HNN) —+ — 45¢ uy i Vitgan aes ‘ i i i ¥ i ] 5 , : t . : a r . ao La Pe , - ay * 5), ae ” . _ | he DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR REPORT OF THE “BUREAU OF FISHERIES 1904 GEORGE M. BOWERS COMMISSIONER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 CONTENTS. REPORT OREO OMMISSTONER -:2)- 21s cc) socs)- cece o elncricie ccs ahi suceecee 1-162 APPENDIXES. Srare IcurHyoLtocy or Massacuvsetts. By Theodore Gill. (Issued April pee I eset croc epee are ate aati ems ae Satis cee a So hiele aes saje aa aie She 163-188 THe DJstrRiBuTION OF SEWAGE IN THE WATERS OF NARRAGANSETT Bay, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CONTAMINATION OF THE OYSTER BEDS. By CalehzAdlen: Fuller” “(Issued May 105 1905) s22e2sce0 oo- wate ee cao a ae 2S 189-238 Nore REGARDING THE PROMOTION OF FISHERY TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STaTES AND JAPAN. By Hugh M. Smith. (Issued July 17, 1905) ...... 239-243 STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE NEw ENGLAND Srates. Prepared in the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries. (Issued July 14, 11-3 AIS) ey ed ages Te Dan ete ROME ety gear Ne ole anthem ee pepe Neh. eye Novres ON THE FISHES OF THE STREAMS FLOWING INTO SAN FRANCISCO Bay, Cairornia. By John Otterbein Snyder. (Issued July 14, 1905)...---- 327-338 , CRITICAL NOTES ON MYLOCHEILUS LATERALIS AND LeEucIscus cAuRINUS. By John Otterbein Snyder. (Issued July 14, 1905)...............--....--. 339-342 Tue Gas Disease IN Fisues. By M. C. Marsh and F. P. Gorham. (Issued JA TERTIS( 20 I A O15 itl ra Se ee gn 2 Cen RT ad es ee 343-376 A REVISION OF THE CAVE FisHes oF NortH America. By Ulysses O. Cox. Giechederepremiber 6) 1905) es aac Aesa oes ee ten ooo - chet ese eeeheeee 377-393 Tue Lire History or THE BLUE Crab (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS). By W. P. iicdyve) welssued september, 1905)" sooo stecec cane HEN a ee bce Eee 395-413 THe Crap Industry or Marytanp. By Winthrop A. Roberts. (Issued BEC TDCI O LOU iy pee rh tee ere Re perianal 415-432 * Tar CoMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAwWaAttaN IstAnps IN 1903. By John econ. (lesued December 29, 1905). ape acas 22S setae ae eee - 433-611 Nores ON THE Foop oF SOME FRESH-WATER FISHES FROM THE LAKES AT Mapison, Wis. By N.C. Gilbert and W.8. Marshall. (Issued Decem- [EEE R eps SS) oe ee eater A rhe ba A ea ne ee AK Lp a ke 513-522 THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED Srates. By Leon J. Cole. (Issued By CIA Mee cu eel) (ey) apse on StS ey teks Seana oN sae Cra eee hee, Sy 523-641 Sraristics OF THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES IN 1903. Prepared in the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries. (Issued Decem- DO CIe SOROS ese rie ee Ae eats aln.a'a eiale.s a o.o.n eign Soa ae) om bm dee eee seers 643-731 ut Bee een € Rie eee eit eas. Sp Sapa mee acti puta ge aalae Pag a Suede Sere hee LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FISHES OF STREAMS FLOWING INTO SAN FRANCISCO BAY: Facing Plate I. Map of San Francisco Bay and tributary streams.................-....-------------- GAS DISEASE IN FISHES: Plate I. (1) A dead king-fish with external lesions. (2) Gill filament of a fish showing gas (acl youby ior acy hisbsohete Slo See sn cemeco =a an aea eo soo SCC ade DOEEE Te DOpeoD Hee dee II. (1) Young puffers with gas disease inflation. (2) Rainbow trout fry showing dis- TeniOn OLA DGOMER Wilby PAS oe eee n eof aici aaceic (aisle oitne siete eiere == eiaiein a\ejale sln\e e!< e/a PibaehviINe-SCUp WibD. POP-CVCs.~22- secu ecescsceeceecee PR I etevale else cists losin oak Wisiels’elee iss A REVISION OF THE CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA: Plaig I. (1-3) Tactile ridges of Amblyopsis spelzus. (4,5) Head of Typhlichthys subterra- Neus SHOWA SWACHUE TOSS a. soe cieeectcesis cep fae eee ainie ieee eis ae air eres == II. (1-3) Tactile ridges of Chologaster papilliferus. (4-6) Troglichthys rose ...--....- III. Heads of Chologaster agassizii, C. papilliferus, Typhlichthys subterraneus, Trog- lichthys rose, and Amblyopsis speleeus, showing eye........-..--..----.---------- TV. (1) Troglichthys ros. (2) Chologaster papilliferus......---...----.--.2...-...-.-- V. (1) Typhlichthys subterraneus. (2) Chologaster agassizii ..............-......-.--- Wil, JAnmlo Roos G sob Sagas eS ee Baan b Tees oS ssa sedden oo. Sn npOnetiane so nsaleeaseque maces LirE HisTtoRY OF THE BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS): Plate I. (1) The cast shell of a half-grown male. (2) The ventral surface of a full-grown Mpl@e = 25 02e5. secs Bar ays rata ap aoe core. 25 Siete leans Stents aja Sra ate archaeal Site II. (3) Ventral surface of a virgin female. (4) Ventral surface of an ovigerous fe- Tet) Vase SO UCS DOE Cn COR GECE GED Cr Aan ao Sen TOE E Sanpete: Cob ane ropes Geaconer amscopnecaS ee Ill. (5-7) Three successive stages in the molting of one individual of Callinectes sapi- (6 eee See ROC SORE eb Oe ener HE ORR A BORE: BR Arn Sone ees Aas Sco arabe c ab seco DcOsnootr oe IV. (8,9) Further stages in the molting of Callinectes sapidus............-....--------- THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES: Piste de )ocaleicarp: (2), Mirror'carp. (3) leather Carpe-c- 25 scl = elem lm mine niel= ain II. (1) Carp fishing. (2)Seiningcarp from pound. (8) Seine boat and live-ear. (4) Pre- JPR AA ES Chiga) MoS MNONGNN ec Soe 55 nse oee Gnetnb ou Se chao sopesaS one sasodoesgceas cosaas III. (1) Dam and engine house of a carp pond. (2) Outer side of dam, showing engine house and eleyatorin operation. (8) Supplementary engine and eleyator. (4) Carp in pond coming up to inflowing stream of fresh water................------- TEXT CUTS. 4 DISTRIBUTION OF SEWAGE IN NARRAGANSETT BAY: gMap of Narragansett Bay and adjacent waters.....5........-.--.-s.0--020-.eeee- eee ones Map of Providence River and Narragansett Bay, showing location of leased oyster ground... A REVISION OF THE CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA: Ainmentary canal of Cholog ester COLmu GUN loess eres ee ke se mere net l\so eielneivie wie nw minal =i=in siciernie=iiese Alimentary. canal ot Cholopaster paplllitenus) —-ce=- a esa = eee =i ie) teratale)aia= Diagram indicating probable phylogeny of the Amblyopside...........----.--++------------ eee ETO LO SASTCEI CORMIIGUSE cae eee ac ois clo mestorte siz ott alee wi win. ciaiala/aio eis msiois cls. oletaiaiwie in efeveie! eisielsielefotsiatn'einie afm sie'ei= LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS): Zoea form of Callinectes sapidus or some closely related crab..........-----.-+--+-+--+------- Megalops form of Callinectes sapidus or some closely related crab...........------+------+-- THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES: WELD APO De ree Rerere eae ats « crersiociniclcle Cie iecre mais ieee aieiatalelcictaleleieiois eis sleie are siaintel histeia.e|sia(aiolcjs's/elein'sicle Carolee will cme pees eestanns oe ca meets cit ce ei amicable ate tate sioca ele ais iain Tae wi Sieleraimpeiepiniinretal Dis srammiatic plan OL a CALp PONG —aeeceo5 ce. ce~ncce esc sso ccce ec news ee cs - === Seen == Dinecammnaircp anv tal CHLPIPON CM secsse cess eaeceeesa sess cons Cesrieces sects clnecw sls am -_ See page. 338 Page. 199 203 nee ete a pe yee age ae a Foz ree eo rs ae aA Se es ee 5 re ea ; ihe Wesiiete the Anke Gigs ages Ae REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES TO THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE AND LABOR FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904 Phere OF PRANSMITTAT, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABoR, BuREAU OF FISHERIES, Washington, September 15, 1904. _ Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the opera- tions of the Bureau of Fisheries for the fiscal year 1904, consisting of a general review of the work by the Commissioner and detailed accounts by the chiefs of the respective divisions. Respectfully submitted. Gro. M. Bowers, Commissioner. The SECRETARY OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. Ix wore ae ttp at) Ie). REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904. GENERAL RESULTS. During the first year’s operations of the Bureau of Fisheries as a component of an executive department, after thirty-three years’ exist- ence as an independent commission, it is to be noted that the practical work has proceeded on the same general lines as heretofore, that the results attained in all branches have been satisfactory, and that the outlook for greatly augmented work is very favorable. The efforts of the government on behalf of the fisheries are yearly becoming more generally appreciated, and a desire actively to cooperate with the Bureau has been manifested throughout the country by all persons directly or indirectly interested in the promotion of fishing as a business or as a pastime. The sums voted annually for expenditure through this channel represent only about one per cent of the value of our fisheries; the preservation of some of the most important of these is now largely dependent on the Bureau’s operations; and it is easily demonstrable that in pursuing a liberal policy for the promotion of the fishing industry Congress is simply making an investment that _ yields returns far greater than those which attend private business “enterprises. The succeeding references to the character and scope of the Bureau’s operations and the more extended accounts of the work in the various branches of the service will be supplemented by special articles in the annual report and bulletin. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD-FISHES. LEADING FEATURES OF THE WORK. The year 1904 was one of the most successful in the history of the Bureau, considered with reference to the operations of the hatcheries. The total distributions, which have been equaled by those of only a single previous season (1962), exceeded 1,250,000,000. The conditions attending the hatching of such a large number of fishes necessitate the planting of most of them in the form of fry; but increased attention 1 2 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIKS. has been given to the rearing of important species wherever practi- cable, and the output of adult, yearling, and fingerling fish was nearly 50 per cent larger than in any previous year. The importance of the Bureau’s fish-cultural operations, however, must not be gauged by the results during any one year, but by the average for a series of years. Peculiar seasonal conditions often materially modify the work of particular stations, sometimes favor- ably, more often unfavorably, and give an erroneous impression as to its extent. It usually transpires that a year which is characterized by a greatly diminished yield of certain fishes is noteworthy for an augmented output of others, so that the aggregate distributions remain normal. This point, which has frequently been emphasized and illustrated in previous reports, was exemplified anew in 1904, when an exeeedingly poor season for shad and white-fish was offset by the largest collections of eggs of Pacific salmons and flat-fish ever known. An important feature of the work of artificial propagation, which has often been referred to but can not be too strongly emphasized, is that.an exceedingly large percentage of the young fish hatched annu- ally are from eggs taken from fish that have been caught for market, and hence would be totally lost were it not for the efforts of the Bureau. To the many hundred millions of young food and game fishes thus produced must be added many more millions resulting from the superiority of artificial propagation oyer natural propagation in the matters of fertilizing and incubating eggs and of safety of the young. STATIONS OPERATED. The fish-cuitural work of the Bureau in 1904 was conducted in 26 states, at 49 stations and substations. In respect to their output, the substations are in most cases of equal, in some eases of greater, impor- tance than the stations, but their equipment is less complete and for administrative purposes they are subordinated, and their personnel supplied from the stations to which they are attached. The demand and the local facilities determine the proportion of effort directed toward the cultivation of the important commercial species. During the past year the salmons were propagated at 11 stations; white-fish at 7; lake trout at 5; shad at 4; pike perch at 3; cod at 2; flat-fish at 2; striped bass, white perch, and yellow perch at 1 each; and the lobster at 2. THE SPECIES CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED. The number of species now regularly cultivated and distributed by the Bureau is upward of 50, and the artificial propagation of new fishes is being taken up asthe work increases and the demand arises. A full list of the species handled in 1904 follows, from which it will be seen that in every section, so far as the existence of hatcheries permits, the supply of the important food and game fishes is being increased by the Bureau's REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 3 efforts. Thus, inthe rivers ofthe Atlantic seaboard shad, salmon, striped bass, white perch, and yellow perch have been planted; in the streams of the Pacific coast, quinnat salmon, blueback salmon, silver salmon, humpback salmon, and steelheads; the Great Lakes have been stocked with white-fish, lake herring, lake trout, and pike perch; the numer- ous interior lakes, ponds, and streams have been enriched by plants of landlocked salmon, rainbow trout, black-spotted trout, brook trout, grayling, black bass, calico bass, crappie, rock bass, sun-fish, etc. ; and in the waters of the northeast coast the supply of cod, pollock, flat-fish, and lobster has been increased.¢ The Cat-fishes (Situripx),. * § Spotted Cat, Blue Cat, Channel Cat (Jetalurus punctatus). *§ Horned Pout, Bullhead, Yellow Cat (Ameiurus nebulosus). * Magbled Cat (Ameiurus nebulosus marmoratus). § Black Cat (Ameiurus melas). The Suckers and Buffalo-fishes (CarostomIp2&). § Small-mouth Buffalo-fish (Icliobus bubalus). The Minnows and Carps (Cyprinip®). ttCarp (Cyprinus carpio). Cultivated varieties, German Carp, Leather Carp, . Mirror Carp, ete. ‘ | { Gold-fish (Carassius auratus). || { Tench (Tinea tinea). Cultivated variety, Golden Tench. || Ide (Leuciscus idus). Cultivated variety, Golden Ide. The Shads and Herrings (CLuprip®). * Shad (Alosa sapidissima). The Salmons, Trouts, White-fishes, etc. (SALMONID.®). * White-fish (Coregonus clupeiformis). * Lake Herring, Cisco (Argyrosomus artedi). * Quinnat Salmon, Chinook Salmon, Tyee Salmon, King Salmon (Oncorhynchus ischauntseha). * Silver Salmon, Coho ( Oncorhynchus kisutch). * Blueback Salmon, Red-fish, Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka). ’ * Humpback Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). * Steelhead, Hardhead, Salmon Trout (Salmo gairdneri). ¥ Rainbow Trout (Sulmo irideus). * Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). * Landlocked Salmon (Salmo sebago). * Yellowstone Lake Trout, Cut-throat Trout, Black-spotted Trout (Salmo lewisi). * Colorado River Trout, Black-spotted Trout (Salmo pleuriticus). * Arkansas River Trout, Green-backed Trout (Salmo stomias). * Yellow-finned Trout (Salmo macdonaldi). * Sea Trout, Salmon Trout (Salmo trutia). * Loch Leven Trout (Salmo trutia lvvenensis). * Lake Trout, Mackinaw Trout, Longe, Togue (Cristivomer namaycush). * Brook Trout, Speckled Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). * Golden Trout, Sunapee Lake Trout (Salvelinus aureolus). * Canadian Red Trout (Salvelinus marstoni). * Hybrid Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis+aureolus). ++ ++ a The fishes artificially propagated are designated thus, *; those simply collected and distributed thus, §; those propagated as food for other fishes thus, +; those propagated for ornamental purposes thus, |; and introduced species thus, f. 4 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. The Graylings (THyMALLID#). * Montana Grayling ( Thymallus montanus). The Mackerels (Scomprip2&). * Common Mackerel (Scomber scombrus). The Basses, Sun-fishes, and Crappies (CENTRARCHID#). * § Crappie (Pomoxis annularis). * § Strawberry Bass, Calico Bass (Pomowis sparoides). * § Rock Bass, Red-eye, Goggle-eye (Ambloplites rupestris). *§ Warmouth, Goggle-eye (Chaenobryttus gulosus). * § Small-mouth Black Bass ( Micropterus dolomiew). * § Large-mouth Black Bass ( Micropterus salmoides). * § Blue-gill Sun-fish (Lepomis pallidus). The Perches (PERcID®). * § Pike Perch, Wall-eyed Pike, Yellow Pike, Blue Pike (Stizostedion vitreum). *§ Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens). The Sea Basses (SERRANID®). * Striped Bass, Rock-fish (Roccus lineatus). * White Perch ( Morone americana). The Cods (GaApip2&). * Cod (Gadus callarias). * Pollock (Pollachius virens). The Flounders (PLEURONECTID£). * Winter Flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Crustaceans. * American Lobster ( Homarus americanus). The Bureau long since discontinued the cultivation of carp, and does not favor the further indiscriminate planting of this species; that the demand for the fish is not satisfied, however, notwithstanding its wide dispersal, is shown by the numerous applications received from all parts of the country for supplies of carp for private and public waters. It is the practice to satisfy these requests by the substitution of better native species, among which the cat-fishes may be mentioned. The fishes of this family are adapted to such different conditions, are so hardy and prolific, and are so wholesome, that they are among the best fishes available for the stocking of certain waters. The demand is increasing, and the Bureau is endeavoring to meet it by taking up cat-fish culture incidentally and on a necessarily small scale at several hatcheries; but the time seems to have arrived when a special station for the cultivation of the cat-fishes is required. Various water animals are now under investigation that may eventu- ally lead to their wholesale propagation by the Bureau, among such being the sea mullet, the most valuable fish of the South Atlantic and Gulf States; the common blue crab; the diamond-back terrapin, and the green sea turtle. THE OUTPUT SUMMARIZED. The number of fish and fertilized eggs distributed by the Bureau in 1904 is given by species in the appended summary. The aggregate IT DO output of 1,267,343,025 was divided as follows: Fertilized eggs, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 5 263,123,354; fry, 994,503,040; fingerlings, yearlings, and adults, 9,716,631. The eggs shown were for the most part donated to vari- ous states to be incubated in their own hatcheries, the resulting fry being planted under the direction of the state fishery authorities. The number of fish and eggs of each of three species distributed exceeded 200,000,000; the output of each of two others was over 100,000,000, and of six others upward of 20,000,000. It is worthy of remark that while the Bureau makes ample provision for maintaining the supply of fishes caught chiefly by anglers, nearly 99 per cent of the fish handled are those which are the objects of commercial fisheries. Summary of distribution of fish and eggs during the fiscal year 1904. © | . . Fingerlings, Species. Eggs. Fry. | yearlings, Total. and adults. SDT se Soe Se SAS SR SEAS Eee oon S ee eSe 13, 169, 000 69,498 000 He wee ew ts 78, 662, 000 CNG SATO NGS OPO Cee Ea OCC e te en Meer srr Mec se fae eee REPORT OF THE Allotments of eggs and fish to COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. the state fish commissions in 1904—Continued. _Finger- State and species. Eggs Fry. Teel adults. Missouri: Che nilbnd | Ose EE ene rh ae kee CR ARn A She Shaan eons 46 000 hint. c es erttneee eee PU Pere hartselle ter eines sect aacreriaecccermnesiacees 1O}0005 0005) 2 ease ates Se eee Nebraska: IBTO OMatT OW bie sorscis Ace mereerclaiwisie oars s)synietels oles sieves a cielsicieveisteieie 50; 0000): tes sce naleeereeeeenees FLAMIN WUE Ulbs at aya iat tetctcte ayers ate seas cloerep als atetetater aera ate mraiate iene 33; 000 Tl Se as saceece 10, 600 New Hampshire: PANG SMUT SANIN OM reser e Sf oichars/ainiete re ahs cretalece'sle w’ersisinefefapelaye eletis Selele 205,000) |= <2 ord. Saran see eeeeiatets aeRO Ui Aare nace ae Sasa esis ais eevee ain ein le oie eaotocte cieimeietoete 100; 000! | 225, 5. a22s|eeaee comes MANGA OCKeUE Sain 1 Pas ye are ciatcie orotate narererciern a crsterieletneieteis 10,000) 2.aS%.5 sae ae eens VIUTLTINATAN ALIN OM hay SAS alee vars Biel cimraalepebe amineieictencla sine ebm lolete terete 100000 ss cac%.:.. ..24|/ eeeeee Dtecleadirotccs fave. oars er tere cele, fo nia ee ore ote eect er etn 205000) | sneak. s oe lec ee ee eee New York: BPOORSINOMWM Gs sclere © stain ? ? In regard to our trouble with Mr. Chapman, game and fish warden of Michigan, permit me to state that I tried to arrange matters with him so as to continue fishing for a few days after the beginning of the close season under the Michigan laws, but was unable to come to a satisfactory understanding, so I wired him after receiving instructions from you that we would continue fishing with the tugs Columbia and Theora at Marquette, Mich., under the same regulations as we did a year ago, and everything went along smoothly until the morning of the 3d instant, when Mr. Brewster, chief deputy warden, and two assistants, undertook to go aboard the tugs for the purpose of supervising our work and to seize all unstripped fish for the state. We could not allow this, as it would lay each tug captain liable to a fine of $500, also to have his license for sailing a steamboat canceled; consequently Mr. Brewster was very much provoked and arrested the captains and owners for illegal fishing shortly after the tugs returned from lifting, but did not seize fish or nets. However, the arrest of the captains caused’ us to lose from 500,000 to 600,000 eggs, as no lift could be made on the 4th. In order that we might continue fishing until the close of the spawning season, or until we could get definite orders from you, I employed a competent attorney and had the hearing of the captains and owners adjourned for one week, but owing to unfavorable weather was unable to lift on the 5th, and after lifting two gangs of nets on the 6th, we concluded that it was time to discontinue work, as many of the fish taken on that date were through spawning and there were very few unripe fish. When the tugs returned from lifting on the 6th, all nets and fish were seized and _ turned over to the captains of the tugs to be cared for, and the same was done on “the 7th, when the last nets were brought ashore, and all spawn takers, including Frank Thomas and myself, were arrested on the evening of the 6th for fishing in ae of the state game and fish laws, and in order to save time and expense, my attorney advised me to admit certain facts in connection with the case, and if found guilty, to take an appeal, which I did. Decision of United States Judge Wanty. In the circuit court of the United States for the western district of Michigan, United States of America, complainant, v. Charles Chapman and Charles E. Brewster, defendants, memorandum for judgment on order to show cause: Under the acts of Congress providing therefor, the President of the United States appoints a Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, whose duty it is to investigate the subject with a view to ascertaining what diminution, if any, in the number of food fishes of the coast and the lakes of the United States has taken place, and from what cause the same is due, and whether any protective, prohibitory, or precautionary measures should be adopted in the premises, and report upon the same to Congress. It is also provided that the heads of the several Executive Departments shall cause to be rendered all necessary and practical aid to the Commissioner in the prosecution of his investigations and inquiries, and section 4398 of the Revised Statutes provides 12 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. that ‘‘the Commissioner may take or cause to be taken at all times in the waters of the seacoast of the United States, where the tide ebbs and flows, and also in the waters of the lakes, such fish or specimens thereof as may in his judgment from time to time be needful or proper for the conduct of his duties, any law, custom or usage of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.” On November 6, 1903, which was during the closed season under the Michigan statute, while the eggs of white-fish and trout for the purpose of propagation in Michigan were being gathered near Marquette, in Lake Superior, under the direction of 8. P. Wires, superintendent of the United States fish hatchery at Duluth, he was arrested by the defendants in this case, and the fish in his possession were confiscated. The action of Superintendent Wires and his men in submitting to the humiliation of the forcible boarding of their boat and the seizure and confiscation of the fish, with- out forcible resistance, and appealing to the courts where controversies of this nature between the two sovereign governments should be settled without friction, can not be too highly commended. : The defendants are the Michigan state game and fish warden and his deputy, who claim that all fishing by the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries in the Great Lakes bordering on the state of Michigan must be done under their super- vision, and that the only right the United States Fish Commission has to fish, for the purpose for which Congress created it, in Michigan waters during the closed season, is considered by act No. 88 of the Public Acts of 1899, which reads: ‘‘It shall be lawful for the United States Fish Commission, through its representatives or employees, to fish with nets in any of the waters of this state, during any season of the year, for the purpose of gathering spawn from such fish caught, to have and to hold both ripe and unripe fish, and to have the privilege of selling such fish after stripping to help defray the expense incurred in the work of propogation; that such fishing by said Fish Commission shall be under the supervision and control of the state game and fish warden: And provided further, That at least seventy-five per cent of the fry resulting from the spawn so taken shall be planted in the waters of this state, the same to be determined by reports to the state game and fish warden.”? A deputy of the state game and fish warden demanded the right to superintend the fishing operations of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, which demand was refused, and he then seized and confiscated the fish in the possession of the Commissioner’s agents, and caused the arrest of Wires and the persons found assisting him. li the United States has the right which Congress evidently intended to confer by the legislation above quoted, and a deputy game warden can legally interfere with the exercise of that right, in the manner admitted in the answer filed in this case, then the Government is entitled to the contempt which the deputy game warden exhibited toward it. The United States can not undertake any work where it is not supreme, and a Government officer could not, in any legitimate function of the Goy- ernment, be under the direction and control of a state officer. If the Federal statute, by which it was intended to confer on the Commissioner the right to take or cause to be taken in the waters of the lakes such fish as in his judgment is needful for the proper conduct of his duties, is constitutional, the legislation is exclusive, and any act of any state, so far as it conflicts with that legislation, is void. The Attorney- General in his brief says: ‘‘The defendants contend that the right of complainant to so take fish can be exercised only pursuant to the authority granted to the United States Fish Commission by the laws of the state of Michigan; that the power of complainant is limited and defined by those laws, and that any enactment of Con- gress contravening the statutes of this state in relation to such fishing is unconstitu- tional and yoid.’’ The act of Congress, if invalid, is so because it conflicts with the Federal Constitution, and- not because it contravenes the statutes of the state of Michigan. If it is decided that the United States has no right to take fish, under REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 18 the act of Congress, its propagation of food fishes must cease, because it would be intolerable for it to exercise any of its functions under the direction and control of persons over whom it has no authority. If the acts of Congress creating this department are void, the Government must of necessity suspend it, and such suspension would mean an immense loss to the state of Michigan, and probably a much greater loss to the states bordering on tide water, where shellfish are propagated. The constitutionality of this legislation has not before been questioned in the courts, and if the laws of the United States seeking to confer upon the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries the right at all times to take fish needful for the conduct of his duty, notwithstanding contrary legislation by the state, is unconstitutional, such grave consequences must flow from a judgment announcing it that it seems to me not proper to pass upon that question on a pre- liminary hearing where the preparation must of necessity be inadequate. The pre- cipitate action of the defendants in this case indicates that a dissolution of the injunction would lead to an unseemly conflict which should be avoided, and there- fore the injunction will remain in force until the final hearing of the cause. RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Requests for the eggs of American fish for foreign countries have been received through diplomatic and other channels, and, as in pre- vious years, have been complied with as far as practicable. For long- distance shipments only eggs with a protracted hatching period are available, and of these the salmonoid eggs are the most important. ‘Upward of 2,500,000 of such eggs have been presented to Canada, Argentina, England, Wales, France, Japan, and New Zealand, as follows: Number of Countries. Species. : eggs. (GAMA < Jace ois cetes isa Sse Rainbow troutissss sates cae ate oe Soe ae eace seaeitertae scene 20, 000 PAM ETUGIM A eters ote wis cw ss aw ere or Steelhead *troiittoce ae Seas wea satan ee nio sion wacinseinesnosear 20,000 Brookitro wt secs ie 2ee see ee Jaetele Sc aelae see see nee meen} 100, 000 IEW eS nO aE Boe eee SS AAC OSE eG Core npS aaa a aecgRran 50, 000 Wihtiiesfhish:.!.cse oe bat Send toe oe rae bine See me ene 1, 000, 000 Landlockedisalmon: = s-- .aecae- an coe essen me cee seine 50, 000 BPM AMG ae erases se cee asa eeee Rain how trout eevss-2 +. tee ses cee one wee elec coe eel | 10, 000 Wihite=fighe << 925% Seco Wace Rec = pate de od Nae lereelene wets SS 25, 000 wales Pa SO TRC ya Bilaek-spottedttrout oseide- sees clams ctte cose enGce coe es cere 25, 000 TANG ane etc DOC eee eae Bee Rain Dow trouber Gace coneeee saciete eae sic es cine ateeesee aoc 10, 000 SAPAMN se sGsce = ses Se Scene BROOKS TROUT Ree eine nee eae ee eee crs See ee See crater 25, 000 New Zealander 2.5 suloss. ace. Wilt bestish@e sence esicee scree ee rene a Sac ahaa ree eye | 1,000, 000 Quinn ait salmon. sose5 12 a2 cas eee seh ee ss ceseeeen dae aes 300, 000 AMO bales cette ae ate ois cers |e scene ele claye Skea ee eee Semele cisisatads Shad Satan es Searemewicaa eters 2, 635, 000 Cordial relations exist between this Bureau and the department of marine and fisheries of the Province of Ontario. The minister per- mits the Bureau to collect white-fish and lake trout spawn in the Cana- dian waters of Lakes Superior and Erie, and in return for this privilege the Bureau makes plants of fry near the international boundary or in the Canadian waters adjacent thereto. The eggs presented to the Argentine Republic marked the beginning of fish culture in that enterprising country. They were sent in care of a representative of the Bureau, were en route from forty-six to fifty days, and arrived at their destination and were hatched with an 14 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. average loss of less than 10 per cent. This is worthy of note, not only because it is probable that these eggs were transported a greater dis- tance than has heretofore been recorded in the history of fish culture, but also from the fact. that they were taken across the equator, and then carried by team 300 miles over the hot sands of the territory of Neuquen, to be hatched at just the opposite season of the year to that in which they would naturally have hatched in their home waters. The eggs sent to the New Zealand government were also in charge of a Bureauagent. The white-fish eggs were in course of transportation thirty-four days and the salmon eggs twenty-seven days, a journey of 2,600 and 250 miles, respectively, by rail, and 6,600 miles by steamer, during which they were transhipped eighteen times in wagons, railway cars, and vessels before reaching their destination. The salmon eggs were delivered to the New Zealand inspector of fisheries at Auckland with an actual loss of less than one-half of 1 per cent, while the white-_ fish eggs were delivered at the same point with a loss of 10 per cent; in the reshipment from Auckland to Wellington by steamer there was a further loss of 10 per cent in the white-fish and a fraction of 1 per eent in the salmon eges, probably due to the fact that they had to be transported during the final journey at a rather high temperature, there being no cold-storage facilities on board the steamer. NEW STATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. The purchase of the land selected for the new station at Mammoth Spring, Ark., was consummated June 24, 1904, and the preliminary topographical survey was at once begun. The site contains 15.52 acres, is in the town a short distance from the railroad station, and is thus conveniently located for shipping fish and handling supplies. The water is obtained from a large lake or reservoir formed by dam- ming Mammoth Spring, which is a remarkable outflow of cold, pure water admirably suited to the propagation of fish. The deed of sale earries the right of drawing a maximum quantity - 1,200 gallons a minute from this reservoir. At Tupelo, Miss., two stock ponds, each 34 to 43 feet in depth and about 14 acres in area, have been completed, together with six cement rearing ponds ranging from 50 to 60 feet in length and 8 feet in width. These ponds are supplied with water from the wells by an open conduit. A foreman’s cottage, a frame building 50 by 29 feet and containing eight rooms, has been built, the grounds have been fenced and graded, roadways begun, and shrubbery set out. Owing to the exceptional advantages offered at Boothbay, Me., for the propagation of both lobsters and cod, it was decided to build and equip the station in the most modern and complete manner. The site is a rocky point of land, and stone quarried on the spot has entered largely into the construction of the new buildings, which are not only sub- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. pi) stantial but in keeping with their surroundings. On the property originally purchased are a seven-room frame dwelling, a small stable, and a storehouse, which, with some repairs, have all been utilized to good advantage. In July, 1903, the hatchery and a pumping plant were begun. The hatchery isa 13-story frame structure on a heavy stone-and-concrete foundation. The main part is 70 by 48 feet, with an extension 18 by 11 feet on the north side, surmounted by a tower. Besides the hatching room, 66 by 44 feet, which when equipped will accommodate several hundred million lobster and cod eggs, the build- ing contains a sleeping room, office, storage loft, closets, ete., is well lighted, has concrete floors, and is finished in natural wood. At a short distance from the shore has been built the pump house, circular in form and 22 feet in diameter. It is of heavy masonry to a height of 194feet, and supports a tower containing a cedar tank with a capacity of 7,500 gallons. Leading from the bottom of the pump well a suction pipe extends into the water to a point 2 feet below extreme low-water mark, and a 6-inch pipe from the pump house sup- plies the hatchery. Between the hatchery and the pump house is the boiler house, also of masonry, 31 by 30 feet. A frame storehouse and carpenter shop, 32 by 20 feet, has been built on the wharf, and a brick cistern is conveniently located near the buildings. ' Owing to the severe Maine winter and the rocky character of the site, which necessitated much blasting, progress was necessarily slow, but at the close of the year the buildings were ready for machinery and equipment. Two boilers and two pumps have been purchased and are ready for installation. On July 2, 1904, there was added to the property a third parcel of land of 14 acres, making a total area of about 10 acres. This purchase included a 23-story frame dwelling, containing 11 rooms, which can be easily remodeled into a superin- ‘tendent’s residence. At White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., good progress has been made ‘toward completing the station, and fish-cuitural operations are in prog- réss on an extended scale. A residence has been constructed for the superintendent—a two-story building 53 feet square, erected on a brick foundation, containing 10 rooms and an attic, and heated by a furnace. Two stock ponds, respectively 0.45 and 0.24 acre in area and 54 and 6 feet deep, have been completed, and a third one, nearly 0.3 acre in area, is well under way. Ten spawning ponds 66 by 12 feet, and six spawning ponds 20 by 8 feet, all from 2 to 23 feet deep, have also been constructed. Lines of supply and waste pipes for the ponds have been laid, a wagon bridge has been built over Harpers Run, and the grounds have been e'raded and partly fenced. Improvements for which special appropriations were made have been in progress at several stations, resulting in increased efficiency and economy of operation: 16 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. aN At Neosho, Mo., a 10-inch iron supply pipe has been laid in place of an old wooden conduit, and supply and distributing reservoirs, new troughs, machinery, and appliances were installed in the hatchery. Further improvements to the water supply are held in abeyance pend- ing the acquirement of a right of way. At Put-in-Bay, Ohio, the capacity of the hatchery has been increased by the purchase and installation of 760 additional hatching-jars, and iron supply tanks of a total capacity of 17,500 gallons have been sub- | stituted for the old wooden one. There have also been extensive — repairs to the buildings and machinery. At Duluth, Minn., the hatchery has been wired for electricity, 460 feet of the supply flume have been reconstructed, the crib well has been deepened, and material has been purchased for a new pipe line and reservoirs. At Spearfish, S. Dak., sudden floods pouring down the canyon, at the mouth of which the station is situated, have caused much damage, and have necessitated the expenditure of considerable sums of money. The measures originally taken to prevent such damage having proved insufficient, an old protective channel has been excavated to a depth of 8 feet and a width of 15 feet, and walls have been constructed of solid masonry for a large portion of the distance, with retaining walls where necessary. Besides the danger of floods from the canyon, the lower part of the grounds, including the pond system, is subject to overflow from Spearfish Creek, and to guard against this, 90 feet of stone wall was built. This wall, however, with a new bridge, was washed away during the extreme high water last spring. The water supply has been increased by the erection of a new cement dam which will open up a series of springs near the head of the canyon, and the reservoir has been lowered 8 feet to accommodate this extra supply. Much grading about the grounds and reconstruction of roadways has been necessitated by these changes. At the fish ponds in Washington, which are in the park system, much has been done toward beautifying and improving the grounds to bring them into accord with their surroundings, and this work is still in progress. The ponds have been altered to meet the present require- ments, and the supply and waste-pipe system has been modernized. A triangular frame storage building 58 by 51 by 50 feet has been erected, containing much-needed workrooms and storerooms. | At Nashua, N. H., direct connection has been made with the city water system for protection against fire and to afford an emergency supply for the ponds, hatchery, and other buildings. Sewers have been laid, the piping system in the hatchery augmented, and all the build- ings put in good repair. At Northville, Mich., a series of 5 ponds, covering about 3 acres, has been sufliciently completed to allow the propagation of small-mouth bass REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. id to be begun; the capacity of the hatchery for lake-trout eggs has been increased to 35,000,000 by the installation of more hatching troughs, additional pipe lines have been laid to the hatchery and ponds, and the drainage system has been enlarged. At Bozeman, Mont., a hot water heating plant has been installed in the hatchery, and other needed improvements are being prepared for. At Leadville, Colo., a 12-inch pipe line has been laid from Upper Evergreen Lake to the hatchery for the purpose of obtaining a new water supply, the former one not being sufficiently pure and being also subject to extreme changes of temperature. OPERATIONS OF VESSELS. Steamer Albatross.—On July 2, 1903, having on board the special commission to inquire into the conditions and needs of the Alaska salmon fisheries, the vessel left Port Townsend for southeast Alaska, where the investigation was begun at Boca de Quadra Bay. It was desired to visit as many of the fisheries as time would permit, and the itinerary embraced the island passages in the vicinity of Metlakahtla and Loring, and extended northward via Wrangell, through Stephens Passage and Lynn Canal, to Skagway, returning by way of Dundas Bay through Chatham and Peril straits to Sitka. Thence the vessel proceeded across the Gulf of Alaska to Afognak Island, Kadiak Island, and the Shumagin Islands, Chignik Bay, Yakutat Bay, and back to Sitka. Shore parties visited canneries and salteries throughout the region under investigation, and examined the streams and lakes with refer- ence to biological conditions as well as the commercial aspects of their fisheries, while dredgings and collections were made by the ship and important material and data were obtained in the shore and deeper 'waters. The Shumagin Islands were visited for the purpose of deter- mining the desirability of inaugurating cod hatching at that point, and during a few days’ delay at Skagway a party explored the headwaters of the Yukon for the purpose of making collections and gaining infor- mation respecting the ascent of salmon in that river. On the return voyage from Sitka a number of canneries omitted during the northern trip were inspected, the vessel reaching Seattle September 9 and San Francisco September 24. From that date until February 17 the vessel was in port, during which time repairs were made and an engine and boiler were installed in a new steam launch. On February 17 the Albatross left San Francisco to take part in a study of the fishery resources of the California coast, instituted by the Bureau in cooperation with Leland Stanford University and the Uni- versity of California. The end in view was the exploration and develop- ment of the fishing banks, and operations were carried on in the F. C. 1904 wy rs 18 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. vicinity of San Diego Bay, Cortez Banks, Santa Catalina Island, and Monterey Bay. The ship was continually engaged in collecting with intermediate and surface apparatus, and in making extensive dredg- ings and soundings about the regions under investigation. A line of dredgings was run 200 miles west from San Diego to the 2,000-fathom curve, and off Monterey to the 1,000-fathom curve. The work was brought to a close in June, and the vessel started for San Francisco, where she arrived on the 15th of the month. Steamer Fish Hawk.—At the beginning of the year the #vsh Hawk was undergoing repairs at Camden, N. J. These completed, she went to Woods Hole, Mass., arriving July 19, from which time until Septem- ber 11 she was occupied with duties in connection with the biological laboratory of the Bureau, her work consisting chiefly of a systematic series of dredgings through Vineyard Sound between Nobska Point and Gay Head. At the close of the laboratory season the vessel sailed for Washington, going thence to Baltimore on October 8 for some minor refitting. She was engaged for a short period in the spring, beginning March 16, in the hatching of yellow perch at Chestertown, on the Chester River, Maryland, and on April 29 began the usual shad operations on the Delaware River, at Gloucester City, N. J. Schooner Grampus.—This vessel was engaged from the beginning of the year until August 8 in collecting egg-bearing lobsters along the Maine coast to supply the hatchery at Gloucester, Mass. On October 5, after being docked and painted, she began the collection of brood codfish on the fishing grounds about Nantucket, No Man’s Land, and Block Island, continuing until about the middle of November, when she was laid up for the winter and her crew detailed to assist in the collection of cod eggs for the Massachusetts hatcheries. In April the collection of lobsters for the present season was undertaken, and the vessel was thus engaged at the end of the year. General.—Besides the usual minor repairs and renewals necessary to keep the smaller craft of the Bureau in good condition, more exten- sive alterations were made to some of the boats. The steamboat Cur- lew, attached to the Iowa station, was made more available for night work, which is often required, by the installation of electric light and searchlight, and by the extension of the deck house to afford sleeping quarters for the crew. A new boiler has been furnished the launch Petrel, and her machinery and hull have been thoroughly overhauled. New copper tanks have been put in the steamer Phalarope, and needed alterations have been made in the arrangement of engine room and cabin. Two new gasoline launches, 30 and 25 feet long, respectively, have been purchased, one for use at North McGregor, lowa, in the collection of river fishes, and the other at Swanton, Vt., in extension of the sturgeon work. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. rg INQUIRY RESPECTING FOOD-FISHES AND THE FISHING GROUNDS. Attention is directed to the appended detailed report on the work of the division of inquiry respecting food-fishes and the fishing-grounds. This important. branch of the Bureau deals with the biological ques- tions which arise in connection with the economic fisheries and fish culture. It is particularly concerned with the exploration of lakes, streams, and salt waters; the study of the habits, growth, and distribu- tion of fishes and other aquatic animals; the experimental cultivation of desirable products not now the objects of cultivation, with a view to developing methods that may be applied on a wholesale basis; the investigation of the diseases of fishes under cultivation and in a wild state, the pollution of waters in its effect on fish life, and the encour- agement of biological research in the Bureau’s laboratories and field operations. The special commission for the investigation of the salmon fisheries of Alaska, to which reference was made in the last report of the Bureau, concluded its labors in the fall of 1903, and shortly thereafter a preliminary report was submitted, embodying the general results of the investigation and making recommendations for the protection and promotion of the fisheries. This report was forwarded to the Sec- retary November 13, 1903, by him presented to the President on January 21, 1904, and by the President transmitted to Congress on Jan- uary 27, 1904, and printed as House Document No. 477, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session. The most important recommendations of the special commission are the establishment of government salmon hatcheries under the control of the Bureauof Fisheries, and the placing of all matters relating to the fisheries of Alaska under the direction of the Bureau. ; ‘Among the numerous special subjects which nave been under con- sideration with reference to economic questions are the oyster, sponges, blue erab, diamond-back terrapin, green turtle, and various fishes. The experiments in the artificial fattening of oysters and the cultiva- tion of sponges from cuttings have continued with satisfactory results. The raising of the diamond-back terrapin and the green turtle from the egg is receiving attention at points in Chesapeake Bay and on the coast of Florida. States in which inquiries have been made as to the fishery resources of particular waters are Maine, North Carolina, Indiana, California, and Arizona. STATISTICS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. The work of the division of statistics and methods of the fisheries affords the only basis for determining the condition and trend of the commercial fisheries of the country; it isan invaluable criterion of the 20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. necessity for and the results of fish-cultural operations of the: gov- ernment and states, and is indispensable in furnishing a basis for legislation. The results of the inquiries in different regions with reference to the extent, condition, and methods of their economic fisheries, and of the investigation of special branches of the fishing industry to which attention has been given during the year are shown in the appended report of the assistant in charge. General canvasses have been con- ducted in the New England, South Atlantic and Gulf States, and the Hawaiian Islands, and special inquiries have been made into the con- dition of the vessel fisheries centering at Boston and Gloucester, Mass. ; the fisheries of the interior waters of Florida; interior lakes and streams of New York and Vermont; the Pacifie cod and halibut fish- eries, and the whale fishery centering at San Francisco. There have also been very complete canyasses of the statistics and methods of the salmon industry of Washington, Oregon, California, and Alaska in conjunction with the work of the special salmon commission. MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATIVE AND OTHER MATTERS. CHANGES IN PERSONNEL. In the death of Mr. Cloudsley Rutter, which occurred November 28, 1903, the Bureau has lost the services of a very conscientious and effi- cient assistant. Mr. Rutter became connected with the Bureau in 1897 as scientific assistant, and at the time of his death was naturalist of the steamer A/batross. He took anactive part in biological investi- gations on the Pacific coast, and his work on the salmon added much to the knowledge of the habits of those fishes. Mr. Rutter was suc- ceeded by Mr. F. M. Chamberlain, general assistant on the 1/batross. The Bureau has lost another valued employee, Capt. 5. J. Martin, whose death occurred June 10, 1904. Since 1888 he had rendered faithful service at his home in Gloucester, Mass., in collecting statistics of the important fisheries centering there. Mr. William Barnum, an employee of the Bureau since 1891, and for many years editor of the Bureau’s publications, resigned February 12, 1904, to take the position of chief clerk of the Carnegie Institution. At the request of the minister of the Argentine Republic, trans- mitted through the Department of State, Mr. John W. Titcomb, assistant in charge of fish-culture, was granted leave of absence without pay for nine months beginning September 1, 1903, in order to make arrangements to inaugurate fish-cultural work on the part of the government of that country. Mr. kK, A. Tulian, for a long time superintendent of the hatchery at Leadville, Colo., resigned in order to take fish eggs to Argentina and REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 21 to accept permanent service with that government with the title national fish-culturist of the department of agriculture. Mr. J. Frank Ellis, superintendent of the car and messenger serv- ice, was appointed assistant in charge of fish-culture for the period of Mr. Titcomb’s absence. On September 1, 1908, Mr. E. E. Hahn, who had served on the schooner Grampus since September, 1887, as mate and captain, was detached to take charge of the new station in course of construction at Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Captain Hahn was a thoroughly compe- tent and efficient officer, @ practical fisherman of great experience, a proficient fish-culturist, and his services on the Grampus have been invaluable to the Bureau. Mr. G. F. O. Hanson, first mate, was appointed to the command of the Granpus. Mrs John N. Cobb, statistical field agent, resigned June 30, 1904, to accept the position of assistant inspector of salmon fisheries of Alaska. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY. ‘Fhe demand for the publications of the Bureau is increasing yearly, and the supply of many of the bound volumes and pamphlets has become exhausted. Much of the matter printed by the Bureau is of permanent interest, and requests for special articles continue for years. The second edition of the very popular and useful ** Manual of Fish Culture” has been entirely distributed, and a new edition, with revisions, is much needed. There have been sent eut to regular recipients and on the application of Congressmen and others 1,797 bound volumes and 20,192 pamphlets. During the year the bound volume of the Report for 1902 was issued, together with the following extracts in pamphlet form from the _reports and bulletins for 1902 and 1903: Degeription of a new genus and two new species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. By David Starr Jordan and Barton W. Evermann. Bulletin for 1902. : The fresh-water fishes of western Cuba. By Carl H. Eigenmann. Bulletin for 1902. The organ and sense of taste in fishes. By C. Judson Herrick. Bulletin for 1902. Rotatoria of the United States. II. A monograph of the Rattulide. By H. 8%. Jennings. Bulletin for 1902. The plankton algae of Lake Erie, with special reference to the Chlorophycee. By Julia W. Snow. Bulletin for 1902. Description of a new species of darter from Tippecanoe Lake. By William J. Moenkhaus. Bulletin for 1902. Notes on some fresh-water fishes from Maine, with description of three new species. By William Converse Kendall. Bulletin for 1902. Habits of some of the commercial cat-fishes. By W.C. Kendall. Bulletin for 1902. A more complete description of Bacterium trutte. By M. C. Marsh. Bulletin for 1902. Report on collections of fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of new species. By O. P. Jenkins. Bulletin for 1902. The sponge fishery of Florida in 1900. By J.N.Cobb. Report for 1902. Aquatic products in the arts and industries. By C.H.Stevenson. Report for 1902. The utilization of the skins of aquatic animals. By C. H. Stevenson. Report for 1902. 22; REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. List of the common names of the basses and sun-fishes. By Hugh M. Smith. Report for 1902. The fisheries and fish trade of Porto Rico. By W. A. Wilcox. Report for 1902. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. Report for 1902. Records of the dredging and other collecting stations of the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1901-2. Report for 1902. Isopods collected at the Hawaiian Islands by the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. By Harriet Richardson. Bulletin for 1903. Birds of Laysan and the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Group. By Walter K. Fisher. Bulletin for 1903. Notes on a porpoise of the genus Prodelphinus from the Hawaiian Islands. By Frederick W. True. Bulletin for 1903. Supplement to list of publications of the United States Fish Commission available for distribution. Report for 1902. a A catalogue of the shore fishes collected by the steamer Albatross about the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. By John Otterbein Snyder. Bulletin for 1902. Notes on fishes collected in the Tortugas Archipelago. By David Starr Jordan. Bulletin for 1902. : Report of the Commissioner for the year ending June 30,1908. By George M. Bowers. Records of the dredging and other collecting and hydrographic stations of the U. 8. Fisheries steamer Albatross. By Harry C. Fassett. Report for 1903. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., has pub- lished as Volume XLII of its Bulletin, ‘‘ Reports on the Cephalo- poda,” by William E. Hoyle, based on collections made by the Fish- eries steamer A/batross on its cruises to the west coast of Mexico, the west coast of Central America, and the Galapagos Islands, in 1891, and to the tropical Pacific Ocean in 1899-1900. The library of the Bureau in Washington is gradually being made more complete in literature pertaining to fishing, fish-culture, aquatic biology, angling, oceanography, and related subjects. During the year the additions numbered 111 bound volumes and 369 unbound vol- umes and pamphlets. Excellent working libraries have been main- tained at the laboratories at Woods Hole and Beaufort. THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY. This representative society, composed largely of national and state officials devoted to the promotion of the fisheries, the cultivation of food and game fishes, and the protection of aquatic animals, met in annual session at the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Woods Hole, Mass., July 21-23, 1903, George M. Bowers, United States Fish Commissioner, being president. An interesting series of papers was presented and discussed, and a prominent feature of the proceedings was the dedication of the memorial to Prof. Spencer IF. Baird, pro- vision for which was made by the society at its meeting at Woods Hole in 1901. The memorial consists of a large granite boulder with suitably inscribed bronze tablet, and was set up in a conspicuous place on the lawn of the Woods Hole station. Special exercises attended the unveiling and dedication of the memorial, and addresses were made by Prof. W. K. Brooks, Mr. E. W. Blatchford, Mr. Livingston Stone, and Mr. Frank N. Clark. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 23 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. The exhibit of the Bureau at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was duly assembled and installed under the direction of Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, representative on the government board, and was fully com- pleted when the exposition was formally opened on April 30, 1904. Although Mr. Ravenel had not been connected with the Bureau since February, 1902, he was, with the approval of the Secretary, asked to continue as representative until the close of the exposition, in view of his efficient services and his familiarity with exposition methods. The Bureau’s exhibit occupies a separate building, adjacent to the main government building, and is a more complete and attractive dis- play of the kind than has heretofore been made. The aquarium, which is particularly complete in equipment and pleasing in design, has proved one of the leading features of the exposition. APPROPRIATIONS. The appropriations for the Bureau of Fisheries for the fiscal year 1904 avere as follows: 3 SRGbe coe st oe S ESE St ra Se og RPE 2 Smee $250, 140 Miscellaneous expenses: ; JAGIaMTIT EC HBA AVON) ise 2G Epelee, NS A ae lh seep ae are oy ee rae aD 12, 500 Peemaeakton oulOod-fches. eto. 36. 202 oll Se dak See a anne 200, GOO une ye reSPeCtLnion 1OOd-fishesas 4-1-5 1-5... ae Reman son 32 2 si eee 22, 500 SPHRSTHL D2 | THT ROL ep a he ag ee a 7, 500 iPAIUETA AM CeLOlVCCSC] Sam eee ce ee. Ce 2 ae ee es 45, 000 For the establishment of a new station at Mammoth Spring, Ark --.....-.- 25, 000 For the purchase of additional land, for improvements, and for completion of stations at— Parenteral inte Wie So A Soe ce le SON ee eM Ce be ee 10, GOO SraibeSUlpiie Springs Wi. Vals foes os so eek ok we ae oes oe 10, 000 RET RTER. UIC dae SW PA ce dN eR gy AR tei a 12, 500 Pare Lear LOM Utara ethN ho eee ess Sock a elon we A oe bee 7, 500 Toco eq Tate SE ee Roe 2,000 - SISSTINTEM,. Sip LO BUS see ae ane ee ENS PERO cso eee eae Ot nage Peace ee 10, 000 For improvements and completion of cease at— iShypOucs mas Me COM, Ws Caters rcecic sem cerced See eiemcioe Some 7, 000 INS. IN. GUS Se Re ae a ee Se ied stp at ag ee ae, 5, 000 LEQ TaO TLSTAUAY % 5 TR ARR eee eel a ee Gee a Ro SP Et Ry eR Ae RT ee OR 6, 000 TSIOTAH AN rill eee" TG pee EE ey at Pee See a scene ee Nee ee IR 5, 000 IBrovaarenein., WG te os Se ep see Ream aot Nag Re We ee eee ade re Ane eee mye mR aD 3, 500 LDR GMS Ci She 2 ane Hil RT a et a RPE eg ee eR ner re 3, 800 Harsnepairs topeeamer Albaiross- 2.10. 220 ois. eh. eee teen bec ehete ence 28, 000 PITpercitaseo: twolaunchese 325580. is oo eo Sa eee 2, 000 A report of expenditures under these appropriations will be made in accordance with law. Grorce M. Bowers, Commissioner. ie eg y- ee pit ee REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES. By Joun W. Tircoms, Assistant in Charge. GENERAL RESULTS. The usual work of propagation and distribution of food fishes was prosecuted during the past fiscal year, 44 species receiving attention at the various hatcheries; many of these species and four or five addi- tional were collected from the overflowed lands of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers; and the lobster also was propagated. The total output was 1,267,334,385 fish and eggs, exceeding that for all previous years except 1902. The total output maintains a more or less constant increase from year to year, but the results from any particular branch of fish cultural work necessarily vary, owing to seasonal conditions. Shad operations were prosecuted with the same energy as heretofore, but in spite of all possible efforts there was a marked decrease in the number of egos collected at every station. At Bryan Point this was somewhat compensated for by the fact that the yellow perch work, conducted at the same time, was attended with very good success, over 23,000,000 young perch being hatched and planted in the Potomac River. At Gloncester, N. J., on the Delaware River, where the /%sh //awk was engaged in the collection of shad eggs, the season was especially poor for the commercial fishermen and but few ripe shad were caught. The natural spawning grounds on the Delaware appear to have under- gone an entire change, and Howells Cove, one of the best spawning grounds on the river a few years ago, which yielded in 1901 nearly 50,000,000 eggs, produced the past season 344,000. At Edenton, N. C., the shad season was the most unsuccessful in point of egg collections since the establishment of the station. At Battery station, Mary- Jand, at the mouth of the Susquehanna River, about the average number of eggs was taken, the output being 37,397,000 eggs and fry. The total product of this station was materially augmented by the hatching and distribution of 29,850,000 white perch. bo Or 26 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, The salmon work on the Pacific coast was unusually successful. At Baird, Cal., all previous records were exceeded, the total output, including that of the auxiliary stations, being 66,948,484 eggs and fry. Even more eges might have been collected had it been possible to secure sufficient men to do the work. The results at Clackamas, Oreg., and its substations likewise exceeded those of all previous years, and the output of Baker Lake station, in Washington, with its substation at Birdsview, was more than double that of any year in its history. The Baker Lake station is the only one where the blueback salmon can be propagated. A marked change in sentiment in regard to the artificial propagation of salmon is noted among the Pacific coast salmon fishermen and pack- ers, who are reluctantly yielding their prejudice, and it is interesting to note that fishermen who refuse to acknowledge the beneficial effects of the work are frequently found basing their plans upon the run of fish expected as the result of certain plants made from the hatcheries. It appears that a few years ago they depended very largely upon the July run as the mainstay of their business, the August run furnishing a flabby and inferior fish. In the past two years there has been a small July run, and the increasing run through August and into September has been of the same quality as were the fish which formerly were taken in July. The fishermen, therefore, believe that the change has been brought about by artificial propagation, and go into considerable detail to follow out their reasoning. The striped bass work, taken up experimentally during the fiscal year 1903 at Weldon, N. C., with such encouraging results, was con- ducted on a much larger scale and with sufficient success to warrant extending the field of operations, if it is possible to find places where spawning fish can be obtained in sufficient numbers. For the purpose of collecting eggs from fish caught by local fishermen, 9 field camps were established along the banks of the Roanoke River between Roanoke Rapids and Halifax, N. C., a distance of nearly 20 miles. Although the ran of fish is said to have been several times smaller than was ever before known, the results were most satisfactory, a total of 13,683,000 eggs being taken and yielding 7,219,000 fry. The out- put of the station was not as large as was anticipated, there being a loss of fry due to the fact that certain features of the hatching appa- ratus were special and not fully perfected when the operations began. The defects were remedied as soon as discovered, however, and another. season no such loss will occur. The output of Atlantic salmon depends very largely upon the amount of money invested in adult fish, within the limits of the market supply. At the Craig Brook station in Maine the salmon obtained by purchase from the owners of the various weirs in the towns of Verona and Penobscot during the preceding June and retained until ripe produced ’ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 27 3,484,000 eggs and were then liberated. The feature of this work to be noted is that it is evident the commercial salmon fishery on the Penobscot is maintained entirely by artificial propagation, few, if any, of the adult fish being able to escape the weirs and reach the natural spawning grounds. Most of the eggs taken for the hatchery, after being sufficiently developed to bear the journey, the last 18 miles of which was made on sleds, were transferred to a substation recently established for this purpose at Little Spring Brook, on the upper Penobscot River, and the fry were scattered in the east branch of that stream. In other words, the distribution, which has heretofore been effected by transporting the fry in cars, was made this year practically in the form of eggs, the special object of the change being to hatch and plant the young fish at points much nearer their natural home in the headwaters of the river than is possible when they are hatched at Craig Brook. Here the parent fish would undoubtedly have spawned had they been able to pass the many devices set for their capture in the lower reaches. The importance of establishing a subsidiary station on the upper Penobscot was regarded as paramount to the operating of the Grand . Lake Stream station, where eggs of the landlocked salmon are col- lected. Asa result, there was a falling off in the total output of land- locked salmon, but the Green Lake station produced a large quantity of this valuable species. The demand for landlocked salmon within the limits of Maine, where nearly all the eggs are collected, and also in other States where this fish has been successfully acclimatized, exceeds the supply , and an attempt will be made to increase the output during the coming year. Anoush cod propagation was prosecuted vigorously, the results were ee unsatisfactory. The exceedingly cold and stormy weather, together with the scarcity of fish from the inshore fisheries, offset the efforts of the collecting force, and many of the commercial fishermen found it not worth while to keep their boats in commission. At Woods Hole the collection of eggs of the winter flounder was not undertaken at the usual season because the fishing grounds were covered with ice. When the ice disappeared, it was found that the low water temperatures had retarded the spawning of the fish for a month, and the season’s work in this branch was very satisfactory. At the end of the season several small lots of pollock eggs were received, which produced 1,246,000 fry. The following innovation in lobster culture is worthy of note: Asan experiment, 7,081 seed lebsters were impounded and retained through- out the winter. _In the spring, although only 4,748 remained, all of these produced eggs except 630. The pound was leased with the idea that the Boothbay hatchery would be ready to receive the eggs, but it became necessary to transfer the fish-cultural operations to Gloucester 28 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. temporarily, and as a result the Gloucester station was enabled to dis- tribute 97,200,000 lobster fry, the largest product of this species in the history of the station. While the mortality among the lobsters in the pound was great, the unusually severe winter was particularly unfavorable for the experiment, conducted as it was in a small shallow pound. Persons in Portland and Boston who impound lobsters on the coast of Maine reported an unusually heavy loss in stock and attributed it to the intensely cold and stormy weather. More than three-fourths of the lobsters impounded for this experi- ment were of Nova Scotia origin. During the spring months the Maine lobster dealers send both sailing and steam smacks to Nova Scotia to secure cargoes, and this work is continued until June, when interrupted by the close season in Nova Scotia. Upon arrival on the Maine coast nearly all of the lobsters are impounded and held for the high prices of the summer trade, and as they lay their eggs while confined in the warm water of these inclosures, large numbers of egg-bearing lobsters are taken out. The stock for this experiment was obtained at the time the impounded stock of the fishermen was transferred preparatory to being marketed. In making the collection of lake-trout eggs in Lakes Superior and Michigan the extremely cold weather and high winds prevailing the greater part of the season frequently prevented the lifting of nets for several days in succession, and considerably reduced the quantity of eges collected. Many of the eggs became water hardened before they were fertilized, while others were frosted in the spawning tanks. Another obstacle to the success usually attending this work was the interference of the Michigan game warden, who claimed the right to supervise the Bureaw’s operations during the close season. It is the practice to employ tugs, engaged in commercial fishing, for the pur- pose of collecting spawning fish in these waters, and in the controversy the work of these tugs was interrupted for several days. The question was appealed to the courts, which enjoined further interference on the part of the game warden; but the time lost was suflicient to materially affect the quantity of eggs taken. It is necessary to record also that the output of white-fish on the Great Lakes was much below that of the two previous years. On the other hand, this shortage is largely compensated for in the fact that the output of pike perch exceeded that of any previous year in the history of the Bureau, Put-in Bay station alone producing 244,275,000 eggs and fry. The work of propagating the small-mouthed black bass, begun last year, has been continued experimentally at several stations with very encouraging results, and it is believed it will be possible another year to meet all demands for this very desirable game fish. Its propaga- tion has now been taken up at Northville, Mich.; White Sulphur REPORT OF TEE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 29 Springs, W. Va.; Wytheville, Va.; Cold Springs, Ga.; Erwin, Tenn., and to a small extent at St. ahi Vt., the w site at all of these points having proved congenial. At some a8 these stations the large- mouth black bass also was propagated, and at the San Marcos, Cold Springs, Wytheville, and Northville stations the output of both species exceeded that of any previous year. The Tupelo, Miss., station has not yet been completed, but sufficient ponds were con- structed to allow of the production and distribution of 13,500 fingerling bass of the large-mouthed species. The propagation of the eastern brook trout, black-spotted trout, and rainbow trout was conducted on the same lines as heretofore, the out- put exceeding that of past years. In this connection the stations at Leadville, Colo., and Spearfish, S$. Dak., are worthy of special men- tion, the product of each being far in excess of that of any previous year. The usual exhibit of fish and other aquatic animals was maintained in the Central Station aquarium, at Washington, D.C., and, although small, continued to be attractive to a large number of visitors daily. In addi- tion, the hatching of shad and various species of trout was conducted on a small scale for exhibition purposes. ACCLIMATIZATION OF FISH. The waters in the Black Hills of South Dakota were originally devoid of trout, but they now afford a source for the collection of eggs and contribute to the output of the Spearfish station, though the bulk of the black-spotted trout produced at this station is derived from eggs taken at a subsidiary station in Yellowstone Park. The waters of Colorado furnish another illustration of the successful acclimatization of fish, in the fact that the eastern brook trout has become so firmly established there that it is now possible to collect more eggs of this species from the natural streams and ponds at the subsidiaries con- netted with the Leadville station than are collected from any station in the east, where the fish is native. The demand for rainbow trout has exceeded the supply in some parts of the country where its introduction has been especially success- ful. It is frequently called for by applicants who want it because it is different from the native species, and it is a favorite for acclimati- zation in foreign lands. Not far from Paris, France, is a large com- mercial hatchery devoted entirely to the propagation of rainbow trout, the annual product being 100,000 fish of market size, besides the sale of eggs and alevins for stocking preserves. In some states the accli- matization has not been successful, and this is particularly true of the waters of New England, where many plants have been made and have resulted in the production of only a few adult fish. With the excep- tion of some lakes in Massachusetts, it is not known that the rainbow 30 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. trout has obtained a sufficient foothold in any New England waters to maintain itself by natural reproduction. Enduring as it does a some- what higher temperature than the native trout, it was hoped it would succeed in waters which, owing to deforestation or other causes, have become unsuited to the latter. The successful acclimatization of the steelhead trout in Lake Super- ior and other inland waters makes it desirable to propagate this species on a larger scale. The latest reports from Lake Superior give infor- mation that the steelheads spawned last spring in nearly all of the tributary streams along the north shore of the lake. The landlocked salmon has been successfully introduced in several ponds in Maine where it is not indigenous, and in Pierce Pond with marked results. This pond is 9 miles long, about three-fourths of a mile in width, and over 100 feet deep in places, and is practically land- locked. The plant was made eight years ago and forgotten until the summer of 1903, when one specimen was caught weighing 163 pounds, one 14 pounds, several 12 pounds, and some 9 and 7 pounds. Quite a number weighing 5 pounds were caught, and these were the smallest taken. When the above information was received, these salmon were said to be quinnats, the result of plants made nine years ago, but an investigation has demonstrated that the introduction of the quinnat salmon proved a failure. It would be interesting to learn the results of a similar investigation of the reported success in acclimatization of quinnat salmon in certain fresh-water lakes in France. FISH-CULTURAL NOTES, In addition to the regular work of propagation, fish-cultural experi- ments have been conducted at various points. It being a recognized fact that landlocked salmon from Green Lake, Maine, have a much greater average weight than those from Grand Lake Stream, it was determined to compare the rate of growth by carrying through the season at the Craig Brook station parallel series of fish from these waters. It was shown that under similar conditions, and with the same water supply for a given length of time, landlocked salmon of Green Lake grew more rapidly than those of Grand Lake Stream; the Green Lake fish also showed greater endurance, there being a smaller mortality among them than among the Grand Lake Stream lot. For observation and experiment in the domestication of landlocked salmon, one brood hatched from the eggs of 1899 was maintained in the most capacious pond available, and a special study was made of the development of the reproductive organs and the character of the offspring. ‘The lot comprised 173 fish, confined in a pond with an area of 45 by 60 feet and a mean depth of about 6 feet, and in Novem- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 31 ber, 1903, they yielded 9,000 eggs, from which 4,930 fry were hatched in April and May. The pareni fish had been dieted several months preceding their spawning, being fed very sparingly fora time and at last subjected toa lengthy fast, but this did not suffice to insure prime quality in the eggs, which distinctly lacked normal vigor. It has been suggested that to secure good results it may be necessary to supply a more natural food than the hogs’ plucks, on which the fish have sub- sisted all their lives. Another brood of landlocked salmon hatched in 1901 is held to secure data as to the comparative rate of growth and eventual size of fish derived from Grand Lake Stream and Lake Auburn. A small number of albinos was discovered among the landlocked salmon hateh of 1903, and at the end of the year these fish were apparently healthy and vigorous, 25 remaining out of the original 28. At the Baker Lake station, in Washington, it has always been a very difficult matter to trap the fish which pass through the lake and ascend the tributary streams to spawn, owing to the fact that these tributary streams are of glacial origin, flow through a narrow gorge, and are subject to such tremendous floods that no fish racks ean with- stand them. Upon the recommendation of the superintendent a trap similar to that used on Puget Sound was conveyed in sections over a pony trail to the lake, put together, and set up in a depth of from 1 to 60 feet at low water, the piling and webbing being made 15 feet above low-water mark to insure the capture of fish during high water. It was set at the outlet of the lake, and although not installed before the run of fish had begun, its practicability was demonstrated and the produet of the station was doubled. Still greater results may be expected the coming season. As the fish were caught when entering the lake, most of them were unripe. Two inclosures were therefore constructed for holding the unripe fish—one of webbing and piles 100 feet wide by 200 feet long, with an average depth of 6 feet during low water; for the other a slough which flows into the lake was utilized. This slough has a large and constant, though very sluggish, flow of water through it, and con- tains deep holes. There was no apparent difference in the quality of the eggs, but the fish held in the former inclosure were continually working against the webbing and became more or less fungused. This was especially noticeable among the male fish, many of which became caught in the webbing by their teeth. The fish in the slough inclosure lay quietly in the deep holes, making no effort to escape, and were in perfect condition at the time of spawning. Many of the fish were thus held for two months, and there was no apparent difference between their eggs and the eggs of those which were found ripe and stripped immediately after being caught. This is the first occasion on which 32 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. the Bureau has been successful in the penning of the Pacific coast sal- mon for an extended period, but it must be borne in mind that the water at Baker Lake is always at a much lower temperature than the water at any other station where salmon operations are conducted. The method of killing and bleeding the fish by cutting off their tails before taking the spawn has been adopted at this station, and the use of a normal salt solution for washing the eggs has not been found necessary if the fish are properly bled. The method of taking spawn at the Clackamas hatchery and its sub- stations was similar to that of previous years, but several experiments were tried to test the eflicacy of bleeding the fish prior to taking the egos, and the advantage of this method, if any, over the use of a normal salt solution for washing the eggs. Experiments were also made to determine whether or not eggs should be washed before they are trans- ported. A million eggs were taken by killing the fish and extrud- ing the eggs by hand pressure; the eggs were then washed and ferti- lized, and they hatched with a loss of 10.6 per cent. Six hundredand eleven thousand eggs were taken by killing the females, bleeding by cutting off the tail, pressing the eggs out by hand, and washing them with a normal salt solution. This lot hatched with a loss of 18.7 per cent. wo million six hundred and fifty thousand eggs were taken by killing the fish, bleeding them by cutting off the tail, pressing the eggs out by hand and fertilizing without washing. These hatched with a loss of 9.9 per cent. Seven hundred and fifty-four thousand eggs were taken from fish which were killed and not bled, the eggs being taken by incision and washed in a normal salt solution before being fertilized. The loss in this case was 3.8 per cent. ‘Two million five hundred and ninety-three thousand eggs were obtained by killing and bleeding the females, then taking the eggs by incision and washing without the use of the normal salt solution. The loss in hatching amounted to 1.5 per cent. Six hundred and nine thousand eggs were taken by killing and bleeding the fish, taking the eggs by incision, and washing in anormal salt solution. These hatched with a loss of 2.02 per cent. One hundred and seventy-six thousand eggs were taken by incision after killing and bleeding the fish, and washed in a normal salt solution. These hatched with a loss of 1.9 per cent. The experiments were not concluded. A large number of young salmon, the product of eggs obtained at various substations, were reared to the fingerling stage and marked before being liberated. The adipose fin was removed on all, and in order to identify the different lots the fish hatched at Clackamas were given an additional mark by removing the anterior portion of the dorsal fin. The posterior half of the dorsal fin was removed from the fish produced at Little White Salmon, the anterior half of the anal REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 30° from those from Mill Creek, California, and the posterior half of the anal fin on the ones from Rogue River. Some of the fish first marked were held over three weeks before being liberated, and their health. did not seem at all affected by the mutilation. Experiments at the Rogue River station, in Oregon, indicate that green eggs can best be transported over the rough roads by transfer- ring them to canton flannel trays before the milt has been washed from them. At the Bozeman station the superintendent continued his experi- ments in the artificial feeding of grayling fry. Blood was last year regarded as the most desirable food for young fry, and this season’s work has confirmed that belief. When the fry were placed in the nursery ponds it was observed that they picked off the small organ- isms lodged there, and, in imitation of the natural conditions, bunches of water cress dipped in blood and liver emulsion were suspended in the hatching troughs for the fry to feed upon. This device having proved fairly successful, it was adopted in the nursery ponds, which, being supplied with creek water, contained also small crustaceans and. other natural food. At the Wytheville, Va., station some experiments have been made to test the merits of azotine, a stockyards preparation, in comparison with liver as food for trout. By way of preparation the azotine was mixed with wheat middlings in equal parts, cooked into a mush, and before feeding was pressed through a screen. The preparation is nutritious, but unsuited to the delicate stomachs of small fry. After the fish are two or three months old it appears to agree with them when givenalternately withliver. The experiments have not been conclusive. It was noticed at the Put-in Bay station that the eggs of pike perch which were placed on the batteries where they received the most light and sunshine hatched in less time than those situated in the darker part of the house; it was also noticed that those hatching in the shortest time produced the greatest percentage of fry. No direct experiment was made along these lines, but the difference was sufficient to attract the attention of the superintendent. It is reported by Mr. Alex. Herbster, of Put-in Bay, that a pike perch weighing about 8 pounds, in ripe spawning condition, was caught by him with hook and line through the ice on January 14. The earliest previously recorded date for the spawning of pike perch in Lake Krie is in the month of April. In the striped bass work at Weldon, N. C., the sinallest yield of egos was 14,000 from a 3-pound fish, and the largest was 3,220,000 from one of 50 pounds. The largest yield of eggs previously recorded is 2,200,000 from a fish whose weight is not given. It is reported that there is an early and a late run of striped bass, with color F. C. 19048 34 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. markings and shape so different that all experienced fishermen can easily distinguish them, the two runs being known as ** long rock” and ‘‘short rock,” respectively. On the ist of April, 2,770,000 eggs were taken from a flat-fish caught in Woods Hole Harbor. The fish was 18 inches long, 10 inches wide, and weighed 3$ pounds after being stripped. The greatest number previously recorded as having been taken from one fish is 1,462,000, from an individual of about the same size. The impounding of lobsters throughout the winter was not only a success in the increased product of young lobsters, but it was noticed that the eggs from the impounded lobsters were more fully developed when taken from the pound than were the eggs of lobsters collected elsewhere at about the same time. The eggs began hatching May 21, fully a week earlier than in any previous season, and three weeks earlier than the other lobster eggs on hand at the same time. The eggs from the impounded lobsters also revealed a more uniform development than the others, quite 75 per cent of these hatching before the others had begun to hatch in any quantity. There were also remarkably few bad eggs, the loss being estimated at not over 2 per cent, while the WEBo~% loss in the ego's from other sources ran from 6 to 10 per cent. The greater maturity of the impounded product, as well as the more uni- form development, can be accounted for by the fact that these lobsters were in a shallow pound where the water would naturally be of a higher temperature than the deeper waters of the ocean, from which the other lobsters were obtained. The same course of reasoning holds good only indirectly in accounting for the superior quality of the eggs. OPERATIONS OF THE STATIONS. The stations and substations at which fish-cultural ‘operations were conducted in 1904, with the persons in charge, are shown in the appended statement. The subsidiary stations mentioned have regu- larly established plants for the conduct of fish-cultural operations, and in some instances are more productive than the permanent stations with which they are connected; none is provided with a personnel, all being operated under the direction of the superintendents of the stations with which they are respectively connected. It is customary to detail some one from the personnel of the regular station to assume direct charge while operations are being conducted at the substation. Several temporary field stations are annually operated from some stations, but these are not given in the following list. In such cases the work is of short duration, with few, if any, permanent fixtures. For illustration, collections of landlocked salmon and brook trout eggs are annually made at several field stations connected with the Green Lake station in Maine; for the St. Johnsbury station large REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 35) collections of brook trout eggs are made at three small subsidiary stations operated simply during the spawning season and until the eggs are sufficiently well developed to bear transportation to St. Johnsbury. Stations and substations operated in 1904. Name and loeation. Superintendent. Pear CEA BASE ME Nerina os ees ee coerce ccins cies icein nici ce wee E: E. Race. RrMoenrog ka skast Orland) WNC... So. o. sac ak a omdnweceniccesiecwece | Charles G. Atkins. Upper Penobscot, Me. SST ATIC IN 8 as Oe a eae Sees W. F. Hubbard, Sunapee Lake, N. H. OSM UAE ET OT SUL RU RtHis era ao a cls,c micas Ce SSeS is awe s Seeeeusseseaccceces | KE. N2Carter. Swanton, Vt. NEEL ET al VERSSE tac ercte s Sone oie e waycin miciths ww die wintien cia Seis ceeiowes C. G. Corliss. PATA SBET GFL AVES Steers Voi eveles o'0's Ceiels since ie ieelaw einen coca ass E. F. Locke. WAV US WUXGA INS Ve SSS re a a ey Se | Livingston Stone. : Buen ORR CMME Shere annie Acie Gnicie Aim stale Sia'e's srais sie A cra diete cane weeie J. A. Smith, commanding. pLUGDY) Ele VICIOCIGMHCE, MIG. « o.sc.0 ccnicisie acs cccaccsincneecceewes Alexander Jones. @ es CETL OET Pape tat o/s efate oS wis crelerete Swims nivin a e.g sees cisiace ee ce R. W. Owens. Central station, Washineton, Ds 'C..... 262-5222 scen- cena sce: John E. Brown, @ Asie paces Wate OLOIM, Di) Cs oc cc cemicenecomsciecacacccncesaes C. K. Green. LEGALS Wine. (3 a ee ee George A. Seagle, PICS UT SOLENT E eS, Wa Wea. smc,ccc c ameicin « cacivis aia sciow aa weiecle R. K. Robinson. DESTIN, HSU res A TS rs ee fe ae Alexander Jones, Rein Snes: EOC Lyle: Gi. 355 oscccaissaaiec ema e cise’ ncenre wie a J.J. Stranahan, SPU MET UNDE Pe Prenat w cial oes wn cc's cues sions Fee eases Seas Nee | C. P. Henkel.a PRRERIR AGED Ne OP picts iari pies nian orelsic.es'e seein w elsisivioeic gana as ea osae cs 8. G. Worth. Weldon, N.C. LESCISER TSE (0) BOYS 2 Re ee ese ee ee See a S. W. Downing. EG ar Tul RAG 2 ee he Frank N. Clark.* Detroit, Mich. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Charlevoix, Mich. Alpena, Mich. TONED eM MNES erate eit c Ac eae case wibve wieieie sin oiala starele'e oie wae Seige aiieos Quiney, I) Manchester, Iowa Bellevue, Iowa. North McGregor, Iowa. PR UPAILU RP NEU aoe teeareie is ainlsiz.s waists 's cescjce cise od tis saieeecrcemacenleewss RR RNC ON NE ett fo poem ams 5 siccclsa'a'a Uaid-é wa caia peajejea ae a euce ale Leadville, Colo Grand Mesa Lakes, Colo. Spearfish, S. Dak West Thumb, Yellowstone Park. ERIS ESET I oH TAPE EO EN tres pens = 2a, sais saeco aie Fh ieswiod Hew ste wciccn cee ale PPSRER IRM EG TNE oestcroe clo nica ance eee eeu cab ene ob eee kwdstewnis omesesns Battle Creek, Cal. _ Mill Creek, Cal. Clackamas, Oreg Little White Salmon, Wash. Big White Salmon, Wash. Rogue River, Oreg. Eagle and Tanner creeks, Oreg. Baker Lake, Wash Birdsview, Wash. . P. Wires. . P. Bartlett. | R.S. Johnson. TAT H. D. Dean, J. UL. Leary. E, A. Tulian, W. T. Thompson. D.C. Booth. James A. Henshall, G. H. Lambson. Claudius Wallich. Henry O’ Malley. aJn charge. Fish and eggs furnished for distribution by the stations of the Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year 1904. Fingerlings, Station and name of species. Eggs. Fry. yearlings, and adults. Green Lake, Me.:4 PLOW MEMES ATNOMS. Se tos oes cae ioe sooo wjeis cislee ce owie’s nas ele 122, 500 18, 000 318, 800 Rano epican Oba me mine sees coisa ora bx /alat Namrata se Smiaeecten eee 50, 000 AS OLS OBS EYs chai ete sensaias Craig Brook, Me.:4a LPO CMC CEN IN OMe Saba wea Se oe pc cic os pe atoeie, aepae lois emiete Otel | aioe eeererce tee 772 28, 200 INTEND SOUNTIOM eB Aam eR SBS MeO oe Ee ere er eae ae 25, 500 2, 566, 716 369, 000 BOO MSULOM teers eee si oeee so acis se eae mo Se eee ee eee se uA Bee eeeee 3138, 665 82, 300 aIn addition to the above, the following transfers of fish and eggs were made: From Green Lake to other stations, 37,000 landlocked salmon eggs. From Craig Brook to Nashua for rearing, 48,785 brook trout fry. From St. Johnsbury to Craig Brook, 400,000 brook trout eggs; to Nashua, 75,000 brook trout fry for rearing to fingerlings. 36 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Fish and eggs furnished for distribution by the stations of the Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year 1904—Continued. Station and name of species. Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. Nashua, N. H.: Landlocked salmon IBYOOKsVOUI ees asso atken eee nes see tee ma anee en eco seen IT DOWALLO Uber cee ias acto eis ee setae aie aeeion eae Seeeeerole GA KCRURO Were re aie miei ok salen rc alae aamiennayaale acyen ieee ieteineete Golden trout Canadian red trout Guay peececeecmrile ac senietlcise aie e eee ciasis cisiciaeme ane eee St. Johnsbury, Vt.: @ Landlocked salmon BTOOKEEOUIts 2 oS aiscio csiaryator-nig ata caiesie e maine cee oe cee | Rainbow trout Steelhead trout LET KCHIO TT ABE SoH EaReRA Seated oa decane oemoasamocemcasaacees Smallmouth DlaGkw Dass 2 aser se ete ee sete celts icioe eee etetereiete Swanton (substation), Vt.: 4 Pike perch Gloucester, Mass.: COCR reece o's = sioae cok Mein steele Pion Uh Feri ai | ke ea TILT CETTE 6 ial OT GE Pe PCN Net ng pe mime OE | Pollock HO DST eee sacs sect ecate i Ae yes SAM ee eran noes ROT Woods Hole, Mass.: Cod Flat-fish Mackerel Lobsters-)---/ Bee Rte Sees os NE Sem eect ate hai ayes soles eiel steels } Cape Vincent, N. Y.: Landlocked salmon Brook trout Rainbow trout Lake trout White-fish Pike perch Steamer Fish Hawk: Shad Battery, Md.:@ Shad White perch Soa ars Shi Coe Seats Baap eee sm OnOodO Oe e seacante assoc Fish Lakes, Washington, D.C.: PES TEX CHET AISS Sarees Go Sane einrers Sone neate = oe ie Sieve ey alavers Cecio ierwla(ticicistere'c Crappie Cat-fish Central Station, Washington, D. C.: Brook trout Rainbow trout Shad White-fish Pike perch Bryan Point, Md.:« Sees orc ect ate, apenas oe Seraareels ele Tic melee iiciasioe Yellow perch Wytheville, Va.:@ Brook trout Rainbow trout Steelhead IBIR@k basse oes Sei Se eee See cae anemia pecs ame eee Rock bass White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.: Brook trout Rainbow trout Erwin, Tenn.: Brook trout 31, 585, 000 35, 366, 000 124, 615, 000 1, 246, 000 97, 200, 000 44,079, 000 103, 657, 000 324, 000 9, 682, 000 9, 200 1, 198, 600 42, 000 4, 470, 000 14, 800, 000 100, 000 5, 454, 000 29, 245, 000 29, 850, 000 200, 000 10, 000 75, 100 413, 000 LM g Noh, MORE eA ae aoe HAD OR OBE eG bO CN GoCbaacoSeusonEoosolmAsscomononsolluconosoomuSdac aIn addition to the above, the following transfers of fish and eggs were made: From Green Lake to other stations, 37,000 landlocked salmon eggs. From Craig Brook to Nashua for rearing, 48,785 brook trout fry. 114, 485 107, 060 12, 000 42) 097 7, 425 38, 748 18, 980 39, 800 53, 765 From St. Johnsbury to Craig Brook, 400,000 brook trout eggs; to Nashua, 75,000 brook trout fry for rearing to fingerlings. From Swanton to Cape Vincent, 4,050, 600 pike-perch eggs. From Battery to Central Station, Washington, D. C., 1,188,000 shad eggs for hatching. From Bryan Point to Central Station, 200,000 shad eggs. From Wytheville to other stations, 360,000 rainbow-trout eggs. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 37 Fish and eggs furnished for distribution by the stations of the Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year 1904—Continued. Station and name of species; Erwin, Tenn.—Continued. Black bass Rock bass ISTEDT Me Ae SO OSes Da SOOO R EEE DEE ROC ummm Senin TU Saale Edenton, N. C.: Shad Weldon (substation), N. C.: Striped bass White-fish Lake herring Pike perch Northville, Mich.:a Brook trout Sault Ste. Marie (substation), Mich: Lake trout White-fish Lake trout White-fish Pike perch Quincey, LIL: Loch Leven trout MiVeCateO Wiper erat ces Uae oc 2 a ceike) Wr Senn cea te Landlocked salmon Quinnat salmon Pike perch Yellow perch Roek bass Rep piC eet WN 5) iat atta ree ne Cee ee cess tye Cat-fish Eggs. aIn addition to the above the following transfers were made: From Put-in Bay to other stations, 23,000,000 pike-perch eggs. Krom Norihville to other stations, 3,305,000 lake-trout eggs. From Detroit to other stations, 25,980,000 white-fish eggs. From Duluth to Cape Vincent, 2,793,250 lake-trout eggs. Fingerlings, Fry. yearlings, and adults. Bech tee eva 2, 235 Banoo seaes soon 6, 970 Bp PUR ser nb 15, 258 Seba. uleaae 4, 413 Braceiet tated rau 202, 800 ape ere ee 150 Rabo oMbosouos 6, 520 Be) ate 3 ea 20, 660 igen Se maces 8, 975 Sie iste oe aee ieee 13, 500 IATESNCODH eee Nee mesa SEGOS (OOO sate rey wean 884000) sateen eee Don Zn0KOO00R enmenerem mn enee 2d; G00 O00! eevee cee nee 139275; 000s Be cenee eee mae 830, 000 15, 000 60, 000 28, 000 9, 500 49, 040 138, 000 42 Seen AAA IAL 15, 000 287000KO00n Eo esee eee 23004000 Nl se eeee eee eae 25250 000K | se eeee eee eee SOF 00080000 sae aemeeees 25 000; 0000 een aeetmeteeertere 30%000:CO0) Roeneeeeeneee 1 OOO ONO || 2sesteantosen 1OAOOON COO: Sse eee 7 O00) | tee sos can erase TESCO UMS eaEA Sc Sonate Soosencabenee 48, 000 7, 155, 000 10, 000 LOMOOOO00N Heaeeee eee 34850) O00 Meena oe ieee fay aceyatayehesece nee 49,577 BORER Rete aye 15, 550 Nays seieese eae ee 2, 865 sesaleie Ree 2, 052 156, 000 | 14, 950 55, 000 116, 451 ENGR & Neel <5) 10, 100 5 ah al ae ne 28, 000 Pep eer 73 altel Sister eae 174 see sicteeiasclaetae 100 wie tesa nee eres 150 2, 100, 000 | eee 25, O00) |e ewes uncer BERS PAREN I, 2, 250 Sein cates Se Be 9, 870 SeL Deane see: 2,300 Joes eee 1, 500 From Manchester to other stations, 50,000 brook-trout eggs and 421,000 rainbow-trout eggs 38 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Fish and eggs furnished for distribution by the stations of the Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year 1904—Continued. Station and name of species. Eggs. Neosho, Mo.: 4 Mandloeked amon: scene aos ao core soc iene selene Soe aaenee Cum at Sabon eens 35 ce ements ce ante Stare see hic oe Poe Bed AVANT TU Oa ONUNG | fo aod ae tates mis cele ols eieiere ass alcleinr= Sraleveiomiartaiec Sess Steelhead trout Grayling) .s5-.2-2.- Black bass SUED WOU ADESS ease cea hciactot cc una Sky ere cree csiaie Bete mcieemenionne ROC KAD ABS uals oe ae clecldie cis eaieicieinia stoke oiee Hohe awe Seton eee San Marcos, Tex.: SESE oN Estee erecta ears ade arate te (alae ic ware nicbars Syoratatel ere eaere Melee ee oe GLA PIC ee sy omae Shela RE 2 ees ana sk cae ce sotete seal ee SULA WIDEGMEG DADS oc an arts arate oiacios cawivic acini ct win ainae Se eciocamloe ROCK: Dass wsiatmianrdenae Utaseoeemtence se Peindactaad ch Go osaaealiae RRDLIL DO HUD aloact Skanes a tele eco as cowtcice + tee Steelivewainowt = pes oan ececase ctl on ciec’s Sates saciis Saaeeeeetoe BIA CK SPO LEC EO Ugo arelemtes WI = cro te Sonic cee eee ee MGS VEN rose een Re oe elattere a iene ciate cislarsiave o aleferolan aie larcteatliore Fry. 5, 000 HOCH ME VEMEIMOUG | kere mar= oo ein we wats olaje(eiale. ol Seleressice oie’ rele cities oa eS te eratont a aretaraee Make TrOMG deca adewacccs oweccdtinc caer es Ras See eel tc Spearfish, 8. Dak.: 4 LOOK AUVOM ec sere ct cise acer oasis nce epneiet eeu kiolb ee cleee nalts VEIN DO WH PROD ote ais ite wail mre de otaie saleiate oie cme diuiem a wise miarsls oe) oe MRO erie EME UITE bc. Soac cee clopiceceace ce biekine cua de eee eles BIA CK-STHMHEG NOU D 1 woe a .tc1s~io ene sin cio aco note ce eiaiere eioerinins Bozeman, Mont.:@ PESYOOES CHOU Ge cei noe « Peis minterrase's emis Se aac eb iekiee weenie cies PRIMER URUUNG Soh he mde occ ce cet os actin ce cle cw sesenveclas Steelheaanoulic. sou. ssaccec sien tac weisabeae taco st sieeide wSoelee BIER SOULE UNO by tiass ce cals wioominln Soc ceee Seles cede tee PaOnrOU Gs ms ayo so siaas a Ss aeie Syn ore Sane raials uw siasinieia sep eie)a0e a ara af Cio oy nee eee aS CRAGIN Eee eco Se alee: ai esc wine dee CSE eS owls caeete Baird, Cal.: (Aqudgelotniy :6 jose, ou aes aaa ok a SOE Pee ek See ey ae eS se 27, 32, 850 Battle Creek (substation), Cal.: Ghat Rae «a a sein PAP ssa a sleces 21, 354, 255 Mill Creek (substation), Cal.: CUI gy RIM ON Sse ok sa-anie wie viz w nS eie ein ae sieleveecnescesisece 15, 891, 249 Clackamas, Oreg.: OUELETNTTee NRHN: 52 = 2 cle eo aciciwin nie wis Siormrmisioaiate wicie Maine ciate’ sie 3, 113, 000 2, 553, 650 2, 350, 130 Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 127, 625 1,079 318, 840 42) 016 8, 000 3, 923, 634 MAM CTO C Ke OSes Ss cetes Gee ciara einicaaiarcie oie eig Dacaieie os cratmia lle GI cae SESE | elon ees ITOK GOW bas Saris Joo. s0 weiss ae oie minin hose sisiew ewe ead en chem feels Rai DOW GLOWS oo shoe oe meee cine aime eee wcinec skieheeeeinee ee Steeler. trot. 22 < sose 5. sao sescoseewe econ coe neato Black=spotted trout: So Oo g s He Oo OL OO bD OO OTD IO ATO CO tO WO S2SSSSS288 S19 Sot Conw wee Sor 3 i) Slat tis rae sr aaa SSSSE55 aS os wt wn wee ween REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 43 Details of distribution—Continued. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry. Landlocked salmon—Continued. - Oregon: AGERE OR ERE To ea oe oe ere tata leias a orfarei aint isin aeta mie wlll sl oie etele tote wrefelisiet sil w wichale'e isis =tmletote 3, 470 Vermont: Clyde River, Newport Caspian Lake, G Willoughby Lak Big and Little Averill lakes, Averill Washington: Sullivan Lake, Newport reensboro e, Westmore Argentina: Argentine Government 27, 290 Silver salmon. Washington: BakeyLake, Whatcom County. ........<<...ecescnes+--- Silver Salmon Slough, Whatcom County Lower Baker River, Whatcom County 2, 234, 645 650, 000 1, 100, 000 38, 984, 645 sSweusiouc@emerecs|=ccemawbeewelisel © | UOUSUUM th oat sete acne Blueback salmon, Washington: Swiit Creek, Whatcom County Baker Lake, Whatcom County ........-.-...cesss2.5---- Lower Baker River, Whatcom County 1, 730, 000 2, 000, 000 125, 000 SS I OOD OOO CIO COMO Oa mScom oo btOOrmoocinay | 3 AS SOUR OOO NOOO OO 3, 855, 000 Humpback salmon. Washington: Runths Spring Branch, Whatcom County Swift Creek, Whatcom County Baker Lake, Whatcom County 35, 397 91, 200 176, 597 Total Colorado: Musgrove Lake State Fish Commission, Denver Idaho: Lake Coeur d’ Alene, Coeur @’Alene........---20.025---- owa: Lake Okoboji, Spirit Lake Maine: State Fish Commission, Monmouth » Michigan: : Big Blue Lake, Montague Higgins Lake, Roscommon Wake Superior, Tobins Harbor Paint Creek, Ypsilanti State Fish Commission, Pontiac Applicant, Negaunee Minnesota: Pike Creek, St. Louis County Schultz Lake, St. Louis County Missouri: Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis Montana: Basin Creek, Harlowton East Boulder Creek, Big Timber Black-tail Lake, Butte New Hampshire: State Fish Commission, Concord New York: Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park Oregon: Clear Creek, Stone Rogue River, Rogue River Station City Reservoir, Astoria Vermont: Willoughby Lake, Westmore Crystal Lake, Barton Sleepers River, near St. Johnsbury Caledonia Trout Club Pond, St. Johnsbury Virginia: Reed Creek, near Wytheville Elk Creek, Elkcreek 10, 000 eee ewe wet teem eee eee e es lewecee tbe ese esievececenaeccees eee es See ee eee ee ee 44 REPORT OF THE Details of distribution—Continued. Species and disposition. Steelhead trout—Continued. Washington: Arg Mic Phinney and Grandy ereeks, Skagit ...........-...----- entina: Argentine Government Total Loch Leven trout. higan: Intermediate Lake, Bellaire Big Sturgeon River, Indian River Fish Pond, Detroit State Fish Commission, Pontiac Missouri: Sou Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St th Dakota: HIShHMP ONG ROUD SER mala ss > sane cis ae = cree eee eee eee Beaver Creek, Butfalo Gap Spearfish Creek, Speartish Sunderland Pond, Spearfish Total Rainbow trout. Alabama: Elberta Lake, Gadsden Overlook Fish Pond, Trenton Arizona: SieDavidebond BenSOM a. so2 cic nea vas Sone acise seers e Live Oak Creek, Flagstaff Headwaters Oak Creek, Flagstaff OmeCreeke Jerome aso ace e eae eee ee ean emeeieeerece: West Beaver Creek, Jerome GleaCGreek:JeCTOME: Seen ices see anes emis caw cece emt Sycamore Creek, Jerome Cook Pond, Prescott Arkansas: Spring Pond, Earnharts SIMOWIS Eee eee: | COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 102, 705 280, 485 Spring River, Imboden....... CUE. Pe easwe ewe biacs etic lese Re ees see restie oe Allens Mill Pond, Bentonville Hishwbong sbentonvillesicacesceeeeca sec ceasea. sc owtromalesee ee ad eee ceeetetee est see Flint Creek, Gentry Sprme Creeks Bellevall Ores acijeniler se ee eee ease e cee West Fork White River, Brentwood Mammoth Springs, Mammoth Springs ................-- Fish Pond, Belleville Highs eOnG | Matwela.cceceisecetae eas ere errels seis ee Spring River, Mammoth Springs. =e secs melee aeleeinie Colorado: SU e Viren ReEServOlr sluyONS one ceeta.s secetiestcr ce eeee nei North Fork Frying Pan River, Thomasyille Eryine Ban Rivers Basalt 22s. cscs se cccisccnierccescnmerisl Upper Savage Lake, Thomasville Lake Canal Reservoir, Windsor MASA S OS BAC Ne Wake cr chet ere jae oe eicteniee eer onset raters GunnisonsRiver, Gunmisonies.-c-tisete se eeiee stoee tae tigkesriassell) Wd ahoiS pring sie eas ane ae ce nists oes ieee oes GlearCreek, Idaho Sprites. cn. s-ccctas neacigceee cece WalIRiviery dah OS PUNE S ec cistsiete seen eee Roaring WorksRiy er, ASPEN. cocci ec seca ses eelee or Big Thompson River, Loveland @astleiCneek Asp eniacietra man ao cee aoe Bciaie Dlereraye alates Brayers Jefferson Lake, Jefferson Gibson Creek, Webster Platte Rivers Webster ss oneo 10, 000 New Hampshire: Pond ang simeamis “Potter place Ts. <..2..2<\. ote see eee ee ae Bee eles eee eee 6, 485 On HAtEe we MyM OM Wg. > sols oe ene Se See ee cr Satee ee icroe er an ea en a ee ae 1, 395 MASCOMAPEMEMET OC OINARI. (oe ooo in viele) Jeena sees eee eee eons. emned Ae tee 10, 475 Tsing lassHRRGer eDO VEL S «36.2 Saisie eon sae doe eles oe ome lee Ole tee eraneeel oe apaegeee eneras 1, 600 bake "Wentworth, ‘Hudson's. ..2.2/5-4<4. Succ nes coer sbeneee eed SO RISE URNA tiny eb 600 New Jersey: Su dlesBrsok, Oaklands ck ss cashes. 2- See eee tne chal Eee eal eee ration oe 800 New Mexico: NoxthiPercha *Rinven tube. h< = 27 oh seater aetoces ine nie abel ao nee ete Mame tere ne cise 1, 000 Bish ‘PONG, (DOWEY ess soe ae oss ee See oe Se nee |S ee eo ea ee aa 500 Spring: River, Taswmells —cce doce vee ree oe oa en ae ees ahs Sts Gomera 1, 000 Bonita Pend, ) Capitan 2 osc icie 0: sic fro a ee eee ees ee te eta 300 New York: F Dmvaian Malkce Tees Reka hoe 8 a sai se so Seite aoe See Se ee eel 10, 000 $00 NeW OLk ity -vataminms <5 = 22 ioe Soe ee Ores | DOOD serine nial aime | oa otal eee ‘App ucant ABTOO ky |.) =n bac cciceenias eee ene neee eee | a 3 a eS EE Applicant, INEM MOL Ks snacue let mee Seat tee eee ae ee TF OO0 5 fonicins= cinta are!ainc | 3.20, a3 aoe North Carolina: Mild Pond Abonisb umes A428 oe a so cac see ce Se eee ee ee eee tee a eg aki 400 Wish, PONG SWealwrulCovesiasces <6 oon cose eae eee NRE a, Pea eae 400 dbs oyoya Bie coven O21 cYovh dae ae ni oe ae ST A EE le ee Socehe =< Beene a cs Se 600 Bald: Creek Wiarwes willie < she acs ieee See ee eee ce eas ee 1, 000 ish Pond Salita ses. See oe psc a eae sta ate ete 1,050 CockdillsiCreck “Waynesville =<: o2cc5.n 2 sss cee ne en eer ee 800 marmans Creek, LOftisnc 2.5 2s5s54 is oe cck ceo nee eee eee eee eee ees 750 NLCelS Creek MUONIs eos sos hac annlceieck See oe Be ee ee 750 eons Mill Creek Lo Mis sh: ot ot soc, cans de Sa eee en ee eee eee 750 THE ARiwmer elObiG:c 222 cee esse 2 nae eae cae oe ee ee \ eaRAH OSE eS 1, 500 Pole BridgelCreeks Cedar iMountain: 6. sone a enone Coenen 750 iBuckhorm€reck Cedar Mountain cic Dake. 3) |e ese ee ee 750 Cleari@reek Cedar Miountuim 5 2.: jssseceuss-osceee sees 750 HiSheP ond Brevard eects Soe ee ee a eens | 500 ASO mds A) URE TOM EN ojo o)2 x carries lee ee Se ere ee 600 NCEP Ivers Gran 2G costs ne wes ac Soa: nee Denies 800 Hishweond 1 GoOldsporosese nase ces sees eee coe 400 North Carolina—Continued. Ohio: Oregon: REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Details of distribution—Continued. AT Species and disposition, Rainbow trout—Continued. Thipps Pond, Greensboro Campbell Branch, Maxton Schaley Creek, Elk Park Bull Creek, Swannanoa Lake Woodlawn, Marion Armstrong Creek, Marion Ball Mountain Creek, Marion Toms Creek, Marion South Fork Swannanoa River, Black Mountain Freeman Creek, Andrews Trout Pond, Flat Rock Spopemared Eto sah Tbr a Toyo Ses ee ero eee Nantahala River, Nantahala Queens Creek, Nantahala ran igin gece GBreVand.. << -oncm enc ~ A ciceicciammarneiemantennaas HESICE UNO RAMAN, SESE MANO oe octane lesere a) mecclarege ers 1eniaparen North Toe River, Spruce Pine Cedar Creek, Springfield Fish Pond, Pomeroy PSEC AVG Si Es FE EE Soc ee ye tay er NS Artificial Pond, Dennison Spring Lake, Sycamore rye shaveas) BYt She Velatg JOY NU G See Se eee eer Rock Creek lakes Malmes —-< oi cnc cemereccomoorece Meadow Lake, Yamhill County Rrowbibake, Umatilla County 8. 22.5 jcc c scene eseee Clatskanie River, Clatsop County... .. ....\...seceec 200 || Kansas: West Virginia: MishysPowds, Pratiresais)= ssc -)-1 400 Mis hweond OmpS emcee ce s/tclewecie = 200 Coffeyville .......... 200 Wisconsin: Cherrywaletzesescace 150 Lake Franklin, Three Lakes..... 175 Independence .....- 200 —___ Clearwater.......... 200 Shel lena te tre tie waa isto eine sinier 22,172 Columbus) s2s-ee-- 200 — Mound Valley ...... 200 AESONS sas ceee eee y Strawberry bass. L iberal Ptr MD ri Indian Territory: HHING RiereaeneeR cane 200 Fish Pond, Vinita... -ee-osc-0. 150 eee etc -- 2 Pennington River, Tishomingo.. BONE A) teeta pe sea nt nae ab Nar | Bledsoe Lake, Choteau ......--.. 100 Lae Fe er uy Big Blue River, Ardmore ........ 150 Todee Se ee oan Me eee ee sescect ese 100 Talbott Lake, Medicine Lodge... 300 Pgcietay cat. Steet eke 270 Koutuckys Pond, Smith G ee Lake Josephine, Shreveport ..... 100 Fish Ponds Gre SnEDRe BUN Eripedec 200 Harts Island Bayou, Shreveport. 100 Sad J Vieccuniteas Hay yencie Gy 400 _ Alligator Bayou, East Point ..... 100 rect Gn 400 te od Lake, Coushatta ........... 100 Crystal Lake, Pembroke ......... 150 Shoaland Hickory ereeks, Neosho 200 es Ponds a eusrine ates ea ae Lotisiana Purchase Exposition, inaK aa oho =a een eae Sf Tos on i 34 gers Pond, Shelbyville........ 100 ETO ent aN he if LN CINE NOUS 4a SoteeGhcosdaoodecssss 2, 390 Cache Creek, Fort Sill ........... SOM ee eas be Avery Reservoir, Avery.....-- 150 Wee at Homer .....-.-..-. 70 ecumseh Reservoir, Tecumseh . 150 oder Newkirk Reservoir, Newkirk .... 250 Fish Pond, Hon kon.- SoReal RAE pe oN oe ReSenyOirw NV OStinsccecs ss cess 150 || Bartletts Run Pond, Barton ee 100 “ r sh Lake, Washington County... 300 For care Dall Geren | x2a0 abe Hancock Lake, Hyattsville. ..... 200 Fair Ground Pond, San Antonio .| 50 Maselchusette: Sere Lapee ee Bet A ligcrayice ahaa Fish Pond, Whitinsville -........ 200 TON oe cen ococ be Soeseemesooeer 2, 654 Mississippi: RishvPond. Meridian. -sscesi.== 200 Rock bass. Missouri: Arizona: Katy Island Lake, Nevada....-.--. 400 Verde River, Jerome ............ 200 Cockes Pond, Sleeper ...........- 150 Arkansas: Elm Pond, Fordland............-. 250 Fish Pond, Washington.......... 300 Hisley Pond Noelle 2-2 sc ccccscee 100 _ JADA TIGIS (ep coos ousbeseaanbeeose 600 Fish Lake, Independence ....... 200 Distriet of Columbia: Artificial Pond, Kirksville. ....-. 100 Industrial Home Pond, Washing- Shoaland Hickory creeks, Neosho 200 a, Wisc aas sodseecc eunnccescodse 200 Wallen Spring Pond, Cassville... 100 Hilinois: Turley Pond, Desloge .........--. 200 Fish Pond, Belleville ............ 100 Hulmes Lake, Independence.... 100 : Coltmpiseeaceneecceee 100 Steinmetz Pond, Glasgow.....-..- 100 Spring Pond, Belleville.......... 100 Atterberry Pond, Atlanta.......-. 200 Columbia ee 500, 000 Atlantic Ocean, off Gloucester...) 35,376, 000 Lubec Narrows ....---------- 500, 000 Vineyard Sound, offi— Moosabee Reach. ..-.--------- 1, 000, 000 Parpailin) COVCGxs-remi. Total landed at | | BOStOM w ace 52s 1, 459, 848 | 92,548 186,400 | 12,517 | 2,883,764 138,399 1,424,000 | 20,300 Tan ON Serbo ca 3a ore socl Sema hee | NemM ea (SI Sain! (eee ceed 1,224,000 | 35,800 | 2,436,000 | 22,519 HRsRI LED Vase le, ieiel taxce ose occ wiecclines We eS pecaeeeee a caascaee 143,200 | 4,262 31, 690 434 Nine pS oe Sea ee id teed Seal cic eas eet a gaa cereale 262, 800 8, 870 59, 000 757 JA/OTSI 5 Goon GGG SEDO RIE EOE! OCC Cerca (GEE Ein sent ene aml Pee aeeneme 286,200 | 2,490 329, 000 4, 9385 WEN 66 36500 See aeeeeee 14, 400 960 19, 260 HL SOG es Sew ininse wale ciao aceteree ele ne | ee JEG 55680 BS eee ee 166,500 | 10, 692 DOS SOOM LG Aa i case cr A Cet cree aller be Sele See a ea inal [aes 110,520 | 6,455 | 1,463,841 |105, 709 23, 400 145 28, 000 175 PARI CUIBIRG 2 -<-<0-5-25-- 209,700 | 12,295 | 2,864,600 |175, 680 97, 665 659 600 33 September ............- 11, 070 982 1,811, 400 |138, 194 23,615 VS57. |eeetaeeree eee Versa avers WGobene tees et ece cs oss 44, 640 EP ORES | Pa aeenuemeca| Seaman 799, 630 | 11, 282 291, 000 4, 82h. INOVemper so 55aen-ce.s I, 23, 760 2,172 149, 200 | 11,586 1, 940 205 2,108, 400 35, 697 Mecemberssaacececkae x. eee ee Cee eee ree 198,000 | 3,850 | 2,972,800 | 48,166 Total landed at | Gloucester ..... 580,590 | 38,188 7,845, 541 549,724 | 3,060,450 | 68, 920 8, 252, 400 | 127,537 / Grand total ..../2,040, 433 130,736 | 8,031,941 (562, 241 | 5,944, 214 [207,319 | 9,676, 400 | 147, 837 Grounds E. of 66° W. ; | wale | | eb pee ens. 252,300 | 13,904 | 2,015,000 |115, 904 | 3; 107,045 | 79,214 | 8,837,200 | 135, 874 Grounds W. of 66° W. OES Sagee babe ce aeneeee 1, 788,133 |116, 8382 6,016,941 446,337 | 2,837,169 |128, 105 $39, 200 11, 963 Landed at Boston in | TIO rel a eee 5 eee 2,095, 998 |140, 797 645,400 | 37,560 | 3,156,350 |137, 751 710, 000 10,680, Landed at Gloucester | Tin, 2) Sea ee 676,170 | 39, 304 7,495,600 |463, 910 | 1,572,024 | 42,831 | 10,708, 400 | 165, 391, | «Includes herring from Newfoundland, 3,097,200 pounds frozen, $78,312, and 7,886,600 pounds salted, : $118,218. F. C. 1904——9 130 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., by American fishing vessels during the year 1903—Continued. Total. Grand total. Months. Fresh. Salted. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value, Lbs. Value. January...... 5, 422, 050 $163, 233 740, 000 $10, 100 6, 162, 050 $173, 333 February .... 6, 413, 020 AGT SES aee Sse cults seen eae 6, 413, 020 167, 333 (VRE use aces csccen 12, 641, 100. GAS HICKS, UP| SRE CORRS EOn Metocena acs 12, 641, 100 205, 766 PANERA eta fe cto atcis cies saci 6, 449, 150 VOI HWS Sacco Sines alles nate tees 6, 449, 150 151, 044 ISIN tho crake oe ccaic ctaytclaimes 4, 232, 400 79, 361 14, 000 420 4, 246, 400 79, 781 Loi 5c ae ese 3, 664, 683 147, 462 197, 800 9,577 3, 862, 483 157, 039 ROU eno wees em cmaciaters 5, 808, 163 Ly (CRB. : al ee ee ASO er can 5, 808, 163 178, 344 PUIG een ae ene se ec 6, 384, 926 217, 400 27, 000 945 6, 411, 926 218, 345 September ..........--- 8, 408, 570 191, 783 220, 600 18, 400 8, 629, 170 210, 183 QOetober.. J. 2822265205 6, 338, 560 AGT, B25 NS Salatesjeccisiocinel eaaelemmno tects 6, 338, 560 167, 828 INGVEMBED. 