, Birmingham. 1842, Chambers, George. High Green, Sheffield. Chambers, John. Ridgefield, Manchester. - *Chambers, Robert, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S. 17 Hereford-square, Mayfair, London, W. *Champney, Henry Nelson. St. Paul’s-square, York. 1865. {Chance, A. M. Edgbaston, Birmingham. 1865. *Chance, James Simmers. Brown’s Green, Handsworth, Birmingham. 1865. §Chance, Robert Lucas. Chad Hill, Birmingham. 1861. *Chapman, Edward. Frewen Hall, Oxford. 1850. {Chapman, Prof. E. J. University College; and 4 Addison-terrace, Kensington, London, W. 1866. §Chapman, EK. T. Hope Cottage, Hanwell. . *Chapman, John, Hill End, Mottram, Manchester. 1865. 1842. 1863. 1859. 1861. 1860. 1850. 1857. 1863, 3. *Chesney, Major-General Francis Rawdon, R.A., D.C.L., F.R.S Chapman, Captain John James, R.A., F.R.G.S. Adelaide-square, Bedford. . §Chapman, William. The Park, Nottingham. . {Chapple, Frederick. Canning-street, Liverpool. Charlesworth, Edward, F.G.8. Whittington Club, Arundel-street, London, W.C. . {Charlton, Edward, M.D. 7 Eldon-square, Neweastle-on-Tyne, . [Charlton, F. . §Charnock, Dr. R. 8. 8 Gray’s Inn-square, London, W.C. Chatto, W. J. P. Union Club, Trafalear-square, London, W.C, . {Cheadle, W. B., M.A., M.D., F.R.G.S. 6 Hyde Park-place, Cum- berland Gate, London, W. . *Cheetham, David. Weston Park, Bath. . {Cheshire, Edward. Conservative Club, London, S.W. Cheshire, John. F-R.G.S. Ballyardle, Kilkeel, Co. Down, Ireland. *Cheyallier, Rev. Temple, B.D., F.R.A.S8., Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in the University of Durham. *Chichester, Ashhurst Turner Gilbert, D.D., Lord Bishop of. 81 Queen Anne-street, Cavendish-square, London, W.; and The Palace, Chichester. §Child, Gilbert W., M.D. Oxford. *Chiswell, Thomas. 2 Lincoln-groye, Plymouth-eroye, Manchester. §Cholmeley, Rey. C. H. Magdalen College, Oxford. tChristie, John, M.D. 46 School-hill, Aberdeen. {Christie, Professor R.C., M.A. 7 St. James’s-square, Manchester. Christison, Robert, M.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Dieteties, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy in the University of Edinburgh. Edin- burgh. {Church, William Selby, M.A. 1 Harcourt Buildings, Temple, London. {Churchill, The Right Hon. Lord Alfred. Blenheim, Woodstock. {Churehill, F., M.D. 15 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. {Clapham, A. 3 Oxford-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, LIST OF MEMBERS, 15 Year of Election. 1863. {Clapham, Henry. » 5 Summerhill-grove, Neweastle-on-Tyne. 1855. 1858, 1857. 1859. 1846, 1861. 1855. 1865. 1861. 1842. 1851. 1848. 1861. 1854, 1855. 1856. 1866, 1857. 1850. 1859. 1861. 1857. 1850. 1852. 1865. 1861. 1849. 1854, 1866. 1859. 1861. 1863. 1855, 1855. 1851. 1864, §Clapham, Robert Calvert. Wincomblee, Walker, Newcastle-on- @. Ataakan, Samuel. 17 Park-place, Leeds. tClarendon, Frederick Villiers. 11 Blessington-street, Dublin. *Clark, Rey. Charles, M.A. Queen’s College, Cambridge. Clark, Courtney K. Haugh End, Halifax. {Clark, David. Coupar Angus. * Clark, Francis. Clark, G.T, Bombay; and Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, London. *Clark, Henry, M.D. 4 Upper Moira-place, Southampton. Clark, Sir James, Bart., M.D., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., Physician in Ordinary to the Queen, 228 Brook-street, Grosvenor-square, London, W. ; {Clark, Latimer. 1 Victoria-street, Westminster, London. {Clark, Rey. William, M.A, Barrhead, near Glasgow. Clark, William, M.D., F.R.8., F.G.8. Cambridge. {Clarke, Rey. Charles. Charlotte-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Clarke, George. Mosley-street, Manchester. *Clarke, J. H. Newton Villa, Newton-le- Willows, near Warrington. Clarke, Joseph. Waddington Glebe, Lincoln. {Clarke, Joshua, F.L.S. Fairycroft, Saffron Walden. Clarke, Thomas, M.A. Knedlington Manor, Howden, Yorkshire. §Claudet, Antoine, F.R.S. 11 Gloucester-road, Regent-park, London, N.W, ; {Clay, Charles, M.D, 101 Piccadilly, Manchester. *Clay, Joseph Travis, F.G.8. Rastrick, Yorkshire. tClay, Robert. St. Ann-street, Liverpool. tClay, William. *Clay, William. 4 Park-hill-road, Liverpool. §Clayden, Rey. P. W. Clarendon-street, Nottingham. *Clayton, David Shaw. Norbury, Stockport, Cheshire. {Cleghorn, Hugh, M.D. _ Madras Establishment. tCleghorn, John. Wick. §Cleland, John, M.D. Queen’s College, Galway. {Clements, Henry. Dromin, Listowel, Ireland. tClerk, Rev. D. M. Deverill, Warminster, Wilts. Clerke, Rev. C. C., D.D., Archdeacon of Oxford and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Milton Rectory, Abingdon, Berkshire. {Clerke, Right Honourable Sir George, Bart. {Clibborn, Edward. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. {Clift, John E., C.E. Redditch. *Clifton, Professor R. B., B.A. Owens College, Manchester. {Clive, R. H. Hewell, Bromsgrove. Clonbrock, Lord Robert. Clonbrock, Galway. tClose, The Very Rev. Francis, M.A. Carlisle. §Close, Thomas. St. James’s-street, Nottingham, Clough, Rey. Alfred B., B.D. Brandeston, Northamptonshire. {Clouston, Rey. Charles. Sandwick, Orkney. *Clouston, Peter. Glasgow. §Clutterbuck, Thomas. Warkworth, Acklington. *Coats, Peter. Woodside, Paisley. *Coats, Thomas. Fergeslie House, Paisley. Cobb, Edward. South Bank, Weston, near Bath. *Cobbold, John Chevallier, M.P. 'Tower-street, Ipswich. §Cobbold, T. Spencer, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at the Middlesex Hospital. 84 Wimpole-street, Cayendish-square, London, W. 16 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1845, 1854, 1861. 1864, 1865. 1853. 1859. 1859, 1846, 1860, 1854, 1857. 1861. 1861, 1854, 1861, 1865, 1849, 1865, 1846. 1852. 1853. 1858, 1864, 1859, 1861, 1863. 1854. 1854, 1859, 1865. 1862. 1863. 1850, 1846, 1865. 1856, 1854, 1863. 1842, 1842, {Cocker, John, M.A, Cambridge. *Cocker, Jonathan. Higher Broughton, Manchester. {Cockey, William. 18 Lansdown-crescent, Glasgow. *Coe, Rey. Charles C. Leicester. *Cochrane, James Henry. Dunkathel, Glanmire, Co. Cork. {Coghill, H. Newcastle-under-Lyme. {Colchester, William, F.G.8. Grundesburgh Hall, Ipswich. {Cole, Edward. 11 Hyde Park-square, London, W. “Cole, Henry Warwick. 3 New-square, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C. {Cole, Robert, F.S.A. 54 Clarendon-road, Notting-hill, London, W. t Coleman, J. J., F.C.S. *Colfox, William, B.A. Bridport, Dorsetshire. {Colles, William, M.D. 21 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. *Collie, Alexander. 12 Kensington Palace-gardens, London, W. t Collinge, John. {Collingwood, Cuthbert, M.A., M.B., F.L.S. 15 Oxford-street, Liver- ool, iGalltaewond, J. Frederick, F.G.S. 54 Gloucester-street, Belgraye- road, Pimlico, London, 8. W. *Collins, James Tertius. 36 Cumberland-street, Birmingham, {Collins, Joseph. Frederick-street, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Collins, Robert, M.R.D.S._ Ardsallach, Navan, Ireland. Collis, Stephen Edward. Listowel, Ireland. Colthurst, John. Clifton, Bristol. *Combe, Thomas, M.A. Oxford. *Compton, Lord Alwyn. Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire, *Compton, Lord William. 145 Piccadilly, London, W. {Connal, Michael. 16 Lynedock-terrace, Glasgow. { Constable, Sir T. C., Bart. tConybeare, Henry, F.G.S. 20 Duke-street, Westminster, London. *Conway, Charles. Pontnwydd Works, Newport, Monmouthshire. "Conwell, Eugene Alfred, M.R.LA. Trim, Ireland. {Cook, BE. R. Stamford-hill, London. *Cook, Henry. Cooke, Captain Adolphus. * Cooke, A. B. {Cooke, Edward William, F.R.S., F.L.S.,F.G.S.,A.R.A. The Ferns, Hyde Park-gate, South Kensington, London, 8.W. Cooke, James R., M.A. 73 Blessington-street, Dublin. tCooke, John. Howe Villa, Richmond, Yorkshire. Cooke, J. B, Exchange-buildings, Liverpool. Cooke, Rey. T. L., M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford. tCooke, Rev. William, M.A. Gazeley Vicarage, near Newmarket, Cooke, William Fothergill. Telegraph Office, Lothbury, London, E.C. *Cooke, William Henry, M.A.,F.S.A, Elm-cowrt, Temple, London,E.C, {Cooksey, Joseph. West Bromwich, Birmingham. *Cookson, Rey. H. W., D.D. St. Peter’s College, Cambridge. {Cookson, N.C. Benwell Tower, Newcastle-on-Tyne, {Cooper, Sir Henry, M.D. 7 Charlotte-street, Hull. Cooper, James. 55 Pembroke Villas, Bayswater, London, W. {Cooper, William White. 19 Berkeley-square, London, W. §Cope, James. Pensnett, near Dudley. {Copeland, George F., F.G.S., 5 Bay’s-hill Villas, Cheltenham. {Copland, James, M.D., F.R.8, 5 Old Burlington-street, London, W. Copland, William, F.R.S.E. Dumfries, {Coppin, John, North Shields. *Corbet, Richard, Hadington-hill, Oxford. Corbett, Edward. Ravenoak, Cheadle-hulme, Cheshire, Eales LIST OF MEMBERS. 17 Year of Election. 1855. {Corbett, Joseph Henry, M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Queen’s College, Cork. Cormack, John Rose, M.D., F.R.S.E. 5 Bedford-square, London. . t Corner, C. Tinsley. Cory, Rey. Robert, B.D., F.C.P.S. Stanground, Peterborough. Cottam, George. 2 Winsley-street, London, W. . {Cottam, Samuel. Brazennose-street, Manchester. Cotter, John. Cork. . §Cotton, General Frederick C. Knolton Hall, Ruabon. * Cotton, Rev. Wiliam Charles, M.A. New Zealand. Couper, James. 12 Royal Exchange-square, Glasgow. . §Courtald, Samuel. Gosfield Hall, Essex. *Courtney, Henry, M.R.LA. 24 Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin. Cowan, John. Valleyfield, Pennycuick, Mdinburgh. . ¢{Cowan, John A. Blaydon Burn, Durham. . tCowan, Joseph, jun. Blaydon, Durham. Cowie, Rev. Benjamin Morgan, M.A. 42 Upper Harley-street, Cavendish-square, London, W. . [ Cowper, Edward Alfred, M.I.C.E. . {Cox, John. Georgie Mills, Edinburgh. Cox, Robert. 26 Rutland-street, Edinburgh. . §Cox, William. 50 Newhall-street, Birmingham. . {Cox, Rev. W. H., B.D. Eaton Bishop, Herefordshire. . §Crace-Calvert, Frederick, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.8., Honorary Professor of Chemistry to the Manchester Royal Institution. Royal In~ stitute, Manchester. Craig, J. T. Gibson, F.R.S.E, Edinburgh. . tCraig, 8. Clayhill, Enfield, Middlesex. ; a ea Rey. Josiah., M.R.I.A. The Rectory, Florence-court, Co, ermanagh, Ireland. . tCranage, Edward, Ph.D. The Old Hall, Wellington, Shropshire. Craven, Robert. Hull. . {Crawford, Alexander, jun. Mount Prospect, Belfast. . [Crawford, George Arthur, M.A. . {Crawfurd, John, F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 4 Elvaston-place, Kensington, W.; and Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, London, 8.W. . *Crewdson, Thomas D. Dacca Mills, Manchester. Creyke, The Venerable Archdeacon. Beeford Rectory, Driffield. *Crichton, William. 1 West India-street, Glasgow. . [Crisp, M. F. . {Crocker, Edwin, F.C.S. 2 Lonsdale-square, Islington, London, N. Croft, Rev. John, M.A., F.CBP.S. . Crofts, John. Hillary-place, Leeds. Croker, Charles Phillips, M.D., M.R.LA. 7 Merrion-square West, Dublin. . {Croll, A.A. 10 Coleman-street, London. . {Crolly, Rev. George. Maynooth College, Ireland. . {Crompton, Charles, M.A. 22 Hyde Park-square, London, W. *Crompton, Rey. Joseph, M.A. Norwich. . §Cronin, William. 4 Brunel-terrace, Nottingham. Crook, J. Taylor. Crook, William Henry, LL.D . §Crookes, William, F.R.S., F.C.S. 20 Mornington-road, Regent's Park, London, N. W. . *Cropper, Rey. John. Stand, near Manchester. . {Crostield, John. Rothay Bank, Ambleside. . {Cross, Rev. John Edward, M.A. Appleby Vicarage, near Brigg. . {Crosskill, William, C.E. Beverley, Yorkshire, c ane 18 Year LIST OF MEMBERS. of Election. 1866. *Crossley, Louis J., F.M.S., M.R.S., Willow Hall, near Halifax. 1865 . §Crotch, George Robert. 8 Pearl-street, Cambridge. 1854, {Crowe, John. 8 Mersey Chambers, Liverpool. 1861. §Crowley, Henry. 255 Cheetham-hill-road, Manchester. 1863 . §Crowther, B. Wakefield. 1863. {Cruddas, George. Elswick Engine Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1860. {Cruickshank, John. 1859 1859. City of Glasgow Bank, Aberdeen. . {Cruickshank, Provost. Macduff, Aberdeen. {Crum, James. Busby, Glasgow. 1855. §Crum, Walter, F.R.S., F.C.S. 4 West Regent Street, Glaszow. T 1849 . {Cubitt, Thomas. Thames Bank, Pimlico, London, 8. W. 1851. {Cull, Richard. 15 Tavistock-street, Bedford-square, London, W.C. 1859 1847 1861 Culley, Robert. Bank of Ireland, Dublin. . {Cumming, Sir A. P. Gordon, Bart. Altyre. . [Cumming, Rev. J. G., M.A. . *Cunliffe, Edward Thomas. Handforth, Manchester. 1861. *Cunliffe, Peter Gibson. Tandforth, Manchester. 1850. {Cunningham, James. 50 Queen-street, Edinburgh. 1861 . {Cunningham, James, F.R.S.E. Queen-street, Hdinbureh. Cunningham, John. Liverpool. 1852. {Cunningham, John. Macedon, near Belfast. 1850. 1855, 1850. 1866. 1857. 1866. 1854, 1863. 1854. 1854. 1863. 1853. 1865. {Cunningham, Rey. William, D.D. 17 Salisbury-road, Edinburgh. §Cunningham, William A. Manchester and Liverpool District Bank, Manchester. tCunningham, Rey. W. B. Prestonpans, Scotland. §Cunnington, John. 68 Oakley-square, Bedford New Town, London, N.W {Curtis, Professor Arthur Hill, LL.D. 6 Trinity College, Dublin. §Cusins, Rey. F. L. 26 Addison-street, Nottingham. *Cuthbert, J. R. 40 Chapel-street, Liverpool. Cuthbertson, Allan. Glasgow. {Daglish, John. Hetton, Durham. tDaglish, Robert, C.E. Orrell Cottage, near Wigan. {Daglish, Robert, jun. St. Helen’s, Lancashire. {Dale, J. B. South Shields. {Dale, Rev. P. Steele, M.A. Hollingfare, Warrington. }Dale, Rey. R. W. 12 Calthorpe-street, Birmingham. Dalmahoy, James, I.R.S.N. 9 Forres-street, Edinburgh. 1850. {Dalmahoy, Patrick. 69 Queen-street, Edinburgh. 1859. 1859. {Dalrymple, Charles Elphinstone. West Hall, Aberdeenshire. {Dalrymple, Colonel. Tron, Scotland. Dalton, Edward, LL.D., F.8S.A. Dunkirk House, Nailsworth. *Dalton, Rev. James Edward, B.D. Seagrave, Loughborough. 1859. {Daly, Ineut.-Colonel H. D. 1859. *Dalzell, Allen, M.D. The University, Edinburgh. 1862. 1859. 1847, 1849, 1859. 1861. re John, M.D. Holm of Drumlanrig, Thornhill, Dumfries- shire, {Danby, T. W. Downing College, Cambridge. }Danceer, J. B., F.R.A.S, Old Manor House, Ardwick, Manchester, Daniel, Henry, M.D. t{ Danson, John Towne. *Danson, Joseph, F.C.S. 6 Shaw-street, Liverpool. Danson, William. 6 Shaw-street, Liverpool. §Darbishire, Charles James. Rivington, near Chorley, Lancashire. *Darbishire, Robert Dukinfield, B.A., F.G.S. 21 Brown-street, Man- chester. *Darbishire, Samuel D. Pendyfiryn, near Conway. ——-- LIST OF. MEMBERS. 19 Year of Election. 1852. {Darby, Rev. Jonathan L. Darwin, Charles R., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8. Down, near Brom- ley, Kent. 1854, {Dashwood, Charles. 1848, §Da Silva, Johnson. Burntwood, Wandsworth Common. *Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., M.R.LA., V.P.C.S., Professor of Botany in the University of . Oxford. Oxford. 1859. {Daun, Robert, M.D., F.G.S., Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals. : The Priory, Aberdeen. Davey, Richard, M.P., F.G.S. Redruth, Cornwall. 1859. {Davidson, Charles. Grove House, Auchmull, Aberdeen. 1859, {Davidson, Patrick. Inchmarlo, near Aberdeen. 1847. { Davidson, Rev. Samuel, LL.D. 1863. {Davies, Griffith. 17 Cloudesley-street, Islington, London, N. Davies, John Birt, M.D. The Laurels, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 1842. Davies, Dr. Thomas. Chester. 1864. §Davis, Charles E., F.S.A. 55 Pulteney-street, Bath. Davis, Rey. David, B.A. Lancaster. 1856, *Davis, Sir John Francis, Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. Hollywood, Compton Greenfield, near Bristol. 1859. {Davis, J. Barnard, M.D., F.S.A. Shelton, Staffordshire, 1859. *Davis, Richard, F.L.S. 9 St. Helen’s-place, London, F.C. 1863. *Davison, Joseph. Greencroft, Durham. 1864. §Davison, Richard. Great Driffield, Yorkshire. 1857. {Davy, Edmund W., M.D. Kimmage Lodge, Roundtown, near Dublin. 1860. §Davy, John, M.D., F.R.S. L. & E. Lesketh How, near Ambleside, 1854. *Dawbarn, William. Wisbeach, Cambridgéshire, 1859. {Dawes, Captain (Adjutant R.A. Highlanders). Dawes, John Samuel, F.G.S. Smethwick House, near Birmingham. 1860. *Dawes, John T., jun. Smethwick House, near Birmingham. *Dawes, Rey. William Rutter, F.R.A.S. Haddenham, near Thame, Oxon. 1864, {Dawkins, W. Boyd, B.A. 2 Bexley-road, Belvedere, Kent. *Dawson, Christopher H. Low Moor, Bradford, Yorkshire. 1865. {Dawson, George, M.A. Shenstone, Lichfield. *Dawson, Henry. 14 St. James’s-road, Liverpool. 1855, {Dawson, J. W.,LL.D., F.R.S., Principal of College, Montreal, Canada. Dawson, John. Royds Hall, Bradford, Yorkshire. Dawson, Thomas. Glasgow. 1859. *Dawson, William G. Plumstead Common, Kent. 1865. {Day, Edward Charles H. Charmouth, Dorset. 1861. {Deacon, Henry. Runcorn Gap, Cheshire. 1859. {Dean, David. Banchory, Aberdeen, 1861. {Dean, Henry. Colne, Lancashire. 1854, §Deane, Henry, F.L.S. Clapham Common, London, S. *Deane, Sir Thomas. Kingstown, Co. Dublin, 1866, §Debus, H. Queen’s Wood, Hampshire. 1851. {De Grey, The Hon. F. Copdock, Ipswich. *De Grey and Ripon, George Frederick, Earl, F.R.S. 1 Carlton- gardens, London, S.W. 1854, *De la Rue, Warren, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Cranford, Middlesex ; and 110 Bunhill-row, London, F.C. " Denchar, John. Morningside, Edinburgh. 1854. {Denison, The Hon. William, M.P. Grinston, Tadcaster. Denison, Sir William Thomas, Lieut,-Col, R.E., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., Governor of Madras, Madras. 1847. {Dennis, J. C,, ERAS. c2 20 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1859. 1858. 1850. 1854. 1852. 1864, 1863. 1853. 1861. 1848. 1863, 1862. 1848, 1859. 1853. 1854, 1865. 1858, 1861. 1859. 1851. 1860. 1864, 1857. 1851. 1860, 1861. 1857. 1857. 1863, *Dent, Joseph. Ribston Hall, Wetherby. Dent, William Yerbury. Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, S.E. De Saumarez, Rey. Havilland, M.A. St. Peter’s Rectory, North- ampton. De Tabley, George, Lord, F.Z.S. Tabley House, Knutsford, Cheshire. *Devonshire, William, Duke of, K.G., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Devon- shire House, Piccadilly, London, W.; and Chatsworth, Derby- shire. [ {Dewar, Rev. D., D.D., LL.D., Principal of Marischal College, Aber- deen. tDibb, Thomas Townend. Little Woodhouse, Leeds. tDick, Professor William. Veterinary College, Edinburgh. {Dicker, J. R. 29 Exchange-alley North, Liverpool. tDickie, G., M.D., Professor of Natural History in Queen’s College, Belfast. *Dickinson, F. H. Wingweston, Somerton, Taunton. {Dickinson, G. T. Claremont-place, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Dickinson, Joseph, M.D., F.R.S. 92 Bedford-street South, Liverpool. *Dickinson, W. L. 1-St. James’s-street, Manchester. {Dickson, Peter. 28 ee Brook-street, London, W. *Dickson, William, Clerk of the Peace for Northumberland. Alnwick, Northumberland. *Dikes, William Hey, F.G.S. Wakefield. *Dilke, Sir C. Wentworth, Bart., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 76 Sloane- street, London. *Dilke, Charles Wentworth. 76 Sloane Street, London, S.W. eB Lewis Llewelyn, M.P., F.L.S., F.G.S. Parkwern, near Swansea, *Dinele, Rey. J. Lanchester, Durham. Direks, Henry, C.E., F.C.S. 48 Charing Cross, London, W.C. {Dixon, Edward, M.Inst.C.E. Wilton House, Southampton. {Dixon, Hugh. Devonshire House, Birkenhead. t{Dixon, L. Hooton, Cheshire. tDixon, Isaiah. Dixon, Rey. W. H. Bishopthorpe, near York. {Dixon, W. Hepworth, F.S.A., F.R.G.S, Essex-villas, Queen’s-road, St. John’s-wood, London. {Dixon, William Smith. *Dobbin, Leonard, jun., M.R.LA. 27 Gardiner’s-place, Dublin. t{Dobbin, Orlando T., LL.D., M.R.L.A. Ballivor, Kells, Co. Meath. {Dobbs, Archibald Edward. Balliol College, Oxford. *Dobson, William. Oakwood, Bathwick-hill, Bath. Dockray, Benjamin. Lancaster. {Dodds, Thomas W., C.E. Rotherham. *Dodsworth, Benjamin. St. Leonard’s-place, York. *Dodsworth, George. Clifton-grove, near York. Dolphin, John. Delyes House, Berry Edge, near Gateshead. {Domvile, William C., F.Z.8. Thorn-hill, Bray, Dublin. *Donisthorpe, George Edmund. Holly Bank, Moortown, Leeds. {Donkin, William Fishburn, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford. 34 Broad-street, Oxford. {Donnelly, Captain, R.E. South Kensington Museum, London, W. 2 *Donnelly, William, C.B,, Registrar-General for Ireland. Auburn, Malahide, Ireland. tDonovan, M., M.R.LA. Clare-street, Dublin. {Doubleday, Thomas. 