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_ me ay ee - c « a x 7 a s =
Report U. S. B. F. 1904. PLATE VI.
Fig. 1.—Dorsal view.
Fig. 2.—Lateral view.
Fig. 3.—Ventral view.
AMBLYOPSIS SPELAEUS.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB
(CALLINECTES SAPIDUS)
By WF. WAY, M.S.
Professor of Biology, Howard University
THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES
SAPIDUS).
By W. P. Hay, M. S.,
Professor of Biology, Howard University.
The following report embodies the results of two summers’ work
(1902 and 1903) in the crab-producing region bordering Chesapeake
Bay. The information was gathered incidentally in connection with a
thorough study of the diamond-back terrapin, and on that account is
by no means as complete as could be desired. Many of the theories
advanced by the fishermen and packers regarding the blue crab have
not yet been subjected to close examination, although every oppor-
tunity has been taken for this purpose. In some cases the reports
secured were so contradictory that it is not deemed safe to express an
opinion concerning them. Quite a number of facts, however, have
been brought to light, and they are here presented in the hope that
they may prove valuable to those engaged in the fishery or to those
whose duty if is to secure the enactment of laws to regulate and
prolong it. —
The fishermen and crab packers throughout the region gave most
cordial cooperation to the investigations. Special thanks are due to
Messrs. Tull & Co., Tawes & Riggins, and Christy Brothers, of Cris-
field, Md., and to Messrs. McMenamin & Co., of Hampton, Va., all
of whom rendered valuable assistance by supplying material or
information.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS RATHBUN.
Lupa hastata Bose, Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, Vol. I, pp. 212-214, 1801-1802.
Say, An Account of the Crustacea of the United States, Journal
Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Vol. I, 1817, p. 65. (Not
L. hastata Desmarest, 1823, nor Milne-Edwards, 1884. )
Lupa dicantha De Kay, Natural History New York, Zoology, part vi, Crustacea, p.
10, pl. m1, fig. 3, 1844.
Lucas, Annales Société Entomologique de France (2), T. II, IX, pl. 1,
ore
397
398 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Callinectes hastatus Ordway, Monograph of the Genus Callinectes, Boston Journal
Natural History, Vol. VII, 1863, p. 568-579.
Verrill, Invertebrates of Vineyard Sound, Report U.S. Fish Com-
mission 1871-72, 1873; contains a number of references, but
none of great importance.
S. I. Smith, in Verrill, Invertebrates of Vineyard Sound, Report
U. S. Fish Commission 1871-72, p. 548, 1873.
Milne-Edwards, Crustacés de la Région Mexicaine, p. 224, 1879.
Faxon, On Some Crustacean Deformities, Bulletin Museum Com-
parative Zoology, Vol. VI1I, 1881, pl. 1, figs. 5 and 8.
Conn, Johns Hopkins University Circular, November, 1883.
R. Rathbun, Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United
States, Section I, History of Aquatic Animals, pp. 775-778, pl.
267, 1884; Section V, Vol. II, History and Methods of the
Fisheries, pp. 629-648, 1887. @
H. M. Smith, Notes on the Crab Fishery of Crisfield, Md., Bulletin
U.S. Fish Commission, IX, 1889, p. 104, 1891.
Paulmier, The Edible Crab, a preliminary Study of Its Life His-
tory and Economic Relationships, 55th Annual Report N. Y.
State Museum, 1901, pp. r129-r138. The Crab Wigtreriee of
Long Island, 56th Annual Report of the N. Y. State Museum,
1902, pp. rl31—r134.
Callinectes sapidus M. J. Rathbun, The Genus Callinectes, Proceedings U. S.
National Museum, Vol. XVIII, 1895, pp. 352, 366-373. The
Cyclometopous or Canecroid Crabs of North America, American
Naturalist, Vol. XXXIV, February, 1900, p. 140.
Bouvier, Bulletin Musee Paris, VII, 1901, p. 16.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION.
The blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) is a common and well-
known crustacean along the Middle and South Atlantic and Gulf
coasts of North America. It is one of the nine species which in Miss
Rathbun’s recent revision” are regarded as forming the genus, the
other members of which are inhabitants of the coasts of South America,
Mexico (on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides), and the Atlantic coast
of Africa. Callinectes is one of the genera constituting the family
Portunide, the members of which are commonly known as ‘‘swim-
ming crabs,” from the fact that with one exception in all the known
species the last pair of legs are developed as broad paddles by means
of which the animals propel themselves through the water. The
family is an extensive one, but those genera which occur on the coasts
of North America may be readily distinguished: by the following key,
which is adapted from Miss Rathbun:?
a. Last pair of legs broad, modified into swimming paddles.
b. Carapace dee udeay broader than long, antero-lateral margins cut into nine teeth.
«The Genus Giiiaecres Mary J. R: aa Proc. U. § S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1996,
pp. 349-375, pls. x11-X XVIII.
» Synopses of North American Invertebrates, American Naturalist, XXXIV, Feb.,
1900, p. 139.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 399
c. Movable portion of the antenna excluded from the orbital cavity by a pro-
longation of the basal joint of the antenna .........-..-. Charybdella.
c!. Movable portion of the antenna not excluded from the orbit.
d;-No longitudinal ridge on the palate. -.:..:-..20..2-055.-..2222--2 Areneus.
d', A longitudinal ridge on the palate.
e; Abdomen of the male j-shaped -..../...0.0.d¢2.i.5-2eee-2en Callinectes.
a. Apmomer of the male triangular. .\. 6229298. sos ee kc bce Portunus.
i’. Carapace not very broad, antero-lateral margins cut into five teeth.
c. Last tooth of antero-lateral margin developed into a spine longer than the
Otber teethror sprmest 1. ssn ae eee sae inact en eae Bathynectes.
all -antero-lateral: teeth similar 22 S504 ye ee Pee tek... Ovalipes.
«, Last pair of legs narrow, with terminal segment lanceolate_.......... Carcinides.
Of the nine species of the genus Callinectes five have been recorded
from the United States. They are C. sapidus Rathbun, C. ernatus
Ordway, C. danz Smith, C. larvatus Ordway, and C. exasperatus Ordway.
Of these the first is distributed along the Atlantic coast from Massa-
chusetts Bay to Florida and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico,
the Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic coast of South America as far
south as Brazil; C. ornatus Ordway has been found as far north as
Charleston, 5. C., and thence southward to Victoria, Brazil; C. dane
Smith has been collected at various localities between South Carolina
and Santos, Brazil¢; C. darvatus Ordway has been reported from some
of the Florida keys, from Vera Cruz, Mexico, from various islands of
the Bahamas and the West Indies, from the coast of Brazil, and from
the West coast of Africa; C. exasperatus Ordway has been collected at
Key West., Fla., Jamaica, Old Providence, and at several points on
the coast of Brazil. In addition to these, C. bocourti Milne-Edwards
occurs on the coasts of Central and South America; C. ereuatus Ord-
way is found in the Gulf of California and Pacific coasts of Mexico
and Central America; C. toxotes Ordway from Cape St. Lucas to Guaya-
quil, Ecuador; C. del/icosus (Stimpson) from numerous points in Lower
California and in the Gulf of California; and (@. nitidus A. Milne
Edwards from Guatemala probably to Chile.
Some of the species are very distinct, but others are distinguished
with difficulty. The following key, revised from Miss Rathbun’s, will
serve for their identification.
a. Inner supraorbital fissure closed.
ip, brome with tounmamraorpital teeth cc. 2. ines A a2 58k ee C. sapidus.
b', Front with six intraorbital teeth.
c. Verges much shorter than the abdomen.
; d. Lateral spine more than twice the length of preceding tooth.
e. Intramedial region broad, its anterior width about three times its
I Retayesi il cWesaepee tes > Be “ge ee ilen Ae COE Oe ee C. ornatus.
@ The occurrence of C. sapidus in a fresh water basin at Rochefort, France, recorded
by Bouvier (Bulletin Musee Paris, VII, 16), is, as that author suggests, to be regarded
as entirely accidental, the specimen having been carried across the Atlantic in some
vessel.
400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
el, Intramedial region narrow, its anterior width about two times its length.
f. Verges greatly exceeding the third segment of the abdomen.
g. Tips of verges straight. Second to sixth antero-lateral teeth equi-
lateral. ea. <-seAn ot cen Sete eee ne Oe A= cera ee C. dane.
g. Tips of verges curved. Antero-lateral teeth with posterior margins
longer thanvanterion = -a-eee eae eee eee eee C. arcuatus.
fi. Verges exceeding the third segment but little, or not at all. .C. larvatus.
d' Lateralspine less than twice the length of preceding tooth... --- O. exasperatus.
. Verges reaching the extremity of the abdomen or nearly so.
d. Antero-lateral region granulate. Lateral spine between two and three times
a
length..of preceding tooth 23252-2422 5- eee eee ee aoe ', toxotes.
d', Antero-lateral region smooth. Lateral spine less than twice the length of
preceding: tooth. 225s... ncn. th nectar ee oes C. bocourti.
Ga lnner suUpraorOiial MSsurerOpen sss se see =e eae eee eee C. bellicosus.
Toward the southern half of its range the true C. sapidus is)more
or less replaced locaily by a varietal form, C. sapidus acutideus Rath-
bun, which differs in the possession of an accessory tooth on the inner
margin of each of the pair of median frontal teeth. This form begins
to appear in the Gulf of Mexico and is apparently common on the
coast of Cuba and probably other of the West Indian Islands.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT.
The natural range of the blue crab is from Massachusetts Bay to
some as yet undetermined point on the east coast of South America.
On the coast of the United States it is common from Cape Cod to the
southern extremity of Texas, and throughout the greater portion of
this long coast line it is very abundant. Its favorite habitat is in the
waters of some bay or at the mouth of a river, and it seems to prefer
shallow water to that of much depth. Consequently, such bodies of
vater as Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the protected channels
along the coasts of Virginia and other South Atlantic and Gulf States
fairly swarm with these creatures. Chesapeake Bay is especially fav-
orable and has lone been famous, not only for the great number of
crabs which it produces, but also for their large size and exceptionally
fine flavor.
Although the blue crab is essentially an inhabitant of salt water, it
is frequently found in water that is only slightly brackish or even
apparently quite fresh. Specimens have been recorded from the Hud-
son River as far north as Newberg and on credible authority I have
learned of the presence of an occasional individual in the Potomac
River and the Eastern Branch opposite the city of Washington. At
Crisfield, Md., and at other points along both the eastern and western
shores of Chesapeake Bay, I have frequently observed the blue crab
in ponds and ditches, often at a distance of a mile or two from the bay
and in water that was nearly fresh. In such situations it was often
living in shallow burrows in the banks, but I was unable to determine
whether these were of its own construction.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 401
Within the larger bodies of water the crabs are quite generally dis-
tributed—that is to say, individuals are not uncommon anywhere, but
there are certain localities where their abundance is almost incredible
and the supply seems inexhaustible. These favored spots seem to be
the mud bottoms such as are to be found near the mouths of the larger
rivers, in shallow water where there isan abundance of vegetation.
Hard bottoms, oyster beds, or bottoms consisting of soft ooze without
vegetation are apparently not best suited to their welfare, for on such
spots comparatively few crabs are to be found.
The habitat varies considerably with the season. In the summer
the crabs live close to the shore; in the winter they move into deeper
water. It would also seem that the habitat varies somewhat with the
age and sex of the individuals, for even in the summer the small and
medium sized crabs are most abundant in shallow water, while the
large males remain in the deeper channels.¢ An examination of the
crabs from shallow water shows that small males and virgin females
constitute the buik of the catch.
POWER OF MOVEMENT.
Either in the water or on land the blue crab is an animal of great
activity and has considerable power of endurance. Progression
through the water is effected by means of a sculling motion of the
broad, oar-like posterior legs, and under ordinary conditions is slow,
the effort of the animal being apparently only to keep itself afloat
while it is borne along by the current. Under these conditions the
moyement is either backward or sidewise. The shell is held with the
posterior portion uppermost, the legs are brought together above the
back and strike backward and downward at the rate of from 20 to 40
strokes per minute. When alarmed, however, the animal strikes out
with great vigor and rapidity, moving its paddles too swiftly for the eye
to follow; it moves through the water almost as rapidly as a fish and
quickly sinks below the surface. When on the bottom and undis-
turbed, the crab may be seen to walk slowly about on the tips of the
second, third, and fourth pairs of legs, the large pincers being held
either extended or folded close under the shell and the paddles either
raised and resting against the back of the sheil or assisting the move-
ment by slow sculling strokes. In such cases the movement is in any
direction—forward, backward, or sidewise—although the usual direc-
tion is sidewise. If the animal becomes alarmed it moves away by a
combination of the walking and swimming motions and often disap-
pears like a flash. In fact, so rapid is the movement that it is almost
impossible to see how it is accomplished. It is too steady and uniform
“This fact is well known to the fishermen, who frequently refer to these large males
as ‘‘channellers.’’
F. C. 1904—26
402 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
to be a series of leaps, and the animal seems too far above the bottom
to be running upon it; yet all the legs are in motion except the large
first pair. Of the latter, the one on the side toward which the animal
is moving is held straight out sidewise, while the other is folded up
under the shell.
METHOD OF CONCEALMENT.
The coloration of the crab is suck as to harmonize very perfectly
with the surroundings, and the animal attempts very little concealment
if there are other objects on the bottom. Often, however, a clear,
sandy bottom or some oozy pond will be found to be almost alive with
crabs which have buried themselves until only, their eyes and their
antenne are exposed. In thus hiding, the crab goes nearly vertically
backward into the bottom and then, by a few movements, turns
slightly, so that the shell rests at an angle of about 45°. The material
above settles down and effaces all traces of the entrance. It usually
happens that the bottom affected. by the crab is firm enough to render
this operation somewhat slow and it rarely attempts to escape pursuit in
such a way. It seems probable that concealment is usually adopted as
an ambush from which a sudden attack can be made on some passing
fish.
In certain places, notably shallow ponds and streams which become
nearly dry at low tide, the crab may be observed to dig rather large,
conical holes, apparantly as reservoirs, and to take up its position in
the deepest part. The work of making such an excavation often
requires two or three hours, usually commencing soon after the tide
has begun to ebb strongly and continuing until the edge of the exca-
ration is nearly exposed above the water. The animal works from
some suitable point, carrying away load after load of material clasped
between the large claw and the lower surface of the front of the shell.
It loosens up the surface with the tips of its second, third, and fourth
pairs of legs, grasps all it can carry, and then moves off a few inches in
the direction of the side which bears the load and deposits it so that it
will not roll back. Thus the hole is gradually deepened and the sur-
rounding circle built up and widened until it has a breadth of about
a foot, with a depth of perhaps 6 inches. The crab then settles
itself into the sand or mud at the bottom of the hole and waits until
the rising tide offers an opportunity to move about again.
The blue crab has very seldom been seen to come out on land volun-
tarily, although it is able to systain life for several hours when
removed from the water. In low, swampy situations I have occasion-
ally seen an individual moving about in the dense grass or hanging to
the grass just above the water, and in Miss Rathbun’s paper ‘* The
Genus Callinectes,” there is a description by Mr. Willard Nye, jr., of
the migration of a large number of crabs from a-small pond to the
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 403
ocean over a beach 400 feet wide. They had been imprisoned in the
shallow water and were forced by cold weather to make the excursion
to deeper places.
During the molting periods the crab will always hide itself, if pos-
sible, under some submerged timber, rock, or bunch of grass. Here
it will remain quietly until after its shell has been shed and the new
shell has hardened.
The color of the crabis more or less variable, and it is believed by the
fishermen that the animal is able to change its hue slightly to approxi-
mate the color of its surroundings. Light grayish-green individuals
are said to be taken on sandy bottoms, while the dark olive-green are
said to be found among the grass. This theory, however, is not very
well borne out by crabs held in captivity in the live boxes, for there
they retain their original colors, and even after they have cast their
shells exhibit quite as much variety as before.
FOOD.
The blue crab’s food is of a varied character, but the animal is preemi-
nently a scavenger and a cannibal. In the shallow waters of ponds
and small tidal streams it preys to a certain extent upon small fish,
which it stalks with some cunning and seizes by a quick movement of
its large claws. In such situations, too, I have sometimes observed it
nibbling at the tender shoots of eel grass or other aquatic vegetation,
or picking at the decayed wood of some sunken log. Its favorite food,
however, is the flesh of some dead and putrid animal, to obtain which
it will travel a considerable distance from its hiding place. A piece
of stale meat or a rotten fish will attract the crabs for several yards
around and they will swarm over the morsel until it is entirely
devoured. The offal from stables and water-closets which project over
the water furnishes the crabs with many a meal and in such spots num-
bers of the animals may be observed lying in wait for food.
Wherever crabs are abundant they constitute a source of great
annoyance to fishermen, for they are adepts at stealing bait from the
hooks and will return time and again after having been drawn to the
surface of the water and apparently frightened away.
An injured crab, if thrown into the water, will be speedily set upon
by its associates and torn to pieces. Even one that is uninjured, if
small or in the soft-shelled condition, is likely to be captured and
eaten by stronger individuals.
In eating a bit of food the crab first grasps it in the large claws and
pushes it back under the front of the shell, where it is seized between
the tips of the second pair of legs and pushed forward and upward to
a point where it can pass between the third maxillipeds to the jaws.
These strong organs masticate the food while the other mouth-parts
prevent the escape of the smaller particles. It is then swallowed and
.
404 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
the complicated set of teeth in the stomach reduce it to a thin fluid
mass before it is allowed to pass into the intestine. :
Digestion in the crab seems to be a rapid process, for the food dis-
appears so quickly from the stomach that this organ is usually found
to be perfectly empty within a few minutes after having received a
full meal. It is a common idea among the fishermen that food is not
retained in the crab’s stomach at all, but this I have disproved by
numerous dissections.
REPRODUCTION.
The sexes of the crab are separate, and reproduction is effected by
means of eges, which are laid by the female after copulation. The male
crab may instantly be recognized by its narrow 1-shaped abdomen, or
apron, which is folded under the cephalo-thorax and lies over a rather
deep groove inthe sternum between the second, third, and fourth pairs
of legs. (Fig. 2, pl. 1.) Its base is broad and nearly fills the space
between the fifth pair of legs. The verges, or intromittent organs,
consisting of the much modified first pair of abdominal appendages, lie
within the sternal groove and are ordinarily completely hidden by the
abdomen, but are easily exposed by raising that portion of the animal’s
body. The male is also usually distinguishable by its larger size and
the greater amount of blue on its legs and the lower surface of the
body. The soft-shelled male shows a good deal of blue on the back also,
but as the shell hardens this gives way to the usual dull gray green.
Among the female crabs two distinct forms are recognizable, which
we may designate, respectively, as virgin and ovigerous forms. In
both the body is more tumid and the abdomen is much broader than in the
male. Inthe virgin form the abdomen has a triangular shape, the sides
converging nearly uniformly from the base to the tip. (Fig. 3, pl. 1.)
In the ovigerous form it is nearly semicircular ijn outline, except for
the small terminal segment, which projects in front as a smail triangle
on the middle line. (Fig. 4, pl. um.) In the virgin form the abdomen
lies, as in the male, in a depression between the bases of the last four
pairs of legs, but it is fastened in its place so strongly, by means of
a pair of hooks which project from the body and fit into a pocket on
ach side of the abdomen, that it can hardly be raised without being
broken. Theswimmerets on such an abdomen are small—almost rudi-
mentary—and would hardly be noticed in a cursory examination. In
the ovigerous form, on the other hand, the abdomen covers nearly the
whole lower surface of the shell, even overlapping the basal segments
of the last four pairs of legs, and it is held in position only by a mus-
cular effort on the part of the animal. When such an abdomen is
lifted up, the observer is at once struck with the large size of the
swimmerets, which, with their fringes of hairs, entirely fill the space
between the abdomen and the shell of the body. It will further be
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 405
observed with regard to these two forms among the females, that the
first, or virgin form includes all the smaller individuals, while the
second, or ovigerous form includes only those of larger size. That the
condition is not an evidence of age, however, will be shown further on.
Crabs may be found pairing at almost any time during warm weather,
but there seem to be five or six periods between early June and the
beginning of cold weather when the act is at its height. During these
times mated crabs, ‘* doublers,” as they are called by the fishermen, are
found in considerable numbers, either lying on the bottom in shallow
water or swimming at the surface. It appears that the male crab is
able to distinguish the female which is about to shed her shell, and
having found such a one seizes her and carries her about with him,
sometimes for a day or two, until the shedding of her shell is immi-
nent. He then places her in some sheltered place and stands guard
over her ready to repel the advances of any other male. At this time
the female invariably is of the virgin form, and copulation has not
taken place. When she sheds her shell, however, she has passed into
the ovigerous form, the broad semicircular abdomen of her new con-
dition having been withdrawn from the shell of the narrow triangular
abdomen of the virgin form. She is now ready for copulation, and is
immediately approached again by her mate. She turns back her
abdomen, thus exposing the openings of her oviducts, the verges of
the male are inserted, and she is grasped by the tips of his second,
third, and fourth pairs of legs, and cee away. In the mated crabs
the female, before she has cast her shell, is carried by the male with
her back against his ventral surface; nage copulation her position is
reversed. Copulation lasts for a day or two, coming to an end as
soon as the new shell of the female has hardened. The pair then sepa-
-rate, and so far as is known pay no further attention to each other.“
The female is now ready to produce her eggs, and for this act it
seems that she seeks the ocean or the mouth of some large bay. In
Chesapeake Bay mating crabs are abundant at least as far north as
Annapolis, but a crab with eges is very seldom found there. On the
other hand, at Cape Charles City, Va., at Hampton, Va., and neigh-
boring points, egg-bearing females are far more abundant than either
males or virgin females during the latter part of summer, but appar-
ently do not often come into shallow water. All the individuals seen
at the two Vi irginia localities had been caught on trot lines. An exactly
@ Although the facts Ae in the last ea Pre are matters of common
knowledge among the crab fishermen, I am not aware that their relation has been
recorded in any of the printed accounts of this animal. The fact that copulation is
possible only while the female is in the soft-shelled condition has been noted by
several observers, and that about the time of copulation she changes from the narrow
abdomened to the broad abdomened form is mentioned on page 369 of Miss Rath-
bun’s paper.
406 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
similar condition of affairs has been reported by Paulmier to obtain at
the Long Island fisheries. He says:
The investigations of the writer, finally, failed to show any in the shallow waters
of the bays and rivers. It thus seems certain that the crabs in berry do not come
into the shallow water at any season in the north.
During the latter part of June, however, a few specimens were taken while cling-
ing to a pound net near Fire Island inlet in about 20 feet of water. For the next
three weeks none were seen, while small males were quite common. Then the
females suddenly appeared in great numbers on the nets, but, as mentioned, none
were seen on the shore. :
The eggs of the crab are very minute, about 74> of an inch in
diameter, and they are very numerous, it having been estimated that
a single female may produce as many as 3,000,000. As soon as the
egos are laid they adhere to the fringes of hairs on the swimmerets
and form a mass which is nearly a third as large as the female’s body.
They are carried about thus until they hatch, when the young, after
clinging to the mother for a short time, loosen their hold and begin a
free existence.
The eggs are probably produced soon after copulation, consequently
among the great mass of crabs there are to be found some ‘* blooming
females” throughout the summer wherever conditions are fayorable
for egg laying. The majority spawn in the fall or early spring. In
his article on the blue crab (Fisheries and Fishery Industries, p. 642,
1880) Mr. Richard Rathbun states that at Hampton, Va., in 1880, the
first crabs with eggs were taken on the first of March, but they do not
appear usually until April. The height of the spawning season is
from May to August, though many egg-laden crabs are seen until
November. At Charleston, S. C., in March of the same year, Mr.
R. E. Earl! reported that at least two-thirds of the catch were females,
laden with eggs which from their immature condition would probably
not hatch before April or May. In this connection is quoted the
following letter from Mr. 8. L. Addison, of McMenamin & Co., crab
packers at Hampton, Va.:
The proportion of the male and female crabs varies considerably during the year,
but the average is about two males to twelve females. Egg-bearing females are most
abundant during the hottest part of the season. As to what time the eggs hatch and
how soon after laying, we have no means of ascertaining, and exactly what becomes
of the young is a hard question to answer, although the very small crabs are found
at all times of the year. Very many of the small crabs are devoured by fish and
oysters. We haye no reason to believe that the female dies after she spawns. On
the contrary, we are satisfied that she does not, as her appearance gives every evi-
dence of it. Weare not able to state how long it takes a crab to grow from the egg
to maturity, and, in fact, do not know at what age it is mature.
Our oldest crabber, who has been in the business for about twenty years, says posi-
tively that every crab sheds its shell once every three months during the whole year,
both winter and summer.
Very many egg-bearing female crabs are caught for market and canning purposes,
and we see no way to prevent this, as they do not all spawn at the same time, but
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 407
during the whole season some of them are spawning. Our experience is that we
find more of the small crabs about March and April, although, as we stated above, °
some of them are found during the entire season. From the best information, nearly
all the crabs, if not all, spawn in the rivers and afterwards come into salt water. We
do not think they travel from this section northward, but, on the contrary, we think
they generally come southward.
Our opinion is that there is nothing so detrimental to the crab industry as dredg-
ing for crabs in winter time, and what makes us feel so sure of it is the fact that
aiter they are dredged in a certain location in the winter, the next season none or
scarcely any of them are to be found there. They will not bed in the same place
the succeeding winter.
We are borne out in the opinion by our oldest and best crabbers, that generally
about June and July we have a little different crab reach us here in Hampton
Roads, which is generally called the ocean crab. It is larger than the one which we
get earlier in the season, and is a much bluer crab. We can not say whether this
crab comes from the north or south to us.
Mr. Isaac H. Tawes, of Crisfield, Md., reports as follows:
From what I can learn, the crabs spawn in the spring. I have been noticing them
for several years. I always see the small baby crabs in May and June. I think the
females mature during the winter and spawn in the spring.
METAMORPHOSIS AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH.
The young crab when it first escapes from the egg is almost micro-
scopic in size and of a very different appearance from the adult. It is
known as a zoea larva.* It has a swollen, a
globose body and a long, slender, segmented
tail. The eyes are especially large and
prominent and are borne on short, thick
stalks. The shell which covers the head and
body is prolonged downward between the
eyes to form a long, slender, pointed ros-
trum (cuts 1 and 2, 7.). On each side, near
the middle of the shell, there is a smaller
lateral spine (cut 1, 2.) and near the middle
of the back there is a long, slender, curved
spine (cut 1, d.). The tail or abdomen,
which afterward becomes the ‘‘apron” of Ot Moya
the adult crab, is longer than the body and NE Eig a apna
is composed of six cylindrical segments; it — ctab. (After Brooks.)
bears no appendages and ends in a large, forked telson (cuts 1 and
2, ¢.). The tail is movable and assists the animal in swimming. At
the front of the body, in the neighborhood of the mouth, there are
“The following account of the metamorphosis of the crab and the figures which
accompany it have been taken from Dr. W. K. Brooks’ Handbook of Invertebrate
Zoology (S. E. Casino, Boston, 1882), with such revisions as have been necessary to
adapt it for popular reading.
408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
seven pairs of appendages, which are usually designated as the first
and second antenne, the mandibles, the first and second maxille, and
the first and second maxillipeds, the latter being provided with long
plumose hairs and used as the principal organs of propulsion as the
animal swims through the water. The other thoracic appendages
of the adult crab—namely, the third maxillipeds and the five pairs of
legs—are represented only by a series of buds lying on each side,
almost concealed by the shell. The shell itself is very thin and so
transparent that the heart, the intestine, the, muscles which move the
appendages, and all the other internal organs may be easily observed.
The zowa sheds its shell a number of times, the bud-like rudiments
of the third maxillipeds and the legs grow a little and the portion of
the body which carries them becomes obscurely divided into segments.
The abdominal feet or
swimmerets make their
appearance as pairs of
buds on the ventral sur-
face of the abdominal
segments, and certain
changes occur in the
antenne and mandibles
which cause these parts
to resemble more closely
the parts of the adult crab.
For a number of molts
the change of the larva is
gradual, but after a time
it sheds its shell and be-
comes suddenly converted
Cut 2.—Megalops form of Callinectes sapidus or some closely into US form which quite
related crab. (After Brooks.) different from the zowa,
and which is known as a
megalops. The megalops differs from the zoxa in the following
characters:
(1) There are no lateral spines and the dorsal spine is very short.
(2) The eyes are at the ends of very movable stalks.
(3) The five pairs of legs are fully developed and are very, similar
to those of the adult.
(4) The gills have made their appearance above the bases of the
legs, under the margins of the shell, but these margins are still free.
(5) The maxillipeds are no longer organs of locomotion and there
are three pairs.
(6) While the larva is still able to swim, it also moves over the bot-
tom by walking upon the tips of its legs, with a crab-like gait, very
—S=
~— f=
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 409
similar to that of the adult. A reference to the figure, however, will
show that the megalops is still far from being like the adult crab.
There is still a long-pointed rostrum on the front of the shell, and the
eyes, instead of being hidden in cavities on the front of the shell, pro-
ject conspicuously from the sides at the base of the rostrum. Both
pairs of antenne project from beneath the rostrum, and the lash of the
second antenna is very long. The last pair of legs are bent upward
and backward above the back of the shell and are borne on a separate,
movable segment of the body. The abdomen is still long and carries
five or six pairs of swimmerets; while the animal is swimming the
abdomen is stretched out behind the carapace, but while crawling it
may be bent forward under the ventral surface of the body, as in the
adult. The third pair of maxillipeds are still ieg-like, being composed
of cylindrical segments, and are not flattened as ir the adult. In fact
the general structure and appearance are quite as much like that of a
crayfish or lobster, as like that of the familiar blue crab.
The time required for the megalops larva to change into a young
crab having the form of the adult has not been recorded, but is prob-
ably quite short. By successive molts@ the outline of the shell, the
structure of the appendages, and the internal anatomy approximate
more and more closely the future condition, until at last, by the time
the animal has reached a breadth of perhaps one-fourth of an inch, its
true nature becomes plainly evident.
Even before this time it has fallen in with others of its kind and
together with them it moves shoreward.? In Chesapeake Bay this
general shoreward movement appears to take place early in the spring,
for at Crisfield in April, and to some extent in May, the tiny crabs
begin to appear in great numbers. They float along with the currents,
clinging to bunches of grass or swimming freely in the water, and
finally find a suitable home in some shallow and sheltered bay or
“The number of molts during the megalops stage is stated by Paulmier to be
(probably) six.
In Miss Rathbun’s paper (p. 368) there is given an account by Mr. John D.
Mitchell, of Victoria, Tex., of the breeding habits of the crab in the Gulf of Mexico.
He says: ‘‘The eggs begin growing in the spring and hatch the latter part of May or
June, the young clinging to the apron for several days. When first hatched they
are very little more than two eyes, and look like anything but a crab. I know little
about the number of times the young sheds from the time of leaving the mother’s
apron until it gets its crab shape, which is inside of three months. I have seen the
little fellows so thick near the margin that the water would look murky and thick,
and thousands could be scooped up in the two hands placed together, and their cast-
off shells would form a gray streak along the water’s edge. They collect in immense
numbers along protected shores and nooks, shedding several times and getting their
shape in September, when they start on their great migration across the bays for
the north shores, where they enter the creeks and estuaries, and go upon the shoals,
where they remain until grown, burying themselves in the mud and sand in winter.”
410 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
estuary. These young crabs have almost certainly hatched from the
egg the preceding fall, for it is then, in the months of August and
September, that egg-bearing females, ‘* blooming crabs,” in the fisher-
men’s vernacular, are most abundant in the extreme lower part of the
bay.
Once having established itself in a congenial location, the young
crab probably remains there until it has attained its growth. It has
been stated that three years is required for this“ and that the young
crab sheds its shell twice each summer before it reaches its full size.
It is quite possible, however, and such evidence as I have been able to
collect makes it seem probable, that in Chesapeake Bay, at least, the
growth of the young crab is more rapid and that it may reach its full
size in at most two seasons. At Crisfield, where hundreds of thousands
of crabs are taken each summer and sent to market, the spring catch,
beginning in May, contains great numbers of small crabs from 1} to 2
inches across. By the next month they have reached 3 inches, and in
July individuals 4 inches across are the rule. In August and Septem-
ber most of the females have reached a breadth of 5 inches and are
mature and ready for mating. It may be, of course, that this gradual
increase in the size of the individuals taken does not prove such a
rapid growth so much as an increased number of crabs on the bottoms
from which the fishermen can choose. There are always a certain
number of small crabs taken in the nets and thrown back into the
water again, but the number of small ones diminishes as the number of
large ones increases toward the end of summer.
The duration of life of the crab after it has reached maturity is not
positively known, but it is very probable that it differs somewhat in
the two sexes. One observer, quoted by Miss Rathbun, gives seven
years as the limit of the crab’s life without regard to sex and also says
that it does not molt after having reached maturity. The latter
statement is probably correct, but the former can hardly be accepted
without proof. The evidence which has been collected seems to show
that the males will survive at least one winter and possibly two, for
large, full grown individuals are common throughout the winter and
in early spring and are often caught by the oyster dredgers. These
large males do not shed their shells and are usually battered and more
or less covered with barnacles and even oysters. The females, on the
other hand, probably die soon after spawning, and therefore survive
the first winter only in case they have not copulated immediately
upon becoming mature. The evidence to support this statement is
perhaps not wholly satisfactory. No one has, as far as I know,
followed the female crabs actually to see what becomes of them, but I
have been informed that at times the beaches along the lower part of the
@ Rathbun 1896, p. 369; also Paulmier 1901, p. r. 135.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 411
-
bay and the adjacent ocean are covered with dead crabs, mostly oviger-
-ous females. All the observers mentioned the late fall as the time of
such an occurrence. Moreover all those engaged in the crab fishery
unite in saying that they have seldom, if ever, found an ovigerous
female shedding her shell, and that the females which are found early
in the season are of the virgin form. Evidently all the large females
of the early spring are such as did not find a mate during the preced-
ing season and have, therefore, still to fulfill their maternal destiny.
It has been stated by Paulmier (1901) that the female crab does molt
again after the eggs are hatched. His investigations made in the
neighborhood of Long Island may indicate strikingly different life
histories for northern and southern crabs, for the observations made
at Crisfield prove quite conclusively that the female does not cast her
shell after having produced her first and only lot of eggs.
MOLTING.
In practically all the lower animals whose bodies are incased in a
tough unyielding covering extension in size and any change of form
occurs not gradually and continuously, but suddenly and at intervals,
and is always preceded by the casting off of the confining skin or
shell, a process known as molting or ecdysis. The molting of the
crab might have been dwelt upon more fully in the preceding para-
graphs, but it is a matter of such interest and of such vital importance
that it deserves to be considered by itself. It must suffice, however,
to describe the process in the fully formed crab, and leave the subject
of the larval molts for future investigation. :
As the crab approaches the shedding period it begins to show its
condition by various external ‘‘signs,” which are well known to the
fishermen and are of great importance to them. The first indication
is a narrow White line which appears just within the thin margin of
the last two joints of the posterior pair of legs. This line 1s so nar-
row and ‘so obscured as to be barely visible, but it is immediately
detected by the expert, and the individual bearing it is classed as a
‘*fat crab,” or more vulgarly as a ‘‘snot.” Within three or four days
the white line gives way to an equally narrow and obscure red line,
and a set of fine white wrinkles makes its appearance on the blue
skin between the wrist (carpus) and the upper arm (meros). Such a
crab is known as a ‘*‘peeler,” and may be confidently expected to cast
its shell within a few hours. As the time progresses the marks
become more and more evident, and a reddish color (especially in vir-
gin females) begins to appear at the margins of the segments of the
abdomen. Then, on the under surface of the carapace, extending
from the neighborhood of the mouth around the sides and backward
to the posterior margin, there appears a narrow fracture, so that the
whole upper surface of the shell can be raised up from the back like
412 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
a lid, to expose the soft body beneath. Such a crab is termed a
‘‘shedder” or a ‘‘ buster.” (Plate ur.) At this time the animal usually
lies motionless, but if disturbed is still capable of movement, and may
crawl or swim slowly away. It is incapable of showing any great
muscular force, however, and can inflict only an insignificant pinch
vith its claws.
The actual casting of the shell is now a matter of only a few min-
utes; a quarter of an hour will usually suffice, though the operation
may be prolonged to three or four times that period if the crab is dis-
turbed or if it issuffering from some recent injury. In the latter case
it is often unable to complete the process and dies. By convulsive,
throbbing movements the hinder pair of legs begin to be withdrawn
from their encasement and are finally freed. . Meanwhile the other
legs have been started out and the body has begun to protrude more
and more from the shell. At last everything is out except the front
of the body and the large claws, but the latter, on account of the great
discrepancy between their size and that of the narrow articulations
through which they must be withdrawn, require some-further effort
before they can be freed. The thing would hardly be possible at all
were it not for the fact that on the upper surface of the large segment
of the arm (meros) a broad triangular surface of the shell becomes
loosened and rises up like a flap to make way for the crowded tissues
within. Some of the hard shell of the other lower (proximal) seg-
ments also seems to become softened and elastic so that by a steady
pull the great pincers are finally drawn through. Thus the crab has
backed out of its shell and meanwhile it has grown, for if it is caught
and measured it” will be found to be considerably larger than it was
before.* (Plate rv.)
The skin is soft and the animal looks and feels flabby and helpless.
The back is wrinkled, and the ‘‘horns,” or large lateral spines, are
curled curiously forward. Within a few minutes, however, the body
mature. The specimens were taken from floats at Crisfield and were selected at
random from among a large number. An effort was made to secure measurements
of smaller individuals as well, but the lateness of the season made it impossible.
Before | Before |
shedding | ae shedding | rie
totip | ding to tip ding
across | =e across es
the shell.) the shell. |
Inehes. | Inches. Inches. | Inches.
Meme Oy a) sseteecincnrcts cieidie see 4} | BE |, POMAle Secreciassticicwierejciereestaicte 4 | 43
DOS ees saceee ees $i | 41 DOs deca Soto ceeen 4 5
WO senmaecpsenaccee se aae 33 | 43 IDXo) SSaaonocOnGOSDoRccsSNs 3th oy
DORs seco one ee no eee 4: 5} Maile: As er ec eias acide nceee ine 38 4}
Does teria ee eee 4 4} | DO. o.oo eee 35 | 4h
DO sso fovnictteisiamiele aus sinoereee 5} 63 | |
|
LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLUE CRAB. 413
plete. The crab is now known as a ‘‘soft-shell,” and from the esthetic
standpoint is at the height of its glory, for all the brilliant coloration
of the various parts is undimmed by any of the shell deposits, the soft
integument seeming to bear the bright pigments at the very surface.
Under natural conditions the crab usually selects some place of con-
cealment in which to pass the period of shedding and probably does
not leave it until the new shell has hardened, but it is by no means
helpless, even immediately after ecdysis has occurred. On the tips of
legs which seem too soft to support any weight whatever it can walk
away, or, if forced to make the effort, can swim. The new shell
hardens quickly. Within twelve hours it becomes parchment-like and
the crab is called a ‘‘ buckler,” ‘‘buckram,” or a *‘ bucklum;” in two
or three days it is as hard as ever and once more starts out in search
of food.4
AUTOTOMY.
Autotomy, or the automatic throwing off of the appendages, is very
characteristically shown in the blue crab and is of frequent occurrence.
Very often if a large individual, in the hard-shelled condition, is cap-
tured and held by one leg it will snap the limb off and make its escape.
Likewise, if one of the legs is injured toward the tip the entire mem-
ber will be dropped off. The breakage always occurs at the same
point—across one of the segments near the base of the leg—and is a
provision of nature to prevent the animal from bleeding to death. It
is practiced ordinarily only by the hard-shelled crabs; an injury to a
soft-shelled individual usually causes death. Under other conditions,
however—notably, a sudden lowering of temperature—the act has been
observed, and in one of the early attempts to procure soft crabs for
market, by confining the hard crabs in an inclosure until they had shed
their shells, severe cold weather reduced the entire catch to a lot of
legless bodies (‘‘ buffaloes,” they are called by the fishermen).
Autotomy seems to be limited to the legs, for, so far as I have been
able to determine, none of the other appendages are ever thrown off,
although if they are forcibly removed they will be regenerated.
Regeneration of the parts cast off usually follows autotomy, but,
according to the researches of several biologists, will not take place
indefinitely. Three or four times seems to be the limit. The process
of regeneration is quite rapid. At the first molt after a limb has been
cast off, provided that the injury does not occur immediately before a
molt, the new limb appears as a small bud in which all the missing
segments may be found, coiled in an elongate spiral. At the next
molt the segments straighten out and the new limb, except for its
smaller size, looks like the one which was east off. Another molt,
possibly two, will be sufficient to restore the limb to its full size.
“Ti is believed by the fishermen that the molting of the crabs is influenced largely
by the moon and the tides, but the evidence to support this theory is very contra-
dictory.
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND
By WINTHROP A. ROBERTS
Agent of the Bureau of Fisheries
415
Report U. S. B. F. 1904. Blanes
FIG. 1.—~THE CAST SHELL OF A HALF-GROWN MALE.
FIG. 2.—THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF A FULL-GROWN MALE
CALLINECTES SAPIDUS.
yy
Report U. S. B. F. 1904. PLATE II.
FIG. 3.—VENTRAL SURFACE OF A VIRGIN FEMALE, SHOWING THE NARROW, TRIANGULAR
ABDOMEN.
FIG. 4.—-VENTRAL SURFACE OF AN OVIGEROUS FEMALE, SHOWING THE BROAD, SEMI-
CIRCULAR ABDOMEN.
CALLINECTES SAPIDUS.
PATE Il:
Report U. S. B. F. 1904.
Fig. 6.
THREE SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF THE MOLTING OF
ONE INDIVIDUAL OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS.
PLATE IV.
04.
9
1
Report U.S. B. F.
Fig. 8.
FURTHER STAGES OF THE MOLTING OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS.
Fig. 9.
SAME INDIVIDUAL AS IN PLATE
os
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND.
By Wintrurop A. Rosperts.
Agent of the Bureau of Fisheries.
INTRODUCTION.
Maryland furnishes by far a larger supply of crabs than any state
in the Union, and it is not improbable that its people were the first to
discover the edible qualities of this crustacean and its value as a market
product. The only species taken in the commercial fisheries of the
state is the blue erab ( Callinectes sapidus), which is caught and marketed
in both the hard-shell and the soft-shell condition. The fishery for
soft crabs, however, is much more extensive than that for hard crabs.
Most of the data in this paper were collected by the writer during
an investigation of the fisheries of Maryland in 1902, when the entire
crab-producing region of the state was visited and most of the fisher-
men and dealers interviewed. Prof. W. P. Hay, of Howard Univer-
sity, who was at that time engaged in an investigation of the natural
history of the crab, collected also data concerning the fishery, and his
notes have been freely used in this report. It has been the purpose
not to deal with the crab from a scientific standpoint, but accurately
to present the information obtained relating to its economic value.
Acknowledgment is made to the crab fishermen and dealers in this
region for courtesies rendered, and especially to Mr. Isaac H. Tawes,
of Crisfield; Mr. Harris, of the firm of H. L. Harris & Co., of Cam-
bridge; Mr. Frank L. Corkran, of Oxford; and Mr. Moses E. Pritchett,
of Bishops Head, all of whom contributed much valuable information.
THE SOFT-CRAB INDUSTRY.
The greatest crab shipping point in the United States is Crisfield,
Md., situated near the extreme lower end of Somerset County on the
Little Annemessex River, a tributary of Tangier Sound. This town
not only receives the catch taken from Maryland waters in its vicinity,
but also the principal part of the Tangier Island catch. Deal Island
ranks next to Crisfield as a shipping point, but it has the benefit of
steamboat transportation only, while Crisfield has train service in
¥. C. 1904—27 417
418 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
addition. Practically all of the catch in the other crabbing localities
of the state is sold to shippers at these two places. The principal
grounds are Tangier Sound and tributary waters, Kedge Straits, and
Holland Straits. Crab fishermen usually return from the fishing
grounds daily to market their catch. In many cases, however, the
distance prevents this and they are forced to live in shanties on the
shores in the vicinity of the fishery, their catch being disposed of to
buy-boats or crab-houses near by. As many as six men sometimes
live throughout the season in a shanty which has cost about $25.
Others live aboard their boats.
Apparatus.—Soft crabs are taken with three forms of apparatus—
scrapes, scoop nets, and small seines. A few also are taken inciden-
tally on trot lines, together with hard crabs, as will be mentioned in
connection with the latter fishery. The catch by seines is insignifi-
cant compared with that by scrapes and scoep nets.
The scrapes used for crabbing are similar to the oyster dredge,
except that they are lighter, have no teeth on the front bar, and have
a cotton instead of a chain bag. Scrape frames are usually sold by
weight, the price being from 7 to 10 cents a pound and the weight
from 25 to 35 pounds each. ‘The average price for a scrape, including
bag and line, is about $3.50. Most of the scrape frames are made at
Crisfield and Deal Island, while the netting comes from Boston and is
made into bags by L. Cooper Dize, of Crisfield, who holds a patent on
the bag in general use. The patent consists of a cord running along
the back of the bag to keep it stretched. The width of a scrape varies
from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches, though few of the latter size
are used.
The bags originally used were 3 feet deep, but deeper ones were
found more effective in preventing the escape of the crabs, and 4 feet
is now the usual depth. The same apparatus is occasionally used both
in dredging for oysters and seraping for crabs:
A scoop net, or dip net, as it is sometimes called, consists of a cir-
cular bow of iron, with a cotton bag from 6 to 8 inches deep knit
around it, and a handle about 5 feet long.
The seines are from 40 to 50 feet long and are hauled by two men.
Crabs taken in scoop nets and seines are less mutilated than those
caught in scrapes, and consequently command better prices.
Scrapes are used exclusively upon sailing vessels, and, like oyster
dredges, are drawn over the bottom while the boat is moving under
sail. The boats vary in size from the smallest used in dredging for
oysters to 9 tons net tonnage, which was the largest size used during
the season of 1901. From two to four scrapes are carried on each boat,
four being exceptional, however, and only on the larger size vessels.
Asa rule there are two light scrapes and one heavy one to a boat.
With a good breeze a crew of two men can manipulate two light scrapes,
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 419
but with a light wind the two men together handle a heavy one. A
- erew of three men can, with a favorable breeze, handle three scrapes
at the same time. It is the object of the scraper to have the boat get
sufficient headway to go slightly faster than the crabs can travel, so
that they can not escape when once in the bag. Scrapes are not allowed
to sink in the soft bottom, as the mud covering the bottom of the bag
would furnish a means of escape. The scrapes are taken aboard every
few minutes, or after covering from 75 to 200 yards, and the contents
are emptied out and sorted over, usually on a board platform or broad
flat trough conveniently located at the side of the boat. The bulk of
the material brought up is grass and mud, from which the crabs are
picked out and distributed in the several receptacles provided for
them, according to the successive stages of their development.
Scrapers endeavor to reach the crabbing grounds as early in the
morning as possible, before the crabs are moving about and have
become scattered. The best catches are made between daylight and 10
o’clock in the forenoon, and between 3 o’clock in the afternoon and
evening. The bright sun in the forenoon drives the crabs back into
their holes until hunger forces them out again in the afternoon. On
cloudy days they remain out much longer.
Season.—The soft-crab season extends from the first of May to the
last of October, but a majority of the crabbers discontinue fishing in
September to engage in oyster tonging. During the first two or three
weeks of May they follow what is known as ‘‘mud-larking,” that is,
scoop-netting in marshes and along the banks of small streams, the
crabs being found in the mud at this season of the year. By the first
of June the crabs become more active and the season is then consid-
ered at its height. The heaviest catches are made during June and
July. Scoop-netting is followed throughout the season, but little
scraping is done after the middle of July, owing to the calm weather.
Very often a fisherman will begin scraping early in the day, and when
the wind has ceased anchor his sailboat and use his skiff for scoop-
netting in shallow water. In some localities the bottom grass grows
so thick that the scrape bag fills with it and prevents the crab from
entering. The scoop net is then brought into service. In water less
than 3 feet deep it is a common occurrence for the crabbers to leave
their skiffs and wade out after the crabs with scoop nets.
Designations of a crab.—There are six stages of a crab’s life, com-
monly classified as follows: First, the ‘thard crab,” or one in its
natural condition; second, a ‘‘snot,” or one that has just entered the
shedding stage; third, a ‘‘peeler,” when the old shell has begun to
break; fourth, a ‘‘ buster,” when the new shell can be seen; fifth, the
‘*soft crab;” sixth, a ‘‘ paper-shell,” or ‘Sbuckram,” when the new shell
is beginning to harden. During hot weather it takes from two to
three days for a ‘“‘snot” to become a ‘‘peeler.” One tide will often
420 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
change a ‘‘peeler” to a ‘‘ buster” and another from a ‘‘ buster” to a
softcrab. A few hours after shedding the crab has reached the ‘* paper-
shell” stage, and within three days the hardening process is completed.
The warmer the water the more rapidly do the changes take place. It
was formerly customary to break a crab’s claw to ascertain whether it
had begun to shed, the term ‘‘snot” no doubt having arisen from the
watery substance which issued from the break. Experienced fisher-
men, however, find it unnecessary to resort to this test.
Crabs are sold by the fishermen principally in the ‘* peeler” or
‘*buster” condition, just before the shedding takes place, the proportion
sold as soft crabs being much smaller. When the shell of a crab that
has just shed has hardened to a ‘‘ paper-shell,” the fisherman is able
to dispose of it at only about one-fourth the price of a soft crab.
‘“Snots” are seldom bought by dealers, but are returned to the fisher-
man, who places them in his floats until they become ‘‘ peelers,” or
are in a salable condition.
— Buy-boats.-—Most of the crab catch is sold on the grounds where
taken, the dealers in Cristield and Deal Island employing buy-boats
for this purpose. Up to 1902 sailboats only had been used in this
trade, but in the latter year gasoline launches were introduced, and
both kinds of boats were employed during a portion of that season.
It is very likely that the number of launches will be augmented during
each succeeding season, and it is also very probable that the crabbers
themselves, following the example of the lobster fishermen of New
England, will add auxiliary power to their sailboats, and thereby
secure the benefit of both means of propulsion. It is feared, however,
that the resulting increase in catch will be greater than the natural
increase of crabs.
Floats.—Every crabber has what is known as a float, a rectangular
box approximately 10 or 15 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet deep,
the sides and ends being constructed of laths, and the bottom of 6-inch
planks. Extending around the float on the outside, midway of its
height, is a shelf about 7 inches wide, to prevent the float from sinking.
The laths on the sides and ends are placed about one-fourth inch apart,
to prevent minnows or eels from getting at the crabs inside. These
floats are used by the fishermen as a means of holding crabs that have
entered upon the shedding process, but which have not yet reached
the ‘‘peeler ” or salable condition. The dealers also use floats, some-
times as many as 100, but usually of a larger size than those of the
fishermen, and costing from $2 to $3 each. The floats are inclosed
by a fence to prevent their being washed away by strong winds, and
this inclosure is commonly called a ‘‘ pound.” The floats now in gen-
eral use are made of native or ‘‘ Eastern Shore” pine and ordinarily
will not, unless exceptional care is taken of them, last through one
season, as they soon become water-soaked and sink. One was seen
66
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 421
that had been used nine years, but it was made of white pine, the
sides and ends being constructed of strips instead of laths as at present.
By means of a rope fastened to one end, a float can be towed to any
part of the pound.
~ Within each pound is a sloping platform upon which floats are
placed at regular intervals to dry. Under ordinary conditions about
one-third of the floats are in the water while the remainder are drying on
this platform. If the weather is warm a float will become foul within a
week and crabs put into it will die much sooner than in a clean one.
The painting of floats is an innovation which promises good results in
preserving them. It has been suggested that shades be placed over
the floats to protect the crabs from the hot sun. This, it is thought,
might materially reduce the great mortality among the crabs during
midsummer, but as it has not yet been tried its usefulness is prob-
lematical. Dealers employ men to watch their floats constantly and
remove the crabs from the water immediately after the shedding proc-
ess, to prevent the hardening of the shell. This sorting is done three
or four times a day, the intervals being employed in packing the
crabs for shipment, receiving fresh supplies, and in delivering those
already packed to the express office or steamboat wharf.
A source of much loss in soft crabs is the great mortality attendant
upon the shedding process. If the animal has been injured in any
way, either when being caught or in the subsequent handling, or if it
has been weakened by being kept too long out of water, it is often
unable to withdraw from the old shell and dies. There is but small
demand for the crabs which die in the floats. If they are removed
and cooked within two or three hours, however, they can still be
eaten, and for this purpose command a small price. A few are shipped
to be used as fish bait, but the majority are either thrown away or
given to persons in the neighborhood who feed them to hogs or to
impounded diamond-back terrapin. The mortality among shedding
crabs is greatest during hot and sultry weather; thunderstorms are
said to be very destructive at times, but whether this destruction is
due to the sultry weather preceding or to the electrical disturbance
during the storm is a disputed point. The crabs in the floats are not
fed, even though they remain there for several days. It was for-
merly the practice to throw in pieces of stale meat or other refuse, but,
although the crabs ate it, they died more quickly than if nothing was
given them.
Handling and disposition of crabs.—The boxes in which crabs are
shipped are made of thin pine boards and contain from two to three
trays. Occasionally smaller boxes without any trays are also used.
By means of the trays the lower layer of crabs may be examined
without removing the upper ones, as was necessary in the boxes orig-
inally used. The present boxes, which cost from 30 to 40 cents each,
422 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
are made in several sizes, hut the one most commonly used is 18 by
28 by 10 inches. From 10 to 35 dozen crabs are packed in one box,
the number varying according to the box and the size of the crab,
and necessarily decreasing as the season advances and the crabs grow
larger. .
The work of packing crabs for shipment is begun by covering the
bottom of the box to a depth of 2 or 3 inches with seaweed which has
been thoroughly picked over to remove all lumps. On this soft bed
the crabs are placed in a nearly vertical position and so close together
that they can not move out of place. Seaweed or moss is then placed
over them to protect them, and over this is placed a layer of fine
crushed ice. The other trays, after being packed in the same manner,
are placed one above the other, and the lid is nailed on. The box is
then ready for shipment. Some dealers, in order that their shipments
may present a more attractive appearance upon reaching market, place
a piece of cheese-cloth immediately over the crabs and the seaweed
over that. By reason of the extreme care used in packing, the crabs
can be kept alive from sixty to seventy hours after leaving the water,
and crabs shipped from Crisfield to Canada arrive at their destination
alive and in good condition. In the early days of the fishery,
‘‘pneelers” were shipped from Deal Island in a large box holding
5,000, neither seaweed nor ice being used. They were sent only as
far as Baltimore, however. At present most of the crabs are shipped
directly to the consumer, and the packers do not hesitate to fill the
smallest order. Competition among the packers is very keen, and
considerable secrecy is observed regarding the destination of ship-
ments. When a box is ready the dealer’s name and address are sten-
ciled upon it, and a tag bearing the consignee’s name and address is
attached; but over the latter, so as to hide it completely, is tacked a
piece of cardboard bearing the letter ‘‘W” (west) or *‘ HK” (east).
This is known as a “‘blind tag,” and is not removed until after the box
is in the express car, if shipped by rail, or in Baltimore, if it goes by
steamer.
While the great bulk of the catch, in fact nearly all of it, is shipped
in the manner described above, a small but increasing number of soft
crabs are being put up in hermetically sealed tin cans for indefinite
preservation. For this purpose the prime soft crabs are boilea and
put up very much the same as any other animal product. From 2 to
24 entire crabs are put into each can, the former number into a can
holding about one-half pint, the latter into a 1-gallon can. When put
up in this manner the crabs retain much of their delicious flavor and
should furnish an admirable substitute for the fresh article during the
winter season.
Market prices.—The price received by the fishermen for soft crabs,
or those in the process of shedding, varies from one-half to 4 cents
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 493
each, an average during the season being about 12 cents. In buying,
the dealer often counts three small crabs as two large ones, or two
small as one large one, according to the size.
Supply.—Vhere has been no very material change in the catch of
crabs throughout the region, except a slight increase due to the greater
number of crabbers each year. In 1901 at Crisfield and vicinity the
catch was light, while at Deal Island, Holland Island, and neighboring
localities this was the most profitable season known. In 1902 the
catch of crabs was small throughout the state. The fishermen attrib-
uted this to the severe winter of 1901-2. It is claimed by the resi-
dents cf Deal Island that up to about 1882, when crabbing for market
was begun there, it would take a fisherman a day to catch enough crabs
for use as bait for line-fishing the next day.
There are no legal restrictions imposed upon crabbing in Maryland
either as to the size of the crabs, or the season in which they can be
taken. Dorchester is the only county in which a license is required,
a fee of $2.50 being charged for the privilege of scraping. No license
is necessary for scoop-netting.
Many fishermen are of the opinion that scraping for crabs over
oyster grounds is of material benefit to the latter, as mud would settle
on the oysters and would smother them unless removed by the scrapes;
also, spat would be prevented from settling on the shells. The crab-
ber regards scraping as a method of cultivating oyster grounds.
The early history of the crab industry of Crisfield may not be
uninteresting as given in the words of Capt. John H. Landon, the
first and oldest living crab shipper of this town.
When I first began crabbing in Crisfield I could catch over ten dozen crabs in a
day with a scoop net. We did not know what to do with them. There were only
two firms that handled them at that time, one in New York and one in Philadelphia.
It was in 1873 or 1874 that the first shipments of crabs were made from Crisfield.