2.5.5 ceic5 os 8, 015, 700 TOSS O20 I Sees Savnias oa bierertere ms teins 8, 015, 700 194, $22 Deeember.........----- 4, 605, 150 137, 009 634, 000 10, 200 5, 289, 150 147) 209 Total landed at ee | BOSTON emcees 78, 383, 472 2, 001, 485 1, 883, 400 49, 642 80, 266, 872 2, 051, 127 TOIMATY os cese ho sice esos 1, 980, 755 67, 565 3, 260, 715 64, 687 5, 241, 470 132, 252 Webruary .....-..--..-- 1, 113, 560 48, 668 167, 243 5, 856 1, 280, 803 Bd, 524 MIAMCR eo Satie cecoctiee ve 2,412,778 56, 771 Be 21, 247 2, 975, 983 78, 018 PAU RNY so a8 8 reat 8, 189, 201 60, 795 51, 051 4, 808, 160 111, 846 Natya meee: eas 3, 690, 185 67,970 77, 716 5, 792, 467 145, 686 Jin 2 Se a ea ee 2, 602, 620 60, 373 194, 902 7, 027, 200 255, 275 ANT EAC © cree tee 1, 921,115 48, 418 330, 542 10, 937, 095 378, 960 August ee REARS 1, 708, 276 45, 749 241, 166 5, 766, 774 286, 915 Heptember'.. 5-222... 5. 2, 470, 279 53, 289 202, 312 5, 909,668 255, 601 (3) (0) ast Re Se 5, 219, 201 68, 145 148, 937 8, 652, 363 217, 082 November <2. ...20..22 5, 861, 796 77, 852 282,136 14, 319, 217 359, 988 December........-----+ 938, 926 29,711 73, 046 4, 523, 270 102) 757 |-—s ee SSS See aaa Total landed at ! Gloucester ....-| 33, 058, 642 685,306 | 44,166,828 | 1,693,598 | 77,225,470 | 2, 378, 904 Grand total ......| 111, 442, 114 2, 686, 791 46, 050, 228 1, 743, 240 157, 492, 342 4, 430, 031 Grounds E. of 66° W | [changes Se es eos 28, 885, 047 643,988 | 29,447,241 | 915,608 | 53,282,288) 1, 559, 596 Grounds W. of 66° W Reon Lets Soke aes 87,607,067 | 2,042,803 | 16,602,987 | §27,632 | 104,210,054 | 2,870, 485 Landed at Boston in BQO oa eke o ietcts< emcees 77,608, 596 1, 994, 198 1, 365, 400 | 48, 440 78, 973, 996 2, 042, 638 Landed at Gloucester MOOD Ghee eeetace ee 39,614,878 | 787,676 | 49,366,001 | 1,548,768 | 88,930,879 | 2,386,444 FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. The number of persons employed in the coast fisheries of the New England States in 1902 was 38,879. Of these, 23,661 were fishermen and transporters and 15,218 were engaged as shoresmen in the whole- sale fishery trade and in the preparation of fishery products. The capital invested in the fisheries amounted to $19,969,031. The investment included 1 479 vessels engaged in fishing and jrancpeeaee fishery products, the ae of which was $3,977,066. The net ton- nage was 46,543 tons and the value of the outfit was $1,792,990. The number of boats in the shore fisheries was 11,021, valued at $682,584. The fishing apparatus employed in the vessel and shore fisheries had a value of $1,305,779. The value of shore and accessory property was $7,925,887, and the cash capital employed in operating sardine can- neries, menhaden factories, in the preparation of fishery products, and in the wholesale fishery trade was $4,284,725. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 131 The quantity of products derived from the fisheries was 528,948,797 pounds, valued at $12,280,401 as they leave the hands of the fisher- men; this does not include the enhancement in value as the result of canning or other methods of preparation beyond those employed by the fishermen, nor the higher price received for products handled in the wholesale fishery trade. The leading species in the New England fisheries are alewives, cod, cusk, eels, flounders, haddock, hake, pol- lock, halibut, herring, mackerel, menhaden, scup, shad, smelt, sque- teague, swordfish, whiting or silver hake, squid, lobsters, quahogs or hard clams, soft clams, and oysters. The products of the whale fish- eries are also of considerable importance. Since 1898, the year for which the last previous canvass of these states was made, there has been an increase in the products of the fisheries of 34.43 per cent in quantity and of 26.83 per cent in value. There has also been a small increase in the number of persons employed and in the amount of capital invested. An interesting occurrence in connection with the New England fisheries during the past year, 1903, was the shipment from Province- town, Mass., of a cargo of 286,000 pounds of frozen squid, out of cold storage, to St. Pierre and Miquelon, for use as bait by the French fishermen in the Grand Bank cod fisheries. The vessel carrying this cargo was the steamer Alice M. Jacobs of Gloucester, Mass., com- manded by Capt. Solomon Jacobs, of that port. The voyage was suc- cessfully made, and the fish met with a ready sale on reaching St. Pierre. The Gloucester Daily Times, of March 25, 1908, refers to the incident as follows: After loading the squid at Provincetown, the steamer sailed from there two weeks ago Wednesday and reached St. Pierre the following Saturday. To avoid the ice, _Captain Jacobs went to the southward of Sable Island, and St. Pierre bore 130 miles north-northeast before he shaped his course for it. On reaching that port he had no trouble in disposing of his cargo, the French bankers coming alongside and taking their baiting, although they had not yet fitted out. All were disposed of in this way except 20,000 pounds, which were put in cold storage, as Captain Jacobs was anxious to get away and home to fit for seining. Captain Jacobs says the fishermen were pleased with the squid and wanted him to return in about three weeks with a cargo of herring, for which they were willing to pay a big price. FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. In the South Atlantic States, namely, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, and the east coast of Florida, the number of persons engaged in the coast fisheries in 1902 was 23,452. There were 17,711 fishermen on vessels and boats, apd 5,741 shoresmen employed in the various branches of industry dependent on the fisheries. The total amount of capital invested was $2,991,149; the number of vessels employed was 526, valued at $392,661; the value of their outfit 132 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. was $85,095, and their net tonnage was 5,740 tons; the number of boats engaged in the shore fisheries was 9,714, valued at $349,770; the value of the fishing apparatus used on vessels and boats was $691,728, of shore and accessory property $833,395, and the amount of cash capital utilized in the wholesale fishery trade was $638,500. The principal forms of fishing apparatus were seines, gill nets, pound nets, oyster dredges and tongs. The products of the fisheries aggregated 106,446,072 pounds, having avalue to the fishermen of $2,839,633. The more abundant species were alewives, catfish, croakers, menhaden, mullet, shad, Spanish mackerel, squeteague, striped bass, hard clams, oysters, and shrimp. Black bass, blue-fish, and many other species are also taken in large quantities. The increase in the fisheries of this section in 1902 as compared with the returns for 1897 was 36.46 per cent in the number of persons employed, 63.55 per cent in the capital invested, and 54.90 per cent in the value of the products. There was also a large increase in all important respects as far as shown by statistics available for earlier years. FISHERIES OF THE GULF STATES. The coast fisheries of the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico gave employment in 1902 to 18,029 persons, of whom 12,901 were engaged as fishermen in the vessel and shore fisheries, including the crews of vessels engaged in transporting fishery products, and 5,128 as shores- men in connection with the fisheries and wholesale fishery trade. The amount of capital invested was $4,707,460. This included 714 fishing and transporting vessels, with a net tonnage of 9,221 tons, valued with their outfits at $1,295,845; 7,102 boats in the shore fish- eries, valued at $707,129; fishing apparatus used on vessels and boats, having a value of $198,414; shore and accessory property, valued at $1,586,672, and cash capital utilized in the wholesale fishery trade, “amounting to $919,400. The more important forms of apparatus of capture were seines, gill nets, trammel nets, stop nets, lines, oyster dredges and tongs. The stop net, it may be explained, is a long piece of netting stretched across a stream or creek to prevent the fish that have entered from escaping when the tide recedes. The yield of the fisheries in 1902 was 113,696,970 pounds of prod- icts, with a value to the fishermen of $3,494,196. The species secured in largest quantities were buffalo-fish, cat-fish, channel bass or red-fish, red snappers, groupers, mullet, sheepshead, Spanish mackerel, trout or squeteague, hard crabs, oysters, and shrimp. Since 1897, the year for which they were last canvassed, the fisheries of the Gulf States have increased 29.08 per cent in the number of per- sons employed, 82.17 per cent in the amount of capital invested, 73.95 per cent in the quantity, and 53.81 per cent in the value of the prod- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. oo ucts. The species in which the largest increase in yield has occurred are buffalo-fish, mullet, red snappers, groupers, oysters, and shrimp. FISHERIES OF THE INTERIOR WATERS OF FLORIDA. For many years an important alligator and otter industry has been prosecuted in what is generally known as the Kissimmee and Apopka regions of Florida. During the last few years the catching of fish has also been taken up in this section, and it was decided to investigate these fisheries while canvassing the coastal waters of the State. Lakes Apopka, Harris, Griffin, Eustis, Dora, Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee, Cypress, and Hatcheneha, and the Kissimmee River were visited, and the tables following show the extent of the industry for 1902. Asa number of the lakes are connected with each other by short rivers, and the fishermen move from one to the other frequently, it is Impos- sible in every case to show separately the fisheries of each lake. Fishing first began in the Kissimmee region in 1900, and has attained considerable importance. During October, November, and December, seines are used; trot lines are operated during the rest of the year. The town of Kissimmee is the shipping point for the fishermen of this region. The same method is followed in Lake Apopka, Winter Gar- den and Oakland being the fishing centers. In lakes Harris, Griffin, Eustis, and Dora trot lines only are employed. Alligators are hunted with guns, and otters are taken in traps in the Kissimmee region, the same persons generally prosecuting both indus- tries. The hides and skins are brought to the nearest railroad towns and exchanged with the merchants for supplies. Yield, by species, of the fisheries of the interior waters of Florida in 1902. | Lakes Tohopeka- f Lakes Harris, | liga, Kissimmee, Griffin, Eustis, Cypress, and Lake Apopka. Total. Species, and Dora. Hatcheneha, and Kissimmee River. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value, Bia Ck PASS seesaeccase sodaae ltacsrrancad Boceades 4,940 $247 15, 800 $277 20, 740 $524 PESTS HUEY ey ae ee ect ae I eae ctelllnepintateismcllinmonace : 19, 100 334 19, 100 3o4 (ates ig se eee ee 225,000 | $4,500 | 160,600] 7,030 | 390,000} 6,825 | 775,600 | 18,355 CORD PLC Peter OEE ee ec ices lnc sae ecccins | sc watceeie 13, 000 SD aaepoeceel Sppasone 13, 000 380 EU OR ee eee emer eet actine clSccweceices|aomsemce 1, 000 BON eee s ceetecl eraser 1, 000 50 PARUIT SiO Cem OLOSe se eteretaieicin’a'sc'ai|/ocis ecw ao aoe /qarsete ASA 11, 752 DESDON |e eisai emae eens Gl 7 2, 350 OTROTIN HIS Meme oe peice csc ac caer ae ele sie 2c Seas PAPA | OLEAN See no eee Ssoomeas 2, 592 9, 720 Gover Ese 5 ee Aes eee 225,000 | 4,500 | 193,884 | 19,777 | 424,900 | 7,436 | 843,784 | 31,713 | 134 Yield of the fisheries of the interior waters of Florida in 1902 species. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. , Shown by apparatus and Lakes Harris, Lakes Tohopeka- liga, Kissimmee, Griffin, Eustis, Cypress, and Lake Apopka. Apparatus and species. and Dora. Hatcheneha, and Kissimmee River. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value — Seines: | IBIENOls lee CCl GrpoaGapaoABas acre teen ee cane eee 2,200 $110 11, 500 $202 13, 700 $312 UCR SA ee oom eos tecee iceeseoaess|esxscsec ene Sees pe Ayal oo A 17,100 299 17, 100 299 CAR en rere ct as nie crsietireceic ISAS AS SRA Be aaeAane | 82,800 3, 140 390,000 | 6,125 | 432,800 9, 265 Onoariae eo epee os oe che al ans canes oleecmisaies 6, 600 AGB core ns ollie eee 6, 600 198 PURO Us amet atie ices b nece loceniod 50s] Kean coce) 1, 000 | DO away eitecic|ie scale 1, 000 50 a SS AMO) I ae Ae | aeeaee seroma as 92,600 | 3,498 | 378, 600 6,626 | 471,200 | 10,124 Hand lines: so BSAC ASS en mate rayon «vote sino etnias aieta eG hejere aietae 2,740 | Be ackeares Sects imeaerer sere 2, 740 137 Catfight. Ua. «spose smanioa| sisd osc eel ucemenae 2,000 | LOOM Vere eiateyer= | epetatoteetete 2,000 100 onto Ar en tl A alec egies S200": ARE loco ao sae eee 6, 400 182 MRO POU We se See A ce dere te aka ate cetera 11,140 | ANOS hese sete ascetics 11,140 419 Trot lines: | | PRU KAD RISS tare ercteiejatotstasacniay=fayell (= cis oon l) transferring of cans from one retort to another, since it is necessary REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 159 to cook the salmon twice. After the retort is filled the door is securely fastened and the steam turned on, entering at the bottom. The amount of pressure is about 6 pounds, sometimes 12 pounds, the heat 250° F. In some establishments the first cooking is continued 40 minutes, but 60 minutes is considered by most cannery men the proper time for it. After the first cooking the crates are taken out and placed on a long table, called a ‘“‘ venting table,” where the cans are pricked to allow the steam and superfluous water to escape. The method of pricking is to use a small mallet with a short brad in the center. From 30 to 40 cases are placed on the table, and some six or eight Chinese, with mailets in hand, go over the entire lot with great rapidity, striking each can with a quick, sharp blow. With each stroke a jet of steam and fluid issue forth, rising to the height of 3 or 4 feet. No particu- lar spot is aimed at; usually the puncture is made from one-half to three-fourths of an inch from the center of the top, and after the pricking or venting has been done the holes are soldered up. Dur- ing this process an occasional defective can is found, and these are put aside to be repaired, a can which has been mended being substituted. When all the cans have been gone over the coolers are again loaded on the trucks and rolled into the second retort, where they are subjected to the same pressure of steam and heat as in the first cooking. It is claimed by nearly all cannerymen that if the cans were kept in the first retort long enough to complete the cooking the amount of steam generated would spoil the contents. It is understood that Mr. William Munn, superintendent of the cannery at Alitak, Kadiak Island, has successfully experimented with one cooking, bat so far as known none of those fish have been placed on the market. Mr. F. A.Seufert, ‘however, owner of a cannery at The Dalles, Oregon, has been placing on ‘the market for the last five years salmon which have undergone but one cooking, and says that not a single case has been returned. The same species of salmon in different localities often requires dif- ferent treatment, the method to be determined by observation. As the same superintendent usually has charge of a cannery each season, all local difficulties, which for a time would be serious obstacles to a new man, are reduced to a minimum; but the different opinions advanced regarding the cooking and handling of salmon in a cannery are necessarily the result of individual experience in different regions. Cooling.—As soon as a retort is emptied of cans it is filled with a fresh supply from the bath, and when the cannery is operated at its full capacity the bathroom men are kept very busily employed. On coming from the second retort the coolers and contents are lowered into a bath of lye, which removes from the cans all grease and other material. A slight rinsing and a few rubs with a brush over the top 160 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. of the cars finish this work, and the cans then go into the cooling room, where a stream of water is played upon them. If the weather is rainy, they are frequently put out of doors upon the wharf and there allowed to cool. During a heavy run of salmon it often happens that the cooling room is blocked, and at such times the wharf is usually resorted to. The cans are tested during the cooling process, and many are noticed which require repair; in fact, in every handling more or less defective cans are found, and with all the care exercised, there is at the end of each season a considerable number of cases that can not be labeled as being first class. These are put into separate lots and labeled according to quality. While cooling, the top and bottom of the cans immediately commence to contract, and for several hours a sharp popping sound is heard. Here the cans are.again tested, this time by tapping the tops with a small piece of iron about 6 inches long, a 12-penny nail being some- times used. The sound conveys to the ear of the operator an unmis- takable meaning as to the condition of the can. The rapidity with which this work is done is remarkable, and the cans that escape notice during the other tests are invariably found in this one. Lacquering and tabeling.—From the cooling room the cans are trans- ferred to another part of the building, where the lacquering is done. They are piled on end from 18 to 20 tiers deep, usually covering a space 30 by 60 feet. In many large canneries double this amount of space is covered with cans to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. The lacquering and labeling are usually done during the middle and latter part of the season, or at times when there is a ‘“‘slack spell ” in the run of fish. Generally two men do the lacquering. At the end of the season, however, when the cannery is being cleaned and put in order for the winter, more men are engaged in this work. Three cases of salmon are immersed at one time. The lacquer is held ina box or trough 7 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 14 inches deep. The sides and ends of the trough are made of wood, the bottom of iron rods running lengthwise 3 inches apart; a tray fits in at the top. The cans rest on the rods at an angle, and are placed to avoid contact with each other. It is necessary that they should not touch, for if thrown together in any manner the lacquer would not present a smooth surface when dry. On each end of the trough is an upright with block and tackle attached, for lowering and hoisting the tray, which is filled with cans. After being lowered into the liquid it is immediately raised to the top edge of the trough, where it remains until the cans are dry enough to handle. They are then taken to the labeling room and stacked in tiers as before. From eight to ten lacquering troughs are in operation, and as the lacquer dries very quickly the work proceeds with great rapidity. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 161 The old method of lacquering was to dip each can separately by hand, but the process was slow as compared with the present method. A number of long boxes, each containing about a half-barrel of lac- quer, with racks arranged on the side for drying cans, composed the entire apparatus. The laecquering machine is among the most recent improvements introduced in canneries, but it has not been adopted to a very con- siderable extent. By its means, however, it is possible to lacquer the pack made each day, thereby saving much time at the end of the season The work of labeling the cans comes next. Machines have been invented to do this work, but for the most part it is done by hand, and in the following manner: From 8 to 10 men are seated in front of the row of cans, about 4 feet apart. Each man has in front of hima bunch of several hundred labels, and by bunching them on a slant, so that a small margin of the bottom one protrudes beyond the one above it, he can apply paste to the entire number with one stroke of the brush. A can is placed in the center of the label, is quickly rolled, and the label is on. The skill displayed by many of the men and women engaged in this work is remarkable. Each man places to his right the cans he labels, forming a pile of length and width equal to his unlabeled pile. When the entire-lot has been labeled it has been shifted only about 4+ feet. On the Columbia River and in the Puget Sound region where the canneries put up faney brands of salmon, most of the cans are wrapped in colored tissue paper before being labeled. | It should be stated that while the labeling is going on the cans are receiving another test. Each row is gone over as on previous occa- sions—that is, the cans are tapped with a small piece of iron—and even at this stage an occasional faulty canisfound. These, however, had not beenfoverlooked in former tests, but defects which before were too small for observation have since developed. Brands of salmon.-—Kach cannery puts up several brands of salmon— some a dozen or more. There are a number of reasons for this, one being that there is more than one quality of salmon packed from a single species; fish packed within twenty-four or thirty-six hours after being caught are superior to those that lie on the wharf or in boats four or five days. It is sometimes impossible to pack fish soon after their arrival at the cannery, and in some cases they are much older than they should be when put into the cans. Another reason is in the demand in different parts of the country and abroad. Even one lot of fish, packed in the same way, may be split into two or more brands, which are equally good. a 6 ¢ 2 z a o QUONSET = 3 5 POINTS = 2 ad Oo < 2 m = or fe) a WICKFO WICKFORD = HARBOR s 2 =e) ra} = <) o m = m G 2 a 4 = 2 = i aD S ¢ 7} = = Zz 0 5 5 ss cz) = — ow ~ & o H re) 5 5 > @QA 2 m 2 wae = o 4 xe > = & 3 : a YOSUVH [ess] LYOdMAN =< ATLANTIC OCEAN of salt water that makes mto Rhode Island from the Atlantic Ocean, which washes the southern border of the state, as will be seen by 200 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. reference to the accompanying outline map of the inland waters of Rhode Island, and gives the locations of its principal seaport cities and towns. The bay has an irregular coast line, and reaches inland in ‘a general northerly direction for a distance of 25 miles. Its greatest width is about 7 miles. Its western boundary is formed by the main- land of the state; its eastern shores by the mainland and the island of Rhode Island, which separates the bay from the Sakonnet River. The upper part of the bay is considerably narrower than the lower, or southern portion, and for a distance of about 10 miles is known as the Providence River. At the head of this river is the city of Providence, which, with the surrounding towns, has a population of some 200,000. The Providence River at this point is joined by the Seekonk, a brack- ish stream which rises in Massachusetts. From 3 to 4 miles above its union with the Providence River the Seekonk flows through the city of Pawtucket, a city of nearly 40,000 inhabitants. For a distance of 6 or 7 miles below Providence the Providence River barely exceeds a mile in width, and in some places is much less than a mile wide. After passing Conimicut Point, a narrow tongue of land which juts abruptly out from the western shore, the river rapidly broadens to nearly three times its former width. Near this point the larger river receives the Warren River, a little stream less than half a mile wide, interesting in the present connection in that it is used for oyster cul- ture. The towns of Warren, having a population of 5,100, and Bar- rington, 1,135, are situated on the banks of this stream, about 2 miles from its union with the Providence River. Conanicut and Prudence islands, lying near the mid line of the bay proper, divide it into two strips of water called the East and West passages, respectively. The two entrances into the bay from the ocean are separated from one another by Beaver Tail, the southern portion of Conanicut Island, which juts out into the mouth of the bay between the mainland and the southwestern extremity of the island of Rhode Island. Of these two approaches to the bay, the one leads directly into the Western Passage, the other into Newport Harbor and thence into the Eastern Passage. Proceeding northward, the West Passage broadens very gradually till it reaches Quonset Point. Under the lea of this land lies Wickford Harbor and the town of Wickford. There are small oyster beds planted in the sheltered water of Wickford Har- bor. Six miles above Quonset Point the Western Passage breaks up into two channels, one leading to the northwest into Greenwich Bay, the other in a northeasterly direction into the Providence River. The city of Newport is situated on the island of Rhode Island, near the entrance to the East Passage to Narragansett Bay. This city, of 22,034 inhabitants, is one of the two large ports in Rhode Island waters, but is not of moment in the present connection, since it is situated at a considerable distance from the oyster beds of the bay. SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 201 There is an open waterway from the East to the West passages, between Conanicut and Prudence islands. Between Prudence Island and the island of Rhode Island the East Passage has somewhat the shape of a long funnel, with the broad, open end directed up river. Bristol Neck reaches down into this wide opening, dividing the pas- sage into two channels, one to the northwest becoming continuous with the Providence River, and one to the northeast leading into Mount Hope Bay, an irregularly shaped expanse of water, about 7 miles long and a little over 4 miles in its greatest width, which receives the Kickemuit River at its northwest corner and the Taunton River from the northeast. As has been already stated, it joins Narragan- sett Bay through the narrow passage between Bristol Neck and Bristol Ferry, and the Sakonnet River through a still narrower cut between Common Fence Point and the mainland. The city of Fall River, hay- ing a population of nearly 105,000, is situated on the southern shore of the Taunton River, near its junction with Mount Hope Bay. Though a city of Massachusetts, Fall River is of interest in this con- nection because it discharges its sewage into the Taunton River, so that it is possible that pollution from this source might reach the oyster beds in more or less distant parts of the bay. The water of the lower or southern part of Narragansett Bay varies from 50 to 150 feet indepth. The shores are for the most part rocky, and drop abruptly from the water line to a considerable depth, form- ing no areas that could be of value in the cultivation of oysters. But a very different formation is found in the upper portion of the bay. The water is shallow, not over 30 feet in mid-channel, and the shores are low and reach out to the channel witha very long and gentle slope. As might be expected, here are many sand beaches and numerous shoals, with 6 to 18 feet of water upon them, making excellent grounds for clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and other shellfish, which are found in abundance. It is estimated that there are some 6,000 acres of this ground in the upper bay suitable for the cultivation of oysters. Being in direct communication with the sea, the waters of Narra- gansett Bay are kept in constant circulation by tidal currents, which reach inland beyond Providence to the north and Fall River to the eastward. There isa rise and fall, mean average tide, of 4 feet and 6 inches at the wharves of Providence, Fall River, and Newport. In some portions of the bay especially strong currents are caused by the formation of the land in the immediate neighborhood. Such currents may be found in the narrow entrance to Newport Harbor, in the entrance to Mount Hope Bay, and in the ‘‘cut” leading from Mount Hope Bay into the Sakonnet River, where very large volumes of water have to pass through narrow openings. Lesser currents, due to a like cause, are found in the Providence River between Conimicut and Nayatt points, at the head of the Western Passage of the bay between 202 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Warwick Neck and Prudence Island, and in several other localities. A description of the bay would hardly be complete without mention of these tidal currents, since a number sweep directly over some of the oyster beds and carry with them whatever pollution may have entered the water. THE LOCATION OF THE LEASED OYSTER GROUND IN NARRAGANSETT BAY. In the first annual report of the Commissioners of Shell Fisheries of Rhode Island it is stated that the income from the oyster ground leased in the Providence River during the year 1864 amounted to $61. In 1900 more than 3,000 acres of land in the Providence River and Narragansett Bay were devoted to this branch of industry, yielding an income of $25,000. The figures for the year 1903 show an increase of 2,000 acres in the total area leased in that year, with a rental increased to nearly $45,000, The map on page 203 indicates the location of the leased oyster ground for 1900-1901, since the larger part of the oysters examined in this investigation were collected in the latter year. The areas occu- pied by the beds are outlined in dotted lines. It will be observed that the most extensive grounds are found in the Providence River rather than in the deeper waters of Narragansett Bay—in fact, there were but two oyster beds of any importance at this time in the bay proper. One was located in Wickford Harbor, 21 miles south of Providence; the second, under the western shore of Prudence Island, about 14 miles from the capital city. The Wickford layings, not rep- resented on the map, comprise some five or six acres of land planted in 6 to 10 feet of water, in the direct path of a constantly flowing tidal current. No sewage is discharged into this body of water, so that the beds are free from local contamination. As will be seen by reference to the map, the Prudence Island beds are located south of Pine Hill Point, in a bend of the land formed by the irregular coast line of the island. .They occupy an area of some 300 acres. There is a hard sand or gravel bottom in this locality, which is covered by from 10 to 15 feet of water at mean low tide. These beds are far removed from pollu- tion of any sort, the nearest human habitation being at least 3 miles distant from this region. As has already been stated, the most extensive oyster grounds are located in the Providence River. These are two large areas, over 1,000 acres each in extent, which lie between Warwick Neck and Bullock Neck. The first of these areas, known as the Rocky Point oyster beds, lies on the western side of the ship channel, and extends from near the southern shore of Warwick Neck northward to the southern bound- ary of Conimicut Point, the northern limit of the beds approaching to within 7? miles of Providence. These layings occupy @ shoal that makes out from the western shore of the river, and is covered by water SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 203 varying in depth from 6 to 20 feet at low tide. Below Conimicut Point the river is fully 3 miles in width, and has free communication PROVIDENCE RIVER AND NARRAGANSETT BAY SHOWING LOCATIONS LEASED GrareE GROUND CONIMIcyut 3 i \ \ - Baysipes = D = a = oO ° F = z = bs 2° lad zz HSVNOSVdOd adOH LNNOW A / LUM» AT PATIENCE ISLAND ZF PINE HILL POIN LNIOd ONJs 2) ? »s S enna ) \ 3 NOWNO99 BOWSSVd NYZLSAM 3Ovssvd NYILSV3 b with both the Eastern and Western passages of the bay, msuring a good circulation of water at all times; but above this point it is scarcely ONY1s! JON3GNYd ONWIS! JGOHY 30 GNY151 YIAIY LANNOWVS 904 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. s a mile wide, and is an open body of water, unobstructed by islands or other land formation until it reaches Fields Point, 13 miles below Providence, where the sewage of the city is discharged into the river. Thus the second of these large areas lying on the eastern side of the channel reaches well up into this narrower section of the river. The southern layings of this area, the Nayatt oyster beds, are located south of Town Beach, wellover toward Rumstick Neck, in the broader portion of the river, and from this region extend in a westerly direction around Nayatt Point, then, following the eastern shore, in a northerly direction to within 5} miles of the city. The northern section of the area is spoken of as the Bullock Neck oyster beds. While the southern see- tions lie in the more open water of the lower river, the northern limits are well up in the more confined waters of the upper river, therefore in the direct path of any contamination that may be borne downstream by the tides. (See map.) Still another bed, of some 300 acres’ extent, is located on the western side of the river, directly north of Conimicut Point, occupying a long narrow strip of land that extends from near the low tide limit to Conimicut Light, which marks the western boundary of theship channel. It is about 7 miles distant from the city of Providence. The list of oyster grounds iv the Providence River is completed with the description of a bed of about 125 acres, located on the eastern side of the river, directly off Sabins Point. As may be seen by reference to the map, this bed is but 3 miles below the city limits. Before leaving the neighborhood of the river, however, the beds in the Warren River must be mentioned. In 1900 extensive layings of | oysters were made in and about the entrance of this stream. Near the mouth, they were confined to the shoal water on either side of the channel, but a short distance above this section they occupied both channel and shoal water, so that the bottom of the river was a continu- ous oyster bed from near its junction with the Providence River to the town of Warren, 2 miles inland. The five remaining oyster beds located in Rhode Island waters are found in or near Mount Hope Bay. The first of these is planted on a shoal directly south of Hog Island, which is less than a mile from the entrance of the bay; the second is a much smaller area off Bristol Ferry, in the narrow entrance to the bay; the third and largest area lies to the east of Bristol Ferry, off Common Fence Point; the fourth, 3 miles distant from the last-mentioned bed, in the northwestern cor- ner of the bay, south of Warren Neck; and the fifth, around Warren Neck, in the Kickemuit River. The beds off Warren Neck are 4 miles from the city of Fail River; those at the entrance of the bay, 7 miles. Thus it may be noted that these grounds are situated at a considerable distance from the discharge of the Fall River sewer. The beds in the entrance of the bay are also scoured by very strong tidal currents, due to causes already explained. SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 205 THE SOURCES OF SEWAGE POLLUTION OF NARRAGANSETT BAY. The sewage of the city of Providence and immediate neighborhood is collected at the sewage pumping station at Fields Point, about 14 miles below the city, and is discharged into the river through a single large main. The outlet of this drain is indicated on the map on page 203. Though it is covered by 25 feet of water at low tide, it may be readily located on a calm day by the greasy, turbid stream of sewage which rises rapidly to the surface of the water at that point. In 1900 an average amount of nearly 14,000,000 gallons of sewage was daily pumped into the river through the Fields Point sewer, and at that time was thrown into the river in a > or ‘‘untreated” oe crude ” state; that is, it was simply passed through a screen to remove the solid matters before being sent on to the outfall pipe. The screen con- sisted of a rack or frame of parallel iron rods placed about an inch apart, and was set at an angle of about 20 degrees from the perpen- dicular. The stream of sewage was allowed to flow through this apparatus, and whatever constituents were too bulky to pass through the grating were scraped off with a rake and otherwise disposed of; but, as might be expected, considerable amounts of solid matter slipped through, and the beaches within half a mile of the outlet were strewn with this refuse. Before these investigations were completed, however, the city put in operation a sewage disposal plant at the Fields Point Station. After screening, as already described, the sewage is subjected to the action of sulphate of iron and chloride of lime, which process causes about 50 per cent of the total solids then in suspension to precipitate out and sink to the bottoms of large reservoirs in which the sewage is allowed to remain for twenty-four hours. The clearer fluid is then drawn off and turned into the river, while the.*‘ sludge” which remains on the bottom of the basin is strewn over the land. Before this method was employed the gray scum from this sewer could often be traced on the surface of the water several miles below Fields Point, where it had been carried by tidal currents. The station has one other large outlet, the ‘‘storm” sewer, which opens into the river from the northern shore of the point. This sewer isa culvert built in the form of an arch, which is entirely out of water at low tide. It is used only in case of accident to the large main or during heavy rain storms, when 20,000,000 and sometimes 25,000,000 gallons are discharged in twenty-four hours. Two other small overflow sewers help to drain the east side of the city, pipes discharging into the Seekonk River between Red Bridge and Washington Bridge. The sewage from these drains, together with that of the city of Pawtucket, situated on this same stream 3 miles above Providence, and the waste from the various mills along the banks of the river pass down the Seekonk into the head of the Providence 906 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. River. Also, since Providence and Pawtucket are manufacturing centers, a large amount of waste from gold and silver refineries, from bleacheries a dye houses, and coal tar products from the gas com- panies’ plants, ultimately find their way into the river. In addition to these more important sources of pollution, the drains from numerous shore resorts and summer residences situated on the river banks must be named as a secondary source of contamination. These drains are of minor importance in the general contamination of the water, since the amount of sewage discharged by them is small in comparison with that already mentioned, and also because they are in use but a few months during each season, and at a time when few oysters are dredged for market: The section of the river which receives this large amount of sewage is a strip of water a little over 5 miles long, varying from about 1 mile to 14 miles in width. As has already been pointed out, the tide reaches well up into the river past Providence and up the Seekonk’ River nearly to Pawtucket. Thus twice in every twenty-four hours clean sea water from the bay below flows toward the polluted areas, and is a very important factor in the purification of the river. Much more space has been devoted to the description of the con- ditions in the Providence River than will be given to the other waters of the bay, because this river is more polluted by sewage, and because most of the oyster ground of Rhode Island waters is located in this body of water. The pollution of the Warren River is of only local importance, since it is soon swallowed up in the large volume of fresh sea water it encounters when this stream joins the Providence River. The contamination of the Warren River is due chiefly to mill waste and to the sewage from a few private drains that discharge into the river. The sewage of Fall River is the third factor in the pollution of the bay. This waste is discharged into the Taunton River near the head of Mount Hope Bay. The patil of this sewer is, of course, at a con- siderable distance from the Providence River and Narragansett Bay, and even though a large quantity of sewage and mill waste is passed into the Taunton River, all visible evidence of pollution has disappeared from the water at the entrance of Mount Hope Bay, nearly 7 miles distant from the sewer outfalls. These three sources, then—the Providence sewers, the Warren mill waste, and the Fall River sewers—are the principal ones from which contamination can be spread to the oyster beds of the river and bay. The sewage from Newport never reaches the oyster beds, the nearest of which are at least 12 miles above Newport Harbor. SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 207 BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES FROM NARRAGANSETT BAY. ; Methods employed.—The usual methods for isolation of B. col¢ from water and sewage were used in this work. Fermentation tubes con- taining a neutral 1 per cent dextrose broth were inoculated with 1 ec. ¢. of the suspected water and incubated for three days at 837°C. In some cases a 0.1 per cent phenol broth was also inoculated with 1 ¢. ec. of the water and allowed to develop at 37° C. for twenty-four hours. Ina few tests litmus-lactose-agar and agar containing 1 per cent neutral red were sown with varying amounts of water and grown at incubator temperature. If no gas was formed in the fermentation tubes in twenty-four hours the test was considered negative without further procedure. If, how- ever, any considerable quantity of gas developed within this time, litmus-lactose-agar plates were inoculated in most cases from these tubes and incubated at 37° C. twenty-four hours longer. When litmus- agar plates were not used, a gelatin medium was substituted. Any red colonies developing on the litmus medium, and any colonies showing the characteristic growth of 2. coli on gelatin, were fished out and transferred to slant agar tubes. From the cultures thus obtained subcultures were made in neutral dextrose and lactose broth, nitrate solution, milk, sugar-free broth containing 2 per cent of peptone and gelatin. When growth occurred in the phenol broth, although sufficient gas to indicate the presence of &. coli was not developed in the fermentation tubes, litmus-lactose-agar plates were inoculated from the phenol broth and treated as already described. Organisms giving the following positive reactions to tests were ‘regarded as members of the colon group of bacteria: 1, A small more or less motile bacillus in twenty-four-hour bouillon or agar cultures. Usually not all the bacilli in one microscopic field are motile—often sluggishly motile. 2. Fermenting dextrose broth with the production of gas. The large part, if not all, of the gas is formed during the first twenty-four hours. The liquid in the tube must be distinctly acid to indicate B. coli. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide is approximately 2 to 1. This ratio is, however, more or less variable in cultures from a single strain. The total amount of gas produced in dextrose usually does not exceed 55 per cent, though there is also more or less variation in this characteristic. 3. Fermenting lactose with the production of much gas; reaction strongly acid. 4, Indol produced in sugar-free broth containing 2 per cent of peptone. 5. Milk coagulated in three days at room temperature; in twenty- four hours at 37.5° C.; casein not liquefied; reaction acid. 208 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 6. Gelatin not liquefied; stab cultures and plate cultures give char- acteristic growths. 7. Nitrates reduced to nitrites. Bacterium lactis aerogenes is a closely allied form, but differs from B. coli in that it is nonmotile; it produces larger amounts of gas in dextrose broth (75 per cent), and it does not produce indol. It is nonpathogenic. B. cloace also produces large quantities of gas in dextrose bouillon (from 65 to 75 per cent). It liquefies gelatin, casein, and blood serum, and produces indol and nitrates. Samples of water to be tested were collected in sterile 25 c. c. tubes by means of an apparatus similar to that suggested by Professor Bolley for use in deep wells. The tubes were made from large 8-inch test tubes by drawing out slightly in a Bunsen flame the open end of the tube, bending the lengthened portion to a right angle with the rest, and finally drawing it out into a fine capillary tube. These tubes were sterilized, and after a partial vacuum had been secured by heating, the fine tube was sealed in a flame. A rack holding 20 of these tubes was easily carried in a small grip. The collecting appa- ratus consisted of a solid block of brass 9 inches long by 1% inches wide by three-fourths inch thick, against the flat side of which the tube was firmly held by two sets of clamps, the sealed capillary tube passing through a hole bored in the upper end of the block. In col- lecting the water samples the apparatus was lowered by a stout cord to the desired depth and the sealed tube broken by a metal slide, which was operated by allowing a weight to run down the line on which the apparatus was lowered. The partial vacuum in the tubes usually fiiled them one-half to three-fourths full of water. These tubes were again placed in the rack and carried to the laboratory unsealed, for a length of the bent tube sufficient to protect the sample from outside contamination usually remained after the sample had been collected. When the tubes reached the laboratory, at no more than four or five hours after collection of the water samples, the tops were passed through a flame and enough of the glass broken away with sterile forceps to allow the entrance into the tube of a sterile 1c. c. pipette. Samples were immediately transferred from these tubes to the different culture media, as already described. When samples were taken in deep water, two collections were usually made at each locality visited, one a foot below the surface of the water and a second a foot off the bottom of the river. In the shallow water near the shores samples were collected by plunging sterile bottles below the surface of the water. In examining clam flats and mussel beds left uncovered by the tide, samples of sand and mud were collected at low tide and samples of the water covering these grounds on the flood tide. SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 209 Results.—The bacteriological examination of any large body of water resolves itself into an analysis of series of samples taken from various sections of the stream. So in this survey of the Providence River col- lections were made first at the head of the river, then, proceeding downstream, at intervals of varying distance until the polluted area was passed. For the sake of brevity, the localities at which collections were made will be spoken of hereafter as ‘‘stations,” and they have been indicated on the map by large dots. When possible, they were chosen near some prominent landmark, so that they might be more easily found a second time, since in many instances several trips were made in order to observe the effect of varying conditions of tide and weather. The evidences of sewage pollution of both the water and shore in the neighborhood of Fields Point were very obvious. Below the point the west bank of the river falls abruptly away from the eastern shore, taking a westerly direction for nearly half a mile, when it again resumes its general southerly course. The deep water of the river follows closely the eastern shore, so that a large area of shoal water is formed south of Fields Point, extending out beyond Starve Goat Island. This section of the river is therefore out of the direct tide current, which naturally follows the channel along the east shore, and the water is consequently rather sluggish. It is a dirty gray color, which is due to the large amounts of sediment in suspension. Also the beaches within a quarter of a mile of the sewer outfall are usually covered with foul-smelling slime and collections of sewage refuse, left there by the receding tide water. Before the Fields Point sewage station was put into operation this shoal was a famous natural oyster bed, but it has been abandoned for a number of years. At the pres- ent time quantities of seed oysters are taken from this locality in the spring of the year and planted on beds farther down the river. The beaches in this neighborhood also produced an abundance of clams. In the section of the river above described the first series of water samples was collected at 11 stations situated in an area at no point more than haif a mile distant from the outlet of the main sewer. Commencing on the northern shore of Fields Point, these stations were located as follows: Station 1, halfway between the ship channel and the northern shore of the point, directly off the outfall of the ‘‘storm” sewer; station 2, off the end of the steamboat landing; station 3, directly over the outlet of the main sewer; stations 4 and 5, in deep water on opposite sides of the channel, a short distance below the point; stations 6, 7, and 8, in the shallow water on the flats run- ning out from the southern shore of the point; stations 9 and 10, in about 10 feet of water near Starve Goat Island, and station 11, in the ship channel just off buoy No. 11. Perhaps the exact situations can F. C. 1904—14 210 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. be better understood by reference to the map. Two trips were made to these localities during the winter and spring of 1901, and three more stations were located about this time in the river near Pomham— one west of the ship channel, close by buoy No. 9; another on the eastern side of the channel, directly north of Pomham Light, and a third in the more shoal water to the west of Pomham Beacon, which is about 14 miles below Fields Point. Three trips were made to the stations. The results of the analyses of the samples are arranged in the accompanying tables. Tasie 1.—Analysis of water samples collected in the neighborhood of Fields Point. . Red os One atols sto ti extrose, | nies on lit- . ther feca Date and station. femmeikee aan ae B. coli. baer tose agar. January 15, 1901, tide rising three-fourths high; wind fresh SW. SIAuOM UA SUPIACO VUDC hae vin. ciee Sclew acs wee ecto cisdvceanicoe + + + + GEEDMEDCE sees aan cmat cneeace ee oes pee a + SE Ec Se.5,- Geep itt beste 2. seas w caste ae ciceicidw Se aeecceees + (feeccuse.cceclec ect es. cee eae QUIT ACC NMDe en ae mene ea nan cate ne aces + (@) +o See Weepitiwhes..5. cece. sk hee eeseast eee besa + + +4 oo SUSURIACEMULC pac escncs ost ote ee see +: + + <5 MED NDEs aa. = aceiwcch essence nee ates | + + ++ Sree a RUNtaC CAbUDeCrese eae acs eee aoe eee ee | ae + + “f Geen Ube: oa sen anne toast an eee eee aee | + 4 +. «lice seers Th Sieheniets Art fats Rae TS RS ee ee | => + te + GEGDIUN DE2enerisee oe ea eee aoe nee ae an + FE 6 222 one eee een een eee ee eee een ee = (4) as ate Hira Soe carat wine ee eewis Sak ibe tad Dae ces ce wenn eee + + a> Re oe eis ene eine DOSE aeae Hence nn bore- sea | + + 42). ee Seeeee January 29, tide rising; one-half mile from sewer. Staionwos suriaceiihe-a.;-c:ccmesskee cwet acs eeeas “fs Be fe + Geepyiithes ss = sen a3 cn ee eae ane ee 4- 4 + “2c aan 10, surface tube ..... oF AE ee HS A-One + + 4+... ‘ioe eaenoeee GeepitbestSecweae chose cnc een: Meeee ee aeee + a +. 2.9 SSSR i surtace Hiben Ws) soi.) a5 oes fe tetid oa etate =} 4 4- | Wb oskeee eee Geep NI Derees ceric tesemceenecsceey serene =F sk St Se lorisignce bcc April 10, low tide. Station st surtace LUC anes ciccieee fae avs|aVa\ara'a)elelelaidvaiopaie of + + ia ; GEED PUNE. see perce oa et een ee Eee | + = — + 2 SUninGe Tube. eae. sete enoem eae e + 4 + 9 C)lesenceemeees (3 Fee) S00 0) as Sn aR es ey 4 en a + + )i) SSS eRe SSN ACOLTUDe et ce cca a ovens he de eee ose eeet + == 4+. 0) |S22- 4 A TSUTPACOMUDC oo 25-cc25 o5< mcete- ee aeeta case b 4 + 5 leer eee WEE PHU Es Noo sus cite we ee See Cees eee een ee — _ — Rese DI SHEMCE PED Oksc wipe nyo se a ewie see mein omeee + + +B | Sere MEepitmbe Sees see se he Se oe eis eee + (a) + noe debeceese (hae Ape y aes ar eee rs orate ee Seu reo + + ++.) ABE eee fb cf aetefaso eiaaore Haein aesn he Seieok a aneee or Bele o a + + Brn ca chiamane ws .cleuiaeiioacinsaciieactee see eee + + == te April 24, low tide. Stabion) 9) sariaee: hihews: sen. sshaaakwaloes ecupearinee i - a) 4° +5 |. Baeaeeaeee GEC PITUIDE NS. cre ea ce ee ee Crees j + a) + + jPosseeeess TON Surin caine Saco): so ate 2 at eee | 2k a) 4. | ee Gee pit bens- sek cas se cee pee eee eres + (a) +, ,, bese IP ESuUnER CORtit Ds 33 Spy poe eee ee es + SN eo =t deepitubesacsnehecemsesn cee ceee eee ee 4. _— — | Nn gesseeesene @ Not made. SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 911 TaBLE Il.—Analysis of water samples collected off Pomham. Red colo-. Oren = . Dextrose | nies on lit- Pe ther feca Date and SHOR fermented.| mus lac- B. coli. bacteria. tose agar. February 26, flood tide. PLO TMM SHEL AC GLU ta sci ce eile lemma o = sila a wie aciniaia = + + 4 + WEED UNDE eek oe icseterele oc siiatevels Matas sie er + + + + PAG SWINE CONGUE) ceyeic a= aeisic clea b alsin AES eteieicdecicat= + + — + Gl sie MO ek aodeseoacnancenteeenecosocude ae + qe Lee ee Sanne PASTA AC Cub DC ipa tain te sisie in ms elsisiaeiacsleleste Sein eie + 4+ DS FALE gh = eau HOOD HWE bee Bocewetoaacensy sass nodsdo 380 toe + + Hee «ies aereeiet ee March 2, tide falling. SELNOMMMSMTTAC GRUUL'S « ciaj05 cet ae Meese classes woe 4- 4- ei) Adu ileetersas seers GEE DILUDE esseciso ee Socicecsece eo sienaes _ — a lle Blan cvelcye eens PRUSMIRER.C Ca UU Clg esc eee mar ciciec miata anya a + (a) ani Haaneaedooas GGL Ces ser steposie = te eine in leleteteieieio inane + + ae) Basses che SG bea) OTe) eee aoe eee Se ao seeee eo se aacase + eR Sf) M Beesesiet sete GEC PRU DO srg. eee stianiocn seis clos aiseeistae arate “+ (a SB NR ateeenese ote March —, tide falling. Siatiom sl smrniacen tubes. asc c= =o cesccetcicenewec sess + (a) oe ee See oe GESPUDES secscmti ie ok steels inaescceietieisinctes + (a) fe te [vats sieeve ere DASMUTA COM Ctrecncsia sacle eee cee ae ceicieleeyecielaate 4. + Se Uy) eth rerare! GEMINI eS Ness canes sce vate ce acsmacce reese + = - + Bi fell Bene Wed Oe ae mena See Sc CR aChe meee aa ee + 4 + ++ + + oe a5 Gee Prlubeseeri.~ osc canes aaciae ne te cleeciseterammn a Not made. The data given in Tables I and II show clearly that the water of the river In the immediate neighborhood of Fields Point and also at Pom- ham, 14 miles below this point, is polluted by sewage to a very con- siderable extent, since it is possible to isolate B. colz from practically every sample collected within this area. This statement seems to be trustworthy whether the tide is making upstream or fallmg, or whether the samples are collected when there is a stiff breeze from the southerly direction, thus tending to drive an increased amount of water up the river, or during a flat calm. An attempt to estimate the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter ‘in the water about Fields Point was made by inoculating nutrient gel- ati plates from two of the samples collected April 10 and keeping them three days at room temperature. Four plates were made from each sample, and the average count of colonies developing was esti- mated as follows: Station 2, surface water, 1,500,000 bacteria per eubic centimeter; station 3, surface water, 2,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Thus the quantitative as well as qualitative analysis points to high organic pollution of these waters. The second series of samples was collected from a section of the river from 2 to 24 milesfrom Fields Point. These samples were taken at five stations, as follows: Station 1 over the northern part and sta- tion 2 at the southern end of the oyster grounds off Sabins Point; on the Pawtuxet shore, station 3 in the shallow water covering the sand beach west of the Rhode Island Yacht Club house, station 4 off the end of the club wharf, and station 5 in shallow water again, from the shore near the end of Pawtuxet Neck. Four trips were made to the first two of these stations; but one to those on the western shore of the river. The result of these analyses is included in Table LI. O12 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Tas_p ITI.—Analysis of water samples collected off Pawtuxet Neck and over the Sabins Point oyster beds. ————— —— = = => ee Red colo- ie ac Dextrose |nies on lit- : Other fecal Date and station. fermented.| muslac- | B- ©. | bacteria. tose agar. March 18, tide falling. Station oly surface tubes. jac cit eiccic® wislenieiniereis we ste se neerete + + Se PR Htc MECDEUUD Coreen je crass anise Seis eee terwis ciate ls erstacerare + 4+ ie acerca 2 SUDIACE GUDEsticseteiwtesseiceeiee sinsectcnstecese =f + BR Woscecoccsasc GGED: Wl iggcb ddSandodb sanbeodsadsbouononsoce + u Pe Wsccocinoonece | March 19, tide falling. Station surface tupe:cer nace ase cene seek caneeeemecee + (a) Bo We atvecere terete GCP TUDE saan ewe se eet osecoee Vacca eee ee + (a) s+ SS ZiGEeP MUD Lez -crcmcestecsasideccaceocleaitiecsenys 4 (a) =p Un eetorererersterne April 10, tide falling. Stationnle cuntacetuperies. an. aac accom eeiea neces scarcer + fa} “| WS so Seepersvaenerete deep TWbe sas aos css d5,cia\s'w sNavwe asic Saesseie cietsmcets +- (« 2 Wee ese rerstetsiate Qedeepibubersache en ste ees J aecen aeeeee eee Ase Eee ee } ee April 17, tide rising, near flood. | HULLOTI SUA COD Ieee ese eek aecice ctl ccc emits | + (a) H + -+ MCP MUD Elan- (an cecinecse cidcacns opiseiece seca = + | =|) 4) i ee ecieneeenete QISUITAGE TUDE oe om sma acne eiievinls Rie loie ciate wiejnisie + + | — jo. Sceeeeee GEED LUD C Senne ceae emesis oe dmerenine st Geewen _ (4) | >) Ol Seeeteeteetstetets March 27, low tide. StalAOM S| fee wee lelac seta isiw wisisielele evel wis Sereiscie eps.c'e\cle ciateisia stare oo + + + A eed oe sae Nae eapee noe canna neh oseen ne ane + SF SE rec eo Bie ereseeincertees cid sacks e nicranisice slnaimaeeasioncicae ce + | + + a Not made. In this section of the river the water is apparently much cleaner along the eastern shore over the oyster bed, while the condition on the Pawtuxet shore was evidently so bad that only one collection of samples was made at this point. Still, analysis of samples from sta- tions 1 and 2 showed that . coli was usually present in the water through this section of the river, at least during a falling tide, though only one of the four samples taken April 17 was found to be contam- inated. It must be remembered, however, that these samples were taken at flood—the time, if ever, that the river will be free from pol- lution. A mile and a half below the Sabins Point ground are found the northern limits of the extensive Bullock Neck beds. No samples were collected in that portion of the river between these beds, but five sta- tions were located below this point over the oyster bed that extends along the eastern shore, past Drownville and Nayatt Point to Town Beach, and four on the western side of the river. These stations were located as follows: Station 1, at the northern end of the Bullock Neck oyster bed, 34 miles below Fields Point; station 2, to the north of Bullock Point Light; station 8, off the Drownville shore, 4; miles from the sewer outlet; station 4, directly south of Nayatt Point; and station 5, on the southern portion of these oyster layings, well over toward Rumstick Point. On the western side of the river, station 6 was placed at buoy No. 3; station 7, at buoy No. 1; and stations 8 and 9, over the oyster beds off the north shore of Conimicut Point. Sev- SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 913 eral trips were made to this section in the spring and fall of 1901. The results obtained from the analysis of the samples may be tabu- lated as follows: TasL_eE 1V.— ee Piccesiof visceral magssa--soccess sone cancer eons + oo + Dm PIeCES OLaVISCEral MAGS eee = sce cee enies cseimcsiee DAE + + a5 SRIECESOMVISCEralsMassha asset coee aoe sae ee Dace eae b + | + AMPIECeS OlimISCErAl Mass: 5 soe cece mene eee teenies + = H + PSPa NG See A ar a eae) A aed Ee te he coe ae eae + (a) = Gaim dysse chase ro wroteinionras Sateen Sas otras + + + SANG). Sacusces cssecicces cates esas Wefeiciow niece eines ntereteee | + + ar | ) Clams, March 21. PU RUC CL, atacimere oe Seale terete eee eons aie eines AR eerieees + 1 aia He PELeGes OL wiasceral Mass ems een eeeeeeenereee a5 (4) + 2 PPIECESIOLsVISCeTAL MASS mee me oo tee eee seen + (a) + SP RICCESTOL VASGOLal IN ASSir ae ete mentee meeiag ep mentee 4} (@) + APPIECES OT VASCeTAl MASS ae ees ae cre ieee oie niceen ees + =P a Mussels, March 21. TA ARLL CC arevay ciate Ceemtesclecetstore cera ae ae Minis Seta salane reeistele eee te at ag a SEL Ae Bieta DE SRILCC x isc se nee casos ote See ec Re Ae ee = + ASS. Goose 1ADPTCCESOLWISCETAlMINAGS Es ace oe eae eee eeseoe + (@) oR SEE Seco Ale Ces OlVASCeLa Mags). eee eee eter ae + (@) +. | || eee oe SeeLIECesOL ViSGCrali masses eee eee eee eee ate («) =. | ee 4MELCCES OfsviSCeralem ass eae ee eee eee eee eeeeetee + | (¢) am | |loccosonsccse «a Not made. 6 No growth. Table VIIT shows clearly that shellfish living in close proximity to this large sewer outlet are almost without exception infected with SEWAGE CONTAMINATION. OF OYSTER BEDS. 221 Bacillus coli and other sewage bacteria. In the above recorded 10 oysters, B. colt was found without exception in tests made from the juice. In only one instance was it absent from the intestines, and when growth developed in tubes inoculated from the stomach content this organism was also recognized. The analysis of clams and mussels gave similar results. 2. coli was repeatedly found in the cultures. In addition, B. cloace, Bact. lactis-acrogenes and B. sporogenes were isolated from plates inoculated with material from both oysters and clams obtained from the neighborhood of Fields Point. The next specimens tested for 6. coli were some clams and mussels from Pawtuxet Neck, 2 miles below Fields Point, taken on the beach which forms the northern shore of the neck where it juts out from the main shore line. The shore at this point was obviously contaminated, and only a few small clams were found alive, while the beach was strewn with heaps of the dead shells. Mussels also grew sparingly in the thatch near by. A fresh set of young dysters was observed on the piles of the Rhode Island Yacht Club boathouse, but they were too small to be of use in this work. The results of the analysis of the few clams and mussels obtained from Pawtuxet Neck are found in Table IX. TaBLe TX.—dAnalysis of clams and mussels from Pawtuxet Neck. | Red colo- Specimens and date of colleetion. Paras oe a B. coli. oe | tose agar. = esos feds Pat OP eee = = A = | | ,; | | Clams, May 7. | POC Ce ere aomteaecinsisasace/ece ec ckercicine wiswleeleee coeieele me 4 (a) 4+ BU MMULL CO tee ay atets ictnielcicremtein oes oe omen oho w Bion eblnetdebanigne +f (a) ao SMUIUERC Crvortesy: cle C me niarccic nice ois oe wrote dc Gonos acess woes + (a) — PP EIe CeslOlsyvaSCeralumassi naa sees cs cecie sas ne/ociee + (a + PpLleCes Ol viSCenMlemass nen: csicnctinesecee ces sacesteet + (a + SL CCESOMsVAISCONAL MASS no Webs cheeses Gh. TRESTLE 5 = Ct SP I ee en et eee + _ —) Ss ose reese 5, LERUGS WIS Use 2S ee I ee ee re ee eee a - = Base eee a Not made. ZB. coli was found in a very large number of oysters, clams, and mussels taken above Bullock Neck, while only 8 of the 15 specimens taken from this (Bullock Point) bed were found to be infected. The organism was occasionally found in the juice of oysters whose intestines did not contain it. While nearly all the shellfish from Fields Point and Pawtuxet contained 2. coli and other fecal bacteria, and while 70 per cent of the oysters from the Sabins Point bed were found to be infected, about 53 per cent of the specimens taken from the Bullock Point bed, 4 miles below the main sewer outlet, contained the colon bacillus. The next lot of oysters was obtained from the bed off the northern shore of Conimicut Point, which, as already stated, is 54 miles below Fields Point and is planted in from 6 to 18 feet of water. Twenty- five oysters from this bed were opened and examined, with the follow- ing results (p. 224), cultures being taken from the intestines only of these specimens. 224 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. TasLe XII.—Analysis of oysters from Conimicut Point. Other fecal Specimens and date of collection. Dextrose. B. coli. oatccenia Oysters, May 29, 1901. ROINTCSHIMNG S arsinte marcincta sos aisle etolaieleisters oeeinie Salas slejte ewacmeisewemetes LRG ESHINE 22 cates alors = cote ayasareerm wea nu eis aeioaie ane a reve ateyee Calais aie MeIMUtCSUIMG Sasa wstetoiaia Saas eiacew sitemeetcamisidacisseeane Se oeneoamanene weet eee eee HST Hall C\sy BNO) SG pe O GS oR E eu BCR De SE Ie Ce SS SECIS OEE Sr emeters MOLIN TER GIN Os aeraet ec as ee a ata Sac he ee ints Sais SIN SERE orolb wT Oe MMEMGOSULET Ga crete a otocia tater ie acta eter ei ne eR aiene ote eae ee eae ain rea preemie Sel trol eys| iG 00 2 keer ae See a se oe eee Se: Ener eds ei run EE, oh EOMbe Shine ss cpisec ata marco ace e nelecioe seieciee Semitic acerca cencmnte TIDE A EY ReS) A OVS ee ele nee rae mage ea orn re ye Meta et coy ASSALINCES PIMC 2 se Seam a ae ne mac SNe teD Acts oie eine elemia ste cio aicle are rerotacions THE Thanes (ones Jaen Se Ss Saees Anom oon sabeeckdeemnsenaracabedsncoussesEaS | HHP IMLEStINGS 2 scan = enc c cece mace acne se nmmaeeccied esems os cinsne nenes al Som mS wwe —_ B of S ) ° ae iPararse Welle se spe Wl al sese WL PS ab ll ese PMIMCESUUINE < cicies Callen hue cea ceeee cm cme tas = Oe mies asia cistoccue sie ajar MUMECSHUMC: conc cmieca aos serce casas oe eee since ee masine we yamiate Bo amnene MTATE SEITE 5 Se oe ore ole Bote ates clo wpa aaa Siatemeysiecein ale wate arate tee late Sislevs eeiwlets PRUMILESUIM Ca) \ciesiecinre ieee cles sla caaicw basins eeiae smetemres etnies esis cise PAITILCRULING 2 sarc ce ain ws imate ciniaie CoS cen Seieis lwibw alice nis ewisinrs sisereresewiciate MPT ECS ULM Oban cote o arcyoierrewie o alo nieic Rina aioverecatslevarrkiewe aise stele es alec craters MPLAB ES GAIL Of o-tujalete aia aeraia eras mere neiclace wate eis wtekeinleinre card eae ieee sia aa metae wal i=} g = M2 +1 14144111 +1 14141111 Kight of the 25 oysters from the Conimicut Point bed or 32 per cent, were infected with 2B. coli, and Bact. lactis-aerogenes was found in three of the specimens. Returning to the eastern shore, a number of oysters were collected on the layings directly south of Nayatt Point, at about the same dis- tance from the Fields Point sewer as those taken from the Conimicut side. The channel keeps well over to the eastern shore at this point in the river, and consequently the Nayatt beds are planted in about 20 feet of water and in the course of a much stronger tide than that which sweeps the Conimicut shore. Fewer oysters from this bed were found to be infected with sewage bacteria than from any of the beds previously examined. The accompanying table gives the results of these analyses: Taste NITI.—Analysis of oysters from the Nayatt beds. Red colo- Specimens and date of collection. Precast nies out B. coli. Other ee tose agar. Oysters, May 30. | Hy, Thaasinb a an oadsasoosecsossasaaccoHdaoDOnnbocDoodaeS + (a) 32) a) saeee eee 2ESTMTCSHIING Sas Abe beens see ae ee Soe ce eee ee eee eee eee = (a) = = leeeecereeeere Si MUMCESEIIE See Sere creeps ialotere ee rate ee eee ety atin msers — (@) ==) || ees seein ASMIMCESTUNG 5 25 oc iGacaus (olor Slee ce ee ia a oo eaeeeinliseees — (a) ==) ) (9) eee LTE ESTA Cece ie ee ee a reer ee aie ee = (a) = 20a eee il, UUEN@S sobs hosdorpeoemacosancesbnoqSreGneaseoossoccese + (a fe Woconenosscce PAPI GCOS Sa eee ea Sean ee OEne oe nee eee eee — | (a — | |i. SSaee asad LCC y a cieieisieveleieic a eisalcreisreceienin wists a ele nioa nro eee ae eens Sa | (@) = “tila eieeeloets a Not made. SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 225 Taste NITI.—Analysis of oysters from the Nayatt beds—Continued. Red colo- Specimens and date of collection. Preeaatae | eo B. coli. Onney cee .| ‘ F : | tose agar. | | Oysters, October 1h. | EMURINC SLUM Creareistaia se cies clewieis alateiecle a Salaiceie sissies cece | + oo | Le See aoe er 2, LEN GSITITINS SoA eae een ar BOUE EE ABO CREE CCE oeieete ene ete | 7 a7 Ste eee oie as ae MUTA LES ULM Cio r nis area carte st Sere e xine oe slo wals Gracie certian — - Say 1 Pee ee PUMICE SUMING Fs sree, 2 A ianisorayalct elm cieiats evsraisia sialeiaers's are seleie Sects — + ae Vallis Bahan PPINNLES UMN Che mw Slateate secie's wo esas a cescme esse nd Ase sies _ -- Sa Paeine ye Ne, seer GaPULES TIM Cee ccs cic ccclstc ee eee a monis eels elon Mae tickie Se =_ + mace UND See isa Shs a PamERCSLULTM Remmi ae a Ne crv ls Az as nsicre cttacis ere leveleroe are _— = RS (Sa Cee ers PENG GUL ereie sieraioteie le cise einen aio ake ee cele ee ee wisicatsyeisie erzeie S 4- - _ |-----++----- 1. Intestine ak ze aL 2. Intestine .. ae a= oe 3. Intestine -- — a5 = 4, Intestine = = = 5. Intestine ae zs me PePMUES GUM Gh yee Nea aisicicte sec ieiewarsin aces ore re oes acioers — + a a ease PIES LIM Ge yos = Sa cieteiapmiatha Sia Soa San si Ribie Sis awreielate cle eectele _ — ae Moa eee Se LNTeStINe: ..2/<=- - Bie Sais Sere cine Slee ete a creeieoecien 46 ao _ Em ed ay a (l, THRs SSE Sap Sse ene Can SE Heo Sener ea aes — ot Se OM oapeGoaneene DepEMILESUIILG Wes janet eee ons see oe ent eesceee cee cee cent - “b Ae Stee ok eat LL, JiR Sut Sa au See ease eae aaa ae eer nee it rs aa + — Se a ee es Dh, JWUGE Sa Be accs SSSR ESE ACIS DOSER eC Case eH nE en a aeset -- a ==iM) Oe Se eee ROUT C Cree tss eee cineecice Sa aeesic(sin see cs ox cinwiccee bamee ne aa +. SB ad Hicceaat eee PPM LHING Sees ac cise eysinrs Saale erate a cis iain Sas Sistas Dokiswa hee -- + = be Mil eoctnce eee These results show a still further decrease in the infection. About 23 per cent of the specimens examined contained £2. coli. It is possi- ble, however, to demonstrate the presence of sewage bacteria in oysters living from 5 to 6 miles distant from the sewer outfall. Passing now from the western side of the river below Conimicut Point, a number of samples—four batches, making 32 oysters in all— were taken from the Rocky Point oyster ground. Two batches were obtained from the beds off Bayside, and two from the beds off War- wick Neck, below Rocky Point. No one of the tubes inoculated with material from the intestines of these specimens gave reactions for B. coli. This organism was, however, found in the juice of a single oyster from the Bayside beds. The stomachs of 10 of the specimens were examined, but . coli was not found in any of these analyses. These lots were taken from the river at a distance of 6 and 7} miles, respectively, from the Fields Point sewer outfall. Oysters from the Warren River grounds, on the other hand, were more or less contaminated by sewage. Table XIV gives the results of the analyses of 8 oysters dredged off the mouth of this river. F.C. 1904—15 226 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. TasLE XLV.—Analysis of oysters from Warren River. Red colo- | neoteel = : F Dextrose, | nies on lit- ; |Other feca Specimens and date of collection. Fermicuteds emanate B. coli. bactoniee tose agar. | Oysters, October, 1902. NP INATGG am ctateretelc ls clclalacre’o cieine saws ins eniSae a Coen cee eee aeEe + + + SUPA recs ete oe bio ain tte miete Gini ace ince ee sane eheee oa + + AIM CC a ceacalas oe cuss Sele pins Cacaiee 5 oe Roe eee een eInaes a ok ab Ry AITEC See ere oe ey ae Senn etd Sa eens Gceiaceere ere + + te GSUUIT CO cate erate stew ieca eto iate aloe al wiei ow alalcie Sa aqalotoes oeiele tears + + + ANRC SRING Yom ea oe Sale wes ciate are cise qnieiale oeretieaneS see Se +: 4 + PPINECS UNO ta a atoms ae mct ena nie ace dives sete es Seseenee — -- = SMUT E SUING Me = =e es Lo Gee Jota Soe Salmastteles nals Me oles + + + ANPUINTCSDIIUC erates crete e o ciw coherein slajatere emiute'e wc patioiclace sieoee - + + PemelnteseiMey in < jaci-hese se ctincsetacacwsie cies Seeescceaees aa + + GrreIVEESEIMNG hoe co ccs cia hoe cisra ae nwa clive eeiercee bieemtias + a oo MLMNTESLU Cosette Sah toe sig tis-clsc carci acinar eae ceecose- sera + a -- SMITE SHING 4 he oc cee sae b eles cteapiot owwiiace Bee Ss —- — | - bRStoOmaeh yh 2s ooh on cK ss sees Uta deceedese eee | (@)i, ow [issn Eh Bose Ree eae GE Stomachise a 26 = Gcicn eae Ula eemsessiccupiece se Scene + — Se SUOMI ane tes a sles ese nes ee coe s ee meamincie mate cuere — — — aNo growth. The intestines of 5 of the 8 oysters examined contained B. coli, which was also found in the juice of these 5 specimens. The stomachs of 3 were tested for colon forms, and two tests gave negative reactions; the tube inoculated from the third oyster remained sterile. The next lot of oysters examined was obtained from the beds situated under the lee of Pine Hill Point, Prudence Island. These beds are 12 miles from Fields Point, out of the direct course of the river, which is continuous with the eastern passage of the bay, and are farther removed from any source of sewage pollution than are any other oyster beds in the river or bay. The intestines of 10 specimens from this bed did not contain colon forms. The juice and stomachs of 5 were found to be free from any sewage bacteria. A more extended study was made of the oysters from Wickford Harbor, which, as has already been stated, is well down the western passage of the bay and far removed from sewage pollution. The water over these oyster beds has been analyzed a number of times, and B. colz has never been found. About 30 oysters were obtained from this locality in March and April, 1902, and examined by the fermentation- tube methods already described. No bacteria resembling organisms of the colon group were found in the intestines, though organisms fer- menting dextrose broth were occasionally observed. No growth devel- oped in 70 per cent of the tubes inoculated with the stomach content, and when growth occurred it was not due to the colon bacillus. The juice of 8 of these oysters did not contain ZB. col/. In addition to the above series of fermentation tests for 2. cold on Wickford oysters, a second series, with a gelatin medium containing 0.05 per cent carbolic acid, was carried out on another lot from this’ same locality. The intestinal content only of the oysters was subjected to analysis; no tests were made for the juice or stomach content. SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 997 After inoculation the plates were allowed to develop three or four days at room temperature and then examined for growths of B. cold. The oysters used were received in the laboratory twice a week during October, November, and December of 1902, and the specimens were opened within eight hours after they had been taken from the water. The intestines of 200 oysters were examined in this manner. After a week’s growth all but 3 of the 200 plates remained sterile. The colo- nies developing on these 3 were those of a large spore-forming aerobic bacillus, which resembled 4. vulgatus very closely in cultural features and bore no resemblance to B. colz. Some time after these experi- ments were carried on a series of control plates (nutrient gelatin containing 0.05 per cent carbolic acid) were inoculated with a known culture of £&. coli, and it was found that this organism grew readily in the carbol gelatin. The two remaining beds visited in the course of this work are situ- ated, one in the entrance to Mount Hope Bay off Bristol Ferry, and the ,other in the Kickemuit River. One examination was made in October, 1902, of the oysters from the bed at the entrance to Mount Hope Bay. The results of this work are found in Table XV: TaBLE XV.—Analysis of oysters from Bristol Ferry. Red colo- Dextrose nies on B fermented.| litmus lac- tose agar. Other fecal - coli. bacteria. Specimens and date of collection. Oysters, October 30, 1902. MMIC CS INC pace eels es men etc Sh jaiawisvassia’aisieicianoe MPEMMCSHITOUn ee cate or eames wcics ool a eae oe bee clomelelts PINILON MMO Rete oatata = ian cis paedacecericeoammecee . Intestine . Intestine . Intestine . Intestine . Intestine hs & OUR OO NI eS OOO SID CH Co tO Pl tt+i+144+1 144+ PO Ses Se par [estes PA see Ie A ab WA Whar LB. coli was found in the juice of but two specimens and in the intes- tines of asingle one. The Kickemuit River beds are 44 and the Bristol Ferry beds 7 miles from Fall River. \Neither ground is contaminated by sewage from that city, and the slight pollution found at Bristol Ferry is due to local causes. Four batches of oysters were obtained from Kickemuit River. In all, 20 oysters were examined, and it was found that 2. coli was not present in the intestines or juice of these specimens. The foregoing analyses demonstrate the following facts: Oysters, clams, and mussels taken from the Providence River or its shores within half a mile of the Fields Point sewer outlet contain B. coli and other fecal bacteria within their shells. 228 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Practically all of the clams and mussels analyzed as representing the condition of shellfish on the Pawtuxet shore, 2 miles below the city sewer, were infected with colon bacilli; but 70 per cent, however, of the oysters taken on the Sabins Point oyster ground, which lies directly across the river from Pawtuxet Neck, were thus infected. Fifty-three per cent of the oysters coJlected from the Bullock Neck layings, about 4 miles south of Fields Point, contained B. coli. Thirty-two per cent of the oysters obtained from the Conimicut Point ground, 1; miles below the locality where the oysters from the Bullock Neck layings were dredged, contained colon bacilli. Twenty-three per cent of the specimens dredged on the Nayatt Point oyster beds were infected. On the other hand, oysters from the Rocky Point ground, 6 to 8 miles below the chief source of sewage contamination of the river, are practically free from pollution. . col was isolated from but one specimen of a lot of 32 oysters which were obtained from these grounds. A sharp rise in the percentage of oysters infected with sewage fornfs was noticed when specimens from the Warren River were ana- lyzed. Five out of a total of 8 oysters examined were infected with B. coli. : Oysters from Prudence Island and Wickford Harbor do not con- tain LB. coli or other sewage bacteria. Oysters from the Kickemuit River were not infected with these organisms. Only a small percentage of the specimens taken from the layings in the entrance of Mount Hope Bay contain any trace of sew- age bacteria. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF WATER ANALYSIS AND SHELLFISH ANALYSIS. If we consider the presence of 4. coli in waters and food stuffs an indication of sewage contamination, we may trace the distribution of sewage in the Providence River and Narragansett Bay as follows: Starting in the neighborhood of Fields Point and proceeding grad- ually down the river to the bay below, we find that all water samples taken within a radius cf one-half to three-quarters of a mile from the Providence city sewer outlet contain’ 2B. col, and often other species of bacteria commonly found in sewage. 2. coli was abundant, not only in the water about Fields Point, but was readily isolated from samples of sand taken from the beaches near by; also oysters col- lected from these highly polluted waters, and clams and mussels from the shores within half a mile from the sewer outlet, without exception, contained £. coli, and in many cases other sewage bacteria, within their shells. Nearly all the water samples collected at Pawtuxet Neck, about 2 miles below Fields Point, were found to contain B. colz; also most of the shellfish (clams and mussels) obtained from this section of the SEWAGE CONTAMINATION OF OYSTER BEDS. 229 river were infected. Seventy-four per cent of the water samples taken over the Sabins Point oyster ground, directly across the river from Pawtuxet, gave positive tests for B. coli. Seventy per cent of the ovsters from this ground contained this organism within their shells. Fifty-nine per cent of the water samples taken over the Bullock Neck oyster beds, 2 miles below Sabins Point, contained LB. colt. This organism was isolated from 53 per cent of the oysters obtained from this locality. Fifty per cent of the water samples collected on the Conimicut Point oyster beds, but only 32 per cent of the oysters from this source contained B. cold. Off Nayatt Point, 54 miles south of Fields Point, the water is much freer from sewage pollution. Thirty-one per cent of the water sam- ples and only 23 per cent of the oysters taken from this part of the river contained colon bacilli. The Warren River, however, is a polluted stream, 6. coli being fre- quently found ina series of samples taken at intervals from the mouth of this river to the town of Warren; and also in a sample taken in the Providence River in the flow of the tide from the Warren River, though this pollution is soon swallowed up in the larger volume of the Providence River, so that no trace of 2. coli can be found 2 miles distant from the entrance of the Warren River. The bacillus was found in over 60 per cent of the oysters taken from the Warren River beds. On the western side of the river, 6 to 8 miles below the sewer out- let, 4. colc is found only occasionally and then ona falling tide. It was present in only one oyster from this section of the river. From the above data it may be noted that the zone of sewage pol- lution of the Providence River reaches southward from the Fields Point sewer outlet for a distance of about 6 miles. In Narragansett Bay proper a different set of conditions exists. The western passage is free from sewage pollution, and neither the water nor oysters at Prudence Island or Wickford are infected with the colon or other sewage bacteria. The Fall River sewer is, of course, the principal source of contami- ation of the waters of Mount Hope Bay, but it is at least 4 miles away from the nearest oyster bed, and the water and oysters from the Kickemuit River are not found to be infected with any sewage bacteria. In the sample from the Narrows, the entrance to Mount Hope Bay, B. coli was found in a single instance. Two oysters from the beds situated off the shore of Bristol Ferry were infected. 930 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. The above results are condensed in the following table: Taste X VI.—Correlation of the results of water and shellfish analyses. Distance from the +s oa +s +s anes don oal B- Ccoli in| B. coli in| B. coli in | B. colt in Locality. Evevacence water. | oysters. | clams. | mussels. let. Providence River: Miles. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. HMSO; AR OL SN Ree Sg AS oecaaE oN OOOONUO SE AHAURSae $-4 100 100 100 100 PA UIRUERE Gee rts crass acts eicedsisiste cao eteriere eiteisieicietae 2 100 i.cseeoeoe 665 73 SabpinsiPomt- oyster bed! =-t-c.----2-5-ecees oe 2 74 (CUM pao aae Geccascsec Boeck eoint PEW. Ji3. 5. ec eepe nie seseecn 4 59 53) ).ccccees SRS eeEee ee ROOMMUIMIEME EOL bo acet ces cc aie cchac cise emcees 51 50. by) RE Rem ee po | SGmciases-, Na yaih Pa. ee sien cem Soeeicen een ease 5} 31 pee Seee ae seas S55 (WWEIEREMPRIV EN) acme oes ctd/. cine ne cace ciameseall aeiseierseeccte 100 O74 ao. Saree peer IBA YSIG Oat shone adac este ccns sisinleacsioetoceinecicteec 65 63 AE eons lesaso5 455 WV Siw Cos NICO kaa ar nc cinta moeiclorcieleieinie cinta eiclojsiecierete 7k 0 Vl BEE RIS Soc Narragansett Bay: TNO SCE MSNG ois 5 creiersears clateinoin/acte ora s cienre sistem 12 0 Ut eS aret eecin coc WiCkKTOTGA SS. o pack sek ~ociwn niecempmicicion wewleneis 19 0 0 0 0 Mount Hope Bay (Fall River sewer): Kiekempig Rivers os cmmndaec| T™!) TA! By) T| te] = = aeaaseagiseceize| FeeZe5) SSeS Seg ssa ee Blols|S\ sg QAlelaluloial—i alc Olm1 2) 0] Sia SIZ GSS El elSlelSielc S\SiPlales/OiSisisiSieiSieia) Sialso Bierce BISIFIR BIS SBIR sai 8/5 =A E 7 ma WM) re > rai . |2\m SlBlolSESISIE/Z Siz /F lB ls H/@|0 (8/21 Sil lel | olml |S aS |e BlelB/S/E/2(3/3/c/18| | (BIS\Ee'S| sess] Si8l (2 | \S/8} (E/Si8\* B\S\Rle|Sieleisiaicic diols] |S6/3)8) 444° : ale! lelals Sel lalae]?|oi ais o/s =o, 2|2/G/24 Oa) |eiBls e| |e) jes) |Pis\ |_| (sice2| | FS los er \el3 eal eliale slag si | Irie /es| | al | ale sey a a Bales ee = oe 2 ale “ouIBN ‘aaanog Ks a ic} Sc v 2 | Ss] eS 4 5 Gace | Vo elces! eel ceil galel el. oy gt. oe (SEN eI Sieve Sle Ses = reas els | S=| 5)" | F Is F BS Bo Fol s apne 08 ie a|"s . =| ° @ 7 2 *SoIN} Boy [BOTULOTOOL *soin} Boy [BINI[ND * TRON sc oocbdebedsacsadass Setevel| rere Secisine: Ge 9S9so0Sal eeassoceee AD* OOD ||: reese 10, 811, 594 Rhode Island. Connecticut. Total. Items No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. WMIGSSEIS cc ssctecisamceisccccce smicsceas 91 $208, 995 194 $481, 080 1,479 | $3,977, 066 MONMAPECR ict ae cose ces eae n cess di S528) Pee sciaccsce S096). [es ese nese 465543 |oe.ceacieece OUD borers cee ees ace Ses se sicinslineeareces ere avs lie | Neemete sce TIC ee RPE Ae ee 1, 792, 990 IB OMS eee siete es cleaceesiacisccs esis 1,180 103, 841 1,175 71,474 11, 405 701, 729 Selesteewescet onc cs csecesewsscces si 66 5, 590 93 8, 912 643 171,173 Galli Ci SMa a teic sie wiasic eee see ei 313 6, 428 261 6, 589 12, 963 127, 064 Pound nets, trap nets, and weirs .. 198 125, 790 77 18, 140 1, 249 489, 517 IEVACCRTIC LSS yaccels se Reiicie sowie See sical 701 4, 216 255 3, 148 995 7, 702 pA PRILOUS Ie eens etl aen scene ce tos lee emaaecn | comeetectere [tne KeeeRe-sillcemea ee eeen 221 9, 245 PUP OME US se cs oars clare ome is stn oss 11 16 40 20 483 1, 252 PRCUNIV ENA WAS oon cis ona (e =e ciceice ance eines caye'| oasnccisijee Sell seem aiceme cl eeemere ais cele 65 3, 295 tines hand and. trawilz.as0c 2S ee ee z 94 IMS RID PHOT Sao josie ee reais Mobac ee sicsies cme ce weensecne 150 152 it, V2, 8,048 | 10,122 SST See Se oe en ee ae ee ee ee eee DAO a enc aeeues | 366 6 482 TOONS napa ee Be, AP: a ee a IE 2,017 310 6, 880 10, 625 19, 832 260 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by counties the vessels, boats, apparatus, and capital employed in the fisheries of Maine in 1902. Cumberland. Hancock. Kennebec. Knox. Lincoln. Items. 5 No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. Vessels fishing .....| 73| $121,400} 175} $143,390).-.---|.--2.----- 69} $54,125 60) $95, 050 Tonnage eres. (Ube pe oee sane DrA SEs asics al esas Nee ee mcs 88022 cease 1,043) seaeceene Outi teases Geant Db WAT DN tesa aya | eee (Sa oeseice sel Seecee 325707 aeeeee 14, 415 Vessels transport- Nn aces 2 See 20} «62, 400 file 36 4200|h 22 ae eee 7) A Fa F0) 71 16,600 Tonnage.....-. Sail elec spose I WAR AAR Ar BAL al lascing|tginacencse ZO ee sees 147 set ese ORs mesos eee laorce AOD ceed 5, GLO accise8| eee aa Oetael|swemee 520 eles 1, 410 IB OMS eee Saas nee ae 597 30, 219) 1, 653 66, 583 21 $210) 798) 52,4388] 726 29, 425 Apparatus—vessel tisheries: Gillnets........ 986 6,889) 347 IRC. Who) eel acon setae 98 650 123 810 SeIMese- sem ben | 18 3, 380 | ney) asec Seecisscsee 9 1, 357 15 6, 925 Lines, hand hove limits doe Gear 8/9292 mens = Dh | 3. Berea (eterna, atsteyate | eetaraieye 4\086\heeaee 38, 380 Hel pots..-..--. 18 9 55 D2 = Siesnia| = ajalealmicinlnl| oimeie tell a eee alee eee | Lobster pots. ... 795 795) 9, 565 QV 565 Se aeealeeteemnae ae 2,975 3, 191) 2,180 2,180 LAP OOM) sineia|| aeteie= W270) nis acte all sain eam erele ois" sor at ieeiere eines isietelers 40| voce as 12 Dredges........ Se685||Senpostaase 10 1G) BSeese Sa ceeccsce Sccsas ssamiospdoalaashcc|sccnons: 7 ET OCS zc eea cit are 2) 2) 4] AD ie erctaia ell erate totatere (alate ineieratel Wisi ieieerelstale 7 4 Apparatus—shore | fisheries: Pound nets, trap nets, and WROINS nicest ose 32 6,490} 187 30, 007 44 17, 425 69 29, 005 Gillnets........ 95) 872} 42 228 74 796 89 623 Fyke nets...... 12! 84) 3 Ite se eee someon eeeeca (somrsociecoc 6 80 DIP MEts ees smal gemcios |emesicee rel] 16 44 24 48 5 2 IBLE UN COS eeiccers allciecic- [nce -eocae 56 2000 | 222s cs| access seen ecec ce) neem emeeie 2 200 Seinesteas oc cc es 29) 1, 890 61 2, 880) 27 1, 820 45 1, 900 Lines, hand and trawl -elo.... 4 AGG is os Ss480| 5.2 2c clediseeenes| oe oar 1 902|\Saeeee 1, 236 Eel pots and UNA Stern clee ee ae 100 94 104, 47) 18 29 Lobster pots. .. ./12, 627) 12, 627 33, 355) SSP EE esos eel seh cesoaele 39, 479 44, 293/23, 480 23, 430 Cunner traps... 23} (3 Boao alle aacoosoed ec con||lbcgnsbsocal|sonpaailosaooocdad|[ecoses|l.osscena. + Dredsees=e oa. ... 6 24 65) 975) 2 30|...c a2): Gpearseseeneee 36 54] 84 26 4) 12) 24 35 OCS a cethioscncis 333 234; 703 636) 140) 127| 218 130 Shore and acces- | ROLVupPrOpertync-co|] a2 255 367, 500|.....- SEE) eerste mien 76) sei 1557850|eceees 255, 180 Cashicapitales2 sa anc|seccne 163, 200|....-- 224. 600s ase edaege cece seers 158, 150}. ..--- 96, 000 Total ec avacraie lesa tee 8265 163la2ecce LAOGT 27 0|neee Sale nO Mo lerseter 5625 125|eeeee 578, 061 = SS = = _ Penobscot. | Sagadahoc. | Waldo. Washington. York. Total Items. iNo. |Value.| No. |Value.| No.|Value.} No. | Value. | No. |/Value.| No Value Vessels fishing ..... 2| $450) 13) $6,900)--.-|..--.-- 44) $26,770; 18)$41, 000 454) $489, 085 Tonnage J... 222 ID ossoeee SORES Sal hosel Saeeeos| 42] Seaceeeee seule ee cess 6; 838) Sse- eee Outta sere esc as 215\/eeees L920) sissies enn cellineeicn 135878) sceae 7,980): «asec 193, 346 Vessels transport- IMP oes eee see Onl nieu|'some mets 1} (5) aca laSearees 64 90/390 ||. | bemets ein ell sie Serer ees iOatanehy soc tecs aes 297, 600 TOT Gil eee ete ony sal| SE ease eel [spect egepell rare Seer 3, 983 179 God streshis.- 2222-5 2, 567, 200 49,214] 2,243, 318 BiH CR Re Aes Sool |Seeeiene 2,474,328 | 37,744 Woda ted ee saci nail eeciiasis-eieetl| nace < sella A498 A0ZEIh ee 200) | See tsterilacieraic eee 207, 602 3, 841 Gunners: os2-22--2=- 53, 300 QOD ile Seatac se ccs = stommeiaomte isan cisternae nee 633 22 @uski fresh. -./5.22-2 670, 550 9, 864 97,116 TESTS Aleph oclcten wees eter 1,124,976 | 138,760 (Csi. GligGeasesene Ramtee sees Semeanec de 110, 165 Dodi Reh cee alte ce eee 46, 520 760 Hels freshen... ose 15, 500 991 28, 590 PaO Seer eee laste Saree 7,500 670 HMloumdensae- 2 ese 30, 340 671 479, 750 Qe OSH lets cieinaetellleice ee se 38, 258 781 Haddock, fresh ..... 2, 813, 750 53, 396 677, 412 CHEE IH Gwoncoae sooneease 1,025,159 | 18,924 Haddo@k salted: sa54|2 sane cee se-|soscceee ne 117, 459 RAD TN BaP seat aceeeas. 68, 3805 779 Hake, fresh -/....2.- DOOD | TESS || ACA || BONED |S ssebee|Coooeboe 3, 046, 406 | 27,239 igiketesallitte Glas ne. on ee ne sae siciicisaceeoenee 1, 303, 839 TS; AQG | oe Saye (ar||istars sisters 94, 588 823 alibubeessee sece che 33, 410 1, 889 39, 398 2) O88 leniesetee|| Seieiets see 12, 393 893 Herring, fresh....... 1, 281, 800 6,212 | 9,299, 725 Te O45 NER ses | Wate eam 7,429,125 | 29, 853 Herring, salted....-- 133, 000 1,332 | 2,221,000 QT STOMA accscee lesen 59, 400 972 Herring, smoked.... 98, 000 BOM Ea jaaaeelecen | secon ac ooas setllsemermimers 15, 000 240 Mackerel, fresh..... 746, 500 39, 437 39, 271 CY? bi le ee tel seeisocee 55, 684 3, 361 Mackerel, salted .... 179, 000 TD OOO Sees Berea piace sistem ore) a eke ereisielel eidernerere 4, 000 400 Menhaden, salted... 4, 600 G0) is Aen Aer Sse Se eek Seal eel So Baeoe He enGae cosa backesacs Pollock, fresh....... 1, 693, 825 8, 091 438, 954 BFAD DIN Serena eaeeese 670, 008 3, 955 Pollock sal tedeseese| ease os oes el cieweciceee's 707, 674 ELOB i lisecisenal Satererereisls 7,010 70 Salmon 2. ceccmseee=- 95 5, 003 Seuilipinisesaese seer 6, £00 6 Shad: ireshiesecee se 23, 300 Shad, salted 49. 600 Smelt sceseeeeeees 163, 650 Striped bass... Sea sce aes ees Sword=tishi 2o22s.222| 522, 970 4 Mayenovel beep odes sos. 19, 545 WiDTING.. cece o—s—= =< 88, 500 f WEODSLETSe ete es acea: 1, 000, 000 Croat) BYPXBS OO) || Py oo cha gasaoacoae 2,992, 419 | 259, 264 Clams, fresh........- 121559406) |) 945.6791) 180549902] (banG7Deleece meee leeneeme: 573, 200 | 16,896 Clams, salted........ 54, 000 1, 200 775, 560 28 95D 2 terete | sere crstoatelsees scenes eee Scallopssemscseeceees 3, 200 415 103, 200 TOLD TBiMeecceat «| seit 376 35 ITNT 0 2 eee ee eee todo sal Bao ceeben el eeciasoss ued assists ocec caeecros aateccos 4, 806 84 WIMGNGEe ye nee ne ees 565, 925 4, 465 175, 760 DSTI» |sasilen en lssmeeeise 508, 207 7,089 BOUNGS hss chee aes s/a/ 59, 836 3, 540 56, 206 4s O8DE e rcte aacil| se rse ersters 62, 998 5, 590 MOMS UWES te oss. < sticla|(eva\eis/cireteelaisiell|s ee\siierciaiws 5 ee) MDBW | saa cre avavall s areters mae eversereeeersers| erates ea Total sees 16,756, 752 | 418,369 | 33,675,426 | 714,075 | 34,450 | 1,255 | 21,178,348 | 442, 707 262 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by counties the products of the fisheries of Maine in 1902—Continued. Lincoln. Penobscot. Sagadahoe. Waldo. Species. a Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Alewives, fresh ...- 366, 300 SORGAN Pacem elena 156, 200 $1, 032 9, 160 $91 Alewives, salted ...- 48, 000 HAE Ae ee aetna tll eee Cc nas |e oe aay MER | oie 2 aap ra Alewives, smoked .. 73, 600 Ane ODL see Ne VS ee et 100, 900 2,051 9, 350 185 PEN UUOT a SBN Sees ane att eo aes ime se ie 3, 150 AIO: 2 22s oe eee ee Catesh) 228.2 ase s | 39, 100 Godrgineshea caer srt 1,175, 100 Cod "saltet. 2 2.-2-2 1, 154, 900 Gusk- fresh. ..5..2. 199, 360 Wisk .saltem. 2.422022 500 MeIS eSHC- wa. 2-2 36, 900 MlOUNG es. .-)..22--2 7, 800 Haddock, fresh ..-... 401, 150 Haddock, salted ....; 3, 200 ineike, fresh f--—- == 2, 639, 300 Hake, salted .......-. 89, 400 TSEinil gees cesses 6, 180 c q Herring, fresh ...--- 7,970, 100 SG: 00D 2 soe ee elneee ona | 718,400 JS ayaa EF TERS Gbps ee | a ey, MEU | Ria Seo |RSS ota | 22, 000 Herring, smoked....) 1, 600 TECH (eee tor | tee pe! [edeseted eect Mackerel, fresh-...- Be 500 4274 25 le ee oe i Bie 70, 550 Mackerel, salted --.. 150, 000 TL PESOD db ievcdrorerel tercrenmerat al arated ee arate Menhaden, fresh-...- 240, 000 gat 0) 0) ine TR Ae ae | epee Gap Nenad encsaltedec |. nee Peel be ee oa eee 1, 200 IBET CD awuattersinscies chi soeee os oes Pert BS eh | oo ed en | 400 HELO yOLLO Mo cso ce | pS ete | ee te ai 2S lo eS Mle Oe a 450 Pollock fresh. <- 5 308, 650 4,135 | 11,000 110 149, 800 Pollock, salted. ...-. 68, 700 “etait eae meee ,| | ee 3, 450 ReRMNON ec aecce se | 2,428 36 | 1, 776 Sire freshooco.--- << | 480, 850 Shad, salted 4, 000 Sic hipeseekupeteuaaee , 635 351 | 35,360 | 2, 45, 060 Striped: bass. .-.....- 1, 000 ih | eee UE TC 14, 255 RERTERE COU tee ae oot a Ae eae ena | Seaton a ee ee ashe ee Oa 4,700 CERWD Le oe SS ea) See ee gk Pe acteae Se kl Menai. | tered Rg 455 SUCCINS SIRES Bee ie) ee eee ety Mr Ge ee ee kee eS roe ek: | 3, 550 Sword-fish ...-...... 6, 000 S008 iaeee es [oes ee ee | 4,500 PRGTirE Qe swe ses 18, 800 217 | 8,500 113 7, 200 WUOPSLCES so sss ase 1,750; 850°) 109,820 ).-...--a]-.----5- | 199,850 Clams; firésh ...... <2 345, 410 shay o dha ee eae | 150, 700 BY (GUE Tae US Te ae I ie eae ea ee | sae oie eas 57, 000 930" | 2d dos seo cee 11, 250 7 ap eae aa les misc ot ae Sec ceentlleoe ae ans se een 160, 700 EAE) || chopnckie lies siaeiers 52, 900 436%) 3.23 32.5. 555) eee 33, 550 RTE |e eee Ree eed 7, 705 619) |i 22 2ccen eee 2,400 NED) | is-cneprret betes cic sabe asus cee Se bs (oe riots - ee ee ee 9, 000 20 ON feet pase DORR ee ere Pea Sec ssaceliecscs2 5 = 17,426,435 | 332,041 | 78,788 | 4,157 | 3,732,101 | 85,216 | 124,169 9, 907 e Washington. York Total Species. > ae Lbs. Value. Lbs Value. Lbs. Value ‘Alewives,fresh...........-- 98, 500 $710 8,720 $107 1, 006, 853 #6, 955 Alewives;salted ............ 694, 750 Seb Zo we sss Leeroy see (ts ee main 862, 750 4,875 Atewives,;smoked_........- 114, 400 eG ard ie etre eee eee exe ee ptcsies 519, 850 9, 902 LSU RIGS BSS Le ee Bee | Denes Shean eo art NR dine MEE 30 4 7, 780 382 RG ANCUIS Meets oie e tse mre sab ersallcieisecee ee eae nee ees 98, 750 1, 792 479, 433 4, 002 GCodisrediis 52 oso 6S nae 490, 114 10, 587 1,321, 400 34, 227 10, 902, 910 209, 781 Wied Salted. ).4).. nueee 579,400 | 14, 608 44, 450 1, 846 6, 487, 554 166, 895 RORPINRH@RS = Se S52) ae Se ee a ee ed Se eee Se ee es 6, 820 231 60, 753 1,178 URC ERE SH 5. aa 5 Sane sO 3, 245 41 187, 600 2, 557 2, 334, 147 80, 371 Musk; Saleens ae ccncGoonsees 1,185 Dae. Saateras =crel| yee eomne 158, 370 3,137 cls mines his homes Mie e mee 24, 500 1,180 360 16 221, 050 12,683 MOM GERSE Ge oa Seen eee 8, 972 SOD ers eee Seo oe 568, 920 11, 951 Haddock, fresh...-......... 377, 880 6, 604 1,182,625 | 30,179 6, 642, 076 120, 315 Haddock, salted ........-.. 171,175 2,361 1,025 35 361, 164 4,677 EEA KCSENESBy oo cece ee oes 258, 990 6, 381 2,747, 885 21, 300 16, 824, 908 123, 208 UDC SPCCO a 5c. cance ead 456, 195 4,878 5, 225 286 1, 950, 847 21, 683 EEE UG sesieneiciacnccionccced 78, 650 5, 032 37, 240 3, 047 209, 771 14,195 ERGEDLM ITOSN S17 sae eee 131, 219;350 | 317,652 301, 000 2,085 | 158, 219,500 442,357 Herring salted... ..2..--.-. 2 419, 766 6, 796 50, 000 400 2, 905, 166 37, 5382 Herring, smoked _..--..... 1,165, 000 PAS P80 dal emis se Ae alle eee aa 1, 279, 600 30, 300 AVES CKO El SETESIR. Sc need Oe ee tee el epee ea 114, 865 7,126 1, 390, 370 79, 590 IMigelkeKe esse ht CG oo. apenas mars werd he ce SR ee | ee 333, 000 21, 900 Menihidienm, pinesh)ss.2aeeeme | te ctee pee eee 900 5 240, 900 1,805 Ni ((e5 ol aes ISS OGRE WN a1 c Ree (Be Cra gel pose Rel oa gts ot 2 lb a 5, 800 67 RET Cosma te Aa che Sk 2 AA ae heey ral eee | Pci ae 400 30 (PerGheviellows ss asce <2 ac calls Ae cee eh ce oa eee nee ae eee | oeeeenepk ne 450 30 FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 263 Table showing by counties the products of the fisheries of Maine in 1902—Continued, | Washington. | York. Total. Species. | Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. { | |_ | | Rolloek, fresh... ./.sss.<-<.- 1, 304, 085 $11, 880 364, 100 4, 152 4, 333, 372 | $36, 729 Portlock, satted..2.....0h... i 216, 740 2, H8 39, 425 1, 028 1, 042, 999 | 12,394 SST ee See ee eee 13,115 7. 59 [ere Riss Bee eet er a ee sae 60, 768 | 13, 394 SQui 0012 SE ee ee tire ml AE a eee ee ee (Ree access | 8,100 | 56 BOS INOS Se. joe eens oes } 87, 599 3,088 | 950 18 781, 399 | 26, 128 SUG OSs pa oe 1, 200 1 lh Sa AS a gel Ye eae RSE ae 67, 600 2, 831 SHEN E Sal oo ee ee | 281, 510 BOGORL th ees hecy bs th eg SS 1, 125, 268 103, 055 UME T ESS eee emer al nese eea se aise meets | 160 16 15, 715 2, 050 SUT TP TG Thy Fee age SE pee De ae a |S a Do etSicae: paw Whe eae, 4,700 495 CLT pe ee ee len Sac eesoneecs eee ee [ofaenis oe sete sed | Psawetce oe | 455 281 SC, SRS ee) Sey ene eee ey eee ve eee eee mee an 2 Vena Oe Bee ee ee. Bee 3,550 | 132 SAO. 0 E101) Oe See ae [omen Sea feet several 74, 500 5, 200 642, 784 44, 613 W200 (3 ee i ee 79, 900 73S ott Coe Coe PCC Rey eee 184, 540 2,521 / ys aT a Wa [im sera ctens cisiayetays pha ererecejn xe 3, 000 2 | 91, 500 147 TEC UG) aes Se eee deel ee oe ee ee Lescnteie lees 20, 500 150 | 20, 500 | 150 Lojig da: oe ee | 2,956,908 | 252, 248 | 613,800 | 52,795 | 12,163,389 | 1,066, 407 @lamsaireshiye moos. sen.as ee 347, 500 11, 504 | 144, 654 8,329 | 44,551,360 159, 269 Glamsisaliece em. cages = 108,640 | AUS DM era Be ceeeee Gl eee | b 995, 200 aD, 217 Cee ovel Ss Bees oe oe eee ee } 7,880 | OSey she. cee ae as | Soe ee ee | € 114, 656 14, 013 Winkles. ne oae 2 Bees jepeeecoane 85, 000 | 1, 000 d 85, 000 1,000 (UTS DOE See RASC te Reed be oe oe eee iDe ug aes PER Seer Eeee [at Beever e 16, 056 129 iis Gites 230 32 eee ee | 49, 330 599 | 326, 800 1, 609 | 1, 839, 622 17, 849 FOOUERIGS Gan op Wiad x <5- 2 14, 925 320 433, 300 8, 835 31, 625 645 7, 800 234 Herring, fresh .....-. 188, 000 882 76, 500 360 750,000 | 3,000 92, 000 350 Herring, salted ....- 5, 000 Jpn |e wee eeree ss saseoe perce eee jnioenieee pESeaEadoss |e actmtenias Herring, smoked.... 98, 000 BBO Resse Shas 8 See eee eee eee ae eee eter lhe emai MA @KEre) Mes sce wes |e ae ssniis lao estione |S sacccwisces|senmen ac 700 OMS ie oe eects PROMOCK Ms. oe Seccac 7, 000 HSM semen cosh |e dese ce 5, 000 35 120, 000 3, 000 Son pina beeeeeeeeee 6, 900 OO Rp crane | eee mk We mer SN wae arrest Shad, freshis. 2: 2.5. 6, 400 AQUI eae. eine emcee hs. |e Same ey coke see Reeser acs ral Beene Shad, salted ........ 7,600 BOAO ler a eee epic ee Eee 2 Le pees aes ets eaesene| Heese Smelter 2255 so: cbse 97,950 | 7,017 100, 455 | 6,963 48,300 | 2,900; | 101,135 7, 565 OMCOM Aas cs slice ace 12,015 Oe Meee eats | saeneere |haa. Shee SIN ee 500 12 | | | Motalesecscscenece 446,990 | 9, 865 610, 255 | 16,158 | 1,015,625 | 7,550 321,435 | 11,161 Total vessel and | Shone=eer ease sees 1,775,910 | 40,005 | 1,593,605 | 25,357 | 2,672,925 | 16,356 | 5,140,085 | 58, 507 Sagadahoc. | Washington. York. Total. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: IMIGURNG A Sed 558 aad Mpa b onset ose e es AS cee eens ae raed |e eae area | Rees 20,140 $426 [BIGOT 2 SIE NES Geeoa scoecocene 6, 964, 000 28,010 HLECHINP Salted o acco lamante ose : 591, 400 7,098 Mackerel, fresh. = +.) 22. -=-5 521, 100 30, 352 Mackerel, salted | 333, 000 21, 900 Menhaden’: 222. s-clesco-- 6 = 240, 000 1, 800 OMOCKse ease ce ies | ceeee cia 3,500 25 j Shad salted ss: Nel esat Sen | 49, 800 2,046 Dmeltmrerecsre ore scone cae 72, 200 4, 002 omcode esa een. seek ees 1, 030 32 MOtals ete eiscececlieneacicie le 8, 796, 170 95, 691 Shore fisheries: ALE WIVES aemccanice s 196, 500 1, 090 LD) Cie peeeeceesecoeeen Seeeeaosas | 200 16 RlOUNGErSiase - sss os |t 22-2 eee $ 489, 650 10, 114 Herring, fresh ...... 3, 50( 2 5 1, 410, 000 5, 917 Herring, salted ..... | faseacniceicte 5, 000 25 Herrin sasmokedes.-\- 22 s--<--|eeaseee- 20, 000 AQON SS eaae once Retoetee 118, 000 930 Mackerel reece sc sa 400 20 |e scne eee Weeaagsad 5, 000 200 6, 100 235 WOWOCK sera asa eass|sssssece= |soccsedo|scoessscos Nee sncossiRescados se lo-eeoess 132, 000 3, 093 SCUp WE ee mea eas n| 5 =o eeieae \sessegeo |bonscocoss|jass55- BS Oe Seas steels eeeaacle 6, 900 50 Shad. dreshve sos 5-5. 1, 600 DO! oeeee ce lasenmeae eg ee ewer eet cea §, 000 290 SHAG Salted wr seeceslases ote s|e2 ae ces [ees encee eae cnc] te catoeeceian me omce 7, 600 320 Smeline: Wester 7,300 750 5, 060 GOST Saeed eceeleeeeee 360, 200 25, 802 ROMCOM sce eee nanan eee aes ace Pee ete eiare ota entartetetas tae i= yore Se Sameera 12, 515 389 SS SSS SSS SSS SSS ee ee Motel easen eee ees 26, 300 950 | 207,060 | 1,787 | 125,000 | 800 | 2,752, 665 48, 271 Total vessel and BOLES. esc oc 26, 300 950 | 207,060 | 1,787 | 133,060 | 1,000 | 11,548, 8385 1438, 962 266 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by counties the yield of the gill-net fisheries of Maine in 1902. Cumberland. Hancock. Kennebec. | Knox. Species. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value, Vessel fisheries: 18 (Gru ghey=auldast Nees: (Re) i Ss are ares ss acs 365, 000 ($£0; 975 sotecrrscs| Gace cce «|. a ee ee Herring, salted.......- 47, 000 #700 | 4,568,000 | 19,659 |...-.---|oce--02- 16, 800 $280 INWeKEHEl (2222s -ce see 434, 100 23, 240 33, O71 35,250!" sek atewe lem ses | ol, 884 1, 880 Menhaden, salted... .- 2, 000 VO i) sos wis eiccie ced heranoeta el bars ete | acto te ce re en Shad, fresh. ...:...---- 600 | 2Di is coerce «25. eisai Seer © |e co. Sie eer ae lie cicer> Totals ross shee Sete 483, 700 23, 975 1, 961, D714 Se lOSs wos a-ceslaeemeeneh 48,154 | 2,160 Shore fisheries: JAE AU shoal etc] ane Ee Ae ees Ree aes ERG Samer. =e | ocareree 250 a eee ee cokes 13 Wavveab aie tine Se foe = a Matera Neer Seite bm eae | lee ag [astaa2= 5 SRSEIRE S| oe Saeed 13, 500 180 Herring, salted....-..-. 20, 000 150 (66; G00} ALGO0 4 became Sod sae 42, 500 688 PIED TA CS AO RO Gb re sstm rhe | re errs pe Orel ftera ree emrmepel tora rae epee anes tas arrears Lacieeioetee | 15, 000 240 Maekerele ta ies osccsc% 26, 500 14008) 2 Cece. ceeewe bow secant ees Ramee © | 900 45 Menhaden, salted..... } 2, 600 40 facntactocees See Sowel aesedead =saaconcl Gores. <2 25) 5 Secs. Shade ireshi. sce ieccc 6, 900 BUD Sere tee oe | Noone 536 12, 400 589 1, 600 64 Shadivenlted!s j-cea.-2. |seeae ce [seeee eee 5, 000 | B20 i ewsiess Premera esse [Sec coboc Tota eA - BABA Poe pees 10, 850 | —---545-|. --2s-ce | eee a Se EES SEE Se ——<—<$<=—— Shore fisheries: | Alewives, fresh ...--.- 800 PAYA Ere Se See eal Sonate |jn'= 21=\ois{eiel| Seana ee ee Alewives, smoked .... 8, 000 TEM epee esse [Six cpcutall arcs teers Sct lewjuseesc) ine nce een See Herring, smoked....-- 1, 600 WSO Heiccc oe showic| deine enc 2] Shee sie os =| deere] eareee eee eee Mackerel ...---.<.----| 3, 000 UO esac so ayeerel Peewee 3, 000 2D | - a.) «ise raistene | Geese Menhaden, salted...../_........- WEIS ecelaiee sce isiofee wee cette 1, 200 17. |. snceeis cord] teens Perch, white .........- Perch, yellow “Spies dy 210 Ce ee eee : Shadi freshioce. 2ocec5 43, 200 1 270 \enewecwaeslecmeceme 79,300. '3)08D «\)..2¢>_“_E_o—————— | 1 SS | aa O_O | 272 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by counties the catch with eel pots, eel traps, and lobster pots in Maine in 1902—Continued. Waldo. Washington. York. Total. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: NelSH emccaweceis iW eecbancwe|oancoags 24, 500} $1 80) yo ee ecilenteneee's 154, 040 $8, 273 Mobsters=s-- 2-2. 6, 562) $764) 2,812,113} 240,217) 594,000) $50,645) 10,704,732) 935, 896 Motalessccestm 6, 562) 764| 2,836,613} 241,397] 594,000] 50,645} 10,858,772] 944,169 Total, vessel | ‘ ia and shore...} 6, 562 764| 2,981,408) 253,428} 618,300] 52,745) 12,384,629) 1,075, 630 THE SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT RIVER AND BAY. The number of persons employed in the salmon fishery of Penobscot River and Bay in 1 902 was 126. The investment included 137 weirs, valued at $10,340; 39 trap nets, valued at $2,125; 32 gill nets, valued at $250; 185 boats, valued at $3,180; and shore and accessory property amounting in value to $2,477, a total of $18,372. The catch was 3,269 salmon in number, or 45,782 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $9,950. Table showing by localit ies the in 1902. extent of the salmon fishery of Penobscot River and Bay — | Weirs and 1 Boats, scows, Persons | traps. Gill nets. ete. peor Total Towns. em- sat? See cessory invest- ployed. | No, | value. | No. | Value.| No. | Value. property. Be: Brooksville(Cape Rosier) - 2 | 6 | 2 Bane boseccce 2 $30 $115 $595 Ruckspontreassccseseeeee 9] 13 SOON eyeeee |seteaeatete 15 271 325 1, 426 Castine s. sc ecies assess sac 4} 4 215) |Gosaed |hesteeeee 5 55 15 345 Hampden) <2 s/).0s 5c se Oi seo Serene aise 5 $25 3 15'-\| Se eee 40 ESICSHOVO Use aronin.s ceiemioeee 3 8 | 360) |LAsek el lomemseree 3 60 57 477 maneolnville 2. ps en- 5 acieeee 8 13 GIB We ees aes 5 80 200 895 NOL POR ces ser odesseie sos 3 12 700 |b Sele a eaectee 3 75 80 855 Orland ssceecetectesese se 15 23 TOD. eke |eeaee ee 15 150 50 1, 805 Orring ton! eases css ccacecien 3 2 | 120 4 50 3 &5 25 280 IPenobscotmesacesceasccees 16 20 1 405 lee cesta eeiset 34 620 850 2,375 Searsport ..... 4 6 DOO n occ ca seine cers 6 160 100 1, 360 South Brewer 4 |. 2=-|- 2-2 2-2=-- 10 50 4 AQ)... eescee Stockton and Prospect ... 15 20 2500 NS ancam llameccens ah 523 430 3, 453 MeTODA) 5 s=3< SEB -ssecscees 24 44 280 al eck vee |e einer 38 711 630 4,146 WHITER DONG ceca eases 5 by) 200 1 5 11 235 100 540 Localities above Bangor.. Sill Se ees| Seen eon 12 120 8 UO! oiececoa: 190 AON soSaecesaasone 126 | 176 12, 465 32 250 | 185 | 3,180 2,477 18, 372 Salmon caught in weirs | Salmon caught in and trap nets. gill nets. Totalicaten: * Towns. No Lbs. Value. | No Lbs. | Value No Lbs. Value. Brooksville(Cape Rosier) - 80 1,120 $224 Bucksportsa-esccee = eee 114 1, 594 367 Castine st iieitscceonkeeens 102 1, 428 286 amipdenm se s2at= = as sae 17 238 52 Mslesbororeseese cece eeon 98 ey 302 Tincolmyilllesecos ose seioeee 203 2, 842 625 North porttweccssecseese nce 194 2,716 598 Orlandsstern eet cence: 67 938 188 Orringtone see-e ence eee 49 686 151 IPCNODSCObe- seace eee en eee 607 8, 498 1, 700 SCATSPOLE feces nies clain = 234 38, 276 721 HOuUthyBrewer =e. seeee es 36 504 111 Stockton and Prospect ... 631 8, 832 1, 943 VWiGiiOlithnspuaancecunoeecons 695 9, 730 2, 238 Winterport : 72 1, 008 222 ocaliiesjabove Bangor. esses os| secre seces| sees 70 | 1,000 j 222 70 1, 000 222 TG tail eae 3,115 | 48,606 |: 9,470 | 154| 2,176 480 | 3,269] 45,782] 9,950 FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 273 The following table gives the number, pounds, and value of salmon taken in Penobscot River and Bay each year from 1895 to 1902, inclusive: Years. No. Lbs. Value, PSOE eaters o Se Se ba cine stead noise oes aes Seek einuen sek een eee eseeeeaeees 4,395 65, 011 $11, 356 aR RN eae ialer eral ote rote iads incites cre oieis ic midieleteins sneer ame sidsin aisle Seen ecees 6, 403 80, 225 12,716 IS? o55 2 poe ee BRE See eae em UE etn ON ed ae ae 8 ee 3,985 | 51, 522 7,911 BEES PSP reales aoe Peter witha ls, syciatnicio ls. oie =:cla Siersisieisiarw.s - wepeeeee ORTH Ak EAA A a fae eee, eat! 16 75 a|eee ee ene BW dln eee 9,800 Manufactured products: | Sardines in oil— Quarters 23... 7 CASES. J). sess We 74,97d) i) 261345) | 5-2e ace eee) sneer TROYES mo eee eects ec WO ss eal eater eee Voor sensi 467 3:036 |. caseeercee mllots steve ern Sardines in mustard— Qwarterseose oss oeees GIDE raise ininsoe/teee wal resent 2,179 6, B63: |i. -arsiadc are ole eee Three-quarters .....- GOS -4 elk 52h eee a eee ee 325:820))) 112) 706! |5 22 eae eer ees Plain herring— One oMd 2225 -sece do... 2, COO 17, 600 1,000 25000 |. nw.c esas Spee | eee Cod— One-pound ..2-.-...2 (AD atl Saicts Se tl. sees sce al apace OSE se all re sieare aa 2,1032 4,165 Clams— | Gnespomnadi seen ee Stoee 7,490 | 28,778 24,918 | 75,452 10, 229 88, 348 Two-pound.......... (00) =i) ene iota ip Ie Vagal os art 1,700 3, 910 2 he: 5, 898 Clam chowder— Ome=pound 2.5. --<2- doe 100 | BOO. 022 32 he ce alle eee nce ens | 6s eee eee eee Three-pound ........ dois 4,400 | 12,250 2, 000 6, 600 800 810 Clam extract— Two-pound.........- QO coca s cases: 2} 2-226 .ce elles 9C0 2, 000 900 2, 000 Smoked herring— oaiterss Sh DORs SE ROS emer | SPN 2, 400 1,890 2, 400 1, 800 Lengthwise (3 CoV Baer ae pe PST are 10, 460 988 10, 400 988 Mipgiarmras sehen se 3. eel Se eae ce a eae 214, 600 aay By 214, 600 25, 752 Pickeled herring. ..... ISDTTE TSAI en ek 8, 460 15, 570 3, 460 15,570 ae Salted. o.oo... OUTS SESE ave ee sal oo a 33, 600 759 33, 600 750 Cod— One-pound...... 0... CARES ese ape Sion Kessel s eres sg | ee oe on 2, 032 4,165 Clams— One-pound ...... 3 ap. ..: 3, 000 9, 000 8, 700 28, 960 54, 337 170,533 SETS OKO, Lees ee ge 6 0 | KO ne A 1, 600 8, 360 5, 472 12,668 Clam juice— @Onespound —... (7) LR LEAR ra RRS | RO Mae Re 500 1, 200 | 500 1, 200 * Clam chowder— Onepouna . 326 ...050< £8 a Rau Se ae eC Eel eaeyeae SAR ere, et | 100 300 Three-pound ........- (CRUSH Ae eee Sra oie A ee 500 1, 650 7, 200 21,310 Clam extraet— MwWO-poum@s2-...5<< GO Samra ye fit Sea oregano ame aeeety ope ee | 2,759 3, 713 4 ECG) ARES ee eee Bee eee PAE 1G) ea a (2070, Teo }oee eau 3, 922, 699 Secondary products: (OTT See eet a ne gallons. 92, 750 18, 550 92, 750 18, 550 Pomace ‘ 14, 900 1, 290 14, 900 Scrap 104 605, 000 554 Total 33. Sadi sake ha 34, 004 Total value of manufactured and secondary products....|..-......._. HD DAA SS 2 oy ae) SHARE VE Solin ve Rees: 8, 956, 703 Se ee eee eee Number of canneries engaged in each branch of canning in Maine in 1902. Counties. Sardine. | Herring. Cod. Clams. | Total.a CUED Sra aVOES RIS Lee a Oem re ee RRL 2 | Bee se 8 8 LEV ATES VTEC =U OO Sareea ea 6 if ha eee 9 13 2 Eg wn LS MESSRS PE Se RI Ky ae eee | ers He 1 3 3 LLEOEOUAL 53s GethieS Sa eae eel a Lam a a a OV ease cpanel eee eee 1 6 Pils DURUM ae ee tee 20a Dero 41 Gree eee 3 45 AG Claret eee eat ayer ty Ble 52 9 1 2 75 «Number of canneries in each county without duplieation, 276 The smoked-fish industry THE SMOKED-FISH INDUSTRY. of Maine in 1902, REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. exclusive of sardine canners and fishermen who smoke large quantities of herring and other species, was carried on by 81 firms or establishments. number of persons engaged was 923; the value of smokehouses and other shore and accessory property utilized was $294,340; the cash capital was $175,575; the amount of wages paid was $108,401, and the value of the products prepared was $365,923. The Table showing the number of firms, persons engaged, wages paid, and capital invested in the smoked-fish industry of Maine in 1902. * Value of Gonnties Number Persons Weed shore and Cash = ae engaged. BC accessory | capital. = property. @umlberl and Basse scm wise docs oe sacierscis sielsise we miss siete 4 59 | $23, 100 $109, 150 $21, 500 HamcockoandikKmoxssc.coc nce doncten s scceeacaese 3 14 450 1,075 1, 250 PHO CO MM see ean tavae oan ca ctmeaitccuceceeeasntinee 3 43 4, 700 18, 875 6, 000 Washinetoniand Penopsecot.....-- ss.-.0 eretel| Bremievs ee selene PA oe erie Pennine sreshi nis sec aeaseine oseee ss 3, 656, 500 BO DOT las ce cjare coteeiel| wrseretors aiseell earlier aie Seb osecon Hickonvsha diy 5 see oot sceem eras. 1, 650 715 ya ee ete Pee cicero 2 (ode Ree eee MPMB OU eek See cee eke ee eA Se 80, 000 AAO) | ne is Se tered chore oe lhe eee eee | ee Samimp' 2st. 6,000) | W500}. nc cco aclonceseselcincsetbecciboe ccc aloe eee er Motels scene cece 892,400 | 9,996 | 532,724] 7,606} 292,958 | 6,288 | 2,621,250 | 17,402 Gramadwtotellcs-o-cce 2,284, 771 | 42,487 | 632,724 | 7,606 | 292,958 | 6,288 | 16, 214, 878 | 706, 786 Nantucket. Plymouth. Suffolk. Total. Species. Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. Value.| Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: Bhre-fish ........ eraiary AD; GED} GOGO le - cook ceed tak cece femecese| amcmeees 85, 625 | $6, 850 ROE een coy seas SE Minis cat ars nareie tall = Sake encima niea ema cae atl Reet 83, G00 740 ERRSRPT ST Tier ee Reet 0 Ae SN LE Spe gor ol eee SE hae Se a | aes rae 1,540, C00 | 16,143 LEU Se ith OY ae PSC es Re Sy Peepers HE ea TN eee eH SS TO | en el a ime 106, 866 548 Mackerel, fresh.......|..-2:2 | $7, 868 957,691 | $48,743 | 6,341,231 | 321,379 Mackerel isnilited cn. al ace sas eee cael ao eta ee oe noe 705, 600 61,522 | 7,608,122 | 482, 875 1 Geen Nok alee ere One ener aes, Fe ar leee ae |Get NE SE Ieee Meme Sun Pe terse ee Oty 430, 000 2, 950 J ety ilo (0) gas ee eee) pene meee aac MMR ee eae eee ye tel ee Seem A | MSs ome Sete med ie Saeed 600, 612 3, 003 Bemdiegis se SS ye Sa es | bec le cose eeserd |Seneeaneae 120, 000 2, 000 {SIGN 2Y Aste) 2 1 prom Mn | [ee ae | ED ee neve a Segre VE a FEY eee om ie eee 14, 500 145 Striped huss. ono t|)-ae eck eee sane eo = eo Be |= nin-2nee win | ecinie ee ne 1, 459 175 STW) 25s caer 2 $5, 625 6, 850 146, 500 7,868 | 1, 668, 291 100, 265 | 16, 881, 415 | 836,808 Shore fisheries: PAILEMEUVIES HE CS DI acpi peice io eee | ae eke ae te een a ae tee ee ee ele el ie Dee 665, 050 8,739 Alewives, salted ..... [a year er Se P1030 is 3 9722 (ee ne Pee en ae ee 1,084,400 | 12,706 Sloye LA See es eet ESR er peat a | ab Grape eidl Sse dee cll laos Os SGeL leah eee 55,750 1,115 GS NS aes ee 8,400 420 1 RUS (1) ee 3 2,195,000 | 14,187 ILS GiReReN | 9 Fe SNE etn 5, 500 275 Perch, white. .s~.. 2.220252 18, 000 (30 ee Ne ees ee 22,500.) ©1200) ||..<.:225,- cee eee Gye NS ee ee a ea | saree eee rene caer [secaeeeee loc cieaiseibsteiinmere Selleneioee 3, 750 225 Flounders............ 225, 500 6, O85 9, 000 180 | 60,000 | 1,200 9, 350 187 STROUD OCHS 20 sete eee WIOSOUONP MG THO ose ces Heras ee ase Ree cere 226,225 | = 5,475 1g Ne ae eee 125, 000 Boy /51P| Pee See Pace hereon ace nee 59, 800 659 Mis Ckenels Qe 6 cases 41, 000 2,050 800°) 64 47> '32'500.'|' 1,550. |. -4- = ee POMOGk Se eso 252, 500 SHO Ace ae ee aleewiateemaseeemace seca eeer 926, 324 8,322 SOLD 0) Re SONS ee Se 7, 000 210 27, GOO 765 16, 200 430" Scoot Pe ene Sehr] Of: 2 ae eee 6, 400 11] | Seer Ie ae 27, 400 1 267 |) 2222S. eence eee Squeteseue .....-.-.- Striped bass.......... SR ARIUOE a= sis ncin ce see sia MOL fish Gs wee see piney cme 2,700,800 | 68,287 | 167,300 5,474°| 240, 600 8,217 2, 790, 503 53, 227 Grand total ...... 15, 692,794 | 406,710 | €23,300 | 19,009 | 311,600 | 10,812 | 88,845,876 | 2,059,070 Nantucket. Plymouth. Suffolk. Total. Species. | = { | Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: Blwe-GShe eo ccccsaey Ls 60 $88 500 Lgl Se Serer se el De eS Ie 1, 900 $153 COGGY OIE Beet 1a Bae SON S81 ee Baan 1, 614, 900 38, 450 | 8,116,663 |$211, 885 | 35, 805, 098 851, 506 God) salted .2. 25.50.06: | 32,000 | 1,575 15, 000 450 48, 400 1,376 | 28,617, 968 784, 732 us imesn ao. ssecctee ls aaccntonleceeses 39, 500 765 430, 900 8,546 | 2, 737, 586 42, 937 COLTER SE Ui He3 [ee een em ote | Wet | Meee ear CN fete = UA eae orem lar ae ee rae ae oe eS 155, 721 2,573 OUD COM pc ys SEM a = eee ea oN Se eee aia Nore ae in en oe aaa Ht 25, 500 530 Haddock, fresh ..--.