25 Ridley-place, Newcastle-upon~Tyne. $ LIST OF MEMBERS. 21 Year of Election. 1863. 1855. 1857. 1865. 1852. 1865. *Doughty, C. Montague. Downing College, Cambridge. Douglas, James. Cavers, Roxburghshire. §Dove, Hector, F.G.8. Rose Cottage, Trinity, near Edinburgh. Downall, Rey. John. Okehampton, Devon. {Downing, S., LL.D., Professor of Civil Engineering in the University of Dublin. Dublin. *Dowson, E. Theodore. Geldestone, near Beccles, Suffolk. {Drennan, Dr. Chichester-street, Belfast. Drennan, William, M.R.I.A. 35 North Cumberland-street, Dublin. tDrew, Robert A. 6 Stanley-place, Duke-street, Broughton, Man- chester. Drummond, David. Stirling. Drummond, H. Home, F.R.S.E. Blair Drummond, Stirling. . {Drummond, James. Greenock. . {Drummond, Robert. 17 Stratton-street, London, W. . *Dry, Thomas. 12 Gloucester-road, Regent’s Park, London. . {Dryden, James. South Benwell, Northumberland. . “Ducie, Henry John Reynolds Moreton, Earl of, F.R.S. 1 Belgrave- square, London, 8. W.; and Tortworth-court, Wotton-under-Edge. . [Duckett, Joseph F. » Duckworth, William. Beechwood, near Southampton. . {Dufferin, The Rt. Hon. Lord. Highgate, London; and Clandeboye, Belfast. . *Duncan, Alexander. Rhode Island, United States. tDuncan, Charles. 52 Union-place, Aberdeen. *Duncan, James, M.D. Farmham House, Finglass, Co. Dublin. *Duncan, James. 9 Mincing-lane, London, H.C. . tDuncan, James. Greenock. tDuncan, John TW. Duncan, J. F., M.D. 19 Gardiner’s-place, Dublin. Duncan, W. Henry, M.D, Liverpool. . | Dundas, Colonel, R.A. Dundas, Major-General Robert. ; Dunlop, Alexander. Clober, Milngayie, near Glasgow. . *Dunlop, William Henry. Annan-hill, Kilmarnock. §Dunn, David. Annet House, Skelmorlie, by Greenock, N.B. §Dunn, Robert, F.R.C.S. 31 Norfolk-street, Strand, London W.C. Dunnington-Jefferson, Rey. Joseph, M.A., F.C.P.S. Thicket Hall, York. {Du Noyer, George V._ 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. *Dunraven, Edwin, Earl of, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Adare Manor, Co. Limerick ; and Dunraven Castle, Glamorganshire. {Duns, Rey. John, I’.R.S.E. Torphichan, Bathgate, N. B. {Dunville, William. Richmond Lodge, Belfast. {Duppa, Duppa. Church Stretton, Shropshire. §Duprey, Perry. Woodbury Down, Stoke Newington, London, N. tDurham, Arthur Edward, F.R.C.8., F.L.S., Demonstrator of Ana- tomy, Guy’s Hospital, London, 8.E. Durnford, Rey. R. Middleton, Lancashire. {Durrant, C. M., M.D. Rushmere, Ipswich. tDwyer, Henry L., M.A., M.B. 67 Upper Sackville-street, Dublin. Dykes, Robert. Kilmorie, Torquay, Devon. . {Eadson, Richard. 13 Hyde-road, Manchester. . tEarle, Rey. A. Rectory, Monkton Farleigh, Bath. Earle, Charles, F.GS. *Tarnshaw, Rev. Samuel, M.A. Broomfield, Sheffield. §Easton, James. Nest House, near Gateshead, Durham 22 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1861. 1858. 1852. 1861. 1855. 1855. 1859. 1855. 1855. 1859. 1854. 1855. 1858. 1863. 1855. 1861. 1864, 1862. 1859. 1857. 1864, 1864. 1864, 1862. 1856. 1863, 1863. 1858. 1866. 1866. 1853. Eaton, Rev. George, M.A. The Pole, Northwich. Ebden, Rey. James Collett, M.A., F.R.A.S., F.C.P.8S, Great Stukeley Vicarage, Huntingdonshire. {Ecroyd, William Farrer. Spring Cottage, near Burnley, *Kddison, Edwin. Headingley-hill, Leeds. *Eddison, Francis. North Laiths, Ollerton, Newark. *Eddy, James R., F.G.S. Carleton Grange, Skipton. Eden, Thomas. Riversdale-road, Aigburth, Liverpool. {Edgar, Rev. —, D.D. University-square, Belfast. tEdge, John William. Percy-street, Hulme, Manchester. *Edgeworth, Michael P., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S. Mastrim House, Anerley, London, 8. t Edington, Thomas. {Edmiston, Robert. Elmbank-crescent, Glasgow. tEdmond, James. Cardens Haugh, Aberdeen. *Edmondston, Rev. John. Edwards, James, B.A. Edwards, John. Halifax. *Edwards, J. Baker, Ph.D, Royal Institution Laboratory, Liverpool. *Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., F.G.8. Oulton Park, Tarporley, Cheshire. Egginton, Samuel Hall. North Ferriby, Yorkshire. *Hisdale, David A., M.A. 58 Dublin-street, Edinburgh. tEleum, Charles Frederick. 3 Crescent-terrace, Cheltenham. tElder, David. 19 Paterson-street, Glasgow. tElder, John, 12 Centre-street, Glasgow. Ellacombe, Rey. H. T., F.S.A. Bilton, near Bristol. {Ellenberger, J. L. Worksop. §Elliot, Robert. Wolflee, Hawick. *Elliot, Sir Walter, F.L.S. Wolflee, Hawick. tElliott, KE. B. Washington, United States. §Elliott, Frederick Henry, M.A. 449 Strand, London, W.C. Elliott, John Foge. Elvet-hill, Durham. tEllis, Henry 8., F.R.A.S. Fair Park, Exeter. tEllis, Hercules. Lisnaroc, Clones, Ireland. *Hilis, Alexander John, B.A., F.R.S. 25 Argyll-road, Kensington, London, W. *Ellis, Joseph. Brighton. §Ellis, J. W. High House, Thornwaite, Ripley, Yorkshire. *Ellis, Rev. Robert, A.M. Grimstone House, near Malton, Yorkshire. Ellman, Jtey, E. B. Berwick Rectory, near Lewes, Sussex. {Elphinstone, H. W., M.A., F.L.8. Cadogan-place, London, 8. W. Eltoft, William, Care of J. Thompson, Esq., 30 New Cannon-street, Manchester. tElwait, Mons., LL.D. {Embleton, Dennis, M.D. Northumberland-street, Newcastle-upon- yne t{Emery, Rev. W., B.D. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. {tEmpson, Christopher. Headingley, near Leeds. §Enfield, Richard. Low Pavement, Nottingham. §Enfield, William. Low Pavement, Nottingham. {English, EdgarWilkins. Yorkshire Banking Company, Lowgate, Hull. Enniskillen, William Willoughby, Earl of, D.C... -R.S., M.R.LA., F.G.S. 32a Mount-street, Grosvenor-square, London,'S. W. ; and Florence Court, Fermanagh, Ireland. *Enys, John Samuel, F.G.S. Enys, Cornwall. “Erle, Rey. Christopher, M.A., F.G.S. Hardwick Rectory, near Aylesbury ¥ LIST OF MEMBERS. 23 Year of Election. 1864, *Eskrigge, R. A. 24 Albany, Old Hall-street, Liverpool. 1862. 1865. 1854, 1849, 1848. 1861. 1865. 1866, 1865. 1854. 1863. 1859. 1855. 1846. 1866. 1849, 1842, 1866. 1865. 1864, 1859. 1861. 1866. 1857. 1859. 1859. 1854. 1863. 1833. 1845. 1864, 1852, 1855, 1859, 1855. 1857. *Esson, William, M.A. Ness House, Cheltenham. Estcourt, Rev. W. J. B. Long Newton, Tetbury. Eustace, John, M.D, *Evans, Rey. Charles, M.A. King Edward’s School, New-street, Birmingham, tEvans, Edward. Rock lerry, Liverpool. *Hyans, George Fabian, M.D. Waterloo-street, Birmingham. perany | Griffith F. D., M.D. Trewern, near Welshpool, Montgomery- shire. *Fyans, John, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.8. Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead. §Evans, Sebastian, M.A. Highgate, near Birmingham. §Eyans, Thomas. Belper, Derbyshire. *Hyans, William. Chad-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Eyanson, R, T., M.D. Holme Hurst, Torquay. tEverest, A. M. Robert. 11 Reform Club, London, 8.W, *Everitt, George Allen, F.R.G.S., Belgian Consul. Birmingham. Ewart, William, 6 Cambridge-square, Hyde Park, London, W.; and Broadlands, Devizes. *Ewing, Archibald Orr. Clermont House, Glasgow. *Ewing, William. 209 Brandon-place, West George-street, Glasgow. *Eyre, George Edward, F.G.8., F.R.G.S. 59 Lowndes-square, Knightsbridge, London ; and Warren’s, near Lyndhurst, Hants. §Eyre, Major-General. Athenzeum Club, Pall Mall, London, 8.W. Eyton, Charles, Hendred House, Abingdon. tEyton, T. C. Eyton, near Wellington, Salop. Fairbairn, Thomas. Manchester. *Fairbairn, William, C.E., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. Manchester. § Fairbank, F. R., M.A. St. Mary’s-terrace, Hulme, Manchester. {Fairley, Thomas. Medical School, Leeds. {Fallmer, F. H. Lyncombe, Bath. Fannin, John, M.A. 41 Grafton-street, Dublin. *Faraday, Michael, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Fullerian Pro- fessor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution of Great Britain. 21 Albemarle-street, London, W. {Farquharson, Robert O. Houghton, Aberdeen. §Farr, William, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Statis- tical Department General Registry Office, London. Southlands, Bickley, Kent. *Farrar, Rey. Frederick William, M.A., F.R.S. Harrow. {Farrelly, Rev. Thomas. Royal College, Maynooth. *Faullmer, Charles, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Museum, Deddington, Oxon. *Fawcett, Henry, M.P., Professor of Political Economy in the Uniyer- sity of Cambridge. Trinity Hall, Cambridge. {Faweett, John. {Faweus, George. Alma-place, North Shields. Fearon, John Peter. Cuckfield, Sussex. {Felkin, William, F.L.S. The Park, Nottingham. Fell, John B. Ulverston, Lancashire. §Fellowes, Frank P. 8 The Green, Hampstead, London, N.W. {Fenton, Samuel Greame. 9 College-square, Belfast; and Keswick, near Belfast. {Ferguson, James. Gas Coal-works, Lesmahago, Glasgow. {Ferguson, John. Cove, Nigg, Inverness. {Ferguson, Peter. fFerguson, Samuel. 20 North Great George-street, Dublin. 24 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1854, {Ferguson, William, F.L.S., F.G.S. 2 St. Aiden’s-terrace, Birken- head. 1863. *Fernie, John. Clarence Iron Works, Leeds. Ferrall, J. M., M.D., MR.LA. 35 Rutland-square, Dublin. 1862. {Ferrers, Rev. N. M., M.A. Caius College, Cambridge. Ferrier, Alexander James. 69 Leeson-street, Dublin. Field, Edwin W. 36 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, W.C. Fielding, G. H., M.D. Tunbridge, Kent. 1854, {Fielding, James. Mearclough Mill, Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax. 1855, 1855. 1856. 1866, . {Finch, Frederick, George, B.A., F.G.S. Blackheath Park, London. Finch, John. Bridge Work, Chepstow. Finch, John, jun. Bridge Work, Chepstow. . [Findlay, Alexander George, F.R.G.S. 53 Fleet-street, London, E.C.; and Hayes, Kent. . {Finney, Samuel. Sheriff-hill Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Firth, Thomas. Northwick. . {Fischel, Rev. Arnold, D.D. : . *Fischer, William L. F., M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews, Scotland. . {Fishbourne, Captain E. G., R.N., F.R.G.S. 6 Welamere-terrace, Paddington, London, W. 4 Fisher, Rey. John Hutton, M.A., F.G.8., F.C.P.8. Kirkby Lons- dale, Westmoreland. . {Fishwick, Captain Henry. Carr-hill, Rochdale. . {Fitzgerald, The Right Hon. Lord Otho. 13 Dominick-street, Dublin. . [Pitzpatrick, Thomas, M.D. 31 Lower Bagot-street, Dublin. Fitzwilliam, Hon. George Wentworth, M.P., F.R.G.S. 19 Grosve- nor-square, London, 8. W.; and Wentworth House, Rotherham. . {Fleetwood, D. J. 45 George Street, St. Paul’s, Birmingham. Fleetwood, Sir Peter Hesketh, Bart. Rossall Hall, Fleetwood, Lancashire. . {Fleming, Professor Alexander, M.D. 20 weg Row, Birmingham. Fleming, Christopher, M.D. Merrion-square North, Dublin. Fleming, John, M.A. . {leming, John. Fleming, John G., M.D. 155 Bath-street, Glasgow. *Fleming, William, M.D. Rowton Grange, near Chester. Fletcher, Edward. 4 India-buildings, Liverpool. . {Fletcher, Isaac, F.R.S., F-R.A.S. Tarn Bank, Workington. Fletcher, T. B. E., M.D. 7 Waterloo-street, Birmingham. Flood, Rev. James Charles. . {Flower, William Henry, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.C.S. Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn-fields, London, W.C. . §Flowers, J. W. Park Hill, Croydon, Surrey. . *Forbes, David, F.R.S., F.G.8. 12 York-place, Portman-square, London, W. Forbes, George, F. RSL. *Forbes, James David, LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S., Principal of the United Colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonards, St. An- drews. Pitlochrie. {Forbes, Rey. John. Symington Manse, Biggar, Scotland. {¥Forbes, Rey. John, D.D. 150 West Regent-street, Glasgow. Forbes, Sir John Stuart, Bart., F.R.S.E. Fettercairne House, Kin- cardineshire. {Forbes, Colonel Jonathan. 12 Lansdowne-terrace, Cheltenham, Ford, H. R. Morecombe Lodge, Yealand Congers, Lancashire. §Ford, William. Hartsdown Villa, Kensington Park Gardens East, London, W. LIST OF MEMBERS. 25 Year of Election. 1849, 1858. 1854. 1865. 1865. 1845. 1857. 1845. 1859. 1859. 1863. 1859. 1842. 1866. 1856. 1859, 1842, 1860. 1866, 1848. 1846, *Forrest, William Hutton. Stirling. *Forster, Thomas Emerson. 7 Ellison-place, Neweastle-upon-Tyne. *Forster, William. SBallynure, Clones, Ireland. tForster, William Edward. Burley, Otley, near Leeds. *Fort, Richard, F.G.S. Read Hall, Whalley, Lancashire. §Foster, Balthazar W., M.D., F.L.S. 4 Old Square, Birmingham, *Foster, Clement Le Neve, D.S8ec., F.G.8. Royal Institution, Truro. {Foster, Ebenezer. The Elms, Cambridge. *Foster, George C., B.A., F.C.S., Professor of Experimental Physics in University College, London, W.C. *Foster, Rey. John, M.A. The Oaks Parsonage, Loughborough, Lei- cestershire. tFoster, John N. St. Andrews, Biggleswade. *Foster, Michael, M.D. University College, London, W.C. §Foster, pes Le Neve, M.A. Society of Arts, Adelphi, London, W.C tFoster, Robert. 380 Rye-hill, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. *Foster, 8. Lloyd. Old Park Hall, Walsall, Staffordshire. Fothergill, Benjamin. §Fowler, George. Ashby. {Fowler, Rev. Hugh, M.A. Colleve-gardens, Gloucester. tFowler, Rey. J. C., LL.D., F.A.S. Scotl. The Manse, Ratho, by Edinburgh. *Fowler, Robert. Rahinstown, Co. Meath, Ireland. Fox, Alfred. Falmouth. *Fox, Charles. Trebah, Falmouth. *Fox, Rev. Edward, M.A. The Vicarage, Romford, Essex. *Fox, Joseph Hayland. Wellington, Somerset. tFox, Joseph John. Church-row, Stoke Newington, London, N. *Fox, Robert Barclay. Falmouth. Fox, Robert Were, F.R.S. Falmouth. *Francis, G. B. London. _ {Francis, George Grant, F.S.A. Burrows Lodge, Swansea. Francis, William, Ph.D., F.LS., F.G.8., F-R.A.S. Red Lion-court, Fleet-street, London, E.C.; and 1 Matson Villas, Marsh-gate, Richmond, Surrey. {Frankland, Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. 42 Park- road, St. John’s Park, Haverstock-hill, London, N.W. *Frankland, Rey. Marmaduke Charles. Chowhbent, near Manchester, Franks, Rev. J. C., M.A. Whittlesea, near Peterborough. . {Fraser, George B. Dundee. Fraser, James. 25 Westland-row, Dublin. Fraser, James William. 8A Kensington Palace-gardens, London, WW: . *Fraser, John, M.A., M.D. 380 Darlington-street, Wolverhampton. . *Frazer, Daniel. 113 Buchanan-street, Glasgow. . {Freeborn, Richard Fernandez. 38 Broad-street, Oxford. . *Freeland, Humphrey William, F.G.S. The Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, London. . §Freeman, James. 15 Francis-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. . {Frere, Captain, R.A. Frere, George Edward, F.R.S. Royden Hall, Diss, Norfolk. . *Frerichs, John Andrew. 1 Keynsham Bark, Cheltenham. Fripp, George D., M.D. . *Frith, Richard Hastings, C.E. 51 Leinster-road, Rathmines, Dublin. . *Frith, William. Burley Wood, near Leeds. 26 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1847, 1860. 1865. 1859. 1852. 1864, 1854. 1857. 1863. 1850, 1861. 1863. 1861. 1859. 1861. 1860. 1860. 1842. 1862. 1865. 1842. 1852. 1854. 1847. 1842. 1846. 1862. 1859. 1854. 1855. 1855. 1854, 1856. 1863. 1865. Frost, Charles, F.S.A. Hull. tFrost, William, F.R.A.S. Wentworth Lodge, Upper Tulse-street. *Froude, William. Emsleigh Paignton, Torquay. Fry, Francis. Cotham, Bristol. Fry, Richard, Cotham, Bristol. Fry, Robert. Tockington, Gloucestershire. tFryar, Mark. Maton Moor Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Fullarton, Allan. 19 Woodside-place, Glasgow. {Fuller, Frederick, M.A., Professor of Mathematics in University and King’s College, Aberdeen. {Furguson, Professor John C., M.A., M.B. Queen’s College, Belfast. Furlong, Rev. Thomas, M.A. 10 Sydney-place, Bath. *Furneaux, Rey. A. St. Germain’s Parsonage, Cornwall. *Gadesden, Augustus William, F.S.A. Leigh House, Lower Tooting, Surrey. tGage, M. ve CE. tGages, Alphonse, M.R.I.A. Museum of Irish Industry, Dublin. *Gainsford, W. D. Darnall Hall, Sheffield. tGairdner, W. F., M.D. 18 Hill-street, Edinburgh. {Galbraith, Andrew. Glasgow. Galbraith, Rey. J. A. M.R.LA. Trinity College, Dublin. §Gale, Samuel, F.C.S. 338 Oxford-street, London, W. tGalloway, Charles John. Knott Mill Iron Works, Manchester. { Galloway, James. Calcutta. {Galloway, John, jun. Knott Mill Iron Works, Manchester. Galloway, 8. H. Linhbach, Austria. *Galton, Captain Douglas, C.B., R.E., F.R.8., F.G.8., F.R.G.S. 12 Chester-street, Grosvenor-place, London, 8. W. *Galton, Francis, F.R.S., F.G.8., F.R.G.S. (General Secretary.) 42 Rutland-gate, Knightsbridge, London, 8.W. Gardiner, Lot. Bradford, Yorkshire. §Garner, Robert, F.L.S. Stoke-upon-Trent, tGarner, Mrs. Robert. Stolke-upon-Trent. Garnett, Jeremiah. Warren-street, Manchester. {Garret, James R. Holywood, Belfast. TGarston, Edgar. Aigburth, Liverpool. *Gaskell, Samuel. 19 Whitehall-place, London, 8. W. Gaskell, Rev. William, M.A. Plymouth-groye, Manchester. §Gassiot, John Peter, F.C.S., F.R.S, Clapham Common, London, 8. *Gatty, Charles Henry, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8. Felbridge Park, Hast Grinsted, Sussex. t{Geddes, William D., Professor of Greek, King’s College, Old Aber- deen. tGee, Robert, M.D. Oxford-street, Liverpool. tGemmell, Andrew. 38 Queen-street, Glasgow. t{Gemmell, Thomas. 12 Elmbank-crescent, Glasgow. §Gerard, Henry. 13 Rumford-place, Liverpool. *Gething, George Barkley. Springfield, Newport, Monmouthshire. Gibb, Duncan. Strand-street, Liverpool. *Gibb, Sir George Duncan, Bart., M.D., M.A., LL.D., F.G.8, 1 Bryan- ston street, Portman-square, London; and Falkland, Fife. Gibbins, Joseph. Birmingham. Gibbins, Thomas. Birmingham. {Gibbins, William. Battery Works, Digbeth, Birmingham. Gibson, Edward. Hull. “Gibson, George Stacey. Saffron Walden. LIST OF MEMBERS. 27 Year of Election. 1852. 1859. 1849, 1842. 1861. 1857, 1859, 1864. 1850. 1854. 1849, 1861. 1850, 1849, 1861. 1852. 1861. 1853. 1859, 1852. 1846. 1842, 1857. 1852. 1842. 1865. 1859. 1857. 1865, 1849. 1857. 1854. 1861. 1848. 1852. 18950. Gibson, James. {Gibson, William Sidney, M.A., F.S.A., FG.S. Tynemouth. {Gifford, Rey. E. H. Birmingham. Gilbert, Dr. Joseph Henry, F.R.S., F.C.8. Harpenden, near St. bans. *Gilbert, James Montgomery. Bowdon, Cheshire. tGilbert, J. T., MMR.LA. Blackrock, Dublin. *Gilchrist, James, M.D. Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries. Gilderdale, Rev. John, M.A, Walthamstow, Essex. Giles, Rey. William. Netherleigh House, near Chester. §Gill, Thomas. (Local Treaswrer.) 4 Sydney-place, Bath. tGillespie, Alexander, M.D, Edinburgh. TtGillis, F. L. tGilpin, Benjamin. Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Gilroy, George. Hindley House, Wigan. *Gladstone, George, F.C.S. Clapham Common, London, 8. *Gladstone, John Hall, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S, 17 Pembridge-square, Hyde Park, London, W. *Gladstone, Murray. Broughton, Manchester. { Gladstone, Thomas Murray. *Glaisher, James, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. 1 Dartmouth-place, Blackheath, K ent. tGleadon, Thomas Ward. Moira-buildings, Hull. {Glennie, J. 8. Stuart. 6 Stone-buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, London. Glover, George. Ranelagh-road, Pimlico, London. {Godwin, John. Wood House, Rostrevor, Belfast. {Godwin-Austen, Robert A.C., B.A.,F.R.S.,F.G.8, Chilworth Manor, Guildford. Goldsmid, Sir Francis Henry, Bart., M.P. St. John’s Lodge, Regent's Park, London, N.W. Gooch, Thomas L. tGood, John. 50 City Quay, Dublin. tGoodbody, Jonathan. Clare, King’s County, Ireland. *Goodman, John, M.D. The Promenade, Southport. tGoodman, J. D. Minories, Birminham. Goodwin, Very Rey. Harvey, D.D., F.C.P.S., Dean of Ely. Caius College, Cambridge. tGordon, H. G. *Gordon, Rev. James Crawford, M.A, Delamont, Downpatrick, Downshire. tGordon, Samuel, M.D. 11 Hume-street, Dublin. {Gore, George, F.R.S. 50 Islington-row, Edgbaston, Birmingham. *Gotch, Rey. Frederick William, LL.D. Stokes Croft, Bristol. *Gotch, Thomas Henry. Kettering. {Gough, The Hon. Frederick. Perry Hall, Birmingham. Gough, The Hon. G. 8. Rathronan House, Clonmel. Gould, John, F.R.S., F.LS., F.R.G.8., F.Z.8. 