Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Report of the Chief of the DUFCQU of iological Survey 1940 eo Y | | RECEIVED le AUG3 1942 % | U.S, Department of Agricuture UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Ira N. Gabrielson, Chief {Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey, 1940, reprinted from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, pp. 223—290] CONTENTS Page Page IM trOGUCtO Dee a eee ones OPER eee 223 | Wildlife-disease research—C ontinued. Orcamizarionichan esas eee 225 Gamie-bind! GiSeaseSaas aa ae 253 Other events of the year_____________________- 225 Physical properties of quail feeds studied _____ 253 Dissemination of wildlife information_________ 228 Infectious diseases in big game____-____________ 253 Hundsyavailables 22.6) es yee eee eee 229 | Research on national park wildlife__.________ ___ 254 Waildllife retatiom shiny see eee 254 Research on wildlife status and management___ 229 WehenwALeMOWIS Tht tio Meee eee e279 Other migratory game birds__________________ Banding game and other birds________________ 233 Wildlife relationships to forest and range_____ 235 Biological investigations on wildlife refuges___ 236 Wildlife-management research ________________ 237 State biological surveys and faunal studies____ 239 Economic research on wildlife. _________________ 240 Waterfow]-managemenrt investigations________ 240 Mosquito contro! in wildlife habitat__________ 242 Laboratory research on food habits__________- 243 Cooperative food habits research__.__________- 243 New food habits laboratory at Patuxent Re- SearchuReficetw we ns Bae ee ee 244 Studies of nutrition and phygologys of upland PAMErDIRGS! aye. 2 nga Bs ae 245 Studiesiof injurious birdss2--—)- ss a 245 Research in the control of harmful mammals_ 247 Fur-animal conservation and restoration._______ Fur production and the fur trade_____________ Cooperative investigations___-________________ Fur Anima] Experiment Station. New York__ 251 Rabbit Experiment Station, California_._._.__ 251 Fur Animal Field Station, Maryland_________ 252 W ildlife-disease research_____.__________________ 252 Fur-animal disease contro]_________________--- 252 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D, C_--_-_--------------- Range-improvement studies__________________ 255 Biological surveys and wildlife inventories____ 256 Federal aid in wildlife restoration._.____________ 256 Acquisition of land for refuges__________________ 261 The national wildlife refuge program___________ 265 Administration and management of refuges___ 265 Development of refuges______________________- 269 Publiguselof refuses ee 274 Administration of wildlife conservation laws____ 275 IRI EON AXON. 76 Work of game-management agents____________ 27 Importation and other permits issued___________ 279 Resulations: 222: 1 20 a ee See 279 Speciesvexcluded®: 3.2.0. 222 2 eee 279 Species entered under permit_________________ 279 Permits under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. 281 Cooperative control of injurious animals________ 282 Predatory-animal contro]_____________________ 282 RO@ent controle] Sasa ee eee 285 Wildlife conservation in Alaska _________________ 287 Changes in’ reculations:=3.-- eee 287 baw enforcement.2=. = es eee eee 288 Wildlife restocking projects____._____________- 288 Rredatoricontrolia. 2. Se ee 289 Biological investigations_______________-____-- 289 Alaskan-big came: 4. = ee eee 289 Price 10 cents. NotEe.—The complete Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1940, also may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C Price 75 cents. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY ' lra N. Gabrielson, Chief INTRODUCTION ILDLIFE in the United States was in a much better condition with reference to human requirements at the end of the fiscal year 1940 than at the beginning. For a bureau charged with the responsibility of national wildlife administration this satisfactory report would in most years be self-sufficient evidence that the agency was contributing to the national welfare. At a time, however, when: nearly all undertakings are being judged in terms of defense against external aggression and internal subversion and when past experience indicates the need for caution against a perversion of patriotic zeal that may even endanger some of the important endowments of what must be defended, a more explicit evaluation of wildlife- restoration progress in terms of social welfare and national solidar- ity seems essential. In other words, it should be pointed out that the United States is better able to undertake an intensive national- defense program because of the success thus far achieved in restoring and conserving its wildlife and, further, that a continuing wise ad- ministration of this natural resource will strengthen a nation’s defense against both foreign and domestic dangers. Conservation—or prudent use—of wildlife is one way of making a country worth living in, a first essential in inspiring zealous de- fense. An abundant wildlife, in other words, is an added attraction to the outdoors, and outdoor experiences foster the qualities of char- acter that are reflected in the American way of living, a heritage that must be defended. Thus wildlife conservation not only con- tributes toward defense against subversive tendencies but also develops a national morale that will withstand the stress of any emergency requiring action against forces from without. Though intangible, this fundamental contribution is continuous and thorough rather than temporary or sporadic. Inconspicuous at any 1The fifty-fifth annual report of this organization is both its first to the Secretary of the Interior and its last as the Bureau of Biological Survey; in accordance with the: President’s Reorganization Plan No. II the Survey was transferred from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior on July 1, 1939; and by Reorganization Plan No, III it was merged with the Bureau of Fisheries on June 30, 1940, to form the Fish and Wildlife Service. 223 ~ QIA REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR given time and perhaps even overlooked by many during emergencies, the benefits of wildlife conservation are long-time benefits. They will be as important in future requirements for good living and future national emergencies as they are at present. If a high type of con- servation is not maintained consistently, the Nation may suffer losses that will be difficult to make up and will impair good living for many years thereafter. Conservation of wildlife in the United States would not in any presently conceivable emergency be consistent with any unusual inroads into the resource, either for meat supplies or for protection against theoretically serious crop losses. The Biological Survey in administering wildlife has not only en- couraged desirable birds and mammals but for many years has also taken the leadership in an intelligent restraint of the numbers of such species as do damage. Carnivorous animals that prey on live- stock, rodents that destroy crops or food supplies, carry disease, and by their burrows damage irrigation and other embankments, and birds that prove destructive in orchards and grainfields are being controlled more effectively than ever before as a result of the operations and demonstrations of the Survey. These activities will take on new significance during a national emergency in which food supplies become of critical importance. They can be intensified to any needed degree, yet here too it will be important to exercise due caution, as World War experience indicates that demands for unwise destruction of desirable birds may at such a time be made in the supposed interests of food production. Control activities should never go beyond the demonstrated need. Personnel and facilities of this agency will be available whenever needed by the Nation for a supreme effort. The field force through- out the country, which is unusually familiar with geographical fea- tures, in emergencies could protect areas where damage might impair transportation or weaken defenses. The well-organized and capable body of men engaged in enforcing the Federal laws that protect wild- life could undoubtedly assist in anti-espionage and other under-cover work. Yet it seems important to emphasize that in general the greatest service that this agency can perform during a national emer- gency is to continue to conserve wildlife as an invaluable natural resource that is