These were consigned to the firm of John Martin, in Philadelphia, and were shipped
on commission. Sometimes they would bring 60 cents a dozen, and at other times
$1. The price now is kept down by the great competition among the crab buyers,
who make such low rates in their contracts with firms in the cities. There was no
trouble at first in selling our crabs, as the men to whom we shipped were pretty well
posted, but we had considerable trouble in extending the trade, as many people
thought the crabs were poisonous and had a very poor opinion of the crabbers as a
set. Soft crabs were eaten in Crisfield sometime before there was any thought of
shipping them to the cities. A few were at first sold to express agents and railroad
employees. These men would take them to friends or sell them to game dealers in
Philadelphia, which may account for the fact that Mr. Martin, to whom the first
shipments were made, was familiar with their edible quality.
The boxes in which the crabs were first shipped were very heavy, which made the
express charges high. That was one of the mistakes that the shippers made. We
had considerable trouble in getting the crabs to market, as we did not use ice in those
days, at least for the first two years. The result was that we would lose about one-
half of the crabs before they reached the market. Mr. Martin was the first to sug-
gest the use of ice. We fitted up a very nice box in which to ship them in ice, but
it proved to be too expensive. It had trays, as at present, but was much heavier.
494 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Before the use of ice we put about 5 dozen crabs ina box. After the introduction
of ice we put in about 12 dozen, as we then used a larger box. Crabs were shipped
in these large boxes for many years until the present style of box came into use in
1884. The latter were first used by Mr. Isaac Tawes, of the firm of Tawes & Co. In
the boxes originally used the crabs were arranged in layers, but not in trays, so that
if you desired to get at the bottom layer of crabs it was necessary to unpack all of
those above. You could not get at them by removing the trays, as at present.
We did not ship any crabs to Baltimore for two or three years, but confined our
shipments to Philadelphia and New York. One shipment was sent to Pittsburg in
the interim, but no returns were received for them, as they did not appear to be
salable there.
Scoop nets were probably used in taking crabs four or five years before the intro-
duction of scrapes. L. Cooper Dize was the first man to use scrapes. The kind first
used were nothing but old oyster dredges of the smallest size. A cotton bag was
soon afterwards substituted for the chain bag, this change making them much lighter
and better. Scrapes came into general use the next year after their introduction.
I was about the first crabber, and also the first to buy and ship. The principal
reason why I stopped buying was on account of having to work on Sundays, which
is the busiest day of the entire week.
The shedding of crabs was begun here almost immediately after the first ship-
ments. The same style of floats was used as now. In our first attempt at shedding
we built about five floats, each 10 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 inches deep. We
caught a lot of small hard crabs and put them in the floats to turn to peelers. Dur-
ing that night a strong wind from the northwest arose and when we went to the
floats in the morning we found that every one of the little crabs had shed _ its “‘fing-
ers,’’ and we called them ‘‘buffaloes.’”’ They were of no use whatever.
Other attempts have also been made to shed hard crabs, but they have always
resulted in a failure. We built apound and put the crabs inside. Our intention was
to hold the crabs in this pound until they became peelers and then take them out and
put them in floats to shed, but it necessitated so many handlings of the crabs before
they became peelers that the experiment was considered a failure and discontinued.
The first crab pounds were constructed by Mr. Severn Riggin and myself. They
consisted of posts with boards nailed lengthwise on them, and laths nailed vertically
on the boards, close enough together to keep the crabs from getting through. The
first pounds were circular in shape, while those at present in use are square or nearly
so, and are not so closely built, as their only purpose now is to prevent the floats
being washed away by strong winds.
THE HARD-CRAB INDUSTRY.
Oxtord and Cambridge are the most important hard-crab centers in
the state, though the industry is prosecuted extensively in many other
localities, including Crisfield, where, however, it is overshadowed by
the more important soft-crab industry. At Oxford, with the excep-
tion of about one-third of the catch shipped alive during July and
August, when the crabs are in their best condition, the hard-crab
vatch is utilized at factories, where the meat is extracted and shipped
in tin buckets. This applies also to several other localities in Talbot
County, which is the hard-crab county of the state. At Cambridge,
with the exception of the crabs used by one firm which extracts the
meat, the catch is shipped alive.
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 495
Crabbing grounds.—The larger portion of the catch is made in the
Choptank, Tred Avon, Wicomico, St. Michaels, Chester, and Little
Annemessex rivers, and Chesapeake Bay, on the eastern shore of the
state, and in Mill Creek, a tributary of the Patuxent River, on the
western shore. The crabs are taken in depths of water varying from
2 feet in the rivers to 40 feet in the open waters of Chesapeake Bay.
The average depth would be about 10 feet. They usually frequent
muddy bottoms, but at certain seasons of the year they are found on
hard bottoms, thus differing from soft crabs, which always seek grassy
bottoms.
Season.—At Crisfield the fishery for hard crabs is carried on from
early in April until the latter part of November. In most other local-
ities the season is considerably shorter. The larger portion of the
catch is taken between June 1 and September 1, most of the fishermen
discontinuing at the latter date to take up oyster tonging. By reason
of this reduction in number the crabbers who continue during Sep-
tember and October succeed in making fairly good catches. They are
also aided by the cooler weather, which permits of the catch being
kept in good condition for shipment until the following day. During
the winter quite a number of hard crabs are taken incidentally in
oyster dredges. There is very little sale for these, however, except
at Crisfield, where one firm is engaged in picking crab meat during
the entire year. This firm depends upon New York State for most of
its supply of crabs during the winter. It is thought that the winter
catch could be augmented should the demand become greater.
Apparatus.—W ith the exception of the crabs already mentioned as
being caught in oyster dredges and the few taken together with soft
crabs, the entire hard-crab catch of the state is obtained with trot lines.
These lines vary in length from 200 to 1,000 yards, the average being
about 450 yards, and are of cotton, manila, or grass rope, the size run-
ning from one-eighth to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, but usually
being about one-fourth inch. Many fishermen tar their lines, though
the practice is not universal. In some localities snoods about 18
inches in length, of fine twine, are fastened to the main line at inter-
vals of 3 to 4 feet, the bait being placed at the ends of these snoods.
Other fishermen, however, use no snoods, but make a loop in the main
line, through which the bait is slipped. The use of snoods is prefera-
ble where the water is rough, as the crabs are not so easily shaken off
by the strain on the line when pulling the boat along and when the
line is being lifted from the water in removing the crabs. Many fish-
ermen advise their use under all circumstances, as with snoods swing-
ing from the main line the crabs are able to see the bait from any
direction. Trot lines are always anchored on the bottom of a stream.
For this purpose grapnels or killicks weighing from 5 to 10 pounds
are used, one being placed at each end of the line, and in many eases
426 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
one also in the center. A buoy, usually consisting of a small keg or
some wooden object, is placed near each end of the line to locate it.
As a rule a trot line lasts through about half of the season. The cost
is from $3 to $9, varying with the length, quality, size of rope, and
kind of grapnels or killicks used, the average being about $5. Some
fishermen use a stake planted in the mud at each end of the line instead
of grapnels or killicks. Anchors of stone or brick are also employed.
BLait.—Beef tripe and eels constitute the usual bait, though calf
pelts, sting rays, hog chokers, spoilt beef, and various other substi-
tutes are sometimes used. It is likely that the use of tripe will be
discontinued in the near future, owing to the fact that the steamboats
have refused to transport it on account of its offensive odor, and the
railroad companies will not handle it except when it is packed in
tightly sealed barrels. The bait is generally used in a salted condi-
tion, and is placed on the line at intervals of 3 or 4 feet. Fishermen
bait their lines about once a week, in the meanwhile replacing any bait
that may have been washed away or eaten. It is usual on Saturday
or Monday to remove the old bait and put on fresh. After a line has
been rebaited it is placed in a coil and covered with salt to preserve the
bait until it is used.
Manner of fishing.—With few exceptions only one man goes ina
boat. The lines are set about one-fourth to the tide, or diagonally
across a stream. In fishing, the line is drawn across the bow of the
boat; a short-handled scoop net is used to transfer the crab to the
boat. The lines are overhauled from 10 to 20 times in the course of
aday. During calm weather it is customary to overhaul them from
both ends—that is, going and coming—while with a breeze it is con-
sidered more advantageous to work from the windward, that the boat
may drift with the wind. This facilitates the handling of the line and
permits of more crabs being saved than would be the case in working
from the leeward. With a long line the advantage of overhauling
from both ends is more apparent, as the crabs have less chance to
devour the bait. In some localities crabbers aim to reach the fishing
grounds shortly after midnight, while at others they arrive as late as 3
or 40’clock in the morning. The object in going early is to get a good
lay. If it is a moonlight night the lines are set as soon as a lay is
reached, but if it is dark the crabbers await daylight, in the mean-
while taking a nap. Crabs very seldom bite before daylight, but if
they do not begin soon after, the fishermen consider it as well to
~ return home. Very few crabs are taken between 10 o’clock in the
morning and 3 o’clock in the afternoon, both on account of the heat
and the difficulty in getting the catch ashore in good condition.
Hard crabbers are dependent upon neither wind nor tide, but should
the water be rough the crabs are liable to be shaken off before they
can be caught.
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 497
Boats.—The boat used by the crabber must necessarily be light, for
_ when hauling in the line hand over hand the boat is pulled along at
the same time. The boats vary in length from 12 to 24 feet. At
Cambridge and Crisfield a lighter and cheaper boat is used, while at
Oxford and other localities there is a growing tendency to build boats
suitable for both crabbing and oyster-tonging. These average 25 feet
in length, 2 feet deep, and from 5 to 6 feet wide, and have a dead-rise
bottom. Boats of this character cost from $40 to $50, and are desig-
nated skiffs and batteaus.
Doudlers.—V ery oftena male and female crab when mating are taken
together on a trot line; this usually occurring when the female is
entering the shedding stage. The pair are called ‘‘doublers,” or
*““channeler and his wife.” In most localities where hard crabs are
taken there are one or more firms handling soft crabs—that is, those
taken on trot lines as ‘‘doublers.” At some places there is no sale for
the female thus taken, and she is returned to the water, while in other
localities she is sold along with the hard crabs at the same price. The
proportion of **doublers” taken varies in different localities from 1 in
100 crabs to 1 in 10, and they are generally taken on grassy bottoms.
A “‘channeler,” or any large male hard crab, is called a ‘‘ Jimmy” or
** Jim crab.”
Size of crabs.—The size of a market crab varies with the season and
also with the locality. Early in the season 500 will filla sugar barrel,
while later from 200 to 300 is sufficient. The average weight of a
single crab is about one-third of a pound. Two were taken near Cris-
field early in 1902 weighing 1 pound each. The smallest crabs that
are ever taken in that locality are about the size of a man’s finger-nail.
The supposition that crabs spawn in the ocean near Cape Charles would
account for the fact that no smaller ones are taken.
F’loats.—F loats are not used among hard crabbers except in the case
of dealers and those shipping their own catch. In localities where
crab meat is picked and utilized, floats are used only by dealers hand-
ling peelers or the females taken with the *‘ channelers” while mating.
The floats are similar to those used in the soft-crab trade, though wire
is sometimes substituted for laths in their construction. It is claimed
that the wire does not catch filth from the water so quickly as the
lath floats, and it is more easily brushed off. At Mount Vernon every
crabber has two floats, so that he may place a day’s catch in one and
allow it to remain until time for shipment, and reserve the other float
for the next day’s catch. It is claimed that a day’s captivity lessens
the likelihood of the crabs attacking and maiming each other.
Disposition of catch and price.—The crabs are disposed of in differ-
ent ways. Probably the largest proportion is sold to factories for the
extraction of the meat. The remainder is either shipped alive by the
crabbers or sold to dealers, who also ship it in a live state. In some
428 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
localities where the catch is small the crabs are sold locally either
alive or deviled. The price received per barrel by the crabbers
throughout the crab region varied in 1901 from 50 cents to $2, the
latter being the price received by those marketing their own catch.
In some instances only 10 cents a barrel was realized, but few were
shipped at this price. In 1902 the price was nearly double that in 1901.
Manner of shipment.—Live hard crabs are shipped in either barrels
or boxes. At Cambridge a box 22 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 12
inches deep is used. There are spaces between the boards on the top
of the box for the admission of air. At practically all of the other
crabbing localities sugar and slatted barrels serve the purpose, or
occasionally banana baskets. With the exception of about 20 pounds
of ice placed over the crabs, nothing is put in the shipping packages
with them, the only other provision to keep them alive being small
holes in the top and sides of the barrel. This is not necessary in the
case of slatted barrels or banana baskets.
Preparation of crab meat.—At Oxford, St. Michaels, Tilghman, and
several neighboring localities almost the entire catch is utilized in
cooking the meat which is shipped in tin buckets having perforated
bottoms and holding from 5 to 6 pounds. Oxford is probably the
pioneer locality in this branch of the industry, which has been carried
on there for more than twenty years. About 1880 a Mr. Thomas
began canning crab meat. He is said to have succeeded perfectly in
preserving the meat, but as this was a new industry the demand for
the product was limited, and on account of the expense of operating
and advertising the factory was soon closed. About three years later
the method at present in use—namely, steaming the crabs, extracting
the meat, and shipping in unsealed packages—was begun by Mr. J. G.
Schultz. This business has extended until now there are 7 firms at
Oxford alone, and 20 in the entire state.
The crab meat is prepared as follows: Immediately upon arrival at
the factory the crabs are dumped into a large box, through which
steam is forced from the bottom. They are steamed from twenty to
forty minutes, the time varying at different factories, and according
to the number cooked. After this the crabs are distributed among
the pickers, some of whom, with long experience, become very expert
in extracting the meat. The pickers in most cases are white women
and children, though at some factories all are colored. The price
received by the pickers is usually from 4 to 5 cents a quart of meat
(about 2 pounds). The meat is divided into three classes—flakes, ordi-
nary, and fat meat, the flakes being considered much superior to the
other because they are whiter and firmer. They are taken mostly
from the ‘‘hip” of the crab. The sale of fat meat is confined to one or
two firms, who use it principally in preparing deviled crabs. After
the meat has been extracted ice water is thrown over it and about 3
ounces of salt added to each 20 pounds of meat. Some dealers, how-
THE CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND. 429
ever, think a briny solution thrown over the meat is more satisfactory
than the dry salt. The meatis packed in buckets after it is salted and
is placed ina large ice box and covered with ice, where it remains
until shipped. ‘There are commonly three sizes of buckets, holding,
respectively, 5$ pounds, 25 pounds, and 1 pound each. The amount
of meat in a bucket varies somewhat at times, according to the condi-
tion of the crabs and the pressure applied in extracting the moisture.
The thinner the crab the more moisture it contains. During the sea-
son of 1901 the meat from a barrel of hard crabs filled, on an average,
3% buckets of the largest size. Two firms, instead of steaming, boil their
crabs about 30 minutes before removing the meat. It is claimed by some
that more water remains in the meat after boiling than after steaming.
The business of putting up crab meat in sealed cans is carried on by
only two firms in the state—one at Crisfield and the other at Bivalve.
The former has already been referred to in connection with the soft-
crab industry, in which it is engaged. The problem of preserving
the meat indefinitely has been very difficult to solve, and but few firms
have been successful; one of these, located in Virginia, was about the
first in the field.
Use of shells. —A fter the meat has been extracted the crab shells are
cleaned and a certain number are sent with every shipment of meat, to
be used principally in making deviled crabs. In the case of small
orders, say from 5 to7 gallons of meat, buckets are placed in the bot-
tom of a barrel and covered with ice, and the barrel is then filled with
shells. When a larger shipment is made the meat is placed in one
barrel and the shells in another. On an average from 80 to 100 shells
are sent with each gallon of meat. Boys are usually employed in
cleaning the shells, and are paid about 5 cents a hundred. When
shipped separately the shells are sent in sugar and flour barrels, the
former holding 1,800 shells and the latter 1,200.
A factory at Oxford has been engaged during the last two seasons
in grinding crab shells and disposing of the resultant product to fer-
tilizer manufacturers for use as an ingredient. When the shells are
brought to the factory they are placed in a revolving cylinder, through
which a draft of hot air is passed to dry them, and then are spread
over the floor of the factory to allow any remaining moisture to evap-
orate. After they are thoroughly dried they are placed in a grinding
machine operated by steam, and ground into a fine meal, in which
condition the product is ready for shipment. Its value as an ingredient
for fertilizer is due to the 9 per cent of ammonia which it contains.
The use of the revolving cylinder is said to lessen the escape of the
ammonia. The shells are secured from crab houses at a nominal cost.
Up to the present time the factory has been able to get about one ton
of shells per day, which is just enough to justify its operation.
The following table shows the extent of the crab fishery of Mary-
land in 1901: The total number of men engaged was 5,388. Sixty-
430 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
nine vessels, valued at $24,000, were employed, 55 of these being
engaged in taking crabs and 14 in transporting them. The total num-
ber of boats used was 4,082, valued at $125,847. Including vessels,
boats, apparatus, shore property, and cash capital, the investment in
the fishery was $321,974. The catch was 12,910,746 soft crabs, valued
at $202,563, and 29,474,379 hard crabs, valued at $85,884. The larg-
est catches of soft crabs were made with scrapes, the value of the
catch by this apparatus being nearly double that taken in scoop nets,
which is the next important apparatus. Practically the entire hard-
crab catch was obtained on trot lines, 1,138 of these lines, valued at
$4,474, being operated. A few hard crabs also were taken in scrapes
during the soft-crab season, and in dredges during the oyster season;
$10,464 worth of soft crabs was taken incidentally along with hard
crabs on trot, lines as ‘‘ doublers.”
The following is asummary of the crab fishery of Maryland in 1901:
Table showing, by counties, the extent of the crab fishery of Maryland in 1901.
Anne Arundel.| Baltimore. Calvert. Charles. | Dorchester.
Items. ; ;
No. |Value.| No. | Val. No. | Val. No. | Val. No. | Value.
Persons engaged:
Bott CLADDETS. «0c eee = LOW Wace ee 32 |
Hard crabbers ....-...-- 9G tayo ies Se De Gek crs Bb-|ses 1S. crevarere DAD eas ose
GROTESIMNIEI << wae <= coms W233 ac seeeis 16
On vessels transporting
CTBS ec sc soca slecieee cee | 1
Tonnage
OER HE. eee a aN artes cree
Vessels transporting crabs.
MONMMAVE | -2on.- cee o sce ani
(OMNIS Soe Roos ssa e4ass 56
Boats, soft crabbing ...-.--
Boats, hard crabbing -..-.-
Motalamacaccceect se
Apparatus used in soft
crabbing:
cle.03) Nesteaeeoopcadbocseen bacdencec adessos pssueesesscual Meas cada psosadiss- occa sososs Bot | 3, th
SCOOP MeL - o- ace eel 157 SSia|staecel| sear 100 Dh Rees alae 298 104
CMLES fee ss ces Seite 35 105 BG il PADD | Soe ecco ll erate el inieperom ntoml| tie ene neem etait ete
Apparatus used in hard
erabbing:
TOLLS ee eis elaine eee 40 470 2 1 36 | 131 18 45 227 810
Shore and accessory prop-
ORGY eee ee oie ene yore acai mister 2 Sopa TSOP A Neen 55 BOB AK (oS crore el cermiell sesercieee 445
(GINS alle rh onli Besa cooeenscullss san soce 400) | sae2c= lpebocs|isa crs SOV ac aoso melee sto |e 3, 090
Total investment ..-/......... 10, 611 |--..---] 1.64901)... 5. nar 1 POO Weiser areic 1S sere 19, 180
Soft-crab catch by— = zi 5
SCIAP CS eae cease sees eee ener SeSeeoe Seneen Renee Penn n ns Peennn beennnns here 698, 500 | 10, 750
ASCOOp Mets seeseenee see $73, 560 |10, 704 |....-.- |= anime 80,2000 72,250 |. 20.204 cane. 449,100 | 6,835
Seines = = == SS |
Soft crab catch by:
Scrpese eee eeeee eee 1, 800 be Rae eee ear ee Ek Sea |e 7,576, 786 | 114,044
SCOOPMetSmeeereseechneces 16, 299 SAO eres ciaeereaie| a eel eee | eee 4,280,144 | 70,786
Selim CS u.c 5c omeeemandeseeee 24, 498 ta eee Siac eee a |e er ene Ie 298, 556° 7, 269
Mrowlintes|OS2feee. asec = ce PIANO ROA Urey | eaaaeaseood| taaneoal Se sboce bocsank 805, 260 | 10, 464
EEO ba csates eis foresee 319, 597 PAS ene sees menace ae sese a [sect ae 12, 910, 746 | 202, 563
Hard crab catch by trot lines | 11,314,550 | 28,753 | 2,352,000 | 5,040 | 4,998 | 50 | 29,474, 379c\ 85, 884
Total catch, soft and “|
hard crabs ........-- 11, 634, 147 | 31,716 | 2,352,000 | 5,040 | 4,998 50 | 42, 385,125 | 288, 447
a Exclusive of duplication.
b These lines are used primarily for hard crabs, the soft or shedding crabs being taken with the
hard crabs as ‘‘ doublers.”’
¢ Includes 95,000 hard crabs, vaiued at $235, taken in crab scrapes, and 67,000 hard crabs, valued at
$500, taken while dredging for oysters.
THE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN
ISLANDS IN 1903
By JOHN N. COBB
Agent of the Bureau of Fishertes
F. C. 1904 ——28 433
et
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if
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1
THE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWATIAN ISLANDS
IN 1903.
By Joun N. Coss,
Agent of the Bureau of Fisheries.
INTRODUCTION.
The first investigation of the commercial fisheries of the Hawaiian
Islands ever undertaken was made by the writer in 1901, and the
results were publisbed in the early part of 1902. In 1904, in order
to supply data of comparative value, another investigation was con-
ducted, the inquiry relating to the calendar year 1903. The canvass
was greatly facilitated by the courtesy and assistance of the officials and
various citizens of the islands. The statistical and other information
gathered appears in the following pages.
The most diverse statements have appeared in both official and pri-
vate reports as to the islands properly to be included in the Hawaiian
group. The following list, which was published in the Hawaiian
Almanac and Annual for 1904, was compiled for the purpose of clear-
ing up the matter, and contains the date of annexation of the more
recent additions to the group: Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai,
Lanai, Niihau, Kahoolawe, Lehua, Molokini, Nihoa or Bird Island
(1822), Laysan (1857), Lysiansky (1857), Palmyra (1862), Ocean (1886),
Necker (1894), French Frigate Shoal (1895), Gardener, Mara or Moro
Reef, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Gambia Bank, and Johnston or Corn-
wallis Island. The first eight have a permanent population; the
others are visited during certain seasons or only occasionally, by
guano workers, roving fishermen, and hunters.
FISHERY LAWS.
Private ownership of the fishes found in the open sea and bays in
the immediate vicinity of the shore was one of the peculiar features of
the Hawaiian fisheries before the annexation of the islands by the
United States. Such ‘‘ fishery rights” (which are described in detail
aCommercial Fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands. By John N.Cobb. Report U.S. Fish Commission,
1901, pp. 353-499. 1902. Reprinted in Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, 1903, Pt. II, pp. 715-765.
1905.
435
436 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
in the previous report) were, however, inconsistent with the laws of
this country, and the act creating the Territory of Hawaii, which went
into effect June 14, 1900, contained specitic legislation regarding them.
It was provided that all for which claim had not been made up to June
14, 1902, should be abolished and the privileges they carried should
become common property; those which might be proved to be of the
nature of vested rights should eventually be condemned and opened
to common use, but the owners would be compensated therefor.
When the time for action came, on June 14, 1902, the territorial
government set up the defense that a ‘‘ fishery right” was not a vested
right, but merely a license, and hence the Territory was not required
to compensate the owners of such alleged rights for their extinguish-
ment. Several of the parties entered suit in the lower territorial
courts and were defeated. Two of the cases—those of the Bishop
estate for the fishery of Waialae-iki and Samuel M. Damon for the
fishery of Moanalua—were appealed to the supreme court of the Ter-
ritory, with the same result as in the lower courts. Mr. Damon there-
upon carried his case on appeal to the United States Supreme Court,
where it was argued in March, 1904, and on April 25 of the same year
the court handed down a decision upholding the contention of Mr.
Damon, the plaintiff, that a ‘* fishery right” was a vested right.
The present status of the claims is thus set forth in a paragraph of
a letter from Mr. Lorrin Andrews, attorney-general of the Territory,
dated October 8, 1904:
The decision of the United States Supreme Court has practically precluded us from
setting up the defense that the parties already suing had not vested rights in the
property. Weare therefore requiring each person suing to prove his title, as alleged
in the complaint, upon which we consent that a judgment be entered against the
Territory, and we will immediately bring condemnation proceedings against such
established owners of fisheries, so as to obtain the title for the Territory. This will
probably be done some time before the spring of next year, as there area large
number of cases, and of necessity we must proceed slowly.
The abolition of private fishery rights wiped out the greater part of
the fishery laws previously in force on the islands, and at present the
following seem to be all that are in effect:
In 1850, under the heading of ‘‘ Malicious injuries and mischiefs,’’ the ‘‘ destroying,
cutting, injuring, or impairing the usefulness or value of any fish net,’’ ete., and the
‘putting of auhuhu or other substance deleterious to fish into any lake, pond, stream,
or reservoir for the purpose of destroying the fish,’? were made misdemeanors.
‘‘No person residing without the Kingdom shall take any fish within the harbors,
streams, reeis, or other waters of the same for the purpose of carrying them for sale,
or otherwise, to any place without the Kingdom, under penalty of a fine not exceeding
two hundred dollars, in the discretion of the court.’’ (Civil Code of 1859, Chap. VII,
Art. V, sec. 386.)
“Section 1. No person shall use giant powder or any other explosive substance
in taking fish within or upon any harbors, streams, reeis, or waters within the juris-
diction of this Kingdom. The possession by fisherman, fish venders, or persons in
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 437
the habit of fishing, of fish killed by giant powder or other explosive substance shall
be prima facie evidence that the person in whose possession such fish were found
used giant powder or some other explosive substance in taking such fish, contrary
to the provisions of this act. :
“Sec. 2. Whoever violates the provisions of this act shall be punished by a fine
not exceeding one hundred dollars and not less than twenty-five dollars, or by
imprisonment at hard labor not exceeding six months, or both, in the discretion of
the court.
“Sec. 3. The several district justices and police courts shall have concurrent juris-
diction in all cases under this act.”’
(Law was passed first in 1872 and has been amended frequently since. )
‘Section J. It shall not be lawful for any person to take, catch, or destroy the
young of the fish known as the mullet and the awa under four inches in length in
any of the bays, harbors, waters, or streams of this Kingdom: Provided, however,
That nothing in this act shall prevent the taking of the fish herein above prohibited
for the purpose of stocking ponds.
“Sec. 2. It shall not be lawful for any person to sell or offer for sale, or have in
his possession, except alive, any of the young fish mentioned in section one of this
act. j
‘Sec. 3. Any person violating the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction
before any police or district magistrate, be punished by a fine of not less than twenty
dollars nor more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment at hard labor for not
less than ten nor more than ninety days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in
the discretion of the court: Provided neverthe’.s°. That no such fine shall be imposed
upon any person who, fishing for other fish, accidentally takes or catches no more
than forty of the young fish mentioned in section one of this act.
“Sec. 4. This act shall take effect from and after the date of its approval.”’
(Law approved September 6, 1888. )
While in general the effect of the extinguishment of the ‘fishery
rights” will be extremely beneficial to the fisheries, in some respects
it will not be wholly advantageous unless the territorial government
takes prompt action. A few of the more public-spirited owners of
‘*fishery rights” made every possible effort to conserve and increase
the supply of fish, and through the medium of the provision in the law
allowing such owners ‘‘in lieu of setting apart some peculiar fish to
their exclusive use * * * to prohibit during certain indicated
months of the year all fishing of every description upon their fisher-
ies,” they placed tabooes on certain fish—notably the ama-ama—during
their spawning seasons, and thus gave a measure of protection which
is entirely lacking at present. The only species now protected are the
young of the ama-ama and the awa, it being unlawful to take these
fishes under 4 inches in length. So far as the ama-ama is concerned
this law is disregarded in all but a few places. Thousands of young
mullet, from 1 to 2 inches in length, and known as ‘* pua,” are taken
by the fishermen of Molokai and Maui in fine-meshed nets and sold.
Large quantities are taken in the fisheries of the other islands, also,
particularly Oahu, and sold to the workmen on the sugar plantations.
As the ama-ama is one of the most valuable elements in the fisheries,
every effort should be made to conserve it, and if the law were rigidly
438 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES
enforced its beneficial effects would be soon apparent. Under the
present conditions the fishery, instead of increasing as a result of the
greater efforts put forth in recent years, has slightly decreased since
1900.
The fine-meshed nets in such general use throughout the islands, and
more especially in Pearl Harbor, destroy the young of other species,
notably the akule and ulua, both of which are valuable food fishes.
Thousands of these, from 2 inches in length up, are caught and sold,
and, as the law does not protect them, nothing can be done to stop the
slaughter. The data collected for the year 1903 show a decrease in
the catch of ulua of 177,080 pounds since 1900. In the same period of
time the catch of akule quite materially increased, but this was owing
to the introduction by the Japanese of a method of catching them with
hook and line.
Heretofore all efforts to prohibit the use of these fine-meshed nets
have been blocked by the native members of the legislature, who
claimed that it would deprive their native constituents of the oppor-
tunity to gratify their desire to eat little fishes raw. Of these the
favorite species is the nehu, which never grows large. It, however,
is an important food of larger and more valuable fishes, and for this
if for no other reason should ve protected. The fine-meshed nets are
used almost entirely by the Japanese, who throw away probably one-
fourth of the catch in some localities, notably in Pearl Harbor,
order to keep up the present high prices of fish.
THE COMMERCIAL SPECIES.
At the time of the 1901 investigation considerable difficulty was
experienced in classifying the commercial species, owing to the lack
of scientific data on Hawaiian fishery products, nearly all of which
bore native names, and but few of which were to be found in other
United States waters. To make confusion worse confounded, the fisher-
men, in many instances, call the same species by different names at
various stages in its life, and also when there is a slight variation in
its external appearance. The study of the large collections made
under the auspices of the Bureau of Fisheries in 1901 and 1902 and
by private collectors has greatly aided in identifying the various species
and in straightening out the tangle of native common names. Even yet
a few of the latter are unidentified, but these are species unimportant
commercially. In order to prevent confusion and misapprehension
among the fishermen and others, a list of the commercial species has
been prepared, showing the names used in the statistical tables; and
where two or more species have been included under one name, as
in the case of the young of the species when it bears a different name
from the adult, the other names are shown in the list immediately
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 439
below and are slightly indented. The common English name and
the scientific name are also shown where possible, but as few of the
Hawaiian fishes and other aquatic animals are found in the United
States, or where there are English-speaking fishermen, only a few
of them have received English names. The English names in the list
are, in most instances, generic rather than specific, or such as are
applied to all or several of the species of a genus.
An interesting feature of this list is the determination of the average
weight of nearly all the species sold in the markets. As all fish are
sold by the piece, except in the case of large species, which are cut up
before being sold, it proved quite a serious undertaking to secure these
data. As many of each species as possible were weighed, and only
when this was impossible were estimates, furnished by responsible
parties, used. The latter was the case more especially with the rarer
species, which only occasionally find their way into the markets, and
with those which were not in season at the time of the inquiry. When
estimates are used they are designated thus (e). The list follows:
List of the species taken in the commercial fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands.
Common English
Native name.
A’alaihi
A’/awa
Ahadha
anniel Average weight.
Scientific name.
Sosy ticks ae ae casa 10 to pound
Wrasse-fish .... -| 11 ounces
Needle-fish
OzIOUNCES eee naaeeeee
Thalassoma duperrey.
Lepidaplois alboteniatus
L. strophodes.
Athlennes hians; Tylosuris
giganteus.
AIG ete tee: -| Albacore .. .| 30 pounds .... -| Germo germo.
ADI BSE 22 Seam te eon co opeenee ae Sober She Sa Lat ae ee
ANNGIENOLESsmneiae seme eel eee setae Z OUNCES ener ee aman Kuhlia malo.
PAOLO remnicntre se nee aie nian | arses ce ooerels nee clon on [sewewlow Gsadececen cece Gomphosus, Thalassom:
ete.
IAL Genes Genes Goeee Ocean bonito.....-. DspOUNGS| eee aae Gymnosarda pelamis.
EMI CR aaeas tee neice one Mackerel scad...... 1Ojounces= ss s.scanc see Trachurops crumenop!:-
thalma.
Hahalalu (young).....|..... GO! ssstaeweenssen DtOPOUNGss see eee ease Do,
AN AIINIC eae ose ac aciciceicee Squirrel-fishs sossee4 | ewes ec cene canoe rena. Holocentrus (any species).
Aleneni(asmallifsh) found ||Sscxianscce ce ce mececntealaaeecececocceanenectluene Dascyllus; Pomacentrus.
in little tide pools. )
FAWN AINA Sec Ne c cee aos Mulleteccsascaciee cee DOUNCESaaasecesee eee Mugil cephalus.
AMGEN (ACUIt) ioe see scee |e ses= GOndachs eee 2esPOUNGS ie cere ores Mugil.
ATIRCNOLE Ee eeine nse cera clete is GOs sees soseees bse = sasaki se cosceee me Do.
» Puai/i (very young) 2.|-5<-< (i ernoee sea ceced Rar scEcnectent eter aes Do.
PAN Dlitratsroievateiniocieoetleiee cia cis cial euincincesesiecn ees cubiealoanee cccctecconcmenele. Chirurgus guttatus. Zeb:
soma hypselopterum.
PAG craynleYatelole nteiatcrstaiorvercicieiacie Sword-fish ....5..2.. 1 weighed 160 pounds.| Xiphias gladius.
UAW eccece ahciae sete ceae Needle-fish ......... ASPOURUS assesses cecal Tylosurus giganteus.
ae kalamoku (large | Milk-fish ........... 15 pounds (e)......... | Chanos chanos.
adult). |
Awa (commercial size)....|....- OOasace eee eee ee Ss POUNG coc secs seen Do.
Awa-awa (medium sized) -|..... GO aseccsesenens 3S; POUNASi--oosee eee Do.
Puawea (‘youne)! cs. o.sle.~-s GO ce steeto sees woeeeececamas coke tees Do.
IMEI pc dpe ces 5 cen ac Seno as8ecde o> sOenOobaaeese TOOUNCES 2 -- eee snes Thalassoma purpureum.
Hous (Mlarge) estes ne) sce Seeeee cae noon 4pOUnGS cs ceeeel ee Do.
PALA as (I VELVI SMA eae ase sees e sett ec ceenan lseenee chekcon cetee anes Do.
Aweoweo (adult) ......... Catalufass-scesseece Jiouncess<2 2! ee Priacanthus cruentatus.
Alalaua (young) ......|-..-- DOs ssasa se eeet | Seo ee oes sone on emo Do.
CAND ee ee ere ree conn | eee ae rane ce Sees ce bas Men een ee es Cyprinus carpio.
Chima fishian iy eee ee as | eee Pees ee ae 4;poundii(e)iSes-2555. Ophiocephalus.
GOlGSISh Ge aie eee s oe cete acl csieoneen meme saceebe as 1Oito pound ass -5.2- Carassius auratus.
IAW) cee seis cclcraes Groulperiecsseesess- Tbmpoundsysseesseseee Epinephelus quernus.
Je gyi i vubhe share ee Snakewmickere] ease |= eee eee een Lemnisoma serpens.
ihm a nilasceecsee oecieoe ce Spotted sting-ray...| 25 pounds (e)......... Stoasodon narinari.
eHilu (generic name)...... Wrasse-fish ......... Sipounds- 20226. eec ec Anampses cuvierl.
Malwa a Wills eect cccce|oeee EGO tiacee eer coe aalatheoee cates cotee esas Julis lepomis, Thalassoma
a Introduced species.
sp., ete.
440
List of the species taken in the commercial fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Continued.
Common English |
Native name.
Average weight.
Scientific name.
name. |
Fishes—Continued. |
|
Hinaléa (generic name)..| Wrasse-fish ......-... 4 OUNCESE cr ncm aera.
Hinaléa Lauwili 1
Hinaléa niau ...--
Hinaléa pdla-pdla- Elice| sees GOs Re a5ae: Hebei oeebioee Set ueisreminials
Hinaléa Luahine..|..-.-. GO eS nes eee eer a ABBE SS eb Shooaudeeatodos
Binaléansolows 22. -eee seco. Go 22e-F este [deee ee aa EEOC een epee
MOU (Hawali\eesseecee sere eeeee se eeeee eee eee lawielhed 4 pounds
Huimuhimu nukunuku | Trigger-fish.......-- elo OU CES#-peeeeter ee
apua’a.
|
TD Ei C8 acer = seve as ppeeteecn | Halfbealk -..2....-- Asto pound (e)in-s.nes-
ahnslatissicosescsensees Amber-fish ... ...-- SOPOUNG Shas ssaneee
CANUM eee oa oe Soe cee eras | Barracuda essa--- =| 2 POUNASh eee eens
alae eee stench cae | Surgeon-fish .......- Thpound(e)/=seeeee-ee 4
-akdlakdla (young)...|....- [0 YoRee tear pee rs Ske SE Aw eee
REMAN uae pe cueetAeasuse [eee tS ctcie ce cts on MME a ee \MOrouncestsaeeeeee see
RGN EN hee aes coeEsoeor BOnmiton eicforarsise WCanvellll asia eeeseees= | 10 to pound (e)......-
WENN ey open egos leva rasayscevave\apseacvesavercvatelsieiels 6 to pound (e)........
MIS OLO Sa see sec cemen iets - Flying-fish .......-. 2 to pound (e)...--...-
leben ols te eee casceaed some GOm sas steeds \12'to) pound) (e) -- =e
Miamamiaits toe ee jeece anaes Demoiselle 2522 3205 ehgs neces aoe
WP anihaVoyer a sae coseee sosce | Rudder-fish ........ 10 to pound (e).......
Wiekanthilbl oe soacscsaaeeadses POTBY; See hece =D acta Meee Seeee aes ere aenmaee
MameomGOessep ain esae eee olllse osc a ngeisse = stem ol petse cine scieatee tea aoa
Mamimite 2 a22 22-22. sceeeee Surgeon-fish.....--. GroOunceSmaseee eee ees
Nileharey (Karon Mie royale) Kaye || (hoehelle oe oa eas cdnallonanonendcascoseeccupbee
sharks). |
Mano-kihikihi ........ Hammeri-headed | 2! pounds............
| shark.
Mano-nihui ........... Sharks (ss .smeetee | 40'poumds(@) se asesaaee
Mano-mélemoéle. ...-.|..-.- COs s/s scm ses/sminstal |p seosesas seoeeoase seco.
Manonon (on velaiweil)\eaa|seese vee ose ones ae aarer 1 weighed 2 pounds ..
Maman), t22eenocces cheer | 2a falas wlan eres aienalstsie | 6 to; pound! (€)\.-..-..-
IMUKTa Wels seca on pean \SHernin geese eeeeee 3) toypoundi(@) see secee
MGa i seetic te cscn te ts all SP RUNIKSAiShis scars cson |e eee ce soeee ee neato eoee
Mosnosassaceeepecacee iG Oat-hSheesesen meer GlouNCeSs a. 5. senses ae
WIL sboodopaanacSdaeroncce Threadfin =s-2e..-2- 13 pounds (e).........
Moilii (young) ........ 56 OO c ensccmaseec|cas ae besiemeesccis deceee
MU aia eisdcicre s wee isin eee POTLY. ces eesose eee) POUNGsise.gen eo see
MUI orci tse eres Soest GOatghsee ec casos) access Sects ete scatterers
NSOCNR Coe Sees Aas eee Surgeonctish 7.0 aee2|s- 5 kee cee eee
N Chuten2c!, cane econ cceee IN AKO ONAL Gone coobode 40 to pound (e) .....--
Nenue (sometimes spelled. Rudder-fish......... 2 pounds (e)izs-. -ceeee
‘*Fnenue ‘).
NOR Ge deceit te cesereee st | Mail-cheeked fishes.| 3 pounds .:..........-.
NODUpINGO Messe. ste eeeeeee Blying-fish <222 22-5 led POWNGN() eeeeee cee
INATKUMMOMIG 2 62 <5 incite dcce'||Snoes Seton ceeentones | 4A pounds) A saeense sees
INU U ceweniso src canaen ra es Trumpet-fish .....-. 3 to pound (e) =2--..--
| Cheilodactyius
Thalassoma ballieui.
Thalassoma duperrey.
Thalassoma ballieui.
Julis puleherrima.
Thalassoma purpureum,
Balistapus rectangulus;
Hemiramphus depaupe-
ratus.
Euleptoramphus = Jong r s-
tris; Hemiramphus i:e-
pauperatus.
Seriola purpurascens.
Sphyreena.
Acanthurus unicornis.
Do.
Gymnosarda alletterata.
Trachinocephalus myops.
Tetraodon hispidus.
Zanclus canescens; Zebra-
soma veliferum.
vittatus;
Chetodon sphenospilus,
Cheetodon lunula, orna-
tissimus, unimaculatus.
Ctenochetus strigosus?
Bowersia ulaula.
Peeudopenens porphyreus.
Abudeiduf sordidus.
Cheilio inermis.
Scomberoides tolooparah.
Hemipteronotus; Iniistins,
Zebrasoma flavescens.
Halichceres lao.
Cheetodon quadrimaculatus.
Cephalacanthus orientalis.
Alutera monoceros.
Zanclus canescens.
Corypheena hippurus.
Hepatus elongatus.
Hepatus atramentatus.
Carangus politus; Malacan-
thus parvipinnis.
Coris rusea.
Cypsiiurus simus.
Parexoccetus brachypterus.
Abudefduf abdominalis.
| Kyphosus fuseus.
Monotaxis grandoculis.
Zebrasoma hy pselopurum,
Hepatus sandwichensis.
Carcharias, any species.
Sphyrna zygeena,.
Etrumeus micropus.
Ostracion sebe.
Pseudupeneus
tus.
Polydactylus sexfilis.
Do.
Monotaxis grandoculis.
Pseudupeneus bifasciatus.
Hepatus olivaceus,
Anchovia purpurea.
Kyphosus fuscus.
multifascia-
Scorpzenopsis gibbosa, ete.
Aulostomus yalentini,
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWATIAN ISLANDS.
44]
‘
List of the species taken in the commercial fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands—Continued.
sane Common English
Native name. eericn
Fishes—Continued.
OhWa se ees See ee eee Worasse-fish eeseneo2e
OMNIg ate or ee emeares sass oe cat ceeeseesesinee
O AU e pases sess ee| Mile=fishteseeee posses
(ONO SS saqd cE COs eon aaerer Bonefishesaas-s-se-5
AMOOMOOl eee = eee =| tee cc GOzacoaemetiesae
Oktihekiihe (fresh water) .| Goby ...-......-----
Ola eyaee ee a accra Neem e se Nasa sie Ul estore
Omaka@hasoe-2 se 5255265 IP ELErrIn S32. eee cee
OMA, - Venn osusesseascooss|| CANNES ene ocoemccs
ON Oreste ee sas aosese ene BOnitOsase eee eee
OOpUle core society ose seen GODNiey oo aeemeeciaes
Em aie (VV OUNe)) eee ee eee COs sees
Oopunie alsa ans. ee LAV oe teemeaesbeac |
Kee Oiae Saar eee ee esl isis dO as esac se
Maki-maki (deadly |..... COT ee se
death).
OG PUKGIAR i aaneeese smesele seer enc aoe seeetnteiee |
Opalkkapalka cass ha2 ace - see Snappersseeesnseee=
On elunpeeet te set sh en | Mackerel scad....-.
(Ojonikes LON NE Sess ee ot ee eae i Wbizard-fishyeeeees see
aus aceccaees ses es Sapper essssesseee
| UNICO: Sey one ere RS Re ae Caivallaetsoa ace cee
Papiopio (young) ...-..|..... DO een nose ase
PAAUD BAU ers stelajsiarag cies | eee GO Reo eae ere
Klis kon Sees ces ee Thread-fish.........
AVS SMT ete rc sete soe =e emcee ote a als a sieleee
WOUGar sesso. Beeaoe ceca IMulletee soos ose:
Winepaltiepeeenscseeees cee. Cardinal-fish .....--
Moe isitelsine acinar oe eee oe Squirrel-fish........
WWAllUerae Nome tac ris cease nce Surgeon-fish........
Weke (generic name) ..... Surmulleteeasseeseee
Weke puéo ............ Gostsfishi so -ense oe
Weke pahitla (tail }..... (6 (oye Seer ea ree
barred).
Average weight.
2 to pound (e)
SIOUN GES == —5 sms cee ere
6 ounces
+ pound
10 pounds (e)
8 to pound (e)
12 to pound (e)
1 weighed 3 pounds ..
24 to pound (e)
8 to pound (e)
MhOUND COS mest eae Sees
lel pommdsasseeeeeeeee |
12 to pound (e)
2 pounds
SPPOUNGS eee ern
SlOUN CES anee aceerteae
5 pounds (e)
6 to pound (e)
2 POUNUS yee
Zs POUNGS sees sss sees
10 to pound (e).....-.-
WiOUINCOS rec ccisis eos
6 to pound (e)
+ pound
30 to pound (e)....--.
45OUDCCS a -52- cee ceeeee
2 to pound (e)
aReputed to be very poisonous.
Scientific name,
Cantherines sandwichien-
sis; Osbeckia seripta.
Stephanolepis spilosoma.
Osbeckia scripta; Canthe-
rines sand wichensis.
Albula vulpes.
Do.
Eleotris fusca?
Thalassoma purpureum.,
Scorpzenopsis gibbosa; Etru-
meus macropus.
Carangus meiampygus.
Acanthoeybium solandri.
Eleotris sandwicensis, ete.
Tetraodon hispidus; Chilo-
mycterus aflinis.
Tetraodon hispidus.
Cirrhitus marmoratus.
Bowersia violescens; Apsilus
microdon.
Decapterus sancte-helene.
Anampses cuvier; Thalas-
soma purpureum,
| Platophrys mancus.
Hepatus achilles.
Cailyodon paluca.
Callyodon gilberti.
Salarias brevis.
Caranx speciosus.
Myripristis chryseres.
Paracirrhites forsteri; P. ar-
eatus; P. cinetus.
Daseyllus albisella;
cirrhites cinctus.
Cheilinus hexagonatus.
Para-
Seriola purpurascens,
Hepatus dussumieri, ete.
Gymnothorax, any species.
Echidna nebulosa.
Murena kailuee.
Echidna undulatus,
Leptocephalus marginatus,
Eehidna pictus”
Julis lepomis,
lineatus.
Searus ahula.
Platophrys pantherinus.
Platyinius microdon.
Callyodon
| Aprion virescens.
| Synodus
varius; Saurida
gracilis.
Etelis marshi,
ulaula.
Carangus latus.
Do.
Do.
Bowersia
| Alectis ciliaris.
Cheenomugil echaptalii.
Amia menesemas.
Myripristis murdjan.
Stephanolepis spilosomus.
Hepatus xanthopterus.
Mulloides,
Upeneus arge.
Do.
442
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
List of the species taken in the commercial fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands—Continued.
Native name.
Common English
name.
Fishes—Continued.
Welea TAZaAnG=fish) eeeee eee
Wilt sas as oleae Cao aoc mee eise seein teeice
Aloalo Pra wiles sejeeete neces
OPHelsesac cee cesses ee ees Shrimpessecees-e ee
Pa paleeeeeeeee Crab) cc 225 sieacis
IN DIN DG alo wloe se Soe eeselemeee do.
Mlamibi ss eee acee sean dO ses-e2
ae ccans sense aeecscn bee Crawiishiececseesene
Ulaapapa <2: see. 5 esc ccc GO s.ce ssckee cece
Conch Conchyosescseceaecee
Matwkewlkese oi At soos seccee Noiay Feats SER ase oe Sree es
Hees 2. csetoleaccthceeacces =| octopus iste mayer Sayer
Opie sesso see sas WIM pPetic. seasicceseee
Ouinatina alealee.......... A coiled shell .....-.
AG aie iseeee Sciecicls wise eeeees | Pearlioysteresea-- =.
PUP Ue ook cas beer sce eSearsn milena see
Wana (with long spines)..) Sea-urehin .........
Will sersiessaissrarstee ene inser Elulim Debra eee saee
d
KohOla te seteescecs coe Wiha elecee ce soa ne
Palaoa cose seus. | Sperm whale
aim a). ey Se a eae ON Ket Meroe asocececa
MOTs acs scnsecese nce sees | Béche-de-mer
INA aoe eee a ae eee | Porpoiseseeee ese
Average weight.
|
Scientific name.
| 20)/pounds)(e)—es-s--—6
=} ee OUNCES \.-,- 5 eee meen
it POUNASE =. see eeoeee
1 poOUNdSyeewesdesesee
8 to pound, including
shell.
60)\to pounds se.eseecee
8 to pound (e)
20 to pound, meats ..-
4 to pound (e).......-
60\to;pound 22 .c5--- <2
MEOUMICES scree cyorcrsiste seete
15 pounds (e)...
Trachinocephalus myops.
GENERAL STATISTICS.
Purpura aperta,
..| Cypre carneola, etc.
seas, POWNG Siaejne= sete
Tellina rugosa.
Neritina granosa.
Melina costellata.
Ricinula horrida.
The three tables below show in a condensed form, by islands, the
persons employed and nationality of same, the boats, apparatus, fish
ponds, and shore and accessory property used in the fisheries, and the
catch by species, together with the value of same.
Table showing by islands and nationalities the number of persons engaged in the fisheries
in 1908.
Nationality Hawaii Kahoo- Kauai. |Lanai.} Maui Molo- Niihau.| Oahu. | Total
RK ‘| Jawe. % ; ‘| kai. % ; :
AMeCriCANS © oaasce snc sce OW Ree eent yee deere | Jotocman | kere leamostee 14
Chineseya ea eee ee NG ieee ercce 14 sec 6 Gisateranieta 197 244
Hawaiian men .............. 314 5 223 22 114 290 iD, 880 1, 360
Hawaiian women ........... ke Nictetwerers a isiare 40 | eect (eRe aetel sSbacene 153 298
Mtali Qn. e)-) 27, 100 + 27,100 +100. 00
Rata ee ce Soe oe Eee eee ene 403, 521 877,946 | — 25,575 — 6.34
anail.22 M2255. WO eat et as ten Meeeeie cemeeneceeseaee 212, 628 180, 669 | — 81,959 — 88.55
IN Gol gees eS ne eee er Bie ls Ser ea on a aSdGac 1,159,117 | 1,212,445 | + 53,328 + 4.61
IMOlOKae ee enue se solder eee eee seein see meets 376, 255 274, 331 —101, 924 — 27.19
NTN see oe teeoe nae sonore ne ce Seen cee | 29, 525 29,600 | + 75 08
Oahues ea chee ee os soca cites Sa ated acieme reaeeiaee | 2,787,198 | 3,515,850 | +778, 652 + 28.45
\. ————— $$ |
WOE oes eapcoesoacenpansosocHoondsceecouudSETe 6, 222, 455 6, 972, 735 +750, 280 + 12.05
VALUE OF PRODUCTS.
FRR W Alice: Soe cites eee ned ete ae ein sarees cece $137, 734 $101,149 | —$36,585 — 26.56
Ke HOOlA WO cos os mee celers asists cisiswarslelieie scot tee eec resets | se eee 1,456 | + 1,456 +100. 00
GIT es a aber ba ac nBpSacreuecpentcde qoeacconesppSesade 89, 993 34,788 | — 55,255 — 61.40
IDE) GEE Seon eat Buse emoCeeResenanc aes aoncqacsencecee 29, 853 11,069 | — 18,784 — 62.92
IMG TIS Sos at meee cicnite nce cme s ean ase ee eieeecie selene 190, 929 120,267 | — 70,662 — 37.01
IM OO Kaleem tareere isles see atoll minis stare rst tslass are tebe inioielaiele ore 67, 599 32, 389 — 35,210 — 62.09
INAEDAT TU aie eee nee Ceeeeri iaii SNA Ee ORLA CPS ae a 5, 623 SOLON we ae nGlS — 46.47
OBW es eoe ee enn eect erie scene sce eee ae semaaemnne | 561, 915 373,819 | 188,096 — 33.47
MO tale icrcc gash eecce ces cee Saas aes aaeitiemsiictes 1, 083, 646 677,897 | —405, 749 — 87.44
IMPORTATION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS.
With the exception of a small portion of the white population, the
inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands are great consumers of fishery
products. The domestic fisheries at present are totally inadequate to
the demand, and as a result enormous quantities of fresh, canned,
salted, smoked, dried, and pickled fishery products are imported each
year. Owing to the unusual admixture of races, the imports are
very diverse. Dried abalone, cuttlefish, oysters, seaweed, and shrimp
are consumed by the Japanese and Chinese; dried and salted cod, had-
dock, hake, and pollock by the Portuguese and Porto Ricans, and sal-
mon by the whites and natives.
The United States has always furnished more goods than any other
country, but since the annexation of the islands, June 14, 1900, this
has become domestic traffic, and, no records having been kept at the
custom-house of the receipts from the mainland, it is impossible to
show in figures the immense preponderance of this part of the trade.
According to official data, during 1897, 1898, and 1899 the United
States furnished almost two-thirds of the imports, and, judging from
the statements of importers and others well informed, this proportion
has been very radically increased since the annexation. As the United
States tariff law replaced that of the late Hawaiian Republic, and was
higher than the latter, foreign products were under a greater dis-
advantage in competing with goods from the mainland than was the
case under the provisions of the reciprocity treaty.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 451
The table below shows, by countries, the importation of fishery
products during the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903. Japan has
been rapidly forging to the front in this trade, which is not surprising
when one considers the rapid increase in the number of Japanese on
the islands during recent years. In 1897 the total importations from
Japan amounted to $11,242; in 1898, to $14,382; in 1899, to $30,862;
in 1901, to $53,596; in 1902, to $54,110, and in 1903, to $67,249. In
the latter year the Japanese trade amounted to more than one-half that
of all foreign countries. China is now in second place, although for
a long time its trade exceeded that of Japan. In 1897 the total
imports from China amounted to $24,674, while in 1903 they amounted
to $18,081. A considerable part of this Japanese and Chinese trade
could be secured by the islands and on the Pacific coast if efforts were
made to prepare the peculiar products of which these two nationalities
are especially fond, such as dried abalone, béche-de-mer, oysters, cuttle-
fish, shrimp, and seaweed. A beginning has already been made in
this direction in both sections, and it is very probable that the industry
will soon be materially extended. Nova Scotia, British Australasia,
Germany, Belgium, British Oceania, England, Portugal, Scotland,
and Norway, in the order named, follow in importance of their fishery
trade.
Table showing by countries the imports of fishery products during the calendar years
1901, 1902, and 1908.
1901. 1902. 1903.
Country and product. Gn NPS RiiRTE
ier. Value. ia Value ber Value
Belgium:
Anchovies and sardines [Spl SON) Eye eis eine = $647
Fish, pickled and preserved 51 |---+-----|-------
Glicti be ea ies nei tee we hers ee tat ae 647
British Australasia: |
Hisheecurediand preserves: eo. os 4 nee ce eres eeeeecce< $35665% |Saee cee ee We2a2OL Weertere starr 1, 930
SHellsmummaniutacturediss. somcesceteeheeeen sect lecesue cae IGS Mase, Gober pends Ravi |lape SB 7] eee, Se
puelliandmnother-ofpearl jmanutactures) Of. .05| sa. sscnec|scnes- clecemaceseseesee=|eaqnece=- 1, 662
TEST ya. aa RAL COMERS ORM RES Seana Deesere. Sie76i lee IE yt eee 3, 592
British Columbia: | if
Fish (except salmon )—
MOS Arar tate arate elope beticts ae cote wai Sialichaveie' a clea te et ohetematie 39 Ml | eee, Aa DO (| a srle Stoihate aise itera
PICK Cte ee ee ene se Seon mee Se cen acnlneecieeeee 50 | wrafine essere Ee easoosos 102
Herring, pickled or salted.............. pounds. . 750 20; 2,400 MAK Sh aah on oe esiccs
Salmon—
OTOSIE = Saeoe ee eames secrete nee ee ee doz...) 4,458 bas / | 427 20 | staetiais sta(ei| = o’cete are
IPIORIC ASS ot esse ceaeceen neaameee eacne dosens 1, 600 59 | 3, 100 186 Jeeeeeeeee HOSeb aS
Tiras heels See cape i A BG 4 eh oh a G7 ns aj eee 102
British East Indies: | |
Shrimpand other shellfish: and turtles!:-- s-s2scalassise ee) = oe fa-j- [cee neces | 909) |Sea ce sass foes
British Oceania: | F
Shelistimmantita CtOred sc... os accesses wale le nie aillkotaeme cle Sues Asa oa | Sa anan | aa carcees & 20
pnelland mother-of-pearl manufactures Off = ssc) asec sce oon nee clone an coal aewinde coe Se ecicee 534
Ota HAS Pee sac ateeeis cee wears sheen emacs tee aeemeas SH eee sae eat os tees see 554
452 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by countries the imports of fishery products during the calendar years
1901, 1902, and 1908—Continued.
Country and product.
1903.
Value.|
England: _
AnChoviesiandisardines! -eeceeace nesee ascseeae a
Fish, cured and preserved ........-.-------------
Germany:
AnNChHOViecs andisardinesssaseee secre eee eee ess
Fish—
Curedian dipreservedita: jaca see eee eee nea
PUCKIGC Ras thos tele occ oe ee eee eee
Shell and mother-of-pearl, manufactures of .....
Mother eet e-stises 2 ohe ee oen= ogee ae se sce
Hongkong [China]:
An ChOvVIes ang sardimess she s.- se eeeeeeeesiceeee
Hishi(exceptisalimon)), iresh!2s = sce so=se= ose eeeee
Hish, cured and preserved .-:--.=-..-2-5-----2-2-
Ee LTIN Sa pickled (sees nee a eee eee ee pounds...
Oilsswihaleangdifishtees-soseee seeeece gallons...