26 Charlotte-street, Bedford-square, London, W.C. tGourley, Daniel De la C., M.D. Gowland, James. London-wall, London, E.C. {Grafton, Frederick W. Park-road, Whalley Range, Manchester. tGraham, John B. Graham, Lieutenant David. Mecklewood, Stirlingshire. *Graham, Thomas, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.L. & E., F.G.8., V.P.GS., Master of the Mint. 4 Gordon-square, London, W.C. *Grainger, John. Rose Villa, Belfast. Grainger, Richard. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. { Grainger, Thomas, 28 LIST OF MEMBERS, Year of Election. 1859. 1855. 1854. 1864. 1854, tGrant, Hon. James. Cluny Cottage, Forres. §Grant, Robert, M.A., F.R.A.S., Regius Professor of Astronomy in the University of Glasgow. The Observatory, Glasgow. tGrantham, John, CLE. {Grantham, Richard F. 7 Great Scotland-yard, London, 8.W. {Grantham, R. B. 7 Great Scotland-yard, London. Granville, Augustus Bozzi, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA. 5 Corn- wall-terrace, Warwick-square, Pimlico, London, 8.W. . TGravatt, William, F.R.S. 15 Park-street, Westminster. *Grayes, Rev. Richard Hastings, D.D. Brigown Glebe, Michelstown, Co. Cork. . *Gray, Rev. Charles. Trinity College, Cambridge. . [Gray, Charles. Swan-bank, Bilston. . {Gray, Sir John, M.D. Rathgar, Dublin. *Gray, John. Greenock. *Gray, John Edward, Ph.D., F.R.S., Keeper of the Zoological Col- lections of the British Museum. British Museum. . tGray, Jonathan. Summerhill-house, Bath. . tGray, Rev. J. H. Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire. *Gray, William, F.G.S. (Local Treasurer.) Minster Yard, York. . *Gray, W., M.P. Darcey Lever Hall, Bolton. » *Grazebrook, Henry, jun. Clent Grove, near Stourbidge, Worcester- shire. . §Greaves, Charles A. 13 Wardwicke, Derby. Green, Rev. Henry, M.A. Heathfield, Knutsford, Cheshire. *Greenaway, Edward. 16 Lansdowne-crescent, Nottine-hill, London, . *Greenhalgh, Thomas. Astley House, Sharples, near Bolton-le-Moors. . tGreenwell, G. E. Poynton, Cheshire. 1862. §Greenwood, Henry. Huyton Park, Huxton, near Liverpool. 1849. {Greenwood, William. Stones, Todmorden. 1861. *Greg, Robert Philips, F.G.S. (Local Treasurer.) Outwood Lodge, near Manchester. Gregg, T. H. 22 Ironmonger-lane, Cheapside. 1860. {Gregor, Rey. Walter, M.A. Pitsligo, Rosehearty, Aberdeenshire. 1861. §Gregson, Samuel Leigh. Aigburth, near Liverpool. 1859. 1847. 1842. 1864. Gresham, Thomas M. Raheny, Dublin. *Greswell, Rev. Richard, B.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. St. Giles’s-street, Oxford. Greville, R. K., LL.D., F.R.S.E. Edinburgh. Grey, Captain The Hon. Frederick William. Howick, Northumberland. . §Grey, Rev. W. H. C. Nottingham. . {Grey, W. 8. Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. . {Grierson, Thomas Boyle. Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. . LGriffin, Charles. *Griftin, John Joseph, F.C.S. Garrick-street, London, W.C. Griffin, S. FF. Griffith, Rev. C. T., D.D. Elm, near Frome, Somerset. *Griffith, George, M.A., F.C.8. (Assistant General Secretary.) 1 Woodside, Harrow. Griffith, George R. Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin. *Griffith, Sir Richard, Bart., LL.D., F.R.S.E., M.R.LA., F.G.8. 2 Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin. {Griffith, Thomas. Bradford-street, Birmingham. Griffith, Walter H., M.A. Dublin. Griffiths, Rev. John, M.A. 63 St. Giles’s, Oxford. Grimshaw, Samuel, M.A. Errwod, Buxton. pili ea Charles Ottley. Southwell Cottage, Kingsdown, ristol. LIST OF MEMBERS. 29 Year of Election. 1849. 1865. 1857. 1842. 1856. 1862. 1866. 1860, 1850. 1864. 1857, 1865. 1865. 1866. 1862, 1866. 1842, 1848. 1845. 1854. 1859. 1863. 1866. 1860. 1861. 1857. 1858. 1846. 1866. 1857. 1865. 1840. 1864. 1851. Grove, William Robert, Q.C., M.A., Ph.D., (Present), F.R.S. 46 Upper Havley-street, W; and 4 Hare-court, Temple, London. tGrover, Rev. H. M. §Groves, Thomas B. 80 St. Mary’s-street, Weymouth, Dorset. {Grubb, Thomas, F.R.S., M.R.L.A. Bank of Ireland, Dublin. Guest, Edwin, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.R.A.S., Master of Caius College, Cambridge. Caius Lodge, Cambridge; and Sand- ford-park, Oxfordshire. Guinness, Henry. 17 College Green, Dublin. Guinness, Richard Seymour. 17 College Green, Dublin. *Guise, Sir William Vernon, Bart., F.G.S., F.L.S. Elmore-court, near Gloucester. tGunn, Rev. John, M.A. Irstedd Rectory, Norwich. §Giinther, Albert, M.D., F.R.S. British Museum, London, W.C. *Gummey, Samuel, M.P., F.R.G.S. 20 Hanovyer-square, London, W. *Gutch, John James. 88 Micklegate, York. { Guthrie, Frederick. §Guyon, George. South Cliff Cottage, Ventnor, Isle of Wight. {Gwynne, Rey. John. St. Columba’s College, Dublin. Hackett, Michael. Brooklawn, Chapelizod, Dublin. §Hackney, William. 3 Great George-street, Westminster. Hackworth, Timothy. Darlington. §Haden, W. H. Cawney Bank Cottage, Dudley. *Haddon, Frederick. The Park, Nottingham. tHaddon, Frederick William, Assistant-Secretary to the Statistical Society of London. 12 St. James’s-square, London, 8.W. §Haddon, Henry. Lenton Field, Nottingham. Haden, G. N. Trowbridge, Wiltshire. Hadfield, George, M.P. Victoria-park, Manchester. tHadland, William Jenkins. Banbury, Oxfordshire. *Hailstone, Edward, F.S.A. Horton Hall, Bradford, Yorkshire. Halifax, The Right Hon. Viscount. 10 Belgrave-square, London, S.W. ; and Hickleston Hall, Doncaster. tHall, Elias. Castleton, Derbyshire. *Hall, Hugh Fergus. 17 Dale-street, Liverpool. tHall, John Frederic. Ellerker House, Richmond, Surrey. Hall, John R. Sutton, Surrey. tHall, Thomas Y. Eldon-square, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Hall, T. B. Coggeshall, Essex. §Hall, Rey. Townshend M. Pilton Vicarage, Barnstaple. §Hall, Walter. 10 Pier-road, Erith. Halliday, A. H., M.A., F.L.8., M.R.LA. Carnmoney, Antrim, Ireland. tHalliday, James. Whalley Court, Whalley Range, Manchester. tHalpin, George, C.E. Rathgar, near Dublin. Halsall, Edward. Bristol. Halswell, Edmund S., M.A. *Hambly, Charles Hambly Burbridge, F.G.S. 96 London-road, Lei- cester. {Hambrough, A. J. §Hamilton, Archibald. Southborough, Bromley, Kent. tHamilton, Charles W. 40 Dominick-street, Dublin. §Hamilton, Gilbert. Leicester House, Leamington. Hamilton, The Very Rey. Henry Parr, Dean of Salisbury, M.A., E.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Salisbury. *Hamilton, Mathie, M.D. 22 Warwick-street, Glasgow. {Hamilton, Rey. S. R., M.A. Hinton Lodge, Bournemouth. f{Hammond, C. C. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich. 30 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1863. 1852. 1863. 1850. 1861. 1857. 1847. 1865. 1859. 1853. 1845 1863 1862 1860. 1864, 1858 1853. 1863 1849, . say Albany, F.L.S. 4 St. Mary’s-terrace, Newcastle-upon- e {Henna Charles Brownlow. ; tHancock, John. 4 St. Mary’s-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. {tHancock, John. Manor House, Lurgan, Co, Armagh. tHancock, Walker. 10 Upper Chadwell-street, Pentonville, London. tHancock, William J. 74 Lower Gardiner-street, Dublin. tHancock, W. Nelson, LL.D. 74 Lower Gardiner-street, Dublin. tHands, M. Coventry. Handyside, P. D., M.D., F.R.S.E. 11 Hope-street, Edinburgh. {Hannay, John. Montcoffer House, Aberdeen. tHansell, Thomas T. 2 Charlotte-street, Sculcoates, Hull. *Harcourt, A. Vernon, M.A., F.C.S. Christ Church, Oxford. Harcourt, Rey. C. G. Vernon, M.A. Rothbury, Northumberland. Harcourt, Egerton V. Vernon, M.A., F.G.S. Whitwell Hall, York- shire. *Harcourt, Rey. WilliamV. Vernon, M.A., F.R.S.,F.G.8., Hon, MAR.LA. Nuneham Park, Oxford. . {Harding, Charles. Tamworth. . {Harding, Charles. Harborne Heath, Birmingham. . §Hardwicke, Robert, F.L.8. 192 Piccadilly, London, W. . *Hardy, Charles. Odsall House, Bradford, Yorkshire. *Hare, Charles John, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine in Uni- versity College, London. 41 Brook-street, Grosyenor-square, London, 8. W. Hare, Samuel. 9 Langham-place, London, W. Harford, Summers. Reform Club, London, 8.W. . {Harerave, James. Burley, near Leeds. . §Harkness, Robert, F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in Queen’s College, Cork. Harkworth, Timothy. Soho Shilden, Darlington. . *Harley, George, M.D., F.C.S., Professor of Practical Physiology and Histology in University College, London, W.C. *Harley, John. Ross Hall, near Shrewsbury. . *Harley, Rev. Robert, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Professor of Mathematics and Logie in Airedale College, Bradford. The Manse, Brighouse, Yorkshire. . {Harman, H. W., C.E. 16 Booth-street, Manchester. *Harris, Alfred. Ryshwall Hall, near Bingley, Yorkshire. *Harris, Alfred, jun. Bradford, Yorkshire. . {Harvis, Charles. 6 Somerset-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Harris, The Hon. and Rey. Charles, F.G.S. Bremhill, Chippenham, Wiltshire. . *Harris, George William. *Harris, Henry. Heaton Hall, near Bradford. tHarris, Henry H. Cambridge. tHarris, T. W. Grange, Middleshorough-on-Tees, tHarris, William Harry, F.C.S. 38 Gold-street, Northampton. . tHarrison, Rey. Francis, M.A. Oriel College, Oxford. §Harrison, George. Barnsley. *Harrison, James Park, M.A. Garlands, Hwhurst, Surrey. tHarrison, Robert. 36 George-street, Hull. tHarrison, T. E. Engineers’ Office, Central Station, Newcastle-on- e. iGaescon, William, F.\S.A., F.G.S. Galligreaves Hall, near Black- burn, Lancashire. {Harrowby, The Earl of, K.G.,D.C.L., F.R.S.,F.R.G.S. 39 Grosvenor- square, London, 8.W.; and Sandon Hall, Lichfield. LIST OF MEMBERS. 31 Year of Election. 1859. *Hart, Charles. 54 Wych-street, Strand, London, W.C. 1861. *Harter, J. Collier. Chapel Walks, Manchester. 1842. *Harter, William. Hope Hall, Manchester. 1856, 1854, 1850. 1862. 1855. 1842. 1865. 1857. 1857. 1856. 1847. 1851. 1864. 1853. 1863. 1859. 1861. 1858. 1857. 1856. 1858. 1851. 1861. 1863. 1854. 1861. 1865. 1866. 1854. 1863. 1861. 1865. 1858. 1865. tHartland, F. Dixon, F.S.A., F.R.G.8. The Oaklands, near Chel- tenham. Hartley, James. Sunderland. Hartley, J. B. Bootle, near Liverpool. Hartnell, Aaron. Hartnell, M. A., B.A. §Hartnup, John, F.R.A.S. Liverpool Observatory,Bidston, Birkenhead. tHarvey, Alexander. 4 South Wellington-place, Glasgow. *Harvey, Joseph Charles. Cork. Harvey, J. R., M.D. St. Patrick’s-place, Cork. *Harwood, John, jun. Mayfield, Bolton-le-moors. {Hassall, Arthur Hill. 8 Bennett-street, St. James’s, London, 8.W. Hastings, Rev. H.S. Martley Rectory, Worcester. *Hatton, James. Richmond House, Higher Broughton, Manchester. §Hatton, James W. Old Lodge, Old Trafford, Manchester. Haughton, James, M.R.D.S. 34 Eccles-street, Dublin. {Haughton, Rey. Samuel, M.D., M.A., F.R.S., M.R.LA., F.G.S., Pro- a of Geology in the University of Dublin. Trinity College, Dublin. {Haughton, 8. Wilfred. Grand Canal-street, Dublin. *Haughton, William. 28 City Quay, Dublin. {Haville, Henry. t{Hawkins, Rev. Edward, D.D., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford. Hawkins, John Heywood, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S.. Bignor Park, Pet- worth, Sussex. Hawkins, John Isaac, C.E. * Hawkins, Thomas, F.GS. t Hawkins, W. W. *Hawkshaw, John, F.R.S., F.G.S. 43 Eaton-place, London, S.W. *Hawkshaw, John Clark, B.A., F.G.S. 48 Katon-place, London. {Haworth, Benjamin, J.P. Hull Bank House, near Hull. *Hawthorn, Robert, C.E. Newcastle-wpon-Tyne. t{Hawthorn, William. The Cottage, Benwell, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. tHay, Sir Andrew Leith, Bart. Rannes, Aberdeenshire. *Hay, Sir John D. United Service Club, London, S.W. tHay, Samuel. Albion-place, Leeds. t{Hayden, Thomas, M.D. 80 Harcourt-street, Dublin. tHayward, J. Curtis. Quedgeley, near Gloucester. *Hayward, Robert Baldwin, M.A. Harrow-on-the-hill. tHead, Jeremiah. Woodbridge-road, Ipswich. *Heald, James. Parr’s Wood, Didsbury, near Manchester. tHeald, Joseph. 22 Leazes-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. tHealey, Elkanah. Gateacre, Liverpool. *Heape, Benjamin. Northwood, near Manchester. - §Hearder, William. Torquay. §Heath, Rev. D. J. Esher, Surrey. t{ Heath, Edward. {Heath, G. Y., M.D. Westgate-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Heath, John. 11 Albemarle-street, London, W. §Heathfield, W. E., F.C.S., F.R.G.8S. 20 King-street, St. James’s, London, 8. W. §Heaton, Harry. Warstone, Birmingham. *Heaton, John Deakin, M.D. Claremont, Leeds. {Heaton, Ralph. Harborne Lodge, near Birmingham. 32 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1863. 1855. 1863. 1854. 1862. 1857. 1845. 1866. 1856, 1857. 1855. 1855, 1856. 1864. 1852. 1866. 1861. 1851. 1865, 1863. 1852. 1866. 1866. 1861. 1861. 1854, 1864. 1854. 1861. 1866. 1861. 1854. 1861. 1854. 1842, tHeckels, Richard. Pensher, near Fencehouses, Durham. {Hector, James, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Geological Survey of Otago. New Zealand. tHedley, Thomas. Cox Lodge, near Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Heelis, Thomas. Princes-street, Manchester. tHeldenmaier, B., Ph.D. Worksop, Notts. tHelm, George F. 58 Trumpington-street, Cambridge. *“Hemans, George William, C.E., M.R.LA.. 32 Leinster-gardens, Hyde Park, London, W. {Henderson, Andrew. 120 Gloucester-place, Portman-square, London, §Henderson, James, jun. Dundee. {Hennessy, Henry G., F.R.S., M.R.LA., F.R.G.S. Wynnefield, Rath- gar, Co. Dublin. | tHennessy, John Pope. Inner Temple, London, E.C. Henry, Franklin. Portland-street, Manchester. Henry, J. Snowdon. East Dene, Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. Henry, Mitchell. Stratheden House, Hyde Park, London, W. *Henry, William Charles, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. Haffield, near Led- bury, Herefordshire. Henwood, William Jory, F.R.S., F.G.S. 3 Clarence-place, Penzance. *Hepburn, J. Gotch. Clapham Common, Surrey, S. tHepburn, Robert. Portland-place, London, W. Hepburn, Thomas. Clapham, London. Hepworth, John Mason. Ackworth, Yorkshire. tHepworth, Rey. Robert. 2 St. James’s-square, Cheltenham. §Herapath, William Bird, M.D., F.R.S.L.& E. Old Market-street, Bristol. *Herbert, Thomas. Nottingham. {Herdman, John. 9 Wellington-place, Belfast. §Herrick, Perry. Bean Manor Park, Loughborough. Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, Bart., K.H., M.A., D.C.L., FBS. L. & E., Hon. M.R.LA., F.G.S., F-R.A.S. Collingwood, near Hawkhurst, Kent. tHertz, James. Sedgley-park, Prestwich, near Manchester. tHervey, The Rey. Lord Arthur. Ickworth, Suffolk. tHeslop, Dr. Birmingham. tHeslop, J oseph. Pilgrim-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. tHewitson, William C. Oatlands, Surrey. Hey, Rey. William, M.A., F.C.P.S. Clifton, York. *Heymann, Albert. West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire. §Heymann, L. West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire. *Heywood, Arthur Henry. Sedgley-park, Manchester. *Heywood, James, F.R.S.,F.G.S.,F.S.A.,F.R.G.S. 26 Palace-gardens, Kensington, London, W. *Heywood, Oliver. Acresfield, Manchester. *Heywood, Robert. The Pike, Bolton. Heywood, Thomas Percival. Claremont, Manchester. Heyworth, Captain L., jun. *Hiern, W. P., M.A. St. John’s College, Cambridge. *Higgin, Edward. Liverpool. *Higgin, James. Hopwood-avenue, Manchester. Higginbotham, Samuel. Exchange-square, Glasgow. §Higginbottom, John. Nottingham. tHiggins, George. Mount House, Higher Broughton, Manchester. {Higgins, Rey. Henry H., M.A. Rainhill, Liverpool. “Higgins, James. Stocks House, Cheetham, Manchester. {Highley, Samuel, F.G.S. Boxhill, near Dorking, Surrey. *Higson, Peter, Inwell-terrace, Lower Broughton, Manchester. co co LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of , Election. 1862. 1857. 1855. 1864. 1863. 1858. 1852. 1865. 1863. 1861. 1858. 1861. 1856. 1860. 1864. 864. 1864. 1863. 1866. 1852. 1863. 1847. 1863. 1863. 1860. 1865. 1861. 1854. 1856. 1858. 1865, Hildyard, Rey. James, B.D., F.C.P.S. Ingoldsby, near Grantham, incolnshire. *Hiley, Rey. Simeon. St. John’s College, Cambridge. Hill, Arthur. Bruce Castle, Tottenham, London, N. *Hill, Rey. Edward, M.A., F.G.S. Sheering Rectory, Harlow. tHill, John. Tullamore, Ireland. {Hill, Laurence. _ Port Glasgow. *Hill, Sir Rowland, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Hampstead, London, N.W. {Hill, William. Combe Hay, Bristol. §Hills, F. C. Chemical Works, Deptford, Kent. {Hincks, Rey. Thomas, B.A. Mountside, Leeds, Hincks, Rey. William, F.L.S., Professor of Natural History in Uni- versity College. Toronto, Canada West. Hindley, Rey. H. J. Walton-on-the-hill, Lancashire. *Hindmarsh, Frederick, F.G.S.,F.R.G.S. 17 Bucklersbury, London. *Hindmarsh, Luke. Alnwick. §Hinds, James, M.D. Queen’s College, Birmingham. §Hinds, William, M.D. Parade, Birmingham. *Hinmers, William. Farnworth, Bolton. §Hirst, John, jun. Dobcross, near Manchester. *Hirst, T. Archer, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (General Secretary), Pro- fessor of Mathematics in University College, London. The Atheneum Club; and 14 Waverley-place, St. John’s-wood, London, N.W. tHitch, Samuel, M.D. Sandywell Park, Gloucestershire. {Hitchman, John. Leamington. *Hoare, Rey. George Tooker. Tandridge, Godstone, Hoare, J. Gurney. Hampstead, London. tHobhouse, Arthur Fane. 24 Cadogan-place, Sloane-street, London. tHobhouse, Charles Parry. 24 Cadogan-place, Sloane-street, London. {Hobhouse, Henry William. 24 Cadogan-place, Sloane-street, London. §Hobson, A. S., F.C.S, 3 Upper Heathfield-terrace, Tumham Green, London. ; § Hockin, Charles. tHodges, John F., M.D., Professor of Agriculture in Queen’s College, Belfast. 23 Queen-street, Belfast. *Hodgkin, Thomas. (Local Treaswrer.) _Newcastle-on-Tyne. tHodgkinson, Rey. G. C. The Lodge, Louth. *Hodgson, Adam. Everton, Liverpool. Hodgson, Joseph, F.R.S. 60 Westbourne-terrace, London, W. tHodgson, Robert. Whitburn, Sunderland. TtHodgson, R. W. North Dene, Gateshead. Hodgson, Thomas, Market-street, York. { Hogan, Rev. A. R., M.A. §Hofmann, Augustus William, F.R.S., F.C.S. Chemical Laboratory of the University of Berlin. Hogan, William, M.A., M.R.LL.A. Haddington-terrace, Kingstown, near Dublin. Hoge, John, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F-R.G.S., F.C.P.S. 8 Serjeants’ ‘la London, E.C.; and Norton, Stockton-on-Tees. tHoleroft, George, C.E. Red Lion-court, St. Ann’s-square, Man- chester. *Holcroft, George. “ 82 Great Ducie-street, Strangeways, Manchester. *Holditch, Rey. Hamnet, M.A. Caius College, Cambridge. tHolland, Henry, M.P. Dumbleton, Evesham. THolland, Loton. Swanscoe Park, Macclesfield. tHolliday, William. New Street, Birmingham. 54 Year LIST OF MEMBERS. Election. 1866. 1851. 1858. 1847. 1865. 1861. 1856. 1842, 1865. 1858. 1864. 1858. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1859. 1842, 1858. 1842, 1859. 18653. 1857. 1865, 1863. 1863. 1854. 1835. 1842. 1858. 1857. 1865. 1865. 1861. 1845. 1856. *Hollingsworth, John. London-street, Greenwich, Kent, S.E. *Holmes, Charles. London-road, Derby. Holmes, Rev. W. R. Hone, Joseph, M.R.D.S. 2 Harcourt-street, Dublin. { Honywood, Robert. : tHook, The Very Rev. W. F., D.D., Dean of Chichester. Chichester. tHooker, Joseph D., M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., V.P.LS., F.G.S8. Royal Gardens, Kew. *Hooper, John P. Fremerton House, Balham, London, §. §Hooper, William. 7 Pall Mall East, London, 8.W. tHooton, Jonathan. 