at all times essential to the national welfare. Wildlife conditions in the United States are not yet what they should be everywhere. Those that are favorable are the result of years of planning and carrying out corrective measures that were sorely needed after unwise exploitation. Only in recent years has there been a definite and well-implemented national program to restore and conserve wildlife. In the 55 years since its beginning as a BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 225 small unit of three employees concerned with research in economic ornithology, the Biological Survey at the time of its merger with the Bureau of Fisheries at the close of the year had developed into an action as well as a research agency and had become the instrument of a strong national purpose to administer wildlife resources intelligently. The final year of its separate existence was a climax of accom- plishment, and its enlarged opportunities as part of the Fish and Wildlife Service are faced with confidence and enthusiasm. ORGANIZATION CHANGES The fiscal year 1940 was characterized largely by efforts to improve efficiency by perfecting governmental organization for carrying on con- servation activities, the actual work being in the main a continuation of programs already under way looking toward the ultimate objective of sound wildlife restoration. On the first day of the fiscal year the Biological Survey became a part of the Department of the Interior, entering into closer cooperation with other agencies of the Department, including the Bureau of Fisheries, which had simultaneously been transferred to it from the Department of Commerce. A continuance of cooperation with agencies of the Department of Agriculture on matters related to wildlife was agreed to by a formal memorandum. During the course of the fiscal year the Food Habits research lab- oratory, after 55 years in Washington, D. C., was transferred to new quarters at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Refuge, Md. Under authority of Reorganization Plan No. II, the Secretary directed the transfer of the Wildlife Division of the National Park Service to the Biological Survey, which became effective on January 1, 1940. Plans also were completed for a reorganization of field work in the | United States, the nine regions being rearranged into five. On the last day of the year, in accordance with the President’s Reorganiza- tion Plan No. III, the consolidation of the Biological Survey and the Bureau of Fisheries to form the Fish and Wildlife Service became effective. Through these changes the Federal Government enters the fiscal year 1941 better organized than ever before to carry on the work of wildlife restoration. OTHER EVENTS OF THE YEAR The outstanding events of the year in connection with programs and policies already under way may be summarized as follows: Research on Game Birds Canada goose studies —Investigations of Canada geese and the fac- tors influencing their increase were conducted in Utah, Oregon, and 226 REPORT OF THE SEORETARY OF THE INTERIOR California, and studies of their feeding habits were made in the Great Basin and in the Northwest. Experiments in marsh burning—On the Sabine and Lacassine Refuges, La., experimental burning of marshes indicated that fire is an important tool in management for geese, as an estimated 500,000 geese were attracted to these refuges after the burning. Industrial operations in wildlife habitat—Studies were made of wildlife problems on the Santee-Cooper Power and Navigation Proj- ect in South Carolina for safeguarding a major winter-concentration area for waterfowl and an ideal river-bottom and forest habitat for one of the purest strains of wild turkey in eastern North America. Mosquito control and waterfowl habitat—A detailed experimental project was set up at the Bombay Hook Refuge, Del., and gratifying results were obtained in demonstrating control of salt-marsh mosqui- toes with minimum injury to waterfowl habitat. Quail-nutrition studies—In investigations on bobwhites, the nutri- tive value and palatability of several native quail foods were studied and it was developed that common salt is a valuable aid in combating cannibalism among both growing and adult birds. Fur-Production Investigations Disposal of Federal furs—A unified policy was established for handling and disposing of all furs that become the property of the Bureau. Import quota on foxes—Largely through cooperation with fur farmers and Federal agencies, an import quota on silver foxes was established, thus preventing the dumping of foreign pelts on the . American market and serving to maintain prices paid for silver fox pelts. Exceptional prices for pelts —Of unusual interest was the sale of a single Norwegian platinum fox pelt for $11,000 and an entire lot of 400 platinum skins for more than $500 each. Other Wildlife Studies New laboratories at Research Refuge.—Completion of the C. Hart Merriam Laboratory (named for the first chief of this agency) made available a three-story structure to house the former in-Washington staff of the Food Habits laboratory, and doubling the size of the Henry W. Henshaw Laboratory (named for the second chief) provided needed facilities for wildlife-disease research. These laboratories and a 3,000-acre wood and cultivated tract make extensive research possible on wildlife problems peculiar to the Eastern States. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 226 Completed catalog of type specimens.—A list with data of the 1,323 mammal type specimens in the Biological Survey collection was completed for publication by the United States National Museum. Fesearch on elk.—A 10-year research on the American elk was completed, and the manuscript reporting it submitted for publica- {ion in the North American Fauna series. Classification of white-tailed deer—Research in cooperation with the National Museum on the classification and distribution in North and Middle America of the white-tailed deer, the most important American big-game animal, was completed, and 10 new forms were described. Discovery of vanishing deer—A herd of between 500 and 1,000 Pacific white-tailed deer, a subspecies previously supposed to be near extirpation, was discovered and studied. Marsh-ecology research—Research conducted during the past two vears on the ecology of the marshes and swamps of the Gulf region resulted in the preparation of a technical eB OuE on alluvial marshes and swamps of Louisiana. Refuge food and cover studies—Surveys of wildlife refuges were made to note the relation of native and propagated food and cover plants and animal communities and populations to wildlife welfare and refuge management. Control methods.—Research developed more effective and selective methods for use in the control of predatory animals and injurious rodents, improved the practices for controlling tree-girdling mice in the Northeastern States, and perfected a method to concentrate the active principle of red squill used in rat control. Wildlife Restoration Effectiveness of Federal-aid program.—Experience gained during the first year’s Federal aid in wildlife restoration and increased funds enabled the States to undertake wildlife restoration activities more effectively and more extensively, 237 individual projects involving the expenditure of $2,082,735 having been begun as compared with 58, at a cost of $348,932, initiated in 1939. New refuges——The number of wildlife refuges was increased to 263 and the acreage to 13,635,365; the 3 new refuges were the Susque- hanna, Md. (a closed area) ; the Noxubee, Miss.; and the Bosque del Apache, N. Mex. Refuges placed under administration—Hight regular refuges, totaling 1,617,993 acres, were placed under active administration, and 68 easement areas in North Dakota and 4 in Montana were as- signed to nearby refuges for administration. 228 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Drainage projects inspected—Of 202 proposed W. P. A. drainage projects inspected, 150 were approved by the Bureau, 15 disapproved because of adverse effects on wildlife, and 37 approved conditionally. Refuge revenue—Income from the sale of surplus big-game ani- mals and other refuge products and for the use of refuge lands totaled $75,845, of which 25 percent was turned over to the counties in which the refuges are situated and the remainder deposited in the Federal Treasury. Wildlife increases on refuges.