- | 18, 500 647 |2,050,100 | 45,828 |17, 006, 950 | 372,070 | 37, 506, 932 769, 078 lad. daclk-aplbted cathe ore. Ee ak elliot ALES alc sR LD ag eaten tea Pe oa 591, 073 8, 584 1 EPL lt, LEAS Ng es pe (a PL 708, 300 | 11,206 | 5,150,600 | 85,489 | 18, 687, 341 182, 494 eH HSREDER = aoa t terse oe Ss ad oko ell ce eel eee eel [omen Sy | ee 477, 813 6, 251 FERRETS GOSS Supe ene is hee eee 629, 000 46,850 | 5,076,100 | 206,270 | 10, 979, 806 578, 04 Halibut, salted....... eseme ce teeans 40, 609 2,400 200,000 | 13,500 | 1,176,128 70, 139 Maekerel : [occ ccncs.3 Nee eens | ee eee te 5, 000 LN el eta Se ee rc tae et 407, 200 20, 505 Pollock, fresh........ eRe a linea oe 225,200 | 2,509] 881,500] 12,626 | 8, 122, 922 77, 067 Pollock, sailtede: 2.52: Wea jaaistarare 5 Scotter | beclaretee eR ae ie Oe len | 2 ae ca 1, 262, 478 15, 210 SGU pias se-e oe eens aaeeeace 30, 500 785 Dea PASS cc aee ee ates ee acess 27, 800 1, 480 Tautog 3, 500 22, 500 715 EalibWtwimSsa- = seeee Wece ko atotc ats [sane oa lo enotneed Sree ics Rage ell SE eee | ORR ee 34, 400 1, 644 COGS TORS Saas c cc nccee |e cS ae cle is 5 oo 2 Cea gene ale eles 16, 700 531 Godtoily. 6 shee ae eter (ieee ere aire (Ee nota (PRR Se OPE) HEN pon oe Se Ae fe 172, 653 7,575 Tongues and sounds 9 BOSSE Gentes Beene Senennnes Beeenn nn nnn Eemmenan 11, 566 433 otabens eee | 51,600 | 2,310 |5, 334,500 | 148, 958 {36,911,113 | 911,762 141, 871, 580 | 3, 423, 426 —— (SE SS SSS SSS SS Oe eee ae FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 303 Table showing by counties the yield of the hand and trawl line fisheries of Massachusetts in 1902—Continued. e Nantucket. Plymouth. Suffolk. Total. Species. Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value, Shore fisheries: LviHWS= TSI ees Sas See eos | Pe RO) er Sir Tee. Se eee eee 15, 750 $1, 160 (CUES T=1E (ale 2S SS See Se | Ee SE) (CREO [me me ee (eee eee ee | ee 2,500 50 AS GLIN ESS ey Sa ee eo (eee ee 100, 000 $4, 000 2, 982, 454 81,196 Mod salted <.6052555 D52800)(99.925 | AS SBF 6 BBOOU oo coc dowc|bvecinmeter 241,575 11,875 (CUMMEERS =<... .- 250 a2 =-|ae Ape gael ae sore Son a pape 2 act soe Ieee eg lesan see 3, 750 225 INES AE Noss ss esas ceeac|ocssesseeesoes| BESSON yn tee eee SedScecce 52, 800 200 TGC as So eee al nee ers) (ae enter 57, 600 4, 608 57, 600 4, 608 Flounders. ...2......-. 6, 000 180 530,000 | 22,000 859, 850 29, 832 Haddacke- por 2 a 18, 500 595 45, 000 1,350 | 1,117,725 24,130 LELGNIR Doel See ESR es ee | Ne ee BC: | RES e eA epee Sea el Wesaoe Soe 2 184, 800 2, 534 WSNSHO TREN eee ee ee eee en eee INTIS OUT a ce ay Ree eee 3 as $0, 800 4,489 POWNOC Rem Sie aoe eccrine tea anatscice 15, 000 450 | 1,193, 824 12,547 NGUP) CHa god AAC CR OA OE Oa Ge Hee Be nee crscaal Ie nef ee sense 3, 300 248 30, 786 2, 465 PRTEMESM Cpep rene rere ate eiaticlatcre es, inka sic a cicvercyoni| eines alemieie ee alle nese ss 10, 600 942 10, 600 942 HOaMishpiTeCkKEeTe law jactacene ate noe cia cuictetstere cso relatele elles arn eiere ie cine eiaeeic ic nies 410 64 MOMELEA LUO e fee cicicn ecccen = cis ccs see 1, 000 40 794, 090 19,487 | 3,158,115 75, 853 PICU CMe ee creta te win, ine siateelem cic ceive Sv ece ete Woon BRO SSE 9, 200 200 93, 850 2, 531 Stnipedmbassue. aso. cece waste and Giclee yisisncietce maces | eases 21, 417 1, 784 50, 087 4, 917 SPORT Bases eee Rea Sen so eel ee eee vate are: Se alent, PEASE Sls eee 126, 900 6, 743 PR AUICO SP eat etaces Selecieeeccemeaedess 2, 000 80 36, 800 1, 488 278, 150 9, 279 MT COMM ere ee ems cen caieaiseece = (saci ace mae ale eta Joe 1,900 65 2, 400 90 HGH GAG aUs SRS OOS SS EO COO USE tOd| Racemenonere ese Seetada| baa seRsceelel |(Saaooceoee 104, 500 1,319 Mance ll ATMeOUSHISM Hoe ras csee ene cians oeeioae ns [Seat 6, 100 150 168, 100 412 Shiri peaerees «secs s oss ore cnaeenes 1, 200 DAO) eerrncs Sucre |tsee mars ereete 1, 200 240 GO DStETS esse sie oa oe icc Soe nasi Se [Siete ore ere Sui Waites eee 41, 750 4,589 397, 305 39, 488 Cras whand ase 5. ces cine aslee ee oe eel leiawerseanosee| Sates coe oe 6, 400 400 6, 400 400 Mra snsOlitisasecc cise se mes scclencenis| sie eete tice smellesamaceees 9, 886 1, 760 9, 386 1, 760 CUAMS BRAS secs ce eSesee tenses 112, 800 14, 102 12, 000 1, 462 264, 900 32, 514 Qupnoestescc ce cicck sce 4s cams 55, 440 9, 092 2,120 382 217, 240 35, 456 Seailllonsescccecss: 8, 700 1, 322 9, 720 2, 180 119, 652 25, 208 Oysters, market 2,177,168 | 329, 407 56, 525 8,126 | 3,615, 353 561, 291 OySlersvECeGh ee eecceec onneaeeweiers 401,170 LD SSValleeres soe se Jeceecsnooc 640, 850 26, 761 —_ | TOtaleescdee mene aseeck sels se ee 2,911,028 | 377,673 | 2, 265, 5383 77,733 | 21,613, 964 | 1,155, 701 THE PRODUCTS BY APPARATUS. The pound net and trap net are the most important forms of appa- ratus in Rhode Island for the capture of fish proper, yielding three- The number of these nets employed was 198, a decrease of 4 since 1898; but the value increased fourths of the total product in 1902. from $110,395 to $125,790. The catch in 1898 was 14,385,126 pounds, worth $220,791, and in 1902 12,924,261 pounds, for which the fisher- men received $310,219, an increase per pound from 1.54 to 2.40 cents. More than half of the pound-net and trap-net catch consists of scup, and nearly half of the remainder is squeteague. Other items of impor- 310 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. tance are flat-fish, flounders, mackerel, butter-fish, sea bass, alewives, bonito, striped bass, and tautog. The gill-net, seine, and fyke-net fisheries have changed little since 1898, the most noticeable items being an increase in the catch of mack- erel in gill nets at Block Island, an increase in the catch of mackerel and squeteague by seines, and a decrease in the take of menhaden by the same form of apparatus. The line fisheries show a small decrease in yield since 1898, amount- ing to 1,972,116 pounds, worth $60,076 in that year, and 1,636,760 pounds, worth $52,870 in 1902. This decrease dias been principally in the catch of cod, which in the former year amounted to 1,161,812 pounds, worth $31,907, and in the latter year was 606,450 pounds, for which the fishermen received $17,497. The line catch of blue-fish, mackerel, and sea bass also decreased, while that of haddock, flounders, squeteague, and tautog increased. The yield of clams, quahogs, scallops, and oysters with dredges, tongs, etc., aggregated 4,857,995 pounds, exclusive of shells, and was valued at. $681,230. Of this quantity, 3,264,511 pounds, valued at $495,123, was taken by vessels and 1,593,484 pounds, valued at $186,107, by boats in the shore fisheries. Since 1898 the value of the mollusk fish- eries has increased $108,334. The greater part of this is in the yield of oysters, which has increased 150,651 bushels in quantity and $78,706 in value. The following tables show, by counties, species, and apparatus, the quantity and value of products taken in the vessel and shore fisheries of Rhode Island in 1902: Table showing by counties the yield of the seine fisheries of Rhode Island in 1902. Kent. Newport. Providence. Washington. Total. Species. = 7 Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. |Value. Vessel fisheries: Mak ene leer oles (ast retarsel|. serene 3, 150 SL SOG ee ok eee OS a ease ree 3,150 $180 Shore fisheries: | Alewives, fresh...| 5,000 STD a2: oaciccwPaseesese 1, 200 $40 | 28,560 | $405 | 34,700 520 Alewives ;SAlted:os|. 52 sSe|lnccneue Pea ee I eS et to ae | 166, 800 | 2,099 | 166,800 | 2,099 iBlwesfishwic. 2. sces 80 SA is a arse oe Ge a (eal |ason ecard babacac 80 5 BONO et see eee oe 100 (8 ARASH Reo dl Ibanarirol pen sed eeeabetcc |bahacing 100 8 IBUttersnshl cece. 3, LOO DDB ais cvorcrovess are lareraia wcciaielavetecate erste ate oie rere oiesz are wires ere ieee 8, 100 118 Melsa: ose eae 1, 600 SO basses cliaeeceee 20, 400 | 1, 200 3, 500 190 | 25,500 | 1,470 Flat-fish and 5 flounders ....... 2,000 70 | 386,000 480) ssc steal -teieseee 14, 850 552 | 62,850] 1,102 Meackereleressstcrclssue scenes sce 204° 100) 9 AGO eases ener 1, 200 90 | 205,300 | 9,550 IMI OWSs secs ce scale cee ee eee eae eee are epee 2,000 120: SPs bsce eae 2, 000 120 OTC igeeicte arate he eel ete eres eared oy ee doeell crate cee a enero oe ees eee eet 86,900 | 2,155 | 36,900 | 2, 155 CUD iss cace oe eee 3, 500 BUT De ee ee Seo es er eee Oe ene ae oa allseseae 5 RSH TE U tee SS aie eh ae re Cai ea a ee re eC oe al rere nC pe 200 20 200 20 fost a(S) | ee ear a sera epee et (Speed [eee eae ee I eae Ge 6, 800 638 6, 800 638 Spanish mackerel. 100 1h ened ease e eee be coche Sacatosssllesesace 100 15 Squeteague ....... 38;'800) | 17502125600)" 451800 ee ees eee eee 17, 100 522 | 268,500 | 5,877 Striped bass....... 100 LO aia o et eeioe leisicicre arta ae een ont meee 3, 867 5385 3, 967 545 ‘LAULOR Ss noe wseneen 8, 000 DOOM ioe cewek | cesietiatts | aemeee ce heer nee 1, 000 50 9, 000 340 ES ares ban vere Ae tie pe gaa aie ie ad Nee EF 1, 200 OAH es See eee | ase eee 1, 200 240 Totalcenssonaee 62,380 | 1,956 | 452,700 | 14,120 | 24, 800 | 1,600 | 280,717 | 7,256 | 820,597 | 24, 932 Total vessel and shore...} 62,380 | 1,956 | 455, 850 | 14,300 | 24,800 | 1,600 | 280,717 | 7,256 | 828,747 | 25,112 FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 311 Table showing by counties the yield of the gill-net fisheries of Rhode Island in 1902. Bristol. Kent. Newport. Washington. Total. Species. Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. | Value. Vessel fisheries: | iUintGansl es Se Sees ae eea) Saeersee 1, 000 VOR Se See Sa ane Larios cage bee teed 1, 000 570 Gere Wea S ol ne ceeoels tacteaic| ins wacines istonsese 1S KS00) [POV SLO loan oes coleccninee 78, 350 5, 870 ROMLETCR OU Oi oie. asa are cetetersin loves = = sie 1, 400 42 5, 000 LOOM ese esas 6, 400 142 PRO (aley- ses sts Gameeities leeisaiee 2, 400 DADS PSS S00) IP ron Ol Onleceacaceelleice ees 85, 750 6, 082 Shore fisheries: IBWERfISD scm cis,< seme 300 $18 | 13, 200 832 50, 260 3, 414 4,250 | $290 68, 010 4, 554 BOM Ofassae sce sce sosase nese te 120 De Suid sae lec ta vepae Seremhace names 12 12 iberoip hye s- s SAN eee Salers crcete lta seve eave liavetaer ovate 1, 800 12 eave Metere ell seers = 1, 80 72 MWR CKereD trey: pe Cle aaa can ltsjeseteiea iste eereaias [cle soaee 2, 200 At eee ee ee eo 2, 200 144 Spanish MmYsiGik="|Pesecceslesecsme 50 7 40 NON EE eeeer eee ness 90 17 CLOWevesn ecinss se Squeteague ....... 2,750 110 | 13, 700 471 71, 000 1,970 | 14, 000 525 | 101, 450 3, 076 Sinipedsbass ase eal sesece (Pes asl em ecslanaecci| me an OO Melt Tinlee soca necstcee 50 7 ETO Ry sees aya cee ae 600 D4 secs Sele leeie ae Hfe lic Seem aute dl eminence ements lneeee ae 600 24 Lf 0) if 2] eS eee ee 8, 650 152 | 27,070 | 1,322 | 125, 350 5,617 | 18, 250 815 | 174,320 7, 906 Total vessel ‘| hare and shore...| 3,650 152 | 29,470 | 1,434 | 208,700 | 11,587 | 18, 250 815 | 260, 070 13, 988 ee Table showing by counties the catch by pound nets and trap nets in Rhode Island in 1902. Species. Vessel fisheries: Albacore or horse mackerel Blue-fish .... Butter-fish Bonito 1D EEA eee Flat-fish and flounders Haddock Hickory shad King-fish Spanish mackerel. pineteague Alewives INE See 2 ae Flat-fish and flounders Had doekesseeeoe- Hickory shad King-fish Mackerel ... Bristol. Kent. Newport. Washington. Total. Lbs. }Value.}| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. {Value Lbs. |Value Lbs. {Value 1, 200 (GSB eaa sore eoocbcde 1, 200) $16 Bore] Seva wanes | tac ee 61,400; $556 61, 400) 596 14, 670 868 300 18 14, 970) 886 24, 560 746 8, 700) 208 33, 260 954 Bote ef aele see cae ni] Soseeee 1, 100 88 1, 100 88 65,680} 2, 627 1, 000 25 66,680) 2, 652 Leica wate s|encita ct bane biel \se ep cpelstse|beaceies 2, 000 100 2, 000 100 Sees Ge cecne Seaceee eeeaee 223,250) 5, 931 69,750) 1,630} 293,000) 7,561 seeees|poescee|coestes Meee ces 3, 000 120 |Samece sseeleeneeoe 3, 000 120 Bee oenne amine ane Sase cel essace taal sececine 900 27 90 27 Seencsleasecenlensseseleeccee 530 48 1, 500 120 2, 030 168 Se aseisiae|Sensaelnccetne|snesceleeecsa- 49,190} 3,668 84, 800) 8,222} 183,990) 6,890 Eee ealeee See Aseeoe aacasee 20, 000 76 10, 000 100 30, 000 176 Soa SCS ABEHGEES| Hebeone ROSE Cse eee ee emcees 5, 148, 150/109, 268} 224,100} 5,304) 5,372, 250/114, 572 72,220} 4,005 21,300) 1,275 93,520) 5, 280 sede cick Gage Houessd| Mesecee Geeecee nemeesse 200 17 2, 400 165 2, 600) 182 Sere ae ee eea Meimnee crete ecerese 220 8) eaeeoboed pone 220 32 237,540) 5,798) 355,700) 8,946) 593, 240) 14,744 15, 700 391 9, 000 194 24, 700 585 15,160) 1,516 15, 350} 1, 041 30,510) 2,557 4,700 108 3, 000 105 7,700| 213 39, 500 39D |(Scan se saea|sascee 39, 500 395 22, 000 152 4, 500 110 26, 500: 262 5, 957, 470/135, 782; 876, 800} 23, 234| 6, 834, 270/159, 016 { 262,120) 2,750 49, 200) 559) 351, 240) 4,015 6, 100 402 1, 250 75 7, 500 486 122, 960} 3, 680 900 72) 123,860! 38,752 290,850) 8, 192 11, 100 364; 324,750) 9, 263 16, 230 477 800 26 17, 030 503 5, 000) 237 21,000) 1,050 27,000) 1,337 6, 100 155} 12, 000) 360; 358,020; 8,114) 121,450) 2,830) 497,570) 11, 459 BE erates sai stasis sie ieee 1, 000 30s. esiaase Saceente 1, 00 30 pe ctetel sereae 8: 16" Se cceeecce | Saeeeee cere | Benes OUTTA re cre ecard icfasay ee ee ae oa eee 158) Wiscewiece sci) “yee S82). Esoesseeee| Sees BORS(UnGerd tOns)\cese eee ee eee 61 6, 885 3 $640 WRCOR ES tepereraewew ctaccn seen mcasitonsiencneele 64 1, 465 150 FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 315 Table showing by counties the extent of the oyster industry of Rhode Island in 1902-3— Continued. Bristol. Kent. Newport. Items. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Tongs and rakes ° $402 52 $237. lps ecrein | ison cseteter Shore property ....-.-.-----< ; 2D BUDE oAopoees 3 700) See eee $300 Maotalemmy eCStWemt <2 amiss sleinin'=i~ = <15)-\|[siercic cincimne OO 2 Ole eee see ete 195: 8784 |2i5ccacee 1, 090 Oysters sold: Private; market << 2 sce mcietsei= bushels. . 42,891 63, 552 10,779 15, 570 Private, market... o..-sses--<= gallons..| 128,100 | 129, 256 11, 490 TGQ ee BMiVateSCCGs. s-s-- 2-13. -isismi- o> Dushelssalics-cccece|secwaeece 9, 500 4,410 |.. Publiesseed! ss cmec.cenis ears Jeeeeeee dosae- 10, 110 2, 267 14, 630 4,197 FRO Leese aera vers lawn tiers clot Sinis s cleiaicsiore lapiaietncis eae TQ5S O75 Sawer cee ae BbE8AG) | Eke 3, 708 & Providence. Washington. Total. Items. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Persons engaged: On -vesselsiand boasts: ..2-22522.-<.005- 1G Wes AAaooaeS Soileateiera Befelats 342): |-\aca/atatainvaisie DROTESIMEM sesiscmcsisaae 6 t oesisiceneeiaecioe D0) lel es epee eee 7A OSE ee SD 2AM peso BILLED ee ee so oe sae See citerele cisiata tats bor see eee AM eck) Seeptetel = 694 ccotesases RB PEMINE TS ayatecieiate ct ayaciete, aiaiavercleratsva/alcialsysienvacin = PT ARES 3 QOOK Ee teense |cnehinee cele 29 | $120, 250 PROM APCS ase: he, s)= as ceitee SE ssic ee sicieie ome SSD leek a ees inser crmnaye tate ee lere eietete eve SISA Reeeee eee Ube Ores Se teiseit tae cee ae see oo ee la cite secs TIGHTENS HES Bee eee Ee aealisad eee 26,575 PPL EVICSSE La seme ts = = ere ok pe Seaieis ecicie ee leicie 1 AB (iy eet ak Sal a Meter 4 1, 850 PL OUMMAM Oe eye eae ee cine cele em ce mee Gap eeee ER SO a ee eee es ele 202 isa eee UTE ERS cic rete care wine ciuto ci aisic a aiaiseeisteiceise CU Gone Saal gener ape et soe 425 IBOBEST(UNGERS ONS) ce\ttossnies cml oe jes loseeamecee ones ceceemee 2, 850 432 SMA PCTS) NEG ras ee sats Somes cei acta ell Sistas Sete ae cell Meeeieeeas 68, 750 2,750 68, 750 2,750 Sthtuctersucp ee tn een a eee 33, 044 847 359,426 | 10,152 407, 720 11,517 DULIPCOIDasSem nasese tal aearcieie anes 2, 650 339 24, 020 1, 756 40, 422 , 850 Siurpreons 9 oLeset so deeesc ene sees 740 34 4,185 299 6, 745 482 SUCK Crs case cioas sar oabae bie cicic'oeleisane dee wire soe cia laa atseisemle 28, 164 810 122, 757 4,519 Petold eras abe eae ae eee is ae eee ee ee Se ee ee eee 6, 160 257 9, 020 380 BWOLdshShoetice sem ctescl see Sass ee. || aes actoe eon smnsesecias 151, 530 8, 098 165, 930 8, 818 ASN OR WO) a = Rie ie er ee ROE 5, 985 274 91, 490 3, 438 114, 135 4, 537 Momcodiorirost-lisn jae e-e- cece se 3, 400 112 5, 980 195 27, 330 1,188 Whitin ery. Seas ce eee eee 20 1 31, 250 460 31, 270 461 SOL nNG WS Oe SR et ee ON oma er Seer Seal Mercia abe 37, 535 538 37, 5385 538 Mopstersisseee seca cnteee es eeeeeeee 37,445 5, 112 292, 140 29, 928 371, 650 40, 719 Oysters, marketers. -cisciene= sos 4,035,094 | 620, 688 27,510 3,060 | 5,986, 455 872, 634 Ovysters#sGed ees ee emenn. sae cee Qn 698),|) L805 Te sek ae eeeeeee tke sees 8, 634, 283 598, 948 Glamis See 25s See the eee 112, 100 12,712 12, 500 1, 440 224, 600 26, 743 Quanorsey sce a acecieec seen seemces 13, 960 2,316 9, 600 1, 383 151, 416 24, 762 Scallopsis--scecec. se spe tentestewce o2e Pane comelonies [saute ecion liom cetera ne ltersmiseree's 14, 400 3, 200 MOU eee passe nenee cece sess 9,302,914 | 883,276 | 18,129,688 | 198, 054 | 37,832,149 | 1,799, 381 | . FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. o21 THE PRODUCTS BY APPARATUS. The catch with purse and haul seines in the vessel and shore fisher- ies amounted to 16,326,866 pounds, valued at $72,506. This included 14,398,980 pounds of menhaden, worth $37,932. Gill nets took 432,095 pounds of various species, valued at $23,038; pound nets, 3,812,573 pounds, $50,826; fyke nets, 309,011 pounds, $8,929; lines, 1,221,800 pounds, $53,576; pots, 556,670 pounds, $52,268; dredges, tongs, etc., employed in the mollusk fisheries, 14,961,154 pounds, $1,526,287; and spears and harpoons, 211,980 pounds, $11,951. The following tables show by counties and species the quantity and value of products taken with each form of fishing apparatus in the vessel and shore fisheries of Connecticut in 1902: Table showing by counties the yield of the seine fisheries of Connecticut in 1902. Fairfield. Hartford. Middlesex. Species. e T e Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: JUG GS Ree Seer Eee aeeetate Bublinendge yes secs xe es cmtsiercle = Campa Gernie mates ei atalei- lie steccls oe CLS are kata Relais ha Saris Riese TRISH ISTO) 3 ee ea ee ore oe RErChiew ek eee sacle ccse se eecese IPIGKErele reece sea oes sees oc SAG ater eee fos Selec eee ass Smeltieescen meee ese casee acts s- BOUMeTeaeUe iss. ose kes cco woe ai Strpedibasst s- eeessea. ease cee Sturgeon... SUCGKEeISen oss oc nce se ae sence uTatishiee oe. Se ec cueisssce ss Tomceod, or frost-fish .......... RO tales eon tse cae ese 13, 970 1,336 | 1,299, 656 New Haven New London. Total. Species. i Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Vessel fisheries: SCUP esse dcenc sacccee esis sie Scullasetecwiacecelactesccasiee 200, 000 $8, 000 200, 000 $8, 000 Menhe dempate nae se aise a cisaneke sa hos occ eeee [eens testes 14, 398, 980 37,932 | 14, 398, 980 37, 932 MOL Re eeeece critic ater snetellteteeisies eetae Sesteek ees 14, 598, 980 45,932 | 14, 598, 980 45, 932 Shoie fisheries: A EWVeS Se sece ee ese sect een ace 7, 200 $110 30, 208 562 | 1,448, 493 12, 678 Bulllinegdsteseace- wae soc eeeca|'s eek sence) sesame caine 2, 400 72 7, 225 270 Carpi Geringn sees ence a Sse cine s see ialne oneee al eee me ciniee lnciciseie cere 2,184 164 Se ee elaine aloe civate miso Davcsarsts sje sical s tiga sera 850 43 1, 520 8&3 Riese en ose ewiccieeesorences [bceese- oa cealeccca nae 720 29 1, 020 41 MUOUMGerS ee sa Sseee cscs cee scallcoccacmeesoe chem eect 300 12 300 12 BETH ye 2 aces Secs oaicoe nde ae llsisiese Seine clessecee cas 3, 240 132 27, 335 231 Piekerell=® jesse nacweiosscwiac esas aes we cess sal eee stoeeses 1, 870 76 5, 730 405 SING Ree Aa ee ee Soe oar ie ceri 2, 480 7A Dy A eee cae it eek e 98, 612 5, 224 SVCTVeT Te re ar aSE DSO CGE COO Oe Ica tra | Mrs Geta ret mera her ateaag [en Nar es 2, 850 432 Saueleseuer. /- ahs. -15 tales 9, 500 190 640 27 10, 640 240 DURUPE CASS = ae Sciteia are atatye 2a) jouc 3850 44 5, 520 568 13, 870 1, 63 SUMING OS Shooto sore pe tbe ona Gon Tapeeabda socds o- Spm SRacmerceasollcscoocmenon 600 22 PUI CGO ES reece a Noyes alt Stents eerie |e Sais nis as bess eens acies 9,164 222 96, 707 3, 692 SUUTRtS Meaney vy ASP evercra ee aa.2|||s,a\e'v-s arnaieee lee ect nace 2,760 111 4, 620 194 Moni CoGMoOrsirost-nshe cere scase|Gessecs + =< sles ose. 30 1 6, 230 249 To tal@rre scenes sce aaeeisseeee 19, 530 561 57, 702 1, 855 1, 727, 886 26, 574 Total vessel and shore ...-.-. 19, 530 561 | 14,656, 682 47,787 | 16,326, 866 72, 506 F. C. 1904—21 322 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. A Table showing by counties the yield of the gill-net fisheries of Connecticut in 1902. Fairfield. Hartford. | Middlesex. New London. Total. Species. : Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value | Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Vessel fisheries: | MACE A oe ese nac tes aac iene ease poncne pNeersererers| | Syren 86,040 | $4,780 | 86,040 | $4, 780 Shore fisheries: SVRTC ES ote crate rm oral racine etetet= choral staternts ices ciccsiere 15420 tf “$285 |Sacce BoGe Macococs 1, 420 28 EUR eI ares Saye | ent otal | cratered Petree o' ail eee nha 3, 20D) |) = PART Re oe. clee sree 3, 200 192 SWAGs ccsetesesee 24 $2 9,556 | $505 | 204,100 | 10,862 | 119,340 | 6,231 | 333, 020 17, 600 Squeteague .....) 250 SD ERY Wetas creatbencte fare ovaries (10/305 ee ke (0 See een 6, 250 195 Bice eer ee ih Fenech | "680 1, 585 146 | 2,165 243 MObaeecenewes.< 274 17 9, 556 505 | 215,300 | 11,359 | 120, 925 6,377 | 346, 055 18, 258 Total vessel | and shore..-| 274 17.| 9,556 | 505 | 215,300 | 11,359. | 206,965 | 11,157 | 432,095 | 23, 038 Table showing by counties the yield of the pound-net fisheries of Connecticut in 1902. | Middlesex. New Haven. New London. Total. Species. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lhe Value. Lbs. Value. Shore fisheries: IOC WIVES. ua neoeemne donee. 352 5, 280 £ Wee OF WROGIDCIS a= cec seca basacbeob acannon deqguadsAécscoseadacooudscunsseedso bocaas oases 80, 121 Table showing the extent of the wholesale fish trade of Connecticut in 1902. Items. No. Value. ¢ ES Ga UISHIOMIGIE Stasis a itomys See aes cepa eMC saint see can Sets ame hee We ete dT 5 $22, 500 ( CEEVSUDY CHD VTE Ls Se Ege area a apes a PR TS en NA tae Oe aie eC ay es ener atonagl IAL Lh 83, 000 VENER) (ORUIG LB SCRE BS Sey Seale es Mi yeaa 0 Ea yk a IT ye DoE ele) TE | aearrens haters 23, 800 ELSON SLOT Se CG moeeas mee fay cas Sestetegr an Nem ue Ue Sal DAD SLU A OME oe et ad 93) | Aaah eee NOTES ON THE FISHES OF THE STREAMS FLOWING INTO SAN FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA By JOHN OTTERBEIN SNYDER Assistant Professor of Zoology, Leland Stanford Junior University a ae Oh a ‘on iS > Wr oy Man th ST nai NOTES ON THE FISHES OF THE STREAMS FLOWING INTO SAN FRANCISCO BAY. By JoHN OTTERBEIN SNYDER, Assistant Professor of Zoology, Leland Stanford Junior University. The territory drained by the streams flowing into San Francisco Bay comprises a catchment basin which is partly bounded by mountain ranges of considerable height. It is thus sharply separated on the east from the San Joaquin Valley, and on the west from a much more restricted area drained by a series of small streams flowing directly to the ocean. On the south a comparatively low, though perfectly dis- tinct, watershed divides it from the valley of the Pajaro River. All of the streams connected with the bay are to be considered as belong- ing toa single system, none apparently having remained isolated for any considerable period of time. Complete isolation is prevented by an occasional intermingling of the waters of two or more streams near their mouths, and also by a reduction of the salinity of the water of the bay during periods of excessive rainfall, the surface at such times occa- sionally becoming quite fresh. Most of the streams of this basin converge toward the southern end of the bay, which is there bordered by extensive salicornia marshes. The constant wash of the tides has cut into the surface of these marshes a network of sloughs, to some of which the water from the creeks eventually finds its way. Before reaching the sloughs, however, this water often spreads out, forming large ponds. The union of two or more of these temporary ponds, the shifting of a creek channel caused by some obstruction, the change in the direction of a slough, or a com- bination of these conditions may form between two streams a continu- ous passage well adapted for the migration of fresh-water fishes. ¢ Such a union of two creeks has actually been observed, one of themas a result having become stocked with an additional species. A dense growth of willows recently deflected San Francisquito Creek to the aSuch conditions are possible only during the height of the rainy season. On the approach of the dry season all the streams of the region rapidly shrink, both in volume and length, only one of them, Coyote Creek, discharging water into the bay during the entire summer. Much ofits bedis dry, how- eyer, for part of the year, the water sinking soon after leaving the mountains, and appearing again about 2 miles above its mouth. 329 3830 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. southward so far that a fresh-water passage could easily be traced through a succession of small ponds between it and Madera Creek. Shortly afterwards suckers ( Catostomus occidentalis) appeared in the latter creek, where they had not previously been seen, although the stream had been under observation for eight years. @ Not only is it apparent that the streams flowing into San Francisco Bay are intimately connected, but it is also probable that the basin as such is really a part of the great Sacramento-San Joaquin system. The only channel for communication with the latter is through the salt waters of San Pablo and Suisun bays. But conditions obtaining in this passage are greatly modified during periods of exceptional rainfall, when the drainage water from a large part of the state flows through it. It is possible that at such a time the salt-water barrier of the bays, though generally effective, may be broken down and an opportunity offered for the extensive migration of fresh-water fishes. Ayres? has shown that such migrations actually occur. He records several fresh-water species as having been taken in various parts of the bay of San Francisco during the unusual floods of 1862. He also adds that snakes, even, were cast up alive on the beach. Thirteen species of fishes have been collected from the streams tribu- tary to San Francisco Bay. All are identical with forms found in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, a careful comparison of specimens from the two basins having revealed no structual differences whatever. Four of these species, belonging respectively to the genera Antosphe- nus, Salmo, Gasterosteus, and Cottus, are able to withstand salt water and may frequently pass out into the bay. The others are apparently able at certain times to pass between neighboring streams, and occa- sionally to take advantage of an open channel for migration between this basin and the Sacramento. The relation existing between species found in this basin and that of the Pajaro River to the southward remains to be discovered. The results of an examination of the coastwise creeks to the north of Monterey Bay will also be of great interest. a Madera Creek occasionally becomes so reduced in size during the dry season that its water might be held in a few barrels and its entire ichthie fauna easily placed in a pint cup. The presence of a species in such a stream could hardly escape an interested observer. b Ayres, Dr. W. O., Proceedings California Academy Natural Sciences, Vol. II, p. 163. (Feb. 3, 1862.) “For the last two months the fishermen who supply the markets of this city with fish have taken in the bay of San Francisco many fresh-water fishes, of species generally found in the rivers, not those inhabiting the smaller creeks. These have been caught at all the various points of the bay at which salt-water fishes only have previously been found. It is well known that the surface waters of the bay have been nearly fresh during these floods, and the fishes in question must have followed down and lived this length of time in the fresh surface water. They haye not been seen in the bay before this. The following species have been noticed: Archoplites interruptus. Algansea formosa. Catostomus occidentalis. Layinia compressa. Catostomus labiatus. Ptychocheilus grandis, Orthodon microlepidotus. Mylopharodon robustus.” Mr. Charles A. Vogelsang, chief deputy California Fish Commission, under date Jan. 24, 1905, writes: ‘‘There is no question but that at this season of the year suckers, catfish, carp, and black bass can be found in the waters of the bay on the Berkeley shore and on the east side of Angel Island.” FISHES OF STREAMS FLOWING INTO SAN FRANCISCO BAY. 8381 CATALOGUE OF SPECIES. 1. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). Taken by Mr. A. C. Herre in Coyote Creek, March, 1905. 2. Catostomus occidentalis Ayres. San Francisquito, Madera, San Antonio, Stevens, Campbell, Guadalupe, Coyote, Alameda, Arroyo Honda, Smith, and Isabel creeks. The species disappears from Madera Creek during periods of great drouth, returning when conditions are favorable. 8. Orthodon microlepidotus (Ayres). Coyote Creek. 4. Lavinia exilicauda Baird & Girard. Coyéte and Alameda creeks. 5. Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (Ayres). Coyote Creek. 6. Ptychocheilus grandis Girard. This species differs from P. oregonensis, its representative in the Columbia basin, in having fewer. dorsal rays (8 in P. grandis, 9 in P. oregonensis) and larger scales above the lateral line (13 to 17 rows compared with 17 to 21 in P. oregonensis); also, there are fewer rows of scales passing over the back between occiput and dorsal fin in P. grandis (37 to 41, against 40 to 53 in P. oregonensis). The number of rows of scales above the lateral line is usually 14 or 15. Frequently but 13 are present, while rarely as many as 16 or even 17 have been observed. The pharyngeal bones appear to show no characters distinctive of the species. San Franeisquito, Coyote, and Alameda creeks. Measurements of 10 specimens of P. grandis from Alameda Creek, Sunol, Alameda County, Cal.@ RO Mane tee eiete tis sine cis ae coiateiate fice Male. Female. Beyeth of body in millimeters......... 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OF f.LoNgUM sUDANTS wouf snowjauuls snyyney £0 sajdunxa fo spuauainsna yy FISHES OF STREAMS FLOWING INTO SAN FRANCISCO BAY. 337 9. Agosia nubila carringtoni (Cope). Coyote, Arroyo Honda, and Isabel creeks. 10. Salmo irideus Gibbons. San Francisquito, Madera, San Antonio, Stevens, Campbell, Guadalupe, Coyote, Arroyo Honda, Smith, and Isabel creeks. 11. Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas). San Francisquito, Madera, San Antonio, Stevens, Guadalupe, and Coyote creeks. Often seen in brackish ponds and sloughs near the bay. 12. Hysterocarpus traski Gibbons. Coyote and Alameda creeks. 13. Cottus asper Richardson. Recent authors have identified the common Sacramento form which represents the Cottus asper ¢ of the Columbia River with the Cottopsis gulosus® of Girard. They have sometimes considered the Sacramento form as identical with C. asper and have placed the name gulosus in the synonymy of the latter. At other times they have considered the species as a slightly differentiated form worthy of recognition in nomenclature, and have used the name gulosus to designate it. The former view concerning the species is probably correct. The association of the name gulosus with it, however, is without warrant. The latter belongs to a species easily distinguished from C. asper, differing notably in having a much shorter anal fin. There are usually fewer dorsal spines and rays, a more limited distribution of prickles, and an almost uniform absence of palatine teeth. In C. asper the dorsal has 8 to 10 spines and 19 to 22 articulated rays, the anal 16 to 18 rays, while in C. gulosus the dorsal has 7 to 9 spines, 17 to 18 rays, the anal 12 to 14 rays. Asa result of its having been confused with C. asper, C. gulosus was lately rede- scribed from the Sacramento Basin under the name Cottus shasta®. The types of the latter differ in no way from C. gulosus as described by Girard. In its distribution C. asper appears to be largely confined to the lower courses of the streams, being especially abundant near tide water, while C. gulosus is found farther up, where the water is clear and the current rapid. The latter species has not been found in any of the creeks tributary to San Francisco Bay. C. asper is probably common to all of them. y Specimens have been observed in the following creeks: San Francisquito, Madera, San’ Antonio, Guadalupe, Coyote, and Alameda. a Cottus asper, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Fish., 295, 1836. b Cottopsis gulosus Girard, Proceedings Academy Natural Science Philadelphia, VIT, 1854, 129. ¢ Cottus shasta Jordan and Starks, Proceedings California Academy of Science, VI, 1896, 224. F. C. 1904—22- 338 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. | Fin counts of 34 specimens of C. asper from San Francisquito Creek. BB be | eS Bd ed ee a Ss a = os Ss mB + a eS pa = a S b =i Z = 3 3s 2 S 3 a 2 5 s 3 i 2 SI eI ce = Leal be =| = Lond & = = Lol iol - = Lal ww FI s iS i} a 3 a 3 os a = 2) 3 3 Pa 3 mH | a = Tee ilpnisie | t= 3 i) |. oe S Behe ae 3 5 5S) iS) a PS) fe} 2} I © i} ° a oa || o ° I ) A A < a A A < a4 a A < a | A A < Aa 8 20 17 18 8 19 16 16 8 20 16 16 8 20 17 15 2 20 16 15 9 19 17 18 8 20 ANG 16 9 19 15 16 9 ths, 17 16 8 19 16 16 8 19 16 17 8 20 16 16 8 19 16 16 8 20 17 16 8 20 16 16 8 18 16 16 8 20 17 16 9 20'S) 16 8 20 17 17 Cj eS 19 16 16 8 21 17 165] 28 21 17 17 9 19 17 16 9 19 16 15 9 22 18 16 || 9 2 17 16 8 20 16 16 || 8 19 16 16 8 21 16 iE TI) 38 20 16 16 8 19 16 16 8 20 16 16 || 9 20 16 15 9 20 16 16 I Table showing distribution of species. Be i/6 Sis # S| ¢ ° 4 A$] a 2 D H HB 3 3 _la|3]4 z Fisleolslz iota leielals = | 2 | 2 OD o 3 5 oO B ® o S) S = = o o S-] a] Se) wl 2S cs} SES, ol/cltelgisic¢leclisteisla SISiSiSISIS(SIBI IS) Blais nal\Al|a|H|O|/S/O;/O| Richardson, John, Fauna Boreali-Americana, IIT, 304, 1836. c Agassiz, L., Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, XIX, 1855, 231. @ Richardson, op. cit., p. 305. eRichardson, op. cit., p. 120. ‘The Leucisci, or Daces, have a short dorsal and anal, are destitute of spinous rays or barbels, and exhibit nothing peculiar in the structure of their lips.” i , 341 eee REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. with the original description of Zeuciscus caurinus and without doubt belongs to that species, an example of which has not previously been seen by any observer since Richardson’s time. Superficially, Z. cau- rinus resembles Ptychochetlus oregonensis, as was pointed out by Rich- ardson, and as if to confirm that observation the specimen in hand was taken along with many individuals of the latter species, its identity not being discovered in the field. The specimen is here described in detail. Head 4 in length to base of caudal; depth 4.6; depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head; length of snout 2.9; maxillary 3.1; diameter of eye 5.6; width of interorbital space 2.9; dorsal rays 10; anal 9; scales in lateral line 86. Body elongate, the width contained about 1.5 times in the depth; head long, the snout prominent; mouth large, end of maxillary reaching a vertical passing midway between anterior edge of orbit and pupil, upper lip without frenum; lower jaw included, its edge being posterior to tip of snout a distance equal to three-fourths the diameter of pupil; maxillary without barbel; distance between nostril and eye equal to half the diameter of eye; eye located nearer tip of snout than edge of opercle, a distance equal to its diameter; gillrakers on first arch 9 or 10, short, pointed; phar- yngeal teeth in two series, 2+4 on the right arch, 1+-6 on the left; the lesser teeth slender and round, their tips curved away from the others; greater teeth consider- ably flattened, hooked at their tips, with a narrow though distinct grinding surface which is more pronounced on the middle teeth than on the outer ones. Peritoneum dusky. Exposed edges of scales semicircular; scales of breast’ and throat minute, those on back anterior to dorsal fin small, becoming minute and closely crowded on the nape; scales in series above lateral line 21, between dorsal and occiput about 59; lateral line complete, decurved in the region above pectoral fin; origin of dorsal fin midway between anterior edge of pupil and base of caudal, second fully developed ray longest, the last ray reaching slightly beyond it when the fin is depressed; free edge of fin slightly concave; origin of anal slightly behind base of last dorsal ray, first and last rays reaching an equal distance posteriorly when fin is depressed; pos- terior edge of fin slightly concave; caudal deeply notched; origin of ventrals about a pupil’s diameter in advance of dorsal; tips of fins just reaching anal opening; pec- torals obtusely pointed. Color plain, dusky above, light below. The following measurements are expressed in hundredths of the length to base of caudal, which is 227 millimeters: Head 0.25; depth 0.22; snout to dorsal 0.56; snout to ventrals 0.525; depth of caudal peduncle 0.08; length of snout 0.09; maxillary 0.085; diameter of eye 0.045; interorbital width 0.085; depth of head 0.16; length of base of dorsal 0.13; longest dorsal ray 0.175; base of anal 0.11; anal ray 0.155; length of pectoral 0.18; ventral 0.155; caudal 0.27. THE GAS DISEASE IN FISHES By M. C. MARSH Assistant, Bureau of Fisheries AND F, P,. GORHAM Associate Professor of Biology, Brown University 343 CO INNES: MTEVOCMCHOM. cas sues ste ae pote hee ae akan Janeen ee eee Solipility,of cases in waters... -2 02.22.25. ose nincm Daseealoe ssa ae Respiratory processes and mechanism in fishes.............--.----2------< @ause’ot the eas-disease in fishes: <.. -s0s 5-2) so022 Se Sak ke Gneeeeens eo oeeeeeeee Possibility of infection by gas-producing bacteria .............-.-------. Abnormal gas content of water in which the disease occurs........-.---- influence on respiration of fishes : ...<2 2.2. 25...2,252-42 oso ene Identity of gas in the blood vessels, external vesicles, and water... -- Elimination of the disease by reducing gas content of water.......-- Roles of nitrogen and oxygen in causation of the disease .....-...-...--- Relation of gas disease to temperature and pressure............--.------ Conchusione a2. ssw tee ns nee cae oe ees poe ee aoe Supersaturation of natural waters: =22.-.-2-2.. 405-0255. ee a eee @onditions at Prwin’ Tenn 222 Sse ee oo ee ee ee ConditionslatiNashuwa: Nols on eee cee a eee ee ee Exophthalmia or ‘pop-eye’ 2... sctso- os 2e ut dete dae eee inhercaisson disease analogy... 22-2. .sc02--aseeee eee ee Other animals susceptible to gas disease... .-...2.s252--.-<22-2-c%ese- eae Effect of supersaturated water upon eggs and fry -............--.-..--------- Methods ofpreventing the gas disease 2. S20s.6 soa ce Sate eee EMTS = A oe Scie a tree ae mes eoe wot mein am Sas wa ae mt o/c scion ere BrHhopraphiye sen sseineo ae soba aon eee cceoedia ccc esennesee dass eee o44 THE GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. By M. C. Marsa, Assistant, Bureau of Fisheries, and F. P. Gora, Associate Professor of Biology, Brown University. INTRODUCTION. The pathologic symptoms and changes which affect fishes and some other aquatic animals, and are here grouped as a unity under the general term ‘‘ gas disease”, do not include all abnormal manifestations -of gas or symptoms involving gas. In the literature of the pathology of the lower animals gas disease does not appear to be recognized definitively, though some of the numerous references to gaseous symp- toms, and particularly to the so-called ‘‘ pop-eye” in fishes, doubtless apply to the disease as here discussed and limited. In cattle and other mammals certain bacterial diseases are accompanied by evolution of gas within the tissues. The gas disease of aquatic animals was first observed and recognized among fishes in sea water at the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Woods Hole, Mass. It has been observed also at other stations, at the New York Aquarium, and among fresh-water fishes, and it has without much doubt occurred at private establishments. At Woods Hole it is known to have progressed for several years. In general terms the cause of the gas disease lies in the relation of the amount of air dissolved in the water in which the affected fishes live to temperature and pressure. An understanding of this relation will follow a consideration of the laws of solubility of gases in water and particularly of the gases which constitute the atmosphere. SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN WATER. The amount of a given gas which pure water will dissolve depends upon temperature and pressure and upon the solubility of the gas. Under increased pressure the capacity of water for holding any gas is increased, while at an increased temperature this capacity is dimin- ished. The coefficient of solubility varies widely for the different gases. Oxygen and nitrogen, which chiefly make up the atmosphere, are but slightly soluble in water, while carbon dioxid, which con- 345 546 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. tributes a very small part to the total atmospheric bulk, is extremely soluble. . Tenoring its minor constituents and regarding the argon group of gases with the nitrogen, the atmosphere is approximately made up of 79 parts of nitrogen gas and 21 parts of oxygen gas by volume. The carbon dioxid present has no particular connection with the gas dis- ease and will not be referred to further. When water is exposed to the atmosphere it absorbs these two gases until a state of equilibrium is reached, when no further change takes place and these gases, if the temperature and pressure remain constant, are neither further absorbed nor given off by the water. The latter is then said to be saturated with air. If now any change takes place in the temperature of the water, or in the pressure which it sustains, either a further absorption will occur or some of the air will be given off from the water. These changes, especially under artificial conditions, may occur rapidly, and the adjustment to an equilibrium may not keep pace; therefore, at at any given time water may fall short of saturation and air be pass- ing into it, or it may be supersaturated and air be passing away from it, assuming of course in either case that it is not protected from con- tact with the atmosphere. In other words, water may hold in solution an excess or a deficiency of air, or an excess or deficiency of either one of the air gases, nitrogen or oxygen, independently of the other. The rapidity with which water supersaturated or infrasaturated with air will become saturated, or in equilibrium, will depend upon the area of its contact with the atmosphere. It therefore follows that water only moderately exposed to the atmosphere, as in tanks or most containers, may remain for a considerable time either above or below the saturation point. But the tendency is constantly toward the equilibrium of the saturation point, which will always finally be reached. The actual amounts of nitrogen and of oxygen which water will absorb from the atmosphere have been determined by analyses of air- saturated water. Authorities differ somewhat in the results. The figures cited here and in the tables give the highest values. One liter of pure water at 0° C., the freezing point, and at a pressure of 760 mm. of mercury, the standard atmospheric pressure, will absorb 19.53 c. c. of nitrogen from the atmosphere (Pettersson and Sonden) and 10.18 ¢. c. of oxygen (Winkler); at 20° C. and 760 mm., 12.38 «4 & nitrogen (Dittmar), and 6.35 c. c. of oxygen (Winkler). Pure sea water takes up somewhat less. These figures are taken from Comey’s Dictionary of Solubilities. RESPIRATORY PROCESSES AND MECHANISM IN FISHES. To understand the effect of supersaturated water upon fishes it is necessary to consider the respiratory processes and the mechanism by GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 347 which a dissolved gas could gain access to their circulation. In warm- blooded animals the life processes depend upon the absorption of oxy- gen by the t ssues and the elimination of carbon dioxid, and this interchange is effected through the medium of the blood. The liquid portion of the blood, the plasma, carries but a small portion of the total oxygen dissolved in the blood. This portion is in amount about what an equivalent volume of water would absorb, and is held in simple solution, as in water (Foster, 1895, p. 588). Most of the oxy- gen of the blood is carried by the red corpuscles, which are vehicles - for this gas by virtue of the hemoglobin they contain, with which oxygen readily combines and from which it may readily be separated. The tissues ofthe body have a stronger affinity for the oxygen than that which exists between the hemoglobin and the oxygen, and they therefore take the oxygen from the hemoglobin of the corpuscle, and give in return carbonic acid, not to the corpuscle, but to the plasma of the blood. When the blood next reaches the lungs it gives up this carbonic acid to the external air, while the hemoglobin of the corpus- cle takes up a new supply of oxygen from the air. Though the blood does not come into direct contact with the atmosphere, the corpuscles come into intimate relation with it and are separated from it only by a thin layer of epithelial cells, constituting the final subdivision of the lung. Through this membranous partition the interchange of gases takes place by diffusion, the process being known as osmosis, and the permeable membrane as an osmotic membrane. Osmosis is governed by laws analogous to those of simple diffusion of gases, or of the absorp- . tion of gases by liquids, and depends therefore in part on the pres- sure exerted by each gas concerned. The blood side of the membrane is high in carbon dioxid and low in oxygen, while the air side is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxid. Each gas exerts its pressure ifidependently of the other, the carbon dioxid to pass out toward the air, the oxygen to pass in toward the blood. The tendency is to equalize each gas on the two sides of the membrane, when the pressure on both sides would be equal and osmosis would cease. Since in life this can never occur, because the carbon dioxid going out is continu- ously produced within and the oxygen coming in is continuously used up within, there is a continuous stream of these two gases passing in different directions, and at an osmotic pressure which does not vary greatly under usual conditions. Any increase of the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere, or any increase of barometric pressure, would increase the osmotic pressure and more rapidly force the oxy- gen into the blood. The workman in the compressed-air caisson labors under a high osmotic pressure, which may seriously affect the respiratory process. i The nitrogen of the air is normally taken up by the blood in amounts insignificant as compared with the oxygen, and is held in simple 548 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. solution, probably in the plasma alone. One hundred volumes of arterial blood hold some twenty volumes of oxygen, but Pe, from one to two volumes of nitrogen (Foster, 1895, pp. 586, 601). The physiology of respiration in colin ledded animale is mot so com- pletely known, but the broad facts cited above apply equally to fishes. There is the interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxid, the corpuscle with hemoglobin as the carrier of the oxygen and a set of vascular filaments fulfilling the same office as the lungs. The gillsare immersed in water instead of air, but this does not greatly alter the nature of the breathing process. The blood merely gives up carbon dioxid to and takes up oxygen from a solution of these gases in water instead of directly to and from an atmosphere which they partially constitute. The epithelium of the gill filament is the osmotic membrane, and in this case the osmotic pressure of the oxygen and of the nitrogen depends upon the amount of these gases in solution in the water and not directly on the atmospheric pressure, though the latter has an influence on the amount of air dissolved in the water. The nitrogen is not known to play any part in respiration and the plasma probably remains with a fairly constant quota of this gas corresponding to the amount of nitrogen dissolved in the water, which is usually air- saturated with it. In water recently boiled and containing scarcely any oxygen the osmotic pressure due to oxygen is practically nothing, and in this fishes suffocate. The highest osmotic pressure under ordinary conditions experienced by fishes occurs when water at the freezing point—or slightly colder, since salt-water fishes can live in water below 0° C.—is so well aed that it has dissolved all the air - it will hold at whatever atmospheric pressure exists. Of fishes in higher osmotic pressures than this no cases are known to the writers save those here described, and experimental observations under such conditions seem not to have been made. SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS GF THE GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. The occurrence in fishes of lesions of a gaseous nature is no recent observation. A certain exophthalmia known in fish-cultural parlance ‘‘pop-eye” has long been recognized and is due in many cases to the presence of a gas either behind the eyeball or within it. This may be accompanied by inflations of the mucous membrane lining the mouth cavity or of the skin elsewhere, and these lesions may exist independently of the so-called pop-eye. At the Woods Hole station of the Bureau of Fisheries these symptoms have been observed during the summer for years among marine fishes held in aquaria for pur- poses of exhibition, and have been described by Gorham (1899). In very cold water at the same place, other conditions remaining the same, the course of the disease is more rapid and the symptoms some- what different. In aquaria of sea water a few degrees above the GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. . 349 freezing point fishes show within some three minutes after their introduction a reaction consisting of extremely minute and very close-set gas bubbles. Within about ten minutes the bubbles visibly increase in size and become much more conspicuous, enveloping the fish completely, body and fins, in a delicate, sbimmering layer of silvery white. It is evident that the bubbles do not emanate from the fish itself, although they appear to; almost any surface within the water, as that of rocks and the sides of the aquarium, exhibits the same phenomenon. Neither are they free bubbles afloat in the water which happen to attach themselves by contact to the bodies of fishes—though this may occur and simulate, in any water, the appear- ance under discussion—because the same occurrence takes place after all free bubbles have been allowed to rise and escape and fish are immersed in perfectly clear and quiet water. The gas is a precipitate from the water itself, in which it must have been in solution. At first, while the bubbles are very small, they are quite closely adherent and the fish may execute rapid movements without dislodging them. As they grow larger they detach themselves readily and rise to dissi- pate at the surface. A sudden movement will release a cloud of hundreds or thousands of bubbles. A few seconds’ removal of the fish from the water will completely dissipate all the bubbles, but after its return to the water they are soon formed again in their usual abundance. In fact, these bubbles are more or less a feature of all the fishes as long as the latter remain in water of this quality. The gas in the tissues, which manifests itself in blebs of the greatest diversity in size and location, does not appear immediately, but only after several hours at the earliest. The blebs may arise at any point, _ the favorite seats being the fins and the head (fig. 1, pl. 1). This lesion consists merely of a local accumulation of gas in or beneath the skin, the outer layer of which is often stretched to an attenuated thinness by the expansive pressure. If the’so-called ‘* slime” of the skin is abundant, bubbles may form within it, in which case they are small and numerous. The tautog has an abundance of this slime and presents a characteristic picture after a reaction of several hours. The bubbles tend to buoy the slime and tear it from the body; it is partly separated in long streamers, which remain attached at one end while they float suspended in the water, buoyed by the bubbles which cling to the surface and are embedded within the substance. This fish takes on, after about an hour, a strikingly ragged and tattered appearange, which is shown by no other species save the cunner. In fact, each species exhibits the external gaseous lesions in a way more or less peculiar to itself. The tomcod is especially prone to develop a few extraordinarily large vesicles of gas in its fin membrane. The buoyant action of these is often considerable, and when they are present in the caudal or last dor- sals they tilt the fish out of position and require a constant effort to 850 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. overcome their effects. The tautog, besides the appearances cited, has almost invariably small elongate blebs between the rays of the pectoral and usually also the caudal fin. The small seulpin (d/yoxocephalus eneus) seldom fails.to develop in the skin of the belly an emphysema of a honeycomb structure; and often in the later stages, by coalescence or enlargement, vesicles containing several cubic centimeters of gas may form, floating the fish belly upward long before it finally succumbs. Very young puffers (Spheroides maculatus, fig. 1, pl. 1m), when only half an inch long, develop vesicles at the base of the caudal fin some- times as large as the entire body of the fish, which buoy it to the surface and keep it there in spite of its str ae to descend. The pipe-fish (Siphostoma fuscum) usually shows vesicles about the snout. In the seup (Stenotomus chrysops), both large and small (2-inch), the first indication of the presence of gas is seen in the protrusion of the eyeballs, bringing about the condition known as pop-eye. These external lesions, however, though interesting and important in their bearing on the explanation of the disease, are not sufficient to cause death. Aside from some occasional bloody streaks in the fins, eyes, or muscles, neither constant nor characteristic, no external lesions other than these are to be found and no adequate cause of death is to be seen. It is on laying open the dead or dying specimens that the fatal lesion is disclosed. A remarkable and striking picture presents. The blood vessels contain notable quantities of free gas, the amounts varying greatly, from a few small bale: scattered through the larger vessels to a quantity which may distend the bulbus of the heart even to several times its normal bulk, stretching its walls to a thin mem- brane, tense and firm with the pressure of the gas contained to the entire exclusion of the blood, the whole resembling the air bladder of a small fish. The auricle may be still beating without propelling any blood. The fish may live for some time, probably for days, even after considerable quantities of gas have separated; for upon killing and opening scup not yet in the death struggle the gas has been plainly discerned. The walls of the auricle and ventricle may be emphysema- tous. The branchial artery or ventral aorta is often empty of blood and tense with the pressure of gas, while in the gills is found perhaps the most constant and significant lesion. The main vessel of the gill filament usually has its lumen filled with gas (fig. 2, pl. 1), which is often seen just entering the capillaries that branch from this vessel. But these capillaries it seldom fills. The gas plugs of the gill fila- ments are usually present—though not always-—even when the evi- dences of gas within the body are not very marked. A fatal embolism results, and death is due to stasis.¢ When nearly all the filaments are ain these typical cases of embolized gill filaments and of a distended heart, no assumption of any form of initial cardiac paralysis seems necessary. The stasis must have occurred in spite of cardiac effort. GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. a well filled with gas the condition modifies considerably the macroscopic appearance of the gill, and in fishes of some size the individual emboli may be seen on careful inspection by the naked eye. The gas has not been observed in the capillaries of the body, but is confined to the larger vessels of the systemic circulation and the gills. It does not distend the veins, though bubbles may be seen in them. In seulpins in full roe the arteries ramifying over the surface of the ovary attract immediate attention by their appearance as pale blood- less streaks in contrast with the green background of the ovary and the dark red of the veins which accompany them. Gas bubbles may be seen in the pyloric ceca, in the walls of the intestine, and also within the intestine itself, though these latter may be due to other causes. , CAUSE OF THE GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. POSSIBILITY OF INFECTION BY GAS-PRODUCING BACTERIA. ‘Fhe inference to which all the gas symptoms at first give rise, of infection with gas-producing species of bacteria, has been negatiyed by repeated attempts to obtain cultures from the blood and tissues of affected fishes, among both the Woods Hole marine formsand those of fresh water. The microscope gives no evidence of infection, and inocu- lated culture media remain sterile. The Woods Hole sea water suf- fered no unusual pollution and the bacterial count at the intake in January and February averaged only 191 per cubie centimeter. The rapidity of the pathologic process, furthermore, contraindicates infection. _, ABNORMAL GAS CONTENT OF WATER IN WHICH THE DISEASE OCCURS. he sea water in which fishes die with these described lesions always has an extraordinary gaseous content. At the Woods Hole station it had passed through a pumping plant which elevated it to storage tanks to provide a gravity flow for aquarium and hatching purposes. Steam pumps took the water from the sea through a long suction pipe and forced it to a height of about 18 feet into tanks, from which it flowed to the aquaria and hatching boxes. At the point of intake the sea water was of normal quality and fishes lived in it without unusual symptoms. The suction pipe was of wood, had been long in use, and by deterioration had developed areas of porosity or open leaks, so that air continually gained access to the pipe and could readily be demonstrated at the pump, which forced a mixture of water and large quantities of air bubbles instead of a solid body of water. Immedi- ately upon passing the pump this air and water came into a region of about 8 pounds hydrostatic pressure in addition to that of the atmos- phere, and continued under this pressure through a long stretch of level water main. As the sea water was approximately saturated with B02 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. air at the intake it inevitably acquired a supersaturation on its journey from the pump to the storage tanks, due to the presence of air and the increase of pressure. In the storage tanks there was but slight exposure to the atmosphere and from them the water reached the aquaria containing its excess of air. In the aquarium tanks the water gives some evidence of its unusual condition in the form of precipi- tated bubbles of gas which gather on all solid surfaces in contact with the water, and in a minute effervescence which is barely visible when its perfectly smooth, unbroken surface is carefully observed. The actual effect of the release of these bubbles is to diminish but inappre- ciably the degree of excess while the flow is continuous, for the con- stant inflow is bringing new supplies of the supersaturated water. Influence on respiration of jishes.—The gill apparatus of fishes, for the osmotic interchange of gases which keeps the blood purified, is presumably adjusted to water the gases of which were dissolved at atmospheric pressure. The gills of any fishes in this aquarium water are therefore subjected to an osmotic pressure higher than any to which they were habituated in nature. Osmosis is accelerated and the blood takes up unusual quantities of air. The goal toward which the process tends is the same degree of supersaturation on one side of the gill membrane as on the other. In other words, the osmotic press- ure on the two sides tends to equalize,-and, inasmuch as blood and water have approximately the same saturation point, the blood stream tends to acquire the same excess of air as the water, or to become actually supersaturated with air. This is believed to be what actually takes place. The circulation becomes supersaturated. In cases where fishes are brought up from considerable depths and confined in this water, the great reduction of pressure acting on the gas in the air-bladder and tissues permits the expansion of this gas. There is an attempt on the part of the fish to remove this excess gas, first by absorption into the blood and second by osmosis through the gills. But the second part of the process is inhibited by the already high gas content of the water in which the fish are placed. Thus in these fishes the supersaturation of the blood is more readily brought about. The subsequent release of gas within the vessels is to be explained chiefly by temperature changes within the blood. While fishes are cold-blooded animals, their body temperature is not exactly uniform with that of the surrounding medium. The combustion involved in the life processes implies the evolution of heat, and this heat is appre- ciable and has been measured. The venous circulation shows the highest temperature, and in fishes of several common marine species has been found to be from 2° to 12° F. warmer than the surrounding water (J. H. Kidder, 1879). Between the gills and the systemic veins, then, the blood undergoes a greater or less elevation of temper- a GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. oe ature, for in its course through the gills it must be cooled to or nearly to the temperature of the water. Its stream is too thin and it is too intimately exposed to the: water to maintain an appreciably higher temperature. The blood, then, before it can return a second time to the gills, undergoes a rise in temperature, and as the solvent power of liquids decreases with increase of temperature, this rise tends toward the release in gaseous form of some of the dissolved air. No doubt the amount released is small per unit of time, but the free gas can not be reabsorbed and the process of release is continuous, so that a fatal embolism is only a question of time. This seems a fairly satisfactory explanation of the means by which the gas arrives free within the blood vessels. It requires the assump- tion that in water of normal condition with respect to dissolved air the blood of fishes does not become completely saturated in the gills— else gas would be thrown out constantly by the higher temperature of the systemic circulation, which is of course contrary to fact. There is experimental proof that in mammals ordinary respiration does not saturate the blood—that is, that all the oxygen which it is capable of holding under the conditions does not enter it (L. Fredericq, 1896; O. Hammarsten, 1901,531). That the observation holds good for fishes is extremely probable. It must further be assumed that under the conditions of supersaturation existing in the Woods Hole water the blood does take up all the air it will hold at its temperature in the gills; or, if it falls short of this, that it takes up more than it can hold at the maximum temperature to be encountered in its circulation through the body. This latter supposition is the more prebable and, while no determinations support it, it is thoroughly in accord with the facts and may be provisionally accepted. emperature is not the sole cause which may play a part in the pre- cipitation of the gas. For the separation of the solute, or dissolved substance, from a supersaturated solvent, there must be a nucleus about which the precipitating dissolved particles may gather—an excitant to start the process of precipitation. This is strikingly illustrated by supersaturated solutions of certain salts. A crystal of the same salt as that dissolved when introduced into such a solution will cause the immediate separation of this salt, which gathers about the crystal as a nucleus. Likewise water may be heated, in a per- fectly clean and smooth flask, above the boiling point without ebulli- tion. If a solid foreign particle,such as a fragment of pumice stone, be dropped into the flask, boiling instantly begins. To apply this principle to the present case, the minute floating corpuscles may be considered as the nuclei for the separation of gas from blood, which is supersaturated with it. The difference in temperature is the more important and fundamental cause of the release of gas, while doubtless the corpuscles at least provide Joc? for the change of state. F. C. 1904—23 304 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. The time required for a fatal result depends primarily on the degree of excess. Death has been observed within three hours after intro- duction of a healthy fish into the abnormal water, but in this case the exact’ excess is unknown, and there was no autopsy. At 10° C. and an excess of 6c. c. of nitrogen and 2 ¢. ce. of oxygen per liter, a hake was killed at the end of 8 hours, and embolic gas under pressure in the heart was observed immediately after death. Ten hours fre- quently suffices for this result. Species differ in susceptibility. Identity of gas in the blood vessels, external vesicles, and water.— “Some relation of identity or source between the several gases within the blood vessels, in the external blebs, and that which separates directly from the water upon the fishes is at once inferred as prob- able, and the gas of all the lesions would seem to be derived-from the water. The following four samples were determined by the United States Bureau of Chemistry, the first three collected in February. The merely adherent bubbles which formed on the exterior of the fishes had the following composition: Per cent, (Geely Oren Se Seem ee ere im on acetal ee fete a 1. 03 Oxpeen ce. o2 seu eet oe acco ee sacs sen aem enc ees See 17.58 Nimo mene ick cots SREB e at Sone ee eee 81. 39 A sample precipitated upon blocks of wood, no fishes being in the water, consisted of: _ Per cent. Garbom: dioxin - 424 552% 2 op oa ee eect oe ee ee ee eee 0.58 Oxiroem 2 22 esse Soe Bo eet ei Sats aero eats mete ar eee ee eee re 22. 87 JN {(QE GO\212) 0 eee ee eC hE MG eT RE ee ce i IS 2 76. 55 The difference between the carbon dioxid and oxygen in these two samples should be referred to the respiration of the fishes, present in the first case and absent in the second. The gas from the large ves- icles on the belly of the small sculpin (J/yoxocephalus aeneus) was as follows: Per cent. (Glance Clipsxenl se Se pe BE ees oe ee a ee eee 3.78 Aigo SS sas ty! s ced ceehechon a eee Spans Leena ee eee 18. 09 INDirOCEM A. 2 a5. ceed Nee Sere ee ee Se ieee eee 78.18 In this the oxygen is diminished and the carbon dioxid increased by oxidation of organic matter in the tissues. Methane, hydrogen, or carbon monoxid were not present in any of these samples. A sample collected in September from the water alone showed : © Per cent. Garbon/dioxid 3 ial). Sse Poses ee eee ee ee 0.4 Omryoeiie 5c). Nos oe eo Ls SO ee Nitep eb feels Se a eSB ee eae ane eee ere eden 79.0 The gas is evidently nothing more than the constituents of air, the proportions varying more or less from those of the atmosphere. GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 358 The quantities actually dissolved in the water were first determined from a sealed and transported sample taken in September during the progress of the disease. The results are probably not perfectly accu- rate, because of the age of the sample. By reference to Table III, page 373, it is seen that this water had an excess of nitrogen of 2.2 ¢. ¢. per liter, and was a little less than saturated with oxygen. The time which elapsed between the taking and the determination of the sample, however, probably removed oxygen by oxidation, and there may have been an original excess of this gas as well as nitrogen. Tiimination of the disease by reducing gas content of water.—The replacement of the old suction pipe with a new infpervious one abol- ished.all signs of the gas disease at Woods Hole. Determinations made upon the water of the aquarium after air had been intentionally adinit- ted to this new suction pipe showed definite and considerable excesses of both nitrogen and oxygen, these determinations being made at the station upon freshly taken samples. The gas was boiled from the water by the Tiemann and Preusse modification of Reichardt’s appa- ratus (Hempel, 1902, p. 10) and determined by absorption, the residue after removal of carbon dioxid and oxygen being considered as nitro- gen. There appeared an excess of both nitrogen and oxygen of some 3 to 6c. c. per liter of water in the case of nitrogen, and of 1.5 to 2.5 c. c. of oxygen. This condition of the water killed 6 hake in from 8 to 20 hours. The figures are probably somewhat greater than those for the conditions of the old leaking suction pipe, which may be repre- sented by an excess of about 2 ¢. c. of nitrogen per liter, and of some- what less than 1c. c. of oxygen. The water under the experimental conditions referred to with the new suction pipe had exactly the same effect upon fishes as the water during the service of the pervious wooden suction pipe, save that it was more rapidly fatal. The dead fishes showed ali the described lesions and symptoms. Itis left beyond question that the gases of the pure atmosphere are one of the efficient factors in the causation of the gas disease. Exposure of the water to the atmosphere at atmospheric pressure removes the excess of air with a rapidity dependent on the degree of this exposure. Whenever by the mechanical arrangement of the delivery pipes at the aquaria the inflow of water was exposed, as when a strong jet was allowed to impinge upon the surface of the aquarium level, carrying in many bubbles of free air, the lesions on the fishes were more slowly produced, and the fatal result was postponed. The process of exposure deaerated the water, and had only to be made thorough enough to correct it completely by removing the excess. Thus, if the inflow was made to pass through a strainer elevated several feet above the aquaria, so that the water was divided into many very slender streams, which compelled intimate contact with the air during 356 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. the drop and in the splash at the surface, all mortality and symptoms of gas could be prevented. From water standing without flow in ordinary containers the excess of course finally disappeared, but in the large Woods Hole aquaria signs of excess were still evident after seven days. A cylindrical glass hatching jar of about 23 gallons capacity, after filling with supersaturated water, required to stand two or three days before this water failed to produce an external precipitation on the body of a tomeod immersed in it as a test. ROLES OF NITROGEN AND OXYGEN IN CAUSATION OF THE DISEASE. Some consideration may now be given to the separate rdéles of the two gases nitrogen and oxygen in the disease. A reference to Table II, page 373, shows that the gas from the fixed gas lesions, that is, from the exophthalmia, from the fin blebs, and particularly from the cham- bers of the heart, is very high in nitrogen. The sample from the sacs of rainbow-trout fry was taken from specimens preserved in formalin and some oxygen may have been lost on this account. All the others were from fresh material. The samples upon which these figures are based were very small, and in obtaining them it was impossible to exclude with certainty all con- tamination from atmospheric sources. In each casea part of the small percentage of oxygen found certainly came directly from the air. The sample from the eyes of scup was most liable to this error. That from the hearts of various fishes indicates that the gas which causes the fatal embolism in the vessels is almost pure nitrogen, and samples from this source more accurately represent the gas as released from the blood than those from the external blebs or the tissues about the eyes. The one sample of the latter sort obtained was largely from scup in which gas had inflated the conjunctiva so that this gas was separated from the water only by a very thin transparent membrane, through which oxygen from the water may have diffused. Likewise all the fin blebs have but a similar osmotic membrane protecting the contained gas from changes in its original composition. The heart gas, however, doubtless represents solely a direct precipitation from the blood. It would appear, then, that it is the nitrogen gas chiefly, if not solely, which plays the essential part in the disease. The separation of gas from the supersaturated blood is certainly not in pro- portions analogous to that of the separation of nitrogen and oxygen from water supersaturated with air. In air-saturated water the oxy- gen is about 33 per cent of the total oxygen and nitrogen dissolved. In water air-supersaturated under the mechanical conditions here described the percentage of oxygen dissolved is slightly less, for the excess is not taken up in the same proportions that it is from the atmos- phere. When unsaturated water is shaken with air at ordinary pres- sure, the residue of undissolved gas is richer in nitrogen than the GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 357 atmosphere. But in this mechanically induced supersaturation frag- ments of the atmosphere are forced bodily into solution in their entirety, and the dissolved content is increased by nitrogen and oxy- gen in atmospheric proportions, 79+ 21, instead of in dissolved pro- portions, 67+33. When the excess of these two gases escapes spon- taneously from the water the oxygen has about the atmospheric relation to the nitrogen, i. e., about 21 per cent of the total, notwith- standing that while in solution the oxygen is more than 30 per cent of the total of these two. In other words the excess goes in as air and comes out as air. Thus the actual analyses already cited (p. 354) of precipitated gas from Woods Hole water, show the proportion of oxy- gen to be about as in air. Since the blood does not release its supersaturation in this way, it is at once suggested that the hemoglobin capacity for oxygen modifies the effect of the water so far as the supersaturation with oxygen is concerned. It would appear that the corpuscles can take up more than the usual amount of oxygen and that the increment is not thrown out by the rise in temperature. It remains to study experimentally the effect upon fishes of water in which the supersaturation is with oxygen alone. Some evidence is afforded by an instance of such a supersaturation, naturally occurring, in a pond containing trout. At the Cold Spring Harbor Station of the New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commission, the springs which chiefly supply the station make immediately a shallow pond of considerable size. In the spring of 1904 the bottom of this pond became heavily overgrown with green alow, chiefly with a species of Sprogyra. Presumably from these alow, the water about the middle of the pond acquired an excess of oxygen of 3c. c. per liter, while the nitrogen content remained nor- nial, or but slightly in excess. Remote portions of the pond were normal in oxygen. Large trout lived in it in good condition and showed no gas symptoms, but the fact lacks conclusiveness since they had access to normal water, which they doubtless frequented. It is probable, however, that a large excess of oxygen is required to pro- duce untoward results from this gas alone. In the conditions at Woods Hole, while the excess was of both oxygen and nitrogen, it is prob- able that the damage was done by the latter gas alone. RELATION OF GAS DISHASE TO TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE When water is here described as containing an excess of air, or an excess of oxygen or nitrogen, a definite relation of the quantity of gas to temperature and pressure is of course connoted. It is hardly necessary to insist that dissolved gas only is referred to, for loose bubbles present are not really in the water, though they may be beneath its surface or within its volume. The gas-disease process, then, bears an intimate relation to temperature and pressure. Ifa 358 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. given quantity of dissolved air per unit of water, at a given tempera- ture and pressure, occasions a fatal process among fishes, a sufficient increase in the pressure or decrease in the temperature may render the water perfectly harmless to fishes; but it does so by abolishing the excess of air, though no change occurs in the absolute quantity of air eoncerned. The temperature factor alone is not so easily varied, and no direct experiments have been made involving it, but the statement above can hardly fail to be corroborated by such tests. For the pres- sure factor some interesting experimental facts have been obtained. Seup placed in live boxes at or near the top of a reservoir storage tank of the Woods Hole water which was causing gas symptoms in aquaria were usually killed within twenty-four hours, the characteris- tic embolism and external symptoms always present. At the bottom of this tank, the depth of water being 8 or 9 feet, several days were required to produce the symptoms, and death occurred only after a still longer time. At half the depth the results were intermediate. There was a constant flow of water through the tank and it was evi- dently the hydrostatic pressure which inhibited the usual process. Carrying these observations further, a large glass jar was arranged to hold aquarium water with a constant flow and under a pressure vary- ing between 6 and 7 pounds per square inch .in addition to atmos- pherie pressure. Five adult seup were placed in this jar and remained alive under the pressure, without food, for twenty-nine days without developing any gas symptoms. The same water which flowed through the jar would at the beginning of the experiment at atmospheric pres- sure produce external lesions within twenty-four hours and was fatal within two or three days, the time varying considerably. After removal of pressure at the end of the experiment, all the five seup died within five days with free gas in the vessels of each. They were fed for the first time on the fourth day after the removal of pressure. During various experiments at Woods Hole some evidence was inci- dentally brought out indicating that starvation retarded the gas-disease process. This it may be conceived to do by a general lowering of metabolism. Except under experimental conditions, no cases of gas disease caused by reduction of pressure alone have been observed by the writers, and it is doubtful whether any occur. In a former paper by one of us (Gorham, 1899) it was thought that the reduction of pressure was the only cause. The factor of the supersaturation of the water was not recognized at that time. From experiments performed in connection with that former work and new ones in connection with the present study we are sure that mere reduction of hydrostatic pressure—that is, the reduction incident on bringing fishes to the surface of the water— is not sufficient to produce the disease in those fishes which have been studied. A number of seup were kept ima live car at the surface of the GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 359 water outside the hatchery fortwenty-four days and nosymptoms of the disease appeared. At the end of this time, when placed in the super- saturated water of the aquaria, the same scup died quickly, with all the symptoms of gas disease. There is a considerable reduction of pressure brought about in bringing scup from their natural depths (2 to 20 fathoms) to the surface. The pressure at 54 fathoms is twice that at the surface. But the fish can accommodate themselves to this reduction. The increased volume of gas in the air bladder is dimin- ished through absorption by the blood, and the gills remove it by osmosis to the sea water. Experimentally, however, reduction of pressure below that of the atmosphere is suflicient to produce the disease. The experiments reported in the previous paper (Gorham, 1899), which have been repeated and extended, demonstrate this. They were carried on by placing fishes in sea water in a large jar from which the air could be exhausted by a pump, and the vacuum secured measured by a gauge. Kishes could be killed very quickly (forty-four minutes) by a rapid reduction of the pressure to about 20 inches of vacuum, or about one-third of an atmosphere. These fishes gave the symptoms of gas disease such as the presence of a gas bubble in the heart and gas in the other vessels. By a less reduction, or by a series of reductions with periods of rest between, it was possible to bring about the for- mation of the external lesions of the disease, such as pop-eye, blebs in the fins, etc. Similarly an increase of pressure, brought about by forcing air into this same jar or by subjecting fishes to the pressure of a considerable depth of water, will cure or prevent the disease. Symp- toms of the disease such as protruding eyes and blebs on the fins, which have been caused by placing fishes in supersaturated water, will disap- pear when the fishes are placed under these conditions of increased pressure. It should be said, however, that the presence or absence of an air bladder is probably important in determining the presence or absence of free gas within the blood vessels of fishes drawn from depths to the surface. There seems to be no reason why such fishes lacking an air bladder should show embolic gas or any free gas which was not free at the beginning of the change of depth. As far as the writers are aware, no observations have been made or are of record. While the saturation point of both water and blood at great depths is tremendously increased, deep waters do not have a greater air content than surface waters. They have, in fact, less of oxygen, and of nitrogen approximately the same as or less than surface waters, but never more. (Dittmar, 1884, p. 225.) This follows from the fact that the air in deep waters was taken up at the surface, and that the oxygen may be constantly diminished by oxidation processes while the nitrogen remains unchanged. The blood of deep-sea fishes without air bladders should never, therefore, contain more air than it can hold at the & 360 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. coldest surface water. As for pressure conditions, then, no such deep- sea fish should liberate air from its blood when brought to the surface. Since, however, its habitat may be water whose nitrogen was dissolved at a low temperature, and it may be brought up into comparatively warm surface water, there exist theoretical conditions in which this result would be possible. That it actually occurs is unlikely, but is a matter for observation. The air-bladder factor has not been thoroughly worked out in the present study and is an interesting field for further experiment. Although under these experimental conditions it is possible to pro- duce the gas disease by reduction of pressure alone, yet the conditions are quite different from those which obtain when fishes are brought to the surface from depths. Fishes are in the habit of coming to the surface for short periods under natural conditions. They can accom- modate themselves for short intervals, at least, to changes in pressure ranging from that at the surface to that of considerable depths, though the amount of gas to be eliminated when a fish with an air bladder comes to the surface is very large. When forcibly drawn up from considerable depths great changes take place, for the eyes bulge from the head and sometimes completely out of the sockets, the fish is often ‘‘ poke-blown,” the stomach and other viscera pushed into the cavity of the mouth, and the air bladder expanded or ruptured. The removal of pressure causes the free gas always present within the body to expand, and occasions displacement of tissues and organs. It is an interesting question whether such fishes have free gas within the blood vessels. When the pressure is reduced below that of the surface, and quite rapidly, we would expect that the fish’s powers of accommodation would be overstepped and they would not be able to take care of the surplus gas so quickly produced. No opportunity for adjustment is given. Still more when a fish is brought from a considerable depth and confined at the surface in water which is already supersaturated with gas, the gills would be unable to discharge the excess from the blood and the production of the gas disease would be hastened. On the other hand, that the supersaturation of the water alone with- out the reduction of pressure is sufficient to produce the disease, we have abundant evidence. Surface fishes like /wndulus, usually quite hardy, succumb to the effects of the supersaturated water. Fresh- water fishes, like the trout, which have never been subjected to any decrease of pressure, quickly show the effects of supersaturation. CONCLUSIONS. In the light of these facts it seems to follow theoretically that no matter how great the quantity of air dissolved in water no gas disease can appear, provided the pressure is high enough; and conversely, no matter how high the pressure the gas disease will appear, provided GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 3861 the quantity of air dissolved is great enough. Supposing the temper- ature constant, it is the interrelation of the dissolved air factor and the pressure factor which determines the fact of the excess, and since the condition of excess of air is to be defined only as a preponderance of the dissolved air factor over the pressure factor, the cause of the gas disease may be defined broadly as due to an excess of air; and more narrowly, since there is much evidence that nitrogen alone is essentially concerned, as due to an excess of nitrogen. SUPERSATURATION OF NATURAL WATERS. The symptoms and fatality at Woods Hole were the result of artificial conditions. A modification by the hand of man of the condi- tions under which air is usually taken up by the water resulted in an excess of the airso takenup. The pertinent question will immediately suggest itself whether natural waters ever acquire a similar excess, or any excess at all, of air or of the constituents of air. Such excesses are found to occur. Natural springs of water and flowing wells are known to emit a gas, sometimes in considerable quantities, which has approximately the composition of air. These are not very common. Conditions at Erwin, Tenn.—Such a spring occurs on the reservya- tion at the Fisheries Station at Erwin, Tenn., in a limestone region near the foot of a considerable mountain ridge. This spring has a superficial area of about 600 square feet and its maximum depth is about 4 feet. The bottom is partly of mud, partly of gravel and the outcropping of the limestone strata. The water wells up chiefly from the gravel, and from each wellspring a quantity of gas in large bub- bles is evolved at intervals of a few moments. The gravelly bottom about the sources of water holds mechanically large amounts of gas, for, upon tapping it gently with a stick, an unusually large quantity is liberated and comes bubbling up through the water. The evolution of gas then ceases for a longer period than usual, but begins again spontaneously within a few minutes. This periodical delivery of gas continues day and night at all seasons. Evidently there is a constant flow of gas accompanying the flow of water and at all times in the earth or gravel beneath the spring and through which the water rises are entangled large quantities of gas, a small fraction of which is evolved every few minutes as the pressure beneath determines. This gas is air with the nitrogen and carbon dioxid considerably increased. (Table I, p. 3872, sample 1.) As springs do not usually discharge both water and free air, the original access of air is of more than passing interest. It is evident that it must be mainly derived from the atmosphere. The region about this spring is mountainous and largely of a lime- stone formation, in which caverns have been formed by the usual process of solution of the limestone by water containing carbon dioxid. 362 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. The surface water percolates through cavernous limestone. An aspi- rating effect is probably produced by the flow through fissures and narrow channels which have access to air spaces, and the air is sucked in and mingled with the down-flowing water, which it accompanies to the mouth of the spring. During the journey a diminution of the oxygen may occur from oxidation, which may reasonably explain the modified proportions of these gases. Though the mountainous region referred to abounds in springs, only a single other bearing air was found, and this a small one by the roadside. Air-bearing springs or wells of this character are to be distinguished from the ‘* breathing” or ‘‘ blowing” wells abundant in some sections, which alternately emit and suck in air from causes among which variations in the barometer are important. In Nebraska many wells having this remarkable peculiarity occur, and have been described by the United States Geological Survey (E. H. Barbour, 1899). The springs of supersaturation which deliver bubbles of air constantly are probably unrelated to breathing wells and, as far as known, pass the air in one direction only. The water of this Tennessee spring was apparently of excellent sani- tary quality—clear, cold (about 12° C.), slightly alkaline, and con- tained an excess of nitrogen, but not of oxygen. It was slowly fatal to fishes placed directly within the spring. Trout fry between 1 and 2 inches in length were killed by it sometimes within a day or two, although some individuals would survive in it for weeks. On fish of this small size no internal gas within the vessels was in any case demonstrated with certainty. Neither were external symptoms usually present, but in the hatchery troughs supplied by the spring they were more frequent and sometimes extremely conspicuous, consisting of emphysema of the skin, either single cysts of gas, sometimes of rela- tively great size, smaller multiple cysts, or small blisters of gas, which usually had their seat upon the head or mucous membrane of the mouth cavity. Apparently the only inconvenience the fry experi- enced from these was a mechanical one. The buoyancy of the gas was often great enough to keep them constantly at the surface, and its unequal lateral distribution gave them a list to one side or the other. They did not appear to be materially weakened. When older trout, yearling rainbows 6 to 8 inches in length, were introduced into this spring, symptoms more closely resembling those at Woods Hole resulted. Death occurred with moderate symptoms of external gas, with gas free in the heart, though not abundant enough to cause distention, and with emboli of gas in the gill filaments. The susceptibility of species varied widely, and gold-fish were not affected during a trial of sixteen days, while other cyprinoids succumbed almost as readily as the trout. These experiments with fishes in the spring were made in live boxes and were controlled by the same or similar boxes in the spring water after it had passed from the spring and been GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 363 improved or corrected by exposure to the air, and these controls suffered no loss. Determinations of the degree of excess of nitrogen in the Erwin water have not been made on freshly taken samples. The origin of the excess is to be looked for in the rising gas and the necessary pres- sure factor in the weight of the column of springing water. The air bubbles are presumably mingled with this water for a distance below the restricted areas of emergence in the spring in its subterranean course and even the whole distance back to its surface origin. The greatest depth reached by the water beneath the spring is unknown, but is estimated from the geology of the region to be at least 100 feet, and may be several hundred. ‘This depth represents the height of the eolumn of water, the pressure of which is operating constantly to force the air bubbles into solution. The supply of bubbles is abun- dant and never failing, and the water is bound to take up more air than it can hold when it reaches the surface and becomes exposed to the atmosphere at atmospheric pressure only. Here the excess begins to escape; and as the spring is shallow and well exposed, this process is rapid; yet the constant flow keeps the body of water constantly supersaturated. In flowing away from the spring in shallow exposed channels the water soon corrects itself, becoming normal and harmless to fishes. By applying devices in the hatchery, thoroughly exposing to the air the water supplying the troughs, the gas symptoms disap- peared and the losses were reduced to the normal for all fish-cultural operations. CONDITIONS AT NASHUA, N. H. At the fisheries station at Nashua, N. H., oecurred still another ease of a water supply abnormal in its air content, and here an excess of nitrogen coexisted with various degrees of deficiency of oxy- gen: The station supply came largely from rather shallow artesian wells, some of which entered the hatchery directly, while others were driven in the bottom of the nursery and rearing ponds and on the edge of the larger brood ponds. Many field determinations of the dissolved oxygen and nitrogen in the water of the Nashua station were made and are shown in Table LV, page 374. There appears a deficiency of oxygen of greater or less degree and a moderate excess of nitrogen in the water of every source of supply save that from the taps of the Nashua city service. This latter water, however, at its source in arte- sian wells (Pennichuck weils) is even more abnormal as to dissolved air than is the station water, the oxygen being less, the nitrogen about the same. While not insanitary for city purposes, it would doubtless be fatal to fishes. The aeration and deaeration it receives in the open stream which takes it to the reservoir adjust these abnormalities, so that as delivered from the service pipes it has about a normal quantity of air. The same adjustment occurs with the station water after it has 364 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. flowed through the hatchery troughs, ponds, etc., and has gathered in a waste brook at some distance below the hatchery and pond system, save that the process has not been complete enough to remove all the excess of nitrogen (‘‘creek water” sample, Table IV). In fact, the adjustment begins the instant the water emerges from the wells, and in most cases by the time it reaches the fishes it contains somewhat more oxygen and less nitrogen than at the well. The effect of the deaerating process on the loss of trout fry was shown by passing the ‘‘reservoir pond water” through a finely perforated metal plate with a fall of about 3 feet. During a trial of nine days a trough containing 6,000-7,000 fry lost 645, against a loss of 2,583 in a similar trough containing the same number, but supplied directly from the pond without deaeration. The process,.which did not completely correct the water, reduced the loss 75 per cent. Complete correction would probably result from repeating the process or by sufficiently increas- ing the fall. The water of hatchery well No. 1 was completely relieved of its excess of nitrogen by allowing it to flow drop by drop down an inclined wooden plank 10 feet in length. (See Table IV, p. 374.) Very few of the Nashua wells delivered free gas, and these only in small amounts. From one of these about 500 ec. c. were delivered and collected during twenty days and constitute sample 2 of Table I. Only air gases were present. Part of the sample was tested for methane, unsaturated hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, without showing a trace of any of these. (Dr. D. A. Morton, Syracuse, N. Y.) The sample had no marked odor. The largest pond at the station, used chiefly as a reservoir supply and largely spring-fed, had a soft bottom from which occasional large bubbles rose. By ramming the mud with a stick, large quantities of a gas about 96 per cent nitrogen (Table I) could be released. Methane, which might have been expected, was absent. This gas seems to be of much the same origin as that from the air-bearing spring in Tennessee, though delivered in much smaller quantities, and may reasonably be supposed to come from a depth great enough to cause the supersaturation which existed in this pond, as in all the sources of water in the vicinity. At the Nashua Station the gas symptoms were in evidence, but were less marked than in either of the other described cases of the results of supersaturated water. Exophthalmia with presence of gas appeared in adult trout in ponds, and the general condition of these trout was poor. This condition is believed to be secondary to the supersatura- tion, which, while not sufficient to kil] the adults directly by embolism, causes the protrusion of the eye and consequent inflammation. The partial or total blindness resulting keeps them from feeding properly, and as they fall off in condition and become weaker they are attacked by the fungus Saprolegnia. Among the deaths which resulted no case of free gas within the vessels was discovered. The fry showed occasional gas blisters externally, and in very young fry gas was fre- GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 365 quently to be seen within the sac. Even in the Woods Hole water some few fishes, and many in the spring water of a lesser supersatura- tion, died without evidence of sufficient internal gas to produce an effectual embolism or enough apparent mechanical disturbance to account for death. Yet these fishes no doubt died of the excess of air. It is possible that in these cases there were internal lesions that escaped observation, minute emboli of gas, for instance, in the vessels of the brain, though in a number of brains examined no gas had reached their vessels. It seems probable that the metabolic func- tional disturbance due to the abnormal osmosis is itself. sufficient to cause death without apparent gas symptoms. EXOPHTHALMIA OR “POP-EYE.” Though not necessarily always occurring in all cases of supersat- urated water, this affection is so prominent among symptoms of gas disease as to deserve special consideration. It is not an infallible sion of supersaturation. As ‘‘pop-eye” or ‘‘frog-eye” it has long beer familiar to fish culturists, and these terms are vernacular for any protrusion of the eye from its orbit, whatever may be the essential cause. It is not a disease, but a symptom, the expression of any one of a variety of causes or underlying conditions. Inflammation, from a wound or other irritation within the orbital cavity, may cause a swelling of the tissues which pushes the eyeball outward from its position. Specimens of this sort are not very common in shallow natural waters. One specimen, a butter-fish (Peprilus triacanthus), which apparently falls in this class, was taken from the: trap nets at Woods Hole August 3, 1903, and examined immediately by the writers. It showed a moderate exophthalmia on each side. The globus was ‘still lenticular in shape, and on dissection under water no sign of gas was. detected. The brainand optic nerves appeared normal. If there had been a traumatic injury evidence of it had disappeared. The inflammation was not pronounced, and while an exudate behind the eye was, in part at least, the immediate means of the displacement, the primary cause can not be given. Externally the condition simu- lated strongly that caused by supersaturation, to which in this case it could not possibly have been due. Mechanical injuries alone, as a sudden blow upon the head, may produce an immediate protrusion of the eyeball (Hofer, 1904, p. 292). Among the menhaden which died from the epidemic prevailing dur- ing the summer of 1904 in Narragansett Bay there were many cases of pop-eye, due, no doubt, to the injuries received during the peculiar death struggles characteristic of the disease. In some cases of pop- eye, where gas is plainly present and responsible for the displacement, it is possible that some other cause than supersaturation with air may be concerned, though none such is definitely known to the writers. In the great majority of cases where gas is present the cause will be 366 | REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. found to be an excess of air, with spring waters usually an excess of the nitrogen of the air alone, and the location of the gas will be behind the eyeball. Some species of fishes are not susceptible to this symp- tom from supersaturated water, or at least it has not been observed in them. The anatomical structure and the degree of the excess seem to be the factors which eontrol. Among marine fishes, the dog-fish (Mustelus canis) and other sharks, eels, puffers, sea-robins, the flat- fishes, and others do not develop typical cases, if any, while the seup, the king-fish (Jlentictrrhus), the tautog, the cunner, the sea bass, and the butter-fish may exhibit it in various degrees. Of all these the scup (Stenotomus chrysops) shows it most readily and in extreme degree (Plate III). With a certain degree of excess not exactly known, but probably above 3 c. ¢. of nitrogen per liter, embolism becomes fatal before there is time for an accumulation of gas behind the eye. An excess of not over 2 or 3 c. c., and probably less, per liter is favorable to the development of the symptom, which may be taken to indicate a moderate excess of air. The eyeball is sometimes pushed almost completely out of the head (Gorham 1899, Plate 12). Without much displacement of the ball the conjunctiva may be raised and inflated into a balloon of gas projecting far out beyond the eye- ball (Plates I and IT of this paper). Among fresh-water fishes salmonoids chiefly have been seen to be affected. The black sucker (Catostomus nigricans) showed a typical case at Erwin, while some cyprinoids (Vofropis galacturus and a Hybognathus) under the same conditions died with the eyes normal. It is no doubt because not many fishes save the trout of artificial propagation have been observed in supersaturated fresh water that few fresh-water species are known to show the lesion. In brook and rainbow trout the pop-eye is seldom so extreme as that shown in the illustrations of the seup. The excess being slight, the symptom may grow very slowly and be present for months, or even years, impairing more or less the activities of the fish. Blindness frequently results, with accompanying increases of dark pigment inthe skin. The expos- ure of the eyeball makes it subject to injury, and it is sometimes bitten off by other fishes, or drops or sloughs away, leaving the socket empty. In trout fry past the sac stage a certain exophthalmia may develop after death if they remain in water, and the younger and smaller the fry the more quickly it appears. In general its development requires from twelve hours to three days. Evidently there is a physiological post-mortem accumulation of transudate’ behind the eye. There isa pathologie exudate which occurs in trout fry suffering from anemia and this exudate may localize, sometimes in the abdominal cavity, causing ascites, sometimes behind the eye, causing exophthalmia with- out gas. Fry having this form of anemia, though their eyes still be normal at death, more readily than healthy fry develop in water the post-mortem exophthalmia which in this case seems to be partly physio- GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 367 logic and partly pathologic. Likewise among a brood of fry suffer- ing constant losses from supersaturated water many of the dead will be found with a greater or less, sometimes an extreme, exophthalmia without the presence of gas. It is a post-mortem occurrence, but the previous gas disease process seems to favor its development. All these cases, however, are to be carefully distinguished from the gase- ous exophthalmia, directly a symptom of the gas disease. The source of the gas behind the eye must be taken to be the blood. Its position appears to make it impossible that it be derived directly from the water. The blisters of gas which form upon the exterior of the body and fins seem explainable as derived from either source, and whether this gas has really passed through the blood of the fish or come through the permeable integument directly from the supersatu- rated water can not at present be stated, but the evidence is somewhat in favor of the latter view. It is probably chiefly in the large veins that the precipitation of the embolic gas from the blood occurs. The supersaturating gas is acquired at the gills, subsequent to which there is a fall of blood pressure. These facts make it probable that the peripheral circulation is supersaturated, and that an essential con- dition for the precipitation of gas at the periphery is supplied, though all the causes which combine to bring the dissolved gas in the blood of the capillaries free within the tissues are not clear. On the other hand, the presence of supersaturated water on one side of the very membranous covering of the fins, and on the other side tissues bathed in a lymph, which at the beginning is not supersaturated, suggests a more immediate reaction by the ordinary laws of osmosis. THE CAISSON DISEASE ANALOGY. The gas disease of fishes is paralleled in man by an affection in which, so far as it holds, the analogy is striking. The compressed-air disease— caisson illness, diver’s palsy, ete.—is caused by an increase of air pres- sure; with divers, by the weight of the water above; in the caisson, by the compression necessary to keep the water out. In so far as the subject sustains an extraordinary pressure the analogy does not hold, for the gas disease involves no necessary increase of pressure upon the fishes themselves. But the osmotic process of gases passing into the blood through the lung membranes, under compression, must be inten- sified according to the height of the pressure, as it is through the gill membranes, in supersaturation, according to the degree of the excess. In this and in the results the two cases are much alike. The caisson disease has long been known and has a considerable medical literature, but some uncertainty seems to have existed as to the immediate cause of the symptoms and of death. -The mechanical effect of the compres- sion was supposed to be important, but recently the influence of this factor has been pronounced nil. Bubbles of gas in the hlood vessels 3868 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. are at the bottom of the trouble. Hill and MacLeod (1903) have the following to say: Paul Bert, by his remarkable experiments, published in 1878, proved that the true cause of caisson sickness is the effervescence of gas in the blood and tissue juices. * * * He found that this gas (nitrogen) was set free on rapid decompression and produced embolism in the lungs, the central nervous system, etc.; and that the gravity of the result depended on the height of the pressure, the length of exposure, and the rapidity of decompression. Healso proved that the gas set free in the tissues might produce local swellings and emphysema. Bert also found that high oxygen tension acts asa general protoplasmic poison arresting metabolism, depressing the body temperature, and causing the discharge of conyulsions in mammals and finally the death of all forms of life. The following are a part of the summary by the same authors of experiments of their own: The cause of caisson sickness is the escape of gas bubbles in the blood vessels and tissue fluids on decompression. An animal exposed for four hours to 8 atm. air and quickly decompressed is like an opened bottle of soda water. The fluids of the body generally effervesce. The varying symptonis of caisson sickness are due to the varying seat of theair emboli. Young men escape caisson sickness owing to the elasticity of their tissues and greater facility for collateral pathways of circulation. The effervescence of gas in the vessels of caisson workers is of course largely prevented by the precautions taken, but it is the logical result of compression followed by rapid decompression. With fishes there is, unless experimentally, no question of compression or decompres- sion, but the gas symptoms occur under the conditions of supersatu- ration corresponding to compression, and no lowering or removal of supersaturation, corresponding to decompression, is necessary. The reason for this lies chiefly in the temperature factor already discussed. | Theoretically the caisson worker should develop the effervescence while still under the compression, provided there is a difference of temperature between the systemic and pulmonary circulation and the exposure to compression is of long duration. This exposure is actu- ally limited of course to a few hours at a time, and this may explain the absence of serious results during compression. OTHER ANIMALS SUSCEPTIBLE TO GAS DISEASE. Fishes are not the only aquatic animals susceptible to gas disease. The crustacea may survive a long time with the blood in a condition resembling foam, and in the lobster and king crab this has been read- ily observed through the abdominal shell. These latter usually live much longer than fishes under the same conditions of excess, but a lobster at Woods Hole was killed within thirty-six hours by an excess of about 6c. c. of nitrogen per liter. Sea spiders (Anoplodactylus), as observed by Mr. L. J. Cole, are readily killed, the legs becoming filled with the gas and the color becoming much paler than in health. Mol- lusks, hydroids, and some green alge also develop and emit bubbles which presumably originate in supersaturation. GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 369 EFFECT OF SUPERSATURATED WATER UPON EGGS AND FRY. At Woods Hole sea water which was soon fatal to adults or fishes approaching maturity did not affect eggsandfry. Eggs of the cod were incubated for some two weeks in such water and the fry remained in it until planted—not more than a few days at most, it is true, but a longer period than would suflice to kill adults—yet neither were injured or showed any gas symptoms. It is probable, however, that very young fry are not necessarily immune under all conditions of supersaturation. Bubbles of gas have been noticed in the sacs of shad fry at fish cultu- ral stations. Mr. J. N. Wisner (1900) reports such a case at Havre de Grace, Md., and the circumstances point to a leaky suction pipe, but nothing is known of the degree of supersaturation, if any existed. Theoretically it seems difficult to avoid the conclusion that oxidation must be attended by an elevation of temperature even in so minute a creature as a newly-hatched cod fry; but this elevation must be infini- tesimal, for the consumption of energy necessary to maintain a tem- perature appreciably above the surrounding water is not supposable in the eggs or fry. As such an elevation of the blood temperature is the chief cause of gas precipitation in adults, its absence in the fry may be taken as strongly tending to explain their immunity. On the other hand, a sufficiently high degree of excess may be able to cause a separation of gas suchas above noted among shad fry, either by direct osmosis or via the circulation. METHODS OF PREVENTING THE GAS DISEASE. The proper aeration of water, by artificial means if not already accomplished by nature, has from the beginning been recognized and insisted upon by fish culturists as of fundamental importance. By aeration was meant the process of putting the water thoroughly in contact with the atmosphere, so that the dissolved air would be increased were there any initial lack. In a proper fish-cultural sense, aeration more strictly meant oxygenation, for it was the oxygen alone, the prime necessity of fishes, which was apt to be lacking. No cases, per- haps, are known in which natural waters have less than their proper or normal amount of nitrogen. But of course the aeration process adds both the atmospheric gases should the water be lacking in both. The readily observed distress and suffocation of fishes by the exhaus- tion of the dissolved oxygen in unrenewed water, the eflicacy of even the simplest means of aeration in restoring the life-supporting quality to the water, as well as the generally understood necessity of oxygen to all animals, resulted naturally in an appreciation of the value and necessity of aeration. There were no observed facts from which one would infer the opposite condition in water, an excess of one or more of the air gases, nor were theoretical considerations likely to lead readily to its conjecture. It is improbable that any symptoms or mortality F.C. 1904—24 370 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. from this cause occur in nature, for supersaturation does not arise suddenly and aquatic animals would avoid the regions of excess in the rare eases where access to them is possible. The possibility of inju- rious or fatal excesses of dissolved air, especially in natural waters, seems not to have occurred either to fish culturists or biologists. The two faults, excess and deficiency of air, are so correlated that the same process of correction applies to each. The same exposure to the air which aerates water with a deficiency of air deaerates water with an excess of air. In superaerated water, such as that of the Woods Hole aquaria, there may be a deaeration in the more complete sense; both nitrogen and oxygen are to be removed. But in hardly any case does the term aeration apply in its complete signification. Oxygena- tion alone is usually the strict meaning. In natural waters the term deaeration likewise does not in most cases completely apply. Denitro- genation alone is the stricter meaning. Oxygenation, however, may accompany denitrogenation, and thus water is in the broad and looser sense aerated and deaerated at the same time and by the same process. When an actual case of air-supersaturated water confronts the fish culturist or the management of aquaria, the practical measures to be taken will suggest themselves according to the source of the excess of air. If a gravity plant supplied by pumps is in operation the whole suction system is open to suspicion of leaks. Such leaks, of course, give out no water but suck air, and are therefore not always easily recognized. By stopping the pumps and removing the proper valve the hydrostatic pressure may be allowed to rest back on the suction pipe and will speedily develop the leaks if the pipe is exposed. If it is underground they may not show readily, or at all. Repair of all the leaks will completely remedy the difficulty. The suction pipes, especially if wooden, may be beyond repair, in which case nothing but a complete renewal will entirely prevent trouble. Pending this, local deaeration may be practiced at each aquarium, pond, or trough sup- plied with the water. For an aquarium a large pan with many per- forations may be suspended above, the higher the better, and the water delivered into this. If the exposure of the siender streams and the splashing at the surface are not sufficient correction, the scale of the device has but to be increased, most conveniently by adding more perforated pans. The great desideratum is sufficient fall in which to expose the water. When the supersaturated supply is from springs or wells the condi- tion is more serious. A radical correction is impossible, for the air, or modified air, which causes the excess is deep in the earth and can not be controlled. If, as is usually the case, there is no great differ- ence of level between the rising water and the ponds, troughs, or tanks in which it is used upon fishes, it is the more difficult or impos- sible to completely deaerate. The natural remedy is to use the water GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 371 only after it has flowed a considerable distance from its source in a shallow open stream. Failing this it may be carried through a circuit of a Yong and wide trough, to pass finally through perforated deaerat- ing pans. In general a complete exposure to the atmosphere is neces- sary and the means for accomplishing this will vary with the conditions of each individual case. The deficit of oxygen is more readily supplied than the excess of nitrogen removed. The water eagerly takes up the oxygen it lacks, but the last traces of excess of nitrogen come away with difficulty. When water rises as springs or wells in the bottom of the fish ponds themselves, it is still more difficult of correction, and quite impossi- ble unless the head is strong enough to lift the water above the level of the surface of the pond, and so permit the adoption of the above measures, It isa fact of significance and importance, to be considered from the standpoint of fish culture, that spring waters may vary consider- ably from time to time in the amount’ of dissolved air they contain. An instance of this, recently observed, concerned the oxygen alone, a marked deficiency being followed after several days and subsequent to a heavy rain, by a fairly abundant supply. It is inferred that nitro- gen variations may likewise occur, and presumably changes in the solids in solution. Weather and seasonal conditions probably are con- tributing causes of this variability, but not many observations have been made and little is known beyond the faet, which makes it neces- sary not to place entire reliance on one examination of a given water. In three instances of gas disease at government fish-cultural stations the excess of air has been actually determined by analysis. In others similar symptoms make a presumption of a similar cause. Meager information of other cases of disease or mortality among fishes with gas symptoms indicate with more or less probability the presence of supersaturation. A spring at an abandoned private trout cultural establishment in Vermont was found to be constantly giving up large bubbles of air (Table I, page 372, sample 5). Trout culture was not successful in this water, and the former superintendent gave a history of bulging eyes. Analyses were not made, but it seems extremely probable that this water was supersaturated. In 1902, at the exhibit of the United States Fish Commission at the Charleston Exposition, a sudden and severe loss occurred among’ the marine fishes of the aquaria. The water precipitated quantities of gas, and the fishes were described as showing external bubbles and blisters of gas. The water supply was obtained by pumps with a long suction. The presumption is strong that the mortality was from excess of air, and that its sudden disappearance was caused by a change in the suction pipe, which, though unwittingly, corrected undetected leaks. The trouble was not explainable on other grounds than these. ol2 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, The selection of water supplies for fish cultural or similar purposes should include a careful scrutiny of their quality with respect to dis- solved air. There are the two opposite faults to be guarded against. When either is extreme in degree, its recognition will not be difficult. But it is probable that cases will occur, and have occurred, where either fault is but slight, and causes no heavy losses or marked symptoms on its own account, while it at the same time is responsible for a gradual and insidious lowering of condition among the fishes which makes them susceptible to the sudden and rapid epidemics of bacterial or protozoan infection, or to the less acute attacks of higher parasites. In such cases the certain recognition of a slight excess of nitrogen, with ordinary methods of gas analysis, may require the average of a number of determinations. The constant ebullition of gas in bubbles of moderate or large size from the water sources is sufficient to cause suspicion of a nitrogen excess, but the absence of such bubbles is by no means reassuring, for supersaturation may occur in the depths of the spring without any of the undissolved residual gas revealing itself at the surface. As for the oxygen, it is not known just what content short of saturation completely supplies all the needs of fishes, but since their natural abodes, and particularly trout streams, closely approach saturation (Hofer 1904, pp. 157 et seq.), it is well to lay stress upon the desirability of maintaining a high oxygenation in fish cul- tural waters. For trout, and particularly the brook trout, this is imperative. It is probable that most spring waters are not highly oxygenated. Usually they take up incidentally, in the conduits or at delivery pipes, more or less oxygen before they are actually used as a fish-cultural supply, and sometimes means of aeration are specifically provided. So important are these that it seems not too much to say that devices for this express purpose should be provided in all cases where spring or well waters are used for salmonoids, unless repeated quantitative determinations made at different seasons show that the water can not be improved. Tas_e I.