80 Great Ducie-street, Manchester. Hope, Thomas Arthur. Liverpool. Hope, William. Wavertree, Liverpool. §Hopkins, J. 8. Highfield, Edgbaston, Birmingham. {Hopkinson, Joseph, jun. Britannia Works, Huddersfield. Hornby, Hugh. Sandown, Liverpool. *Horner, Rey. J.J. H. Mells Rectory, Frome. *Horsfall, Abraham. Leeds. Horsfall, Charles. Everton, Liverpool. Horsfall, John. Wakefield. tHorsfall, Thomas B., M.P. Liverpool. *Horsfield, George. Brampton-grove, Smedley-lane, Cheetham, Man- chester. tHorsley, John H. 389 High-street, Cheltenham. Hotham, Rey. Charles, M.A., F.L.S. Roos Patrington, Yorkshire. §Hough, Joseph. Wrottesley, near Wolverhampton. ; Houghton, The Right Hon. Lord, D.C.L. 16 Upper Brook-street, ‘London, W. Houghton, James. Rodney-street, Liverpool. *Houldsworth, Henry. Newton-street, Manchester. tHounsfield, James. Hemsworth, Pontefract. Houtson, John. Hovenden, W. F., M.A. Bath. {Howard, Captain John Henry, R.N. The Deanery, Lichfield. tHoward, Philip Henry. Corby Castle, Carlisle. tHowell, Henry H. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street, London. *Howlett, Rev. Frederick, F.R.S. St. Augustine’s, Hurst-green, Sussex. §Howorth, H. H. Castleton Hall, Rochdale. tHowse, R. South Shields. tHowson, Rey. J. 8. South-hill, Toxteth Park, Liverpool. *Hudson, Henry, M.D., M.R.LA. Glenville, Fermoy, Co. Cork. Hudson, John. Oxford. §Hudson, Robert, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S. Clapham Common, London. tHuggins, William, F.R.A.S. Upper Tulse-hill, London, 8. §Huggon, William. 30 Park-row, Leeds. Hughes, D. Abraham. 9 Grays Inn-square, London, W.C. Hughes, Frederick Robert. tHughes, T. W. 4 Hawthorn-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. tHughes, W. R., F.L.S. General Hospital, Birmingham. Hull, Arthur H. - Brighton. * Hull, William Darley, F.G.S. ; *Hulse, Sir Edward, D.C.L. 4 New Builington-street, London ; and Breamore House, Salisbury. tHume, Rev. A., D.C.L., F.S.A. Everton, Liverpool. {Humpage, Edward. Bristol. t Humphreys, E. R., LL.D. co or LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1856. 1862. 1863. 1860. 1865. 1840. 1864, 1859. 1855. 1863. 1861. 1851. 1863. 1864, 1857. 1861. 1852. 1846. 1847. 1854. 1861. 1858. 1858. 1858. 1852. 1854, 1856. 1857. 1845. 1862. 1863. 1865. {Humphries, David James, 1 Keynsham-parade, Cheltenham. *Humphry, George Murray, M.D., F.R.S. Trumpington-street, Cam- bridge. “Hunt, Augustus H., Ph.D. Pelaw Main Office, Newcastle-on- e. {Hunt, Tae Ph.D., F.S.A. Ore House, near Hastings. §Hunt, J. P. Gospel Oak Works, Tipton. §Hunt, Robert, F.R.S., Keeper of the Mining Records. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street, London, 8. W. §Hunt, W. 72 Pulteney-street, Bath. Hunter, Adam, M.D., F.R.S.E. Edinburgh. Hunter, Andrew G. Low Walker, Neweastle-on-Tyne. Hunter, Robert, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.AS., F.S.A. Southwood- lane, Highgate, London. { Hunter, Dr. Thomas, Deputy Inspector-General of Arm y Hospitals. *Hunter, Thomas C. Greenock. tHuntsman, Benjaman. West Retford Hall, Retford. “Hurst, William John. 2a Victoria-street, Manchester. {Hurwood, George. Husband, William Dalla. Coney-street, York. *Hutchinson, John. Widnes Dock, Warrington. {Hutt, The Right Hon. W., M.P. Gibside, Gateshead. Hutton, Crompton. Putney-park, Surrey, S.W. Hutton, Daniel. 4 Lower Dominick-street, Dublin. *Hutton, Darnton. 11 Warnford-court, Throgmorton-street, London, E.C Hutton, Henry. Eccles-street, Dublin. tHutton, Henry D. 1 Nelson-street, Dublin. “Hutton, Robert, M.R.LA., F.G.S. Putney Park, Surrey. §Hutton, T. Maxwell. Summerhill, Dublin. tHuxley, Thomas Henry, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the Government School of Mines, and Hun- terian Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Royal College London. 26 Abbey Place, St. John’s Wood, London. tHuxtable, Rey. Anthony. Sutton Waldron, near Blandford. Hyde, Edward. Dukinfield, near Manchester. Hyett, William Henry, F.R.S. Painswick, near Stroud, Gloucester- shire. tHyndman, George C. 5 Howard-street, Belfast. *Ibbetson, Captain L. L. Boscawen, Chevalier Red Eagle of Prussia with Swords, Chevalier de Hohenzollern, F.R.S., F.G.S, tLhne, William, Ph.D. files, Rev. J. H. Rectory, Wolverhampton. t{Ingham, Henry. Wortley, near Leeds. {Ingram, Hugo C. Meynell. Temple Newsam, near Leeds. *Ingram, Hugo Francis Meynell, Temple Newsam, Leeds. {Ingram, J. K., LL.D., M.R.LA., Regius Professor of Greek. Trinity College, Dublin. “Inman, Thomas, M.D. Rodney-street, Liverpool. {Invararity, J. D. Bombay. Treland, R. S., M.D. 121 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. fIrvine, Hans, M.A., M.B. 1 Deiat oes Dublin. Irwin, Rey. Alexander, M.A. Armagh, Ireland. {frwin, Thomas. Somerset House, London, W.C. §Iselin, J. F., M.A. Wimbledon, Surrey. *Ivory, Thomas. 9 Ainslie-place, Edinburgh. tJabet, George. Wellington-road, Handsworth, a D 36 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1859. §Jack, John. Belhelvie by Whitecairns, Aberdeenshire. 1863. *Jackson, Mrs. H. 24 Hereford-square, Gloucester-road, Old Bromp- ton, London. 1865. {Jackson, Edwin. 1858. {Jackson, Edwin W. 1866. §Jackson, H. W. Springfield, Tooting, Surrey. Jackson, Professor Thomas, LL.D. St. Andrew’s, Scotland. 1855. {Jackson, Rev. William, M.A. St. John’s, Workington. Jacob, Arthur, M.D. 28 Ely-place, Dublin. 1852. tJacobs, Bethel. 40 George-street, Hull. 1865. *Jaffray, John. ‘ Journal’ Office, New-street, Birmingham, 1859. {James, Edward. 9 Gascoyne-terrace, Plymouth. 1860. {James, Edward H. 9 Gascoyne-terrace, Plymouth. James, Colonel Sir Henry, R.E., F.R.S., F.G.S., MR.LA, Ord- nance Survey Office, Southampton. James, Sir John K., Bart., M.R.I.A. 9 Cayendish-row, Dublin. 1863. *James, Sir Walter. 6 Whitehall-cardens, London, 8.W. 1858. {James, William C. 9 Gascoyne-terrace, Plymouth. 1863. {Jameson, John Henry. 10 Catherine-terrace, Gateshead. 1859. *Jamieson, Thomas F., F.G.8. Ellon, Aberdeenshire. 1850, {Jardine, Alexander. Jardine Hall, Lockerby. Jardine, James, C.E., F.R.A.S. Edinburgh. *Jardine, Sir William, Bart., F.R.S.E. Jardine Hall, Applegarth by Lockerby, Dumfriesshire. 1853. *Jarratt, Rev. John, M.A. North Cave, near Brough, Yorkshire. Jarrett, Rey. Thomas, M.A., Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge. Trunch, Norfolk. 1862. {Jeakes, Rev. James, M.A. Harrow. Jebb, Rey. John. Peterstow Rectory, Ross, Herefordshire. 1842. *Jee, Alfred S. 2 Oxford-square, Hyde Park, London, W. 1856. {Jeffery, Henry, M.A. 438 High-street, Cheltenham. 1855. *Jeffray, John. 195 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. 1861. *Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, F.R.S., F.L.S:, F.G.8. 25 Devonshire-place, Portland-place, London, W. 1854. {Jeftreys, W. P. Washington-street, Liverpool. 1852. {Jellett, Rey. John H., M.A., M.R.LA. Professor of Natural Philo- sophy in Trinity College, Dublin. 1842. Jellicorse, John. Chaseley, near Rugely, Staffordshire. 1864. §Jelly, Dr. W. Paston Hall, near Peterborough. 1862. §Jenkin, Fleeming, F.R.S., Professor of Civil Engineering in Uni- versity College, London. 6 Duke-street, Adelphi, London, W.C, 1864, §Jenkins, Captain Griffith, C.B., F.R.G.S. Derwin, Welshpool. *Jenkyns, Rey. Henry, D.D. Durham. Jennette, Matthew. Birkenhead. 1852. {Jennings, Francis M., F.G.S., M.R.LA. Brown-street, Cork. 1861. {Jennings, Thomas. Cork. *Jenyns, Rey. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8, 1 Darlington-place, Bathwick, Bath. 1845. {Jerdan, William. *Jerram, Rey. 8. John, M.A. Chobham Vicarage, Bagshot, Surrey, *Jerrard, George Birch, B.A. Long Stratton, Norfolk, 1845. {Jessop, William, sen. Butterley Hall, Derbyshire. Jessop, William, jun. Butterley Hall, Derbyshire. 1849, {J one) The Right Rey. Francis, D.C.L., Bishop of Peter- borough. Job, Samuel. Holmfield House, Aigburth, Liverpool, 1865, *Johnson, G. J. 34 Waterloo-street, Birmingham, 1866, §Johnson, John. Low Payement, Nottingham. LIST OF MEMBERS, 37 Year of Election. 1866. 1861. 1863. 1864, 1861. 1849, 1859, 1864, 1845. 1859, 1864, 1864. 1864. 1849, 1856. 1858. 1854. 1854. 1864. 1865, 1854. 1847, 1860. 1864. 1853. 1851. 1842, 1848, 1847. 1858. §Johnson, John G. Basinghall-street, London, H.C. tJohnson, Richard. 27 Dale-street, Manchester. tJohnson, R. 8. Hanwell, Fence Houses, Durham. *Johnson, Thomas. The Hermitage, Frodsham, Cheshire. tJohnson, Thomas. 30 Belgrave-street, Commercial-road, London, E. Johnson, William. The Wynds Point, Colwall, Malvern, Worcester- shire. {Johnson, William Beckett. Woodlands Bank, near Altrincham. {Johnston, Alexander Keith, LL.D.,F.R.S.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 48t. Andrew-square, Edinburgh. Johnston, Alexander Robert, F.R.S. 19 Great Cumberland-place, London; and The Grove, Yoxford, Suffolk. {Johnston, David, M.D. Montrose. {Johnston, David. 13 Marlborough-buildings, Bath. Johnston, Edward. Field House, Chester. tJohnston, G., ID, tJohnston, James. Newmill, Elein, N. B. {Johnston, James. Manor House, Northend, Hampstead, London, N, Johnston, Percival Norton, IF.R.S., F.G.8. Stoke House, Stoke Fleming, Dartmouth. *Johnstone, James. Alva, near Alloa, Stirlingshire. *Johnstone, Sir John Vanden Bempde, Bart., M.P., M.A., F.G.S 27 Grosvenor-square, London; and Harkness. {Johnstone, John. 1 Barnard-yillas, Bath. Jollie, Walter. Edinburgh. tJolly, Thomas. Park View-villas, Bath. tJones, Baynham. Selkirk Villa, Cheltenham. *Jones, Christopher Hird. 2 Castle-street, Liverpool. tJones, C. W. 7 Grosyenor-place, Cheltenham. Jones, Rev. Harry Longueville, Inspector of Schools. tJones, Henry Bence, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Hon. See. to the Royal In- stitution. 31 Brook-street, Grosyenor-square, London, 8. W. tJones, Rey. Henry H. Cemetery, Manchester. tJones, John. 28 Chapel-street, Liverpool. tJones, John, F.G.S. §Jones, John. 49 Union-passage, Birmingham. *Jones, Josiah. 2 Castle-street, Liverpool. *Jones, Robert. 2 Castle-street, Liverpool. *Jones, R. L. Princes Park, Liverpool. tJones, Thomas Rymer, Professor of Comparative Anatomy in King’s College. 18 St. Leonard’s-terrace, Clifton-gardens, Maida-hill, London, W. tJones, T. Rupert, F.G.S., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Royal Military College, Sandhurst. 15 College-terrace, York Town, Surrey. §Jones, Sir Willoughby. Cranmer Hall, Fakenham, Norfolk. - tJopling, R. Thompson. tJosselyn, G. Tower-street, Ipswich. *Joule, Benjamin St. John B. Thorncliffe, Old Trafford, Manchester, *Joule, James Prescott, LL.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Thorneliffe, Old Trafford, Manchester. *Joy, Rey. Charles Ashfield. Grove Parsonage, near Wantage, Berk- shire, Joy, Henry Holmes, M.A., M.R.ILA. 17 Mountjoy-square East, Dublin. Joy, William B., M.D, 48 Leeson-street, Dublin. {Jowett, Rev. B., M.A. Balliol College, Oxford. tJowett, John, jun. Leeds. 38 LIST OF MEMBERS, Year of Election, *Jubb, Abraham. Halifax. 1863. {Jukes, Rev. Andrew. Spring Bank, Hull. Jukes, Joseph Beete, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA., Local Director of the Government Geological Survey of Ireland. 51 Stephen's Green, Dublin. Kane, Sir Robert, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Principal of the Royal College of Cork. 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. 1857. [Kavanagh, James W. Grenville, Rathgar, Ireland. 1859. {Kay, David, F.R.G.S. 6 North-bridge, Edinburgh. Kay, John Cunliff. Fairfield Hall, near Skipton. - *Kay, John Robinson. Boss Lane House, Bury, Lancashire. Kay, Robert. Haugh Bank, Bolton-le-Moors. 1847. *Kay, Rey. William, D.D, Lincoln College, Oxford. 1856. {Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James, Bart. Gawthorpe, Burnley. 1855. {Kaye, Robert. Mill Brae, Moodies Burn, by Glasgow. 1855. {Keddie, William. 15 North-street, Mungo-street, Glasgow. 1866. §Keene, Alfred. Eastmoor House, Leamington. 1850. {Kelland, Rey. Philip, M.A., F.R.S.L. & E., Professor of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh. 20 Clarendon Crescent, Edin- burgh. 1849. {Kelly, John, C.E. 38 Mount Pleasant-square, Dublin. 1857. {Kelly, John J. 38 Mount Pleasant-square, Dublin. 1864. *Kelly, W. M., M.D. 11 The Crescent, Taunton, Somerset. 1842. *Kelsall, Henry. Rochdale, Lancashire. 1842. Kelsall, J. Rochdale, Lancashire. 1864. *Kemble, Rey. Charles, M.A. Vellore, Bath. 1853. {Kemp, Rey. Henry William, B.A. Thanet House, Hull. 1858. {Kemplay, Christopher. Leeds. 1850. {Kempson, Samuel. 1854, {Kennedy, James. 33 Erskine-street, Liverpool. 1857. {Kennedy, Lieut-Colonel John Pitt. 20 Torrington-square, Blooms- bury, London, W.C. 1858. {Kennie, C. G. Colleton. Kenny, Matthias, M.D. 3 Clifton-terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. Kenrick, Rev. George. 1865. {Kenrick, William. Norfolk-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Kent, J. C. Levant Lodge, Earl’s Croome, Worcester. 1857. {Kent, William T., M.R.D.S. 51 Rutland-square, Dublin. 1857. {Kenworth, James Ryley. 7 Pembroke-place, Liverpool. ; 1857. *Ker, André Allen Murray. Newbliss House, Newbliss, Ireland. 1855. *Ker, Robert. Auchinraith, Glaszow. 1865. *Kerr, William D., M.D., R.N. Bonnyrigg, Edinburgh. 1861. *Keymer, John. Parker-street, Manchester. 1854. {Kilpin, Thomas Johnstone. 1 Arrad-street, Liverpool. 1865, *Kinahan, Edward Hudson. 11 Merrion-square North, Dublin. 1860, {Kinahan, G. Henry. Geological Survey of Ireland, 51 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. 1858. {Kincaid, Henry Ellis, M.A. 8 Lyddon-terrace, Leeds. 1854. {King, Alfred. 1 Netherfield-road South, Liverpool. 1855. {King, Alfred, jun. Everton, Liverpool. [ King, The Hon. James, M.R.LA. Mitchelstown Castle, Co. Cork. 1855. {King, James. Levernholme, Hurlet, Glasgow. 1851. {King, John. 1851. {King, John. Rose-hill, Ipswich. King, Joseph. Anfield-road, Liverpool. 1864. §King, Kelburne. 27 George Street; and Royal Institution, Hull. 1860, *King, Mervyn Kersteman. 1 Rodney-place, Clifton, Bristol. LIST OF MEMBERS, 39 Year of Election. 1842. King, Richard, M.D. Savile-row, London, W. King, Rey. Samuel, M.A., F.R.A.S. St. Aubins, Jersey. 1862. §King, Rey. Samuel William, F.G.S., F.S.A. Saxlingham Rectory, near Norwich. King, William Poole, F.G.S. Avonside, Clifton, Bristol. 1862. {Kingsley, Rev. Charles, M.A., Professor of Modern History in the . University of Cambridge. 1 St. Peter’s-terrace, Cambridge. 1861. {Kingsley, John. 30 St. Ann’s-street, Manchester. 1845. {Kingsley, Rev. W. T. South Kelvington, Thirsk. 1835. Kingstone, A. John, M.A. Mosstown, Longford, Treland. 1863. §Kinnaird, The Right Hon. Lord., K.T., F.G.S. Rossie Priory, Inch- ture, Perthshire. Kinnear, J. G., F.R.S.E. Glasgow. 1863. imanper David. 28 Bartholomew-road North, Kentish Town, ondon. 1860, {Kirkman, Rev. Thomas P., M.A., F.R.S. Croft Rectory, near War- rington. Kirkpatrick, Rey. W. B. 44 Wellington-street, Dublin. 1850. {Kirkwood, Anderson. 151 West George-street, Glasgow. 1849. {Kirshaw, John William, F.G.S. Warwick. 1858. }Kitson, James. Leeds. Knight, Sir A. J., M.D. Knipe, A. J. Moorville, Carlisle. Knowles, George Beauchamp, Professor of Botany in Queen’s College, Birmingham. St. Paul’s-square, Birmingham. 1842, Knowles, John. Old Trafford Bank House, Old Trafford, Man- chester. *Knowles, William. 2 Clarence-place, Newport, Monmouthshire. *Knox, G. James. 2 Finchley New-road, St. John’s-wood, London. Knox, Henry. Knox, Rev. H. B., M.A., M.R.LA. Deanery, Hadleigh, Suffolk. Kutz, Andrew. 1861. *Kyllmann, Max. 28 Brazennose-street, Manchester. 1865. {Kynnersley, J. C.S. The Leveretts, Handsworth, Birmingham. Lace, Ambrose. _ Liverpool. 1858. §Lace, Francis John. Stone Gapp, Cross-hill, Leeds. 1862. §Lackenstein, Dr. (Care of Messrs. Smith and Elder, Cornhill, London.) 1842. Lacy, Henry C. Withdeane Hall, near Brighton. 1859. §Ladd, William. 11 & 15 Beak-street, Regent-street, London, W. 1850. {Laing, David, F.S.A. Scotl. Edinburgh. Laird, John, M.P, Birkenhead. 1859. §Lalor, John Joseph, M.R.LA. 2 Longford-terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. Lamb, David. Liverpool. Lambert, Richard. Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1846. *Laming, Richard. 36 Hamilton-road, Prestonyille, Brighton. 1854. §Lamport, William James. Liverpool. 1859. {Lang, Rey. John Marshall. Fyvie, Aberdeen. 1864, §Lang, R. Greatwick Hall, Barrow Gumey, near Bristol. *Langton, William. Manchester. 1840. tLankester, Edwin, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. 28 Great Marl- i borough-street, London, W. 1865. §Lankester, f. Ray. Christ Church, Oxford. *Larcom, Major-General Sir Thomas Aiskew, K.C.B., B.E., F:R.S., M.R.LA. Phoenix Park, Dublin. Lassell, William, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Ray Lodge, Maidenhead. 40 LIST OF MEMBERS, Year of Election. 1860. {Lassell, William, jun. The Brook, near Liverpool. 1861. *Latham, A. G. Cross-street, Manchester. 1845, {Latham, Robert G., M.A., M. D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. New Malden, near Kingston, Surrey, *La Touche, Dayid Charles, MRA. Castle- street, Dublige 1857. {Law, Hugh. 4 Great Denmark-street, Dublin. 1862, {Law, Rey. James Edmund, M.A. Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire. Law, Rev. William, IA. Lawley, The Hon. Francis Charles, Escrick Park, near York. Lawley, The Hon. Stephen Willoughby. Escrick Park, near York. 1857. {Lawson, James A., LL.D., M.R.I. A. 27 Fitaw illiam-street, Dublin. 1855. {Lawson, John. Mountain Blue Works, Camlachie. 1858. {Lawson, Samuel. Kirkstall, near Leeds. 1863, §Lawton, Benjamin C. Neville Chambers, 44. Westgate-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 1853, {Lawton, William. Manor House-street, Hull. Laycock, Thomas, M.D., Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the University of Edinbur oh. 4 Rutland-street, Edinburgh, 1865. §Lea, Henry. 35 Paradise-street, Bumingham. 1857. tLeach, Capt. R. E. Mountjoy, Phoenix ‘Park, Dublin. Leadbetter, John. Glen. 1847, *Leatham, Edward Aldam. Whitley Hall, Huddersfield. 1858. tLeather, George. Knostrop, near Leeds. *Leather, John Towlerton. Leventhorpe Hall, near Leeds. 1858. {Leather, John W. Newton Green, Leeds, 1863. §Leayers, J. W. The Park, Nottingham. 1858. *Le Cappelain, John. Wood-lane, Highgate, London, N. 1858. {Ledgard, William. Potter Newton, near Leeds. 1842. Lee, Daniel. Springfield House, Pendlebury, Manchester. 1861. {Lee, Henry. Irwell House, Lower Broughton, Manchester. Lee, Henry, M.D. Weatheroak, Alve Church, near Bromsgrove, London. 1853, *Lee, John Edward, F.G.S., F.S.A. The Priory, Caerleon, Monmouth- shire. 1845. tLees, Dr. Frederick R. Burmantofts Hall, Leeds. 1850, tLees, George, LL.D. Rillbank, Edinburgh. 1854. {Lees, Samuel. Portland-place, Ashton-under-Lyne. 1859, {Lees, William. School of Art, Edinburgh. *Leese, Joseph, jun. Glenfield, Altrincham, *Leeson, Henry B., M.A., M.D., F.R.S. The Maples, Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. ° *Lefroy, John Henry, Brigadier-General R.A., F.RS., F.R.GS., President of the Ordnance Select Committee. Grosvenor House, Blackheath, Kent, S.E. ‘ 1845. {Legard, Capt. William. India. *Legh, George Cornwall, M.P. High Legh, Cheshire. 1856. {Leigh, The Right Hon. Lord, D.C.L. 37 Portman-square, London, W.; and ‘Stoneleigh Abbey, Kenilworth. 1861. *Leigh, Henry. The Poplars, Patricroft, near Manchester. Leigh, John'Shaw. Childerall Hall, near Liverpool.. *Leinster, Augustus Frederick, Duke of, M.R.LA. 6 Carlton House- terrace, London, 8. W. 1859, {Leith, ‘Alexander. Glenkindie, Inverkindie. *Lemon, Sir Charles, Bart., I. R. 8., F.G.8., F.R.G.S. Carclew, near Falmouth, 1860, {Lempriere, Charles, D.C.L. St. John’s College, Oxford. 1863. *Lendy, Capt. Auguste Frederic. Practical Military College,Suury , Middlesex, 8.W. LIST OF MEMBERS, 41 Year of Election. 