—For the fourth consecutive year, increases were noted all over the country in the wildlife populations using the national wildlife refuges. Pest Control Bird damage to crops——Marked progress was made in determining essential facts regarding damage by certain birds to crops and in working out improved methods and practices for prevention. Predatory animals —In safeguarding the Nation’s wool and meat supply by protecting livestock, poultry, and game, 116,805 preda- tory animals were taken in organized control work. Injurious rodents.—Protection was afforded to agricultural crops, forage and timber resources, soil-conserving structures, and stored food supplies through the treatment under Bureau supervision of 12,174,125 acres infested by injurious rodents and 198,902 premises in rat control. DISSEMINATION OF WILDLIFE INFORMATION When transferred from the Department of Agriculture on July 1, 1939, the Bureau ceased to contribute to the various publication series of that Department, other than statistics of hunting stamps and licenses, but continued to disseminate information on wildlife research, conservation, and management in several series of the Department of the Interior, some of them new. Technical reports continue to be is- sued in the North American Fauna and in a new series of Wildlife Research Bulletins. Popular publications formerly appearing in the Farmers’ Bulletin series are now contributed to a new series of Con- servation Bulletins of the Department of the Interior and have the same aid of Congressional distribution as was formerly given the Farmers’ Bulletins. All other Bureau publications are consolidated in one series of Wildlife Circulars, except posters, annual reports, brief processed Wildlife Leaflets, and the Alaska Game Commission Circulars, which, not being numbered departmental series, remain unchanged. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 229 Continuing other functions of disseminating wildlife information, the Bureau prepared summaries of its findings and announcements of important events for release to the press, and met many demands for special articles in periodicals and for addresses at conventions and meetings. In the radio field it participated in the preparation of national network wildlife programs and assisted in the preparation of a series of 15-minute transcribed radio programs for use by local stations. To disseminate information through motion pictures it produced three one-reel sound pictures, in both 35-mm. and 16-mm. sizes, on mice in orchards and bears in Alaska; and furnished photographs to writers and publishers for illustrating wildlife-information articles. The Bureau participated more extensively than previously in the observance of National Wildlife Week, and again took an active part in planning and participating in the North American Wildlife Conference. Members of the technical staff represented the Bureau at other gatherings of scientists and conservationists, and of stockmen, farmers, and others interested in various phases of wildlife research and management, where they had opportunity to present in detail many matters here briefly summarized. FUNDS AVAILABLE To finance the work of the Survey for the year a total of $7,392,524 was available from regular and emergency appropriations. Of this sum, $3,928,691 was carried in the Agricultural Appropriation Act for regular activities; $1,111,325 was realized from the sale of Federal migratory-waterfowl hunting stamps; $820,798 was allocated from the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1939 for water-conservation and wildlife-restoration work, and $34,216 for related administrative expenses; $1,293,644 was made available for expenditure in connection with work performed by the C. C. C. on national wildlife refuges; and $203,850 was allocated by the Public Works Administration for the construction of buildings and other improvements at the Fur Animal Experiment Station, Saratoga Springs, N. Y., and on the Patuxent (Md.) Research Refuge. RESEARCH ON WILDLIFE STATUS AND MANAGEMENT THE WATERFOWL SITUATION Investigations in Canada Study of the migration of waterfowl in the spring of 1939 substan- tiated the general accuracy of the preceding January inventory. Nearly 300 carefully picked observers covered the movement and 71 292238—41 9 230 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR percent noted increased numbers of the birds, compared with the spring flight of 1938. Assured thus of a larger breeding stock, the biologists of the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Central Flyways resumed their investigations on the nesting grounds of Canada, carrying on work in the eastern Maritime Provinces, the eastern Arctic, and the central region, from the international boundary to the Arctic coast. The vast breeding grounds “north of the bush” in central Canada have not been altered by human activity and are found today as satis- factory for nesting waterfowl as when first seen by civilized man. With an adequate stock of birds to populate them fully, they could probably supply, without recruitment from other regions, most of the ducks and geese that at present can be carried through the winter. The evidence demonstrated that the waterfowl population is on an upward trend. Waterfowl habitats in south-central Canada have been materially improved by the development of small water areas under a program sponsored by the Dominion Government by the passage in 1935 of the Prairie Farms Rehabilitation Act. Appropriations for this purpose totaled $1,250,000 in 1935, $1,184,420 in 1936, and $2,000,000 in 1937, the last year for which figures are available. By July 1939 the Dominion had completed 5,538 “dugouts,” 2,388 stock-watering dams, and 568 irrigation projects, a total of 8,494, in addition to more than 200 larger, municipal-community projects. Although only a few of these areas are yet suited to the needs of nesting waterfowl, some were immediately adopted by the birds. | Investigations in Alaska Indications are that the waterfowl breeding grounds of Alaska are the source of most of the ducks and geese seen in California and other Pacific coast sections, but their great importance has not been fully recognized. The Pacific Flyway biologist made studies of Alaska waterfowl populations and habitats in the valleys of the Yukon, Kuskokwim, Tanana, Innoko, and Iditarod, as well as in those of other rivers of lesser importance, and at the conclusion of work in the twin Yukon and Kuskokwim Deltas, made a reconnaissance north to the delta of the Noatak River, tributary to Kotzebue Sound. The summary of his own observations and of reports of the agents of the Alaska Game Commission and others pointed to a distinct numeri- cal improvement in the geese, swans, and cranes, and indicated that, while the duck population was satisfactory, there were no conspicuous gains over 1938. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 231 Investigations in Mexico The Central Flyway biologist resumed his winter investigation on the east coast of Mexico south to the head of the Tamiahua Lagoon, while the biologist of the Pacific Flyway was working in the western part of that country from Chihuahua and Coahuila south to Mor- elos and Guerrero. Although serious drought in eastern Mexico had lowered the levels of coastal lagoons, leaving scores of square miles of mud flats covered with dried aquatic vegetation, the ducks appeared to have no difficulty in finding suitable quarters. The total number wintering in eastern Mexico showed a slight increase over 1938-39, despite varying decreases in the gadwall and the bald- pate. Geese in general were present in smaller numbers, but prob- ably at least 5,000,000 waterfowl of all kinds wintered in eastern Mexico. The duck population of the tableland and coastal areas of western Mexico, however, was materially lower than in 1938-289. The season was abnormal, investigations in California, made both before and after the Mexican operations, indicating that large groups of the Pacific Flyway waterfowl had wintered north of the inter- national border. Investigations in the United States A greater spring run-off improved nesting conditions on the Fed- eral refuges in the northern plains and increased their production of waterfowl. The extent of the increase is indicated by an estimate of 250,000 ducklings on the Lower Souris Refuge, N. Dak., com- pared with 40,000 for 1938, and of similar gains on other refuges. It was noteworthy that in several cases the species affected were among those that only a few years