Shellssunmanutactured {22222-25422 eo eerie
Shrimp, other shellfish, and turtles ............--
Japan:
Anchovies and! sardiness.-- <2 -s2---ecccccasnesee
Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, salted,
TES IN eo yecere eaters ele stoves eric saa's ote Sewers sees
Cured and preserved
Herringismokedissscacee. seee
Mackerel pickleds=sessceretaceceenemieeces d
Salmonpickil eds cccsasecotceemaacectes ee ete
OilMwhalevandifisht==-ssn-5 sere sees
Shells, unmanufactured
Shell and mother-of-pearl, manufactures of.....
Shrimp, other shellfish, and turtles...........---
Norway:
ish? pickled and! preserved ~~. ...- s-=-s-- eee
Nova Scotia:
ANCHOVIES @ANG Sardines. 2-siseas sasescee as asenies |
Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, salted,
smoked wand! pickled: -sesasceceer pounds...
Herring, pickled orsalted = <=. 222s. ccses-- G0zee-
Mackerel, pickled or salted................ dors
Salmon; pickled or’salted --...:.-.-----5-- dows.
Portugal:
Anchoviesand'sardinesssoseesses-sceee esses eee
Scotland:
Bish; pickledand'preserved(=s--- --2--- > seen ee
Samoa:
Shells; uinmanuiactued aes. seeseae eee seee eee
The following table shows the fishery products imported into the
islands during the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903, and indicates
a progressive increase over former years for which data are available.
In 1897, 1898, and 1899 the total foreign imports (exclusive of those
from the United States) amounted to $49,688, $55,405, and $74,528,
respectively; in 1901 they were $91,066, in 1902 $86,690, and in 1908
$97,305. Fish cured and preserved (mainly dried fish from Japan)
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 453
forms more than one-half of the total. Shrimp and other shellfish
(mainly dried shrimp, oysters, and abalone from Japan and China),
and turtles occupy second place, while cured cod, haddock, hake, and
pollock are third. There has been considerable falling off in the
imports of anchovies and sardines, while imports of canned mullets
have ceased altogether, the latter not being able to compete with the
cheaper grades of canned salmon from the United States since the
annexation of the islands:
Table showing the imports of fishery products during the calendar years 1901, 1902, and
1903.
| 1901. 11902. 1903.
Product = ; l eee ,
; Num- = = l= Num-
Mae Value. ber. | Value. Ben
Value.
ATICHOVAICSANOISAnOIMNeS aot eels seteicsece ane ciacaa | Receaclele $654507 ere eee eG4228) || See ee 2, 876
Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, salted, |
smoked.,and pickled’. ...........------- pounds...) 156,800 | 6,680 | 157,070 | 6,352 | 112,000 | 4,600
Mish ened an GspreseLved e225 ae --e a-e sce | an ace §Os4100 | Saceicceme CPA BY Ml Goodeades 55, 562
Fish, (except salmon):
IVD eR OEE acos BAS oSae eee ooo Ce IOr Tame emacs ees |ecicete aes Bala lopacaeaeic 296s eee sees
PICKIEd an dipreserVveGesnac-aa-jaseee en -oncwisoe |seecisistels LOD Somes sea O44 eso see 241
Herring:
Pickled or salted .... 2 2, 550 |
Smokedie-2s222-asee5- 00) Soo aaa aoes ode Seta a oeae aan peace see 105 4
Mackerel:
pickledtorisalitedsas s-+ essemac oes sence eee Gonees| 850 ito Me aapooaallsoosocer | 765 21
Salmon: |
Breshet ones con dimeecises= wnata SSiaieresmee
Pickledtorsalted! =. x25. 2-222-255-2505 as
Oilwhaleanalfishss.. 6-04 --cs- 6 sass gallons...
Shell and mother-of-pearl, manufacturers of
EXPORTATION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS.
Owing to the immense domestic demand the islands have exported
but little. Occasional lots of béche-de-mer, sharks’ fins, and gold-fish
(for ornamental purposes) have been exported in the past, but not dur-
ing the last few years. The table below shows the exports by coun-
tries for the calendar years 1901, 1902, and 1903. A record was kept
at the custom-house of the exports to the mainland, and these have
been included. Little, if any, of these exports were of domestic ori-
gin, but consisted mainly of transshipments and goods reshipped to
the country of- origin.
454 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by countries the exports of fishery products during the calendar years
1901, 1902, and 1903.
1901. 1902. 1903.
Country and product.
Value. Wee Value.
British Australasia: | |
Meackerelienersecsscesene rss enecseaaeae POUNGS Ee ercialsieratere |oiaraiatatare | 10 $3") FB. . cc cec]ec-2-26
Shy dase uue eadocbbenoenpecdseocscaouacadU acd |boouesecaesoscualpccossaae |e2 soe oa) rae $56
British Columbia: |
SUralbil te RE RO Aa a oose bop eoGueonododlESrosTroOse lecossesou|lececcodlescsasdoe 13° |<. oes eae
British Oceania: | |
Sfalbrrveyab (eV bape aecobo nedeocoRLeTooocHoeacdd |Gapauccad|bocac oslsasescasa)eaa=ce'e 48 | 7
Hongkong: | °
ib ORB Aaa SAS Seo EAE SE OO CU SROCCEHODHBGGHOE? ECOOleH ABoSEodus booccbolpatcadaod Monscdllcoctne sei 80
United States (mainland):
CAWIAT << oie e entnordordeg
-- (qeio) redeg
* nqgnunqnusdg
oJ2ecccr seer =< TIBET
08 weeteceeecee| ppp 0 [ee tees ees apallooe BdodostalloauscoadedoD| apes csodaan o||bsoeognbDaD0
0G ‘8T
LES OLGE® scecaROSGrG. 9 |e ageen have gases "*** nf9do
BOSS RO MOSES yrp.aKekorg)
-- -- ----ndoo
} coreeees’ BYBYBVUG
Gish, lodpieeeeteedldeteues 0 (Sem teseestlegeec ccd Me tanoce teal ee Madera eatacanet Ba Ve Rens oom
“010
crores" THOUNANN
“* NUON
FISHERIES.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF
458
veteeeseeeeeeees onUON
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itviit kas Doel gia es 2 oe ae Ga © tis ae TO Gul
ZLG Fae i ec eee
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FE go teed Ao onl bag Sa ECU LLOT
re eeeceese|ececeoeesseeecceeenoe+= gOS
te]ereccecese ene oT TOPE
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Gites Tees Pao k ae "77" * B[BUB
ot ete sec ecee|eereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeess QUTQUT
16 DOSE FOR SOSIOCOM I gang ayo nainnay si
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[eaten =| igcraas de SRO SOO HVA atohavaatolc ey
‘IaquIadeq |I9quUIBAON | “1aq0}09 |‘19quIeydeg| “ysnsny “Aque ‘aune) =| | ABIL qudy | ‘yorsyy | “Areniqay |
| |
“IBNUBE | ‘sotoadg
‘ponutyuoy—s06t
‘penunuo0g—to6l pun ‘SO6I ‘COGT Ui jayunus onpT ay) ur pajgoadsur ysr,
P exe ce@) l v 794, LH 9} Ur p v YUStT
’
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 459
OF THE
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
‘potzed 04} Sulinp pourmexe tyrydo Jo spunod gT9
TPS
ttre tes5-"=- HgTe puUod Sh
SIL
168,
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BOOS “--- niwded/
: weeeses ess BONO]
pisiviviens| Sieve ot lene ei ToT RULE YOULL ip
wusis,cicit ssi Oe Ti)
oreteeeeeeeeeeseses== BmBIy
weet eeeee eee seeee sees opr
roreet/ss-se-" (asyMBio) Bdedvely
seessroosss* (OSTMBIO) BI
BO I UEC OO ACI IIS a (ae f
ses eeteeeeeetees es n00g
POPES ifololo ya
BOSS op ay nave fe |
Sse he Sa TBA
PREIS SSS eh p alo) Cola) Colcye
aisiojs\aiecie\=isie/-= OT AO TOR ET
str775"* (quo) IBdBq
ais 'ayeaie sore" * NoNUNGNuB
"7" * TUBTB
RIOR Oar go Ae ORI jab fy a. (2/8 |
+ ee i ae ane meer .T S1CES |
=. iS S como
sete“ B0RT
| -omdo
[sle'winictoinis\cisicie Sn - Sear TOU)
sie 2 eft sno nei —ise lennon eT ELD)
eeseeeereeeese eee ee = ndgg
BOSSES OORE COOGEE 19]
“" BY BYBVUO
wimnisine conse vein eeisinssi OT ()
tects cece scere sree? BOTRO
coon maimensart (184i), f
Seri > oes ote om HCL OULLELA ERNE
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
460
ge ‘T
1%
‘IoquIeD0q
“IOQUIDAON |
89
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pO aee ee eal eae acl
b
096 ‘Te
z6 8h 18
mid a eeeoa-aeal ee be
aes ee eee ae ene
0ge 826 ‘T
UG Soeeelh mee ean Ee pee
mee Ce eres ere bseabsccane ite
oN
ri
SN uc
tes)
Be ote eee ge
"77°*" 8,80
pee. 77 PU
a pa “"""* BO[LOMBY
a BMBYRMBY
arn aes OLBHOBH
Jretececesereeeeeeee es prey
eae a UuAvy
aie Bie oO eg VOLPE.
“7""* 9qyeyl
“7? nUInYynun_
---(9]j4n}) nuOAW
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wan, east
veeeseeeeeoes BOTTA
sores es" TUYULGTA
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SFCOSOOS TAH aH HTTCETS
----n nd nyndey
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et OoMOOMY
aeitist less "777" 1YOULBLBYBA VY
rotenone "777°" BMB-BMYW
--oBny
WV
--OBvuy
7-"7> > BULlB-BULY
(gumMBid) O[BOlTW
SEieR eC OS RRSEIC -7-- BNBLRBIW
SICROCAs
eis 1
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<(ei = w= ana ole =inin'n mlnloelnlen “7 BUY
$ mr BM BY
eee eee eee ee ee wees TYLRTBY
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“ysn3snVy ‘yorvyy =| “AIBNIqoy
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‘sotoads
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‘paonunuog—to6] pun ‘SO6I ‘COGT Ur jayumu OpFT ayy ur pajyoadsur YysiT
461
ISLANDS.
OF THE HAWAIIAN
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
===Mo00d
ae BOO od
sSe-* => == -OuOdOnOd
eS, "7" ** BOAT
Se “25° === O1d0lded
“-="-= gyouded
-(qpio) redeg
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BOSE ACH ESaaS TUB[Bd
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ees ee ane” UAB
- amndo
SSE SEV ELUO)
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iyynd9o
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Speer eco te ttn
de meee sec ee ay ee IEEE NINO)
RE Eero so
Fidmmmcetcsia nk St
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* THHOTAN YON
Reeucenereogauce 0s Saiyan
= cat aa Teen OLE NI
“TUIBN
ee RE eet Bana
trrrtitttttt (pms) eeynyq
wee ese" * TNUBY BMI YOUN AGL
OuBpOTL
Eraate recor ats
Pe eh ty eae eee DELL UL FAL
qusUuBy
Feeney
ENE PRCEEOScoi Picard
"7°" BBYBW
Pett eeee eee eeeeee ess -OM TBAT
> TOBIN
Seren Pelfioaa co dee See oss koya ei,
“79 -TyTUaV'T
i Je otaceeiodst jdvaienestee em
fsekefole sia aisisips Saale e's TOTS
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
462
‘laqueveq |'1oq UIdAON
“1940100
‘raquieydag
nian a | “*"psUmlepwoo shy
sree este ee eeeeeeeeeeees Qa Ay
-*-*(UITOIM BIS) BUBBA
eae See ae Pa ae LBM
eee eee eee eee ee eeeee Bnei
SEO SISO SER GOOOISe vdedede[p
381
wee ee eee cece eee ee vdederyiy
(ysyMeIo) BID
ny
nai)
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‘oune
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OB
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* | neque
8oP e: Iyluevy
8% 2 s5<-lagny
IP ----- nodnodny
Sarees ico Alrite ieee. leew eet |e ay ogee tally od eee yaa [Rigs ao gerd to gal eee ae mae GIES. rule” blr SOaNr aay a4 Amen ac otal iG Rane ami Cs tee “tdidny
998 ‘T -- nUny
CPL “"" 3100
Dee eeee "9" TOPTIQE
c s7575"* BIIOMBY
PGP “""""BMBYBMBY
CPL sinicie elaine ie rma i
c0L Tels oS SSS eee ST
GP Ta es [BLT
GEG Soca aaae OMTOUT
€L “-* NUINGNUN A
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meee Nye RNS OU Na cqdg? Wisin Nadya IER) = see aS yan {lee ORecapoancoocoa aoc > Bo BUI,
9¢ So eg SL
b "777* NUBUITGT A
oes ‘T --(sndoja0) 9a
Deeeaambaties, rege oa cams Cease lm sae S| ae ha Sle iad oe ae toler Br ees meseecs owl ly ek aie nUBULIqTA
SIL ‘% 189 °% PIS s19‘T (sndoy00) 00H
8 eee coal boese toes thal stance a > ileteeritg cnc auras a > games etre [sc arcies cao ca Cmaiae eee arma | RO Cn ty epee maa | oak eae ea ag “7 THEME
ors O9T 69 Stn ee ei ae mer agers n,ndu,ndey
TOF ‘FG F9E ‘OF §82 ‘IP [FO ‘L8 “""* nyBleyeA
19% 698 ‘S G9G ‘T 161‘ “"""* ysg-plop
(6 PL z IP “**""Ysyg-Buryp
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I 6 9 OAs 22>) SE aa Seu, BIOALY,
& rane LT II ““"""NYOUBley BAY
¢g0‘T PPE ‘S OI ‘T POL ‘T Sadia aes geen eee AGB ANY,
ggg ‘G 983 ‘OL ZEB '‘8 LEG ‘ST 9LF ‘91 $94 ‘ST CIO ‘ZT 91Z'8 | S&h'G L0G ‘2 AA) nes Mig eee gk US Pee oe BAY
681 ‘9 SIL ‘G9 160 ‘LP IP ‘LP LPO ‘66 686 ‘TP 6GL ‘9G L6P ‘IP COLL S19 ‘CL, GES PS TSSSes ies ae BULB-BULY
FSP ‘0G 986 “6 921 °G 966 ‘9 TOL ‘PL 618 ‘2 8E9 ‘68 PST ‘6% L8G ‘GL 892 ‘% (ie) Ph ae BN ree ae a apa es “-oT0HV
g9g ‘LZ OFO‘S 968 °T 120‘ 281 ‘8 616 'S 916 ‘9 6FS ‘9 | 164 °8 896 'S PPG ‘T ak eee nyV
P81 ‘L cae ‘Gg 6F8 ‘% L8L ‘3 TZL‘G 869 ‘% 199 ‘6 086 ‘L £69 °L 680 ‘F £00 ‘F 7" aTOYaTOU¥
FIL G0 ¢ SI ze 6 GIS GOP 9cP £6 1s) Ce a igen ee eee ee apes “1qV
989 GSI ‘T. G8z L88 8&3 ‘T Z9g 116 ‘T 1Iz | 689 LZ O62 9 ip eee ease seme ByBeyy
PPL 9LL 98P Scr £66 882 919 PLS (Selon LLG PIS BINT NY
£06 ‘ST PLP ‘ST £88 ‘L P86 °C G09*2 996 “L BST 'F 060 ‘8 820 ‘¢ SIF ‘Z QUOFE 07) siege eo eae TULBlB,V
“IOqMIBDeq |“IaqMIaAON | “19aq0}0Q |‘toqutajdeg} “jsnsny ‘Atne ‘ounse “ABW ‘THdy “TOIB ‘Aisniqey | ‘Arenuee | ‘sotoads
“S061
“ponuluog—to6T PUY ‘EOGT ‘ZOGT Ur aywouUL NYNJOUOTT ay? wr pajoadsur ysuy
469
ISLANDS.
OF THE HAWAIIAN
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
9ag ‘%
£99 ‘SL
066 ‘%
z
LQ9 ‘LT
POLS
Gig‘ 86L°% 866 ‘T GSP T | 6FS‘T LEG 206 | 16
PPS ‘L PSP 9 £66 ‘9 | 166‘ Sec ‘6 &G6 ‘8 FLIP | geg‘g
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satel aa | RD Cae ae 4
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T¢9 ‘T PROS 66¢ OGF ‘T
8 | pee: at | az z
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cor 98 t #9 8
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908 GIs S61 B9G e1z SSL ras) IL
GZ9°S OFS ‘'S 109 “ L8L‘ 190 ‘T CLIT 609 | PLS
189 19 966 OLT 1g 19% 901 6rL
OFF PFS 008 | 966 SieOre GIL PG 6oL
cI 18% 128 ‘T GSP ‘T | &6 SF9 race $86
986 ‘Lz 31g ‘g IF L ‘8% GIS ‘G ORO a foam sae 08% 00F
39g 891 L8G LEP OFL 108 aye 92a
C6P ‘TL 890 ‘T L9F ‘T #60 ‘T G6G #08 6FS Cgl ‘T
°F CT Sp 89 Ne nee Geena 8G GG 0g
P16 ‘T Z80‘T 910 ‘T 6F8 | O61 C61 T Tas 99¢
686 ‘% 186 ‘T 68L‘% GIs‘ | §G2°% GIs‘ 6LG'‘T 266 ‘F
cb G6 SL9 09% OOF ‘T 898 ‘T LEG‘ 91S ‘I
GL9 ‘OT L68 ‘8 600 ‘6 626 ‘OL O19 ‘OL 1¢9 ‘6 760 ‘¢ LIL ‘6
£0 18 981. 68 | Gc 66
sites | nee C68 ‘F | @
09 $8 G8 98 | LG 29 OL GZ
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608 ‘2% Gey ‘OT CL8 ‘SL 199 ‘LE 960 ‘FP S8L 6S CGL*¢ 886 ‘0%
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SIL ‘T 9T¢ I6F £20 °T 808 ‘T 9G | OL ZI6
Leh 804 ‘T OGL ‘T 028 ‘T OIL ‘T LfG‘S OLL 920 ‘G
I Zz z It z ee gn ete es Seu 4
OGEST SE gl tari ec eer aay |eeboae tec OLZ 98 ‘T 188 ‘9 890 ‘F OPL ‘IL
Gol 00T CIL 91 661 OIL OFT PL
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GLT 18 91 &6 c% PIT | 99 OL
|
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104 ‘2 LES ‘T OFS ‘G L408 C6 ‘G POL ‘9 | GF8‘C GIP ‘F
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769 $99 FOS 826 96 611 | OL 80%
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98% 86 SI 8 Gos FLG Chl PL
Fa aga Oia a peuMoepuood YS
teereeeerseeess QO AN
“--(ULYOIN BAS) BUBAL
See Scie SECO RE NBA
aeage te eeteeeeeeeer eee
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SSIS ate wrest nnns otate --2 5 ORT
(ysp Meio) vdedery
“-"""" (USYMBIO) BI
Sade) Ragen eo et Iqud
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nynunyqnueg
reg 407: f
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=== OTM)
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aime tack NYLULO,
SSI: (10000)
epi se
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+7525 onueNn
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-(ptmnbs) sayqnyy
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benvestinsss terereseseess long
sescissia OURO
“755 BABOATIAL
qs ates SeO BING
Fre eee aa nie = chee UL PEL AT
Seine eo eee ae A oe, OULBUKG IAT
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
470
PPS cl ines ha ais aes ee ee ae i dso BCS (OVE Rise a RRM Ban Eek es) 11 12, DARE
CLL 8z8 Gey = Tesoro sw Tye ee ee UTS Teen lize) Re NCO7e ee Be cics las ese "7°" BOTOMBIY
029 ‘T 90% ‘ | 20g ‘8 qoaragh Yeas “* BABYBMBY
Eset Tl [tS eg pepe Np eee eee re meas ale Marlee oe erie fe oeme Mine ce ene wae = 2 food) re BOO LR
cee ie , : ; PO (LOGS Sanne Get OCR a eres | FeO Is ere femiee cco spare "77" OTRAS
S9T ‘8 PEL ‘S OCS ae SK I WR) Ng PERS SS SOT eC BIBM
$20 ‘% 166 ‘T ecg (AG eke Sak LER oR) Ui:
ral ZOL Tge gee RS ee Wr pede c ss cide “NB TB Uy,
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GGG ‘8 08s ‘cs 188 ‘e LEGIT |G pages tec'| 2, Co |G) Tsc ole COC) )5$9 1.2 5s one “-* oyTOUL
BLE ‘T 8aP ‘7 GhS P6L Saar ge nUmMynua ny
Seer 2 bao St lakaee = a aes 3 C0) 1 hanna Fat 7s Saad Ne ee cam ict (a ee cae el SE eS ER | COON Ae Se. “now
8& cs z8 EEO RPGR SCR eee GR) nn) Bip oer a Ge |e een naa -(9]1n}) nUOH
SOL ‘F L0G ‘F LOL ‘OT OPO Tae | GGO NG) mel OG iron nn FSS Cs a 1 mem 117); a NC) ee *"-- BO BUIH
PhP &68 66 83 enim EAE
COL LOT TZ & wooo ses" NUBULIGTA
L6¢ ‘¢ £O8 ‘S 060 ‘F T6¢ ~ (sndoj00) 90H
ee ae pd ai ear r= "7 PRPRPR ee aa | AMG chat ean | peck p etic aires | ee a aa nas “""* gyno ynBeA
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026 ‘LE 861 ‘STL GL P88 ‘OT “--" nTRyeyBH
806 ‘ZI ZIL ‘OL 086 ‘T Oc "77" ""YS§-PlOH
Sacer Eee atic sees cana Bees 01 vee te eens erste a
666 CFO 08% 60% "77" Ysy-Burg9D
GPG ‘LZ 61d ‘LT 926 ‘LOT $L0 ‘F PCL ‘T "=" OOMOOMY
Ich £09 L G Vie ee OTe a FU RO en Gt Se mem | eee cata chchen each oa aca BIOMV
66F OFS 68F C61 (epee PTA eens we ee eee Soe ee OIE SSeS NYOULR[RY VAY
6F8 ‘96 881 ‘Z9 T9P ‘81 GOL ‘6 GGOCe aT S20) Gare | OP Zeus mena} COG) Canam a0) Samm clCOc) euler cence 7777 BA B-VAW
996 ‘89 666 ‘SL 198 ‘Go 206 ‘CT GOO 2) Ai a GTO Gea Team cri 2s | GF) Gn lea Soe ed RON VN
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192 ‘T CFG 8& OLT 86 691 9GP 92% ral
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998 89G ‘T 868 ‘T G8 P68 ‘T ¢99 129 60% 769
£66 ‘¢ ZI ‘OL P98 ‘LT SbF ‘ST PLZ‘ 193 ‘9 S21 ‘9 610'% CLL 'P
| a z = earet
‘Ioeqmadaq |IequUIsAON | “19q0}09 |sequieydes| ‘ysnsny “Aqne ‘oune “ARVIN ‘Tuady “POIB] “Armnaqay | ‘Arenuee ‘soroeds
}
“PO6T
*ponunuUuojN—fO6I pun ‘SO6L ‘ZOGT we jayunu nynjouopyT ay? we pajoadsur ysr
penur}uo() L 2 70y [NJOUOTT AY} Ut p EG
471
OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
629 ‘CT
LOL ‘T
OZI ‘Z8T.
PPL'S
110 ‘1
020 ‘98
SIg‘T
£06 ‘Te
EGG ‘CT
088 ‘T
696 ‘F
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BOGE ees |e bs teen:
oF ‘bLe — | 699 ‘TOZ
6818 GLL%
88h 621
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Te0‘98T___| 02% ‘6IT
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$28
698 ‘S
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888 ‘%
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| 069'82 | LL0 ‘8%
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608
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626 ‘LT 86L‘L
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98%
I
9
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696
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
A472
626 ‘L 198 ‘OL 120 ‘8T OFS “6 OFL‘L | 96¢ ‘z O89 |RG9SE Gun NSS Cis mn COI: amc GO\c carn | OGG IGT ieee eee peumepuod ys
—— ——— — | i} <= —-
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Begs oie ae ee ee a "sel TATA
QF | te sneeeccecefebeceesecene eae | an
Z8L ‘GZ &F6 ‘68 800 ‘ZL LBS ‘10% ZOGNG Tue ame | aise iteenealia Scneerer: Anyi
680 ‘9 606 ‘8 108 ‘¢ SIG ‘OT GROLT. So ase Se ates ees “=> niededg
mm mene eww ce niece se rem w ese le mm ee ee ew ene mm we ee re em te ew meee lowe cette eee 9 | 19 ew cccccce -*--zon0p
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661 626 $18 GEL 8c 169 $39 '% G0z | STAN
StL 189 OLG £06 ‘% SELL | 9 | Bnet
Cg6 989 F9 c9 IAG Gee ae OGG mn CLG Gin me 0 GG) [rere OTs, eee |) ca] ee et | | (8 /, 0) | ptt (ysymvio) vdededert yg
6CL ‘9 660 ‘8T 865 ‘88 [9L ‘2 089 ‘e | SOTOGGOE D2) 1 fal
FE9 ‘S 788‘ OIL‘ 00¢ ‘F 196 ‘% (YSUMBIO) BID
seneaaae vee NAL
PRR TEE Ee Srigssieda THIET
ees pe es AUG
- YSY-pqlomas
P g "77" * BOTNd
cnet ae gta Sa Sead RAGE Che. RAND |r entas Sh peice nates eee LUyiqnd
196 CTC SCO Tale at Nell Sections wineries te tqnd
Oss ‘T ORT VIKOZ PSG: | PR tigeree eon ee ieee nyend
1 rae Sees LOO"
618 Tes "777 B,/gdood
Ba SEs es IBeseceeeces. Gee bo leneecacee a: |Lanemencea = |conameseeeer |eeeeercraec saw sem meee Owl
L8L ‘19 | $36 ‘681 TOG ‘FFI 8G8 ‘Zz, £98 ‘9 GCG % GSP 'T £8G'T FST ‘T eTe ‘T 661 ‘T greets Rabie SASSO OSA AUD |
068 ‘T LGE “P 906 “F 688 ‘9 818 ‘I L19°T G08 I8P 0z9 OLL'b 60 “1 giana sear oaaOLLOTAG ET
| , : ; lee |
‘IOQUIVII | I9GUIABAON | “19GOJOO |aoqmioydog) “jsnsny “AOL ‘oun “ABIL ‘Twdy ‘Yorvyy =| “AIBVNIqeay | ‘Arwnury | ‘satoadg
‘ | 7 | a | )
‘ponul}UoO—FO6T
‘ponuyu0g—fro6] pun ‘S06T ‘ZOGT Ur jayunum nynjouozy ay) ur pajoadsur ysit
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 473
THE WHOLESALE TRADE.
But two cities—Honolulu and Hilo—are engaged in the sale of fish-
ery products by wholesale. The greater part of this trade is in canned
goods and pickled salmon, large quantities of which are sold to the
sugar plantations scattered over the islands. In 1903 none of the firms
engaged exclusively in the sale of fishery products, but sold such in
connection with other goods. NUBOLIUTH
“pep ‘One
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wecceee[eeeeeees|eneceeeeeee es BIOMW
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So eee ee RNS AON
wtteees|oteteees|eeeeeeeeeeers ONY
wentcne[eeeeeece| seen seeeeenee= NENW
LOR A PS0NGe ses saan ee BUS BULY
a eal Pee eor maltese “*pelip ‘enV
$98 GLL‘6L |"~>~~~ > Ysouy ‘o[NAV
vette se tarerte|eeee eee DOP TEV
Re see SEG Gea (hima b fhe
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‘£067 Wm womnzyT So saisaysy ay) fo pjarli ay) sawads pun snywsnddy fq burnoys 219QV],
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
486
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8L AMEE [Real iS MEO [EEN i Lac ae Saas |e aS eT Olay wheelies Ll te ce rs nynungnusg
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487
OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
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-488 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
THE FISHERIES OF KAHOOLAWE.
This island, which is 6 miles west of Maui, has an area of 69 square
miles and, like all of the others, is quite mountainous, its highest eleva-
tion being 1,130 feet above the sea. It is devoted to sheep raising. In
1900 the sheep herders employed on the island possessed a seine, which
they used in catching a supply of fish for their own consumption, but
as they had no surplus none were sold. During the year 1903 five
Hawaiians and four Japanese operated two seines and caught 27,100
pounds of fish, which they sold at Maui towns for $1,456.
The following tables show the extent of the fisheries in 1903:
Table showing the fishermen engaged, and the boats, apparatus, and shore property used
in the fisheries of Kahoolawe in 1903.
|
Item. | Number. | Value.
Fishermen:
1S hihi Ghd Cleo oeaaaee a ooo ss Sooo aa Aen DneuneoonodsS SsoSecoadogd aon Caabedm=snadsasus D: « Srsckeserctens
Japamese.......--------- eee eee ne eee eee tenet ee eee cee eee eee eee Ae Bere seats
Myton w cniw cies ew 0 wee tos ow ale aie miles aie asta mto aie ale cinie wlofaia lores i= wimla = = ola ieee Qi Seerten
‘ |
Ite RE ner SRORDDOSEe tne ood aoneedeébeeseccdaos Gooues seen os dosc con tpocrcE casa oroanssaos 3 | $225
Apparatus:
RA rk Geen ae erode Dee ones Seppe -ceepeorsocdsonsodd se apscsoosuapSAeaaerere=se a2 250
Shore and accessory property ...-----.--------- +--+ ++ - 2-2 rece eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 150
U We) ¢7 be a ae Ro Obno tebe adam ecconUnedde ee sn Ser anasesnodcnencopognasseHoncs ete | Scooters 625
a670 yards.
Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Kahoolawe in 1903.
Seines.
Pounds. | Value.
Seines.
Species. Species.
Pounds. | Value.
INKING ssetcoousasesaccapESnosce TS KOOO PLS OSOM|| IMLS eras; asacciete = stearate ara 200 | $28
Gis AposerpasocueseacceasBsde 500 BOM Pals oc ae see eeee cee eo ee 100 5
Tacnihiv ee saceeeoesoeseee eae 2, 000 100 ee ee
Moa Onasepeebiciscciccse so -cisece 200 10 Motalse. eee seeeee esl eee LOO 1, 456
IMOlne ee eneeosoccee ae ccorericcees 6, 100 183
In January, 1904, Mr. Christian Conradt leased the island, and ex-
pects to devote a considerable part of his energy and capital to the
development of its fisheries. It is a favorite resort of many schools
of choice fishes, and only the lack of good harbors and the refusal of
the former lessees to permit outside fishermen on the island, or even
to fish in the adjacent waters previous to the abrogation of the fishery
rights in the islands, had prevented its development into an excellent
fishing station. The present lessee will operate several seines on the
beach and will have a net pen anchored in the little bay near the settle-
ment, in which the fish will be retained until it is convenient to send
them to Malaaea Bay, on Maui, on a gasoline launch. Owing to the
number of sharks in the waters surrounding the island, it has been
found necessary to have a net constantly stretched across the mouth of
the bay to keep them away from the pen.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 489
THE FISHERIES OF KAUAI.
q
This island, which is the most northerly of the group, is about 63
miles from Oahu, the nearest large island, and has a length of 25 miles,
a breadth of 22 miles, and an area of 547 square miles. It is moun-
tainous, like the rest of the group, but, owing to its greater age, the
lava which was vomited forth by,its long extinct volcanoes has nearly
all decomposed, and as a result the soil is very much more fertile than
that of the other islands. It is supplied with numerous streams and
vascades and has some superb valleys; it has been well named the
**Garden Isle.” The chief drawback is its lack of good harbors, all of
the small\bays around the island being wind-swept at some season of
the year.
The island is divided into five districts: Hanalei, Kawaihu, Lihue,
Koloa, and Waimea. The principal towns are Waimea, Lihue, and
Hanalei, and at the time of the census of 1900 the population of the
island was 20,562.
Although in the waters adjacent to this island fish are very abun-
dant, only spasmodic efforts are made to catch them. The greater
part of the fishing is carried on by native huis, or companies, which
possess probably the best equipment to be found in the whole group,
- but lack the inclination to use it persistently. But few of the nets are
operated more than once or twice a week, and if an exceptional catch
is made the native fishermen will not go out again until they have
spent all of its proceeds. This is especially true of that part of the
coast lying between Nawiliwili and Hanalei. Asa result there are
gluts of fish for a few days near the fishery and then a period of
scarcity, which varies in duration according to the inclination of the
natives. The few seines owned by Chinese are operated consistently
and well, and the Japanese, who devote their attention to the line fish-
eries principally, are steady workers. The inhabitants in the easily
accessible portions of the interior of the island are served with fresh
fish by a few peddlers who buy up the surplus catch of the fisheries
and carry it around in small carts and wagons drawn by horses. Many
of the inhabitants, however, find it impossible to secure fresh fish at
any price during the greater part of the year and are forced to depend
upon salted and canned products.
The products of the river fisheries of the island, which are insignifi-
cant, have been included with the shore fisheries. . ss ccssccemsccecis ci 2 300) || ish ponds2seeesceece eneane see 2 1, 900
Cast Mets) sce cieeciieteaincieiecee 20 200 || Shore and accessory property..|.....-.--- 1, 550
Dipmetspsssseeeeeeee- cece 12 24 |) SUES Enea
PAN CS! iiednns suis foe sie oe sieleos| (ewer cece 133 || Totali.cx 2c /scc 2 cactceeeee ec eome cee ce 15, 101
a 4,133 yards. : 61,009 yards.
491
OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
SSL FS) 9FG ‘LLS
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492 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
THE FISHERIES OF LANAT.
This island lies about 9 miles west of Maui, is 21 miles in length and
8 in breadth, and has an area of 139 square miles. At the southeastern
end there is a mountain 3,000 feet high. The island is the property
of one person, Mr. Charles Gay, and its principal industry is sheep
‘aulsing. According to the census of 1900 it had a population of 619.
Schools of fish congregate around its shores, and it is the favorite
resort of the fishermen from Lahaina and the eastern portion of
Molokai. Since 1900 there has been a decrease of 24 in the number
of persons engaged in the fisheries, and of 81,959 pounds in quantity
and $18,884 in value of catch. This is largely due to Japanese compe-
tition, which has driven the native fishermen out of business. Seines
and lines were used exclusively in the shore and sea fisheries, the
two gill nets shown being used in the one fish pond operated.
The following tables show the extent of the industry in 1903:
Table showing the fishermen engaged, and the boats, apparatus, and shore property used in
the fisheries of Lanai in 1908.
Item. Number. | Value.
|
Fishermen:
EV WELLL INS =o apssioe syaieersie cree ai 2 ewer tate ralcin eile © Scares Sret@a leis las Srsicvesfe ls aualwiajaforsieieteieieeeee 22) ee Aateapee
IBOBtSies nases Shee ele sce simaee onesie cece seiseiee ee manscie Dosen c caesar e ceeerinceeeee | 20 | $2,500
Apparatus:
SEIT eS oercate ce ate Sores ler a ete rle tals tole orate fo ahaa letapevove iorwials ferelalelerelsieteatetetatnts avers everate re tstexateielersisiaere al7 350
GillSmetseseee eet eee eeoeie ee calmer onas cme cecmecee ser neceret ace mmacecione b2 | 16
MGIMES! = eke s SRS Ace tc ao eee aewis | oe ise cemisie em iaies © cele selects te mee eee cies anise er a ceemerieeets 50
HashypOn dsc cemeac acters eeeeiceeerae ce ceneee- Saree ere teeicee ee neemnesesistertatesteteteicte 1 700
ShoresanGiacCessOrya proper byeenn cicteviciccme cetera. sicielevenisicreleleieveieieeielois ele leiele isiisecisiee= ciel seem | 90
FTO bead ee ecient TERS See ioe che NE RM Re ah re 3, 706
a650 yards. 660 yards.
Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of fisheries of Lanai in 1903.
Seines. Gill nets. Lines. Total.
Species. = =
Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.
TOW Binet rai cE toe = niwieiae cciels, a]sl= S| ose cieeietelete em msiacie | eisisteremser|| qacmerter 300 $108 300 $108
WANs Sees SE PSS se hie a re ete ea Sepa te le sere | eeane atotere acetal lleeeimesieters 40 4 40 4
NOLEN OLORS eek one Sahoo oe | eo pelo ee Baoan Saliotine enon | aeeeee ee 50 5 50 5
Oa SAAS eee Se a a S| ba Oe eel Ie ee en cmdicy Sndoeoac 1, 366 55 1, 366 55
PSUSUI Gere See eo Sin 5 8 Sees a nfe pois At 000) S128) See ce tee alae eee 483 13 41, 483 1,141
Ame-amla; soc tise oscesescineee 7,675 | 1,012 2, 400 $600! 22 oe. eee 10, 075 1, 612
DV ESOC EERE ERE ORCC Coreen AOR eae netio Se sood bdaacooc 500 40 500 40
AW ORBIWiG o\aeinictaaciewiecieeioss | 212 25 212 25
ASWiCOW COR meses sce ereenee 90 10 90 10
Hapi/upti/u 1, 250 167 1, 250 167
13 Eh UbRiD ORR essen BGR Soa Nm reEe 220 22 220 22
Is htebbeothahol 55 ceectoabiscosnes 120 6 120 6
le hlhot so5ne Latina seoncenoaece sell, A WOON ~ * VBR Ses. eal sotecatel| eect remrasteese ll iersietoeeets 100 8
Himuhimu 2,178 109 2,178 109
MNCih e122 2.0 eee eee aN AP COD AL. RASA Deets ese. | aeecmtaasl eeececseee eeeetenee 55 13
WidOvasses sw lacsoseaooesceecoy! « BeXbO ls S60! Sei toes lonmeawinc | teas cee cemeeene 3, 750 60
Keehn 4) aierrssaincce ec cieeinaiereine ra 6, 000 405 6, 000 405
MARU tees cceanateecedeas i 2 oA 40 2 40 2
Kal ate ee anecccisitectaecee aia as aqapore all aero ol Cease Ne Sloe [meteor 190 15
KiGlOKSI G22 ons seas Ceeeocaets nett at 25 3 425 43
KON ANLOLSe ee chemo eina. 100 5 100 5
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 493
Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of fisheries of Lanai in 1903—Cont’d.
Seines. Gill nets. | Lines. Total.
Species. is SS 7
Pounds. | Value.} Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value.
FROMM eet cioicieis s arse wisietee asa 300 | (YO eS Seat ee ame lsreqevscibicl stele lavate scree 300 $49
KUMP OUPOW es = 152 S502 ei sas 2) wee seta dels sitwears oa Meese cic el| eiaiereimie 50 $13 50 13
IPSEDMDME estas wees eases sce 5, 000 BOOK ewaccmace tas sac eed seceweneee | cantveterte 5, 000 500
IDGK AS) So oR eee SEEenacteee 100 Be | Eis ios asc |ercicrae ets ciate se erera cs |loeatets Siete * 100 3
Mahim ahiteser Sones cae ce ces nae a eee lee cee Susser ec cer llace sas 1,476 31 1,476 81
Mati oo aceite. .cee cones 20 DN ek Ps eee al Radel lea chara mee leSageenc | 20 2
WiGiGivnn Minin 8 ose sor cee oassollSaakaqcaune legadodor||Gosndeacen Gpsseecc 40 W) 40 2
VETO eae eese eye, lS ere hoe oprel| saat erecta latetensee ll error Saal Bee eyeare 120 12 120 12
WMOSMOMEAS ree cece eee ctnece 1, 200 esse) | pgaseaSace||Seno0s5c 888 213 2, 088 501
IMG CIUa RAE aes as oeecnaae salts sees oe [Pees e lace mepererd| e e ee 164 16 164 16
IMO Maye terereetee ee oc cieeisslwain'on 5, 600 CGO Wao sess Sal ssiccine Se beatae WV evevetarcierars 9, 600 660
NUS ao dde tose bar OoeE nea econ 125 SO) loi Se aise ee ce ee oh Sees sae 125 30
INN Sot Seon e Bere O Ean 8, 750 EDR eaters Oeil eiome rane aa | nnckateravareyayete leigerac iets 8, 750 158
OOS ekeiet case oes See see A eee ee Nernmiaeleisieigte [ts siete elas 420 | 32 420 32
{OF 00) pes Sa OSE Oo EE Bo raed acon an aewal ebeesere eee Cena | Mace 2,700 1, 080 2,700 1, 080
Opalkapaikeaie 5 ses cee aoe took Soe ll Seen wal emiacioe eiSeral| eek oe ok 2,908 291 2, 908 291
Opulle ales Joe ctaceoecee 80 BO ress atten Seesmic eae cee cllmtseersace 80 40
LER ol hee ao os aeeeae Seool los ceneceral Sones ese SEEae ce sae neeeetes | 144 22 144 22
Ra OpPkONsscn cis saws eee ee asses 70 DN | ReScee aetr-lllee seers [ote eee beeieee 70 21
lilt) emer ennone Sas Sere ae 2, 500 CR Seer Arn conor aa Rascerarad toceanes 2,500 40
IRO OPEB tpee see Sein oe meal ole ren Sac all ese tre oneal lstleteiele choc eleyeretec.s 242 24 242 24
TRON Sse us OOO ED GOS eGEaa | be onbUse se lleseoucr lpnopese anc fastener 182 22 182 22
TELS) Se eee ae Ae pe 110 14 EE cease cle ascetes 60 8 170 22
LT eats as SEDER Se SEO OOS Sse era eso al [ere ee Eerie lene ee 300 45 300 45
acl eer eee ean cere eee oe oa oe See Ee Ree oe ok 82 8 82 8
GIT a GE Se ae tata a || a LR || ee eine Se 7, 000 1, 505 7, 000 1, 505
Oe oce8 Sete ne See ese Se Ee a Serseel aera te Cee Seema need Ieee 80 8 80 8
(Olen iD [tye ee oe tere a Seen Ce em oe eer oee te eee eee| sera 590 295 590 295
WINS, GE SEES RASA ra ES SESE | emcees ve tal Pape ee aes (5 9 Ye ae ate eee eee 15, 786 1, 054 15, 786 1, 054
Winiarimaleinss: yseee eee nes 190 SBM ites oeree a [een yl eee nee [nie eta 190 38
Wpapaliipee sas ee tee esa A a eee Ree ee ee [Wes e eae ce 20 2 20 2
Pe ott oih oes Ee Oe Bctseveics cocked] (ieee Ses) | area rr ee ee 258 23 258 | ° 23
AVL aes Re es fea eal Fan eee ere RP at eee 300 45 300 45
Muh ee ier 5). ocetisccsiscsiccoaes 30 ab Beeeeeee de Gereeces 40 20 70 35
Pa PHibe se ea aces eine easel Bectenceme anaes cee |socsceseaaleecedaxt 100 12 100 12
Motels sat eeaccces 77, 245 4,134 2, 400 $600 51, 024 6, 385 130, 669 11, 069
THE FISHERIES OF MAUI.
This island, which is the second of the group in size, lies about mid-
way between Hawaii and Molokai, and is 46 miles in length and 30
miles in width, with an area of 728 square miles. It is composed of
two mountains—Haleakala to the northwest, with a height of 10,032
feet above sea level, and Eaka to the southeast, rising 5,820 feet in
height. These two mountains are connected by a sandy isthmus 7 or
8 miles long by 6 miles across, which lies at such a slight elevation
above the sea that the depression of a few feet would make Maui into
two islands. There are no good harbors about the island. Kahului
Bay and Maalaea Bay, on the north and south, respectively, of the
neck of land joining the two parts of the island, are very open and
wind-swept during the greater part of the year, while Lahaina is
nothing but an open roadstead, though fairly safe as long as the wind
blows from the westward, which it does nine months of the year.
Kapueokahi Bay, at the western end, and Napili Bay, at the eastern
end of the island, are small, open bays, not much used except for load-
ing sugar. As a result of these conditions fishing on the island is
largely confined to the vicinity of the two larger harbors.
494 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF~-FISHERIES.
The island is divided into five districts—Hana, Honuaula, Kaupo,
Lahaina, and Wailuku. The population at the last census was 24,797.
Lahaina, Wailuku, Kahului, Sprecklesville, and Hana are the princi-
pal towns and settlements. BUTB-BULY
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32
F.C. 1904
FISHERIES.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF
498
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499
ISLANDS.
OF THE HAWAIIAN
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
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500 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
THE FISHERIES OF MOLOKAIT.
This island is located midway between Oahu and Maui, and in shape
is long and narrow, being 40 miles in length and 9 miles in width,
with an area of 261 square miles. The western half of the island is
an elevated plain 1,000 feet above the sea, without running water, but
covered with grass, while at the eastern end are several deep valleys,
with streams of water during the wet season. The northern coast,
which is the windward side of the island, is generally precipitous.
Outside of the leper settlements on the northern side, nearly all of
the population is located on the southern or leeward side of the island.
Molokai must have supported a large population at one time, judging
from the number of fish ponds still to be seen on the south side of the
island. Many of these are abandoned now, owing to the inability of
their owners to dispose of the fish to the very small population
remaining there. There are no harbors anywhere along the coast;
Pukoo and Kaunakakai, the principal settlements, are very small
villages. The population of the island, according to the last census,
was 2,504, of which over 800 were in the leper reservation.
It is probable that the near future will see a considerable develop-
ment of the fishery resources of the southern and eastern sides of
Molokai. The finest fishing banks of the group lie off this part of the
island, and for some years past they have been much resorted to by
the line fishermen from Honolulu and Lahaina. Several Honolulu
concerns, which are now preparing to engage in fishing on these
banks, will make their fishing headquarters on Molokai, where they
will use some of the fish ponds for storing their fish until ready to
ship. One company began operations this year (1904), with headquar-
ters at Kaunakaki, where it has secured control of several fish ponds.
It has several small boats engaged directly in fishing on the banks,
and a small gasoline schooner employed in carrying to Honolulu or
Lahaina the catch of these, and of such other fishing boats as may
enter into satisfactory arrangements. The Inter-Island Live Fish
and Cold Storage Company, of Honolulu, also expects to have an
important fishing station on the south side of Molokai.
One of the worst features of the fisheries of Molokai is the tremen-
dous destruction of young amaama (called by the natives ‘* pua’’) in
fine-meshed seines. These fish are only an inch or two in length, and
are eaten by the natives raw or else slightly scorched over an open fire.
In the early part of 1903 Meyer Brothers secured a number of frogs
from Hilo and placed them in a fresh-water mountain lake at Kalae.
They also planted carp in this lake several years ago, but this fish has
not proved popular as food.
The poisonous qualities of the odpuhte, or maki maki (7etraodon
hispidus), have long been known to the Hawaiians, but as the fish
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 501
appears to be wholesome when properly prepared, it is sparingly eaten.
‘The skin and gall bladder are thought to contain the poisonous prop-
erties, and if diese are properly removed the flesh is said to resemble
in flavor the white meat of chicken or turkey. In April, 1903, a pow-
erfully built native of Kamalo, aged about 45 years, died within one
hour after eating an odpuhtte. According to Dr. A. Mouritz, of
Mapulehu, who treated the patient, the symptoms of odpuhte poison-
ing, which manifest themselves very quickly, are as follows:
Tightness and obstruction in breathing; giddiness, tingling, burning, and creep-
ing sensations; nausea, vomiting, involuntary purging; rapid and irregular heart
action; tendency to syncope; cold hands and feet ; failing voice, vision, and hearing ;
body bathed in cold perspiration; pupils markedly dilated; face pale; great
prostration; delirium; convulsive twitching of limbs and muscles of face and
body. * * * The poison resembles aconite in large doses.
In 1900 there were 128 persons engaged in the Molokai fisheries,
while in 1903 there were 300 so employed, a gain of 162. ‘Phis gain is
exclusively among the Hawaiians, the number of Chinese and Japanese
having decreased. There is also a considerable increase in the number
and value of boats and each form of apparatus used, but the number of
fish ponds used commercially decreased by three.
The total yield of the fisheries was 274,531 pounds, valued at $32,389,
a very material decrease since 1900. So far as quantity of catch is
concerned seines lead, but in value of catch lines slightly exceed the
seines. In value of catch gill nets are third, although they are pre-
ceded in quantity of catch by bag nets. Cast nets and spears follow
in the order named. The principal species taken in the fisheries are
akule, ama-ama, aku, oio, and ulua.
The following tables show the condition of the fisheries in 1903:
Table showing by nationalities the number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Molokai
in 1903.
| In shore
| fisheries.
ss = — oo —e = |
(Han Ch A Hen poCE A ORSES SEBO DOOD GOs Ror DU CCO Ee eS TSS > Se SO SCOR a Ror er Eee none rmner eran 6
EVA SULT eee eis e ates Seas ae laine cteiceiee cies enteraicieciinawcidsinsies s aiesciseas'sotsctineseuaclsnigces 290
APP soaacas Sequdgacboee Dano eR oC Ca ba4 COO UE ae SoG Ee Onna aE aaarpEEbecgadorercooudesosssser | 4
ZIG tel ee es es ec eRe iad Sy RAO, orca 2 BE a8 tase OSeon sey nh | 300
Table showing the boats, apparatus, fish ponds, etc., in the fisheries of Molokai in 1903.
1} |
Items. Number. } Value. || Items. Number. | Value.
| |
LOIS ods sees ageeeraeoade sass. 78 $6,165 |) Apparatus—Continued:
Apparatus: | | Sek beste ae ee Se ne ie 24 | $24
SOUMES: oe coesachaasooadeadcad| 57 2, 355 | | Fish WOUMOSS a7 tease cen oe 12; 4,050
Gilllmeiseeta.cehcmc. sc | 684} 1,440 |} Shore and accessory property..|.---..-.--- | 1,100
IBRPTIIOUSER ee epee ae cian cece Ife eds 450 * | SS ees
Gistmeteieae. .s-ssececrenes | 52 520 | Otol eae ee eae elie enna | 17,154
Wah oo ocean ee eaeandeaescd| osbpeccest 50 |
| I|
so = - — — — _ —__———»
45,833 yards. 612,720 yards.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
502
sae eseue
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503
OF THE HAWATIAN ISLANDS.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
a a er ee a Ss es a eg a ee
IPS ‘PLS 02¢ ‘CI 626‘ | 820 ‘LF SFL‘6 | 006 ‘SF QPL Lil LOL SBS allies sare ease Ce yrs a aca TOUT)
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504 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
The leper settlements.—Near the center of the northern coast of
Molokai is a tongue of land about a mile broad and 10 miles long, pro-
jecting into the ocean. In 1865 this spit of land was purchased by the
then Hawaiian Kingdom and set apart as a reservation for lepers. — It
is especially well located for this purpose, there being behind the point
of land an almost impassable cliff 2,000 to 4,000 feet high. There are
6,348 acres in the tract, most of it fertile soil. On this reservation
are two settlements, Kalaupapa and Kalawa, and all known lepers
are compelled to reside at one or the other of them, or else leave the
islands altogether. The territorial government provides quarters,
clothing, and provisions for all its afflicted wards, and takes the greatest
precautions to see that they are completely isolated from the rest of
the islands and from the remainder of Molokai itself. The territorial
board of health has full control of the two settlements and a nonleper
‘an visit them only by its permission, which is exceedingly difficult
to obtain. As the only vessel allowed to land at the settlements is
the steamer chartered by the board, which makes a weekly trip
thither from Honolulu, it is a very easy matter to control ingress to
and egress from the settlements. A heayy penalty is provided for
other vessels and boats touching or having communication with the
settlements.
Some of the lepers were fishermen before being seized with the
dread disease, and they have been allowed to continue the same occu-
pation at the settlements. During 1903, 31 natives engaged in fishing
and used 4 haul seines, 12 cast nets, 1 bag net, 1 corral net, and 9
spears. Should the fishermen secure more fish than they can dispose
of themselves, the board will purchase the surplus at a uniform price
of 5 cents per pound, and issue the same to the lepers in the settle-
ments in lieu of their regular meat ration. During the year 1903 the
board so purchased from the fishermen 15,028 pounds of fish. Some
of the lepers have private means, while others, by working for the
board, receive regular wages. These are ina position to purchase
supplies for themselves in addition to those furnished by the board,
and frequently the fishermen dispose of the choicer varieties in the
vatch at a higher price than the board pays. Being on the windward
side of the island and exposed to the heavy surf caused by the trade
winds, fishing is a rather difficult and oftentimes dangerous industry
for a considerable part of the year, hence the number of days on which
fishing is prosecuted is but few as compared with the southern, or lee-
ward, side of the island. The season of 1903 was an especially poor
one for the fishermen. In 1902 they sold to the board 25,191 pounds
of fish, and in 1901, 20,085 pounds.
Absolutely none of the fish caught by the lepers is permitted to leave
the reservation. Even if the fishermen were allowed to carry them
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 505
away there is no convenient market, for, with the exception of the
settlements on the reservation, which contain about one-third of the
total population of the island, there are very few people living on its
northern side, the most of the inhabitants being on the southern, or
leeward, side. To reach these by water would necessitate a long jour-
ney around one or the other end of the island, while to go overland to
the nearest settlement would necessitate an 11-mile journey on foot
after the cliff at the back of the reservation had been surmounted.
In 19038, in order to fill out the very small catch of their own fisher-
men, the board of health purchased 15,753 pounds of fresh fish from
the fishermen of Halawa, a small nonleprous settlement some few
miles to the westward of the reservation. Even with this addition the
total amount to be distributed among an afflicted population of 855
yas pitifully small, amounting virtually to 30.35 pounds per year to
each person. There has been complaint by persons unacquainted with
the circumstances that the board of health was making fresh fish too
important an item in the diet of the lepers, but the above would cer-
tainly indicate that this contention was not well founded. Some salted
and dried fish is also distributed among the lepers, but I am informed
that the amount is quite small.
THE FISHERIES OF NIIHAU.
This, the most westerly of the inhabited islands of the group, is
15 miles from Kauai, and has an area of 97 square miles. The greater
part of it is a low plain composed of an uplifted coral reef and sub-
stance washed down from the mountains, while the hilly portion is
destitute of peaks and ridges. It has a population of 172, is used
exclusively as a sheep ranch, and fishing is carried on in a very desul-
tory manner by the employees of the ranch and their families. Should
more fish be caught than they can consume the surplus is carried
across the strait to Waimea, on Kauai, and sold there. A portion of
the catch is dried and sold.
The following tables show the condition of the fisheries in 1903:
Table showing the fishermen engaged and the boats, apparatus, and shore property used in
the fisheries of Nithau in 1903.
|
Item. ERS Value.
. ral | awe a) : |
Fishermen: | |
ELS AERTS oe frSs= Grats Sle aiclc epee ae noe ee cee ee ee eetee em melee ee ace Riemer oe | UA er enctate ashe
ISAS) copceticee CC GHUL EO OEE EEE BECO ASO Geta S ATNOSAOS Baie AB ee yo en aes, See | 10 | $750
Apparatus: | |
CRISIS). Ge codte Se ee Sener e Ha COD ECO RE Sco Oto Due C ono SOLES aS CEA aR ee San eee ah 70
MENUS Seen yet a a wtevs =o 3)-rc myn nie areTelae oS meee ero re ie Be eolnnle en eeile meet cuise cee. Statatajetevaserete 30
SMONe ALA AeC CSSOLVEDLO PEL bein ince meee cee ohne none Cacho nica cece fee wn bees cercee | 20
506 . REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Niihau in 1903.
Lines. Cast nets. _ Total.
Species. j i =
Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.
AAW), «ll CSTD Fa toters ster Seis ee orale Mais eS slayer jae eeice ee 100 BLOM Kas cre corceier Mere 100 $10
PAV BI WIS OTL OCs canis terns ots Seer eee ie cleateeies 300 | SUE) 2 sn eeeeina| Soeeeree 300 30
PAU UIE MIMO SINE S28 2 S1o/S a teicrat= ate aera afew siete ele’ es 3, 600 BOO aoc acics elements 3, 600 360
AV b Lato hials(0 bo, aero a ego Ne on SeE DOr pono aaaoes 1, 000 1003) Soeeeee 25 | eeseeeee 1, 000 100
PANN ATE roesina oe SE eaero Rema teins ae folaisaeice eel eaiieieteere locas se 3, 100 $310 3, 100 310
TAME CLIE @ Clae ane en AS oa eyo se ede ae 600 GO| eens Sam | Rp ee 600 60
KG OOTReSH i pecs ceances soca see aw ne meaaaee osee 200 20M ee esaalbasecace 200 20
LGAIEYR CGA Ne10 lS Sas SA rca sieee rh resent 400 AQ Ve coe eee ees ae 400 40
IVT OLE Sere eiirw cored arse soy ata aye oT rc eet SICTE eet, he Mel eee Siero eee rel even onatonne 1, COO 150 1, 000 150
ONORE Ee ae wor sissies apt owe SE OTe ale aes ee ene siete are 5, 000 OO core rsravo sietave! llsettoesra =e 5, 000 500
Gi eS ESE RESALES em eee peed ROI] D O00) “290: |Sies eee eee 2, 900 290
(Wana aireshie s- 222 Bason- coc ecee eee eae 800 SOR eee ealleseeenee 800 80
(Gilaila Kdinied! sso Kasse Sek cinees cee e inser ae wae 1, 000 100 + aeccces=Ealmectecse 1, 000 100
POINT ORR LPES I eaciapsciocine eee ee ee meee reams 3, 000 800) |\secce saeeclbeeeeeee 3, 000 300
(Gilt aMG ried eas ath. Sona aces ae ene Se 6, 200 620! |S |e 6, 200 620
WGKGYa Chace amar sacs toad delaacsoemiatowincnes oe 400 40) | ce eeeteoelsemceee | 400 40
PROG aH Arete tee cies cetaceans eee erin ae 25, 500 | 2,550 4,100 460 | 29, 600 38, 010
THE FISHERIES OF OAHU.