—Showing composition of gas delivered from the bottoms of ponds, springs, or wells. [All gas determinations by M. C. Marsh save where otherwise stated.] | ; | Percentage of— Source of sample. ee een eee Remarks. | | ceuben Nitrogen.) Oxygen. 1. Spring at Fishery, Tenn.-..-- | May, 1903 0.8 82.5 16.7 | Continual evolution of | gas in large amount. 2. Artesian Well, Nashua, N. H.| Sept.,1903 a! 87.8 11.8 | Discontinuous evolution } of gas in small amount. 8. Fish cultural pond, Nashua, | Sept.,1903 .8 82.8 16.4 | INewEte | 4. Reservoir pond, Nashua, | Apr., 1904 1.4 96.3 2.3 INSEL: : 5. Spring in Vermont .......... Sept.,1903 | Trace. 87.4 | 12.6 Nos. 1, 2, and 5 were determined by the Bureau of Chemistry. GAS DISEASE IN FISHES. 373 TABLE II.—Showing composition of gas in lesions of the gas disease. and hake. Woods Hole.a Percentage of— : : : Size of Source of sample. , NGieoe gas sam- Remarks. aon aan Oxygen. pleine.e. Hearts of tomcod, seulpins, and 0 97.44 2.56 3.9 | Possibly slight contamina- hake at Woods Hole. , tion with atmospherie ai in taking sample. Body of lobster, Woods Hole... 0 94,2 5.8 3.4 Do. Fin blebs of tomecod, flat-fish 92.1 7.9 7.6 0 Eyes of exophthalmic scup, 0 80. 4 19.0 510 Sacs of rainbow trout fry,White 0 92.3 etal 2.6 | Fry preserved in formatin. Sulphur Springs, W. Va. a Analysis by Dr. M. X. Sullivan. 6 About. Norre.—None of the specimens from which gas samples were taken had been dead over thirty During this period they were in water at 10.5° C. hoursy and most of them a much shorter time. There was no sign of putrefaction. the fish were killed. The sample from the eyes of scup was taken immediately after TasLe IIT.—Showing nitrogen and oxygen content (in cubic centimeters per liter, reduced to 0°C. and 760 mm., dry) of Woods Hole sea water under various conditions. 3 Normal con- . I tent of sea es 5 water when 2 saturated i Actual con- | with air at Excess + or 2 tent ¢c.c. per} the given deficit — ¢e.c. =. liter. temperature per liter. = and prevail- he Source. Date. ‘Ss ing pressure, Remarks, > © in ¢.c. per H liter. iS E Dittmar. & | Nitro-| Oxy- Nitro- | Oxy- 5 gen. | gen. | Nitro-| Oxy- | gen gen. a gen. | gen. 1904. i Harbor under| May 9 | 10.0} 12.6 | 6.0 | 12.37] 6.89 | +0.23 | —0.39 | Harmless to fishes. wharf. No air entering the suction. Hatchery tap..-.... Maver Sh elie I) 122m 86590 i t25 19) 6529 | +0.71 | —0.39 | Harmless to fishes. Aquarium tap....- May 9/ 11.0] 12.7 | 5.8 | 12.16 | 6.28 | +0.54 | —0.48 | Harmless to fishes. With much air entering suction. Aquarium tap..... May 10] 9.75) 17.73 | 8.16 | 12.54 | 6.49 | +5.19 | +1. 67 Bevis fatal to shes. Aquarium tap..... May 10] 9.75) 18.28 | 8.34 | 12.55] 6.49 | +5.68 | +1.85 Replay fatal to fishes. Aquarium tap..... May 10/ 10.0 | 18.79 | 8.54 | 12.48 | 6.45 | +6.31 | +2.09 | Rapidly fatal to fishes. ‘ Aquarium tap....-. May 11 | 10.5 | 18.01 | 8.06 | 12.37 | ,6.88 | +5.64 | +1.68 | Rapidly fatal to fishes. Aquarium tap....-. May 11 | 10.5 | 18.79 | 8.41 | 12.37 | 6.38 | +6.42 | +2.03 | Rapidly fatal to fishes. With a lesser amount of air entering suction. lca! Aquarium tap..... May 12 | 11.0 |} 15.66 | 7.06 | 12.34 | 6.387 | +3.32 | +0.69 | Less rapidly fatal. 1903. Aquarium tap..... Sept. 18 | 20.8 | 12.5 | 4.9 | 10.28} 5.24 | +2.2 —0.34 | Transported sample. U. 8S. Bureau of Chemistry. 374 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. TasiE LV.—Showing nitrogen and oxygen content (in cubic centimeters per liter, reduced to 0° C. and 760 mm., dry) of various (fresh) waters at and near fisheries station, Nashua, N. H. 4 {Normal content 2 when saturated| A y with air at Excess + or s SC eee given tempera-| deficit —c.c¢. 3 ta * | ture, and pre- per liter. =i vailing pressure HO y i Source of sample. Date. | C8 asta aiae sai o = 4 Petters- = son and ae BR Nitro- | Oxy- | Son- er. a gen. | gen, | dén. ah 0 g pea | & | N. O. 1904. eianehery Wellin. occ mcbcie~-cine == Apr. 26 | 8.0 17.5 8.3 | 16.00 8.26 | +1.5 —4. 96 Same, second determination........ Apr. 28 | 8.0 18.1 3.4] 16.00 8.26 | +2.2 —4, 86 Same, deaerated drop by drop.-..--. Apr. 29 | 9.5 15.0 7.4 | 15.85 7.89 | —0.35 } —0.49 Hatchery welliNo.'6 .. : 4 - . eS YS Par, BY. tie ’ >, a cS . i] * ¥ ; ee i ; vas om 7 ae. - f ij 1 5 ie A REVISION OF THE CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA By ULYSSES O. COX Professor of Biology, State Normal School, Mankato, Minn. A REVISION OF THE CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA, By Utysses O. Cox, Professor of Biology, State Normal School, Mankato, Minn. This paper deals with the taxonomic characters, the synonymy and distribution of the members of the Amblyopsidee, a small group of fishes confined to the central and southeastern portions of the United States, apparently entering caves wherever caves exist within the limits of their distribution. They are the cave fishes par excellence of North America. Their relationships are with the Umbride or mud-minnows and the pikes and killi-fishes, and may be expressed by the following key to the families of the Haplomi, modified from Jordan and Ever- mann’s Fishes of North and Middle America: a. Lateral margin of the upper jaw formed by the maxillaries, premaxillaries not protractile; vent normal. b. Jaws depressed and produced, basis of cranium double.........-....-- Esocide. Dean SiO Ue LOOUICE Cie ers amen et et a ce. ae cee Sebel ae eee Umbride. aa. Lateral margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries; basis of cranium simple. c. Vent close behind the isthmus; premaxillaries little protractile. . Amblyopside. ec. Vent in normal position; premaxillaries extremely protractile -._.- Peciliidex. Several characters that have heretofore been used to distinguish the genera of the Amblyopside have been examined in detail—namely, the character and distribution of the tactile ridges and the number of the pyloric ceca. Tactile ridges.—W hile the tactile ridges peculiar to this family are undoubtedly better developed in the blind members of the family than in Chologaster, the difference is one of degree only. The same is true of the differences between the different species of Chologaster. In this genus they are best developed in C. papilliferus, and in this spe- cies they are better developed about the snout than elsewhere. A detailed comparison of the ridges of the head in the different species «This paper has been prepared under the direction of Dr. Car] H. Eigenmann, who has furnished the material and literature for the work and given invaluable assist- ance. Cut 8 is by Mr. Thomas Large; pl]. 1 and figs. 9 to 11, pl. 11, are by Doctor Eigenmann and the author, figs. 4 to 6, pl. 1; fig. 1, pl. Iv; fig. 2, pl. v; and pl. v1 by Doctor Eigenmann; pl. 11 from photographs made by Dr. D. W. Dennis; cut 22 is copied from the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum for 1888, p. 168, and the remaining figures are by the author. 379 880 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. shows that while in some species 2 ridges may be coalesced into 1, or an additional ridge may be interpolated, barring such fluctuations, which are occasionally found even on opposite sides in the same spe- cies, the homologue of any ridge is present in all members of the family. The ridges are most conspicuous in the large Amblyopsis, though really more highly developed in the smaller 7roglichthys and Typhlichthys. In the accompanying figures homologous ridges bear identical numbers. It will be seen from figures of Amblyopsis (1, 2, and 3, pl. 1), which may be taken as the type, that the ridges form transverse (ridges 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, and other series) or horizontal (ridges 5, 7, 11) series. Over the lateral line canals of the head the ridges are usually at right angles to the canals. On the sides of the head the vertical ridges form more (Amblyopsis, fig. 1, pl. 1, and Chologaster, fig. 1, pl. 11) or less (Zyphlichthys, fig. 5, pl. 1, and especially Zroglichthys, fig. 4, pl. 1) broken transverse lines. The papille in a number of the ridges were counted to ascertain whether or not the numbers were uniform in the same and in different species. The results of this count are given in the following table. The similarity is not marked, even in the two specimens of Amblyopsis. The numbers in the first column of the table correspond to the num- bers of the ridges of the figures. ‘ Number of papille in tactile ridges. \Gholocas:| AEYPB= || | _‘Tvph- | Amblyopsis spe- ene lichthys } Amblyopsis spe- Pe lichthys Numbers leeus. liferus, |SUbterra-|/Numbers leeus, likens! subterra- of ridges | ~ | meus. |! of ridges neous. shown —— I! oan in cuts. Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen) in cuts. |Specimen|/Specimen Specimen Specimen 86mm. | 108mm./| 51mm. | 70mm. || 86mm. | 108 mm. | 51mm. | 70mm. | long. long. | long. | long. long. | long. long. long. 1 21 22 (?) We | 24 21 27 6. |e 2 | 13 18 8 | 15 | 25 11 21 7 8 3 16 16 7 9 26 23 24 12) | sceaeeeee 4 15 23 8 14 27 18 18 4 19 ae | 17 20 7 9 28 50 44 21 21 6:51 12 20 6 iil 99 { a 27 a 27 a6 \ 14 = a4 alg a7 a 10 = b 16 b 18 v7 Pie eile b14 bg b7 30 aa seaaee sey 9 1 8 6 6 3 5 31 1 eee one Sree 9 |e sceee Pee ail 32 Tb WE aotacee 15 1 : a2 { bis if 8 : 33 | 19 4 10 8 il 4 Out ass 23 145) 11 18 29 17 1b a 37 a 30 1? 23 ; 35 b9 69 13 16 sein ce 13 CM 14 11 NL teh 3183 a8 a 21 et) oe 512 aNeA| 5 5 _ c13 ee 09 7 d 25 | d 10 d 3 16 20 } 99 a2 17 21 Gee ari iraircl | Ree sata c5 ae ar Sp he | c | Gy lsaesncoohellsosseesoue d6 19 27 a10 38 { Beer e cba soct rec and| Setocacads 20 4 () UE eet Seaee od leoseenasop|eamno5cos - 39 Cn bosons spe: [eireccrets| ae ee 40 20 D7 Nseiesa = 2 53sec a me 41 ir 17 (cs. 2k 22 21 42 14 Pie APE Serr qosces a 18 43 15 19 6 |zeeeaeseee CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 381 Pyloric ceca.—In the keys and descriptions in Jordan and Ever- mann’s Fishes of North and Middle America, the number of pyloric coeca is taken as one of the characters on which is based the division of the Amblyopsidz into genera. I haye examined specimens of all of the North American species of this family and get results quite different from those recorded by the above authors and others who have written on the systematic characters of this group. The least number of pyloric cceca found in any specimen was 1 and the highest 4. Cur 1.—Alimentary canal of Chologaster Cut 2.—Alimentary canal of Cholo- cornutus. pe, pyloric cceca; s, stomach; gaster papilliferus. ¢ v, vent. Four specimens of Chologaster cornutus Agassiz were examined and in every case the number of pyloric cceca was 4. (Cut 1 shows the intestine and pyloric cceca of C. cornutus: s, the stomach; pce, the pyloric cceca; and vw, the vent.) Chologaster papilliferus Forbes (cut 2), also has 4 ccecal appendages. In previous descriptions of this spe- cies but 2 cceca are noted. The four specimens of the rare Chologaster agassizii Putnam that were examined had 4 pyloric ececa each (cut 3). Nine specimens of Zyphlichthys subterraneus Girard were examined, 5 Cur 3.—Alimentary canal of Cut 4.—Alimentary canal of Typhlichthys Chologaster agassizii. sublerraneus. from Mammoth Cave and 4 from Mitchells Cave, Kentucky. Seven of these had 2 distinct pyloric ceca each. Cut 4 shows a ventral view of the intestine of 7. subterraneus and cut 5 a side view of another specimen of the same species with the gall-sac in position, the liver having been removed. In the other two specimens only 1 pyloric ccecum could be found in each, but the specimens were poorly preserved and possibly the second appendage had disintegrated. The cecal appendages in Amblyopsis speleus De Kay were found to vary 382 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. slightly. Of 22 females examined, 3 had 3 pyloric cceca each and the remainder but 2. Of 22 males 4 had 3 cceca and the remainder 2. In all the specimens of each species when but 2 pyloric cceca occur they are located 1 on either side of the cecum. The 2 appendages are never opposite. In all cases the right coecum is located about its width in front of the left. When 3 appendages are present the third is Cut 5.—Alimentary canal of Typhlich- thys subterraneus, side view, showing Cur 6.—Amblyopsis speleus, showing gall-sac. three pyloric cceca. ~ always just back of the normal one, the 2 normal appendages retaining their usual positions. Cut 7 shows the normal position of the pyloric coca (P) in Amblyopsis. Cut 6 shows the 3 ecca in another speci- men. But 1 specimen of 7roglichthys rose EKigenmann was examined and this had 2 pyloric ceeea (cut 9). The general characters of the Amblyopside may be summed up as follows: Body varying considerably in shape in the different genera, Cur 7.—Alimentary canal of Amblyopsis spelwus. A, air bladder; G, gall-sac; P, pyloric ececa; S, spleen. but in all rather heavy anteriorly and the posterior portion com- pressed; head more or less depressed, its upper surface quite flat in Amblyopsis; mouth large, the lower jaw generally projecting beyond the upper; premaxillary not strictly protractile, although not firmly joined to the ethmoid, and forming the entire margin of the upper jaw; bands of villiform teeth on the dentary, premaxillary, and pala- tine bones; branchiostegal rays 6; gillrakers very short; gill mem- CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 383 branes joined to the isthmus, sometimes loosely; body covered with very small, irregularly arranged cycloid scales; no lateral line; vent in the young located in the normal position, but in the adult far for- CuT 8.—Internal anatomy of Amblyopsis speleus. 1, anus; 2, opening of the oviduct; 3, oviduct; 4, ovary, which is single; 5, liver; 6, duodenum; 7, gall-sac; 8, pectoral fin; 9, one of the pyloric cceca; 10, eceecum; 11, stomach; 12, spleen; 18, air-bladder; 14and 16, intestine; 15, pancreas; L, liver. ward, just behind the angle of the union of the gill membranes. The transition of the vent from what is its usual position in most fishes to this unusual one just back of the gill openings takes place gradually as the fish matures“; ventral fins wanting except in Amblyopsis, very small in this species; pectorals inserted rather high, mod- erate in size; no spines in any of the fins; dorsal and anal fins nearly opposite; caudal rounded or even pointed at the tip; no median crest on the cranium; stomach cecal, with 2 to 4 pyloric cceca; air-bladder well de- veloped; ovary always single. Egos caught by the gills when spawned, at least in Amblyopsis, and held there until hatched; young remain in the gills in Amblyopsis until about four-tenths of an inch long.’ Cur 9.—Alimentary canal of Trog- lichthys rose. @In a specimen of Amblyopsis 1.26 inches long the anus is just below the insertion of the pectorals. In a specimen | inch long it is nearer the ventrals than the pec- torals. Inaspecimen of Typhlichthys 1.1 inch long the anus is well in front of the pectorals, but a short distance behind the gill.—Eigenmann, Pop. Sci. Mo., LVI, 1900, 485. »bKigenmann, Marine Biological Lectures, 1899, 313. 384 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Cut 10 indicates the probable relationship of the species. The ancestry of the blind fishes is unknown.“ At first the group divided into 2, those with and thosé without ventral fins. Troglichthys prob- ably oe ed the caves first, for its eyes have degenerated farther than any of the species. Amdblyopsis and Ti yphlichthys probably entered about the same time. Chologaster a gassiz é¢ has only recently entered caves, C. papilliferus is found only in cave springs in southern Ili- nois, and C. cornutus occurs in the southeastern United States in open waters. Troglichthys Typhiichthys C. agassizii C. papilliferus C. cornutus Amblyopsis Chologjaster Entered cave Entered cave Entered cavo Ventrals abjsent Ventrals present Cut 10.—Diagram indicating probable phylogeny of the Amblyopside. KEY TO THE GENERA OF AMBLYOPSID®. a. Eyes quite well developed; body more or less colored; ventral fins obsolete; pylo- PICICC Ca He oo ae oe eee Soe Se ae ee ee Cholegaster. aa. Eyes rudimentary and concealed beneath the skin; body colorless; pyloric cceca 2 (oceasionally 3 in Amblyopsis). b. Ventral fins absent. cy, Novscleralicartilages presentae assoc eee e oe ee eee eee eee eee Typhlichthys. co. Lareeiscleralcartilacesspresentt a2 eee eee See eee eee Troglichthys. bb; Wenitral tims: present as S42)... see coe Reise ee eee eee Eee ere Amblyopsis. aKigenmann, Science, N. §., 1899, IX, 282. CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 3885 Doctor Eigenmann has worked out the following key to the Ambly- opside, based on the structure of the eye: “ a. Vitreous body and lens normal, the eye functional; no scleral cartilages; eye per- manently connected with the brain by the optic nerve; eye muscles normal; no optic fiber layer; minimum diameter of the eye [U0 RS aR am eye ee en 5G CO a Bae aeoae Chologaster. b. Eye in adult more than 1 mm. in longitudinal diameter; lens over 0.5 mm, in diameter; retina very simple, its maximum thickness 83.5 4 in the old; the outer and inner nuclear layers consisting of a single series of cells each; the ganglion layer of isolated cells; maximum thick- ness of the outer nuclear layer 5 “4, the inner layer 8 “ ----cornutus. bb. Eye in adult less than 1 mm. in longitudinal diameter; lens less than 0.4 mm.; outer nuclear layer composed of at least two layers of cells; the . inner nuclear layer of at least three layers of cells, the former at least 10 « thick, the latter at least 18 . c. Pigment epithelium 65 mm. thick in the middle aged, 102 in the (OCG Neer eee te Tet RS RRS meres eae ee Mey ee eet aes «Ae papilliferus. cc. Pigment 49 y thick in the middle aged, 74 in the old; 24 to 30 per cent thinner than in papilliferus; eye smaller.........--.------ agassiZit. aa. The eye a vestige, not functional; vitreous body and lens mere vestiges; the eye collapsed, the inner faces of the retina in contact; maximum diameter of the eye about 200 s. ; d. No scleral cartilages; no pigment in the pigment epithelium; a minute vitreal cavity; hyaloid membrane with blood vessels; pupil not closed; outer nuclear, outer reticular, inner nuclear, inner reticular, ganglionic, and pigment epithelium layers differentiated; cones probably none; no eye muscles; maximum diameter of the eye 180 4; eye probably connected with the brain throughout AT Se ee ce ere A ene) SR re fo ope Pr eee Typhlichthys. dd. Scleral cartilages present; pigment in the pigment epithelium; vitreal cavity obliterated; no hyaloid membrane; pupil closed; some of the eye muscles developed; no outer reticular layer; jnner and outer nuclear layers merged into one; eye in the adult not cennected with the brain. i e. Pigment epithelium well developed; cones well developed; gangl?onic cells forming a funnel-shaped mass through the center of the eye; pigment epithelium over the front of the eye without pigment; maximum diameter of the eye about 200 w.-...-------- Amblyopsis. ee. Pigment epithelium developed on the distal face of the eye, rarely over the sides and back; no cones; nuclear layer mere vestiges; the ganglionic layers restricted to the anterior face of the eye just within the pigment epithelium; maximum diameter of the eye EH OY OH eto ey Yep Pees adl Mera sires OS (ele ce Ps niet Troglichthys. CHOLOGASTER Agassiz. Chologaster Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, X VI, 1853, 135 (cornutus). The genus Chologaster is distinguished from the other genera of the Amblyopside by the presence of well-developed eyes, which vary greatly in the different species of the genus. Ali of the species pos- «Kigenmann, Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of North America, Archiv ftir Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen, VIII, 1899, 607. F. C. 1904—25 386 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. sess more or less dermal pigment and thus are colored much like ordi- nary fishes. There are four pyioric cceca, and each species possesses tactile ridges. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHOLOGASTER. a. Eye large, contained 5.5 times in the head; species of dark coloration. 6. Sides with 3 well-defined longitudinal lines, the middle one broadest; tactile papille very smith ooo oe come oe ee ba ee cornutus. bb. Dark lines present on the sides of the body but much fainter than in cornutus; tactile: papillee “large. - . sssccs5c eee. cee elsease ae eee eee papilliferus. aa. Eye very small, contained 10 times in the head; coloration faint....--- agassizit. Chologaster cornutus Agassiz. The body of this species is rather slender, its length being contained from 5.25 to 6.5 times in its length; head considerably depressed, 3 to. 3.5 in body; mouth large, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary extending to near front of eye; eye small, about half length of snout and so located as to be able to see upward as well as sidewise; gill-membranes united and loosely joined to the isthmus, reaching back to or covering the vent; pectoral 1.5 in head and 1.4 in distance from snout to front of dorsal fin; caudal fin considerably pointed, about equal to head; dorsal with 8 to 9 rays, its front nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; anal with 8 to 9 rays, inserted almost directly under dorsal; scales very small, cycloid and not arranged in regular rows; no lateral line; tactile ridges pres- ent but very small; about 70 scales in a straight line along side from head to caudal fin; head naked. Color dark brown above, lighter on sides and white on belly; side with 3 narrow, well-defined longitudinal dark lines, the middle one, which is deepest and widest, extending across head and eye to tip of snout, upper line nearer to back than to middle line; a dark black blotch on base of caudal; remainder of caudal yariously mottled with black. There is sometimes a white crossbar about the middle of the caudal, but this may be reduced to 2 small white spots; tip of fin frequently white. In some specimens the back is entirely black and the dorsal fin white, spotted with black. The color, no doubt, varies much with the conditions. Length of the largest speci- men known, 1.8 inches. This little fish inhabits the swamps of the southern United States from the Dismal to the Okefinokee. It is said to be abundant loeally, but at present there are very few specimens in the museums, so far as I am able to learn. Those examined were from the Dismal Swamp, Vir- ginia, and were kindly loaned by the United States National Museum. The specimens described as C. avitus prove to be a variation of C. cornutus, the difference being chiefly one of color.¢ Cur 11.—Chologaster cornutus. @ Jordan and Eyermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, I, 703, 1896. ‘ CAVE FISHES OF.NORTH AMERICA. 387 Measurements. No. | Head. | Depth. | Dorsal.| Anal. | Scales. | Length. Notes. 1 3.5 6 8 8 66 |, 33 | Dismal Swamp. 2 3.33 5. 25 (2) 9 63 2 Do. 3) eae ee esses 9 Us | eer ores) eae or Dismal Swamp (mutilated). 4 3 5.5 9 SPilicns- aeons 30 | Cotype of C. avitus. 5 3 | 5.5 | 9 QU Net acetates 19 Chologaster cornutus Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XVI, 1853, 135, Ditches of rice fields in South Carolina. Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, 2, 1868. Putnam, Amer. Nat., V1, 1872, 30. Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes of N. A., 325, 1883. Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., VIII, 1888, 22 (Okefinokee Swamp, Millen, Georgia). Jordan & Eyermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 703, 1896. Eigenmann, Degeneration of the Eyes of the Amblyopside, its Plans, Processes, and Causes, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1898, 239 (summary); Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of N. Amer., Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech., VIII, 1899, 543; Marine Biological Lectures, 1899 (1900), 113. Cholegaster avitus Jordan & Jenkins, in Jordan Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1888, 356, pl. 44, fig. 8, Outlet of Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, near Suffolk, Va. Chologaster papilliferus Forbes. Pl. IV, fig. 2. The body is similar in shape to that of C. cornutus. Depth about 6 in length; head 3.5 to 3.75, not quite so depressed as C. cornutus; mouth very oblique, lower jaw projecting as much or more than width of eye; maxillary scarcely reaching eye; eye 2 in snout, located rather on upper side of head; head and body with papillary ridges which serve as tactile organs, these highly developed in some specimens and almost entirely absent in others; gill-membranes more or Jess united, loosely joined to the isthmus, reaching back to the vent; pectoral reach- ing half way to dorsal; caudal pointed; dorsal inserted well back, its first ray a little in front of first ray of anal, rays 8 to 9; anal with 8 rays; scales very small, and arranged as in C. cornutus but somewhat moré numerous. Color similar to that of C. cornutus, but the dark longitudinal lines not so well defined; a light lateral line just below the median dark line; no well-defined black blotches on base of caudal; belly white; dorsal fin dark, similar to caudal; anal light; upper part of head dark. Length 2 in. This species differs from the others of the genus in the strong devel- opment of papillary ridges and in color. It is generally lighter than C. cornutus and darker than C. agassiziiz. Known only from Clinton County, Illinois, in cave springs. 388 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Measurements. No. | Head. | Depth. | Dorsal.| Anal. | Seales. | Length. Notes. il i 6 8 8 97 35 | Papille distinct. 2 Sonate 9 8 |.--.9----- 43 | Papille indistinet. 3 Bin ike Shalerall Siete ise s K erete Sel eerste 25 Do. TN Nemernrertresl eyes ee ee Besar cel oe Seton aters 25 Do. 5 32 4 8 CPS BSapeescace 49 Papille distinct. 6 4 5} 8 hg | Bescees sc 51 Do. u 4 51 8 a) eee 40 Do. Some of the specimens were more or less imperfect, and Nos. 3 and 4 were so small that accurate measurements could not be taken. The scales were not counted, except on the first specimen. The spec- imens examined were taken by Mr. E. B. Forbes from a cave spring in southern Illinois. Chologaster papilliferus Forbes, American Nat., Jan., 1882, Cave spring in southern Illinois. Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes N. A., 325, 840, 1883. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 704, 1896. Eigenmann, Proc. Ind. Ae. Sci., 1897 (1898) 231; Degeneration in the Eyes of the Amblyopside, its Plans, Processes, and Causes, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1898, 239 (summary); Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of N. A., Archiv. f. Entwickelungsmech., 1899, 545; Marine Biological Lectures, 1899 (1900), 113. Chologaster agassizii Putnam. PI. V, fig. 2. Body rather heavy but elongated, its depth 6 to 6.5 in length; head 3.50 to 4.33; mouth very oblique, lower jaw projecting, maxillary reaching to the eye; eye very small and covered with skin, probably only partially functional, located more on upper side of head than the eyes of C. cornutus and C. papilliferus; gill-membranes joined to isthmus, not covering vent; pectoral fin 1.40 in head; caudal rounded, its length from base to tip less than head; dorsal with 8 or 9 rays, somewhat rounded, inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, its front farther forward than front of anal; anal 8, smaller than dorsal; scales similar to those of C. papilliferus; no tactile papille present. Since this species lives entirely in caves, it is much lighter in color than either of the other 2 species of the genus. The myotomes are very distinct, and form the 3 usual angles along the sides of the body. The aponurotic septa, or lines between the myotomes, are dark, and merge together to form a distinct dark line at the apex of the upper angle. The apex of the middle angle is also visible for the same reason, although this line is not so dark. The line along the apex of the lower angle is much darker than that of the middle, but not so dark as the upper. By the merging of these lines 3 dark longitudinal lines along the side of the body are formed, the upper darkest, the middle one faintest but widest, and the lower one intermediate. Along the back, beginning at the base of the caudal and coming to the point just back of the head, is a yellowish line. The edges of the scales are CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 889 darkest, consequently the sides and upper part of the body appear gray. There is an ill-defined dark spot at the base of the caudal and there are dark lines on the body at the base of the dorsal and anal fins. The fins vary in color from light gray to white, belly white. Length 2 in. This rare fish was first described by Putnam in 1872 from a well near Lebanon, Tenn., and it has very rarely, if ever, been taken since, so far as I am able to determine, until November, 1898, when Dr. C. H. Eigenmann secured 4 specimens from Mammoth Cave and Cedar Sinks, Kentucky. The chief points which distinguish this from the other species of the genus are the smaller eye and the lighter color. Tactile ridges are present, but they are not so prominent as in C. papilliferus. The fish is not found outside of caves or underground streams. The specimens examined were those from Mammoth Cave and Cedar Sinks, Kentucky. Measurements. No. | Head. | Depth. Lpeeser: Anal. | Scales. | Length. Notes. 1 4; 63 9 8 (?) 52 2 2 6 8 8 (?) 30 22383 33 6 9 8 (?) 34 4 | Seeman seceee as 8 Bibs ae sectors 2 sie,seto ets Mutilated specimen. Chologaster agassizii Putnam, Amer. Nat., VI, 1872, 22, well at Lebanon, Tenn., Mammoth Cave, Ky. Jordan, Rept. Geol. Nat. Res. of Indiana 1874 (1875), VI, 218 (reference to Putnam’s specimens). Hay, Geol. and Nat. Res. of Ind., XIX, 1894, 234. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 704, 1896. Eigenmann, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sei. 1897 (1898), 230; Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of N. A., Archiv. f. Entwickelungsmech., VIII, 1899, 546; Proce. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1898 (1899), 239, 251; Marine Biological Lectures, 1899 (1900), 113. i TYPHLICHTHYS Girard. Typhlichthys Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, 62 (subterraneus) . No ventral fins present. Otherwise similar to Amblyopsis, except that it does not grow to be so large. The genus includes probably three species. Typhlichthys subterraneus Girard. Pl. V, fig. 1. Body a little heavier than in Chologaster, its depth 6 to 6.5 in the length; head much depressed, 3 to 3.5 in the length; mouth large, oblique, lower jaw a little projecting, snout broad and rounded; eye entirely covered; gillcavitiessomewhatenlarged; gillmembranes united to the isthmus; branchiostegals 6, fitting closely to the body, reaching back to the vent; pectoral fins 1.5 in head; front of anal a little back of front of dorsal; anal with 8 rays; dorsal 8; caudal rounded in per- fect specimens; scales similar to those of Chologaster; pyloric ceca 2. 390 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. General color in life, yellowish pink, alcoholic specimens yellowish; fins slightly mottled with black. Length of the largest specimen about 2 in. This species is rather abundant in the streams south of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi. The specimens examined are from Cave City, Ky., Roaring River in Mammoth Cave, and Mitchells Cave at Glasgow, Ky. Measurements. | | | No. | Head. | Depth. Dorsal.| Anal. | Seales. | Length. Notes. | it.| 3 6 | 8 Sele ore ee 43 | From Mammoth Cave, Ky. vat 3 Bo 8 Biiceesecctee 42 | From Mitchells Cave, Ky. 3 3t 63 | 8 21a | sais resins 39 | Do. 4 | 32 63 8 Biloss2 ators 35 Do. ay) 3 64 8 Sn Geeeaoeter en 40 | From Mammoth Cave, Ky. 6 | 3 6 8 (eh. eas ee j= 45 | Do. Tal 32 6 8 84 ieee Bae 22 Do 8 | 3t | 6 8 OW eee eae 33 Do | Typhlicnthys subterraneus Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1859, 62, well near Bowl- ing Green, Ky. Putnam, Amer. Nat., VI, 1872, 17 (Mammoth Cave, Kentucky). Jordan, Rept. Geol. and Nat. Res. of Ind. 1874 (1875), VI, 218 (Mammoth Cave, Kentucky). Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes of N. A., 325, 1883. Hay, Geol. and Nat. Res. of Indiana, XIX, 1894, 234. Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 704, 1896. Eigenmann, Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of N. A., Archiv. f. Entwickelungsmech., 1899, 545; Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1898, (1899), 239 (summary). Typhlichthys wyandotte Higenmann.¢ A single specimen taken from north of the Ohio River from a well near Corydon, Ind.,is probably a distinct species. It differs slightly from those south of the Ohio, being somewhat more slender. The Corydon specimen is 1.65 inches in length from tip of the snout to base of caudal; other measurements are as follows: Head 3.66 in length; width of head in length of body 6.50, 1.66 in its own length; distance from posterior margin of skull to front of first dorsal ray, 16 mm.; front of dorsal to middle of caudal, 17 mm.; first anal ray nearer base of middle caudal ray than anus. Specimens from south of the Ohio River, 42 mm. long, measure as follows: Head 3 to 3.25 in length of body; width of head in length of body 5, 1.50 to 1.60 in its own length; distance from base of skull to first dorsal, 15 mm.; front of dorsal to middle ray of caudal, 17.5 mm. First anal ray about equidistant from base of middle caudal ray and anus. Typhlichthys subterraneus Eigenmann, Proe. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1897 (1898), 230 (Corydon, Ind.); not of Girard. Typhlicthys wyandotte Eigenmann, Biol. Bull., VIII, Jan., 1905, 63. “Jn the Biological Bulletin, VIII, 65, Dr. C. H. Eigenmann described another new species, Typilicthys osborni, from Horse Cave, Ky., with narrower and shorter head, smaller eye, which is surrounded by prominent fatty masses, and swollen cheeks. CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 391 TROGLICHTHYS Eigenmann. Troglichthys Kigenmann, Science, N. 8., [X, 1899, 280 (rose). This genus is very much like 7yphlichthys, from which it differs in the structure of the eyes, especially by the presence of large scleral cartilages. Troglichthys rose (Eigenmann). Pl. IV, fig. 1. Body similar to that of Zyphlichthys, but slightly heavier. Depth 4.5 in head; head 3, depressed; mouth oblique, lower jaw slightly pro- jecting; snout rounded; eye not visible, considerably smaller than that of Typhlichthys; gill membranes joined to isthmus; head and body well supplied with tactile ridges; fins similar to those of 7yphlichthys; dorsal with 8 rays; anal 8; pyloric cceca 2. Color in life, yellowish pink, no dark spots anywhere. Length 1.167 in. T. rose inhabits subterranean waters in southern Missouri, north- ern Arkansas, and probably eastern Kansas. The type specimens are from the cavesat Sarcoxie, Mo. It is this species whose habits Doctor Garman and Miss Hoppin have studied. The following is quoted from Doctor EKigenmann in Science, N. S., TX, 1889, 280. ‘* On the surface the specimens very closely resemble Typhlichthys subterraneus from the Mammoth Cave. * * * It is, however, quite evident from a study of their eyes that we have to deal here with a case of convergence of two distinct forms. They have converged because of the similarity of their environment, and especially owing to the absence of those elements in their environment that lead to internal protective adaptation. * * * The eye of Typhliehthys is surrounded by a very thin layer of tissue representing the sclera and choroid. The two layers are not separable. In this respect it approaches the condition in the epigeean-eyed member of the family, " Chologaster. The eye of Zroglichthys rosx is but about one-third the diameter of that of Typhlichthys subterraneus, measuring 0.06 mm. or thereabouts. It is the most degenerate, as distinguished from the undeveloped vertebrate eye. The point of importance * * * is the presence of comparatively enormous scleral cartilages. * * * This species is unquestionably descended from a species with well-developed seleral cartilages, for it is not conceivable that the sclera as found ia Chologaster could, by any freak or chance, give rise during degenera- tion to seleral cartilages, and if they did they would not have devel- oped several sizes too large for theeye. At present no known epigwan species of the Amblyopsidx possesses scleral cartilages and the eye of rose passes through a conditien similar to that possessed by Amblyop- sis, but the latter species has ventral fins, and is hence ruled out as a possible ancestor of rose. * * * Judging from the degree of degen- eration of the eye, Zroglichthys has. lived in caves and done without the use of its eyes longer than any other known vertebrate.” 392 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Typhlichthys subterraneus Garman, Bull. Mus. Com. Zool., XVII, 1889, 232 (wells and caves, Jasper County, Missouri); not of Girard. Kohl, Rudimentiire Wirbelthieraugen, 1892, 59. Typhlichthys rose EKigenmann, Proe. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897 (1898), 231, Sarcoxie, Mo. Troglicthys rose, Kigenmann, Science, N. 8., 1X, 1899, 280 (Day’s Cave, Sarcoxie, Missouri); Degeneration in the Eyes of the Amblyopsidx, its Plans, Processes and Causes, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1898 (1899), 239 (summary); Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of N. A., Archiy. f. Entwickelungsmech., VIII, 1899, 573; A Case of Convergence, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1898 (1899), 247. AMBLYOPSIS De Kay. Amblyopsis De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Reptiles and Fishes, 187, 1842 (speleus). Unlike the other genera of this family, Amblyopsis possesses ventral fins. The eyes are concealed under the skin and are not at all fune- tional. The head as well as the body is furnished with regularly arranged rows of tactile papille. Pyloric cceca generally 2, but some- times 3. Amblyopsis speleus De Kay. Plate VI. The body of Amblyopsis is heavier than the other members of this family; depth in length, 4 to 5; head, 3, depressed like that of Zyph- lichthys; mouth not so obliquely set as in the other members of the family; premaxillary not protractile; eye just visible through the skin in the young, not visible in the adult; gill-cavities enlarged, probably on account of the breeding habits of Amblyopsis”; pectoral contained 1.7 in head; anal rounded, with 8 to 10 rays; dorsal, with 8 to 10 rays, inserted slightly in front of anal, similar to it in shape. The variation of the rays in these 2 fins depends on the short rays at the front of each. These are very small and are covered by the fat skin, so as not to be seen from an external examination. Caudal fin broad, slightly pointed at tip; ventrals very small, inserted so that their posterior margins reach front of anal, rays about 4 in each fin. Fatty enlarge ments present at bases of all the fins, but more especially the dorsal, anal, and ventral; pyloric cceca 2 to 3; scales small and arranged irregularly, similar to those of Chologaster. Body colorless. In life the color is a rosy, purplish hue, due to the blood vessels which show through the skin; alcoholic and formalin specimens, yellowish white; no evidence of pigment anywhere on the surface. Length, 5 inches. This species is known south of the Ohio River from Mammoth Cave and its vicinity only. North of the Ohio it has been found in a num- ber of caves from Little Wyandotte, near the Ohio, to Hamers and Donnelsons caves, near the East Fork of the White River. It has become very rare inand about Mammoth Cave. The specimens exam- ined were one from Mammoth Cave, a large number from Donnelsons Cave, and one from Hamers Cave. «Eigenmann, Marine Biological Lectures, 1900, for 1899, 113. CAVE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 393 Measurements. No. | Head. | Depth.) Dorsal.| Anal. emer: Length. Notes. | 1 3 42 9 9 4—4 77 | Caves, Mitchell, Ind. 2 3} 4% 9 9 4—5 80 Do. 3 3 4t 8 8 4—4 75 Do 4 3 4s 9 10 4—4 70 Do 5 25 4; 10 9 4—4 80 Do 6 3 4t 10 9 5—4 70 Do if 23 5 9 10 3—4 63 Do 8 Seal 43 9 10 4—4 79 Do 9 38 5 10 10 4—4 85 Do 10 23 4 10 10 4—4 72 Do 11 3y 4t 9 9 4—4 62 Do 12 3 43 9 10 4—4 65 Do 13 3 5 9 9 4-4 63 Do 14 3 4; 10 10 4—4 79 Do 15 3 43 10 10 4—4 64 Do 16 3 5 10 10 4—4 70 Do Ww 3 45 9 10 4—4 70 Do 18 3 43 10 9 4—4 63 Do 19 3 42 10 10 4—i 69 Do 20 32 42 9 8 4-3 63 Do 21 3 43 10 10 4—4 61 Do 22 3 5 10 9 4—4 of | Do 23 3 43 10 9 5—4 60 Do 24 3 5 10 10 4—4 60 Do Amblyopsis speleus De Kay, Nat. Hist., N. Y., Reptiles and Fishes, 187, 1842, Mam- moth Cave, Kentucky. Wyman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 1843, 298; Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XLV, 1843, 94 to 96 (Kentucky). Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1844, 112. Telkampf, Miiller’s Arch., 1844, 381 to 394, taf. 9. Wyman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IiI, 1850, 349 to 357. Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XL, 1851, 127. Wyman, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1V, 1854, 395, V, 18; Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, XVII, 1854, 258. Poey, Mem. Cuba, II, 104, 1853. Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, 2, 1868 (Mammoth Cave, Kentucky). Putnam, Amer. Nat., 1872, 30, fig. (in part). Cope, Rept. Geol. Res. of Indiana, III and IV, 1871 and 1872 (1872), 161 (Little Wyandotte Cave, Indiana); Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872 (Little Wyandotte Cave, Indiana). Jordan, Rept. Geol. Nat. Res. of Indiana, VI, 1874 (1875), 218 (Mammoth Cave). Cope, Rept. Geol. Nat. Res. of Indiana, VIII, IX, X, 1876, ’77, ’78 (1878), 483 (Little Wyandotte Cave, Indiana). Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 324, 1883. Packard, Cave Fauna of N. A., Mem. Nat. Ac. Sci., 1886, 14 (Hamers and Don- nelsons caves, Lawrence Co., Indiana; Mammoth Cave, Ky.). Hay, Rept. Geol. and Nat. Res. of Indiana, XIX, 1894, I, 706. Blatchley, Rept. Geol. Nat. Hist. Res. of Indiana, X XI, 1896, 183 (Sibert’s well cave, a part of Little Wyandotte Cave, and in caves near Mitchell, Ind.). Eigenmann, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897 (1898), 280; Degeneration of the Eyes of the Amblyopsidx, its Plans, Processes and Causes, Proc. Ind. Ae. Sci., 1899, 239 (summary). Eigenmann & Yoder, The * Ear and Hearing of the Blind Fishes, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1898 (1899), 242. Eigenmann, Eyes of the Blind Vertebrates of N. A., Archiv. f. Entwickelungs- mech., VIII, 1899, 545; Pop. Sci. Mo., LVI, 1900, 485; Marine Biological Lectures, 1900, for 1899, 113. PLATE |. Report U. S. B. F. 1904. FIGS. RIGS. . 4, 1 ’ , 5: HEAD OF TYPHLICHTHYS SUBTERRANEUS, LATERAL AND DORSAL VIEWS 1 2, 3.—TACTILE RIDGES OF AMBLYOPSIS SPEL4US, LATERAL, DORSAL, AND VENTRAL VIEWS OF BODY. SHOWING TACTILE RIDGES. PLATE Il. Report U. S. B. F. 1904. S45 41) \ 40 FIGS 1 I 2, 3.—TACTILE RIDGES OF CHOLOGASTER PAPILLIFERUS, LATERAL, DORSAL AND VENTRAL VIEWS OF BODY. FIGS. 4, 5, 6. —TRCGLICHTHYS ROSER, LATERAL VIEW AND DORSAL AND VENTRAL VI = EW OF HEAD, Report U. S. B. F. 1904, PLATE III. Fig. 2, HEADS OF CHOLOGASTER AGASSIZII (FIG. 1), SUBTERRANEUS (FIG. 3), (FIG. 5), C. PAPILLIFERUS (FIG. 2), TYPHLICHTHYS TROGLICHTHYS ROSE (FIG. 4), AND AMBLYOPSIS SPELAZZUS Figures are intended to show the eye. They are prepared by of heads of fish about the same size that had been cle has no pigment. hence photographing the upper portion does not show, ared in xylol. The eye of Typhlichthys Report U. S. B. F. 1904. PLATE IV. FIG. 1.—TROGLICHTHYS ROSA. FIG. 2.—CHOLOGASTER PAPILLIFERUS. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views. er ” U eport R FIG. 1.—TYPHLICHTHYS SUBTERRANEUS. .-—CHOLOGASTER AGASSIZII. . ; i i ™ : - ‘oop a = - or : : . , eel a" ’ i dike —> ae meena ames “al ax ne oa emir Rae Va ace = | i ’ i wv 7 ol” ’ ' me ; / pret Hy oa : : pe ieee Wie F ; ; ie = by eh = aa al ; 7 . ‘ ; = ~ - ale : ; 2 ; i ™the - i be : i 7 0 . i PS . ‘ * = ‘ * ’ ‘ ' i + > - fe ‘ 1 = oe 1 ; 2 es ’ “+ : re Report U. S. B. F. 1904. PLATE VI. Fig. 1.—Dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Lateral view. Fig. 3.—Ventral view. AMBLYOPSIS SPELAZUS. THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) By W._ Eb. ELAY. WES. Professor of Biology, Howard University THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS). By. WPS Eiaye, Me Ss, Professor of Biology, Howard Unwwersity. The following report embodies the results of two summers’ work (1902 and 1908) in the crab-producing region bordering Chesapeake Bay. The information was gathered incidentally in connection with a thorough study of the diamond-back terrapin, and on that account is by no means as complete as could be desired. Many of the theories advanced by the fishermen and packers regarding the blue crab have not yet been subjected to close examination, although every oppor- tunity has been taken for this purpose. In some cases the reports secured were so contradictory that it is not deemed safe to express an opinion concerning them. Quite a number of facts, however, have been brought to light, and they are here presented in the hope that _ they may prove valuable to those engaged in the fishery or to those whose duty it is to secure the enactment of laws to regulate and prolong it. The fishermen and crab packers throughout the region gave most cordial cooperation to the investigations. Special thanks are due to Messrs. Tull & Co., Tawes & Riggins, and Christy Brothers, of Cris- field, Md., and to Messrs. McMenamin & Co., of Hampton, Va., all of whom rendered valuable assistance by supplying material or information. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS RATHBUN. Lupa hastata Bose, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, Vol. I, pp. 212-214, 1801-1802. Say, An- Account of the Crustacea of the United States, Journal Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Vol. I, 1817, p. 65. (Not L. hastata Desmarest, 1823, nor Milne-Edwards, 1884.) Iupa dicantha De Kay, Natural History New York, Zoology, part vi, Crustacea, p. TOS plo ain, fig. 3) 1844: Lucas, Annales Société Entomologique de France (2), T. I, IX, pl. 1, fig. 1. 397 398 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Callinectes hastatus Ordway, Monograph of the Genus Callinectes, Boston Journal Natural History, Vol. VII, 1863, p. 568-579. Verrill, Invertebrates of Vineyard Sound, Report U. 8. Fish Com- mission 1871-72, 1873; contains a number of references, but none of great importance. 8. I. Smith, in Verrill, Invertebrates of Vineyard Sound, Report U. S. Fish Commission 1871-72, p. 548, 1873. Milne-Edwards, Crustacés de la Région Mexicaine, p. 224, 1879. Faxon, On Some Crustacean Deformities, Bulletin Museum Com- parative Zoology, Vol. VILI, 1881, pl. 1, figs. 5 and 8. Conn, Johns Hopkins University Circular, November, 1883. R. Rathbun, Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section I, History of Aquatic Animals, pp. 775-778, pl. 267, 1884; Section V, Vol. II, History and Methods of the _ Fisheries, pp. 629-648, 1887. H. M. Smith, Notes on the Crab Fishery of Crisfield, Md., Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission, IX, 1889, p. 104, 1891. Paulmier, The Edible Crab, a preliminary Study of Its Life His- tory and Economic Relationships, 55th Annual Report N. Y. State Museum, 1901, pp. r129-r138. The Crab Fisheries of Long Island, 56th Annual Report of the N. Y. State Museum, 1902, pp. r131-r134. Callinectes sapidus M. J. Rathbun, The Genus Callinectes, Proceedings U. &. National Museum, Vol. XVIII, 1895, pp. 352, 366-373. The Cyclometopous or Cancroid Crabs of North America, American Naturalist, Vol.X XXIV, February, 1900, p. 140. Bouvier, Bulletin Musee Paris, VII, 1901, p. 16. SYSTEMATIC POSITION. The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) is a common and well- known crustacean along the Middle and South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. It is one of the nine species which in Miss Rathbun’s recent revision” are regarded as forming the genus, the other members of which are inhabitants of the coasts of South America, Mexico (on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides), and the Atlantic coast of Africa. Callinectes is one of the genera constituting the family Portunide, the members of which are commonly known as ‘‘swim- ming crabs,” from the fact that with one exception in all the known species the last pair of legs are developed as broad paddles by means of which the animals propel themselves through the water. The family is an extensive one, but those genera which occur on the coasts of North America may be readily distinguished by the following key, which is adapted from Miss Rathbun:? a. Last pair of legs broad, modified into swimming paddles. b. Carapace decidedly broader than long, antero-lateral margins cut into nine teeth, a@The Genus Callinectes, Mary J. Rathbun, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X VIII, 1896, pp. 349-375, pls. xm-xX XVII. » Synopses of North American Invertebrates, American Naturalist, XXXIV, Feb., 1900, p. 139. ; . “LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 399 c. Movable portion of the antenna excluded from the orbital cavity by a pro- longation of the basal joint of the antenna .............. Charybdella. c\, Movable portion of the antenna not excluded from the orbit. a> No longitudinal ridge on the palate. i...4..2225 cle lc. acec ces ee Arenxus, d'. A longitudinal ridge on the palate. enAbdemen of the male: )-shaped = {e9l2l. ses. nL ek Callinectes. @. Abdomen of the male triangular. 2212.02 0.22252 cole Portunus. b'. Carapace not very broad, antero-lateral margins cut into five teeth. c. Last tooth of antero-lateral margin developed into a spine longer than the other teeth: oridpimest) aspen eeee SSS Bathynectes. en All-gntero-lateral: teeth simular 222 a2 as sese Mesh ese chs sok oe Ovalipes. a', Last pair of legs narrow, with terminal segment lanceolate........... Carcinides. Of the nine species of the genus Cullinectes five have been recorded from the United States. They are ©. sapidus Rathbun, C. ornatus Ordway, C. dane Smith, C. larvatus Ordway, and C. ewasperatus Ordway. Of these the first is distributed along the Atlantic coast from Massa- ~chusetts Bay to Florida and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Brazil; C. ornatus Ordway has been found as far north as Charleston, 5. C., and thence southward to Victoria, Brazil; C. dane Smith has been collected at various localities between South Carolina and Santos, Brazil?; C. darvatus Ordway has been reported from some of the Florida keys, from Vera Cruz, Mexico, from various islands of the Bahamas and the West Indies, from the coast of Brazil, and from the West coast of Africa; C. exasperatus Ordway has been collected at Key West., Fla., Jamaica, Old Providence, and at several points on the coast of Brazil. In addition to these, C. bocourti Milne-Edwards oceurs on the coasts of Central and South America; C. arcuatus Ord- way is found in the Gulf of California and Pacific coasts of Mexico and Central America; C. torotes Ordway from Cape St. Lucas to Guaya- quil, Ecuador; C. beddicosus (Stimpson) from numerous points in Lower California and in the Gulf of California; and C. nitiédus A. Milne Edwards from Guatemala probably to Chile. Some of the species are very distinct, but others are distinguished with difficulty. The following key, revised from Miss Rathbun’s, will serve for their identification. a. Inner supraorbital fissure closed. Pee roms withiour iniraorbital, teebin S22. -2525c0 sles oe aton eels eee C. sapidus. b'. Front with six intraorbital teeth. c. Verges much shorter than the abdomen. d. Lateral spine more than twice the length of preceding tooth. é. Intramedial region broad, its anterior width about three times its T5025 U1 Og Ges ge Raa ORG ee ENS aL Set allay vk teats SMO ny C. ornatus. @ The occurrence of C. sapidus in a fresh water basin at Rochefort, France, recorded by Bouvier (Bulletin Musee Paris, VII, 16), is, as that author suggests, to be regarded as entirely accidental, the specimen having been carried across the Atlantic in some vessel. 400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. el, Intramedial region narrow, its anterior width about two times its length. f. Verges greatly exceeding the third segment of the abdomen. g. Tips of verges straight. Second to sixth antero-lateral teeth equi- Jaterale ce an son eic heal allen > ois eee eee Ie sate eee C. dane. g'. Tips of verges curved. Antero-lateral teeth with posterior margins longenthantanteniomes = o+-ee ee cee Lee eee ee eee C. arcuatus. fi. Verges exceeding the third segment but little, or not at all. .C. larvatus. d' Lateralspine less thantwice the length of preceding tooth... --- C. exasperatus. cl. Verges reaching the extremity of the abdomen or nearly so. d. Antero-lateral region granulate. Lateral spine between two and three times length of-preceding ‘tooth: J2222. 556) 5: Jace C. toxotes. d', Antero-lateral region smooth. Lateral spine less than twice the length of preceding: tooth. <2 ss e3ec240. sooo eee eee . bocourti. CA INneMsipraoLbitaleiss une iOpen = see eee eee ee Seer eee eee C. bellicosus. Toward the southern half of its range the true C. sapidus is more or less replaced locally by a varietal form, C. sapidus acutideus Rath- bun, which differs in the possession of an accessory tooth on the inner margin of each of the pair of median frontal teeth. This form begins to appear in the Gulf of Mexico and is apparently common on the coast of Cuba and probably other of the West Indian Islands. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. The natural range of the blue crab is from Massachusetts Bay to some as yet undetermined point on the east coast of South America. On the coast of the United States it is common from Cape Cod to the southern extremity of Texas, and throughout the greater portion of this long coast line it is very abundant. Its favorite habitat is in the waters of some bay or at the mouth of a river, and it seems to prefer shallow water to that of much depth. Consequently, such bodies of water as Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the protected channels along the coasts of Virginia and other South Atlantic and Gulf States fairly swarm with these creatures. Chesapeake. Bay is especially fav-. orable and has long been famous, not only for the great number of crabs which it produces, but also for their large size and exceptionally fine flavor. Although the blue crab is essentially an inhabitant of salt water, it. is frequently found in water that is only slightly brackish or even apparently quite fresh. Specimens have been recorded from the Hud- son River as far north as Newberg and on credible authority I have learned of the presence of an occasional individual in the Potomac River and the Eastern Branch opposite the city of Washington. At Crisfield, Md., and at other points along both the eastern and western shores of Chesapeake Bay, I have frequently observed the blue crab in ponds and ditches, often at a distance of a mile or two from the bay and in water that was nearly fresh. In such situations it was often living in shallow burrows in the banks, but I was unable to determine whether these were of its own construction. LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 401 Within the larger bodies of water the crabs are quite generally dis- tributed—that is to say, individuals are not uncommon anywhere, but ‘there are certain localities where their abundance is almost incredible and the supply seems inexhaustible. These favored spots seem to be the mud bottoms such as are to be found near the mouths of the larger rivers, in shallow water where there is an abundance of vegetation. Hard bottoms, oyster beds, or bottoms consisting of soft ooze without vegetation are apparently not best suited to their welfare, for on such spots comparatively few crabs are to be found. The habitat varies considerably with the season. In the summer the crabs live close to the shore; in the winter they move into deeper water. It would also seem that the habitat varies somewhat with the age and sex of the individuals, for even in the summer the small and medium sized crabs are most abundant in shallow water, while the large males remain in the deeper channels. An examination of the crabs from shallow water shows that small males and virgin females constitute the bulk of the catch. POWER OF MOVEMENT. ce Kither in the water or on land the blue crab is an animal of great activity and has considerable power of endurance. Progression through the water is effected by means of a sculling motion of the broad, oar-like posterior legs, and under ordinary conditions is slow, the effort of the animal being apparently only to keep itself afloat while it is borne along by the current. Under these conditions the movement is either backward or sidewise. The shell is held with the posterior portion uppermost, the legs are brought together above the ‘back and strike backward and downward at the rate of from 20 to 40 22, in per minute. When alarmed, however, the animal strikes out with great vigor and rapidity, moving its paddles too swiftly for the eye to follow; it moves through the water almost as rapidly as a fish and quickly sinks below the surface. When on the bottom and undis- turbed, the crab may be seen to walk slowly about on the tips of the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs, the large pincers being held either extended or folded close under the shell and the paddles either raised and resting against the back of the shell or assisting the move- ment by slow sculling strokes. In such cases the movement is in any direction—forward, backward, or sidewise—although the usual direc- tion is sidewise. If the animal becomes alarmed it moves away by a combination of the walking and swimming motions and often disap- pears like a flash. In fact, so rapid is the movement that it is almost impossible to see how it is accomplished. It is too steady and uniform «This fact is well known to the fishermen, who frequently refer to these large males as ‘‘channellers.”’ F. C. 1904—26 402 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER’ OF FISHERIES. to be a series of leaps, and the animal seems too far above the bottom to be running upon it; yet all the legs are in motion except the large first pair. Of the latter, the one on the side toward which the animal is moving is held straight out sidewise, while the other is folded up under the shell. METHOD OF CONCEALMENT. The coloration of the crab is such as to harmonize very perfectly with the surroundings, and the animal attempts very little concealment if there are other objects on the bottom. Often, however, a clear, sandy bottom or some oozy pond will be found to be almost alive with erabs which have buried themselves until only their eyes and their antenne are exposed. In thus hiding, the crab goes nearly vertically backward into the bottom and then, by a few movements, turns slightly, so that the shell rests at an angle of about 45°. The material above settles down and effaces all traces of the entrance. It usually happens that the bottom affected by the crab is firm enough to render this operation somewhat slow and it rarely attempts to escape pursuit in such a way. It seems probable that concealment is usually adopted as an ambush from which a sudden attack can be made on some passing fish. ; In certain places, notably shallow ponds and streams which become nearly dry at low tide, the crab may be observed to dig rather large, conical holes, apparantly as reservoirs, and to take up its position in the deepest part. The work of making such an excavation often requires two or three hours, usually commencing soon after the tide has begun to ebb strongly and continuing until the edge of the exca- vation is nearly exposed above the water. The animal works from some suitable point, carrying away load after load of material clasped between the large claw and the lower surface of the front of the shell. It loosens up the surface with the tips of its second, third, and fourth pairs of legs, grasps all it can carry, and then moves off a few inches in the direction of the side which bears the load and deposits it so that it will not roll back. Thus the hole is gradually deepened and the sur- rounding circle built up and widened until it has a breadth of about a foot, with a depth of perhaps 6 inches. The crab then settles itself into the sand or mud at the bottom of the hole and waits until the rising tide offers an opportunity to move about again. The blue crab has very seldom been seen to come out on land yolun- tarily, although it is able to sustain life for several hours when removed from the water. In low, swampy situations I have occasion- ally seen an individual moving about in the dense grass or hanging to the grass just above the water, and in Miss Rathbun’s paper ‘‘ The Genus Callinectes,” there is a description by Mr. Willard Nye, jr., of the migration of a large number of crabs from a small pond to the LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 403 ocean over a beach 400 feet wide. They had been imprisoned in the shallow water and were forced by cold weather to make the excursion to deeper places. During the molting periods the crab will always hide itself, if pos- sible, under some submerged timber, rock, or bunch of grass. Here it will remain quietly until after its shell has been shed and the new shell has hardened. The color of the crab is more or less variable, and it is believed by the fishermen that the animal is able to change its hue slightly to approxi- mate the color of its surroundings. Light grayish-green individuals are said to be taken on sandy bottoms, while the dark olive-green are said to be found among the grass. This theory, however, is not very well*borne out by crabs held in captivity in the live boxes, for there they retain their original colors, and even after they have cast their shells exhibit quite as much variety as before. FOOD. The blue crab’s food is of a varied character, but the animal is preemi- nently a scavenger and a cannibal. In the shallow waters of ponds and small tidal streams it preys to a certain extent upon small fish, which it stalks with some cunning and seizes by a quick movement of its large claws. In such situations, too, I have sometimes observed it nibbling at the tender shoots of eel grass or other aquatic vegetation, or picking at the decayed wood of some sunken log. Its favorite food, however, is the flesh of some dead and putrid animal, to obtain which it will travel a considerable distance from its hiding place. A piece of stale meat or a rotten fish will attract the crabs for several yards around and they will swarm over the morsel until it is entirely devoured. The offal from stables and water-closets which project over the water furnishes the crabs with many a meal and in such spots num- bers of the animals may be observed lying in wait for food. Wherever crabs are abundant they constitute a source of great annoyance to fishermen, for they are adepts at stealing bait from the hooks and will return time and again after having been drawn to the surface of the water and apparently frightened away. An injured crab, if thrown into the water, will be speedily set upon by its associates and torn to pieces. Even one that is uninjured, if small or in the soft-shelled condition, is likely to be captured and eaten by stronger individuals. In eating a bit of food the crab first grasps it’in the large claws and pushes it back under the front of the shell, where it is seized between the tips of the second pair of legs and pushed forward and upward to a point where it can pass between the third maxillipeds to the jaws. These strong organs masticate the food while the other mouth-parts prevent the escape of the smaller particles. It is then swallowed and 404 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. the complicated set of teeth in the stomach reduce it to a thin fluid mass before it is allowed to pass into the intestine. Digestion in the crab seems to be a rapid process, for the food dis- appears so quickly from the stomach that this organ is usually found to be perfectly empty within a few minutes after having received a full meal. It is a common idea among the fishermen that food is not retained in the crab’s stomach at all, but this I have disproved by numerous dissections. REPRODUCTION. The sexes of the crab are separate, and reproduction is effected by means of eges, which are laid by the female after copulation. The male crab may instantly be recognized by its narrow L-shaped abdomen, or apron, which is folded under the cephalo-thorax and lies over a rather deep groove in the sternum between the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs. (Fig. 2, pl. 1.) Its base is broad and nearly fills the space between the fifth pair of legs. The verges, or intromittent organs, consisting of the much modified first pair of abdominal appendages, lie within.the sternal groove and are ordinarily completely hidden by the abdomen, but are easily exposed by raising that portion of the animal’s body. The male is also usually distinguishable by its larger size and the greater amount of blue on its legs and the lower surface of the body. The soft-shelled male shows a good deal of blue on the back also, but as the shell hardens this gives way to the usual dull gray green. Among the female crabs two distinct forms are recognizable, which we may designate, respectively, as virgin and ovigerous forms. In both the body is more tumid and the abdomen is much broader than in the male. Inthe virgin form the abdomen has a triangular shape, the sides converging nearly uniformly from the base to the tip. (Fig. 3, pl. 11.) In the ovigerous form it is nearly semicircular jn outline, except for the small terminal segment, which projects in front as a small triangle on the middle line. (Fig. 4, pl. 1.) In the virgin form the‘abdomen lies, as in the male, in a depression between the bases of the last four pairs of legs, but it is fastened in its place so strongly, by means of a pair of hooks which project from the body and fit into a pocket on each side of the abdomen, that it can hardly be raised without being broken. The swimmerets on such an abdomen are small—almost rudi-- mentary—and would hardly be noticed in a cursory examination. In the ovigerous form, on the other hand, the abdomen covers nearly the whole lower surface of-the shell, even overlapping the basal segments of the last four pairs of legs, and it is held in position only by a mus- cular effort on the part of the animal. When such an abdomen is lifted up, the observer is at once struck with the large size of the swimmerets, which, with their fringes of hairs, entirely fill the space between the abdomen and the shell of the body. It will further be LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 405 observed with regard to these two forms among the females, that the first, or virgin form includes all the smaller individuals, while the second, or ovigerous form includes only those of larger size. That the condition is not an evidence of age, however, will be shown further on. Crabs may be found pairing at almost any time during warm weather, but there seem to be five or six periods between early June and the beginning of cold weather when the act is at its height. During these times mated crabs, ‘‘ doublers,” as they are called by the fishermen, are found in considerable numbers, either lying on the bottom in shallow water or swimming at the surface. It appears that the male crab is able to distinguish the female which is about to shed her shell, and having found such a one seizes her and carries her about with him, sometimes for a day or two, until the shedding of her shell is immi- nent. He then places her in some sheltered place and stands guard over her ready to repel the advances of any other male. At this time the female invariably is of the virgin form, and copulation has not taken place. When she sheds her shell, however, she has passed into the ovigerous form, the broad semicircular abdomen of her new con- dition having been withdrawn from the shell of the narrow triangular abdomen of the virgin form. She is now ready for copulation, and is immediately approached again by her mate. She turns back her abdomen, thus exposing the openings of her oviducts, the verges of the male are inserted, and she is grasped by the tips of his second, third, and fourth pairs of legs, and carried away. In the mated crabs the female, before she has cast her shell, is carried by the male with her back nenha his ventral surface; during copulation her position is reversed. Copulation lasts for a day or two, coming to an end as soon as the new shell of the female has hardened. The pair then sepa- rate, and so far as is known pay no further attention to each other.@ i The female is now ready to produce her eggs, and for this act it seems that she seeks the ocean or the mouth of some large bay. In Chesapeake Bay mating crabs are abundant at least as far north as Annapolis, but a crab with eggs is very seldom found there. On the other hand, at Cape Charles City, Va., at Hampton, Va., and neigh- boring points, egg-bearing females are far more abundant than either males or virgin females during the latter part of summer, but appar- ently do not often come into shallow water. All the individuals seen at the two Virginia localities had been caught on trot lines. An exactly « Although the facts cited in the last few paragraphs are matters of common knowledge among the crab fishermen, I am not aware that their relation has been recorded in any of the printed accounts of this animal. The fact that copulation is possible only while the female is in the soft-shelled condition has been noted by several observers, and that about the time of copulation she changes from the narrow abdomened to the broad abdomened form is mentioned on page 369 of Miss Rath- bun’s paper. 406 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. . similar condition of affairs has been reported by Paulmier to obtain at the Long Island fisheries. He says: The investigations of the writer, finally, failed to show any in the shallow waters of the bays and rivers. It thus seems certain that the crabs in berry do not come into the shallow water at any season in the north. During the latter part of June, however, a few specimens were taken while cling- ing to a pound net near Fire Island inlet in about 20 feet of water. For the next three weeks none were seen, while small males were quite common. Then the females suddenly appeared in great numbers on the nets, but, as mentioned, none were seen on the shore. The eggs of the crab are very minute, about 74; of an inch in diameter, and they are very numerous, it having been estimated that a single female may produce as many as 3,000,000. As soon as the eggs are laid they adhere to the fringes of hairs on the swimmerets and form a mass which is nearly a thir das large as the female’s body. They are carried about thus until they hatch, “when the young, after clinging to the mother for a short time, loosen their hold and begin a free existence. The eggs are probably produced soon after copulation, consequently among the great mass of crabs there are to be found some ‘* blooming females” throughout the summer wherever conditions are favorable for egg laying. The majority spawn in the fall or early spring. In his article on the blue crab (Fisheries and Fishery Industries, p. 642, 1880) Mr. Richard Rathbun states that at Hampton, Va., in 1880, the first crabs with eggs were taken on the first of March, but they do not appear usually until April. The height of the spawning season is from May to August, though many egg-laden crabs are seen until November. At Charleston, S. C., in March of the same year, Mr. R. E. Earll reported that at least two-thirds of the catch were females, laden with eggs which from their immature condition would probably not hatch before April or May. In this connection is quoted the following letter from Mr. 8. L. Addison, of McMenamin & Co., crab packers at Hampton, Va.: The proportion of the male and female crabs varies considerably during the year, but the average is about two males to twelve females. Egg-bearing females are most abundant during the hottest part of the season. As to what time the eggs hatch and how soon after laying, we have no means of ascertaining, and exactly what becomes of the young isa hard question to answer, although the very small crabs are found at all times of the year. Very many of the small crabs are devoured by fish and oysters. We have no reason to believe that the female dies after she spawns. On the contrary, we are satisfied that she does not, as her appearance gives every ey1- dence of it. We are not able to state how long it takes a crab to grow from the egg to maturity, and, in fact, do not know at what age it is mature. Our oldest crabber, who has been in the business for about twenty years, says posi- tively that every crab sheds its shell once every three months during the whole year, both winter and summer. Very many egg-bearing female crabs are caught for market and canning purposes, and we see no way to prevent this, as they do not all spawn at the same time, but LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE ORAB. 407 during the whole season some of them are spawning. Our experience is that we find more of the small crabs about March and April, although, as we stated above, some of them are found during the entire season. From the best information, nearly all the crabs, if not all, spawn in the rivers and afterwards come into salt water. We do not think they travel from this section northward, but, on the contrary, we think they generally come southward. Our opinion is that there is nothing so detrimental to the crab industry as dredg- ing for crabs in winter time, and what makes us feel so sure of it is the fact that after they are dredged in a certain location in the winter, the next season none or scarcely any of them are to be found there. They will not bed in the same place the succeeding winter. We are borne out in the opinion by our oldest and best crabbers, that generally about June and July we have a little different crab reach us here in Hampton Roads, which is generally called the ocean crab. It is larger than the one which we get earlier in the season, and is a much bluer crab. We can not say whether this crab comes from the north or south to us. Mr. Isaac H. Tawes, of Crisfield, Md., reports as follows: From what I can learn, the crabs spawn in the spring. I have been noticing them for several years. I always see the small baby crabs in May and June. [ think the fémales mature during the winter and spawn in the spring. METAMORPHOSIS AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH. The young crab when it first escapes from the egg is almost micro- scopic in size and of a very different appearance from the adult. It is known as a zoea larva.“ It has a swollen, a globose body and a long, slender, segmented tail. The eyes are especially large and prominent and are borne on short, thick stalks. The shell which covers the head and body is prolonged downward between the gyes to form a long, slender, pointed ros- trum (cuts Land 2, 7.). On each side, near the middle of the shell, there is a smaller lateral spine (cut 1, 7.) and near the middle of the back there is a long, slender, curved spine (cut 1, d.). The tail or abdomen, which afterward becomes the ‘‘apron” of = oS Sagas the adult crab, is longer than the body and CE ener abeerem eso” is composed of six cylindrical segments; it «tab. (After Brooks.) bears no appendages and ends in a large, forked telson (cuts 1 and 2,t.). The tail is moyable and assists the animal in swimming. At the front of the body, in the neighborhood of the mouth, there are “The following account of the metamorphosis of the crab and the figures which accompany it have been taken from Dr. W. K. Brooks’ Handbook of Invertebrate Zoology (S. E. Casino, Boston, 1882), with such revisions as have been necessary to adapt it for popular reading. 408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. seven pairs of appendages, which are usually designated as the first and second antenne, the mandibles, the first and second maxille, and the first and second maxillipeds, the latter being provided with long plumose hairs and used as the principal organs of propulsion as the animal swims through the water. The other thoracic appendages of the adult crab—namely, the third maxillipeds and the five pairs of legs—are represented only by a series of buds lying on each side, almost concealed by the shell. The shell itself is very thin and so transparent that the heart, the intestine, the muscles which move the appendages, and all the other internal organs may be easily observed. The zowa sheds its shell a number of times, the bud-like rudiments of the third maxillipeds and the legs grow a little and the portion of the body which carries them becomes obscurely divided into segments. The abdominal feet or swimmerets make their appearance as pairs of buds on the ventral sur- face of the abdominal segments, and certain changes occur in the antenne and mandibles which cause these parts to resemble more closely the parts of theadult crab. For a number of molts the change of the larva is gradual, but after a time it sheds its shell and be- comes suddenly converted Cut 2.—Megalops form of Callinectes sapidus or some closely Into form which se quite related crab. (After Brooks.) different from the ZORA, and which is known as a megalops. The megalops differs from the zoza in the following characters: (1) There are no lateral spines and the dorsal spine is very short. (2) The eyes are at the ends of very movable stalks. (3) The five pairs of legs are fully developed and are very similar to those of the adult. (4) The gills have made their appearance above the bases of the legs, under the margins of the shell, but these margins are still free. (5) The maxillipeds are no longer organs of locomotion and there are three pairs. (6) While the larva is still able to swim, it also moves over the bot- tom by walking upon the tips of its legs, with a crab-like gait, very LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 409 similar to that of the adult. A reference to the figure, however, will show that the megalops is still far from being like the adult crab. There is still a long-pointed rostrum on the front of the shell, and the eyes, instead of being hidden in cavities on the front of the shell, pro- ject conspicuously from the sides at the base of the rostrum. Both pairs of antenne project from beneath the rostrum, and the lash of the second antenna is very long. The last pair of legs are bent upward and backward above the back of the shell and are borne on a separate, movable segment of the body. The abdomen is still long and carries five or six pairs of swimmerets; while the animal is swimming the abdomen is stretched out behind the carapace, but while crawling it may be bent forward under the ventral surface of the body, as in the adult. The third pair of maxillipeds are still leg-like, being composed of cylindrical segments, and are not flattened as ir the adult. In fact the general structure and appearance are quite as much like that of a crayfish or lobster, as like that of the familiar blue crab. The time required for the megalops larva to change into a young crab having the form of the adult has nof been recorded, but is prob- ably quite short. By successive molts@ the outline of the shell, the structure of the appendages, and the internal anatomy approximate more and more closely the future condition, until at last, by the time the animal has reached a breadth of perhaps one-fourth of an inch, its true nature becomes plainly evident. Even before this time it has fallen in with others of its kind and together with them it moves shoreward.’? In Chesapeake Bay this general shoreward movement appears to take place early in the spring, for at Crisfield in April, and to some extent in May, the tiny crabs begin to appear in great numbers. They float along with the currents, clinging to bunches of grass or swimming freely in the water, and fihally find a suitable home in some shallow and sheltered bay or «The number of molts during the megalops stage is stated by Paulmier to be (probably ) six. In Miss Rathbun’s paper (p. 368) there is given an account by Mr. John D. Mitchell, of Victoria, Tex., of the breeding habits of the crab in the Gulf of Mexico. He says: ‘‘ The eggs begin growing in the spring and hatch the latter part of May or June, the young clinging to the apron for several days. When first hatched they are very little more than two eyes, and look like anything but a crab. I know little about the number of times the young sheds from the time of leaving the mother’s apron until it gets its crab shape, which is inside of three months. I have seen the little fellows so thick near the margin that the water would look murky and thick, and thousands could be scooped up in the two hands placed together, and their cast- off shells would form a gray streak along the water’s edge. They collect in immense numbers along protected shores and nooks, shedding several times and getting their shape in September, when they start on their great migration across the bays for the north shores, where they enter the creeks and estuaries, and go upon the shoals, where they remain until grown, burying themselves in the mud and sand in winter.”’ 410 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. estuary. These young crabs have almost certainly hatched from the egg the preceding fall, for it is then, in the months of August and September, that egg-bearing females, ‘* blooming crabs,” in the fisher- men’s vernacular, are most abundant in the extreme lower part of the bay. Once having established itself in a congenial location, the young crab probably remains there until it has attained its growth. It has been stated that three years is required for this“ and that the young crab sheds its shell twice each summer before it reaches its full size. It is quite possible, however, and such evidence as I have been able to collect makes it seem probable, that in Chesapeake Bay, at least, the growth of the young crab is more rapid and that it may reach its full size in at most two seasons. At Crisfield, where hundreds of thousands of crabs are taken each summer and sent to market, the spring catch, beginning in May, contains great numbers of small crabs from 1% to 2 inches across. By the next month they have reached 3 inches, and in July individuals 4 inches across are the rule. In August and Septem? ber most of the females have reached a breadth of 5 inches and are mature and ready for mating. It may be, of course, that this gradual increase in the size of the individuals taken does not prove such a rapid growth so much as an increased number of crabs on the bottoms from which the fishermen can choose. There are always a certain number of small crabs taken in the nets and thrown back into the water again, but the number of small ones diminishes as the number of large ones increases toward the end of summer. The duration of life of the crab after it has reached maturity is not positively known, but it is very probable that it differs somewhat in the two sexes. One observer, quoted by Miss Rathbun, gives seven years as the limit of the crab’s life without regard to sex and also says that it does not molt after having reached maturity. The latter statement is probably correct, but the former can hardly be accepted without proof. The evidence which has been collected seems to show that the males will survive at least one winter and possibly two, for large, full grown individuals are common throughout the winter and in early spring and are often caught by the oyster dredgers. These large males do not shed their shells and are usually battered and more or less covered with barnacles and even oysters. The females, on the other hand, probably die soon after spawning, and therefore survive | the first winter only in case they have not copulated immediately upon becoming mature. “The evidence to support this statement is perhaps not wholly satisfactory. No one has, as far as I know, followed the female crabs actually to see what becomes of them, but I have been informed that at times the beaches along the lower part of the @ Rathbun 1896, p. 369; also Paulmier 1901, p. r. 135. LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE ORAB. 411 bay and the adjacent ocean are covered with dead crabs, mostly oviger- ous females. All the observers mentioned the late fall as the time of such an occurrence. Moreover all those engaged in the crab fishery unite in saying that they have seldom, if ever, found an ovigerous female shedding her shell, and that the females which are found early in the season are of the virgin form. Evidently all the large females of the early spring are such as did not find a mate during the preced- ing season and have, therefore, still to fulfill their maternal destiny. It has been stated by Paulmier (1901) that the female crab does molt again after the eggs are hatched. His investigations made in the neighborhood of Long Island may indicate strikingly different life histories for northern and southern crabs, for the observations made at Crisfield prove quite conclusively that the female does not cast her shell after having produced her first and only lot of eggs. MOLTING. In practically all the lower animals whose bodies are incased in a tough unyielding covering extension in size and any change of form occurs not gradually and continuously, but suddenly and at intervals, and is always preceded by the casting off of the confining skin or shell, a process known as molting or ecdysis. The molting of the crab might have been dwelt upon more fully in the preceding para- graphs, but it is a matter of such interest and of such vital importance that it deserves to be considered by itself. It must suffice, however, to describe the process in the fully formed crab, and leave the subject of the larval molts for future investigation. As the crab approaches the shedding period it begins to show its condition by various external ‘‘signs,” which are well known to the fishermen and are of great importance to them. The first indication isa narrow white line which appears just within the thin margin of the last two joints of the posterior pair of legs. This line is so nar- row and so obscured as to be barely visible, but it is immediately detected by the expert, and the individual bearing it is classed as a ‘fat crab,” or more vulgarly as a “‘snot.” Within three or four days the white line gives way to an equally narrow and obscure red line, and a set of fine white wrinkles makes its appearance on the blue skin between the wrist (carpus) and the upper arm (meros). Such a crab is known as a “‘peeler,” and may be confidently expected to cast its shell within a few hours. As the time progresses the marks become more and more evident, and a reddish color (especially in vir- gin females) begins to appear at the margins of the segments of the abdomen. Then, on the under surface of the carapace, extending from the neighborhood of the mouth around the sides and backward to the posterior margin, there appears a narrow fracture, so that the whole upper surface of the shell can be raised up from the back lke 412 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. a lid, to expose the soft body beneath. Such a crab is termed a ‘*shedder” or a ‘‘ buster.” (Plate m.) At this time the animal usually lies motionless, but if disturbed is still capable of movement, and may crawl or swim slowly away. It is incapable of showing any great muscular force, however, and can inflict only an insignificant pinch with its claws. The actual casting of the shell is now a matter of only a few min- utes; a quarter of an hour will usually suffice, though the operation may be prolonged to three or four times that period if the crab is dis- turbed or if it issuffering from some recent injury. In the latter case it is often unable to complete the process and dies. By convulsive, — throbbing movements the hinder pair of legs begin to be withdrawn from their encasement and are finally freed. Meanwhile the other legs have been started out and the body has begun to protrude more and more from the shell. At last everything is out except the front of the body and the large claws, but the latter, on account of the great discrepancy between their size and that of the narrow articulations through which they must be withdrawn, require some further effort before they can be freed. The thing would hardly be possible at all were it not for the fact that on the upper surface of the large segment of the arm (meros) a broad triangular surface of the shell becomes loosened and rises up like a flap to make way for the crowded tissues within. Some of the hard shell of the other lower (proximal) seg- ments also seems to become softened and elastic so that by a steady pull the great pincers are finally drawn through. Thus the crab has backed out of its shell and meanwhile it has grown, for if it is caught and measured it will be found to be considerably larger than it was before.* (Plate rv.) The skin is soft and the animal looks and feels flabby and helpless. The back is wrinkled, and the ‘‘horns,” or large lateral spines, are curled curiously forward. Within a few minutes, however, the body fills out, the horns straighten, and the growth at this interval is com- «The following measurements will show the increase in size for crabs nearly mature. The specimens were taken from floats at Crisfield and were selected at random from among a large number. An effort was made to secure measurements of smaller individuals as well, but the lateness of the season made it impossible. Before | Betete shedding e aatt shedding : = After : After Sex OH UD) shed: | Sex. from tip | ched- to tip ding. | to tip ding across = bei across ; | the shell.) the shell.) Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Memiale vase tne see eee. 4h Bb}, | VRemaler.ccccd ec oceseer eee 4 4% DOs2 sake eee Syaseeeee 8 L 42 | DOr cers AOE ee ater 4 5 DO acess erslgeesteasiawee ace 33 45 | DO. sss 52 cee eae to seee cee 318 Ses DOS) Roe I Pe 44 BEAM ailG ec, eee aan 33 4} WO Vw aksuccsee en nese eee 4 43 DOG asesee eer co esee 3% 45 DO paicyorerazs siersiisete eee eee ee + 65 || LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 413 plete. The crab is now known as a ‘‘soft-shell,” and from the exsthetic standpoint is at the height of its glory, for all the brilliant coloration of the various parts is undimmed by any of the shell deposits, the soft integument seeming to bear the bright pigments at the very surface. Under natural conditions the crab usually selects some place of con- cealment in which to pass the period of shedding and probably does not leave it until the new shell has hardened, but it is by no means helpless, even immediately after ecdysis has occurred. On the tips of legs which seem too soft to support any weight whatever it can walk away, or, if forced to make the effort, can swim. The new shell hardens quickly. Within twelve hours it becomes parchment-like and the crab is called a ‘* buckler,” ‘‘buckram,” or a ‘‘ bucklum;” in two or three days it is as hard as ever and once more starts out in search of food.¢ AUTOTOMY. Autotomy, or the automatic throwing off of the appendages, is very characteristically shown in the blue crab and is of frequent occurrence. Very often if a large individual, in the hard-shelled condition, is cap- tured and held by one leg it will snap the limb off and make its escape. Likewise, if one of the legs is injured toward the tip the entire mem- ber will be dropped off. The breakage always occurs at the same point—across one of the segments near the base of the leg—and is a provision of nature to prevent the animal from bleeding to death. It is practiced ordinarily only by the hard-shelled crabs; an injury to a soft-shelled individual usually causes death. Under other conditions, however—notably, a sudden lowering of temperature—the act has been observed, and in one of the early attempts to procure soft crabs for market, by confining the hard crabs in an inclosure until they had shed their shells, severe cold weather reduced the entire catch to a lot of legless bodies (‘‘ buffaloes,” they are called by the fishermen). Autotomy seems to be limited to the legs, for, so far as I have been able to determine, none of the other appendages are ever thrown off, although if they are forcibly removed they will be regenerated. Regeneration of the parts cast off usually follows autotomy, but, according to the researches of several biologists, will not take place indefinitely. Three or four times seems to be the limit. The process of regeneration is quite rapid. At the first molt after a limb has been cast off, provided that the injury does not occur immediately before a molt, the new limb appears as a small bud in which all the missing segments may be found, coiled in an elongate spiral. At the next molt the segments straighten out and the new limb, except for its smaller size, looks like the one which was cast off. Another molt, possibly two, will be sufficient to restore the limb to its full size. “It is believed by the fishermen that the molting of the crabs is influenced largely by the moon and the tides, but the evidence to support this theory is very contra- dictory. Report U. S. B. F. 1904. PLATE I. FIG. 1.—THE CAST SHELL OF A HALF-GROWN MALE. 5 FIG. 2.—THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF A FULL-GROWN MALE CALLINECTES SAPIDUS. Report U. S. B, F. 1904. PLATE I. FIG. 3.—VENTRAL SURFACE OF A VIRGIN FEMALE, SHOWING THE NARROW, TRIANGULAR ABDOMEN. FIG. 4.—VENTRAL SURFACE OF AN OVIGEROUS FEMALE, SHOWING THE BROAD, SEMI- CIRCULAR ABDOMEN. CALLINECTES SAPIDUS. PLATE III. Report U. S. B. F. 1904. THREE SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF THE MOLTING OF ONE INDIVIDUAL OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS. PLATE IV. 1904. Report UsS. Baim. Fig. 8% FURTHER STAGES OF THE MOLTING OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS. SAME Fig. 9. INDIVIDUAL AS IN PLATE Ill _ THE CRAB INDUSIRY OF MARYLAND By WINTHROP A. ROBERTS Agent of the Bureau of Fisheries 415 : : b Sua THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. By Winturop A. Roserts. Agent of the Bureau of Fisheries. INTRODUCTION. Maryland furnishes by far a larger supply of crabs than any state in the Union, and it is not improbable that its people were the first to discover the edible qualities of this crustacean and its value as a market product. The only species taken in the commercial fisheries of the state is the blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus), which is caught and marketed in both the hard-shell and the soft-shell condition. The fishery for soft crabs, however, is much more extensive than that for hard crabs. Most of the data in this paper were collected by the writer during an investigation of the fisheries of Maryland in 1902, when the entire crab-producing region of the state was visited and most of the fisher- men and dealers interviewed. Prof. W. P. Hay, of Howard Univer- “sity, who was at that time engaged in an investigation of the natural history of the crab, collected also data concerning the fishery, and his notes have been freely used in this report. It has been the purpose not to deal with the crab from a scientific standpoint, but accurately to present the information obtained relating to its economic value. Acknowledgment is made to the crab fishermen and dealers in this region for courtesies rendered, and especially to Mr. Isaac H. Tawes, of Crisfield; Mr. Harris, of the firm of H. L. Harris & Co., of Cam- bridge; Mr. Frank L. Corkran, of Oxford, and Mr. Moses E. Pritchett, of Bishops Head, all of whom contributed much valuable information. THE SOFT-CRAB INDUSTRY. The greatest crab shipping point in the United States is Crisfield, Md., situated near the extreme lower end of Somerset County on the Little Annemessex River, a tributary of Tangier Sound. This town not only receives the catch taken from Maryland waters in its vicinity, but also the principal part of the Tangier Island catch. Deal Island ranks next to Crisfield.as a shipping point, but it has the benefit of steamboat transportation only, while Crisfield has train service in F. C. 1904—27 417 418 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. addition. Practically all of the catch in the other crabbing localities of the state is sold to shippers at these two places. The principal grounds are Tangier Sound and tributary waters, Kedge Straits, and Holland Straits. Crab fishermen usually wetrna from the foe grounds daily to market their catch. In many cases, however, the distance prevents this and they are forced to live in shanties on the shores in the vicinity of the fishery, their catch being disposed of to buy-boats or crab-houses near by. AS many as six men sometimes live throughout the season in a shanty which has cost about 25. Others live aboard their boats. Apparatus.—Soft erabs are taken with three forms of apparatus— scrapes, scoop nets, and small seines. A few also are taken inciden-— tally on trot lines, together with hard crabs, as will be mentioned in connection with the latter fishery. The catch by seines is insignifi- cant compared with that by scrapes and scocp nets. The scrapes used for crabbing are similar to the oyster dredge, except that they are lighter, have no teeth on the front bar, and have a cotton instead of a chain bag. Scrape frames are usually sold by weight, the price being from 7 to 10 cents a pound and the weight from 25 to 35 pounds each. The average price for a scrape, including bag and line, is about $3.50. Most of the scrape frames are made at Crisfield and Deal Island, while the netting comes from Boston and is made into bags by L. Cooper Dize, of Crisfield, who holds a patent on the bag in general use. The patent consists of a cord running along the back of the bag to keep it stretched. The width of a scrape varies from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches, though few of the latter size are used. The bags originally used were 3 feet deep, but deeper ones were found more effective in preventing the escape of the crabs, and 4 feet is now the usual depth. The same apparatus is occasionally used both in dredging for oysters and scraping for crabs. A scoop net, or dip net, as it is sometimes called, consists of a eir- cular bow of iron, with a cotton bag from 6 to 8 inches deep knit around it, and a handle about 5 feet long. The seines are from 40 to 50 feet long and are hauled by two men. Crabs taken in scoop nets and seines are less mutilated than those caught in scrapes, and consequently command better prices. Scrapes are used exclusively upon sailing vessels, and, like oyster dredges, are drawn over the bottom while the boat is moving under sail. The boats vary in size from the smallest used in dredging for oysters to 9 tons net tonnage, which was the largest size used during the season of 1901. From two to four scrapes are carried on.each boat, four being exceptional, however, and only on the larger size BR. Asa rule there are two light scrapes and one heavy one to a boat. With a good breeze a crew of two men can manipulate two light scrapes, THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 419 but with a light wind the two men together handle a heavy one. A crew of three men can, with a favorable breeze, handle three scrapes at the same time. It is the object of the scraper to have the boat get sufficient headway to go slightly faster than the crabs can travel, so that they can not escape when once in the bag. Scrapes are not allowed to sink in the soft bottom, as the mud covering the bottom of the bag would furnish a means of escape. The scrapes are taken aboard every few minutes, or after covering from 75 to 200 yards, and the contents are emptied out and sorted over, usually on a board platform or broad flat trough conveniently located at the side of the boat. The bulk of the material brought up is grass and mud, from which the crabs are picked out and distributed in the several receptacles provided for them, according to the successive stages of their development. Scrapers endeavor to reach the crabbing grounds as early in the morning as possible, before the crabs are moving about and have become scattered. The best catches are made between daylight and 10 o’clock in the forenoon, and between 3 o’clock in the afternoon and evening. The bright sun in the forenoon drives the crabs back into their holes until hunger forces them out again in the afternoon. On ‘cloudy days they remain out much longer. Season.—The soft-crab season extends from the first of May to the last of October, but a majority of the crabbers discontinue fishing in September to engage in oyster tonging. During the first two or three weeks of May they follow what is known as ‘*mud-larking,” that is, scoop-netting in marshes and along the banks of small streams, the erabs being found in the mud at this season of the year. By the first of June the crabs become more active and the season is then consid- ered at its height. The heaviest catches are made during June and July, Scoop-netting is followed throughout the season, but little scraping is done after the middle of July, owing to the calm weather. Very often a fisherman will begin scraping early in the day, and when the wind has ceased anchor his sailboat and use his skiff for scoop- netting in shallow water. In some localities the bottom grass grows so thick that the scrape bag fills with it and prevents the crab from entering. The scoop net is then brought into service. In water less than 3 feet deep it is a common occurrence for the crabbers to leave their skiffs and wade out after the-crabs with scoop nets. Designations of a crab.—There are six stages of a crab’s life, com- monly classified as follows: First, the ‘“‘hard crab,” or one in its natural condition; second, a ‘‘snot,” or one that has just entered the shedding stage; third, a ‘‘peeler,” when the old shell has begun to break; fourth, a ‘‘ buster,” when the new shell can be seen; fifth, the ‘*soft crab;” sixth, a ‘‘ paper-shell,” or ‘‘buckram,” when the new shell is beginning to harden. During hot weather it takes from two to three days for a ‘‘snot” to become a ‘‘peeler.” One tide will often 420 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. change a ‘‘peeler” to a ‘‘ buster” and another from a ‘‘ buster” to a softcrab. A few hours after shedding the crab has reached the ‘*‘ paper- shell” stage, and within three days the hardening process is completed. The warmer the water the more rapidly do the changes take place. It was formerly customary to break a crab’s claw to ascertain whether it had begun to shed, the term ‘‘snot” no doubt having arisen from the watery substance which issued from the break. Experienced fisher- men, however, find it unnecessary to resort to this test. Crabs are sold by the fishermen principally in the ‘‘ peeler” or ‘*buster” condition, just before the shedding takes place, the proportion sold as soft crabs being much smaller. When the shell of a crab that has just shed has hardened to a ‘‘ paper-shell,” the fisherman is able to dispose of it at only about one-fourth the price of a soft crab. ‘**Snots” are seldom bought by dealers, but are returned to the fisher- man, who places them in his floats until they become ‘‘ peelers,” or are in a salable condition. Buy-boats.—Most of the crab catch is sold on the grounds where taken, the dealers in Crisfield and Deal Island employing buy-boats for this purpose. Up to 1902 sailboats only had been used in this trade, but in the latter year gasoline launches were introduced, and both kinds of boats were employed during a portion of that season. It is very likely that the number of launches will be augmented during each succeeding season, and it is also very probable that the crabbers themselves, following the example of the lobster fishermen of New England, will add auxiliary power to their sailboats, and thereby secure the benefit of both means of propulsion. It is feared, however, that the resulting increase in catch will be greater than the natural increase of crabs. Floats.—Every crabber has what is known as a float, a rectangular box approximately 10 or 15 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, the sides and ends being constructed of laths, and the bottom of 6-inch planks. Extending around the float on the outside, midway of its height, is a shelf about 7 inches wide, to prevent the float from sinking. The laths on the sides and ends are placed about one-fourth inch apart, to prevent minnows or eels from getting at the crabs inside. These floats are used by the fishermen as a means of holding crabs that have entered upon the shedding process, but which have not yet reached the ‘‘ peeler ” or salable condition. The dealers also use floats, some- times as many as 100, but usually of a larger size than those of the fishermen, and costing from $2 to $3 each. The floats are inclosed by a fence to prevent their being washed away by strong winds, and this inclosure is commonly called a ‘‘ pound.” The floats now in gen- eral use are made of native or ‘‘ Eastern Shore” pine and ordinarily will not, unless exceptional care is taken of them, last through one season, as they soon become water-soaked and sink. One was seen 6 THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 421 that had been used nine years, but it was made of white pine, the sides and ends being constructed of strips instead of laths as at present. By means of a rope fastened to one end, a float can be towed to any part of the pound. Within each pound is a sloping platform upon which floats are placed at regular intervals to dry. Under ordinary conditions about one-third of the floats are in the water while the remainder are drying on this platform. If the weather is warm a float will become foul within a week and crabs put into it will die much sooner than in a clean one. The painting of floats is an innovation which promises good results in preserving them. It has been suggested that shades be placed over the floats to protect the crabs from the hot sun. This, it is thought, might materially reduce the great mortality among the crabs during midsummer, but as it has not yet been tried its usefulness is prob- lematical. Dealers employ men to watch their floats constantly and remove the crabs from the water immediately after the shedding proc- ess, to prevent the hardening of the shell. This sorting is done three or four times a day, the intervals being employed in packing the crabs for shipment, receiving fresh supplies, and in delivering those already packed to the express office or steamboat wharf. A source of much loss in soft crabs is the great mortality attendant upon the shedding process. If the animal has been injured in any way, either when being caught or in the subsequent handling, or if it has been weakened by being kept too long out of water, it is often unable to withdraw from the old shell and dies. There is but small demand for the crabs which die in the floats. If they are removed and cooked within two or three hours, however, they can still be eaten, and for this purpose command a small price. A few are shipped to be used as fish bait, but the majority are either thrown away or given to persons in the neighborhood who feed them to hogs or to impounded diamond-back terrapin. The mortality among shedding crabs is greatest during hot and sultry weather; thunderstorms are said to be very destructive at times, but whether this destruction is due to the sultry weather preceding or to the electrical disturbance during the storm is a disputed point. The crabs in the floats are not fed, even though they remain there for several days. It was for- merly the practice to throw in pieces of stale meat or other refuse, but, although the crabs ate it, they died more quickly than if nothing was given them. fandling and disposition of crabs.—The boxes in which crabs are shipped are made of thin pine boards and contain from two to three trays. Occasionally smaller boxes without any trays are also used. By means of the trays the lower layer of crabs may be examined without removing the upper ones, as was necessary in the boxes orig- inally used. The present boxes, which cost from 30 to 40 cents each, 429 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. are made in several sizes, but the one most commonly used is 18 by 28 by 10 inches. From 10 to 35 dozen crabs are packed in one box, the number varying according to the box and the size of the crab, and necessarily decreasing as the season advances and the crabs grow larger. The work of packing crabs for shipment is begun by covering the bottom of the box to a depth of 2 or 3 inches with seaweed which has been thoroughly picked over to remove all Jumps. On this soft bed the crabs are placed in a nearly vertical position and so close together that they can not move out of place. Seaweed or moss is then placed over them to protect them, and over this is placed a layer of fine crushed ice. The other trays, after being packed in the same manner, are placed one above the other, and the lid is nailed on. The box is then ready for shipment. Some dealers, in order that their shipments may present a more attractive appearance upon reaching market, place a piece of cheese-cloth immediately over the crabs and the seaweed over that. By reason of the extreme care used in packing, the crabs can be kept alive from sixty to seventy hours after leaving the water, and crabs shipped from Crisfield to Canada arrive at their destination alive and in good condition. In the early days of the fishery, ‘‘peelers” were shipped from Deal Island in a large box holding 5,000, neither seaweed nor ice being used. They were sent only as far as Baltimore, however. At present most of the crabs are shipped directly to the consumer, and the packers do not hesitate to fill the sinallest order. Competition among the packers is very keen, and considerable secrecy is observed regarding the destination of ship- meuts. When a box is ready the dealer’s name and address are sten- ciled upon it, and a tag bearing the consignee’s name and address is attached; but over the latter, so as to hide it completely, is tacked a piece of cardboard bearing the letter ‘‘W” (west) or ‘“E” (east). This is known as a ‘‘ blind tag,” and is not removed until after the box is in the express car, if shipped by rail, or in Baltimore, if it goes by steamer. While the great bulk of the catch, in fact nearly all of it, is shipped in the manner described above, a small but increasing number of soft crabs are being put up in hermetically sealed tin cans for indefinite preservation. For this purpose the prime soft crabs are boiled and put up very much the same as any other animal product. From 2 to 24 entire crabs are put into each can, the former number into a can holding about one-half pint, the latter into a 1-gallon can. When put up in this manner the crabs retain much of their delicious flavor and should furnish an admirable substitute for the fresh article during the winter season. Market prices.—The price received by the fishermen for soft crabs, or those in the process of shedding, varies from one-half to 4 cents THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 423 each, an average during the season being about 1} cents. In buying, the dealer often counts three small crabs as two large ones, or two small as one large one, according to the size. Supply.