ago were considered to be in a precarious condition, among them the redhead, canvasback, and ruddy duck. The Canada goose also made important local gains. The fall migration was characterized by a delayed movement of the birds. Storms and freezing temperatures came much later than usual, and when winter closed in quickly the waterfowl passed so rapidly through some sections that they were all but unobserved, particularly where there was a shortage of water. The Bureau’s volunteer observers, however, submitted more than 500 reports, and considering the abnormal weather, which unquestionably affected the observations, these showed a satisfactory condition of the birds. The biologists of the Mississippi and Atlantic Flyways devoted the winter to studies of the usual concentrations of ducks and geese in the lower Mississippi Valley and on the south Atlantic coast, the chief wintering grounds for these two flyways, and noted a grati- fying increase in both ducks and geese. Supplementing the results VE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR were weekly or monthly reports from refuge managers, game-man- agement agents, and other field officers, the regularity of which kept information current on the movements of the birds and of the con- ditions affecting them. Large flocks of ducks from the Atlantic Flyway may cross the Straits of Florida to winter in extensive swamps and at the heads of bays in Cuba, and it is known that some continue eastward to wintering grounds on the island of Hispaniola. This flight is the least known of any included in the flyway system and points to the need of winter investigations in the Greater Antilles. There is no known or suspected important wintering ground of the Mississippi Flyway south of the United States. The sixth consecutive January inventory was conducted by between 2,000 and 3,000 persons under exceptionally trying conditions, but the results completely vindicated the methods employed. Despite freezing weather extending to the Gulf coast, and prevalent deep snows, the operation was carried out on schedule. Practically the entire field force of the Bureau was utilized, together with personnel of other Federal and State agencies, and aircraft of the Army, Navy, and Coast Guard and of a commercial tire and rubber com- pany. The results indicated that there were about 65,000,000 ducks and geese on the North American Continent at that time in contrast to the low of 27,000,000 estimated for January 1935. OTHER MIGRATORY GAME BIRDS In the winter, most of the woodcocks of the continent gather in Louisiana and western Mississippi and the mourning doves of eastern North America concentrate heavily in the Southeastern States. In- vestigations in January showed that both species suffered serious losses because of abnormally cold weather. A later Nation-wide study showed that both species had been reduced materially in num- bers, the woodcock as much as 40 percent in some areas. 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OPGI IOLA [VOSLIT Ponuljuoy—uoljouibjI0/d JO Japs 2A1}NI2Xq pup WIS AQ pup ‘spunj J2YyJO pub Aduabigwia YIM ‘PV UO!}OAIBZSUO> Pilg AJOJOISIYW) 24} JOPUN S2SN P2j}H]a1 PUD sabNjas aj!|/pjIm jOUOIJOU 104 UOI}ISINDID JO ssad0Id Ul 410 paiiNbop ‘sasop ul ‘sPOII—"'y JIGVL BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 265: THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE PROGRAM The number of national wildlife refuges under the jurisdiction of the Biological Survey was increased by three, and much was accom- plished in making the whole system more serviceable to wildlife. Un- der the improvement program, aided by C.C.C.,W.P.A.,and N. Y. A. labor agencies, a general increase was again noted in the number of birds and other wildlife using the refuges. ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF REFUGES The Biological Survey now administers 263 refuges (13,635,365 acres) (table 5), the 247 in the United States covering 9,541,163 acres and the 16 in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, 4,094,202 acres. It also administers 18 areas (12,417 acres) for experimental and adminis- trative purposes, on which wildlife is protected. The following 8 refuges (1,617,993 acres) were placed under active administration: Cabeza Prieta and Kofa, Ariz; Salton Sea, Calif.; Susquehanna, Md.; Brigantine, N. J.; and Lake Ilo, Lake Ardoch, and Long Lake, N. Dak. In addition, the 68 easement refuges in North Dakota (111,857 acres) were divided into districts and placed under the supervision of the personnel of 5 nearby refuges. TABLE 5.—Classification and Acreage of National Wildlife Refuges Administered by the Bureau of Biological Survey Classification Number Acres BEG FsHHOLALONVAW A UCTIO WA ea ee Oe eR ee Pe ee tee 176 3, 447, 218 For other migratory birds, smail upland game, fur animals, and other wilditife_____ 24 8, 475, 903 Je COT OE LTE Tit Ni RE ee eee ee ; 50 107, 666 EG Tab ney oat iene at eee ne ee a ee ES Sn eo en he oh 13 6, 603, 578 NGG bn Se oe ee ee pe ee ee Se ee re See ee eee a eae ee 263 | 13, 685, 365 Custodianship was assigned to the Biological Survey of six wildlife- management areas, former Resettlement Administration projects, covering 276,404 acres, in the following States: Minnesota (Beltrami Island), Missouri, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina (Caro- lina Sandhills), and Wisconsin (Necedah). Actual administration is under a State agency, usually the department of conservation, but the Biological Survey will serve in an advisory capacity and review wild- life-management plans before adopted. At the end of the year, exclusive of the easement refuges, 91 refuges (10,648,620 acres) were being operated by a staff of 223 permanent and 32 part-time (temporary) employees. The cost of maintaining the refuges has increased materially with the placing of additional refuges under active administration, but even more with the comple- 266 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR tion of the C. C. C. and W. P. A. development work on several refuges, which necessitates maintenance from regular appropriations. Bird Refuges New refuges—Three important refuges were added during the year—the Susquehanna Migratory Waterfowl Closed Area, Harford County, Md.; the Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, Winston, Noxu- bee, and Oktibbeha Counties, Miss.; and the Bosque del Apache Na- tional Wildlife Refuge, Socorro County, N. Mex. The Susquehanna area (21,210 acres) was closed under the Migra- tory Bird Treaty Act by Presidential proclamations of August 24, 1939, and January 24, 1940, to protect all forms of wildlife, especially canvasback and other ducks, which there find an excellent resting and feeding ground. The Noxubee Refuge (about 40,000 acres) was established by Executive order of June 14, 1940, to protect wild turkeys, waterfowl, muskrats, and other wildlife. The Bosque del Apache Refuge (55,972 acres) was established by Executive order of November 22, 1939, because of its value as a resting and feeding area for waterfowl during migration. Many birds spend the winter on the area and some nest there. Increased use by wildlife—The waterfowl and other wildlife on the national wildlife refuges showed a substantial increase in numbers for the fourth consecutive year, as a result of improved water, food, and cover conditions and more adequate protection. In addition, some species not seen on the refuges since their establishment were observed. In North Dakota at least 150,000 ducks were produced on the Lower Souris Refuge, and 50,000 on the Des Lacs Refuge, in both cases substantial increases over previous years. For the first time since the establishment of the Lower Souris Refuge at least two pairs of wild unpinioned Canada geese, thought to be offspring of captives, nested there on artificial islands. The number of beavers on this refuge increased to 459 from the initial stock of 50 in 1935. On the Sand Lake Refuge, S. Dak., more than 40,000 nests of Franklin’s gull were found, compared with 20,000 in 1939, 6,100 in 1938, and 6,000 in 1937—the first year this species nested there—and at least 2,000,000 ducks stopped during the fall migration, a great increase over the previous years. On a floating island in the dis- play pond a pair of wild Canada geese nested, the second nesting record since the establishment of this refuge, one brood having been hatched in 1939. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 267 On the Mud Lake Refuge, Minn., 500 ruddy ducks nested, compared with about 50 each previous year since 1937, when the refuge was established. The waterfowl stopping on the Necedah Refuge, Wis., during the spring migration was more than double the number present the previous spring. A maximum of 125,000 ducks wintered on the Savannah Refuge, Ga. and S. C. On the Muleshoe Refuge, Tex., the number of wintering ducks increased 400 percent and of Canada geese 250 percent over the previous year. Ten shoveler eggs on the Seney Refuge, Mich., provided not only the first nesting record of this duck for the refuge but probably for the entire Upper Peninsula. On the Deer Flat Refuge, Idaho, at the peak of the fall migration there were about 200,000 pintails and 800,000 mallards, an increase of 100 percent over the preceding year. Snowy plovers seen on the Sacramento Refuge, Calif., established a new record for the refuge and its vicinity. Three new nesting records—western grebe, Brew- ster’s egret, and white-faced glossy ibis—were established at the Salton Sea Refuge, Calif. At the Bowdoin Refuge, Mont., three black ducks treated for botulism late in the summer gave the first observation of this species on the area; their occurrence in the vicinity is rare. The small herd of antelopes on this refuge, which numbered only 7 in 1935, was in- creased in 1939 to 27, when 10 fawns were born; the number born in 1940 is not yet known, but an increase of about 15 is indicated. More than 1,300 geese of 4 species (Canada, white-fronted, lesser snow, and blue) remained all winter on the Lacassine Refuge, La., for the first time since its establishment. No accurate estimate could be made of the numbers of blue and snow geese that wintered on the Sabine Refuge, La., but on several areas closely packed flocks ex- tended 1 mile long and 300 yards wide. There were flocks of blue and snow geese ranging from 40 to 200, on the Wheeler Refuge, Ala., during the fall migration, an unusual occurrence, since these birds rarely go so far east of the Mississippi Flyway. Canada and lesser snow geese were much more abundant on the Malheur Refuge, Oreg., in the fall than in previous years. Whistling swans stopped for the first time on the Bombay Hook Refuge, Del. An encouraging increase in the number of trumpeter swans on the Red Rock Lakes Refuge, Mont., and its vicinity was revealed by a cecunt made late in the summer of 1939. This showed for the refuge proper, 59 cygnets, or young birds, and 50 adults; for nearby lakes, 20 adults; and for the Yellowstone National Park, 17 cygnets and 53 adults—a total of 199 (76 cygnets and 123 adults), compared with 148 in the summer of 1938, and 158 in the summer of 1937. 268 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Big-game Preserves and Ranges The numbers of big-game animals on the Bureau’s fenced preserves are given in table 6. TABLE 6.—Animals on Fenced Big-game Preserves Maintained by the Bureau of Biologi- cal Survey (Estimated) ANIMALS AS OF JUNE 30, 1940 | ; Deer | Ante- | Bis: Texas Preserve Buffalo} Elk tania — a l long- | Total sheep ’ hite- orn tailed | Mule a Pe Pee nere Sees eee eee ee ee eee National Bison Range, Mont________ 437 49, [Et 17 36 1 0 |e se 628 Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuse, Nebr. obec f+ =. De 148 | BT bocce de See 8 5 24 222 Sullys ae National Game Preserve, IEE SE ARE 13 re es ae RES vis ce era Eat = 43 Ww ichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, ee a ot ee eee ee 497 202 32 lesacsese 799 es 171 1,701 CLE A ee ea 1,095 | 301 a eee | $59 | 105} 195| 2,594 YOUNG BORN IN CALENDAR YEAR 1939 National Bison Range, Mont________ | 95 a £7 Ee 8 12 | oe Se | 1539 Fort Niobrara National Wildlife | RefageaNebe >. 45s ty GN | age: a ae [ape Ba ci sates 4 | 47 ae Hill National Game Preserve, | | TOYS ic PE 5 sy SS. 7 oF || ge Oe SR [ace Di: SR 17 Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, | ee A ES Be es (fee ae! 7 comers 27 226 TERE a ae only ar easier | 244 | 67 | 7 LodaS lee 6 26 31 | 449 1 All but this number were transferred to the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge, Oreg. Kofa and Cabeza Prieta Game Ranges, Ariz —The desert grasses and shrubs on these ranges were in the best condition they have been for many years, following plentiful fall and winter precipitation. Water was available for all wildlife using the Kofa Range, but the supply on the Cabeza Prieta Range was not adequate. Numerous bighorn sheep were seen regularly on these ranges, but no accurate estimate of their numbers could be made. Gambel’s quails were abun- dant, and coveys could be seen at the watering places at almost any time. National Bison Range, Mont.—Of the 54 bighorn sheep on this range at the beginning of the year, 25 were transferred to the Hart Mountain Refuge, Oreg., which is believed to provide the species a more suitable habitat. Desert Game Range, Nev—About 350 bighorn sheep and 175 deer were estimated to be on this area at the end of the year. Conditions for the big game were excellent. Since the range was established 47 species of mammals and 66 of birds have been recorded. Sheldon National Antelope Refuge, Nev.—Considerable rainfall ‘during the spring months resulted in a good growth of browse for the BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 269: antelope and other animals, and at the close of the year there were on the refuge about 1,200 antelopes, including about 400 fawns, approxi- mately 300 mule deer, 250 wild horses, and large numbers of sage hens. Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Okla—Spring rains on this refuge put the range in much better condition than in most years and brought up water levels in the lakes, which had been greatly lowered during the acute drought in the preceding summer and fall, when it was necessary to release water from Rush, Jed Johnson, and E!mer Thomas Lakes to supply Fort Sill and the city of Lawton. In Jan- uary, 24 antelopes were received from New Mexico in exchange for the same number of elk. They appear to have acclimated themselves: satisfactorily. With additional range made available by the curtail- ment of grazing by domestic stock, the longhorn cattle herd was per- mitted to increase slightly and numbered 171 at the end of the year, compared with 149 in 1939. National Elk Refuge, Wyo—Although no official enumeration of the elk in the Jackson Hole herd has been made since the spring of 1938, when 17,370 were counted, of which 7,782 were on the refuge, it was estimated that at least 9,000 spent the past winter on the area. Weather conditions were such that it was not necessary to feed them hay, and few losses occurred. DEVELOPMENT OF REFUGES Engineering Work During the fiscal year, projects involving engineering work and inspection were undertaken on 72 refuges, the actual construction. being done by C. C. C. and W. P. A. labor. Preliminary surveys were made on 29 refuges, and construction plans were drawn up for 82. In addition, technical information of use in the administration of the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act was developed and the engineering feasibility of a number of proposed refuges was. investigated. As in previous years, one hydraulic engineer attended to the filing: of water rights and the protection of water supplies and negotiated with various Federal and State agencies on matters involving the use of water on or affecting the wildlife refuges. He was one of three engineers who represented the United States on the Souris. River water adjudication and conferred with Canadian representa- tives on the distribution of the water of this international stream,,. on which three of the Biological Survey refuges in North Dakota. are situated. 