Although but third in size, this island is the first in importance and
population, Honolulu, the capital, being located upon it. It is 46
miles long by 25 miles broad, but has an irregular quadrangular form,
with an area of 598 square miles. It is traversed from southeast to
northwest by two parallel ranges of hills separated by a low plane, the
highest point of the mountains being 4,030 feet above sea level. The
greater part of the coast is bordered by a coral reef, often half a mile
wide. ‘his island has two fine harbors that are safe for large vessels
at all seasons of the year—Honolulu Harbor and Pearl Harbor. The
latter is very large and supports quite important fisheries within its
bounds.
Oahu is divided into six districts: Kona (sometimes called Honolulu),
Ewa, Waianae, Waialua, Koolauloa, and Koolaupoko. The principal
city on the island is Honolulu, with a population of 39,306. Other
important towns and settlements are Pearl City, Ewa, Waianae,
Waialua, Kahuku, Heeia, and Waimanalo. According to the census
of 1900 the total population of this island is 58,504.
An improvement which has done more than anything else to
develop and foster the fisheries is the railway which skirts the water
nearly all the way from Honolulu to Kahuku, a distance of 71 miles.
By generous treatment of the fishermen along its line the railway
company has developed a large carrying trade between the fishing
grounds along its route and Honolulu, the chief market. Eventually
the railroad will be extended completely around the island, making
a belt line. Some very fine fishing grounds are located in the region
not reached by the railway as yet, and the extension of the line to
these will mean much to the fishermen of the island.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 507
One of the most important features of the fisheries of Oahu is the
fish ponds, more of these being used commercially on this island than
on all the others combined. The fishery rights have also been of
far greater importance and value than on any of the other islands.
Both of these subjects have been treated in detail elsewhere in this
report.
On October 17, 1908, the settlement of Gilbert Islanders (South Sea
Islanders) near Honolulu, which formed one of the most picturesque
features of the fisheries of Oahu, returned to their former home on
Tarawa. They had been in the Hawaiian islands for a number of
years, having been brought here by the royal government in the hope
that enough could be introduced to offset the rapidly lessening number
of natives, but the project was abandoned after several hundred had
been introduced. In all 220 of them left, 85 from Lahaina and 135
from Honolulu, but 3 remaining on the islands. These people were
quite skillful fishers and were the chief users of baskets, a most effective
mode of fishing.
In many of the irrigation ditches for transporting water to the rice
fields and taro patches, and in the trenches between the rows of Chinese
bananas, are to be found china-fish, gold-fish and oépu. A few of
these are sold, but the greater part are consumed by the workers in
the fields and their families.
There are a few small fresh-water streams in the island, the
principal ones being Kaneohe, Nuuanu, Piinaio, and Waiawa. During
the rainy season these streams are raging torrents, but during the rest
of the year they are almost dry or form numerous pools. Among the
indigenous species found in them are the oédpu and opae, and china-
fish and gold-fish have been introduced. A considerable proportion
of the catch from these streams is made by people living along the
banks, who consume the most of it themselves. As the fishing in
these waters is quite insignificant it has been included in the regular
tables showing the shore fisheries.
In 1901 and 1902 some frogs from Hilo, Hawaii, were introduced in
various places around Honolulu, as it was thought they might aid in
ridding vegetation of the Japanese beetle, an insect which was rapidly
becoming a pest.
The fisheries of Oahu show a most gratifying increase during the
last few years. In 1900 there were 1,106 persons engaged in fishing,
while in 1908 there were 1,478 so employed, a gain of 372. The most
remarkable feature of this is the great increase of Japanese in recent
years. In 1900 there were 259 Japanese fishing, but in 1903 they had
increased to 707, a gain of 448. During the same period the number
of natives so engaged dropped from 654 to 533, a loss of 121. The
Chinese increased from 173 to 197, and the South Sea Islanders from
18 to 35.
508 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Not much change is noted in the total value of investment in the
fisheries, the increase being $14,794. The greater part of this is made
up by the increased number of boats and lines used.
The total yield of the fisheries in 1903 was 8,515,850 pounds, which
sold for $373,819. So far as quantity is concerned, lines occupy first
place in the fisheries, but in value of catch gill nets are first. Scoop
and dip nets occupy third place, followed by bag nets, hands, seines,
cast nets, fish baskets, spears, traps, opae baskets and pots, in the order
named. The most noticeable feature is the enormous falling off in
the catch of malolo. In 1900 this species was the most important,
571,002 pounds, valued at $142,773, having been secured. In 1903 the
catch amounted to only 84,907 pounds, valued at $3,490, a decrease of
586,095 pounds in quantity and $139,283 in value. This is accounted
for largely by the fact that the natives, who prosecuted this fishery
on a large scale for many years, have been gradually dropping out of
the business, partly because of the rapidly increasing competition
of the Japanese, and partly because of their own indifference. At
present the leading species in the fisheries of Oahu is the aku, although
the value of the catch of this species is exceeded by that of the ama-ama,
akule and awa.
The following tables show the extent of the industry in 1903:
Table showing by nationalities the number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Oahu in
1903.
In shore || | In shore
fisheries. || fisheries.
a = 3 | —
@hineseereesacessosecesn ec aeaece sacs 197 \||) Japanese womens sess sees ese eee | 23
SEM ANNE, Oye Ole Cog GoonoeneEEEeasoses 380!)|| POrbugtlesesas assesses = eee er eeieee 3
lavall amnywiOmenkan asec sae ae ane 153° || SOuthsSeaislamG erste sasaeeeeeoaaccee 35
italian s ise cinets seers Se eia = Seine areata 3 ——
VAPAMESS AMEN) ce ayers. essai si-teiers cle 684 | Motalise sassecpsncosecle soe tee sees 1, 478
Table showing the boats, apparatus, fish ponds, and property used in the fisheries of Oahu
J ; py : Tah ponds cas :
wm 1908.
Item. Number. | Value. Item. Number. | Value.
| | \| |
Bogs eieectsfocietewsseeetescces | 431 |$38,325 || Apparatus—continued. |
Apparatus: | i| Basketsil(@pale) eeetisteleeicioes 47 | $21
GGiMe Saas. s Sareea a25 } 1,570 | Spearsteee ee eeer eee | 56 | 56
Gillie tseieas2 sae c eae. | b496 | 10,350 ] POUS = ohn Sees heehee 2 | 20
IBAG MEtSs acjcncescieceker asic | 29 | 1,930 | Fish traps or pens......-... 3 | 1,500
@astimets\ st ss ssosascesr acne | 80 8000] Mish) pond sess. cess seer | 67 | 154, 900
Dip and scoop nets......-.-- | 133 349 || Shore and accessory property..|...-.----- | 3,885
Caps eee ee ee oe \pe-sexaa es 1,182 | ——S
Baskets! (fishy) eeeoe. ceccice 50 | 500 |) TOA S22 ict as cocee ae Soest loeee eee 215, 388
he |
1,810 yards. 626,980 yards.
509
THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
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NOTES ON THE FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME
FRESH-WATER FISHES FROM THE LAKES
AT MADISON, WIS.
By WILLIAM S. MARSHALL and N. C. GILBERT.
F. C. 1904——33
NOTES ON THE FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER
FISHES FROM THE LAKES AT MADISON, WIS.
By Wi.uram 8. MarsHauy and N. C. GIvBert.
The following observations regarding the food of some of our fresh-
water fishes and the parasites living on or within them were nearly all
made during the spring, summer, and autumn of 1902 and 1903. The
fishes were examined principally for their parasites, but in connection
with that examination it was decided to note the food contents of each,
since this could easily be done after the fish had been opened for para-
sites. The work originally planned was much more extensive than the
following notes would indicate, but the removal of one of us from
Madison brought it to an end before very much had been accomplished.
Doubting that there would be opportunity to continue and complete
the work as it had been laid out, it was thought best to publish the
following notes, although but very few specimens of some species of
fishes have been examined. The stomaclrcontents were not kept, and
we have only our original notes to refer to, which makes impossible +
more exact determination of all we found.
The lakes from which the fishes were taken are adjacent to Madi-
son. Lake Mendota, the largest, bordering in part on the University
grounds and being thus easy of access, furnished the most of our
material. Lakes Monona and Wingra were both visited, but only a
comparatively small number of fishes was taken from either. A few
of the black bass were sent to us from Round Lake, Washburn County,
Wis.
The fishes were in part caught with hook and line, but the greatest
number were taken with a trammel net. A map of Lake Mendota
was platted so that we could record quite accurately the part of the
lake from which each fish was taken, this information to be used in
determining what differences, if any, the bottom, plants, depth, etc.,
made upon the food of the fish and, through the food, upon the kind
of parasites found. Our notes have been carefully examined with this
in view, but without any definite results, the fish from one part of the
lake averaging, as a rule, the same as the fish from any other part.
This does not, however, hold true for perch caught near the shore
515
516 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
as compared with those taken in the deeper water, the latter using
plankton for food much oftener and in greater quantities than the
former. °o
parasites only a few Acanthocephala in the intestine.
5. Hsox luctus, common pike.
The 35 specimens examined were all taken from Lake Mendota
during April, May, or November. Thirteen of the entire number
were without food, the remaining 22 showing either a small or a large
quantity of food within the alimentary tract. The different kinds of
food, and the number of fish in which each kind was found, can readily
be seen from the following table:
Fish in Fish in
Food. | which | Food. which
| found. | found.
MIM OW. Siceeenatoncine oes eee ce eaeene 17 | Grawifishtes concen: scene ae eee 1
Mepomisimelsons-o-- seco. wee mseee econ Tl, eeCChes: 20o8 22. a 2s ose osceeeeennce nee 1
eral SOR: Soca cwccinc cece ee age nee sociem= 1
Forbes (c, d) found the food of the pike to be almost exclusively
other fish, this being true of 36 of the 37 specimens he examined. It
will be seen at once that our results are almost identical, but 2 of the
35 pike examined by us containing any food other than fish. We also
found that as a rule but one or two fish were present in the alimentary
tract; 2 of the pike we examined were exceptional, in that one con-
tained 10 and the other 20 minnows.
518 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
The kind of parasites and their prevalence in the different parts of
the alimentary tract were as follows:
Mouth.) Esopha- stomach. Intestine.
gus.
= = z = = |
AMI seu 0a: R00 st) eee NE SERRE es ror ee ene soe PS) ae 3 3 | Gi eee
PES OMICS yw hoe jet Toa Sea aOR ee Dee ee he ee eee tee, me | bent See eee 9 27
IN eS 0a? h 10(0 YC ae eee ee en ae ein nen eet OOo Me qoeoo pamecen een 10 19
Neamt hocep hala: csc sees =e merase Sat ee eee etale aa oles ere orate) siete reiterate en PaaS 1
Every fish examined contained some parasites. Cestodes and nema-
todes were present in more than half, while Acanthocephala occurred
in but a single fish. It was noticeable that fish caught in April and
May were much freer from parasites than those caught in November.
The trematodes were nearly all Azygia tereticolle. One cestode was a
species of Proteocephalus.
6. Pomowxis sparoides, calico bass.
Three specimens of calico bass were caught during July in Lake
Wingra. They had plankton only as food. The only parasites found
were two leeches, one on the tongue of one fish and one on the roof of
the mouth of another, and a few small cysts on the outer wall of the
stomach.
7. Ambloplites rupestris, rock bass.
Sixteen rock bass were caught during May and July in Lake Men-
dota. The food, found in the 13 fish containing any, consisted of insect.
larve in 2 and crawfish in 12. The specimens examined by Forbes (6)
were found to have eaten insect larvyee much oftener than the bass
from Lake Mendota.
Three fish were without parasites. In the 13 in which they were
found the distribution was as follows: Trematodes in 1, nematodes in
3, and Acanthocephala in 12. Almost as noticeable as the fondness for
crawfish as food was the prevalence of Acanthocephala; the entire
absence of cestodes is also noticeable.
8. Lepomis incisor, bluegill.
Specimens were taken in March, April, and July from Lakes Men-
dota and Wingra. Thirty fish were examined, 20 containing food, as
follows:
Fish in
Fish in
Food. which Food. which
found. | found.
Plant tissue, mostly Ceratophyllum.....- 9 | Gammarids: ol. 2 cocoa ase ae 2
Pls MtO ms a epeee ts. nc oe oeclebles ce ea eeeeaee 13 | Leeche@s;..2 5. Vo. sce eee Eee reas 1
Jee Um WAVES SopegaaoDOendOu ae OeC uO oStE 9 | Snails, mostly Physa ancillavia.......-- 1
Thirteen of the fish were entirely without parasites, as far as a gen-
eral examination showed, and the other 17 contained the following:
FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER FISHES. HED
| | E
| ne || 4 Body
Stomach. Intestine. Rectum. cavity.
CESTOM ES Fiat ars sjats, Sai cetataccee ne aera Mone ie sietacia ns oes coe ecies 1| SESS ORCS) Waa sarge | 1
INEMATOGES (5 -.22,02 3t2 Jee nae e oe ee cio he See eae Oe eeomene see 1 | erescenbes SUIS: ees
INGE MUN OCED NALA. saa tek oes oor coe nes cern eine eee eee cfeecee s | Gales eee ape eS
| |
Leech in mouth, 1; cestode or nematode cysts in the liver, 6; cysts in mesentery, 1.
9. Hupomotis gibbosus, common sun-fish.
Six specimens only were examined. Of these 5 contained food,
consisting of insect larvee, snails, and small bivalves. One sun-fish
had no parasites; the other 5 contained each a number of Acanthoce-
phala, encysted in the mesentery of 3 fish and mature in the intestine
of the other 2.
10. Micropterus dolomieu, small-mouthed black bass.
But 5 specimens were examined, all caught during July in Lake
Mendeta. One bass was free from food; in the stomachs of the other
4, crawfish were found. Cestodes were more abundant than any other
parasite, and were found in the stomach, body cavity, and ovary.
One species was Proteocephalus ambloplites. Azygia tereticolle was
found once in the mouth and once in the stomach. Nematodes and
Acanthocephala were found in the intestine of 3 of the bass examined.
Encysted worms were found in the wall of the stomach of one fish and
in the liver of another.
11. Micropterus salmoides, large-mouthed black bass.
Nearly all of the fish examined were taken from Lake Mendota.
Only four were caught in Lake Monona and the same number in Lake
Wingra. Most of the specimens from Lake Mendota were caught in
the trammel net, and were taken on the southern shore near the mouth
of or just within a small creek, which, in this part, was from 8 to 5 feet
indepth. The majority of the fish were caught in April or May, a few
only during July and August. To those already enumerated were
added 4 bass from Round Lake in the northern part of tbe state. A
careful study of the records failed to reveal any differences in food or
parasites in the fish from the different lakes, except that the 4 from
Round Lake all had copepods on the gills, there being among all the
other fish but a single specimen so infected.
Of the 42 fish examined, 29 contained food which could be recog-
nized. The other 13 showed nothing the nature of which could be
distinguished. The following table gives the kinds of food found and
the number of fish in which each kind was present:
Fish in Fish in
Food. which Food. which
found. found,
MONS tee a Scio scence na ee ee TAN CO hy Atl 2 none = COmeee Bde eon ae ae SeEe eres 2
OME ASH) eee oe. 2 a 5 || Frogs...... ped OR ae ONES Wn tk ah hg 2
RGEC DEV ES clk is fee oats Le oe Se eee Oa AMOR CILeS ieee aoe cea ese arate rere 2
520 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Twenty-two of these fish contained but one kind of food, and then
generally but one or two specimens of the latter was large. One bass
had eaten 4 minnows and another 2 frogs.
Forbes (¢, d) found that this species of black bass contained about
the same variety of food as recorded by us; he found that fish con-
stituted the largest percentage of food, and in much smaller quantities
crawfish, insect larve, and alge.
None of the bass we examined was free from parasites, the nearest
approach being one fish from which we took but a few cysts in the mesen-
tery. Cestodes were more prevalent than any other parasites, although
Acanthocephala were nearly as numerous. The following table gives
the places in which parasites were found, and the number of fish in
which each kind was present:
: Csopha- | 47, | Cexecal ae
Mouth. gus, cee Aneel Intestine.
PRE TINA CO CCS ea ys a atone alert oincen clea er aiete mre Aeon cieteyste 8 2 | 20 4 1
CWCStOMESIES sakcncm= Soros Seca oad mcnels seiewiete cctaonel] scteeceie: ates oecees 10 3 28
INKSUUGRIOY Keisis See SoS ORR ad Gee BER ere Bee e neenspi ereaertal aide Saaecee 4 a 7
PACAMPROCED NALA ssec ase eeee ese etaler epee cee ci seminciese eacooccl|lsasseecncosus 9 3 28
Copepods (Ergasilus) on gill, 4; cestodes in ovary, 4; cysts in mesentery, 1; cestodes in body cavity,
1; cysts in liver, 2.
The trematodes were Azygia tereticolle, A. loossii, Cecincola par-
vulus, and Leuceruthrus microptert. One of the cestodes was a species
of Proteocephatlus.
12. Perca flavescens, yellow perch.
The perch, caught mostly with hook and line, were taken from
Lakes Mendota, Monona, and Wingra—all but a few from the first-
mentioned lake. The Lake Mendota perch were nearly all caught near
the shore, a few only coming from deep water. An exception to this,
however, was a lot of perch, 16 in number, purchased in February
from fishermen, who caught them through the ice at quite a distance
from shore and in deep water. The food and parasites of these were
quite different from what we found in the others, and, although at
present included with the others, separate mention of them will be made
later. Excepting these, all were caught in April, May, or July—more
during May than at any other time.
Seventy-two perch were examined, in only 9 of which were para-
sites absent. A few of the others had no parasites in the alimentary
tract, bat contained cysts in the mesentery or liver. Fifty-six of the
perch contained food the nature of which we could determine, and of
the remaining 16 a few had food remains in the lower part of the
intestine or in the rectum nothing as to the nature of which was
recognizable. The following table gives the different kinds of food
and the number of fish in which each kind was found:
FOOD AND PARASITES OF SOME FRESH-WATER FISHES. 521
Fish in || Fish in
Food. which | Food. which
found. || found.
Insect larve ..-. se 39) pelant remains =.= s-: saseeee cesses Te 2
Gard anidsrereeee. etee ceo 2 45|\ePlamictom << .e22 3s co- cee neces cscesclsencs 16
Snails, mostly Phys Se GR EMG OW Sao c gece see cane seceetemaae | 2
(CHES HIEIS\ 3 < que CORES Eeeee een Sone QO) || HISDY Spa wiml-c2-accse soo snacmaea ae cease | g:
The 39 perch in which insect larvee were found contained, as far as
we could determine, phryganid larvee in but 1 and dragon-fly larvee in
9 fish. Thirty-six of the entire number contained but a single kind of
food, 15 had 2 kinds, 2 had 3 kinds, and 3 were found with 4 kinds of
food. In nearly every perch in which more than one kind of food was
present, insect larvee were found. Forbes (4) gives the food of the
perch he examined and we note a great similarity to what we recorded.
He found that a number of fish were eaten by the perch he examined
from Lake Michigan, due, no doubt, to the smaller amount of insects,
erustacea, and mollusks present in the large lake. :
The following table will show the kinds of parasites found and the
abundance and distribution of each kind in their hosts:
Gall
Stomach. pace Toten. blad-
aan der.
2. : ene ar : | Jee
PRS rer iO GCS eee ere ee eae eee arava eps ane iainlafalaielasiseeiete tc 10 29 | Ul | 2
(ORGICIIET Se Geese co odesoe gee oseees Gund aes PacpSEEeuausecaaceencr Lal syeeee eres PB BB eesce
INCA NOYES a dae dein cep ee aBenO ne Oe See ORES aDoo DOnr RO OReCBADo eae 5 Dal We menses
PAlcaminacephalln pan se eee eem ese Meet J he Soe ge easak 7 3 | 1A Saas
|
Clinostomum heterostomum on gills, 8; eopepod (Lrgasilus) on gills, 9; cestode and nematode liver
cysts, 39; cysts in mesentery, 6; cysts in wall of stomach, 2.
The trematodes were nearly all )/stomum nodulosum, which was by
far the most prevalent parasite. The number of times trematodes
were found in the gall-bladder was far greater than given in the table,
many fish having been examined without being recorded. In late
July and early August perch were found with a small immature
fluke present in considerable numbers in the gail-bladder, more than
half the specimens examined being so infected. It occurred to us that
this might be the young form of D. noduloswm, which is probable,
although, the specimens in the gall bladder being immature, it was
impossible to make a direct comparison. In more than half of the
perch examined the liver contained cysts; many of these we opened
and found that they inclosed either a young cestode or a young nema-
tode. The nematode cysts were generally smaller and firmer than
those containing the cestodes, but it was impossible, unless every one
was opened, to be sure of the contents. There was undoubtedly but
a single species each of cestode and nematode forming the cysts.
The 16 perch caught during February through the ice were taken
much farther from shore than any of the others we examined. Four-
teen of these had fed exclusively upon plankton. They contained as
large a proportion of encysted parasites as any of the other perch,
599 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
but were much freer from mature forms. Two contained a small
number of Acanthocephala, 2 in one fish and 4 in another, and in
8 of the 16 were found specimens of Distomum nodulosum.
Nearly all of the perch taken in winter and early spring contained a
number of 2. nodulosum, which were in every case filled with eggs.
When the flukes were taken from the fish and placed in water, they
would in a few hours invariably burst and a large mass of dark-shelled
egos would drop to the bottom of the dish? The perch caught dur-
ing August were not so likely to have this fluke in the ceca, but many
of them contained the small, immature fluke in the gall bladder.
13. Roccus chrysops, white bass.
Four specimens were taken in July from Lake Mendota. Three of
these were without food, the other contained insect larve. Parasites
were not abundant. Nematodes were present in the stomach of 2
and in the intestine of 1 bass, and Acanthocephala were taken from
the stomach of a single specimen. Forbes (c, d) found these fish to
have eaten may-fly and dipterous larve very abundantly, and in the
stomach of one he found a sun-fish. Forbes (c, @) found insect larve
to be the principal food of the white bass, and also found, in small
quantities, fish and crustacea.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Asport, C. C. Notes on Some Fishes of the Delaware River. Rept. U. 8S. Fish
Commission for 1875-76.
ArNoLp, J. Ueber die Fischnahrung in dem Binnengewissern. Verhandlungen
des International Congress des Zoologie, Berlin, 1901, pp. 553-556,
Fores, 8. A. (a) On the Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes: A Summary and
Discussion. Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. II.
(b) The Food of Fishes: Acanthopteri. Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory
of Natural History, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1880.
(c) The Food of Illinois Fishes. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural His-
tory, Bulletin No. 2, 1878.
(d) Studies of the Food of Fresh-Water Fishes. Bulletin Illinois State
Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. I, 1888.
(e) Food of the Fishes of the Mississippi Valley. Transactions American
Fisheries Society, Seventeenth Annual Meeting, 1888.
JorDAN, Davin §., and Barron W. Evermann. The Fishes of North and Middle
America. Bulletin U. 8. National Museum, No. 47, 1896-1900.
Smiru, $8. I. Food of Fresh-water Fishes. Rept. U. 8. Fish Commission for
1872-73.
Varp, H. B. Fish Food in Nebraska Streams. Studies Zoological Laboratory
University of Nebraska, 1898.
ZAcHARIAS, O. Die mikroskopische Organismenwelt des Siisswassers in ihrer
Beziehung zur Ernihrung der Vische. Biologisches Centralblatt, XIII, 1893.
ZscHokKE, F. (a) Recherches sur l Organisation et la Distribution Zoologique des
Vers Poissons d’eau Douce. Archiv de Biclogie, V. 1884.
(5) Die Parasiten unserer Stsswasserfische. From ‘‘ Die Tier-und Pflan-
zenwelt der Stisswassers.’’ Leipzig, 1891.
(c) Zur Faunistik der parasitischen Wiirmer von Stisswasserfischen.
Centralblatt ftir Bacteriologie und Parasitenkunde XIX, 1896.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES
By LEON J. COLE
CON DENTE es
Page.
TMtROGUGtON Sees asec cee cece teers: 525-528
The species Cyprinus carpio Linneeus. ..-. 528-536
MCscrip Ome Asas5 8 sescee ce eciaeceecesor er 528
RaGesianad varieties sen. --2-- eee scien 531
Eiri Gi ZatlOMisae sete nena sane eee © 5384
Size, growth, and age .......... beets 535
MHreycommentamers- esse seer secee see 536
MV eCALP AM WUNOPCsas ses aciaooee eee aces 537-539
Introduction and distribution of the carp
It Me Wmibed Statestan= =. sea eeee oat 539-550
Habits and special senses of the carp..... 550-579
SIS MGieeeec kee ie cisacece ee neato sees 5538
EL GATS A Sass, 2 afsarsterisew'=s ieee enee oe mierns 554
Taste and smell ........... Oe sooece ecards 555
Maorations: 2-2 fais bees nt te epaeecseeeace 556
Reaction to inflow of fresh water ...... 560
SEID ern aOM Reece ees ocee s soaeseees meee 561
PVG UUG Vier ats ct iepoe ora teis(syey~i ate nis Sera iain natorers 562
s Feeding habits and food ..............- 564
p> Breeding gbltsjce oss sose ce sesiee 573
524
Page.
Diseases, parasites, and enemies of, the
CALP ej sieeee ee Soe < ae eae eee eos 579-584
Economic relations of the carp.........-- 584-608
Relation to vegetation .......-.---...:- 586
Roiwlimessiofiwateneassse sae eee eee 592
Relation! to othertishss.2. esses eee 594
Food value and uses of the carp........-: 604-610
Phe carp fisherlesi=aa-os se eeesee ee eee 610-622
SGU Oe ke Fe ea ee eee: ae eee Aches 611
Other methods ofcaptunes=-- sees seee 616
Packing and shipment 2a. - sss -s eee 616
Hxtent of the fisheries!----- 1. asus see 617
AM SIN pee cha. eee ene eee 619
Carp @ullturess: <2. Hose. cee eae ere 622-682
Permanent ponds! <.-- 2+ - sesso eee 623
Temporary ponds and pens ..:.......-. 625
The valwe of carp ponds!=2-.-ss—- sees 631
Conclusions! 3.5-.35.22 sees. «sees eee eee 632-637
Bibliographty,. «-c<-c-c-cccmsinnee vee sees 637-641
’
Report U. S. B. F. 1904, PLaTE |
1. Scale carp.
3. Leather carp.
THE GERMAN CARP.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES,
By Leon J. Cone.
INTRODUCTION.
For a number of years there appears to have been in many sections
of this country an increasing popular prejudice against the German
earp. These fish were distributed very generally throughout the
United States something over twenty years ago, with the idea that
they would be extensively raised in ponds and so previde a supple-
mentary income from small inland waters which were unsuitable for
other fishes, or from land upon which. artificial ponds could be con-
structed. It was inevitable that many of the fish should escape into
the natural waters of the country; and within a few years many of
our rivers and lakes were teeming with carp, for which, at that time,
there was little or no market. With ated who had been able to
- obtain in abundance many species of our finer ene fishes, the coarser
flesh of the carp found little favor, and, under the circumstances, it
was perhaps but natural that prejudice shouts arise, especially because
the carp was supposed to be injuring the existing fisheries. In some
cases the adverse opinions were founded upon facts and a knowledge
of the habits of the fish; more often they were the repeated hearsay
born of suppositions and complete ignorance of the subject or of
misinterpreted observations. The newspapers also took the matter
up, and the carp was decried on all sides without stint.
In the summer of 1901, in order to obtain evidence upon the matter,
the writer was appointed by the United States Bureau of Fisheries
(then the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries) to make
an investigation of the habits of the carp and to gather any available
information relative to its usefulness or obnoxiousness. The work
was done in connection with the general biological investigation of
the Great Lakes under the general direction of Prof. Jacob Reighard,
of the University of Michigan. Professor Reighard was not in active
charge of the work, however, in 1901, Prof. H. S. Jennings, then also
at the University of Michigan, acting as director during that season.
I take pleasure in thanking both Professor Reighard and Professor
Jennings for their interest in the investigation and for their readi-
ness at all times to do everything in their power to further the work.
ined:
526 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Probably the two regions in the United States where carp are
found most abundantly are about the western end of Lake Erie and in
the Ilinois River and its tributaries. This investigation was begun,
however, at Lake St. Clair, this locality being chosen because of such
complaints as the following, which appeared in a Port Huron paper:
FISH IN LAKE St. CLAIR—THE CARP ARE RAPIDLY DESTROYING ALL THE OTHER KINDS.
G B , an old fisherman, who has plied his trade on Lake St. Clair
three miles above Mount Clemens for twenty-three years, says in three years more
there will be no fish except carp left in the lake. The carp eats the spawn and
destroys the perch, bass and other good fishin those waters, and the supply is
already much reduced... Mr. B suggests that the government offer a bounty
of 3 cents or so for the destruction of the carp in order to save the other fish.
This particular paragraph is quoted because,it gave the starting
point for the field work, and because it illustrates so well the general
tone of complaint against the carp. The shallow bays of the delta
occupying the upper fourth of Lake St. Clair afford an excellent place
for carp—except that possibly the water averages a little cold for their
most prolific development—and they are to be found there in consid-
erable numbers. Furthermore, the usual comparative clearness of the
water makes it easier at times to observe the fish than in the muddier
waters in which they are usually found. When the carp are rooting
about in the bottom for food, however, even clear water is made so
roily that there is little chance to watch them.
After about three weeks at the St. Clair Flats, the remainder of the
summer, until August 31, was spent on Lake Erie, especially at the
upper end. During the last week in August all of the important
wholesale fish houses on the west and south sides of Lake Erie, from
Detroit to Buffalo, were visited to obtain figures as to the magnitude
and value of the carp fisheries of the lake. In November, 1901, about
three weeks were spent on Lake Erie, principally at Port Clinton and
Put-in Bay, in order to determine the relation of carp to the white-
fish, which were in the height of their spawning season at this time.
In 1902 it was not practicable to begin the field work until after the
Ist of July. As before, Lake St. Clair was first visited, but the con-
ditions there being unfavorable on account of heavy storms, which
made the water roily, investigations were renewed on Lake Erie,
especially at Port Clinton and at Sandusky. During the last season
of the investigations, in the summer of 1903, with headquarters in
Sandusky, the work was conducted for about three weeks, during the
spawning season of the carp, most of the time from a camp in the
marsh, some 20 miles above the city, near where the Sandusky River
opens into the large bay of the same name.
In addition to the observation of the general habits of the carp in
waters where it has become adapted to a new environment in sucha
short time, several special problems were kept in mind. Thus a study
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 527
was made of the abundance and distribution of carp in relation to the
conditions existing at various places, and measurements and records
were taken to determine if possible whether the fish had changed
perceptibly in accommodating itself to these conditions.
Most of the time, however, was given to the more strictly economic
ide of the question, and hence, either on account of their uncom-
pleted state or because of their technical nature, the results of certain
lines of the study have been omitted from the present report. One
of the more strictly economic questions was the relation of the fish to
aquatic vegetation, the destruction of which was being deplored, par-
ticularly by sportsmen, who maintained that the best food of many of
the ducks, such as the canvasback and redhead, was fast being destroyed
by the carp. It was also to be determined how far, if at all, carp
interfere with the spawning of other fishes, and whether they eat the
eggs and prey upon the young of other fishes, and if so, to what
extent. It was claimed that they were especially detrimental to bass
and white-fish—the former one of the greatest favorites of the sports-
man, the latter one of the most valuable food-fishes of the Great
Lakes.
Offsetting the possible harm done by the carp to vegetation and to
the fisheries must be its own value as a food-fish; for the carp fishery
has within the last few years, in the regions of the carp’s greatest
abundance, grown to be an industry of no mean proportions. Must
the carp, then, be unconditionally condemned, or should we find that,
if properly utilized, its value would compensate for the degree of dam-
age it undoubtedly does? It is hoped that the conclusions reached in
the following pages may do much toward settling this question, though
there are still many points upon which fuller information is desirable.
In order to make the report more useful to those who are interested
in the carp, it has been thought best to include a general description of
the fish, its habits, and its history. The figures of the different vari-
eties of carp here reproduced (pl. 1) are from drawings made for the
Bureau of Fisheries from fish in its ponds in Washington soon after
the introduction of the species into this country. The photographs
and other figures are by the author.
It is impracticable to mention here all to whom I am indebted for
assistance of one kind or another in the prosecution of my invyestiga-
tions. Iam under especial obligations, however, to Messrs. Cleaver,
of the firm of R. Bell & Co., Port Clinton, who not only furnished me
a place in which to work in their fish house, but placed at my dis-
posal, without cost, whatever carp were necessary for my work. The
Bense Fish Company (which has since changed hands), of the same
city, extended to me similar privileges. It was frequently necessary
for me to call upon Mr. 8. W. Downing, superintendent of the Bureau
of Fisheries hatchery at Put-in Bay, for aid, which was furnished with
528 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
uniform courtesy. Through the kindness of Prof. Herbert Osborn
I was enabled, when in Sandusky, to make my headquarters at the Lake
Laboratory of Ohio State University, where I had the use of a table
for considerable periods during the summers of 1901 and 1902. And,
finally, I wish to express my gratitude to the many fishermen who
took great interest in my work, who gave me whatever information
was at their disposal, who permitted me to accompany them on their
fishing trips, who shared with me their food, and who were my com-
panions in camp for weeks at a time. Other special acknowledg-
ments haye been made in their proper places throughout the report.
THE SPECIES CYPRINUS CARPIO LINN US.
DESCRIPTION.
Within the past decade the carp has become so generally distributed
throughout the United States and so abundant in some places that
nearly everybody is more or less familiar with it in a general way, but
it has been almost universally neglected in the descriptive works in
this country, further than a simple statement of its occurrence. It
may therefore be well to give a brief description of the carp and its
principal varieties.
The carp belongs to a family of fishes (Cyprinids) best represented
in America by the minnows (especially of the genus Votropis) which
abound in most of our lakes and streams. In the eastern United States
the members of this family are all small, the largest rarely attaining
18 inches in length, while the smallest is scarcely 2 inches long
when adult. The Old World species are generally much larger than
this, and on the Pacific coast there are a few which reach a length of
5 or 6 feet, and which are also apparently more closely related to the
European forms in structure.
Scientifically the carp is known as Cyprinus carpio, the name given
to it by Linneus. It varies greatly in many of its characters, a con-
dition probably brought about in large part by its state of domestica-
tion, or semidomestication, for a number of centuries. In shape it
varies from a long, rather slender fish (pl. 1), whose height scarcely
equals one-fourth its length, to a deep form nearly or quite half as
high as long. The greatest height is at the anterior end of the dorsal
fin. In all cases, however, the body is rather strongly compressed
laterally, the cross section never approaching close to circular. The
greatest breadth is normally a short distance back of the head, but the
bodies of female fish are often, before the breeding season, distended
with roe toa considerably greater breadth. This dimension in nor-
mal individuals usually equals less than half the height. The snout is
blunt, and in typical forms the dorsal outline rises from the snout in
a nearly uniform bow or arch to the base of the dorsal fin.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 529
The length of the head, from the tip of the snout to the posterior
edge of the gill-cover or operculum, is in the neighborhood of one-
fourth the length of the fish%, but is usually considerably less than the
height. It varies considerably in individuals and with age. The eye
is situated slightly less than halfway back on the head and ona line
from the tip of the snout to the upper end of the branchial opening.
The eyes are not quite circular, but are elongated slightly in a direc-
tion parallel to the dorsal side of the head, and their long diameter is
contained six to seven times in the length of the head. The mouth
when closed is nearly horizontal, the gape reaching about halfway to
the anterior margin of the eye. At the corners of the mouth are two
short barbels, usually a little longer than the diameter of the eye,
yellow or reddish in color, which are, however, longer than two olive
colored ones on the upper jaw. Both sets are variable, and, according
to Seeley (1886, p. 95), may be unsymmetrical on the two sides or
frequently wanting entirely.? The lips are rather thick and fleshy,
adapted to vegetable feeding, the iower somewhat shorter than the
upper. The tongue is smooth. The palate is covered with a white
and very sensitive skin (‘‘carp’s tongue”). The nostrils lie imme-
diately anterior to the eyes and are double, those of each side being
separated by a small projecting flap of skin. The anterior nostril is the
larger.
The dorsal fin arises anterior to the median point in the length of
the fish and slightly in advance of the ventrals, and extends back even
with the posterior end of the anal fin. The base of the dorsal fin equals
rather more than a third of the length of the body, and its greatest
height (at the second and third soft rays) is equal to about a third of its
length. After the first two or three soft rays, of which there are 18
to 22 in all, the remainder are only one-half to two-thirds as high, so
that the free margin of the fin has a rather sharp reentrant angle at
this point. Three or four (usually three) spiny rays precede the soft
rays, the most posterior one being the stoutest and longest, with the
extreme end usually soft and flexible; this soft portion is often broken
away in older fish, however, leaving the ray with a hard, sharp point.
The posterior border of this ray is serrated, the serrations or teeth,
which have their points directed downward, lying on each side of a
median groove and increasing in size from below upward.
The height of the anal fin is greater than its length at the base, which
is about equal to one-fourth the length of the base of the dorsal. It is
composed of 3 spiny rays and 5 or 6 soft, articulated rays. The second
stout, spiny ray is similar to that of the dorsal fin. The first of the
aThroughout the description '‘length’’ is considered from the tip of the snout to the base of the
caudal fin, or, more strictly speaking, to the posterior edge of the hypural bones, which is found in
practical measuring by cutting the flesh away a little and probing with a steel point. For general
purposes this measurement can be taken to the last scale in the lateral line.
b6I, myself, have noted no cases in which they were absent.
F. C. 1904—34
530_ REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
soft rays is the longest, and the succeeding ones decrease gradually in
size to the last, which is about one-half the length of the first.
The ventral or pelvic fins are made up of 2 spiny rays each, a long
and a short one, and 8 or 9 soft rays. The height is much greater
than the length at the base, but when folded back the fins do not reach
as far as the beginning of the anal fin. The pectoral fins have each 1
stiff ray and 15 or 16 jointed ones, are rather elongated with rounded
extremity, and reach back almost to the base of the ventrals.
The caudal fin is large, broad, and equally lobed, with the ends of
the lobes rounded. The posterior notch is rounded, not very acute,
and extends in half the length of the fin or less. It is made up of 18 or
19, or occasionally only 17, jointed rays, not counting the short incom-
plete rays (usually 4 to 6) outside the first long one on each side. The
longest rays of the caudal fin are usually shorter than the head, and
never exceed it in length.
The body of the typical scale carp is uniformly covered with large
thick scales which approach a polygonal, four or five sided outline.
In the lateral line, which extends nearly straight from the upper
angle of the opercle to the middle of the base of the tail, or may be
bowed slightly downward, there are 35 to 39 scales. Above the jateral
line are 5 or 6 rows, and below a similar number. The scales are
largest on the anterior part of the sides, where their diameter equals
about one and one-half times that of the eye. Usually less than one-
fourth of the scale is exposed; this portion is thicker and has a radial,
fanlike ornamentation. The portion of the scale which is concealed
by those in front of it is marked by fine concentric lines, which in
turn form bands of varying width and regularity, and which are cor-
related with the growth of the scale. The middle of each scale of the
lateral line is traversed by a small oblique or slightly curved tube, in
which the sense organs of the lateral line are situated, and the cephalic
canals of the lateral line system are noticeable on the suborbital ring.
In coloration the carp is fully as variable as in its other characters.
In general the sides are yellowish, golden, or greenish, shading into a
darker color on the back, which may be dark olive, or bluish-green,
or almost black with a greenish cast. The yellow of the sides often
becomes richer, approaching to orange on the ventral side between the
anal and caudal fins. The yellow of the sides shades into whitish on
the belly. The posterior edge of each scale has a dark border, and
there is usually a dark blotch on the anterior part of the exposed por-
tion, the two together forming a reticulated, or netlike pattern over
the fish, with a dark spot at the anterior angle of each mesh of the
net (fig. 1, pl. 1). The lips are yellow or orange; the rest of the head is
dark olive, except the cheeks, which are yellowish,-while the under
side of the head is light yellow or whitish. The iris is yellow.
The dorsal fin is olive or dark gray, each interray space being
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 531
darker in its posterior half; the rays themselves are of about the same
color. The anal is yellowish-red, while the pectoral and pelvic fins
are grayish or yellowish, tending to red toward their tips. The upper
lobe of the caudal fin is of about the same color as the dorsal; the
lower lobe has a lighter, yellowish cast, with more or less red, especially
toward the end.
The coloration is influenced by the age of the fish, the character of
the water in which it lives, its nutrition, the season of the year, its
sexual condition, and by the other conditions of its environment.
Seeley (1886, p. 97) states that unsymmetrical coloring is sometimes
found and that a fish may have glittering golden stripes on one side of
the body and pale steel blue on the other. Sometimes typical carp are
black, bluish, green, red, golden, silvery, or even white, and Doctor
Fatio records that he has kept in confinement carp which were origi-
nally green or golden, but which became colorless in an opaque vase.
It is not an unusual thing to see in carp that have died out of water
a reddish suffusion, especially marked in the fins, probably due to the
congestion of blood in the capillaries as the circulation is stopped.
In common with the other members of the family, the mouth of the
carp is without teeth, the only organs of this description being the
blunt, knob-like structures lying on the pharyngeal bones in the back
part of the mouth, or ‘‘throat.” These are entirely for grinding
food, and, as is obvious both from their position and shape, are of no
use in grasping, this function being performed by the so called lips.
The alimentary tract is comparatively long, but uncomplicated; the
stomach is a simple tube not sharply differentiated from the esophagus
and without a blind sac, while the intestine has no pyloric appendages.
The entire alimentary tract from the beginning of the stomach?” is
usually two to two and one-half times as long as the body. The air
bladder is large, with tough, thick walls. A transverse constriction
divides it into two parts; the posterior of these is the smaller and
ends in a rounded point, while the anterior portion is larger and has
its base somewhat bilobed.
RACES AND VARIETIES.
*
The great range and frequency of variation in the carp is undoubt-
edly largely due to its domestication or semidomestication since early
times. As is to be expected, this has resulted in the naming of a large
number of varieties or races. In Europe, where carp culture is car-
ried on systematically, these races are kept pure and true, so far as
possible; but in this country no attention has been paid to them, at
least in recent years, so that we need not treat them in detail here.
Those interested in the subject will find an exhaustive account in the
contribution entitled ‘‘ Uber Karpfenrassen,” by Dr. Emil Walter, in
a The position of the thoracic septum is here taken as the beginning of the stomach.
532 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
the recent bock by Knauthe (1901). These names have often been
given specific value and were bestowed usually either for characters
of the integument or of form (cf. Giinther, 1868, p. 26); thus we have
such names as Cyprinus macrolepidotus, C. rex cyprinorum, C. specu-
laris (for the mirror carp), C. nudus (leather carp), and C. cirrosus,
C. regina, C. hungaricus, C. elatus, C. aeuminatus, ete., and C. hybis-
coides, a variety with the fins much prolonged. This list of synonyms
might be extended much further.
Hessel (1881) considers all the varieties of carp as falling into threc
chief groups, which he distinguishes as follows (op. cit., p. 867): 4
1. Cyprinus carpio communis, the scale carp; with regular, concentrically-arranged
scales, being, in fact, the original species improved.
2. Cyprinus carpio specularis, the mirror carp; thus named on account of the extra-
ordinarily large scales, which run along the sides of the body in three or four rows,
the rest of the body being bare.
3. Cyprinus carpio coriaceus, or nudus, the leather carp; which has on the back
either only a few scales or none at all, and possesses a thick, soft skin, which feels
velvety to the touch. ‘
Walter (Knauthe, 1901), however, says the scale, mirror, and leather
carp must not be considered as distinct species or races, although the
conditions of the scales are characteristic, since a similar differentiation
of the scales, or at least a tendency to it, is found in every true race
of carp. In many ponds where one of these forms (1. e., scale, mirror,
or leather) has been raised, the others have appeared spontaneously.
He concludes that they should be considered only as varieties. He goes
on to say that the ordinary characters are so inconstant and variable
that sharp lines can not be drawn between the various intergrading
races. In his opinion, the division into races should depend princi-
pally upon the relations in size of various parts or measurements of
the body, though he correlates with this set of characters three others,
viz, (1) rate of growth (i. e., the ability for rapid growth); (2) adapt-
ability to climatic changes, and (3) time of sexual maturity. He then
develops a rather artificial classification, depending mostly, as he says,
upon the two ways in which the flesh is disposed upon the back; that
is, whether there is a large development of the dorsal musculature,
forming a highly arched outline, often with a hump and a reentrant
angle back of the head, or whether the dorsal outline is low and com-
paratively straight. He uses as a measure of this the ratio of the
height of the body to the length. This ratio is designated by the
letter V in the following classification, translated from his paper (p. 85):
I. Cultivated races; V=1:2 to 1:3.
(a) High-backed cultivated races; V=1:2 to 1:2.6.
(6) Broad-backed cultivated races; V=1: 2.61 to 1:3.
(I. Primitive and degenerate races; V=1:3.01 to 1:3.6.
Here belong also those forms under the size ratio 1:2 to 1:3 which co not
have a breadth in correspondence with their size ratio.
a The blue carp, so called, is probably but a color phase, and not a true ‘‘ variety.”
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 533
It seems probable, however, that the character of the scales should
be placed with the other four categories of characters given above
as being another modification brought about by artificial breeding and
selection and not as a condition due simply to conditions of domesti-
cation, as is sometimes supposed. All of these characters are probably
heritable, although some of them, such as rate of growth and time of
sexual maturity, may undoubtedly be readily influenced by external
conditions in the individuals of a single generation. Furthermore,
there apparently can be all combinations of these characters, and the
so-called different varieties and races are the fish possessing the vari-
ous combinations. In general, it may be said that the most highly
specialized carp are those which are destitute of scales, which grow
quickly, are high in proportion to their length, and tend to have a hump
back of the head, and which become sexually mature at an early age.
These various forms of carp probably differ in no essential way,
except that they are not so well differentiated and established, from
what are spoken of as ‘‘breeds” by stock breeders. There would
appear to be no valid reason for calling those with the different char-
acter of scales ‘‘ varieties,” and to class those which are differentiated
as to form as ‘‘races.” It is merely that the most obvious characters
are these which haye become most permanently established by selec-
tion, namely, character of scales first and form second. Walter
claims that ability for quick growth has also been fixed in certain
stocks. Thus a fish of good quick-growing stock may later make a
good growth even if poorly nourished during its first or second year,
whereas a fish of poor stock under similar conditions would be perma-
nently stunted. The hardiness, or ability to resist climatic condi-
tions, he says has not yet been made permanent in any stock, though
it is claimed that scale carp possess the ability to a greater degree than
the others. The adaptability to climatic conditions probably becomes
reduced rather than increased as the other characters are developed.
All intermediate stages are found in the sets of characters men-
tioned. For example, fish may be entirely covered with scales, but
the scales are larger and fewer in number than on the regular scale
carp, and, similarly, one finds all gradations between the leather and
the mirror carp. The same thing is true of the form of the body.
This is especially the case with the fish in our waters, where all kinds
have become established and have interbred until there is a complete
series in the gradation of characters in almost any lot of fish taken,
and a division of them into varieties must be an arbitrary one. Asa
matter of convenience in my work, those fish which had larger and
fewer scales than typical scale carp I called mirror carp. Some
authors state that the leather carp should be entirely destitute of scales;
others that it may have a row of scales along the back and a row on
each side. In no case in the Great Lakes did I see a carp entirely
534 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
destitute of scales, and those which are nearly bare are few compared
with those entirely scaled. Of nearly 3,000 fish counted at random at
‘arious times and at different places about Lake Erie, something over 91
per cent might be called scale carp, and I should nue that at Lake St.
Clair the percentage was even higher. It is very probable that under
the present free conditions of life of these fish, with the constant inter-
breeding, they are gradually returning to the primitive scaled condi-
tion, and although there are no data to show the rate at which this
process may have been progressing since they have become established
in our waters, a few years more may see an even smaller propertion
of mirror carp than there is at present.
HYBRIDIZATION.
Not only does the interbreeding of the different varieties of carp
(using the word ‘‘ variety” in its broad sense) cause confusion, but all
these varieties cross readily with certain closely related species of
fishes, giving rise to a number of hybrid forms. ‘The commonest of
these is a cross between the ordinary carp and the so-called erucian
carp (Carassius vulgaris), a common fish in Europe. The resulting
hybrid was described as a distinct species before its true nature was
known, and was given the name Carpio kollarii. Jt is often known
in Germany as the ‘‘ poor man’s carp.” In general it is intermediate
in character between its two immediate ancestors, but often resem-
bles Cyprinus carpio so closely that it can be distinguished only with
difficulty. Hessel (1881, p. 868) made the following experiments in
crossing in order to settle the question of what resulted from the
various crosses. He says:
In order to determine this question, I myself managed to bring about such crosses
by placing (1) female common carp with male crucian carp, and (2) female crucian
carp with male common carp, in small tanks, constructed with this end in view; (3)
T also put together female Carpio kollarii with male common carp; this for the sole
purpose of testing the capability of propagation of the C. kollarii, which had been
doubted. In the two former cases I obtained forms analogous to the Carpio kollarii
sometimes approaching in appearance the true carp, at others the crucian carp. In
the third case, however, having placed ripe Carpio kollarii together with Cyprinus
carpio, I obtained a product with difficulty to be distinguished from the genuine
carp. I took the trouble to feed them for three years, in order to try their fitness
for the table, but their flesh was exceedingly poor and very bony and could not be
compared by any means to that of the common carp.
Hessel remarks upon the frequency of this cross throughout Europe,
and says that in many instances it is cultivated by pond owners, who
suppose that they have the true carp. So far as I am aware the cru-
cian carp has not been introduced into this country. But the carp is
also said to cross readily with the gold-fish (Carassius auratus), tench
(Tinca tinca), and-some others. The first of these is already abundant
in some of our waters, though the others have not as yet, at any rate,
—
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 55
become well established.“ This is a matter of considerable importance,
for whatever may be our opinion of the carp as a food fish, we cer-
tainly do not want it any poorer than it is. For this reason it would
seem that efforts should be made to prevent the introduction of the
erucian carp in our waters, and to restrict, so far as possible, the
spread of gold-fish, tench, and other fishes with which the carp may
hybridize with a resulting deterioration of the food value of the race.
SIZE, GROWTH, AND AGE.?
There appears to be but little definite information as to how long
carp may live, and what size they may attain. It is said that they
may live to be 100 or even 150 years old, and may come to weigh 80
to 90 pounds, but these statements are generally based upon insufli-
cient evidence. That the fish do commonly reach a weight of 30 to 40
pounds, however, seems quite certain, and Hessel (1881, p. 874) says:
‘It is a well-known fact that two large carps, weighing from 42 to 55
pounds, were taken several years ago on one of the grand duke of
Oldenburg’s domains in Northern Germany,” and also claims to have
had in his possession some scales 24 inches in diameter, which came
from a Danube carp that weighed 67 pounds.
The largest carp I have myself seen from the Great Lakes would
not weigh much over 20 pounds. That the fish do attain a much larger
size is, however, certain. Mr. W. Cleaver, upon whose information
I can rely, tells me that in the spring of 1903 he received from San-
dusky Bay a female carp which weighed 30 pounds after spawning.
According to the ratio between the weight of the ova and the entire
weight of the fish found in another case, before spawning this fish
would have weighed, in all probability, fully 87 pounds. From the
fishermen, both at Lake St. Clair and at Lake Erie, I often heard of
carp weighing 30 and 40 pounds, but these were only estimates and
not based on actual figures. That there are at present to be found in
these waters carp weighing more than 40 pounds I doubt.
As has already been stated, the rate of growth of carp (as is true of
most fishes) depends in a great measure upon the temperature of the
water in which the fish lives and the abundance of suitable food. Under
ordinary conditions in open waters of temperate regions they will
reach a weight of 3 to 3X pounds in three years (Hessel, 1881, p. 873),
\ : :
aGoode (1888, p. 418) says the tench has become well acclimatized in the Potomac. Dr. H. M.
’ Smith, however, informs the writer that the tench is not numerous in the Potomac, but the gold-fish
is abundant and has become one of the regular market fishes at Washington. It has lost the brilliant
coloration it had when it eseaped from the Government ponds, and now has the dull brown color of
the primitive type; the fish is not recognized in the market, and is sold under the name of ‘‘sand
perch.”
bIt is maintained that the age of carp may be told with considerable accuracy by means of the
successive lines of growth upon the scales, similarly to the way that the age of a tree is determined
by counting the annular rings. Persons interested in this subject will find a full discussion of it by
Dr. Emil Walter in the book on earp-culture by Knauthe (1901), chapter U1, pp. 88-122, ‘‘ Die Alters-
bestimmung des Karpfens nach der Schuppe.”
536 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
but in warmer climates the growth is very much more rapid, and sex-
ual maturity also is attained at an earlierage. Numerous examples of
the rapid growth of carp in the warmer waters of this country have
been reported. Thus in a report of the Illinois Fish Commission
(Illinois, 1884, p. 10) will be found the following statement by Doctor
Adams, of Spring Hill Park, Peoria, with regard to some fish received
by him from the State:
At less than 2 years of age one of the carp weighed 9} pounds, measuring 22 inches
in length, a growth of over 1 pound a month from the time it was placed in warm water.
Doctor Adams had previously had the fish ina spring where the water
was cold, and they had not done well. Many more statements may be
found in the early reports of the United States Fish Commission.
Goode (1888, p. 414) takes from Cholmondeley-Pennell’s ** Fishing”
the following very good table giving the comparative weights and
lengths of carp:
Length. | Weight. || Length. | Weight. | Length. | Weight.
Inches. | Lbs. Oz. || Inches. | Lbs. Oz. || Inches. | Lbs. O2.
9 | 72 | 17 3 | 25 | 240) 163
10 | ial |] 18 3 142 || As al. i
aT 142 19 4.9) | OT eel OMe
1}. | ah BES) 20 5 52 || 28 | 14 10
ial wage aoe 21 | 6 24 | 99 | 15 4
14 ip ace 22 a ie 30 16 0
15 ye | 23 Sivas
16 9 Ms Od gi 3k
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
THE COMMON NAME.
For the sake of completeness a word as to the name of the carp may
not be out of place. According to Day (1880-1884, p. 159):
Carp has been derived from the Greek term ‘‘kuprinos,”’ itself said to be from
‘‘kupris’’ or ‘‘Cyprus,’? where Aphrodite or Venus was first worshiped, and may
have been given to this fish in order to symbolize its extraordinary fecundity.
Holme (1688) gives seizling as yearlings, next a sprole or sprale from 2 years of age,
terms taken from Gesner’s Swiss names of this fish, they not being called ‘ karpf’’
until 4 years old. In the last century we are told (Whole Art of Fishing, 1719) it
was called the fresh-water foa and queen of rivers. Cerpyn, Welch. De Karper, Dutch.
La carpe, French.
In the United States it has come to be generally known as the Ger-
man carp, because of its importance in Germany and its introduction
here from that country. Some protest has been made against the use
of the name, as the carp is not in the strict sense a German or even a
European fish, but, like the term English sparrow, it is a name that is
likely to persist. Both of these names are historically appropriate, so
far as we are concerned, since they serve to indicate the source of the
first“ lots of each species introduced. In ordinary usage, however,
simply the word ‘‘carp” is used, and it is so that the fish is known
commercially.
aThis is leaving out of consideration the rather doubtful introduction of carp into the Hudson
River from France by Captain Robinson about 1880 (see p. 540).
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 537
THE CARP IN EUROPE.
The little that is known of the early history of the carp is given,
with shght variation, in nearly all works which treat of the fish, and
as I have nothing to add I shall here give merely a brief summary.
There seems to be a general agreement that carp were indigenous to
the temperate portions of Asia; and they had probably spread into
southeastern Europe before the Christian era. Aristotle speaks of it
as *‘a river fish without a tongue, but having a fleshy roof to its
mouth; as producing eggs five or six times a year, especially under
the influence of the stars; as having eggs about the size of millet seed;
and as being occasionally struck by the dog-star when swimming near
the surface” (Houghton, 1879, p.,15). It is also mentioned by a num-
ber of other writers of early times and is spoken of as an excellent
article of food.
The carp probably came into western Europe by easy stages. Hes-
sel states that its culture in Austria can be traced back as far as the
year 1227, and it 1s claimed to have been introduced into Germany and
France two or three decades later (1258). The extensive ponds at
Wittingau, in Bohemia, were begun as early as 1367. Carp culture
was carried on especially in connection with monasteries and on a
number of large estates, and has come to be an important commercial
industry, especiaily in Austria-Hungary and Prussia. It is said that
-an acre of water suitable for carp culture will rent for as much as an
acre of land. The fish’s range has gradually extended in Europe,
until now it is found over practically the whole of the continent from
Italy to Sweden and Norway, and from France and the British Isles
to Russia and the boundaries of eastern Siberia. It does not do so
well, however, and is little cultivated, in the more northern portions
of its range, such as Scotland, Sweaen, Norway, Finland, ete.
Peyrer (1876, p. 615) states that in Austria the ‘‘ Danube carp”
was once a favorite and cheap food of the common people, but that
its numbers have become greatly decreased. A writer (Anonymous,
1880) whose paper has been translated in the Report of the United
States Fish Commission for 1878, and Veckenstedt (1880) have given
good descriptions of the carp fisheries of the Peitz Lakes in Nether
Lusatia, some 60 to 80 miles to the southeast of Berlin. There are
some 76 of these lakes, which are a royal domain and are rented to a
private individual at an annual return equivalent to $12,870. The
ponds are drawn in October, and this is the occasion for a general
holiday in the region. The drawing off of the water is begun three
weeks beforehand, and when the fish have congregated in the deeper
places they are taken by means of large drag-nets, or seines, capable of
holding 5,000 pounds of fish. At Cottbus, a near-by city, meets the
so-called ** Carp Exchange,” composed of buyers from the large firms
in Halle, Leipzig, Dresden, Magdeburg, Posen, Berlin, etc. The
5388 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
raisers also convene to determine the price that shall be asked for carp.