—There has been no very material change in the catch of crabs throughout the region, except a slight increase due to the greater number of crabbers each year. In 1901 at Crisfield and vicinity the eatch was light, while at Deal Island, Holland Island, and neighboring localities this was the most profitable season known. In 1902 the éatch of crabs was small throughout the state. The fishermen attrib- uted this to the severe winter of 1901-2. It is claimed by the resi- dents cf Deal Island that up to about 1882, when crabbing for market was begun there, it would take a fisherman a day to catch enough crabs for use as bait for line-fishing the next day. There are no legal restrictions imposed upon crabbing in Maryland either as to the size of the crabs, or the season in which they can be taken. Dorchester is the only county in which a license is required, a fee of $2.50 being charged for the privilege of scraping. No license is necessary for scoop-netting. Many fishermen are of the opinion that scraping for crabs over oyster grounds is of material benefit to the latter, as mud would settle on the oysters and would smother them unless removed by the scrapes; also, spat would be prevented from settling on the shells. The crab- ber regards scraping as a method of cultivating oyster grounds. The early history of the crab industry of Crisfield may not be uninteresting as given in the words of Capt. John H. Landon, the first and oldest living crab shipper of this town. When I first began crabbing in Crisfield I could catch over ten dozen crabs ina day with a scoop net. We did not know what to do with them. There were only ‘two firms that handled them at that time, one in New York and one in Philadelphia. It was in 1873 or 1874 that the first shipments of crabs were made from Crisfield. These were consigned to the firm of John Martin, in Philadelphia, and were shipped on commission. Sometimes they would bring 60 cents a dozen, and at other times $1. The price now is kept down by the great competition among the crab buyers, who make such low rates in their contracts with firms in the cities. There was no trouble at first in selling our crabs, as the men to whom we shipped were pretty well posted, but we had considerable trouble in extending the trade, as many people ~ thought the crabs were poisonous and had a very poor opinion of the crabbers as a set. Soft crabs were eaten in Crisfield sometime before there was any thought of shipping them to the cities. A few were at first sold to express agents and railroad employees. These men would take them to friends or sell them to game dealers in Philadelphia, which may account for the fact that Mr. Martin, to whom the first shipments were made, was familiar with their edible quality. The boxes in which the crabs were first shipped were very heavy, which made the express charges high. That was one of the mistakes that the shippers made. We had considerable trouble in getting the crabs to market, as we did not use ice in those days, at least for the first two years. The result was that we would lose about one- half of the crabs before they reached the market. Mr. Martin was the first to sug- gest the use of ice. We fitted up a very nice box in which to ship them in ice, but it proved to be too expensive. It had trays, as at present, but was much heavier. 424 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Before the use of ice we put about 5 dozen crabs ina box. After the introduction of ice we put in about 12 dozen, as we then used a larger box. Crabs were’shipped in these large boxes for many years until the present style of box came into use in 1884. The latter were first used by Mr. Isaac Tawes, of the firm of Tawes & Co. In the boxes originally used the crabs were arranged in layers, but not in trays, so that if you desired to get at the bottom layer of crabs it was necessary to unpack all of those above. You could not get at them by removing the trays, as at present. We did not ship any crabs to Baltimore for two or three years, but confined our shipments to Philadelphia and New York. One shipment was sent to Pittsburg in the interim, but no returns were received for them, as they did not appear to be salable there. Scoop nets were probably used in taking crabs four or five years before the intro- duction of scrapes. L. Cooper Dize was the first man to use scrapes. The kind first used were nothing but old oyster dredges of the smallest size. A cotton bag was soon afterwards substituted for the chain bag, this change making them much lighter and better. Scrapes came into general use the next year after their introduction. I was about the first crabber, and also the first to buy and ship. The principal reason why I stopped buying was on account of haying to work on Sundays, which is the busiest day of the entire week. The shedding of crabs was begun here almost immediately after the first ship- ments. The same style of floats was used as now. In our first attempt at shedding we built about five floats, each 10 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 inches deep. We caught a lot of small hard crabs and put them in the floats to turn to peelers. Dur- ing that night a strong wind from the northwest arose and when we went to the floats in the morning we found that every one of the little crabs had shed its ‘‘fing- ers,’’? and we called them ‘‘buffaloes.’? They were of no use whatever. Other attempts have also been made to shed hard crabs, but they have always resulted in a failure. We built apound and put the crabs inside. Our intention was to hold the crabs in this pound until they became peelers and then take them out and put them in floats to shed, but it necessitated so many handlings of the crabs before they became peelers that the experiment was considered a failure and discontinued. The first crab pounds were constructed by Mr. Severn Riggin and myself. They consisted of posts with boards nailed lengthwise on them, and laths nailed vertically on the boards, close enough together to keep the crabs from getting through. The first pounds were circular in shape, while those at present in use are square or nearly so, and are not so closely built, as their only purpose now is to prevent the floats being washed away by strong winds. THE HARD-CRAB INDUSTRY. Oxford and Cambridge are the most important hard-crab centers in the state, though the industry is prosecuted extensively in many other localities, including Crisfield, where, however, it is overshadowed by the more important soft-crab industry. At Oxford, with the excep- tion of about one-third of the catch shipped alive during July and August, when the crabs are in their best condition, the hard-crab catch is utilized at factories, where the meat is extracted and shipped in tin buckets. This applies also to several other localities in Talbot County, which is the hard-crab county of the state. At Cambridge, with the exception of the crabs used by one firm which extracts the meat, the catch is shipped alive. THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 425 Crabbing grounds.—The larger portion of the catch is made in the Choptank, Tred Avon, Wicomico, St. Michaels, Chester, and Little Annemessex rivers, and Chesapeake Bay, on the eastern shore of the state, and in Mill Creek, a tributary of the Patuxent River, on the western shore. The crabs are taken in depths of water varying from 2 feet in the rivers to 40 feet in the open waters of Chesapeake Bay. The average depth would be about 10 feet. They usually frequent muddy bottoms, but at certain seasons of the year they are found on hard bottoms, thus differing from soft crabs, which always seek grassy bottoms. Season.—At Crisfield the fishery for hard crabs is carried on from early in April until the latter part of November. In most other local- ities the season is considerably shorter. The larger portion of the catch is taken between June 1 and September 1, most of the fishermen discontinuing at the latter date to take up oyster tonging. By reason of this reduction in number the crabbers who continue during Sep- tember and October succeed in making fairly good catches. They are also aided by the cooler weather, which permits of the catch being kept in good condition for shipment until the following day. During the winter quite a number of hard crabs are taken incidentally in oyster dredges. There is very little sale for these, however, except at Crisfield, where one firm is engaged in picking crab meat during the entire year. This firm depends upon New York State for most of its supply of crabs during the winter. It is thought that the winter catch could be augmented should the demand become greater. Apparatus.—W ith the exception of the crabs already mentioned as being caught in oyster dredges and the few taken together with soft crabs, the entire hard-crab catch of the state is obtained with trot lines. These lines vary in length from 200 to 1,000 yards, the average being about 450 yards, and are of cotton, manila, or grass rope, the size run- ning from one-eighth to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, but usually being about one-fourth inch. Many fishermen tar their lines, though the practice is not universal. In some localities snoods about 18 inches in length, of fine twine, are fastened to the main line at inter- vals of 3 to 4 feet, the bait being placed at the ends of these snoods. Other fishermen, however, use no snoods, but make a loop in the main line, through which the bait is slipped. The use of snoods is prefera- ble where the water is rough, as the crabs are not so easily shaken off by the strain on the line when pulling the boat along and when the line is being lifted from the water in removing the crabs. Many fish- ermen advise their use under all circumstances, as with snoods swing- ing from the main line the crabs are able to see the bait from any direction. Trot lines are always anchored on the bottom of a stream. For this purpose grapnels or killicks weighing from 5 to 10 pounds are used, one being placed at each end of the line, and in many cases 496 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. one also in the center. A buoy, usually consisting of a small keg or some wooden object, is placed near each end of the line to locate it. Asa rule a trot line lasts through about half of the season. The cost is from $3 to $9, varying with the length, quality, size of rope, and kind of grapnels or killicks used, the average being about $5. Some fishermen use a stake planted in the mud at each end of the line instead of grapnels or killicks. Anchors of stone or brick are also employed. Bait.—Beef tripe and eels constitute the usual bait, though calf pelts, sting rays, hog chokers, spoilt beef, and various other substi- tutes are sometimes used. It is likely that the use of tripe will be discontinued in the near future, owing to the fact that the steamboats have refused to transport it on account of its offensive odor, and the railroad companies will not handle it except when it is packed in tightly sealed barrels. The bait is generally used in a salted condi- tion, and is placed on the line at intervals of 3 or 4 feet. Fishermen bait their lines about once a week, in the meanwhile replacing any bait that may have been washed away or eaten. It is usual on Saturday or Monday to remove the old bait and put on fresh. After a line has been rebaited it is placed in a coil and covered with salt to preserve the bait until it is used. Manner of jfishing.—With few exceptions only one man goes ina boat. The lines are set about one-fourth to the tide, or diagonally across a stream. In fishing, the line is drawn across the bow of the boat; a short-handled scoop net is used to transfer the crab to the boat. The lines are overhauled from 10 to 20 times in the course of aday. During calm weather it is customary to overhaul them from both ends—that is, going and coming—while with a breeze it is con- sidered more advantageous to work from the windward, that the boat may drift with the wind. This facilitates the handling of the line and permits of more crabs being saved than would be the case in working from the leeward. With a long line the advantage of overhauling from both ends is more apparent, as the crabs have less chance to devour the bait. In some localities crabbers aim to reach the fishing grounds shortly after midnight, while at others they arrive as late as 3 or 40’clock in the morning. ‘The object in going early is to get a good lay. If it is a moonlight night the lines are set as soon as a lay is reached, but if it is dark the crabbers await daylight, in the mean- while taking a nap. Crabs very seldom bite before daylight, but if they do not begin soon after, the fishermen consider it as well to return home. Very few crabs are taken between 10 o’clock in the morning and 3 o’clock in the afternoon, both on account of the heat and the difficulty in getting the catch ashore in good condition. Hard crabbers are dependent upon neither wind nor tide, but should the water be rough the crabs are liable to be shaken off before they can be caught. THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 407 Boats.—The boat used by the crabber must necessarily be light, for when hauling in the line hand over hand the boat is pulled along at the same time. The boats vary in length from 12 to 24 feet. At Cambridge and Crisfield a lighter and cheaper boat is used, while at Oxford and other localities there is a growing tendency to build boats suitable for both crabbing and oyster-tonging. These average 25 feet in length, 2 feet deep, and from 5 to 6 feet wide, and have a dead-rise bottom. Boats of this character cost from $40 to $50, and are desig- nated skiffs and batteaus. Doublers.—Very oftena male and female crab when mating are taken together on a trot line, this usually occurring when the female is entering the shedding stage. The pair are called ‘‘doublers,” or ‘‘channeler and his wife.” In most localities where hard crabs are taken there are one or more firms handling soft crabs—that is, those taken on trot lines as ‘‘doublers.” At some places there is no sale for the female thus taken, and she is returned to the water, while in other localities she is sold along with the hard crabs at the same price. The proportion of ‘‘doublers” taken varies in different localities from 1in 100 crabs to 1 in 10, and they are generally taken on grassy bottoms. A “‘channeler,” or any large male hard crab, is called a ‘‘ Jimmy” or ‘¢ Jim crab.” Size of crabs.—Yhe size of a market crab varies with the season and also with the locality. Early in the season 500 will fill a sugar barrel, while later from 200 to 300 is sufficient. The average weight of a single crab is about one-third of a pound. Two were taken near Cris- field early in 1902 weighing 1 pound each. The smallest crabs that are ever taken in that locality are about the size of a man’s finger-nail. The supposition that crabs spawn in the ocean near Cape Charles would account for the fact that no smaller ones are taken. Floats.— Floats are not used among hard crabbers except in the case of dealers and those shipping their own catch. In localities where crab meat is picked and utilized, floats are used only by dealers hand- ling peelers or the females taken with the *‘ channelers” while mating. The floats are similar to those used in the soft-crab trade, though wire is sometimes substituted for laths in their construction. It is claimed that the wire does not catch filth from the water so quickly as the lath floats, and it is more easily brushed off. At Mount Vernon every crabber has two floats, so that he may place a day’s catch in one and allow it to remain until time for shipment, and reserve the other float for the next day’s catch. It is claimed that a day’s captivity lessens the likelihood of the crabs attacking and maiming each other. Disposition of catch and price.—The crabs are disposed of in differ- ent ways. Probably the largest proportion is sold to factories for the extraction of the meat. The remainder is either shipped alive by the crabbers or sold to dealers, who also ship it ina live state. In some 428 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. localities where the catch is small the erabs are sold locally either alive or deviled. The price received per barrel by the crabbers throughout the crab region varied in 1901 from 50 cents to $2, the latter being the price received by those marketing their own catch. In some instances only 10 cents a barrel was realized, but few were shipped at this price. In 1902 the price was nearly double that in 1901. Manner of shipment.—Live hard crabs are shipped in either barrels or boxes. At Cambridge a box 22 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 12 inches deep is used. There are spaces between the boards on the top of the box for the admission of air. At practically all of the other crabbing localities sugar and slatted barrels serve the purpose, or occasionally banana baskets. With the exception of about 20 pounds of ice placed over the crabs, nothing is put in the shipping packages with them, the only other provision to keep them alive being small holes in the top and sides of the barrel. This is not necessary in the case of slatted barrels or banana baskets. Preparation of crab meat.—At Oxford, St. Michaels, Tilghman, and several neighboring localities almost the entire catch is utilized in cooking the meat which is shipped in tin buckets having perforated bottoms and holding from 5 to 6 pounds. Oxford is probably the pioneer locality in this branch of the industry, which has been carried on there for more than twenty years. About 1880 a Mr. Thomas began canning crab meat. He is said to have succeeded perfectly in preserving the meat, but as this was a new industry the demand for the product was limited, and on account of the expense of operating and advertising the factory was soon closed. About three years later the method at present in use—namely, steaming the crabs, extracting the meat, and shipping in unsealed packages—was begun by Mr. J. G. Schultz. This business has extended until now there are 7 firms at Oxford alone, and 20 in the entire state. The crab meat is prepared as follows: Immediately upon arrival at the factory the crabs are dumped into a large box, through which steam is forced from the bottom. They are steamed from twenty to forty minutes, the time varying at different factories, and according to the number cooked. After this the crabs are distributed among the pickers, some of whom, with long experience, become very expert in extracting the meat. The pickers in most cases are white women and children, though at some factories all are colored. The price received by the pickers is usually from 4 to 5 cents a quart of meat (about 2 pounds). The meat is divided into three classes—flakes, ordi- nary, and fat meat, the flakes being considered much superior to the other because they are whiter and firmer. They are taken mostly from the ‘‘hip” of the crab. The sale of fat meat is confined to one or two firms, who use it principally in preparing deviled crabs. After the meat has been extracted ice water is thrown over it and about 3 ounces of salt added to each 20 pounds of meat. Some dealers, how- THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 429 ever, think a briny solution thrown over the meat is more satisfactory than the dry salt. The meatis packed in buckets after it is salted and is placed ina large ice box and covered with ice, where it remains until shipped. There are commonly three sizes of buckets, holding, respectively, 54 pounds, 23 pounds, and 1 pound each. The amount of meat in a bucket varies somewhat at times, according to the condi- tion of the crabs and the pressure applied in extracting the moisture. The thinner the crab the more moisture it contains. During the sea- son of 1901 the meat from a barrel of hard crabs filled, on an average, 3% buckets of the largest size. Two firms, instead of steaming, boil their crabs about 30 minutes before removing the meat. It is claimed by some that more water remains in the meat after boiling than after steaming. The business of putting up crab meat in sealed cans is carried on by only two firms in the state—one at Crisfield and the other at Bivalve. The former has already been referred to in connection with the soft- crab industry, in which it is engaged. The problem of preserving the meat indefinitely has been very difficult to solve, and but few firms have been successful; one of these, located in Virginia, was about the first in the field. Use of shells.—After the meat has been extracted the crab shells are cleaned and a certain number are sent with every shipment of meat, to be used principally in making deviled crabs. In the case of small orders, say from 5 to7 gallons of meat, buckets are placed in the bot- tom of a barrel and covered with ice, and the barrel is then filled with shells. When a larger shipment is made the meat is placed in one barrel and the shells in another. On an average from 80 to 100 shells are sent with each gallon of meat. Boys are usually employed in cleaning the shells, and are paid about 5 cents a hundred. When shipped separately the shells are sent in sugar and flour barrels, the former holding 1,800 shells and the latter 1,200. A factory at Oxford has been engaged during the last two seasons in grinding crab shells and disposing of the resultant product to fer- tilizer manufacturers for use as an ingredient. When the shells are brought to the factory they are placed in a revolving cylinder, through which a draft of hot air is passed to dry them, and then are spread over the floor of the factory to allow any remaining moisture to evap- orate. After they are thoroughly dried they are placed in a grinding machine operated by steam, and ground into a fine meal, in which condition the product is ready for shipment. Its value as an ingredient for fertilizer is due to the 9 per cent of ammonia which it contains. The use of the revolving cylinder is said to lessen the escape of the ammonia. The shells are secured from crab houses at a nominal cost. Up to the present time the factory has been able to get about one ton of shells per day, which is just enough to justify its operation. The following table shows the extent of the crab fishery of Mary- land in 1901. The total number of men engaged was 5,388. Sixty- 430 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. nine vessels, valued at $24,000, were employed, 55 of these being engaged in taking crabs and 14 in transporting them. The total num- ber of boats used was 4,082, valued at $125,847. Including vessels, boats, apparatus, shore property, and cash capital, the investment in the fishery was $321,974. The catch was 12,910,746 soft crabs, valued at $202,563, and 29,474,379 hard crabs, valued at $85,884. The larg- est catches of soft crabs were made with scrapes, the value of the catch by this apparatus being nearly double that taken in scoop nets, which is the next important apparatus. Practically the entire hard- crab catch was obtained on trot lines, 1,138 of these lines, valued at $4,474, being operated. A few hard crabs also were taken in scrapes during the soft-crab season, and in dredges during the oyster season; $10,464 worth of soft crabs was taken incidentally along with hard crabs on trot lines as ‘*‘doublers.” The following is a summary of the crab fishery of Maryland in 1901: Table showing, by counties, the extent of the crab fishery of Maryland in 1901. Anne Arundel.| Baltimore. | Calvert. Charles, Dorchester. Items. aes No. |Value.| No. | Val-))) No. 4) iVal: No. | Val. No. | Value. Persons engaged: | SOlt Grabbers. 22. ocn aac =< TO See mane See ser DOE Neva nentsrai|loceyste tr azyal esterase 435 Jct Eisirdverap bers =e ss. ae Ob ease | 74 Bae BOs asen Teese 242" See eee SHORCSMEM = co -mmicecteeee 23.2 hates A oatote en lepeners mata ayeretasere tail errors oul aeeeees On vessels transporting | CLADE Bacco anes | weeisiare S25 Hoh omar Sy aoe itor pee ee eee US| yee ile ik: tos eoueee Eos dpe [aes Fein 130s eke: 18 /.ce we 748 hee Vessels soft crabbing......]...-.---- eet 80a aaa (PE aeY Re Ce ee. eee ae era: aula. = 35 |$12, 625 ANG} ANCE =o) Rng ee ee eee ae ee Pema Pee aes aE NIP Cl OS sas sacle ASO esollads atc 224O eer OTA hae ne Src een ts Ss gah ro wk ll Chee are Be | Speieasverarelf = earsle eI eceare neta erat areca Pee este page eee - 800 Vessels transporting crabs.|......-.-|...- njare lla cigteiere|f sim mie are |S apes ate ala essyeceverell mete le oo | eters il 100 Moy ak ak: Ff tee Meee One eee ES Ameer ae meee Sea eerer|Sanas aoe lsacee =| Oe CAPE ae se Cul Cen sees QOUEIE: ie Saecics «Sete s sires Sl alae co stel| ©: 2 eres e- cee ore ere epee ere vere epee let eee ieee lea r= aera tel = latest eee eee 10 Boats, soft crabbing .-.-.--- 134 |$1, 559 16 | $160 MO" $adOON| Se eee cece 296 | 10, 485 Boats, hard crabbing .-..-.. 96 | 2,089 1 14 36 | 330 18 | $144 214 | 3,105 Totali@iessss—ssees == 230 | 3,648 17| 174 106 | 890 18 | 144 510 | 13,590 Apparatus used in soft * | 2 | % crabbing: S\GinTy eS t AW SEER Rae sess loans Scee||s5tses- Ressaoe| Peeceeltrsoracsclocemseitasocopelsecooe 337 | 1,141 COOP MLC Usama melee ee ae 157 Boise me Moe weers 100 QO) cae eerlineees 298 104 SONGS Ee. mee ys cmese ett mites 30 105 16 3) ABQ noted ibn cee loam cee ile soles ee ee Apparatus used in hard crabbing: : Tro TMIMeS eee hee ae 40 470 2 1 36 | 131 18 45 227 810 Shore and accessory prop- EL Yiewee se ca cise sa Shanice sees e ice A O05S | eecece HG OPE esos ADB secre (5 Mare! meters lene rane 445 Cashicapitalsscceiacac evra eaeeionnc Dis400 Neco Seite see | meee SOO S| sa Sere ee eee 3, 090 Potal investment,..s)-.c.<- << LO 6s) So ceees ORO ict ssio yori Bear ait a pe 189 |e see 19, 180 Soft-crab catch by— q n iB ij SCRAPES! se aes ccc cress essratall ere rere = ee lester ae lls elt ape tel erate lene eee | eee etcetera teeters 698,500 | 10, 750 SCOOP MCS) sis s\eicisinicinieeicres SBR DOO LON Ody ee yal eee ae TROLOOO 22.250) Beeeeees eee 449,100 | 6,835 BELWEG Seat esisicissane cise mes 139, 440 | 8, 704 |48, 000 |1, 200 |.....--- ees eee eee eee Steck eallsoccasc TProtWinesOi sc. ccewcck ewe 800 27 864 58 798 pp ee A (be ee 409, 398 5, 940 Motel reewaeasee ee: 513, 800 [14,435 |48, 864 [1,258 |180,798 [2,251 |........ ERE: [1,556,998 | 23, 525 Hard-crab catch by trot is : | ,a F MIMS wc ceca eae eee cwtes 3,487,695 | 8,794 | 1, 440 12 |548, 999 884 |630, 000 2, 100 [4,992,999 | 18, 337 Total catch, softand is a i | i, hardierabsics.< 225 4,001,495 |23, 229 |50, 304 |1,270 |724, 797 '3,185 }680, 000 ,2, 100 pea 41, 8€2 aExclusive of duplication. b These lines are used primarily for hard crabs, the soft or shedding crabs being taken with the hard crabs as ‘‘ doublers.’’ THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 431 Table showing by counties the extent of the crab fishery of Maryland in 1901—Cont’d. Kent. Queen Anne. St. Mary. Somerset. Items. ire ms No. |Value.) No. |Value.| No. Value. No. Value. Persons engaged: i SOthiGrabbers: <2 -.3-2c-55~5 2G le Seales BO vemoratae 20W aaarere Di A GANS srererata ae Handierabbers':.:2s-.2<2-- SE eee 980 |ecemion GOR ee ew ees BON eee See SUCEIE SION Shah s Boe Ses ES eS ee Weellsboneteeeonos otllsckese ss sek ecbond|=s Sachs: 2505| Sela oe On vessels transporting EIRP 9 She S56 oes S SEO aS eS So etree nee eel Met neat fos ee ee eee QO) tetera THE eae Reni 135 eee fo aN EOllon ees 2,462 |........ IMERSEIS SOME CLAD DIN Sic .sjerccminn|cena-5 5 oe alincoeee Bi peabetrc 5) Cee ean eRe RET ELS a 20 . eR 375 PROM ACT cenit ic / atnie wicicielsiara| Zac case walones swe SRT See mths fone eS mete Nene cress os ee ae TE gs (ORS Ces eres apa me en | meemeeteager TOS ALE pal eotr ahat bone epee tell |S ee aN eee Nee eotetenc al earner ators 2 See 500 PRESSE ISTErAOSPOLUNS CLADS.0)/¢.2- 5-2 cemeleoa-soe|eoee ee ae [rare lioeieoavaxe | debate cis 12 3, 500 BUMS IM ERE Ch eyateietz cis ints Siete osreb a, ciatcynicimr tn lacoste la aie eel vaeel| Cisie cere oleae paisscll he crmoeie SOU sere Ouest ere Sa oe Semen ni ae see ee ac |'Sslaseaascinee wee em oases mexameeweolenseuccolissscecececes 300 Boats, soft crabbing......... 13 | $135 25.| $198 15 $140 2,340 | 92,555 Boats, hard crabbing......-- 105 | 1,045 93 558 60 | 590 90 1, 045 Reva tes os < erscrd ate Siacra/m 112 | 1,120 115 735 79 | 730 2,430 | 93, 600 Apparatus used in soft erab- bing: SiGe ot Sesecotoraanbocduass |ssaaae sesel seseene Josodetcseeleseeceolsasscsdcscletagasen 2, 492 9, 097 MEGU PICS aes - nec oc acemics ss 23 4 30 10 50 13 1, 443 562 Sein Cgemece oases caste se 12 38 17 Bors asec eealoneaaemdl See cee weeen ae meee Apparatususedin hard crab- bing: PRO CUMPOS:< -. sce cane estes 105 303 93 | 197 60 147 90 294 Shore and accessory prop- RINSE ems seit aljore eee loeieeeA sos) DP 8 rere peeeiarere BO Riss steerer SOP hasatsartie aoe 27,414 WASHMCHD lle eieet waroccneio | nensememeal qo ae oka lee guns acl ge ARTO Soar oem Des ee 81, 150 otal investment 2.0. <|. 06sec ON as Mee ace eee tee eee 320 Boats, soft crabbing.......-. 17 EG UE ee eecaaers | Secor tas sereeetal cere 2,926 | 106, 552 Boats, hard crabbing......-- 393 | 10, 684 72 502 2 $20 1,180 | 20,126 —EE — —__—. _———E, Potala is-com ana aee ces 395 | 10,694 72 502 2 20 4,082 | 125, 847 Apparatus used in soft crab- | + i | bing: SCRAPES scacece sees acemen 2 IRSaRPCACERe decreed icsopeda|tencess 2,831 } 10,247 Scoopimets; ss. 25) Protwlimesh-ce scssee sss sce 393 | 1,929 72 143 2 4 1,138 4,474 Shore and accessory prop- CRUG ee eno ee eee Ceeaer Eee 298250) Saeeeeenees AN B00 Ned aac ete ne ce lee eee 68, 029 @ashycapitallen: coos ose scens|Seeeenee cose IGE RPT RAgemancace Os 000)) |S: cnc os catice |store 111, 865 Lotalkinwestmenti-se--|neeseeseseee DZ BOO! | acme ceoete TOG 5 Sepa pee ee Ano 321, 974 Soft crab catch by: c ie SGLapes)cesewemsemcct cece 1, 800 Bilt erates shies lacie noe [eee seetslleeeerte 7,576,786 | 114, 044 SCOOPMES oscices secre aiee 16, 299 S40 eee eee | ee ee a] eee oops bem ects 4, 230,144 | 70,786 SETNECG See ae Seen ee 24, 498 10 TO al Ree ae rs cee| (ee 2 Pe Raa Oa 298, 556 7, 269 Trot limeGsoe oss eaceeac ce ZU OOO!" DNOTB Nes eee tapccoe |e genera e/a omens sete | sos ere 805,260 | 10, 464 NOtale acco ses messes 319, 597 2; 963 25 oce cee lee igce al eee lee sae 12, 910, 746 | 202, 563 Hard crab catch by trot lines} 11,314, 550 | 28,753 | 2,352,000 | 5,040 | 4, 998 50 29,474, 379¢| 85, 884 Total catch, soft and [ y nardienraibs!-s--e-.tie ecdt cess bee ee eee cee eee Thalassoma duperrey. EM ALES MID. era sees |i tes GO eee ete ene eee oe ee pcee ene Hinaléa pdla-pala-li--.|....-. OE er ss yi ate ee ea aS eens Hinaléa Luahine..|..-..- Gyre becis sine nica ee ole nets see ain see etic ls Thalassoma ballieui. Hinaléasolowsssseseasec =< do TRECAA See as ae eee Julis pulecherrima. EVO UN (ELA Wall) peace aneta oct eicce eoemice | 1 weighed 4 pounds ..| Thalassoma purpureum. Himuhimu nukunuku | Trigger-fish........-. 13 OUNCES e2Seee «scene Balistapus rectangulus; apua/a. Hemiramphus depaupe- | ratus. TUNCIN ers aa see es a. ees See Half-beak .......... | 4 to pound (e).-.....-. Euleptoramphus long r s- | tris; Hemiramphus de- pauperatus. USHA CRS BA ee BS A Rhee | Amber-fish ... ....- SO) POUNGS ieee -- Ree Seriola purpurascens. Barracuda ..--.....- 2 POUNAS! 2225. aseaeeee Sphyreena. Surgeon-fish .......- i pound \(e@))-52 222. 4ent- Acanthurus unicornis. Pakdélakdéla (young)...]..... Og Soe eos EPG se areetemetee cece Do. WAVCKEN C25. ec siejteteinsbnse [athena rose ae ack ee nice 12 QUNCES cere nesses KaWaka waco scbe2.s2e% IBONIOSs ee snes WResPOUNGS2 eee sce mamma Gymnosarda alletterata. Kaweléa..t2. 2o2nce. te kce -: Dizard-fish 5.25. -.- iL POUNGS) seer asesese Trachinocephalus myops. Kekers ja.8 oro Act sen ee se | -LeAbb iNET = So Se Se See Lpouncdi(e) ee. eases Tetraodon hispidus, Rei) S20 ae eek EES MoorislviGol wa nid) | Pes fenereee- aeaeeceee Zanclus canescens; Zebra- | surgeon-fish. soma veliferum. GAA Users \ercteis see sd ae hBubtentivafishiss 7. iwlkaes ssences seem este eae Cheilodactylus vittatus; Chetodon sphenospilus, Chetodon lunula, orna- tissimus, unimaculatus. UNO A etn Sa ona se Soceaseuasensoo onesies 10 to pound (e) ....--- Ctenocheetus strigosus? Gee eee es See et as Snapper x2. ie. 55 1 weighed 4 pounds ..| Bowersia ulaula. eb nani) Pee ee ae e Goat-Ash aye. s. sce I} pounds, =-F 2222.22. Pseudupeneus porphyreus. NOM Na MT Sa eee looses Ghoe paetoenccene 10 to pound (e)....-.-- Do. Gv oyk en Pe eS nee ssa Sea e cae eS HACC AOe Morr n Aor aun pee ces oem Abudefduf sordidus. ReUpoupouls-.scecesseeences Wrasse-fish ===. 5 --..- 12 to’ pound (e)=..--2- Cheilio inermis. Wiese. tae caoescectese sass Mackerel/2e-- =. see I POUND 3% smasceeeee Scomberoides tolooparah. gent) ssc ps feenc sete llacce cee ee cae ae nese IO OUNCES see eeee Hemipteronotus; Iniistius. hap glal es Sys 2 reese tote Surgeon-fish ........ 6G to;pound) ((e)/==-2ese= Zebrasoma flavescens. MO Remte eters ctacie suit eee lu WiTasse-fish<.sshse3| 252 ccs Salen See eee Halichceres lao. bawhawe 8... be sek et esos Butterfly-fish ..-.... 12 to pound (e) ...-.-- Cheetodon quadrimaculatus. i Dia} KG) c¥: hd ee oes Flying gurnard ....| 6 to pound (e)-.....-.. Cephalacanthus orientalis. HOUIOES < oan sasishicssteesoselalens scam lec aes sts wi sieta calle mtosteeyncneticinelemiaw saiecceeeacmenee Fish— Cured and preserved Pickled Hongkong [China]: Anchoviesiand sardines =o... -ee-eeener seein Fish (except salmon), fresh Fish, cured and preserved Herring, pickled Oil, whale and fish Shells, unmanufactured Shrimp, othershellfish, and turtles ............-.- pounds. . gallons. . Japan: . : Anchovies and sardines Cured and preserved Herring, smoked Mackerel, pickled.... Salmon, pickled Oilswhalerandtishse sae ssn see eee ee Shells, unmanufactured Shell and mother-of-pearl, manufactures of Shrimp, other shellfish, and turtles Norway: Mish; pickled/and preserved -.----sc2cesessseeoe. Nova Scotia: Anchoviesiandsanrdinedsasesetece sas senna eee Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, salted, smoked;‘and pickled’.:-2:... 22.2.2: pounds. . Herring, piekledlorsalteds.s:-s.eceeece es. . Mackerel, pickled or salted Salmon, pickled or salted Portugal: Anchovies and sardines Scotland: Fish, pickled and preserved Samoa: Shells, unmanufactued 1901. 1902. 1908. Num- | Num- Num- 2 nen Value. herare. Value. per Value. Ree sae $2; 506" | <<. -- ces = [ee cems| ceceeeeel ee eee eee 986) 2s..2-84<5| e840 cetace ce eeeeeee es eevee ae Ge al Beer Se ame nes |e Fe 5 Sccemiancs 85.937]. 3.c5i2 25 3 || DE2S OD ee eee late Peon cose Diy | ecereeioee ATG)s|-eseceeete 81 peeesacar 660 |2-2-5-2,52'|-s 3222.5] ler oneal eee Seetan eee assesses oes cess Paeee ee Ree eee 46 Ba ates 45618 -||.c50-2cnt)|| 25.020) || seca ee eee SeiekienSe sl aresetaeers 164.) 205 35ers Sanna | 42) | ston nance] § 258) lSoocse ene ieee ae a 18, 202" 22 eccc8 Se fLT022) | So Seeeeee me caoe sikeseaaral atone 150 3 | neh sce eee 27 8 24 Bohn Socios | eee BA eee Sema erane oceecclescaccess 1 AeihsepAdeall oseter|||S aaaee ee 5, 889) | 2 oe ee S20 eae 185269). 2.52.2 (17, 880n 22.2 eee on aa: Saaiie tate Dare wtastsajall(e sisjacs ere leoe ete geeaes 15 156, 800 | 6,630 | 156, 800 | 6, 343 300 160 | see |e 850 ve eae we tie 570 ris eas Se Wt gee: 6,765 |.......-.| 6,348 co Sar a he alee LBS 474 The following table shows the fishery products imported into the islands during the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903, and indicates a progressive increase over former years for which data are available. In 1897, 1898, and 1899 the total foreign imports (exclusive of those from the United States) amounted to $49,688, $55,405, and $74,528, respectively; in 1901 they were $91,066, in 1902 $86,690, and in 1903 $97,305. Fish cured and preserved (mainly dried fish from Japan) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 453 forms more than one-half of the total. Shrimp and other shellfish (mainly dried shrimp, oysters, and abalone from Japan and China), and turtles occupy second place, while cured cod, haddock, hake, and pollock are third. There has been considerable falling off in the imports of anchovies and sardines, while imports of canned mullets have ceased altogether, the latter not being able to compete with the cheaper grades of canned salmon from the United States since the annexation of the islands: Table showing the imports of fishery products during the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1908. é Product. | wu Value AEE Value ples (Welne- AmChoyies andisardines| so. cesses eee one e neers eoree cere 665455) Seen BOD IM st ees | $2, 876 Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, salted, snoked and pickled|==--5--2..csse2ceee pounds..| 156,800 | 6,680 | 157,070 | 6,352 | 112,000 | 4,600 Rush Gunedsan Gipreserved tas <5.ccl=.cosemigacte neice cal Sacae cess 76,410) |Seee eee 62S leer 55, 562 Fish, (except salmon): POSH Secrest nate Gis Saw le tes ce aiceemiae V ops siercretotets 388) | caeceee DIGI Me cicectas olla si Pickledangpreservede ssecesceeese aoe aise sas |ssense sinc WON eames 44) |e scorcsee | 7 24 Herring: | PIC KICOION SAILEd La ianc ace ee eeoes eae pounds.. 1, 050 36 2,550 DL FiellEX Boversvycall Soni SMOKE sescrn senso cae cus scemewece OAS Sar acs laren lesincclene| tacemenr 105 4 Mackerel: Pickledion salted 2: ." o[ Bol By Sco pe OO ARGO BOs | Besa Wo eeeereeeeeereees nyBy Sena s Sees UIC DT Spat, Mee OOOO Sanna ytejaterdal se Bo “--""(9]}1n}) NUOR Feces GEO C OO) (009 S| So ANOS L SESS BESO (=) aXe (ou to{0))) (22) | "7" "* NYBlLBaBA sicizicisisinio.e 22)-\=1 OO AL OOM Speieicis ss eicinisice ne sics Sil BT OY - BMW SEES (3) og te eeee seen ay -oBuy Pe SF ee eee EAS SaaS ve eteses reese es OMY SOOO C REE DO SEaS tere nT ~~ 8[oqe logy ‘ WV pra Sis cit sis cise ecco BABY, | ‘Areniqgeq “AIBNUBL ‘sotoodg “C06T ‘TO6T PUD ‘SO6T ‘ZO6T Un jaysur OpFT ay) Ur papoadsur ysig 457 ISLANDS. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN LOF ‘TZ 109 ‘98 84 90T 626‘ ¢ 826 ‘TS q ‘ Ish % QTL ysy-Burgo Spe Chae sees" "" 0OOMOOMY Bioab da duc heck Oy | Aye : : "77°" BMB-BMW Be nee eat be Mdiia tees Be MEATY § Minti de oth eee ihe mee >>> SBUIB-Buly, “-" BNB[BLW PL a sane BG) Seep) eee Mate cathe, te RCL | Saar ena ss'= "==> OT OUSTOUY, Sridsecocnanaaeeence Menu irre me ae PO 0 (OY Of nigh’ hot ase ee eee 8 (Nf PCE ee aie > ee ial ie ce AA BOROCOCORSOUGROOUTO 10944 (V7 OTT GPS £90 '% & 9ST T6L sooeeoesess* oT Mepuod GSI wet reeeeeeeeeeeeeeesees OHO AN CURB IGOG9IRO/ OSSD SOOM Ledge GyaguG seis) AEC WN 98 FORCE NORSIOCIOS yA) rile A am me = ae LOVATO we teeceneees [eee ee seen seen eres eee ONT £98 Se. ee. a ke ck: eee LL fag e aisle SEL voorrsces ss (USUARIO) BID Se ee and eS Tn site ceeeseee[ee sees e ee eeeeeeese esos NOOg OFG 168 SLT 6 688 L9G 6cP Se oeScrsaa Ses BN TOMO Bel sos erievcscr <= (qr) rede ok Anal ~ NQGNUNGnNUe_ © “"" 5 TUBLBd vets ts oedesseeroeeenaerne oe Te SiS Saeco LCL) Bia ores NEO Rumble nino ee SOR 22010 g(5 CAYO) Sie Sis i= =o eek mea Ua Lk (0) vette eecee ee] ee eeeeee seers ee eese et? OG ZT “010 Blefot-Tetefelsiets/e)> (= ble (niels oieleie fol- gee alin l= TTT TINT OFT ! a os Cee oor UAC ELEELS BUN: CG Sika eee ee Ne Cay FISHERIES. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF 458 ~ ‘requiedeq *I9qUIOAON "1940190 ‘raqureydeg ‘qsnsny eos 4 gene | Or &@ EERSTE pt etal oe eaaeae L 8¢ $6 OFF ‘G G LT Zz I #% SF c 82% 06 SbG I ‘ounce | ‘panuyuog—eo6r woreeeeseeeeeees NOON Melsreis streeeeeeseeeees ongaN “-"7"* ThuBsyBnANyNUMyANL (pmnbs) saqny eames 7777 TOW OUIBUIB O[OTRWN » “> TURUT BAL ey odn'y avy nodnodny ees tae eee CoO 0aBs | TOLD BO[OMBY Pere tereeer chp ihe BIPM ae Pe Ee eee “ nyVy BIBU BI > nung nw nA pleSieseasssiseis “-*-"(9791n)) nNUOH SOAs rec take ete ee n[oOH nUtH BOTLH nuvulrgy A -- (sndoj00) 907 n,ndn nde ‘YOIBIY *AIBNAIQOT “ArenuBse *soroedg ‘ponunu0g—ro6l pun ‘SO6I ‘GO6GT Ui jaysou opfT ayy ur pajgoadsur ys 459 ISLANDS. OF THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES ‘porzed oy} Sulinp poulmexe tyrqdo jo spunod gT9 IPS NNO acoA of psuMspuod YS eerste erate cee wee eee eee oyOM (UIyoIN BAS) BUBAL n - npeded/ Se aos Boe tiee cmmarae Bonoy Le eet aN ea sphpes esis) (1G } Te ines, Wee pan ae he te “** BTNBT pene ans GS ginene gairies eR (ysyMeBio) ededveiy Smee * (YSYMBIO) BID Te ON hee Ae ny[Bnd Tee Comet sao SSS nneg en[nordodeg a oe o1doideg Serpe hock, (qvio) 1edBq nygnunygnusg sores" TUBled MyMyABI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 460 ce steteeeeenseeeeeeseee enn wtteeceeeteeleeeeeceseseseneeeeeeeees gros aoe A st ttererererseseeeesees 9 Boy z OL ie Gh hk 4 Ma eee aa? rene fusemere or. cea neo POEL F6P OFS 0L8 686 1 608 G6G $GZ j Reger to mera OO LOONEIT C8 €08 £68 ‘L ¥89 1 6FL 991 SIL Rit Leiig dt . se CAN HITAND ST steteeeceeeeeeeeeeeee te QORS sets sereseeesees es QrpHOIRy vet ecee teres seneeeeeee le grpsy tect teeeseseeeeeeereees TERY “B[BUVM |ns-2teeeserereeeeeeees QoayT ee RUN Oa ee wee a es - “*-(aTj4n}) nuOR eS Ao eae eae OD EU LET eee ew we eee ew wwe : SOL I I Pie eee te Bonwit bo IMGOR” “ues Ml er enw Gren 1 eeitity aha rata eke eg TROL oe Co a eee OB CLUE 6¢ 3 op eee ee (STLAOT00)) oo Fi Lee) aon vtees) sees egeeeeeeeeeteees TIMBA DTS ayy gts lay peol ter -" n[BlBYyBA poe eepsreisiisiciei'-= OO MOO AW "775" """* NYOULBlBHBM VY stelle laterels]2)=3"15 1-81 ANB ai AAU M wicforotuletcrers wees t eee ee eM Y Barats tree eeeereerese eee opny See Oeney tnt pane Se eteeeeeereeeeeeeee Ty Witt et etre re eeeeeee ee opty beets eee ee tees sees BURROW ~* (j{uMBId) O[BOLW seisisie 2 BB TBTY: voeeeesNOUTBBlTV ve eteeeeee es OMY Sa te ny Sees OLOTTHW ee is “-*** groyalOUV tae LOW: “rrr eypEU See “"BMB,/Y srereees TUTUTBY 6F9 ‘101 PIS ‘86 929 ‘FOL 9L8 ‘0G 82S ‘26% GPF 9c% 89 6 863 “Gh 12% g Orv PIT 66h ‘roquiojdeg| “ysnany “Ato ‘oun “ABW ‘tudy “1OIB “Areniqoy | ‘Arenuee ‘soroodg “IoquIaDeq, ‘JOQUIDAON | *1aqoWO “POBT ‘ponulyu0g—ro6s pun ‘SO6T ‘ZOGT mM Jaysour OFT ayy ur papoadsur ysiT 461 ISLANDS. OF THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES cP bP 6g OF Cpe Wrme gad © ta oe WOO ZIG gg [oer at ie ae ee apd Saige cade Sai ias eek ieaaaes ioc Sh oe aes ---oyodoyog seeeeeeeeees ceeeeeceteee|esee eres eeeeseeeese eg ONTTTE gez sit ee srestssss odorded 9 leew wwe new BASH OQOR IIE COME OR REE TT CATO LEP | z08 ‘T 106 wrrriititiiirtt: (qero) reded “="" nqnungqnusd Peeeceeeees|etteeeeeeeee|eceeeeeeeeeeeeeeton ee? TORT soetetseeeee|teeeeereeees|eeeeereseeeeseeeess moTMTB ieee Sach ee Ke oreo ake Ro 2 aapeaiva Siena eran TELL) [Pe Fae ae EE DLL OO rian et Sal rye nis oe eee IOC Ba BC) Flees sce aes alt hg rs a See oe OO BOO i ory 1vyxndgo LIT aries Ine of Ong inet ERO w[-tereeeeeeee|eeseeeeesees ees eeseese 2 ONG a ee eal ees Aa > eee mo UL) br9 ‘T gr pee = oe CUSED ost ca te ae RESO Tl eee oe | Reet tebe aes Re A: au 2 : i pou P Dera smi aee re ss 2 eee ELEC ERIN al Gunaeas seer tec||| NPSL 7 ep ete UO OLE RENT) Be Ee acces hy ie. ol avr oo) see ee LE ULE NG} , < A in “*NUB Ny Z trerrtttsttts(pmbs) eqn yt Tose eeeeeesyose sss" MUByBMNYOMUNYOW 1¥% 5 pape ane. wie S/O 118‘ Deeper e ea L8 es eon > ek ae OL TAL) 089 OPS peas sarees, PTF ya > BUI[BIV[BAL eS eet aie ie SOI. i Pisinials slnni= a= naPlcieleni an er aa bg SS OR YOO SORES i CH roscoe uaa TUBUIIGBW =< adny eee anna nea HOE TOSCER CSO USOGOOOO FT fo iiaT RIO COOR EI OOOROOS 194 (8 414 | “7 1BT PROBES REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 462 919 680 ‘T oes 100‘T 010 ‘% = 0&2 ‘T 88% Leg C6S 98 Pe ore CRC ORAS g IO 7 IOI CE a Br ame RS TS 7 6% hi tee ee vag |e deere e eal EU. ecematy Mea nanecsce COF FEL P28 P6E OIF (org cot Tages gh lai ead Lara? T 8 OF “raquie0aqy |'1aqUIeAON *19q0100 126 | 189 Sass Soe BOD 661 rca 696 10z Aa Fs Somes Ore ie ere ale geet Bas. ee eee b El: i tg ‘roquiejdeg r Spaces "--""""paumepuoo shy wees eset eeeeeeeeeerees OHO M s++27+"*-"(UTOIM BOs) BUBM Sele ee oN DTBM piele ssl ealg pein siestis as Caney spite Ariaieenizin gos ----- npededy sinisisieicisioisSisesaisin Sei “--- Bono Be ah: enti) Bnet ededvdeip edvdvv[y ‘oune “ABN *panutyuoO—F06r YOR *AIBNIQo7 ‘ponuyu0g—ro6l pun ‘so6T ‘SOBL Un jayuoul OAT ayy un papoadsur Ys “AIBnUBe ‘sotoodg COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 4638 LIHUE, KAUAI. There is no regular fish market on the island of Kauai, but at Lihue the meat dealer handles fish whenever they are to be obtained. Other sections of the island are supplied by peddlers with small carts, who make occasional trips when the fisheries are being operated. Most of the fishermen are natives and, with their usual shiftlessness, refuse to resume fishing after a good haul until the proceeds have been expended, and often by that time the school of fish has worked off the coast and disappeared. LAHAINA, MAUI. The territorial government owns the principal market house at this place. It isa long one-story row, with its back overhanging the ocean, and, including the land, is valued at about $6,000. It contains six stalls, all of which are leased to natives and whites, but nearly all of these sublet, to Japanese dealers. In 1903 there were 1 American, 2 natives, and 6 Japanese employed in this market. Close by is a private market containing two stalls, the whole, includ- ing land, being valued at $700. Four Japanese operated this market in 1903. Since the last investigation (1901) a new private market, composed of 4 small buildings, has come into use. It is valued at $400, includ- ing land, and is operated by 8 Japanese. One of the worst features of the industry at Lahaina is the lack of inspection of the products sold in these markets. An inspector was put in charge in August, 1903, but owing to lack of money the board of health was compelled to dispense with his services in January, 1904, and at present the markets are as much without inspection as in the old days. This is a very unfortunate condition of affairs, as Lahaina is ohe of the most important fish-distributing centers of the islands. The greater part of the surplus fish from Molokai and Lanai is landed here, and by means of peddlers is distributed to the various sugar plantations of the island. Owing to the lack of proper inspection, large quantities of tainted fish are sold in these markets, or peddled throughout the surrounding country. The Japanese have established a virtual monopoly of the handling of fish in this section of Maui. Nearly every stall in the various mar- kets is operated by Japanese, who have formed an association or trust, by means of which they are enabled to force the fishermen to dispose of their catch to the association at whatever price the latter may see fit to offer. Many of the dealers are also financially interested in the boats and fishing gear of their fellow-countrymen, and as a result of this the native fishermen complain that they are grossly discriminated against, and are compelled to sell their catch for much less than is paid to their Japanese competitors. Should the native fisherman refuse to 464 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. sell to the association he is compelled to rent a stall in the market, should that be possible, and retail his catch. As the Japanese are the — largest part of the fish-eating population and none of them will patro- nize other than his fellow-countrymen if it is possible to avoid it, the native finds it difficult, if not impossible, to sell more than a fraction of his catch at his own price, and is compelled eventually to sell what is left to the Japanese at a still lower figure than was offered in the first place, or else have it spoil on his hands. The association regulates the prices at which fish are retailed in the markets, and even in times of a glut the low price does not benefit the consumer, although the fishermen receive less. Should there be an oversupply, the surplus is peddled around to the different plantations by Japanese with small carts. There are serious inconveniences arising from these conditions other than the opportunity afforded for éxtorting exorbitant prices from the consumer. For three or four months of 1903 it was almost impossible for the people of Lahaina to buy any fish, because the association sent nearly all over to Sprecklesville, where they were sold to the Japanese at that place, presumably because better prices could be had there. This is likely to happen again at almost any time, and the people are thus at the mercy of an irresponsible association of alien dealers. , WAILUKU, MAUI. At the time of the previous investigation there was a small market house here, owned by a private individual. It had only five stalls and was run principally by natives. Even this poor apology for a market ceased to exist in 1902, when it was transformed into stores, and since then the only means of securing fish has been from the peddlers who go from house to house on certain days in the week, or when there is a supply of fish landed from Molokai, or an extra large catch made at the Kahului fishery, a few miles away. It was not until the middle of 1903 that this section had a government inspector of fish, which it sorely needed, and even this boon was withdrawn January 1, 1904, owing to the low condition of the finances of the Territory. HONOLULU, OAHU. At the time of the first investigation there was but one fish market in Honolulu—the government market in the square bounded by Allen, Richards, Alakea, and Halekauwila streets. This building was erected in 1890 at a cost, including the value of the land, of $155,000, and is one of the handsomest and most conveniently arranged fish markets in the United States. During 1903 20 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 3 native men, and 3 native women were engaged in selling fishery products, while 1 superintendent (who acted also as fish inspector), 1 market COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 465 keeper, 1 assistant market keeper, 1 assistant fish inspector, and 1 laborer, were employed. A serious competitor of the government market appeared on Novem- ber 5, 1903, when a private market which had been constructed on Kekaulike street, between King and Queen streets, a former site of the government market, was opened for business. This market was constructed at an expense, including the value of the land, of $60,000. Like the government market, the greater part of it is devoted to the sale of fish, and the building is very conveniently arranged for this purpose. Many of the dealers in the government market left that place and took stalls in the new market as soon as it was opened, owing*to the fact that it is more conveniently situated for catering to the Chinese and Japanese, who are the principal consumers of fish. During the short time the market was open in 1903 there were 96 persons—80 Chinese, 7 Japanese, and 9 natives—employed in and around it in marketing the fishery products. The government fish inspector has charge of the inspection of fish in this market also, and is assisted by a native man, the latter being paid by the owner of the market. On February 6, 1904, a small market, containing six stalls, was opened at the corner of Beretania and King streets. An assistant fish inspector, paid by the owner of the market, is in charge, and works under the supervision of the government inspector. A most comprehensive scheme for the marketing of fishery products was being worked out at the time of the present inquiry. A company was organized under the name of ‘‘ The Inter-Island Live Fish and Cold Storage Company,” and proposed to establish markets at convenient - places within the city limits from which fish could be distributed expeditiously and without danger of loss from death and other causes incident to a tropical climate. Special means of water supply and refrigeration were provided, and every effort directed toward the preservation of the fish in fresh and wholesome condition as it reached the consumer. Cold storage is undoubtedly necessary in such a climate as prevails in the islands. As the law stands at present all fish brought to the market up to noon must be sold before evening or else thrown away. Fish arriving at the market after noon and remaining unsold when the market closes can be placed in cold storage for the night and again offered for sale, but must then bear the printed legend ‘‘ Iced fish.” The tables given below show, by months, the number of each spe- cies of fish inspected in the markets of Honolulu during the years 1902, 1903, and 1904, and, as in the case of the Hilo market reports, are taken from the official report of the inspector. Here, also, the figures for mollusks and crvstaceans are incomplete. F. ©. 190430 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 466 &o8 Go PIL ‘GL G6P‘¢ 6P 6c PG 9 Ch SIT &¢ ; LOL ese 619 OOL ‘T 798 60 ‘T LOTS 0a 180 ‘FL 29 ‘OL 620 ‘9T G‘g 208 ‘G 82¢ ‘L SLP ‘IT 120 ‘8 60 ‘G 881 ‘8 S19 ‘G 19 GL G&G 662 6% LEG T 196 L8L ‘F8 088 ‘F% ‘Iequiadaq |'IaquIaAON | “19q0}00 \requia}deg| “jsnsny “Ato ‘oune “ABIN ‘Tudy ‘yous, =| “Areniqay ‘FO6T pun “GO6L ‘SO6L ‘ZO6T Vi jaysnu NYNjOUOFT *AIBNUBL ricestges Cieneinitis (tee ea BIN a iM: ea OFTONLBNL Oe ol ay eae Se GIO SAC INE eM et eh ee SU LEI ie ~"""* TORU BTL SRS Scar RI oi )0 1 aa grctgae. ces cece ce PTO CTT IN a a dal simeishe ORT - nodnodny ~~ rdidny “"** 810s a a) ibe ee MOL a a Portas UE) EY NED IE Sole sigfesise Feil BM BS BANG SI rk ne mea ok Sra} pe eS ae eT eae DYB YS aoe se Oe a eee ee LEU Goo Pitt SEGLOT --"-"* NUINYynUn A ees ~> (oqqany) nuoR “* BO[BUTH tae Trriri tires) nupurryy Soe eees vans s=(SdO100)) OOF ee eee eee as Oe --r---n ndn,ndey Ls eel eM nee A MUM TAU MONE SE YSU-PIOD ysy-Bulyo ea Ea ae geen eee TOODLO CAG: Ga 6 annenes Sa ten ae ren EON UE nisina.ciei* /ele/sisielsie iii So AO BALI, Feria aie ai sis Sig ATW 25 "*"> BUIB-BULY [penance renea cece cceemeeegrnm yy a a Sor “nyV ea Se ray, “""* BY BBY “BM B,V ay) UL pajoadsir YSruT ISLANDS. OF THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES GIZ‘L GCF ‘TL SIF G9 g aa ago 2 Ree 290 ‘T 80¢ ‘T chord CFL LL 0ze 13 S13 SLZ 828 828 816 0g 00T SLh 02g gee ‘Gg 98 ‘F 869 PSI ‘GC 981 °¢ 88L°L Lg (I) es 08 9g Z0F OLT 868 ‘8a £88 ‘FE $9 6¢ GGL OZT ‘T z IL £06 £08 98 823 Bia ae fee 0L0‘¢ ore ‘9 OIL BGG IL if eh 862 9% PSL I g 66 ‘F OF6 ‘2 696 ‘G 696 ‘2 £0¢ col PL L186 ‘8 G OF6 ‘ZL €9T 922 'S i ‘ 0g8 ‘T 1G OPE GOL ‘b 00L , pL8'T 891 ‘S ort ___| $60" 628 ‘% 6c¢ ‘Pp OF % GIL ‘T PLO ‘G $80 ‘T ere), BE Re Ts8 198 a SI 6L OF OFT. C6L POP ‘S 166 ‘F P66 | Tes T19 ‘% e9T | 186 PGF T 998 “8% 026 ‘T SCL GLI ee ce ae 882 P8¢ OFS ‘3 968 ‘S SL 6FS | 88'S. | 08/8, Co ag A el Ae 992 ose 8% an GPG ‘9 OFL‘S iG GG L2G 089 PL PL 89 PLG TES L68 L8L‘T 188 ‘F ix 9% 6 681 LYS 686 IL oF6 ‘6 89 ‘g LL8‘L 69%, 229 ‘T 9 $20 ‘6 994 ‘8 Sh6 ‘F tPF 28 6LL‘S 086 P50‘ 08 ‘T OIL Ser ‘T j 68 lar‘ 260 ‘T 06I “9 Shs 'S S9T P19 1649 voeesesess**psUtMlepuoo Ys apace Sees e SSRN OA ----(UTyoIN BAS) BUBA eres L AN an, s PRET! = hed eee tes cena CEN areal nyvdedy I9[BUINBUL SEiricieueieie Rinig elise aera - Bui OR ag a a i - BINVBID =i eee ---(ysymvio) vdederiyQ Co ec) eee Te Ra SESS eise sss -- (SYMBIO) BID. eee eb) /al Siig ete Tee ELL Beas ee Sears cs —* LPrynd sinisgs 2 utes einiets le OSS STU ch Pie Sissel alae Oo OT ANAC | CC aeewan ems ae ces smeoaeee noog FIGS ASS ---Bydoodg a SRS Suisse See ees ---- “peg Sosa -e Ono ee - (quio) rwedvg SEPT ato gghoayaqauon:)sy pale ham hi esti ho fi: “"* THY BT pinto ee eT oe ot arene oT OEd Soca OTAG) See LOO byte “---nd9o “NLULO peek “"""ByBULO ds 7 ate eS airite in < sae eaeaeECD) Tesce si 250" SS BOOTIE pet aad eka se ie aera oe shod gt "1150" NON onueN ET en eee ee en “>>> (prnbs) seqn tl = 5 ny RE Oe SS ga ae aie «| pean a) 9) | 8 SRD SS A ae” aaa) CLUS TATE Go Fa arede or hen. BD ee LAND UIE a et cee eee eee On: FRSISISOSIIOUGCI OOO a5 jak ship Acesisir.c\esicis/ > siane = -FOULBUNE IA seater ee scce|eneteccereee|eeeeeseeeessseseeess** OLOTBIY $ or 266 C8 UF LSP 196% 9¢1 ‘e TL ec oct ZOl ‘F gcc ‘g re egy: ZLE Sy 1¢ CZ fe «GPs eee we Les 99¢ ‘¢ fs 4¢ zer rm OIGT Ze 8s Lge = = aF9 OFF ‘e mE 918% Cgs ‘T ZLZ me Te TF OS oce 0z¢ ‘T FI8 ‘9 TOL ‘ST e ap zz9 OL iy A LS T8¢ ‘Z S 6 79 ae # ete sh‘ 189 z 8 = ole 09L = 9b ‘FG 598 ‘9F = 19% 698 ‘e G ‘ PL ‘ nq «8096 0g¢ ‘eT T 6 mH ZIZ EeccOMn PPS ‘S gg ‘G 982 ‘OL 4 ggT ‘F9 SIT ‘9 2 ¥8h ‘oz 986 ‘6 cy 8991 op0‘g pe (SLL ces G PIT ¢ = 980 Zer‘T PPL QL a £06 ‘CT PLF ‘ST. *‘IaquLa00q] |"\IoquUIaAON "19q0190, ‘raquieajdag 468 BEB "E CFF 9c§ ‘TT 168 ‘ZI G02 ‘% §8T Pela oak ae eee oom” =o 2) eee ee OOle ate &¢ Tol | pen aerate Meme CANE &@ GIL LG 3 2 “'** OFFOHTBAL 61 Pog T8z Pes Daeee me eee oe ed Uah IN 682 OF Lg See ss eee TUCO gg peuges 22 Gh pets “777 neyney 61g ‘T 998 99g oi ee ee se ee ROOT 18% 0¢ FOL ee Oe =o GN eee S154 [ P&L IL cot eS RS *----*>-- nodnodny Cea || Ape eee 4 ean S| ee Sy a | eae oan ae a | Pe eae Siale AH Sieve ebe als reiele ‘ Pears ohvalabse 914 ‘T Ga ee eed eG ee cue NP cs Pe Pes CSP Oar nummy Or oF Saate eae SG TOM 2 |¢ * TUT 8 0% Lg Be ae ree et emai BD [OMA B ST GPS ‘T S&P 68 7.42: (:7.U:D: Ser FOF ‘T ee Te ORD I88 Air ect epeae ahe Sene eed eceeiame Lea TE Ts eee oe Se a ee B[ByRey phate ees | werk s ES ele (utqoin BaS) Bul TIZ‘s | STP ‘6 O9F ‘6T Sa os 22 ge ee eeOUN OUT OF9 0OT 9L eee eee Mead Me jaueraay st IL 61 | 62 9% 81 OL 6 9 Trrrtsttt (pany) nwoR 86 ‘% LIZ'S 190 ‘Z SLE ‘T T09 9 ‘% | 890 ‘T 628 ‘T : : “"**"B9 [BUI 19 SL raed 09 LI 10 IF 69 pias eect aes age ET z iar 10 IL II II |G I a ee ae LLCs LTO ET 80 ‘T T98 £02 92¢ cgP 9¢9 ‘T | PIS $19 ‘T “77777777">(sndoj00) 90H Fr neue co Ba back Ges eirien ae A See aie cisie oicl| awe /aastere ihe ee eee eestee eee = chal oestniccacans bese seeeeeseeee tees TNL 08 L08 029 (6x6 808 iaag | 69 FCT SSS TE Lny ION AY | atG EE ( S0bsGrs 2 ieee oe $ 9LT 988 ‘g 818 ‘29 | $84 ‘TP [FO ‘LE ht ee DICE Ge 688 “S GOL % | Gcg‘s 908 ‘F 868 ‘T 689 % ggg ‘T I61‘& “ Ysy-Pplop egeebe sai [rae et le 6 8 g z IP “ysg-Bulgo 6LL LG | SLT TL9 GIL 800 “T 808 O16 an OO MO sty $8 FL 0z LI pg 9 02 = oe YANG a6 8% | OT (64 SI LT IL "Tots oro ss*""NyOUBley BAY 10 ‘F 118 ‘3 OF9 ‘S POL ‘T OLG ‘*T OIL ‘T POL ‘T Pee ies a ee Oe BA, OLF ‘OT G91 ‘8T ZS ‘ST 916'8 SéP ‘G 109 ‘2 GPS ‘OL PWR ekeseK cabanas " BMY LP0 ‘6S C86 ‘TP ZOT ‘eg 6GL ‘9G [6h ‘IP SI ‘LL 819 ‘cL GPS ‘98 “77 BULB-BULY 10h FL 618 ‘2% LOL ‘LE 889 ‘6S PST ‘62 L8Z ‘OL 89 ‘% 6GL ‘% Se SUGRIAY 81 ‘8 616 ‘S LEG‘S 912 ‘9 6F ‘9 T6L° 892 ‘8 PPG ‘TE Sh ee a TNVE ZL‘ 869 GLP 'F 199 6 066 ‘L | 69° 680 ‘F £00 ‘F *- a19oqetogVv ree a6 891 GIG oOP 9cr $62 661 RARE eee eer comes es MIN 88 ‘T Z9g OSL 116 ‘T TIZ 689 LZ 062 Se ee ee a eee eB US BUI) 8c6 88L 9¢Z ‘T 919 PLZ SLT 'T LLG lass een ae rrr? BAB, 209 ‘4 926 ‘L $81 ‘FP Scl ‘Ff 060‘ | 820°¢ SIP '% 090 *s Me eee ie eb an ore TULB[B,V qsn3sny “Arne ‘oune “ABIL Tudy | ‘qorsy ‘Arsniqag | ‘Arenuee ‘soroodg “S061 *ponulyu0g—to6l pun ‘eQ6T ‘ZO6T Ut jayupu NyN;OUOFT ay? ur papadsur ysr Pp yuoy P 1 Jay [NJOUOHT 24} UL P CG 469 ISLANDS. OF THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES gag ‘Z 8F6 ‘ 6FS ‘8 | OOL‘S 899 ‘SL 099 ‘Lz ICT ‘ZL 0F9 ‘G 06¢ ‘% 188‘T SOL ‘T | «TFG ‘T Z tt Deana ease I 199 ‘LT TOL ‘OF 9ZT ‘ZS LOT ‘9% FOL ‘S C6L‘S 829 ‘S OFS ‘% [91 PST CRORE Diary Xe QL PLS 66 OFS ae cra 8% GZ 868 ‘% PCT igs ences PORE OF LPL OF OZ BBG‘ #29 ‘T 6CF ‘T PSL G 921 ZcL LOT GFT $&z 66L 926 ‘T GLT LEE $89 LIZ 19 ccs ‘¢ 180 ‘T GG 988 ‘8 CGP ‘T GIF C6 626 998 ‘% She ‘S $20 ‘T 996 ‘T ae 8I cI GG $98 ‘T 06F ‘T 000 ‘ L99 950‘8 61F ‘S PCE ‘T. O8F ‘T CSL‘ ces ‘T 068 ‘F ZG8 ‘ et ‘0Z 802 ‘ZG 609 ‘81 110 ‘8 9c ou aC hae mpl paca BS Se 79% PS8 19% GFL Lg Cle ngage on hie rere asy lag 619 ‘C 09 ‘T 0g (6 LO 00T ‘T SIF se 686 ‘ST egg ‘Gz OTL ‘ee 6S ‘08 SLL LOT LOT SPL 96¢ 1¢6 ‘T ¢98 SOF cg ce 0g 6L 6FI 002 cos CBG 629 | 8% S91 PGP 663 % OFS ‘T L98 ‘FIL 620% ORS arers eee Ibe ae 09S: g CEL ‘2% LOL ‘9% Cb ‘Gs [66 ‘L9 626 ‘T $88 ‘8 6c¢ OFL g I i 8% P&G 619 881 Lg 19 cg Ea See al aera a CL ran 8 9 91. 18 8I LI 19012 069 ‘F GL9 ‘T GPS‘ 666 ‘GT 028 ‘8T GOP ‘L, PLS ‘9 » GCs gee ‘% 0c6 OL : FOL Ze LL $9% 910 ‘b C96 ‘Z 908 ‘% 8¢0'% L6Z ‘S 908 ‘Z 082 ‘T ISL cls OGL ‘TS ae 6IL §16 gag ‘g PLS GcL‘¢ P 806 7&8 °¢ PL pore eesesess* peumepuoo Ys seesessress on oA (urlyoin Bas) BUBA "77 BORLA | et Na, a a OP LLL --(yspavio) ededveyy epee Aap pear hace (YSYMBIO) BID ae aweee cee Scena se, (a SRD) spleens 7 Lh sa ueees alee 5011 SSO A SISISCIIOOSRS TWEE Ta Sue GOO triitrttts epdogd © ae des oo OLED edt SHI OOOO oF aay gal ye p “*-*(qevio) redvg s-7"""""" NonUnyqnNUuBsg 5 tare UC t ~ MyMyvT Rep isso ee TC Sel Ssicicisisl soe See OG ope enor Oe tee aml OO) Bsyedeyvdo OPC IOS a6 (10) SE gO C154 5) NYLULO PEO OEE :5 (0010) sisicteisinis alae ssi SOT) otek eos COOTEI BRIS IEERICIDO OMG} 503] Se sisc cesses eet T TIN or eet LO ONT - onueN sos sens -2ahe>>= OBTOBN ooyn “777 (pmbs) SESCODIGI SC 0G i wo ccceeesccseneneeees TTTBTT PRIDOCOSOSEEII IO (ays |i Gh p REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 470 *Ieq Ul909q Se maa Setar ase <1) GT MEY mabe Hrd, © tate meh By ae Va la ont eee See ee 9% GL L (63 TSI LG 9% ee dma. =) ne Lp eee $16 G Z0G ‘g GLO‘ 9TL ‘8 GOP 81g 984 ‘T | gt tee eee ~ BABYBMBY Do a gcse pecs Sc SSS BOTT Boll las SEPA TE a PA. ora oOo Oot PPL‘ 89g ‘% 988 ‘T ee Ricans 2. Soe BIR 166 ‘T G&L GLE “* NABH GOL GIL Ogi FAS pees = SCI CbGt INORG se |eR ER en = ends OReratnd ile oo ens ae Sib s race tee o 0g8 ‘8 ch 00 ‘T | "77777 Cargorn ves) Buy 0gs ‘ce 1¢0 ‘8 8G ‘S tis eae OU OUM 8aP ‘T FOL ‘T GSC GPO ee SIRLIG SOC ee GOTT) y= (7/866, = etl OPC” ait ail \aiegeean eee es “nun gnu nA Boers (OS a ¥ Da AR RY BoE SS or ee ea aos Sieiel nowy 8 COP OF Shee. ~ > SSeS at eerie ut Mc ee eG eee tole noes RAC “** NUBULTU TAL DE ---- (sndoj00) saf 08 “Too "** eyo yNBA re ciel ale eda res AS SMA MEH 8S SS Siig Eee n,ndn,ndeAy BO AO ORS - nV By eA Sis ec see eo cle SICH oF] 10) (085) Cia eat me = ol | ae Pars Sa aE “os gsy-Bulgo OZES JOT MICSOTeOL 2 RIGSLORES 8 ePGieIe 8 IRSbOe 90 2 = | G00 eee RGROi amen — "ROO et SO IO) Ginn cet ho cetera een eat -" OOMOOMY UL? SE A AC Aa ome Cree a MT 0 ee Ca ee gem] I=) ee Ck) bed ene br ae eal geen Ne eet stro" * BIOMY 68F “- NYOUB[BY BAY I9F ‘81 1¢¢ ‘61 "TTT TTT BANB-BM YW L9S “GZ 826 ‘9G ie ee LPS SE PA BC et Re ee OC ue Cts: a aeeeee Se AG sc eleaeelont se tlc metissiiel leepiemer accel AeeuCee oll Semsericige cma |eceyre sae nets s catlerys “= ngny c 5 eis\o RTO TY: Bere ssc ciniais Ses Rees s\n mete a RI ees cm ate Ses e/ RR Om sO Beh Tae SP et U Ce ee ee cle See aie nelly angen FRO O(c aa So See Sat hy: ge ss pisiniciss ||" aca termi spices G 9% “7 O[BUBUY 909 ‘GcT S08 ‘SZ 819 ‘29 826 ‘GL ILF ‘$8 966 ‘6L P6I ‘89 966 ‘FL pak re “7 "* BULB-BULY ys: Ses ReMne s a alt ee |b 0g cs OF IIt §1 Gs PEG 5555597725575 (UMeid)oTBoLy: 88F ‘08% PSI ‘FOL LOL ‘OFZ 620 ‘29 | 82g ‘9T 996 ‘LZ OFS ‘0Z TL8 ‘61 816 ‘0G 296 ‘TT ESC OG) bile ktceateti mas ie eee “oT DV 090 ‘8 L1Z‘8 808 ‘9 160 ‘L | 660 ‘P CGF ‘L 618‘ 06 831 T&T SEP ‘T Sobel io patente “DAV PPS ‘PT PLE ‘ST OFS ‘0: OFL ‘OL 921 ‘9 PLL‘ PSL ‘P 909 ‘9 608 “¢ 996 ‘9 GLZ ‘OT “7 5""> BTOGOTOUV CPs 8& OLT 86 IZ SFL L¥ 691 9GP 966 SG oala a | Sera erie ue toa ee CN GSI ‘G 981 ‘8 LG8 91g COP SZP LE9 Zc LIL‘T 9G OF “== BUBB VY 892 ‘T 868 ‘T C8 P68 ‘T 96P FPG G19 ¢99 129 6c% G69 | SoS FS NEA 18 ‘OL £98 ‘LT SPF ‘8ST PLZ‘ £86 “S GGL ‘G 010 ‘F 19% ‘9 821 ‘9 610% CUE etn eas ae ae aoa SS hoes LUG BV ‘IOQMIBAON | “19qo10Q |AoquIe}des| ysnsny “Aqne ‘oune “ABI ‘Tudy “ors “Arsniqay | “Arenuese ‘satoedg “PO6L ‘ponuljyuoN—+06T pun ‘S06 ‘ZOGT Ur jayavu nynjouopzy ay7 wa papadsur ys ponut}ao;) vp 2 Jay (NjOUuoFT 9Y} Ut p v Ys 471 OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 629 ‘CT ge¢ ‘CT 06 ‘TE | 069 ‘82 LLO ‘8% 98¢ ‘Fz 12L‘8 GIP ‘ZL 028 ‘8 LEP ‘8 I6T ‘9 9&2 ‘9T SOBOIEHOOO IONS hG)) paral eye | Reet LCL tgs Pa lees dps | et ope dea ei |( Aine a eRe eae SEDO ASE {6 (0) 27 | Pst T POP 1S gq PEE SISS PSSST aha god ghog qhodz/. | 982% LG LOF are EN jsasdao eae L g SNe TEC seca cke ak Pe aa ae LL YBl 9 rs OST GOS o tS ae eee en ATE Og She ‘F 108 ‘% 609 ‘9 pee Gai ee 46 89 69F GIT 621 ZPP rae eres gee aa OT G69 ‘9 OFF ‘FL €8T ‘OL TFs ‘g #29 €8¢ ‘ST SAO OO) 188 ‘T 190 ‘% 829 696 Gcz 868 POE DOSE OGEIIDOGEET tok cps (LOCO) GPP 66 gee ‘OL GBR. - SIISCGRO TS) LINGO: metas Eat acre Since n ce eS eni OGy rare © UL(G), D[TUIO SO ISOS fst 8 4) SOC DIIGO (ev7| (3) SIO} (0) are) eae Te ge SOOTY, sleicis eige(s \S 5.0 oir SGT oe PEO IODC 91:70) eben COI «1071 ocleS see Ses TOT OULTI A EUNT ‘Sina ee et LONI onueN Sooo eos 5- OCU SEN L18‘T LOL ‘T 891, ‘T 088 ‘T PLL ‘G gga ‘g 00T ‘¢ 9¢9 ‘8 888% G28 ‘T 6F9 ‘% T2¢‘¢ G9 ‘T COL‘ $9 926 sel 608 FESO RIOR IOS Aaa al IE Clete Sia a fer Soa eat | de 9 ZT ‘Z8T OFS ‘FLE 69 ‘T0z 1480 ‘OTT OPS ‘LIT 00¢ OFT iaag 182 ‘% 818 ‘9 PPLE 68L ‘8 GLI ‘S GI¢ PLL 918 OST SIZ ZS EST ppideerere uByoloy tare eee persona: 30s 9 saume eee Sete Laie el ene Ne sia Ma tes Nod ekiin gt TTT ues) oF San oe eee OBL 6SL POSES AIM OOS gKoraha lorena | Pl eagnday > es eeaeg CI Cls 919 ‘T otra: aegee ye UNOS 19% Waa tre? 5S ay SOLOS 062 ‘3 Tee Gg TLO'T 020 ‘98 020 ‘66 LG ‘8 206 ‘8 PPS 818 ‘L 828 ‘T 266 ‘T 06F OL 472 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. LEL ‘19 068 ‘T OSL ‘FUG 1g8 ‘OT TLZ ‘T 606 ‘8 | 856 ‘681 | 188‘ OFS ‘6 OFL SL 089 ‘Z 698 96 'G L418 T 81S ‘OL GGL ‘T boo 8G8 Ga 688 ‘9 10S ‘FFI 906 ‘F | ‘IaquIedeq |IaquIdAON | *10q0}09 |'aoqutaqydas GOL ‘OT OTS “ynsny 18 ‘Ayo $96 9 08 922 ‘CT Pg 06 ‘81 SFO 'T LLG’ | $9¢ ‘2 >>>" *55***peuulepuaod Ysiy Pet teteseceeeseeeeeeees oy Ay : --* (UIQOIN Bas) BUBAA Ei ed ohio eas tee LANL weet eesee eee eeee sees TATA) "ney eS Sas Se can TBO i): te tseeereeeees +*-Bon0] “*** TOTBUINBUT LY) BAER G30 ASSAY aT OY SERIE IONIC Faleilal (ysyMvi0) ededvdvey[y veel ers DEC A a) "TT7T too s* (ysyaveio) BID 0 EEE O Seas aes 040 | "st" > YSsy-piom “*** BO[Nd cov eprrand " N00d srrrritts Bypdood Seeteeeere eee “ee"" DnB pie =roeleisin esses s ciez'si=\s) OTOCO TCR yi “qouvW “AIBNIGI “ArenuR ‘sotoedg ‘panuruog—Ffoer ‘ponulu0g—troe] pun ‘SO6T ‘ZOGT Wt oyunu NynjouoTT ay} ur pajoadsur ysyg COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 473 THE WHOLESALE TRADE. But two cities—Honolulu and Hilo—are engaged in the sale of fish- ery products by wholesale. The greater part of this trade is in canned goods and pickled salmon, large quantities of which are sold to the sugar plantations scattered over the isJands. In 1903 none of the firms engaged exclusively in the sale of fishery products, but sold such in connection with other goods. A few of the sugar plantations pur- chased their supplies direct and are not included in the table below. A small quantity of fresh fish, brought from San Francisco in the cold- storage rooms of the regular steamers, is also sold in Honolulu. Honolulu leads in this trade in every particular. The total invest- ment in the business in 1903 was $520,350, a gain of $10,225 over 1900, when the investment amounted to $510,125. No effort was made to gather data on the quantity of products handled. Table showing the wholesale fishery trade of the Hawatian Islands in 1903. eeianonn ee et cees | ‘FUUMTL Hilo. Total. ANEEM DS Creole ti TIN S 52,2. se oe te ci afare ate ais sp-yesasaimisjors leis mierete cicle so aie oe Sehnert 9 4 13 Nima berioiem ploveesics.sas 6 ase ae cv ac cm cite nais seistete i ant clsisicielel viel eieteleiare 71 23 94 | ss | Pe a eee ROP ELEY Ra ene cece tes ee saiaccciesla notin bibs maf elaraalaieie eis otelstene ein ee eras | $219, 850 | $106,000 | $325, 850 Wages 2. .2252- ln e2ne00 15, 000 47, 300 Cash capital... | 112,500 34, 700 147, 209 |——. ee —_ —————— Mo tent eer aee Career aby lac bALh ener ns con leah: cea See tear ae | 364,650 | 155,700 | 520,350 FISH PONDS. The manner of construction and method of operation of fish ponds has been extensively discussed in the previous report. But little authentic data regarding their history have come to light since that time, although earnest efforts have been made to secure information from oral traditions and early printed chronicles. David Malo in his Hawaiian Antiquities” states that— On the death of Kahoukapu the Kingdom [Hawaii] passed into the hands of Kauholanuimahu. After reigning fora few years Kauholaniumahu sailed over to Maui and made his residence at Honua-ula. He it was that constructed that fish pond at Keoneoio. Dr. N. B. Emerson, the translator, in a note-on page 267 of the work just quoted, ascribes the building of several fish ponds on the western side of Hawaii, at the coast of Hilea, at Honuapo, and Ninole, in the district of Kau, to Kiohala, who was King or Chief of Kau during the early years of the nineteenth century. He (the King) is said to have made himself exceedingly unpopular among his subjects by his exactions in the building of these ponds. The ponds are not in existence at present. a Hawaiian Antiquities, by David Malo; translated from the Hawaiian by Dr. N. B. Emerson; p. 333. 8°. Honolulu, 1903. 474 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. According to Mr. A. F. Judd, in an article on ‘‘ Rock carvings of Hawaii,” published in Thrum’s Annual for 1904— Archeological investigations have brought to light several monuments of which the Hawaiians have always disclaimed the making. The fish pond in the land of Apua, at Kualoa on the island of Oahu, is a notable example, and others might be . mentioned. A typical example of fish ponds in embryo is to be observed in the neighborhood of Mana, on the island of Kauai. There are. several hundred acres of overflowed land here belonging to the territory, which certain natives have leased for a nominal sum. Ditches have been dug in order that the sea water may enter, and in the ponds so improvised ama-ama are raised. It is probable that in the course of a few years the banks will be raised higher and made permanent, thus turning the swamp into a regular interior fish pond. The Kanaha fish pond at Wailuku, on the island of Maui, is being much enlarged and improved this year (1904). There were formerly several ponds here, but the others have been filled in. Considerable trouble has been experienced with this fish pond owing to the lack of proper direct connection with salt water. A heavy freshet made an opening toward the sea about four years ago, but it was not deep enough to allow a suflicient quantity of sea water to enter, and since the rainwater forced the salt water out, the ama-ama were killed in large numbers. In 1903 this was especially noticeable, and in the latter part of the year many of the fish were given away or else sold very cheap, inasmuch as they would have died had they been allowed to remain in the pond. Awa, ahdlehdle, gold-fish, and oépue are also found in this pond. If the various schemes for the development of the bank fisheries off the south and east coasts of Molokai are successful there will probably be a considerable increase in the number of fish ponds used commer- cially in this section. Many ponds on this side of Molokai are not in use at the present time, owing to a lack of convenient markets. The new enterprises contemplate repairing and putting into operation some of these ponds, and using them either to raise ama-ama for the Hono- lulu markets, or as temporary storage places for the line-caught fish until the transporting vessels can carry them away Considerable fishing is carried on in the numerous sugar-plantation reservoirs, notably in those on Maui, some of which are quite exten- sive. Carpand gold-fish are the principal species taken. ‘This fishery has not yet attained commercial importance, nearly all of the fish taken being consumed by the workers on the various vlantations, who catch them. A number of the ponds are used as private preserves by their , owners and do not appear in the commercial tables given herewith. | COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 475 In the Lihue district, on Kauai, there are 7 of these private fish ponds. Owners of fish ponds operated commercially rarely manage them directly, but lease them to others, usually Chinese. Nearly all of the Oahu ponds are controlled by a combination of Chinese, and are so operated as not to overstock the markets, thus keeping up the prices. This policy works to the disadvantage of the white popula- tion mainly, as they are the principal consumers of the ama-ama. Owing to the high prices received for this fish some of these ponds are very valuable, one located on Oahu being assessed by the Terri- tory on a valuation of $25,000 (the lessee of this pond pays a yearly rental of $2,500), while two others in the immediate vicinity are assessed at $16,000 and $12,450, respectively. One on Koolau Bay, Oahu, is assessed at $12,000; another in Waipio, Oahu, at $6,400, and one in Kalihi, Oahu, at $4,000. Aside from those located on Oahu, fish ponds are not very valuable, largely owing to the lack of a steady and sufficient demand for ama-ama. If the fish could be marketed, the Molokai fish ponds would produce almost unlimited quantities of amaama. The tables below show, by islands, the number and nationality of the persons employed, the number and value of the fish ponds and boats, the number, kind, and value of apparatus operated, the catch by species, and the catch by species and apparatus, together with the values of same, in the pond fisheries during 1903. The data in these tables appear also in the general statistical tables given elsewhere. The island of Oahu leads in every particular, with 67 fish ponds valued at $154,900, 138 persons employed, and a total investment, including value of ponds and boats, of $156,990. Molokai is second, with 12 ponds valued at $4,050, 30 persons employed, and a total ihvestment of $5,310. Kauai, Hawaii, Maui, and Lanai follow in the order enumerated. As compared with the data for 1900 there has been a decrease of 13 in the number of fish ponds operated, but in every other regard there have been slight increases. Since 1900 the fish pond on Lanai and the one at Kahului, Maui, have been repaired and are now in use. In that year there were no fish ponds operated commercially on these two islands. Chinese predominate in the pond fisheries, 132 being so employed, to 55 Hawaiians and 6 Americans. In 1900 there were 147 Chinese, 43 Hawaiians, and 1 American, showing a decrease in 1903 of 15 Chi- nese and an increase of 12 Hawaiians and 5 Americans. The total catch for Oahu is 578,292 pounds, valued at $93,568. As the total catch for all the islands was 672,953 pounds, valued at $111,321, the great preponderance of Oahu is manifest. Molokai is second, with 43,361 pounds, valued at $10,279, followed by Maui, 476 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Kauai, Lanai, and Hawaii, in the order named. The latter island almost dropped out altogether, securing but 218 pounds of amaama, worth $54. Amaama is the leading species, 480,115 pounds, worth $87,706, having been marketed. Awa is second, with 224,321 pounds, which sold for $22,662. The other species—ahdlehdle, carp, gold -fish, oépu, and opae—form but an insignificant part of the total catch. As compared with 1900, the catch of ama-ama shows a decrease in weight of 55,416 pounds, and $31,496 in value. During the same period the catch of awa increased in quantity 30,150 pounds, and decreased in value $24,864. The ahdlehdle catch increased from 200 pounds, valued at $30, in 1900, to 7,100 pounds, valued at $373, in 1908; the catch of carp decreased from 1,500 pounds, valued at $150, in 1900, to 400 pounds, valued at $32, in 1903; the gold-fish catch increased from 80 pounds, valued at $10, in 1900, to 6,267 pounds, valued at $351, in 1903 (most of this increase was on Maui); the o6pu catch increased from 492 pounds, valued at $74, in 1900, to 4,600 pounds, valued at $174, in 1903, and the catch of opae decreased from 310 pounds, valued at $31, in 1900, to 150 pounds, valued at $23, in 1908. In 1900, 180 pounds of okthekthe, valued at $18, were taken, but none was sold in 1903. The gill net is the leading form of apparatus in use, 322,240 pounds, valued at $54,610, having been taken thus. Dip and scoop nets are second, with 246,179 pounds, worth $40,397, and seines third, with 104,534 pounds, valued at $16,314. Gill nets alone were used on Hawaii and Lanai, seines alone on Maui, seines and gill nets on Kauai and Molokai, and all forms on Oahu. . COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 4 OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 477 Table showing by islands the number of persons employed, and the number and value of fish ponds, boats, and apparatus used in the pond fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands in 1908. Hawaii Kauai. Lanai. Maui Items = ] s . Num- Num- Nui- | Num- Ber Value Hen Value. bent Value. Haw Value MISHIMONGSS. s5.6 sesewics soos caesiee'a 3 |$1, 500 2 |$1, 900 1| $700 1 | $2,500 Fishermen: | IAUNIETICANS Se cisicclsieic.cciejaisles oa sce = Pel Seer Ce See In eerarel eiprcisers les beso | ete emer WIN eRe Peete saccn catecicwiee scam ial ee Bees Soc o oat io eeetie ne ecte Mareen Sear salle cBeocc EV WAIEATAS oa ecuise sicieicisicice Sosa DReckeve OE Soeeee 7 ol ee eee ees Se TOON doeaaoona Re caneeenicrades 12) exes: (hl (eee PANY ES oe Bi = | At |e SRE Sash pare eee 4/20 | Dalen) BOn| Meee ea TNT eee en UTI Apparatus: DEIBCS Haase che bre Oouiscls cet (baal ncaa onal Sasee ee 1 1S 0 ee esceical bacreeare 1) 30 _ Gaull OGG SAS SEB ee Ses eeseenoeaae 5 30 1 10 2 1G: |Resoscass|asessec Shorevanadlaccessorv property- 2-2 ---|5-2 ose |aeeesee|seaceeees 1) Reactor NOW Gas ce 50 Crandktotalias +e ance e ee eae | RGSOR Seen CSW |esceoaone Pal eepansses 2, 580 Molokai. Oahu Total. Items. Z Num- Nuin- Num- er Value. on Value ner Value BUS hepPOM dS sao a ecieiselsia ts sia He cie ciate lcin/atmaaiuaseicig 12 $4, 050 67 | $154, 900 86 | $165, 550 Fishermen: PAUTR CTC ELT Stare e pays Creer rater asec cts Sve Tete ee NE SCN | BERENS ew evtael le eyeare atan| Rie eee ect Gwe Soe se CRIMCROHN 2 aka eae hs Cea tems emades eee (sel ees 0D Cee este NB Panes sae VBR UITANS a racstoyers/S2 Setsie Hd ei walcoiie seisetreeees PLN ES ES aes 2ON se Gaeree Ob) ee ener MOtaltse ane t aoe eee See eet Sues SOM Kite eee L3SH- Seesset WOSM eae dsce see BESO SIES eset eae Sacer as clas ie ce es labine atiae see 14 690 27 690 47 1, 430 Apparatus: SRIIMCS Aer nee chick wate eeee oem cee Ren aeetne 2 80 5 166 @) | 400 GH VA UE Sa Re ee a ee ee eee oe 24 240 55 1, 100 87 1, 396 Diprandsscoopiietszsee: jcc cs seioewene Seeee a lwemaees eee oscee os 52 140 52 140 Shore’ and’ accessory property....- 0... ...--.--c\--0--55 715 UI Becersaa| |aeeSrcece|socceace 320 Gereweintinten lshemeys Se ote tomy AO ee ae vce Ee Bretoleece 156, 990 |........ 169, 236 Table showing by islands and species the yield of the pond fisheries of the Hawaiian Tslands in 1903. y Hawaii. Kauai. Lanai. Maui. Species. cari a= - Pounds. | Value.} Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. ING AEP Se a aS SOR RAAC AEE Aen ETE) Oo peel Renesas See ot Ime ener nts] (erated 7,100 $373 IAAMO-OM OKs 2 Scene ees Sees enews ses 218 $54 9,000 $1,350 2,400 | $600 | 20,306 | 4,061 AWAY eis anise cere Secterce cecivn.s cS sim aseilecionceie cals ome 700 Wie soe. solleeseoos 3,176 614 CO xa re nat ap At Sears Ae ot ee eer ae er aree) erent eoraes| ee ete 8 Ib er a earl eee I Ske 5, 000 250 ORG ler eee acai canis seclee eames eee nee lieiseeioae a | ees teaeta ecient Sear cnet seh) all ear ache 3, 400 | 102 MOU ARs Sr tess aahesceeeces 218 54 9,700 1,420 2, 400 600 | 38,982 | 5,400 Molokai. Oahu. Total. Species. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. PETG ey Pt oc coach ade aslate di gare Ce eR le eee ee aa ed eee 7, 100 $373 PACA AIT Al oie a tae a nance cede ered caeeenale 40,061 |$10,015 | 358,130 |$71,626 | 430,115 | 87,706 IRSTIGY a SReaSCRS ES OEE Ee eee 3, 300 964 | 217,145 | 21,714 | 224,321 | 22 662 (Citas) hi oF 5 OS Goa ee Oe aCe en al eke 2 eee ee eae 400 32 400 32 CERTI CG ESEY Ae a cl aS a erg mt PEN Ten A 1, 267 101 6, 267 351 (OHO) Gacas steccbegen see DUC OBOE IE BEBRaE prec ocdlscHuEcoace| ssnaaure 1, 200 72 4, 600 174 OE AA costes dave acces poobedeepoadc opeDDoUoLCole ssetosceellasceaaus 150 23 150 23 RODS eee aes taieie ajs ninja Wiese ts fotel\e siete 43,361 | 10,279 578, 292 : 93, 568 672, 953 | 111,321 478 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by islands, apparatus, and species the yield of the pond fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands in 1903. Hawaii. Kauai. Lanai. Maui. Apparatus and species. | | ee ee Pounds.| Value.|} Pounds. | Value.|} Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.|Value. Seines: NOLEN OLE sae iw deck wes ches all Sow acas QR shox aallociee aaeiet | Sameer eee eee 7,100 | $373 PARTING RIND so cee cic cee ecee meee seal eee entes nemo 6,000"), 1$900))|2. << cnc alese ee 20,306 | 4,061 IASWIB cae wre ae ae dinate ce ere Se Swe ea adee es gee lee eee 300 SOME Se soe alee 8,176 614 (POUG AIST Fores ote c cise ce Ge dal eakceic cee Pan asee aeete em cccl eeeee call ac Sane |e 5, 000 250 (O}-(0] oh Sas eA eA ae eg oS Oe Ae a see RT eee Ral Sa | ase welll. ee cee | eee 3, 400 102 TROPA aerate eae soe SR | ee eee eee 6)300 ||" S980inoe seen Sener 38,982 | 5, 400 Gill nets: 7 SEAT OHTO yao B58 Boe oe GR oS Rae 278) | S541) 8:000) |)" 4505!) 2: 400i) S600n| see eeee ae ee PAGW Glinrn oie ele swinioimiatee 6a cie hale wes ae wall ewe t al Sees 400 AQ |... eein~ tee Sone Reet eneee [reece MOtaLaeeee ee ee ee oe 218 54 35400) |) 4900) = 21/4008 11600) feeeeeee eee Grand total).22.25-52405- 218 54 | 9,700 | 1,420| 2,400| 600| 38,982| 5,400 Molokai. Oahu. Total. Apparatus and species. 2 Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Seines. An Gle-“h6le «ese sas coe sarasota siateis ae aoie oa ll See seach | Meme earl eens alot see eee 7, 100 $373 IAMOA-DINE Ns aie amas BIOMY SOS SS Se AA = AA: BMW BULB-BULY ates pep ‘enV cares - ysodj ‘ONY NAY HV i pe bap es arguelody < ie ist ess < < < IS Is is IS is! © zs 5 log 2 = © Ss © c © 3 S log 5 oy & img =| > = og S a Sele eal ee a e = hee s S S i =e Ey si = cs © We o 2 © 2 o se 2 S ® ‘soroads > [BIOL spuvy | ‘soreug ‘srBedg ‘S]Oysu_ ‘SOurT ‘sjou diq ‘sjou ysvQ =| ‘sjou Svg |) ‘sjoU [[ID “‘SOUTOS | sive UV Byeeyy - BMB,YV POGBGOUGOTSO noha hich Ay "S067 M uomnzy Jo sarsaysy ayy fo pjarh ay) savoads pup srypunddn hq Sunoys 219Qv], 696 6LT TLG 690‘F | IL && See? 00F SIEEOISIIG OI AYN A da (ae SOR OT EY Ea Caer ee Beni eet as a Bnet ond6bag|H68 suisawes s2-o°ny eee i “ort rang Bre pap inigdo alice ysory ‘njado pac caer teyndgo eb bees anyndoo REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. FIG 'L | £6 '69 6 661 g | 9$ < te < iS z Z gE = =] G I ; ® ® ‘SOUI'T ‘sjou diq *s]0U ISRO GOs Th eellleeyas eens BABIATIL SLL allies eee ouByL PEASE ss PER Se ee Gere - TUTUB]L (00,8 aoe fe Pome “Cae O[O[RIN eee Ne eee soeseeess* OFLOATBIAL < Ss a Bole cle ehel ne 5 5 ‘sotoeds ‘s]ouU Sug *s}oU [[TD “SOuTOg 486 ‘ponulyuogj—so6T moze fo sauaysy ay) fo pjarh ay) sawads pun snjynunddn fq burmoys a19QnZ, 487 ISLANDS. OF THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 6PL TOL] F6L FOP ‘T ive CLF FI6 000 ‘4 c6r‘s | 988 ‘FT 00¢ 00F ‘% 161g 968 ‘9L SEG ‘SGT ‘TIF8S ‘2 | 0¢6 ‘g nar ae 00F ee, 020 ‘9T | 09% | S&8 F0E ‘08 | 822 ‘9 | [ees eo aU oOCEO 77" BUBM peters ee ON) fa) Ere aed hac fo | Eo ee ee dO ooo soeshocs la 8d (), weet eeeeee sees Tron Pa RR ESE eR lO aioe i taf weeteeeeseees ss Qory e goelenis ee > TORT POOTOOS Ey osyadopeetey sf ccc se" =" (Rody ‘Oo rs sleizieve(sieis see? SGOT 488 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. THE FISHERIES OF KAHOOLAWE. This island, which is 6 miles west of Maui, has an area of 69 square miles and, like all of the others, is quite mountainous, its highest eleva- tion being 1,130 feet above the sea. It is devoted to sheep raising. In 1900 the sheep herders employed on the island possessed a seine, which they used in catching a supply of fish for their own consumption, but as they had no surplus none were sold. During the year 1903 five Hawaiians and four Japanese operated two seines and caught 27,100 pounds of fish, which they sold at Maui towns for $1,456. The following tables show the extent of the fisheries in 1903: Table showing the fishermen engaged, and the boats, apparatus, and shore property used in the fisheries of Kahoolawe in 1903. Item. | eambew Value. | Fishermen: | 130 Chbt) UC eee oases ape Se Sec ee O Dede Sere Te OnG meee quan nennopbo docdarescso,.emLsl| bye bsUcacer WAP REH ESC es arcisiin eet eae SciQS San Ce OG ODURdeAOOSesHoo, Genoesaceaddqscasuonsdachecse | AO Eee cl i 0 7 ees OA Se i a ee A et Id iI erp Ns A ee a Be ae rs De eS: | 9) lectus ISOS) Rococo encoouace Used Cnn chances boo e Josedeonac sh anbas aS nrodospeone! sees! 3 $225 Apparatus: SO SC. abe cape nos erO BOEAS SocoocobosH nes duoranedopeeanbeepddbo ses otcaonoebosas a2 250 SHOLC AN GM CCESSOL MOTOR CI UVa tema are mere arate te ale mlm = ie aeolian = fants el aoe | ccenatroeieee 150 Ty Se gg RO ee eae er apg 7 onas poudkoandia® beh semaine Se snedeea ses eee 625 a670 yards. Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Kahoolawe in 1903. Seines. Seines. Species. aa | Species. = Pounds. | Value. Pounds. | Value. AUK] Gyassecae ce Rae ss sce eee 18,:000))))' $1,080 | Mie cece faeces ere ete eee 200 $28 1Qvb 1 Oe Ceo tone Se See eee 500 BO Pusu 2S 26 ae eet eee eee 100 5 Maen sees ccessceceneeees 2, 000 100 ———— ——_| IM OSM 2 ae ie cle) s = cian sie inieloe'aiciaselate 200 10 Motales ere scree eee 27,100 1, 456 MOISE SF. cose oe pontine sees 6, 100 183 In January, 1904, Mr. Christian Conradt leased the island, and ex- pects to devote a considerable part of his energy and capital to the development of its fisheries. It is a favorite resort of many schools of choice fishes, and only the lack of good harbors and the refusal of the former lessees to permit outside fishermen on the island, or even to fish in the adjacent waters previous to the abrogation of the fishery rights in the islands, had prevented its development into an excellent fishing station. The present lessee will operate several seines on the beach and will have a net pen anchored in the little bay near the settle- ment, in which the fish will be retained until it is convenient to send them to Malaaea Bay, on Maui, on a gasoline launch. Owing to the number of sharks in the waters surrounding the island, it has been found necessary to have a net constantly stretched across the mouth of the bay to keep them away from the pen. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 489 THE FISHERIES OF KAUAI. This island, which is the most northerly of the group, is about 63 miles from Oahu, the nearest large island, and has a length of 25 miles, a breadth of 22 miles, and an area of 547 square miles. It is moun- tainous, like the rest of the group, but, owing to its greater age, the lava which was vomited forth by its long extinct volcanoes has nearly all decomposed, and as a result the soil is very much more fertile than that of the other islands. It is supplied with numerous streams and cascades and has some superb valleys; it has been well named the ‘**Garden Isle.” The chief drawback is its lack of good harbors, all of the small bays around the island being wind-swept at some season of the year. The island is divided into five districts: Hanalei, Kawaihu, Lihue, Koloa, and Waimea. The principal towns are Waimea, Lihue, and Hanalei, and at the time of the census of 1900 the population of the island was 20,562. Although in the waters adjacent to this island fish are very abun- dant, only spasmodic efforts are made to catch them. The greater part of the fishing is carried on by native huis, or companies, which possess probably the best equipment to be found in the whole group, but lack the inclination to use it persistently. But few of the nets are operated more than once or twice a week, and if an exceptional catch is made the native fishermen will not go out again until they have spent all of its proceeds. This is especially true of that part of the coast lying between Nawiliwili and Hanalei. Asa result there are gluts of fish for a few days near the fishery and then a period of scarcity, which varies in duration according to the inclination of the natives. The few seines owned by Chinese are operated consistently ahd well, and the Japanese, who devote their attention to the line fish- eries principally, are steady workers. The inhabitants in the easily accessible portions of the interior of the island are served with fresh fish by a few peddlers who buy up the surplus catch of the fisheries and carry it around in small carts and wagons drawn by horses. Many of the inhabitants, however, find it impossible to secure fresh fish at any price during the greater part of the year and are forced to depend upon salted and canned products. The products of the river fisheries of the island, which are insignifi- cant, have been included with the shore fisheries. A little fishing was carried on in the Hanapepe, Hoale, Waiaula, and Waimea rivers, with cast and dip nets, traps and opae baskets. Ama-ama, odpu, and opae were the only species taken. Carp are quite common in the irrigation ditches throughout the island, and with gold-fish and a Chinese species of cat-fish are quite numer- ous in the upper reaches of the River Haole and in private fish ponds in the Lihue district. But few are taken for market, however. 490. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Frogs were introduced on this island about four years ago, and soon became fairly common in certain districts. In 1903 Mr. Francis Gay placed some near Makaweli, and Knudsen Brothers, of Kekaha, intro- duced them in their neighborhood early in 1904. The pond fisheries are included in the tables below, but more detailed information in regard to them is shown elsewhere in this report. In 1903 there were 314 persons engaged in the fisheries on Kauai, a gain of 107 over 1900. This gain is almost entirely among the natives, who increased from 120 to 237. There are not many Japa- nese employed as yet. The number of Chinese fell from 34 in 1900 to 19 in 1903. The total investment in the fisheries is $15,101. Since 1900 the number of seines has increased from 1 to 21, and gill nets from 14 to 35. Bag nets and dip nets decreased in number, but the number of fish ponds decreased from 6 to 2. This does not mean that these fish ponds are abandoned, but that their owners obtained from them merely enough for their own wants, and consequently had no fish to sell, so that the ponds are removed from the commercial class for the time being. The total catch was 377,946 pounds, valued at $34,738, a decrease as compared with 1900. More than one-half of the catch was made with seines. The following tables show the condition of the Kauai fisheries in 1903: Table showing by nationalities the number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Kauai in 1903. In shore fisheries. AMCEICAMS! o.a'scteyeiafata sos Saisiara a mile mje nia 2 oS les ciate oletera 2 a tie e da laiow ald epalete stale sie erelulo cteiele ta raeate tee pene 4 WGMIN ESO oe aera a Pee sis teta es wl ere win te anaemia Beiele ne ea ele ee lwiele rate etaline sion iaw emo eels seni at See eee 19 Hawaiian mente -=.. 5.56.2... as. we seh fta = teense Sloe Sines SD nace hee rataate eee as aap eeemace eee 223 EP SWAT ATE SW OM CM |S acre Stereo 5:0 ole ohsoe Ses eios eres eroteinncials esta isis ala alan ote ole leis erate ane aie eet rere 14 MP AW ES Give c ciieieicfaeis cine owlei darwin deine ste me Sembee sre meee a otomtecivicisia sia isle nici meno aeperetettel ole are 54 10) 2) Se ee Se ne il te ar a eae Ae an Rie ra et ee acc 314 Table showing the boats, apparatus, fish ponds, and property used in the fisheries of Kauai in 1908. Item. Number. | Value. Item. Number.| Value. a | IBOSISGe es elie =e efoeranie oe eesee | 71 | $4,880 | Apparatus—Continued: | Apparatus: Baskets (opae) ..-.....-...--- 16 $12 SIM CS ya = cterelete etieleiclsie'sfe ore a21 | 5,585 |} Traps) 25 sss 2hseses cane ee 13 185 Gillin etsy oe M ee sccciwccisccee 635 324 || Spears) s.30k Assesses ees 4 8 Bagwmets ah: oe cere eee 2 300%} ish’ ponds eeccssens seers 2 1, 900 Cast nets —--- ee 20 200 || Shore and accessory property..|....-.---- 1, 550 Dipmets se e-hec eesti eres 12 24 || ————_ AMES! aye wiers eine Sawiniste eka me oes cae ace 183 Total 3355 seveseces Ses 3 |'522seeeee 15, 101 a 4,133 yards. 61,009 yards. 491 ISLANDS. OF THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES S&L ‘FE 9F6 ‘LLE Ocr =| (009 OZ 009 OFT | 009 ‘T GIZ OIL ‘T 91 0c8 | OST 002 ‘T GL 009 br | OW LOLS | LLP ‘Ss 064 O0T ‘8 OFT OOF ‘T GG Gz9 09 0eg OFL 009 GLO | O1Z‘F O@L | 009 OGL | 009 GGG OST CLE | 084 | 008 ‘2! 029 088 ‘8T G0 ‘29| SLL ‘T | 0OL‘L | 929% 1&8 ‘9. 189 ‘C1 Se OL. sittteeeeeeeeeee Tay * rurdo ape erase AO BUG ep shat Cie com solar Deecee LULOET "TTTTT! POH ‘90H “c7> ">"> Upory ‘oo Canons eos aOM Ss ESPNS dya/steve sane BULL) a ea BINBT) cms actions = 25ab fal ea vies eee LO Lcy - “777 npodo BoD eile ------- eysdeyedo Pere: PERE SS gKoKOYG) OLRi Olan leauge 2 aes OLO CZs ‘SG pee iain err cho CO TLULG NT: 906 ‘F e anaes aE OUN: 06 ee CEA OAM pgs celine Nee OU IN iS) along a3 | “77 BABB BY Le wets Shh av ieee Soo: Die ee Ue P | OZ 7s" "* NUBUILYTA ; esta oe “> (TM) eyteyT 9IL 00z 1 wrt eeeeee lees ee eeseees nr 98I | OOT‘s BG Ta le eho tet ge IT B79) 106 068 ‘% LOZ 1068'S |‘°"7*7°°* BAB-BMW por | 096 ‘9 ROnuie OG d ac! h: \yabh rakcerang TORN: CA LANES Gs ie [ieee ate crcca [sees all ete tape cen coy cea ema a | tees call | G@g 8 | 9G8'68 |°2°°""-°> BUrE-vULY Z8F ‘9 | OTT ‘SOT OZ SS ata eae SeHeLod FON O9Sh ch) Ws Saar SS Sorry PRL ‘TL 0GF ‘IL Seed eee ee eee ea | Sey ie BOOS ab hie POL | S10‘T orate es SOS) 0¢ | 88 penne) Ch)! 04 GLT$ | 0G2‘% seeeeeee|--2---- messes) @yTe | OGE'Z Tete tees ett? TEW s | §& ae ere ee Py > Er a wa = Za a ma ® 5 5 ‘satoadg [B10 ‘spuvy ‘sazodg "sdun, “‘sJOySe_ ‘sour'y ‘sjou diq *S]0U ISBO ‘sjou Seq ‘s]oU [IID - ‘SOUTOS "S06T W wnny fo sarwaysy ay) fo pparh ay) savads pun snyounddpeliq Buwnoys 2790], i 492 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. THE FISHERIES OF LANAI. This island lies about 9 miles west of Maui, is 21 miles in length and 8 in breadth, and has an area of 139 square miles. At the southeastern end there is a mountain 3,000 feet high. The island is the property of one person, Mr. Charles Gay, and its principal industry is sheep raising. According to the census of 1900 it had a population of 619. Schools of fish congregate around its shores, and it is the favorite resort of the fishermen from Lahaina and the eastern portion of Molokai. Since 1900 there has been a decrease of 24 in the number of persons engaged in the fisheries, and of 81,959 pounds in quantity and $18,884 in value of catch. This is largely due to Japanese compe- tition, which has driven the native fishermen out of business. Seines and lines were used exclusively in the shore and sea fisheries, the two gill nets shown being used in the one fish pond operated. The following tables show the extent of the industry in 19038: Table showing the fishermen engaged, and the boats, apparatus, and shore property used in the fisheries of Lanai in 1908. Item. Number. | Value. Fishermen: AWA aAN e253 3 oo fee tacine an ae ice a meine via han eee Cone ia © steenlcee ae et aee 22, Severed IB ODIR aa design cane sowie Soca esnisoeries aoocas nee eoncehe omen peace sseee Sieeweheeyareihae erates 20 | $2,500 Apparatus: SEINCS oss Scho t soccids cal Seco mk eee wweiawa Saas edie cretintoletelee waters eae el wisereromtnlers/aars al7 350 Gilli eta assos Rok fees at ao Soin Shs ie 5 Said Siac aloha sil hare fore Sate Ania) a an tre favesreinrate oece eireneroiats 62 16 Meneses 2 sikh Tse eee ee oa sais Se ecto ae de whee oon ode dod cae Seen ee ee | er 50 ISH APONGS Sacre Sohstheacaaeraie ahs o1uvuRy LOG OO Fars ae | ia coance il emir teint | vacamrataee [in eeperen anal | Gye mile MOD Gibeewelteaee niall epee lee oe Sally eecre op liege esea|iee eee | ORT e MO BG ym lifulete ae) o amit Obie area Het) eg ae POON. £98 006 ‘% pe eeaee ss nYPM ors 686 ‘61 ase -1)- BT BULBS. LOT 0¢cL 9 SSS Saas a ORT ee oo eae saV G oqtouy GSP 989 6 “--- NUINYNUN EL T6¢ LOF ‘OT ea BOTOULUET 068 Sh8‘G BSD EGE P ai) eh 606 88 --"""* NUBULIYIH OTL GLE G ---- n,ndn,ndey 891 cee 'T Dae oma LUCT OGL GLE err ee “Ysy-ploy P08 6FP Ol ==="="" OOMOOMY Oy ae ds 7555555 BMB-BALY CEL AT |RSS Ok aed | mecca | mca | ade | acaba aici Sani imo a cs anal OTC CIC AL TG pec eel ecm lhe meade ak LoD mee (Ee In Ee Sosa pe res ol OOO la el | DE Comet ROT Gel kz rae “9 BMW 1x6 (0k of F UISRRBZIS SSC RR SROs RS Nias ear hea blasthb7e | Frei aR ORES PDO ST Oe Zee SE aks Tae Sel io Chto) ecard POS GOHo 4 |S I4CRr BASRA ese SOUSA gbiyal\ip 0G GLG peace ace ueny Le8'L | 800 ‘OF 777707" BUIB-BUOLY tare | opus ee ) wee eee ale wee we ew eee ee nyV Ae be ‘OL posaitc e1guSlaay $9 08z ‘T | eye | SSBSROR ean Ronoo GOFhomo om pee aera n i, 699 961 '% | PROS UNAS 192$ | OPES | | Veer | 81S | 9PL‘T | 8zrs | 009‘: [possi 0 ae el “TG TelB,V me aes = — ea ee ee ren ee tena PS ‘ONTBA! “SQT jOn[BA) “SqT | OnTBA! ‘SqT |'enTBA) ‘sq jen[VA) “sq jon[VA} ‘sqT j'enpeA} sqT jonTBA| ‘sq jonTeA| “sqT jonTBA) “sq7T | aa 2 a Son re q aa\ > ae oa 5 *sataadg [B10 L, “‘SpuRyyT ‘savadg © | “s]OysVg ‘SOUT paeidnone ‘sjou 4SBD ‘sjou Seq ‘sjou [[I9 =| ‘soures [nV "ten, "S061 wi may fo sarwaysy ay) Jo pjarh ay) savvads pun snyoanddn lig Buinoys a/qRZ, 32 F. C. 1904 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. “498 cD 00¢ 8 0g 9F0‘9 | 9F9 ‘96 6cL F19 188 166 GOF‘9 | 268 ‘6G (é Fe Meee \nGRGnoL 8s ges 0g CFG SI LoL 88 009 *¢ to 00% SL SFG ogt PIG 601 egs ‘T abe ‘T | 819'¢ 00% 000 ‘T Gal 00g ‘T gc c1g‘T TFL ‘GL | SF6 ‘POT gce‘t | PSb‘6 8 COL OLF CEL FL lar 02g ‘OL 09 009 g6F ‘22 | O9T ‘6 L 9G GL 008 9 Z08 9% 0a GSt‘L | 090 ‘SF LI8‘T | 0G9 ‘86 cL iat T9O‘T | 804 '8 aOT elie 1 ks ts ae fasten Ieee fa ceed nee ae mt ah ley olgl wttecee|eter secs |eeeeees|eeeeeeee! g 08 "77+" yoTRUANRUT gsz‘t | 00862 | 009 Ole 008s (Psy ee eee S59 SSE Beer Saori lta) 8 (al la i 19 19) 1 G68 ‘6% OIL ‘ar leosersclPa ceases |acareas Ost CFG Lol pa Tynd 9¢ Mie EN ONey baie Bem en ALOR aes Aer (aoa B/BAOOr, (000258 | aeeee eee TECH Ey 00% ots = ea nny eg fit opdoyg “> ngnunynueg ne > TUBE Pawase tee VASIEAl rIg 8 (UAE Les | neta ell fesermnateats Nctigag all ss dines (Cape | PEO PG atoG) priate 131 "77 eyedeyedo "777577" Tyyndoo 77 ado peepee = Seok GUID) Re tera OO) a OO PNT denito POs ICME XO) SoS ha days Sie eee eLLLONT } Sooo Semone OCHO Gree ROOT: 62m manna GZ OOGiGIe anaes aman RL ONT A epeeeAl|: Lose ty Set EON anes rime ee ps eter rUIN WE ; 6 (Ae 1? ae ee OSG: SPL 6g eS aa ror ea we |beresie lee cereale eceevecteamnaty CP GIG WO es ee ca apseDaGL AE ecg Conese = OURO 0g 008 Git A eo a ceeene ell Scam | setae Iesoetad 5 Sees y a n0S 008 sores" BMBLATIN GL OOF Beenie g # oe al eee ie calekare| (neaee BE ae ere oe a4 OOF Pee re ae Girt || sare Meal recy tele 2 BOONE hy 0g G98 PEAS Oe, [Dee age 1S Ore |S neee ee me oad IS c% | ae Fier OF! | ea | eee Bi eee ceene | | eas See BN eh EI 008 2a ne eS LOU Tn 6s1$ 08% G Sell ee cee ROSS OG nies [heart EAs ea aman TU GN val Beta tll reall Sp 009 pieeen Sie eis Saal pees EUCLA ‘anqVA! “Sq |entwA} ‘sq jenreA; ‘sq |‘anteA! ‘sqyT fonyeA) ‘sqy jenpeA| ‘sq7T jenteA} ‘sqy jonteA} ‘sqT |'enteA| ‘sq7T |onyeAl ‘sq’T — { PSP ‘6 C0 Riy Gm tl | eee ell rake capes | outage ae ae gla) 96 nee TG (0.4/0) (ea fall ar) Sea ee 894 ‘8T| 096 ‘69 |--- "77> ee aed eee “OO2s8 ; L | 9¢ ZO OOF ‘S ‘ou dip ‘sotoedg pus dooos *[BIOT, ‘spuRy ‘sazedg ‘s]Oyse_ ‘SOurT *S]OU ISRO ‘sjou Sug *S]0U [ITD *SouTOS [DBL ‘ponuljuoj—so6r wi nny fo sauaysy ayy fo pyar ay) saivads pun snynsnddn fig buinoys a7qn7 499 ISLANDS. OF THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES ine) 19z ‘OGL! GF ‘ZIz‘T| GFL‘ | FL8‘ST | FO9‘T | SLO‘TT | LZTL‘T | 2a ‘co | Fos “GF| 16a ‘TIFF cE9‘T | ZOL‘S | F96 80 ‘TL | 2&8 6g] ZFL‘6Gs] 268 ‘F | G&S ‘GF | Sco ‘LT] SLF‘96G]" ~~ ~~ “18100, ee a) Meads 2S > sates UA PAA et emcee Sx bel |e hence ical a Bl) ndnd ig OOF ue Gtk. eee Be RC | OS NSS i050) rae anil (eee at aol Press = SSS RT (i) 8 cL Te eS OLN meet Wiha ee tis ete. a YAOI a eee Ged CYT Bee OU Ou Hts Hi eed eee ee Sra YG ean | |S es pebcisite eters a ghuley sf “00H etal lay Bete ein 1 (51 19}0) 91g 009 ‘g 91g 040‘T | g2g‘E O16 cg GLI cg 19 926 Pg Tir 9F9 ‘T LIF #e8 . | 004° ¥ LF yj Gh, 008 | GL 188 GGG “T. 188 GCG 006 Gta OIL O01 ‘T OLL LT OFF a (est Lav & OFF LOF‘S | S10‘LT Leg POL ‘9 | 099 ‘T SOT OgF g01$ | O&F eae Foc ‘T | 0946 aa |RORE OOF ‘F | 06 OORnlo pene OLEAN 691 LIO'S PTAs fas os a See er OL, OOS) alias ian een solo 89T Ra ieee aN a oleae ao ck as semen gael ors 33 |e ose one ere gre me creo ce | aie Soa ae aoe ieee 1S ORCA eter eter | (0) 18 (Q0R) ence wee ame a TOA Oct 166° =] 500 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. THE FISHERIES OF MOLOKAL. This island is located midway between Oahu and Maui, and in shape is long and narrow, being 40 miles in length and 9 miles in width, with an area of 261 square miles. The western half of the island is an elevated plain 1,000 feet above the sea, without running water, but covered with grass, while at the eastern end are several deep valleys, with streams of water during the wet season. The northern coast, which is the windward side of the island, is generally precipitous. Outside of the leper settlements on the northern side, nearly all of the population is located on the southern or leeward side of the island. Molokai must have supported a large population at one time, judging from the number of fish ponds still to be seen on the south side of the island. Many of these are abandoned now, owing to the inability of their owners to dispose of the fish to the very small population remaining there. There are no harbors anywhere along the coast; Pukoo and Kaunakakai, the principal settlements, are very small villages. The population of the island, according to the last census, was 2,504, of which over 800 were in the leper reservation. It is probable that the near future will see a considerable develop- ment of the fishery resources of the southern and eastern sides of Molokai. The finest fishing banks of the group lie off this part of the island, and for some years past they have been much resorted to by the line fishermen from Honolulu and Lahaina. Several Honolulu concerns, which are now preparing to engage in fishing on these banks, will make their fishing headquarters on Molokai, where they will use some of the fish ponds for storing their fish until ready to ship. One company began operations this year (1904), with headquar- ters at Kaunakaki, where it has secured control of several fish ponds. It has several small boats engaged directly in fishing on the banks, and a small gasoline schooner employed in carrying to Honolulu or Lahaina the catch of these, and of such other fishing boats as may enter into satisfactory arrangements. The Inter-Island Live Fish and Cold Storage Company, of Honolulu, also expects to have an important fishing station on the south side of Molokai. One of the worst features of the fisheries of Molokai is the tremen- dous destruction of young amaama (called by the natives ‘‘ pua”) in fine-meshed seines. ‘These fish are only an inch or two in length, and are eaten by the natives raw or else slightly scorched over an open fire. In the early part of 1903 Meyer Brothers secured a number of frogs from Hilo and placed them in a fresh-water mountain lake at Kalae. They also planted carp in this lake several years ago, but this fish has not proved popular as food. The poisonous qualities of the oédpuhfie, or maki maki (7étraodon hispidus), have long been known to the Hawaiians, but as the fish COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 501 appears to be wholesome when properly prepared, it is sparingly eaten. The skin and gall bladder are thought to contain the poisonous prop- erties, and if these are properly removed the flesh is said to resemble in flavor the white meat of chicken or turkey. In April, 1903, a pow- erfully built native of Kamalo, aged about 45 years, died within one hour after eating an oépuhte. According to Dr. A. Mouritz, of Mapulehu, who treated the patient, the symptoms of o6puhtie poison- ing, which manifest themselves very quickly, are as follows: Tightness and obstruction in breathing; giddiness, tingling, burning, and creep- ing sensations; nausea, vomiting, involuntary purging; rapid and irregular heart action; tendency to syncope; cold hands and feet ; failing voice, vision, and hearing; body bathed in cold perspiration; pupils markedly dilated; face pale; great prostration; delirium; convulsive twitching of limbs and muscles of face and body. * * The poison resembles aconite in large doses. In 1900 there were 128 persons engaged in the Molokai fisheries, while in 1903 there were 300 so employed, a gain of 162. This gain is exclusively among the Hawaiians, the number of Chinese and Japanese having decreased. There is also a considerable increase in the number and value of boats and each form of apparatus used, but the number of fish ponds used commercially decreased by three. ‘The total yield of the fisheries was 274,331 pounds, valued at $32,389, a very material decrease since 1900. So far as quantity of catch is concerned seines lead, but in value of catch lines slightly exceed the seines. In value of catch gill nets are third, although they are pre- ceded in quantity of catch by bag nets. Cast nets and spears follow in the order named. ‘The principal species taken in the fisheries are akule, ama-ama, aku, oio, and ulua. The following tables show the condition of the fisheries in 1903: Fable showing by nationalities the number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Molokai in 1903. In shore fisheries, — = =o £3 = =: = = = =| GINS Saad ceebeoe 65a GOCE en BOONES ACHE ES Bt SHCA e HOSS See eae Re OMEIE A meee im ent TEIN FS | 6 BET ER USL UID S es chansons rece a arctete yee tone arc tares ore a oe eon ee ee eee ee Oe ee ck ee oan nee os ae 290 SUP ATL CSOs =o Saywrereiernayetnte otsiers el olev ate ree Tote nro wioreqeratc ore te aie eave e micrate te Yorate eve inte elcte w lotaisiciate wis mots ie wwicmhiers | 4 PRUE ses ope sco ats eT ic oe aoe era STORIES METS EE ee AO ROSE ne Rie nee See ene 300 Table showing the boats, apparatus, fish ponds, etc., in the fisheries of Molokai in 1902. | Items. Number. | Value. || Items. Number. | Value. BUMS Reon a ose aac eee | 78 | $6,165 || Apparatus—Continued: Apparatus: | | Speansye 3555 cco aera 24 $24. BOLIC S rere eieiats caretis, ave ans ail G57) | s2e30onl nish PON sass. esos Sener eee 12 4,050 Gill Me terse = exc eater = wisica'e b84 | 1,440 || Shore and accessory property..].......-.- 1,100 Bacwnetses- msc sac eye eis 11 | 1,450 ———— —|—__—. (OR Tt ae Mee oe Cea | 52 520 Mois asec dcias docs ee. eee ee 17, 154 AGUINES eee eee se een aie lonoseisssce 50 || | a 6,833 yards. 612,720 yards. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 502 wewweweene ggg Ost 009 000 ‘CT 9L1$ SSO LOCC) GOR OS ETO EO ESO SSCS ISO SoG ADSRH SOE SOO BCECh OARS SUGRCH| a 00% ‘% GL ool, 1 9c 008 ‘T 008 909 “| FG ¢ | 190‘ST 008 ‘S 677 63 | 006 98 ‘ GOL “ONTBA ‘spunog | ‘on[vA ' ‘spunod ‘spunog |en{vA. ‘spunod arafejels eletaleiaisi=/=iminale(e <=> =/= iu (eimib in / OUBON' sisivts siesta as Se oe eae UU BAL EAI O RIE CVI IIO COHON KS AG “77777 ONTONIVNL Pag a abe re URN Sees KL Benue SSO SOOO CUS ae ics): a | BS PRI OOBAISOCSOSO nodnodny - NUN, IIS Ye Read Put Pal toa Bb IIIA ISIN Hes eth 2 ey (SHUT v4 2 MEDI BRIO SOO GOI eet AU RED ab BIC MO OO TR OE SOO It Ta ee ROLE AO IT SOO CEC REO SOO SIS ISO NSF qo inka igen ay sf pie eC Ce TIC itd a eels Le NUH nyndn nde - OOMOOMY FOS OLIGO EON AMEE NN BoP TOC ANY eae - BULB-BUIV ee ie IDG |-onyea | ‘spunod | ‘ented | ‘Spunod | “enIvA ‘spunod [BIOL ‘sanodg “sour'y “sjou ISBO ‘sjou Sug *‘sjou [ITD | | ‘souTOS ‘sopoodg “C06T wm wyojoyy {0 81 waysyf ayy fo part ay? savads pun snjynanddn fq Hurnoys 2790.L 503 ISLANDS. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWATIAN 682 ‘CE | TES ‘“bLS OSP ocg ole CPS #98 ‘2 PEGS GRR mae cess teeta ne gocese 57 Se caceege are toi Otly OOF Sonar 006 ihe peace Ai coe eee ee COL IOC IIE Sag CICA aL UT alia th ier cee diac Y= WN g4 AE UES eece | enaieern sites matiectas games Gea cissitenecaeets nuoHt “"""" 90H prises egssrowaas ace Sear SSeS SRO TOA OE Bate. SR ae Pe 8 4al t oere eaE OIAT as aS Plesvieses Si “elec aS S'S aie =i al aS aT (| Sere eae Pea Se eee OO) ai etolictoligy ihe Ie ia To[BUINBUT)) ieee SO - BINT pei Ne aes 2a i ee ET: erates |e stoic sas tiae9 = cess) mains sia Aiel aS age ae aU)" sorry Sey ale taved [Js 222-ORaovd, gE SiS SSS ee ae eee tess SEZ TOT Uy ene 504 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. The leper scttlements.—Near the center of the northern coast of Molokai is a tongue of land about a mile broad and 10 miles long, pro- jecting into the ocean. In 1865 this spit of land was purchased by the then Hawaiian Kingdom and set apart as a reservation for lepers. It is especially well located for this purpose, there being behind the point of land an almost impassable cliff 2,000 to 4,000 feet high. There are 6,848 acres in the tract, most of it fertile soil. On this reservation are two settlements, Kalaupapa and Kalawa, and all known lepers are compelled to reside at one or the other of them, or else leave the islands altogether. The territorial government provides quarters, clothing, and provisions for all its afflicted wards, and takes the greatest precautions to see that they are completely isolated from the rest of the islands and from the remainder of Molokai itself. The territorial board of health has full control of the two settlements and a nonleper can visit them only by its permission, which is exceedingly difficult to obtain. As the only vessel allowed to land at the settlements is the steamer chartered by the board, which makes a weekly trip thither from Honolulu, it is a very easy matter to control ingress to and egress from the settlements. A heavy penalty is provided for other vessels and boats touching or having communication with the settlements. Some of the lepers were fishermen before being seized with the divead disease, and they have been allowed to continue the same occu- pation at the settlements. During 1903, 31 natives engaged in fishing and used + haul seines, 12 cast nets, 1 bag net, 1 corral net, and 9 spears. Should the fishermen secure move fish than they can dispose of themselves, the board will purchase the surplus at a uniform price of 5 cents per pound, and issue the same to the lepers in the settle- ments in lieu of their regular meat ration. During the year 1903 the board so purchased from the fishermen 15,028 pounds of fish. Some of the lepers have private means, while others, by working for the board, receive regular wages. These are ina position to purchase supplies for themselves in addition to those furnished by the board, and frequently the fishermen dispose of the choicer varieties in the catch at a higher price than the board pays. Being on the windward side of the island and exposed to the heavy surf caused by the trade winds, fishing is a rather difficult and oftentimes dangerous industry for a considerable part of the year, hence the number of days on which fishing is prosecuted is but few as compared with the southern, or lee- ward, side of the island. The season of 1903 was an especially poor one for the fishermen. In 1902 they sold to the board 25,191 pounds of fish, and in 1901, 20,085 pounds. Absolutely none of the fish caught by the lepers is permitted to leave the reservation. Even if the fishermen were allowed to carry them COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 505 away there is no convenient market, for, with the exception of the settlements on the reservation, which contain about one-third of the total population of the island, there are very few people living on its northern side, the most of the inhabitants being on the southern, or leeward, side. To reach these by water would necessitate a long jour- ney around one or the other end of the island, while to go overland to the nearest settlement would necessitate an 11-mile journey on foot after the cliff at the back of the reservation had been surmounted. In 1903, in order to fill out the very small catch of their own fisher- men, the board of health purchased 15,753 pounds of fresh fish from the fishermen of Halawa, a small nenleprou: settlement some few miles to the westward of the reservation. Even with this addition the total amount to be distributed among an afilicted population of 855 was pitifully small, amounting virtually to 30.35 pounds per year to each person. There has been complaint by persons unacquainted with the circumstances that the board of health was making fresh fish too ea an item in the diet of the lepers, but the above would cer- tainly indicate that this contention was not well founded. Some salted and dried fish is also distributed among the lepers, but I am informed that the amount is quite small. THE FISHERIES OF NIITHAU. This, the most westerly of the inhabited islands of the group, is 15 miles from Kauai, and has an area of 97 square miles. The greater part of it is a low plain composed of an uplifted coral reef and sub- stance washed down from the mountains, while the hilly portion is destitute of peaks and ridges. It has a population of 172, is used exclusively as a sheep ranch, and fishing is carried on in a very desul- tory manner by the employees of the ranch and their families. Should more fish be caught than they can consume the surplus is carried across the strait to Waimea, on Kauai, and sold there. A portion of the catch is dried and sold. The following tables show the condition of the fisheries in 1903: Table showing the fishermen engaged and the boats, apparatus, and shore property used in the fisheries of Nuihau in 1903. Item. Number.} Value. Fishermen: EVA Walla 2.5 assesses ee esse BE AE SAO SO CR COU Be CODD OC ao tiett. aan nese 2, |eee22-- BOatSiaaoaseaoeenesc eee aoie tibiae i pee ia biats Stop ome bets sleet sels cee ce siento at joraciseetsteveeGisieenis 10 $750 Apparatus: Cashmetss 3.6.5 2s a5). Be RRR EPS oO BORIS OOO SBC OCONCM = POD COE o Gacaeatn 7 70 LUPO ASE eS Oe are ne eC Ste ep ene Ry ah ne SAAC aeat 30 Shore GIACCesSOLY, POP CTbY:s <2 osaae rics eamieeie oom eee Teele scare ceo ses eine seine aden lepe eee 20 FRO tellen eee cers een = ok os olde hig Ree aon ia Sas A oeteia es «hae s Seema ns He cater halle clare 87 506 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Nvihau wm 1903. Lines. Cast nets. Total. Species. | ; Pounds. | Value.) Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. ALAIN BEA! once Nophe ct awesme cae oceee se oemee 100 $10 Seo eaiteeiton 100 $10 PACA Me Ue ote eye eee sie ee ceniner cinciain eee 300 | BU ox ssceeeee cence. 