270 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Biological Development Food and cover—tn the marsh and aquatic planting program, 200,000 pounds of seeds, tubers, and rootstocks were collected within the refuge system, to meet the needs for biological rehabilitation of newly acquired areas and to hasten natural recovery on lands mis- managed by former owners. Improved seed-collecting technique and abundant crops combined in some instances to provide supplies somewhat in excess of immediate needs and permitted the distribu- tion of material to other public agencies for use in wildlife-habitat improvement. In the development of upland-game habitat, 1.250.000 trees, shrubs, and vines were used, part of which were made available through the cooperation of the Soil Conservation Service, Tennessee Valley Authority, Forest Service, and State conservation departments. About 8,000 pounds of tree and shrub seeds were collected. for the propagation of wildlife food and cover plants needed for future development work, some of which were turned over to other agen- cies for propagation under growing agreements. For improvement of big-game ranges where intense utilization had reduced the forage supply, 12,000 pounds of seed, collected mostly within the refuge system, were used. To establish supplementary feed patches, 14,000 pounds of seeds of legumes and other food plants were sown on quail and turkey management sites. About 30,000 acres of land were cultivated by sharecroppers, under agreements, and by refuge personnel to provide supplementary food for wildlife during critical periods and to aid in sustaining increasing wildlife populations. A large percentage of this acreage was sown to forage crops for geese. On a 5-acre field of millet and buckwheat planted on the Tamarac Refuge, Minn., 33 pheasants, 6 prairie chickens, 12 ducks, 1 Canada goose, and 11 white-tailed deer wers seen feeding at one time. Controlled burning—The recognized importance of controlled burning in marsh management for waterfowl has led to an increased use of fire on coastal areas where field investigations indicate that this practice will be of greatest value. The importance of controlled burning in certain types of marsh vegetation is indicated by the fact that more than 100,000 blue and lesser snow geese fed extensively on burned areas on the Sabine Refuge, La., which they had previously avoided. Extensive field observations were carried on to obtain additional data on the several interrelated factors involved. Con- trolled burning was also practiced on several hundred acres of land lying within upland-game management demonstration units. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 211 Control of noxious aquatics —F actors favoring the development of an optimum waterfowl habitat also permit the growth of noxious plants that tend to supplant those of high value to wildlife and thereby minimize the utility of the area. Where the problem exists, control measures have been undertaken with noteworthy success, particularly in the reduction of cattails. Special equipment is being developed for future work of this nature. Cover management.—The rapid response to habitat-improvement work on refuges is reflected in increasing wildlife populations, which in several instances have permitted the removal of mature breeding stock for restocking public lands. From the Sand Lake Refuge, S. Dak., 1,830 pheasants were distributed to 6 counties for restocking under the direction of conservation officials of that State. Surplus deer and raccoons also were released to various State conservation departments for restocking depleted coverts. Nesting.—The design of boxes for tree-nesting ducks was improved on the basis of field investigations of their use. Artificial nesting boxes have produced a material increase in breeding wood ducks and goldeneyes, and 750 new ones were constructed and installed, and many old ones reconditioned. To provide essential habitat features for waterfowl and shorebirds in new impoundments, 49 additional nesting islands were constructed. Winter feeding.—During severe winter weather, when it becomes necessary to provide grain for birds unable to find food because of ice and snow, not only is feeding done on the refuges but elsewhere in cooperation with local agencies. Some of the grain used is raised on the refuges, some is purchased, and some is donated by other agencies—Federal, State, or private. Through the cooperation of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 10,896 bushels of mixed grains were obtained from 12 grain-inspection stations. The severe winter of 1939-40 made it necessary to do more feeding than usual. On and adjacent to the Brigantine Refuge, N. J., about 2 tons of grain were distributed daily to some 600 black ducks and other birds, much of it, quickly and effectively, by means of an air- plane. Considerable feeding also was done on the White River Refuge, Ark. Civilian Conservation Corps Development on Refuges Work accomplishments—The C. C. C. continued to have an impor- tant part in the long-range program of developing waterfowl and other game refuges. There were C. C. C. camps on 41 National and 1 State wildlife refuge in 26 States. The number of full-strength camps averaged approximately 35, and 1 side camp was used. Among 2712 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR 8 new camps, the one at the Ogden Bay State Refuge, Utah, is especially noteworthy because it is the first C. C. C. activity by the aid of which a State will directly participate under the provisions of the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act. Work programs were completed by 5 camps, making 20 in all that have finished the develop- ment work assigned to them by the Survey. Enrollees detailed by other services worked on 8 other refuges, making a total of 16 refuges improved by C. C. C. enrollees working from side camps or on special details. The development work differed in each locality because of wide variances in soil and water conditions and their influences upon food and cover vegetation but was of the same nature as outlined in previous reports. The following few accomplishments indicate its scope: More than 240 miles of truck and patrol trails, 26 bridges, 70 miles of tele- phone lines, 80,908 rods of fences, 11 lookout towers, 18 dwellings, 6 overnight cabins, and more than 50 barns, garages, and other service buildings were constructed to enable the personnel to administer the refuges and maintain the sanctuary status effectively and economi- cally. To provide favorable water conditions for wildlife, the en- rollees built 8 large diversion dams; moved more than 1,700,000 cubic yards of earth in constructing dikes and levees; excavated more than 660,000 cubic yards of earth and rock to provide 21,570 lineal feet of ditches and canals; built 14 small reservoirs and 96 permanent check dams; cleared and cleaned debris and undesirable growths from ap- proximately 560,000 square yards of water channels and 1,180 acres of lake and pond sites; and built 83 spillways and other water-control structures. They planted desirable food and cover vegetation on 4.696 acres. Job-training and educational programs.—In the development work on the refuges thousands of enrollees are given practical training and instruction both in classroom and field, the training being practical rather than theoretical, because classroom work is supplemental to field training, which in turn is supplemental to actual field work, where more than 1,100 trucks, tractors, trail builders, graders, drag- lines, and other pieces of equipment were used by enrollees under skilled supervision. Of the 610,000 enrollee training hours, about 300,000 were given to instruction in truck, tractor, and dragline opera- tion and repair; welding; surveying; the handling of dynamite; and the construction of roads, bridges, and buildings. Safety program—The safety program is closely correlated with the training program and is so emphasized that the accident-frequency record for 1940 was better than ever. The 1.35 accidents per 10,000 man-days of work in 1939 dropped to 1.13; that is, there were 1,054,920 BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 273 man-days of labor with only 119 lost-time accidents, a decrease of 24 accidents from last year. At the close of the year, 8 camps had operated without a lost-time accident for 12 months or more, 1 of these, the Tule Lake camp, California, for 29 consecutive months. Three fatalities marred an otherwise satisfactory record. Cooperation With the Work Projects Administration The development of refuges by the W. P. A. was continued on 45 areas in 16 States, for which Federal W. P. A. allotments of $831,298 were made available to the Biological Survey and provided approxi- mately 18,675 man-months of employment. In addition, 23 Bureau- sponsored State projects were approved, for which Federal W. P. A. funds of $865,676 were supplemented by $298,490 from the Bureau for the purchase of materials and supplies and for furnishing equip- ment and supervision. The emergency relief funds received from the W. P. A. not only enabled the Biological Survey to continue important development phases of its national wildlife-restoration program but also provided useful work