It is stated that from 200,000 to 300,000 fish are sold at Cottbus in a
season, representing an aggregate weight of 800,000 to 1,000,000
pounds. After being weighed the fish are transferred to perforated
boats—what we would call live-cars—and are transported down the
canals and rivers to the large cities, where they are to be consumed.
This is a slow and laborious journey, the cars cften having to be car-
ried over shallow places on rollers, and a week is required to get the
fish to Berlin, while to reach Hamburg and Madgeburg takes four or
five weeks. This is in striking contrast to our method of packing the
fish in ice and shipping them 500 miles or more to market in a couple
of days. The German method has the advantage of getting them there
alive.
Just when and whence the carp came into England is not known.
It is generally conceded to have reached there, however, between 1051,
when it was not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxen Dictionary of Ailfric,
and 1486, the date of first publication of the ‘‘ Boke of St. Albans,”
where it is spoken of as ‘‘a deyntous fysshe: but there ben but
fewe in Englonde” (see p. 529). Linnzus puts the date of intro-
duction into England as 1600, and it is sometimes attributed to Mas-
eall@ in 1514; but probably he is responsible only for the extension of
the range into Sussex (Day, 1880-1884, p. 163). In the privy purse
expenses of King Henry VIII, in 1532, various entries are made of
rewards to persons for bringing ‘“‘carpes to the king” (Yarrell, 1836,
vol. i, p. 306, from Pickering’s edition of Walton, p. 207, note). All
recent writers agree that the oft-quoted ‘‘doggerel lines of—
‘Turkies, carp, hop, pickerel, and beer
Came into England all in one year’
may be considered interesting as verses, but not faithful representa-
tions of facts.”
Day (1880-1884, p. 163) gives the date of the introduction of carp
into Sweden as 1560? and into Denmark as 1660; but de Broca (1876,
p. 279, footnote) says they were taken to Denmark more than a hun-
dred years earlier, in 1550, by Pierre Oxe. Malmgren (1883), in an
address to the bureau of agriculture of the imperial senate of Finland,
advises against any attempt to raise carp in that country, as he thinks
that on account of the climatic conditions it would not pay. They
were introduced into Finland in 1861, when Chamberlain Baron y.
Linder placed some in the ponds of his estate of Svarta, but they are
said to have died out after a few-years. Some attempts were made
prior to 1861, but they were all failures. Malmgren says that Hol-
stein and Courland are the most northerly countries where carp culture
aSometimes written ‘‘ Marshall.”
vIn his “Fishes of Malabar,’? Day (1865, p. xii) remarks: “ Block observes that in his time, 1782,
owing to the degeneration of the speciesin the north, due to the coldness of the climate, several
vessels were yearly dispatched from Prussia to Stockholm with further supplies of live carp.”
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 539
is successfully carried on, and that even in Schleswig the people com-
plain of lack of suecess. Nevertheless, ‘‘in 1879 a landed proprietor
in Schoren [the most southerly Province of Sweden] commenced to
raise carp in ponds; and there is a reasonable prospect that this kind
of fish culture, if carried on rationally and cautiously, will prove
profitable, because carp can easily stand the climate in the southern
part of Sweden” (op. cit., p. 377). However, all attempts of King
John III to raise carp on the island of Oeland proved futile.
In Norway carp were, when Malmgren wrote, acclimatized in only
two places—near Farsund, in the southernmost part of the country,
and at Milde, near Bergen. In Russia they were said to be found in
some of the imperial ponds near St. Petersburg and near the convent
of Walamo, but there was no attempt at carp culture.
These records of the northerly extension of the carp in Europe are
of interest when we compare them with its distribution in North
America.
INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED
STATES.
It is uncertain when the first carp were introduced into the United
States. This may have been done at any time by private individuals,
though if such was the case the fish were probably only kept in tanks
or small ponds as curiosities, for it is certain that with the exception of
their establishment in California they never gained a general distribu-
tion or attracted much attention until their successful introduction by
the Fish Commission in 1877. Certain early writers mention the
presence of carp in American waters, but there can be little or no
doubt that they have misapplied the name to some native fish. Thus,
in the Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Massachusetts
(Massachusetts, 1866), quoting the early colonists of New England,
occur the following lines in reference to the Connecticut River:
In it swim salmon, sturgeon, carp, and eels,
Above fly cranes, geese, ducks, herons, and teals.
And again, in his history of the Fisheries of Chesapeake Bay and its
Tributaries, McDonald (1887) takes from the diary of Col. William
Cabell, of ‘‘ Union Hill,” Nelson County, Va., the statement:
1769, Oct. 25: Caught 2 fine carp in our traps.
These traps were set in the James River, and in this case at least
we can easily see what fish may have been mistaken for the earp, since
the so-called carp-sucker (Carpiodes cyprinus), which in a superficial
way greatly resembles the true carp, occurs abundantly in the waters
of that region. A much more recent case is given by Clark (1887, p.
735), who takes from Ricketson’s History of New Bedford (Massa-
chusetts) the statement following.
41858, p. 403.
540 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
In 1858 the varieties [of fishes] to be found in the waters of New Bedford were:
Fresh-water: Trout, perch (white, red, yellow), pickerel, chub, carp, silverfish,
minnow, hornpout, eel, clam.
But as other evidence of the occurrence of the carp in Minseoc inert:
at that time is lacking, we must again conclude that the identification
was at fault.
In 1842, however, the name of the carp appears in scientific literature,
being included by De Kay (pp. 188-190) in his list of the fishes of New
York. He remarks upon its introduction as follows (p. 189):
Tam not aware that any attempt has been made to introduce the carp into this
country previous to the year 1831, which, it will be seen by the following letter from
Henry Robinson, esq., of Newburgh, Orange County [New York], was attended
with complete success.
‘“‘T brought the carp from France in the years 1831 and 1832, some 2 or 3 dozen at
a time, and generally lost one-third on the passage. I probably put into my ponds
6 or 7 dozen. ’ They soon increased to a surprising degree, and I have now more than
suflicient for family use. I have not paid much attention to their habits, but I have
noticed that they spawn twice a year; first about the middle of May, and again in
July. It is said in France that they spawn three times, but I have not observed it.
During the period of spawning, which lasts about ten days, it is very amusing to
watch their operations. They come up to the surface, and the females deposit their
spawn along the sides of the pond among the grass, where they are impregnated by
the males as they are emitted. During this process, they keep the sides of the pond
in a foam with their gambols, and it is not difficult at that time to take them with
your hands. They grow quickly, reaching 3 or 4 inches the first year, but after that
time their growth is very slow. The largest I have taken yet have not exceeded 10
or 11 inches, my ponds being too small for them to equal the size of those you see in
Europe. They are very shy of the hook; I generally bait with small pieces of fresh
bread, (of which they are very fond, ) made up into small pills with the fingers, and
at the same time drop a small piece of bread into the water near the hook, when they
bite readily. My ponds are supplied by springs of pure and clear water, but they
keep the water in such a state that they cannot be seen at the bottom.
‘For the last four years past, I have put from 1 to 2 dozen carp every spring in the
Hudson river near my residence. They have increased so much that our fishermen
frequently take them in their nets. They are larger than those in my ponds.”
There are several other references in the literature to apparently
the same introduction. In the Transactions of the American Institute
(1851) for 1850, page 397, in a discussion before the Farmers’ Club,
we find the following:
Mr. Mrias.—We are pleased to see among us Captain Robinson, of Newburgh, who
brought the Carp from England several years ago—thus conferring a great benefit
upon his country by adding a fish before that unknown in our waters.
Captain Rosryson.—I brought the Carp from France about seven“ years ago, put
them into our Hudson river, and obtained protection for them from our Legislature,
which passed a law imposing a fine of $50 for destroying one of them. I put in Gold
Fish at the same time. Now some of these Carps will weigh 2 pounds, and some of
the Gold Fish, which are a species of Carp, are quite large, some of them being pure
silvery white. Both kinds are multiplying rapidly.
a There is here a discrepancy in the date. If, as Robinson says in his letter to De Kay (above), he
brought the carp to this country in 1831-82, seventeen years would come nearer to it than seven.
b This discussion is noted by E. E. Shears (1882).
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. d41
From both the preceding quotations it appears that Captain Robin-
son had been planting young carp in the Hudson regularly since their
establishment in his pond. According to a writer in Forest and
Stream, who signs himself ‘* R.” (1874), these were further augmented
afew years before that date by the bursting of the dams of Captain
Robinson’s ponds. He says:
More than fifty years ago” Captain Henry Robinson, owner of one of the Havre
packets, brought the first carp and goldfish to this country from France. He placed
them in a small pond on his place in the southern part of this village [Newburgh,
N.Y.]. Several years ago, when the dam of the pond broke away, many of the fish
escaped into the river. They appear to multiply very rapidly, and any number
might be obtained from the fishermen about the bay.
Finally, inthe Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for
1882, we find the following letter (dated New York, May 31, 1882), to
Professor Baird from Mr. Barnet Phillips (1883):
To-day Mr. James Benkard, vice-president of our fish cultural association, told me
that his grandfather, Capt. Henry Robinson, had, about 1830, first brought carp from
Holland [sic] and put them in his ponds at Newburg, and that he had therefore
reason to suppose that the carp in the Hudson were derived from these. In Frank
Forester’s ‘‘ Fish and Fishing,’’ of 1849, page 166, you may find a statement to this
effect, which Mr. Benkard says is substantially correct.
I have thought these data might be useful when the whole history of the carp
in American waters is to be written up.
In spite of the positive statements in the foregoing quotations there
still seems to be some question as to whether the true carp was found
in the Hudson prior to the time of its introduction into the country
by the Fish Commission. In the letter to Professor Baird from
Mr. Shears (1882), dated January 26, 1881, and already quoted, he
says:
I notice that the gold-fish are quite plenty in the river in this vicinity [Coxsackie,
Greene County, N. Y.]; also a fish about the sizeand shape, which is called a silver-
fish, but they do not correspond to Captain R[obinson]’s description of the silver-fish.
These are nearly or quite as dark asa rock-bass. JI have seen none that would weigh
over one pound andahalf. When caught in fykes by the fishermen, they are usually
pronounced unfit to eat and thrown back in the river. However, last fall I saw
them peddled through the streets, and the fishermen told me they could catch
scarcely any other kind, and they sold as well as perch or bass. I have not had an
opportunity to taste any of them, therefore am no judge of their flavor.
It is to be noted that he makes no mention of the carp. That Pro-
fessor Baird was inclined to the opinion that there were no true carp
in the Hudson is shown by the following paragraph taken from his
report for 1877 (U. S. Fish Commission Report, 1879, p. *43):
Considerable discussion has arisen as to the person to whom the introduction of
the carp into America is due; indeed, it is claimed that this was done many years
ago. Certain fish-ponds on the Hudson River are said to have been emptied of their
contents by a sudden freshet, one, as a eNOS the Hudson is now full of what
a Here, again, ieee is a discrepancy in the ane The aortic tion of the fish could not haye been
more than forty-three years before.
542 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
is called the carp and sold as such in the New York market. I have not yet, how-
ever, been able to find a single fish among those sold as carp which is really any
other than the common gold-fish, reverted to its original normal condition. Indeed,
in the olivaceous fish caught in great numbers in the Hudson there are usually found
precisely similar specimens of white, red, and all intermediate conditions. While,
therefore, I can not say that no genuine carp were transferred to the Hudson, none
have come under my observation; and it has occurred to me as possible that the
Prussian carp, Cyprinus carassius, L., may have been the one introduced, or possibly
the hybrid progeny of this and the true carp may have been gradually mixed with
the gold-fish.
If we could know whether the description given by De Kay (1842,
p. 188) was made by him from specimens taken in New York, or
whether he merely copied what he gives from some European writer,
we might be able to throw some light on this subject. Certain it is
that his description disagrees in a number of points with that of the
true Cyprinus carpio, but it is apparent that some of these are inac-
curacies, as they do not agree either with the Prussian (or crucian)
carp or with the hybrid, the so-called Cyprinus kollarii. The most
important points in this connection are, perhaps, that he gives the
length as 6 to 12 inches, and describes the ‘‘nape and back” as *‘ris-
ing suddenly.” True carp in the second or third year, under ordi-
nary conditions, should attain a length of more than 6 to 12 inches,
while the hybrid rarely exceeds 8 inches in length (Seeley, 1886, p.
104). It is noteworthy, too, that Captain Robinson in his letter to
De Kay (p. 540) states that his fish grew quickly, reaching 3 or 4
inches the first year, but after that time their growth was very slow,
while the largest he had taken from his pond did not exceed 10 or 11
inches. He adds, however, that those subsequently taken from the
river were larger than those in his ponds. .
Even more significant, it seems to me, however, is the statement
that the nape and back rise suddenly, for though this may be in some
of the more highly cultivated races of carp, it is not usually the case,
especially when they have bred out of the confinement of ponds for a
time, where no artificial selection is made. On the other hand, the
description forcibly suggests the broad shape of the hybrid mentioned,
which in outline approaches the crucian or Prussian carp, Carassius
vulgaris. That this last is not the fish meant by De Kay is shown by
his statement that the fish has four barbels.
As matters stand, we shall probably never know whether the fish
brought over by Captain Robinson were true carp or whether he hap-
pened when procuring the fish in France to get hold of specimens of
the hybrid form, which occurs in abundance in many parts of Europe.
It makes little difference which they were, however, since the com-
paratively little stock in the fresh waters of southeastern New York
could have little influence on the multitude of fish, from a new impor-
tation, which was spread broadcast over the country a few years later.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 543
The circumstances attending the successful introduction of the
seale carp into California, in 1872, by Mr. J. A. Poppe, of Sonoma, are
better known. Mr. Poppe left California for Germany in the spring
of 1872. Ata place called Reinfeld, in Holstein, he procured 83 carp
of various ages and sizes (cf. Poppe, R. A., 1880, p. 663), the three
largest of which were 2 feet or more in length, the smallest ‘the
length of an ordinary steel pen.” ‘The fish were placed in 22-gallon
tanks arranged one above the other, so that the water flowed down
from the highest to the lowest, when it was dipped back to the top.
These were put aboard a steamer for New York. Many of the carp
died on the way, the larger ones going first, and only 8 reached New
York alive. These were taken across the continent to San Francisco
in safety, but 3 more were lost before reaching Sonoma, where Mr.
Poppe arrived on the 5th of August, 1872, with only 5 of the smallest
of the 83 fish with which he started. Ponds had already been pre-
pared, and the surviving carp were placed in them at once. They did
well from the first, and, according to Mr. Poppe in the report men-
tioned above, they spawned the next spring, by which time they had
reached a length of 16 inches! It was estimated that in May (1878
there were in the ponds over 3,000 young carp. The young fish were
sold to farmers throughout California and adjacent states, and some
were shipped even to Honolulu and Central America. The report
gives a list of persons in Sonoma County who undertook the culture
of the fish, and states that at that time (presumably 1878) Los Angeles,
San Bernardino, and the adjacent counties in the southern part of the
state were well supplied with the fish, and reports were coming in
from all quarters that they were doing remarkably well.
There seems to be some question, also, as to whether the fish intro-
duced by Mr. Poppe were a pure strain, for Professor Baird (U. 5.
Fish Commission Report, 1879, p. *44), who examined some specimens
that were sent to him, says:
These are scale carp, apparently somewhat hybridized; at least, they do not pre-
sent the characteristics of the pure breed brought by Mr. Hessel:
He here refers to the fish introduced under the direction of the
Fish Commission, the subject which we will now consider.
The question of the introduction of the carp into the United States
was taken up by the Fish Commission within a few years after the
organization of that Bureau. The first mention of it occurs in the
report for the years 1872 and 1873 (U. S. Fish Commission Report,
1874, pp. Ixxvi, Ixxvii) under ‘‘ Fishes especially worthy of cultiva-
tion.” Professor Baird, at that time Commissioner, there says:
Sufiicient attention has not been paid in the United States to the introduction of
the European carp as a food-fish, and yet it is quite safe to say that there is no other
a Goode (1888, p. 417) says: ‘‘Those [carp] introduced into California a few years ago by Mr. Popp
were an inferior strain of Scale Carp.’’
544 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
species that promises so great a return in limited waters. It has the pre-eminent
advantage over such fish as the black bass, trout, grayling, &c., that it is a vegetable
feeder, and, although not disdaining animal matters, can thrive very well upon
aquatic vegetation alone. On this account it can be kept in tanks, small ponds, «c.,
and avery much larger weight obtained, without expense, than in the case of the
other kinds indicated.
It is on this account that its culture has been continued for centuries. It is also a
mistake to compare the flesh with that of the ordinary Cyprinide of the United
States, such as suckers, chubs, and the like, the flesh of the genuine carp (Cyprinus
carpio) being firm, flaky, and in some varieties almost equal to the European trout.
It was not the intention of the Fish Commission to introduce the
carp into waters that were already stocked with good native species,
nor was it claimed that the carp was superior to the majority of our
indigenous food fish. But it was believed that it could be successfully
raised in many sections of our country not favorable to the growth of
better fish. In this connection Professor Baird remarks in a subse-
quent report (U. 5. Fish Commission Report, 1879, p. *41):
There are several species of American Catostomidx which might in all probability
answer in some measure, if not fully, in place of the carp. Among them are espe-
cially the buffalo fish, a large sucker, the flesh of which is much esteemed. As,
however, some special varieties of carp have been developed and had their instinct
of domestication established, while experiments on our indigenous species are scarcely
yet tried, there is no reason why time should be lost with the less proved species.
In another place (U.S. Fish Commission Report 1878-4 and 1874-5,
p- Xxxvi) he enumerates the good qualities of the carp which made it a
desirable species for cultural purposes in the United States. These
are given as follows:
1. Fecundity and adaptability to the processes of artificial propagation.
2. Living largely on a vegetable diet.
3. Hardiness in all stages of growth.
4. Adaptability to conditions unfavorable to any equally palatable American fish
and to very varied climates.
5. Rapid growth.
6. Harmlessness in its relation to other fishes.
7. Ability to populate waters to their greatest extent.
8. Good table qualities.
Nearly all, if not all, of our American food fishes are carnivorous,
preying for the most part upon smaller fish of all kinds. The increase
of these forms is therefore necessarily limited, especially in small
bodies of water, where it is difficult to keep them supplied with food.
The large-mouthed black bass (J//cropterus salmoides), which has been
extensively used for stocking rivers and lakes throughout the country,
is a good example. But where strictly a food fish was required, it
seemed that one at least in large part a vegetable feeder possessed far
greater advantages, and, as stated above, no native fish answered these
requirements so well as the carp.
In the winter of 1876-77, Mr. Rudolph Hessel, in the interests of
the Fish Commission, as an initial experiment shipped carp from
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 545
Bremen to Baltimore, but, owing to a storm of unusual severity to
which the vessel was exposed, all were lost on the way. Heimmediately
returned to Europe, however, where, at Héchst, near Frankfurt, he pro-
cured another lot of fish. These he succeeded in bringing in safety to
New York, and on May 26, 1877, they were placed in ponds in Druid
Hill Park, Baltimore. This lot consisted of 345 fish, of which 227 were
naked and mirror carp, and 118 were common scale carp. The ponds
at Druid Hill Park not being sufficient for the proper care of the fish,
Congress allowed use to be made of the Babcock Lakes in the Monu-
ment lot, in the city of Washington, and appropriated the sum of
5,000 to put these in proper condition. In the following spring
these ponds were ready for the reception of the fish, and 65 leather
carp and 48 scale carp were transferred to them from the Druid Hill
Park ponds.
The fish that remained in Baltimore, under the care of Mr. T. B.
Ferguson, spawned in 1878, but some gold-fish had entered the pond
accidentally, and the carp hybridized with these, so that instead of hay-
ing young true carp there were some 2,000 hybrid young. These
were destroyed as being worthless. The results-were more satisfac-
tory in 1879, in which year about 6,000 young were reared. Of these,
2,750 were distributed to applicants throughout Maryland, the
remainder in other states. In this year the fish in the ponds at
Washington spawned for the first time, and about 6,000 were also
reared there. Altogether, in 1879, some 12,265 carp were distributed
to over 300 persons in 25 states and territories. Among the recipients
were various state commissioners, who redistributed their fish to
applicants in their respective states.
Applications for carp had begun to come in as early as the fall of
1876, and the number increased rapidly in the succeeding years. In
1877 there were 22 applications, in 1878 144, and in 1879 235, while in
1880 there were nearly 2,000.
In 1879 new ponds were constructed at Druid Hill Park, and it was
in this year, also, that a new importation of carp was made from Ger-
many. These were brought over by Dr. O. Finsch (1882), a German
naturalist, who obtained 100 mirrer carp from Mr. Eckhardt, of Liib-
binchen. These were smail fish, a year and a half old and only 6 to 8
inches long. Only 23 reached New York alive, although the water
was aerated by pumping air into it, and ice was used to keep the tem-
perature down. ‘The fish were shipped from Hamburg in coal-oil bar-
rels, and Dr. Finsch attributes the large mortality to the fact that one
of the barrels was not clean, and to the warm weather. The survivors
arrived in New York on the 6th of May, whence they were shipped to
Washington without loss and turned over to Mr. Hessel, the superin-
tendent of the Washington ponds.
F.C. 1904—35
546 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
In the succeeding years the demand for carp steadily increased, and
the fish were furnished in great numbers by the Fish Commission,
bemg sent to all parts of the United States, and some shipments |
being made to other countries. We find in the reports of the Commis-
sion that in several successive years carp were sent to Canada, and in
1882” they were also distributed to persons in Ecuador, Costa Rica,
and the City of Mexico. In 1882 over 7,000 applications for carp
were filed, and 5,758 applicants were supplied with 15 to 20 carp each,
143,696 fish being distributed in this way. With an appropriation of
612,000 made by the Forty-sixth Congress, the breeding ponds were
extended until there were some 20 acres of ponds devoted to raising
this fish.
In this year, also, an attempt was made to bring carp eggs to this
country. On May 31, Mr. George Eckhardt arrived from Germany
with two cases of carp eggs, packed after a method that had been
found successful for transportation for shorter distances; but when
the eggs were examined here they were found to be dead and covered
with fungus. The effort had been made only as an experiment, and
was so far unsuccessful, on account of the long time required for the
journey, that it was not repeated. Another importation of the adult
fish, however, is recorded in 1882, when, as a return for favors extended |
to the Deutsche Fischerei-Verein, Herr von Behr forwarded to the ~
Commission a number of the so-called blue carp, ‘‘a variety believed
to be of particular interest, and which has not been hitherto cultivated
by the Commission.” When these arrived on January 4, 1882, it was
found that 19 of them were of ‘‘ pure blood,” while 4 were hybrids.
The hybrids were destroyed and the others turned into the Govern-
ment ponds.
As illustrating how thoroughly carp were disseminated throughout
the United States in these early years of its introduction, the data for
1883 furnish an interesting example. In that year carp were sent into
298 of the 301 Congressional districts, representing 1,478 counties; in
this way 260,000 carp were distributed, in lots of 20, to 9,872 applicants.
The distributions continued large until about 1890, when they began
to diminish, and were finally discontinued in 1897. The following
table gives the approximate figures for the distribution from 1880 to
1896:
«Records taken from United States Fish Commission reports have reference to fiscal years begin-
ning July 1. Distributions of carp were made in the fall of the calendar year preceding the date
designating the fiscal year—i. e., distributions in the fiscal year 1882 were made in the fall of the cal-
endar year 1881.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 547
Carp distributed by the United States Fish Commission.
Res eae, Number SA et: Number
Fiseal year. of fish. Fiscal year. oftishi
BOO eae teeters scs.c2 mescees seseseee so 12, 265 BSOE A ctaciscthereaae efatartlscereeaierelate alors sie ee 170, 402
LSE Qa oe Cea) AO ee ee Se ee Se GBs G5 7 SOO bec erciets Sa leertncy- ms eae seni sp eae 26, 316
its} e. 5 Sais SS ee ee eee TASHGIG | LOOM sm ~ ctoreyslere sate eieeieel= seiciele se s/smeraieiaige 3338, 809
CRB See ae nO See eee ee ee a eee SOO RTEBN BOR ees fo oe SS. aon set sami Soe go ees 157, 093
epee ee aes atecoi ao a's Sisyoe cle siaisinte ehrerateice a G2 QOOT | eA SOS «cman cae s|sisiesie s,s cee om occas eee 72, 481
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Diagrammatic plan of carp pond near Monroe, Mich.: a, outer embankment; b, dam; ¢, engine
house; d, d’, water elevators; e, inner embankment; /, chute arranged for carrying water either into
dredge cut (g) or into central area (xk); g, circular dredge cut; h, outlets; 7, dredge cut from river;
j, outside dredge cut; k, central area (water 1 to 2 feet deep); /, marsh (barely covered with water).
construction from the one just described, and for this reason seems
worthy of mention. (See fig. above.) This pond is smaller than the
other, and is of interest as showing how a pond can easily be built in
the middle of an extensive flat marsh. This was done by starting with
a dredge at the river and cutting a channel straight into the marsh for
a short distance. A large circle was then made, the greater part of the
mud brought up being placed on the outer side of the cut, thus form-
ing a high embankment, while on the inner side a smaller one was
built up, in which, however, several breaks were left. After it had
completed the circle the dredge was taken back outside and a short cut
was made on the outside and parallel to the outer embankment. When
a dam had now been built at the only opening, it was possible to raise
630 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
the water in the interior to a height of 2 or 3 feet above that in the
surrounding marsh. This was here accomplished in the same way as
at Port Clinton, except that steam power was used for the purpose
instead of gasoline engines.
The pond then consists of a ditch 7 to 10 feet deep around the entire
circumference, the water over the central area having a rather uniform
depth of 1 to 2 or 3 feet. The fresh water that was pumped in was
originally turned immediately into the circumferential ditch, or could
be carried by a wooden flume over into the central area. The first
year the pond was used there was found to be great mortality among
the fish, a condition probably due to the large amount of freshly
exposed soil with which the water came in contact, so that it became
charged with humic acid and other products of organic decay until it
was unfit for the fish. This condition continued in spite of the fact
that fresh water was continually pumped in, especially during the
warmer weather, and it was found later that the water at the bottom of
the ditch was very foul and with a bad odor. In the succeeding year
flumes were arranged so that the fresh water was carried at once to
the bottom of the ditch, and the conditions were found to be much
improved. There would probably have been less danger in any case
during the second year, as the soil had undoubtedly by that time
become very well leached out.
Here, as in the pond previously described, it was found that the fish
gathered around the stream of incoming water, and here also advan-
tage was taken of this fact in capturing them. The pond could be
drained, if necessary, by changing the elevator over to the inner side
of the embankment and discharging the water from the pond back into
the surrounding marsh.
There is one other style of pond in use in this region that should be
mentioned, in order to make the present account complete. These
have been constructed especially by the farmers along the southern
shore of Sandusky Bay. They are situated on higher ground than
those ponds which have just been described, ground that is usually at
least a few feet above the mean level of the bay, and are formed simply
by scraping the soil out of an area covering usually not over one-fourth
to one-half acre, the soil that is removed being used to build the
embankments. The water is supplied by windmills or, ina number of
cases, by artesian wells. This water would seem not to be well adapted
to carp ponds, being cold and strongly mineral, with a very decided
sulphurous taste; and yet the carp are said to do very well in it. As
the ponds contain practically no natural food supply, the fish have to
be fed regularly to keep them from falling away greatly in weight.
For this purpose a variety of things are used, but shelled corn is prob-
ably employed more than anything else. In one such pond, which
contained about 10 tons of fish, the carp were said to have been fed
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 631
very largely upon sowed corn, which was cut when about 1 to 2 feet
high and thrown into the pond. The proprietors claimed that the fish
would dispose of a load—supposedly a wagonload—of this in four or
five days. At this same place the first year the pond was used the fish
were not fed at all, and when marketed there was only half the weight
of fish that had been put in.
THE VALUE OF CARP PONDS.
It is safe to say that under existing conditions, where at certain sea-
sons of the year three or four men with a seine can obtain adult carp
in almost limitless numbers with comparatively little trouble, carp
culture in the ordinary sense would not be profitable. At least this is
true in regions such as Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair, where carp are
so abundant. That regular culture ponds, in which the fish are reared
from the egg until of a saleable size, could not be conducted with profit
in proximity to some of the large cities which constitute the principal
markets for carp is not so certain. Undoubtedly .s the demand for
carp grows, as it surely must, such will be the case.
On the other hand, there is no doubt of the great gain to be made
by taking carp in the spring and early summer, when they come into
the shallows and marshes in such great numbers, and holding them
over to fall or winter, when the market price has sometimes multiplied
fully tenfold. Let us take, for example, a suppositious case, based,
however, on actual conditions. A moderate sized pond could readily
accommodate, let us say, 50 tons of carp, and these could be obtained
with comparative ease during the spring. At this season, when the
fish are most plentiful, the price is often as low as 30 cents per hun-
dred pounds, so that the market value of the whole 50 tons would be
but $300, even if they could be disposed of at all at that time; for it
often happens that when the fish are so plentiful many more are
brought in than can be used, and great numbers bring the fisherman
almost nothing, being only sent to be made into fertilizer. Now let us
suppose that instead of disposing of these fish at such an unsatisfactory
figure the fisherman pens, or otherwise holds them over the summer.
Under at all favorable circumstances the loss in that time surely ought
not reasonably to be greater than 10 per cent of the total number of
fish impounded, even allowing for the damage to fish by handling.
Indeed, in a properly conducted pond, there should be no loss in
weight at all. The growth of the living carp, if properly fed and
cared for, should adequately offset the loss of individuals. For the
sake of fairness, however, we shall assume a loss amounting to 10 per
cent of the weight, and that the total weight of fish recovered from
the pond in the fall amounted to one-tenth less than that put in—in
cther words, to 45 tons. Now, in the late summer, fall, and winter
months it is not at all unusual for the price of carp to go to 2, 24, or
632 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
even 3 cents per pound, a price ten times as great as that of the spring.
Many of the owners of carp in ponds and pens wait only for the market
to reach 2 cents per pound, and then fish their ponds and sell the fish.
If we market our 45 tons at this moderate price, they now bring
us the sum of $1,800, in comparison with which their original value
was insignificant.
It is needless to say that not all who make this venture are so suc-
cessful. From inexperience or ignorance of the conditions required
some of the ponds are very unfit for carp, and the mortality is much
greater than we have estimated above. Orin some cases, especially in
the pens, the fish have no natural food, and they can be maintained in
good condition only by feeding them artificially. The cost of this
must, of course, be deducted from the profits, and may amount to a
considerable item. Furthermore, the initial cost of constructing a
pond may constitute a relatively large investment, and account must
be made also of the necessary labor to maintain it and to care for the
fish. All these i, “is vary greatly with local conditions, for whereas
a pond may be constructed and operated very economically in one
locality, in another place it may prove very expensive. Certain it is,
however, that small ponds are each year proving an acceptable source |
of subsidiary income to many farmers whose land is favorably located,
while individual fishermen and fishing companies are yearly going into
this business of holding over carp on a more and more extensive scale.
CCNCLUSIONS.
As was stated in the introductory remarks at the beginning of this
report, the main purpose of the investigation was to determine, if
possible, whether the introduction of the carp into the United States
had proved a benefit to the country or whether the fish had turned out
to be so detrimental to the fsheries and other interests that it must be
considered as a nuisance. In other words, have the twenty-five years
or more that the carp has lived in our waters, and in which it has
increased to such a surprising extent, justified the belief of those who
were instrumental in its introduction that it would fill a place in the
economics of our fisheries that could not be taken by any of our native
fish; that it could, with little trouble and at small expense, be artifi-
cially raised in ponds and other small bodies of water unsuitable for
the culture of any equally desirable native species, thus affording a
cheap and ready supply of fresh fish to many who would otherwise be
unable to have any fish at all; and finally that it would populate such
of our lakes and streams as were unfavorable for inhabitation by finer
species, and contained only buffalo, suckers, and the like? 4
«The good qualities claimed for the carp, which led to its introduction, will be found enumerated
on page 544.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 633
As regards the culture of the carp in this country, we find that,
although there was for a few years an enormous demand for the young
fish—hundreds of thousands of which were yearly distributed free by
the United States Fish Commission and by many of the state com-
missions—their culture was soon abandoned in nearly all cases and
the fish allowed to escape into the open waters of the vicinity. There
are a number of reasons to account for this. People were expecting
too much. They rushed into carp culture in entire ignorance of the
conditions requisite for its successful operation, and, such being the
case, it is no wonder that they were disappointed in the results and
that their attempts were failures. In the second place, there was also
a general disappointment in the qualities of the carp asa table fish.
Undoubtedly, as in the case of its culture, too much had been
expected, though perhaps not without some justification. Still, the
bulletins that had been published and distributed made frequent men-
tion of the muddy flavor of the carp when grown under unfavorable
conditions, and emphasized the necessity of keeping such fish for a
time in clear water before killing them. Then, too, the fish were
often eaten at the wrong season, during the spring and summer
months, when their flesh is admittedly poorer in quality than in the
falland winter. This is true of most fish that live in rather shallow
and sluggish waters, and even black bass are seldom caught and eaten
at these seasons. Perhaps even more important was the matter of
cooking. As has been mentioned in the body of the report, it is gen-
erally conceded that carp should be cooked in special ways, and the
Germans especially have many elaborate dishes which they prepare
from its flesh. Most of those who tried the fish here cooked it as
they were accustomed to cook our native fishes, and decided that it did
not compare favorably with these, though, according to the statements
published by Smiley (1886), many appeared to be very enthusiastic
about it. Finally, another important factor which probably led to the
abandonment of pond culture in many cases was the increasing abun-
dance of carp in the rivers and other open waters. It was found that
what fish were wanted could be obtained with less trouble from the
open waters than they could be raised.
The whole question was admirably summed up in the Report of the
Michigan Fish Commissioners for 1884-1886 (Michigan, 1887, pp. 41,
42). This report not only contained much cool-headed advice to those
who were contemplating launching into carp culture, but was almost a
prophecy of the outcome of the introduction of carp into the country.
After insisting that the carp will not be a success unless properly cared
for, the report continues:
From the fact that carp could be successfully grown in warm and muddy waters, it
was inferred that they would be just the fish to plant in our comparatively shallow
lakes throughout the State, and from the published accounts of their amazing fertil-
634 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
ity, and rapid growth, it was confidently expected that in a very short time a large
food supply would be furnished.
While we believe that the carp will eventually prove a valuable addition to our
food fishes, and especially fill a want amongst the rural population, still we would cau-
tion those desiring to engage in this industry to go slow, to test its value for food in
comparison with our native varieties; to see whether they like carp to eat before they
spend any considerable sums of money in the construction of ponds, ete.
Nothing so much injures any enterprise as overestimating its importance. Esti-
mates are still wanting as to the cost per pound for raising carp, and the fact that
they can be so readily procured must in a short time make them so plentiful in the
markets as to bring the price below the cost of production, if one-half of those design-
ing to engage in their culture should realize their expectations.
There can be no doubt that the carp isa nutritious and healthy food Gals, but there
is a doubt whether they will please the taste of the general public who have been
accustomed to the taste of our native fish. In the trial made by the Commission and
their friends, when direct comparison has been made with our native fish by cook-
ing them in the same manner and at the same time, the decision was that they seemed
inferior to the fish with which they were compared, namely, the black bass and the
wall-eyed pike. But in the regions where fish, even poor ones, are a luxury they
will provide a great boon. Ina State so exceptionally well supplied, however, with
the finest fresh-water fish in the world, as our State is, it is doubtful if the carp will
become either a favorite food or a source of profit for many years to come.
Although the carp did not fulfill expectations in the matter of pond
culture, it has more than done so in the way it has adapted itself to
conditions found in this country and the rapidity with which it has
multiplied in our waters; and we find now that, instead of being gen-
erally used throughout the country and especially in those sections
where it was thought it would be most appreciated on account of the
poverty of the streams or the poor quality of their inhabitants, it is
being sold almost entirely to the poorer classes of people in our large
cities. The [linois River, together with the other rivers of the Mis-
sissippi drainage system, is one of those localities in which it was
thought that carp would be a most valuable accession, and such has
turned out to be the case, though not in the exact way originally
expected. Although practically not used at all for home consumption,
it has nevertheless added very appreciably to the resources of the
region.
With our constant immigration of foreigners and the formation and
growth in our large cities of great foreign settlements, the problem of
supplying these pede with cheap yet w holesome food becomes
very great, and anything which helps to meet this demand is of great
value to the country. From this point of view there is no doubt of
the value of the carp and the benefit to be derived from its introduc-
tion. To pervert a common saying, in those places to which it is best
suited it has made two fish to grow where but one grew before.
But now come the sportsman and the commercial fisherman, who
maintain that, while all that has been stated may be true, the presence
of the carp is entirely supplanting the fish which was there before,
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 635
and that that one fish was of more value than the two carp which have
taken its place. This is especially true of such waters as the Great
Lakes, and others that were well supplied with good native fish.
Furthermore, the sportsmen and others claim that in various ways the
carp does more than enough damage to offset its value in other respects.
By these persons it is made responsible especially for the great
decrease of water-fowl in recent years. These and other charges
have been considered in the body of the report, and need not be dis-
cussed in detail here. In most cases the reported damage has been either
greatly exaggerated or is entirely unfounded. Thus it was found
that carp probably have little or no share in causing the decrease of
the native fishes commonly taken for sport or for food; and that in
the case of the black bass, at least, there is evidence indicating just
the opposite—that the bass have actually increased in numbers in
some places from having the young carp to feed upon. In the matter
of uprooting vegetation, making the water continually roily, and
injuring—possibly even completely destroying in some cases—the
regular feeding grounds of the migrating ducks—in these cases the
evidence goes very largely against the carp, though its effects have
undoubtedly, in many instances, been greatly exaggerated, and more
has been charged against the fish than it rightfully deserves. In cer-
tain places, such as reservoirs and lakes supplying water to cities, etc.,
there is no doubt that the carp is an unmitigated nuisance, and that
its presence is undesirable. Nor can it be considered suitable for the
cold, clear lakes of the north, such as are found in northern Wiscon-
sin and in Canada; and fortunately the conditions in these are so
unfavorable that it will probably never become so abundant in them
as to cause much damage by destroying vegetation and roiling the
waters. :
Against these charges as to its detrimental influence must be set the
things in its favor. Chief among these is that already mentioned—
the value of the carp as a source of revenue to the fishermen in the
regions where it occurs, and as a cheap food for the poorer class of peo-
ple who can not afford a better fish. It is impossible to express in
dollars and cents the beneficial results and the damage done and thus
to compare them directly. The value of the carp fisheries of Lake
Erie and the [linois River region for 1901 was estimated at $342,000
(p. 619, footnote); but there were no data for the rest of the United
States. And no monetary value at all can be fixed for the damage
done. It seems quite safe to say, however, that if the question were
to be considered in this manner the benefits would far surpass the
damage. Two other claims in the carp’s behalf, which may prove to be
of considerable importance, ought also to be mentioned. These are its
destruction of the fluke-worm (/sciola hepatica), and of the larvee of
noxious insects, especially mosquitoes. It is possible also that in
636 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
rivers, below cities, it may do important service as a scavenger,
destroying the germs of certain human diseases, as it does the larval
and encysted stages of the liver fluke.
Even were it possible to estimate the money value of the damage
done, such a basis would not be an entirely fair one for comparison.
Should the carp help to hasten the extermination of any of our water-
fowl, or if it destroys the beauty of lakes, as is claimed, this is a harm
which can not be reckoned in dollar and cents. As has been pointed
out elsewhere, however, there are other and more influential factors
at work in the destruction of the water-fowl; and in the other case
special measures of prevention and protection must be employed.
And when we have decided whether the carp does more harm than
good, we still have the real question before us. The essential problem
is this: The carp is here, and here to stay; what are we going to do
with it? How can we make the most of its good qualities and prevent
it from doing damage? Even were such a course desirable, the
extermination of the carp in our waters is out of the question. Mr.
Townsend, in some remarks before the American Fisheries Society
(Transactions of Thirtieth Annual Meeting, 1901, p. 123) stated the
case well when he said:
We hear a great deal from sportsmen’s clubs and from other sources as to how the
carp can be exterminated. It can not be exterminated. It is like the English spar-
row, it is here to stay. At a meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union
a while ago, one of our foremost ornithologists stated that the European sparrow
could not be exterminated in thiscountry. I think it isthe same with the carp. It
is here to stay and we can not exterminate it any more than we can exterminate
the green grass of the fields. I do not wish to pose as an advocate of the carp—I
prefer other fish for myself—but I maintain that the carp has a place in good and
regular standing in our big eastern markets, and I do not think that our great repub-
lic with its rapidly increasing population, can afford to sneer at even so cheap a
source of food. :
In the course of my investigations and inquiries I met frequent
propositions that the government, or the respective state governments,
should offer a bounty on carp. Nothing could be more futile than this,
as has been abundantly illustrated in the case of the English sparrow.
The best bounty that can be offered is an increasing market—a grow-
ing demand that will make fishing for carp a profitable business. The
case in Lake St. Clair is a good illustration. While there I heard the
bounty proposition frequently advocated by sportsmen who came to
the flats to fish and hunt. But a shrewd resident said, let the state
amend the laws so as to allow the taking of carp in nets, and there
will soon be enough people fishing for them to reduce their numbers.
Since then the laws have been changed so as to allow seining in the
lake, and if the removal of enormous quantities of the fish (see p. 614)
will do anything toward permanently reducing their numbers, such
certainly ought to be the result there now. The lines along which it
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 637
seems that the market for carp may in the future be further developed
have been pointed out and discussed in the section dealing with its
food value and uses.
In another place was mentioned the possible amusement and recrea-
tion to be had in taking carp with hook and line. I am aware that
the American sportsman will scoff at the very idea, and would regard
the pastime with disdain. I wish merely to quote in its defense a para-
graph from Goode’s American Fishes (Goode, 1888, p. 412), in which
he treats of the strenuousness of the average American angler:
There is a kind of pleasure known to English anglers which is cultivated by bet
few of those who are called by the same name in America—the quiet, peaceful delight
of brook-fishing in the midst of the restful scenery of the woods and the meadows.
It is difficult to imagine a thorough disciple of Walton chumming for striped-bass in
the surf at Newport or trolling for Muskellunge among the Thousand Islands, drail-
ing for Blue-fish in the Vineyard Sound, or tugging at a tarpum-line in the Guli of
Mexico. The muscular exertion, the excitement, the flurry and noise, make such
sports more akin to the fiercer pursuits of hunting than to the contemplative man’s
recreation. The wisest, best and gentlest of anglers, those who have made the lit-
erature of angling akin to poetry, have not, as a rule, preferred to make a violent
exercise of their fishing.
Nothing has been said in the present report about protection for the
carp in open waters, since, whatever may be the opinion as to the fish’s
desirability, protection for it does not seem to be needed. I am of
the opinion, however, that the phenomenal increase of the carp in
those waters where it has been longest will soon reach its maximum,
if it has not already done so, and that as the various factors become
adjusted a more stable balance will be reached. It is conceivable that
then persistent fishing may greatly reduce its numbers.
And now, should I attempt to sum up the principal results of the
investigation ina single paragraph, I should say that, whereas the carp
undoubtedly does considerable damage, from the evidence at hand it
seems reasonable to conclude that this is fully offset by its value as a
food fish and in other ways; that it can not be exterminated, and that
the problem is how to use it to the best advantage—suggestions for
which have been offered. Efforts should be directed to encourage
utilization of the fish in all ways possible, since it appears to be a
resource as yet comparatively undeveloped.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The following list contains very few titles besides those referred to in the report.
References to papers dealing with carp which have been published in the Reports
and Bulletins of the United States Fish Commission up to February, 1896, in the
publications of the National Museum to 1883, and in the Tench Census will be found
in the lists given by Smiley (1883) and Scudder (1896).
Anonymous (1877). Carp for our waters. Forest and Stream, vol. 7, p. 341.
(1880). The carp-fisheries in the Peitz Lakes. Report U. S. Fish Com-
mission for 1878, pp. 675-678. (Die Karpfenfischerei in den Peitzer Teichen.
- From a Berlin daily paper. Translated by H. Jacobson. )
638 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Barttert, 8. P. (1903). Angling for carp, and some hints as to best mode of cook-
ing. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 32d Annual Meeting, 1903, pp.
47-50.
Bean, Taruton H. (1903). Catalogue of the fishes of New York. New York State
Museum Bulletin 60, Zoology 9, 784 pp. (Carp, pp. 167-169.)
BigEeLtow, Henry B. (1904). The sense of hearing in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L.
American Naturalist, vol. 38, no. 448, pp. 275-284.
Broca, P. DE (1876). On the oyster industries of the United States. Reports U.S.
Fish Commission for 1873-74 and 1874-75, pp. 271-319. (Translation. )
BRAKELEY, JoHN H. (1889). Rapid growth of carp due to abundance of food. Bul-
letin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1887, vol. vit, p. 20.
(1889a). [Carpsoldin New York markets.] Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission
for 1887, vol. vir, p. 43.
Burr, Hierorp (1874). [How to distinguish the sex of carp.] Forest and Stream,
vol. 2, p. 325.
CuamBers, E. T. D. (1904). [The destructiveness of carp.] Forest and Stream, vol.
52, pp. 462, 463.
Ciark, A. Howarp (1887). Historical references to the fisheries of New England.
Fishery industries of the United States, sec. 2, A geographical review, etc., for
1880, pp. 675-737.
Coss, Joun N. (1902). Commercial fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands. Report U.S.
Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 381-499.
Day, Francis (1865). The fishes of Malabar. London. 4°. xxxii + 293 pp., 20pls.
(1880-1884). The fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1, exii + 336
pp., pls. 1-93; vol. 2, 388 pp., pls. 94-179. London. 4°. (Carp, vol. 2, pp.
158-163, pl. exxix, figs. 2, 2a, 2b.)
De Kay, James EK. (1842). Zoology of New York, or the New York fauna; compris-
ing detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the State of
New York, with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and
accompanied by appropriate illustrations. Part I, Zoology, part 4, Fishes,
xvr-+ 415 pp., 79 pls. Albany. 4°.
Dimmock, GroRGE (1887). Belostomidze and some other fish-destroying bugs.
Report of the Fish and Game Commissioners of Massachusetts, for the year
ending December 31, 1886, pp. 67-74.
Frinscu, O. (1882). Report on the transportation of a collection of living carp from
Germany. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1879, pp. 667-670.
(1882a). Report ona trip to Germany to secure carp for the United States
Fish Commission. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, pp. 220-225.
Garman, H. (1888). Preliminary report on the animals of the Mississippi bottoms
near Quincy, Illinois, in August, 1888. Part 1, Report (Board of Illinois State
Fish Commissioners) to Governor of Illinois, pp. 62-113.
GascH, AboLF (1883). Pond cultivation on the Kanidéw estate (district of Biala,
Galicia), the property of His Imperial Highness, Archduke Albrecht, of Austria.
Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1880, pp. 533-543.
GILL, THEopoRE (1905). The family of cyprinids and the carp as its type. Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), vol. 48, part 2, no. 1591,
pp. 195-217, pls. 45-58.
Goon, G. Brown (1888). American Fishes. A popular treatise upon the game and
food fishes of North America, with especial reference to habits and methods of
capture. New York. 8°. xvi + 496 pp.
Ginruer, ALBERT (1868). Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 7,
xx + 512 pp. (Carp, pp. 25-28.)
Gurney, J. H. (1860). Note on the piscivorous propensities of the common carp.
Zoologist, vol. 18, p. 7052.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 639
Herrick, C. Jupson (1903). The organ and sense of taste in fishes. Bulletin U. S.
© Fish Commission for 1902, vol. xx, pp. 237-272.
HessEL, Rupoups (1878). The carp, and its culture in rivers and lakes; and its intro-
duction into America. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1875-76, pp. 865-900.
(1881). (Separate reprint of Hessel, 1878, with the same pagination.)
(188la). (Reprint of Hessel, 1878.) Report [Massachusetts] Commissioners
on Iniand Fisheries for the Year ending September 30, 1880, pp. 39-68.
(1884). The carp—Cyprinus carpio. Fishery industries of the United
States, sec. 1, Natural history of useful aquatic animals, pp. 618-627. (A reprint
of Hessel, 1878. )
Horer, Bruno (1896). Die sogenannte Pockenkrankheit der Karpfen. Allgemeine
Fischerei-Zeitung, 21. Jahrg., No. 1, p. 2, 3.
(18962). Die Infektion der Fische mit Myxosporidien. Allgemeine Fisch-
erei-Zeitung, 21. Jahrg., No. 3, p. 38, 39.
(1896)). Zur Pockenkrankheit der Karpfen. Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung,
21. Jahrg., No. 11, p. 186, 187.
(1904). Handbuch der Fischkrankheiten. Munchen. 8°. 359 p., 18 Tab.,
222 Fig. if
Houguton, W. (1879). British fresh-water fishes. London. 4°. Part 1, xxvi+
92 pp., part 2, pp. 93-204. Numerous colored plates. (Carp, pt. 1, pp. 15-118,
plate. )
Howarp, L. O. (1901). Mosquitoes. How they live; how they carry disease; how
they are classified; how they may be destroyed. New York. 8°. xy+241 pp.
Inurnors (1884). Report of the Illinois State Fish Commission to the governor of
Illinois [for 1883]. 127 pp. (Republished in Reports to the general assembly
of Illinois, 1885, vol. 2, K.)
KwnaurHe, Karu (1896). Zur Biologie der Stisswasserfische. Biologisches Central-
blatt, Bd. 16, p. 410-416.
(1898). Zur Kenntniss des Stoffwechsels der Fische. Archiv fur gesammte
Physiolegie (Pfliiger), Bd. 73, p. 490-500.
(1901). Die Karpfenzucht. Neudamm. 8°. 389 p. (Review by L. Plate
in Biologisches Centralblatt, Bd. 21, p. 319, 320.)
Kreipu, A. (1896). Ein weiterer Versuch tiber das angebliche Héren eines Glocken-
zeichens durch die Fische. Archiv fiir gesammte Physiologie (Pfliger), Bd. 63,
p. 581-586.
Lyon, E. P. (1904). On rheotropism. I. Rheotropism in fishes. American Journal
Physiology, vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 149-161.
McDonatp, Marsuary (1882). Experiments in the transportation of the German
carp in a limited supply of water. Bulletin U. 8S. Fish Commission for 1881,
vol. 1, pp. 215-218.
(1887). The fisheries of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Fishery indus-
tries of the United States, sec. 5, History and methods of the fisheries, text, vol.
1, pp. 637-654. ‘
Maimeren, A. J. (1883). Memorial addressed to the Bureau of Agriculture of the
Imperial Senate for Finland, January 20, 1883, in regard to the advisability of
introducing artificial fish-culture in Finland. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission
for 1883, vol. 10, pp. 363-381. [An die Ackerbau-Expedition im kaiserlichen
Senat fiir Finnland von dem Inspector der Fischereien den 20. Januar abgegebene
Gutachten, in wiefern es geeignet wire in Finniand ktinstliche Fischzucht ein-
zufiihren. Helsingfors, 1883. Translated by Herman Jacobson. |
Micnican (1887). Seventh biennial report of the State Board of Fish Commissioners.
From December 1, 1884, to December 1, 1886, 1830 pp. (Joel C. Parker, John H.
Bissell, Herschel Whitaker, Commissioners. ) 2
640 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Nickvas, Caru (1884). The artificial feeding of carp. Report U. 8. Fish Commission
for 1882, pp. 1009-1031. [Kiinstliche Fitterung der Karpfen. Vom Giiter-
Inspector Carl Nicklas. From Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, Bd. 5, No. 36, 38,
40, 43, 45, Stettin, Sept. 5 and 19, Oct. 3 and 24, and Novy. 7, 1882. Translated
by Herman Jacobson. |
(1886). Pond culture. Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1884, pp. 467-655.
(Carp-culture, pp. 520-595.) [Die Teichwirthschaft. From Lehrbuch der
Teichwirthschaft. Translated by Herman Jacobson. ]
Onto (1882). Sixth annual report of the Ohio Fish Commission, made to the goy-
ernor of the State of Ohio, for the year 1881. Executive documents, Annual
Reports for 1881 . . . State of Ohio, pt. 2, pp. 1425-1443.
Parker, G. H. (1903). Hearing and allied senses in fishes. Bulletin U. 8. Fish
Commission for 1902, vol. xxu, pp. 45-64, pl. 9.
Parker, Jogi C. (1887). Suggestions on carp culture, for those engaged in, or who
contemplate, raising carp for market or private use. ,7th biennial report [ Mich. ]
State Board of Fish Commissioners, December 1, 1884, to December 1, 1886,
appendix, pp. 83-88.
PrykeEr, Caru (1876). Fisheries and fishery laws in Austria and of the world in gen-
eral. Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1873-74 and 1874-75, pp. 571-679.
(Translation. )
Puiuurs, Barner (1883). Holland carp put in Hudson River about 1830. Bulletin
U.S. Fish Commission for 1882, vol. 11, p. 25.
Popprz, Rospert A. (1880). The introduction and culture of the carp in California.
teport U. 8. Fish Commission for 1878, pp. 661-666.
Prince, Epwarp E. (1897). The place of carp in fish culture. Supplement No. | to
the 29th Annual Report, Department of Marine and Fisheries [Canada], fish-
eries branch, 1896, pp. 29-35.
“R.”’ (1874). [First carp and gold-fish brought to America.] Forest and Stream,
vol. 2, p. 162.
REIGHARD, JAcop (1904). Further observations on the breeding habits and on the
function of the pearl organs in several species of Hventognathi. Science, n. s.,
vol. x1x, pp. 211-212. :
ScuppER, CHARLES W. (1896). List of publications of the United States Commission
of Fish and Fisheries from its establishment in February, 1871, to February,
1896. Report U.S. Fish Commission for 1894, pp. 617-706. (Papers on carp
may be found by referring to ‘‘Carp’’ in the index, p. 692.)
SretEy, H. G. (1886). The fresh-water fishes of Europe. A history of their genera,
species, and distribution. London. 8°. x-+-444 pp.
Suears, KE. E. (1882). Carp in the Hudson River. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission
for 1881, vol. 1, pp. 54, 55.
Sminey, Cas. W. (1883). List ot papers relating to the work of the United States
Fish Commission from its organization in 1872 to July 1, 1883, and which have
been published under the direction of the United States Fish Commission, the
National Museum, and the Tenth Census, together with a topical synopsis of
the titles. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1883, vol. 11, pp. 1-84. (For
references to carp, see p. 84. )
(1884). Noteson the edible qualities of German carp and hints about cooking
them. 18th Annual Report [Mass.] Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, for the
year ending December 31, 1883, pp. 56-33.
(18840). The German carp and its introduction into the United States. 18th
Annual Report [Mass.] Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, for the year ending
December 31, 1883, pp. 83-87.
(1884}); Report on the distribution of cary to July 1, 1881, from young
reared in 1879 and 1880. Report U.S. Fish Coinmission for 1882, pp. 943-988.
THE GERMAN CARP IN THE UNITED STATES. 645
Smitey, Cas. W. (1886). Some results of carp culture in the United States. Report
U.S. Fish Commission for 1884, pp. 657-850.
(1886a). Carp and carp ponds: Answers to 118 questions relative to German
carp. 20th Annual Report [Mass.] Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, for the
year ending December 31, 1885, pp. 40-48.
Smita, Hucn M. (1896). A review of the history and results of the attempts to accli-
matize fish and other water animals inthe Pacific States. Bulletin U.S. Fish Com-
mission for 1895, vol. xv, pp. 379-472, pls. 73-83. (Carp, pp. 393-403, pl. 79.)
(1898). Statistics of the fisheries of the interior waters of the United States.
Report U. S. Fish Commission for 1896, pp. 489-574.
(1962). Report on the inquiry respecting food-fishes and the fishing-grounds.
Report U. 8. Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 111-140.
STEVENSON, Cuartes H. (1903). Aquatic anaes in arts and industries. Fish oils,
fats, and waxes. Fertilizers from aquatic products. Report U.S. Fish Com-
mission for 1902, pp. 177-279, pls. 10-25.
Srines, Cox. Warpect (1902). Frogs, toads, and carp ( Cyprinus carpio) as eradicators:
of fluke disease. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 18th Annual Report Bureau
of Animal Industry (1901), pp. 220-222.
Surrace, H. A. (1898). “The lampreys of central New York. Bulletin U. 8. Fish
Commission, 1897, vol. xv, pp. 209-215, pls. 10, 11.
Susra, Joser (1888). Die Ernithrung des Karpfen und seiner Teichgenossen. Stettin.
8°: = 252, p.
Titcomp, 'JNo. W. (1902). President’s report, Vermont Fish and Game League,
1902. 50 pp.
Townsenp, C. H. (1901). Report of the division of statistics and methods of the
fisheries. Report U. 8S. Fish Commission for 1900, pp. 163-184.
- (1962). Report of the division of statistics and methods of the fisheries.
Report U. 8S. Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 141-166.
(1902a). Statistics of the fisheries of the Great Lakes. Report U. 8. Fish
Commission for 1901, pp. 575-657.
(18026). Statistics of the fisheries of the Mississippi River and tributaries.
Report U. §. Fish Commission for 1901, pp. 659-740.
Unirep Starrs Fis Cowisston (1874). oar of the Commissioner for 1872 and
1873. (Carp, pp. lxxvi, ixxvii. a
(1876). Report of Ne Comiissioner for 1873-74 and 1774-75. (Carp, pp-
XV, XXXli-XXXVii. )
—— (1879). Report of the Commissioner for 1877. (Carp, pp. *40-*44. )
VeckenstepT, Epw. (1880). On the carp ponds of nether Lusatia. Report U. 8S.