300 30 mu resh: a 25 8 eostce soois swetinicisisoketee wane n 3, 600 SBD Sm cicmcroe et eee 3, 600 360 SUT IE COS cecrera ie hernias ccls «=e ener ta cenecmmeeree 1, 000 100-252 22 eslbeeeeeee 1, 000 100 IASC GER CWE Se ee 1 SNe SE rae OS Bes riceet ace as pap ea 45] 5 taste 8, 100 $310 3, 100 310 PCIE G wane mer meet ctor aeeanecntec: cise steceuiaee 600 | 60! iscncs ceeleeemetes 600 60 RO Pes Sf epee ee each = oe eae cee eicnene 200 D0 32 cee 200 20 RCH aac Ges eh acca ce cesar cee eee meee cme 400 Qe Sos weteers tanec 400 40 ITO eee ass nie asin evans SE Io oe ee iano Oem ene cep heee cee tease eeeee 1, 000 150 1, 000 150 AO TORR Re ecm nett ace eae ee ace cate srsie seme Cicle eee 5, 000 BOO’ |iwis eae cel eee emee , 000 500 TORS aS tes oh eng ee eet oe On i sete eg 2,900 290) \easccece case eee 2, 900 290 Mlaraila ress. Saece cs ace ew cine . “* BIB * DV seat “os BTYRY "oo" * oyfouy -* NUINY NUN EL Sat “7""* Bo BUT Shi ore 5 eID “* NUBUNIC TA “--*-n ndn,ndvy SEOOR SIEGE OO § 4810} (05) “*USy-BUry er dieo “ OOMOOMY - BMB-BM WV par CNG Se OAs BOOS) PG > BULB-BULW POPES OCOOOR = Hinii\i/ srersrerevels eect tteece eset eee eesere ners ee eeee TY ~ 8[Oqeloqy Peeper NY Joccecreseeceeeeeee secre ee eeeceeeseeseee= = CUBBY Peerage eine iii ‘sotoods THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. REPORT OF 510 OF6 “TOL GBI ‘BFS ‘T 090 ‘T TPS ‘ST 000 ‘8 000 ‘er Goh ‘T OGP ‘OL PLP T O8 ‘ST 96F S €89 ‘FT eee a aaa ‘an[eA | ‘spunog 90L ‘SF, 000 ‘OL LLL 09 000 ‘T LP9'S Feo ‘oce L¥G‘9 181 ‘VL 9SF ‘LG &GG ‘FG P88 ‘SI 002 ‘F OOF ‘F I 98 006 ‘8 000 ‘T rae 60 08 ‘T. OL Cag £G ecg 000 ‘9 668 96 ozs 898 ‘9ST PS6 FIL T CT9 ‘Lh 008% ogg 96 OGG a oS 000 ‘a9 000 ‘ag Scr 000 “¢9 000‘ IFS 16 000 ‘8 00 000 ‘4 009 Oge 6G o0¢ ‘% 000 ‘0g G19 ‘% 008 ‘T 966 ‘8 OSF ‘F QSL T 000‘ 086 “Ez GCE ‘9LT 000 ‘FL 000 °T eae aan fh egies ae awe eS De Oly ene} Saas ewe rt hiss Fo aie Tedvg Ce hee sit rao cenarnaionaet hate TU) Pes REN, 72> SBUNTE evict Sa SaaS ee Phe nypededy Ge Lele 2th dee BONO TL JoTBUINBUT() piace 0 Sem (a) euypeners aT Boe ron peee eee 40) BES EINCA EB 00 eMac ee RCOOUOC SCT SIC 1 WVatoy hs EEA SoS == ia BdOOr, TUB[Vd LE lta Hea er hetle ak aio beta PA CEOS OEY AKU) vyeduyRdo oa “doo " NON a) > angen eS gee Sis ene LATE at Ae to gk ietr tee en eee wt ae aoe CLE EONIAL| ereepe os Reopening ree a UG is Ed eI A = OS Se SB EL TAT: ‘on[BVA | ‘spunod an[RA_ | ‘spunog ‘an[VA | ‘spunog "On[BA ‘spunog ‘anyBA | ‘“Spunod “SOUL'T ‘sjou drip puv dooog *g]0U 48BO ‘sjou Sug “sjou [IPD *‘SouTAS ‘soroods *panurljuog—so67T us nyng fo sasaysyf ayy fo pyark ay) sawads pun snjounddn fig Bumoys a7qny, 511 ISLANDS. THE HAWAIIAN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF 108 , OL 6¢1 ‘T cos 090 ‘F ¢96 ‘G SSI ‘Ss GG PAL G68 Lob‘ 61S ‘T O6L ‘ST 1g CCL ia rane CI9 FL | FO ‘OL 6a eh G 76 SLI Esl‘T S8& ‘GT | FE¢‘T9 8 ccreye 020% TFO ‘TS OL8 OFS ‘2 COP ‘T PPL FS 989 ‘S LIL ‘08 TFG 080 ‘8 CZs LPL ‘8 6c 02a ‘8 6PL C34 ‘8 GSE ‘8 CHG ‘F9 6¢9 CFO ‘8 eae 060‘ ras} O0F LG" 20 ‘TG wee eee eel-e | 698 neVeyUey EE Sar] SP RASS RACH Otis HEIR AO “-" TyUTUOR'T RE Tris ORS tar Dea ® CORDS S -nodnodny EIR OMAR Coda hts 5 BRR oe “Nua y Serato peach. - BMBYBMBY ~*o[BIOlBM BIBS cree ~~ DAB ess cin cana “7° ° BO BUT, Tee aecepe apes KUED RCERATR GS QORR AR ge OSPR ES ARTE PC ce: - nuUBvUaIy I Pee 4 ato gy intel ay Usy-Bulgy 5 Shae ee BAO 6) “"- OOMOOMY LOP‘GE | Sc8 ‘TF, “77 BMR-BM WY OO Threaass idem | LODEG 9 te | seas es lige ae eae le asa a ac a ac ee ee el rele ceca oe ear a mara ae Sucet ae | a aaa adie aan Ea Gelato oe Lars mata eames eek BMY &% a | eg | eae it | naa | ae | Co eee en ee ene cen ence ee Na ee eS en eG | a a (a a Ag er ea os ec Nneny 9L IL GUID: =e A RSENS BE SE ORES | Ek OS Cle SRR R REC es CUCEEE OG he GTS SOR REE A ORC Ree aia PS Ch a EGCG Gade na ee) BECO AIA OEO 9 ORC Ate ania tae eee Oa BIOMV CEPTS TCT YA nel plc eet i ea aha BULR-BULY GALE. | GUS AN SRI, leek ceseirs| Gea eral hea Se CEASE PSEA OORT) e eel |A ITS eeuecae hes tee! ic Sa IRS a i acare) S Pe Ae aoe aCe tie ae aO Gor 8[0YV AEN VAULTS) TRS) SSE a A HS EL SA AL SSE Wt DS ie te ea CSIC) FSI FS Ei dt a naa eI Peee een, OFS ‘L TMG ae mene cua gairs ca | aera ery ell Seems Cw pCa ios | se Seeieieke |S nls ee | agate Seas “"7> eToyeLOUy OL ‘L (EIA RRS SERRA ica RSI tt ae = I ene ee a | Ba OG | ata Ola FPO FASO Aa ae atid eae cee tm aoe EERIE 698 CVI ameiel amimenes | here ee snore once ame cera neal rs ar eal ge ota ais aa a Sle cca ge aa sie cee po otal las sacs oa lp eee ce lepemaameana aka aun ooo area “7 ByyRYY 806 (RTM Neadieeeh leer Sirs. Scale cin ten roel y cenge pare ine eo a Steg eae eye Rangee I ora eee cra (aaa mea Rac Sama st a Gap aaa 77705 BWR, Gags 199 ‘OL (ieee oy ee le Aha ete ce ee pati as Sof a ee IULU[R/V — | i] = | ——— ‘an[BA |'Sspunog |antBA |'spunog |‘an[vA | ‘spunog | ‘ene, | ‘spunog | ‘onT[eA | ‘spunog | ‘anjeA ‘spunog | ‘an[vVA | ‘spunog | ‘sopoody [RIO , | “saved *(ysy) sdeag, *(redo) sjoysvg “(ysy) sjoyseg ‘spueH s]0d ‘ponutjuoj—so67 wi nyng fo sarwaysif ay) fo pparli 7 ay? sdiwads pup snyotoddn fig buunoys 2)Qn., REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 512 oe ee eS ee ee ee ee oe 618 ‘BLE | OG8 ‘GTS ‘g) SeG‘ST | SET ‘IST | oss‘ | cz8‘6F G19'p | goL‘eg frrttttc eect ceeec tees tees tees eee prog 828 LLL‘g 828 LEE Ge "ae tcnlie te csc veal onan sa|ve gua: (os [ mw neee ease a alpen eens a 72 7a ecuamentgeten ete ee |e area aa eieeterin)s inlsin'c fe eehet ae ta BUBAA GLpiL | GIL'TL | 0008 ; QOOVar 000 Ogee WO0RG6) MOORES. 1/8 aaa ere te ie cictecs =) Sstalan c= ete ete ta ic mi Ricle in ele mele alr ain einicisiair Sa)ne sae BIA Geog | LLO'SL =| «OFF T stereos rede Osa ‘OT | 002‘04 | 08g ‘OT seeseeeeee TyTdO 8hS‘T | 28 °9 (D6 INGE -_||PEQS SSS Racoee sss Pesce aco Mas n BoP S oa eas eakoles=SecRoso aay ihersty | (6oeqs2o-|Scousane al paancaccoan acta sa cuboaosaSAaer ee oone ---'andQ ize 008 ix [ESRB ER SS a5} eSo:o Bon eo ead Seon ol} secre ede jeuccde nase eben aecrboraccegeas -=---+ gdaig SF 96 Weese vc ec co ee NI lech Nip | cae | caer | een eee Ol ns aa og Oe eer eee OL RIEL ei eo aon a So0u Doo raoe ac cecmood -- oon Gz0‘T | 000'TF | ¢z0'T | | |rcccce te [sec e rene |eee eee ete e ete eee eer ee ee een ee eee soatee nULyT 098 000 ‘8 098 [occetecs| tree cece cee ee eee ee ene ree cece eee eee e sence -oseee-giry SLE O28 G. erleeee e sees nUOR HAS” I ek) | UGOAES | SL EGA |) Oli ra sero s Pee SSS Seso hea S Se CS cSt S55 26260009 bea b= aB6G SSG 00 jo dom socc. | Se doomrioconouesoneecuenonec Gadece stes2*+ g0q7 Oe C0 te eee eae ee a aa eee ee (ie) tem )y Geel roe a PO oe hea ernie anor area [orate Goo op eonacer ccc secC acco csee Oxo AA OPS: MOOD! 86.2 59 sosnenese sa Ty OLP LISS Se il la ec ol acces ei mle alae al tear cea ee oa IRR eeG oe oS | OG Sooo Beep 6 or | poeniooanlie loon ciiocossooocUnninnr snernanrerei cs -- nipdedg 96 Scr DEPOSITS [LOCOCO 6 INF [POO SRS SIF OG COCO 37) DATE G SECO BS ECORC a SOR OO 00 ECO AREBO OOS 3 00 aiaincia SS COUR CON ODa COO NOOn abe recBocs ce cC Noro DeaObobSOnoS ETE | Oo eg ea ty aie Tie |eeeie ie es crapel ec e | aaaaret e Oe d ey eee) o 04] COD OG Gn Reee otc || Gbc aonkonbce Our aprecrecescresaconcrc CHG RGMe GG sll | emer neas #9 80 ‘T Petr eee 669% 166 ‘8 Pee tet 086 ‘8 PD toe RES COI |) HBG PE TOOSES C68‘ QOSNSS) Shsssecsts ¥Z 009 ee A ec pineal n ome liiaeeg eae 2 || Moe 1 OMY "|| Pent aman une mt meen [eerie one gL aie [Ie sinleieleiciess lei iegetossiaa | sia afelnc nYON SIL Es Camm | tanita Dia | essen a | teins | ners catia | seabes ol Sie| | ia cicada iee olny e nintaleielcfale| (esa SSes ceo nT NT L 966 iia SREP aR= | arate | ee aS (ne Re a ore eee os aor OUI nv OLL‘T | 966‘8¢ BP RIG POO COO SEE cI SOSCOE CC SO FGr Coon o | BB oCEGm oC SOR Ra) OOS ICO SGUEPOBUcECuc S580 Oa Ay 916 ‘F 062 ‘eg pie TET Gleisieie'eseie ---- OUBOW 90T$ SSIS Niven Sea Cite 35) (SR aii lies’ | alle Gene fae ne at (ee ae eS et ane ICSAC BMBIYTIN | Pes eee| hal eae Pete 6) =| an > 2 Alt eee ee AN ‘ ‘ON[BA | Spunod | ‘enyeA | ‘spunog | ‘an{VA | ‘spunog | ‘anyeA | ‘spunog | ‘ON[BA | ‘Spunog | ‘on[VA | ‘spunog | ‘an[BA | ‘spunog : — $$} _ ——— = = oth ‘soroadg [BIOL “‘SpuByT ‘supads ‘S10d | *(ysy) sdvay, ‘(1edo) sjayseg | “(ysy) sjoyseg - = : SN ‘ponurjywoj—so6r ui nyng Jo sarwaysy’ ay fo parti ay) savwads pun snyosoddn lig Buanoys a)qny, NOTES ON THE FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER FISHES FROM THE LAKES AT MADISON, WIS. By WILLIAM S. MARSHALL and N. C. GILBERT. F. C. 1904——33 NOTES ON THE FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER: FISHES FROM THE LAKES AT MADISON, WIS. By WiiuiAm S. Marsnaun and N. C. GILBert. é The following observations regarding the food of some of our fresh- water fishes and the parasites living on or within them were nearly all made during the spring, summer, and autumn of 1902 and 1903. The fishes were examined principally for their parasites, but in connection with that examination it was decided to note the food contents of each, ‘since this could easily be done after the fish had been opened for para- sites. The work originally planned was much more extensive than the following notes would indicate, but the removal of one of us from Madison brought it to an end before very much had been accomplished. Doubting that there would be opportunity to continue and complete the work as it had been laid out, it was thought best to publish the following notes, although but very few specimens of some species of fishes have been examined. The stomach contents were not kept, and we have only our original notes to refer to, which makes impossible a more exact determination of all we found. The lakes from which the fishes were taken are adjacent to Madi- sgn. Lake Mendota, the largest, bordering in part on the University erounds and being thus easy of access, furnished the most of our material. Lakes Monona and Wingra were both visited, but only a comparatively small number of fishes was taken from either. A few of the black bass were sent to us from Round Lake, Washburn County, Wis. The fishes were in part caught with hook and line, but the greatest number were taken with a trammel net. A map of Lake Mendota was platted so that we could record quite accurately the part of the Jake from which each fish was taken, this information to be used in determining what differences, if any, the bottom, plants, depth, etc., made upon the food of the fish and, through the food, upon the kind of parasites found. Our notes have been carefully examined with this in view, but without any definite results, the fish from one part of the lake averaging, as a rule, the same as the fish from any other part. This does not, however, hold true for perch caught near the shore 515 516 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. as compared with those taken in the deeper water, the latter using plankton for food much oftener and in greater quantities than the former. A distinct difference was also found in the food of the perch living near the shore and those caught during the winter through the ice. These latter were taken well out in the lake, and were so differ- ent from the others in food contents and scarcity of parasites that - they are entitled to special mention. The scarcity of literature on the food of fresh-water fishes is very noticeable, and we could find but little information on the subject. When one considers the amount of work that is being done by the federal and state fish commissions in stocking our inland waters, it is surprising to find that so few observations have been made and recorded concerning any of the important economic questions bearing on this subject. In classifying our fishes we have followed Jordan and Evermann. 1. Lepisosteus osseus, gar pike. A single specimen of this fish was obtained in October from Lake Mendota. No food was found in the alimentary tract. Two cestodes and a few smalJl trematodes were present, none of which has yet been identified. 2. Amia calva, dog-fish. Thirteen specimens of dog-fish were examined, 4 of which were without any food; 7 of the 9 in which food was found contained craw- fish, the other 2, minnows. Parasites were very prevalent, every fish having them in considera- ble numbers. The following table gives the kinds of parasites found, the parts of the host in which they occurred, and the number of fish in which each kind of parasite was found: Mouth./ Stomach. Atel Rectum TUNEMVALOG CS aise scree eos em cae ai = slaioeeciecae Tadistae Saw eee cemee ne 5 6:|2..226 cece | Se ee eee GeStOMES: ao a2seidckeasee tas seeeeccis se oaclse a sseabesee seer eeeee| Serpe 13 US) | Seer INEIMALOMES. eae). semana cia. oo Sele ceetein © ce wee eee Se ae is Retell eee erate ones) 1 |p semesters INCAMILNO CCD UMA ies. e Sass teicrs smote oe Oye sere ee ere ree een mae ee Vee eee 2 de NMGCCCN ESE Se oa = Bele sales see see ee eee ie eee ee ete eto Lo cee ecins | = ate 3 0.20 Sag! | eee teeta The trematodes were all Azygia tereticolle, which fluke was also present on the gills of 2 fishes. One fish had an encysted cestode in the spleen. The prevalence of cestodes was noticeable, they being found in every fish examined and in great abundance, 100 to 300 occurring in many of the fish. There were at least 2 species of cestodes and 2 species of Acanthocephala present. The frequent occurrence of cestodes in the stomach was due to the fact that many which were found in the intes- tine were fastened to the wall of the stomach, stretching from there FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER FISHES. 517 far into the intestine. In different kinds of fishes, Ama included, it was noticed that the cestodes apparently moved forward in the ali- mentary tract after the death of the host, often protruding into the mouth. Forbes (c, d@) examined young specimens of Amza and found their food to consist of may-fly larve, ostracods, and alge, none of which we found in the mature specimens; in older fish he found fish, mollusks, and crustacea. 38. Ameiurus nebulosus, common bullhead. The 5 specimens examined were caught in Lakes Mendota and Monona during the months of April, July, and August. The food contained in the different parts of the alimentary tract was in such a condition as to make impossible a determination of its separate parts. In one fish a minnow could be recognized and in another the remains of a crawfish. The most abundant parasites were cestodes, found in the intestine of 5 fish, 3 of these also containing them in the body cavity. Acan- thocephala were found in large numbers in the intestine of 4 fish, liver cysts in 4. Trematodes and nematodes were found in the intes- tine of but a single fish. The cestodes found were 2 species of Coral- lobothrium and a species of Proteocephalus (?). 4, Krimyzon sucetta, chub sucker. A single specimen caught in April was without food and had as parasites only a few Acanthocephala in the intestine. 5. Hsox luctus, common pike. The 35 specimens examined were all taken from Lake Mendota during April, May, or November. Thirteen of the entire number were without food, the remaining 22 showing either a small or a large quantity of food within the alimentary tract. The different kinds of food, and the number of fish in which each kind was found, can readily be seen from the following table: Fish in | Fish in Food. which | Food. which | found. 1 found. IMNTIMOW Se isa/4 sso 5c hoe mreicinse Gnas ee seete 17 | Grwihshite- Sa essere oa ale eee eee 1 MEP OMUISOD CISOLS = geese anemone reese | I | PueCe Chesil smote sen eceeee ecb memece eset ee 1 STURT OS 0p ae ee a ee een eae iy) ee es Forbes (c, d) found the food of the pike to be almost exclusively other fish, this being true of 36 of the 37 specimens he examined. It will be seen at once that our results are almost identical, but 2 of the 35 pike examined by us containing any food other than fish. We also found that as a rule but one or two fish were present in the alimentary tract; 2 of the pike we examined were exceptional, in that one con- tained 10 and the other 20 minnows. 518 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. The kind of parasites and their prevalence in the different parts of the alimentary tract were as follows: Mouth.| “S0Pha- |gtomach. lIntestine. gus. ER ENOATOC GS eae see ire ae sete = eee Pe nec tes ny ee, noiesaee 3 3 127) 5 epee MEStOGER oy. = Stes ck ena s ood oes ee Se eee 08 nec Sea Beenie aia eee 9 27 IN GIT AOMeSH 5-5 hee Sse ccs ais saree Seay cage ere gs la ai a ee ee rer telnl| Mere | See eee 10 19 Acanthocephala .-....--...--- by te eae 8 STL e ee Ri ee een yes Every fish examined contained some parasites. Cestodes and nema- todes were present in more than half, while Acanthocephala occurred in but a single fish. It was noticeable that fish caught in April and May were much freer from parasites than those caught in November. The trematodes were nearly all Azygia tereticolle. One cestode was a species of Proteocephalus. 6. Pomoxis sparoides, calico bass. Three specimens of calico bass were caught during July in Lake Wingra. They had plankton only as food. The only parasites found were two leeches, one on the tongue of one fish and one on the roof of the mouth of another, and a few small cysts on the outer wall of the stomach. 7. Ambloplites rupestris, rock bass. Sixteen rock bass were caught during May and July in Lake Men- dota. The food, found in the 13 fish containing any, consisted of insect larvee in 2 and crawfish in 12. The specimens examined by Forbes (0) were found to have eaten insect larve much oftener than the bass from Lake Mendota. Three fish were without parasites. In the 13 in which they were found the distribution was as follows: Trematodes in 1, nematodes in 3, and Acanthocephala in 12. Almost as noticeable as the fondness for crawfish as food was the prevalence of Acanthocephala; the entire absence of cestodes is also noticeable. 8. Lepomis incisor, bluegill. Specimens were taken in March, April, and July from Lakes Men- dota and Wingra. Thirty fish were examined, 20 containing food, as follows: Fish in |) Fish in Food. which || Food. which found. | found. | Plant tissue, mostly Ceratophyllum.....- 9 | (Gphions rhe C Spyeipego donc booaodnoemecocds sac 2 Risialei Ome Geeneee ae kee oe ee aleioee 13. I) Woe GRese poe aa been eee teense aa 1 Imsectlanvie 22sec seek see eee 9 | Snails, mostly Physa ancillaria........- af Thirteen of the fish were entirely without parasites, as far as‘a gen- eral examination showed, and the other 17 contained the following: FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER FISHES. 519 Cy aA Sats Body Stomach. Intestine.) Rectum. cavity WRStOMCR Ieee te ltr ae as Se or cles sim tes cieinereie ee erecetmate areca Ba Et eat seat Se cols eet nee | if INDI AOU = - core ORR C OSE eae ae eee eo nee Coro Goccrsass Toles tac sce Bile eoetee ce IN@PCAT NSN DIG) 2 ae eee eRe Peer Se BN eMee non dapecoreueba | scce snore 6 | 5 Leech in mouth, 1; cestode or nematode cysts in the liver, 6; cysts in mesentery, 1. 9. Eupomotis gibbosus, common sun-fish. Six specimens only were examined. Of these 5 contained food, consisting of insect larve, snails, and small bivalves. One sun-fish had no parasites; the other 5 contained each-a number of Acanthoce- phala, encysted in the mesentery of 3 fish and mature in the intestine of the other 2. 10. Micropterus dolomieu, small-mouthed black bass. But 5 specimens were examined, all caught during July in Lake Mendota. One bass was free from food; in the stomachs of the other 4, crawfish were found. Cestodes were more abundant than any other parasite, and were found in the stomach, body cavity, and ovary. One species was Proteocephalus ambloplites. Azygia tereticolle was found once in ‘the mouth and once in the stomach. Nematodes and Acanthocephala were found in the intestine of 3 of the bass examined. Encysted worms were found in the wall of the stomach of one fish and in the liver of another. 11. Micropterus salmotdes, \large-mouthed black bass. Nearly all of the fish examined were taken from Lake Mendota. Only four were caught in Lake Monona and the same number in Lake Wingra. Most of the specimens from Lake Mendota were caught in the trammel net, and were taken on the southern shore near the mouth of or just within a small creek, which, in this part, was from 3 to 5 feet fin depth. ‘The majority of the fish were caught in April or May, a few only during July and August. To those already enumerated were added 4 bass from Round Lake in the northern part of tbe state. A careful study of the records failed to reveal any differences in food or parasites in the fish from the different lakes, except that the 4 from Round Lake all had copepods on the gills, there being among all the other fish but a single specimen so infected. Of the 42 fish examined, 29 contained food which could be recog- nized. The other 13 showed nothing the nature of which could be distinguished. The following table gives the kinds of food found and the number of fish in which each kind was present: Fish in Fish in Food. which Food. which found. found. WOW Remeress ee as 2) No eae ias Saieine D7 ERAS ea ck een tee misecias oMcenee eee 2 Oiherigh resents. eh ke Leb oe EWS Rai eee pee 6 SRP RERE ee MR ee er er ane or che 2 Imise cis ainvceesete eer eee sor «22 = tees ae Ge PCCM este ons ot) | cc ncteeemee sae eetee ae 2 590 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Twenty-two of these fish contained but one kind of food, and then generally but one or two specimens of the latter was large. One bass had eaten 4 minnows and another 2 frogs. Forbes (c, d) found that this species of black bass contained about the same variety of food as recorded by us; he found that fish con- stituted the largest percentage of food, and in much smaller quantities crawfish, insect larve, and alge. None of the bass we examined was free from parasites, the nearest approach being one fish from which we took but a few cysts in the mesen- tery. Cestodes were more prevalent than any other parasites, although Acanthocephala were nearly as numerous. The following table gives the places in which parasites were found, and the number of fish in which each kind was present: | Césopha- | q Crecal P Mouth. gus, Stomach. pipes Intestine. TPT EMVAGOGCR ate csacisse stom ates crmreeiae Oe peices sate elas jclasietomine 8 2 20 4 il MB ESTOO CS eee so roe See eee ee Se a ee Rin BE EDO Serene Aer ates Sie ee isa 10 3 28 INKETOAE ENOL Chel eee ee ne ee ee Ee Soe EP een na) Hae ae ne nas ae aes 4 i 7 PACA TUN OCE PIG A «sere, o ects a cisioete sie ere eclnte tere nie mistnnienine = oe eee 9 3 28 Copepods (Ergasilus) on gill, 4; cestodes in ovary, 4; cysts in mesentery, 1; cestodes in body eayity, 1; cysts in liver, 2. The trematodes were Azygia tereticolle, A. loossii, Cecincola par- oulus, and Leuceruthrus microptert. One of the cestodes was a species of Proteocephalus. 12. Perca flavescens, yellow perch. The perch, caught mostly with hook and line, were taken from Lakes Mendota, Monona, and Wingra—all but a few from the first- mentioned lake. The Lake Mendota perch were nearly all caught near the shore, a few only coming from deep water. An exception to this, however, was a lot of perch, 16 in number, purchased in February from fishermen, who caught them through the ice at quite a distance from shore and in deep water. The food and parasites of these were quite different from what we found in the others, and, although at present included with the others, separate mention of them will be made later. Excepting these, all were caught in April, May, or July—more during May than at any other time. Seventy-two perch were examined, in only 9 of which were para- sites absent. A few of the others had no parasites in the alimentary tract, but contained cysts in the mesentery or liver. Fifty-six of the perch contained food the nature of which we could determine, and of the remaining 16 a few had food remains in the lower part of the intestine or in the rectum nothing as to the nature of which was recognizable. The following table gives the different kinds of food and the number of fish in which each kind was found: FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER FISHES. 521 Fish in Fish in Food. which Food. which found. found. | ime IGN e a Soke 5 eee sae e eS eeeeeaoer 39) Pele Geren ainsi yees oe eerie emer eee be 2 Gann OO Ste eects tee cine dis Seen orcs 4:1 SPlamtoneea: So nse neon cesses 16 Snails, mostly Physa ancillaria........- Gi || MMO WSR orem erste eee et ee See 2 Grovushin. asec ste cce sans sccse cece cc's S|) WBS VOB ae coon secgaeceaghncscocsse 3 The 39 perch in which insect larvee were found contained, as far as we could determine, phryganid larve in but 1 and dragon-fly larve in 9 fish. Thirty-six of the entire number contained but a single kind of food, 15 had 2 kinds, 2 had 3 kinds, and 3 were found with 4 kinds of food. In nearly every perch in which more than one kind of food was present, insect larvee were found. Forbes (4) gives the food of the perch he examined and we note a great similarity to what we recorded. He found that a number of fish were eaten by the perch he examined from Lake Michigan, due, no doubt, to the smaller amount of insects, erustacea, and mollusks present in the large lake. The following table will show the kinds of parasites found and the abundance and distribution of each kind in their hosts: Aa Gall Stomach. a cal Intestine.| blad- ubes. der Trematodes 10 2 7 2 Cestodes .. Leases 2 aoe s Nematodes. ...... 3 5 5 Gaiam Acanthocephala -....-- =o806 a Bene comUsnceocbecEaseoonaEdss 7 3 | TAGs Soeetee Clinostomum heterostomum on gills, 8; copepod (Hrgasilus) on gills, 9; cestode and nematode liver cysts, 39; cysts in mesentery, 6; cysts in wall of stomach, 2. The trematodes were nearly all Distomum nodulosum, which was by far the most prevalent parasite. The number of times trematodes were found in the gall-bladder was far greater than given in the table, many fish having been examined without being recorded. In late July and early August perch were found with a small immature fluke present in considerable numbers in the gall-bladder, more than half the specimens examined being soinfected. It occurred to us that this might be the young form of D. nodulosum, which is probable, although, the specimens in the gall bladder being immature, it was impossible to make a direct comparison. In more than half of the perch examined the liver contained cysts; many of these we opened and found that they inclosed either a young cestode or a young nema- tode. The nematode cysts were generally smaller and firmer than those containing the cestodes, but it was impossible, unless every one was opened, to be sure of the contents. There was undoubtedly but a single species each of cestode and nematode forming the eysts. The 16 perch caugbt during February through the ice were taken much farther from shore than any of the others we examined. Four- teen of these had fed exclusively upon plankton. They contained as large a proportion cf encysted parasites as any of the other perch, 522 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. but were much freer from mature forms. Two contained a smail number of Acanthocephala, 2 in one fish and 4 in another, and in 8 of the 16 were found specimens of Distomum nodulosum. Nearly all of the perch taken in winter and early spring contained a number of 2. nodulosum, which were in every case filled with eggs. When the flukes were taken from the fish and placed in water, they would in a few hours invariably burst and alarge mass of dark-shelled eggs would drop to the bottom of the dish. The perch caught dur- ing August were not so likely to have this fluke in the ceca, but many of them contained the small, immature fluke in the gall bladder. 13. Poccus chrysops, white bass. Four specimens were taken in July from Lake Mendota. Three of these were without food, the other contained insect larve. Parasites were not abundant. Nematodes were present in the stomach of 2 and in the intestine of 1 bass, and Acanthocephala were taken from the stomach of a single specimen. Forbes (c, d) found these fish to have eaten may-fly and dipterous larve very abundantly, and in the stomach of one he found a sun-fish. Forbes (c, @) found insect larvee to be the principal food of the white bass, and also found, in small quantities, fish and crustacea. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Axspott, C. C. Notes on Some Fishes of the Delaware River. Rept. U. 8. Fish Commission for 1875-76. ARNOLD, J. Ueber die Fischnahrung in dem Binnengewissern. WVerhandlungen des International Congress des Zoologie, Berlin, 1901, pp. 553-556. Forses, 8. A. (a) On the Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes: A Summary and Discussion. Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. II. (b) The Food of Fishes: Acanthopteri. Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1880. (c) The Food of Illinois Fishes. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural His- tory, Bulletin No. 2, 1878. (d) Studies of the Food of Fresh-Water Fishes. Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. II, 1888. (e) Food of the Fishes of the Mississippi Valley. Transactions American Fisheries Society, Seventeenth Annual Meeting, 1888. JorpAN, Davin §., and Barton W. Evermann. The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin U. 8. National Museum, No. 47, 1896-1900. SmirH, 8. I. Food of Fresh-water Fishes. Rept. U. 8. Fish Commission for 1872-73. Warp, H. B. Fish Food in Nebraska Streams. Studies Zoological Laboratory University of Nebraska, 1898. ZAcHARIAS, O. Die mikroskopische Organismenwelt des Siisswassers in ihrer Beziehung zur Ernihrung der Fische. Biologisches Centralblatt, XIII, 1893. ZscHokkE, KF. (a) Recherches sur Organisation et la Distribution Zoologique des Vers Poissons d’eau Douce. Archiy de Biologie, V. 1884. (6) Die Parasiten unserer Siisswasserfische. From ‘‘ Die Tier-und Pflan- zenwelt der Stisswassers.’’ Leipzig, 1891. (c) Zur Faunistik der parasitischen Wtrmer von Stisswasserfischen. Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologie und Parasitenkunde XIX, 1896. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES By LEON J. COLE CONT EIN Ts: Page. AMIGO MCW ON eects easiness see ce ee sas D20. -=eee-eeeees 616 Extent of the fisheries ?s oe esse eE eee 617 Angling’ « ... scjes2 ssc 4s oe oe Pee eee 619 Carp culture.©...2. ates sac er eee eee 622-632 Permanent ponds =-.4-)---ee ee eee 623 Temporary ponds and pens .......-.--. 625 The value of carp ponds ==. --seseeeesee 631 Conclusions! sc. 22205 3.2.2 eee eee 632-637 Bibllogra phy: eco. n-\s)1eeis eee 637-641 7 an Chie a) gay ¥ ihe i bee | im ki Ed Syme. :. X eae ee ae ak oT = ‘ae : 7) yen ee m, , ee ares... Fil 7 i at Be aa’. ite, oe jis A bre © PLATE I. Report U.S. B. F. 1904. 2. Mirror carp. 8. Leather carp. THE GERMAN CARP. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES, By Leon J. Coxe. INTRODUCTION. “ For a number of years there appears to have been in many sections of this country an increasing popular prejudice against the German carp. These fish were distributed very generally throughout the United States something over twenty years ago, with the idea that they would be extensively raised in ponds and so provide a supple- mentary income from smal! inland waters which were unsuitable for other fishes, or from land upon which artificial ponds could be con- structed. It was inevitable that many of the fish should escape into the natural waters of the country; and within a few years many of our rivers and lakes were teeming with carp, for which, at that time, there was little or no market. With persons who had been able to obtain in abundance many species of our finer native fishes, the coarser flesh of the carp found little favor, and, under the circumstances, it was perhaps but natural that prejudice should arise, especially because the carp was supposed to be injuring the existing fisheries. In some cases the adverse opinions were founded upon facts and a knowledge of the habits of the fish; more often they were the repeated hearsay born of suppositions and complete ignorance of the subject or of misinterpreted observations. The newspapers also took the matter up, and the carp was decried on all sides without stint. In the summer of 1901, in order to obtain evidence upon the matter, the writer was appointed by the United States Bureau of Fisheries (then the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries) to make an investigation of the habits of the carp and to gather any available information relative to its usefulness or obnoxiousness. The work was done in connection with the general biological investigation of the Great Lakes under the general direction of Prof. Jacob Reighard, of the University of Michigan. Professor Reighard was not in active charge of the work, however, in 1901, Prof. H. 8S. Jennings, then also at the University of Michigan, acting as director during that season. I take pleasure in thanking both Professor Reighard and Professor Jennings for their interest in the investigation and for their readi- ness at all times to do everything in their power to further the work. 526 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Probably the two regions in the United States where carp are found most abundantly are about the western end of Lake Erie and in the Illinois River and its tributaries. This investigation was begun, however, at Lake St. Clair, this locality being chosen because of such complaints as the following, which appeared in a Port Huron paper: FISH IN LAKE ST. CLAIR—-THE CARP ARE RAPIDLY DESTROYING ALL THE OTHER KINDS. G B , an old fisherman, who has plied his trade on Lake St. Clair. three miles above Mount Clemens for twenty-three years, says in three years more there will be no fish except carp left in the lake. The carp eats the spawn and destroys the perch, bass and other good fish in those waters, and the supply is already much reduced. Mr. B suggests that the government offer a bounty of 3 cents or so for the destruction of the carp in order to save the other fish. This particular paragraph is quoted because it gave the starting point for the field work, and because it illustrates so well the general tone of complaint against the carp. The shallow bays of the delta: occupying the upper fourth of Lake St. Clair afford an excellent place for carp—except that possibly the water averages a little cold for their most prolific development—and they are to be found there in consid- erable numbers. Furthermore, the usual comparative clearness of the water makes it easier at times to observe the fish than in the muddier waters in which they are usually found. When the carp are rooting about in the bottom for food, however, even clear water is made so roily that there is little ees to watch ean After about three weeks at the St. Clair Flats, the remainder of the summer, until August 31, was spent on Lake Erie, especially at the upper end. During the last week in August all of the important wholesale fish houses on the west and south sides of Lake Erie, from Detroit to Buffalo, were visited to obtain figures as to the magnitude and value of the carp fisheries of the lake. In November, 1901, about three weeks were spent on Lake Erie, principally at Port Clinton and Put-in Bay, in order to determine the relation of carp to the white- fish, which were in the height of their spawning season at this time. In 1902 it was not practicable to begin the field work until after the Ist of July. As before, Lake St. Clair was first visited, but the con- ditions there being unfavorable on account of heavy storms, which made the water roily, investigations were renewed on Lake Erie, especially at Port Clinton and at Sandusky. During the last season of the investigations, in the summer of 1903, with headquarters in Sandusky, the work was conducted for about three weeks, during the spawning season of the carp, most of the time from a camp in the marsh, some 20 miles above the city, near where the Sandusky River opens into the large bay of the same name. In addition to the observation of the general habits of the carp in waters where it has become adapted to a new environment in such a short time, several special problems were kept in mind. Thusa study THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 527 was made of the abundance and distribution of carp in relation to the conditions existing at various places, and measurements and records were taken to determine if possible whether the fish had changed perceptibly in accommodating itself to these conditions. Most of the time, however, was given to the more strictly economic side of the question, and hence, either on account of their uncom- pleted state or because of their technical nature, the results of certain lines of the study have been omitted from the present report. One of the more strictly economic questions was the relation of the fish to aquatic vegetation, the destruction of which was being deplored, par- ticularly by sportsmen, who maintained that the best food of many of the ducks, such as the canvasback and redhead, was fast being destroyed by the carp. It was also to be determined how far, if at all, carp interfere with the spawning of other fishes, and whether they eat the egos and prey upon the young of other fishes, and if so, to what extent. It was claimed that they were especially detrimental to bass and white-fish—the former one of the greatest favorites of the sports- man, the latter one of the most valuable food-fishes of the Great Lakes. Offsetting the possible harm done by the carp to vegetation and to the fisheries must be its own value as a food-tish; for the carp fishery has within the last few years, in the regions of the carp’s greatest abundance, grown to be an industry of no mean proportions. Must the carp, then, be unconditionally condemned, or should we find that, if properly utilized, its value would compensate for the degree of dam- age it undoubtedly does? It is hoped that the conclusions reached in the following pages may do much toward settling this question, though there are still many points upon which fuller information is desirable. In order to make the report more useful to those who are interested if the carp, it has been thought best to include a general description of the fish, its habits, and its history. The figures of the different vari- eties of carp here reproduced (pl. 1) are from drawings made for the Bureau of Fisheries from fish in its ponds in Washington soon after the introduction of the species into this country. The photographs and other figures are by the author. It is impracticable to mention here all to whom I am indebted for assistance of one kind or another in the prosecution of my investiga- tions. lam under especial obligations, however, to Messrs. Cleaver, of the firm of R. Bell & Co., Port Clinton, who not only furnished me a place in which to work in their fish house, but placed at my dis- posal, without cost, whatever carp were necessary for my work. The Bense Fish Company (which has since changed hands), of the same city, extended to me similar privileges. It was frequently necessary for me to call upon Mr. S. W. Downing, superintendent of the Bureau of Fisheries hatchery at Put-in Bay, for aid, which was furnished with 528 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. uniform courtesy. Through the kindness of Prof. Herbert Osborn I was enabled, when in Sandusky, to make my headquarters at the Lake Laboratory of Ohio State University, where I had the use of a table for considerable periods during the summers of 1901 and 1902. And, finally, I wish to express my gratitude to the many fishermen who took great interest in my work, who gave me whatever information was at their disposal, who permitted me to accompany them on their fishing trips, who shared with me their food, and who were my com- panions in camp for weeks at a time. Other special acknowledg- ments haye been made in their proper places throughout the report. THE SPECIES CYPRINUS CARPIO LINNAEUS. DESCRIPTION. Within the past decade the carp has become so generally distributed throughout the United States and so abundant in some places that nearly everybody is more or less familiar with it in a general way, but it has been almost universally neglected in the descriptive works in this country, further than a simple statement of its occurrence. It may therefore be well to give a brief description of the carp and its principal varieties. The carp belongs to a family of fishes (Cyprinide) best represented in America by the minnows (especially of the genus Votropis) which abound in most of our Jakes and streams. In the eastern United States the members of this family are all small, the largest rarely attaining 18 inches in length, while the smallest is scarcely 2 inches long when adult. The Old World species are generally much larger than this, and on the Pacific coast there are a few which reach a length of 5 or 6 feet, and which are also apparently more closely related to the European forms in structure. Scientifically the carp is known as Cyprinus carpio, the name given to it by Linneus. It varies greatly in many of its characters, a con- dition probably brought about in large part by its state of domestica- tion, or semidomestication, for a number of centuries. In shape it varies from a long, rather slender fish (pl. 1), whose height scarcely equals one-fourth its length, to a deep form nearly or quite half as high as long. The greatest height is at the anterior end of the dorsal fin. In all cases, however, the body is rather strongly compressed laterally, the cross section never approaching close to circular. ‘The greatest breadth is normally a short distance back of the head, but the bodies of female fish are often, before the breeding season, distended with roe toa considerably greater breadth. This dimension in nor- mal individuals usually equals less than half the height. The snout is blunt, and in typical forms the dorsal outline rises from the snout in a nearly uniform bow or arch to the base of the dorsal fin. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 529 The length of the head, from the tip of the snout to the posterior edge of the gill-cover or operculum, is in the neighborhood of one- fourth the length of the fish”, but is usually considerably less than the height. It varies considerably in individuals and with age. The eye is situated slightly less than halfway back on the head and on a line from the tip of the snout to the upper end of the branchial opening. The eyes are not quite circular, but are elongated slightly in a direc- tion parallel to the dorsal side of the head, and their long diameter is contained six to seven times in the length of the head. The mouth when closed is nearly horizontal, the gape reaching about halfway to the anterior margin of the eye. At the corners of the mouth are two short«barbels, usually a little longer than the diameter of the eye, yellow or reddish in color, which are, however, longer than two olive colored ones on the upper jaw. Both sets are variable, and, according to Seeley (1886, p. 95), may be unsymmetrical on the two sides or frequently wanting entirely.? The lips are rather thick and fleshy, adapted to vegetable feeding, the lower somewhat shorter than the upper. The tongue is smooth. The palate is covered with a white and very sensitive skin (‘‘carp’s tongue”). The nostrils lie imme- diately anterior to the eyes and are double, those of each side being separated by a small projecting flap of skin. The anterior nostril is the larger. The dorsal fin arises anterior to the median point in the length of the fish and slightly in advance of the ventrals, and extends back even with the posterior end of the anal fin. The base of the dorsal fin equals rather more than a third of the length of the body, and its greatest height (at the second and third soft rays) is equal to about a third of its length. After the first two or three soft rays, of which there are 18 to in all, the remainder are only one-half to two-thirds as high, so that the free margin of the fin has a rather sharp reentrant angle at this point. Three or four (usually three) spiny rays precede ae soft rays, the most posterior one being the stoutest and longest, with the extreme end usually soft and flexible; this soft portion is often broken away in older fish, however, leaving the ray with a hard, sharp point. The posterior needes of this ray is serrated, the serrations or teeth, which have their points directed downward, lying on each side of a median groove and increasing in size from below upward. The height of the anal fin is greater than its length at the base, which is about equal to one-fourth the length of the base of the dorsal. It is composed of 3 spiny rays and 5 or 6 soft, articulated rays. The second stout, spiny ray is similar to that of the dorsal fin. The first of the aThroughout the description ‘‘length”’ is considered from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal fin, or, more strictly speaking, to the posterior edge of the hypural bones, which is found in practical measuring by cutting the flesh away a little and probing with a steel point. For genera! purposes this measurement can be taken to the last scale in the lateral line. bJ, myself, have noted no cases in which they were absent. F.C. 1904—34 5380 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. soft rays is the longest, and the succeeding ones decrease gradually in size to the last, which is about one-half the length of the first. The ventral or pelvic fins are made up of 2 spiny rays each, a long and a short one, and 8 or 9 soft rays. The height is much greater than the length at the base, but when folded back the fins do not reach as far as the beginning of the anal fin. The pectoral fins have each 1 stiff ray and 15 or 16 jointed ones, are rather elongated with rounded ~ extremity, and reach back almost to the base ef the ventrals. The caudal fin is large, broad, and equally lobed, with the ends of the lobes rounded. ‘The posterior notch is rounded, not very acute, and extends in half the length of the fin or less. It is made upof 18 or 19, or occasionally only 17, jointed rays, not counting the short incom- plete rays (usually 4 to 6) outside the first long one on each side. The longest rays of the caudal fin are usually shorter than the head, and never exceed it in length. The body of the typical scale carp is uniformly covered with large thick scales which approach a polygonal, four or five sided outline. In the lateral line, which extends nearly straight from the upper angle ef the opercle to the middle of the base of the tail, or may be bowed slightly downward, thereare 35 to 39 seales. Above the lateral line are 5 or 6 rows, and below a similar number. The scales are largest on the anterior part of the sides, where their diameter equals about one and one-half times that of the eye. Usually less than one- fourth of the scale is exposed; this portion is thicker and hasa radial, fanlike ornamentation. The portion of the scale which is concealed by those in front of it is marked by fine concentric lines, which in turn form bands of varying width and regularity, and which are cor- related with the growth of the scale. The middle of each scale of the lateral line is traversed by a small oblique or slightly curved tube, in which the sense organs of the lateral line are situated, and the cephalic canals of the lateral line system are noticeable on the suborbital ring. In coloration the carp is fully as variable as in its other characters. In general the sides are yellowish, golden, or greenish, shading into a darker color on the back, which may be dark olive, or bluish-green, or almost black with a greenish cast. The yellow of the sides often becomes richer, approaching to orange on the ventral side between the anal and caudal fins. The yellow of the sides shades into whitish on the belly. The posterior edge of each scale has a dark border, and there is usually a dark blotch on the anterior part of the exposed por- tion, the two together forming a reticulated, or netlike pattern over the fish, with a dark spot at the anterior angle of each mesh of the net (fig. 1, pl. 1). The lips are yellow or orange; the rest of the head is dark olive, except the cheeks, which are yellowish, while the under side of the head is light yellow or whitish. The iris is yellow. The dorsal fin is olive or dark gray, each interray space being THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 534 darker in its posterior half; the rays themselves are of about the same color. The anal is yellowish-red, while the pectoral and pelvic fins are grayish or yellowish, tending to red toward their tips. The upper lobe of the caudal fin is of about the same color as the dorsal; the lower lobe has a lighter, yellowish cast, with more or less red, especially toward the end. The coloration is influenced by the age of the fish, the character of the water in which it lives, its nutrition, the season of the year, its sexual condition, and by the other conditions of its environment. Seeley (1886, p. 97) states that unsymmetrical coloring is sometimes found and that a fish may have glittering golden stripes on one side of the hedy and pale steel blue on the other. Sometimes typical carp are black, bluish, green, red, golden, silvery, or even white, and Doctor Fatio records that he has kept in confinement carp which were origi- nally green or golden, but which became colorless in an opaque vase. It is not an unusual thing to see in carp that have died out of water a reddish suffusion, especially marked in the fins, probably due to the congestion of blood in the capillaries as the circulation is stopped. In common with the other members of the family, the mouth of the carp is without teeth, the only organs of this description being the blunt, knob-like structures lying on the pharyngeal bones in the back part of the mouth, or ‘“‘throat.” These are entirely for grinding food, and, as is obvious both from their position and shape, are of no use in grasping, this function being performed by the so called lips. The alimentary tract is comparatively long, but uncomplicated; the stomach is a simple tube not sharply differentiated from the esophagus and without a blind sac, while the intestine has no pyloric appendages. The entire alimentary tract from the beginning of the stomach? is usually two to two and one-half times as long as the body. The air bladder is large, with tough, thick walls. A transverse constriction divides it into two parts; the posterior of these is the smaller and ends in a rounded point, while the anterior portion is larger and has its base somewhat bilobed. RACES AND VARIETIES. The great range and frequency of variation in the carp is undoubt- edly largely due to its domestication or semidomestication since early times. As is to be expected, this has resulted in the naming of a large number of varieties or races. In Europe, where carp culture is car- ried on systematically, these races are kept pure and true, so far as possible; but in this country no attention has been paid to them, at least in recent years, so that we need not treat them in detail here. Those interested in the subject will find an exhaustive account in the contribution entitled ‘‘Uber Karpfenrassen,” by Dr. Emil Walter, in aThe position of the thoracic septum is here taken as the beginning of the stomach. 532 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. the recent book by Knauthe (1901). These names have often been given specific value and were bestowed usually either for characters of the integument or of form (cf. Giinther, 1868, p. 26); thus we have such names as Cyprinus macrolepidotus, C. ree cyprinerum, C. specu- laris (for the mirror carp), C. nudus (leather carp), and C. cirrosus, C. regina, C. hungaricus, C. elatus, C. acuminatus, ete., and C. hybis- coides, a variety with the fins much prolonged. This list of synonyms might be extended much further. Hessel (1881) considers all the varieties of carp as falling into thre¢ chief groups, which he distinguishes as follows (op. cit., p. 867):¢ 1. Cyprinus carpio communis, the scale carp; with regular, concentrically-arranged scales, being, in fact, the original species improved. 2. Cyprinus carpio specularis, the mirror carp; thus named on account of the extra- ordinarily large scales, which run along the sides of the body in three or four rows, the rest of the body being bare. 3. Cyprinus carpio coriaceus, or nudus, the leather carp; which has on the back either only a few scales or none at all, and possesses a thick, soft skin, which feels velvety to the touch. Walter (Knauthe, 1901), however, says the scale, mirror, and leather carp must not be considered as distinct species or races, although the conditions of the scales are characteristic, since a similar differentiation of the seales, or at least a tendency to it, is found in every true race of carp. In many ponds where one of these forms (i. e., scale, mirror, or leather) has been raised, the others have appeared spontaneously. He concludes that they should be considered only as varieties. He goes on to say that the ordinary characters are so inconstant and variable that sharp lines can not be drawn between the various intergrading races. In his opinion, the division into races should depend princi- pally upon the relations in size of various parts or measurements of the body, though he correlates with this set of characters three others, viz, (1) rate of growth (i. e., the ability for rapid growth); (2) adapt- ability to climatic changes, and (3) time of sexual maturity. He then develops a rather artificial classification, depending mostly, as he says, upon the two ways in which the flesh is disposed upon the back; that is, whether there is a large development of the dorsal musculature, forming a highly arched outline, often with a hump and a reentrant angle back of the head, or whether the dorsal outline is low and com- paratively straight. He uses as a measure of this the ratio of the height of the body to the length. This ratio is designated by the letter V in the following classification, translated from his paper (p. 85): I. Cultivated races; V=1:2 to 1:3. (a) High-backed cultivated races; V=1:2 to 1:2.6. (b) Broad-backed cultivated races; V=1: 2.61 to 1:3. II. Primitive and degenerate races; V=1:3.01 to 1:3.6. Here belong also those forms under the size ratio 1:2 to 1:3 which do not have a breadth in correspondence with their size ratio. a The blue carp, so called, is probably but a color phase, and not a true ‘‘ variety.” THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 53a It seems probable, however, that the character of the scales should be placed with the other four categories of characters given above as being another modification brought about by artificial breeding and selection and not as a condition due simply to conditions of domesti- cation, as is sometimes supposed. All of these characters are probably heritable, although some of them, such as rate of growth and time of sexual maturity, may undoubtedly be readily influenced by external conditions in the individuals of a single generation. Furthermore, there apparently can be all combinations of these characters, and the so-called different varieties and races are the fish possessing the vari- ous combinations. In general, it may be said that the most highly specialized carp are those which are destitute of scales, which grow quickly, are high in proportion to their length, and tend to havea hump back of the head, and which become sexually mature at an early age. These various forms of carp probably differ in no essential way, except that they are not so well differentiated and established, from what are spoken of as ‘‘breeds” by stock breeders. There would appear to be no valid reason for calling those with the different char- acter of scales ‘* varieties,” and to class those which are differentiated as to form as ‘‘races.” It is merely that the mest obvious characters are those which have become most permanently established by selec- tion, namely, character of scales first and form second. Walter claims that ability for quick growth has also been fixed in certain stocks. Thus a fish of good quick-growing stock may later make a good growth even if poorly nourished during its first or second year, whereas a fish of poor stock under similar conditions would be perma- nently stunted. The hardiness, or ability to resist climatic condi- tions, he says has not yet been made permanent in any stock, though it is claimed that scale carp possess the ability to a greater degree than the others. The adaptability to climatic conditions probably becomes reduced rather than increased as the other characters are developed. All intermediate stages are found in. the sets of characters men- tioned. For example, fish may be entirely covered with scales, but the scales are larger and fewer in number than on the regular scale carp, and, similarly, one finds all gradations between the leather and the mirror carp. The same thing is true of the form of the body. ‘his is especially the case with the fish in our waters, where all kinds have become established and have interbred until there is a complete series in the gradation of characters in almost any lot of fish taken, and a division of them into varieties must be an arbitrary one. Asa matter of convenience in my work, those fish which had larger and fewer scales than typical scale carp I called mirror carp. Some authors state that the leather carp should be entirely destitute of scales; others that it may have a row of scales along the back and a row on each side. In no case in the Great Lakes did I see a carp entirely 534 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. destitute of scales, and those which are nearly bare are few compared with those entirely scaled. Of nearly 3,000 fish counted at random at various times and at different places about Lake Erie, something over 91 per cent might be called scale carp, and I should judge that at Lake St. Clair the percentage was even higher. It is very probable that under the present free conditions of life of these fish, with the constant inter- breeding, they are gradually returning to the primitive scaled condi- tion, and although there are no data to show the rate at which this process may have been progressing since they have become established in our. waters, a few years more may see an even smaller proportion of mirror carp than there is at present. HYBRIDIZATION. Not only does the interbreeding of the different varieties of carp (using the word ‘‘ variety” in its broad sense) cause confusion, but all these varieties cross readily with certain closely related species of fishes, giving rise to a number of hybrid forms. The commonest of these is a cross between the ordinary carp and the so-called erucian earp (Carassius vulgaris), a common fish in Kerope. The resulting hybrid was deseribed as a distinct species before its true nature was known, and was given the name Carpio hollarw:. It is often known in Germany as the ‘* poor man’s carp.” In general it is intermediate in character between its two immediate ancestors, but often resem- bles Cyprinus carpio so closely that it can be distinguished only with difficulty. Hessel (1881, p. 868) made the following experiments in crossing in order to settle the question of what resulted from the various crosses. He says: In order to determine this question, I myself managed to bring about such erosses by placing (1) female common carp with male crucian carp, and (2) female erucian carp with male common carp, in small tanks, constructed with this end in view; (3) T also put together female Carpio kollarii with male common carp; this for the sole purpose of testing the capability of propagation of the C. kollarti, which had been doubted. In the two former cases I obtained forms analogous to the Carpio kollarti sometimes approaching in appearance the true carp, at others the crucian carp. In the third case, however, having placed ripe Carpio kollarui together with Cyprinus carpio, I obtained a product with difficulty to be distinguished from the genuine carp. I took the trouble to feed them for three years, in order to try their fitness for the table, but their flesh was exceedingly poor and very bony and could not be compared by any means to that of the common carp. Hessel remarks upon the frequency of this cross throughout Europe, and says that in many instances it is cultivated by pond owners, who suppose that they have the true carp. So far as ] am aware the cru- cian carp has not been introduced into this country. But the carp is also said to cross readily with the gold-fish (Carassius auratus), tench (Tinca tinca),and some others. The first of these is already abundant in some of our waters, though the others have not as yet, at any rate, THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 535 become well established.“ This is a matter of considerable importance, for whatever may be our opinion of the carp as a food fish, we cer- tainly do net want it any poorer than it is. For this reason it would seem that efforts shouid be made to prevent the introduction of the erucian carp in our waters, and to restrict, so far as possible, the spread of gold-fish, tench, and other fishes with which the carp may hybridize with a resulting deterioration of the food value of the race. SIZE, GROWTH, AND AGE.? There appears to be but little definite information as to how long earp may live, and what size they may attain. It is said that they may live to be 100 or even 150 years old, and may come to weigh 80 to 90 pounds, but these statements are generally based upon insufli- cient evidence. That the fish do commonly reach a weight of 30 to 40 pounds, however, seems quite certain, and Hessel (1881, p. 874) says: ‘‘Tt is a well-known fact that two large carps, weighing from 42 to 55 pounds, were taken several years ago on one of the grand duke of Oldenburg’s domains in Northern Germany,” and also claims to have had in his possession some scales 24 inches in diameter, which came from a Danube carp that weighed 67 pounds. The largest carp I have myself seen from the Great Lakes would not weigh much over 20 pounds. That the fish do attain a much larger size is, however, certain. Mr. W. Cleaver, upon whose information I can rely, tells me that in the spring of 1903 he received from San- dusky Bay a female carp which weighed 30 pounds after spawning. According to the ratio between the weight of the.ova and the entire weight of the fish found in another case, before spawning this fish would have weighed, in all probability, fully 87 pounds. From the fishermen, both at Lake St. Clair and at Lake Erie, I often heard of “arp weighing 30 and 40 pounds, but these were only estimates and not based on actual figures. That there are at present to be found in these waters carp weighing more than 40 pounds I doubt. As has already been stated, the rate of growth of carp (as is true of most fishes) depends in a great measure upon the temperature of the water in which the fish lives and the abundance of suitable food. Under ordinary conditions in open waters of temperate regions they will reach a weight of 3 to 34 pounds in three years (Hessel, 1881, p. 873), aGoode (1888, p. 418) says the tench has become well acclimatized in the Potomac. Dr. H. M. Smith, however, informs the writer that the tench is not numerous in the Potomac, but the gold-fish is abundant and has become one of the regular market fishes at Washington. It has lest the brilliant coloration it had when it escaped from the Government ponds, and now has the dull brown color of the primitive type; the fish is not recognized in the market, and is sold under the name of ‘‘sand perch.” bIt is maintained that the age of carp may be told with considerable accuracy by means of the successive lines of growth upon the scales, similarly to the way that the age of a tree is aetermined by counting the annular rings. Persons interested in this subject will find a full discussion of it by Dr. Emil Walter in the book on earp-culture by Knauthe (1901), chapter 11, pp. 88-122, ‘‘ Die Alters- bestimmung des Karpfens nach der Schuppe.”’ 536 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. but in warmer climates the growth is very much more rapid, and sex- ual maturity also is attained at an earlierage. Numerous examples of the rapid growth of carp in the warmer waters of this country have been reported. Thus in a report of the Illinois Fish Commission (Illinois, 1884, p. 10) will be found the following statement by Doctor Adams, of Spring Hill Park, Peoria, with regard to some fish received by him from the State: At less than 2 years of age one of the carp weighed 9} pounds, measuring 22 inches in length, a growth of over 1 pound a month from the time it was placed in warm water. Doctor Adams had previously had the fish in a spring where the water was cold, and they had not done well. Many more statements may be found in the early reports of the United States Fish Commission. Goode (1888, p. 414) takes from Cholmondeley-Pennell’s ** Fishing” the following very good table giving the comparative weights and lengths of carp: | | Length. | Weight. | Length. | Weight. | Length. | Weight. | | | Inches. | Lbs. Oz. Inches. | Lbs. Oz. Inches. | Lbs. O2. 9: «| 73 17 3 42 || 25 | 10 63 10 11 18 3 142 || oni, gal aul ial 143 19 4 9 | 27 13p2 ES eee ee 2 5 52 || 28 14 10 18s * 82 21 6 2% |} 29 15 4 TUE AW ec lea ke 22 741k || 30 16 0 15) (9 -20.4 23 Soa | 16 emia! 24 9 32 || THE COMMON NAME. For the sake of completeness a word as to the name of the carp may not be out of place. According to Day (1880-1884, p. 159): Carp has been derived from the Greek term ‘‘kuprinos,’’ itself said to be from “‘kupris’’ or ‘‘Cyprus,’? where Aphrodite or Venus was first worshiped, and may have been given to this fish in order to symbolize its extraordinary fecundity. Holme (1688) gives seizling as yearlings, next a sprole or sprale from 2 years of age, terms taken from Gesner’s Swiss names of this fish, they not being called “ karpf”’ until 4 years old. In the last century we are told (Whole Art of Fishing, 1719) it was called the fresh-water fox and queen of rivers. Cerpyn, Welch. De Karper, Dutch. La carpe, French. In the United States it has come to be generally known as the Ger- man carp, because of its importance in Germany and its introduction here from that country. Some protest has been made against the use oi the name, as the carp is not in the strict sense a German or even a European fish, but, like the term English sparrow, it is a name that is likely to persist. Both of these names are historically appropriate, so far as we are concerned, since they serve to indicate the source of the first“ lots of each species introduced. In ordinary usage, however, simply the word ‘‘carp” is used, and it is so that the fish is known commercially. aThis is leaying out of consideration the rather doubtful introduction of carp into the Hudson River from France by Captain Robinson about 1830 (see p. 540). THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 537 THE CARP IN EUROPE. The little that is known of the early history of the carp is given, with slight variation, in nearly all works which treat of the fish, and as I have nothing to add I shall here give merely a brief summary. There seems to be a general agreement that carp were indigenous to the temperate portions of Asia; and they had probably spread into southeastern Europe before the Christian era. Aristotle speaks of it as ‘‘a river fish without a tongue, but having a fleshy roof to its mouth; as producing eggs five or six times a year, especially under the influence of the stars; as having eggs about the size of millet seed; and as being occasionally struck by the dog-star when swimming near the strface” (Houghton, 1879, p. 15). It is also mentioned by a num- ber of other writers of early times and is spoken of as an excellent article of food. The carp probably came into western Europe by easy stages. Hes- sel states that its culture in Austria can be traced back as far as the year 1227, and it is claimed to have been introduced into Germany and France two or three decades later (1258). The extensive ponds at Wittingau, in Bohemia, were begun as early as 1367. Carp culture was carried on especially in connection with monasteries and on a number of large estates, and has come to be an important commercial industry, especially in Austria-Hungary and Prussia. It is said that an acre of water suitable for carp culture will rent for as much as an -acre of land. The fish’s range has gradually extended in Europe, until now it is found over practically the whole of the continent from Italy to Sweden and Norway, and from France and the British Isles to Russia and the boundaries of eastern Siberia. It does not do so well, however, and is litile cultivated, in the more northern portions of its range, such as Scotland, Sweaen, Norway, Finland, ete. Peyrer (1876, p. 615) states that in Austria the ‘‘Danube carp” was once a favorite and cheap food of the common people, but that its numbers have become greatly decreased. A writer (Anonymous, 1880) whose paper has been translated in the Report of the United States Fish Commission for 1878, and Veckenstedt (1880) have given good descriptions of the carp fisheries of the Peitz Lakes in Nether Lusatia, some 60 to 80 miles to the southeast of Berlin. There are some 76 of these lakes, which are a royal domain and are rented to a private individual at an annual return equivalent to $12,870. The ponds are drawn in October, and this is the occasion for a general holiday in the region. The drawing off of the water is begun three weeks beforehand, and when the fish have congregated in the deeper places they are taken by means of large drag-nets, or seines, capable of holding 5,000 pounds of fish. At Cottbus, a near-by city, meets the so-called ‘* Carp Exchange,” composed of buyers from the large firms in Halle, Leipzig, Dresden, Magdeburg, Posen, Berlin, etc. The 5338 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. raisers also convene to determine the price that shall be asked for carp. It is stated that from 200,000 to 300,000 fish are sold at Cottbus in a season, representing an ageregate weight of 800,000 to 1,000,000 pounds. After being weighed the fish are transferred to perforated boats—what we would call live-cars—and are transported down the canals and rivers to the large cities, where they are to be consumed. This is a slow and laborious journey, the cars often having to be car- ried over shallow places on rollers, and a week is required to get the fish to Berlin, while to reach Hamburg and Madgeburg takes four or five weeks. This is in striking contrast to our method of packing the fish in ice and shipping them 500 miles or more to market in a couple of days. The German method has the advantage of getting them there alive. Just when and whence the carp came into England is not known. It is generally conceded to have reached there, however, between 1051, when it was not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary of Atlfric, and 1486, the date of first publication of the ‘‘ Boke of St. Albans,” where it is spoken of as ‘*a deyntous fysshe: but there ben but fewe in Englonde” (see p. 529). Linnzus puts the date of intro- duction into Englund as 1600, and it is sometimes attributed to Mas- eali@ in 1514; but probably he is responsible only for the extension of the range into Sussex (Day, 1880-1884, p. 163). In the privy purse expenses of King Henry VIII, in 1532, various entries are made of rewards to persons for bringing “‘carpes to the king” (Yarrell, 1836, vol. i, p. 306, from Pickering’s edition of Walton, p. 207, note). All recent writers agree that the oft-quoted ‘‘doggerel lines of— ‘Turkies, carp, hop, pickerel, and beer Came into England all in one year’ may be considered interesting as verses, but not faithful representa- tions of facts.” Day (1880-1884, p. 163) gives the date of the introduction of carp into Sweden as 1560” and into Denmark as 1660; but de Broca (1876, p- 279, footnote) says they were taken to Denmark more than a hun- dred years earlier, in 1550, by Pierre Oxe. Malmgren (1883), in an address to the bureau of agriculture of the imperial senate of Finland, advises against any attempt to raise carp in that country, as he thinks that on account of the climatic conditions it would not pay. They were introduced into Finland in 1861, when Chamberlain Baron y. Linder placed some in the ponds of his estate of Svarta, but they are said to have died out after'a few years. Some attempts were made prior to 1861, but they were all failures. Malmgren says that Hol- stein and Courland are the most northerly countries where carp culture aSometimes written “ Marshall.’’ bin his *‘ Fishes of Malabar,” Day (1865, p. xii) remarks: ‘‘ Block observes that in his time, 1782, owing to the degeneration of the speciesin the north, due to the coldness of the climate, several yessels were yearly dispatched from Prussia to Stockholm with further supplies-of live carp.” THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 539 ‘is successfully carried on, and that even in Schleswig the people com- plain of lack of success. Nevertheless, ‘in 1879 a landed proprietor in Schoren [the most southerly Province of Sweden] commenced to raise carp in ponds; and there is a reasonable prospect that this kind of fish culture, if carried on rationally and cautiously, will prove profitable, because carp can easily stand the climate in the southern part of Sweden” (op. cit., p. 377). However, all attempts of King John III to raise carp on the island of Oeland proved futile. In Norway carp were, when Malmgren wrote, acclimatized in only two places—near Farsund, in the southernmost part of the country, and at Milde, near Bergen. In Russia they were said to be found in some of the imperial ponds near St. Petersburg and near the convent of Walamo, but there was no attempt at carp culture. These records of the northerly extension of the carp in Europe are of interest when we compare them with its distribution in North America. INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. It is uncertain when the first carp were introduced into the United States. This may have been done at any time by private individuals, though if such was the case the fish were probably only kept in tanks or small ponds as curiosities, for it is certain that with the exception of their establishment in California they never gained a general distribu- tion or attracted much attention until their successful introduction by the Fish Commission in 1877. Certain early writers mention the presence of carp in American waters, but there can be little or no doubt that they have misapplied the name to some native fish. Thus, in the Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Massachusetts (Massachusetts, 1866), quoting the early colonists of New England, occur the following lines in reference to the Connecticut River: In it swim salmon, sturgeon, carp, and eels, Above fly cranes, geese, ducks, herons, and teals. And again, in his history of the Fisheries of Chesapeake Bay and its Tributaries, McDonald (1887) takes from the diary of Col. William Cabell, of *‘ Union Hill,” Nelson County, Va., the statement: 1769, Oct. 25: Caught 2 fine carp in our traps. These traps were set in the James River, and in this case at least we can easily see what fish may have been mistaken for the carp, since the so-called carp-sucker (Carpiodes cyprinus), which in a superficial way greatly resembles the true carp, occurs abundantly in the waters of that region. A much more recent case is given by Clark (1887, p. 735), who takes from Ricketson’s History of New Bedford? (Massa- chusetts) the statement following. 41858, p. 403. 540 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. In 1858 the varieties [of fishes] to be found in the waters of New Bedford were: _ Fresh-water: Trout, perch (white, red, yellow), pickerel, chub, carp, silverfish, minnow, hornpout, eel, clam. But as other evidence of the occurrence of the carp in Massachusetts at that time is lacking, we must again conclude that the identification was at fault. In 1842, however, the name of the carp appears in scientific literature, being included by De Kay (pp. 188-190) in his list of the fishes of New York. He remarks upon its introduction as follows (p. 189): Iam not aware that any attempt has been made to introduce the carp into this country previous to the year 1831, which, it will be seen by the following letter from Henry Robinson, esq., of Newburgh, Orange County [New York], was attended with complete success. “‘T brought the carp from France in the years 1831 and 1832, some 2 or 3 dozen at a time, and generally lost one-third on the passage. I probably put into my ponds 6 or 7 dozen. They soon increased to a surprising degree, and I have now more than sufficient for family use. I have not paid much attention to their habits, but I have noticed that they spawn twice a year; first about the middle of May, and again in July. Itis said in France that they spawn three times, but I have not observed it. During the period of spawning, which lasts about ten days, it is very amusing to watch their operations. They come up to the surface, and the females deposit their spawn along the sides of the pond among the grass, where they are impregnated by the males as they are emitted. During this process, they keep the sides of the pond in a foam with their gambols, and it is not difficult at that time to take them with your hands. They grow quickly, reaching 3 or 4 inches the first year, but after that time their growth is very slow. The largest I have taken yet have not exceeded 10 or 11 inches, my ponds being too small for them to equal the size of those you see in Europe. They are very shy of the hook; I generally bait with small pieces of fresh bread, (of which they are very fond, ) made up into small pills with the fingers, and at the same time drop a small piece of bread into the water near the hook, when they bite readily. My ponds are supplied by springs of pure and clear water, but they keep the water in such a state that they cannot be seen at the bottom. ‘‘For the last four years past, I have put from 1 to 2 dozen carp every spring in the Hudson river near my residence. They have increased so much that our fishermen frequenily take them in their nets. They are larger than those in my ponds.” There are several other references in the literature to apparently the same introduction. In the Transactions of the American Institute (1851) for 1850, page 397, in a discussion before the Farmers’ Club, we find the following: Mr. Mercs.—We are pleased to see among us Captain Robinson, of Newburgh, who brought the Carp from England several years ago—thus conferring a great benefit upon his country by adding a fish before that unknown in our waters. Captain Ropixson.—I brought the Carp from France about seven” years ago, put them into our Hudson river, and obtained protection for them from our Legislature, which passed a law imposing a fine of $50 fer destroying one of them. I put in Gold Fish at the same time. Now some of these Carps will weigh 2 pounds, and some of the Gold Fish, which are a species of Carp, are quite large, some of them being pure silvery white. Both kinds are multiplying rapidly. ? « There is here a discrepancy in the date. If, as Robinson says in his letter to De Kay (above), he brought the carp to this country in 1831-32, seventeen years would come nearer to it than seven. b This discussion is noted by E. E. Shears (1882). THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 541 From both the preceding quotations it appears that Captain Robin- son had been planting young carp in the Hudson regularly since their establishment in his pond. According to a writer in Forest and Stream, who signs himself ‘‘ R.” (1874), these were further augmented afew years before that date by the bursting of the dams of Captain Robinson’s ponds. He says: . More than fifty years ago¢ Captain Henry Robinson, owner of one of the Havre packets, brought the first carp and goldfish to this country from France. He placed them in a small pond on his place in the southern part of this village [Newburgh, N. Y.]. Several years ago, when the dam of the pond broke away, many of the fish escaped into the river. They appear to multiply very rapidly, and any number might be obtained from the fishermen about the bay. F inally, inthe Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1882, we find the foliowing letter (dated New York, May 31, 1882), to Professor Baird from Mr. Barnet Phillips (1883): To-day Mr. James Benkard, vice-president of our fish cultural association, told me that his grandfather, Capt. Henry Robinson, had, about 1830, first brought carp from Holland [sic] and put them in his ponds at Newburg, and that he had therefore reason to suppose that the carp in the Hudson were derived from these. In Frank Forester’s ‘‘Fish and Fishing,” of 1849, page 166, you may find a statement to this effect, which Mr. Benkard says is substantially correct. I have thought these data might be useful when the whole history of the carp in American waters is to be written up. In spite of the positive statements in the foregoing quotations there still seems to be some question as to whether the true carp was found in the Hudson prior to the time of its introduction into the country by the Fish Commission. In the letter to Professor Baird from Mr. Shears (1882), dated January 26, 188i, and already quoted, he Says: I notice that the gold-fish are quite plenty in the river in this vicinity [Coxsackie, Greene County, N. Y.]; also a fish about the size and shape, which is called a silver- fish, but they do net correspond to Captain R[obinson]’s description of the silver-fish. These are nearly or quite as dark asa rock-bass. I have seen none that would weigh over one pound andahalf. When caught in fykes by the fishermen, they are usually pronounced unfit to eat and thrown back in the river. However, last fall I saw them peddled through the streets, and the fishermen told me they could catch scarcely any other kind, and they sold as well as perch or bass. I have not had an opportunity to taste any of them, therefore am no judge of their flavor. It is to be noted that he makes no mention of the carp. That Pro- fessor Baird was inclined to the opinion that there were no true carp in the Hudson is shown by the following paragraph taken from his report for 1877 (U. S. Fish Commission Report, 1879, p. *48): Considerable discussion has arisen as to the person to whom the introduction of the carp into America is due; indeed, it is claimed that this was done many years ago. Certain fish-ponds on the Hudson River are said to have been emptied of their contents by a sudden freshet, and, as a consequence, the Hudson is now full of what a Here, again, there is a discrepancy in the date, The introduction of the fish could not haye been more than forty-three years before. 54D REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. is called the carp and sold as such in the New York market. I have not yet, how- ever, been able to find a single fish among those sold as carp which is really any other than the common gold-fish, reverted to its original normal condition. Indeed, in the clivaceous fish caught in great numbers in the Hudson there are usually found precisely similar specimens of white, red, and all intermediate conditions. While, therefore, I can not say that no genuine carp were transferred to the Hudson, none have come under my observation; and it has occurred to me as possible that the Prussian carp, Cyprinus carassius, L., may have been the one introduced, or possibly the hybrid progeny of this and the true carp may have been gradually mixed with the gold-fish. If we could know whether the description given by De Kay (1842, p- 188) was made by him from specimens taken in New York, or whether he merely copied what he gives from some European writer, we might be able to throw some light on this subject. Certain it is that his description disagrees in a number of points with that of the true Cyprinus carpio, but it is apparent that some of these are inac- curacies, as they do not agree either with the Prussian (or crucian) carp or with the hybrid, the so-called Cyprinus kollariz. ‘The most important points in this connection are, perhaps, that he gives the leneth as 6 to 12 inches, and describes the “‘nape and back” as *‘ris- ing suddenly.” True carp in the second or third year, under ordi- nary conditions, should attain a length of more than 6 to 12 inches, while the hybrid rarely exceeds 8 inches in length (Seeley, 1886, p. 104). It is noteworthy, too, that Captain Robinson in his letter to De Kay (p. 540) states that his fish grew quickly, reaching 3 or 4 inches the first year, but after that time their growth was very slow, while the largest he had taken from his pond did not exceed 10 or 11 inches. He adds, however, that those subsequently taken from the river were larger than those in his ponds. Even more significant, it seems to me, however, is the statement that the nape and back rise suddenly, for though this may be in some of the more highly cultivated races of carp, it is not usually the case, especially when they have bred out of the confinement of ponds for a time, where no artificial selection is made. On the other hand, the description forcibly suggests the broad shape of the hybrid mentioned, which in outline approaches the crucian or Prussian carp, Carasstus vulgaris. That this last is not the fish meant by De Kay is shown by his statement that the fish has four barbels. As matters stand, we shall probably never know whether the fish brought over by Captain Robinson were true carp or whether he hap- pened when procuring the fish in France to get hold of specimens of the hybrid form, which occurs in abundance in many parts of Europe. It makes little difference which they were, however, since the com- paratively little stock in the fresh waters of southeastern New York could have little influence on the multitude of fish, from a new impor- tation, which was spread broadcast over the country a few years later. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 543 The circumstances attending the successful introduction of the seale carp into California, in 1872, by Mr. J. A. Poppe, of Sonoma, are better known. Mr. Poppe left California for Germany in the spring of 1872. Ata place called Reinfeld, in Holstein, he procured 83 carp of various ages and sizes (cf. Poppe, R. A., 1880, p. 663), the three largest of which were 2 feet or more in length, the smallest “the length of an ordinary steel pen.” The fish were Se in 22-gallon tanks arranged one above the other, so that the water flowed down from the highest to the lowest, When it was dipped back to the top. These were put aboard a steamer for New York. Many of the carp died on the way, the larger ones going first, and only 8 reached New York alive. These were taken across the continent to San Francisco in safety, but 8 more were lost before reaching Sonoma, where Mr. Poppe arrived on the 5th of August, 1872, with only 5 of the smallest of the 83 fish with which he started. Ponds had already been pre- pared, and ‘the surviving carp were placed in them at once. They did well from the first, and, according to Mr. Poppe in the report men- tioned above, they spawned the next spring, by which time they had reached a length of 16 inches! It was estimated that in May (1873) there were in the ponds over 3,000 young carp. ‘The young fish were sold to farmers throughout California oe areas states, and some were shipped even to Honolulu and Central America. The report gives a list of persons in Sonoma County who undertook the culture of the fish, and states that at that time (presumably 1878) Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and the adjacent counties in the southern part of the state were well supplied with the fish, and reports were coming in from all quarters that they were doing “oaeaL ably well. There seems to be some question, also, as to whether the fish intro- duced by Mr. Poppe were a pure strain, for Professor Baird (U. 5 ish Commission Report, 1879, p. *44), who examined some caine that were sent to him, says: These are scale carp, apparently somewhat hybridized; at least, they do not pre- sent the characteristics of the pure breed brought by Mr. Hessel: He here refers to the fish introduced under the direction of the Fish Commission, the subject which we will now consider. The question of the introduction of the carp into the United States was taken up by the Fish Commission within afew years after the organization of that Bureau. The first mention of it occurs in the report for the years 1872 and 1873 (U. S. Fish Commission Report, 1874, pp. lxxvi, Ixxvii) under ‘ Fishes peppeially worthy of cultiva- tion.” Professor Baird, at that time Commissioner, there says: Sufficient attention has not been paid in the United States to the introduction of the European carp as a food-fish, and yet it is quite safe to say that there is no other a Goode (1888, p. 417) says: ‘‘ Those [carp] introduced into California a few years ago by Mr. Popp “were an inferior strain of Scale Carp.”’ 544 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. species that promises so great a return in limited waters. It has the pre-eminent advantage over such fish as the black bass, trout, grayling, &c., that it is a vegetable feeder, and, although not disdaining animal matters, can thrive very well upon aquatie vegetation alone. On this account it can be kept in tanks, small ponds, &e., and avery much larger weight obtained, without expense, than in the case of the other kinds indicated. It is on this account that its culture has been continued for centuries. It is also a mistake to compare the flesh with that of the ordinary Cyprinidxe of the United States, such as suckers, chubs, and the like, the flesh of the genuine carp ( Cyprinus carpio) being firm, flaky, and in some varieties almost equal to the European trout. It was not the intention of the Fish Commission to introduce the carp into waters that were already stocked with good native species, nor was it claimed that the carp was superior to the majority-of our indigenous food fish. But it was believed that it could be successfully raised in many sections of our country not favorable to the growth of better fish. In this connection Professor Baird remarks in a subse- quent report (U. S. Fish Commission Report, 1879, p. *41): There are several species of American Catostomide which might in all probability answer in some measure, if not fully, in place of the carp. Among them are espe- cially the buffalo fish, a large sucker, the flesh of which is much esteemed. As, however, some special varieties of carp have been developed and had their instinct of domestication established, while experiments on our indigenous species are scarcely yet tried, there is no reason why time should be lost with the less proved species. In another place (U.S. Fish Commission Report 1873-4 and 1874-5, p- Xxxvi) he enumerates the good qualities of the carp which made it a desirable species for cultural purposes in the United States. These are given as follows: -1. Feeundity and adaptability to the processes of artificial propagation. 2. Living largely on a vegetable diet. 3. Hardiness in all stages of growth. 4, Adaptability to conditions unfavorable to any equally palatable American fish and to very varied climates. 5. Rapid growth. 6. Harmlessness in its relation to other fishes. 7. Ability to populate waters to their greatest extent. Good table qualities. oe Nearly all, if not all, of our American food fishes are carnivorous, preying for the most part upon smaller fish of all kinds. The increase of these forms is therefore necessarily limited, especially in small bodies of water, where it is difficult to keep “Se supplied with ‘food. The Lee pei black bass (A/¢cropterus salmoides), which has been extensively used for stocking rivers and lakes throughout the country, is a good example. But where strictly a food fish was required, it seemed that one at least in large part a vegetable feeder possessed far greater advantages, and, as stated above, no native fish answered these requirements so well as the carp. In the winter of 1876-77, Mr. Rudolph Hessel, in the interests of the Fish Commission, as an initial experiment shipped carp from THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 545 Bremen to Baltimore, but, owing to a storm of unusual severity to which the vessel was exposed, all were lost ontheway. Heimmediately returned to Europe, however, where, at Hochst, near Frankfurt, he pro- cured another lot of fish. These be succeeded in bringing in safety to New York, and on May 26, 1877, they were placed in ponds in Druid Hill Park, Baltimore. This lot consisted of 345 fish, of which 227 were naked and mirror carp, and 118 were common scale carp. The ponds at Druid Hill Park not being sufficient for the proper care of the fish, Congress allowed use to be made of the Babcock Lakes in the More ment lot, in the city of Washington, and appropriated the sum of $5,000 to put these in proper condition. In the following spring these sponds were ready for the reception of the fish, and 65 leather carp and 48 scale carp were transferred to them from the Druid Hill Park ponds. The fish that remained in Baltimore, under the care of Mr. T. B. Ferguson, spawned in 1878, but some Bola: fish had entered the pond accidentally, and the carp nee zed with these, so that instead of hav- ing young tr ue carp there were some 2,000 Bebra young. These were destroyed as being worthless. The results were more satisfac- utory in 1879, in which year about 6,000 young were reared. Of these, 2,750 were distributed to applicants throughout Maryland, the remainder in other states. In this year the fish in the ponds at Washington spawned for the first time, and about 6,060 were also reared there. Altogether, in 1879, some 12,265 carp were distributed to over 300 persons in 25 states ane territories. Among the recipients were yarious state commissioners, who redistributed their fish to applicants in their respective states. Applications for carp had begun to come in as early as the fall of 1876, and the number increased rapidly in the succeeding years. In 1877 there were 22 aes in 1878 144, and in 1879 235, while in 1880 there were nearly 2,000. In 1879 new ponds were constructed at Druid Hill Park, and it was in this year, also, that a new importation of carp was made from Ger- many.. These were brought over by Dr. O. Finsch (1882), a German naturalist, who obtained 100 mirror carp from Mr. Eckhardt, of Liib- binchen. These were small fish, a year and a half old and only 6 to 8 inches long. Only 23 reached New York alive, although the water was aerated by pumping air into it, and ice was used to keep the tem- perature down. ‘The fish were shipped from Hamburg in coal-oil bar- rels, and Dr. Finsch attributes the large mortality to the fact that one of the barrels was not clean, and to the warm weather. The survivors arrived in New York on the 6th of May, whence they were shipped to Washington without loss and turned over to Mr. Hessel, the superin- tendent of the Washington ponds, F. C. 1904—35 546 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. In the succeeding years the demand for carp steadily increased, and the fish were furnished in great numbers by the Fish Commission, being sent to all parts of the United States, and some shipments being made to other countries. We find in the reports of the Commis- sion that in several successive years carp were sent to Canada, and in 1882¢ they were also distributed to persons in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and the City of Mexico. In 1882 over 7,000 applications for carp were filed, and 5,758 applicants were supplied with 15 to 20 carp each, 143,696 fish being distributed in this way. With an appropriation of $12,000 made by the Forty-sixth Congress, the breeding ponds were extended until there were some 20 acres of ponds devoted to raising this fish. In this year, also, an attempt was made to bring carp eggs to this country. On May 31, Mr. George Eckhardt arrived from Germany with two cases of carp eggs, packed after a method that had been found successful for transportation for shorter distances; but when the eggs were examined here they were found to be dead and covered with fungus. The effort had been made only as an experiment, and was so far unsuccessful, on account of the long time required for the journey, that it was not repeated. Another importation of the adult fish, however, is recorded in 1882, when, as a return for favors extended to the Deutsche Fischerei-Verein, Herr von Behr forwarded to the Commission a number of the so-called blue carp, ‘‘a variety believed to be of particular interest, and which has not been hitherto cultivated by the Commission.” When these arrived on January 4, 1882, it was found that 19 of them were of ‘‘ pure blood,” while 4 were hybrids. The hybrids were destroyed and the others turned into the Govern- ment ponds. As illustrating how thoroughly carp were disseminated throughout the United States in these early years of its introduction, the data for 1883 furnish an interesting example. In that year carp were sent into 298 of the 301 Congressional districts, representing 1,478 counties; in this way 260,000 carp were distributed, in lots of 20, to 9,872 applicants. The distributions continued large until about 1890, when they began to diminish, and were finally discontinued in 1897. The following table gives the approximate figures for the distribution from 1880 to 1896: aRecords taken from United States Fish Commission reports have reference to fiscal years begin- ning July 1. Distributions of carp were made in the fall of the calendar year preceding the date designating the fiscal year—i. e., distributions in the fiscal year 1882 were made in the fall of the cal- endar year 1881. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 547 Carp distributed by the United States Fish Commission. aes Sa a Ne Number Ae a oe Number Fiseal year. of fish, Fiscal year. of fish. 12, 265 170, 402 66, 165 26, 316 143, 696 338, 809 259, 188 157, 093 162, 000 72) 481 167, 948 47,757 348, 784 33, 935 133, 769 87, 2038 175, 410 . aIn 1894 400,000 young carp were used for feeding bass. bIn 1896 about 600,000 young carp were used for feeding bass, and since that date all the carp hatched by the Government have been used for the same purpose. P At the present time the carp has come to have a very general dis- tribution, especially in the temperate portions of the world. Its distribution in Asia and Europe has already been mentioned (p. 537). It is now found in abundance all over the United States wherever the waters are at all suitable. Many were sent to Canada by this Govern- ment shortly after the introduction of the species, but with the excep- tion of some of the waters of Ontario, especially in the vicinity of the Great Lakes, it does not appear to have become very abundant, owing without doubt to the coldness of the waters. From this country a num- ber of lots were sent to Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Mexico, where it was said to be thriving. It was introduced into the Hawaiian Islands from California, and Cobb (1902, p. 452) reports it as being found now on the islands of Maui and Kauai. On the former it is quite common in the irrigation ditches near Wailuku, where it is said to have been first planted. The fish are not often sold, as they are not popular with the whites and natives on account of their muddy flavor, but they are caught and eaten by the Japanese and Chinese. fin reference more particularly to the history of the carp in the Great Lakes region, there can be little doubt that prior to 1879 there were no carp here. In that year the first distribution was made by the United States Fish Commission, and those who received fish were 6 applicants in Ohio, 5 in Indiana, 2 in Ulinois, and 1 in Wisconsin. In the following year a large number of persons in these states received carp either directly from the United States Commission or indirectly through their state commissions, and the real introduction of this fish into the waters of the Great Lakes basin may be said to date practi- eally from that year. This was only twenty-five years ago, and the wonderful increase of carp since that time is in many ways compara- ble to that of the English sparrow in this country. The distribution of carp in 1880 did not take place until late in the year—in November for the most part—and it is not likely that many reached the public waters that fall. Many of them surely did so the following season, however, to say nothing of those that were planted 548 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. there directly by the government and state commissions. There was at this time a fever of enthusiasm for carp culture throughout all parts of the United States. From the time of the proposed introduction the Fish Commission had published many papers, including a number of translations of German articles, giving much information on the habits of the carp and its desirable qualities, and explicit directions as to the methods in yogue in raising carp in Germany, where this indus- try is most important. The newspapers took the matter up and were loud in its praises, but neglected to give so large a share of attention to the practical side of the question—to the care and attention the fish should have in order to make the venture a success. Most men are interested at once when they think there is a chance of getting something for nothing, and here seemed to be an opportunity to have a perpetual supply of fresh fish for anyone who had land with any kind of a mud hole on it that would hold a few bucketfuls of water. Accordingly applications for carp piled in, and were filled as soon as possible. Asa result of ignorance and neglect, a large proportion of these fish or their offspring were soon undoubtedly in the public waters—largely from the breaking of dams of improperly constructed ponds, and two years later (in 1883) came reports of their being taken in considerable numbers by fishermen in the rivers and lakes. Besides the stecking of the public waters which occurred accident- ally, many fish were also purposely planted in them. In 1881 the Ohio State Fish Commission put 40 carp into the Maumee River (Ohio Fish Commission Report, 1882, p. 1435), and in May of the same year some were planted in Ten Mile Creek. These were 24 inches long when liberated, and it is reported that in the following September and October a number were caught which would weigh 43 to 5 pounds, whiie one had a weight of 8 pounds. In the same report we read that 12 carp were given to Mr. Charles Carpenter, of Kelleys Island, which is in the very midst of the breeding grounds of the white-fish, and 17 to Mr. Edward Lockwood, on the (Catawba) Peninsula. Both of these lots doubtless contributed sooner or later to stock the lake. Indeed, one of the first lots of carp sent out from Washington was in Novem- ber, 1879, to Mr. Lewis Leppelman, Fremont, Ohio (Smiley, 1886, p. 792), which is on the Sandusky River, and probably there is no place in the United States to-day where carp are much more abundant than in the waters of Sandusky River and Bay. In July, 1883, how- ever, Mr. Leppelman thought he still had all his fish, so they could not have contributed to the first stocking of the river and lake. One of the earliest records I find of the taking of carp in Lake Erie, where they are now so abundant, is given in a compilation by Mr. C. W. Smiley (1886, p. 738) among the statements of those who received carp of the Fish Commission. This is the statement of J.C. Sterling, of Monroe, Mich., December 10, 1883, that one of the THE GERMAN CARP IN. THE UNITED STATES. 549 Monroe fishermen found in his catch of white-fish the previous week -a fine specimen of German carp which weighed 3? pounds. The pound from which the fish was taken was in Lake Erie, about three-fourths of a mile out from the mouth of Raisin River. I was unable to learn from the fishermen of this region the exact year when they began to catch carp, but all agreed that it was ‘*in the early eighties.” I was told that when the first carp were taken no one about the fish houses knew what they were, and they were kept on exhibition in tubs as curiosities. It is needless to say that they are no curiosity there now, when hundreds of tons are shipped from a single place in the course of a year. About this same time carp began to be taken by the fishermen in the ‘waters of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Karly in July, 1883, a fisherman at Naples, IIl., on the Illinois River, caught a mirror carp weighing 5 pounds. At Pekin a mirror carp was taken which weighed 6 pounds, and at Meredosia, also on the Tilinois River, another, nels a weight of 8 pounds (Illinois Fish Commission Report for 1883, pp. 10-12). Carp which had escaped from ponds were also taken at or near Hannibal, on the Mississippi, and young carp were taken at Quincy. Their numbers have increased to a remarkable extent, until now the carp forms the most important fishery product of Illinois. The Great Lakes are, on the whole, not well suited to carp. Their sandy or rocky bottoms near shore are hard and wave beaten, and support at the best a very scanty vegetation, while they slope off so quickly to a considerable depth that the sun tas little chance to raise the temperature of the shallow water to that degree of warmth most favorable for these fish. The western end of Lake Hrie and Lake St. Clair, especially at its upper end, on the broad delta formed by the St. Clair River and known as the St. Clair Flats, are exceptions. In the latter place the shallow bays often possess soft, muddy bottoms, and are filled with animal and plant life similar to that found in the smaller inland lakes. These conditions suit the carp well, and it is found there in great abundance. Even better are the conditions in Lake Erie, for the whole upper end of the lake is of inconsiderable depth, while into it open rivers and bays with hundreds of square miles of flat, muddy, reed-grown marshes, which furnish ideal feeding and breeding grounds for a fish like the carp. It is probable that the fish breed, for the most part at least, in the marshes; but they are often fully as abundant in the lake itself. Just what relation they have to the two places—to the marshes and to the open lake—has not been definitely determined, but the probability of their migration from one to the other, with possibly more or less regularity, will be dis- cussed later. The most extensive marshes connecting with Lake Krie are those of Sandusky Bay and Sandusky River, which opens into it, the marshes 66 550 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. along the Portage River above Port Clinton, at Monroe, Mich., and at places along the north shore. These last 1 have never had oppor- tunity to visit. Marshes of less extent occur at Erie, Pa., and at other places along the south shore. It must not be supposed from what has been said that the carp are by any means limited to the places mentioned in Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair and in the waters of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Asa matter of fact they are usually present in numbers in any of the inland lakes and streams of the region which are suitable for them, and especially near the mouths of many of the rivers emptying into the Great Lakes, which usually have more or less extensive marshes for some distance back. This is true of nearly all the streams which open into the lower end of Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie, and into the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, connecting them. It is due toa slight tilting of the earth’s crust to the southeast, which has caused the waters to flood the lower courses of the streams and pro- duce what are known as ‘‘ drowned channels.” The marshes along the western side of Michigan are probably due for the most part to a sim- pler cause. There the sand, which is thrown up by the waves and has been blown up into immense dunes, tends to choke up the mouths of the streams entering Lake Michigan, causing them to flood the country many miles back. Such marshes are found along the Kalamazoo, Black, and Grand rivers, and at Muskegon and other places along the lake, in all of which carp are plentiful. That the extensive carp fisheries are at present confined to so few localities resuits from a number of causes, among which is not so much the relative abundance of the fish as the ease with which it may be taken. The shallow shores of Lake Erie and the equally shallow bays of the St. Clair flats afford excellent places for hauling a seine—an operation which is often attended with great difficulty or is well nigh impossible in the marshes, where the bottom is soft and the water grown with weeds. Local laws also, in some places, interfere with the seining of carp. HABITS AND SPECIAL SENSES OF THE CARP. Observing wild carp under natural conditions requires much care and a great deal of patience. Under favorable circumstances, when not disturbed or alarmed, they may often be seen swimming lazily about among the weeds in shallow water, frequently with the dorsal fin projecting above the surface. Their mouths are constantly in motion as they breathe, taking in water and expelling it through the gills, and at the same time working about in the mud or over the sur- faces of the water plants for focd. The resemblance of their mouths to that of the sucker is at such times especially apparent. In spite of the appearance of taking life so easily, they have nevertheless the if ocr THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 5 ability for quick and powerful movement, for, let anything give the fish the least fright, there is a twirl, a splash, and it is gone. It is, in fact, a strong and rapid swimmer when it puts forth the effort. One who has occasion to search for carp comes to be able to recognize them almost without fail just by the way they make this sudden break and dash away, even if the water is so roily—as is often the case—that the fish can not be seen at all. If the water is more than a foot or so in depth, there is usually not a splash, although there is an audible sound, a sort of dull thud; the water boils up where the fish started with the first strong lash of its tail, and a disturbance of the water due to the rapid passage of the fleeing fish underneath shows the course as ft dashes away. This it usually does in an almost straight line— that is, it does not zigzag about. If the water is clear, a glimpse of the fish may be caught; or, if among rushes or cat-tail flags, the move- ment of these indicates the line of retreat. If a considerable school of large carp is startled, and they go off in this way through the rushes, the whole surrounding growth will wave and rattle as if a sudden and erratic wind had struck it, the reeds twisting and bending in all directions at once. There are other fish, such as the fresh-water dog-fish (Ama calva) and some of the bass, which one will sometimes start up singly here and there among the rushes, and which will dart suddenly away; but anyone who ever chances to startle a school of carp in this way will have no trouble guessing the authors, if, indeed, it occurs to him to attribute so much commotion to fish at all. This refers to carp inthe open. In ponds they become easily tamed, learn to come to a certain spot to be fed, and, it is said, will even take food from the hand. This tameness in small ponds probably depends not only upon the familiarity the fish come to have with the surround- angs and with people, but as well upon the fact that they are better fed and the struggle for existence is greatly reduced—their common enemies are absent, so that they get less exercise and tend to become more sluggish in temperament. To prevent this, it is the custom of European fish culturists to introduce into their ponds certain pre- daceous fish, such as pike, which keep the carp active and in good condition. That carp are wary is well known to fishermen, who speak of them as “‘wise,” ‘‘ knowing,” and ‘‘cunning.” For this reason their capture is difficult. They usually avoid the ordinary form of set net, so that comparatively few are taken in fykes, traps, or pounds. Seines, once around them, are difficult to evade, and it is in this way that they are taken for the most part. But if a seine becomes torn or does not drag closely on the bottom they are quick to find the opening, while large numbers often escape by jumping out cf water and clearing the cork line. Day speaks of this characteristic of the carp in his work on the 552 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland (1880-1884, p. 160). To use his words: The fisherman finds this fish an adept at escaping from nets, by burrowing below it, or springing over the corks, ... So difficult is it to net that . . . one can well understand the Norfolk pen-men regarding it with mysterious awe, how its entrances and its exits into pieces of water puzzle them, and how, as Lubbock remarks, they consider it as something more than a fish, and look upon it as what the Seotch term “no cannie.”’ Although I have spoken above of the carp’s habit of ordinarily swim- ming about lazily and quietly, this is by no means always the case, for these fish often produce a considerable disturbance by their splashing. This is when they are feeding in shallow water, and will be discussed more fully when we come to consider the feeding habits. They also splash about considerably at the breeding time. Carp exhibit a marked tendency to go about in schools. In regions where they are abundant, it is usual to find either a large number ina given locality, or else none at all. That these schools are frequently of great size is apparent from the fact that several tons of carp are often taken at a single seine-haul along the shore of the open lake, which is rather more conclusive evidence than is afforded when they are taken in a bay or other partially inclosed piace. Moderately warm, shallow waters with abundance of aquatic vegeta- tion, and deeper places to which the fish can retreat, are the most favor- able conditions for carp, and it is in such places that they multiply fastest and obtain their most rapid growth. In the hilly eastern part of the United States localities of this kind are relatively scarce, but the rivers and lakes of the Southern and Middle States, with their exten- sive bayous and marshes, come very close to the ideal conditions. This suitability is abundantly evidenced by the rapidity with which carp have taken possession of them, and have become in them, it might almost be said, the dominant piscine type. Nevertheless they are by no means confined to these waters which meet their requirements to the best advantage, but seem to be able to adapt themselves to a variety of conditions, though with less success. Thus we find them invading to a certain extent the colder and deeper waters of the Great Lakes, though a few fathoms is a great depth for them, and I have no evidence to show that they go to any extent into the deeper waters. They will live in small ponds fed by springs, where the temperature of the water always remains very low, but in such places their growth is slow and they are by no means so prolific as in warmer waters. On the other hand, they may sometimes be found living in mudholes, where it would not seem that they could obtain enough food for existence and where the temperature must at times in summer become comparatively high. They will live, and apparently do well, in waters that are strongly mineral. I saw, for example, a carp pond in northern Ohio THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 5 De fed by an artesian well so heavily charged with sulphur that what appeared to be free sulphur was deposited in the wooden trough which conducted the water from the pipe to the pond. It is said that they even occur in abundance in the brackish or semibrackish waters of the Atlantic coastal region (Townsend, in ‘‘ Discussion on Carp,” Transactions American Fisheries Society for 1901, p. 117); and Day (1880-1884, p. 163) states that ‘‘a considerable number are taken in the Black Sea and Caspian; and Nordmann remarks upon their presence in the salt lakes of New Russia.” SIGHT. Although carp work about in muddy, roily water, the roiliness being due largely to their method of feeding, they have, nevertheless, a quick sight, which serves them well when the water is clear. As will be discussed more fully under the subject of hearing, many actions which have been attributed to that sense are in reality dependent upon sight. Not only do they take fright easily at anything which moves, but there ean be no doubt that they are able to recognize unusual stationary objects as well. I have often stood quietly for long times where the water was clear and carp were feeding on all sides of me only a short distance away. But when a fish came in my direction, it seldom approached closer than seven or eight feet, and usually not so close, before it would take fright and dash suddenly off. On the other hand, I have sometimes stood in roily water when they would actually bump into my legs before they would turn with a splash and dart away. At one time I built a scafiold some seven feet high above water in order to be able to overlook a wider circle of marsh. It was on the edge of a *, large spawning ground of black bass, and although a bass which was guarding a nest not far from the base of the scaficld soon became accustomed to the unusual structure and resumed his domestic duties, few carp came in sight, in spite of the fact that I sometimes remained quietly there for an hour and more at a time. When they came within a circle which would be traced by a line at an angle of approxi- mately 45° from my position to the water, they apparently became frightened, and left suddenly. In attempting to study the behavior of the fish at night, I at another time employed a powerful acetylene searchlight, such as is manufac- tured for use on launches. But this seemed to frighten them, even when 4 or 5 rods away. As the beam of light was swept around to different points I could hear the carp dash away through the rushes, and could sometimes see the disturbance they caused in the water, but in no case was I able to get close enough to see the fish themselves. Common experience in fishing at night with a ‘‘jack” shows that many kinds of fish are not so frightened by a sudden strong light. That sight plays an important part in the feeding of carp may 554 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. readily be seen by the way they sometimes immediately take food thrown into the water before it has a chance to settle to the bottom. I have made no experiments to test accurately the sense of sight in carp. HEARING. It has always been a widespread opinion among carp culturists and fishermen that these fish are quick to detect and respond to ordinary sounds, such, for example, as the human voice. It is well known that pond fish regularly fed at a particular place soon learn to congre- gate at that place to receive their food. Many such instances have been recorded not only for carp, but for gold-fish, trout, and other species. As an illustration of the popular belief, which was appar- ently as prevalent in this country as in Europe, I may quote the state- - ment of Mr. S. W. Coffin, given by Smiley (1886, p. 696): The sound of my voice is sufficient to bring them to the surface of the water, and a whistle causes them to come for food. For this they scamper through the water like so many pigs. They disappear as suddenly at the voice of a stranger. Seeley (1886, p. 98) says: The hearing of the carp is excellent, and there are many examples of their answer- ing a call; and it moves by hearing even when it cannot see. It makes an audible sound in eating and in swallowing air. Fishermen, both here and abroad, are very careful to make as little noise as possible as they set their nets around a school of carp in the open or prepare to seine them froma pond; but when the net is set and it is desired to drive the fish into it they splash the water and shout to make all the noise they can. Parker (1903) has recently investigated this sense in a few fishes and has given a general discussion of the subject. Since then Bigelow (1904) has done the same for the gold-fish; and since this last is such a nea¥ relative of the carp, we may be reasonably certain that the conditions in the two species are much the same. The experiments of these authors show without doubt that certain fishes, including the gold-fish, and so we are safe in assuming also the carp, are capable of hearing sounds produced in the water, or which are transmitted directly to the water, such as striking the side of a boat with an oar. I have had opportunity to see evidence of this in the field myself. By paddling quietly and carefully I have been able to work my boat inte an open area in a pond where carp were present in numbers without disturb- ing a fish, when a sharp blow against the rail of the boat with the paddle would send them scurrying into the rushes in all directions. In this case, however, other vibrations besides sound waves are trans- mitted to the water which the fish might perceive by the sense of touch, so that such an experiment could not be considered as conclu- sive evidence that the fish heard the sound. This complication was obviated in the experiments of the authors mentioned above by the THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 555 use of an electric tuning fork giving a certain number of vibrations per second, which was placed against a board end of the aquarium in which the fish were being tested. On the other hand, most fish ‘‘appear to be unaffected by loud tallk- ing or other like noises originating in the air” (Parker, 1903, p. 45), due undoubtedly to the fact that the ordinary sound waves produced in the air are transmitted to the water to a very slight extent at most. Several years earlier Kreidl (1896) had performed certain experiments on trout in the fish basins of the Benedictine Monastery at Krems, Austria, where the fish were called up to be fed at the ringing of a bell. He found that the fish appeared just the same if a person went to the customary place without ringing the bell, and that no amount of bell ringing would bring them if the person remained out of sight. On this account Kreidl concluded that fish could not hear at all. That sight is the important factor in the assembling of gold-fish to be fed was suggested by Seeley (1886) some ten years before, though he credited them with the ability to hear as well. He says (p. 112): Their sense of sound is sufficiently acute to obey a familiar call. The Chinese are said to assemble them in ponds at feeding-time in this way; but in ponds where vis- itors feed them in Europe they presumably detect the newcomer by sight; for we have noticed that a gathering never fails to greet visitors on their appearance at pub- lic gardens in which these fishes are exhibited. From all this it appears that while fishermen, when desiring not to frighten the fish, need to be careful not to make disturbances which are transmitted directly to the water, such as splashing, or jarring a boat or similar object partially submerged, they need have little fear of talking; while, conversely, shouting probably has as little effect in helping to drive the fish, when that is the result desired. This fact will probably be received with satisfaction by those anglers who believed it necessary, but found it onerous, to maintain a sphinxlike silence while trying to outwit their finny prey. TASTE AND SMELL. As a matter of convenience these senses will be considered together. Of the two in fishes the former is much the better understood. Herrick (1903) has recently made an important contribution to the subject, besides giving an excellent review of the literature. It has long been known that carp have sense organs, known as ‘‘ terminal buds,” over the whole surface of the body and on the barbels, similar to those which occur abundantly in the mouth, and to which the sense of taste has rightly been assigned. Direct physiological experiments have not been made on carp, but from bis experiments on a large series of other fishes Herrick concludes (p. 266) that— It may be regarded as established that fishes which possess terminal buds in the outer skin taste by means of these organs and habitually find their food by their means, while fishes which lack these organs in the skin have the sense of taste con- fined to the mouth. 556 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Terminal buds, or taste-buds, outside the mouth are best developed in bottom-feeding forms and those which, like the carp, burrow into the mud for their food. They probably enable a carp to determine the presence of food material in the mud without actually having to take the mud into the mouth to test it. What part the sense of smell plays is not so well established, though from the experiments that have been made on other fishes it would appear to be of minor importance and to be of little value in a direct- ive way in the finding of food. In many fishes, however, it appears to enable them to detect the presence of food when it is in the imme- diate vicinity. The tactile sense is well developed. How far carp can detect slight movements of the water, a faculty attributed by Parker (1908) to the lateral line, has not been determined. MIGRATIONS. The word migration is not used here in the strict sense of a reg- ular and stated movement from one place to another, such as occurs in the salmon, shad, suckers, and many other species that ascend riv- ers and streams to spawn. The only habit of the carp which can be compared to this is their retreat to deeper water with cold weather and their return to shallower water with the coming of spring. Their movements at other seasons appear to be irregular and probably depend upon local and variable conditions. In ponds and cther small bodies of water such migrations are necessarily limited, but may be much more extended and noticeable in large bodies of water such as the Great Lakes. Some attempt was made to study this question in Lake Erie and the adjacent waters by liberating tagged fish and distributing a circular among the fishermen and fish dealers of the region, asking for the records of any of these fish that might be recaptured. A small copper tag bearing a number was attached, usually to the strong spine of the dorsal fin, by a piece of copper wire, though in a few cases the wire was passed through the basal lobe of one of the pectoral fins. This work was attempted only on a small scale at first, and later opportu- nity did not offer for giving it a more effective trial. Moreover, the method in which the carp are handled by the fishermen and in the wholesale houses made it very unlikely that the small tags would be noticed before the fish reached the retail dealers in far away cities, when it would be too late to get the desired data, even if the tags were returned. As it was, only about one hundred individuals were tagged and liberated, mostly in the vicinity of Port Clinton and San- dusky, and none of these was ever heard from again. As a conse- quence, direct observation and the results and testimony of the fisher- men had to be relied upon for what information on this subject they THE GERMAN OARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 557 would give, and as the evidence gathered in this way was rather meager the question is still far from settled. Some of the observations are of much interest, however, and may serve to throw a little light on the subject. A large proportion of the carp shipped from northwestern Ohio and peuene astern Michigan are taken directly from Lake Erie. Many fishermen are engaged in the business, and they, for practical pur- poses, have had to learn much about the habits of the fish which furnishes them their livelihood. They go to the fishing grounds usually in open sail boats, returning to market when they have secured a good haul of fish. This means only a day’s, or possibly two days’¢ fishing when the carp are ‘‘on,” but under unfavorable condi- tions the boats are often gone a week or more. The fish are taken for the most part by means of seines in shallow waters along shores. The methods of seining will be described more fully later (p. 611). It is not surpising, in a body of water the size of Lake Erie, that storms should affect very largely, in fact we might almost say control entirely, the abundance of carp along the shore. According to the government chart, there is nowhere in the upper end of the lake more than six fathoms of water, while along the southern side water less than three fathoms deep Seite to a distance of two to five miles off shore. Strong northwesterly winds are not infrequent during the summer months, and in the winter the principal storms are from the north and northeast. It does not take very high winds to stir such shallow waters to their depths, as is shown by the fact that even in moderate storms the water is made roily to a long distance off shore. At such times the carp apparently go out to the Sea waters, and the fisherman say they do not come in again until a day or two after the storm. Unfortunately t the only data we have for dete rinining the extent and character of these movements are the occurrences in the shallow shore water; we have little or no data for telling where the fish go when they leave. Pound nets in the vicinity of Niagare Reef, which is seven miles from the nearest land, and which were kept in operation all summer by a Port Clinton firm, did not help to throw any light on this question, since few carp were taken in them at any time. It is possible that during storms some of the carp leave the lake and run up the bays and rivers, and Iam not convinced that such is not the case, at least with easterly storms, which raise the water level very appreciably at the western end of the lake. This produces a backward current up the bays and rivers, and evidence will be brought forward to show that carp run up the rivers with this back set. But storms from the north do not bave this effect, while westerly winds lower the water rather than raise it. So while I think it not unlikely that many of the carp in the lake may enter the bays and rivers when there is an easterly wind, it seems that if this were 558 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. generally true with all storms, whatever their direction, it would surely be known to the fishermen, who utilize this movement of the fish in the river for their capture, as will be explained later. As mentioned above, the water level at the upper end of Lake Erie is very variable. The long axis of the lake lies nearly west-southwest and east-northeast, so that both westerly and easterly winds have a great influence in piling the water at one end or the other. The pre- vailing winds of summer are southwesterly to westerly, so that the level is almost constantly changing. This givesa great resemblance to tides, except that the changes are, of course, much less regular, and generally of less amplitude. A strong southwest wind, however, blowing steadily for a day or two, will lower the general water level in Sandusky Bay, for instance, a foot or more, while a long-continued storm may result in an even greater change of the level. As soon as the wind ceases, or shifts around to the opposite direction, as is usually the case in our cyclonic storms, the reverse current sets in, affecting the water for miles up the Sandusky and Portage rivers. Just how far this variation of the water level and the consequent reversion of flow of the rivers influence the movements of the carp 1am unable to say. This much, however, is certain. A fall of a foot or even less in the general water level means the laying bare of great expanses of marsh land, and the carp which were feeding over this area have to seek deeper water as that on the flats gradually becomes shallower. In this way they work into the smaller streams, and so into the larger creeks, and from these into the river. It is at such times that they are taken in large numbers in a seine which has previously been stretched across the mouth of the creek, as will be described more fully in connection with the methods of fishing (p. 613). The fish appear to be quick to appreciate the lowering of the water, for they begin to run out very soon after it has begun to fall. Conversely, they run up again and spread out over the marshes as the water rises. This movement, which seems to depend upon the gradual lowering of the water in the shallow places, is distinetly different in nature from the ordinary reaction of most fishes to a current of water. As is well known, most fishes, when placed in running water, immediately react by turning head-up into the current.¢ That this is true of young carp, I have ascertained by experimentation. It may also be the explanation of the crowding of these fish around the inlet when fresh water is being pumped into a pond, a phenomenon which will be described more fully in the discussion of their reaction to fresh water (p. 560). It is equally true that most fish become uneasy as the water in a vessel or other container is gradually lowered without producing a definite strong current. It is probably this ‘‘ uneasiness” which causes the fish to leave the marshes as described above. a For a discussion of the orientation of fish to running water see a recent paper by Lyon (1904). THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 559 As to the movements of the fish in the wintertime, when the rivers and bays are frozen over, I have no information. That they are in the deeper parts there is no doubt, and it seems likely from what I can learn from the fishermen that they must move about more or less even during the coldest weather. They are occasionally taken in numbers at this season, I am told, by means of a seine. hauled under the ice. It will be seen from what has been given above that, although they apparently do not have any regular and definite migrations, carp do make considerable movements dependent upon the conditions under which they live. It was at one time thought there might be some evi- dence to show that in Lake Erie the carp were coming to make a rather regular migration into the deeper parts of the lake with the approach of cold weather. The lake grows deeper to the eastward, and this would mean a general movement to the eastward in the fall and to the westward again in the spring. This habit in time might become established into a definite migration. But though the fish do undoubt- edly seek deeper water in the winter, they probably go only far enough to escape freezing and the effects of storms. So long as they both feed and spawn in shallow water there is no other need for a migratory habit, unless perhaps the overpopulating of the more favor- able waters may force some of the fish to seek new grounds. Reports of large schools of carp at times seen toward the eastern end of the lake seemed to lend some support to this view. Thus I was told by Mr. Crangle, a fisherman in Cleveland, that some time in July, 1901, large schools of carp were seen in the open lake. In near shore were small fish, while farther out were schools of large ones, which were noticeable from their swimming about with their dorsal fins out of water. Mr. Crangle says this was the first time carp had been seen in this part of the lake in such numbers; and he was certain of the iden- tification, because his tug was run right in among them. Prince (1897) maintains that the carp has an inherent nomadic tendency, and thinks it is owing to this, in large part, that it has gained such a wide distri- bution. He says (p. 33): German carp are nomadic in their habits, and wander apparently aimlessly into all accessible waters, hence if introduced into any streams or ponds adjacent to and connected with others, these fish will rapidly spread over the whole system. fal- mon, trout, white-fish, pickerel or doré, indeed all our native fish are more local in their wanderings and as a rule have definite courses of migration, and confine them- selyes within recognized limits. The German carp has no such defined movements or habitat, thus Lake Erie, the St. Clair waters of western Ontario, Lake Huron and other een areas are being overrun by these fish, which have wandered from the more or less remote localities in United States territory where they were origi- nally planted. Like undesirable weeds they spread everywhere and it is practically impossible to limit their progress or to effect their extirpation. 560 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. REACTION OF CARP IN PONDS TO INFLOWING FRESH WATER. This reaction, which is very curious and marked, I am uncertain whether to consider a reaction to the current caused by the inflowing water or a response to the volume of fresh water being added to that which has been standing in the pond. flessel (1881, p. 879) says: The inflow of water into the pond should never be allowed to be direct; as, for instance, a brook falling into it. This often causes the water to rise at an inoppor- tune time, carrying into the pond other fishes, especially the rapacious pike. The carp also has the disposition to swim toward the inflowing water, by which means it is drawn away from is proper feeding-places. @ This matter was first brought to my attention in a practical way by Mr. Thomas Hurrell, who owns a carp pond near Port Clinton, Ohio. This pond covers an area of some 20 acres, or more, of marsh land beside the Portage River. A deep cut was made along the riverside and embankments thrown up on three sides so that it is possible to keep the water level two or three feet above that of the river, the fourth side of the pond being formed by the natural slope of the land. The water is maintained at a nearly constant level by pumping in fresh water, as necessary, from a dredge-cut just outside the embankment which leads from the river. The water is really elevated by means of an endless-chain elevator. This is shown in figure 2, plate m1, while figure 1, plate m1, shows the chute which empties into the pond. At this place the water in the pond is some 8 to 10 feet deep, and directly from it leads the deep ditch along the riverside, while shallower ditches lead off into other parts of the pond. (See figure, p. 628.) Mr. Hur- rell said that scarcely has he started the elevator when the fish begin to come from all parts of the pond and to congregate in the deep area where the fresh water pours in. His account of their quick response seemed almost incredible, and I expressed a desire to see the thing myself; at which Mr. Hurrell kindly started the gasoline engine oper- ating the elevator, and at once a good stream of fresh water began to be poured into the pond. I was subsequently fortunate enough to witness the phenomena I am about to describe on several different occasions. The following account is taken with little change from my notes of one time: At the time of which I am speaking, a number of carp could be seen swimming about in the vicinity of the pumping house with their backs out of water. Mr. Hurrell attributed this to the fact that he had recently been pumping, and that the fish had not all dispersed as yet. He now started the engine again, and within five minutes the carp began to congregate in numbers in that vicinity, and they could be seen com- ing far down the large ditch, as many of them swam with their dorsal fins above the surface. The water near the inflow was soon full of them—it seemed as if there must be a number of tons of fish right a The italics are mine. } THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 561 there. They worked continually up toward the chute, where the water poured in, heading for the most part in that direction, but turning and twisting slowly about. They became so numerous after a time that the upper ones seemed almost forced out of the water, and many were turned over on their sides at the surface. Figure 4, plate m1, shows a nearer view of the writhing mass of fish, all struggling to get nearer to the source of incoming water, though their movements appear rather slow and deliberate. Here it will be noticed that some of the fish are turned cn their sides, and by the exposed backs it can be seen that they are nearly all headed in the same direction—to the right in the photograph. It was impossible to estimate the number of fish; there was no way of telling, in fact, whether they were mostly at the surface or whether they were as numerous deep into the water. I found, however, that at a distance of 20 to 30 feet away, where few backs were to be seen at the surface, an oar could not be put down into the water without hitting fish. Before long those nearest the chute began jumping out of water, some jumping to a height of nearly 2 feet into the air. Others made a jump and swam up the chute against the current as salmon leap a _ waterfall. Most were able to get up here but a short distance, while others worked up the whole length of the chute, some 6 or 8 feet, to the elevator itself. From the actions of the fish in the vicinity of the inflow it seems as though they must be reacting to the current. There is no direct evi- dence that the response is anywhere to the fresh water and not to the current, as it is evident that to any part of the pond where the fresh water comes so as to influence the fish there must necessarily be some current. The part that seems incredible is that it should so soon effect remote parts of the pond with sufficient strength to produce a positive rheotactic response on the part of the fish. It will be noted, furthermore, that if this is the correct explanation the response appears to be just the opposite of what has been given above for fish in the marshes when there is a change in the general water level of the river. There the fish ran with the current, spreading out over the feeding grounds; here they come against the current as far as they are able to come, and crowd about the inflow. What may determine the difference in the nature of the responses in the two cases I am unable to say. HIBERNATION. Most observers agree that during the cold months in the temperate regions carp seek the deeper holes in pond or lake, where they pass the season in a semitorpid condition. It is said that they assemble in circular groups with their heads together and pointed somewhat down- ward towards the mud. During this time they take no food, though they are said to decrease but little, if at all, in weight. I know of no F. C. 1904—36 562 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. statement as to whether the respiratery movements are suspended, and I have myself had no opportunity to observe carp in this condi- tion. When I visited Lake Erie in November, 1901, some carp at least were still moving about, as they were taken in small numbers daily in the pounds and gill nets set for white-fish. This in spite of the fact that the weather was very cold, with frequent snow squalls, though the lake had not yet begun to freeze. Examination of the stomachs of these fish showed, too, that they had been feeding, though in no case was there much food in the alimentary tract. This observa- tion agrees with the statement of Brakeley (1889), who says that instead of hibernating with the nose in the mud for several months, as they do in Europe, in this country they do so only for a short time, if at all. VITALITY. Many instances have been reported to show the extent to which carp can resist cold. I can not do better than to quote a case reported by Smiley (1886, p. 676): On the morning of January 4, 1884, 2,100 German carp were forwarded from Wash- ington, by express, to Birmingham, Ala. Mr. F. L. Donnelly, a messenger of the Commission, proceeded by the same train to watch them on their passage and to take charge of them upon their arrival at Birmingham. The fish had been placed in the usual 4-quart tin pails, and packed in crates of 16 pails each. Each pail contained 15 carp. Mr. Donnelly and the carp arrived at Birmingham at 1.30 a. m., January 6. The packages were left in the office of the Southern Express Company through the remainder of that night, but placed within 10 feet of the stove in order to prevent the water freezing. The thermometer indicated +4° F. at the time of arrival. At 8 o’clock on the morning of the 6th Mr. Donnelly examined the condition of the fish, and in his official report dated January 14, says: “‘T was greatly surprised to find every drop of water in the buckets frozen into solid ice, and all the fish apparently dead; but upon close examination of their eyes, I thought perhaps a great many of them were stillalive, though frozen solid in the ice.” Mr. Donnelly thereupon courageously undertook to see if any of the fish could be saved. He procured the necessary laborers, four large tubs, and a supply of water. He then broke the ice from the small pails, transferring such as contained carp to the water. He states that ‘‘in this manner a great number of fish were soon freed from their confinement, and by constant working with them during the entire day we were able to save 1,300 fish.’? Although the thermometer continued to remain in the vicinity of zero, by careful management he succeeded in keeping the 1,300 fish alive until the 8th and 9th, when they were distributed to the applicants throughout the State. The saving of 1,300 carp out of a lot of 2,100, under such circumstances, may be considered a very remarkable achievement. Having prepared the foregoing statement from Mr. Donnelly’s report, I sent a copy of it to Mr. L. H. Black, route agent, Southern Express Company, Montgomery, Ala., asking how far he knew the statements to be true. Under date of January 28, 1884, he wrote me in reply as follows: ‘* As route agent of the Southern Express Company, my duties call me to Birming- ham. I saw the carp first on the morning after their arrival at Birmingham, and frequently during the day while Mr. Donnelly was at work with them. ‘My opinion THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 563 is that this statement is correct in every particular. I give it from what I saw myself, and from information Mr. Donnelly gave me during the day while he was working with the fish.”’ Smiley gives another instance (p. 698). This is the statement of Dr. George Wigg, Clay Center, Clay County, Kans., and is as follows: I have a German carp in my office that has been frozen stiff on 16 different occa- sions in one month, and yet each time resuscitation has been produced after the lapse of six hours. Although known as cold-blooded animals, the internal temperature of fishes is normally somewhat higher than that of the water in which they are living. According to Knauthe (1896) the amount of this dif- ference depends upon the condition of nourishment, and varies in the diffefent races of carp. In the winter, when no nourishment is taken and the vital processes are mostly suspended, the temperature of the body becomes the same as that of the surrounding water, and Knauthe states that the crowding together at the bottom of such fish as the earp, tench, and barbel does not help to keep their temperature up, as is maintained by some authors. The hardiness of carp in enduring low temperatures for a long time without serious result is sometimes utilized in shipping them, by placing ice in the water to keep the temperature down. The normal activities are then much reduced, the respiration is retarded, and the fish can consequently stand a much longer sojourn in a small amount of water than would be possible at ordinary temperatures. I am told ‘that the fish packed in ice even at points in Illinois and northern Ohio are sometimes still alive when they reach New York, in spite of the fact that they are sent by freight. Townsend (1902 4, p. 677) says those in the top layers will live two or three days; those below die sooner. In this case, of course, they are out of water entirely, though the gills are prevented from drying and the fish are kept moist by the gradual melting of the ice. Like many other hardy fish, carp can be kept alive out of water for considerable periods at ordinary temperatures if they are kept moist, and they are often transported for short distances by packing them in wet moss. In Germany it is said to be a common practice at such times to place in the mouth of the fish a piece of bread or cake soaked in brandy. The statement is commonly quoted, especially in European works dealing with the subject, that carp are sometimes packed in moss with the head protruding and are kept in this condition for weeks or even months (!), being nourished in the meantime by placing food in the mouth. Asan example of what is often stated, the following may be quoted from Day (1880-1884, p. 160): Pennant observes upon the following experiment having been twice made, of placing a carp in a net well wrapped up in wet moss, the mouth only remaining out, and then hung up in a cellar or some cool place, the fish being frequently fed with bread and milk, and often plunged into water. Thus treated it has been known to live above a fortnight, and grow very fat as well as lose its muddy taste. 564 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Whatever may be the truth as to the above, it 1s certainly a fact that these fish can withstand much in the way of adverse conditions, and can live for a considerable period out of water so long as the gills are kept moist. When it is desired to transport fish from where they are caught it is usual for the fishermen merely to load them into the bottom of a boat when the distance is not too great. For longer dis- tances by water they are usually towed in a live-car. When the United States Fish Commission was distributing many thousands of young carp every year it became a matter of great impor- tance to have some practical method that would be economical as well as efficient. The original plan was to send a few fish in a large milk ean full of water, but this practice was expensive and unsatisfactory. Later it was found that the fish could be shipped long distances, requir- ing several days or a week for the journey, merely by putting them in small pails with only a little water. The usual method was to use 4 or 6 quart tin pails, in which were placed 15 to 20 young fish 2 to 3 inches long, with little more than enough water to cover them (see MeDonald, 1882, and later reports of the Commissioner). This small amount of water is kept well aerated by the jostling of the pails in transportation and the movements of the fish. In fact, it usually becomes foamy, on account of the slime secreted by the fish. I have myself used this method with success in shipping young carp from Port Clinton, Ohio, to Ann Arbor, Mich., the fish being about two days on the way. Although carp will live so long out of water if the gills are moist, or ina small amount of water well aerated, they succumb much more quickly to foul water—that is, to water not well aerated, and conse- quently charged with carbonic acid or unoxidized organic matter. Under such conditions they may usually be seen swimming about with their mouths at the surface, a circumstance that is always to be looked upon with suspicion by the owner of a carp pond, as it usually means that the fish will die unless the conditions are quickly improved. Carp are apt to do the same thing when the temperature of the water be- comes too high. Of course this action must be distinguished from the normal feeding of the fish at the surface. FEEDING HABITS AND FOOD. Carp are frequently stated to be ‘‘essentially vegetable feeders.” It seems to me better to say that they are omnivorous, for I] know of no food substance which a carp can get into its mouth that it will not eat. Since it can not be considered in the ordinary sense a predacious fish, however, the animal! matter which it can ordinarily obtain is lim- ited largely to insect larve, small crustacea and mollusca, and other similar small organisms, so that the bulk of its food is undoubtedly in most cases vegetable. Carp are often compared to pigs in their feed- THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 565 ing, and the simile is not bad, for much of their food is obtained by rooting about in the mud. In soft muddy or marly bottoms one will often see numerous little pits and holes a few inches, or often more, in diameter, showing where the fish have been at work. In most of its feeding the carp works slowly and rather quietly, though persist- ently; but the rooting in the mud they often undertake in a more vig- orous manner, twisting and splashing, and tugging at the roots of water plants. It is this that makes the water so roily, and anyone familiar with their habits can tell at once the presence of carp when they are feeding in this manner simply by the appearance of the water. Moreover, the freshly dug up stems and leaves of cat-tails, sweet flag, wild eelery, and other water plants are often to be seen floating about, furnishing further evidence of the destructive work going on below. The extent to which the character of the aquatic vegetation is changed in this way will be discussed later, when we come to consider the economic aspects of the question. The fish probably dig up these plants mostly for the tender shoots and rootlets, but they undoubtedly obtain many smaller organisms from the mud at the same time. The barbels at the sides of the mouth, which are well supplied with taste buds, are probably of much assistance in helping to ascertain the pres- ence of food particles in the mud. I have not been able to observe the process in natural surroundings, but judging from the actions of small carp kept in an aquarium, I should say that much of the mud is sucked into the mouth and further ‘‘tested” for food by the more efficient” organs there; if satisfactory it is swallowed, if not it is rejected. The fish will often take into the mouth in the same way particles floating in the water, some of which will be swallowed and _ others rejected in a manner similar to that described by Herrick (1908, p. 265) in the sea robin (Prionotus carolinus). In respect to the dis- tribution of the organs of taste and the manner of feeding, carp would thus appear to be midway between such forms as the cat-fishes on the one hand, which have a well developed sense of taste over the entire body, and the sea robin on the other, in which taste is confined to the mouth. Carp do not, however, do all their feeding at the bottom by any means. Where the water is shallow and clear they may often be seen swimming slowly about, skimming floating particles of food from the surface or working industriously along the stems of the water plants. At the surface they probably get small floating plants, insects or their larve, such as mosquitoes, May flies (or ‘‘ June bugs,” as they are popularly called along the lakes), etc., as well as the seeds of plants, and other substances which are dropped or blown into the a Herrick (1903, p. 267) says that ‘‘the delicacy of the sense of taste in the skin is directly propor- tional to the number of terminal buds in the areas in question,’’ In the carp these buds are especially well developed on the ‘‘palate.”’ 566 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. water accidentally. In feeding at the surface the fish swim about with the anterior part of the head showing, the mouth partly above water, partly below. The mouth is continuously opening and closing, and a sharp sucking or smacking sound is often produced, much as is made by a pig with his head down in the trough. Much of the carp’s food is obtained by foraging along the stems of water plants, and it also often eats quantities of the plants themselves. Many of these stems are covered with a considerable growth of alge, bryozoa, ete., among which live a variety of minute, and even micro- scopic, plant and animal forms. Such stems as float on the surface or lie in a horizontal position in the water can be gone over very easily, and sometimes this appears to be done in a more or less systematic manner, the fish beginning at one end and working gradually along to the other. In order to get at the vertical stems the fish often turn on their sides, when the mouth can be closely applied to the rounded surface. They were also often seen to take the end of a floating stem or leaf, such as a cat-tail leaf, into the mouth and then pull and tug at it vigorously. Even if they did not get off pieces of the stem in this way, they undoubtedly pulled off the alge and other substances growing on its surface. In one case | noticed a fish swimming about with a piece of partially decayed stem sticking from its mouth, but whether it was finally swallowed I can not say, as the fish swam away out of sight with the stem still protruding. Few records of the food of the carp in this country made from examination of the contents of the stomach and intestine seem to have been previously reported. H. Garman (1888) reported on one speci- men from Broad Lake, Ill., soon after the species began to be found in the waters of that state. According to him the food ‘‘ consisted of vegetation and mollusks, the former constituting two-thirds of the material in the alimentary canal, and consisting of dead leaves and seeds. The seeds were, as far as could be determined in a hasty exami- nation, chiefly those of trees and weeds. Elm seeds, ragweed seeds, and the seeds of Polygonum were noted. The mollusca were partially thin-shelled clams with an occasional Spherium, and partly snails, suchas Physa and Lioplar. All the matter was apparently gathered from the bottom. No trace of crustacean or insect food could be detected.” In August, 1900, Mr. M. C. Marsh collected carp stomachs near Bellevue, on the Mississippi River, near Omaha, and from Maumee Bay and River near Toledo, Ohio. Apparently no detailed study of these collections has been made, but Smith (1902), in his report on food fishes, gives a few general data. Hestates (p. 120) that the food was found to be largely microscopic, and contained in what was appar- ently a mass of mud passed on into the intestine, where he thinks the digestion probably takes place. Portions that were recognizable THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 567 macroscopically were rarely seen. In a few cases fragments of the higher water plants (ec. ¢., Ranunculus) were found in the esophagus, while from the color of the small amount of fluid contents it was believed that green alge might have been eaten. In the Maumee River the carp fed constantly and largely upon whole wheat that had been lost in the river a season or two previous in a grain elevator fire. From the foregoing it appears that a large proportion of the mate- rial found by dissection in the alimentary tracts of carp was of vege- table origin. Since this material is eaten in such quantities and is digested in its course through the fish, as is shown by observation, the natural supposition is that it serves as food. And such is the opinion of most writers on the subject. Nicklas (1884), however, who discusses at much length the question of the proper food for the ‘‘artificial feeding” of carp, arrives at a different conclusion. It is his theory that these fish should be fed on materials especially rich in nitrogen- ous compounds, and in this connection he says (pp. 1011, 1012): I have started my theory from the fact, which I know from actual experience, that © the food of the carp is principally animal and not vegetable matter, and I find that in this I agree with most of the practical pisciculturists; but I differ from the views of Professor Nawratil (Oesterreichisch-Ungarische Fischerei-Zeitung, 1880, No. 35) when he asserts that carp, from their third year, live principally on fresh and decay- ing vegetable matter. This is contradicted by the experience that they are easily raised in ponds which contain but few plants, and by the circumstance that, if aquatic plants formed the exclusive, or even principal food of carp, vegetation would, in some ponds, be utterly destroyed in a few days after they had been stocked with carp, or at any rate in a couple of years, as carp are particularly fond of young shoots, which, by the way, show a pretty close proportion of nutritive matter [to animal food?]. Such an occurrence, however, I have never yet been able to observe, nor has it been observed by any other pond-culturist; whilst, on the other hand, it has frequently been observed that in carp-ponds vegetation becomes so rank and luxuriant that it has to be checked. As long as decaying vegetable matter has not been examined as to the quantity of nutritive substances contained in it, no opinion can be formed as to its suitableness for carp food. My own observations have taught that the carp only takes to vegetable food when absolutely no animal food can be procured. I have not yet been able to ascertain whether the carp actually eats and digests decaying vegetable matter, because all I have so far been able to observe has been that the carp often swallows such matter, but almost immediately ejects it again, perhaps aiter having devoured worms and insects clinging to such matter. I can not help feeling that Nicklas’s judgment is influenced by his theory. Although he may possibly be right as to the kind of food that will be most economical in putting a given amount of flesh on a carp in a given time, it nevertheless seems evident, as a matter of fact, that carp do under natural conditions eat a large quantity of vegetable food. lf Nicklas had examined the contents of the stomachs and intestines of the fish he observed, he might not have concluded that they ejected even all of the decaying vegetable matter that they ate. While it is not probable that the actually decaying vegetable matter 568 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. contains a great deal of nutritive material for the fish, this does not dismiss the whole question of vegetable food, as Nicklas implies; and while he says that carp can be raised in ponds which contain but few plants, being fed, I suppose, on animal food, on the other hand I have seen ponds in northern Ohio, where carp were retained from spring to fall, which contained practically no natural food at all, the water being supplied from artesian wells, and where the fish were fed exclusively on corn, barley, etc., and young ‘‘ sowed corn,” the plants being cut when 1 to 2 feet high and thrown into the pond. I am not prepared to say that these fish grew as rapidly as they would have if fed according to Nicklas’s formule. But this does not concern us here. The important point is that carp can live very largely, if not entirely, on vegetable materials, and that under natural conditions in our open waters plants and plant products form a very large share of their food. The bearings of this, from an economic standpoint, will be discussed later on, where will also be considered the question of the extent to which carp may be injurious to the spawn and young of other fish. Susta maintained that cf its own choice carp would first select animal food, a contention in which he was supported by the observations of A. Fritsch in Prag and Emil Walter in Trachenberg. Karl Knauthe pointed out that these investigators had used exclusively the highly cultivated races, to which belong the so called Galician and Bohemian arp. He himself extended the investigation by comparing as to intestinal contents examples of the old Silesian carp and a new race of it bred by Gréger in Lauterbach with examples of the two quick- growing races mentioned above, using for the purpose fish of the same age. These fish, after each individual had been marked so that the four races could not be confused, were placed all in the same pool, which was rich in animal and vegetable food. In this way it was shown that the stomachs of the Galician and Bohemian carp were generally filled with small crustacea—chiefly Daphnia and Cyclops— as long as these were abundant, while insects and their larve were second only, in about the proportion of 3to1. Plant food was present only as it was taken incidentally with the other. In the cultivated Silesian carp the proportion of animal to plant food was about the same. The old Silesian ‘‘ Bauernkarpfen,” however, contained a great preponderance of vegetable materials, such as alge, diatoms, plant débris, and the seeds of higher plants, and only a few animals, mostly small crustacea. As soon as the supply of lower animals in the pool was exhausted it became necessary for the Galician and Bohemian carp to adopt a vegetable diet as well. Moreover, Knauthe found the stomachs of these carp filled with a small species of pond snail which was abundant in the pool, and which both of the Silesian races spurned. From such and similar researches of Knauthe’s it was shown that in THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 569 the spring the Silesian carp, though apparently well nourished, had reached a length of only 5 to6cm., while the Galician carp had grown to a length of 18 cm. The author answers the question, Wherein, under natural conditions, rests the ability for quick growth in fresh water fishes? by saying: ‘‘ Partly, perhaps, ina better assimilation of the food, but mostly upon a better selection of the same. The richer this is in nitrogen, the greater, within certain limits, is its nutritive effect.” (Zoologische Garten, Jahrgang 37, 1896, p. 345, 346.) In order to determine the nature of the principal food of the carp in this country I have examined the alimentary tracts of a great many individuals. Many of these examinations were not made in detail, but only to determine the presence or absence of certain things, such as the eggs of other fishes. A list of the contents of stomachs and intestines of 33 carp, however, is given below. These examinations were made with more care than the rest, but are for the most part only qualitative, the relative quantities of the various materials being given only in rough approximates. The carp were from several dif- ferent localities and a variety of conditions. The list is given in full because it is believed to be important to convey a very thorough knowl- sedge of the nature of the food of the carp in our waters. I have never found large particles of food of any kind in the alimentary tract, the largest being strips of vegetable epidermis perhaps an inch long, wings and other portions of insects, small snail shells, and the like. It is stated that carp can grind or ‘‘ masticate” thin food to a certain extent with the flat, knob-like pharyngeal teeth, and probably this in part explains the fact that what is found in the stomach is usually so much broken up. Houghton (1879, p. 17) even maintains that ‘* por- tions of vegetable food are returned to the throat and remasticated by these pharyngeal grinders,” though I know of no evidence in support ef this hypothesis. The finely ground condition of the stomach con- tents leads to some wonderment among the fishermen, who are accus- tomed in other fish to find the food, such as smaller fish, swallowed whole, and one man always insisted to me that carp ‘‘ digest their food in their heads.” 1. Specimen from St. Clair Flats, June 30, 1901. Chara, small amount; May fly (ephemerid) wings and broken fragments, consid- erable numbers; insect larve, small; roots, decaying leaves, and epi- dermis (‘‘bark”) of aquatic plants, large amount; small shells and fragments; sand. All the Chara seemed to be packed in the small intestine. This was noticed in other cases, and seems to indicate that when the fish get among the Chara they eat a large amount of it. 9. Specimen from St. Clair Flats, July 83,1901. Rootlets and other vegetable matter, such as would be found in bottom mud; coleopter- aFor a more detailed discussion of the processes of digestion and assimilation in the carp, the reader is referred to a later paper by Knauthe (1898), 570 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. ous larva, small; alge; fine shell fragments with fine sand or mud, forming a ‘‘ grit.” 3. Specimen from St. Clair Flats, July 13,1901. Large mass of remains of Ephemerida, consisting for the most part of wings and of more or less broken up cercopods. (Fore wings 18 mm. long; one of the larger of the cercopods had 25 or 26 joints.) Very few other parts of the insects in evidence, except small opaque bodies with ellip- tical outlines, which were probably the eyes. The fact that the insects were adults would indicate that they were taken from the surface of the water either at the time of metamorphosing or when blown into the water later.¢ This one carp must have contained hundreds of these insects. Prof. R. H. Pettit, entomologist at the Michigan Agricul- tural College, kindly examined the remains of these May flies (or ‘** June bugs”) for me, but was unable to determine the species from the material in hand. 4. Specimen 45 cin.” long from North Bass Island, Lake Erie, July 19, 1901. Chara, considerable; copepods and ostracods, numerous; Chironomus larve or related forms; fragments of shells (mostly quite small), considerable; plant fibers. 5. Specimen 27 cm. long from North Bass Island, Lake Erie, July 19,1901. Mass of food quite well digested. Much filamentous alge (Spirogyra recognized) and diatoms. 6. Specimen 55.5 cm. long from Put-in Bay, July 27,1901. Chara, — bulk of material, packing intestine full in places, mostly in small pieces less than 1 cm. long; May-fly larve, 1 to 14 cm. long, large numbers; shells, broken pieces, and small bivalves 2 to 4 mm. long, entire; Chara and considerable other vegetable matter, some of it probably Phclotria; mud, fine débris, evidently bottom sediment. 7. Specimen 33 em. long from Put-in Bay, July 27, 1901. Chara, mass of the material as in No. 6; amphipods, a number of small fTyallela-like individuals; broken shells, a very little; vegetable matter, a little besides Chara. 8. Specimen 38.5 cm. long from Portage River, about 3 miles above Port Clinton, August 6, 1901. About 90 to 100 c.c. of rather fine, dark material, composed almost entirely of finely divided vegetable matter. A few filamentous alge. 9. Specimen 50.5 cm. long from Portage River, as above, August 6, 1901. = Ij Wh Mh) Ij MN Mi] | 7» Yy} My Wij 2 oe ; \ \ Ss Uf / at Pen te “ My Uf . Cer, 9) el a ee \ Diagrammatic plan of carp pond near Port Clinton, Ohio: a, embankment; b, dam; ec, engine-house; d, water elevator; e, chute through which fish are slid into pond; jf, chute through which fresh water enters pond; g, dredge-cut; h, outlet. The figures indicate depth of water. WW n * oy : ~ 4 ie \\\\ WSS ; seg MINN INS il depends very closely upon the weather conditions and to some extent upon the number of fish in the pond. It is seldom that so much as two or three hours a day is required. The water in the dredge cut is about 12 feet deep, but in other portions of the pond there are few places more than 5 or 6 feet in depth, and much of the water is considerably shallower. In all the shallower parts is arank growth of aquatic vegetation (sweet flag, cat- tails, deer’s tongue, wild rice, bulrushes, burr reed, etc.) which sup- plies so much natural food that the fish are seldom or never fed arti- ficially. With the maintenance of the water level, thus avoiding the rushing of the water in and out through a grating, the fish remain dis- _ tributed most of the time throughout the marshy parts of the pond PLATE III. Report U. S. B. F. 1904. ‘NOIDSY SIYS 3XV1 *19]BM YSoIJ JO WIRIIS SUIMOQUL OJ dn Suruoo ‘ory ‘UojJUTTD WO 1B puod ut davp “F ‘Toumsy urse puod sures “uol}RL0d0 UL JOJBAG[O PUB BSNOY oULSUO SULMOYS ‘UIP JO OPIS ONO °*% NI SQNOd duvo eA THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 629 where food is abundant. An exception to this is when a stream of water is pumped in steadily for a time; then the fish begin to come from distant parts of the pond to the place of the incoming stream, as has already been described (p. 560). This tendency of the carp to gather around the place where the fresh water comes in is taken advantage of when it is desired to seine them out, the net being hauled in the dredge cut when the fish have congregated there. Another pond, near the Raisin River, below Monroe, Mich., and but a short distance from Lake Erie, differs in some ways in method of ’ NE: rei Wl a a Lott g Cm | d aS ' mr callin. ll ss elten 4 bar AS vedi alle. an - a . a - Wan PNR ay es ca Mn 7 le & le. mn wwe We w, Min, Ws etl, Me cia Diagrammatic plan of carp pond near Monroe, Mich.: a, outer embankment; b, dam; c, engine house; d, d’, water elevators; e, innerembankment; jf, chute arranged for carrying water either into dredge cut (g) or into central area (k); g, circular dredge cut; h, outlets; 7, dredge cut from river; j, outside dredge cut; k, central area (water 1 to 2 feet deep); 2, marsh (barely covered with water). construction from the one just described, and for this reason seems worthy of mention. (See fig. above.) This pond is smaller than the other, and is of interest as showing how a pond can easily be built in the middle of an extensive flat marsh. This was done by starting with a dredge at the river and cutting a channel straight into the marsh for a short distance. A large circle was then made, the greater part of the mud brought up being placed on the outer side of the cut, thus form- ing a high embankment, while on the inner side a smaller one was built up, in which, however, several breaks were left. After it had completed the circle the dredge was taken back outside and a short cut was made on the outside and parallel to the outer embankment. When a dam had now been built at the only opening, it was possible to raise 6380 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. the water in the interior toa height of 2 or 3 feet above that in the surrounding marsh. This was here accomplished in the same way as at Port Clinton, except that steam power was used for the purpose instead of gasoline engines. The pond then consists of a ditch 7 to 10 feet deep around the entire circumference, the water over the central area having a rather uniform depth of 1 to 2 or 3 feet. The fresh water that was pumped in was originally turned immediately into the circumferential ditch, or could be carried by a wooden flume over into the central area. The first year the pond was used there was found to be great mortality among the fish, a condition probably due to the large amount of freshly exposed soil with which the water came in contact, so that it became charged with humic acid and other products of organic decay until it was unfit for the fish. This condition continued: in spite of the fact that fresh water was continually pumped in, especially during the warmer weather, and it was found later that the water at the bottom of the ditch was very foul and with a bad odor. In the succeeding year flumes were arranged so that the fresh water was carried at once to the bottom of the ditch, and the conditions were found to be much improved. There would probably have been less danger in any case during the second year, as the soil had undoubtedly by that time become very well leached out. Here, as in the pond previously described, it was found that the fish gathered around the stream of incoming water, and here also advan- tage was taken of this fact in capturing them. The pond could be drained, if necessary, by changing the elevator over to the inner side of the embankment and discharging the water from the pond back into the surrounding marsh. There is one other style of pond in use in this region that should be mentioned, in order to make the present account complete. These have been constructed especially by the farmers along the southern shore of Sandusky Bay. They are situated on higher ground than those ponds which have just been described, ground that is usually at least a few feet above the mean level of the bay, and are formed simply by scraping the soil out of an area covering usually not over one-fourth to one-half acre, the soil that is removed being used to build the embankments. The water is supplied by windmills or, ina number of cases, by artesian wells. This water would seem not to be well adapted to carp ponds, being cold and strongly mineral, with a very decided sulphurous taste; and yet the carp are said to do very well init. As the ponds contain practically no natural food supply, the fish have to be fed regularly to keep them from falling away greatly in weight. For this purpose a variety of things are used, but shelled corn is prob- ably employed more than anything else. In one such pond, which contained about 10 tons of fish, the carp were said to have been fed THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 631 very largely upon sowed corn, which was cut when about 1 to 2 feet high and thrown into the pond. The proprietors claimed that the fish would dispose of a load—supposedly a wagonload—of this in four or five days. At this same place the first year the pond was used the fish were not fed at all, and when marketed there was only half the weight of fish that had been put in. THE VALUE OF CARP PONDS. It is safe to say that under existing conditions, where at certain sea- sons of the year three or four men with a seine can obtain adult carp in almost limitless numbers with comparatively little trouble, carp culture in the ordinary sense would not be profitable. At least this is true in regions such as Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair, where carp are so abundant. That regular culture ponds, in which the fish are reared from the egg until of a saleable size, could not be conducted with profit in proximity to some of the large cities which constitute the principal markets for carp is not so certain. Undoubtedly, as the demand for carp grows, as it surely must. such will be the case. On the other hand, there is no doubt of the great gain to be made by taking carp in the spring and early summer, when they come into the shallows and marshes in such great numbers, and holding them over to fall or winter, when the market price has sometimes multiplied fully tenfold. Let us take, for example, a suppositious case, based, however, on actual conditions. A moderate sized pond could readily accommodate, let us say, 50 tons of carp, and these could be obtained with comparative ease during the spring. At this season, when the . fish are most plentiful, the price is often as low as 30 cents per hun- dred pounds, so that the market value of the whole 50 tons would be but $300, even if they could be disposed of at all at that time; for it - often happens that when the fish are so plentiful many more are brought in than can be used, and great numbers bring the fisherman almost nothing, being only sent to be made into fertilizer. Now let us suppose that instead of disposing of these fish at such an unsatisfactory figure the fisherman pens, or otherwise holds them over the summer. Under at all favorable circumstances the loss in that time surely ought not reasonably to be greater than 10 per cent of the total number of fish impounded, even allowing for the damage to fish by handling. Indeed, in a properly conducted pond, there should be no loss in weight at all. The growth of the living carp, if properly fed and eared for, should adequately offset the loss of individuals. For the sake of fairness, however, we shall assume a loss amounting to 10 per cent of the weight, and that the total weight of fish recovered from the pond in the fall amounted to one-tenth less than that put in—in other words, to 45 tons. Now, in the late summer, fall, and winter months it is not at all unusual for the price of carp to go to 2, 23, or 632 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. even 3 cents per pound, a price ten times as great as that of the spring. Many of the owners of carp in ponds and pens wait only for the market to reach 2 cents per pound, and then fish their ponds and sell the fish. If we market our 45 tons at this moderate price, they now bring us the sum of $1,800, in comparison with which their original value was insignificant. It is needless to say that not all who make this venture are so suc- cessful. From inexperience or ignorance of the conditions required some of the ponds are very unfit for carp, and the mortality is much greater than we have estimated above. Orin some cases, especially in gue pens, the fish have no natural food, and they can be maintained in good condition only by feeding them artificially. The cost of this must, of course, be deducted from the profits, and may amount to a considerable item. Furthermore, the initial cost of constructing a pond may constitute a relatively large investment, and account must be made also of the necessary labor to maintain it and to care for the fish. All these items vary greatly with local conditions, for whereas a pond may be constructed and operated very economically in one locality, in another place it may prove very expensive. Certain it is, however, that small ponds are each year proving an acceptable source of subsidiary income to many farmers whose land is favorably located, while individual fishermen and fishing companies are yearly going into this business of holding over carp on a more and more extensive scale. CONCLUSIONS. As was stated in the introductory remarks at the beginning of this report, the main purpose of the investigation was to determine, if possible, whether the introduction of the carp into the United States had proved a benefit to the country or whether the fish had turned out to be so detrimental to the fsheries and other interests that it must be considered as a nuisance. In other words, have the twenty-five years or more that the carp has lived in our waters, and in which it has increased to such a surprising extent, justified the belief of those who were instrumental in its introduction that it would fill a place in the economics of our fisheries that could not be taken by any of our native fish; that it could, with little trouble and at small expense, be artifi- cially raised in ponds and other small bodies of water unsuitable for the culture of any equally desirable native species, thus affording a cheap and ready supply of fresh fish to many who would otherwise be unable to have any fish at all; and finally that it would populate such. of our lakes and streams as were unfavorable for inhabitation by finer pbetice, and contained only buffalo, suckers, and the like?¢ aThe good quannes eoened for the carp, which led to its yatoancHens will be fanaa enumenwien on page 544. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 633 As regards the culture of the carp in this country, we find that, although there was for a few years an enormous demand for the young fish—hundreds of thousands of which were yearly distributed free by the United States Fish Commission and by many of the state com- missions—their culture was soon abandoned in nearly all cases and the fish allowed to escape into the open waters of the vicinity. There are a number of reasons to account for this. People were expecting too much. ‘They rushed into carp culture in entire ignorance of the conditions requisite for its successful operation, and, such being the case, it is no wonder that they were disappointed in the results and that their attempts were failures. In the second place, there was also a general disappointment in the qualities of the carp asa table fish. Undoubtedly, as in the case of its culture, too much had been expected, though perhaps not without some justification. Still, the bulletins that had been published and distributed made frequent men- tion of the muddy flavor of the carp when grown under unfavorable conditions, and emphasized the necessity of keeping such fish for a time in clear water before killing them. Then, too, the fish were often eaten at the wrong season, during the spring and summer ‘months, when their flesh is admittedly poorer in quality than in the falland winter. This is true of most fish that live in rather shallow and sluggish waters, and even black bass are seldom caught and eaten at these seasons. Perhaps even more important was the matter of cooking. As has been mentioned in the body of the report, it is gen- erally conceded that carp should be cooked in special ways, and the Germans especially have many elaborate dishes which they prepare from its flesh. Most of those who tried the fish here cooked it as ~ they were accustomed to cook our native fishes, and decided that it did not compare favorably with these, though, according to the statements published by Smiley (1886), many appeared to be very enthusiastic about it. Finally, another important factor which probably led to the abandonment of pond culture in many cases was the increasing abun- dance of carp in the rivers and other open waters. It was found that what fish were wanted could be obtained with less trouble from the open waters than they could be raised. The whole question was admirably summed up in the Report of the Michigan Fish Commissioners for 1884-1886 (Michigan, 1887, pp. 41, 42). This report not only contained much cool-headed advice to those who were contemplating launching into carp culture, but was almost a prophecy of the outcome of the introducticn of carp into the country. After insisting that the carp will not be a success unless properly cared for, the report continues: From the fact that carp could be successfully grown in warm and muddy waters, it was inferred that they would be just the fish to plant in our comparatively shallow lakes throughout the State, and from the published accounts of their amazing fertil- 634 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. ity, and rapid growth, it was confidently expected that in a very short time a large food supply would be furnished. While we believe that the carp will eventually prove a valuable addition to our food fishes, and especially fill a want amongst the rural population, still we would cau- tion those desiring to engage in this industry to go slow, to test its value for food in comparison with our native varieties; to see whether they like carp to eat before they spend any considerable sums of money in the construction of ponels, ete. Nothing so much injures any enterprise as overestimating its importance. Esti- mates are still wanting as to the cost per pound for raising carp, and the fact that they can be so readily procured must in a short time make them so plentiful in the markets as to bring the price below the cost of production, if one-half of those design- ing to engage in their culture should realize their expectations. There can be no doubt that the carpisa nutritious and healthy food fish, but there is a doubt whether they will please the taste of the general public who have been accustomed to the taste of our native fish. In the trial made by the Commission and their friends, when direct comparison has been made with our native fish by cook- ing them in the same manner and at the same time, the decision was that they seemed inferior to the fish with which they were compared, namely, the black bass and the wall-eyed pike. But in the regions where fish, even poor ones, are a luxury they will provide a great boon. Ina State so exceptionally well supplied, however, with the finest fresh-water fish in the world, as our State is, it is doubtful if the carp will become either a favorite food or a source of profit for many years to come. Although the carp did not fulfill expectations in the matter of pond culture, it has more than done so in the way it has adapted itself to conditions found in this country and the rapidity with which it has multiplied in our waters; and we find now that, instead of being gen- erally used throughout the country and especially in those sections where it was thought it would be most appreciated on account of the poverty of the streams or the poor quality of their inhabitants, it is being sold almost entirely to the poorer classes of people in our large cities. The Illinois River, together with the other rivers of the Mis- sissippi drainage system, is one of those localities in which it was thought that carp would be a most valuable accession, and such has turned out to be the case, though not in the exact way originally expected. Although practically not used at all for home consumption, it has nevertheless added very appreciably to the resources of the region. With our constant immigration of foreigners and the formation and growth in our large cities of great foreign settlements, the problem of supplying these multitudes with cheap yet wholesome food becomes very great, and anything which helps to meet this demand is of great value to the country. From this point of view there is no doubt of the value of the carp and the benefit to be derived from its introdue- tion. To pervert a common saying, in those places to which it is best suited it has made two fish to grow where but one grew before. But now come the sportsman and the commercial fisherman, who maintain that, while all that has been stated may be true, the presence of the carp is entirely supplanting the fish which was there before, THE GERMAN OARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 635 and that that one fish was of more value than the two carp which have taken its place. This is especially true of such waters as the Great Lakes, and others that were well supplied with good native fish. Furthermore, the sportsmen and others claim that in various ways the carp does more than enough damage to offset its value in other respects. By these persons it is made responsible especially for the great decrease of water-fowl in recent years. These and other charges have been considered in the body of the report, and need not be dis- cussed in detail here. In most cases the reported damage has been either greatly exaggerated or is entirely unfounded. Thus it was found that carp probably have little or no share in causing the decrease of the native fishes commonly taken for sport or for foeile and that in the case of the black bass, at least, there is evidence indicating just the opposite—that the bass have sitesi increased in numbers in some places from having the young carp to feed upon. In the matter of uprooting vegetation, making the water continually roily, and injuring—possibly even completely destroying in some cases—the regular feeding grounds of the migrating ducks—in these cases the evidence goes very largely against the carp, though its effects have undoubtedly, in many instances, been greatly exaggerated, and more has been charged against the fish than it rightfully deserves. In cer- tain places, such as reservoirs and lakes supplying water to cities, etc., there is no doubt that the carp is an unmitigated nuisance, and that its presence is undesirable. Nor can it be considered suitable for the cold, clear lakes of the north, such as are found in northern Wiscon- sin and in Canada; and fortunately the conditions in these are so unfavorable that it will probably never become so abundant in them “as to cause much damage by destroying vegetation and roiling the waters. Against these charges as to its detrimental influence must be set the things in its favor. Chief among these is that already mentioned— the value of the carp as a source of revenue to the fishermen in the regions where it occurs, and as a cheap food for the poorer class of peo- ple who can not afford a better fish. It is impossible to express in dollars and cents the beneficial results and the damage done and thus to compare them directly. The value of the carp fisheries of Lake Erie and the Illinois River region for 1901 was estimated at $342,000 (p. 619, footnote); but there were no data for the rest of the United States. And no monetary value at all can be fixed for the damage done. It seems quite safe to say, however, that if the question were to be considered in this manner the benefits would far surpass the damage. Two other claims in the carp’s behalf, which may prove to be of considerable importance, ought also to be mentioned. These are its destruction of the fluke-worm (/asciola hepatica), and of the larve of noxious insects, especially mosquitoes. It is possible also that in 636 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. rivers, below cities, it may do important service as a scavenger, destroying the germs of certain human diseases, as it does the larval and encysted stages of the liver fluke. Even were it possible to estimate the money value of the damage done, such a basis would not be an entirely fair one for comparison. Should the carp help to hasten the extermination of any of our water- fowl, or if it destroys the beauty of lakes, as is claimed, this is a harm which can not be reckoned in dollar and cents. As has been pointed out elsewhere, however, there are other and more influential factors at work in the destruction of the water-fowl; and in the other case special measures of prevention and protection must be employed. And when we have decided whether the carp does more harm than good, we still have the real question before us. The essential problem is this: The carp is here, and here to stay; what are we going to do with it? How can we make the most of its good qualities and prevent it from doing damage? Even were such a course desirable, the extermination of the carp in our waters is out of the question. Mr. Townsend, in some remarks before the American Fisheries Society (Transactions of Thirtieth Annual Meeting, 1901, p. 123) stated the case well when he said: We hear a great deal from sportsmen’s clubs and from other sources as to how the carp can be exterminated. It can not be exterminated. It is like the English spar- row, it is here to stay. At a meeting of the American’ Ornithologists’ Union a while ago, one of our foremost ornithologists stated that the European sparrow could not be exterminated in thiscountry. I think it isthe same with the carp. It is here to stay and we can not exterminate it any more than we can exterminate the green grass of the fields. I do not wish to pose as an advocate of the carp—I prefer other fish for myself—but I maintain that the carp has a place in good and regular standing in our big eastern markets, and I do not think that our great repub- lic with its rapidly increasing population, can afford to sneer at even so cheap a source of food. In the course of my investigations and inquiries I met frequent propositions that the government, or the respective state governments, should offer a bounty on carp. Nothing could be more futile than this, as has been abundantly illustrated in the case of the English sparrow. The best bounty that can be offered is an increasing market—a grow- ing demand that will make fishing for carp a profitable business. The case in Lake St. Clair is a good illustration. While there I heard the bounty proposition frequently advocated by sportsmen who came to the flats to fish and hunt. But a shrewd resident said, let the state amend the laws so as to allow the taking of carp in nets, and there will soon be enough people fishing for them to reduce their numbers. Since then the laws have been changed so as to allow seining in the lake, and if the removal of enormous quantities of the fish (see p. 614) will do anything toward permanently reducing their numbers, such certainly ought to be the result there now. The lines along which it THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 637 seems that the market for carp may in the future be further developed have been pointed out and discussed in the section dealing with its food value and uses. In another place was mentioned the possible amusement and recrea- tion to be had in taking carp with hook and line. I am aware that. the American sportsman will scoff at the very idea, and would regard the pastime with disdain. I wish merely to quote in its defense a para- graph from Goode’s American Fishes (Goode, 1888, p. 412), in which he treats of the strenuousness of the average American angler: There is a kind of pleasure known to English anglers which is cultivated by but few of those who are called by the same name in America—the quiet, peaceful delight of broék-fishing in the midst of the restful scenery of the woods and the meadows. It is difficult to imagine a thorough disciple of Walton chumming for striped-bass in the surf at Newport or trolling for Muskellunge among the Thousand Islands, drail- ing for Blue-fish in the Vineyard Sound, or tugging at a tarpum-line in the Gulf of Mexico. The muscular exertion, the excitement, the flurry and noise, make such sports more akin to the fiercer pursuits of hunting than to the contemplative man’s recreation. The wisest, best and gentlest of anglers, those who have made the lit- erature of angling akin to poetry, have not, as a rule, preferred to make a violent exercise of their fishing. Nothing has been said in the present report about protection for the carp in open waters, since, whatever may be the opinion as to the fish’s desirability, protection for it does not seem to be needed. I am of the opinion, however, that the phenomenal increase of the carp in those waters where it has been longest will soon reach its maximum, if it has not already done so, and that as the various factors become adjusted a more stable balance will be reached. It is conceivable that then persistent fishing may greatly reduce its numbers. And now, should I attempt to sum up the principal results of the inyestigation ina single paragraph, I should say that, whereas the carp undoubtedly does considerable damage, from the evidence at hand it seems reasonable to conclude that this is fully offset by its value as a food fish and in other ways; that it can not be exterminated, and that the problem is how to use it to the best advantage—suggestions for which have been offered. Efforts should be directed to encourage utilization of the fish in all ways possible, since it appears to be a resource as yet comparatively undeveloped. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following list contains very few titles besides those referred to in the report. References to papers dealing with carp which have been published in the Reports and Bulletins of the United States Fish Commission up to February, 1896, in the publications of the National Museum to 1883, and in the Tenth Census will be found in the lists given by Smiley (1883) and Scudder (1896). Anonymous (1877). Carp for our waters. Forest and Stream, vol. 7, p. 341. (1880). The carp-fisheries in the Peitz Lakes. Report U. 8. Fish Com- mission for 1878, pp. 675-678. (Die Karp/enfischerei in den Peitzer Teichen. From a Berlin daily paper. Translated by H. Jacobson. ) 638 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Bartwert, 8. P. (1903). Angling for carp, and some hints as to best mode of cook- ing. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 32d Annual Meeting, 1903, pp. 47-50. Bean, Tarxiton H. (1903). Catalogue of the fishes of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 60, Zoology 9, 784 pp. (Carp, pp. 167-169.) BiaeLtow, Henry B. (1904). Thesense of hearing in the goldfish, Carassius awratus L. American Naturalist, vol. 38, no. 448, pp. 275-284. Broca, P. DE (1876). On the oyster industries of the United States. Reports U.S. _ Fish Commission for 1873-74 and 1874-75, pp. 271-319. (Translation. ) BRAKELEY, JoHwn H. (1889). Rapid growth of carp due to abundance of food. Bul- letin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1887, vol. vir, p. 20. (1889a). [Carp soldin New York markets.] Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1887, vol. v1, p. 438. Burr, Hicrorp (1874). [How to distinguish the sex of carp.] Forest and Stream, vol. 2, p. 325. CHAMBERS, E. T. D. (1904). [The destructiveness of carp.] Forest and Stream, vol. 52, pp. 462, 463. CuiarK, A. Howarp (1887). Historical references to the fisheries of New England. Fishery industries of the United States, sec. 2, A geographical review, etc., for 1880, pp. 675-737. : Cosp, Joun N. (1902). Commercial fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands. Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 381-499. Day, Francis (1865). The fishes of Malabar. London. 4°. xxxii + 293 pp., 20 pls. (1880-1884). The fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1, exii + 336 pp., pls. 1-93; vol. 2, 388 pp., pls. 94-179. London. 4°. (Carp, vol. 2, pp. 158-163, pl. exxix, figs. 2, 2a, 2b.) Dr Kay, James E. (1842). Zoology of New York, or the New York fauna; compris- ing detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York, with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropriate illustrations. Part I, Zoology, part 4, Fishes, xvi + 415 pp., 79 pls. Albany. 4°. Dimmock, GrEoRGE (1887). Belostomide and some other fish-destroying bugs. Report of the Fish and Game Commissioners of Massachusetts, for the year ending December 31, 1886, pp. 67-74. Finscu, O. (1882). Report on the transportation of a collection of living carp from Germany. Report U. S. Fish Commission for 1879, pp. 667-670. (1882a). Report ona trip to Germany to secure carp for the United States Fish Commission. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, pp. 220-225. GarMAN, H. (1888). Preliminary report on the animals of the Mississippi bottoms near Quincy, Illinois, in August, 1888. Part 1, Report (Board of Illinois State Fish Commissioners) to Governor of Illinois, pp. 62-113. Gascu, ApoxtF (1883). Pond cultivation on the Kanidéw estate (district of Biala, Galicia), the property of His Imperial Highness, Archduke Albrecht, of Austria. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1880, pp. 533-543. GiLL, THEopoRE (1905). The family of cyprinids and the carp as its type. Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), vol. 48, part 2, no. 1591, pp. 195-217, pls. 45-58. Goopeg, G. Brown (1888). American Fishes. A popular treatise upon the game and food fishes of North America, with especial reference to habits and methods of capture. New York. 8°. xvi + 496 pp. GUNTHER, ALBERT (1868). Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 7, xx + 512 pp. (Carp, pp. 25-28. ) Gurney, J. H. (1860). Note on the piscivorous propensities of the common carp. Zoologist, vol. 18, p. 7052. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 639 Herrick, C. Jupson (1908). The organ and sense of taste in fishes. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1902, vol. xxm, pp. 237-272. Hesset, Rupoues (1878). The carp, and its culture in rivers and lakes; and its intro- duction into America. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1875-76, pp. 865-900. (1881). (Separate reprint of Hessel, 1878, with the same pagination.) (1881a). (Reprint of Hessel, 1878.) Report [Massachusetts] Commissioners on Inland Fisheries for the Year ending September 30, 1880, pp. 39-68. (1884). The carp—Cyprinus carpio. Fishery industries of the United States, sec. 1, Natural history of useful aquatic animals, pp. 618-627. (A reprint of Hessel, 1878. ) Horer, Bruno (1896). Die sogenannte Pockenkrankheit der Karpfen. Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung, 21. Jahrg., No. 1, p. 2, 3. (18962). Die Infektion der Fische mit Myxosporidien. Allgemeine Fisch- erei*Zeitung, 21. Jahrg., No. 3, p. 38, 39. ; (1896b). Zur Pockenkrankheit der Karpfen. Aligemeine Fischerei-Zeitung, 21. Jahrg., No. 11, p. 186, 187. (1904). Handbuch der Fischkrankheiten. Munchen. 8°. 359 p., 18 Tab., 222 Fig. Hoventon, W. (1879). British fresh-water fishes. London. 4°. Part 1, xxvi+ 92 pp., part 2, pp. 93-204. Numerous colored plates. (Carp, pt. 1, pp. 15-118, plate. ) Howarp, L. O. (1901). Mosquitoes. How they live; how they carry disease; how they are classified; how they may be destroyed. New York. 8°. xv-+24l1 pp. Tuurnois (1884). Report of the Illinois State Fish Commission to the governor of Illinois [for 1883]. 127 pp. (Republished in Reports to the general assembly of Illinois, 1885, vol. 2, K.) Kwnaurue, Kart (1896). Zur Biologie der Siisswasserfische. Biologisches Central- blatt, Bd. 16, p. 410-416. (1898). Zur Kenntniss des Stoffwechsels der Fische. Archiv fur gesammte Physiologie (Pfliiger), Bd. 73, p. 490-500. (1901). Die Karpfenzucht. Neudamm. 8°. 389 p. (Review by L. Plate in Biologisches Centralblatt, Bd. 21, p. 319, 320.) ‘Krerpt, A. (1896). Ein weiterer Versuch iiber das angebliche Héren eines Glocken- zeichens durch die Fische. Archiv fir gesammte Physiologie (Pfliiger), Bd. 63, p. 581-586. Lyon, E. P. (1904). On rheotropism. I. Rheotropism in fishes. American Journal Physiology, vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 149-161. McDonatp, MarsHay (1882). Experiments in the transportation of the German carp in a limited supply of water. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, pp. 215-218. (1887). The fisheries of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Fishery indus- tries of the United States, sec. 5, History and methods of the fisheries, text, vol. 1, pp. 637-654. Matmeren, A. J. (1883). Memorial addressed to the Bureau of Agriculture of the Imperial Senate for Finland, January 20, 1883, in regard to the advisability of introducing artificial fish-culture in Finland. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission for 1883, vol. 11m, pp. 363-381. [An die Ackerbau-Expedition im kaiserlichen Senat fiir Finnland von dem Inspector der Fischereien den 20. Januar abgegebene Gutachten, in wiefern es geeignet wiire in Finniand kiinstliche Fischzucht ein- zufiihren. Helsingfors, 1883. Translated by Herman Jacobson. ] Micnican (1887). Seventh biennial report of the State Board of Fish Commissioners. From December 1, 1884, to December 1, 1886, 130 pp. (Joel C. Parker, John H. Bissell, Herschel Whitaker, Commissioners. ) 640 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Nickuias, Caru (1884). The artificial feeding of carp. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1882, pp. 1009-1031. [Kiinstliche Fiutterung der Karpfen. Vom Giiter- Inspector Carl Nicklas. From Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, Bd. 5, No. 36, 38, 40, 43, 45, Stettin, Sept. 5 and 19, Oct. 3 and 24, and Noy. 7, 1882. Translated by Herman Jacobson. ] . (1886). Pond culture. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1884, pp, 467-655. ~ (Carp-culture, pp. 520-595.) [Die Teichwirthschaft. From Lehrbuch der Teichwirthschaft. Translated by Herman Jacobson. ] Onto (1882). Sixth annual report of the Ohio Fish Commission, made to the gov- ernor of the State of Ohio, for the year 1881. Executive documents, Annual Reports for 1881 . . . State of Ohio, pt. 2, pp. 1425-1443. Parker, G. H. (1903). Hearing and allied senses in fishes. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1902, vol. xxu, pp. 45-64, pl. 9. Parker, JoeL C: (1887). Suggestions on carp culture, for those engaged in, or who contemplate, raising carp for market or private use. 7th biennial report [Mich. ] State Board of Fish Commissioners, December 1, 1884, to December 1, 1886, appendix, pp. 83-88. Pryrer, Car (1876). Fisheries and fishery laws in Austria and of the world in gen- eral. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1873-74 and 1874-75, pp. 571-679. (Translation. ) PHIuuips, Barner (1883). Holland carp put in Hudson River about 1830. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1882, vol. 11, p. 25. Porpr, Roperr A. (1880). The introduction and culture of the carp in California. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1878, pp. 661-666. Prince, Epwarp E. (1897). The place of carp in fish culture. Supplement No. 1 to the 29th Annual Report, Department of Marine and Fisheries [Canada], fish- eries branch, 1896, pp. 29-35. “R.’’ (1874). [First carp and gold-fish brought to America.] Forest and Stream, vol. 2, p. 162. ReIGHARD, Jacos (1904). Further observations on the breeding habits and on the function of the pearl organs in several species of Hventognathi. Science, n. s., vol. x1x, pp. 211-212. ScuppER, CHARLES W. (1896). List of publications of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries from its establishment in February, 1871, to February, 1896, Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1894, pp. 617-706. (Papers on carp may be found by referring to ‘‘Carp”’ in the index, p. 692.) Sretey, H. G. (1886). The fresh-water fishes of Europe. A history of their genera, species, and distribution. London. 8°. x-+444 pp. Suears, E. E. (1882). Carp in the Hudson River. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, pp. 54, 55. Smitey, Cuas. W. (1883). List ot papers relating to the work of the United States Fish Commission from its organization in 1872 to July 1, 1883, and which have been published under the direction of the United States Fish Commission, the National Museum, and the Tenth Census, together with a topical synopsis of the titles. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1883, vol. m1, pp. 1-84. (For references to carp, see p. 84.) (1884). Noteson the edible qualities of German carp and hints about cooking them. 18th Annual Report [Mass.] Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, for the year ending December 81, 1883, pp. 56-33. (1884a). The German carp and its introduction into the United States. 18th Annual Report [Mass.] Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, for the year ending December 31, 1883, pp. 83-87. (1884}). Report on the distribution of cary to July 1, 1881, from young reared in 1879 and 1880. Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1882, pp. 943-988. THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 641 Smrtey, Cuas. W. (1886). Some results of carp culture in the United States. Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1854, pp. 657-890. (1886). Carp and carp ponds: Answers to 118 questions relative to German carp. 20th Annual Report [Mass.] Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, for the year ending December 31, 1885, pp. 40-48. Samira, Huan M. (1896). A review of the history and results of the attempts to accli- matize fish and other water animals inthe Pacific States. Bulletin U.S. Fish Com- mission for 1895, vol. xv, pp. 379-472, pls. 73-83. (Carp, pp. 393-403, pl. 75.) (1898). Statistics of the fisheries of the interior waters of the United States. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1896, pp. 489-574. (1802). Report on the inquiry respecting food-fishes and the fishing-grounds. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 111-140. Srrvenson, Caarues H. (1903). Aquatic products in arts and industries. Tish oils, fats, and waxes. Fertilizers from aquatic products. Report U.S. Fish Com- mission for 1902, pp. 177-279, pls. 10-25. Srites, Cu. WARDELL (1902). Frogs, toads, and carp ( Cuprinus carpio) as eradicators: of fluke disease. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 18th Annual Report Bureau of Animal Industry (1901), pp. 220-222. Surracr, H. A. (1898). The lampreys of central New York. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission, 1897, vol. xvi, pp. 209-215, pls. 10, 11. Susra, Joser (1888). Die Erniihrung des Karpfen und seiner Teichgenossen. Stettin- Bee 252)'p. Tircomp, Jno. W. (1902). President’s report, Vermont Fish and Game League, 1902. 5G pp. “Townsenp, C. H. (1901). Report of the division of statistics and methods of the fisheries. Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1990, pp. 163-184. - (1902). Report of the division of statistics and methods of the fisheries. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 141-166. (1902a). Statistics of the fisheries of the Great Lakes. Report U.S. Fish Cominission for 1901, pp. 575-657. (1902b). Statistics of the fisheries of the Mississippi River and tributaries. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 659-740. Unirep Srares Fisa Cosmisston (1874). Report of the Commissioner for 1872 and i735. (Carp, pp: Ixxvi; Ixxviis) (1876). Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1774-75. (Carp, pp- " XVii, XXXli-XxXViil. ) — (1879). Report of the Commissioner for 1877. (Carp, pp. *40-*44. ) VECKENSTEDT, Epw. (1880). On the carp ponds of nether Lusatia. Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1878, pp. 671-674. [An den Karpfenteichen der Nieder- lausitz. ‘‘ Die Gartenlaube,’’ No. 45,1877. Translation. ] Watton, Izaak (1901 ed.). The compleat angler & the lives of Donne, Wotton, Hooker, Herbert & Sanderson. Macmillan and Co., London. Library of Eng- lish Classics, 8°, xi+497 pp., edited by Alfred W. Pollard. (The ‘‘Compleat Angler’’ is from the 1676 edition, the last during Walton’s life-time. ) WeppicE (1882). Castrating fish. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, pp. 59, 60. [Kastrirung yon Fischen. Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, Bd. 4, No. 1, Stettin, Jan. 4, 1881. Translated by Herman Jacobson. ] Wiee, Grorce (1882). On the insensibility of the German carp to freezing. Bulle- tin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, p. 402. YARRELL, WILLIAM (1836). A history of British fishes. London. 2vols. 8°. (Vol. 1, xxxvili+408 pp., includes the carp. ) ZENTZ, F. (1882). On the races or varieties of carp. Denying the existence of blue carp and gold carp. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, pp. 387-389. ZIMMERMAN, JoHN W. (1904). About the carp. Forest and Stream, vol. 62, no. 23, p. 463. F. C. 1904—41 on ee oh n> OA Bins a i : ae Can - “ei ~ te) ee ee eer STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES IN 1903. PREPARED IN THE DIVISION OF STATISTICS AND METHGDS OF ‘DHE, FISHERIES. Ae BB. ALEAAN DER; Assistant in Charge. 643 STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES IN 19083. The report of the fisheries of the Great Lakes here presented is for the calendar year 1903. The inquiry on which it is based was made by the statistical agents of the Bureau in 1904, beginning the latter part of May. The statistics obtained have alr owe been published in Statistical Bulletin No. 166. Earlier publications relating to the fisheries of the Great Lakes are the following: The Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Frederick W. True, elaborated from notes gathered by Mr. Ludwig Kumlein. The Fishery Industries of the United States, 1887, Section IH, pp. 631-673. The Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Ludwig Kumiein. The Fishery Industries of the United States, 1887, Section V, Vol. I, pp. 755-769. Report on an Investigation of the Fisheries of Lake Ontario, by Hugh M. Smith. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1890, pp. 177-215. Review of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1885, compiled by Hugh M. Smith and Merwin-Marie Snell, with introduction and description of fishing vessels by J. W. Collins. Report U. S$. Fish Commission, 1887, pp. 1-353 The Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Hugh M. Smith. Report U. 8. Fish Commis- sion, 1892, pp. 361-462. Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Hugh M. Smith. Report U. S. Fish Commission, 1895, pp. 93-103. Report of the Joint Commission relative to the Preservation of the Fisheries in Waters contiguous to Canada and the United States, by Richard Rathbun and William Wakeham. House Ex. Doc. No. 315, 54th Cong., 2d sess., 1897, pp. 1-178. Fisheries of Lake Ontario. Report U.S. Fish Commission, 1898, pp. CLII-CLXXvV. Statistics of Certain Fisheries of the New England and Middle Atlantic States and _ the Great Lakes. Report U.S. Fish Commission, 1898, pp. cLxvi-cuxxv. In this report the figures presented relate to the fiscal ie SOs Statistics of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes. Report U.S. Fish Commission, 1901, pp. 975-657. GENERAL STATISTICS. The number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1903 was 9,333, including 1,249 on vessels fishing and transporting, 6,384 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 1,700 engaged as shoresmen in the wholesale fishery trade and in other occupations in connection with the fisheries. In the fisheries of the various lakes the number of per- sons employed was as follows: Superior, 918; Michigan, 3,241; Huron, 1,704; St. Clair, and the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, 355; Krie, 2,727; and Ontario, including the St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers, 388. Compared with the returns for 1899, the year for which the last can- vass was made, there was an increase of 805 persons in Lake Superior and 463 in Lake Huron, but a decrease of 1,001 in Lake Erie, and small decreases in the other lakes; resulting in a total decrease of 337. 645 646 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. The amount of capital invested in the fisheries and related industries was $7,474,422, which was apportioned among the lakes as follows: Superior, $596,322; Michigan, $3,489,187; Huron, $851,639; St. Clair, $239,885; Erie, $2,196,397; and Ontario, $100,992. The investment included 206 fishing and transporting vessels of 8,846 net tons, valued at $690,450; outfit of vessels valued at $155,256; 3,170 boats and gasoline launches, valued at $317,060; fishing appa- ratus used on vessels and boats to the value of $1,322,570; shore and accessory property valued at $2,869,607, and cash capital amounting to $2,119,479. The apparatus of capture consisted principally of 4,528 pound nets and trap nets, valued at $585,998, and 101,890 gill nets, valued ‘at $642,961. The investment, as compared with the returns for 1899, has increased in all the lakes except Lake Erie, the total increase being $856,706. The products of the fisheries amounted to 86,194,817 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $2,745,501. The yield of Lake Superior was 13,205,013 pounds, valued at $348,671; of Lake Michigan, 33,579,- 498 pounds, valued at $1,090,550; of Tale Huron, 14,455,209 ont valued at $450,318; of Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, 521,941 pounds, valued at $21,594; of Lake Erie, 23,188,556 pounds, valued at $780,015; and a Lake Ontario and the St. Fagen and Niagara rset 1B 244.6 00 pounds, valued at $59,353. The principal species taken, and the quantity an nd value, including fresh, salted, and smoked fish, were: Herring and chubs, 39,157,329 pounds, $815,428; lake trout, 16,131,938 pounds, $722,525; suckers, 6,694,040 pounds, $121,576; yellow perch, 6,201,723 pounds, $139,670; white-fish, 3,813,259 pounds, $223,472; blue nike! 4,981,429 pounds, $191,386; wall-eyed pike, 3,076,147 eae $168,284; German carp, 4,237,643 pounds, $71,285; bluefin white-fish, 2,729, 968 pounds, $83,- 749; and saugers, 1,940,355 pounds, $17,697. Menominee and long- jaw white-fish, cat-fish and bullheads, sturgeon, fresh-water drum, and yarious other species were also taken in considerable quantities. Since 1899 the products have decreased 27,532,423 pounds in quan- tity, but have increased $134,062 in value. The greater part of the decrease in quantity was in the catch of herring. There has also been considerable falling off in the catch of cat-fish and bullheads, fresh- water drum, saugers, sturgeon, white bass, white-fish, and yellow perch. A few species, including German carp, suckers, lake trout, and bluefin white-fish have increased considerably in both quantity and value. Bluefin white-fish were not until within recent years taken in any of these lakes except Lake Michigan, but in 1903 the greater part of the catch, or 2,095,304 pounds, valued at $58,887, was obtained in Lake Superior. The following tables present, by lakes, the number of persons employed, the amount of capital invested, and the quantity and value FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. of the products of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1903; comparison of their extent in yarious years from 1880 to 1903: 647 also a Table showing by lakes the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes im 1903. How employed. Superior. Michigan.) Huron. | St. Clair.«| Erie. | Ontario.» Total. On vessels fishing ........-..-.- 169 362 San eth oman 2 G21 8 | 4,201 On vessels transporting ........ 6 2 loot Aiea Ree 12 2 38 In shore or boat fisheries ....... 6138 2,077 1, 450 303 1,.591 350°} 6,384 SHICON Ro 00S he eae oe ore ee 130 800 187 52 503 28 | 1,700 PROUD A Sano ue sjseiateincie oases 918 3, 241 1, 704 355 De h2e 388 9,333 aIneludes St. Clair and Detroit rivers. bincludes St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers. Tablegshowing by lakes the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1903. Superior. Michigan, Huron. Item ys = No. Value. No. Value. No. | Value. WQESINIG) TTC ONT en ee le ee en es aoe 20 | $68, 700 64 $184, 100 8 $24, 600 PROMO km oth tye <= acfee sae ome Ba etermiatts BOS ars secsncs H, PEG: |... eae ee FOO eckson OULUER eye ere to recta tacts asc See Asiciniv as otis aio |S eee: FOBT Wests sins ce Baas 2. (ap 10, 795 Messels transporting |... 25. cl. cciegacsadessq 1 7, 000 1 1, 900 7 21, 760 PRISTUENRERC) 2 fo) ine oar dateicjnaaipeisie sis see acoisicincisss W353 laces eee ROM es eeeeatoee GON esc ee seve MANNIE Ge ee ys cos eine ear tee ic ain Oia lates. ake atatat weal | esta. < 1 3 2 TO lis ese 2, 200 TECHS" oS Ree RR ERI oe ere COCO ECO Set ee eee 322 20, 528 1, 298 144, 854 a 606 45,173 Gasolimelaxin Chiles. -6 88 eects Cena slosiele Bo) PALS 0 MERE ee eel eigise ra ceeat 22 22, 550 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: IROEERG MOUSE, ga. o mae secs nines cle sie lacie cartel amare Gs ashe 5 2 IER (pee ee GRIME tN fo. oc a sncesseels aac ee feeic ces 4,455 68, 538 | 27,770 167,760: | 2,222 25, 625 ILmnSs 6 BOSSA eee Oo SOO ORE eee he eames Eee temee aCmeess heal te settee 1, ToS: | Poe /SS pee eee ee Apparatus—shore fisheries: POMC uMe tS and strap Mets 5. ae a ote ce 218 27, 793 975 198,035} 1,685 176, 495 Gules ec ees cons he ne ose Secinn cn secieelsociane 5, 714 63, 700 | 20, 875 101,994 |} 3,907 25, 901 SOMNGS i o-miae qocccncinss secs cscs ceseeeeicessce 8 335 44 2, 384 18 608 ToS Gras opt ee Re a 25 250 | 2,561 32, 395 443 12, 583 SERIE OS cena ere ee eee ais oie rerio ie |r PAS A eerie 2, B48) [ERS aes 183 COHEN), TIS I O01 Spee soc pene nAC SE ee MCeCOTCeS pe pomsceod he eeregoac 4, 560 B WOON sos se oe ONT EICIAE (Oy Sen Uh oe OU Ao Ane or a cer ee ae 268 ||. atheeee TREN oe atone ¥, 211 SIOWIUD. PRO NS GAVE SEM GED Ce anne One GeeC Eee ene oteaa TORS) (Pee orad 1, 241, 560 f. 3-2 ---. 387, 115 SEGA pales awe os es ihe sSemsnccswacistonsec sl easeiasee TAD TOO) eats 1, 352; 450: |. 2-2-2: 95, 500 Meals Ec Sa os as oe es eee cee tes ct elleestee O96, O22. |a. Soccer 3,489, 187 }..---2.. 851, 689 St. Clair.b Erie. Ontario.¢ Total. ‘ Item. = \ ; No. | Value. | No Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. Wessels fishime. 22 ccceie. tcnee ces roe aefectoceess 100 $353, 650 2 $4, 000 194 | $634, 450 PROMPT CPs fl naan nt 2 area mite a ccilla oie bi ailleceaermeeiais IESE ee Ce ees SOME Ae mane SebUGuteeceenceee (QRSUUAE oe DE EE a ree Se ee eel nec eee eee [ee nets eat DU O28 lacie BLO |i oes 147,402 WES ElS IPAS pOTEN Oy. oe op tas S| aec,c| cinemas os 2 25, 000 1 400 12 56, 000 FROWN ASC cee ae sees ais Soe ete | enn Spears one BAG | R= eee oreo 14s | Ryonts ee S40) oe esc OUT aap apse eee eee eee Onl ME ee IGE ee ee ae 4.500 |... BQ ie asec: 7, 854 15.05 (16 see ee ee eee 150 | $3, 150 467 22,208 | 226 7,497 3, 069 243, 410 asolne lawRebes. = 5..5.cecjiescacaclne= cl ne eeereone 39 26, 950 | 5 3, 000 101 73, 650 Apparatus—vessel fisheries: PERI GM CEShe see =F ers = ae hera ce a all ste oe Sem berarei ters papcteeraims | a See sh elt teeta al reeee eene 6 | 925 GRC ES oe 2 come ote ene cere (Sones lomaa cece 28, 755 143,115 | 620 2,920: | 63, 822 402, 958 LES eee Se Geer Coc. See eee CEO Eee ae cea DBE onee EBRbonce (setetones el norms ace seat eee erin | 1, 155 Oper Ap PArawMS = sec e tose cess [eremera|'s satele em sls 70 Pat a eee Paine sees 70 | 210 Apparatus—shore fisheries: Pound nets aud trap nets.....-.|-----|+...----- 1,469 172,805 | 176 9,945 | 4,523 585, 073 Gulilimie tS yee ees son ois Serer ts 39 76 2 ; 38, 068 240, 003 WEIN eS he oo ae eins sealers metas 8 12, 462 Fyke nets....... 68, 879 1 ee 6, 056. Fishing machin 660. Crawfish pots 1, 100 Other apparatus. . ss. =. 2.22. -2-2|-- ee. Gobul i eeceaa Pe eee Te We as cae - 3,149 SHAME! PLO PALE saa. mace cies lero stetelheraiols 144, 805: 2.52225. OLON GSH) Ps... 23, 220 ees aee 2, 869, 607 Oash capitab eas ceciccnbeceessma|secets QBNOT9I ease ee 406, 750° |... --- 29,000! 22.2.5. 2,119, 479 Motel ssc oa nee ec menecise cine laren DBOU SSR ea. sees DGG SAE a cancie 100; 9920) sec. scre 7, 474, 422 alIncludes 5 steam tugs under 5 net tons, valued at $4,600. b Includes St. Clair and Detroit rivers. ce Includes St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers. 648 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Tabie showing by lakes and species the yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1908. Lake Superior. Lake Michigan. Lake Huron. Lake St. Clair.a Species. 4 l pe De a Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value. Bla CkaWasdee ene a: eace ese ea eeaaen Selene ee 6, 577 $494 We wists etccni|eine cenion Seen Eee IB dial OxtiSlay be seks estore a Sexo ei Lae ceoe eo elaeo ee see 1, 202 ABS ie eee eee | aes 800 $2 Cat-fish and bullheads.... 588 $18 64, 420 2,048) |" 15bs S26) |b) 4440 | eee eee WOPsShvOTbO MMe ss soto |P ach an all Gee emule eee ee mel eee nei 16, 191 297)" | ccs elem BIOS Eyecare aa ais esol erste aia to ewe | rarmiege ON oeel| Ue hetero 727 56 | TAAL Deane cllsaccosc Hresh-water Grune J. |S scncs noes |ceeeece 41, 650 666 47, 426 309 | 10, 200 126 CermaniCarpeseneset saoce 5 8, 889 37, 491 954 |102,000 } 1,812 Herring, fresh 3, 56 j 106; 973: | 1, 144° 094 | 145 560) see eee Merminge salted se 5... 55. 435, 383 Sr SH Loy 487, 100 240; 163) | 3,496,233 | 68; 14s |e 2s ees eee Hermne smoked vee as seam ek ew cellseeeeees 2. 650 212 640 40° ||). Sec eel betes Min erorilaw Vertes hoa. oa ee oo lietiocioe 119, 505 1,509 80 2. || Saatecoere | eee Minpionlaw yer saltedies sa\aechs. seme nace] 990 WS) |... ten de2s|- o535-c cl eeReenee | sae MAINO WS emcee ates ee ce eiaal| so crciare eae ate |e eecrere wall ter ctarcha crave ne ees ese late aera eo 8, 000 800 MVEES Eee] ih cairn ei Sey ee cre | Se ys ee ALS Se Ne ea eee 420 24 | 3,000 405 Pike and pickerel, fresh -. 10, 866 218 90, 634 5, 205 145,407 | 6,980 | 20,200} 1,185 Pakevang piekerclsaltediain sac ascoeclsceake celaeeeneraesaaltenmeneers 1, 616 30) |=... 0/22 ER eeeerS Pikeyperchy(plwe pulse) we ol sec onc sidsnclocce see late cece oes alllqaice mec ews | = seis clots heer sere aie eee | ee | Pike perch (wall-eyed) .-. 93,831 | 3,451 216, 483 11,765 | 1,598,674 | 89,992 |250, 650 | 12,954 Pike perch (sauger) .5.2..| 425-0 ss-c2| See ceees| (oe be Senne cel sem aecires| etn ces oeeleee eee eee Eee IR OCKADASS Soom stricta ese al eae = are cle cmienion lines ecteeyranll eee meee 110,575 | 3,236) 3,700 185 NGUrZCOM Ram cesisces asc os 13, 137 569 54, 850 3,408 34, 047 2, 162 8,725 569 SLULPCOMICAVIST |. Ss oem crac “cote eee el laceteiane 1,570 upaleil 296 241 73 60 Suckers ireshis..c02- <6 - = 48, 549 724 | 2,133, 776 27,531 | 2,061,578 | 48,974 | 82, 200 1, 027 Suckers, salted..........-. 134,747 | 2,199 783, 765 17, 731 628, 576") 125/886) aceemes seme (SSUES ee Ss ape CoDeoneoe oe Geece aoctesl MosseseG| secosusoreu Basbeatoae 42,482 | 1,066] 6,500 825 Mroups treshwese eee eeeLee 4,190, 742 |157,096 | 8,955,423 | 426,212 | 2,086, 880 | 99,386 |.......-|....--- PLOW SALEM oe eens Gees see 764, 088 | 33, 795 98, 876 4,219 21, 752 738'4 \.). 200s een Prowpasvee Mead ssa-sossee| |< s acess lowes 169 LT [eas onesies ends ccs | eee eas eee RWinTte Dass see eens sel Moco mcmnanll eesti 400 WD. be ck.cnc.c cere =| os eine 5.6 Se eee Cees White-fish, fresh.......... 747,499 | 33,985 | 1,850,032 | 111, 408 654, 362 | 40, 679 », 591 | 1,904 White-fish, salted -......-.- 46,523 | 1,737 122) 212 7, 246 38,.101.| 1, 327. \)feeeecs beeeeee iin reciitsins Rien Oleh 6 ool scan senoo ges aaor 350 80's deste octiccloin decease eee eee WWIDITERShiGaVi8iy acne onal enone ee [Sees oe me aceon eee altememee ees 400 46.) 025 eee White-fish (bluefin), fresh.| 2,033,522 | 56,512 631, 664 24,562: | eons od 2Sene ce algae eee See White-fish (bluefin), salted! pouscias Ghee esas GL, 7820) 2537b) | vocgecn choc setcceee ob |Seen cemcnee| Se ee eee Seis eee eee White-fish (bluefin), MIDO KC eases eee esl hone ome lis seatercate 3, 000 800 | o3-e ena 2s] wren cee | eee Eee White-tish (longjaw) ...-. 290,575 | 4,810 186, 505 7, 809 74,400) (2; 672) sae | eee White-fish (Menominee), HigSCHI aS SS awa eee 13,919 | 3834] 119,834 3.868]. 116;700 | 35.926)|5ueegees eee White-fish (Menominee), | SPltyo le era eae 1, 675 67 144, 425 6, 384 28.765 | 1, 3210 |. coeeers eee Yellow perch, fresh....... 10, 165 101 | 3,292, 260 62,910 | 1,911,002 | 44,826 | 4,660 230 Mellowsperch\isalted2s soc. ews sscme= | selciec ue 21, 128 65i UN Beeeeseeeeslecoonooo||loodostaclncccscc PE WihiSieyais 5 cteiciciacteiela woes || Stross aaa |--+----- 244, 464 7; B97 Ws. Sei2k's SoS )weis oe Stee | eee aera eee MOLARS I soe Rees eee 113, 205, 018 |348, 671 |33, 579, 498 |1, 090, 550 /14, 455, 209 |450,848 |521, 941 | 21,594 Lake Er rie. Lake Ontario. G Total. Species. = - = Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. IBIACK DASS canes wociccee sc: 4, 825 $387 28, 335 $1, 813 38, 737 $2, 694 TBM OHIO a ece ee eeiea od Bae Heee occ coe Geeraasee te Seaere saener lesanenacasac 2, 002 45 Cat-fish and bullheads.... 181, 775 7,471 349, 224 12, 903 751, 833 27, 884 Dog-fish or bowfin ........ 1, 062 Go| Res Sera | ee eee 17, 253 303 HCI SE eae oF Seeee aoe aaa lldsoe ance cenhoas camera 73, 595 4,233 7d, 533 4,347 Fresh-water drum .......- 642, 445 4,513 4, 300 86 746, 021 5, 700 Germanicanpte ea. scce ec 8, 546, 752 59, 198 16, 320 432 4, 237, 643 71, 285 Herring freshi- ss. cssccss- 8, 788, 625 333, 844 105, 315 bsyyaly) 18, 719, 323 497, 114 Herning sSaltedierene wie ee hone eect een he neeemee cee 16, 000 640 18, 434, 716 318, 062 FPL errIN S SMOKE Gs el see Ale a See ll ec eal rey el eer anu a a Ra a eee 3, 290 252 Ling or lawyer, fresh ....- 18, 693 99 600 18 133, 878 1, 628 Linexorlawiy er, Salted! 225-| jacmis~ oetioe oc laaaciieeSeee el senase acl eaalinescekmaecere 900 18 APEC CHATO fay Be eRe eh eae ee en ie alee oe SUR a ee ee sila oe Sorbo 3, 000 800 Witla Seer ea adel eae segeesacnclssodesbescacl Bombe opodsan |asaoson ends. 3, 420 429 Bikevandipickerelsireshies|o-s-se cr seceallasseecoreee. 31, 359 2, 080 298, 466 15, 668 Pikesand pieckerels salted) Itc scseek jee oa sce ea gaees| nee cc ciceees enaete eenioee 1,610 30 Pike perch (blue pike) .- 4,915, 357 188, 033 66, 065 3, 353 4, 981, 422 191, 386 Pike perch (wall- -eyed) .. jee 908, 484 49, 462 8, 025 650 3, 076, 147 168, 284 Pike perch (sauger) ..-..-- 1, 940, 355 BT697"|| Take ose eo ee eee eee 1, 940, 355 47, 697 BLOCKED ASS Se suens eee cones 1, 005 21 22,119 321 187, 399 3, 763 Sturgeon..... aeveie creme aereeis 294’ 226 21, 586 213, 590 11, 504 618, 575 39, 794 aTInecludes St. Clair and Detroit rivers. 6 The herring catch of Lake Michigan includes chubs. e Includes St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 649 Table showing by lakes and species the yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1708—Continued. Lake Erie. Lake Ontario. Total. Species. a Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. SLUTSeON CAVIAN....--~...-- 5, 877 $4, 894 12, 505 $6, 897 20, 323 $13, 223 UCKETS Tesh). 62... scc-- 721, 089 8, 695 99, 060 1, 809 5, 146, 952 88, 760 Suckers, salted............ [Ri cha ers eee |e ON ha |r CPE fina Ae am rst ae 1,547, 088 32, 816 RUMEN Ns ee cos oe 1, 200 8 | 34, 089 482 84, 271 1, 881 PROM te TUES DS 550 .sa% sacen 15, 127 800 4, 050 279 15, 252, 222 683, 773 PHPRENIRSHLCCM et 5 AT RE ee eee | chee en eres ale et Ce PO ey eae Sa 879, 716 38, 752 Trout, steelhead .......... ie ok ere Geer |e aie ae acl ea se ee obroeters 169 17 WHEIEE DASSs 85 5%...55-25cec2 | 27, 651 940 2, 000 40 39, 051 995 White-fish, fresh ..........| 302, 805 22, 988 25, 584 PAP 3, 605, 673 213, 081 VLE SoHE CAN nate Dee be a oe Se ee 2 oe eee Pca eee 206, 836 10,310 Wihite- fishy smokedaisiS.cs2eseacseeese Peewee a oaemala cin aeons leeasedocbsen 350 39 White-fish caviar ......... peeve celse se | aeticeincecitayoeer= aeons pesAboueees 400 46 White-fish (bluefin), fresh.|............. [rodeos Cemiace ede eee tac cca. | Seemeeseceee 2, 665, 186 81, 074 White-ftish (bluefin), | SHC CR Mase ae See ee ce Meroe ame ts eere cae siaceise aia we ae SEP eee ee 61, 782 2,375 White-fish (bluefin), SONG | SAR Cee ESS eS ee SBE BeGRSacese Meneec AES Ree (Ax ere eames IE Leis a 3, C00 360 Winite-fish (longjaw)\ 2.222 |5222-5. 222k Jetset ats eis SR CE minis ee eee ciats Serer dd1, 480 15, 291 White-fish (Menominee), HIRD SD «fe 9 Set SS CRS [ERM RIB MR [ee sete ks ale a Pacis Meee Mahl [or er eM IE Se 2 250, 453 7, 628 White-fish (Menominc¢e), | STUNGG) 55 45 See eee gm ie ees dace Lecoere: 2 seen ie tee cela fm eee ee re 174, 855 7, 772 Yellow perch, fresh....... 830, 408 27, 001 132,165 4,271 6, 180, 595 139, 339 YESINOWT TSO NEW RIG IEE 22) SSE SOON een ae Matha sete Le eee 21,128 8a COREG aRE) Pee ES eee Bel Fe argee RO i AP AE ei Rag a) ol Le ae 244, 464 7, 897 LRTESS 32 Sq SSS Cee Ieee ee OEE oe ange PD 500 250 500 250 peer 3.55.56 aes 45, 800 DBD Gene ae ceon | Warmers beat ae 45, 800 2, 372 MO Ga) ee acsesees, 23, 188, 556 780,015 | 1, 244, 600 59, 353 86, 194, 817 2, 745, 501 Comparative table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1880, 1885, 1890, 1893, 1899, and 1903. Lake. 1880. 1885 1890. 1893. 1899. 1903. SUBD OMe ectan oe -s. tae swe tins sce eee Rene 414 914 653 916 613 918 Wiiistine ans Mer = o.oo scien haciceoee chee 1, 578 3, 379 2, 877 3, 928 3, 255 3, 241 dO Ia) == 5 Co See yaa eee 470 $92 726 944 1, 241 1, 704 Nie, (CANE See tee tee aan 356 272 611 529 442 305 TDD oe doo s Soe eee eee ese 1, 620 4, 298 4, 482 3, 622 38, 728 2,127 > (CGT Ss Sees MR eee ee eee! 612 600 389 241 391 388 PRoOtalmers.ecc i. ccs cd sacs cicscnas aceon tell seeeeetae aa Ace eee Pe Qui 30 Pike perch (wall-eyed) ...; 54 By Boson parce Garo enea nce acasal omer. | 54 3 Suckersstreshic.: 3 2sasa- 22 11, 080 eee meiciailteraierar Ossor= Wee claeee oes Oils ereteere 11, 080 122 puckerssalted) = c=-6.-=..- 18, 653 G2 esses selisce aces Ie Mepis aigs 18, 653 323 BRO Ub ey= setae cise sisete bitotcnie 969 | ABD) |e ememeosss|sisinc ecei eae ee eae eras sears a 969 135 White-fish> fresh .... 2.5. 4, 167 MUA nc see Sac | Seis sans eee eee el are ee ae 4,167 177 White-fish, salted ......... 3, 080 BOM cee as cetal eeero lee Wesgersaie roa 21s ctataete 3, 080 139 ; TRO A eee eee 39, 798 920) Nene Uy aa Sy Ceara hk. WO 39, 798 929 = ———e if = i = Lines: : SMGOUIS os ann pea Ee Gee 9,193 302 6, 553 36 Bopeauorna| sooner 15, 746 788 Gramdutotale. 222232... 930,114 | 29,198 | 602,711 | 13,453 | 4,922 177 |1.537,747 | 42,828 Minnesota. Grand total, Apparatus and species. Cook. Lake. St. Louis. Total. Lbs. al. Lbs. Val. | Lbs. | Val. Lbs. | val. Lbs. Val. | —— I = Pound nets and trap nets: Herring sires. 6 tet seeene. eae Nemec tesni|lctecerey= arene marie Be TeeteR eres eoetecise |e rete e es Ce lrefeiete ts 5, 854 $55 Herring, salted........... GSSsO 143 ae ee eee {Ror eye yal tae 6,340) $143] 21, 948 487 Pieland pickereleseeb ieee elem ee eee e fale ae Ua ati sacral | en [ean 9,713 194 re merch) (wall-eyed)ian ened SE Te Sa ee Se eh NESE Re alert Ieee sees 84, 093} 3, 063 UIE CO Deraatafrinetele ice biceps 11, 589) 489 Suckers, fresh | | | 4,530} 49 Suckers, salted uh | 75,400) 1, 240 Trout, fresh i7, O: 551 7,021) 1,551) 3851, 593) 13,331 Mrouts salted 2222-54. s 25. 