for persons in need of relief. The great variety of work done included the construction of dams, dikes, and ditches for impounding water and creating marshes and the installation of struc- tures for controlling water levels for the production of wildlife food and cover. Aquatic and upland vegetation, shrubs, and trees were planted to provide supplementary food and cover, reduce soil erosion, and assist in the prevention of floods. Nesting islands and upland- game shelters of various types were built, fences erected, refuge boundaries posted and marked, and roads and fire lines constructed or rebuilt. In several cases administration buildings were con- structed and landscaped. Federal W. P. A. funds totaling $119,030, supplemented by Bureau contributions of $32,186, provided 1,488 man-months of employment of statistical and clerical help to assist in bringing old work to date. Inspection of proposed drainage projects—In furtherance of a co- operative understanding, 202 applications submitted to the W. P. A. for drainage projects (most of which were State- or county-wide in character) were referred to the Bureau for review as to their prob- able effect on wildlife. Of these projects, 89 (538 units) were con- cerned with agricultural drainage for flood control and land utilization, and 113 (415 units) involved pest and malaria-mosquito control. Of the 953 work units involved, 38 that threatened to be unneces- sarily detrimental to wildlife were disapproved as recommended by the Bureau, 203 were recommended for partial or conditional ap- 274 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR proval, with the proviso that the plans be so modified as not to menace wildlife; and the remaining 712, which did not involve wildlife values, were recommended for unconditional approval. In the projects concerned with land-utilization drainage, practices were recommended and carried out that assured stabilized water levels and the least possible damage to wildlife; and in the mosquito-control drainage projects, wherever practicable, methods of mosquito reduc- tion through impoundment and water control rather than mechanical drainage were recommended and effected. In this manner, appreci- able acreages of wildlife habitat were saved from destruction. National Youth Administration Assistance The Biological Survey was fortunate in again having N. Y. A. labor available for research projects and other refuge work not suit- able for C. C. C. and W. P. A. labor. It was utilized on most of the 68 North Dakota easement refuges; on the Moosehorn Refuge, Maine; Seney Refuge, Mich.; Tamarac Refuge, Minn.; Arrowwood and Des Lacs Refuges, N. Dak.; and Sand Lake and Waubay Refuges, S. Dak. The projects thus accomplished included constructing small boats, trailers, picnic tables and benches, office equipment, and snow fences; repairing and improving roads and fences; planting and cultivating lawns and tree and shrub plots; collecting and planting aquatic seeds; brush burning; patrolling; constructing banding traps, shelters, and nesting boxes; and making nesting studies and wildlife enumerations. PUBLIC USE OF REFUGES Economic Uses In disposing of surplus products on some of the national wild- life refuges, there were issued 167 permits for cutting approximately 10,276 tons of various kinds of hay and 183 grazing permits cover- ing approximately 107,093 animal months’ use by 17,755 cattle, 12,659 sheep, 288 horses, and 75 hogs. Care was taken to safeguard the interests of wildlife. Before impounding water in timbered areas on some of the refuges it is first necessary to cut trees and brush from areas to be flooded. To 294 permittees, living mostly in the immedi- ate vicinity of the refuges, who needed the wood for fuel, 6,500 cords of such surplus timber were given. To provide supplementary food for wildlife, 319 farmers cooperated with the Bureau in plant- ing 27,829 acres of refuge land to grain crops on a share-crop basis. Permission was granted to 286 permittees for such miscellaneous uses of refuge lands as harvesting hay; keeping bees; picking fruit; operating and maintaining stock driveways across refuge lands for BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 275 watering cattle; erecting, maintaining, and using buildings; and constructing power and telephone lines, roads, and ditches. In the course of the regular effort to prevent increase of the herds to a point where they will overgraze the range, 184 buffaloes and 54 elk, 4 mule deer, 1 white-tailed deer, and 8 longhorn cattle were removed. These were either sold or donated for butchering or for exhibition and propagation. The total revenue received for the use of refuge lands and from the sale of surplus big-game animals and other refuge products was $75,845.28. In accordance with the law, 25 percent of this was turned over to the counties in which the refuges are situated and the remainder deposited in the Federal Treasury. Recreational Facilities In addition to the many people taking advantage of opportunities afforded on the wildlife refuges for recreation, such as picnicking, swimming, boating, fishing, and hunting (on 7 refuges only), thou- sands annually visit the areas to learn more about the conservation work being done. As many as 400 persons visited the Waubay Refuge,. S. Dak., on Sundays during the summer, and more than 6,000 picnicked on or otherwise used the recreational area on the Moosehorn Refuge, Maine, during July. Each winter thousands of people visit the Na- tional Elk Refuge, Wyo., to see the elk concentrated on their feeding grounds. | Fishing is permitted on specified parts of many of the refuges when. it is determined that it will not interfere with the wildlife. Eight orders designating fishing areas were issued during the year. More than 500 persons fished on the Squaw Creek Refuge, Mo., on the open- ing day of the season, and during 4 months 9,034 fishermen on the: Chautauqua Refuge, Ill., took 116,471 fishes. ADMINISTRATION OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION LAWS The principal Federal statutes administered by the Biological Sur- vey for the conservation and restoration of wildlife are (1) the Lacey Act of 1900, as amended, regulating shipments in interstate and foreign. commerce of wild animals, their dead bodies, or parts thereof, and the: importation of live birds and mammals from foreign countries; (2) the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, protecting birds that migrate between the United States and Canada, as amended to extend its pro- visions to the treaty of 1937 protecting birds that migrate between the United States and Mexico, and regulating the movement of game: mammals and parts thereof between the two countries; (3) the Migra- tory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, authorizing the establishment of 276 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR bird refuges; (4) the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act of 1984, as amended, to aid in refuge establishment; (5) the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937; (6) a law (sec. 84, Criminal Code) protecting wildlife and Government property on Federal refuges; (7) through the Alaska Game Commission, the Alaska Game Law of 1925, as amended; and (8) the Bald Eagle Act, approved June 8, 1940, extending Federal protection to the bald eagle in the United States or any place subject to its jurisdiction, except in Alaska. REGULATORY ACTION The Migratory Bird Treaty Act regulations were amended in a very few particulars, the length of open seasons on waterfowl, coot, and Wilson’s snipe being retained at 45 days, but opening in the in- termediate zone on October 22 instead of October 15 as in 1938, and the possession limit on woodcock being changed from 4 birds to not more than 2 days’ bag limit. Publications relating to conservation laws included a processed abstract of State fur laws affecting trap- ping seasons, possession, and the sale and shipment of pelts (Leaflet BS-147) and Wildlife Circular 2, the annual directory of game- protection officials. Amendments to the regulations under the Alaska game law were published in Alaska Game Commission Cir- cular AGC-18. Conferences with representatives of State game de- partments on conditions affecting the conservation and hunting of migratory game birds were a great aid in drafting the hunting regula- tions for the 1940 season.? | WORK OF GAME-MANAGEMENT AGENTS The 46 game-management agents and 19 deputy agents, singly