Fish Commission for 1878, pp. 671-674. [An den Karpfenteichen der Nieder-
lausitz. ‘‘ Die Gartenlaube,’’ No. 45,1877. Translation. ]
Wanton, Izsax (1901 ed.). The compleat angler & the lives of Donne, Wotton,
Hook cer, Herbert & Sanderson. Macmillan and Co., London. Library of Eng-
lish Classics, 8°, xi+497 pp., edited by Alfred W. Pollard. (The ‘‘Compleat
Angler’? is on the 1676 edition, the last during Walton’s life-time. )
Wenppige (1882). Castrating fish. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1,
pp. 59, 60. [Kastrirung von Fischen. Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, Ba 4, No.
1, Stettin, Jan. 4, 1881. Translated by Herman Jacobson. ]
Wiee, Grorae (1882). On the insensibility of the German carp to freezing. Bulle-
tin U. S. Fish Commission for 1881, vol. 1, p. 402.
YARRELL, WILLIAM (1886). A history of British fishes. London. 2vols. 8°. (Vol.
1, xxxvili+408 pp., includes the carp. )
ZEN7Z, F. (1882). On the races or varieties of carp. Denying the existence of blue
carp and gold carp. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission for 1881, vel. 1, pp. eee
ZIMMERMAN, Joun W. (1904). About the carp. Forest and crear vol. 62, no. 2:
p. 463.
F. C. 1904—41
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STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT
LAKES IN 1903.
PREPARED IN THE DIVISION OF STATISTICS AND METHODS OF
THE FISHERIES.
A; B. ALEXANDER,
Assistant in Charge.
STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES IN 1908.
The report of the fisheries of the Great Lakes here presented is for
the calendar year 1903. The inquiry on which it is based was made
by the statistical agents of the Bureau in 1904, beginning the latter
part of May. ‘The statistics obtained have already been published in
Statistical Bulletin No. 166.
Earlier publications relating to the fisheries of the Great Lakes are
the following:
The Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Frederick W. True, elaborated from notes
gathered by Mr. Ludwig Kumlein. The Fishery Industries of the United States,
1887, Section II, pp. 631-673.
The Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Ludwig Kumlein. The Fishery Industries of
the United States, 1887, Section V, Vol. I, pp. 755-769.
Report on an eee pation of the Fisheries of Lake Ontario, by Hugh M. Smith.
Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1890, pp. 177-215.
Review of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1885, compiled by Hugh M. Smith
and Merwin-Marie Snell, eae introduction and description of fishing vessels by
J. W. Collins. Report U. S. Fish Commission, 1887, pp. 1-333.
The Fisheries of the Great es by Hugh M. Smith. Report U. 8. Fish Commis-
sion, 1892, pp. 361-462.
Fisheries of the Great Lakes, by Hugh M. Smith. Report U. 8. Fish Commission,
1895, pp. 93-103.
Report of the Joint Commission relative to the Preservation of the Fisheries in Waters
contiguous to Canada and the United States, by Richard Rathbun and William
Wakeham. House Ex. Doc. No. 8) b4th Cong., 2d sess., 1897, pp. 1-178.
Fisheries of Lake Ontario. Report U.8. Fish Commission, 1898, pp. cLIr-cLxXxv.
Statistics of Certain Fisheries of the New England and Middle Atlantic States and
the Great Lakes. Report U.S. Fish Commission, 1898, pp. cuxvi-ctxxy. In
this report the figures presented relate to the fiscal year 1897.
Statistics of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes. Report U. 8. Fish Commission, 1901,
pp. 575-657.
GENERAL STATISTICS.
The number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes
in 1903 was 9,333, including 1,249 on vessels fishing and transporting,
6,384 in the ah 10re or boat fisheries, and 1,700 e ngas aed as shoresmen in
the wholesale fishery trade and in ener occupations in connection with
the fisheries. In the fisheries of the various lakes the number of per-
sons emplicyed was as follows: Superior, 918; Michigan, 3,241; Huron,
1,704; St. Clair, and the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, 355; Erie, 2,727;
and Ontario, including the St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers, 388.
Compared with the returns for 1899, the year for w mo the last can-
vass was made, there was an increase of 305 persons in Lake Superior
and 463 in Lake Huron, but a decrease of 1,001 in Lake Erie, and
small decreases in the other lakes; resulting in a total decrease of 337.
645
646 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
The amount of capital invested in the fisheries and related industries
was 67,474,422, which was apportioned among the lakes as follows:
eee $596,322; Michigan, $3,489,187; Huron, $851,639; St. Clair,
3239,885; Erie, $2,196, 397; Sal Ontario, $100,992.
The “resect included 206 fishing and transporting vessels of
8,846 net tons, valued at $690,450; outfit of vessels valued at $155,256;
3,170 boats and gasoline launches, valued at $317,060; fishing appa-
pe used on ve ooealls and boats to the value of $1,322,570; ere and
accessory property valued at $2,869,607, and cash capital amounting to
$2,119,479. The apparatus of capture consisted principally of 4,528
pound nets and trap nets, valued at $585,998, and 101,890 gill nets,
valued at $642,961. The investment, as compared with the returns
for 1899, has increased in all the lakes except Lake Erie, the total
increase he sing $856,706.
The products of the fisheries amounted to 86,194,817 pounds, having
a value to the fishermen of ees The yield of Lake Sipe
was 13,205,013 pounds, valued at $343,671; of Lake Michigan, 33,579,-
498 porate: valued at $1,090,550; of oe Huron, 14, 455,209 er
valued at $450,318; of Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair and Detroit
rivers, 521,941 sna valued at $21,594; of Lake Erie, 23,188,556
pounds, valued at $780,015; and of Lake Outre and the St. Lawrence ©
and Niagara rivers, 1,244,600 pounds, valued at $59,353.
The principal species taken, and the quantity and value, including
fresh, salted, and smoked fish, were: Herring and chubs, 32,157,329
pounds, $815,498; lake trout, 16,181,938 pounds, § $799, 595; suckers,
6,694,040 pounds, $121,576; yellow perch, aie 728 pounds, $139,670;
ie fish, 3,813,259 aurea! 223,472; blue pike, 4,981,422 pounds,
$191,386; sales ed pike, 3,076,147 rake S168, 284; German carp,
4,237,643 pounds, $71,285; bluefin white-fish, 2,729,968 pounds, $83,-
(49; and saugers, 1,940,355 pounds, $47, 697, Sane and long-
jaw white-fish, eat-fish and bullheads, sturgeon, fresh-water drum,
and various cites species were also taken in considerable quantities. |
Since 1899 the products have decreased 27,532,423 pounds in quan-
tity, but have increased P1354, 062 1 in value. The greater part of the
decrease in quantity was in the catch of herring. There has also been
considerable falling off in the catch of cat-fish and bullheads, fresh-
water drum, saugers, sturgeon, white bass, white-fish, and yellow
perch. A few species, including German carp, suckers, lake trout,
and bluefin white-fish have increased considerably in both quantity
and value. Bluefin white-fish were not until within recent years taken
in any of these lakes except Lake Michigan, but in 1903 the greater
part of the catch, or 2,095,304 pounds, valued at $58,887, was obtained
in Lake Superior.
The following tables present, by lakes, the number of persons
employed, the amount of capital invested, and the quantity and value
FISHERIES OF
THH
GREAT LAKES.
647
of the products of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1903; also a
comparison of their extent In various years from 1880 to 1903:
Table showing by lakes the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes
in 1903.
How employed. Superior.) Michigan.} Huron. | St. Clair. Erie. | Ontario. tepa Total.
On vessels fishing .......-...-..| 169 362 Go Erne ee | Gat 8 | 1,211
On vessels transporting ...-.... 6 2 WOME oan ences 12 2 38
In shore or boat fisheries ....... 613 2,077 1, 450 303 1,591 850 | 6,384
SUNOIESR NCUA eee DOR ReeE es canes 130 800 187 _ 62 503 28'| 1,700
Fic EM Sees mere ee gars gl 918 8,241 | 1,704 355 2,727 | 388 | 9, 338
eincludes St. Clair and Detroit rivers.
bIincliudes St. Lawrence and N
Niagar ‘a rivers.
Table showing by lakes the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of the Great
Lakes in 1908.
Superior. ENG Huron.
Item. 7
No. Value. No. Value. No Value.
WVESSe MSSM Oy) Nis a) trate w cis crojnisjsisr a Weicieloisys = bis 20 | $63, 700 64 $184, 100 8 $24, 600
STOMA AS RAs se ete ihe oe ne Mahyee tel arate HOSE aoe ee a2 PLES Se Sasser BAGW Ce ers aaa
(GCUNRTTE SAEED eat Fe EO a Oe Ee oe ee DDAGST haces sits Saati 10, 795
BWESSE]SibramspOrumMe ss 2-8 tLe. woo wise assecie 1 7, 000 "| 1, 990 a 21, 700
DOT UNG CR e ee BGR haa Spc Ree ee eee 1635 i | eRe ere bee EM Se sh Sones DOs eee
AM Gre os ceo) seats ayenaceterstel aia eteroeseroyeateral a Sjacfee | ermiaes see OOS loess ce ata FLU Nee cee ay 2, 200
MS OOS eels late ses oe ne re eteteleiniee we nie cate eyes wae 322 20,528 | 1, 295 144, 354 a 606 45, 173
Gasolime damn Ch esis 425. 650 | 2| $4,000! 194] $634,450
FRGSUENRE OS) cc = 2,2, Soceiaisisce en cools nasal ineale = lists ateters Se eae cee COE ae 28, 755 143,115 | 620 2,920: | 63,822 | 402,958
BAGS" SU... Pee eee) gekeeeae Sea esac io sebe ans homo mande bsmena ese cmealeeses ees 1, 155
Oiler qpparatuy 6262 6s. cee ose oee alee acrernlstee 70 PU Sele Ss (SAAR eae 70 | 210
Apparatus—shore fisheries:
Pound nets anc trap Nets... -..--||-.---|aeesce--e 1, 469 172,805 | 176 9, 945 4,523} 585,073
CROW L pV cs Foe ee et Ee oe Ao Oy bins Ol oem Er 6, 396 37,466 |1, 176 10, 942 j 38, 068 240, 003
SRIMESee ae Sanne eee 1; *6 890 110 8, 040 8 205 | 194 12, 462
PVICe Cts 2 eos dense ee crtcrenl ariel seaaeainer 3807 16,490 | 509) 7,161] 3,845 68, 879
mea eee ss id hy Uae an eee Welch BPD | eededde: URE YE emacs 1,526 |..-.---- 6, 056
Fishing machines...-. ete etal eorwn a] avaemine as Pam te Sere tol ates aici 6 C00 6 €00
Gears OLS . Soe SE ee Sees eae [eeteaere oes [a seee eee etindc cs Sas Wececc|se nese s|| S000 1,100
Other apparatus Lah eee eo Sic encod Soace G36: e seas: 2 al eee HGS |.2 eee 2 3, 149
SOME DIOP ELLY —<.ce crisis ata cetainta win oe ipeaa al Ue eee ee 919; 685) }.... 23, 220 [secre | 2, 869, 607
GEVtLE GEhoie) Wee anRere an seenossad becce QS O79 oRe oe a ~ oe 406, ya\) al Geeta 29, 000 |....-.-- 2,119, 479
PROLG cieisia's a cc aia ate eterna ce rere 2B0NS8aN lees ae D596 S97 ls. <=1- | 100, 992 [reese eee] 7, 474, 422
aIncludes 5 steam tugs under 5 net tons, valued at $4,600.
bIneludes St. Clair and Detroit rivers.
eIncludes St. Lawreneeand Niagara rivers.
648 REPORT
Or
THE COMMISSIONER OF
FISHERIES.
Table showing by lakes and species the yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1908.
atnecludes St. Clair and Detroit rivers.
bThe herring catch of Lake Michigan includes chubs.
¢ Includes St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers.
Lake Superior. Lake Michigan, Lake Huron. St ale a
Species. : are
Lbs Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. |Value
IBIACkKIDASS emcee eee
ButtalO-Shiee eet ec eee
Cat-fish and bullheads.... J
Dog-fish or bowfin ........ y
ISR DRGs ates Ben mao. y ) ; 58
NTeShe water rum: seine ee oe see eee 41, 650 666 47, 426 309 | 10, 200 126
Gernramicanpeecqs shea secole sche sae coe eae ae | 585, 080 8, 889 37,491 954 |102,000 | 1,8i2
erring; dreshi 22222... 55-- 4,307, 422 | 36,566 |b4, 373, 867 1065973) || 1, 144.094. | 14) 56 |-. ace leeeeeer
Herring, salted _.......... 435,388 | 9,118 | 9,487,100'| 240,163 | 3,496,233 | 68,141 |........!....-..
“alesse. Ghantol terol ee A eo aellbn ke speedllaseeseoc 2, 650 212 640 40a aaaae aero
Minprorilanwj yer resi... lhe gee ges sel Sasa eee 119, 505 :
TAnisyow law yery salied oe sesso one onocee ace 3
MIM OWS sane oo oes soc ce ecrae me | Secon aleeceeermect
IS OMIT S Cae ece ine esol ee ere all Seen all aemeren eee
Pike and eee fresh . 10, 865 218 90, 6384
Pike and pickerel, avg a os et acer ene | ON ee | Mae
Pcetperehs (blu SNpilce) soa) ace ass an loe eee eee see
Pike perch (wall- eyed) .. 93,831 | 8,451 216,
Pikeperch WiSAUser) see csellessse ence |esecen oalla- eee
EL OCEMD ASG e i java ee stats SA since = Macc eteycecl| che atelier me
SUUTMCOMS asec eee emis T3137 065 54, 850
LIES COMLCAVIGI sao oejsectes letia cece onto! Seema ne 1, 570 d
Suckerstireshisc. 2. secceee 48, 549 724 | 2,133, 776 74. |
Suckers, salted...2.......- 134, 747 | 2,199 783, 765 36
Sma tis nes eats octets ots erecta ere | eisje siete tereusinrall se See ee | ie ereceie cree ence ne Bi
ERrOWt iresh se ces aise sce 4,190, 742 |157, 096 | 8, 955, 423 8
Mrouis Salted a sseet cece 764, 088 | 33, 795 93, 876 4. 219 OL 52 Vis GReersee See
Mroulisteelhend sets see. csaeeeecl: saeeciee 169 iv fe RSE seeter iis (sAcoseea sacsaondic~ so. - Se
SWRI CW AISS Soe an, se ets eels mice ie alleen 400 1D) toe Soleo cise es sets Aa Eee oe ee
Wibite-tish, freshi-2.c2--.2< 747, 499 | 33, 985 850, 032 111, 4038 634, 362 | 40,679 | 25, 591 1, 904
White-fish, salted ......... 46, 523 SE BY/ 199) 212 7, 246 38, 101 1, Boi Nsaksemeelleeeeeee
Wihtte-fishvemolkediaes 25 |55-2 2552 cece see 350 Boel Sse. Lee io a 28 ee ee a ee
WVINIIGER LSE G avi eviee ere eee aoe cats ll Ne iene Abel | ere apes Seyapemea | euteee e 400 46 ib cc. ee lle eae
White-fish (bluefin), fresh.| 2,033,522 | 56,512 631, 664 24 THG2i | See a eee oe ede eel Seis ae ieee
White-fish (bluefin), |
SHITE Gi a= Sos oeeee GL 82 28 TOi late Sere seelael sce ace e lelee cere epee ose loc. tec ee ener
White-fish (bluefin)
STO MEM teases cee eee oo ek eee ieee see 8, 000 B00 |e ces eeen cet sore lee se see eee
White-fish (longjaw) ..... 290,575 | 4,810 186, 505 7, 809 74,400: |) 2.672) 2. cc asaloemeees
White-fish (Menominee),
Tress eee acne 13, 919 334 119, 834 8, 368 116; 700 | (3,926 \-25-2--2 becca
White-fish (Menominee),
SHIILEd eyes ceca eases 1,675 67 144, 425 6, 384 28, 755 1, 821 ol osssecenseceess
Yellow perch, fresh....... 10, 165 101 | 3,292, 260 62,910 | 1,911,002 | 44,826] 4, i G00 | 239
Wellowuperch, saltedes 22 ss\25 220 s.)s.25|Sess eee 21, 128 OOL jos jeeesaes lasaeeues| eemeeEee |ecsesee
Oravsishive eens cneceroa tere een fa atom mace 244, 464 1s SOln| Dae ose a eee ete eee le eres
Mo tales scot tesie mcrae 18, 205, 018 |843, 671 |33, 579,498 1, 090, 550 14, 455, 209 |450,218 521,941 | 21, 594
Lake Erie. Take Ontario. c Total
Species. a =
Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.
—— —__—_—__ — |
IBIS CAD AES mrxatcre cinistemieieiecc 4, $25 $387 28, 335 $1, 813 38, 737 | $2, 694
JEXOn vey Ko rity eget scat MeN er eal eee arses es oe ee ee ered | ero ee Ge AEE od 2, 002 | 45
Cat-fish and bullheads.... 181, 775 7,471 349, 224 12, $03 751, 83: 27, 884
Dog-fish or bowfin ........ 1, 062 Guetta ce oe Bate eee se 17, 253 303
GIS eee een Mee hae MSS eet ral seemless 78, 595 4,233 73, 533 4,347
Fresh-water drum ........ 642, 445 4,518 4, 300 86 746, 021 5, 700
Germbnicanpye = aemeeee 3, 546, 752 59,198 16, 320 * 432 4, 237, 643 71, 285
Herring, fresh .........--- 8, 788, 625 833, 844 105, 315 5,170 | 18,719,328 497, 114
erring esa ltedss te he: Aoe See | ae ee 16, 000 640 13, 434, 716 018, 062
VEE NS WSMTOMKE Wiajeciiere ote | Soa ce es ieee | oe els erases | ee ci eae et ae eee oe 3, 290 252
Ling or lawyer, fresh ...-. 13, 69¢ 99 600 18 183, 878 1, 628
MIN SOT IAW Ver USOlVe dh aI A5 | wera pro es lope ne kein ceed | ene te eee cane mn een tar 900 18
> MAS aly oYon} 4h ae eg gts ore or til eget re en eco eer cee Op es RTE Ah) areas Oa 3, 000 800
MUS Ke Mn S C2 Seem ccc te oll epee eee e ccte | Ei ee atece oral ere eee | ay aR 3, 420 429
Pike and pickerel, fresh . 31, 359 2, 080 298, 466 15, 668
Pike and pickerel, salte ctl Ss ae eae Nie Cea ae | 1,610 30
Pike perch (blue pike) ... 66, 065 8, 35% 4, 981, 422 191, 386
Pike perch (wall-eyed) . 8, 025 650 38, 076, 147 168, 284
Pike perch (sauge s aeetecie LeOdOP Shots” ATE 69a eee aoe oe ee eee ce ee 1, 940, 855 47, 697
IROGKsDASS = ene aa eeeeeee 22,119 321 137, 399 gt 763
DUUNS CON cerece cen cen seen 294, 226 21, 586 213, 590 11, 504 618, 575 39, 794
FISHERIES OF
THE GREAT LAKES,
649
Table showing by lakes and species the yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in
1703—Continned.
Lake Erie. Lake Ontario. Total.
Species. = =e 7
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value.
Sturgeonucayilan: -o-...s-5- 5, 877 $4, 894 12, 505 £6, 897 20, 323 $13, 223
Sieiersetresine = 2. sce see 721, 089 8, 695 99, 060 1, 809 5; 146, 952 88, 760
UI GISE ISIN LUG Cer, ce eevee | es rae Pops sil eee See LNA ee == Sather Ca | Soa SER: itp 547, O88 32, 816
(SPM 5 6 awe aore | 1, 2005 8 34, 089 482 84, 271 1, 881
ERT Oba aMOSHS ocrc<-c 1c synch cn | 15,1127 800 4,050 279 15, 252, 222 683, 773
OEY, aa rien ia eeseten yanee eee ene aa fetall tare wat ateta-lloeaetin sees 879, 716 38, 752
TONOU ty RUG UOEE NG Bee copra Bodconeen cate nececon sacl HORSE ete me As |Srnere serra 169 17
Wyaihewbassee soe. Soe aee 27, G51 940 | 2, 000 40 30, 051 995
White-fish, fresh .......... 802, 895 22, 988 26, 384 ey ee 3, 605, 673 233, OSL
WhiiieStishmrsa led: a5 tase. Heya men soll Neeser Men curt ANI rate aaa 206, 836 10,310
Mabie fish sin Oke ditass 2. eceer seeeee aa laemeseeeciental ase ons oa alles sheet oes 35 ;
Von STL ch ab lee ee Ot en nee Som eeec Salata Cres eee sl eet ene tee ie em coer er
NYE sh (Oo luetin Resin) eos seen wees mone ele Semel ee ee
White-fish (bluefin), |
SHUT CO ae siarater shes otee oe] Pr eleints sae ene aaoe aces soe she hey pari eS Ey Re nl
White-fish (bluefin), |
SUN OKC Ci Seema ees ee pete ee mae aot cea ainaetalicie cloacae
Wile @aicloe (orale eA) pacod| Bode seamen see leeeenocte ual no omeme erate
White-fish (Menominee), |
USER marae ese tee ape ee regan SEIU ne etl cathe Rae ere SM Sls ae eee
ee (Menomin:e), |
Baluc Cierra are atts ee ell cite aia Sere ioe Se al | eters cro erere
Yellow perch, fresh.....-.. 839, 403 27, COL 132, 165
Yellow perch, salted...... Score ooeseccullecceeadeuecs|Sopuecsagene
peiieh ae ne sees ae ae aoneebebeceas||ceScncuscecc|bandassese ae
MOBS) lac sisinSslee sine siaciscies.s jseesondedonadllbsccbecteese 690
ERUIT HES ere ae aac sae cates | 45, 800 PERV OA ee eG eee
ROtHH EAs 2 535 seams 23, 188, 556 780, 015 1, 244, 600 | 59, 303 86, 194, 817 2, 745, 501
Comparative table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great
Lakes in 1880, 1885, 1890, 1893, 1889, and 1903.
Lake. 1880. 1885. 1890. 1893. 1899. 1903.
ELEM OL Ieee rere tects see eisise ior eisise wishicise 414 914 653 $16 613 918
NIGH pipes ae mie et eS ec 1, 578 8,379 2,877 3, 928 3, 255 3, 241
EMU Diese hee ants oe cronies ape asieiscr coeys be 470 892 726 944 1, 241 1, 704
SUE LONG pee | Ae aren ES soo eens 856 272 611 529 442 300
JOT ete dco Soe CCE ees OBE CRAS be aG ee eee 1, 620 4,298 4,482 3, 622 38, 728 2,727
(Ola NCCE Oe ee ae eee ee ees ee ee 612 600 389 241 391 388
NO ee ere eee yo RE eee 5, 050 10, 355 9, 738 | 10, 180 9,670 9, 333
aTneludes St.
Clair and Detroit rivers.
bJneludes St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers.
Comparative table showing the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of the Great
Lakes in 1880, 1885, 1890, 1893, 1899, and 1903.
| Pound nets
Vessels and LT) save Coine Other | hor :
Lakeand | boats, land trapnets,| Gill nets. eee appara-) p Seaport Totalins
year. = | | Z tus, |and cash ee
No. | Value. | No. | Value.| No Value. | No. |Value.| value. | capital. e
—— ‘~ ~ = _ — | |
Superior: |
HSS Oerovatarsie ates 161) $26, 240) 43) $14,950) 4,630) $25,280) 32) $2,010 200) $12,700) $81,380
ASSIS sore =e 1 519} 100,735) 230) 67,520) 7,557) 78,682; 43) 2,920) 1,165) 177,521 427, 933
ews Se oseoe 328; 85,275) 140; 34,435) 5,874) 63,476 19 955 2) , 763) 179,778 366, 682
MB OB Seis se =.2: 447 139, 035, 276) + 63,415) 8, 899 87,680) 14 500) 1, 565 209,512} 529, 024
SOO es ce cae 315] 69,045! 162) 25,820! 7,229] 99, 283} 1 50 1, 058 167,022] 9872, 083
OS pesos - 378} 141,109; 218) 27,793) 10,169) 127,238 8 335 815} 299,032) 596, 322
Michigan | |
1880. .... z.-.| 836) 138,375) 476) 185,425) 24,599] 124,740; 19) 2,040) 1,455) 104,100) 551,135
SBS Saeterst= tt: 1,402) 868,326, 715) 258, 540) 58, 516) 326,902) 87] 6,950) 13,457; 788, 356] 1, 757, 831
SOO Eee. 1,102) 266,331 844) 244,880! 40,896) 215,914) 30) 3,480 ,460| 693,159) 1, 437, 224
ICR Be eeae eee 1,549) 357,987 785) 181, 885 54, 232) 352,084 28] 2,520} 27,863) 1,092, 219} 2, 063, 497
S99 Se =< 5. 1,178) 281,968 805, 186, 349) 49,857) 288,395) 11 510} 29,285) 2, 087, 829) 2, 915, 241
IGE eae aeae 1,363] 386,396 980) 198,960} 48, 645) 269,754; 44] 2,384] 37,743) 2,593, 950) 3, 489, 187
650
REPORT
OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Comparative table showing the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of the Great
Lakes in 1880, 1885, 1890, 1893, 1899, and 1993—Continued.
z Vessels and | Pound nets 13 : tat Other | Shore :
Lake and boats. and trap nets. Gill nets. BeMmes: appara- property one ae
year. —| tus, |and cash en
No. | Value. | No. | Valne. No. | Value.) No. |Value.| value. | capital. ent
Huron: |
Ibe arom ased 111) $20, 905 189, $49,425) 3,360) $20,600) 28) $5, 600) $3, 500) $3,700) $103,730
1885... 561| 72,946). 586] 118,350) 3,444! 35,333].....|....--- 23,100, 140,620) 385, 349
ie US Seep see 417 36,898} 5d1) 88,515 2,206} 21,665) ® 6 600) 7,155; 254,025) 408, 858
i sb eee 520; 87,645} 731) 108, 508 4,923) 63,071 1 79) \ 3, 80%, 236,285) 503, 700
1899). So. 03. cies 53S 87, 585 996) 111,839] 5,676) 54, 384 9 673, 8, 188 203,989) 474, 953
QOS Fe eeee aac 643) 126, 418) 1, 685) 176, 495 6,129) 51,526 18 608; 18, 977 482,615) 851, 639
St. Claiz
its eegeeece 52! 8° GO0iss Ans |b seas 180} 1,080; 42) 6,000) 1,500 24, 000 40, 586
ABER ER eS ase 215) 7,457 57| 12,530 23 160 34) 8,825 3, 819 218,270} 251, 081
(tet eee 166] 28,775 34, 9, 450 Sid) 9, 418 28) 6, 240 5, 580 150, 682} 210, 145
TUES seeeeee. 211} 13,728 91| 7,400 380| 4,260} 20) 3,025] 2,346) 206,672| 240, 076
PROSE A Ds hae 188) own 5| 1, 050) 60 600) 13) 1, 255 915 46, 945 54, 585
DOGBe Gace cecle 15) Bri Wea seall=ecesonailecoonncdllbcodusce 6 890, 961 234, 884 239, 585
Erie:
SSO. eens = ahr 602; 83,880) 758] 233,600} 5,775} 22,500) 18} 2,800) 8,645) 163,675} 515,100
USGOe =e coat 1,536] 298, 757) 1,028) 259,785! .22,644) 75, 507 7A| 8,320) 72,205 847, 564) 1, 562, 138
1890.........| 1,449} 520,033} 1, 893) 548,100} 49,320) 169, 518 44) 5,305) 70,601} 1,502, 759) 2,816, 302
its Bearers 1,146) 424, 227) 1,783) 489,060} 35,369} 164, 683 47| 4,440) 23, 339, 1,423,017) 2, 506, 842
PAO eee ace Q80| 435, 566) 1,724) 829,500} 41,678) 229,182) 104) 8,390) 19,2862) 1,614,677) 2,720, 554
19035.253-55 608) 490,236} 1,469) 172,805) 35,150) 180,581) 110; 8,040} 18,559) 1,326,385) 2, 196, 397
Ontario
nS epgenaeenaes 167, 18, 100 34] 14,000} 6,000; 20,000 Ql" 4, 950) sed2ne 5, 000) 54, 050
SSDs oes 467, 20, 448 350} 19,445) 4,722) 23, 952 69} 3,177) 12,627 56,160), 135, 749
USSOL Sakae 376) 31,162 288) 24,577 2,345, 18,110} 27 656} 10, 361 38, 667 123, 533
att baer 177) 9, 619 77 2,310 1,185) 8, 794 a 175 2, 240) 32, 250) 56, 131
SOO! Sea es 289 9, 482 145) 5, 850) 1,187; 18, 674 24 420 7, 194; 38, 640) 80, 250
HOO Seen ecco 234) 15,457 176 9, 945 1, 796) 18, 862 & 205, 9, 303 52, 220) 100, $92
All Jakes:
P8SO. = 2522... 1,929) 285,500) 1,500] 497,400) 44,544) 214,200) 148] 20,400} 15,300 813,175) 1,345, 975
seis a ea 4.700) 868, 669] 2,966] 726,490] 96, 906] 589,936] 204) 30, 192] 126, 363] 2, 228, 431) 4, 520, 081
dito 58] ENS epee Ee 3,838) 968, 474) 3,750) 949, 957) 101,555) 498,096) 154) 17, 236) 109, 920) 2, 819, 061] 5, 362, 74
ac) Bee eee 4, 050)1, 241| 3,743] 802,078) 104, 988] 670,572} 117) 10,735] 61,160) 3,199, 955) 5, 899, 270
TERR eae Sacre 3,489} 887, 416) 3, 837) 660, 408) 105, 687) 690,518) 162) 11,298) 66,002) 4, 159, 103} 6, 617, 716
WS OBE Sea mcere 8, 376|1, 162, 766 oe 585, 998) 101, 88S] 642,961) 194) 12,462) 81,149) 4, 989, 086) 7, 474, 422
Table
showing the products of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in
1899, and 1908.
1880, 1885,
1890, 1898,
aa | \White-fish.| Trout. Herring. | Sturgeon. | All others.
Superior: | Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds.
HR80. oa sc2e | 2,257,000 | 1,464, 750 Seen UU ane ests toc 60, 875
: 4,571,947 | 3,488,177 324, 680 182, 760 258, 416
3, 213, 176 2, 613, 378 199, 121 47, 482 42, 835
2, 732, 270 4, 342, 122 660, 272 62, 052 300, 211
693, 191 3, 118, 169 1, 125, 478 4,415 488, 401
794, 022 4, 954, 830 4,742, 805 13, 137 2, 700, 219
|
12, 030, 400 2, 659, 450 3,059,400 | 3, 839, 609 1, 562,025 |
8, 682, 986 6, 431, 298 3,312,493 | 1, 496, 678 3, 684, 693
5, 079 8, 364, 167 6, 082, 082 946, 897 5, 586, 041]
2, 380, 060 8, 216,920 | 11,580, 895 311, 789 8, 308, 160
1,510, 364 5, 488, 947 | 21,573, 716 103, 279 5, 818, 690
ett ES aeeas 1, 972, 594 9,049,299 | 18, 863, 617 56, 420 §, 637, 568
uron *
1K) 3\0) See | 2,700, 778 2, 084, 500 246, 800 294, 000 1, 969, 195
ABS5 ise -)spocsoscses|lasoposen| lboodosoodliseosocd bkondecc eeagscal 54 2
PG TEs kieran reree oe lhe Ge 3,001,982 | 18,074] 44,043 796 74 3! 64,704 | 2,528
Minnesota: J
(QUO Conte nane Gaara Ipeoeeanc tapos 296, 897 A AOR LTS aot |e AZO A net =7e)ys)|'s cio micts|| easier Eee
VOR ECEs RSE See ee ES aes] ee eee O93 4325) 2751520 134 B95) 25280) |S. cc cieees| caine erates etal Seeets =
SRO MISM RoE MESS eae: ae saa Wee 206; 5003) (2tb4dy are eee eee eae select Sone Benin PaaS 2
MO tales eset: Szlaistee seis ee eee | 1, 096, 829 | 14, 563 | 248,127 | 5,150 |e ees ese Joncseeee|eeceee-
Grand total....| 588 | 18 | 4,307,422 | 36,566 | 435,383 | 9,118 | 10,866 | 218 | 93,831 |: 3, 451
Sturgeon. Suckers, fresh. ee SoD Trout, fresh. Trout, salted.
State and county. : E
Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. |Value-
| , ! 2
Michigan:
AT SET tee aeseeccs| 838, 434 | $31,793 | 115,500 | $4,979:
IBUTAL BA see cece 5, 880 Soon Zwiexpereectlerenee ee
Chippewa 337,584 | 12,920 | 20,600 876
Houghton 232, 950 9,706 | 45,000 | 38,150
Keweenaw 434,350 | 15,319 | 266,661 | 11, 632
Marquette 829,145 | 30,686 | 37,500 | 1,650
Ontonasone ser)” Silane WOVE soseemslatse.s ee lattes am |e eee 252,688 | 10,172 1, 900 67
Totad. sees ose). 2, 606 1, 400 40 }2, 931, 031 | 110, 929 | 487,161 | 22, 354
Wisconsin: : si | 7 | |
JATIN 06 INES eene re 10, 447 401 | 23,059 241 | 97,162 | 1,555 | 478,569 | 17,890 15, 310 514
Bayheld’ 22. .2...- 84 4] 2,340 20 | 35, 985 601 497,329 | 19,401 52, 018 1, €0¥
TRAD oA Bos Ooae a aed Boece SepEase Io beens Ree ere 200 3| 3,367 126} 1,270 45.
EE | a a ———————————e eee
TROT GN ee Ao 10,531 | 405 | 25,399 | 261 |138,347 | 2,159 | 979,265 37,417 | 68,598 | 2,160:
Minnesota: |
(Cloxoltes Se Ce USEC Racoon oa CSCCnon ROCo pene eters] GABE ict error 211, 782 7, 181 67, 429 2, 942°
pace ee nee ihectncaeen! sel) obey, aaa cal aetna saeaes 59,064 | 1,194 | 140,900 | 6,339
SE mOUIS tee ssise c<|s1-c2 sels once cleonsx ate laceerosiel seisreto Sel settee 9, 600 | 375 |. .2-22n-|eencee-
OTA ten iO | ike Mem ag alle eRe fom, lL nes 280,446 | 8,750 | 208,329 | 9, 281
Grand total ....| 13,137 | 565 | 48,549 | 724 [134,747 | 2,199 |4,190, 742 | 157,096 | 764,088 | 33,795
F. C. 1904—42
658
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by states, counties, and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Superior in
1903—Continued.
White-fish, White-fish, | White-fish (blue- eee White-fish
fresh. salted. n), fresh. 2 longjaw).
State and county. ) salted. (longjaw)
Lbs. | Vaine.| Lbs. {Value} Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. }Value.| Lbs. | Value.
| te
Michigan: f
Algen’s Jccensisca sn BS 1:65ia| eS VO7Gil|aync tetarat mate creiere 455,786 ($13,296 | 2,500) |waSl06)\c--2 2 ee eleoeee ee
IBATAP RSs 2220s Ss 12, 600 UNO Een See a leet tas tool ain sae \anedaeellon oeeer Repssione an Fe
Chippewa.......- SVS) LOM) WA OGG eas cr eccdlsis acon 107, 28 8, 1285 acct Dane ais paeee eee ae eee
Houghton ..::.-- 78,312 | 3,263 | 3,000 | $210 18, 120 (Gy Beep aee pee noclsososs25- ongso5
Keweenaw ...... 35, 268 1, 455 5, 700 209 92, 847 2,057 |30,923 | 1,203 11, 967 $199
Marquette ..-...-. BO PSO SO 276 See aaa reiell arantorece DOB TD I: WE BORE 5 ao ao Shape oe ley) steerer ee
Ontonagon....--- VO Q12 ey (BsO4s! eae ale meta A491 9O7 1 4°13, 324 | 25-852]. 2 acenhetewee s Selecta
Motalessckioces 648,547 | 29,730 8, 700 419 1, 689, 669 | 47, 952 i33, 423 | 1,309 11, 967 199
Wisconsin: |
JASON 010 Un Onese 65,588 | 2,834 | 16,891 639 22,693 844 | 5,549 180 | 42,804 654
Bayfield-se cess: 32,720°| 1,389 | 18,678 | 448] 157,561 | 3,997 | 2,257 67 | 100,773 | 1,702
TROME he Sere ae sec 31 Dc eee sae Nee oe el aie a eee ks [teeter eeee|eeee eee
TPotal sans2 22: 98,3389 | 4,224 | 30,569 } 1,087 | 180,254 ; 4,841 | 7,806 247 | 143,577 | 2,356
Minnesota: hg
COOKE rk ssid So's 613 314 “67379 171 113,189 | 2,477 |20, 553 819 7, 263 126
MORI Se wicese soccsiosjaleisio sie Sele iscinieere 1,875 60 40, 414 OOT 25 2 Meee 98, 560 1, 642
St OWiss coe Soca ce este oe] cn ercciee liscine seed cca 10, 046 2a eee [sseeeee 29, 208 487
Motaliss sees: 613 3L 7, 254 231 1638, 599 3,719 20, 553 819 | 135,031 | 2, 255
Grand total ..| 747,499 | 33,985 | 46,523 | 1,787 |2, 033,522 | 56,512 [61,782 | 2,375 | 290,575 | 4, 810
State and county.
White-fish (Me-
White-fish (Me-
Michigan:
Alger
PBATOCH. aos ois oc.c'sie
Chippewse
Houghton
Keweenaw
Marquette
Ontonagon
Wisconsin:
Ashland
Bayfield ....
Tron
(Gloyo) Se eenee Hoes
Lake
Bre Wows cee sce |
Total
Grand total ..
nominee), fresh. | nominee), salted. Yellow perch. Total.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value.
Lod se nosell ae moatetnaclls betes dace Se oats reve sie lo sreetctn eres | sees eae 1, 500, 385 $54, 150
fore a A ee cial Revapehad | cee |e ee | ee 22, 480 1, 203
Bae sow Leah Coe eree seat se eee weiss | Maren teeter 10, 165 $101 905, 740 84, 274
veticthicneal| te seektwess dace saad oceans [ates soees (Doomee oeee 425, 032 18, 058
223 CV fk BEG eet nooo ates or WanpBoeson cere eee 1,127, 713 36, 650
Sen cseers arrears See oem mand ei a eens Incr a qapiio AD UaOC aN 1, 441,137 50, 004
Jet Gah Slee ee ere acl SSeS etal BSE Sco Oe eee ereeaae $17, 856 27, 581
223 1 (hel etete eee [retteetete 10, 165 | 101 6, 240,373 | 221, 920
1,134,769 | 30,437
3, 648, 797 45, 944
4, $22 | 177
Pye eae (earner ifieeel Eta marge tk” the ee Le te ty IE ge aah 4, 788, 488 76, 558
|
13, 696 BaTi Al ade wise tays lave esl orm sialetelevenera [oie et etevar sien ENED anes 849, 983 | 20, 993
eee cent Cees eRe 1,675 B67 || ercic ek Sec icemeeneet LS OR0S81b 20, 543
{ees etree Sich states aa telSs stall = SopnerabNel® cxctl alatereteiet cl sie ote ave cmstete a october eee 255, 354 3, 657
13, 696 327 1, 675 67 fide eae, Cea Wa a 2,176, 152 45, 193
13, 919 334 1, 675 67 10, 165 TOUS: 205, 013 343, 671
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 659
Table showing by states, counties, and species the yield of vessel gill-net fisheries of Lake
Superior in 1903.
Pike perch s
Herring. (wall-eyed pues Trout, fresh. Trout, salted.
. ike). - :
State and county. pl
Lbs. | Value.} Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. | Value.
Michigan:
PROT cre cles) aorta i= | reais actos |b Se estan nto csiec ees |sacasele 5938, 717 |$22, 265 | 72,500 | $3, 124
GAME Ale sae cell = cites ee eee lato einsettalnaetcre cal toe sa a eee el eroaeteens 309, 561 | 11,869 | 20, 600 876
IV ESV LENS) ri eee Seren tse cass (=, Seer DN (Sees ies rel Sn (Seta acer 700, 265 | 25,733 | 22,500 975
OREO ALON Se se cite ceceiae oe Been sete moms ewe o Seen elm tew oll sene ee 188,566 | 7,657 | 1,000 | 35
BTR Ob et epee os anal sree SE ree LT opie eel Pees Penman leesmace |1, 792,109 | 67,524 |116, 600 | 5,010
a | ee Se SS ee eS
Wisconsin: |
INCH ET 0f0 ieee QOSBHOT Elo eer epee a nectar ace ic see weil Ss eee aero es rll rere peiains
Baviield@. <.. cance 2, 501, 324 | 14, $23 222 $9 800 $16 300, 799 | 11, 820
OGM ek aveia sites 2,705,979 | 16, 062 222 9 800 16 300,799 | 11, 820
Minnnesota: ay eae ones | eh ule:
Bb Louis s2.2-.cus 112, 000 BACH) teers ee yal (ees etme | eles ores PO rays ses Sere} tell ial aratere eke
Grand total ..}2, 817,979 | 17, 462 2292 9} 800 16 |2,092, 908 | 79,344 |
vunhs Ae White-fish se 2 |
White-fish. W Deen (bluefin), hierepes Total.
State and eounty. : 3 salted. :
Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value.
Michigan: ;
ALY ee ea 21,688 | $872 | 319,404 | $9,316 | 2,500 | $106 |.~.---.-|..----- 1,009, 809 | $35, 683
Chippewa.... -| 88, 703 | 3,993 tO 7 23 dul) cose | eemeeia eae ae leseie ee senses | 626, 097 19, 866
Marquette D202 Ne Oso eeOeomler WelOwo OD memes tem een lon capers) ajcjeatar 11,268,497] 43, 136
Ontonagon....... 8, 899 519 429, 571 | 11,6384 |..-..--~ Peete a eee cl pares aes 628, 086 19, 845
Tatail eee - a3 141,310 | 6,420 |1, 379,920 | 39,470 | 2,500 O06: Ase) s.eci-=i= | wee meis. 3, 432, 489 | 118, 530
Wisconsin: ay one =i
BASED SoU ure Sree | ee eel Se ees oe Bocce ecreminte ol nste sl lssee ceian Ineteicesios Ladele mee 204, 655 1, 289
Bayfield: oo..35.- 405 17 117, 607 3, 003 | 1,300 | 42 | 73,584 |$1, 226 |3, 046, 086 32, 491
Yon a eaeeeme-se 405 17 117, 607 8,003 | 1,300 42 | 73,58 1, 226 (3, 250, 741 33, 7380
———— ——=—_——— | = {———__———
Minnesota:
(Sigel B20) DiS Se SRR ae i ee oe ena 5| Bene eninel Cnt tee Cacao Eocene aac 112, 000 1,400
Grand total . .{141, 715 | 6, 437 |1,497,527 | 42,473 | 3,800.| 148 | 73,584 | 1,226 |6, 795,180 | 158, 660
Table showing by states, counties, species, and apparatus of capture the yield of the shore
fisheries of Lake Superior in 1903.
Michigan.
Apparatus and species. Alger. Baraga. Chippewa. Houghton.
Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. | Value.|- Lbs. | Value.
Pound nets and trap nets: |
RUC NCIC ENGI es ser hes oy seco selaoescis cantare Simcoe tees arcane 9: 713" |5 G04 See eee eee aes
Pikemperchi(wall-eyed) cel ec qeciss 5] owner asm beste noel a! msteiereis 25, 626 S10 | Laas ge ee laixeatiewe
PUR RCOM aS 2 5a 2 cee antes foe eee seeds cc an secicen| ele amsines 1,215 68). 22 sete he epee
PRUTORUU OSIM Se a meteor yao tf ate ctelncis ati erare stererere 5, 880 $333 28, 023 1, 051 18, 000 750
Wintte=-tish fresh 2.1 222. sR cc eck sisatocss 12, 600 750 | 219,507 | 9,823 10, 800 450
DeGil ony peel Ce ee onl Ree Se! ence Ibe Seeeeteal Ire ces see 9, 149 | OI eet eeeoWoese cea
RG tele eS [ eecicie vila ee hawsectaee al mesciaee 18, 480 1,083 | 293, 233 12, 046 28, 800 1, 206
Gill nets:
Pemmines fresh 235s oc yA oeal ee ee wa See ctele's 4, 000 120 40,320 | 1,210 47,130 942
SEDI oh ON 2a oa ee Fe eRe oral nes aed ening be as Ice lercmeeee 520 32
Mrowbh,aLesh: 3... 52s Se DARIO HOLS. |= ncere coaee] tats oes |e ere = lam athe em cicle 214, 950 8, 956
Mromiasalted S.Wis2cs2s seks S27 O00 MARS k as ences (enn os called Ge owe cclaeien cca | 45,000 3,150
White-fish, fresh .......... te AMT Wie a 07 al koe Be ES Ll ne ee eer ee | 67,512 2,813
Trini ostslabecel (a6 epee eee] [BE on Ul Poe Sone en) nee Gaeta (oe ace ae, eee | 3, 000 210
White-fish (bluefin), fresh.| 136, 382 | Se GROUT HS ES SE iss Nase etna now } 18,120 755
L100) 1:7] See ee 490, 576 | 18, 467 | 4, 000 120 40, 320 1, 210 | 396, 232 16, 858
—
660 REPORT OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF
FISHERIES.
Table showing by states, counties, species, and apparatus of capture the yield of the shore
fisheries of Lake Superior in 1903—Continued.
Michigan.
Apparatus and species. Alger. Baraga. Chippewa. | Houghion.
Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. Value.| Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value.
Fyke nets: | |
Wat-fishiandebullnes dsl als sce era siaeess aleseciaso= atlas nario 588.1) {$0l 08x ae eee ee
Pike and ypLeKene)ees eae a) eel eee louan Bone |PGoondecss||Sdue56s¢ 1, 079 PA eeeeep ace acccsdc
Pike perch (wall-eyed) ...|.....--..- lSaneeace earns Sees 3, 257 SU erase Sl lsones 25
Yellow perch) =...228.-=---< losaasceese essesce |eeeeeeeeee[ee sees ee 1, 016 10) |i 28sec Cae eee
“STU dl See ee Re [ected cile antec oe alae eae B;940;|. 7189) |ees. is Coa ln ea
PRIOU UE Sees choc cwieec eee 30, 300 LEO Ro etectscal aap sed eee Ooe S| (SoSa50 30 30, 3800 1,010
——— i— =| = ———= | a
Grand totalieens-piseeee 1,127,713 | 36, 650 172, 640 6, 868 189, 850 7,786 |2, 807, 934 | 103,390
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 661
Table showing by states, counties, species, and apparatus of capture the yield of the shore
Jisheries of Lake Superior in 1905—Continued.
Wisconsin.
Apparatus and species. | Ashland. Bayfield. Tron. Total.
Lbe. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.} Lbs. Value.
Pound nets and trap nets: | |
lenningwtnreshl. 2.0 os seuecc 5,202} $52 152 E Bball Set eetrs aed [ets a mae 5, 354 $55
HMernnpesaliteds..4- -sccee- 6,111 | 77 9, 497 QO Ne eenseeas| sectors 15, 608 344
Pike perch (wall-eyed) ... 57, 751 | 2,210 | 472 QOp Rass esas Pees 58, 223 2, 230
SUM CONR Es. 2 agncecaeee 9,456 ; 309 | 47 Di eases ch wae roca 9, 503 361
Suekers} fresh .......-2 22.004 4,539 | CAO Re eral | aéeed ancl ke ae morgesa Geunsaee 4,530 49
Suckers, Salted... 2. ose 54, 290 | 870 19, 710 SO alameda mates 74, 000 1, 200
PRY OMieinagiNe sss yoann 106,937 | 4,142] 28,258 O57 Wekan Been Baas 130,195 | 5,099
PPro wb Salted as..22:5: perch (wall-eyed), White-fish (bluefin) smoked. 39, 529 2, 091
SEMIS IO SS ee ee ee 70 22 || White-fish (longjaw) ....---- 246, 5d4 | 6, 831
Sturgeon, fresh...........-.- 12, 661 928 || White-fish (Menominee).... 5, 820 | 349
Sturgeon, smoked ........... 1,316 Isl Yellow perch. Al eacscs ese. 10,181 | 255
Suckersticesh!. sn.g.= sie erate seein ae
RTO Ute Pee ese sect ek a oe ae | 10, 800 BBO. Woccnsaces|dosece ae Skee ee
31, 200 D680! sa coes cel be nee eee atten Sees
DB: | Di WAGE | aco -pereestell ears ete Siete este | eee
48,235 | 2,442 | 107,145 | 4,771 | 832,900] 38,425
Michigan—Continued. Wisconsin.
Apparatus and species. Se ehoolerant | Total. | Door. Kenosha.
Iubs: | Value.) iubs: Value. | Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value.
Gill nets: | |
ENCTRIN Pieweaisene ccratsee sels 1,382 $52 500, 622 | $21,240 | 226, 664 | $6,509 16, 250 $715
Mine vord@awmer®.2os.2.6.-<| 665 6 14, 865 DSi lerisievee etal | ardeee cs 2, 800 96
Suckers et Sica a clses cel 6, 540 102 7, 123 0 Eneseeeopeencms Mane sacroc Osten =
rout, fresh... s2s..005.s54| 556, 590 | 28,302 | 2, 601, 864 | 119, 676 | 327,465 | 14,027 | 118,594 | 5,792
OUI Sa lteCGs see eee Hoe Sarees wide cies 746 D4 Ny eee |e Se ee
White-fish, fresh .......... | 249,714 | 17,328 8389, 789 63, 577 2,470 155 19 2
Wihttestishealtedsssss ste lle eee sees Laeenta 3, 927 TDS* |<. .o8 eee tote ale eee ae
White-fish (bluefin) ......!...--....- jsenomace 165, 155 i OSSy sean Joe seen cele sere eee es|eceenes
White-fish (longjaw) ....- ETO Saag ane eH TSS 600'| 7 6OSulice ona: = Slee ee see
White-fish (Menominee)... 30) i 6, 719 240 2, 400 (UM [aes AA cSooe
byiellowiperchitescceese eee = eee aera 523 Mn eeke nocd focneeeS = [seeeteeees |--225-s
Notale es caccwesecceces 814, 921 | 45,791 | 4,324, 433 | 210,085 | 558,999 | 20,751 137, 663 6, 605
Pound nets: |
Sturpeonisash asec feces be eae eee So ewe | Seen 335 16
ADTVOUL eee ance Cte eae ote eee eee ee 10, 800 450
WiHIte file eae oe eee one tans (A eaereer: 31, 200 1, 680
Pot esas eee acel| e eeeeee aes 42,385 | 2,146
Grand total: ..--.20.22-. ~ 814,921 | 45,791 | 4,366,768 | 212, 231 | 558, 999 | 20, “20,751 | 187, 137, 663 | 6, 605
J
FISHERIES
OF
THE GREAT LAKES.
673
Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the vessel fisheries of
Lake Michigan in 1903-- Continued.
Wisconsin.
Apparatus and species. Kewaunee. Manitowoc. | Milwaukee. Ozaukee.
Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value.
Gill nets: 5 | |
GMM ee co cincsoaete eae 46,580 $1,720 71,838 | $2,507 188, 268 | $7,501 | 167,019 | $6, 625
MATE AOLPL WIV EL 22 snoe ae oa Var eee ce sD onneee pet oeeeetec lodaseood 24,390 | 312 11, 240 | 94
SUCKCISGEE Sc. oes cce ins cece temaeot cee Serer 139 | y Jal EEA Cy [Stati (eae e se [Pence es
PEO MUAINeSHS. = )- 2's 52 sce 25 = 108, 854 | 4, 747 846,062 | 40,750 | 271,787 | 12,800:
Waibe-hshreareshis sec sates eens Bie Seeks joss cae laacepoee 102 | 10 1, 435 89
WHET SaT Gopher Tuel fyeeee eo eae acs ol REN 5 ol tae See ge eae ON ee Ieee 24,335 | 1,141
WiHtite=fshs (MemOmIMee) alesse Se ceaice. eter tele otc stee seems ce ae crecreemaelumias sare 12, 500 | 325-
WEG OC RO ee son aaeeera a oane acc SNe mee Enmore aes ieee 1, 200 | 36 24, 670 430
AUGUGI So ee Somme aeoecE 121,580 | 4,745 | 180, 831 | 7,256 | 1,060, 022 48, 609 512, 986 21, 504
Lines: Ie Spang tae es | ig
PANS OLM AW. Clr saat oe Sea see cecal ee neta eeraarnael sacl eee | see ee sees fete ahs 7, 700 68
GIR OTT aegis ote Oe RI TS er lea ee | ee |e eae rs 97,500 | 1,658
Shope Mase See tw al Carclt wt olan eee ed|Deke ah pd eee ASene ames ec pee 35, 200.| 1,726
Grand total ..........-.- 121,580 | 4,745 | 180,831 | 7,256 | 1,060,022 | 48, 609 | 548, 186 | 23,225
| | |
Wisconsin—Continued.
; —j Grand total.
Apparatus and species. Racine. Sheboygan. Total. ;
Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. {Value.} Lbs. | Value.
| | |
Gill nets: | |
iE [Pe Siactt tea ats aale U h re e e gm eg een ae 6 131,131 | $5,145 | 847,750 |$80, 722 |1, 372,897 | $52, 943:
Thing; or lawyer ........--- BS), SEG ee Soaeene eee eee | 48, 830 5b2 | 64, 295 883.
SUCMEIS| Stee 1. caee nese cher ceenne eae [Sesame walieecesciees|Oas alee 129 | 28) a7 12>} 119
PrOUpinreshie wes ace emcees 71,269 | 3, 9S0 116, 638 d, 694 11,935, 610 | 90,825 4, 805, 030 | 224, 706.
Proubesdtedise c= ees esec Save cmccks Pape teeter oe meteors wiedle Seer eias Wena b ce eeteees|aace 746 24
White-fish, fresh .......-.. 10 | iO Wane Ne RP stan | 4,036] 257 | 844,575 | 53, 902
WW. biibe=nshesalteds so Pt hey 22 22 225% eas hes ly Se eR eee ate b aan bc oesaacne lene aeescl 3, 927 158.
White-fish (bluefin) ...... 62,085 | 2,930 5, 599 225 92,019 | 4,346 | 257,174 11, 429
enters hn (LOMOT aE os ae cneis See ccicin| cette ose eee eine eel re eal eee iciecerey le aremera = 183, 600 7, 693-
White-fish (Menominee) 14, 200 385 | 21,619 625.
CILOWEDENCH: 5525. eases pene = sos ace 25, 870 466 | 32,781 | 681
MOUs sec. saaaveis arsine 138,705 | 7,021 253,068 | 11,064 2, 964, 154 1127, 555 7, 594, 256 | 393, 163-
Pound nets:
Shame eaniese sa. os esses ssc Be ac Saves Late EC en pe UEP ce ome Ow ee ee 335 | 16-
PIE OG pene afc i's < ciotes Soe seiate (eaneecnapal deasencs Sasppyaddallasoances||adscsoncce lodssosee 10, 800 450
Wihnite=fish es 55.2 9-0 5 eS enlbumccisan cals nse eicemae sous [oececcee ieee cere ree |eeee eee 31, 200 1, 680:
TNOIST SORES RE Bea eee aos DRE aoe MONE Mele hee ens [eae Res Seas eke ree 42,335 | 2,146.
Lines: | |
OTE OPAL OT a12/-\accia opal seiot aaa tevcicnee & 5, 560 | 42 | 183,260 | 110 13, 260 110
AUROUE, 3 = sean ge sescasnccegbs asesecouce |ocesoesc 352, 900 | 18, 962 380, 409 | 20,620 | 380,400 | 20, 620
AUS, he co Se eee EO ROB EOEIE Peewentomres eel 358, 460 | 19,004 | 393,660 | 20,730 | 393, 660 | 20,730
Grand total 222. es. 5.5: 188,755 } 7,021 611, 828 | 30,068 |3, 357,814 pe 285 8, 030, 251 | 376, 0389
F. C. 1994—43
674 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of
Lake Michigan in 1908.
Michigan.
Apparatus and species. Allegan. Antrim. Benzic. Berrien. Charlevoix.
Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.} Lbs. |/Value.| Lbs. /|Value.
Pound nets:
Cat-fishand bullheads 275 $9: clo mibiomind erie e cl Pee e ie aellebya e-file ce, crac eae ee Se ee
Fresh-water drum ...) 16, 000 MG Ostia des cle [fapets sre amet tetesmes siesste Meiepernee 3, 900 tA22o I eee Bess he 2 2 2
German carp..-...-.-.- 1, 900 a RUT ee a ease ease eee eS lara ie 1,270 2s spate | eee
Herring, fresh.......- 1, 900 BD soso esnca'rcl sta cejaca:cil stave vorccoiel[ Sree eocpevell x oresre cove = | meee eae
Ling, or lawyer ...... 600 Gif 2iatie oo 0: 2il eye lore, 3 Se Ae opis teats 1,190 Gy fel Nene hal Keer oe 5, 950 301
Seines: vee oa im
Piketand pickereli: ¢.2 => o|=---ceie= |e oem = 940 43
Pike perch (wall-eyed) .-|....--..-.|-------- 31,840 | 1,72]
SUPRA Laem eae oamaoe.c| boeoe cabs) Seances 45 3
Sucwersmineshic cece nce soso eee eee clon aanie oe 35, 866 359
Suckers, salted....--..-.. | 2S 5 See vay ee eee 275,570 | 5,837
WMA DCRCH con ccsesec sella ccna [ete lee ces 19, 200 363
TUL ASS eaee setae esas Ae Donat 363,461 | 8,326
678 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by states, counties, apparatus and species the yield of the shore fisheries of
Lake Michigan in 1903—Continued.
= Michigan. | Indiana.