1861. 1861. 1852. 1859. 1846, 1866. 1847, 1853. 1860, 1855, 1859, 1864. 1862, tLennox, A. C. W. 7 Beaufort-gardens, Brompton, London, 8. W. Lentaigne, John, M.D. Tallaght House, Co. Dublin; and 14 Great Dominick-street, Dublin. Lentaigne, Joseph. 12 Great Denmark-street, Dublin, {Leppoc, Henry Julius. Kersal Crag, near Manchester. {Leslie, T. E. Cliffe, LL.B., Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Hconomy, Queen’s College, Belfast. tLeslie, William, M.P. Warthill, Aberdeenshire. {Letheby, Henry, M.B., F.L.S., Medical Officer to the City of London, 41 Finsbury-square, London, E.C. §Levi, Leone, F.S.A., F.S.S., Professor of Commercial Law in King’s College, London. 10 Farrar’s-building, Temple, London, E.C, {tLey, Rev. Jacob, M.A. Staverton, near Daventry. {Liddell, George William Moore. Sutton House, near Hull. ? Liddell, The Very Rey. H. G., D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. {Liddell, John. 8 Clelland-street, Glaseow. tLigertwood, George. Blair by Summerhill, Aberdeen. §Lightbody, Robert, F.G.S. Ludlow, Salop. f{Lilford, The Right Hon. Lord, F.L.S.. Lilford Hall, Oundle, North- amptonshire. *Limerick, Charles Graves, D.D., M.R.I.A., Lord Bishop of. Limerick, *Lindsay, Charles. Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia. “Lindsay, Henry L., C.E., M.R.IL.A, 1 Little Collins-street West, Montreal, Canada. . “Lindsay, John H. 317 Bath-street, Glasgow. . “Lingard, John R., F.G.S. Mayfield, Shortlands, by Bromley, Kent, Lingwood, Robert M., MA., F.L.S., F.GS. Lister, James. Liverpool Union Bank, Liverpool; and Greenbank, Everton. . *Lister, John, F.G.S. Shibden Hall, near Halifax, *Lister, Joseph Jackson, F.R.S. Upton, Essex. Littledale, Harold. Liscard Hall, Cheshire. . fLittledale, Thomas. Highfield House, Liverpool. . *Liveing, G. D., M.A., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Univer- sity of Cambridge. 12 Hill’s-road, Cambridge. . §Livesay, J. G. Ventnor, Isle of Wight. . {Livingstone, Rey. Thomas Gott, Minor Canon of Carlisle Cathedral, Lloyd, Rey. A. R. Hengold, near Oswestry. Lloyd, Rey. C., M.A, Whittington, Oswestry. . tLloyd, Rey. David. Carmarthen. Lloyd, Edward. Kine-street, Manchester. . tLloyd, F. Geisler. . *Lloyd, George Whitelocke. . {Lloyd, G. B. Wellington-road, Ebgbaston, Birmingham. *Lloyd, George, M.D., F.G.S._ Birmingham. *Lloyd, Rev. Humphrey, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E., M.R.LA,, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. . Lloyd, John. Queen’s College, Birmingham. Lloyd, Rey. Rees Lewis. Belper, Derbyshire. . {Lloyd, William, M.D, Army and Navy Club, London. - *Lloyd, Wilson. Wood Green, Wednesbury, Wolverhampton. . *Lobley, James Logan, F.G.S, 50 Landsdowne-road, Kensington Park, London. 3. “Locke, John. Royal Dublin Society, Kildare-street, Dublin. *Lockey, Rey. Francis. Swainswick, near Bath. Lockhart, Alexander M‘Donaid. . §Lockyer, J. Norman, F.R.A.S. Victoria-road, F inchley-road, London, . fLoft, John. 17 Albion-street, Hulk LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1862. 1851. 1851. 1866. 1857, 1861. 1859, 1865. 1861. 1855. “1863. 1834. 1863. 1861, 1850. 1853. 1849. 1849, 1866. ~1850. 1853. 1858. 1864, 1866. 1864. 1857. 1862. 1849. 1859. 1852. 1852, 1854. 1852. . 1866. 1855. *Loftus, William Kennett, F.G.S. Calcutta. *Logan, Sir William Edmond, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.B.GS., Director of the Geological Suryey of Canada. Montreal, Canada. tLong, Andrew, M.A. King’s College, Cambridge. tLong, P. B. Museum-street, Ipswich. 3) bd tLong, William, F.G.S. Hurts Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk. §Lonedon, F. Derby. tLonefield, Rey. George. 25 Trinity College, Dublin. Longfield, Mountifort, LL.D., M.R.LA., Regius Professor of Feudal and English Law in the University of Dublin. 47 Fitzwilliam- square, Dublin. *Longman, William, F.G.S. 36 Hyde Park-square, London, W. tLonemuir, Rev. John, M.A., LL.D. 14 Silver-street, Aberdeen. Loneridge, W. 8. Oakhurst, Ambergate, Derbyshire. §Longsdon, Robert. Church House, Bromley, Kent. *Lord, Edward. York-street, Todmorden. tLorimer, Rey. J. G., D.D. 6 Woodside-place, Glasgow. tLosh, W.S. Wreay Syke, Carlisle. {Low, Rev. Alexander, F.S.A. *Lowe, Arthur 8. H. Gosfield Hall, near Nottingham. *Lowe, Edward Joseph, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.L.S., F.G.8. Highfield House Observatory, near Nottingham. Lowe, George, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. 9 St. John’s-wood Park, London, N.W. tLowe, William Henry, M.D., F.R.S.E. Balgreen, Slateford, Edin- urgh. Sidvalins, Matthew D. 49 Edge-lane, near Liverpool. *Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.8. High Elms, Farn- borough, Kent. *Luckcock, Howard. Oak-hill, Edgbaston, Birmingham. tLucy, William. Edgbaston, Birmingham. *Lund, Charles. Market-street, Bradford. *Lundie, Cornelius. Rhymney Railway, Cardiff. {Lunn, William J se M.D.. 23 Charlotte-street, Hull. *Lupton, Arthur. eadingley, near Leeds. *Lupton, D. Leeds. §Lycett, Francis. 18 Highbury-grove, London, N. *Lyell, Sir Charles, Bart., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., V.P.G.S., Hon. M.R.S.Ed. 53 Harley-street, Cavendish-square, London, W. tLyne, Francis. (Care of Sydney Smith, Esq., Charlotte-row, Mansion House, London, E.C.) {tLyons, Robert D. 31 Upper Merrion-street, Dublin. *Lyte, Maxwell F., F.C.S. Bagnéres de Bigorre, France. tLyttelton, The Right Hon. Lord, D.C.L. 17 St. James’s-place, London, 8.W. {Mabson, John. Heyning, Westmoreland. MacAdam, James, jun. Beavor Hall, Belfast. MacAdam, Robert. 18 College-square East, Belfast. Macadam, Stevenson, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., F.C.S., Lecturer on Chemistry. Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh. Macaldin, J. J., M.D. Coleraine. . M‘All, Rev. Edward, Rector of Brighstone, Newport, Isle of Wight. M‘Andrew, Robert, F.R.S. Isleworth House, Isleworth, Middlesex. M‘Arthur, A. Raleigh Hall, Brixton Rise, London, 8. {IL Arthur, Richard, W. J. ++ ++ * Ke K+ LIST OF MEMBERS. 45 Year of Election. 1840, Macaulay, Dr. James. 22 Cambridge-road, Kilburne, London, N.W. 1857. {Macauley, James William. *MacBrayne, Robert. Messrs. Black and Wingate, 9 Exchange- square, Glasgow. Macbride, Rey. John David, D.C.L., F.G.S., Principal of Magdalen Hall, and Lord Almoner’s Reader in Arabic in the University of Oxford. Oxford. 1866, §M‘Callan, Rev. J. F., M.A. St. Matthew’s Parsonage, Nottingham. 1855, {M‘Callum, Archibald K., M.A. House of Refuge, Duke-street, Glasgow. ' 1863, {M‘Calmont, Robert. Gatton Park, Reigate. 1855. {M‘Cann, James, F.G.S. Holmfrith, Yorkshire, 1857, {M‘Causland, Dominick. 12 Fitzeibbon-street, Dublin. M‘Clelland, James. 73 Kensington Gardens-square, Bayswater. 1855. {M‘Clelland, James. 10 Claremont-terrace, Glasgow, 1856. {1M Clelland, John. Calcutta. *M‘Connel, James. Bent-hill, Prestwich, near Manchester, 1859. * MM‘ Connell, David C., F. GS. 1858. {M‘Connell, J. EK, Woodlands, Great Missenden. Rs 1852. {M‘Cosh, Rey. James, M.A., Professor of Logic, &c., Queen’s College, Belfast. 1851. {M‘Coy, Professor Frederick, F.G.S., Professor of Zoology and Natural History in the University of Melbourne, Australia. M*Cullagh, John, A. B. *M‘Culloch, George, M.D. Cincinnati, United States. 1852. {M‘Dermott, Edward. Grove Park, The Grove, Camberwell, London, 1850. {Macdonald, Alexander. Macdonald, William, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.8., Professor of Civil and Natural History. St. Andrews, N. B. MacDonnell, Hercules H. G. 2 Kildare-place, Dublin. 1864. §MacDonnell, The Very Rev. Canon. 8 Montpellier, Bath. *M‘Ewan, John. Glasgow. 1850, {Macfarlan, John Fletcher. Park-place, Edinburgh. 1859. {Macfarlane, Alexander. 75 Bon Accord-street, Aberdeen, 1855. {M‘Farlane, Walter. Saracen Foundry, Glasgow. 1854. *Macfie, R. A. 72 Upper Parliament-street, Liverpool. 1836. {M‘Gauley, Professor. 147 Richmond-road, Dalston, London, N.E. 1852. *M‘Gee, William, M.D. 10 Donegal-square East, Belfast. 1855. {MacGeorge, Andrew, jun. 21 St. Vincent-place, Glasgow. 1855. {M‘Gregor, Alexander Bennett. 19 Woodside-crescent, Glasgow. 1855. {MacGregor, James Watt. Wallace-grove, Glasgow, 1850. {MGregor, Robert, M.D. Glasgow. 1853. {M‘Gregor, Walter. Liverpool. ~ 1854, {Macgregor, William. 1859. {M‘Hardy, David. 54 Netherkinkeate, Aberdeen. 1854. {Mé‘Ilveen, Alexander Sinclair. 1855, {M‘Ilwraith, H. Greenock. Macintosh, General Alexander Fisher, K.H., F.G.S., F.R.G.S, 7 Tilney-street, Park-lane, London. 1859. {Macintosh, John. Middlefield House, Woodside, Aberdeen. 1854. *Maclver, Charles. Abercrombie-square, Liverpool. 1865. {Mackeson, H. B. 1865. {Mackintosh, Daniel, F.G.S. Chichester. 1855. {M‘Kenzie, Alexander. 89 Buchanan-street, Glasgow. *Mackenzie, James. Glentore, Scotland. 1850. {Mackenzie, J. W. 16 Royal Circus, Edinburgh. Mackenzie, Rey, Kenneth. The Manse, Borrowstoness, Linlith- gowshire, ; ‘ 7 44 LIST OF MEMBERS, . Year of Election. 1865. 1859. 1850. 1860. 1864. 1855. 1865. 1859. 1862. 1855. 1861. 1862. 1855. 1854. 1850. 1859, 1854. 1852. 1855. 1855. 1857. 1853. 1866. 1853. 1850. 1863. 1857. 1846. 1863. 1866, 1866. 1864, 1865. §Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Henderson, F.S.A., F.A.S.L. Seaforth House, Friern Park, near Whetstone, Middlesex. Mackerral, William. Paisley. tMackie, David. Mitchell-place, Aberdeen. *Mackinlay, David. Pollokshields, Glasgow. tMaclagan, Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E. 28 Heriot Row, Edinburgh. tMaclaren, Archibald. Summertown, Oxfordshire. §MacLaren, Duncan, M.P. Newington House, Edinburgh. tMacLaren, John. *M‘Clean, John Robinson. 23 Great George-street, Westminster, London, 8. W. fs tMaclear, Sir Thomas, F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S., Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope. {Macleod, Henry Dunning. 17 Gloucester-terrace, Camden-hill-road, London, W. {M‘Lintock, William. Lochinch, Pollokshaws, Glasgow. *Maclure, John William. 2 Bond-street, Manchester. {Macmillan, Alexander. 1 Trinity-street, Cambridge. {M‘Nab, John. Edinburgh. MacNeill, The Right Hon. Sir John, G.C.B., F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S, Granton House, Edinburgh. MacNeill, Sir John, LL.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Professor of Civil Engineering in Trinity College, Dublin. Mount Pleasant, Dundalk. {MNicholl, H., M.D. 42 Oxford-street, Liverpool. tMacnight, Alexander. 12 London-street, Edinburgh. {Macpherson, Rey. W. _Kilmuir Easter, Scotland. Macredie, P. B. Mure, F.R.S.E. Irvine, Ayrshire. tMacrorie, Dr. 126 Duke-street, Liverpool. *Macrory, Adam John. Duncairn, Belfast. *Macrory, Edmund. 7 Fig-tree-court, Temple, London, E.C. {M‘Tyre, William, M.D. Maybole, Ayrshire. {Macvicar, Rev. John Gibson, D.D. Moffat, near Glasgow. { Madden, Richard R. Rathmines, Dublin. Magor, J. B. Redruth, Cornwall. tMagrath, Rey. Folliot, A.M. Stradbally, Queen’s County, Ireland. §Major, R. H., F.S.A., F.R.G.S. British Museum, London, W.C. *Malahide, Talbot de, The Right Hon. Lord, F.R.S. Malahide Castle, Malahide, Ireland. {Malan, John. Holmpton, Holderness. *Malcolm, Frederick. Mordon College, Blackheath, London, 8.E, Malcolm, Neil. Portalloch, Lochgilphead, tMalcolm, R. B., M.D., F.R.S.E. 126 George-street, Edinburgh, {Maling, C. T. Lovaine-crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Mallet, Robert, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA. 11 Bridge-street, Westminster, London ; and The Grove, Clapham-road, Clapham, London, 8. {Mallet, Dr. John William. University of Alabama, U.S. {Manby, Charles, F.R.S., F.G.S. 15 Harley-street, London, W. *Manchester, James Prince Lee, Lord Bishop of, F.RS., F.GS., F.R.G.S., F.C.P.S. Mauldreth Hall, Manchester. tManeini, Count de, Italian Consul. §Mann, Robert James, M.D., F.R.A.S. 12 Cecil-street, Strand, London, W.C. Manning, The Right Rey. H. §Manning, John. Waverley-street, Nottingham. t{Mansel, J. C. Long Thorns, Blandford. {March, J. F. Fairtield House, Warrington. LIST OF MEMBERS. 45 Year of Election. 1864. 1852. 1863. 1857. 1858. 1842. 1866. 1856, 1864. 1852. 1858. 1849. 1865. 1848 1865. 1865. 1847, 1861, 1863. 1865. 1861. 1859. 1865. 1858, 1860, 1863, 1857. 1863. 1855. 1865, 1863. 1864. 1855. 1852. 1865. §Markham, Clements R., F.R.G.S. 21 Eccleston-square, Pimlico, London, 8. W. {Marland, James William. Mountjoy-place, Dublin. {Marley, John. Mining Office, Darlington. *Marling, Samuel S. Stanley Park, Stroud, Gloucestershire, Marriott, John. Allerton, Liverpool. §Marriott, William. Leeds-road, Huddersfield. tMarriott, Wiliam Thomas. Wakefield. Marsden, Richard. Norfolk-street, Manchester. §Marsh, Dr. J. C. L. Park-row, Nottingham. {tMarsh, M. H. Wilbury Park, Wilts. §Marsh, Thomas Edward Miller. 37 Grosvenor-place, Bath. Marshall, James. Headingly, near Leeds. {Marshall, James D. Holywood, Belfast. *Marshall, James Garth, M.A., F.G.S. Headingly, near Leeds. {Marshall, Reginald Dykes. Adel, near Leeds. *Marshall, William P. 6 Portland-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, §Marten, E. B. 13 High-street, Stourbridge. Martin, Rey. Francis, M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. *Martin, Francis P. Brouncker. tMartin, Henry D. 4 Imperial Circus, Cheltenham. Martin, Studley. 107 Bedford-street South, Liverpool. *Martindale, Nicholas. Peter-lane, Hanover-street, Liverpool. *Martineau, Rev. James. 10 Gordon-street, Gordon-square, London, {Martineau, R. F. Highfield-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. {Martineau, Thomas. 7 Cannon-street, Birmingham. {Maskelyne, Nevil Story, M.A., F.G.S. British Museum, London,W.C, *Mason, Hugh. Ashton-under-Lyne. *Mason, Thomas. York. Massey, Hugh, Lord. Hermitage, Castleconnel, Co, Limerick, *Mather, Daniel. 58 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool. *Mather, John. 58 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool. *Mather, Joseph. Beech Grove, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Mathews, G. S. Edgbaston House, Hagley-road, Birmingham. * Mathews, William, jun., M.A., F.G.S, 51 Carpenter-road, Birming- ham. tMatthew, Alexander C. 3 Canal-terrace, Aberdeen. {Matthews, C. E. Waterloo-street, Birmingham. {tMatthews, F. C. Mandre Works, Driffield, Yorkshire. *Matthews, Henry, F.C.S. 60 Gower-street, London, W.C. {Matthews, Rey. Richard Brown. The Vicarage, Shalford, near Guildford. *Matthiessen, Augustus, Ph.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Chemistry, St. Mary’s Hospital. Paddington, London, W. tMaughan, Rev. J. D. {Maughan, Rey. W. Benwell Parsonage, Newcastle-on-Tyne. tMaule, Rey. Thomas, M.A. Partick, near Glasgow. *Maw, George, F.LS., F.G.S., F.S.A. Benthall Hall, Broseley, Salop, *Mawson, John. 3 Moseley-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, : *Maxwell, Francis. Gribton, near Dumfries. *Maxwell, James Clerk, M.A., F.R.S., L. & E., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in King’s College, London, 8 Palace Garden-terrace, Kensington, London, W. Maxwell, Sir John, Bart., F.R.S. Pollok House, Renfrewshire, Maxwell, John Waring. Finnebrogue, Downpatrick, Ireland, Maxwell, Robert Percival. Finnebrogue, Downpatrick, Ireland, May, Walter. Berkeley-street, Birmingham. Mayne, Rev, Charles, M.R.LA, 22 Upper Mervion-street, Dublin, ++ * * * 46 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1857. 1863. 1865. 1861. 1863. 1866. 1854, 1847, 1863. 1862. 1865. 1847. . 1847. 1865. 1865. 1866, 1855. 1857. 1850. 1859. 1863. 1859. 1865. 1861. 1863. 1842, 185]. 1847, 1854. 1854. 1864. 1865. 1855, 1859. 1865. 1855. 1862. 1855. 1854, 1864, tMayne, William Annesley. Dublin. §Mease, George D. Bylton Villa, South Shields. §Mease, Solomon. North Shields. {Meath, Samuel Butcher, D.D., Lord Bishop of. 13 Fitzwilliam- . square West, Dublin; and Ardbraccan, Co. Meath. §Medealf, William. 20 Bridgewater-place, Manchester. §Meier, R. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. §Mello, Rey. J. M. Brampton, Chesterfield. { Melly, Charles Pierre. Inverpool. {Melville, Professor Alexander Gordon, M.D. Queen’s College, Galway. {Melvin, Alexander. 42 Buccleuch-place, Edinburgh. §Mennell, Henry. St. Dunstan’s-buildings, Great Tower-street, London, E.C. §Messent, P. T. 4 Northumberland-terrace, Tynemouth. { Meyer, Charles, D.C.L. *Michell, Rey. Richard, B.D. St. Giles’s-street, Oxford. {tMichie, Alexander. 26 Austin Friars, London. §Middlemore, William. Edgbaston, Birmingham. §Mideley, John. Colne, Lancashire. {Miles, Rey. Charles P., M.D., Principal of the Malta Protestant Col- lege, St. Julian’s, Malta. 58 Brompton-crescent, London, 8.W. { Millar, George M. {Millar, James S. 9 Roxburgh-street, Edinburgh. {Millar, John. Lisburn, Ireland. §Millar, John, M.D., F.LS., F.G.S. Bethnal House, Cambridge-road, London, N.E. Millar, Thomas, M.A. Perth. Miller, James, jun. Greenock. Miller, Rey. J. C., D.D. The Vicarage, Greenwich, London, 8.E. Miller, Patrick, M.D. Exeter. Miller, Robert. 80 King-street ; and Whalley Range, Manchester. Miller, Thomas. Righill Hall, Durham. Miller, William Allen, M.D., Treas. and V.P.R.S., Pres. Chem. Soc., Professor of Chemistry in King’s College, London. Miller, William Hallows, M.A., For. Sec. R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge. 7 Scroope-terrace, Cambridge. Milligan, Robert. Acacia in Randon, Leeds. *Mills, John Robert. Bootham, York. {Mills, Rev. Thomas. {Milman, The Very Rey. H. H., Dean of St. Paul’s, London. Milne, Rear-Admiral Sir Alexander, K.C.B., F.R.S.E. Mussel- borough, Edinburgh. *Milne-Home, David, M.A., F.R.S.E. Wedderburn, Coldstream, N.B. *Milner, William. Liverpool. *Milner, William Ralph. Wakefield, Yorkshire. . {Milton, The Lord, M.P., F.R.G.S. Wentworth, Yorkshire. §Minton, Samuel, F.G.S. Oakham House, near Dudley. {Mirrlees, James Buchanan. 128 West-street, Tradeston, Glasgow. {Mitchell, Alexander, M.D. Old Rain, Aberdeen, tMitchell, C. Walker, Newcastle-on-Tyne. { Mitchell, George. Glasgow. *Mitchell, William Stephen, LL.B., F.L.S., F.G.S8. Caius College, Cambridge. *Moffat, John, C.E. Ardrossan. tMoffat, Thomas, M.D., F.G.S., F.R.A.S., M.B.M.S. Hawarden, Chester. . tMoge, John Rees, High Littleton House, near Bristol. K++ OK KET LIST OF MEMBERS. 47. Year of Election. 1866. 1855. 1850. 1861. 1852, 1865. 1853. 1860. 1853. 1850. 1846. 1857. 1859. 1857. 1866. 1854. 1857. 1861. 1849, 1863, 1865. 1861, 1845. §Mogeridge, Matthew, F.G.S. Richmond, Surrey. §Moir, James. 174 Gallogate, Glasgow. {Moir, John, M.D. Edinburgh. tMolesworth, Rev. W. N., M.A. Spotland, Rochdale. Mollan, John, M.D. 8 Fitzwilliam-square North, Dublin. tMolony, William, LL.D. Carrickfergus. §Molyneux, William, F.G.S. Branston Cottage, Burton-upon-Trent. {Monday, William, Hon. Sec. Hull Lit. and Phil. Soc. 6 Jarratt- street, Hull. §Monk, Rey. William, M.A., F.R.A.S. Wymington Rectory, Hyham, Ferrers, Northamptonshire. ; tMonroe, Henry, M.D. 10 North-street, Sculcoates, Hull. {tMonteith, Alexander BE. Inverleith House. Montgomery, Matthew Glasgow. tMoody, T, H. C. §Moore, Arthur. Cradley House, Clifton, Bristol. §Moore, Charles, F.G.S. 6 Cambridge-terrace, Bath. tMoore, Rey. Dr. Clontarf, Dublin. Moore, John. 2 Mendiam-place, Clifton, Bristol. Moore, John Carrick, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. Corswall, Wigtonshire. Moore, Thomas. Botanic Gardens, Chelsea, London, S,W. Moore, Thomas John. Derby Museum, Liverpool. Moore, William D. 7 South Anne-street, Dublin. *Moore, Rey. William Prior. The College, Cavan, Ireland. {Morewood, Edmund. Cheam, Surrey. Morgan, Captain Evan, R.A. tMorgan, William. 37 Waterloo-street, Birmingham. Morley, George. Park-place, Leeds. §Morley, Samuel. Lenton-grove, Nottingham. *Morrieson, Captain Robert. Oriental Club, Hanover-square, London, W. ++ * * *Morris, David. 