290 SLD eshte m con [Pee gnace | NP hls Sh 290; 12) +59, 968] 2,394 tier eee een 2 Urey san 613 Bi ee ater an pate, eaten ee 613] 31} 351, 652) 15, 679 Beat SIN AML AG ereter taco ie ley aseicl lee Ste pare erage | ee ete eeicie eA |coeatorerell ie reese eee 16, 975 552 Wihite=fishi(blwetin) Sires 16Y 582)" e850|ee see see naes soles sl eeeoee 16,532; 359) 18,588 400 White-fish (bluefin), | SALA eee eee ee al Sees eee Jooseesetallssuses JER Atte llr rercteys Hance = Ars | aes oe 680) 21 White-fish (longjaw); -...|-..----|---.-- Bee ACIS Beare eae emocc ite eee ees 20, 427 280 White-fish (Menominee). 8, 203 IEE) Sse Scodsa| senebs|sescede||aoaos- 8, 203) 199 8, 208 199 ClO Wi PCLCh Mem vec riclersi= 2] stencte cm aja = Slee cleric e(oi| 2 oS ch mA ince omen 2s Ue 9, 149 91 Totaliscecsoseece eae: EER ODO | 92 AGO Otsteicter starrer sera lle theretars | oetoere 78, 999) 2, 286)1, 049, 812) 38, 524 |= (SS SS eS SS SS ——— 662 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by states, counties, species, and apparatus of capture the yield of the shore Jisheries of Lake Superior in 1903—Continued. Minnesota. Grand total, Apparatus and species. Cook. Lake. St. Louis. Total. Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. | Val. Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. Val. Lbs. Val. Gill nets: | merrimey fresh. : jcc... 1296, 897 $4,499) 593, 432/97, 520 94, 500, $1,144 984, §29:$13, 168.1, 472, 089 $18, 749 Herring, salted.........- 106,892) 2,277) 134, 896) 2,730). -.2-.-)22.242 241,787) 5,007) 411,640) 8,601 Pike and pickerel.-....- Re pp Re Teh ae Resa a [lasers Siebel rerun ltaerater tee 74 3 Bikemerem(walleyed) slcescco|sesceale secant nies [RESIN ARC a eC ea 6,205} 286 SPUNE COM. 25.) s ee aor. | iaseoarasepelsisitreiatel| a Sieepetecte | eore Sea ee ee [eee hie oat ea eee nee 1, 548 76 DUC Orsnhr OSS. Shere scldlan came choanaciee fe cetemeres foes oes joceabaglbssece Irs ce aps oretay A lbage Speerets 9,789 90 GG Era SURO. coc 5 5c Coates come lmiseas pees se de eee ce Weeenaes Nee tel eee Pop tata ec 39, 894 620 Trout yfresh: + 2.2 .--= 0265 140,761) 4,830) 59,064) 1,194) 9,600) 3875) 209,425) 6, 39911, 675, 226) 61, 688 Trout, salted! ..-...2..-.- | 67,139} 25930) 140,900) 6,339). ....--].2-5.- 208, 039) 9,269) 537,475) 24, 856 White-fish, fresh ......-- tee, Bers Ree) Aree ea el ae | Bsarhearel| teictoloemars sincere 244, 965} 11, 442 White-fish, salted ....... 5,379} 171 1, 875} (iy) | ee seeey (ore 7, 254, 231, 26,468) 1,946 White-fish (bluefin), EPCS sedans sa osesne 96, 607; 2,127) 40,414) 991) £0,046; 251) 147,067) 3,369) 517,457) 13,689 . White-fish (bluefin), | Salted se eae. 52 celal 20: 553), SRG a ass ed olen calleeae ae jecssee 20, 553 819, 57,302) 2,206 White-fish (longjaw) ...| 7,263} 126) 98,560) 1,642) 29,208; 487) 135,031] 2,255 196,564] 3,304 White-fish (Menomi- | | mee}, fresh... .........- Dy408)\. TASH Soh: 252. isethets [erate \erciie sieterase 5, 493 128) 5, 716 135 White-fish (Menomi- | | MG@), SRLECG)...5..0: seiner 17,830 io inleee sees. 22 oe SE MRSC tGO! Bor Aes hice ns nes ae eee las 959, 800 |1, 219,750 | 2,208,025 Wisconsin: | BEOW I fos sscc jes TOC aia tec eK Meee 4,310 ($1,050 Bede Po! 90, 75 60, 500 202,917 DOs = ee Sennen eee Pulp eal ee |S aeel eneele s eee Sete RRB a tee 20, 115 5,000 | 141,363 CNORNA ayaa tae eel 2s Safed sera) a aware ate cima crsinell seaaeec 8, 440 805) |)....022--.1o2 eel eee VPS De cari stokes epee erie eifizrs\cieinsareialel fie miasciars ol epee siete etre neato 20, 680 860 |..-. 22.2 eel eee IMO TIOMIINIGE® cece scr simone PR ere te test Ne ea fee See, ero) aE ata 104, 555 1,432 | 3,317,900 | 83,048 NISC CO OM oe 2 ales ever isie ia ede 5900 | MGR Eee aoe eral eee 72, 700 1,584 ||). .'.-S eee eee OCEANA. sei as eee Gees "100 CE Set re a a ap 3, 000 | 90 |) )-cee Sects eee TLE eee carats crak ove eyaie ee Spit eld a -ace, os avetel| tckatan er cas ve eter a cccers al] Se nario 444, 800 19: BST jaye feel Peerarera pare MCMOOLCTAING t= Sarai cis ccille ctatarere aval iteney> aot ee eer eae iets 6, 282 139). ee eae eee eee NUM UEEN es Sees cmieines nayet besdtere Secatoel | eco tall ee ave eee 1,315 22. | ic. ce.sie tle tellers | \Eaees | es ee Aotsilitse se. 2 Scent oe re 82,900 | 453 3, 67 91 827,667 | 27,012 | 4,108,300 | 102,379 Tlinois: 5 ay e . | (Clove ieee A See een a NAHE hee aes Saas oye icicle ae SRO Uae Ne 2 oe ans nee Indiana: Jip ey aa ee aerate ae MAM ORUG ser os eee erecta ace POGUCR: ache tas anes eee 0 28 De ene ae a i SVULD: 212 | 8, 820 398 76, 465 2,302 |b sae oeal eee Wisconsin | G i a IBTOW Das sen oee ose sie sweet bao enmes RE ares = | 496,630 | 7, 482 440, 250 8, 202 9, 100 199 DOOR e ec ees oc oes ace Ie Mec Sel eNen ss ene re oe Se ee a 895,514 | 16,726 | 4,886,300 | 124, 241 RCCTVOS I By cee Sion ee = Stee [ee Peed arts creel) eae one yal Dane ap cca 1 | ea oe 59, 410 2, 350: |. sone Se se eee AROWATIC CE emer cid ain eid lees ae elicteme ss ale eats sel eaten 97, 8380 2, 454. Le ae Se ees MamitOwOC) oc. ee ances cee: [atten oc alee ce wate Seuislleee see 180, 783 4, 252 6, 400 192 IMP UTICTG ek Sess Ae eit IS ch pe ce cas AU ee 218, 240 5, 394 233, 800 5, 872 MIAO H.42 sesso Seen octe seare ae 390 12} 268,298 9; 669) [22 ose IO CODTO ee ey Me Ue NURS SS eee eee oe 4, 960 128 752, 195 9, SO4 293, 200 7, 280 OBA MRE eo a ae Denna el poate UR ee ay chloe alla ronan 215, 144 8,059: |\.0 242282 Calero eee TRUSIGII Oe Sey toe aire crs ovate eae See em epe sare al We Om nays 40, 625 15650! | 22-2 b aera eee Sod C1 UG 0 271 0 ay ee at ee gO ee ene ed | eee oe ee SiN apeies | 213, 251 6; 383) |is 2-0-2 ee] see eee Total ney ie a ees Veen e UG ea tae: 501, 890 | 7,622 | 3,376,540 | 74,898 | 5,378, 800 | 137, 784 Grand total.......--..-- "41,630 | 666 | 535,080 | 8,889 | 4,373, 867 | 106,973 | 9,487,100 | 240, 163 FISHERIES O ¥ THE GREAT LAKES. 669 Table showing by states and counties the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan in 1903—Continued. Herring, Ling or Ling or law- Pike and Pike-perch peated. cosnty. smoked. Levene fresh.| yer, salted. ee (wall-eyed). Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value, — = = _—-- =|| | —_ a a ~ =. ——— ~~ Michigan: UAILGISE bs SS OSS B SOE aeIoG Eee ced lane 6, 600 RAIN ON Were = ncn sone ala scmacitae one 11, 000 (CHTEN 01). a eee eee TS B00) |P SUS2 ee oe ICID: 29553 e Seer eee Serer c ener ficeetersrerciaye IBC were ces ssi Se mee 850 DORE aeptars ar ARGUING afar ae cf ois See UE Sees eee erellaeiectersers WANES UC Oras nee ts a eects ae cc cis crave! a ee ARs tice IMD SOIT ES a Ra aE ae. SEN 58 7 Saree & 2,700 WeMOMINE Ss 552 5 els seas | Carers ctesell meat ceaetelleteie = sire NIISKO SON! is boccgas acess | Sees eeelekase cs 2, 909 MONOD LGM bras aye cee neeinsalyoncls ol eee 665 THONCIUS, eat H Ae melee eer ae 2, 650 212 | 23, 865 Lilinois: 4 ii (WOO eee ee he chr ace cicee wneud Seance sl 2eeeeee 5, 000 Q5M lk to= de Cisse oe seen leases ar | Rae eee eee ILD. ZO Cae See ee Sees Sennen Seameee 5, 820 Ga. Eee ees) er bee Wedsemadliaseqsecdececeulllbecsoac TNOUSU Se seh ee Sea es er aie ee IhetO RSD! Nei Ois oes ere. ereee 5 seas eel | ceoee ed | eee Eee Indiana: i | af 4 is Lut KO oo ek Seep aee see eee Peseeree 1, 750 Bh eee en leis 100 (eee a ee ere IU TYCO IGS RO ere RN SERN esate [at ene aa 6, 600 Soa igeevoe (meee 15 1 40 4 ROE pee tie oa. sia 5 cine .seiselmactsacs| wiseeer is 550, 1) ea ee Pes es SRI IN ees Sol Soe sec| Scio odos een ee | eee eS —— = TCG . Sa sae eeeeesencee || S650 edtaeee SEO Mel 28a Mae cee bese 115 10 40 4 Wisconsin: " si | i i TSHR ORGITG, oes eR ar (ev eal eae ard (Pane ee Soret sl Nha WA Seed 51, 850 | 3,323 | 18, 240 797 DOME emia a8 owes ce ee eel cota cee e sisal seencle amas eeelsecewa eee 2,870 154 | 29, 910 1,354 PROTOS Mies 22/5 eomecemacele cate cules tetele 3, 080 | WAD) MW O\ OCs oc eemee Seeaee| Gmeace merece ereraes INSITE ATOOR SS BOBS E Sb el | Goeeone Sareeoe |Sesanese MI UCC OY otis = coe aie eiciccinc cilities oe 29, 240 GE OmTOR Rem asso eae ee all ele syakia| ess eisiaie Saeeoaue (CGE RIIREC AE Re peered ec.sa! Osetra) eersrarrs 30, 420 IRONING Aare ciaioe nis = esi taae |S eae les Sei 5, 820 DIATOM OV Ane io ccs m ceve stale lies «are ='=|| sia:nemie's 7,360 | ittarreuiPene erect he ee s| ea ot. [Lok see 75,020) (e870) len oa) oceee 65,345 | 4,080 | 81,525 | 3,887 i@rwad total -2..2..2----- 2,650 | 212 119,505 /1,509| 900) 18 | 90,634 | 5,205 |216, 483 | 11,765 ot Sturgeon. Caviar. Suckers, fresh. | Suckers, saltcd.| Trout, fresh. State and county. | ; == es ae = Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. | Val. Lbs. Val Lbs Val. Lbs. Val. Michigan: JAW SEC TO ape So oeaesecs 5,100 | $360 | 580 | $402 7, 300 $76 )|-esagescalece eee §, 235 $523 AUER 25 soscodeacsos|besosueloccosdl|ysocodlactocallaseaaGeced benesee| Sodcamaseliaasasec 3, 480 221 Benzie Bolsa octeelseiee 3600 DON See ile = 8, 400 TOD Esc ere) rewemnete 310, 640 18, 771 TSN) cosssoesscese 9,925 | 625 170} 150 8,395 SBON Sasa cea Naess 459, 564 | 22, 963 GHaMe Gina tense ess mclaren Aen ORB leamers Sale ST 140, 370 |$2, 834 11,097,343 | 46, 045 Deltas = cece cece 2S 5,067 | 308 84 54 | 270,272 | 2,500 | 70,800 | 1,698 | 283,312 | 11,306 HIMIME hE =) casinos Soc (iePyN A 65) |Se aor! Bepoee 12, 060 100 6,275 150 124, 800 6, 093 Grand eiraverse ea: ose less cos cs oiel| Faces loans Sesleri cee aillveren en aco A ees 35, 765 1, 668 MERION Wiese sce occ saloerees |r ece oe ae cee (ees £0 2 | 14,420 288 | 157,020 7,615 IN Ghee Kes ase eee 10, 290 DG 5] Reese seen 207,370 | 3,432 | 169,600 | 3, 641 2538, 385 12, 550 TGMISTCC Se ences se eellgenean a] ae Sol ea oe ell Seow er] elacicteene oe |acenmel|bscesoed diesacces 142, 209 6, 200 IMIISOM se pnte ce See Se le cece lees aaeile ase sie|llee aio Se 2,315 | a ES ete Sasa Ie 129, 970 6, 550 Menominee .......-.. 910 GoM Sarees lseease 8, 350 112 | 64,500 | 1, 2380 40, 700 2, 005 Muskeron -..--.<--<- 2,900 178 300 195 19, 040 228) ocesescac|ec ses 5, 470 334 MCCA as Sco ctecinence 3, 200 240 300 210 2, 000 BUD eas ae oerares 20, 980 1, 055 (QUE ie aE eee lal ees ete eer el | eerie] Pree 720 6. nena ace lee aces 370, 600 | 18, 724 Schooleraft .......--. MOORS Bur Don eens [Beene 12,000 | 176 | 115,700 | 2,603 | 641,252 | 32, 020 Mane B ITEM 2... ce. = 800 53 70 45 270 (il Beeessaa eesacar 120 10 O01 eee ae 40, 180 12, 452 1, 454 11, 056 558, 512 | 7,153 | 581, 665 12, 444 4, 084, 836 | 189, 653 Illinois: | WOOK pe scee ose ee eeegce 4 | Sesion] aes Pema 1, 400 BO) ee Feet eS eeceiess 600 42 1 Biz o/h ee Hae Ce ee 90 6 1 S$ | 5, 750 OOP VaR sper eee Pe eee 198, 139 10, 859 TOLLS sepsers ise a 90 6 12 9 7,150 AA | ert tdyctel eal ste cia eee | 198,739 | 10,901 =| a SS | —— 670 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by states and counties the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan in 1903—Continued. Sturgeon. Caviar. Suckers, fresh. | Suckers, salted.| Trout, fresh. State and county. 7 Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. |} Val. Lbs. Val. Lbs. Vai. Lbs. Val. a | wes) Indiana: pee sce sae cloence S| 2,875 $207 32 | $21 3, 855 $5Si) |. Soa cens | eee 3; LOS $206 Weapons oases "440-| 33] 12 9 2, 950 Gaulle. ee | 72,687 | 8,575 PRORUEM «in jajn/ aie hanaee 270 | UN eae | SeSeer 200 Dr saceaeeeals sacees 59) Pots sos. wt 31586 | 250} 4¢} ge| 6/505] 128 | ce de] cence 76,432 | 3,818 Wisconsin ‘| | IBPONWEN Ae vs icon. atees oe] se eae alince wealee cee sseeeae 925/790! 19. "735i |. oc sacle sce Sacra re ree ee 1 D910: ee eee rs er | 4,370 | 246 10 6 19, 900 224 | 173,700 |#4, 582 /1, 047, 063 | 46,380 WemosWal joc 25.5: Vebesaes lessees ees pad Aci H/Socme Sete Se ceil RAE Remon ioe emee 144,906 | 7,055 Kewaunee ..........- See ee aes eee heneoee 1, 650 pA RSE echo 411) 492 18, 942 Manitowoc......----- | 25606" |) PSG asso 22 eeane 10, 089 TOY | re meee pee ollie eee 741, 234 | 36,894 Warmetter ...2..-2-0.-<| 980 | TOS eee ee Weeeae 221, 330 | 5,370 3, 400 85 66, 535 2, 996 Milwaukee......-...- | 336) 24 | 5 | 3 11, 750 22) os cacecte Sexes 910, 849 | 43, 845 Oeonton ee | 2465} 1381] 42] 25} 321,475] 3,367 | 25,000] 620 1, 490 74 Ozaukee 2... 22.2224) SORE 22 He caus mae 2, 500 40 | 22a ek | ee 401,364 | 19, 623 RACINE Ls. \o ES YS(030 lye ae ar ele || es eaters BOSORO | Bodo eR a eeree ose cere sc elon ne eel = te eigen ere eee TURRET Rae ne es ey eee 18, 640 CUD Anau Soe Ma aaroe | ees ce | Pee SS ee COED a ee es oesos) maeen 600 SUS ESO Sepa Be asesd Se oo eased Sanoaa term sce b ses ate Ottawa ae ee ee Schoolcraft : si} 53 = = 557 ROEM o csc dae Sane Oe 350 | 35 | 231,200 |_9, 580 } 3, 000 300 | 185,505 | 7,809 | 45,959 | 1,356 Wisconsin: a | eee a aa RT WOO Hes OSE Foch e a= 2s] Skee lbeccecre | 98, 250 CP) IY (il eet sett [tae k 20 er eet (eye ae 43, 700 1, 244 Kewaunee .c2--5. 2.0. - feSc eae a ee Her SE GHO he nle easiest a an cele eh ILE ee 4, 600 110 VIET aN 2) 8 1 oe ee | Sere ees NAGE 795i | Ue, SOow le mae ap hoe ters llaeeislacysiae| cia eee em ete | sale ate DViniEig dence gs eee oes REG Rear DSe05 | ee OOS: seeeealtmee ens ad Uae paece 25,575 | 658 CV ON TY Ae ee eee casi e cece G2 SO BB i ie 2 SOR Oli errs eas ee CREE et ice roe Ale a cee a ee Sheboygan.-...-.---- eseas |--2----] 5, 599 EPA) lca Seal Een ie eee onthe acini [Samos oe idee .':.6 2.1. 7| ee. aS ee a a Se ee ee ee ee ee ce Grand total .......- | 350 30 | 631, 664 | 24,662 | 3,000 | 300 | 186,505 | 7,809 | 119,834 | 3, 368 | White-fish | ., Yellow ae | (Menomi- x ae Gag perch, Crawfish. Total. State and county. | nee), salted. ea salted. i) — = vex os | Lbs. | Val. Lbs. Val. | Lbs. [wet Lbs. | Val. Lbs. Val. Michigan: | | PNT SHIIBEe see ee leh de ett le 45,000 |$1,198 |......- erect MMe Sree CH 108,040 | $8,776 LEH 0 ge eee eee igs eee ere A I Se ee Das Sellers es eta aes 3A 9, 780 603, CMZAR ee te ee ol jal aela cers a es S| ti spe aes |e ali a ee ees Sep ne Al eer 476, 740 22, 348 IRELPIEM mac cas es sa} haces sella wee = 21,210 | POCO Meee eee Sacer eee: earn ee 531, 262 26, 261 GCharleyvorx 2.0.2. =. 13, 025 | $455 69.205}, D238) \e2 52228 Sens caer Se Joteetiecareee 2, 153, 663 96, 204 TOAST 8 2 se Sans te eae oe ere tS oar 30, 927 DOD! scene Stee eee One| Sema oe 1, 731, 981 52, 250 LD EESOS02) Na ae eo eee ee {eet etre } 8, 200 209 Seon) MO nee eter peers ota 314, 828 16, O87 Grand Traverse....|.......- Ween [aes ets =e sxe Ae oto leemschets wane (eu ere 104, 710 5, 282 HUB CLANIA ates fone = aillcniceape ae jpceeee | 1, 000 2 eer Veneta ess canteen ae oerers 387, 255 19, 398 Mackinac .....-2...-. 62, 6C0 |2, 810 51, 050 yf Sy fal eee ee ee | mc yaihbet| oe LIS ey] eee Se 1, 151, 296 39, 390 WSR STE Oss - 22 SS sino Ss Soi Scie wie 1, 050 bt [oe eee 1B exahes |e ferecters ceptor 175, 050 7, 606 > oi eid lien cece val od aoe ae Ler eke Ro. atid 207,935 | 9, 676 SeePNTETNOMITCGL eof) oo acs calsecs cs 8, 870 TES 20 Olam Sain Seer ce |e meee 3, 605, 600 90, 516 IN DDT es enor pee Po 014 Jog i Uae ee ee | a ee el | eo 147, 595 4, 144 OC}: Cee See See ogee 150 Geese sale calles aes see Beare 2 37, 580 2, 125 (ON) noe 38 Oe eee Ee eee! Pena 4, 450 i ee > || Sete eeeeeeea Ihe eg 890, 470 41, 244 meno olenait ae ces) 22k SE Ml da tesia al ace eine eae lect re acta | oeceeeialepes ole eats | eee 1, 221, 301 63, 110 WETS INEM a6 a2 cle facie pcre 1,130 Aah hos ee Sees eoosesos|2ase55- 13, 990 641 LHe) Sas See 75, 625 |8,265 | _ 287, 442 | 7,060 | 5,528 | 87 |........|....-../18, 268,476 | 500, 661 Tllincis 5 eas callie UO kore aee see Se Se otek wee AOA 2 TUM a AGOD | ees = = -a\eaneel saree same as aeniee 233, 050 8, 097 LO cS aa teers (ee ee eee Dee (Ba eas | eee ner a eee oie al See 364, 639 15, 632 Mest ace 2-cee | Co 25 oe ee aT ae Nes) ees | SRS [gy IO es gies oe, Indiana: + z cohen IDSC Re es REL CEPA Se = 38, 985 96,902 | 2,940 AUASGELO laa sae se mal oa cic es oo dine 71,010 201, 860 7, 400 POLGETS = 3c oases sae pee osess/fon=ce 5, 700 11, 460 dol otal ectssimase ste eseneee|a-----| 215,695 | 3,044 & __ 310,222 | 10, 691 Wisconsin: roi ive | : | 5 155.0) 47 RY SS Tort | }1, 280, 630 -119,°721 |... = Fears 236, 784 |$7,657 | 3, 464, 434 58, 731 MDDOT EES a= 2 Ja cams 68,800 (3,119 | 610,720 | 9.302011; GOO! | 24ar sees seelctace soe 7, 886, 671 213, $826 BMETOSHG 26 ....0 52 ss |oaee selene 18, 000 DAG IE PS. eeleiasedl tae see | mae sere 225, 415 10, 058 IPN VEEIMCE.,... 16. ac] eee eal ecstacy 600 nL ees Sees Seem Se mac” ANTE eh te 578, 862 23,510 TRAN WVOC Sabra = 's'- - inden eesl emcee 7,450 PAS es | hey agentes Wengen bs, BGO we a Savas eee 954, 842 42,326 MSUMIINO ULE os 27. 5 =) Sie || Sea eetes oan OB. SAN. SB Millers sceyei veel erate ate erie ee crane 996, 711 27, 887 Vinee GS 3-2. 2 ale Jeep ee | sacees 16, 800 OA ree SS eee at ete Ae oe 1, 234, 740 59, 007 CG aa je ee Neel es Fo oe Masher 528, 400 | 7,343 |...-.-- : bane 7,680 | 240 | 1,986,027] 31,672 SOARING 2 RMN Co 2 ire a (mae 37, 295 La WR Pe cee ee [aes sk) | 744, 481 30, 878 PEE EN 5 8 eee ee eee | Se He ease acoder. Dees cl eh Send ats ane csire 343, 603 16, 263 pheboygan.:....--..|.-<2 aes|(Se2See)) endl Lap yl e See | Sere datdob'c 58) |se% =--2| 987,825 45,811 peribals.ree 68, 800 [3,119 '2, 622,315 |43, 846 15,600 | 244 |244, 464 | 7,897 119,403,111 | 555, 469 Grand total ...... 144, 425 |6, 384 3, 292, 260 |62, 910 (21, 128° 331 (244, 464 | 7,897 |83,579, 498 |1, 090, Bat 672 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yicld of the vessel Jisheries of Lake Michigan in 1903. Indiana. | Lllinois. Michigan. Apparatus and species.) Laporte. | Lake. Benzie. Berrien. Charlevoix. Lbs. | Val. | Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. [Value.| Lbs. lValue. et | = = Gill nets: | Perrin Oto sees HESS 200°) $728") 65325) | $258 se eco s cin |ne «1s =ele o's |e = ere ee eee Ling, or lawyer..... 14,000} 40) 2,100 | LS Hisaeesaee| Geemee 11, 000.) $2457)2%.. 23 5255 eee Suckers ose. 2 2% 2-52 240 BOM cs 8 SAS ORS 2205 oe | Eeicieinen seth efete «02a | neato ence el eee Pike and pickerel.......- 80 Ae eS a cics cele Sao a eitnmnees Simoes! Seree s sles Ieee eee erctace ee Pike perch (wall-eyed) -. 160 PE ey te eater ajcvacllemceno iz MennINE ATeEShis. so2e ve ene fase cee oem erste ote wie 8, 440 $305" peiesceetises| bese Re 30, 800 510 hinge or lawyer, salted...) 25-2. ee |saccceee 900 De eceeaers ol each nae I ace io dicin RTS ee Suckers;fresh .-.-........ |odgice nis ogallsiassinoen| ee ataciweee lees 1, 960 $31 1, 500 22 ROUtAESD . cle cmcceeeinc | 77,760 | 3,360 | 142,200 | 6,200 98,630 | 4, 860 1, 250 63 White-fish, fresh ......... 27,025 | 1,588 4,160 261 260 14. esate coeeeeleseeeee White-fish (bluefin) , fresh |.......-..- ih aeeeees } 18,300 72h) oak me Geom loseacs= 18, 640 475 White-fish (Menominee), | SALTCO ASR eee. tea se | 62; 600) ) 2; 810 |e. 22 acec|ecesscee les ced eacie| ec tacce ee Wellowsperchisst< .-.<--—- [sesssnbeobe}isos555e 1, 050_ £2) | peepee eooG||Soossecs|\oonorocose-)/2s52-0° Otel sees2 sass cease | 167,385 | 7,708 | 175,050 | 7,606 | 100,790 | 4,905 | 52,190 | 1,070 Seines: | a | ae suckers, salted..........-- 66,000) | 01, 446 ner ee deel ccicion el nee eee eee eee eee Lines: = | cil MNOUL Aes ses se seae ees Sos | S809 Tt NOD ON cer eeee es Benen a5 Posee aepo|Sooortec 1, 650 82 Spears: ae ‘eee ier coe PIE OUEA Ack c oe ee Ses oe Se 560 | SAA Me eee ae |e enele [eae cee =| oe eee ee Granditotal .........-.. | 1,151, 296 | 39,390 | 175,050 | 7,606 | 100,790 | 4,905 | 8, 605, 000 |90, 516 ry “i WS ~~ nichigen'—Condinued, su nee Apparatus and species. Muskegon, | Oceana. Ottawa. Schooleraft. | Lbs. | Value.) Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Pound nets: Cat-fish and bullheads. -. 30 $2 ois cdc meister ereratore Spe aillerarevs cleo walei|iers cslole ae Oe ee eee Fresh-water drum ...-..-- 12, $00 193 100 PL oases dk ccie) le cme coe | Sats ee See Herning, imesh! 2.42.22. = 65,500 | 1, 284 | 38, 000 Ole eat ee eee 1, 650 $22 [boy Corel Ch Ae wecessgenee 2,990 edi ope etepa joke ate felfiatataratata toe PRoteet vacate Penensee |e seasos=-||ss-s:2cc Pike and pickerel........ 309 QS ee sesiceloee lorestecter Nc Saectsooe BRESree pce bacclaccocmac Pike perch (wali-eyed), | | LITDS LTO ee Sapte 1,100 Qe cine ered ee rece ate allnfe sete =k Ge eas oes ee Stns eOMice eases emeaiee 2, 900 178 3, 200 | D4 lee aece oe als eames 1, 008 52 (OL Ty ati hate ents Seeder seas 300 195 } 300 | 210; |. cet oh eatcls alee eee Eee Stiekers, iresh'. 22.525 <2 19, 04 228 | 2,000 | Oy Weary cave opelllvers eres 4, 260 54 Shekers#salied as ese | aa eos Sehtcl| es ae eres Wat eee | orals fare see era crepes lc nears 46, 500 1, 046 PROM MNeShiane saeiecniee 6;069"\-. 22 2228). hacen | 600 12 Yellow perch, salted.....|..--------- Retin’ 15, 600 | Pa ee ee Beer (SS cp Sa dl Sere ser COG ee eee 144° 660: |. 2,622 | 6; 189/342 )148, 020 |... eee 49, 320 685 Gill nets: . | Herring, fresh........-.-- 328,740 | 6, 290 77,540 | 2371 | 43,160] $1,640} 3,250 94 meron lawyer fresh) 7o 22) see cee nella as eo ola Nese eee eR AeA 280 WO eee eae] olleacee soe Pike and pickerel........ 3, 300 OG Win ck cea och altct ayain'Gerererall eicete vetererer ll Spe army areal 2 a eee ee Pike.perch (wall-eyed) .. 2, 200 ENS gM PETE (a Ree a7) cal ein eter = ee Ben ee Sin muekers, freshoc.c. 25a. 61, 250 Cet US) Fee oy eee al eee sealed [eee te ASO | 1, 650 22 NC MERESIELS cise taal aaiemiecl lenses tree ae elise cercisloep 506, 100 | 22,649 26,312 | 1,263 335,822 15, 884 Nyinibesfishy iimesha ceed enitlnctciersterctec ar ntectorereye TOS GSO ph jr2ee dh som eee lee eset 6, 040 388 White-fish (bluefin), | TGS S1a 8 Se Re ie Coenen dd fae eee sere Eee ee } SES 20M RSE Oil aera aloo sacar | 56, 650 1, 582 White-fish (Menominee), | REE Sot See ee Bee ae See Se! eee 4056005) Ly TGOu oe. ee W eteaaersts | 4, 600 110 White-fish (Menominee), | | SCA 3h GORE PAD GEE Ere ae ROnDO eee SEE | 645000} 2, S28 ace oetlts teens | avis Sresepe' eee mellow pereh -2..2<.222.- 357,680 | 7,942 | 123,740] 3,098 | 18,000 540 eee eee SRG) fe a AS ras eee ge ee 753, 220 | 15,182 | 926,860 | 36,956 | 87,752] 3,453 | 408,012] 18,080 Fyke nets: | BIGGIE Dass saa. snes tnee 2, 000 Cat-fish and bullheads... 41, 320 German'Carp.........--.- 183, 530 GMa or eee. 25. cce sania 1, 600 Pike and pickerel........ 32,609 Pike perch (wall-eyed) .. 12, 640 SIO Chee oe ee 828, 640 IWihnibeGhass ost one feoce 300 Mellowepereh 3s. a204245< 860, 850 MGA et a tani Saaisiemceecas MeN scl Aeoll Ml eee ne SAS Saesderics cock sese4||-pedee6s Nice se eee Seines: | : Cat-fish and bullheads... 5, 640 BID tasecseeens|(seeotns [eek see s| Slecias safe |. sae al Ae seer German Carp....-.......- 363, TAO Wid B80 lee So Se seees hec etek Heri Ae fale ome eee eeeeceleet soos Pike and pickerel........ 15, 000 O00) |: MSS eESIe Akos | ences eee tel Pesaran | ankemobee Sem aee Suckers; fresh. ..2....22<- j Be | Suckers, salted Wellow.perchs2 2... ase otal. 32.5. os Facss ante Lines: f Pike perch (wall-eyed) ..}..........-|--------| 1, 200 (CW see connie ||Goacase 4 leSocatoselncoodus “ihe c Ul) eee ae eeeiconr asomse lapvislelsinewmiae eee ale s< DAZ 705: DEON rears cte\|aeete cereal Cee ieetaieies | aie te IGRLONSPCTCD. « fajsssa/ocles ealleter classes lichens 4,500 TBS Pd Sin cratin cee oaks arya | ee eae OCHS pene «a. = wer averm S| meee oe aia eae ees 129% 97 Oil 3D, 2Gdh leche Sel wena Os eee eRe S er eeeeete Crawfish pots: LOE oI 0 Sora eae Taare DEY net: MAG (il Be gee ere eaariee enccs Atl ees aaen serene salaries Grand total)-.2...2.25-- | 8,464, 434 | 58,731 | 7,327,672 |198,075 | 87,752] 3,453 | 457,332 | 18, 765 680 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Michigan in 1903—Continued. Wisconsin. Apparatus and species., Manitowoc. Marinette. | Milwaukee. Oconto. Ozaukee, Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. \Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value. | | | Pound nets: Catfish and bull: | | | } MEAS iss eee ae sean [ee mtteces Sa Ss eeieoem se tall acre es hesecksecreycen =e ae 560 $15 )| 3 Sees eee (Grcems yao oye eae AS se AAS =| eae sl (one os Seer Nee en 160 HIRE SE Ge = ci cmec ec Herring, fresh.....-- 99,975 $1,498 |108, 040 |$1.320 | 37,650 | $712 989, 145 | 7,077 | 12,500 $220 Herring, salted.....-. 6, 400 1925/2383 8000 oo 872) |eeeecee [rade eas 293, 200) |) 7; 280n) ee cee eee Ene Orlowiyeroses ples cseee steer a tecaten serene ertamaten leatoels ails ce ae ce ts eee 1, 680 15 Pikeramdepreiwere leases ccc) tree soe lee cic so oe lOake Poiana oeeer Lasers 3, 050 200 || .cecmeeleeee cae Pike perch (wall- | | eyed), fresh ....... 300 | | RR cl Bbonare lbadoceaa aamemer 14, 725 802) |. cetera DHUNGEOM ss ace eases 2,376 | 166 980 70 336 24 2,165 13 308 22 ORVA RR acre sSieisietey one dare re 4m | ste ee erecta 5 3 | 42 25 3 2 Suckers, fresh ....-.- 9,950 |. 168 | 27,420 380 | 11,250} 200) 127,010 | 1,361 | 2,500 40 SUCKErs; SAGER soos sees acl a woe ee 3, 400 BD! Hsicy dares Sal ereceeetate 25, 000 620) | cee sect rout, Tesh. << sen 221,640 |12,522 | 1,92 96; 6,250] 305 | 1, 490 74 | 68,337 | 2,833 Trout, steelhead ....) 40 | Pyailtce oats moe cee ocanie ante (ae eae REE eee Gia somcc) (sHicn a5 White-fish, fresh ....) 4,100) 265 1, 256 §2 2,060 | 168 50 3 1, 412 115 White-fish (Menom- | | amee) inesIns hao Seas oe BERS GEABAReH Reeeee eancreD| Maser isos coos ncecase 250 ff Yellow perch, fresh.| 2, 050 | 67 4,545 375 14 Motalsesses &. SRO senate eco deacon eae bos smiciacin | San le seis tian eee edhe A ence Lt aneeRee 560 34 Crawfish pots: are | | Grangish eho Set Ne + 5h te |b5- en Seles SE ee ele 244,464 | 7,897 244,464] 7,897 Grand total <.22S: 22: [ 204, S48 | $9, 242 370,497 $15,748 | 16,045,297 407,184 | 26,549,247 | 714,511 | WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE OF CHICAGO AND GREEN BAY. The wholesale fishery trade of Lake Michigan centers chiefly at Chicago, Ill., and Green Bay, Wis. In Chicago in 1903 there were 46 establishments, of which number il were in the fresh-fish trade, including oysters and other products, 3 in the oyster trade exclusively, 16 were fish brokers, salt-fish dealers, and wholesale grocers handling salted fish, and 16 were engaged in the smoked-fish trade. The number of persons employed was 516, the value of property utilized was $957,800, and the cash capital amounted to $1,219,750. The products consisted of fresh fish, 37,943,566 pounds, valued at $2,488,804; salted fish, 24,818,100 pounds, valued at $1,374,961; smoked fish, 3,407,325 pounds, valued at $252,245; lobsters, 258,415 pounds, valued at $51,565; shrimp, 113,285 pounds, valued at $10,815; oysters, 744,980 gallons, valued at $898,181, and 10,355 barrels in the shell, valued at $80,957; and clams, 4,712 barrels, valued at $26,584; a total yalue of $5,134,119. The products are shown in detail in the, following table: FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 683 Table showing products in wholesale fishery trade of Chicago in 1903, Product. Tbs oe, Veluwe. iy Product. | Lbs. Value. | Fresh fish: Salted fish—Continued. | . LSE Cel oS ee oe eee 551, 016 | $65, 624 Herring, domestic ..... | 1,016,000 | $26, $98 LSAILY SSC tS gee eee 406, 597 295L79 Herring, imported..... | 11, 940, 200 596, 924 Um alO-OShi. se o= ces 282, 363 15, 542 Lake herring. .....- <<: | 1,925, 000 . 61,975 Cat-fish and bullheads. . 283, 985 18, 562 Mackerel, domestic ....! 92, 000 8, 670 CEG) he a eee 1,134, 224 63, 885 Mackerel, imported....) 1,132,400 133, 687 MEO ee oe cee cciscenee cee 357, 291 21, 378 SalmOMee eee ae teeeee | 1,082, 000 56,880 , LOS PTT 2) 6 io 122, 082 7, 243 Stoekefigh) i422 koe oe ec | 391, 600 45, 086 Fresh-water drum...... 162, 294 4,143 | BUCKETS 4 elem \arepe ce 195, 000 5, 460 German carp 1, 275, 555 ATG Boat MELO, ut) 5 shat = i Bia ee 174, 000 10, 440 Haddock .... 104, 033 Beco mW ihtte-tsh! .22 he ccc. cs | 51, 000 3, 825 Halibut ..... 2, 134, 469 177, 717 || Lake herring 3, 082, 968 194, 983. || MRO NE ies nia ceteee eetee oe 24,818,100 | 1,374, 961 WMaelcenrek 7. s5ahes mses 142, 810 14, 519 |) | : Pike and pickerel ...... 704, 915 38, 224 | Smoked fish: | | Pike: SrARss <4. ct esis 696, 532 ESCO EE @ ose se eee oe eee 1, 468, 500 | 121, 250 Pike pérch (wall-eyed).) 2, 473, 656 165, 880 | Finnan haddie.......-.| 40, 025 2, 680 Red snappers.......---- 546, 966 cepalae) |i) Ialeraehye = oe eooascedese 912, 500 22, 830 SEG ine eae aes 1, 422, 049 118,470 || Lakeherring........... 465, 000 | 3), 240 pues Sts: Saleen hi 309, 694 98, PASM: CGalmiOres 33 535.c2.'.0453 | 136, 000 17, 680 SITS eae ee eee Reese 797, 720 (Foe ellie AS abbey AC eos aanancos 153, 300 | 23, 705 Spanish mackerel ...... | 102, 604 2 ODO MeL MOUs sete aerate estos 92, 000 | 11, 850 Sturgeon, lake.......... 102, 037 12, 240 WWiktite=fishiie stews eccee 20, 000 | 2, 460 mamevere sects ead ol 25. 1, 528, 427 38,670 || Miscelianeous.........-. 120, 000 | 14, 600 TEYOUt: RA ss eS ae ae 8, 323, 801 533, 007 ——_—_ —__—_ VLE ICCS TS) ee 5, 467, 975 431, 465 Rep OeG See oe Gh SS, Meee | 3,407, 325 | 252, 245 White-fish (bluefin).-..| 1, 921, 119 96, 367 || } Mellow perch... ...---2 2, 662, 63d | 142, 329 || Other products: | Miscellaneous ......-..- 343,741 | ZOGPSS Os SEODSUCTS) sees acemeet 258, 415 | 51, 565 Slain eye ee a | 113, 285 10, 815 GUC) hh pl ee ea 37, 943, 566 | 2,438,804 || Oysters, opened. galls. .| 744, 9&0 ~ 898,181 : |. Oysters, in shell..bbls- -| 10, 355 80, 957 rei ed fish: Wig CG SUIORSS a teps ct yrereelsrot dome} 4,712 26, 584 TIC TOVICS |. +s 5is1as.0.0ci0 182, 000 | 9, 036 | Comdmamed2.- 2... asses 2, 120,300 | 116, 700 ot ral pee oars ak Se Ae Jenseecceesse | 1,068, 102 Cod, boneless.......-.--. 4,421, 600 | 301, 460 = dO) SV eee ae 95, 000 | 8, 420 otal wales see s2 sss eee nena 5, 134, 112 | In the wholesale fishery trade of Green Bay there were 5 establish- ments. The number of persons employed was 71, the value of prop- erty $84,760, and the cash capital $60,500. The products consisted of fresh and salted fish, crawfish, and oysters, and amounted to 9,351,642 pounds, valued at $362,944. The quantity and value of the various species handled are given in the following table: Statement of the wholesale jish trade of Green Bay, Wis., in 1908. Product. Pounds. | Value. | Product. | Pounds. | Value. | | iBlRGks DRASS oes! a5 otc = 3, 740 $378 || White-fish .............<.5- 179,607 | £13,440 iP lheP Teri a aeahe ees See 15, 006 1,240 || White-fish (bluefin) ....... 1.5 739 | 4,¢19 Cat-fish and bullheads..... 32, 667 25403) Kellow perch . -2 22. ..02c8 | 1,978,194 | 64, C60 German carp -------2+..--- 624, (55 RBSo 2s Otinenhishy 2) 4 sere: Sate Saas 22, 724 | 1, 805 (URES 230 ah ee ee eee 860, 177 PED EASED taxe (ints) le See eee ee 3, 140,520 | 94, £50 Pike and pickerel ........-- 309, 242 es OOO! WG GTB TIBI 2 2k cee ok sec 217, 000 | &, 750 Pike perch (wall-eyed pike) ZUR (Oty eed OLN MOMSUCES eles la(e meta =iais etemla 119, 847 | £3, 644 BUCKEIS ses =- pace meee aera 937, 440 20, 880 | | === “Li a A a SR ae OR Aes Po ballencesece le aoe | 9,251,642 | 362, 944 MVLCIDASS: Sis oo 2 ieee 37, 105 1, 980 | | FISHERIES OF LAKE HURON. Fisheries are conducted on the American side of Lake Huron from Detour to Port Huron, but by far the most valuable fishing grounds are in Saginaw Bay. The fisheries in St. Marys River as far up as Sailors Encampment, those in Saginaw River up to a short distance 684 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. above Saginaw, and those in Cheboygan River during the spring are included in the statistics for Lake Huron. The number of persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Huron in 1908 was 1,704, of whom 51 were engaged on vessels fishing, 16 on vessels transporting, 1,450 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 187 were shoresmen employed in various capacities. The investment in the fisheries of this lake amounted to $851,639. There were 15 fishing and transporting vessels of 188 net tons, valued at $45,700 and their outfits at $12,995; 606 boats, including 5 steam tugs under 5 tons, $4,600, valued at $45,173; and 22 gasoline launches, valued at $22,550, were used. The fishing apparatus employed in the vessel fisheries was valued at $25,625 and in the shore or boat fisheries at $216,981. The shore and accessory property was valued at $387,115 and the cash capital amounted to $95,500. The products of the fish- eries ageregated 14,455,209 pounds, valued at $450,318, of which 12,891,079 pounds, valued at $372,886, were taken in the shore fish- eries, and 1,564,130 pounds, valued at $77,432, in the vessel fisheries. Since 1899, the year for which the last canvass was made, there has been an increase in the fisheries of Lake Huron of 463 in the number of persons employed, $376,686 in the amount of capital invested, and 2,036,882 pounds, or about 16 per cent, in the quantity, and $142,240, or 46 per cent, in the value of the products. There has been a substan- tial increase in the catch of all the more important commercial species except yellow perch, which, while decreasing in quantity, has increased in value. Most of the increases may be traced to the new fisheries established between Alpena and Saginaw Bay and to the larger num- ber of persons employed. The most productive forms of apparatus used in this lake are pound nets, gill nets, fyke nets, and trap nets. Pound nets are used along the entire shore of the lake, but the most profitable catches are taken in Saginaw Bay, which is well adapted to this method of fishing. Since 1899 quite extensive pound-net fisheries have been established in the vicinity of Alpera and along the shore south of that town to Saginaw -Bay. The men engaged are mostly from Bay City and vicinity. In the vicinity of Alpena the pound nets are set in from 20 to 40 feet of water, the depth decreasing south of that place. In 1903 these fish- eries were quite successful, but in 1904 they were almost a total failure, due, it is thought, to the cool summer. Some of the Bay City dealers either have offices at Alpena during the summer or employ agents to visit along the shore and buy fish of the fishermen. One of these dealers employed a 50-horsepower gaso- line launch to transport fish from the pound nets in that vicinity. During 1904, however, fish were so scarce that the use of such a large boat proved unprofitable, and it was sold. Practically all of the fish taken in Saginaw Bay are sold in Bay City. Some of the dealers, FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 685 to induce men to engage in fishing, furnish them with twine and in return are allowed to handle their catch. The dealers retain from a third to half of the catch, according to the amount of twine furnished, and pay the fishermen the prevailing market prices for the remainder. In many instances this has proved a disastrous venture for the dealer, as he runs the risk of a poor fishing season and the tendency of the fish- ermen to sell to the dealer offering the highest prices, notwithhstanding their contract. In addition, the same care of the nets can not be expected from the fishermen as if they were the sole owners. The pound-net season in Saginaw Bay is from about the first of April until early in July, when the nets are taken up, to be set again about the middle of September and allowed to remain down until the latter part of November. The depth of water in which they are set varies from 8 to 35 feet, though comparatively few are set in more than 20 feet of water. It is only when a long string of nets is set that a greater depth is reached. The sizes of mesh in the pound nets along the lake are from 5 to 8 inches in the leaders, 4 to 6 inches in the hearts, and 2 to 4 inches in the cribs or pots. In some instances where the mesh in the sides of the eribs is 24 inches, those in the ends are 2} inches. The length of pound-net leaders varies from 275 to 550 yards. In the Saginaw River, which is only a few hundred feet wide, the length of the leaders is necessarily much less. Owing to the rocky character of the bottom between Saginaw Bay and Port Huron, and the difficulty necessarily encountered in driving stakes, pound-net fishing is not followed very generally along that portion of the lake, one firm usually doing most of the fishing dene in a locality. he value cf pound nets in Lake Huron varies from $25 to $400 each, according to the depth of water in which they are set. An average value would be about $150 each. A pound net ordinarily will last about four years, its length of service depending upon the eare taken of it, the character of the fishing grounds, and the weather encountered. ‘The most valuable species taken in pound nets are her- ring, wall-eyed pike, white-fish, yellow perch, and suckers. Gill nets rank second in importance among the different forms of apparatus. They are used along the entire length of the lake, though to a rather limited extent in Saginaw Bay. Over two-thirds of their entire catch was taken by steam vessels, including three from Alpena, two from Ausable, and one each from Cheboygan, Rogers, and Harbor Beach. When steamers are used gill nets are set in from 25 to 100 fathoms of water, while with sailboats the depth varies from 8 to 40 fathoms. Trout is by far the most important species caught in gill nets, though large catches of white-fish, Menominee white-fish, yellow perch, wall-eyed pike, and suckers are taken. Between Saginaw Bay and Port Huron gill netsare very commonly used during the summer, between the spring and fall pound-net seasons, in taking yellow perch 686 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. and occasionally Menominee white-fish. The sizes of mesh used in gill nets varies from 3 to 44 inches, the former size being used mostly for perch. Gill nets are set in varying depths of water upto 100 fathoms, the latter being found off Thunder Bay light, near Alpena, where some of the deepest water in the lake occurs. The same method of pre- serving gill nets is followed as on some of the other Great. Lakes, that of allowing them to remain from fifteen to twenty-five minutes in boil- ing water in which hemlock bark has been placed. At Alpena it is customary for the fishermen to buy hemlock sirup from the tanneries located there. This costs 75 cents a gallon, and is about as thick as molasses, 1 quart being used to 40 gallons of water. The catch by fyke nets ranks next in quantity to that of gill nets, though of far less value. The most of these nets are used in Saginaw River. Trap nets are used in various localities from Detour to Harbor Beach, but very seldom below the latter town. These nets are set in from 4 to 15 feet of water and catch principally suckers, except in a few loealities where yellow perch and wall-eved pike predominate. They are often set in January and allowed to remain until the following fall, being removed from the water while the ice is breaking up in the spring and making in the fall, to prevent injury to them. These nets are yery convenient to move from one ground to another, as, instead of stakes, anchors weighing from 5 to 35 peunds each are used to hold them in position. ‘Two sizes of anchors are commonly used for each net, the larger ones for the ‘‘outhauls,” or back of the net, to hold the pot in position, and the smaller ones for the heart. Trap nets are sometimes entirely submerged, while in very shallow water a portion of the net extends above the surface. When submerged the nets are located by buoys, except when the owner does not desire their location known, in which ease he has a system of his own for marking them. The legislature of Michigan, in 1904, passed an act prohibiting the use of trap nets in Lake Huron after January 1, 1905. Seines are used at very few localities along the lake, the most important seine fishery being located at Pine River, Arenac County. The principal species taken were wall-eyed pike and suckers. At Cheboygan the catch was confined exclusively to white-fish, while at Ausable and Oscoda both suckers and white-fish were taken. An important fishery with spears is conducted during the winter in Saginaw Bay near the mouth of the Saginaw River, from the Ist of January until the latter part of March, the length of the season vary- ing according to the severity of the winter. Four hundred shanties may sometimes be seen on the ice at one time during the height of the season. There is usually one man toa shanty, which is from 4 to 5 feet square and is heated by a small stove, the entire outfit costing about $15. The spears have a handle from 8 to 10 feet long, to which FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 687 is fastened a line 16 feet long. The catch is sold to local buyers, who drive on the ice among the fishermen while the latter are at work. These buyers ship very few fish, but sell to the wholesale dealers in Bay City. The most valuable species taken in Lake Huron are, in the order of their importance, trout, wall-eyed pike, herring, suckers, yellow perch, and white-fish. With the exception of herring and suckers, the greater part of which are salted, they are sold mostly in a fresh condition. Practically the entire catch of trout, except a few taken in pound nets and trap nets, is caught in gill nets at depths ranging from 8 to 100 fathoms, or an average of about 50 fathoms. The greater part of the catch is taken north of Saginaw Bay, where the water is deeper and more suitable for them. There is also a profitable trout fishing ground off Harbor Beach, but the season there is considerably shorter than in the upper part of the lake. The spawning grounds for trout are so far distant from this place that it takes two days to reach them and return. The distance is too great for the sailboats, and the one tug in this locality seldom visits those grounds. For this reason very few trout are takenafter the ist of August, when they begin moving farther out in the lake toward their spawning grounds. The average weight of trout in Lake Huron ranges from 3 to 8 pounds, the larger ones being taken during the summer in deep water. Trout are usually eviscerated when sold, because otherwise they do not keep so long as many of the other species. Practically the entire catch of wall-eyed pike is taken in the shore fisheries and mainly in pound nets. The most prolific fishing grounds are in Saginaw Bay, where these fish are taken in large quantities, especially during the spring, while on their way to the rivers to spawn. The average weight of those taken in Lake Huron is from 2 to 3 pounds each: It is said that in some localities the size was greater in 1903 than for many years. As there is a constant demand for wall-eyed pike they are usually sold fresh. Herring are very plentiful in Saginaw Bay, and many of the pound- net fishermen depend almost entirely upon this fish for their profit. As the demand for fresh herring is not great, the catch is usually salted and put up by the fishermen in kegs, or half barrels, holding about 115 pounds each. After the fish are received by the dealers they are often removed from these kegs and repacked in buckets hold- ing from 6 to 20 pounds, in kegs holding from 20 to 50 pounds, called quarters, and in kegs holding from 70 to 115 pounds, called halves. In repacking, a new supply of salt is necessary, for the fish have absorbed most of the salt originally used. In the preparation for salting the herring are cut either down the back or the belly, but usually the former. When cut down the back they are called ** flats,” and when cut down the belly they are termed ‘* ciscoes.” The former 688 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. bring a slightly higher price owing to the fact that they pack better, and more can be put ina package. They also absorb the salt better than ‘*ciscoes.” In some instances salt herring are sold under the trade name of ‘family white fish.” Lake Huron herring average in weight from one-third to three-fourths of a pound, though an ccea- sional one weighing 3 pounds is taken. Suckers are caught from Detour to Port Huron, but the largest quantities are taken in the Jake off Cheboygan and in the Cheboygan River at that town, and in the Saginaw River. At Cheboygan they are caught principally in trap nets during the spring, usually in May, while in the Saginaw River they are caught in fyke nets and pound nets from November 1 to April 15. About one-half of the entire catch of the lake is salted and the remainder sold fresh. Suckers average in weight from 1} to 2 pounds each. Yellow perch ordinarily bring a small price, an average being from # to 14 cents per pound. Along the Saginaw River, however, during the winter they are shipped to New York City by the fishermen and net them from 2 to 9 cents per pound. They are taken mainly in fyke nets, pound nets, and trap nets, and are all sold fresh. Perch vary in weight from 6 to 11 ounces each on an average. With the exception of sturgeon, white-fish ave the most valued of the commercial species taken in Lake Huron. They are caught in every county bordering on the lake, but are most plentiful around Little Charity Island, near the entrance to Saginaw Bay. This island is the property of a fishing firm at Bay City which supports a very extensive fishery there. White-fish are sold fresh except at times during the summer, when the flesh becomes soft from the extreme heat. The fish thus affected are salted before being marketed. In this process it is customary to open them down the back, as they do not keep well if opened down the belly. Practically the entire catch of white-fish is taken in pound nets and gill nets, the catch with the latter being prin- cipally by steamers. The average weight of white-fish taken in Lake Huron is from 2 to 3 pounds each. Off Caseville they are frequently taken weighing 17 pounds each, and one was taken in the fall of 1908 weighing 19 pounds. Those weighing 5 pounds or more are called jumbos and sell for double the price of the smaller ones. Among the other species taken in this lake that assume some impor- tance in certain localities are pike and pickerel, Menominee white-fish, rock bass, cat-fish, long-jaw white-fish, bullheads, and sturgeon. A few other species are also taken incidentally along the lake, but are of less importance. Except on the Saginaw River very few fishermen along Lake Huron ship their own catch, but sell to local dealers. At West Bay City and Essexville there are five dealers who handle practically ail of the fish FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 689° taken in Saginaw Bay west of Sebewaing, and also many of those aken as far north as Alpena, as has already been stated. Saginaw River.—The fisheries of Saginaw River*are prosecuted. from its mouth to a short distance above Saginaw from November 1 to April 15. The greater part of the fishing is done through the ice.- Several species are caught, the most important of which are suckers,. yellow perch, wall-eyed pike, and pike. The catch is taken chiefly with fyke nets and pound nets, the latter being used with more profit: during the fall before the ice forms. The depths in which fishing is- carried on varies from 3 feet in the upper part of the river to 22 feet. near the mouth. In most cases the fishermen on the Saginaw River ship their own: catch, the greater part of it going to New York City. A few of the dealers in that city have buyers, who go up and down the river buying” fish directly from the fishermen. The fishermen who ship their own catch have live-cars, or large boxes, in which to keep the fish alive until ready for shipment. They can thus take advantage of good markets, and are to some degree independent of the dealers. The live- cars in common use on the river are 16 feet long, 5 to 8 feet wide and. deep, and are divided by one or more partitions. Some of the fisher-- -men have an apartment in their cars for each of the principal species.- This arrangement saves assorting them when shipments are made. The cars are usually built of 1-inch white pine, and occasionally of- hemlock, from 500 to 700 feet of lumber being required for a car. White pine is much preferred on account of not getting water-soaked. quickly. The cars will last from four to thirteen years, according to the care taken of them. It is customary to take the cars ashore and- clean and dry them about once every two years. The following tables show by counties the extent of the fisheries: of. Lake Huron in 1903: Table showing by counties the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Hurov tm 1903. On ves- | On ves- | In shore | County. sels fish- selstrans-| or boat | Shores- Total- ing. | porting. | fisheries.) ™©?- INIEOI, SH Akon Seas nao s ee Beco Goc DO SUE ACU oS eeGU Cee Ore losaeneoee= case care ile | eaeee tas | 1}. PAM BIN ee a can pera si aa r= er aerate wha A aieiwin el erepac 21 3 | 83 | 30 | 137 JST EG is Se Shorsonaccce jpUnooaqobs JobcesbooFosueodass paceeaeasoos Ip edene qos | $2) cece ae | 82 Tae Sopot Sat abe ea ode Bens Tee Reeed ees oe meen e Sad Coco rescen 10 600 | 61 | 671 Cheboyeanies We tee Seige 2 eee ne ee. BE ee oe | Gt eee 76 | 21 | 103 CHAP DCW Al 2.5 mince seer ee eee eee ee oS eieeree poet oe einalMes-e sists (nie ae ese er 39 | 6 | 45= 12 10h R00 ee eee Lee eee ee esr ins ae sek meres ae erels Griseeoe se cel 174 | 23 | 203 ICCC» Fe eee PE mace Sen aha Son pee aon ae aC oe TOeEE DSi) rae 122. | 11 146-- MleigterH 0). < 35.20 ere eT eee es. Renee Oe ter ho ee ae | WT iiosan ee |) S07 ipresmue USlG\s,..22,. sso=.2-ca2 t.enige eee ss deminane eee a= ie ile Ape Saat Na ey eee sop 19° SSIES Ree Seeeeor hs oor Se coabo bat aoSeepaduobROsenods Iscecsmnour [eorex erates 75 | 5 | 80 CG Ets eRe OE RS, En Vi RM SG ie (i Sea ena | 3 | 16 | 30 | 49™ Shull sels see cee oe ine Stee Pe a iaas jae me re eR ee a | ream eeee ererc Se | S3p Race cee 33-- STUN CON Sle acter tense eran ei la remeron s Sores cua Sl elage orate Mera temyerserays)| etm melas le Sis Brae sara eee 18 Mey illo * Ee be Bh) = oan se Se ee ve 51 16| 1,450 | my Pali | J F. C. 1904—44 690 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by counties the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of Lake Huron in 1903. . | Alcona. Alpena. Arenac. Bay Cheboygan. Item. Sages | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | | | Vessels fishing ..........------- ees ee 8 3 | $9,000 |....- ats oid Ui. SNe ante 1 | $3,000 POWMBALC ST. 2 earer~ oe we caecise cee eae les masa ets DD) [keepin ine chemo Neots a0) cee tae cameras Le eee CRHERY es tae ee HE nn at PRs like oe eae tee A O50 2 cal oe aN, 2.2 aS ee ee 1, 500 IMESSCISM VAM SPORE: = a 5,< seca reearndiac ae =] lstols =iereta= 1 OOO) Sere a late 5), | BLS 700m eee eee Boe OG See ae a Oa ee SY | eS, Ea Ae JSS SeAG| Shee Semeten 40 ||... sss }eee ee | See GD UB Eire pat rete = pats Ries rate seca eee sre toe eres Hone 250 Wissen. eae (ae eaeee 1,550) | s50 Shee Boaisae se oho Uh Sie eee 9| $525] 43 3,410 | 52) $1,345 | 147 9, 685 29 2, 810 Gasoline Taunches 2 se sc- she... te ca cdfeeh all ovo, < acail eeeeie ee ante 1 | 1,500 6 6, 400 1 800 Apparatus—vyessel fisheries: | Gull meters. 25. ~'S 5-5 5,c a3 eects Se ees | 740 SDL! OT a Perea ale eee bed PP ee et oe 300 3, 600 Apparatus—shore fisheries: | RS CHIIVES SerB co Bataan Seca eee Fee eens pig Ute eotaeee 5 285 6 126 3 60 Gil B Issa eth oars oe ce seks lie Jom] 25 | 353 2,665 | 16 | 48 | Soe cliee ceases 306 1, 720 IPOUMOEMETSS Soo. seen nneeees ss 12 | 2,450} 82) 19,500] 73 | 11,170 | 310 | «39, 485 8 1, 045 EBERIP CIS i sees ee sink wee toes 29 | 325 | 30 850 | 30 | 845 | 250 7, 285 95 4, 685 POU CTS ir wa.e c oes .cfa cleo de. oe lama Woe anwar ge ete etaiare sree 1 0: | 150 | 167 4, 628) | Sees eee TPMT S fos ac chad 3 taanioete we blnatoee SSS EOE a sateen ee ee crte Cech fae pe ame ers [Oot Bcc c 10 5 LCG Sete ake Ss Te ee So re a le rovaha| teers eee Wetinaaseetlaeee = Bie Wea e 3 Spea Ise h oka bo eit eat aT aS pa aan tee Se ee See Aaa 4 lestesetine 400 1, 200 3 4 Shore and accessory property..|....-. | 830 |...-- 40,150 |..... | 5,885 |-...- 160; 49D0)| Sees 8, 600 (ASS CEN (328 sob eoo edb aceSes [seo 2c) Ponageos| aso 20; CUO" | 2 ects eeceriee faa ee 30, 000 Saesee 8, 000 ENGL Che eee ee erence eal Oe ae |, 260 Ho. 2: 115, 675 |....- | 26 22R 22 278,566 |...... 35, 882 Chippewa. Huron. loseo, Mackinae. |Presque Isle. Item. = Te ae SSS SS SoEy No. | Value.| No. | Value | No. | Value. | No. Value, No. | Value. VIESSGIS FISHING © sooo Mein okt nt oranclacheee=-| 1| $2,000 | 2 | $8,000 |..... ta taerace 1] $2,000 MOUMMALE A275. o> 2s = omsee shine cfoasee \pocepene PAS aeeeeiee Oo ilsceiae selene 1 aes Sere LOM) 253 ee COOUEGEN sere oie Cee coe ate oe | rare eae tetas at 645 |=. 5--| 2, B00 cs'28 once bees 900 IBGRUS Eee tS ceive aca 36 | $2, 930 92 | 12,875 | 55) 4,660 | 43 | $3,833 7 415 Gasoline launches ............. 2} 2,400 3 DB; 400 ie ee,- a aaa 4! 12,'900 |, 2s ciel - eee Apparatus—vessel fisheries: GUNIMETS Bice s tae ce ten cela Sates ees -cimaniaan 250 2,000) 220) 6) 940"|- Soe) eeteseeise | 212 3, 180 Apparatus—shore fisheries: S{SHLTICS TE See aoa Oe roe re eee (cee hae i] 3 3 | 140} esate een clan ae eee Gell METS sce wciseis ae ede oe ae | 410 | 3,338 | 1,085 6, 9384 | 814 | 5,964 | 199 870 | 67 425 IPOWMME CES ote. crema wis sales win 16 | 2,145 225 | 43,315 | 85 | 16,135] 31 | 5,325 5 625 EDTA PMOL is Sao i «seis cial oS 136 | 2,840 50 1,345 | 14 300 | 95 | 2,675 6 240 [DSA GOS SES - aie A See ees, (eee ie || ee 73 AB ed 2 oe Mid ates zie 5 250 ||. -..064 seen IMMER Sete a2 <)aomeiss i. Soe aes 2 Hem aes ohare inti crisis 9G) \Scee8 AG steers 20 | 5-tt32) Seen SD ORES Sie a ere apa a oie oo) epecaeel| meets a ei eet alla see | 5 2. \ac avaiel eee Shore and accessory property..!....- Bx450. aeons 61580 Ee. Dt COMI aes 2, 420s 1, 965 Cash Gapitalnc on. ons we cocenase Posen st 0 9 Ne een BAO 00 ee eee ee er oe |eeeeeoe- Jecere|-seeeeee OU ee a Ronee a teas = ae ened ate 20, 603 Jeneeeee 1403638) esce 60; 525" eee 18, 300 jose 9, 750 Saginaw. St.Clair. | Sanilac. Tuscola. Total Item. Sa SS SIE Scien No. | Value. | No. | Value. No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value Wl slontns Soca aeeasennesnse eseealsensacee ite | ade. a ile al pees ga IR ce 8 | $24, 000 Gna Ce meee Shela UIE. Sal oe oes eee mee een b> 2p pre Pend en (oe Ak oi 129.) eee (CURT NS ee ne Ae Oe eee eee foie | Saas eteelocece ees Staal eave a ee ol en S| eee ere SAN 10, 795 WesselstranspOLtiue = ssc aise se ctceeiale meteors BL | RH OOO ab. ete ero efane| lela: aye Ml esr ie foie 22 700 Tonnage DO Reeiies ebaor meena Meet ole Sena, - 9h eee Osu al Seeaee he SAGE RRR) ee SR oe Ie | A001. eM cdots Joe ene eee 2, 200 IBO RIS S50 2 eS Nee ero 12 655 | 20} $945 12 $350 606 45,173 Gasoline launches ............- eer Ree tesee 1 300 Ah 25850 | esata eave eters 22 | 22,850 Apparatus—yessel fisheries: | CTEM ERS ee een Se ee ces le Sosa ce ate oe One ee las Ae lactose eee 62,222 | 25, 625 Apparatus—shore fisheries: | SeINES sess se Hh ei Seiee cos Sh ern le erate cre af eye tees fini etace ell st telape re ee asker oe ee eee 18 608 (GINS tae Set eee ce eats aba [yeh ieee 129 540 | 394 | 2,832 | 129 540 | 63,907 | 25, 901 POUn dupes sae wee ve, cee 28'| 1,030 | 28 | 5,500.) 24 |- 4,495) 24) 2°675 951 | 154, 725 Rape ts sss ss cca cen a ee aac eee | Ree TNS cry es Pee SR 3 30 734 | 21,770 LEA WIICES ce) ESE Goh eerie eee oe MODI 16 AFT OMe eae nee 1 payee Be ariel chara abel Nera reno 443 | 12,583 ADS cS akc > ee Pe eee Ome ei [PR are See eo eee al oe oleate em lone el Seon c 10 5 1 Ur 0K): eg eee eee 2 UR DRS eaeoiel CR ta ee EE Mel ae omer| eneclesscersclococcce 183 OPCATIS\ oooh cases ne ab ac, ce aceicre ef clarajcce! | eee dee oe ere Sate erate ee fete ol gore |e er Te rate ocean e eee 408 1, 206 Shore and accessory property..!....- Bh, A9D Scene 34,125 |....-. 10,300 |...-- 220! | plata erect 387,115 Cashicapitialiac cesar feo aaleenee HYOCO.:|Beeee 25000) 2 o8 s shesshecealios Jal eee eee oo peseeeee 95, 500 Mob ss toe oe oe es Sale 50,470) 225. 68, 520 |-.-.-| PANG ere Dp S20 el eeemieers 851, 639 a includes 5 steam tugs under 5 net tons, valued at $4,600. : 6 Total length, 550,515 yards in the vessel fisheries and 585,755 yards in the shore fisheries. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 691 Table showing by counties the products of the fisheries of Lake Huron in 1908. Species. | - Aleona. Alpena. Bay. Lbs. /Value. Lbs. Lbs. |Value. Cat-fish and bullheads..-...... Sooo ee ee ee ERM GATD —hocc ces ct ancient LER se Gt ee re Perma SAECO +20 i. ae crs acim Pike and pickerel, fresh ....-.- Pike and pickerel, salted ....-. Pike perch (wall-eyed pike) -.. CK DRSS,. oat 4. Ao daeieet esata SUUTS COM -.- =~ 22-22 - =e =~ === Backers: treshi.® .Aices04) eee oes Suckers saltedes ess. see - wncm.- Sun-hahy = 222 sc cobs esses sows PTO RT BONELS cites oy araias winisie:5- Boe Reo A See 6, 325 100. (Pe eee celeste cote 9, 660 178 Pike and pickerel, fresh .. BEN oot 25 1 1, 955 98 3, 642 176 PiIkeraNGepie KeLel eal beds aac cts ee | ovis well orem cols orl|ne aa ieiayorc 805 ID Wesste essen oeeeeee Pike perch (wall-eyed i DUO) Same Ep Seeeses sre 200 9 75 4 3, 666 211 87,445 | 4,601 VOCKIPASS Sacea tenses cnc e ales scoot secls wae Soe eee teeter 80 | 5 60 4 Pelle MIEKEI asc SoS ces Joe toate = = soe ee eet ae [reste 13, 400 267 192,255 | 5,593 UD OR es owe is A sieloeis ale Abo d 2 isn oa ic Se a es eet 31, 910 773 424,897 | 15,142 Seines: Cat-hsh ame bulheads = 222-2551 va. eee oo Seco ee oleae ae 1,960 59 |S 2 2 cy epee CCTIMMD CREP ssc acehe (2 oss. ae Seka ahecie Bela tee 250 9 |ecscac. eee Palve ve DL COR CNER te. oe xa clams ool oe cone | eee nice (eeeeeers 6, 855 B43 | ..,..0a8 oa eeleeenete Pike perch (wall-eyed 1008: 327) OOO e BE AT or eee aero een ae eee i cieae 22,340 | 1,368 1, 355 81 ROCHE PRES 6 Sock te eins fon seer eine nad ~ eee ee eee eae 330 6 |. 202 sce e eee SILC KICRA WHOS she ame ci0 SiS woe Nat at etre ta havens ens ote eeale te tall @ninte = cae 58, 000 630 1, 875 ale; Beamish se ok ae wi 5 Wee te cudiasme ee arse Hee pe Reale male anaes 300 Bs. Spare ae erat eee ee Wellowepereh 2. sss eet esate ce cicelts Sock alle Sete shew wie 10, 540 164 o.wcb se aatcaeeeeeee X04 2) ey a ee: 4 2 etin anaes | MN aa Tatras ere st | He ec 100,575 | 2,577 38, 230 98 Lines: Catfish sree Dut eRaS chess oe 5 ce RE Se alte restric, ciara eee fee ltepatceincee 2, 625 105 Pike perch (wall-eyed BUEN 228 Jy sais 5 claret sc ci clove deere toll Sonata Slate aease id mtetaienas Saat everett cin cl Rance tae 140 8 15 eae Om Cte Rg ei eile SEE NGS oe? eas Peer as rs es 2,765 | 118 S dears: Pilkepamd pic lkeered ress dB Ae Sn Ser ee al aN ce 320 16 Pike perch (wall-eyed | poy aes he Ares eae, | 64,500 | 3,848 Yellow perch 4, 400 101 Tobe 2 eee) eae ee ea ean eh ae a Me Pee rt a 69, 220 | 3, 965 Granditotaleeecss sna 177,944 | 4,877 778, 164 | 26,080 | 1, 086, 663 | 26,503 | 3,065, 700 | 96, 537 ‘ FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 695 Table showing by counties and apparatus the products of the shore fisheries of Lake Huron in 1908—Continued. Cheboygan. Chippewa. Huron. Tosco. Apparatus and species. meee eae ae Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Pound nets: Cat-fish and bullheads....]......... 6, 208 $253 2, 386 $75 LOUIE aS Oo Se ee Se aera ee eeeeete 33 2 16 1 Fresh-water drum ........|.......-- 5, 535 66" |ec co slen bel eectemis Spey OLY he) OS SS Se eee oes [Sess ee goe 1, 280 34 200 2 Merring; fresh ..2--..----2 4, 200 #42 81,925 | 1,040 136,725 | 1,877 Herring, salted .2....25... 2, 200 ee ea es ers aes 1, 616,045 | 32, 004 723, 925 | 13,588 Lele ae oelegprsyon vol dco lS eee eae cl ace eeecag Reso Renal [spoon 60) seca ae 640 4Q"'| >. sameeren IDR aE Waite ee s5s6o| bocose oes] losepeen seacs send beseser 80 2))| vats ee Sees Pike and pickerel, fresh .. 90 3 5, 400 142 22 1 122 4 Pike perch (wall-eyed pike): ae seee cena wince 2,100 41 2, 800 112 305, 893 | 16, 412 72,702 | 4,228 LOGIC ASS oe Soest ci ace ckl| ete ate arse rm | ets wrerece cles ee Stare tm ore oll ete tepwie ate ale te tev ml otel lle ecm at 129 5 SHisil Herero CURE SS Ses Sno 130 y 820 44 4,691 302 1, 780 95 ISAT ET ene ole eine oinell © eee Hoate cee opel be ae eee ana awe 46 SIL. ea ecal2 eee Suekerswiresh\.52 5. scelee | weiec sat feaoea ts 4, 000 20 34, 5383 561 | 22, 267 338 Suckers, salted..:.--...... 10, 035 216 7,130 124 | 1, 035 18 12, 650 242 anO ut. ALesl. cco os coe eek 4,000 165 82,450 | 1,286 | 2, 630 126 | 17, 308 794 Drow, sulted. 225.222. -5e- 977 40) aces seneijoascese- lacsgssoesea\[saceseu% 7,705 235 White-fish, fresh ........-- 4,100 | 221 26, 520 1,324) 110,213 | 8,143 48, 611 3, 404 White-fish, salted .......--. 131 | All ecSe ances lees 155 | 13 3, 430 115 Wilaaie-Ash Caviar: eles nce. cis Np a ee aie tae 400 4G) bose eee erate White-fish (Menominee), Barba) ee ete ane Neste | ey ots, oie acts eisvareyane etal stetomta = etarailletate mistake 2,186 91 7, 526 27 White-fish (Menominee), Salted): 25.20/28 ase s see 120 | WR ES RE oe a Aces tee arta | eeeeisee totes eearegetetts Mellow, perch. ccseseeieteeesine see emer cee 1, 950 22 131, 518 3, 138 27, 006 517 MO tal ecco cictaeeteeniare ieee 28, 083 792 83,470 | 38,156 | 2,305,066 | 62,328 | 1,084,438 | 25, 794 Trap nets: Gatnshrand Dw Meds 2 Salers cel cent loa 7, 800 225 2,372 | 15 291 12 TESTS 5 te Ses | ae ee ee eet iste eel Ree Re oe 29 2 Nae bes exinaeeeecton DTESINS eH reo O A000 oat as Seeders Sake cand BEaSeeaeee sec acooe 1, 296 koh eee erties fos 65 Cee VAT ACPEL Yoel aearin ec acteflett mie etelaminl| mic at olmialaiei||min ala! aiatoheteleilieve wiwinintece 300 lp ees © ab Teleie alaya agecln) OSes epee! eater il Dear eee Re Re a Bamerseey 700 | QM ATES ee hea peered Herring salted). -=.22<2 4, 265 eid eee eet Renee ee RBM pemt maa aes me secaclocot sss Wise ame ele Sere coe emia te alata ofn’s fei ainim 607 33 A icerns aw eee eeeincets 696 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Tuble showing by counties and apparatus the products of the shore fisheries of Lake Huron in 1903—Continued. Cheboygan. Chippewa. Huron. loseo, Apparatus and species. SSS SSS St Stee) See ———— | Lbs. | Value Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. } ! | | ERE ae a : Fyke nets—Continued. | | BGG asses Suc ama ob lille ae Le eens erasers el tee ee 156 $2. li ati es Suelsenss ireshs 2. s5.4..60..2 1p se as Od Sere ent Sesser ncee, ern arenes 18, 627 276; |) :3).2e9no one eee Mellow perch) --- 78D 102 D4 G83N ik pene eee Nee ee Lines: | SRTOGUEs Aeneas See sae Was ose ei Pd) Byala OY) |e eee aoe esesciees |peceeocnse ||Ssnocrqe||Ss2oac> sel eos o> $5 ns | SSS SSS Spears: TOES Bese ee seenaae nego | 560 Bl Sago kebes s les coeoddlaesabestias se coene/socsaa2e72 oedoohe | | — —— Grand! totals: 2..s2..-s% 609, 549 | 18,909 85,317 | $2,488 853, 648 | 30,096 344, 799 | $7, 842 Sone: Tuscola, Total. Apparatus and species. = = ies Value. Lbs Value. Lbs. | Value. | Pound nets: Warenshvand) bullhteagss se eee |e a= = see i=||l~ ei al=iole = arm nPPALE $48 74,317 $2, 525: DORIS aberry. = cle eee nce sects all ieininioe's ene. 2 Tecce aes SRE Ate ee ae tae Sol re aaa 8, 859 | 58 Tele. ot Se So ea Pa king acme [ieceeameeis Gh a ite of sale MM ale tte 582 25: Rese waver Germ e «5 ff ale ee cle ceils ckeeetee|l cere ee ee 984 10 | 45, 630 286 Genman GRE se. osc ceca eke wos aa 200 $4 1, 300 19 13, 481 257 ermine treshe. = 52 825205 sce case 195, 200 2,817 18, 229 190 | 1,086, 027 13, 605 Hienine. salted. tc. 52.0.2. 2- bases 181, 918 3, 969 4,715 119 | 3,463,293 | 67,550: JE ENT a Ve, SOLA le OMS otc aoenoaeecal qaeeeeesan-| bacon ee sAs Snaaemeerapd eeeseercs- 640 | 40 Line: Le LER AGT SSA. Le nee cote lie BROS ee nar a Nee sas men ite Ac ame p ea onS 80 | De Bike and pickerel, fresh... .2.52|:2.2<2-5=55 [ic ceeeuse ean | eee SEL See ice eye 26, 655 1, 460 iBikeyam Oyple kernel salted 2 s2 eet oe Seems ce Aeilieioe alias call ara o temas ool le miele oe mretnre 805 | 15 Pike perch (wall-eyed piks).....| 15, 188 863 32, 459 1,626 | 1,296, 226 | 72, 391: ROO GD ASS ee 2 SE ee ee ancicis ee Saee cee ance oocie 4 Pereneaen Siemens sei Bit 046 947 SUMS <8 hese eaean ESSE asec 1,125 73 211 11 32, 865 | 2,103 SUT ERC ry. Chaes BASE eee er rl na encore ictesapacdo nese mtaas ead aeacododcas 296 241 SWIeKerswiPCSMs 2c cocceec stews cess 1, 000 10 19, 231 246 527, 350 11, 916. SUICIE RS WRAL GOO mio arc osc, ec aye ores |e sere. a eens cis neta rte spal inte cee Oe | 1,068, 089 51, 562 SI Cey ome 5 Se Cee aA 18, 120 1, 087 Pike and pickerel .......- 208, 948 18, 829 Wittesishi <2. oc eeenccoce 82,378 6, 348 Pike perch (blue pike).... 610, 281 34, 206 White-fish (bluefin)....-. 9, 050 366 Pike perch (wall-eyed) ... 597, 395 45, 308 (Othermshts.ss-seoeecce ce 592 29 Pike perch (sauger) ...-..- 30, 000 1,500 a — Rock bass and sun-fish - .. 18, 000 690 Motale Goeaascese scenes 2, 900, 547 130, 468 SHalt-water fish............ 88, 946 5, 998 4 == DMP COM rn: 6: oc. ccecn oe 27,9381 2,919 || Smoked: Sturgeon caviar .. 960 | 668 PT CTTADIG cetacean Shas 68, 835 7, 962 DILGER TNE ae see cee s ats.< aa 187, 404 5, 058 Salt-water fish 23, 551 1, 266 BROMIDE epee Sn ea cee ceeoes 1, 100, 184 72, 204 Sturgeon...... Be nig 000 200 Waantie bass 252.0 2. eta. | 10, 938 447 FIMO ee ec inisicne aare Sie nelle 1, 240 75 WWiIge tis ae cee a cake AR GL. D16 2943740 | sem Wanitiostiehy) eee sen ed 15, 238 1, 063 White-fish (bluetin and ——— =e DMN CO) 2s s,s weed ee 70, 313 3,616 Ocala eae east etes vaca 109, 864 10, 569 White-fish (Menominee) .. 4, 000 240 | MWeEUaweperth <-. 2 .35.8s=2 460, 864 18, 567 Grand totale. occ ssccsee 9, 444, 793 542, 911 OT EV SOG TEI 01 ee ee 11, 831 1,516 | Pesta ees eee eee | 6,434,382] 401,874 || FISHERIES OF LAKE ERIE. The fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903 gave employment to 2,727 persons, of whom 633 were on vessels fishing and transporting, 1,591 on boats in the shore fisheries, and 503 were shoresmen in connection with the fisheries and the various fishery industries. Following is the number of persons credited to the different states bordering on this lake: New York, 1,017; Pennsylvania, 487; Ohio, 1,101; and ack 122. The total amount of capital ere in the fala of the lake was $2,196,397. This included 102 fishing and transporting vessels, of 1,859 net tons, valued at $378,650, with outfits valued at 562,428; 467 boats, valued at $22,208; 39 gasoline launches under 5 tons, vlan at $26,950; fishing apparatus used on vessels and boats to the value of $379,776; shore and accessory property in the fisheries and wholesale fishery trade, valued at $919,635; and cash capital utilized in the fishery industries, amounting to $406,750. The investment in New 704 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. York was $470,606; in Pennsylvania, $495,959; in Ohio, $1,205,002; and in Michigan, $24,830. The products of the fisheries aggregated 23,188,556 pounds, for which the fishermen received $780,015. Of this quantity, 12,448,089 pounds, valued at $468,821, was taken by vessels, and 10,740,467 pounds, valued at $311,194, by boats. The yield in New York was 2,949,305 pounds, valued at $128,445; in Pennsylvania, 8,367,707 pounds, valued at $305,244; in Ohio, 10,748,986 pounds, valued at $317,027; and in Michigan, 1,122,558 pounds, valued at $29,299. In the vessel fisheries the products were all taken with gill nets, except 27,000 pounds of turtles, valued at $1,620, which were caught in turtle nets. Inthe shore fisheries, pound nets took 4,471,824 pounds, valued at $142,272; trap nets, 1,865,596 pounds, valued at $32,004; fyke nets, 959,987 pounds, valued at $18,239; gill nets, 937,733 pounds, valued at $49,097; seines, 2,633,267 pounds, valued at $45,724; lines, 341,260 pounds, valued at $22,986; and other forms of apparatus, 30,800 pounds, valued at $872. The species taken in largest quantities were herring, 8,788,625 pounds, $333,844; blue pike, 4,915,357 pounds, $188,033; German carp, 3,546,752 pounds, $59,198; sauger, 1,940,855 pounds, $47,697; wall-eyed pike, 908,454 pounds, $49,462; yellow perch, 830,403 pounds, $27,001; suckers, 721,089 pounds, $8,695; fresh-water drum, 642,445 pounds, $4,513; white-fish, 302,805 pounds, $22,988; and sturgeon, including caviar, 300,103 pounds, $26,480. About 93 per cent of the herring and 64 per cent of the blue pike were taken by vessels, the two species forming over 90 per cent of the products of the vessel fisheries. Yellow perch and saugers were also caught in large quantities by vessels. ,The German carp, except 270 pounds, valued at $2, were taken in the boat fisheries. The fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903 were less extensive than in any of the recent years (1890, 1893, or 1899), for which statistics are avail- able. Comparing the returns with those for 1899, the year for which the last canvass was made, there has been a decrease of 1,001, or 27 per cent, in the number of persons employed; $524,157, or 19 per cent, in the investment; 35,205,308 pounds, or 60 per cent, in the quantity, and $370,880, or 32 per cent, in the value of the products. The decrease in products was principally in herring, but there was also a large decline in the catch of cat-fish and bullheads, black bass, fresh-water drum, wall-eyed pike, sauger, white bass, white-fish, yellow perch, and various other species. The only important species in which there was an increase is blue pike. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 705 The following tables give, by states and counties, the number of persons employed, the amount of capital invested, and the quantity and value of the products of the fisheries of Lake Erie in 1908: Table showing by states and counties the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903. On ves- | On ves- | In shore] gp ores. State and county. sels fish- |selstrans-| or boat rent Total, ing. porting. | fisheries. 4 New York: SENN Mra eats soe oral selnlaic eee ieic eines eels ieininfoaerae ciel siattepeieistes QB etretverelae 671 116 883 (CAMO WW) SoS Sano oe sacecenuntesacoodaorsocenoceeTr Biol Rasonemuee 73 25 134 MRO bel ese eo eeic cater retare ciara) sialals @ aiaitisiate eejsisielestowicinnte 1325 Sere eeee 744 141 1,017 Pennsylvania: i; og Dini aouad dacen adcpan abound > SedorpecmRacoUnCdecnerar: DIG) Vee acwsre 76 ) 135 487 Ohio: | Ata hiten otic ms spre Neiman se ate eterno nietoyein eictaleinyee/sversteisiews Hse e el iso Seictee Dee aerate 2 ITH. 5 $65 SERRE aC CSE ne Rea Re Ge bebiaacp ee Geno eceace (bopbbsesSseiosseccesse Vi eterna 7 (Chen AGE Ss Sho abecosdens aso nbsocoe GooaodUseDEcoCds DACRE aS et 39 130 318 PACELLI ees se ee rane Mesin ieee ositiate Sisisicieayaie chassis © {eae 2s eae eee 33 15 48 SEY ete ae ot as orca wait aaieingsie Ratt nl syepeerete clciareiate 40 12 78 46 176 SAG host ewes 5 OE Se ee oe Dace nosed rpeseencscaa oss) shcceabess eseecoosse 1G, |eseocse se 16 OWED, SU BRS ae Sea ee CERNE | SEES ena cc sonebol sasconbac cle Soonte 362 24 386 NUTS te apes tae Se Se en alton ss dete cteia at cris 7 bel | ia Ae 112 12 148 SIRO Aes mee Ss ee operetta ine tere re lelate sis relelaiers\syaictaiets) siento cistsiat = 213 12 649 227 1,101 Michigan: | TST OE tee em 4 Ar hae tna latod Sica Oe tie 122 RPMPTPRIET Tie cae oe oaks tgs seins ag Nal A) | 621 12| 1,591 503 | 2,727 Table showing by states and counties the vessels, boats, apparatus, and capital employed in the fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903. Vessels fishing. Vessels transporting. Boats. Gasoline State and county. aed alee ea: Wala | No. GEE Value. of No.| AES Value. of No. | Value. | No.} Value. BC. outfit. Be. outfit. New York: Dl AG aS EO Reeaae GY esos lepo le ZOO) Rss Ose 7 OOM | eerste ers neteel | rersict=r= tate $1,445 | 5 | $3,506 Chautauqua ..... 6 SPY it GEC) eBay Sete saa sadlbeeseoee 880 | 13 8, 85@ opal. es: DoulwratG) |) 73-1001! 199615 |p. o:|anese| ke 2,325 | 18 | 12,350 = | = {SSS SSS | SSS SS) —$———— | Pennsylvania: TIGR: conse ee et 44 | 698 | 168,500 | 25,214 |----|------[----222-]eeeeee ee 47.) 251350) -*6 6, 406 Ohio: re ek oN eae | (AID) en yee Saal aaa eee gaa Seeeares| sesame Spa AA S| Hare oes ees 1 QWinls'Fsal eo eee IWAN OS oa ageneenaas esabe beinann| oanpeoda|bansaase seicuaecus eacoanes Percerstciare 9 (NY) |escsllnssos5ce Cuyahoga........ 941 409 | 83,600 | 15,724 |....1...-.. Leena 2 HORE ae 2M el OOO) | ees | ene Trent! J S58 56554) bb a5e\lonasncllbossaseaalbascaso- Ste soe yee Noaaboooelleocons05 5 336 | 2 1, 100 LD GI Cape aes 6 16 17,450 | 2,675 | 2 | 126 |$25,000 | $4,500 | 42] 2,100) 1 350 Bamiciskiy css seul eee loonie! eames tesiclers cinesatole BeBe te See Ol Gee ie 12 TD. | caalesoeceee (CUE CBee Ot Or WAAeo Soman Scaneoepe late tee ave Be Ae Cres ea ao ale Aceidose 168 | 9,682 | 9 5, 400 WUCES Ss Soec sce 4 CO) SC ce) a aS OO ee ee Oe ee Sana! lSaosocae bb} 2,365 || 1 560 MOT j = oe ale oe erm tte Motes eo os weiner 636, 985 34,303 | 1,857, 628 44, 948 505_ 15 8, 426 538 Michigan: eae fi MOontoere. cs. .Ee 236, 500 138, 296 | 68, 300° 1 FOSS Actin sate baer 1,870 124 Grand total .... 908, 484 49, 462 | 1, 940, 355 47,697 | 1,005 21 294, 226 21, 586 708 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Tables showing by states, counties, and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Evie in 1908—Continued. Suckers. Sun-fish. Trout. White bass. White-fish. State and county. = a = SE Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. Value. New York: JOR pel ane 21,255 | $191! 1,°00 $3 660iy|) S89 ies oes soe 5,477 $465 Chautauqua ..... SURGbBN | UAUBEE EER ees|ib Me cose 12,370 675 £00 $6 46,770 38, 5€0 Motalesee s-seb. 60, 588 1, 245 1,.00 8 ; 18,039 714 500 6 52, 247 4,025 Pennsylvania: | = "| PICs hae neers Sees 58, 355 0 BG aentEe sdoceins| saiscies ecenee 800 24 53, 276 8, £85 Ohio: WEL en oe SS S| _———— MaKe sete cas ce aie 12, 449 144 5 9, 936 €83 Cuyahoga... 17, 634 | 128 5| 81,864 | 2,422 orwiiees Secs 16, 323 | 2% 785 29} 10,053 774 TOA ei 66, 742 S 3,258 | 114 | 285790 eeonoos Sandusky .......: 11,010 1b Saas Sepeebe Saeboecn eeticae 2,970 89 5, 019 373 Otiziwarsteees sce: ORGEA GAN) SO VBdTh ewe eel ees Qemlie ae a: oe | Byki 16,384 | 590] 86,901] 6,710 IUCASiscoaseese re 70,376 {OA CaepSaaallosspcsdlléancteocli¢consas 778 Zen ec onel|saconcc o MObH cian see see 452, 998 Cte bal ae totaal ei ctee cic 2,088 86 | 24, 442 853 172,355 | 13,190 Michigan: ol i= = 7 MiONTOG)S osc sene 149, 148 MACY ll ers omnelleccee 56] GOneBare eaorece 1,909 57 24, 927 1, 888 —— | = ———— Grand total ....| 721,089 8, 695 1,200 | 8 | 15,127 £00 | 27, 651 940 | 302,805 | 22,988 Yellow perch. Caviar. Turtles. Total. State and county. eae =| Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. New York: PARTE hs ores Se eicarietme 19, 840 707 2906. | Bo 7 eee crenellitoesiniee 1, 629,195 | $71, 686 Chantauquar.2..s5c.662.0: 6, 776 211 1, 806 1, 705 |eeeeee eee Jesee---- 1, 320, 110 56, 809 GING tril bs, 4k See ( o6616 (> oie"! a-71Dil" 9. ga] jase. eee 2,949,305 | 128, 445 Pennsylvania: | Fcatea as ie a BP Gee cca asconieaiak ee eciaa.e 141, 139 5, 258 840 670! | Cawaciea ee ciaevele 8, 367,707 | 305, 244 Ohio: ST Se ee || 1. DASIEUICT FUT A a a ea ee Ree | re ee, A FES Rae Ses 9 Ee ci! 1,090 56 A KCr a raararscr ton cite chs 2 cee | 382 9 275 QAR aratelorn wa leeeec eae 261, 445 7, 893 Cuyshorare tb oe sss dhe CUOMO sya Ot RYE aa renall aaa algcocnAcdce baanoant 2, 764, 035 | 116, 089 POT AMA oct erste ate talc arte is-aicle 23, 204 MAG Seco waaleee cena rst aecietere Te] mporeccbetars 426, 934 17, 227 [Deter ere ee ae TY BOOT, wpe ira eeacenbaloaneooee 27,000 | $1,620 | 1,267,570 | 39,929 Sacks e cnc. one costae 12, 260 GS | Sia icte ete all erapaie (ois) atell roiancteyoveie rake) etevarctencie 146, 917 2,624 Omtawarr siesscckhe asa sls. 108, 692 PAU isi REntarod BaaGEner 18, 800 752 | 4,893,701 | 106,619 IGYSING 5 Ca ee Rares 22, 857 SAO eee ere eco rises lepossdegou|beesccce 987,294 | 26,590 ROLAs Stasc eke yal 624,743 | 19, 925 275 247 45,800 | 2,372 | 10,748, 986 | 317,027 Michigan: Suen UF ne tel | =| | 1) Sea | MONTOC Meas ns cee wen ceccaes 37, £05 900 50 AD Gel eee ote | weet eee 1,122,558 | 29,299 Gran ditotaleeeeaee eee 830, 403 | 27,001 | 5,877 | 4,894 | 45,800 | 2,372 | 23,188,556 | 780,015 Table showing by states, counties, and species the yield of the vessel fisheries of Lake Erie State and county. New York: Mries. yaac= Sioa pias sista ttotels Chautauqua Erie Ohio: Cuyahoga > Erie in 1908. x nol weller German carp. Herring. Ling or lawyer. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. | Value. faa ratsya fala tates | Soavetera sratell tere fe aru coratetel|[ereielerevare 849, 972 | $33,947 |... b cecleemeeee ole Sie peka!& alata |lSreteseutas eavell eietene sete eaisil evereveteele 411, 628 16,376, ||=3 -o.cenlaeeeeee Stalisi= ate moval elas eel Slatstete eric all acces 1, 261, 600 60).323."| ..522ee Soe Se Stace erates [ERS ce SIS ee ae oe Jeeeeeeee 55105970: || 18956372 23 2eeee| eee 380 $4o Res ee ae 1, 041, 642 46, 530 672 $14 395 Dh | setters Eee alee 174, 548 7, 109! |sc. 02 ee alee t Sisiskeyouareferell Sates Sb 270 $2 210, 230 8,408) 525. assretl Serereene 735 6 270 2 1, 426, 420 62, 647 672 14 raat meatal 270 2| 8,198,990 | 302,607| 672] 14 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 709 Table showing by states, counties, and species the yield of the vessel fisheries of Lake Erie in 1908—Continued. Pike pere Pike perch (blue Pike perch h St ike). ll-eyed). s ; peste State and county rai poeireie) (eeuee?) Lbs. Value. Lbs.- | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. New York: TORRE Saas meso Scie cmmsteess 424,029 | $14, 807 286 BLT! Conse sec .oyel rere mee 9, 450 $537 Chautauqua: .-ococcs.dccee 318,533 | 12,785 333 TSS Soe See EE 3, 880 285 TELA eee ao 62g 27,892 | paola) cea" ev sculeamenes 13,310 | 822 Pennsylvania: NEN O ayaoteie sisi (elvan ciate aicieeiae 1, 762, 482 65, 3864 1, 985 120 7,427 $874) ls cc caseeloeet eee Ohio: ee Ma ae. i a Guyahora-oo2..cskee. os cee 600,549 | 28,764 | 4,321 239 oS HO ALT OC OE UA REE emcee ai choos PS Gee ete a cra cr peareere ans 24, 407 1,094 | 1,933 LOOs) D99E9ST | ii; 1d Ile seme cecll ooereniere NSU CHR eteere to sitet ears Sak 16, 459 576 947 Dee[e TAT, 22 Bs 798) leas acess eee oe Roya RS ee ee eee ae le 641, 415 | 30, 484 | 7,201 396 | 430) 91851351709) eee teen eee Grand total aa5soaceese 3, 146, 459 | 123,390 | 9,805 551 | 438, 345 | 14, 080 13, 310 822 Suckers. Trout. White-fish. | Yellow perch. State and county. ; j Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. New York: BinlO Re ert nae See rR ee 160 $1 669 $39 4,021 $321 4, 260 $128 CHAUTAU GWA) 222 ~ sen Soe. 1, 988 16 12,175 663 37,026 | 2, 962 2, 838 88 PROLa es See an Bee ey 2,148 17 12, 844 702 41, 047 38, 283 7, 098 | 216 Pennsylvania: | | IDIDS. B25 eH Bae aeeae 2, 650 26h aearce see seme ese 12,561 78 | 115,083 4,342 Ohio: Pelee tenes Nene itt @uiyahogalsnc-2 sccese ccs 3, 155 45 2, 033 81 19,569 | 1,565 | 257,720 9, 726 els eee eee eg aes 38, 299 41 55 Di iatineatacc eels secrete 114, 625 4,079 LNCS) Soe co seecbossaccoss| 275 3 | Baya erate nies) breiseaatee ao oasis eee 17, 980 450 Motalisoea= seco ces eee tek ee 6,729 89 2, 088 86 19,569 | 1,565 | 390,325 | 14, 255 Granderotalesescasicce se (a527 132 14, 932 788 73,177 5,826 | 512,506 | 18,813 | Caviar. Turtles. © Total. State and county. Lbs. Value | Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value. New York: PHIL eas nies = 2 sis we neice Rinclean 296 + ae Se aS ioe ees 1, 293, 128 $49, 909 CHAM ese one sta eos ccionae 65 D8) acic cm wees |seaecee nes 788, 466 33, 251 sii loale acai ee a 361 tren ee ees | 2,081,589 | 83,160 Pennsylvania: Pe ea era aera Py soiat Peletay ae Seeley ooe IE a eaters tes hvala Seen Seay alten aL Geek 7,418, 158 260, 838 Ohio: | 6 (CHa) a O}eE kee Baaaac.o[nRoseSnoDsce [SScncboceesalotasscosce loess costee| song soooa5 2, 013, 256 89, 772 IG ee oe eee eae ee as abe el ea ere es (een ee Re 27, 000 $1, 620 546, 203 21, 762 TRIGAS tere er ae et sen eiomae Joie ety eee alee | a Ope AON er |< ee gg es |e 393, 883 13, 289 ERO DA ora ee re Se mee ata rar os. ses Sree ia teens wets ae eepae ees 27, 000 1,620 | 2,958, 342 124, 823 Grand total Js 526-02 <2 sae 361 170 27, 000 1, 620 12, 448, 089 468, 821 710 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903. Apparatus and species. Pennsylvania. Erie County. Michigan. New York. Monroe County. Erie County. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Pound nets: | Cat-fish and bullheads ........... 3, 415 $210 7, 616 WO ssSHVON DOWN A. ooes s od ca dae acc sce siac [swidaceeece 1, 062 Fresh-water drum ......-----.-... 43, 561 593 138, 557 Germs CALD sai. os see ese ests 14, 000 190 81, 036 AVENE iase os stator terete pe ates eiatcate 20, 127 880 2, 082 Pike perch (blue pike) ....-.-...-- 286, 834 8470) | oie 5 < ecw ceca all nee oie cite] eclers Sees eee ee Pike perch (wall-eyed) ........-- 6, 945 506 222, 839 12,394 Wooo a eee Pike perch (SauUper)h- ce cesses cace|sasces caceee eel sere 59, 775 1,612 |... st ee StUFSCOMEcssenccn eee cesses ne 39, 960 2, 637 1, 870 124 We. odsis doe ee See LF Tardis hfs eee oe i a SE 800 640 50 45 |e Se eee STL C61. 215, Qa Ge eer ms nS 22, 605 291 113, 871 1272 Wins bse eee eee WITTE SASS. cece kes cites See ciete 800 24 692 20 ||. 2... seee ed Hee eee Wihite-neh'. . tosdanwiweemiansss sae 36, 715 2,682 24, 927 1, 888° |). .2.0'.2cic:a.c | eee ViellOw PerGhi.-.< nccs. cea oe Soe aa edose elec semeaeee 976 BO) | nis: inicleldereeete eee aoe SEG) RET ERS - Be ate re ae | PL ER | Ieee = 8, 722 98. ||:ni ved naierasieicel eee PRCT CH UVI NORE EM 1 ro 5 (x jainicia Suwa cola ler eae Cia ere eras | meskes 1, 698 40 |ios-as2 sete! Sepa eee PE OU ere wtareictcerc (eta erwjetremS aise clove inroads S argere alll declare qemiays 67, 093 1,023. |... 2.2228 See Gill nets: ae =) os | ee ee |? Se ae Gaited ullheads-¢.... 0 oleh e nt eal ee Ae oh eas al ee bef $90 CTOUIAAN CORY 25. Sse nem ago ene selene Cees ats lnemce cine |-leae eeeiosion | Pine 2, 560 45 Marine | ee ee eek ees ace 214, 755 V7 MDG AES Soa oc oe del wane ceo 56, 200 2,242 Pike perch (blue pike) ........-- 99, 373 4 GBD Pa aie onions sates alle Sele aro mss 'eral tele craters re eal Oe ea Bike merch: (wall-eyed))i.j-22-cess4|=2-- oceans lem seule =| netomat Ree ee Shacopes 8, 500 264 SATS CODE cispociaelswnchem ais 5 occ ae ieee cjaie cree Seep lotaie storm eteeame| | lereerete le pete a teel| ice enero 70, 000 5, 060 MEVABIN ore Sep sere asi Soca acs 35 SEBO eal ewe eee gee |e emilee pseroll cinieleee skies Seer eee 1,810 1,470 SSE ERS otarn = mare re tare mmlaret ose eran re cecal ete ee ee ee latel | Sisto eo ne ol | tere ici eclorleceeee ieee 21, 095 190 SES TS ta] aS rs eee nN NE IRE Ha oe I Hct elas creda | Rts ae eae Ol ee Geeinere 1, 200 8 «UPLATE TT St el ee aS Pao 4, 000 QI Ils naeaisceteecloos Saeeie 1, 456 144 PVicllOwy PLOW. as oae cos cers Ss cece 2,495 DOA ieee eianetads Saisie) ences eather 9, 580 159 MOTO eee aia oe sa sinuidies Soeten ace 320, 623 22048 4s Soe se Sale kere ee 174, 672 9, 672 Seines: ae ETS Le Sapa Wasa i aa. ### i; Cat-fishiand ballheads: q.- ona alien aces Mere eeos 2, 655 106. |. 3sicn. 5 43e2 |e Germameanpes i telo4 oben seccllicn wo ciecineamelaeeapeeans 282, 203 5, 882. | - -iein.~ = n\n eee Bike perel; (wall-eyed)) <2 <\gce.a|ace =o -cencid|emsnicinnems 418 6 | ..~ «= wacin'oa at See Pilce: pereh: (SHUSET)\. .os5..s5 cess slsece sce cashosts See ae 603 18.) . 22 o52505c-0| 2 eee eee IS LTE OLS) oe a i es a 2 A tes or Bel SSRN apts er aR En R= 1, 420 18 |... sone cena eal eee NW Abe GSS. asise ech SOR Rc Sea ai Ree ee ce tee ease eee 65 2. ec tase ees ee MCLLOW PErGh} soo. jasc kee 3t Sep eens se emcee aa pies 3, 952 8) | ow 25 cnee eeeee SCS J a YO ag ee in Ey a a Sa ot ae a 291, 316 6, 187 |. 2.36232 Sees Lines: mere a ee =| —— |e Cat-fish and bullheads........... 500 27 38, 894 155 |... 35 2eceee eee Pike perch ((blie pike) 22.22. secon cereale aeaten oe lee See ee see ee Bee eeeeeee 120, 000 8, 400 Pikexperchi(wall-eyed) ic escoheee ee coe ae aie cleo ae | es | eee 4, 000 280 Des cts} Os Col AM (SEHD Tq 30) eee La eae fe Ee ae ee ge ole Sao s.q cane 7, 000 490 SUT ee Ones eee eee eee erase 15, 300 A O20 |b tac: coal eeeeee eee 23, 600 1, 820 SAV LEUTI oP ose eae eee i RS | EEE are Sars | cea eg ie fe ake es ea | nem Re 800 645 SVGLTO Wr DELO Lie he cc lae ae eee ecard 2s Pc en | Wa SiN Ere [aoeeeceee 6, 000 420 Motal eae ene dee een et 15, 800 1, 047 | 3, 894 155 161,400 | 12, 055 Grand total eh sot se eleeeek 954,549 | 44, 456 | 1,122,558 | 29,299 336, 072 21, 727 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. TL Table showing by states, counties, apparaius, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Erie in 1908—Continued. New York—Continued. Ohio. Apparatus and species. cues Total. Ashtabula. Lake. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Pound nets: A GIG NC) oY 7 - 400 $386 400 Saha wcrc eel aera | Le Sd ale eeeeeee COPS PS RTSEANG Soo 18 STUN A nso [Seymore ged | eyes rel | eu BS! padeed ey el (-gu bae| [a e 7, 662 $346 TAPS SP SAT ST AGS Weg 0012 Sere Pee eke eee Lees Se | Aer ea che || ees laa aed eo ede 23, 612 187 Germ nm CAMP. Aas ennesisimcel| 18, 600 360 18, 000 SOON IE 3 Saja! cesanll varaie sale 18, 350 233 PESTON fe as Se ese miele) cercdersl eel eo ercioie call Scene 1c! Spiers team oletal ts eiciaiay «cin mvallle eerste 3, 744 129 PU SANT BOTS ce ire acter iea cok Stil eiateavoloie ep eaceates einva Sell istic amt a etc, tment Mra 1,140 23 Pike perch (blue pike).... 1, 000 35 1, 000 SOON |e el ajo,s = mel ceil levers 167, 202 4, 803 Pike perch (wall-eyed) ..-. 600 42 600 AD) NS sci, 0: is sanjal ayers we 11, 685 760 Chiti~ Ferny Vee ae Se Se eames 66, 600 5, 324° 66, 600 Dy O2Ay 1b Se wo aa aleceeeeoe 4, 864 302 CASA Es uk a Pete ra een 1,200 | 1,140 T2008 |) aOR senses meteors 275 247 NUCKETS Ge oomina bees =e ian 33, 400 994 33, 400 221 | ene LLP ee 12, 449 166 White bass...... pee fee en [rae 2 ees, ire | MER re ee | iret or eh aE 4 LP Stee | ee 144 5 MAIS CT) TS Ene Oa Secnoaeoaal eres Srise.c ose eae saab eee el eccenor \eeaeaeaattec Josodsaos 9, 936 683 Wellowypench > —--52 22225 200 7 200 HAR Shean [neeeeees 382 9 PRO tut esmrssye cig ses toe eloae TPT ZO0N a7 Gsowl el AOOs |e vO Su| ones caer eee 261, 445 7, 893 Trap nets: SBT BIEIE DASE cayesinterssievee o Senco be|/sseaconr 83; GOL. |) 1,989.2 See tee eee Fyke nets: Cat-fishvand i bullheads <2 .\ 5-2-1 cele nse 1, 000 40 2, 284 91 2, 583 $104 HrEesh=water Gru’ es soles vies 4, 000 120 859 140). ooo. ose eee Pikempereh!(wall-eyed))o5-|p sss. scc|s cece -- 300 24 4,168 243 1, 937 97 Rikeperchi(saucen) 52s. a|Saeaeace cel cee ascelesecce cen ineseicoce 43, 081 944 1, 609 32 SCOTS tae sae eee eeia= Sos lasses Lewel me eeanee 10, 080 100 25, 888 231 11,010 112 WITTE NBASG Soc cei cete ee eal encce cae wtlemesmeee 500 15 2,523 85 2,970 89 WellOwaperCh! cc.csc0c0cccslecccscnince [ercterete feel S steeic.c ararce | aereeetere 9, 383 196 12, 260 193 INO Gea eee ye raya jaeiarsieing, que ale | Wise al cicsalats|| wise wee 9 39, 800 439 121,349 2, 230 90, 310 1, 461 Gill nets: Cat-fishtand,pulllheéads* .-<|/o-8- o=c salman mace cease eee aee 18 1 |... sondeee| Seeeeees GermaniGanp ss si eet eae bes cme cte S30 cine eee oa ae eal eee 2370 24 708 23 ROP TATN Se pce ec oe ne cial lox nia cre ciceallinte © cto | ome a oy ete uo ente 497 Pil MA reel saceiccoo Pike perchmewell-ey.ed))\ oz aI snc cress sae eee ae beema ce 520 86). | 2 ees esa] e cee Pike percha (Sauger) =. 32-2). -i.2s2eeicele ce casaclee cee ce eae lee ace ee 8, 230 166 880 Hale puUCcKOersiss2 eas case Seesereelt come seose Monsees Sa Meee cad ae sem ene 227 Fal ACERT |ar) Sorc 2 WAU GstiSh ss Seay e cemseientn casein ca amerioe ctl etmemeicae | mene 15,581 | 1,185 5, 019 373 Mellow Merch losses scx ncale sea ere ete ate a | eae ate ee ep es 9, 505 159 |. ss25 csc e eens EOLA LE aoe cisco arscsiciai ste aioe [s,s oie dese bales eves | Peacenies Dell eiseeee 35,815 | 1,596 6, 607 413 Seines: Catsish an dibullhea ds! es |sosecsecisaieacseinelemecteeelecee cee 2, 876 115: |: 22.5.5 83|feeeeeee Genmantcarpescoaton: cae slevcinicc s waleeceserm lee mee see leans 178,077 | 3,268 50, 000 750 Rikemerchs(wall-eved))i oe oeee see 38s ees ee ee tete 133 8). 5 2 2 ae | ee Pikeipenehu(Sauger)is.jac-<|eadsaseeee | Seacss 4 | pobre coeclleeeoerre 500 10) |. ccc ec. eee SUCK EMSs oemiscincie nos ravatscin a) Seise series meres ae Seema ee ree | ee ees 1, 060 8.). 222. 6223] eager AiO) CURR Ree ieste ha Sees erential smertsreel (Saat eet allie celle 182, 646 3, 409 50, 000 730 Lines: 1, 024 41 33 2 1, 057 43) |. 2 0c2 ees See Canprosbaae seecnecs cea [seers tate ore arate 12, 009 | 120) he se ceeh orllbce ad cele] ee eeee eee Coreamel Lopate =a) a serene 750, 779 | 26,317 426, 934 | 17, 227 721, 367 | 18,167 146, 917 2, 624 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 713 Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903—Continued. Ohio—Continued. = Grand total. Apparatus and species. Ottawa. Lueas. Total. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. |Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs Value. Pound nets: ESTE ORM DSS esta cree alee we Cee wae eters Sere ll ePecatct serene alll 12 Sears asreretelserelenis |eeeeerae 400 $3 Cat-fish and bullheads....| 39,460 | $1,521 | 10,021 | $401 60, 725 | $2, 424 71, 756 2,940 MOPaTISHOL DO Wate se. cal He eer ote Sem ieisie Stall eoeietes omic atare |oeieitera/aiarecral (sre minte lates 1, 062 6 Fresh-water drum ........ 160, 515 985 | 49, 690 248 276,291 | 1,780 453, 409 38, 055 German’ carp |... === 25, 635 421 29,773 297 114, 286 1, 746 227, 322 3, 221 WICPTIN Se Fe sea een one 603 SOc cee etlesmase 97,746 | 4,792 119, 955 5, 754 Tanta OIG WAV Sea cdo aUs anes) Cap ecEeod Reecantc SScrCn Hae nA ceear 12, 678 84 12, 678 84 Pike perch (blue pike) -.- 4,112 IS Maes anel eos 1, 066, 735 | 37,218 | 1,354,569 | 45, 723 Pike perch (wall-eyed) -.-| 187,569 | 9,558 | 122,221 | 6,252 442,759 | 22,829 673,146 | 35, 771 Pike perch (sauger) -..-.- 567, 299 | 11, 654 75, 923 | 1, 896 700, 024 | 14, 769 799, 799 16, 881 Stureeonlseeseeccecee cece 1,975 NG SA SeB ee eel tae mses 8, 303 530 116, 733 8, 615 CovIpT es serene eee COUR e ae cele ante mineall btn cee 275 247 2, 325 2,072 Suckers ae sscec cece 1338, 756 1, 334 58, 649 586 243, 180 2, 704 413, 056 5, 261 WILEIDASS = 5- Qamaaae sie se 2, 088 62 415 11 3, 105 99 4,597 143 Wihitesfish we As soo sok 19, 626 DASH eee eee ails sae = 64, 911 4,770 126, 553 9, 340 Wellowsperchises canes snes: 26, 997 407 4,304} 106 | 113,370] 3,265] 134,464] 3,870 Mo taleey ase ake Sac '1, 169, 635 | 27,702 | 350,996 | 9,797 | 3, 204, 388 | 97,257 | 4,471, 824 | 142, 272 Trap nets: PEN ASS pets Se ae Sc ae arco | Seca. oig eee rete ator iell Steere eras Peis a iciate wicmeiore | melereeeterate 3, 000 225 Cat-fish and bullheads...-| 39,793 | 1,576 992 40 44,792 | 1,798 59 084 2, 17 Fresh-water drum ........ 82, 305 538 9, 190 91 98, 385 670 121, 874 960 German Carp.......2--.--. 258,513 | 4,256 | 2,358 94} 272.471 | 4,454] 314,259] 5,061 POTN OT oats eset tears yale ly/ PGMS) ee eee era 3,117 161 7,617 281 Pike perch (blue pike).-.. 6, 601 DBE il ete hae a nee acl 19, 334 620 53, 684 1, 759 Pike perch (wall-eyed) -.- 70,230 | 3,617 | 10,452 627 87,500 | 4,705 108, 171 5, 905 Pike perch (sauger) ...-.. 377, 793 | “7,947 1, 480 36 393,769 | 8,273 400, 711 8, 551 ROCK bass a+ 2532-522 525522 245 FRU es ey ater cext sey) Yen 245 Wi 745 13 SINTER REOT 4 ASRS S458 su solloaucs dec ac| onshore Beeereseclsaorson lb aocacs cbab sooanoa] 12, 160 834 (CCERAL A eae RDS Sarees PES AG ac ee amet aap Ce Ret cl eat? eee LRA Lo 190 172 SUCKera ete aree meee ees. 75, 239 748 5, 981 59 99, 964 1, 062 161, 749 2, 027 MWe DESS's. 2. caicias ceee se 12,106 460 40 1 12, 831 488 14, 483 529 Wahnite=fisht > = soe) Soe ee 12, 713 QA Seas Gsoadilenacsec 12, 713 971 12,713 971 Mellow perch: 232-4225. 51, 532 985 70 2 59, 234 | 1,159 95, 166 2,199 MOtalles. Seay cscesessse 990, 187 | 21,499 | 30, 563 880 | 1,104,351 | 24,368 | 1,365,596 | 32, 004 Fyke nets: Cat-fish and bullheads....| 25, 861 996 703 28 2,431 | 1,259 34, 398 1, 337 Fresh-water drum ........ 37, 210 B63 eSeSeace eeeaaer 61,777 459 61,777 459 German’ carp ssc. 2252-252 221, 627 3, 614 16, 486 164 329, 109 5, 082 378, 067 5, 526 LGU Pe wa ioc esceies asics 3, 000 L5OH esece rele aces. 3, 000 150 38, 000 150 tansionlawyer....2-)------ 343 Ip aaeeeceeale so ccte 343 1 343 1 Pike perch (blue pike) ... 1,128 OA Ee eo 2 || Ree 5, 487 158 5, 487 158 Pike perch (wall-eyed) ..-| 24,009 | 1,258 7, 281 436 37,695 | 2,058 42, 467 2,341 Pike perch (sauger) ...-.-- 213,703 | 4,486 2, 405 60 260,789 | 5,472 261, 765 5, 502 ROCKS DASA eer acs eas fcmeces 260 ChilSatoaseae eeenee 260 8 260 8 Suckers esse coscssexcee 49,310 457 2,811 28 99, 019 928 107, 741 1, 026 Wihititebassh se. iseane=is 2 2,190 68 180 5 8, 363 262 8, 363 262 Wihite-fishi.2222<<22-c5 =-2 6, 787 DIAM Serre e [eco ece 6, 787 514 6, 787 514 Menowsperch: 2225. -eccsees 25, 860 518 331 8 47, 834 915 49, 532 955 Motaleen eee. eee ee ess 611, 288 | 12,357 30, 147 729 | 892, 894 | 17, 216 959, 987 18, 239 Gill nets: ISI SYO)E [ONES) OB aan Sener acl OR OSG DSDHE, Haceechs GAB acerca Baeerco i aerescar ac a copcoree 732 65 Cat-fishiand bullhieads! 3 2.|2-2-ooos—o lanes see cee rem eel waco ere 18 1 2, 289 91 Germaniearp eran =< 929 Dii| oe aoe eiaial| alee aoe 2, 874 74 5, 434 119 PONT Pays < nhetacainy atoms tote White-fish (Tullibee) -.-.| 12,122 Da IE Sse Steet tersceacia 20, 000 1, 400 4,424 198 Yellow perch .........-.. 55, 349 | 2,629 84,339 | 3,372 | 309,336 | 10,011 | 232,631 9,517 (MV GTR ee pods an eede see Hells care soe SERA SSeS S| |SotSsoseclscaseee- 3, 826 PAW ES) eA ee alee s oe PAT HES.) oi ayyosccc nee cece oe 417 25 M4 1G De GEL cle scipie ncyeell oie carmela | Sec arpa eee IPO OR on oaners ocean e = Oceanis aise in tein | insioreictore 109 | BOD | a ois.2 a Lists e cil '=.018 aimiencaccs fmwinte oreretmcell eerie REO RROR a aetee ie esterases eee |e ose Jaw nees cee leeieelac cre 1,125 375 23 | 9 eee I pate, ERO ek oa eettoe eee 2, 208, 941 |126, 526 | f 5, 324, 682 193, 665 |5, 665, 888 | 245, 064 )2, 911, 761 | 146, 340 Salted: Herring, domestic ....... apache Prey i a ee eo SA Eo) Benen ASmean ok Sell smensanes 418,550 | 10, 468 SRM eN EG eats oe a eee tctanlb ne aue Seni eee eee beSecseess Foie rae veto ete Coeietetel | Seresre aera 2, 839 128 Vial ES ae aeeas One Gel | SeE eee ss See ase Jain te mninme Pe ee eee 32, 037 1, 921 ANOLE | =A SE eae se Ae aia Len ie esl Ses ate 2 a |= RMP allie ess one 453,426 | 12,512 Smoked: RITE UTNE CMAN ser cee ate nl erate ate oneta| Sel erate atote | suai att are eric | Stent eevee 5, 000 ADO) | oo cee cls sepeees PERC TSU BEN DRS soeasa=|Sesetece |e ste vations Sambo 3, 240} 1,051 3, 240 1,051 LEroi i Reticle colle sepmypaeg 5 SENS | ree epee rien ERSTE ERT Eee rel bee eee 8 6 80 6 Cat-fish and bullheads... 5, 586 $279 418, 29} 308,143) 34,251) 737,677) 54,961 (Gira SSS Sie Sa, SAEs eee ae mee ee ime ere aoa 61,178; 2,387| 68,101 2,652 GIS Gases sates re ecmai| = atlanta laces cirta ciel eae ate screreiPere wis sere 43,799, 3,613 46, 913 3, 842 TBLGYN UK V8 Ste yet Sy ote eyes | ork ea ean ects ah Pees ay |e Sa 9, 292| 395 9, 292 395 Fresh-water drum ....---. 38, 867 418 800, 10 8, 385) 595) 633, 815 7, 840 German carps.aoss. 26S: 4 26, 253 375 2, 454 39| 235,687) 6, 827| 5, 330,009] 105, 227 US REL OC Kase om arene sire ete ee oe or ne Gran aeons om arene | tetas sieve. 21, 161 869 28, 588 1, 068 ETRY Date nee ernie et ol sectetercla cri crsteentata nial leiweiere mere ep sinrsyaratain.e 91,523) 8, 269 96, 197 8, 689 716 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Table showing the wholesale fishery trade of Lake Erie in 1908—Continued. nee Dunkirk and } Buffalo and An- Einle, Fa. Westfield, N. Y. gola, N.Y. Total. Products. ay At Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Fresh—Continued. ibakeherning. 220-22 -. 5.2 3, 888, 748) $211, 366) 1,519, 993, $77, 126) 1, 586, 467/$103, 627| 9, 056,570) $505, 706 a keiroute om soe eees occ 8, 514 716 16, 258 957) 1, 258,118} 125, 374] 1,477,210) 142, 552 ANP ONAMWV CEs ace cic ces (soe = aclse acl ow be sed lessons sene|~ ec ameee | mecmatsene a eee mene 33, 691 449 IMIS CONC rae om circa os re Met emec aaa eee teieeloe a mesitere lReaictanters 14,377} 3,016 14, 377 3, 016 IMGONeYe ssc a cae ss toes cose ace elliceccleles| te ce aecietels binisie craters 14, 702 436 14, 935 438 MMuskellumee. 24 hoa asc eee Soe cere Radaasaa|aseceobesa reece 1; 33 154 1, 399 159 Pike and pickerel....-...- 24, 203 2,089 6, 973 448 516, 826} 31,011} 1,816,129) 188, 469 Pike perch (blue pike)...| 1,661,231) 84,423) 1,056,695) 48,525) 1,351,124] 83, 922) 5,696,848) 279, 476 Pike perch (sauger)...... 2, 035 GU ee FS ceteare eters 1, 952 117} 1,998,966) 73, 064 Pike perch \(jwalleeyed) . 2}: .0c- sos -|- c= ecer senescent. Jnosecess 914,777} 84,168] 1,088,045) 97,489 IROMOCK es the ssdc ee cee ccn|b ee oese nes ceases eisS eiceidee cise ccssere's 4, 000 160 4, 000 160 Redionappereene: sanee ss Ueee ances eee | ee ems ee ieee Shoe 2, 844 258 6, 281 532 FROCKMASS Sao soon Sienna ce See eae cee emacs 500 10) 5, 293 159 6, 418 206 MAM ON Ne seeiece ocean culos ac see Sass ese Rbsseeecoeeltm se ues 25, 296] 2, '799 36, 635 3, 982 SOUS) GUA SSS RAE Lae ee Bacoad Soomnedoce ssasancs| oqoceceasallacodsecr 50 4 50 4 SGQnDASS Ha cmainntied wemctec|lesec Sepsis sso risatlian cise ctjele lspci 6, 063 485 6, 063 485 CSUR) yest ene ets ek Mi | 1, 301 104 15513 129 Sheepshead .... 110,595} 3,317}; 110,595 3, 317 Smelt 126, 602} 10,562} 149,328} 11,613 Bpanishmackerely . lemele cere es [er es cteall cients aise een entemarators 1, 316 216} 106,187; 10,614 SL RCE Fea We 56 oa Bn eon aeOsamonsc |bonacoas 28,335} 1,719 28, 335 1,719 ShUTPEOMocacaoss coriseee 5, 440 587 12,763} 1,608} 630,173) 86,648] 700,249} 93,937 Siekenseye ss aot escent 37, 854 657 11, 145 160} 105,714] 3,170) 834,891] 15, 833 SuM=tisl ee oe bess Ce dacs ces weeine el esies sake tcotia oie cjelall smear 6, 942 208) 18, 188 489 Winite passes soe ance soa. 855 17 500 10 304 9 21, 948 1, 048 Wihite=tishes.:.c55-2eent 108, 839} 10,073) 115,390) 7,986) 1,588, 410) 129, 859) 2,666,616) 228, 600 Wihite-aehr(ibluehm) cat: S| Aescces ene ace seer Sass boaeel eee aes 6, 400 293 16, 400 993 Wihite=tishy (Pallibeey) 22. c|eecmecicise alae actsie| sees eeeceeee 94,630) 5,212! 131,176 7, 305 Yellow perch ...........- 29,519) 1,475 56,991) 2,839) 291,779) 14,590) 1,059,944) 44, 433 Cavlarresn soc. ch eecsnee,| 2,940) 2,793 110 108 24,092) 20, 604 30,968) 26, 249 PUES aera eee ee tee olemimaciomich allicienc ee |W aeicis owictchsissinre eoclae ced ae sacl noses 44, 602 2,676 TER TST eg Shoes cr ep | A Sa RS ees S| es 2,825] 1,130 2, 934 1, 485 SHAGLTORD aos on scee ne cat cl See ee Ea ae oeioeleeseaeteeerelemeaeers 4,083} 1, 052 5, 231 1, 486 ShUmSCONADIAGGErstsane ae |= secceraee |e om ete erase one mel em eieaedotere 166 100 166 100 i SS 1 Toy er (a eas ee) 5, 880, 156) 315, 356] 2,805, 445) 140, 286) 9,581, 347] 786, 446/34, 329, 220]1, 953, 677 Salted: | ; German’ carpss....--2.-: a eee elie ee are ge Ase Oe 679 20 679 20 HI CREIN Pe COM eShIe 2-28 | so aew cone al eamscens KEpacposele Wajacc a mioalal| Qatari ae ee Rises 418,550; 10, 463 Herring, Holland........ lbecoonéecc eceeeveretels 5, 605 474 5, 605 474 PER IN S SCOUCU. ooo sce locas Cee ie cee eae eee eee serine ite 3, 000 225 3, 000 225 Makeherringes ses c2c- 52-2 Se eee eS en pe 1 4,010,297} 97,359} 4,010,297} 97,359 IVER COTE lta te toes stoners cy aS a aie | oar ceeraletele llereteeoee| Sle haae cre eerste 19, 94 1, 863 19, 948 1, 863 IPIOKCreleaae coon neon cess Bae Saad) BARES Bassa batesetc 19, 833 793 19, 833 793 Pike perch (blue pike)...|.........- Bosiehe cd matesaseedlcmadeacr 8, 148 292 8, 146 292 LISSA SATGIN CSS ses esc| cere soci [Scere ee| ociemisre smal eerinee 3,000} 1,350 3, 000 1, 350 SOU es sete ce ccc caowi| Seco amish ss seteeee |e teoeciee alee 45 45 58) FROM ee seh oe rare oc al sbetard surest (Gbeccsde] Meeeseeacal penance. 200,106) 15, 186 202, 945 15, 314 Wihhitte=fishas. scce igen socal aoa seceieets Teese a acl Rates Sota ee ecetae 34,719, 1,736 66, 756 3, 657 RG talents e cae ee Ise tocossac||eoaa s6cnleasoeocnsa|jacoasade 4, 305, 380) 119, 301) 4, 758,806) 151,813 Smoked: Pile aes ey elmes Nateat cde he er a FEY ae nee RRA Hyer ae 23,356, 2,707| 28,356] 2, 707 Raninan- Whad dere c ss. slosose cack | a eee eS Loans Ae cE en Soman, 28, 933 763 33, 933 1,163 EVENTING Jae ee tees eee eae eae | So eee al een onan eee mame 124,600} 11,721 199, 600 19, 221 Herring, bloater........- Naina eee Bese Sie, nebeS eee se Acmncta 17, 685 692 17, 685 692 Lake herring.........---- 15 ACO |Pawed 5200 es seep eee 43,492} 4,797| 58,492] 5,997 Sturceone ses ae see 1ONO00))). 15/500 | Se See ee alencomese 1, 221 267 21,2311 4,167 Whitefish isi oeaoas sel scce one mellamee ctoel| ns aeiaetececell mam ateltien |etecteerce sata learners 10, 000 1, 200 Motalbet econ oseetes nel 25, 000 2005 ewan oe eeeiaeees 239, 287| 20, 947 364, 287 35, 147 Other products: Mlam seme encase tcc onie cine c eeallasctre aaa Pa meitecse ae erste see a11,248) 4,500 11, 248 4, 500 OVSCEUS Faas ee cee oes ee ee Re S| Se STN ee ee Oe 6 459,702} 48,754] 459,700; 48, 754 FRO Gelli se oe yee ieee leone ere eee ee eee en eee eter 470,948} 53, 254 70, 948 53, 254 Grand! total 222s. eee 5, 855, 156) 318, 056} 2, 805, 445) 140, rot es 596, 962) 979, 942/39, 923, 261)2, 178, 891. @ 562,500 in number. 6 45,970 gallons. Weight of oysters and edible part of clams estimated. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. TET FISHERIES OF LAKE ONTARIO. The number of persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1903 was 305, of whom 10 were on vessels fishing and transporting, 276 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 19 were shoresmen. The investment, which amounted to $94,379, included 3 vessels of 34 net tons, valued at $4,400, with outfits valued at $560; 171 boats valued at $6,869, 5 gasoline launches valued at $3,000, fishing apparatus used on vessels and boats valued at $31,855, shore and accessory property valued at $21,945, and cash capital amounting to $25,750. The products of the fisheries of this lakeaggregated 1,075,448 pounds, with a value to the fishermen of $47,739. The catch taken by vessels was 14,150 pounds, valued at $588, and by boats 1,061,298 pounds, valued at $47,151. The vessel catch was obtained by 2 vessels with 620 gill nets, valued at $2,920. In the shore or boat fisheries gill nets took 253,308 pounds, $13,708; pound nets and trap nets, 322,976 pounds, $13,084; fyke nets, 380,112 pounds, $14,398; seines, 32,760 pounds, $905; hand lines, 32,200 pounds, $1,974; set lines, 39,442 pounds, $2,832; and spears, 500 pounds, $250. The spear catch con- sisted wholly of frogs. The principal fishes taken were cat-fish and bullheads, 349,224 pounds, $12,903; sturgeon, including caviar, 112,443 pounds, $8,057; herring, fresh and salted, 121,315 pounds, $5,810; eels, 73,595 pounds, $4,233; pike and pickerel, 31,359 pounds, $2,080; blue pike, 60,565 pounds, $2,913; yellow perch, 122,165 pounds, $3,971; and white-fish, 25,384 pounds, $2,122. Several other species were obtained in smaller quantities. Compared with 1899 there has been a slight decrease in the number of persons employed, with an increase of $15,836, or 20 per cent, in the investment, but the products have decreased 1,235,514 pounds, or over 53 per cent, in quantity, and $45,654, or nearly 49 per cent, in value. The following tables show by counties the extent of the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1903: Table showing by counties the persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1908. On yes- | 08 sty Tne | st o Ee sels n shore; sShores- County. sels fish-| trens- |fisheries.| men, | 20t@l. | Bee porting. REID Seas eee na 2, “ee ees hs hye Ces eal eh eta 142 18 160 COB WCPO eretaie(e.nias's a/= olor oe ie elise cic ainia oe )2 = 25 1 26 Cayuga 6s sarees 6 Wayne | PEs eaensooc 25 Wii EER A Be abn Sano eSaan Sos e aso mopedoscacescodc ANS ere 20) serene 24 (CBE RE Sac ROE ee Se oO Ue ase Ce ire aera ae NAS AA eae es is eee a Ly fal a oe ily INGAAS I sas minima ciclmaieier nice Beinn selene ete caniereielereicie siete eye | AN oeiaciceea Sal te Genres 47 TELE Na Is SEINE UI Oe aC | 8 | 2 | 276 19| 305 718 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIKS. ~ Table showing by counties the vessels, boats, apparatus, and capital employed in the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1908. Jefferson. Oswego. Cayuga. Wayne. Item. SS ee No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Mascels transporting... 4-2-|e sss neimis cleo matne| = ae seine mile ee esiSel| ae sieteiniaaiate|| eateries rf $400 MOWMAGE! Ve eae ssa ab 5.2 ce ergata ae ae | aimee oiniemre alia aac ell ners ere miele elo meters iP 6 | ee oe OUTG er e oe ee ode win aaa eas ap iae tale senile ot alate seeiallepege ery eeeel lie isite’ eee (Sener | ae 50 Boats he eo eee ate nlctne nen 99 | $2,579 16 $950 3 $70 11 485 MpAUM CHES ss Sains ses amet DN De BOO is a eee eicmepe ils ace cise cll gaecareekss siete lelataiete eke (e/a p ele eee le Apparatus—shore fisheries: SPIMCS ES eee cic ccisc acca aeiis 4 | 120 GIMlMeES! F555.) at sane 313 | 3,028 PR Tebp IMG ES ae nsise renee tate 152 | 5,945 MVR NES =e ecesaeee-naoes 509 | 7,161 amdilines =. ss. cerne- ae elise rascelear 22 PeMwAMeEss:. e.oa:\2 yards... 10, 000 150 SECIS, A Ben aR aReOoPene ee 6 6 Shore and accessory prop- EUV ia be a Sa cisttec = nckplnis eee etic 15, 935 Cashienpital oss f Sere cte ccc ce 25, 000 Mo tade weet se oe nes sess ESM | 61, 246 Monroe Item. No Value Apparatus—vessel : (Oa Oaks) SS ee Serer Sees 500 2 BOO ant cesarean iow create 120 420 620 2, 920 Apparatus—shore fisheries: BOWES. oes ccs poe samanise cece. DUGKeIS tans ececse eet eaten SUMS Meee sae ate hac sero e Fyke nets: Cat-fish and bullheads.... DSN Ce Se Se ee ee Oe Gemraniearpa ss eee ce oe Pike and pickerel......... IRO@KDHSSE PS s5s2ee sees cee DUUTFeCOMac seeds see eeece. BUCKCISR Saas ceesee eke SUM-fShites es ae sce ee, PRE OUT ces se ee eee sees cee Seines: Cat-fish and bullheads.... HS IG ee Sein Se oios See eke Germ aniGanp ss sacssenseces Pike and pickerel......_-- Pike perch (blue pike) .- Pike perch (wall-ey ed) .. ee IRO@kKADASS seers ose cet cee Suckers Giaecuec. seek acne SUMENSHE sector sae cee ceee aR Ota rata ee ise ee Hand lines: BIG WaSssteose sees = ee eee Pike and pickerel......... Mellowsperchye. sss. 5.05 DOTA sa ee cise ase cee Set lines: GIS a ees oe et erated DUIS CON oases. creee as (Oath) os ones oe ee ee DO tall se ee ee eee ease Spears: Frogs, dressed. ............ GranGecotaleesmacsa senate apparatus, Ontario in 1908, FISHERIES. and species the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Jefferson. Oswego. Cayuga. Wayne. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. 15, 392 66, 729 3, 975 105, 700 38, 525 249, 690 215, 232 28° 330 1,500 11, 159 5, 510 4, 800 21, 617 11, 649 1, 200 900 78, 215 330, 112 11, 200 1, 590 720 2, 300 200 Lf fonah wie, 10 ei eminnel ee. Cha seme cv a 2, 000 160 Te toe Ee MUL oe, ea ige Les core coel et ee i cat ka 6,000 300 DAP IG |e NA ae eee [ oe ose aero nD 8, 000 460 ce Fc cc alb god bee ae lacs Sel ba eee ade ae | ea 2, 600 182 10,200 | "B10! 5,450 | 278 |oc.2-- oc: clcc sec laee ee DS ee Be 325 | 244 |... cso clooeeeel je. =a rr 10; 200' |") 510 4G, 775 BET ene eee 2, 600 182 5001 OBO be Sse UR se ~ 764,191 | 30,013 | 30,797 | 2,173 | 21,429| 465 | 30,772| 1,978 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 721 Table showing by counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1903—Continued. Monroe. Orleans. Niagara. Total Apparatus and species. = Lbs Value. Lbs Value Lbs Value Lbs Value ri Gill nets: Mapas nana PuUlINeCAdsiccaillscicwcecce| asescecs encwosccs al secre cl cate smits slate einae 15, 392 $596 HCI Bee A hows ca seisiscielee oe le oimassiete le omacnse| cease cic as Naameuers 1, 200 $64 1, 300 72 Herring dresh's... sosecees : 16, 999 $816 10, 526 $577 43,100 | 2,149 79, 300 4, 068 Herring, salted............ BRAS pootGl CSGoraod Toeuobedcical ieceLcaa negepct oss Booearod 16, 000 640 Pine Or lawyer: cos. ceeceelle Bae eleisiaciclliracles oma Sapo etd syataians || Siahe'e.afstee|iars cues mete all ats cleat 600 18 Pike and pickerel........ azar oats louis sels si[e Glee sleicallidomets oom lle sam Soe ccc Aaa 7, 200 444 Pike perch (blue pike).... 2,099 121 4, 498 212 18, 400 829 88, 883 2, 086 TRE Soy (QA oD Gaol Soncesoncs|lboncc0ee) locooasnea|eeescace 40 3 40 3 IN@EUM SHIISS \Sadaconosocsco) GoecooReen lsoresodellUsoseecacelisaootocs 390 3 390 39 SUUMRCOM eee seme cce weenie 5 5, 020 278 592 44 11, 300 879 47, 972 2, 609 @aviaritecsscc cee ssosaecs 20 1G eee eee bsoadenc 119 98 539 415 Suckers 202. cleo sescscccisies 5, 250 105 840 44 950 10 10, 838 284 NHI Sa eben sco see aeOben WECaesod te taceanac Seceecoo se Renesera Beaesecorelsdbace ke 300 9 POM ee eee eee eee Se ciscies| esis eertasiec|(ecicicent 40 4 310 29 2, 850 183 WYIGILE=fShs so: Se ecicecencisae 985 95 2,750 275 11, 929 986 18, 094 1, 53 Wellowperehi.<..----..---. 2,055 154 1, 230 60 4, 450 159 13, 610 703 T1019 Ce Ss ee epee 32,428 | 1,585 20,476 | 1,216 92,188 | 5,245 | 253,308 | 138,708 Pound nets and trap nets: | acy ae ae aS. NECKS ASS sacs facee aiesisis o oifleraisie wterein af eceraaretsy nial se tcyareics ¢ Ss llajeicre cretsiel| Mas miaterereteis leialolew sere 4,135 299 Gitenshtsind pulllbes ds\o- ac |cmsmce=ac -|lsc nares = locteees ae meaie cine! een eaters leseraee 107, 400 3, 590 GIS eee ews cis sles cielejee = |einiceis esau IlePate Pb sd vatel| lepers) tea estas miata etorerch allie wie ere ai eee eres 39, 775 2, 499 Hresh-water Grune ese|in-n-- wie’is cee sire einai marinate 6 $00! | sax stenilen atone 6 600 SWOdH Sac oc doc ebee nore cebersarp ob ecber ar CepepSacDosSoseoseS 8 TOE -saeiec leeeerentee 8 10 SN OTE DLO DCTUY oi «cctssiciicisia = seemincie one winnie nieininisintnmastnicnianeinirinis este) 51 (Orne ees am ll em ee 150 BEDI) HEL neste tee atate rae ee mttaer nisl apeerninte mein Siete allele wioternl| fayeiareieie DOO Se reeare BO) eer ee 810 Table showing by counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the fisheries of the Niagara River in 1903. Niagara. Erie. | Total. Apparatus and species. = = Sa Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value..| Lbs. Value. Fishing machines: Pike pereh (blue pike):...........2+.:-------- 5, 500 5, 500 $440 SiUMP COM eee oe cele wasps cis ce os cis acfeieetereia 500 500 60 ACUTE a eee ee So esehe pane 2, 000 2, 000 40 CMT OW ENC I seers caeieese sei toe ieletei sie casio 10, 000 10, 000 300 BI ieee terete eee ate alefe tate mtetetsieleinisi aici atetaraveraunte 18, 000 18, 000 840 Seines: | | (ene Ve Soee bas aca ceed soe aoe opeeraad| | osnebeanel aon saae 12, 000 $240 12, 000 240 jot tals uo Saad daa eso eraboos seer sabe le semtenctss Sees 8, 000 160 8, 000 160 BU trot let ote gn ales ech ara'e site woh nib ioisin o: ciniaetaveracall arsine caster eai|mieieialae ee 20, GOO 400 | 20,000 400 Spears: ae iSO 20 20-a OSe geen = SOD edr SaOe Her one coe DOeae 1,000 | GUB se en ete iat) x ve 1, 000 60 BENT SCOMEZES!. fo ccc ca. dees agence bec ee ensee= 150 (1a Ben Sey ae lessees 150 75 PRO eee oe aero ahin As = cee wegen iepsic sien acieleiais 1, 150 PSE |S Se sell Serer 1, 150 135 GmammenOtel S026, 2s) ines soe ciamannasi= ae Yenenisis 19, 150 975 20, C00 400 | 39, 150 1,375 THE FISHERIES CONSIDERED BY STATES. The fisheries of the Great Lakes are prosecuted in the following states: New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Hlinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Michigan borders on five lakes, and New York and Wisconsin each on two lakes. The states in which the fisheries were most important in 1903 with regard to the number of persons employed were Michigan, 3,790; Wisconsin, 1,636; New York, 1,405, and Ohio, 1,101. The number was considerably smaller in each of the other states. The states having the largest investment were Illinois, $2,208,025; Michigan, $2,037,580; Ohio, $1,205,002, and Wisconsin, $846,369. New York ‘had an investment of $571,598; Pennsylvania, $495,959; Minnesota, $96,406, and Indiana, $13,483. The large investment in Illinois is due chiefly to the extensive wholesale fishery trade centering at Chicago. The states in which the yield was greatest were Michigan, 35,608,557 pounds, valued at $1,223,792; Wisconsin, 24,191,599 pounds, valued G24 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. at $632,027; Ohio, 10,748,986 pounds, valued at $317,027, and Penn- sylvania, 8,367, TOT sygonie valued at $305,244. Of the remaining states New York is credited with 4,193,905 Seiad, 187,798; Minne- sota ee 2,176,152 pounds, $45,193; Illinois with 597,689 pounds, $23,729, sil Indiana with 310,222 pounds, $10,691. Table showing by states the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1903. On ves- | On ves- é State. sels fish- sels trans-) fu Soot Shores: Total. ing. porting. nia ‘ AN CMO Tee ee mere cps las whe hele ciate atetars ebee lb tateiemtela leas 140 2 1, 094 169 1, 405 Renmswlvanila 2.5 2/2 = 959° R00) see ene PSOS SOLES are - 4D SOR eer eee 2, 869, 607 Gashrcapitaly2.7.cmc-e| seca e= OARS TAS toeeeseacs me 99, 000).....-.. 2451002 See = 2,11 9) 479 WROtal ys. soe ciemtosece |= cstvenes 2208402 | saan seine 846, 369|.......- | 96, 406 eo cece 7,474, 422 Table showing by states the products of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1903. | | New York. Pennsylvania. Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. Species. | — - | Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value./ Lbs. Value. | Lbs. | Value. | ABC KO DASS 2 sevestecigeec [= SSS° 160 sb2 4200 leer aaerstei ase s|| Seterst-tere cen ae re 20 $2 IBufialo-fishe. o5---ss=- eGo oceens | Cee eaee ocoSsen eo Sonroad Aceecbect income ss 1, 202 43 Cat-fishandbullheads. 351,795) 13,011 145, 165) $5, 780 360 25 (HPIS eee ck sco ae IP W7BsD95| "45, 238| 552s ctel Seo < sss issonsceslemeeeer 550) 44 Fresh-water drum ....| 5, 100 98 441,838 2,948) 8,715 212 30 $L German carp......---- | 37,880 849 3, 058, 207) 50,695) 8, 820 398} 20,700 778 Herring, fresh ......-. ile 610, 6389) 68, 402)5 1, 530, 867| 67, 777| 76,465) 2,302) 93,195} 2, 761 Herring, salted ....... 16,000) GAO cs oon. Cale eee lec cws esaliscscaselecseeoe os acaeslCoeee ae eee Ling or lawyer, fresh.. 600) 18 13, 693 99) 8, 900 128) 10, 820 159 Pike and pickerel, TEREST S Oo Saree eee S15i3D9 2080). ac scenee eins NSeagsecces||aceacz: 115 10)sc2sseele access Pike perch (blue pike) -|1, 069, 412| 43; 491|2, 179, 039! 79,465, 1, 722, 971! 68, 430|....... bese cl ae (ea Pike perch(wall-ey eo 29,391; 1,560} 18,633 953) 636, 985) 34, 303) 40) Al. 5 onl neces Pike perch (sauger).. 7,000 490 7 427 321 1, 857, 628 44, "O48 | Sa isc sere lls crete See cos See St Rock passscs.oses2 2s 22,619 BE? | ene aennc SROCeee 505 WU ea ie ae (OS Se Ee Sturseon):-.-/<. Wihite-fish» fresh): -.2.. venta so 2525: 24, 927 1, 888 25, 591 1, 904 654, 362 40, 679 Wihite-fish* salted. i225 .22-..2. scx at Parsee eo eere |iaz erceecryais |\Seavleoraeheseiectsceeaele 38, 101 1, 327 NVATICE HI STMCR Asn ee ee eeteme Meco sles sume ae an | aes Spe eae ae Pes 2 a ee a 400 46 (MgO ATR Y (Ge pho) ooo ae ae ee IRR Oe ae eH nero allen ooaponemeullnooamorsoc 74, 400 2, 672 Wihttestishu( Men OMmIMee)emres bes seo cect loiceme|(cletele/sicfeinte.ni] siatersreisl--5- ee eseeeeee 65 fishery products landed ........-. 125 Huronfisheries 4.26 =o. 2 see eee 683 Station OUUpUbee eee eee see 36 Michigan fisheriesi. >.> ses eeeeeen ees 663 Golden trout distribution .................. 64 Ontario fisheries {= 2 -\5.c-)- 2 se-eseee ees 717 Goode, writings on Massachusetts fishes.... 186 Sti Clair: . 2G. S28 us. 2 eee eee 700 Gorham,-F. P., investigations by..... 109, 118, 115 Superior fisheries/s- 322.-----e-eseeeeee 651 Grampus, operations Ofece-.cace. sees ee cone 18 trout distribution. -- -2-= 25 -eeeeeeeee 63 STAndis wh EyChochellus asus =sseeeee oeeescee 331 in Maine -.. 0.32 o52a2eee eee 103 Grave, Caswell, director Beaufort labora- propagation]. \4-> see eee 28 LO) Nite daeiate Oona CORO AEB EEBa eee shecsoads 118 | Lamellibranchs, contamination of... 116, 189-288 Garay persAV aS kes fees Oe ac i eae en ei 102 | Landlocked salmon acclimatization........ 30 ATCLICE» Zan sate eee te teal 94 Gistribution =. -=-eeeses 4] digtributioncsi. ose eee 2 oe 64 experiments.----25---2 30) fry, feeding experiments ........ 33 in Maine....- asece 00)103; 105 Great South Bay, L. IL-7 oysters -....25---..- 112 propagation .........-- 27 INDEX. 737 Page Page Large-mouth black bass distribution....... 68 | Moore, J. P:, studies by. ...2---5.-..76cmas 116 propagation ...... 29))| Mhommichog in) Maines <<). <2 tec esse 112 Sulphur Springs station, completion. 15 Dolly Varden, in Alaska ............ 93, 94 Outputs 52 eee 36 golden, distribution................. 64 water supply ......- 112 lake. distribution: ——= = — ECO os a ees =$~oaeeoe eee ee eee —————— a — = Set ma ae ———— Sh oe oR 2 SS ees = : Se SS a ——————- > ee = Pr SS === = ~- — Ole eee eS eS ee coer — = LS SS a SS = —— SO SS —————— So —— SS ee oe a a — Joe Ses To. = 2 ae 7 pees = meres ae oh. SESS WL iti} ba art dat it } j Hy} i eee Th ae ee