Apparatus and species. | Van Buren. Total. Lake. Laporte.
| lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value.) Lbs. Value.
| a
Lines: | |
Ling or lawyer.....------ ee Sache aon sa50Gs Al Qaoodouousa baoosese 850 $17 2,000 | $2
SAMI SOME ooscessasoods. Jasoesoseae | Beveeo aes 70 $5 545 43 | 170 | 13
GEN GENES. 55BeAzGosepagaus [beesacsas Ibansqeasipscdensossdiesocsose 32 PA eta) ee ae PreSne ae
GOW ces snes see eee aicewclioae cet eke lxscecsoe 71,215 | 3,442 240 18 625 49
Wihite=hsh (blwefiny == <2. -\5--2--.--s-4eo=4--e= 50 DR kee nee sea esas- Pssas Sass |asce ssc
Viellomppereh: ————SSees =— f = ————_—>——— |)
Ling or lawyer......... 500 5 | 38,350] | 48] 4,500 QO carakec| akc eer 4,500 90
StOVSCOM Ee seam rect eee $0 7 805 GS! leissceien|lsewisoree | 2 Scisritined OER eRe Sictclel eee
CON IaT eee ance o Ree en | ne eee 32 ON laovcencltwsdak dove oad Gen eee eee eee Seana
ELrOUbsc ne er ereerccese 240 15) 2,205 TE PACE ead nents ee occ Pence Memes LC eaeete
Yellow perch .....-..<. 1,200 | __86 | 10,620 |__ 278 | 71,350 | 2,350 |........|......- 71,350 2,350
WOtGls-< 5.5201) -c,00% | 2,030 | 63 | 15,02 | 483 | 75,850 | 2,440 |........ |...-...| 75,850 | 2,440
Grand total ....-.... 11,460 | 351 |215,610 | 6,361 |233,050 8,097 |153, 582 4,439 386,632 | 12, 536
FISHERIES
OF THE GREAT LAKES.
679
Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore Jisheries of
Lake Michigan in 1903—Continued.
Wisconsin,
Apparatus and species. Brown. Door. Kenosha. Kewaunee.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. Value.
Pound nets:
IBISiGRSD ASS yc 2 ae cas cereals Celt eee Se eee Pieisicioeee 627 $B: ose cnoue [Pesan eal eee See
Cat-fish and bullheads... 900 29 570 TOW Sh eve ee wera em ene 2a] eee ee leauge apes
Herring, fresh...........- TCSEO TOM I SGoN |e SOI G1 ONlier7- 8460) saeeen enue ees 48, 000 $640
Herring, salted.........2. 9,100 199} |" 45886: 30D Os 24d ee ee selo eee ceases naa] oeieeeee
Pike and pickerel 1, COO 60 2,870 DAS ec eect eins 35 Pes ad oe
Pike perch (wall-eyed), -
PRESNEES «os Soe ose dacee, 3, 400 167 DB FLO! We DBD ie Se Iie or, eet ertee ceantctatet| are chats ats
SANUMEC OLae caeete ste eine esa etmiaeseretsistcllleemeiare= 4,370 QAG) Nc emsensrclerc|\saeisceeis jut see es elpl ee eems
Osa a oaks ee Mees eee ay eoe oil coratyatnys(s 10 (pl aan 5 oe Beseetaal bosons sacs Sea acces
Suckers) fresh. 2. .2ee ns 9, 500 108 19, 900 p71: Ue Nees eae es Se ee | oyna at aratein SHE eee
Suckers, salted.........-. 1B atone ete iets {loicimtas feist 92200 i) 25250) Wao. serene Beeson AS eee
Prout freshen! 22-822. 2 se ieisis= om em = eee 89, 22B il) SASOGR tas eee aioe 720 33
Ato wir toh eye ES eee See IS eas asta 17, 400 939i (ec 8... yates Sees See eae
Wihite-ashecinesi .-e psec onion neem cme 2, 267 BSB le ee: 2s Bee
White-fish (Menominee),
dH ES) Oe Sane SSS eRe ne nae] Secese case ances 700 | QAR es eee Noe 2 a ee eee ener
White-fish (Menominee), | | Pe
SuiliveGl AA Gena seat os tesa aaorearses4lSouceene 4,800 196
Yellow perch, fresh.....- 10, 850 | 167 482,480 | 6,069
MellOwapereh, SALEM = 2.) sce mmm moll sine alee 15, 600 | 244
MO Galler 323 Ses Sass Soe 144, 660 2,622 | 6,189, 342 148, 020
Gill nets: |
FLETVIMN PE eS ose. eon 328,740 | 6,290 77,540 | 2,371
ibe Ep ytom sage lp ed| booodacaees |Hosaonselsenseosocee | eee a
Pike and pickerel........ 3, 890 MORN Ec eanyasttee ellen care [eevee sian
Pike perch (wall-eyed) .. 2, 200 Uae bees ess eceeen salle cee sane
Suckers*tresh= =... cee 61, 250 604) stakes 5. pees ee i :
ERO MMOS = -tajee sc 506,100 | 22,649 26, 312 1, 263 339, 822 15, 884
White-fish, fresh TE3GSONl Ie DSR ee Sook eS sete 6, 040 388
White-fish (bluefin),
JORESIE) Onn SERA CAME eos oe eee ess nen |Rassaoee Shey) || BMI) Rese ea nes! Sonesood! 56, 650 1, 582
White-fish (Menominee),
TORS Ds oa Ra a i a SP eee ete De 40600)! oI 160M Bs ecece s| cet mae 4, 600 110
White-fish (Menominee), |
SUG) eat ie Se See ae ee eo se ao ee Ce 80 PEt St ee ae eee ean ie See eb alr acne
Yellow perch &....-2-3-- 357, 680 7, 942 123, 740 3, 098 18, 000 HAO MN ore Sal ees
FROUAISS Sx ew '-eelc.ee Skok 753, 220 | 15, 132 926, 860 | 36, 956 87, 752 3, 453 408, 012 18, 080
Fyke nets:
iBLACKDASS -- i 2 s/o eee
Cat-fish and bullheads...!
German carp
Herring
Pike and pickerel
Pike perch (wall-eyed) -.
(StU OUKEs io) SRG Tae eas
WIC NDASS)...saeee eee ce
German carp.....-.-
Ferrin e Pesce erases
Pike and pickerel...
Pike perch (wall-
Lines:
Ling or lawyer
Trout
Crawfish pots:
Crawfish’... os...
Grand total .......|
Manitowoc. Marinette. | Milwaukee. Oconto. Ozaukee,
ape Valeo. Lbs. |Value.) Lbs. Value. Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. /Yalue.
a = 4 | |
| | |
| |
Sneed ce! epee hel ee ert ere ae meni ie cere a 560 SLD oso ose ees
Wt eee [eee te | AO ae 2 Fe Sera Sore el eee oe 160 of (eee on ee
99,975 |$1, 498 |103, 040 181.320 | 37,650 | $712 | 589,145 | 7,077 | 12,500 | $220
6, 400 LOORPSSESHO MNS) Sion leeee | seems 993.200), 74 280)nl hee ese eee
BR ea eed lo osetee lrereacal onsets HERE See el | OM ries Eotemel(: eller) 15
Ene. ai Melete oneal eames ere | Benen ae [Sac eens eas | 235050 200M a temas \zzk eur
| | |
300 Sree A eeG Cee L orcdeng 145795 |" 8024s eames
2, 376 980 70 336 | 24 2,165 131} 308 | 22
BER rg ts Re | Ne eee nr ee 5 | 3 | 42 25 3 | 2
9, 950 27, 420 380 | 11,250; 200 | 127,010 | 1,361 | 2,500 | 40
eens 3, 400 sStpa| Rs ae aoa eal © Oy (NLD) 620 Slee ote Slee
221, 640 1, 920 96, 6,250 805 | —«:1, 490 74 | 58/337 | 2,833
Eile guid Beate el lesen lidaed otc Gke cocaine sdeetcllceeeee ate ee
4,190 1, 256 $2 2,060 168 50 Sapiens 115
wtate tale Sale Haren 'staco hl stare iacatoears lm -atre leyenda ie voreuarele letersi eters Nena neooae|lAppSosc| 250 7
20502!) 67) 84, 115 ue hescece eeeeeee | 357,640 | 4,545) 375 14
346, 831 /14, 892 |405, 931 | 8,472 | 57,551 | 1,412 1, 414,: 237 22,141 | 77,365 | 3,268
eS EE ss =
Dee gel Ws see Hae SRE ae ek eG BOO!) 12: Loe ee celle se ace lee eee ee
8,970 | 247 |114, 609 | 4,065 37,380 | 1,456 | 161,250 | 2,705 | 35,625 | 1,214
|
Sea romale Ses soe Meetae eal ose sce A600 |) 26). 5.5 eo scene ee Ue 35
280 QA Eericecrno| Se ones |Sacenesliscmeeee PesseSecocecsesc- Biense ee
Se ane | oer 182,810 | 4,875 | — 500 20; 1,250 Dill weah ace leet
410,740 |19, 625 | 57,415 | 2 600 | 58,587 | 2,790 |.........-|.-..--- 22,500 | 1, 164
1,799 138 380 DGy'| sec eecaleam eee ee eee era Pee 940 62
Be nel tn. cee CER Y CRIN LawGt ad Hdanesealsesdasallecearoossdcesoce| 3, Taw 152
|
Reel eres! co! neat (eee el on ser Mae dalla ee cee aaa Oo oc 12, 825 326
5, 400 iI (eee eee be - 10,200 408 15, 989 450 | 12, 250 207
427,180 |20,178 |505,000 |16, 951 |208,517 | 4,712 | 178,480 | 3,180 | 92,090 | 3,160
fea ee lGeceesel) Saco BON pat soeel tees a S360
SRE aE (eit ss2|weceoees|--saceelesercesa|-cotesels 4,000
Pcooeee ane: 600 ON aetee seal eatmess 1, 860
Bie Aes [ee ees e500 tn es Baer estate 6, 075
ih Mn ats 1, 750 CB Webondccalaccesl) — UGLGND $80:\|,5-22aa¢|eeneeee
ST eA |e: one 11, 100 AD Veeco oslSacec cel 1982157101 sG8 lim See aera eee
BG seca 62) 230 1, 320"|...05.22-|2<.22t5| > 149; 780 | 2) 948.252 ans) eeeeeee
ea arr lace ac] 78; 580815 Godt | ee. ae ee eee sales oop) | 6,111 Sadun ba [SERS
I i ay acme | i i
eatin este rere menses pias 7s tau hl eset coolenrosaa| set! 52
Ene Ne 2 ea 17/200 800. Nees cead pec al Pec Le sare ko eee 22s SAO oT Ranta
ae a ee es re acre ere wees] 5, 400 DOGS Mi, a ae Se eae Oia ital eee eee
SS ee a = | Ke
Lapeer bec dee ae. 7,200)" 800%) (8/6501) O7del 227 | ees |e pean eon
774, O11 5, 070 1996, 711 |27, 387 (174, 718 | 6,398 |1, 986, 027
|
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 681
Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of
Lake Michigan in 1°03—Continued.
Wisconsin. |
ae = Grand total,
Apparatus and species. Racine. | Sheboygan. | Total. |
Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. [Value.| Lbs. |Value) Lbs. | Value.
| |
Pound nets:
IBTHIGESDASS | s< (5 scsi cco petzreveeeslevetsial| eiapeye csciesel| oS ersicuetelersie'|lceasisya eters 627 $53 3, 117 $255
Buffalo-fish Dobe ape acre pce erp) epee a Oe 2 ot Se 8 nde ae os gallo SL 1, 102 38
Catashardpullhead sah ee see Ue yea ea ee 2, 030 63 2,340 74
MGI Sas eines ins sae ae $12 177 12 727 56
Fresh-water drum..... [Speetetense Abe rata tee oh ae myer 41, 650 666
Genmanrcarp!).-...- 22. - Re Scctoca [oe sien ea meeaccceer sce 160 8 | 8, 950 219
Herring, fresh........- 1,188 | 1,673,650 | 22,593 | 1,997, 445 28,159
iFlenrineasallte dS -ae|tos ca ceo ee oes] See eee Se ale eceks | 5,378,800 |137,784-| 9,487,100 | 240, 163
Ling or lawyer..-...--- | 13 | 3, 480 28 9, 250 108
Pilkkeramdgpickerel ss saa lep sce hcsarcell see. oes aioe eerste ensce eare eae ctees 6, 920 414 30,069 |. 1,441
Pike perch (wall- | |
GycCipiresin 5 sashes sees ene testis ee Pe aeace eRe eee 47,135 |=2,260 | 148,488 8, 309
Sturpeonmss-cs- ~cessec. FSSC Suse oceeeniee | 180 | 12 10,715 671 | 58, 315 3, 301
(CHR TESS 5 Oe ie cere eer eon Wamuseaciee Resesees 60 | 36 | 1, 588 1,110
Suckers, fresh ......... SESoese ies nace ee | 16,500 198 | 224, 03 2,679 | 729, 193 9,116
Suckersvsalited@ sacs. sc |seasae sakcleueocene eeteeceseiae [eee ore | 120, 600 | © 2,955 | 424) 125 9, 510
Trowtpmesheess es). - cas eta a Seale caine | 267,900 | 18,975 | 647,485 | 33,932 -| 1,002,904 | 51,167
OVOUL SALE Gye cite sea, shee Nope ee eel oe RR eee lee eee 17, 400 $39 | 38, 330 1,819
rout steelhead! se cales se ne aac |eew oaeee 120 | 11 | 160 16 | 169 17
AWiln bed assert case se oe cenetel erm rate ore Ween ty ao [raises alll tsar Sas seen Mtaeere = 100 6
Wihitesishineshi a sase |e sss 585) Sows oe 1, 950 182 | 18, 095 948 579, 231 33, 181
Wihite-fish, salted ..--.|- s'is.cm st auc SER eet eL cee tee weet wee calee dee ael cles eee 1S) jac cee Ssece 18
PRO EE ero <2 (e'- stomps wee oeicra Smeraaioemie eis onaremern o1 16 1, 450 187 1, 704
F. C. 1904—44
690
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by counties the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of Lake
Huron in 1903.
Alcona. Alpena. Arenac. | Bay Cheboygan.
Item. |
No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value.
ee
Vessels fishing ...........2-.20- ler Sagews 2b gk gatoop: ee a) eae 2) Se eee 1 | $3,000
POWNIS CE Mek sectep ee teee sees BEeca bapaseds bal Ba ereaaad baccnoseocerd sete toocandos a ea
OA Ae ae ee See eens eee (fase las haeelencas 45-950): Sane =| ccm acerne| soos ceeceseee ieeeee 1, 500
Wiesselsiiransporling-o-22 ose ceini 1 DO 0000 2 = 25 cleencaese 1. 85 | pla ae \Beseec\/=44s2=5-
MOMMAS Cys Da oeceas Seite ce dle nee je eee Tl sadness oeteer |< eae ee OE ee. eee ees aes Soe
Omit Bak Sa sete cece eee ee Sie BPO es 250 cen e| sense elaacee 1560 | cwcic nel pee
(RORTSOE se naae acess scea eee wee $525 | 43 3,410 32 | $1,345 | 147 9, 685 29 2,810
Gasolineganmnches' eo. 2 252 sae. lee sae ee eeiel| =o ceils oe aisles I | 215500) ) . 6 6, 400 1 800
Apparatus—vessel fisheries:
Gilllapetsyies tess ccerscteemnone es eee 740 DE 900i tos (<.23lismuisieractel seta | ree eer 306 3, 600
Apparatus—shore fisheries:
SGUNGES) = Sh opocubonueceaCo ease lspeaalstasoseclsacnolessoqsacs Rae eats) 285 6 120 3 60
GUNSINCUS ane Saag Komitee cee 5 25 | 353 2, 665 16 LM Bera loca saccas = 306 1,720
IPOMMGM ETS! at on) sec alee ae ; 12] 2,450 |} 82] 19,500) 78 | 11,170 | 310 | 39,485 8 1, 045
ATSUPIOICUS | = «stows =e eem ier smlo 25 625 | 30 850 | 30 845 | 250 7, 285 95 4, 689
LAMAR IG oe son apna oeecsesscallbooss MAnoseos) oooadiaassesson|| 6 150 | 167 4.628: |:..c&< = lasesecee
DIP METS. 5.o-.ca es = Siecle eae. ir nallao aces sellaesellosn-senesiscerq |bemacemcalcacsleacosotos 10 5
SUES Meee cree ieee c.s,chs Belinciae eats lesecelaagsemalseeoclbcooccens|sons Wee epdoa ls sone Roja ees 3
SD GAs eaten emee ee een ome [SbScclbseseser|sreonlacenoeat= laser: ee eer 400 1, 200 3 4
Shore and accessory property..}....- B35 hese 40,150 |o;-<2- | 5) 885 4.:. 25 160, 495: |......- 8, 660
Gashieapital 2s. 26082 ve slneGewce laisse a| aoe tas Sate ve 20, 000 fseeee lnategeiys lente 23,000 ses .3 8, 000
—— = | —_ | ——_ —_—_ ——- —_ —_ ————
MO talize occassions eter emanhell mses 47469) ),...;2-2 TLD GTB leat. = | DA D2S ae 278, 566 | Seceeeye | a $32
Chippewa Huron. losco Machine: Presque Isle.
Item. j
No. | Value.| No. | Value. | No. | Value | No. | Value. | No. | Value.
Vessels fishing $2, 0CO $2, 0CO
MOUMASCIN 5.2 se ce ceeaeeriacceloesea|smeiccee a eO rl semeicte ere MeO ate cele aol ere fetal ine taney ta ee OM et eerie
Outiibe eetice co seme oes eee 645 900
BOM eet states es eecesateeLe 12,875 415
Gasoline launches ...-......... 2| 2,400 5400". sciselesee sexe 4] ee SOOM tees oeereneeees
Apparatus—vessel fisheries:
Galllaets ce ie arersineeontncccwieealicce se liearemecise 280 2, 000 3, 180
Apparatus—shore fisheries:
SOLVES Meee meme e pe iskie ote reievetell|scete ets ltelaletorarsiace 1 BF). BAS OM os sh Sao eplaisi| he eee eer
Gill Meta A So schsci eect 410 | 3,338 | 1,085 6, 934 425
ROUNGMEetS Ateescsee ace ceee ce 16 | 2,145 225 43, 315 625
UME SVoISY - Sexe Se ceselseonoGe sp 136 | 2,840 50 1, 345 240
Myikermnetscacssaseassoseeseepel se bela seces as 73 1: 3452| occ 2) acces) — OWN) SEZ DO" Cee eee eee
TNS CIEr Bs See ee epee ean Sern. | Jaemesee eemose 96 |Ssess 44 “46. 20222 | one t208) Rae eee
SPORTS Seis oc safe oe acicistaie states «il S miegssal sl erere rete ctcier=tetaia erateretoverorets 2. | eens See
Shore and accessory property..|..--- by 450 Ml o-~ sere 61,580) s.22< 115435)". os. D495 | ake 1, 965
(Cashicap tales ane ena se sean een 1 OOS | ee oeere SHU C0 MaGe NSAP Senoleeoalsassasse RES eneescs-
oC ee eye ee D0F603 |eaes eee 140,588 |.....| | 60,525 |..-.- 18, 300 |....- 9, 750
Saginaw St. Clair. Sanilac. Tuscola. Total.
Item. ia
No. | Value.| No. | Value.; No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value
BVieSSelS MiShim pyre clk ce ciate siamo et cieteceil stares sell Mees nero aioe eters 1 Sietaeret sc Palle creteta | eerie | 8 | $24, 090
UNO Aes pana or OSB a Sea soon Serenade saceelimoamecn Ioana lances -4|se8e)|shiasnSec 129) |eeskive==
(QNOTS IN Asciremr nese aways paras Presne a enpts ape | ssc ave co) Uechescelis eevee fess epoch ocouererareustelltescuatenellopeteieue Ret eee | EE teers oes 10, 795
Wiesselsitransportins, 525.0. cs ca|ee so icllie ee mrsiemin HC S29 000 Gs sere cere sco eee | emai 7 | 21,700
MOMMARE: Le eeance clase cee ec = heel e yet tencial) CAL Date ctecetetete| ceeretcpe teret eiarenere rm | ete eater OD ee
Omit sna 58 ee ee eee 2; 200
BOGUS Oo oe oars clan nee ote clacteims 12 655 | 20} $945) 12 $350 666 | 45,173
Gasoline veunches.. sees see: lemons eee seers 1 300 Bo SOOM Reese) eineeerene 22 | 22,550
Apparatus—yessel fisheries:
ACrIUMATY O0Ste ep steerer ee eee eeeee Paraataie focclsoanslacoacdeclss 23+ |e sears Stet parmia oll Cee neces 62,222 | 25,625
Apparatus—shore fisheries:
Seimesy nc seost cea cee ste Nin) taeel biercte ene ele rectal arate teteasets eee ease aoe ral esara ee = = Se 18 608
Gill Mets 2 Se erase nce eee teehee eel |-eeeeas 129 540 | 394 | 2,832 | 129 540 | 03, 907 25, 901
Pound mets ....:- eee 28) 1,080 | 28) 5,600 | 24) 4,425) 24) 2,575 951 | 154, 725
APTA DN CTS a a= oe Soria a: nemarae eel esiee| sense eoodconcs 640 40
IbInOY? ORIEN AVCU A Ue spouse aaneossoe ollsesseeeoueod |Sodedeodod| eco ssnenseso\ecsssocese 80 2
Whe allies Gea seSeseT Son SRA ESese nA esa aeeeeaoas| Soeace esos) Pb Sacencscosa||bGponneode 420 24
(prilkeey evovel yee sureties eso Sosennlbaceaecnsood |e seonpHce|mooaaowestso|loasncooods 145, 407 6, 980
Pilkkevand poickerelsssa lied sss ee ete |ee eee =| oe ew lejrerell eee eee a) eee ere ale 1, 610 30
Pike perch (wall-eyed pike)....--- 1,632 | 1,598, 674 89, 992
RO CD ASS Base cee adie ns teioetoe oat Sree eeeree een SEs ero arora reece eins ee) eae teres 110, 575 3, 236
Sturgeom: sce cin cs'= aomeciteeeeiss= 11 34, 047 2,162
SAUNT RO a CR ith teins oeasee quan ponesega seer pc oes schon Sco cena sand spocaaaos: 296 | 241
STIGkers wires heey eee eee areas | 252 | 2,061,578 | 18, 974
Sorel ken REWIKNOl pee bear soon sdeaeeon basse sen sess] seesesconaulbaodecusucsulibeeso sees 628, 576 12, 886
S(T 1. aaa ee smoot acos Hadad dacros | Soodesesnseolbsdecoce st lbooaSscsnGcsl anodes osae 42, 482 1, 066
ARON ndeO eRe ee ee aaaeeall | CNUs CAE) ECR Bee Joeclseoecsonoe 2, 086, 880 99, 386
AMyehblin SUNN a oon cen dewesbeapeceosoasll 9 2 dene esU i INP gos ococsallaosebossns | 21, 752 738
Wiihite=tishPeiresiue ec snc siicieecrine ra 654, 862 40, 679
Wilaitie-fishnisalted) ace sec ctce 2 5\|- cance eeinclas heeete rete teva ree cere | Se reetaato re 38, 101 Bey]
WANTGe TiS CAVIET seers a2 Dielele n= ete cea agel ens od eet amb ce bo Staab scocwaeae 400 46
Wihiite-fishy (lomp yaw) ce eseecest oe cel eee etre Bel ses aeerciy one ects tae | macro 74, 400 2,672
White-fish (Menominee), fresh .... HOMER || | SbRulisssedesGesasllsossacnacs 116, 700 3, 926
White-fish (Menominee), salted ...|..........-.- lle. Meraee eleje ell dieteinsiestoe ee loc ee Sea 28, 795 | 1, So:
WGITON EON So5 sehoHosce seciaone seo 30, 297 13, 989 231 | 1, 911, 002' | 44, 826
PO taL Ros 2 oc jeetcme cates wen crete | 503, 917 94, 081 583 | 14, 455, 209 450, 318
é
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES.
693
Table showing by counties and apparatus the products of the vessel fisheries of Lake Turon
in 1908.
Alpena. rey gan. Huron.
Apparatus and species. ae = —
Lbs. Value, Tbe Value. Lbs. Value.
Gill nets:
Pike perch (wall-eyed pike)...-. | 2,300 SOATIN ecrrs tetas eee eee Tectia ater | ere
Mnouilssireshic= -Socancesd obedp ace 4,304) 114 18, 893 587
StUTS COM ass. scene einees ee “210 10 4,199 194 143 | 9 196 9
Suckers tireshe hs 6 sec. ces 11, 700 182 42,155 688 26, 480 | 465 280,043 | 6,648
Suckersysalted!sss22-\.--- = 7,990 | 182 48, 645 931 3,339 | 61 4, 255 91
SUbnitln ... Sadeascsenenaocd Meme aster lace sal menses acer eeiier mer 100 | 2 4,468 114
Mrouipisesh. -s3..etecs ae 440 | 26 | 21,588 987 860 | 42 3, 209 134
White-fish, fresh ........-- 10,100 | 698 49,650 | 2,609 53,536 | 3,3)3 | 86,019 | 5,482
Wibtte-tish SalGeG) ain cece citectoce cise a series 1,725 46 9,315 283 19, 485 678
White-fish (Menominee),
fresh; ees ieee. waa 1,900} 67 3, 200 90 530 15 2,171 66
White-fish (Menominee),
CONTEC eee Maa oSoSaee nae 115 3 920 DAE ion ste jemis oe)| seieielce ails cis sialon sete eee
Mellowsperch: . Seen han bor een Seer Saprnce 17, 685 6000 ne sesteececlacccetr WeASoREnoose|[enecs: =
VEC ON 7 (KU Coe oeadcnise dlpse cee eecs||bsbeuon 205 6 5, 910 IRE eRe sser co lesoc osc
Batase sance esac ee 3, 000 75 93, 34 2, 868 12) 531 319" DRS ee Resear
Fyke nets:
(Opis ser havel youl etree Sea| |Seascowso a |suboes olboseboopeocl|stecooos 7, 830 280 23, 106 938
Dog-hsht sea-cercecsecr as 1, 38h 37
POL GS Bee oe seen io stereos 157 7
German Carp. -a- s a
607 Speer pea hewieem
696
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by counties and apparatus the products of the shore fisheries of Lake Huron
in 1908—Continued.
Cheboygan.
| Chippewa. | Huron. Toseo.
Apparatus and species. SS =F 3
| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value.| Lbs. Value.
Fyke nets—Continued. | | |
HVOGKIDASSiss ace ce ceseee ier ees See REL 2 cal Ae ep a Lee ea 156 2) al apie steteve ratte (oeee ee
Suelsersi fresh = 2 eee ne en hee eee: | eee cells aie rcyseree es rere 18, 627 276: | 1. = oieies 2 | See
Wellowsperchice sa. /25-eeectaeeecass ene are | eet io ateerne 515,474 4) 1,010) | eee Se eee
LO) 8 a Mee eR ee berate geeadlteae nee canace bal A aeons [2 78,7480 Dat see ae [ees
Seines: | ae _ iia
Germanicanpyr ss eectece =o eae ae sec hae atte sel Meiners soe ell see eee 1, 880 26) lees eno sl ee eee
Suckers sineshite=seerre see BEAU Vette pcp ose a banpocsuiccudannasec|ecosoces 6,830 | $220
Suclcerswsalitede ean. <2 3, 400 OM See sieae ere, 2)| Sa ataset hej Worm ietayy sete ere eeereteret 690 | 12
Wn testishissstes esac ncemea ne eae |o- se 22 ee[eneee eee e feces eel eee eee ence e |e eee ee | 3, 100 | 158
Total ee == ee << - ASH by) A) eS | ae
Grand total .............| 609,549 | 18,909 | 85,317 | $2,488 | 853,648 | 30,096 | 344,799 | $7,842
Sanilac. Tuscola. Total.
Apparatus and species. = =
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value.
Pound nets:
Cat-fishtand! pulllhieadsis. esse. sac os. esse = aia Ase 1,211 $48 74,317 | 2, 525
PD OORTIS ieee ene ie ee ciciers ae creas emeameecieatctes | zee a clepasielesteiiacireteedl Leese 8, 855 58
IDG Rea cetuuoceimectea ten cenenaes Soc GESSen Sone Slee a cece) See meran es ete tae eeaererare | 582 25
Mresh= walker GTI), qacceei cece eas all aerate aa lsa am aria 984 16 45, 630 286
GermtamiCanpees ecclesia soe ee 200 34 1, 300 19 | 138, 481 257
Herrimesireshe. | 22sec sees aecsese 195, 200 2,817 18, 229 190 1, 086, 027 13, 605
Herrin se salted so. oes nea es 181, 918 3, 969 4,715 119 | 3, 463, 293 | 67, 550
FVELMN SSS O KOO sae cseiacseclaclens We epe pote resteteie lie ee asses, ore /ot=|| late taretescreieserereyal| atetaysrsieisreice 640 40
AGU OVOTALAW VOLS tenes Bee rere tant ae Rane! | otters cis oe noone Cenc Peer 80 | 2
Pike and pickerel, fresh ......-.. Bye 1, 460
Pike and pickerel, salted .......-. 5 15
Pike perch (wall-eyed pike)..... 15, 188 72, 391
FROCKRDASHseaaate fa ciate oes seecra fee Poieeetecines 947
SULIT RC OM Ss c= 25 Sbtelmiclsfoeins ease | 2,103
Sur econicavilatece eee eee ane ee | 241
Suekerswinesh!. 2 y-ceeasceneaees 11, 916
HUCKers Salted ss: sash see cera 2, 452
SUDYIED S)oY oe Cee See ete mine mes 229
MNO Ww beireshis 32.0. -jcerteeececece 8, 439
PRIOUPSISAIbEM Ee See ceceoe 277
Wihite-fish. fresh)... 2542-45 225--2- 29, 611
White-fish, salted 1,142
White-fish caviar 46
Wibute-fsha (enomimee) ineshis2| Ss se ses taec ells ceisener ose eter == eel eer 18,513 643
Wiite-shr Menominee) saltedis: |S oes. eas ene alo smare ait te | ree cerns ate 1,155 31
NWellowaperehy-ckssem=cecciscesm ace 100 | 4 13, 389 222. | 945,174 21, 506
otal epee Sees sires ocecase sce 406, 352 8, 357 92, S31 | 2, 562 8, 391, 950 237, 797
Trap nets: |
Cat-fishtandsbpulllhies dss =e 29-20 a) soos oe cieia ne sells ee ciaccesmiel es ke cineca 38, 461 1, 283
TD OVER TE TST Ov Seated A, URS ae ran ha ered Se ee a eae ee od ba gs ae ee le eetaatee 900 | 9
JOS) EY aia eer a eg nr ae || Seen ee ee ere oes ee Aes Gee a ae |pceaaceede 352 2
RCSA abe GLUM we oma sos ease |ineeeteecce areal e cisere ae cine | owen ee ie Beeston are 1, 796 23
GeTMaMFCAN DS sep es eee ae eo cert et ttnc Lasoee irae alle aoe eeeeree he oy see 2, 444 50
ETO rN HiT OS Dass mae rates nese = nates oe Seine omar Siacocil eon ce terns re |e see Riese 4, 900 72
Lalenteintec Eni eye hse an ale eee oe |e ee ee ao Red oo enone Men cue peter sasaeodene 20, 250 8638
IRIS elUine Cx arse se era aeey eel eral eres shies ae [in eee ec ere Ce Ine ces, SIS et AS 420 24
Pikevand'pickerel: fresh s.-- .2sss\|5---0 50-26" eee NAM Ve rs Bo ter HER Eesacwca lic 57, 349 1,618
Pike and pickerel, salted ........|...-...----- scares: Eyam ee i Se laaaee asess 805 15
Pike perch (wall-eyed pike)-....- fencia Sartarcieese lateness care 160 | 6 168, 851 9, 355
TOON OSI ocadoncecbosasoas 26sSoc) = sao scsasacd| Sescan seer) sceqcseas=55|obooeeasoe 7, 088 145
SUE COM necator oem ee cece lee ea ae ers /aeranee aera ae eee ae [Rveser cence 2 1,150 58
Suckers: dineshies. 22. scseecear seleaccessene cole eeciceswes 500 | 6 703, 017 12, 337
BUCKErSU SM LtEd Se 255 cee cece ae nel ee ce es Se celeron as bees es. letiees came 455, 900 9, 460
Une Shiees fe eGo eee Le aS Ss cee tae ued obo ameter sa eae eee cee 7, 623 88
ERO, ob. ct SOR aA OSes de obs 35) Boerne cnee| SSA Spee ae Heese sees ae Ate 4,624 163
Wihiteshsilee:.< .aocet se seca en eer Cen EM waee lowe ao. Seas eee aoe oe 2,030 | 127
698 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by counties and apparatus the products of the shore fisheries of Lake Huron
in 19038—Continued.
Sanilac. Tuscola. Total.
Apparatus and species. ————
Lbs. Value, Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.
Trap nets—Continued.
White-tish (Menominee) " 808 $36
VellOWpPELCD) eee eciose see ialaas 5 440, 905 8, 942
MO teeter sais aerate neem eae y 1, 919, 673 44, 120
Gill nets:
Catzishvand bwllheads:\..2caz, sce Uae se ne soe cls mace mele ne Gece en sete -l eieetseneteeis 720 24
err neh CSD sev os men -eeew aise 14, 200 DUG Qi ae crers ete eee erie atera ee 52, 967 881
FLCETIN EA SALted sss sae ee cease 2, 300 BONS dssreaistiaccs|looeelnlesete 2 12, 690 228
Pikevand pickerel 22: sch. sack o cla| Sanne set eal ewan ces leec eae eee se | see mee cee 1, 548 76
Pike sperch (Gwall-eyed! pilee ie 527 -o|kvaecimateectta| a0 cies ae ese aera all eae ers 19, 712 1, 043
IROCEKADASSE 3! Sr. sae aa nise Steere ae Se see hod iene Mee sale snbsp Sop soallacesns 5895 530 11
ULMER COM ae cre ern rca a= Aarne 3 32 iL
Suckers, pee So Shs Fe Spetes Lyte ata ‘, 281 oe
Suckers, salte ws 0, 981 12
(brouteireshes. 02 geeescs cesses ee 1,939 541, 540 23, 716
UBS Coynhinat ul re(6 Reese Seearo oer 3, 220 112 11,470 413
White-fish, fresh -.......-.-.--2-- 600 34 57, 967 3, 247
Wihite=tishiysall ted. Soe sae loose seen seme eee 3, 910 185
White-fish (Menominee), fresh... 10, 953 353 72,7719 2, 346
White-fish (Menominee), salted..!....-.......|.----.-+.- 27, 600 1, 290
MellOWEDereipanmcemiiwaiis eetide lier 30, 197 965 97,169 2,975
GPR or Bleek eet te Ped | |. 297665. |B, COB teen See eee 959,896 | 37,742
Fyke nets: Cy
Gat-tighand: bullne@ds. i aea5 fee al Sec air ee lee = tees | Soe eer Sete emer 37, 743 1, 448
DOP afSI ee or goes cise al Fasale ic spools H | : it, ae re
else sch << =r : 27
German Garp! as ser cerosicceeicsicle 19, 436 618
Rikerand piekerele. ses ees2 ens listens dsacraie sare Heese ce eiaa | Mewaresisiecie Sells eretriee mete 52, 680 38, 467
Pike perch (wall-eyed pike)..... (ocmeeceseeee eta e cee (coe coer teres asonset mes 6, 560} ~ 1,083
ROCKS SSI esa eee ace roie ere else /al oestrone creterol| hepsi eee areal ee eerie tee eter ere eee ee 1,581 2,128
Suckers #inesiena. once setcias sceits \pecoepasa-ce [bp SuAne Sr cllseepecmsotcn|basanacs55 634,825 | 22, 008
Suckers vsalteda.acemtecme cc nections Jee eclayaiee Cte rol RARE eaten tical mee ames 28, 980 630
Sun-fish ...... Bess SIs Sereate © sere opel ee letter eajece Ve rere a cpei ovals oles erortara olel|ie eae eee 26, 496 749
Witte fishes saps socio ronteeie ciiis,ost= We rapsie ate symm falls aicie are = Scielitecian erste, siae'| ston alee 140 9
sellowi perch’ cesses naccccnsecere od Verne aoe Bee cele oekmamcceeWaemenes aceen| Se seemee ce 394, 99) 10, 560
Totaly rics -ecjemeels cae sabes oeias.ts | dejeala ares etabet| scape me rare mise | eteye asst erate al ees einen 1, 294, 653 42, 951
Seins: | |
Cat-fish and bullheads........... | bs diciaesVerlarctavall siowis er levaleral| afew Se ee OE Smee 1, 960 59
Genmanycarpteseses secon seeeeeeee | Net fej ee a Pal Ye I | ensayo | keer 2,150 29
Pikevindipickerele=- 25-252 -s.-- 0 tte e atetitne ce all Buccicotetaine | (ble, whee a tems| Seeee leer 6, 855 343
Pike pe (wall-eyed pike) -.-.-... Settee tee cesses eee pete ee etree presets 23, ee 1,489
TROCKADASS sees aec eee cecinseeeneetc|easimenan cei eee eral (erions Saeco nacrrercie 330
Sie ers stros hierar acme ans. eet |- eee loneonneccr|oneess cancce|scoosna9: 105, 705 1,367
Suckers #SalteG jaccc ociewc ste ocean ouaerenceee Boies Bics S| Erie losis oss aiellisonreiv sions 4, 090 87
SuM-fish:os5- ca ie Fo 2s nC iajoieccerwis ou, 5 eels ae ec cto maeicn Oe epee | Onin mise ete talleeaeteie cet 300 5
AWC ASE ES = Sen rere lmertreissere i | abbr d AS capita Sc Poe bere ciel | Eh hotate ies ete |e eeyeeeteterere 3,100 158
BVielLOWiDeLOWy soc cies econ eine enie eteimieeannees ee diecaescelleco~eeraan sl evesctoniwer 10, 540 164
INGE TOS Se Ale Pang rape [yoo sa See a eee ee 158, 705 3, 666
Lines: | ; ;
Cat-fish and bullheads..........- Li ee Wires an!l ans ice aleaneee neat alecetstaceete 2,625 105
Pike: perchi(qwall-ey ed! pilke) yest a Ss eee | cee nee alee tei ceetera\ 700 15
Pike perch (wall-eyed) .......... 155, 250 OHO seacoast tena ere 155, 250 7,570
RL ADEYEKS 01 ap acuoeEeeon ccconc on oosedleseercserce Jesse eeeeee 8, 300 536 8, 800 5386
MOtale sects se secieseio reece 156, 150 7, 586 8, 300 536 | 164, 450 8, 122
Miscellaneous apparatus:
BRT PIG Goes Soeenaes ocddacace 800 PN Wa eae oD bope| pecdcoseos 800 2
(GenmnamCaTpesaae oats see tacecl 40, 000 S20 RE sacs osece cease 40, 000 320
WETTIONE Seer sero arin cereieieisteisieisisciece 3, 000 SOO! pe cies ase =e etiettere tere 3, 000 800
Misellwmoes 2-22 cniasjeeme cence 3, 000 405s Soweto eelneme aise 8, 000 405
Rulveremdupl@hkene) sa se nsenear acs 19, 500 ia dB aeeeocenans| peseeerenc 19, 560 1,170
Pike perch (wall-eyed pike)..... 4, 300 387 ‘lecStesacse te eeeooeres 4, 300 387
IROGREDASSi-6 ook eho ener e man ae 3, 700 1S ecce cece noes ase seeeeae 38, 700 185
Suckers jcosceccee cisterns c cass 1, 200 Bele a oecaere poe eel seriatere 1, 200 3
SUNFISH Sao sacine qatsicde eerie eats 6, 500 BM Bee EeoE ns oC HCAS 6, 500 325
SVE LOW WCNC He wemtelemclete ciaeeiseataa 4, 600 WM Eoosseansocclesasareece 4, 600 230
Toba set te aoe mle 2a 6 (G00) ines Sa gla ene ena | 86, 600 8, 827
Grandtatal 5.4, Ue. oss se. 486,900 | 19,106 | 35,041 2, 488 | 521, 941 21, 594
WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE OF LAKE
DETROIT
ST. CLAIR AND
RIVERS.
ST. CLAIR AND
The wholesale fishery trade of this region is centered at Detroit,
where 5 firms were located in 1903.
handled by these firms was caught in Canadian waters.
45 persons engaged in this branch of the trade and $30,717 were paid
The greater part of the fish
There were
SS
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 703
in wages. The value of the 5 establishments was $131,700 and the
cash capital employed $93,079.
The following table shows in detail the quantity and value of prod-
ucts handled in the wholesale fishery trade at Detroit:
Table showing the extent of the wholesale fishery trade of Lake St. Clair and St. Clair and
Detroit rivers in 1908.
Wayne County>
litem. =
No. Value.
EOS GeL PRUE SHRINES TAGS centem cere etre siarai Ss arage ee Peee aie ate ere S oT Tec ave tare ei siete eo mabTa Sraeerataeionres 5 | $131, 700
Gismnea ile ees Seer ako = patina | Pe Rey Gre Een eda J Wonme teye [eS eae SE, | 98, 079
WiAPeS ees e oe a: steecoce edie sone esas seimemiad odbc bkse dob scnenb osdosnanpaconahAdaca||sesacusuRe ..| 30, 717
TESASOSARS {Shorey seeker len ante Beet eid UE SE aN SO ee eens Dies enn Ady cea a
Product. Lbs. Value. Product. Lbs. Value.
Fresh: Salted:
Cat-fish and bullheads -.. 101, 272 $6, 206 IS(@VA duak eo a sbapaoguooNnee 2,519, 404 | $111, 068
GUS ee See ss be wien cle See eicls 17, $41 1,159 Pike and pickerel......-.- 27, 809 1, 756
Fresh-water drum........ 188, 000 4,700 | Pike perch (wall-eyed) .. 3, 286 216
GenmaniGanp = Siac. -ec ce 63, 869 2, 107 SHICKCIS 2 =a seen esses 239, 908 9,598
13 CUiah a se 1, 068, 089 51, 562 PREOUEE (72 ieee oe isa Se 18, 120 1, 087
Pike and pickerel ........ 208, 948 13, 829 Wihitestish SS A0e eos 82,378 6, 348
Pike perch (blue pike).... 610, 281 34, 206 White-fish (bluefin)...... 9, 050 366
Pike perch (wall-eyed) ... 597, 395 45, 308 OsHETHISh Shey ee ease 592 29
Pike perch (sauger).....- 30, C00 1, 500 ee
Rock bass and sun-fish ..- 18, 000 690 pity (Ray ieee Le es ate LE 2, 900, 547 130, 468
Salt-water fish....oc.. 2. 88, 946 5, 998 =
SLULSCOMG Stree s aeics we 27, 9381 2,919 || Smoked:
Sturge eon) cavwigm <. 425.-25- 960 668 | EVEL OM aac sicteston ce sete 68, 835 7, 962
SHGIC note ero Ae er ee ae 137, 404 5, 058 Salt-water fish ........... 23, 551 1, 266
GROW oo ceaeeee | 1,100,184) 72, 204 Sturgeon 1, 000 200
White bass . 10, 938 FAT | Se MART OEIGHerhe Cys Aten aie mer 1, 240 75
* White-fish 1, 617, 216 129, 374 Wrhite-fishi: “2/ceysae ccecias 15, 238 1, 065
White-fish (bluetin and | =
EUUTED CON crane wee eee 70, 313 3,616 |) MOballysaw awe sce se eS 109, 864 | 10, 569 -
White-fish (Menominee) .. 4, 000 240 | : ==
Mellowoperch:+.. i. 22e2.2 460, 864 18, 567 |) Gramdtotal(s 3-5. se. 9, 444, 798 542, 911
Oebemitishrs soc scgcesmece 11, 831 1,516 | ‘
511s) SS apg ot ns | 6,484,382 | 401, 874 ||
| |
FISHERIES OF LAKE ERIE.
The fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903 gave employment to 2,727 persons,
of whom 633 were on vessels fishing and transporting, 1,591 on boats
in the shore fisheries, and 503 were shoresmen in connection with the
fisheries and the various fishery industries. Following is the number
of persons credited to the different states bordering on this lake:
New York, 1,017; Pennsylvania, 487; Ohio, 1,101; and Michigan, 122.
The total amount of capital invested in the fisheries of the lake was
$2,196,397. This included 102 fishing and transporting vessels, of
1,859 net tons, valued at $378,650, with outfits valued at $62,428; 467
boats, valued at $22,208; 39 gasoline launches under 5 tons, valued at
$26,950; fishing apparatus used on vessels and boats to the value of
$379,776; shore and accessory property in the fisheries and wholesale
fishery trade, valued at $919,635; and cash capital utilized in the
fishery industries, amounting to $406,750. The investment in New
704 EPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
York was $470,606; in Pennsylvania, $495,959; in Ohio, $1,205,002;
and in Michigan, $24,83
The products of the fisheries aggregated 23,188,556 pounds, for
which the fishermen received $780,015. Of ane quantity, 12,448,089
pounds, valued at $468,821, was taken by vessels, and 10,740,467
pounds, valued at $311,194, by boats. The yield in New York was
2,949,305 pounds, valued at $128,445; in Pennsylvania, 8,367,707
pounds, valued at $305,244; in Ohio, 10,748,986 pounds, valued at
$317,027; and in Michigan, 1,122,558 pounds, valued at $29,299. In
the vessel fisheries the products were all taken with gill nets, except
27,000 pounds of turtles, valued at $1,620, which were cen in turtle
nets. Inthe shore fisheries, pound nets took 4,471, B24 pounds, valued
at $142,272; trap nets, 1,365,596 pounds, riled at $32,004; fyke nets,
959,987 pounds, valued at $18,239; gill nets, 937,733 panne vale
at $49,097; seines, 2,633,267 pounds, valued at $45,724; lines, 341,260
pounds, valued at $22,986; and other forms of apparatus, 80,800
pounds, valued at 872. The species taken in largest quantities were
aoe. 8,788,625 pounds, $333,844; blue pike, 4,915,357 pounds,
$188,038: com ian carp, 3,546,752 pounds, $59,198; sauger, 1,940,355
aotnas, an 697; wall-eyed pike, 908,484 Dende, $49,462; yello ow
perch, 830,403 pounds, $27,001; suckers, 721,089 pounds, $8,695;
fresh-ws i drum, 642,445 pounds, $4,513; white-fish, 302,805 pounds,
$22,988; and sturgeon, Taeladine eaviar, 300,103 Seeing s $26,480.
About 93 per cent of the herring and 64 per cent of the blue pike
were taken by vessels, the two species forming over 90 per cent of
the products of the vessel fisheries. Yellow perch and saugers were
also caught in large quantities by vessels. The German carp, except
270 pounds, valued at $2, were taken in the boat fisheries.
The fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903 were less extensive than in any
of the recent years (1890, 1893, or 1899), for which statistics are avail-
able. Comparing the returns with those for 1899, the year for which
the last canvass was made, there has been a decrease of 1,001, or 27
per cent, in the number of persons employed; $524,157, or 19 per
cent, in the investment; 35,205,508 pounds, or 60 per cent, in the
quantity, and $370,880, or 32 per cent, in the value of the products.
The decrease in products was principally in herring, but there was
also a large decline in the catch of cat-fish and bullheads, black bass,
fresh-water drum, wall-eyed pike, sauger, white bass, white-fish, y eile
perch, and various other species. The only important species in
which there was an increase is blue pike.
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT. LAKES.
705
The following tables give, by states and counties, the number of
persons employed, the amount of capital invested, and the quantity
and value of the products of the fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903:
Table showing by states and counties the number of persons employed in the fisheries
Erie in 1908.
State and county.
New York:
Erie
Erie
Ohio:
Ashtabula
Lake
Cuyahoga
Lorain
Erie
Sandusky
Ottawa
Michigan:
Monroe
of Lake
On ves- | On ves- | In shore
sels fish- |jselstrans-| or boat pe ae Total.
ing. porting. | fisheries. J
|
96) Ssacrisiiers 671 116 883
BLN eee deeoege 73 25 134
VODs cemeloeieers 744 141 1,017
216: \\snecesoee 76 135 487
Se aeoacteteleseboseess Dis Sak eraeets 2
Sree eee | pemetserabier (ie Beesooscen a
49) ee eee oe 39 130 318
ean nelohes le aeweaenae 33 15 48
40 12 78 46 176
doer isles c/a\| Sateleitacias 16) asjeceeesee 16
Soave Sacelaomee ema 362 24 386
DA er eeeresee 112 12 148
213 12 649 227 TOR
BERS as Bedcasccas 129s | eee 122
621 42) 1,591 503 | 2, 727
Table showing by states and counties the vessels, boats, apparatus, and capital employed in
the fisheries of Lake Evie in 1908.
Vessels fishing. | Vessels transporting. Boats. Gasoline
ats.
State and county. ae | Vane (rae Value |
NO. | nace,| Value. of | No.\ nage,| Value. of No. | Value. | No. Value.
ge. outfit. | | Be. outfit.
——— = | | ==
New York: | |
Lihat e soc er CeOenor 1G See a CTE ONC SKN O) leeiael erincre se reber concen 35 | $1,445 | 5 | $3,500
Chautauqua ..... 6 82 EAE QOON F< -3. TOY Soe eee erence [errata ake 880 | 138 8, 850
Motels. io 22 | 416 | 73,100 12; 815, |S | ses Sees See pp | Zo a5.) 38) No s50
Pennsylvania: | : P |
PLCS ee =e 44 |) 698 | 168,500 | 25,2144... -|...-..|.-.--.--|-----=-- | 47| 2,135] 6 | 6,400
Ohio: ° | | lene, |
ASIA DULa eee cWonce -|s2 case] Goesc.-2 ec | Saas ose SG Seated Aaccprics 26 |Sacel Secretar
10) ee aeereee GSec baded Senedd tockncara Senomeee lente| Hacece basaces 690: Seasleescesee
Cuyahoga........ 24) 409) ) 83,600 } 16,724). 0.) ...22 TAL UO ect! Geeoseac
OVALS SS cat esa aes eae tee cice teal koma ecleems 336 | 2 1,100
Pee ese ce ee Nh a) 150 17, 450 2,675 | 2 2, 100 1 350
Sorin siey a. sa -=|lvaa sell eye eeeeasere aps'| ak aa asl eta ae On ese | eeitctos ae
COON Et Sete CEB ARB) ace ool ene cea in meee eee 9,632 | 9 5, 400
1 Ge GC) Sea e eee 4 60 11, 000 1,500 1, 865 1 500
Motalessticcisstac | 34 619 | 112, 050 19, 899 2 126 | 25,000 | 4,500 | 304 | 15, 923 | 13 7, 390
Michigan: 7 |
Monroe =. s-5--- accel bapcon |sosaccane Jnseeteee eestor acl Syscatesies totes oe 64 | 1,825 | 2 850
—— | —————— mor een =| | =—
Grand total ....| 1 1, 733 | 3538, 650 | 57, 928 126 | 25,000 | 4,500 | 467 | 22,208 | 39 26, 950
F.C. 1904—45
Lod
706
REPORT OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by states and counties the vessels, boats, apparatus, and capital employed in
the fisheries of Lake Erie in 1903—Continued.
Vessel fisheries. Apparatus of capture, shore fisheries.
. State and county. Gill nets. are _ Gill nets. Pound nets.| Trap nets. | Fyke nets.
No. |Value.|No.| Val. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. |Value.
| a i a =| = ee ae oe Ey
New York |
1 Dales eae eel aga = ZW SIE | wt 7Gelleee eee oe 859) 1945548) [occ o ce ec cre es See eer eee eee
Chautauqua ..... 2 OS6.4) LONGOO Neca ence 2,479 | 22,422 9 | $2, 550 14: | -$1; 360. | os. e}ee es:
MROGRIE S- o- 2 says hated ley Wy |leeeallasece 3,338 | 26,970 9) || 2) 550") S14 S35 0h eee ie =e
Pennsylvania: een | ; io
1070 CSE See POTHSO NEO2, tOOm eee eeeee 1,464} 69828) 49° 1-38,;300))) (672) 00ps| Seecelaeeeeee
Ohio: |
ANGIE OWE Ge ar see eonneeec|sencosac Sopa|sendes 15 1) Seana seooasoe jaacas| Pa-ccsce||bonesisc-e6s-
alkene ee cess foe eeeleerete caterers [oie cie'eistad octal lars catia 29 5908901... coe Saecee ad leet ce meee
Cuyahoga.....5:-- Hig 230) || OOS SOU acer ne ciate lorateterste sal state aeemtete ‘81 | -26,300-|--4.-|sntecoe-|eeceeloaeeeee
LOUVAIN) Bes ac eee Sells aac aae loaner bers Bal Se eoed locposoe | lebeasace 443i) 16,400! |. Soave ence 10 $500
] Dyas ys sees here 1, 520 7,000 |-70 | $210 520 1,355 60 | 14, 200 () 1, 910 48 1, 680
Sandughey ous (onc8|).seccieel|Snielteeselbeaes|secsee 65 BOO" | cei ois eign: sere S| omen lean 26 600
OETA WW eeeer ee eal eet Seeteliat ei eer eet eae trae 994 | 1,998 | 170 | 38,300 | 373 | 19,845 | 176 | 12,180
UCAS coe ee 15/20Q%|; Ay BOOS cat] cise s srathe:s crateiciall eine Satay ate 137 | 8,060] 20 800 ; 19 750
Motale-— te eee 9,956 | 48,180 | 70; 210 | 1,594 | 3,668 | 520 |109,160 | 468 | 22, 555 | 279 | 15, 660
Michigan: : A a
PMOTITOG cee tcee ol seer ee cel|innsin scree est|seiceol as aaticel eee seeee 286 | 15,960 | 106 925 | 28 830
Grand total ....) 28,755 |148, 115 70 210 | 6,396 | 37,466 | 814 |145,970 |-655 | 26, 835 | 307 . iste 4c0
Apparatus of capture,
shore fisheries. Valne of Shore
= minor | Value of) and ac- Cash Total in-
State and county. | seines, Turtle nets. | appara- | Jines. | cessory | capital. | vestment.
tus. property.
No. | Value.| No. | Value.
New York:
BRIG yak heise ees MN et ecetee llnterereiesteltesie sine Paceic ere retell ocetiretetcie rs $970 | $128, 420 | $135, 250 $367, 208
Chautauqua ....-.|...--- ee ee eee 221 19,510 22, 000 103, 398
MOG ALi ahs Satopees ise |e cece | melerer aac eeseioei pete sacra | Bere ecto 1,191 | 147,930 | 357,250 470, 606
Pennsylvania:
TN so ceterega gaaa bone selicauoce al baacdaaeadonad tooncqocce 117 | 140,300 64, 000 495, 959
| | a
Ohio:
Ashtabula ......-- Wee ne AB as aeeed|Sacwed bscbseds|oeee=estos 20) Peaeee epee eee 60
MRGICO? Se Soe Biotec wie lee clea koe vised separa elamtel Meee erate eee ane 4-050) |. 2 << eects 10, 640
Wily thomas [e sasellscacte a sae easel he Se ol eee eee neat eee pea 344, 100 88, 500 595, 604
OTANI Re ae ce cecrelists Baers ss tees lee maleic $3 | 5 11, 760 5, 060 35, 044
rie 2 epee ee 4 PAGCOR Ae oe aac mesee paese set 5.| 136,965 57, 000 272, 810
Sanqwuskys - a... .ae 2, THON ase dee ee code rece aan! te hen eee aeons Eee Eee 1,825
Ottawa se ener <1 52 3, 935 135 2AM | gions rctete 19 66, 680 20, 000 178, 269
TU GES). octamer SOA hODD ke aeee Jace eeee|eeeeee cee [see eteee ee 64, 925 15, 000 110, 750
MOGA sa) methacine | 90] 6,595 | 185 270 3 49 | 628,430 | 185,500 | 1, 205, 002
Michigan: Tae
Monroe = saacce a: 20 | 1,445 |....../....-.--]---------- 20 25075 See Bee 24, 830
Grand total..... 110 | 8,040 | 135 270 3 | 1,377 | 919,635 | 406,750 | 2, 196, 397
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 707
Tables showing by states, counties, and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Erie in
1903.
- Cat-fish and bull-| Dog-fish or bow- Fresh-water
Black bass. heads. fin. drum.
State and county.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.
New York:
_DENG).5 ae Ree ee 4 el ae ei ee en | (ee Rs Pu Al POON esc masperlcamao sot leseece oes eee
Ghanbangia;. 32 5s5 4 csee5 5 4,825 $387 300 RON Scie aasien | aeaeaee 800 $12
ROLE So wre canbe aie eee 4, 825 387 2,571 LOSS Ey eA ee eee 800 if)
Pennsylvania: a
TELS) Saga Se be 9 cS Mk ee 12, 315 f 2 aie ere toh bee es a 60, 061 838
Ohio: 2
PASS Ets aTI 8, 22 enya sek aps | See eae ere 1, 000 FON oye Sa eectaa ates ac cel miaeiaen aeaes er
oa) ote 2.0 ieee eee ae een [eee eee el | cei es 7, 662 SAG ches (Aes ea aa ae 23, 612 187
(CATCH EC) ne SI al fac nee ea) Lee 900 385|ee pa peel Les 7, 914 77
HOTA. oin2 = hohe de see lee [poos¢ 30560) 5=-So60e 2,000 SO8| 5. Seca cwak lene ecees 24, 000 120
LDL gta 8 SE oe a er Se ee eee 12,391 B2Bb LIOR Sopa aces 42,752 356
SaniGuisiay =. Ss usewceoeme | BSR SSeS | aoe 2, 583 TAG ok ea | ertaro 2s sie Qa ae Sa ee eee eee
(OVA C7 eee ee Rate ae oa emcee nel eee cee 106, 364 AARNE ce Leal eas 280, 030 1, 886
PERC RS sie sisi raelicntclepeineee ein areeina beeen 12, 265 25) hee Se eee eS 63, 530 372
JOS a bit ag sao BC SDE BOSE Maeenueeen teasanes 145, 165 Seis) be cemceens| | Secarees 441,838 2,948
Michigan:
POMOC me ea sotinec se aicis Soe ele seet oie aoe ioe oe 21,724 859 le 1, 062 $6 139, 746 715
Grepiitobal: 225-2. 8 4,825 387 | 181, 77. 7,471 1,062 642, 445 i 4,513
German carp. Herring. Ling orlawyer.| Pike eee
State and county. é
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. /Value. Lbs. Value.