1 Market-place, Manchester. Morris, Edward, M.D. Hereford. *Morris, Rey. Francis Orpen, B.A. Nunburnholme Rectory, Hayton, York. : Morris, Samuel, M.R.U.S. Fortview, Clontarf, near Dublin. . {Morris, William. The Grange, Salford. . {Morrow, R. J. Bentick Villas, Newcastle. . §Mortimer, J. R. Fimber, Malton. . §Morton, George H., F.G.S. 9 London-road, Liverpool. . *Morton, Henry Joseph. Garforth House, West Garforth, near Leeds. . [Moseley, Rey. Henry, M.A., F.R.S. 13 Great George-street, West- minster. . {Moses, Marcus. 4 Westmoreland-street, Dublin. . [Mosheimer, Joseph. Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart., D.C.L., F.L.S., F.G.S. Rolleston Hall, Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire. ; Moss, John. Otterspool, near Liverpool. . *Moss, W. H. Kaingston-terrace, Hull. . §Mosse, J. R. General Manager’s Office, Mauritius Railway, Port Louis, Mauritius. . §Mott, Charles Grey. The Park, Birkenhead. . §Mott, Frederick. Loughborough. - *Mouat, Frederick John, M.D., Inspector-General of Prisons, Bengal, 45 Arundel-gardens, Notting-hill, London. . [Mould, Rev. J. G., B.D. 21 Camden-crescent, Bath. . {Mounsey, Edward. Sunderland. Mounsey, John. Sunderland. 48 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1861. 1850. 1855. 1852. 1857. 1866. 1864. 1864. 1864, 1863, 1861. 1865. 1845. 1859. 1850. 1850. 1842, 1855. 1839, 1855. 1866. 1850, *Mountcastle, William Robert. 22 Dorking-terrace, Cecil-street, Greenheys, Manchester. Mowbray, James. Combus, Clackmannan, Scotland. Mowbray, J. T. 27 Dundas-street, Edinburgh. Muir, William. 10 St. John-street, Adelphi, London, W.C, Muirhead, James. 90 Buchanan-street, Glasgow. Mullan, William. Belfast. Mullins, M. Bernard, M.A., C.E. 1 Fitzwilliam-square South, Dublin. Munby, Arthur Joseph. 6 Fig-tree-court, Temple, London, E.C, §Mundella, A. J. The Park, Nottingham. *Munro Colonel William. United Service Club, Pall Mall, London, HHH tH S.W. §Murch, Jerom. Cranwells, Bath. *Murchison, John Henry, F.G.S. Surbiton-hill, Kingston. *Murchison, K. R. Manor House, Bathford, Bath. *Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, Bart., K.C.B., M.A., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Camb., F.R.S., F.G.8., F.R.G.S., Hon. Mem. R.S.Ed. & R.LA., Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. 16 Belgrave-square, London. {Murchison, Captain R. M. Caerbaden House, Cleveland-walk, Bath. . {Murdock, James B. 195 Bath-street, Glasgow. . {Murgatroyd, William. Bank Field, Bingley. Murley, Rey. C.H. South Petherton, Iminster. . {Mauriey, Stephen. . {Murney, Henry, M.D. 10 Chichester-street, Belfast. {Murphy, Joseph John, Old Forge, Dunmarry, Co. Antrim, . [Murray, Andrew. tMurray, B. A. Murray, John, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 50 Albemarle-street, London, W. ; and Newsted, Wimbledon, Surrey. . {Murray, John, M.D. Forres, Scotland. *Murray, John, C.E. 11 Great Queen-street, Westminster, London, Tati {Murray, Rev. John. Morton, near Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. {Murray, William. 34 Clayton-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Murton, James. Silverdale, near Lancaster. Musgrave, The Venerable Charles, D.D., Archdeacon of Craven. Halifax. tMuserove, John, jun. Bolton. Muspratt, James Sheridan, Ph.D., F.C.S. College of Chemistry, Liverpool. §Myers, Rey. E. 17 Summerhill-terrace, Birmingham. {Myers, Rey. Thomas. York. §Mylne, Robert William, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A. 21 Whitehall-place, t * London, 8.W. Myrtle, J. Y.. M.D. 118 Princes-street, Edinburgh. {Nachot, H. W., Ph.D. 59 George-street, Edinburgh. Nadin, Joseph. Manchester. tNapier, James R. 22 Blythwood-square, Glasgow. *Napier, Right Honourable Joseph. 4 Merrion-square, Dublin, Napier, Captain Johnstone. Napier, Robert. West Chandon, Gareloch, Glasgow. Nera James William L. Loughcrew, Oldcastle., Co. Meath. Nash, D. W. Cheltenham. Nasmyth, James. Penge Hurst, Kent. Nasmyth, Robert, F.R.S.E, 5 Charlotte-square, Edinburgh, ¥ ++ * ee LIST OF MEMBERS. 49 Year of Election. 1864. 1860. 1850. 1845, 1853, 1855. 1865. 1846, 1861. 1849, 1866. 1861. 1857. 1852. 1842, 1866, 1854, 1842, 1863. 1853. 1866, 1858. 1860. 1865, 1848, 1866, 1861, 1858, 1850. 1851. 1856, 1864, 1854, 1863. 1860, fNatal, William Colenso, Lord Bishop of. tNeate, Charles, M.A., M.P. Oriel College, Oxford. {Necker, Theodore. Geneva. {Neild, Arthur. Ollernshaw, Whaleybridge, by Stockport. {Neill, William, Governor of Hull Jail. Hull. Neilson, James B. Neilson, Robert. Woolton-hill, Liverpool. {Neilson, Walter. 172 West George-street. tNeilson, W. Montgomerie. Glasgow. {Nerson, F. Gt. P. *Nelson, William. Scotland Bridge, Manchester. tNesbit, C. J. Lower Kennington-lane, London, 8. Ness, John. Helmsley, near York. *Nevyill, Rev. Samuel Tarratt, B.A., F.L.S. Shelton Reciory, Man- chester. tNevill, Thomas Henry. 17 George-street, Manchester, tNeville, John, C.E., M.R.LA. Dundalk, Ireland. tNeville, Parke, C.K. Town Hall, Dublin. New, Herbert. Evesham, Worcestershire. Newall, Henry. Hare-hill, Littleborough, Lancashire. *Newall, Robert Stirling. Gateshead-upon-Tyne, Newberry, Rev. Thomas, M.A. The Rectory, Hinton, Ilminster, Somerset. Newbigging, P.S. K., M.D. Edinbureh. *Newdegate, Albert L. 11 Stanhope-place, Hyde Park, London: *Newlands, James. 2 Clare-terrace, Liverpool. *Newman, Francis William. 1 Dover-place, Clifton, Bristol. *Newman, William. Darley Hall, near Barnsley, Yorkshire. *Newmarch, William, F.R.S. Heath View, West Side, Clapham Common, London, 8. tNewmarch, William, Secretary to Globe Insurance, Cornhill, London. *Newmarch, William Thomas. Heath View, West Side, Clapham- common, London, 8. tNewsome, Thomas. Park-road, Leeds. *Newton, Alfred, M.A., F.L.S., Professor of Zoology in the Univer- sity of Cambridge. Magdalen College, Cambridge. tNewton, Jnana Henry Goodwin. Clopton House, near Stratford- on-Ayon. Nicholl, Iltyd, F.L.S. Uske, Monmouthshire. {Nicholl, W. H. Uske, Monmouthshire, §Nicholson, Sir Charles, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D., F.G.S. 26 Devonshire Place, Portland-place, London, W. *Nicholson, Cornelius, F.G.S. Welfield, Muswell-hill, London, N. *Nicholson, Edward. 28 Princess-street, Manchester. *Nicholson, John A., A.M., M.B., Lic. Med., M.R.LA, Balrath, Kells, Co. Meath. *Nicholson, William Nicholson. Roundhay Park, Leeds. tNicol, J., Professor of Natural History in Marischal College, Aber- deen. t Nicolay, Rev. C. G. {Miven, Rev. James. Niven, Ninian. Clonturk Lodge, Drumcondra, Dublin. {Noad, Henry M., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S, 72 Hereford-road, Bays- water, London, W. tNoble, Matthew. 15 Bruton-street, Bond-street, LondonW. *Noble, Captain William R. Elswick Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Nolloth, M. S., Captain R.N., F.R.G.S. St. Mary’s Cottage, Peck- ham, London ; and United Service Club, London, R 50 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1859. 1863 1865. 1866. 1860. 1846, 1851, 1861. 1851. 1857. 1858. 1859, 1858 {Norfolk, Richard. Messrs. W, Rutherford and Co., 14 Canada Dock, Liverpool. §Norman, Rey. Alfred Merle, M.A. Houghton-le-Spring, Co. Durham. Novreys, Sir Denham Jephson, Bart. Mallow Castle, Co, Cork. Norris, Charles. St. John’s House, Halifax. §Norris, Dr. Richard. 2 Birchfield-road, Aston, Birmingham, §North, Thomas. Cinder Hill, Nottingham. Northampton, Charles Douglas, The Right Hon, Marquis of. 145 Piccadilly, London, W.; and Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire. {Northeote, A. Beauchamp, F.C.S. Queen’s College, Oxford. *Northwick, The Right Boni Lord, M.A., F.G.8, 22 Park-street, Grosyenor-square, London, W. {Norton, John Howard, M.D. tNotcutt, 5. A. Westgate-street, Ipswich. tNoton, Thomas, Priory House, Oldham. tNourse, William E. C., F.R.C.S. West Cowes, Isle of Wight. Nowell, John, Farnley Hall, Huddersfield. {Nuling, Alfred. {Nunnerley, Thomas. Leeds. {Nuttall, James. Wellfield House, Todmorden. O’Beirne, James, M.D. 11 Lower Gardiner-street, Dublin. O’Brien, Baron Lucius. Dromoland, Newmarket-on-Fergus, Ireland. O'Callaghan, George, Tallas, Co. Clare. . *O’Callaghan, Patrick, LL.D., D.C.L. 16 Clarendon-square, Lea- mington. : Odgers, Rey. William James. Sion-hill, Bath. . *Odling, William, M.B., F.R.S., Sec. Chem. Soe., Professor of Che- mistry in the Medical School of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Sydenham-road, Croydon, Surrey, . {O’Donnayan, William John. 2 Cloisters, Temple, Dublin. . §Ogden, James. Woodhouse, Loughborough. . tOgilvie, C. W. Norman. Baldovan House, Dundee, *Ogilvie, George, M.D., Lecturer on the Institutes of Medicine in Marischal College, Aberdeen. . LOgily, G. R. Dundee, . LOgilvy, Sir John, Bart. Inverquharity, N. B. . LOgle, Rev. E. C. *Ogle, William, M.D., M.A. Derby. . {Ogston, Francis, M.D. 18 Adelphi-court, Aberdeen. . [O’Hagan, John. 20 Kildare-street, Dublin: . {O’Kelly, Joseph, M.A, 651 Stephen’s Green, Dublin, . [O’Kelly, Matthias J. Dalkey, Ireland. . §Oldham, James, C.E. Austrian Chambers, Hull. . *Oldham, Thomas, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA., Director of the Geological Survey of India. Calcutta. . [O’Leary, Professor Purcell, M.A, Sydney-place, Cork. . tOliver, D, Richmond, Surrey. *Ommanney, Erasmus, Rear-Admiral, C.B., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S, 6 Talbot-square, Hyde-park, London,W.; and United Service Ciub, Pall Mall, London, 8. W. : *Orlebar, A. B., M.A. Ormerod, George Wareing, M.A., F.G.S, Chagford, Exeter, tOrmerod, Henry Mere. Clarence-street, Manchester; and 11 Wood- land-terrace, Cheetham-hill, Manchester, §Ormerod, T. T. Brighouse, near Halifax. Orpen, John H., LL.D., M.R.LA. (Local Treasurer.) 58 Stephen’s Green, Dublin. — as LIST OF MEMBERS. 51 Year of Election. 1854. 1865. 1865, 1854, 1857. 1863, 1855. 1850. 1859. 1863. 1845, 1847. 1863. 1866. 1866. 1854. 1857. 1865. 1863. 1845. 1865, 1853. 1861. 1865. 1864. 1859. 1863. 1862. 1854, 1868. 1855. 1861. fOrr, Sir Andrew. Blythwood-square, Glasgow. tOsborne, E. C. Carpenter-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. *Osler, A. Follett, F.R.S. South Bank, Edgbaston, Birmingham, *Osler, Henry F. Portland-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. *Ossalinsht, Count. §Outram, Thomas. Greetland, near Halifax. Ovenend, Wilson, Sharrow Head, Sheffield, Oyerston, Samuel Jones Lloyd, Lord, F.G.S. 22 Norfoll-street, Park-lane, London; and Wickham Park, Bromley. {tOwen, James H. Park House, Sandymount, Co. Dublin. Owen, Richard, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L8., F.G.S., Hon. M.R.S.E., Director of the Natural History Department, British Museum. Sheen Lodge, Mortlake, Surrey, 8.W. *Ower, Charles, Dundee. Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, D.D., Lord Bishop of, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S. 26 Pall Mall, London, 8.W.; and Cuddesdon Palace, Wheatley, Oxon. {Pagan, John M., M.D. West Regent-street, Glasgow. tPagan, Samuel Alexander, M.D., F.R.S.E. Edinburgh. }Page, David, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. 44 Gilmore-place, Edinburgh. §Paget, Charles. Ruddington Grange, near Nottingham. tPaget, George E., M.D. Cambridge. tPakington, J. S., BA. tPalmer, C. M. Whitley Park, near Newcastle-on-Tyne. §Palmer, H. Goldsmith-street, Nottingham. *Palmer, Sir William, Bart. Whitchurch-Canonicorum, Dorset. §Palmer, William. Canal-street, Nottingham. Palmes, Rey. William Lindsay, M.A. The Vicarage, Hornsea, Hull. {Pare, William, F.S.8, Seville Iron Works, Dublin. *Parker, Alexander, M.R.1.A.. William-street, Dublin. *Parker, Charles Stewart. Liverpool. {Parker, Henry. Low Elswick, Newcastle-on-Tyne. a Rey. Henry, Idlerton Rectory, Low Elswick, Neweastle-on- yne. Parker, Joseph, F.G.S. Upton Chaney, Bitton, near Bristol. {Parker, J. W., jun. Sieaedly London, W.C. Parker, Richard. Dunscombe, Cork, Parker, Rey, William. Saham, Norfolk, *Parker, Walter Mantel. Warren-corner House, near Farnham, Surrey. {Parker, Wiliam. Thornton-le-Moor, Lincolnshire. t Parkes, Alexander. *Parkes, Samuel Hickling. 5 St, Mary’s-row, Birmingham. §Parkes, William. 14 Park-street, Westminster, {Parkinson, Robert, Ph.D. Bradford, Yorkshire. {Parland, Captain. Stokes Hall, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyre, Parnell, E. A, §Parnell, John, M.A. Bodham House, Upper Clapton, London, N.E, Parnell, Richard, M.D., F.R.S.E. 7 James’s-place, Leith. {Parr, Alfred, M.D, New Brighton, Cheshire. Partington, James Edge. Partridge, Richard, F.R.S., Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Academy of Arts, and to King’s College, London, 17 New- street, Spring-gardens, London, 8. W. *Parsons, Charles ‘Thomas. Edgbaston, Birmingham. {Paterson, William. 100 Brunswick-street, Glasgow. }Patterson, Andrew. Deaf and Dumb School, Old Trafford, Man- chester. R2 52 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1863. 1863. 1839, 1863. 1864, 1863. 1863, 1864. 1851. 1866, 1847, 1863. 1854, 1853, 1863. 1852. 1865. 1863. 1858. 1855, 1861, 1861. 1865. 1861. 1856. 1855, 1849, 1845, 1856, 1861. 1864. 1861. 1866, 1886, {Patterson, I. L. Scott’s House, near Newcastle-on-Tyne. {Patterson, John. 16 Bloomfield-terrace, Gateshead-on-Tyne. *Patterson, Robert, F.R.S. (Local Treasurer.) 6 College-square North, Belfast. {Pattinson, William. Felling, near Newcastle-on-Tyne. }Pattison, Dr. T. H. Edinburgh. §Paul, Benjamin H., Ph.D. 8 Gray’s Inn-square, London, W.C. Paul, Henry. Edinburgh. tPavy, Frederick William, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Physiology and Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at Guy’s Hospital. Grosvenor-street, London, W. {Payne, Edward Turner. 3 Sydney-place, Bath. {Payne, Joseph. 4 Kildare Gardens, Bayswater, London, W. §Payne, Joseph Frank. 4 Kildare-gardens, Bayswater, London, W. §Peach, Charles W. 30 Haddington-place, Leith-walk, Edinburgh. §Peacock, Richard Atkinson. St. Heliers, Jersey. *Pearsall, Thomas John, F.C.S. Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Insti- tution, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, London. tPearson, J. A. Woolton, Liverpool. {Pearson, Robert H. 1 Prospect House, Hull. Pearson, Rev. Thomas, M.A. §Pease, H. F. Brinkburn, Darlington. tPease, Joseph Robinson, J.P. Hesslewood. §Pease, Joseph W. Woodlands, Darlington, {Pease, J. W. Newcastle-on-T'yne. *Pease, Thomas, F.G.S. Henbury, near Bristol. Peckitt, Henry. Carlton Husthwaite, Thirsk, Yorkshire. *Peckover, Alexander, F.R.G.S. Wisheach, Cambridgeshire, *Peckover, Algernon, F.L.S. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire. *Peckover, Daniel. Woodhall, Calverley, Leeds. *Peckoyer, William, F.S.A. Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire. *Pedler, Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Warren. Mutley House, near Plymouth. *Peel, George. Soho Iron Works, Manchester. *Peile, George, jun. Shotley Bridge, near Gateshead-on-Tyne, *Peiser, John. Barnfield House, Oxford-street, Manchester. t{Pemberton, Oliver. 18 Temple-row, Birmingham. *Pender, John. Mount-street, Manchester. §Pengelly, William, F.R.S., F.G.S. Lamorna, Torquay. {Penny, Frederick, Professor of Chemistry in the Andersonian Uni- versity, Glasgow. {Pentland, J. B. 5 Ryder-street, St. James’s, London, 8.W. tPercy, John, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Metallurgy in the Government School of Mines. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street, London. *Perigal, Frederick. 28 Hereford-square, Brompton, London, 8.W. t Perkins, A. M. Perkins, Rey. George. St. James’s View, Dickenson-road, Rusholme, near Manchester. Perkins, Rev. R. B., D.C.L. Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. *Perkins, V. R. Wotton-under-Edge. {Perring, John Shae. 104 King-street, Manchester. §Perry, Arthur George. The Grove, Stanton-by-Dale, Nottingham. Perry, The Right Rev. Charles, M.A., Bishop of Melbourne, Aus- tralia, *Perry, Rev. S.G. F., M.A. Tottington Parsonage, near Bury. *Peters, Edward. Temple-row, Birmingham. *Petit, Rev. John Louis. 9 New-square, Lincoln’s Inn, London,W.C. LIST OF MEMBERS. 53 Year of Election. 1854, 1861. 1846, 1857, 1845. 1863. 1853. 1853. 1863. 1856. 1859. 1850. 1862. 1859, 1864, 1861. 1856. 1865. 1864. 1857. 1863, {Petrie, James, M.D. 15 Upper Parliament-street, Liverpool. *Petrie, John. Rochdale. {Petrie, William. LEcclesbourne Cottage, Woolwich. Pett, Samuel, F.G.S. 7 Albert-road, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. Peyton, Abel. Birmingham.. {Phayre, George. tPhelps, Rev. Robert, D.D. Cambridge. *Phené, John Samuel, F.R.G.S. 34 Oakley-street, Chelsea, London, S.W. *Philips, Rey. Edward. The Bank, near Chendle, Staflordshire. *Philips, Herbert. 35 Church-street, Manchester. *Philips, Mark. The Park, near Manchester. {Philipson, Dr. 1 Saville Row, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Phillipps, Sir Thomas, Bart., M.A., F.R.S. Middle-hill, near Broad- way, Worcestershire. *Phillips, Major-General Sir Frowell. United Service Club, Pall Mall, London. tPhillips, George. Liverpool. tPhillips, Rev. George, fp, Queen’s College, Cambridge. *Phillips, John, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford. Museum House, Oxford, { Phillips, Major J. Scott. Philpott, The Right Rev. Henry, D.D., Lord Bishop of Worcester. §Pickering, William. 3 Bridge-street, Bath. tPickstone, William. Radcliff Bridge, near Manchester. {Pierson, Charles, 3 Blenheim-parade, Cheltenham. Pigott, J. H. Smith. Brockley Hall, Bristol. tPike, L. Owen. 25 Carlton-villas, Maida Vale, London, W. *Pike, Ebenezer. Besborough, Cork. {Pilditch, Thomas. Portway House, Frome. {Pilkington, Henry M., M.A., Q.C. 35 Gardner’s-place, Dublin. *Pim, Commander Bedford C. T., R.N., F.R.G.S. Junior United Service Club, London, 8. W. Pim, George, M.R.LA. Brennan’s Town, Cabinteely, Dublin. Pim, Jonathan. Harold’s Cross, Dublin. Pim, William H. Monkstown, Dublin. {Pincoffs, Simon. Crumpsall Lodge, Cheetham-hill, Manchester. Pinney, Charles. Clifton, Bristol. {Pirrie, William, M.D. 238 Union-street West, Aberdeen. §Pitcaim, David. Westbank, Dundee. . {Pitt, R. 5 Widcomb-terrace, Bath. {Plant, Thomas L. Camp-hill, and 33 Union-street, Birmingham. *Platt, John. Werneth Park, Oldham, Lancashire. Playfair, Lyon, C.B., Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.L.& E., V.P.C.S., Pro- fessor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. 14 Aber- cromby-place, Edinburgh. Plumptre, Charles Frederick, D.D., Master of University College, Oxford. University College, Oxford. {Plunkett, Thomas. Ballybrophy House, Borris-in-Ossory, Ireland. *Pochin, Henry Davis, F.C.S. Oalfield House, Salford, tPococke, Rey. N., M.A. Queen’s College, Oxford. *Pollexfen, Rey. John Hutton, M.A., Rector of St. Runwald’s, Col- chester. Pollock, A. 52 Upper Sackville-street, Dublin. *Polwhele, Thomas Roxburgh, M.A. Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall. *Pontey, Alexander. Plymouth. . Poole, Braithwaite. *Poppelwell, Matthew. Rosella-place, Tynemouth. 54 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1846, 1866. 1863. 1842. 1865. 1857. 1851. 1857. 1859. 1855, 1846. 1864, 1864. 1846. 1856. 1865, 1864, 1865. 1835. 1846. 1863. 1858. 1863. 1841. 1865. 1849, 1865. 1854. 1864. 1859. 1864. 1842. . Porter, Rev. Charles, D.D. *Porter, Henry John Ker. Brampton, Huntingdon. {Porter, John. §Porter, R. Beeston, Nottingham. Porter, Rev. T. H., D.D. Desertcreat, Co. Armagh. {Potter, D. M. Cramlington, near Newcastle-on-l'yne. *Potter, Edmund, F.R.S. 10 Charlotte-street, Manchester. Potter, Henry Glassford, F.L.S.,F.G.S. Reform Club, London; and Jesmond High-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Potter, Richard, M.A., F.C.P.S. Ampthill-square, Hampstead-road, London, N.W. Potter, Thomas. George-street, Manchester. Potter, William. 34 Fallmer-street, Liverpool.’ {Potts, James. 523 Quayside, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Pounden, Captain Landsdale, F.R.G.S. Junior United Service Club, London, 8.W.; and Brownswood, Co. Wexford. Powell, Rev. Dr. Madras. tPower, David. {Power, Sir James, Bart. Hdermine, Enniscorthy, Ireland. {Poynter, John. Glasgow. *Poynter, John E. Clyde Neuck, Uddingstone, Hamilton, Scotland. tPoyter, Thomas. §Prangley, Arthur. 2 Burlington-buildings, Redland, Bristol. Pratt, Archdeacon, M.A., F.C.PS. Calcutta. *Prentice, Manning. Stowmarket, Suffolk. Prest, Edward, Archdeacon, The College, Durham. Prest, John. Blossom-street, York. *Prestwich, Joseph, F.R.S., Treas. G.S. 2 Suffolk-lane, City, London, E.C.; and 10 Kent-terrace, Regent’s Park-road, London, N.W. *Pretious, Thomas. H.M. Dockyard, Devonport. {Priaulx, Nicholas M. 9 Brunswick-place, Southampton. *Price, Rev. Bartholomew, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S,, Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. 11 St. Giles’s-street, Oxford. Price, J.T. Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire. tPrideaux, J. S. 209 Piccadilly, London, W. *Prior, R. C. A., M.D. Halse House, Taunton. *Prichard, Thomas, M.D. Avington Abbey, Northampton. *Pritchard, Andrew. 87 St. Paul’s-road, Highbury, London, N. *Pritchard, Rey. Charles, M.A., F.R.S., Pres. R.A.S., F.G.8. Hurst- hill, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. {Procter, R. 8. Summerhill-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Proctor, Thomas. Clifton Down, Bristol. Proctor, William. Cathay, Bristol. §Proctor, William, M.D., F.C.S. 24 Petergate, York. *Prosser, John. 38 Cumberland-road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. {Prosser, Richard. King’s Norton, near Birmingham. Protheroe, Captain W. G. B. Dolewilim, St. Clair’s, Carnaryon- shire. {Proud, Joseph. South Hetton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. tProud, Thomas Aston. Villa-road, Handsworth. *Prower, Rev. J. M., M.A. Swindon, Wiltshire. §Prowse, Albert P. Whitchurch Villa, Mannamead, Plymouth. {Puckle, Hale G. tPugh, John. Aberdovey, Shrewsbury. {Pugh, William. Coalport, Shropshire. {Pulsford, James. . *Pumphrey, Charles. 34 Frederick-street, Edgbaston, Birmingham. LIST OF MEMBERS. 55 Year of Election. 1852. 1860, 1866. 1860, 1861. 1860. 1861. 1854. 1859, 1855. 1864, 1863. 1845, 1863. 1861. 1845. 1858. 1865. 1860. 1855. 1847, 1860. 1850. 1861. 1851. 1851. 1849, 1865. 1864. 1865. 1848. Punnett, Rev. John, M.A., F.C.P.S. St. Harth, Cormwall. t{Purdon, Thomas Henry, M.D. Belfast. tPurdy, Frederick, F.S.8., Principal of the Statistical Department of the Poor Law Board, Whitehall, London. Victoria-road, Ken- sington, London, W. §Purser, John. Queen’s College, Belfast. *Pusey, S. E. Bouverie. Pusey, Farringdon. *Pyne, Joseph John. 65 Piccadilly, Manchester. {Radcliffe, Charles Bland, M.D. 4 Henrietta-street, Cavendish-square London, W. *Radford, William, M.D. Sidmount, Sidmouth. {Rafferty, Thomas. 153 Monmouth-terrace, Rusholme. {Rafiles, Thomas Stamford. 21 Canning-street, Liverpool. tRainey, George, M.D. 17 Golden-square, Aberdeen. {Rainey, Harry, M.D. 10 Moore-place, Glasgow. tRainey, James T. 8 Widcomb-crescent, Bath. Rake, Joseph. Charlotte-street, Bristol. §Ramsay, Alexander, jun., F.G.S. 45 Norland-square, Notting Hill, London, W. tRamsay, Andrew Crombie, F.R.S., F.G.S., Local Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and Professor of Geology in the Government School of Mines. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street, London, 8. W. {Ramsay, D. R. Wallsend, Newcastle-on-Tyne. tRamsay, John. JKaldalton, Argyleshire. tRamsay, William. Glasgow. *Ramsbotham, John Hodgson, M.D. 16 Park-place, Leeds. *Rance, Henry. Cambridge. Rand, John. Wheatley-hill, Bradford, Yorkshire. {Randel, J. 50 Vittoria-street, Birmingham. tRandall, Thomas. Grandepoint House, Oxford. {Randolph, Charles, Pollockshiels, Glasgow. tRandolph, Captain C. G. Wrotham, Kent. *Randolph, Rey. Herbert, M.A. Marcham, near Abingdon. Randolph, Rev. John Honywood, F.G.S. _Sanderstead, Croydon. Ranelagh, the Right-Hon., Lord. 7 New Burlington-street, Regent- street, London, W. §Rankine, William John Macquorn, LL.D., F.R.S. L. & E., Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanies in the University of Glasgow. 59 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. §Ransome, Arthur, M.A. Bowdon, Cheshire. {Ransome, Frederick. Lower Brook-street, Ipswich. { Ransome, George. *Ransome, Robert. Iron Foundry, Ipswich. Ransome, Thomas. 34 Princess-street, Manchester. §Ransome, Dr. W. H. Low Pavement, Nottingham. Rashleigh, Jonathan. 8% Cumberland-terrace, Regent’s Park, London, N.W. *Ratcliff, Charles, F.LS., F.G.S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S. Wyddrington, Edgbaston, Birmingham. §Rate, Rey. John, M.A., Lapley Vicarage, Staffordshire. Rathbone, Theodore W. Allerton Priory, near Liverpool. Rathbone, William. Green Bank, Liverpool. Rathbone, William, jun. 7 Water-street, Liverpool. {Rattray, W. Aberdeen. {Ravenshaw, E. C. Atheneum Club, London, 8.W. Rawdon, William Frederick M.D, Bootham York. 56 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1866. 1855, 1865. 1845, 1852, 1865. 1858, 1862. 1864. 1852. 1865. 1863. 1861. 1861. 1854. 1850. 1849. 18653. 1863, 1860. 1858. 1849, 1850. 1858. 1847, 1863. 1861. 1863. 1854. 1863. 1861. 1861. 1863, *Rawlins, John. Llewesog Hall, Denbigshirhe. paeteeen Gaeta, Professor of History in the University of Oxford. Oxfor *Rawlinson, Major-General Sir Henry C., K.C.B.,M.P., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 1 Hill-street, Berkeley-square London, Wig Rawson, Rawson William, F. R.GS. *Rawson, Thomas William. Saville Lodge, Halifax. §Rayner, ae Lonsdale Villa, Smethwick, Birmingham. tRead, Joseph, M. tRead, Thomas, M.D. Donegal-square West, Belfast. §Read, William. Albion House, Epworth, Bawtry. {Read, William Henry. Chapel Allerton, near Leeds. *Read, W. H. Rudstone, M.A., F.L.S. Hayton, near Pocklington, Yorkshire. *Reade, Rey. Joseph Bancroft, M.A., F.R.S. Bishopbourne Rectory, Canterbury. *Readwin, Thomas Allison, F.G.S. Stretford, near Manchester. §Reddie, James, Hon. Sec. to the Victoria Institute or Philosophical Society of Great Britain. Bridge House, Hammersmith, London. *Redfern, Professor Peter, M.D. 4 Lower-crescent, Belfast. {Redmayne, Giles. 20 New Bond-street, London, W. tRedmayne, R. R. 12 Victoria-terrace, Newcastle. Redwood, Isaac. Cae Wern, near Ne ath, South Wales. *Reé, H. P, 27 Faullner- street, Manchester. {Reed, Edward J., Chief Constructor of the Nav y» Admiralty, White- hall, London, S.W. {Rerd, David Boswell, M.D. tReid, William, M. D. Cuivi ie, Cupar, Fife. {tReid, Major- General Sir William. §Renals, kK. ‘Nottingham Express’ sa Nottingham. tRendel, G. Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyn Rennie, Sir John, Knt., E.R.S., F.GS., ¥. Ss A., F.R.G.S. 32 Charing Cross, London, W.c. {Rennison, Rey. Thomas, M.A. Queen’s College, Oxford. *Renny, Licutenant IL. ia , RE. Montreal. §Reynolds, Richard, F.C.S. 13 Brigeate, Leeds. {Reynolds, Thomas F., M.D. 14 Lansdowne-terrace, Cheltenham. Reynolds, William, M.D. Coeddu, near Mold, Flintshire. t¢Rhind, William. 121 Princes-street, Edinburgh, *Rhodes, John. Leeds. tRicardo, M. Brighton. §Richardson, Benjamin W., M.A., M.D., F.R.S. 12 Hinde-street, Manchester-square, London, W. §Richardson, Charles. Almondbury, Bristol. *Richardson, Edward,jun. South Ashfield, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Richardson, James. Glasgow. tRichardson, John. Hull. tRichardson, John W. South Ashfield, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Richardson, Thomas. Glasgow. Richardson, Thomas. Montpelier-hill, Dublin. Richardson, William. Micklegate, York. §Richardson, William. 4 Edward- street, Werneth, Oldham. Richardson, Rev. William. tRichson, Rey. Canon, M.A. _Shakespeare-street, Ardwick, Man- chester. {Richter, Otto, Ph.D. Bathgate, Linlithgowshire. *Riddell, Major- General Charles James Buchanan, C.B., F.RS Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, London, LIST OF MEMBERS, 57 Year of Election. 1861. 1859. 1861. 1862. 1861. 1865. 1863. * 1860, 1855. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1859, 1859. 1854. 1853. 1857. 1859. 1866. 1866, 1863. 1861. 1852. 1864. 1859. 1860. 1866. 1861. 1863. 18655. 1860. 1865, 1863. 1855. 1845. 1851. 1866. 1846. 1861. 1860. 1859. 1866, 1863, *Riddell, H. B. The Palace, Maidstone. tRiddell, Rey. John. Moffat by Beatlock, N. B. *Rideout, William J. Farnworth, near Manchester. {Ridgway, Henry Alroyd, B.A. Bank Field, Halifax. Ridgway, John. Cauldon-place, Potteries, Staffordshire. §Ridley, John. 19 Belsize-park, Hampstead, London. tRidley, Samuel. 7 Regent’s-terrace, Aeweasiltdk Teak *Rigby, Samuel. Bruch Hall, Warrington. *Rinder, Miss. Gledhow Grove, Leeds. §Ritchie, George Robert. 4 Watkyn-Terrace, Coldharbour-lane, Camberwell, London. tRitchie, Robert, C.E. 14 Hill-street, Edinburgh. tRivay, John V.C. 19 Cowley-street, Westminster, London. tRobberds, Rev. John, B.A. Liverpool. {Roberton, James. Gorbals Foundry, Glasgow. Roberton, John. Oxford-road, Manchester. tRoberts, George Christopher. Hull. {Roberts, Henry, F.S.A. Athenzeum Club, London, 8.W. t Roberts, John. TRoberts, John Francis. 10 Adam-street, Adelphi, London, W.C. tRoberts, Michael, M.A. Trinity College, Dublin. *Roberts, William P. 50 Ardwick Green, Manchester. tRobertson, Dr. Andrew. Indego, Aberdeen. §Robertson, A. 8., M.D., F.R.G.S. Horwick, Lancashire. § Robertson, William Tindal, M.D. Nottingham. t Robinson, Dr. tRobinson, Enoch. Dukinfield, Cheshire. {Robinson, Rey. George. Tartaragham Glebe, Loughgall, Ireland. §Robinson, George Augustus. Widcomb-hill, Bath. tRobinson, Hardy. 156 Union-street, Aberdeen. { Robinson, Professor H. D. *Robinson, H. Oliver. 16 Park-street, Westminster, London. §Robinson, John. Museum, Oxford. tRobinson, John. Atlas Works, Manchester. - tRobinson, J. H. Cumberland-row, Newcastle-on-Tyne. TRobinson, M. E. 116 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. tRobinson, Admiral Robert Spencer. 61 Eaton-place, London, 8.W. Robinson, Rev. Thomas Romney, D.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., M.R.LA,, Director of the Armagh Observatory. Armagh. tRobinson, T. W. U. Houghton-le-Spring, Durham. * Robson, James. *Robson, Rey. John, D.D. Glasgow. tRobson, Neil, C.E. 127 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. tRocow, Tattersall Thomas. TRodwell, William. Woodlands, Holbrook, Ipswich. Roe, Henry, M.R.LA. 2 Fitzwilliam-square East, Dublin. §Roe, Thomas. Grove Villas, Sitchurch. tRoe, William Henry. Portland-terrace, Southampton. §Rofe, John, F.G.S. Queen-street, Lancaster. tRogers, James EH. T., Professor of Political Economy in the Univer- sity of Oxford. Beaumont-street, Oxford. *Roget, Peter Mark, M.D., F.R.S. 18 Upper Bedford-place, Russell- square, London, W.C. {Rolleston, George, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the University of Oxford. 15 New Inn Hall- street, Oxford. §Rolph, George Frederick. War Office, Horse Guards, London, S.W. tRomilly, Edward. 14 Hyde Park-terrace, London, W. 58 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1845. 1845. 1846. 1865. 1861. . §Rose, C. B., F.G.8. 25 King-street, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. . {Rowsell, Rev. . *Royle, Peter, M.D., L.R.C.P.,M.R.C.8, 27 Lever-street, Manchester. . tRuland, C. H. . *Rumney, Robert, F.C.S. Ardwick, Manchester, . {Rumsay, Henry Wildbore. Gloucester Lodge, Cheltenham. . {Ruskin, John, M.A.,F.G.S. Denmark-hill, Camberwell, London, 8. . {Russell, Rey. C. W., D.D. Maynooth College. 5. tRussell, James, jun. Falkirk. . tRussell, James, M.D. 91 Newhall-street, Birmingham. . tRussell, John, the Right Hon. Earl, K.G., F.R.S., F.R.GS. 37 tRomily, Rev. Joseph. tRonalds, Francis, F.R.S. 9 St. Mary’s-villas, Battle, Essex. tRonalds, Edmund, Ph.D. Stewartfield, Bonnington, Edinburgh. tRoper, R. 8. Newport, Monmouthshire. *Roscoe, Henry Enfield, B.A., Ph.D., F-R.S., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry in Owens College, Manchester. Rosebery, Archibald John, Earl of, K.T.,M.A.,D.C.L., F.R.S. 189 Piccadilly, London; and Dalmeny Park, Linlithgow. . tRoseby, John. Haverholme House, Brigg, Lincolnshire. . {Rosling, Alfred. . tRoss, David, LL.D. Drumbrain Cottage, Newbliss, Ireland. . *Ross, James Coulman. Trinity College, Cambridge. . *Ross, Thomas. Featherstone-buildings, High Holborn, London, W.C. Ross, William. Pendleton, Manchester. Rosse, William, Earl of, M.A., K.St.P., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., M.R.LA., F.R.G.S., F.A.S., Chancellor of the University of Dublin. Birr Castle, Parsonstown, King’s County, Ireland. Rosson, John. Moore Hall, near Ormskirk, Lancashire. . tRoth, Dr. Matthias. 16 Old Cavendish-street, London, W. . *Rothera, George Bell. 39 Upper Talbot-street, Nottingham. . tRoundall, William B. 146 High-street, Southampton. *Roundell, Rev. Danson Richardson. Gledstone, Skipton. . §Round, Daniel G. Hange Colliery, near Tipton, Staffordshire. . tRouse, William. 16 Canterbury Villas, Maida Vale, London, W. . {Routh, Edward J., M.A. St. Peter’s College, Cambridge. tRowan, Dayid. St. Vincent Crescent, Glasgow. . tRowand, Alexander. Linthouse, near Glasgow. . §Rowe, Rev. John. Beaufort-villas, Edgbaston, Birmingham. . *Rowney, Thomas H., Ph.D., F.C.8., Professor of Chemistry in Queen’s College, Galway. *Rowntree, J “ Leeds. van Edward, M.A. Hambledon Rectory, Godalming. Chesham-place, Belgrave-square, London, 8, W. Russell, John. Russell, John. 15 Middle Gardiner’s-street, Dublin. Russell, John Scott, M.A., F.R.S.L.& E. Sydenham; and 5 West- minster Chambers, Westminster, London. . *Russell, Norman Scott. 37 Great George-street, Westminster, London. . [ Russell, Robert. . {Russell, Robert. Gosforth Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Russell, Rev. T. . *Russell, William J., Ph.D. 34 Upper Hamilton-terrace, St. John’s Wood, London. . §Russell, W. H. L., A.B., F.R.S. Shepperton, Middlesex. . {Rust, Rev. James, M.A. Manse of Slains, Ellon, N. B. Rutson, William. Newby Wiske, Northallerton, Yorkshire. . tRyan, John, M.D. *Ryland, Arthur. Birmingham, — ee LIST OF MEMBERS. 59 Year of Election. 1865, §Ryland, Thomas. The Redlands, Erdington, Birmingham. 1853, {Rylands, Joseph. 9 Charlotte-street, Hull. 1861, *Rylands, Thomas Glazebrook. Heath House, Warrington. 1865. 1866, 1857. 1864, 1854, 1858. 1856. 1842. 1861. 1854, - 1861. 1857. 1864. 1854, 1864. » 1865. 1861. 1846. 1864. 1860. 1863. 1857. 1850, 1842. 1842. 1842. 1847. 1854, 1861. 1847. *Sabine, Major-General Edward, R.A., LL.D., D.C.L., President of the Royal Society, F.R.A.S., F.L.S., F.R.G.8. 13 Ashley-place, Westminster, London. Sabine, Robert. (Care of C. W. Siemens, Esq.), 3 George-street, Westminster. *St. Seed His Grace the Duke of. Brestwood Hall, near Notting- am. Salkeld, Joseph. Penrith, Cumberland. {Salmon, Rey. George, D.D., F.R.S., Professor of Divinity in Trinity College. Trinity College, Dublin. Salmon, Henry C., F.G.S., FCS. Salmon, Wiliam Wroughton. 9 Regent's Park-square, London, N.W.; and Devizes, Wiltshire. *Salt, Charles F. 24 Grove-street, Liverpool. *Salt, Titus. Crow Nest, Lightclitte, Halifax. {Salter, John William, F.G.S. Geological Survey of Great Britain, Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street; and 8 Bolton- road, Boundary-road, St. John’s Wood, London, N.W. Sambrooke, T. G. 32 Haton-place, London, 8.W. *Samson, Henry. Messrs. Samson and Leppoe, St. Peter’s-square, Manchester. {Sandbach, Henry R, Hafodunos, Denbighshire. *Sandeman, A., M.A. Queen’s College, Cambridge. fSanders, Gilbert. The Hill, Monkstown, ©o. Dublin. Sanders, John Naish, F.G.S. 12 Vyvyan-terrace, Clifton, Bristol. *Sanders, William, F.R.S., F.G.S. (Local Treaswrer.) 21 Richmond- terrace, Clifton, Bristol. Sandes, Thomas, A.B. Sallow Glin, Tarbert, Co. Kerry. §Sandford, William. 9 Springfield-place, Bath. {Sandon, Lord. 39 Gloucester-square, London, W. §Sanford, William A. Nynehead Court, Wellington, Somersetshire. {Sargant, W. L. Edmund-street, Birmingham. Satterfield, Joshua. Alderley Edge. {Saul, Charles J. Smedley-lane, Cheetham-hill, Manchester. tSaunders, Trelawney William. tSaunders, T. W., Recorder of Bath. 1 Priory-place, Bath. *Saunders, William. Manor House, Iffley, near Oxford. {Savory, Valentine. Cleckheaton, near Leeds. {Scallan, James Joseph.. 77 Harcourt-street, Dublin, {Scarth, Pillans. 28 Barnard-street, Leith. *Schemman, J. C. Hamburg. *Schlick, Commandeur de. Schofield, Benjamin. Schofield, Joseph. Stubley Hall, Littleborough, Lancashire. Schotield, W. h Fairlawn, Ripon. *Scholes, I. Seddon. 16 Dale-street, Leamington. *Scholey, William Stephenson, M.A. Freemantle Lodge, Castle-hill Reading. *Scholfield, Edward, M.D. Doncaster. {Scholfield, Henry D., M.D. Schunck, Edward, F.R.S. Oaklands, Kersall Moor, Manchester. *Schwabe, Edmund Salis. Rhodes House, near Manchester. {Sclater, Philip Lutley, M.A, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L,S., See. Zool. Soc. 11 Hanoyer-square, London, W. ? 60 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1849, 1865, 1859. 1855. 1857, 1861. 1864. 1858. 1864, 1856. 1854, 1859, 1853. 1861. 1855, 1850. 1858. 1861, 1853. 1846, 1861. 1854, 1858. 1854, 1858, 1865. 1845, 1861, 1858. 1853. 1863. 1851, 1866. 1849, {Scoffern, John, M.B. Barnard’s Inn, London; and Ilford, Essex. §Scott, Major-General, Royal Bengal Artillery. Treledan Hall, Mont- gomeryshire. tScott, Captain Fitzmaurice. Forfar Artillery. tScott, Montague D., B.A. Hove, Sussex. §Scott, Robert H., F.G.S., Director of the Meteorological Office, 2 Parliament-street, London, S.W. §Seott, Rev. Robert Selkirk, M.A. 7 Beaufort-terrace, Cecil-street, Manchester. TScott, Wentworth Lascelles, F.C.S. _Cornwall-villa, 24 Cornwall- road, Westbourne Park, London, W. tScott, William. Holbeck, near Leeds. {Scott, William Robson, Ph.D. St. Leonards, Exeter. {Scougall, James. tSerivenor, Harry. Ramsay, Isle of Man. tSeaton, John Love. Hull. *Sedewick, Rey. Adam, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Hon, M.R.LA., F.G.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., Woodwardian Professor of Geology in the University of Cambridge, and Canon of Norwich, Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. tSedgwick, Rey. James. Scalby Vicarage, Scarborough. *Seeley, Harry, F.G.S. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Selby, Prideaux John, F.L.S., F.G.S. Twizel House, Belford, Northumberland. tSeligman, H. L. 185 Buchanan-street, Glasgow. {Seller, William, M.D, 23 Nelson-street, Edinburgh. *Selwyn, Rey. William, M.A., Prebendary of Ely. Foxton, Royston, *Senior, George, F.S.8. Regent-street, Barnsley, Seymour, George Hicks. Stonegate, York. *Seymour, Henry D., M.P. 89 Upper Grosyenor-street, London, W. Seymour, John. 21 Bootham, York. {Shackles, G. L. 6 Albion-street, Hull. *Shaen, William. 8 Bedford-row, London, tSharp, James. 22 Oxford-street, Southampton. Sharp, Rey. John, B.A. Horbury, Wakefield. §Sharp, Samuel, F.G.S., F.S.A. Dallington Hall, near Northampton. *Sharp, William, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. Horton House, Rugby. Sharp, Rey. William, B.A. Mareham Rectory, near Boston, Lincoln- shire. {Sharpe, Robert, M.D. Sharpey, William, M.D., LL.D., Sec. R.S., F.R.S.E., Professor of eel in University College. 83 Woburn-place, London, *Shaw, Bentley. Woodfield House, Huddersfield. *Shaw, Charles Wright. 