New York: |
Erie. -.-.. saeetechessectass 2, 560 $45 06 atiii2 a Sab elOOull seminal sem mee 544,029 | $23, 207
Chautauqua .....%...060% 19, 000 372 $99; 152 (492-043 - 1. 2c cllcee eee 459, 318 16, 931
PROG esac. snes a sane ene 21, 560 CS Uy fal [ea Latta) Oca Pas Bad als sa A Vea ea eer 1, 003,347 | 40, 138
Pennsylvania:
WBIC He On sda sienna means es 29, 650 4517) 75; f00,052 22075 1h Ness. eole- =e see |e) 179,039 | 79,465
Ohio: -
WAKO coe toon eacnitave cine 18, 350 233, 3, 744 129 1,140 $23 167, 202 4, 803
LOT: GeVo' =f Wee ea ee eS P72 273 | 1,094,071 |-49,129 | 12, 210 75 | 1,116,293 | 45,923
Live Lig: 1 ic geen ee es 31, 616 460 DBSPRD|| Mitdlorale cae cect cere citee 244,046 | 11,103
IRI OR oes sas area smeek coors 233,210 | 4,068 TET EHO Baeebeale ccc cas seme eee 177, 130 5, 582
ES} OCG 1 <2) eas aS POSE GSS] US G75 |S wrececlacermpere alls eters es eccheshesea | ore ce ae eee es ee
CHD AV A a o aeminseae a 2, 434, 304 | 41,851 6, 807 345 343 1 11,841 443
(ETI Oo) ae 220, 357 | 2,203 PAD ORO) |e eeOS lesa cnincece [eee ee 16, 459 576
PROLAN: 22 222s sa neene eee 3,058,207 | 50,695 | 1,530,867 |.67,777 | 18,693 99) 17825908 68, 430
Michigan: :
REOUMMOC) 1a < occ cgceecineciens 437,335 | 7,635 2, 082 OAH Seen series Geen ste oe ae Os
Gram ditotel so smna- n= 3,546, 752 | 59,198 | 8,788, 625 333, 844 | 13,693 99 | 4,915, 357 | 188,033
Pike aan Pike perch (sauger).| Rock bass. Sturgeon.
State and county. }
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. Value.
New York: |
righ certs. 12, 786 $561 7, 000 BARON Ses Elec ohic 2 103,030 | $7,417
Chautauqua ..... 8, 580 7 eer ieee eee re ae 500 $6 120, 089 | 9, 480
POI caasceeee 21, 366 910 7, 000 490 500 6 223, 110 __16, 897
Pennsylvania:
BIOs re rae sa 2 13, 633 953 7,427 Bl eopeetens em dane 60, 820 I 4,027
“Ohio: -
PASCO SOUR on SeeeOlen eoeer eee onus on | cna walneal ecinmaclatiapllemesmectboima aca ae 90 6
TKO o. Gocrom woes 11, 685 HOO | irarac.cs Sas oeilowioemin wee Samaiminics| =ia.i 4, 864 802
Cuyahoga... ca.) 72, 756 8, 737 95, 775 2,972 699 47
AL QRS noc eemnld 45, 826 2,270 1, 600 15 315 23
PIMC 2-2 = asin 21, 395 1, 363 309, 526 9, 568 483 29
Sandusky ........ 1,937 97 2, 480 2M eascog jdseceass lessocembeeedincoceens>
OMWaL As cccne 341, 848 18,635 | 1,220, 443 26, 548 1,975 131
SINIGSS Ss 5c. cemet 142, 038 7,441 228, 404 DESDG HE os 9) Se ones lane ee eee ee
Li 636,985 | 34,303 | 1,857,628 | 44,948 | 8, 426 | 538
Michigan: Pa ee ene Se arenas — ree
MORZOE, «.. 2 ncind 236,500 | 18,256 | 68,300 | - 1,988 1,870 124
Grand total....| 908,481 | 49,462 | 1,940,355 | 47,697 1,005| 21 | 294,296 | 21, 586
708
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Tables showing by states, counties, and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Erie in
1908—Continued.
Suckers. | Sun-fish. Trout. White bass. White-fish.
State and county. -
Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. /Value.} Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. |Value.| Lbs. Value.
New York: :
IO asoapeeeseas 21, 255 $191 | 1,°£00 $8 669 6S) Reese esa eeraceoe 5, 477 $465
Chautauqua ..... 39, 333 | 1,054 ee eee 12,310 | 675 £00 $6 46,770 | 3, 5€0
otalseeensec as 60,588 | 1,245] 1,200 8 | 13,039 | 714 500 | 6.| 52,247) 4,025
Pennsylvania: | al | =|
riCk Tease 58, 355 flit) IBS Ho Seaa Senoso. beasdocc oases 800 | 24 53, 276 3, £85
Ohio: | = a aaa
at C raster afore’. a5 12, 449 166! So faeces Et saecelee cases =| eeeeee 144 5 9, 936 | 683
Cuyahoga.......- 17, 634 BUY! |ioaaabooa) Gosnacc 2, 033 81 123 5 81,864 | 2,422
TOTALS so see cee 16, 823 QD ae crovas sl Aeeae sate aeteleall Serene 785 29 10,053 | 774
INTGnstevacnseeast 66, 742 (OSA sed nates Semesters 55 5 | 3,258 114 28, 572 2, 228
Sandusky ........ 11,010 9 WD ee esce Weecoen lbanccoced eect 2,970 89 5, 019 373
Ottawa sesaee Sea Se eeu eee et aligecacna|bnoe000s||2socd=> 16, 384 590 86, 901 6,710
IIR) Se aeeoosacer 70,376 OQ Gere reretatataiel| fejefetete/ il =refeerteyer= Fo stenial=tnte 778 PA he oa heqao\|sSsoncoct
Motaleesaseenase ABQ59980|; "4 821 Ales isn isc scineetae 2, 088 86 | 24,442 853 | 172,355 | 13,190
Michigan: era a lms
Montroelzess..-cee 149,148) 1,764 |-------- eee eee eee Het3209 57 24, 927 1, 888
Grand total ....| 721,089 | 8,695 | 1,200 8 | 15,127) £00 | 27,651 | 940 | 802,805 | 22,988
Yellow perch. Caviar. Turtles. Total.
State and county. = = ;
Lbs. Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.
New York: |
DTIC Seco oceicwesaneesaee 19, 840 $707 PAU | EPAPPTE NaSoogcacsa)isouooobc | 1,629,195 | $71, 686
Chamtaqual <<. aqecqc cen 6, 776 Ge aC IGPU Se ceop esos scooccne 1,820,110 | 56, 809
To taliechacceecacceae sees 26, 616 2,949, 305 | 128, 445
Pennsylvania: :
ID as ecaaperecouoTboer ese 141, 189 8,367,707 | 305, 244
Ohio: Tanta Tee ee
Mahita bulase sess ee eee oleee ct eeee| | 1, 090 56
WAK Ci 2 Sons cece assesses 382 261, 445 7, 893
Cuyahoga 300, 051 | 2,764,035 | 116, 089
Lorain 23, 204 426, 934 E227
TIC eye heeeae/ cee seeeecer 157, 297 1, 267,570 | 39,929
Samauskey(ccc-sccresieerc ates 12, 260 146, 917 2, 624
Ottawa scss-ce seeks Ses 108, 692 4,893,701 | 106,619
WUC8S Saccetcssccscscscsees 22, 857 987, 294 26, 590
TOtaliso cosas conse se stose 624, 743 10, 748, 986 317, 027
Michigan: |
IMIONTOC?. sesaisatsieine sles cee 87,605 1,122,558 | 29,299
Granditotaligess seen cseee 830, 403 | 27,001 | 5,877| 4,894 | 45,800 | 2,372 | 23,188, 556 | 780, 015
Table showing by states, counties,
and species the yield of the vessel fisheries of Lake Erie
in 1903.
J a |
eee es German carp. Herring. Ling orlawyer.
State and county. , |_ |
Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value. Lbs. | Value. | Lbs. |Value.
New York:
IBTA@e sims sc) SCR DR CORDECCOae SpEp Cone ne Senecio taccancatal scodooda 849):972) | $33/947) | oeccclnn a] este ote
Chantanvqnia? seeee ee secon Sees lees | Re pe shed Bosecaet ATI 628. |) 516; 3 7000) Seeec cease
POtals see eee saree) Ace gle ee saeee pee ee cease ened ceeeaeee |" “1, 261, 600) | 50,928" |7 oe cetefeceeene
Pennsylvania: ae er all a ee | lr ie
Dae SS OGCACR CD orcs Goaooccec. cemecocr Caco enteciGrecaace 5¥510;59705) 895637 Mleeeeeaeel leases
Oily eOg eee crciemelrlel-temt= = 380 (2 be peoe Seca) BocoueeT 1,041,642 | 46,530 672 $14
STV ie calvere sleieiciersinaieresiciere,= 355 el 5 Sete xe eke | rerereresi eta 174, 548 ort Osa atnteteteted ole etet=t= tate
TUC8S\. 3 seaotace Stanmecemealanacemasaa le eaeeetns | 270 $2 210, 230 8, 408 |eeeeeeee|eeeeeee
DOCG) saz cts sisscieteterstarctorersievete 735 6 270 2 1, 426, 420 62, 647 672 14
Grand total .........-2.. ot ea 270 2| 8,198,990 | 302,607| 672| 14
| 1
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 709
Table showing by states, counties, and species the yield of the vessel fisheries of Lake Erie in
1903—Continued.
Pike perch (blue Pike perch Pike perch St
ike). -eyed). s re jabesteOMlc
State and county Bre) Cyaleved) (auger)
Lbs. Value. | Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. | Value.| Lbs. |Value.
New York: |
WTO S Ss. comin s aac ae aiasiecee 424,029 | $14, 807 286 PL eo seiseeeele cose sice 9, 480 $537
Chautauqua :..2252225..22 318,533 | 12,785 333 Ti il ape beta et og yale 3,880 | 285
TROLAU hos cain sje Serene ienck 742, 562 27, 592 619 BOL | ees sees eee se 18, 310 822
Pennsylvania: ee
HTL Meets os = sie cineewayaetes 1, 762, 482 65, 364 1, 985 120 7, 427 POU as lye eeietore ate = ic an m=
Ohio: iy
Cuywhoracc. --cssecoe sere | 600, 549 28, 764 4,321 239 83, 215 2 OOS as eeelo sees les sisstere
JTC Seictae ic ais waiernitememse 24, 407 1, 094 1,933 100 199, 981 Ue oe alerts laeieroieins
GU CAGE ess .sictoecrssoeeieacuies 16, 459 576 947 57 147, 722 3, 793 |-s2ecceeee leconone
Motelve cate ae | 641,415 | 30,434 | 7,201 396 | 430,918 | 13,709 |..-......- (OWicres
Grandstatahesssaean eee 3, 146, 459 | 123,390 | 9, 805 551 | 438,345 | 14,080} 13,310| 822
Suckers. Trout. White-fish. Yellow perch.
State and county. “| =|
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.| Lbs. Value.
feet eS | eee SOE (es
New York:
POLLO Sees 3 chs oe clceieee ree 160 $1 669 $39 4,021 $321 4, 260 $128
Chautauquay seas sence 1, 988 16 12,175 653 37, 026 2, 962 2, 838 88
otal eye tae Ses ose soe | 2,148 17 12, 844 | 702 | 41,047 3, 283 | 7, 098 216
Pennsylvania: | |
TIO fee rate aoe = sie aie se ce 2, 650 2G) (bees oarvs man joceeseoe | 12,561 978 115, 083 4,342
Ohio:
Guyahorar eee eee | 8,155 45 2, 033 81] 19,569] 1,565 | 257,720] 9,726
Dy tere i eer ae ee 38, 299 41 55 Base taleeteisrel| Sremterseree 114, 625 4,079
IMCAS Bantcssn cece seas s ane 275 OM seerem eee [rete e tee seeeee eee |eeeee eee 17, 980 450
Motaloee aon Uas taeten ease | 6,729 89 2,088 | 86 | 19,569 | 1,565 | 390,325 | 14,255
Grandstotales esse. 11, 527 1382 | 14,932 | 788 73,177 5,826 | 512, 506 18, 813
Caviar. | Turtles. Total.
State and county.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. | Value.
New York:
IT Oe fare ceeds aoc are oo eaters wieiete 296 SUL) ee cies ck wisintell ine eiecisoes 1, 298, 123 $49, 909
Ghanitauguay <2 522s seecnacsoolwess 65 La hl iS Se Beh |r 788, 466 33, 251
175 (cL eae a aR Bao 361 rie Meee aA REA 2 sa 2,081,589 | $3, 160
Pennsylvania: |
To cc qo D eee eee cers ee aie ee ae Ibe Saas etseeSocoks |2aoesncees 7, 413, 158 | 260, 888
Ohio: | | | Went
Gtiyahopay asses see eee pase eeeeraee ESS SCR Berane ae renee ee 2, 013, 256 89, 772
OTIC Reese eS ee ee tN I ES ay ean 27,000 | $1,620 546, 208 21,762
UGS ae eta crote eee pee nie tee omens meee [eeeon@eed Pecesta sc te] peeeedocce 393, 883 13, 289
No) 1H ee eens aes ee eee el eae el ee 27, 000 1,620 | 2,953, 342 124, 823
Grandhotel s-aseseecee se eeo ee - 361 170 27, 000 1,620 | 12, 448, 089 468, 821
710
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by states, counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of
Lake Evie in 1903.
Apparatus and species.
Pennsylvania.
Erie County.
Michi
Monroe County.
gan. New York.
Erie County.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value,
Pound nets:
Cat-fish and bullheads .....-..---- 38, 415 $210 7, 616 $306
Dog-fish or bowfin : 6
Fresh-water drum 682
(EXciasol hanes iy oem SoeRpaeOoson Soe 925
EerninPaesseeeo eee. 72
Pike perch (blue pike).........--| 280,834 | 8, 470 |............|---.------
Pike perch (wall-eyed) .....-.--- AP B04". 3 2ee eee eee ee. 75, 239 748 5, 981 59 99, 964 1, 062 161, 749 2,027
Wihatewbassis -52 cess sme 2,106 460 40 1 12, 831 488 14, 483 529
Vibive=tisht s-sscecer ren sees Peas} QTV Se ators = = BIBSO ME tsocrs ets 15000 | ss.502h5 a 80960 |a5 Mo ewes 117, 000
Bmployees’. sen we cncs emcee 2 Science DS None meets 46 | secant ante DG SS oer
Products handled. Lbs. Value Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value
Fresh:
Blwesgshh oe aseecene ce 88 OU 7s eS) O61. aac acme ates 20, 000 2,000 | 4,031 402
Cat-fish and bullheads...| 37,766 | 1,887 | 80,647 | 4,032 | 261,568] 11,345| 43,549] 3,188
OF 010 Cee mae ee eee Eee 9 | eee Mle! eked = es eset bela ice o eel eeen eee 6, 923 315
Po ae eee eee eat 25 Dig] Cd mens el Lee 185 19 2, 904 208
Fresh-water drum ....... 49, 969 691 | 234,140 | 2,341 | 260,366 2, 982 41, 288 803
German Carp... ..2.060-85 393, 366 | 7,048 |3, 452,457 | 61,072 |1, 168,912 | 28,538 50, 880 1, 328
FT AAO CK sae cpa ctisia noe ee eee eres idea 3 cy Linh ware ee ela ate cl tems a eeeiad eerie eee 7,427 199
FISHERIES OF
THE GREAT LAKES.
Table showing the wholesale fishery trade of Lake Evie in 1903—Continued.
Toledo, Ohio, | Pert Clinton, | canausky, Ohio. | Cleveland and
Ohio. Lorain, Ohio.
Products handled.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. | Lbs. Value.
Fresh—Continued,
PEER aah Mtg ote oa, ln eerie ancl Ae ee erm banacy, yori Spy a al eet ae te AIR ke 4, 674 $420
Mapredhierrinme <2 Saas | 11g, 438 | $7,394 63, 686 | $4,392 | 960,176 | $58,708 928, 062 | 43, 093
Lake trout...... BAS eas he RAS SUD Saar emo oe a st| ste es stan = 60, 000 5, 000 91, 218 7, 057
Pincers la wy ene asec oneal ae cine tol Se erstectere 25, 306 375 30 1 8, 355 73
IMIQOREWE Ss «xcs cees male eine Heats on seein Se mca eee aeae Somers 233 Qala ae eats ees
Muskellunge.....-......: GOD Tee | Sascha cots] rey cdocsc nose | Secrets erates eal Nhe terete ire | apse cere ee aS
Pike and pickerel Uris eta ee 465 | 59,157 | 247,707 | 78,816 | 138, 836 9,130 | 142,119 7,818
Pike perch (blue pike) - 4,525 1, 951 6, 857 411 721, 344 20, 457 865, 072 39, 787
Pike perch (sauger) ..... 308 288 | 11, 950 845, 227 | 28, 236 745, 635 29, 494 80, 829 8, 206
Pike perch (wall-eyed)..! 150,000 | 12,0060 23, 268 H-320.
Re CHSM Ep POIs ee wen ee eee ete ee alecine niall se sin erste a llsicist ean ete Den oie Byoc | Manatee 3, 437 274
ROCA BUSS): c- Sacemee= ceca (Oe ee eels eee! MP Reni sy” SM Te ieers 9 fay [Pea et sr | een EE |g RA eel ae el ae
Salm nt -he oi eclatee eta ose ee eee eo ncaee eee Sac e eee cosecimctl | see ok eee eens 11, 339 1,183
STO b Os Re Brien See ese Sk | hehe Ane Pe at a ene eee ae (eee one tlaet| LE one e 212 25
MSEC MT ae 2 Said am ociatomre slotline 10, 000 900 12, 454 124
Spanish mackerel.......- 100,000 | 10, 000 871 78
NEUTREON sceh asics «osioos 43, 880 4,212 6,193 | 678
DUCKERSi lus canes sais 306, 2386 4, 805 28, 039 674
SUNS Nn Sean cee er bo matamniease | Shoes| MLONGOB EI Oral 2.2 SoS eee 200 6
WY DI TeN Dass 2 S2.5.2- sac oe 10, 912 473 1, 247 62
Wihtitestisine 2-2. Bae aacs 364, 288 29, 763 310, 092 24, 394
White-fish (blue fin) ...-. 10, 000 OO! | <= ehtabeccealeioeeseee
White-fish (Tullibee) ---. 20, 000 1, 400 4,424 198
Wellowsperch! 222.6"... 309, 836 | 10,011 939" 681 9, 517
Gavia {kerala ceicenc 3, 826 PE eaace cote. Jnneeeeee
nies. 2 AS eee ele A ORNL aA TB ae Godoy tse Sle oi) I Se Se ee
ETO PSE chyna Toree eee ee ek detetaget sistas) aie | eeaetolaerel| ne LAD BRD Ie cise coal ie Sopepemjetibama seeesers pease Sere
Ghevip 1 es se 1125 375 23 | 9
ota iss \5o.o3 Gee eee ae 5, 665, 888 | 245, 064 \2, 911, 761 | 146, 340
Salted:
CLL GOMES CA = SSSe A eae noma eric cise ere iteaie emusic Save njsa oul eeimeerte aes Tetcigetsere 418,550 | 10,463
ERE OUb Bars ccodsesonllsonppoce 914,777) 84,168) 1,088,045) 97,489
IROIIO CK eae ene eee 4, 000 160 4,000 160
Red snapper 2, 344 258 6, 281 532
Rock bass....- 5, 293 159 6, 418 206
Salmons 522 .cjsei,<. nemeeace 2,940} 2,793 110 103 24,092} 20, 604 30,968} 26, 249
UDO DIES Opa E SO De Se east lassceanons sasenosslsoneeonade l areteaeisvarn)| Sslemiorats ars cil eins sie se 44, 602 2, 676
IRLOOS sos eee cee esate Ces ee ae cteetee \oaoeoGcclsaconcaace IByeteeiciotee 2,825} 1,180 2, 934 1, 485
Shadinoeme.-posceceeerece 1, 052 5, 231 1, 436
Sturgeon bladders ....... 100 166 100
Ota lgaee soe eee keh oes 7| 786, 440/34, 329, 220|1, 953, 677
Salted:
GeLEMAN Carpe aces oss 20 679 20
Herring: domestic)... -alecccccws cleo s since = \cecets nase oc aielelisie||louisisrie esis maleieieisiets 418,550) = 10, 468
Herring, Holland 474 5, 605 474
Herring, Scotch.......... 225 3, 000 225
aketherring +2. sn.5 2252 97,359} 4,010,297} 97,359
Mackerel 2225.3 2c es cctae 1, 863 19, 948 1, 863
Pickerelossessiec. cessive 793 19, 833) 793
Pikeymperch) (blue;pilce) Pasleeer ee ecs| se meceiesllec ss sc see |aetfemlee 8, 148 292 8, 148 292
RUssianisardilesias <1. seeele- ce <1 1-12 | OL eect Deckieecceclamee eect 8,009) 1, 850 3, 000 1,350
SOU) Se are SD OCHS CreHodd| hhsbacasanlsncuneecllssapceecrodlSsoasacas 45 3 45 3
PE TOUG se see cleo rele oe eas sone ciclo al seceieeie | see eetanicine | ciiemierie= 200,106) 15,186} 202,945) 15,314
Wiki Gesfish soo ceickcecncmaleceee cones eisocecine | ececce ees | seemeeee 34,719) 1,736 66, 756 3, 657
PPO ball cisen acceler vee) ieee © sclerotic retate | eis S cere lastest ys 4, 305, 380} 119, 301} 4,758,806) 131, 813
Smoked
MOIS ice ayersicsicfersslaiesiaietels cision hctacecmetea |seeceeco| | saaeecsecc |sacccess 23,356) 2,707 23, 356 2,707
Hinn ars NaG dices. aaccn calcme cece sc (Seka coalesce acne Saceeeee 28, 933 763 33, 983 1,168
Herring este eint soles enl| meee. \Seaion sal scaemaedar lbasocdec 124,600} 11,721} 199,600) 19,221
Herring ibloatereesese--lssneecseee Pee act nelle aera mromereteiall otatarereratce 17, 685 692 17, 685 692
bake herrings sles. sesceer LDS COO | PePh200 | Ree esc selene teers 43,492) 4,797 58, 492 5, 997
Sturseonlsecscces oes OOOO] 5.500 |e cecpestee score che sists 1, 221 267 21, 221 4,167
Wii te fishies cose oe Sere are erste tava tonal Seekers tet | Srei eresees erat oeeercrete oie) Sieeetteese= ral a,c 10, C00 1, 200
— ee Cees cee te |
Total. facie sesoneceuse se NOON PAU U i romeccenollacssopoe 239, 287| 20,947] 864,287) 35,147
Other products:
Cla sad Seco as emotes es Galion Daele wiemis njotetave tora lies orate oie on wiewrerac ter @11,248} 4,500 11, 248) 4, 500
Oystersencscseescem tesco cn) bose et Sacre tae conc cens eteelecia ces b 459,700) 48,754) 459,700) 48, 754
TO talssosec acre sees | eeclee eee [eects an ke meer a ltolatetoce iets 470,948] 53,254) 470,948) 53, 254
Granagitotalimass--eeeeee 5, 855, 156] 318, 056) 2,805, 445) 140, 286/14, 596, 962) 979, 942/39, 923, 261)2, 178, 891.
«562,500 in number.
b 45,970 gallons.
Weight of oysters and edible part of clams estimated,
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 1G
FISHERIES OF LAKE ONTARIO.
The number of persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Ontario in
1903 was 305, of whom 10 were on vessels fishing and transporting,
276 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 19 were shoresmen.
The investment, which amounted to $94,379, included 3 vessels of 34
net tons, valued at $4,400, with outfits valued at $560; 171 boats valued
at $6,869, 5 gasoline launches valued at $3,000, fishing apparatus used
on vessels and boats valued at $31,855, shore and accessory property
valued at $21,945, and cash capital amounting to $25,750.
The products of the fisheries of this lakeaggregated 1,075,448 pounds,
with a value to the fishermen of $47,739. The catch taken by vessels
was 14,150 pounds, valued at $588, and by boats 1,061,298 pounds,
valued at $47,151. The vessel catch was obtained by 2 vessels with
620 gill nets, valued at $2,920. In the shore or boat fisheries gill nets
took 253,308 pounds, $13,708; pound nets and trap nets, 322,976
pounds, $13,084; fyke nets, 380,112 pounds, $14,398; seines, 32,760
pounds, $905; hand lines, 32,200 pounds, $1,974; set lines, 39,442
pounds, $2,832; and spears, 500 pounds, $250. The spear catch con-
sisted wholly of frogs. The principal fishes taken were cat-fish and
bullheads, 349,224 pounds, $12,903; sturgeon, including caviar, 112,448
pounds, $8,057; herring, fresh and salted, 121,315 pounds, $5,810; eels,
73,595 pounds, $4,233; pike and pickerel, 31,359 pounds, $2,080; blue
pike, 60,565 pounds, $2,913; yellow perch, 122,165 pounds, $3,971;
and white-fish, 25,384 pounds, $2,122. Several other species were
obtained in smaller quantities.
Compared with 1899 there has been a slight decrease in the number
of persons employed, with an increase of $15,836, or 20 per cent, in the
investment, but the products have decreased 1,235,814 pounds, or over
53 per cent, in quantity, and $45,654, or nearly 49 per cent, in value.
The following tables show by counties the extent of the fisheries
of Lake Ontario in 1903:
Table showing by counties the persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1903.
| ]
: | On ves- |
eexanaticy | oe fish. | sels |In shore! Shores- | Total
: hee | ing. |_trans- |fisheries.| men. | ane
o- porting. | |
| ie all at
DEHETSOW) ssn a xloceniseicle ae aclecieinis maicienin ae penle Jama nulea cee eccaalne atmece cc 142 18 169
SWC ON areas sock steeper ce cer eine eeinemie ia sin oae mae site rol tae eet eacn eerste miners 25 1 26
CAY UR Be raise, <2 ucthecre semen es talc se ice SATA Palos sae oo\| tee earsieiets 6 Se cceeees 6
WiSIVIIC 5 oe 2 cssam 3k = eee eicints eels nisiclaie-waiscienciee aie secs laclomeese es 2 PB ans cere 25
MOTTO coe teiscte nok alate meee miciare seen ne oe cinciaserree ae noe eee 20 |...------- 24
OTIEANSEs cccacisccine ooo aeiec ows oamewEeelosiaasoeacekslaece (Sscroccsiia Casetse cise iy (al are fosee 17
PI RANE ST tee cysy tins ca ie Vaterclte mace eee cele Reta sect (ey eae coer ee | 1) een oe 47
OCH ess 2 Sacer eee eee cease eee ae 8 34 276 | 19 305
718 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
Table showing by counties the vessels, boats, apparatus, and capital employed in the fisheries
of Lake Ontario in 1903.
Jefferson. Oswego. Cayuga. Wayne.
Item. Mii Seal A | ST Ge
No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value.
Messels: transporhinp. «se = Al's oars steal some ca anids access lee sara celeste alee 1 $400
SRG h UO) AROS Ser O aBRoor ool Sone epooc spose ooh |snaseacooollanaccanalenseaosaoa|issagéos- Wa PSs sce
QUTEES Faccoceds semcce Samco ucs seed) alee ecinaletean'ee wareclllnaWeins walcieets sete ol eee eee Eee eres 50
(BORIS se) SS ooheta Sak tacos 99 | $2,579 16 $950 3 $70 11 485
MAN CHGS a seeeese eee Di) | eA OOO | fafereraras ae mere lorwyata amie hietetetaiat sini | aie) atte | ee er eee
Apparatus—shore fisheries:
Seime@g eas Se cnec ctes ecccrereres 4 DRO eh ore SRR 5 Al Sire apenas clll paren eekt erat citna = Sack me yee eee Bg
Gillemets ee ees eed 313 | 3,028 136 | 2,299 2 10 73 | 765
APTA P ME tsp seeseaescase aa LBD SED ROAD aes en ee ence i) 250 il 550
VICIOUS Ss oeceine cece sees 36,2 lanai pS) il Ree Ars nSeseesioetc seeesstcn | oacuaadasleaccsccs
felian Gumesa 5: os.aeasericonc|eeneeenorse D2 eicie 2 are, myapsl| entero re anilita oi Slayerererctes late assets Merona 3
Bethines... 2=.7%5-25 yards 10, 000 150 28, 333 74:0 al epee eel ci oe 800 8
BDCBTS | a.c.0.ctee5/o02 sams seuss GI ag asd. esins sates fam (bovererapell aicjavers aye) evavell age acted atlarepeemencaetotate [pene
Shore and accessory prop-
ELLY ix sewer eee Sala eee aa emis eens T5935 | evens eee a 225)0| ie eee 120% | sae cee 515
Cashreapital (oc c-ce ocd eters ee 2000! | Soca ne (05S Set Saal oeeebendlessccehos- Weasesoc
OVAL ee ec Sees sous Lect ces (Ga i eee Diao e osacnsees AOD") Soseeeees 2,776
Monroe. Orleans. Niagara. Total.
Item. =
No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value.
Vessels;'fishing ....-.....2.¢ 13 SB2K0C0 4) cc cinworsinee [saeco 1 | $2, 000 2 | $4,000
ROMUBEC:< 22 setae sanosisinn oe fo} | eet betereee ecm, |Pale, al Lice dol eeeecSi-wee ZOD asses
OUTS aS ene a Ree ee AAO A Seo COTS ctoseioce laomretemiosee LOOT | Roce ene 510
BV CESSES S GRATIS DONGLE asso ool ce epee al yoy mees a fetal enter ceca Sree ecal reel Es eretece ater Severe orale 1 400
SV GTIAPANE 22 isials Ss oe cleie wie] Aron craters Slates creel aac setae all etree o eilenre eer cre ot pean a 148) eee
Outil soot i aeeewea as PB ea Ue rece alle eS a Deeg Hoe Tn ee Ge a | ee 50
BOMts Pes skins scr comase seen 13 730 9 $540 20 | 17515 171 6, 869
MG MUTC IVES Fitna wistarc avai Se clossioiene) a iebiae cients | Spstntersieie llesarcee ea rarce sereetaeee 3 | 1,700 3, 000
Apparatus—vessel fisheries:
Gillie tes) 36a ceaecesene HOOE we 2 O00 Wonca Saslemceeaee 120 420 620 2,920
Apparatus—shore fisheries:
DOIN CS oz) 5,c)eceicramiersacieanictnine 2 | URErisfesa ol ercleengeoealnemesete erserell bakes melieies Sete lamereeees 4 120
Gillinets’?3-. soecee anes 93°) 1,425 30 350 529 | 3,065 1,176 | 10,942
PR OUTIGHTE TSS SS Ses Se eer epee eae te ere | Se ee 8 | 3,200 8 3, 200
EPA D MCS. sacs ciaen lone cone 6, 745
HVicemets en stent ceeiocee 7,161
WVavGsiness-s-cceneeseene: 25
Setplintes sien ccc yards... 8, 000 37 16, 160 103 37, 240 228 | 100,533 736
SPGMES ISS oi: locas ere ieelbere | ees walseneil so Sareea Sines oven nial ciozinieorme [Se sreterereer cll crestoisees 6 6
Shore and accessory prop-
2) OFA Ae ae ety SO Pe aeaieeean DOB sl ae eearesee 91a Rees eee 1/6607 |2cbees aces 21, 945
Cashsca pital S5,sss3 8 1355 We poses Ss Al emcees Se le ry eerre foetal retwionse lace Lie ae ed ree 25, 750
DOGS) a. Siasrrcrarecege too seeds Sal iae ewroejeree DBT | eutterue tea T7408) ||? sx seeeas P3878) |. docs eee ee 94,379
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES.
49)
Table showing by counties and species the yield of ithe fisheries of Lake Ontario ir 1903.
Jefferson. Oswego. Cayuga. Wayne.
Species.
Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value. Lbs. Value.
SRO BSS panos rp rciee GS Tay rs Si lety Bt Bed LOSS eee PEERY oes Ee ene ees (eee Sees 160 21
Cat-fish and bullheads...... BER SET Se ACR aCe TORS | ae 1,500 $53 200 8
IDS Glas 35c ee eee aneccee GAS PGR SC ly eee seve |p eee 550 26 3, 300 228
German Carp... ...2.222.2-< 4,020 V6! Nis see Semis eles Sans Seiclllacee See ec nome saa sees oases Lees
HMerrime, fresh ...c2.c023.--6 10, 300 503 1, 350 $83 225 11 5, 915 386
Herring, salted .............- 16, 000 GAO SS a es eell Bsa Ae ee SC See oc | hee eee | ee
Ding -ordawyer.... 0.22... 600 LO. ocist accede Sposa cae aias Soe See Male me ase tS een eae eee Cee
Pike and pickerel.........-.- 285709! |) LBD. ls een seecioellec econ 500 40 2,100 168
Pike perch (blue pike) ..... 9, 839 530 6, 372 381 550 33 5, 057 387
Pike perch (wall-eyed) ..... 7, 825 (2527) || en eee (ee mente, Soe atte Se 160 21
PO CKMIESERS © =, =/ 985 95 2, 750 275 11, 929 986 18, 094 1, 539
WellowPerChise- cco osteie'< 16 2,055 54 1, 280 60 4,450 159 18, 610 703
Motaleene eee seee see 82,428 | 1,585] 20,476| 1,216 | 92,188] 5,245] 253,308) 13,708
Pound nets and trap nets: a eee \ | alee
AES CID so eee ec ecm sa wert nem eM een ce eee ce cal ie Sat ore mere 4,135 299
Cat-fish and bullheads....|.......-.. Neaset6 Gol semeeEe ees Hemant Jaswaeerera|aeceoses 107, 400 8,590
HHCISER eeec.s secic ssieieimele alaie 39, 775 2, 499
Fresh-water drum .......- 3 56 4, 300 86
GermigniCarp. << -ssccee === 2 2, 100 86
SOEVerTIN Ose = 22.2. ee sisie | ahee - 12,315 587
Pike and pickerel......... Pisieis Ao 8,700 522
Pike perch (blue pike). - 21, 232 806
Pike perch (wall- eyed)... 7,635 619
Tevet] OFF Ss) OSE SC GRO SOLE HOS| | OCS DEG SE CE TH Se SoncenOrce ncosBcee ASSermorrtn Commarea 18, 819 183
SUUTE COM me cece aistcsieaminine Teneo ease loc sono da lsccsarenacleoacsacd 19,200 |; 1,100 21, 340 1, 263
(OPV Ps do Se On Sena onc oH eee eoess Aaa ocad Saesecssusllsdonobor 950 760 950 760
Suckerseiae sevice ciistoctenl ioc aniec Ilhescee (elute a clcicielereiersll snazstelersccts 1,700 23 29, 705 638i
BUMS errs si ooerem cites ceca ecee niece 21, 640 232
Wihite=fish |. sce ccece nn stacte 6, 390 51t
WellOwWsPErChoenicccce es secelerocmmctin 7 21, 540 566
ROU s -ce-es ces. 350 SO lle mare «ici eiaiellaleiatsrsteforare 850 35
WiNite-fishs: Cawley: sooo xy-:ae sein cle eters 2 lls) ate sieves oe ol seis inven islets Seiclse eel eaiceteretelelets 400 46
White-fish (bluefin), fresh ......... 231, 200 9,580 | 1, 689, 669 47,952 | 1,920, 869 67, 532
Wihite=fish /((plivetin salted eee ces leer lo- clase late eleraerts 33, 423 1, 309 33, 423 1,309
White-fish (bluefin), smoked....... 3, 000 BOOM Roieicrncic okie ors (srs etetaleres es 3, 000 300
White-fish (longjaw) .............. 186, 505 7, 809 11, 967 199 272, 872 10, 680
White-fish (Menominee), fresh .... 45, 959 1, 856 223 | 7 162, 882 5, 289
White-fish (Menominee), salted ... 75, 625 SA OG6Dy si oearctonie aetna eeeseleieoe 104, 380 4,586
Wellow perch iresh-.cce- cons scence 287, 442 7, 060 10, 165 101 | 2,251,114 53, 117
Yellow perch, salted ............... 5, 528 VAN RAR Oboe boo Son aacd 5, 628 87
MOU] a se cticcepineieoeace nosees 13, 268,476 | 500, 661 6, 240, 873 221, 920 | 35, 608, 557 | 1, 223, 792
aTneludes St. Clair and Detroit rivers.
FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 729
FISHERIES OF WISCONSIN.
Wisconsin borders on Lakes Michigan and Superior. The extent of
the fisheries of the state in each of these lakes is shown in the follow-
ing tables:
Table showing by lakes the number of persons employed in the jisheries of Wisconsin in
1908.
‘ p Lake Lake |
How employed. Michigan. | Superior, | Total.
Ongishing vy esselsit 5. Mest So naceeittine oes ents wing Cane ance dieters | 168 96. 264
QOnitransportinge; vesselsict asses ceo = cose sine SacinSanes ciceieiesmcisinelsceememeewer 6 6
nish GOredsh Chess ers as Sa ene ae aes e rise aa ee ewes See caeisroae Aces 1, 041 150 1,191
z i 148 27 175
1, 357 279 1, 636
uble showing by lakes the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of Wisconsin in
1903.
Lake Michigan. | Lake Superior. | Total.
Item.
No. | Value. No. Value. No. |. . Value:
|
IVeESSeISMISRIN Sees ees csc tetas 32 $85, 300 10 $30, 600 42 $115, 900
MOUNALC ies vis witleiseciciaa cine cee AQBF eee eee | 201), | e-sScaseseee 699 sIb a. cneenws
OU Gee ease er eciee cee j ecnemeses|- See mesece EES Y (il Bees rae ORIG Ts Saar eee 28, 584
IVSSSCIS Ura MSD OLIN Seen fae ie rsnicrel| ec ascierarcivioell eiereisinne aie 2m/e ft 7, 000 il 7, 000
PODNALO « eoescicinc aise cc ersncer|Ssece esos see eeecceese 1633 LY Reena cee AST | Soacinietercicte 6
QUENT SEREe 25 orletecisee secs sesoedlesecs noes | aisis see nicicisie = |onaaecians a S7 el Raceeeatse 1, 094
BR OHtS Ps tease ceaaacicteme ste cece ecies 652 76, 626 80 4, 358 732 80, 984
UNC ES i= So a Score aiieiciais sicicie sisierel we semen lsicwieceecee ee 6 4, 150 6 4, 150
' Apparatus—vessel fisheries:
GHG tai eee ac se ecwere cies ss ceks 13, 660 77, 432 1,385 17, 346 15, 045 94, 778
WANES Ee). eeeis Saw sete sink . ae sea se eee 4, 560 TT 0 ea i eee ma yes 4, 560 1,100
Otherapparatsya.as > a
i
g
nad 4 :
INDEX.
Paze. Page.
Acclimatization of black-spotted trout.-..-. 29 | Atlantic salmon disitribution............... 41
prook:trout_2--------2- 29 proparation <-22--.--5s2<2 26-27
landlocked salmon..... 30 | avitns: Cholopaster..-.o-.- 2-2-5. ~~ -seeeeens 387
rainbow trout ......---.. 29 | Azotine: trout food... o22=- -. 5... =-2.ce ene 23
steelhead trout......... 30 | Bactericidal properties of sera of marine
Administrative matters, miscellaneous .... 20-23 l) Wanimatass=2choe-o so. Se 117
Agassiz, writingson fishesof Massachusetts. 185 | Barnum, William, resignation of........... 20
agassizii, Chologaster, description ......... 388 | Baird Memorial, dedication...............- 22
Agosia nubila carringtoni .............-..-- 337 Station, OULput.s.5.-5 Kos-n.seaem eee 37
ANBSICA COU) < owe ee ate eee ce aucses soeacs ee o4 writings on fishes of Woods Hole.... 185
STAGING Ss eae ce see cv ocas ce aeons 102 | Baker Lake station, output-.-.......-....-. 37
MOLOCK soa ne oes we cena ee Sees 94 | Bass, application of name ...--.....-..--- 167, 168
salmon, canning and salting -.....-. 96-97 black: idistritsntion:: 522-2 see 68
COMIMIRG ON 2-2-5455 555 19 examined for parasites -.....-. 521
WOLK Of o-oo. 87-102 calico, examined for parasites........ 520
HSHETICS = 8 eon ae eee 146-149 TOCK: GistripmGnee. sa) hoes eee 77
methods.........- 94-96 examined for parasites ......... 520
Walueion. <= 22... 97 strawberry, distribution -............-. 77
investigations ...........- 87-102 Striped. castriputwon .~-2<..-o-ce nee 41
pProvection! Of. -=s.sese-cse 97-102 warmouth, distribution -............. 79
“Albatross operations Of - -s.5.022-.- Soc5 5050 17-18 white, examined for parasites -....-. 524
Alewiie; Orieinfok DAME ;.<-cs 2-205 cea -s 25 169 | Bass Lake, Indiana, investigations........-. 109
Alewives in: Maine 22.205. 2.2.22 seen 105,|| Battery: station; @utpul:=- 2-5-5205 36
Alexander, A. B., report on statistics and Battle Creek substation, output --.......... 27
methods of the fisheries..............-- 121-162 | Bean, T. H., writings on Massachusetis
Allentown, Pa., hatchery, mortality at .... 112 p TIL See Seeger I A Ss AE Re RAE. 5 186
Allotments of eggs and fish to state fish Beantort laboratory, ..--- <5. sssss66-ee es 118-120
COMMISSIONS te oo eee eee sa coo ee ee 7-8 investigations at...-- 119-120
Alpena substation, output. -..-.....--...---- 37 list of investigators.... 120
Ambloplites rupestris examined for para- Bellevue substation, output...............- 37
BICGR eae ee eee ee ee ee et: 520 | Bibliography of Massachusetts fishes..... 183-188
Amblyopside, key to genera ....-....-.-..-- 384 | Bigelow, Robert P., investigations by...... 115
probable phylogeny of...... 384 | Big White Salmon substation, output-...... 37
Ambiyopsis, description................-... 302) Birds, marine, toGU, Of. --..-.-.-- css sosasee 117
speleus, description .......... 392 | Black bass, age for distribution -........... 39
Ameiurus nebulosus examined for para- distribution, large-mouth...... 638-76
SILOS 85 oe cres eepeone nae eoeteuhs ceeceeeeee 519° small-mouth ..... 76
American Fisheries Society .............-.- 22 | examined for parasiies......... 21
Lake, Washington............-. 106-107 in) Washington, <2... < 20-5 eee 107
fishes of ...... 107 Bibi ee cere ees 94
Amia calva examined for parasites......... 518 | Black-spotted trout acclimatization........ 29
Anemia in brook trout ..................... 112 dishuibutian-3* once ns 50-52
Apeltes quadracus in Maine................ 105 | in South Dakota....... 29
AP PLOPLIgiONS Ser as nee A MS CS wae Sas 234) Bibb al Vukon Raven. cee eae ees eee 102
ATCC BIB VN So o-Ps ee ee eee 24 | Blueback salmon in Alaska ................ 89-90
Bab ONS ores eee nee nee 90 | distribution... <<. ..<- =. 43
Argyrosomus in Yukon River .............-. 102. Blue crab investigaticns (see ‘‘ Crab’’). 85,395-413
Argentine Republic, eggs shipped to..-.... 13-14 | Bluegill sun-fish examined for parasites.... 520
fish-cultural work in . 13-14 | Boston and Gloucester, vessel fisheries ... 122-130
ATIZOn aN yestigntiOns |<... somes seen e 90
Canning and salting of salmon .....-..... 96,141 | Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., fish disease .... 113
Cape Vincent station, output ..........-.-. 36 | Cold Springs station, output ..............-. 37
Car and messenger Service ..........-..+-- 6-7 | Cole, Leon J., studies upon carp......---- 115, 523
GCanp van Slime) TO eee eine = ae ieeletem ee 619 | Commission, Alaska Salmon..............-- 19
\oINeXerObvIVES MN ONE on See AUe ane rOnecSS o73 | Connecticut, fisheries of. ......:--2.0s-222-- 316
COMMON) MAME. ces nea setae see sae 536 | Contaminated oyster beds .........--. 115, 189-238
(Guublinihi\ esa sea soee 35 4 once aooUSooDsGC 622 OYStCESiacutnmm enact cass 112, 116
description of species. .....2....---. 206 528 SHEMMA SHES << Se oa. epee gees 116
diseases, parasites, and enemies..... 579 | Controversy with Michigan fish warden.... 8
distribution yin Wrope: js . anes ses sees 67
Micropterus dolomieu examined for para- white, distribution .. 02.60 encscsee 67
RULER sha aortas ea ccee Ma 521 yellow, distribution.-.....s...--....<. 67
salmoides examined for para- Personnel of Bureau, changes.............. 20
BUGES oe a= cients nieces Seen 2 = aie 521 | Pike examined for parasites..:............. 519
Mill Creek substation, output .............. 37 IDCAUASKAS 2. 2 oss oa oa eae omen 94, Luz
Miscellaneous administrative and other perchidisinibution. -22-.22+-235--.-=-- 67
TRALEOLS 3 = comands acne sec shia mio ele anes 20 Carly spaayning 35-02. se. sceese 33
Monterey Bay, Cal., survey of.............. 108 eggs, experiments............... 33
Moore, H. F., experiments of...... eae Si S437 Pini salmon inAvaskae . osc. keen eee 91
F. C. 1904——47
738 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Pogonichthys macrolepidotus..........---- 3381 | rose; Troglichthys, description ............ 391
Pollock Alaskaess-os: saa seen see ee enone 94 | Typhilichthiys 2 sss... cease see oe 392
Gistributlontsess-seeees cee eeeeets 80 | Round white-fish in Maine................. 108
PLOPAL AOU won. cscs eee eee eee 27 | Royal River, Maine, fishes of--.........-..- 105
Pomolobus pseudoharengus in Maine ...... 105 | Ruediger, G. F., studies by_...--.-.-.---.-- 117
Pomoxis sparcides examined for parasites. 520 |) Rutilus symimetricuse ste ce se. eee ee 332
Pop-eye a symptom of gas disease ........-- 365 | Rutter, Cloudsley, death of....-.-.:........ 20
Presumpscot River, Maine, fishes of........ 105 | Sacramento River salmen in Alaska ....--. 89
Propagation and distribution of food fishes. 1-17, | Saibling in Maine ...--.....-.-...---.---- 104, 105
; 25-80 | Salmo gairdneri in Alaska...-........-....- 92, 94
Of AtilaniieisalmvOne =... seas 26 Maine .. 2-2 s32cacnsee nes 103
DLOOK GLOW. eeeeciemne-r eee 29 inide@us=. 22.2 hssscc ese selene 387
COG S55 ca teige soe ee caeieee 27 in Alaska....... SO ee $3
fat-fishl 2 2te steescaceee ese Ps Poll sebago)in! Maimeysoo 25. o-oo cee ae eel OS
lake thoutisct ces -.seseee ace 28 | Salmon, blue-back, in Alaska ...:......-.-- 89
landlocked salmon......... 27 canning and salting ..:....---. 96, 97, 149
large-mouth black bass..... 29 brands ofvishyesnes asec. - 161
TODSteRe Ysa s ec scehesecsie 27 Coppin sess eens 156
POMOC s. aeee cossemecesisine 27 COOKING: Ua asec ae one ee 158
SALMON sew ton « sencieee ee oe 2, 26 Cooling Seen ees eee 159
Sadins ces. [Scarce eceae oat 25 counting fish =. sess. esse= 152
small-mouth black bass -... 28 CUtting fish -eeeeeece eee 152
Striped basses ase esenc ease 26 dressing fish’s se. cee sees 151
yy mobuReetslel) Sys anemone cee sioe 2, 28 filling, cansiz-e>-seeceeeees 15
Nedavure Sik Sones seeongecosE 25 hamdling; fishess222s------ 150
WADE OUNGeR =: aes sss ee Del industry of California.... 145
yellowaperchi esos. ccc nce se 25 Oregon......- 1422
Protection of Alaska salmon fisheries ....-.. 97 Pacifie coast = 141
Piychocheilusigrantdys) 5 ese ses ecole 331 Washington... 141
Publications!of-Buneaiss cece -ce ase cene ee 21 lacquering and labeling.. 160
Put-in Bay station, improvements........-. 16 Methods ce ree tee eae = 93
INDEX. 739
Page. Page.
Salmontyee; in Alaska2t.22222- ee... -ees 89 | Statistics of fisheries of Connecticut........ 305
Salmonsioipthe Pacthess-ee 45 san se a eee ces 88 Detroit River --52522 700
food values. ......-. 92 Great Lakes....... 643-731
Salting and canning of salmon in Alaska. . 96 Gulf States’--.-.2- 132-133
Salt solution on salmon eggs ....-....-.---- 32 Hawaiian Islands. 135-136
Salvelinus aureolus in Maine ........-.---. 104 Interior waters of—
fontinalis in Maine .....2...-- 103, 105 BMloridassceccee 133-134
melimia iM VANAskaeeee see cece ee 98, 94 New York .....- 136-137
San Francisco Bay, fishes of tributary Vermont ...-..- 136-137
SULCRINIS! fee aeieo 825-338 Lake Erie. .--..:.<. 703
Whalingwheetes .accsc-=. 140 Euiron 222-1 683
Marcos station; output.-22-.-...222.-- 37 Miehigan .... 663
sapidus, Callinectes, life history.......... 395-413 Ontario ...... 717
Sault Ste. Marie substation, output......... 37 Ste @lair=...2- 700
Scientific inquiry=-.--0- eee eseeees ees en es 19 Superior ..... 651
TOPOLbs eee eh eee ce 80-120 Maine’: 222222 sa 253
Seovell, J. T., investigations in Indiana.... 109 Massachusetts ..... 281
Scul pinsin) Washing toneeesaceecess cose een 107 New England. 180, 245-325
Seaswaterss antiticiglea esses eeee ee ees 116 New Hampshire... 277
Sebastodes melanops -: 2... .t.so2-<---s2eeec 94 Niagara River....-.. 722
Sequallitchew Lake, Washington........... 107 Rhode Island ...-... 305
fishes of .. 107 St. Clair Lake and
Sera of marine animals, bactericidal prop- Rivers twee s esse 700
CnesiOlos. soM ee. omar cine ow oleae ee ees 117 St. Lawrence River. 722
Sewage, distribution in Narragansett Bay. 189-238 Pacitie'codsss--s--4 13
ShadtaistuibywWiLO meses ects esrsceaewe 40 halibut ..... 13
PEOPASAMGLONIE Ae cuts ae ees nae ss sietale 2,25 whale. 2% 140
Shellfish from Narragansett Bay, analysis. 218 Shumagin Islands,
CONTAIN GLOMOL ssc ee aeclccc cts 116 Cod aee2e eR Se 102
Shumagin Islands, cod fisheries of ......... 102 South Atlantic
Silver salmon distribution.................. 43 States. 2st eoaase 131
Im: Alaska sos cst sauseew ee sce 90, 94 fishery products landed at—
Silwersideshm Alaskeycasssu..<-.cccecccucecses 90 Bostonessss2entese ake ec 123
Silyeritrowpam Maine: se 2:2 sinc siccjec cnc 104 Gloucester!=2s---eeeee ee oe 125
Sitks black«bassiscs. tec cccneceeee cess .e noes 94 | St. Clair lake and river fisheries ........... 700
Smalisboaits; repaimsstOsoeses. = olecekie ccc secs 18 | Steelhead acclimatization.................. 3
Small-mouth black bass distribution ....... 76 | distribution 22s ss)-- easee cence 43
propagation....... 28 in: Alaska. soieeees ects eee 92, 94
SmeltinvWain ex .-3se2 case ee he cierces 103 Bake Superior seeece--eceeeeee 30
Smith, H. M., writings on fishes of Woods Maines -.S2 osiSete sees setae 103
LOVE # e actetnn. di /<<.2 sseetone ee meee en eaae ee 186 | Steilacoom Lake, Washington.............. 107
Smith, J. van C.,ichthyological writings of. 173 fishes of... .- 107
Sockeye salmon in AJaska...............--- 89 | Steindachner, writings on fishes of Massa-
South Atlantic States, fisheries............- ISTE Kchusettst.o-se seems see eo ee 185
Spawning of striped bass..........-....-...- 33 | Stenodus mackenzii in Alaska ............. 102
Spearfish station, improvements and repairs 16)" StieklebacksiniMain es snes... sete see ee ene 105
OUTpPUb ss Sase see Jase cease 37 Washington’ -s2s.cesenes sac 107
Species cultivated and distributed ......... 2 | St. Johnsbury station, output............... 36
speleus, Amblyopsis, description .......... 392 | St. Lawrence River fisheries.-.............. 722
Spongeiexperiments: 22.22 2o2 2552. - 2 sees 84-85 | Storer, ichthyological writings of .......... 178
Square-tail trout in Maine ................. 103 | Strawberry bass distribution ............... 77
Stanley’s white-fish in Maine .............. 103 | Striped bass distribution .............-....- 41
State fish commissions, allotments of eggs PLOPAE MON! sa s~5o5. cee eee 26
aM Gihshisae se tee eee Be a IS e's T SPAWOINE eee eee = eaten eues 33
“States, relations of Bureau with ........... 7 |) Studytof Hundulusimajalis: o.5.-.-----.0<<< 118
Station on upper Penobscot ..........-..... 27 | subterraneus, Typhlichthys...........-.. 390, 391
Stations, improvements to.................- 15 description ... 389
TGS a eee ee ee eee ke eres 14 | Sucker, chub, examined for parasites....-.. 519
Operated: ces. oot c sees eee ee eee 2-85) SneCKers dM Alaska). soma seta estes actrees 102
OperationsiOfs-cs. 35. ose cere eee 34 Maines detec cet testes oten ees 103, 105
Statistical bulletins issued.................. 121 Washing tome. = --mcc suse ssa = 107
inquiries, outhmes <5. 2.25. 2.2.56 tet Summary. Of OUlpUbeescas one tee see ee 4
Statistics and methods of the fisheries .... 19, | Sumner, F. B., director of Woods Hole
121-162 TED ONHLOUY: ~ -cce ose ce eee ner ere on alent 113
of fisheries of Boston and Glouces- Sun-fish examined for parasites ............ 521
122 | Superior, Lake, fisheries. -.......-..-......-- 651
740 INDEX.
Page Page
Swanton substation, output.........+-.-..-. 36: |) Trouts7of Alaska .- ccc. mene seen ore eee 92
symmetricus, Rubiws:..- 22-25. 5 o- ne meme 332 | True, Rodney H., experiments by.........- 116
Terrapin investigations -.--.-.--.---.-...- 86,120 | Tulian, E. A., resignation of .-......-....s. 20
Tippecanoe Lake, Ind., investigation of.... 109 | Tupelo station, completion..............--. 14
Titcomhb, J. W., fish-cultural work in Argen- (o}09" 5]3) een ee 5 ee ee 37
tines ace coe ee eee 20 | Twin Lakes, Ind., investigation of ......... 109
report on propagation and Tyee'salmon in Alaska 4. cceeeeee-o- ese oe 89
distribution. css-s.s-—4== 25 | Typhilichthys, descrtption’c desee----- 25-22 389
Theragra chaleogrammus.....-.....------. 94 TOS ne/cc 52. Sees oe ee 392
TE hy QL WS SI SEET omelet ee a ete aistora= 102 subterraneus,..<-o5---.2.-+ 390, 391
MoOmCOd; InvARASES, <5 < see cle eine eine 94 description ... 389
Total output of fish and eggs..........-.... 1,5, 25 wyandotte, deseription ..... 390
Transportation experiments ......2....--.. 33 | Union River Basin, Me., fishes of.......-..- 104
Traps tor Holding salmon) <.-- re. ses-sssce= 31 | Vermont, interior fisheries ........-...--- 136-137
traski,, ELysterocarpus <<. --5-2---s-esc-esene 337 | Vessel fisheries of Boston and Gloucester... 122
tridentatus, Entosphemus .....-.......---.. 83 i Viessels* operations, Of. = 2. a-ceece esse os ae ie 65
IM ColorsdOree as. seeee =e eee 29 DMWAN ES Ka sae ancls oc aos cs ese ceo 102
Malne as q ee cceset -ictioe ccs 103 NE hinCyemenaapeeenecoeee a: --- 103, 104
PLOPAL MUON =. 2 n.clesie cole eee = 29 Washington. .-...5< sesso eee 107
Canadian red, distribution....-..-.. 64 propagation oa. <-assseeoeeeseee 28
cut-throat, in Alaska _----...:-.-2+-.- 93,94 | White perch distribution.-................- 67
Wiashinetons sees 107 PLOPASAblON eos eee eee 25
GISBASCO Ma cesses: eran eie= cee 112 Sulphur Springs station, completion. 15
Dolly Varden, in Alaska ............ 93, 94 OWtpMt cence s-eiseee 36
golden, distribution)—-.52--- 2s. --- 64 water supply .....-- 12
Jake) distribution: 2 ac¢ 4.2tesew sre sera 63 | Winter flounder distribution.............-. 80
TMMaIMes 22s ccia- cen ceeeeyee 30, 103, 105 Proparationk<.-2=