38 Windsor-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man. Shaw, Edward W. {Shaw, George. Cannon-street, Birmingham. {Shaw, John, M.D., F.L.S., F.G.S. Boston, Lincolnshire. *Shaw, John. City-road, Hulme, Manchester. tShaw, John Hope. Headingley, Leeds. {Shaw, Norton, M.D. St. Croix, West Indies. Shepard, John. Nelson-square, Bradford, Yorkshire, {Shepherd, A. B. 7 South-square, Gray's Inn, London, W.C. Sheppard, Rev. Henry W., B.A. The Parsonage, Emsworth, Hants. *Sherrard, Dayid Henry. 88 Upper Dorset-street, Dublin. {Shewell, John T. Rushmere, Ipswich. §Shilton, Samuel Richard Parr. Snenton House, Nottingham, {Shorthouse, Joseph. Birmingham. a LIST OF MEMBERS. 61 Year of Election. 1846, 1864, 1842. 1866, 1861. 1861. 1861, 1857. 1856. 1859. 1855, 1851. 1865. 1862. 1852. 1847. 1866. 1850. 1859. 1863. 1857. 1859. 1850, 1864, 1865. 1850. 1850. 1859, 1849, 1842, 1853. 1849. 1849, 1860. 1858. 1857, 1860. 1861. 1865. 1853, *Shortrede, Colonel Robert, F.R.A.S. The Bowans, Lee-road, Black- heath, 8.E. §Showers, Lieut.-Colonel Charles L. Cox’s Hotel, Jermyn-street, London, 8.W. Shuttleworth, John. Wilton Polygon, Cheetham-hill, Manchester. §Sibson, Francis, M.D., F.R.S. 40 Brook-street, Grosvenor-square, London, W. *Sidebotham, Joseph. 19 George-street, Manchester. *Sidebottom, James. Portland-street, Manchester. *Sidebottom, James, jun, Spring-bank Mills, Stockport. {Sidney, Frederick John. 19 Herbert-street, Dublin. Sidney, M. J. F. Cowpen, Newcastle-upon-tyne. §Siemens, C. William, F.R.S. 3 Great George-street, Westminster, London. Stgmond, George, M.D., F.S.A. *Sillar, ieee M.D. Bath House, Laurie Park, Sydenham, Lon- don, YY. tSim, John. Hardgate, Aberdeen. {Sim, William. Furnace, near Inyerary. tSim, W. D. Ipswich. §Simkiss, T. M. 388 Waterloo-road South, Wolverhampton. §Simms, James. 138 Fleet-street, London, E.C. {tSimms, William. Albion-place, Belfast. {Simon, John. King’s College, London, W.C. §Simons, George. The Park, Nottingham. {Stmpson, Professor James Y. {Simpson, John, Marykirk, Kincardineshire. §Simpson, J. B., F.G.S, Hedgefield House, Blaydon-on-Tyne. Stimpson, Max, M.D. *Simpson, Rev. Samuel. Douglas, Isle of Man. Simpson, Thomas. Blake-street, York. Simpson, William. Bradmore House, Hammersmith, London, W. {Sinclair, Alexander. 153 George-street, Edinburgh. {Sinclair, Rev. William. Leeds. *Sircar, Baboo Mohendro Lall, M.D. 1844 San Kany, Tollah-street, Calcutta, per Messrs, Harrenden & Co., 3 Chaple-place, Poultry, London, H.C. *Sunr, Rev. Joseph D’Arcy, D.D., M.R.LA. Castle-hill, Winchester. Sisson, William, F.G.S. Clifton, Bristol. §Sissons, W. Saw Mills, Hull. {Skae, David, M.D. Royal Asylum, Edinburgh. Skane, William Forbes. Skinner, James. tSlaney, R. A. Shropshire. *Slater, William. Princess-street, Manchester. §Sleddon, Francis. 2 Kingston-terrace, Hull. §Sloper, George Edgar, jun. Devizes. {Sloper, Samuel W. Devizes. §Sloper, S. Elgar. Winterton, near Southampton. t{Smeeton, G. H. Commercial-street, Leeds. {Smith, Aquila, M.D., M.R.LA. 121 Lower Bagot-street, Dublin. Smith, Archibald, M.A., F.R.S. L. & E. River-bank, Putney ; and 3 Stone-buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C. §Smith, Brooke, 51 Frederick-street, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Smith, Rev. B., FSA. *Smith, Charles Edward, F.R.A.S. Fir Vale, near Sheffield. {Smith, David, F.R.A.S. 4 Cherry-street, Birmingham {Smith, Edmund. Ferriby, near Hull. 62 LIST OF MEMBERS, Year of Election. 1859, 1865. 1866. 1855. 1855, 1859, 1859. 1860. 1845, 1865. 1842, 1859, 1855. 1850. 1855. 1858. 1864. 1852. 1861. 1845, 1860. 1837, 1847. 1866. 1859. 1852. 1857. 1850, 1846. 1857. 1864. 1854. 1853. §Smith, Edward, M.D., LL.B., F.R.S. 16 Queen Anne-street, Lon- don, W. {Smith, Frederick, The Priory, Dudley, *Smith, F.C. Bramcote, Nottingham. {Smith, George. Port Dundas, Glasgow. {Smith, George Cruickshank. 19 St. Vincent-place, Glasgow. *Smith, Rey. George Sidney, D.D., M.R.I.A., Professor of Biblical Greek in the ‘University of Dublin, Aughalurcher, Fiye-mile- Town, Co, Tyrone. ; tSmith, G. Campbell. Banff. . tSmith, Henry A. 5 Hast Craibstone-street, Aberdeen. *Smith, Henry John Stephen, M.A., F.R.S., Sayilian Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford. 64 St. Giles’s, Oxford, *Smith, Heywood., M.A., M.B. 25 Park-street, Grosvenor-square, London, W. tSmith, Horatio, Manchester. §Smith, Isaac. 26 Lancaster-street, Birmingham. *Smith, James. Berkeley House, Seaforth, near Liverpool. Smith, James, F.R.S. L. & E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Atheneum Club, London, 8S.W.; and Jordan-hill, Glasgow. {tSmith, James. Gibraltar. {Smith, James. St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. ‘*Smith, John. Shelbrook House, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Smith, John, M.D, Edinburgh. {Smith, John. York City and County Bank, Malton, Yorkshire. *Smith, John Metcalf. (Local Treasurer.) Bank, Leeds. Smith, John Peter George. Liverpool. §Smith, John 8. Sydney Lodge, Wimbledon, Surrey. *Smith, Rey. Joseph Denham. Kingstown, near Dublin. {Smith, Beafesag td M.D. University of Sydney, Australia. {Smith, Rev. J. J. Cains College, Cambridge. emi Petia Philip, B.A. 33 Upper Bedford-place, London, *Smith, Protheroe, M.D. 25 Park-street, Grosvenor-square, London, Smith, Richard Bryan, Villa Nova, Shrewsbury. {Smith, Robert Angus, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S, 20 Grosvenor-square, Manchester. “Smith, Robert Mackay. Belleyue-crescent, Edinburgh. §Smith, Samuel. 33 Compton-street, Goswell-road, London, E.C. Smith, Thomas James, F.G,S., F.C.S, Hessle, near Hull. {Smith, Wiliam. Eglinton Engine Works, Glaszow. §Smith, William, C.E., F.G.S. 19 Salisbury-street, Adelphi, London, W.C *Smyth, Charles Piazzi, F.R.S. L. & E., F.R.A.S,, Astronomer Royal for Scotland, Professor of Practical Astronomy in the University of Edinburgh. 1 Hillside-crescent, Edinburgh. {Smyth, Rev. George Watson. *Smyth, John, jun., M.A., C.E. Milltown, Banbridge, Ireland. {Smyth, Warington W., M.A., F.R.S., Pres. G.S.,Lecturer on Mining at the Government School of Mines, and Inspector of the Mineral Property of the Crown. 27 Victoria-street, London, 8.W. {Smythe, Lient.-Col. W.J., R.A. Woolwich. F Soden, John. Atheneum Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W. {Sollitt, J. D., Head Master of Grammar School, Hull, *Solly, Edward, F.R.S., F.S.A. Holme Court, Isleworth, Middlesex. *Solly, Samuel Reynolds, M.A., F.R.S. 10 Manchester-square, London. LIST OF MEMBERS. 63 Year of Election. 1859. 1861. 1865, 1859. 1856, 1863. 1863. 1859, 1854, 1845. 1861. 1861. 1863. 1855. 1864, 1864. 1847, 1864, 1846, 1864, 1854, 1853. 1859, 1857. 1858. 1851, 1858. 1865, 1856. 1866. 1850. 1863. 1848. 1857. 1863. 1861, *Sopwith, Thomas, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.8., F.R.G.S. 108 Victoria- street, Westminster, London, Sorbey, Alfred. The Rookery, Ashford, Bakewell. *Sorby, H. Clifton, F.R.S., F.G:S. Broomfield, Sheffield. {Sorensen, Le Chevalier B. Norway. *Southall, John Tertius. Leominster. {Southall, Norman. 44 Cannon-street West, London, E.C. {tSouthwood, Rey. T. A, Cheltenham College. {Sowerby, John. Shipcote House, Gateshead, Durham. “Spark, H. King. Greenbank, Darlington, {Spence, Rev. James, D.D, 6 Clapton-square, London, N.E. *Spence, Joseph. Pavement, York. §Spence, Peter. Pendleton Alum Works, Newton Heath; and Smedley Hall, near Manchester, Spence, W. B. §Spencer, John Frederick. St. Nicholas-buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne, *Spencer, Joseph. 27 Brown-street, Manchester. * Spencer, Thomas. {Spens, William. 78 St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. “Spicer, Henry, jun. 22 Highbury-crescent; and 19 New Bridge- street, Blackfriars, London, H.C. Spicer, Thomas Trevetham, M.A., LL.D. spices Wala R. 19 New Bridge-street, Blackfriars, London, E *Spiers, Richard James, F.S,A, 14 St, Giles’s-street, Oxford. *Spiller, Captain John, F.C.S. Chemical Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. *“Spottiswoode, William, M.A., V.P.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S. ( General Treasurer.) 50 Grosvenor-place, London, S.W. *Spottiswoode, W. Hugh. 50 Grosyenor-place, London, S.W. “Sprague, Thomas Bond, 18 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, {Spratt, Joseph James. West Parade, Hull. Square, Joseph Elliot. Plymouth, *Squire, Lovell, Falmouth. {Stables, William Alexander. Cawdor Castle. {Stack, Thomas. Dublin. fee Henry T., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.8. Mountsfield, Lewisham, ent. “Stainton, James Joseph, F.L.S., F.C.S. Horsell, near Ripley, Surrey, Stamforth, Rev. Thomas. Stanteld, Hamer. Burley, near Otley, tStanfield, Alfred W. Wakefield. §Stanford, E. C. C. 1 Holyrood-crescent, Glasgow. *Stanley, The Right Hon. Lord, M.P., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. 23 St. James’s-square, London ; and Knowsley, Liverpool. Stanley, The Very Rey. Arthur Penrhyn, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Westminster. The Deanery, Westminster, London. Stapleton, H. M. 1 Mountjoy-place, Dublin. §Starey, Thomas R. Daybrook House, Nottingham. {Stark, James, M.D., F.R.S.E. 21 Rutland-street, Edinburgh. {Stark, Richard M. Hull. {Statham, Henry Joseph. 27 Mortimer-street, Cayendish-sq., London. Staveley, T. K. Ripon, Yorkshire. {Steel, William Edward, M.D. 15 Hatch-street, Dublin, §Steele, Rey. Dr. 2 Bathwick-terrace, Bath. {Steinthal, H. M. Hollywood, Fallowfield, near Manchester. Stenhouse, John, Ph.D. 17 Rodney-street, Pentonville, London, N. 64 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. 1863. 1861. 1861. 1863. 1850. 1863. 1855, 1864. 1856, 1859, 1847, 1865. 1849, 1862, 1864, 1854, 1845. 1862, 1859, 1857. 1861. 1854. 1859, 1859. 1863. 1863. 1850, 1845, 1859. 1866. 1848, 1854. 1861. 1859. 1866. 1864, §Sterviker, John. Driffield. *Stern, S.J. 33 George-street, Manchester. §Stevelly, John, LL.D., Professor of Natural Philosophy in Queen’s College, Belfast. feet Henry, F.S.A., F.R.G.S, 4 Trafalgar-square, London, C §Stevenson, Archibald. South Shields. {Stevenson, David. 8 Forth-street, Edinburgh. Stevenson, Rev. Edward, M.A. *Stevenson, James C. South Shields. Stewart, Balfour, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Kew Observatory of the British Association. Richmond, Surrey. §Stewart, Charles, F.L.8. 19 Princess Square, Plymouth. *Stewart, Henry Hutchinson, M.D., M.R.IA. ~ 71 Eccles-street, Dublin. {Stewart, John. Glasgow. Stewart, Robert. Glasgow. {Stewart, Robert, M.D. The Asylum, Belfast. *Stirling, Andrew. Lower Mosley-street, Manchester. *Stock, Joseph 8. Cannon-street, Birmingham. {Stock, T. S. Bourn Brook Hall. {Stockil, William. 5 Church Meadows, Sydenham. Stoddart, George. 11 Russell-square, London, W.C. §Stoddart, Walter William, F.G.S. 9 North-street, Bristol. {Stoep, Charles (Consul). 6 Cook-street, Liverpool. *Stokes, George Gabriel, M.A., D.C.L., Sec. R.S., Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the University of Cambridge. Pembroke Col- lege, Cambridge, {Stokes, Rev. William H., M.A., F.G.S. Cambridge. {Stone, EK. J., M.A. Royal Observatory, Greenwich. tStone, Dr. William H. 13 Vigo-street, London. TStoney, Bindon B., M.R.LA. 89 Waterloo-road, Dublin. *Stoney, George Johnstone, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., Secretary to the Queen’s University, Ireland. Dublin Castle, Dublin. {Store, George, Prospect House, Fairfield, Liverpool. §Story, James. 17 Bryanston-square, London, W. Stowe, William. Buckingham. Stowell, Rev. H. Acton-square, Salford, Manchester. Strachan, James M. The Grove, Teddington, Middlesex, {Strachan, Patrick. {Strachan, T. Y. Lovaine-crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne. {Straker, John. Wellington House, Durham. tStrange, John, LL.D, Edinburgh. *Strickland, Arthur. Bridlington Quay, Yorkshire. *Strickland, Charles. Loughglyn, Ballaghadereen, Ireland. {Strickland, Henry Eustatius. Strickland, J. E. French-park, Roscommon, Ireland. Strickland, William. French-park, Roscommon, Ireland. {Stronach, William, R.E. Ardmellie, Banff. *Strutt, The Hon. Arthur. Kingston Hall, near Derby. {Struvé, William Price. Picton-place, Swansea. Stroud, Rev. Joseph, M.A. Stuart, Robert. Manchester. {tStuart, William. 1 Rumford-place, Liverpool. {Stuart, W. D. Philadelphia. tStuart, William Henry. §Stubbins, Henry. Lincoln’s-Inn, London, W.C. {Style, Sir Charles, Bart. 102 New Sydney-place, Bath. i LIST OF MEMBERS. 65 Year of Election. 1857, {Sullivan, William K., Ph.D., M.R.LA. Museum of Irish Industry ; 1863. 1862. 1855. 1863. 1861. 1862, 1863. 1853, 1862. 1863. 1863. 1859. 1847. 1862. 1847, 1850. 1856. 1859, 1860. 1859. 1855, 1865. 1866, 1861. 1856. 1864. 1857. 1863. 1865, 1854, 1858. 1864. and 53 Upper Leeson-road, Dublin. Sutherland, Alexander John, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. 6 Richmond- terrace, Westminster, London. {Sutherland, Benjamin John. 10 Oxford-street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Sutherland, George Granville William, Duke of, K.G., F.R.G.S. Stafford House, London. {Sutton, Edwin. 44 Winchester-street, Pimlico, London, 8.W. §Sutton, Francis, F.C.S. Bank Plain, Norwich. *Swan, Patrick Don 8. Kirkaldy, N.B. *Swan, William, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews, N. B. {Swan, William. Walker, Durham. TSwan, Wilkam Thomas. *Swann, Rey. 8. K. Gedling, near Nottingham. Swanwick, J. W. Sweetman, Walter, M.A.,.M.R.LA. 4Mountjoy-square North, Dublin, {Swindell, J. 8. E. Summerhill, Kingswintord, Dudley. {Swinhoe, Robert, F.R.G.S. Oriental Club, London, W. {Sykes, Alfred. Leeds. tSykes, H. P. 47 Albion-street, Hyde Park, London, W. {Sykes, Thomas. Cleckheaton, near Leeds. *Sykes, Colonel William Henry, M.P., F.R.S., Hon. M.R.LA.,, F.G.8., F.R.G.8. 47 Albion-street, Hyde Park, London, W. tSykes, W. H. F. 47 Albion-street, Hyde Park, London. Sylvester, James Joseph, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Mathe- matics in the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Woolwich; and Athenzeum Club, London, S.W. tSyme, James, Professor of Clinical Surgery in the University of Kdin- burgh. The College, Edinburgh. *Symonds, Frederick, F.R.C.S. Beaumont-street, Oxford. {Symonds, Captain Thomas Edward, R.N. 10 Adam-street, Adelphi, London, W.C. t{Symonds, Rey. W.S., M.A.,F.G.S. Pendock Rectory, Worcestershire. §Symons, G. J. 136 Camden-road, London, W.N. *Symons, William, F.C.S. 17 St. Mark’s-crescent, Regent’s Park, London. Synge, Rev. Alexander. St. Peter’s, Ipswich. Synge, Francis. Glanmore, Ashford, Co. Wicklow. Synge, John Hatch, Glanmore, Ashford, Co. Wicklow. §Tailyour, Colonel Renny, R.E. Newmanswalls, Montrose, N. B. §Talbot, William Hawkshead. Southport, Lancashire. Talbot, William Henry Fox, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.8. Lacock Abbey, near Chippenham. §Tarbottom, Marrott Ogle, M.I.C.E. Newstead-grove, Nottingham. Taprell, William. 7 Westhourne-crescent, Hyde Park, London, W. *Tarratt, Henry W. Bushbury Lodge, Leamington. tTartt, William Macdonald, F.8.5. Sandford-place, Cheltenham. tTasker, Rev. J.C. W. 1 Upper Lansdown-villas, Bath. *Tate, Alexander. 20 Queen-street, Belfast. tTate, John. Alnmouth, near Alnwick, Northumberland. jTate, Thomas. Ore, Hastings. t Tate, Lreut.- Colonel. *Tatham, George. Leeds, *Tawney, Edward. 5 Victoria-square, Clifton, Bristol. *Tayler, Rev. John James, B.A., Principal and Professor of Ecclesi- astical History in Manchester New College, London. 22 Wo- burn-square, London, W.C. F oo) ee Pn) ae 66 LIST OF MEMBERS. Year of Election. j Taylor, Frederick. Messrs. Taylor, Potter & Co., Liverpool. 1854, {Taylor, Dr. H. R. 1 Percy-street, Liverpool. *Taylor, James. Culverlands, near Reading. *Taylor, John, F.G.S. 6 Queen-street-place, Upper Thames-street, London, E.C. 1861. *Taylor, John, jun. 6 Queen-street-place, Upper Thames-st., London. 1856. t Taylor, John. 1863. {Taylor, John. Earsden, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1863. {Taylor, John. Lovaine-place, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1865. {Taylor, Joseph. 99 Constitution-hill, Birmingham. *Taylor, Vice- Admiral J. N., C.B. j Taylor, Captain P. Meadows, in the Service of His Highness the Nizam. Harold Cross, Dublin. *Taylor, Richard, F.G.S, 6 Queen-street-place, Upper Thames-street, London, E.C. Taylor, Rev. William, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Thornloe, Worcester. *Taylor, William Edward. Millfield House, Enfield, near Accrington. 1858. {Teale, Joseph. Leeds. Teale, Thomas Pridgin, F.R.8., F.L.8. 28 Albion-street, Leeds. 1858. {Teale, Thomas Pridgin, jun. 20 Park-row, Leeds. Teather, John, Alstonley, Cumberland. 1865. *Templeton, James. Mansion-house School, St. David’s, Exeter. Tennant, Charles. Glasgow. 1863. {Tennant, Henry. Saltwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne. *Tennant, James, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Professor of Mineralogy and Geéo- logy in King’s College, London. 149 Strand, London, W.C. Tennent, R. J. Belfast. 1857. {Tennison, Edward King. Kildare-street Club House, Dublin. 1849. {Teschemacher, KE. F, Highbury-park North, London, N. 1866. §Thackeray, J. L. Ano Vale, Nottingham. 1859. {Thain, Rey. Alexander. New Machar, Aberdeen. 1848, {Thirlwall, The Right Rev. Connop, D.D. Abergwili, Carmarthen. 1856. {Thodey, Rev. 5. Rodborough, Gloucestershire. Thom, Rev. David, D.D., Ph.D. Thom, John. Messrs. M°Naughton & Co., Moseley-street, Man- chester. Thomas, George. Brislington, Bristol. 1848. * Thomas, George John, M.A. 1854. { Thompson, Benjamin James. 1854. {Zhompson, D. P., M.D. 1854. {Thompson, Edmund. Claughton Park, Birkenhead. 1863, {Thompson, Rev. Francis. St. Giles’s, Durham. 1858. *Thompson, Frederick. South Parade, Wakefield. 1859. §Thompson, George, jun. Pidsmedden, Aberdeen. Thompson, Harry Stephen. Kirby Hall, Great Ouseburn, Yorkshire. Thompson, Henry Stafford. Fairfield, near York. 1845, {Thompson, James. Kirk Houses, Brampton, Cumberland. 1861. *Thompson, Joseph. “Woodlands, Wilmslow, near Manchester. 1864. §Thompson, Rev. Joseph Hesselgrave, B.A. Cradley, near Brierley-hill. Thompson, Leonard. Sheriff-Hutton Park, Yorkshire. 1853. {Thompson, Thomas (Austrian Consul). Hull. Thompson, Thomas (Town Clerk). Hull. 1863. {Thompson, William. 11 North-terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1850. {Thomson, Alexander. Banchory House, by Aberdeen. 1855. {Thomson, Allen, M.D., Professor of Anatomy. The University, Glasgow. *Thomson, Corden, M.D. Sheffield. 1852. {Thomson, Gordon A. Bedeque House, Belfast. LIST OF MEMBERS. 67 Year of Election. 1850, 1845. 1855. 1850. 1863. 1865. 1850. 1847, 1850. 1850. 1854. 1852. 1866. 1865. 1845. 1864, 1856. 1865, 1846, 1850, 1859, 1861. 1857. 1856. 1866, 1864. 1863. 1865. 1865. 1865. 1861, 1863, 1863. 1859. Thomson, Guy. Oxford. {Thomson, James. Kendal. t Thomson, Prof. James, LL.D. tThomson, James. 82 West Nile-street, Glasgow. *Thomson, Professor James, M.A., C.E. 2 Donegal-square West, Belfast. *Thomson, James Gibson. Edinburgh. {Thomson, M. 8 Meadow plies Kdinburgh. §Thomson, R. W., C.E., F.R.S.E, Edinburgh. Thomson, Thomas. tThomson, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Fee House, Kew, London. *Thomson, William, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S, L. & E., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. (Local Treasurer.) The College, Glasgow. tZhomson, William Hamilton. tThomson, Wyville T. O0., LL.D., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in Queen’s College, Belfast. t Thorburn, William, M.D. tThorburn, Rey. William Reid, M.A. Starkies, Bury, Lancashire. §Thornton, James. Edwalton, Nottingham. *Thornton, Samuel. The Elms, Camp-hill, Birmingham. *Thornley, 8. Sparkbrook, Birmingham. tThorp, Dr. Disney. Suffolk Laun, Cheltenham. *Thorp, The Venerable Thomas, B.D., F.G.S., Archdeacon of Bristol.