or in cooperation with State officers and deputy game wardens, ob- tained evidence in 2,939 cases of game-law violations. Prosecuted in State and Federal courts, these resulted in 2,773 convictions as given in table 8 (p. 279). Because of the hazardous nature of the duties of the game-man- agement agents the Civil Service Commission on June 17, 1940, as- signed them to the 62-year-age retirement group. To further game protection, the agents conducted film and radio programs, addressed schools, civic organizations, and sportsmen’s clubs, issued state- ments through the press, and assisted locally on other lines of Bureau investigations. Results of their enforcement activities are exemplified in the following migratory game bird cases: 2 Regulations for 1940, adopted by the Secretary of the Interior on August 2, were approved and proclaimed by the President on August 9 (5 F. R. 2813) BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 277 In Tennessee, a defendant was fined $500 and $50 costs for shooting mourn- ing doves in a baited field. In Louisiana, one alleged duck bootlegger was given a 75-day and another a 65-day jail sentence. In Arkansas, for hunting ducks in close season, two defendants were each sentenced to 30 days in jail and fined $150. In North Carolina, a defendant was given a 4-month jail sentence for selling wild geese; another, charged with killing wild geese during close season, was given 60 days. In Michigan, killing and possessing whistling swans brought a sentence of 30 days in jail and a fine of $400. In Nevada, two violators were each fined $250 for killing ducks from a motorboat. In Ohio, conviction on a charge of trapping ducks brought a fine of $300 and $23 costs, and a 3—month suspended jail sentence. In Virginia, for selling wild ducks, a duck bootlegger was fined $500. Under-cover Operations Out of current appropriations for the protection of migratory birds, the Secretary is authorized to expend at his discretion not to exceed $10,000 for obtaining information concerning violations of Federal game Jaws. The expenditure of $3,850.54 of this authorization in under- cover operations produced ordisnce obtained by game-management agents against many unlawful commercial dealers in game who other- wise might not have been apprehended. In addition to successfully conducted under-cover investigations in Louisiana, Maryland, Minne- sota, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin, the results in the following States were outstanding: In Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi, 110 sellers or buyers of migratory waterfowl and other game birds were given an aggregate sentence of $4,573 in fines and 216 days in jail. In the San Francisco-Sacramento area, California, excellent cooperation by United States attorneys and Federal judges resulted in the conviction of 48 dealers in wild fowl, 3 of whom were fined $500 each, 8, $250 each, and the rest were given Smaller fines and jail sentences ranging from 30 days to 9 months, the fines aggregating $3,315 and the jail sentences 57 months. Of 9 persons apprehended for dealing in migratory wild fowl in southern California, 4 were placed on probation for 1 year each. In Iowa, duck boctlegging cost one violator a fine of $250 and $37.50 costs, and another $125 and $36.25 costs. Apprehensions Under Various Statutes Migratory Bird Treaty Act cases.—Of 829 new eases filed in Federal courts and 273 pending from the preceding year, 833 were disposed of with 666 convictions (table 7)—a decrease from the preceding year of 32 new cases and of 19 cases terminated but an increase of 18 convictions. Fines, ranging from 1 cent to $500: and costs, aggregated $19,656.64, fines totaling $1,060 having been suspended in 22 cases. Jail sentences aggregated 3,321 days in 42 cases; suspended sentences. 891 days in 9 cases; and probation terms, 2,281 months in 84 cases. 278 REPORT OF THE SECRE/ARY OF THE INTERIOR TABLE 7.—Cases of Violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act Disposed of During the Year and Cases Still Pending on June 30, 1940 | : Num- |} . Num- Disposed of Haren Pending ber | j \t Convictions: = 32 Ree eee 68 | From preceding year. 212287 Be $e ee ae 273 Dismissals e eee EC ed Ve enhs eee IN@w, CasesS222- 2 a sete Lacs (ee ae 829 No L-prossede= si SSS. eee = Jury. trial, not culty... 22. ee 18 | SPO Ga 6 nna Ae ea ees 1, 102 ioed without prosecution: 32-3 : Disposed Ofs.-ts == Best ee eee 833 ODI ee ee te ee ee ee @®losediby death=es2e eee ee S i Pendingatend onyeare a eee 289 Dropped with leave to reinstate______.____ Totals oS. see ee ee as 3 | Migratory Bird Conservation Act cases—Of 27 new cases and 16 pending from the preceding year, 388 were closed as follows: Thirty-four brought con- victions, 3 were nol-prossed, and 1 was adjudged not guilty. The 34 sentences imposed aggregated $1,160 in fines, 475 days in jail, and 6 months’ jail sentence suspended, and 7 years and 1 day probation. Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act cases.—Of 63 new cases and 30 pending from the preceding year, 70 were disposed of as follows: Four were closed without prosecution, 4 were dismissed, 1 was nol-prossed, 3 were found not guilty; fines aggregating $481 and $37.10 costs were assessed in 37, and 1 fine of $25 was suspended; defendants in 2 cases were each sentenced to 15 days in jail and in 6 were each given 1 year’s probation; and in 12 cases the accused were found guilty but were assessed penalties by the court upon counts charging violations of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act regulations. Wildlife Refuge Trespass Act cases ——Of 8 new cases and 5 cases pending from the preceding year, 11 were closed, 1 being nol-prossed and 10 receiving con- victions, an aggregate of 110 jail days being imposed in 7 cases; fines of $195 in 2; and a year’s probation in 1. Upper Mississippi River Refuge cases.—Of 27 new cases and 20 pending from the preceding year, 24 were terminated, as follows: Convictions were obtained in 22, the fines aggregating $125, suspended jail sentences 4 years and 10 months, and probations 26 years; 1 was nol-prossed; and 1 was closed without prosecution. Lacey Act cases—The 10 new cases and 2 cases pending from the preceding year were terminated, by convictions in 10, with fines aggregating $220, by dismissal in 1, and by failure of the grand jury to return a true bill in 1. Agents making inspections under this statute in fur-receiving centers dis- covered information relating to possible infractions of State game or fur laws. Invoices relating to 1,658 shipments of pelts were sent to game-protection officials in the various States, Alaska, and Canada and disclosed 241 law violations that were terminated in State courts by fines and costs aggregating $5,633.83. Other cooperation with States—Byidence regarding 1,752 cases involving violations other than illegal Shipments of skins of fur animals were handled in 42 States, where fines and costs aggregated $57,515.87 and jail sentences (91), 5,369 days. Investigations by State wardens and game-management agents working together broke up many commercial groups operating unlawfully in fur and game. In some instances State and Federal officers operated patrol boats jointly. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 279 TABLE 8.—Summary of Penalties Imposed for Game-Law Violations, Fiscal Year 1940 Convic- . Jail Act or law tions vines and sentences (number) (days) IMaordtonyeDiLGemrea typA Chess = nee ee ee ae 666 | $19, 656. 64 3, 321 Misratony, birds CONSCEVAtIONVAC ii se aan eee ee 34 1, 160. 00 475 IM Mae GAY Jeiieol IS horanAbayes Spickenoy Jey ae ee eS 38 OLSSON es ee WiildtifevRetucevirespasspA cia = == ate eae ene eee eee 10 105. 00 110 Upper Mississippi River Wildiife and Fish Refuge Act____--____--- 22 1255 O00F | ese ee Ls i DEEP UAW ey oe Sp ep A EES ee 10 2205 00N | aeeecee nae State prosecutions resulting from Lacey Act investigations__-_-_- 241 SIGSSsSou | eae ae State laws, cooperative prosecuvions === =-=- == 2222-2 Li52 ae close? 5, 369 ETC Gen eee een ee eee ere ae eee A AS a ee en Se See 2,773 | 84, 934. 44 9, 275 IMPORTATION AND OTHER PERMITS ISSUED REGULATIONS Treasury regulations were amended at the request of the Depart- ment of the Interior to require a permit for the importation of any number of canaries. The former privilege of allowing five to be entered without permit was often abused, other species being entered under the guise of canaries when the customs inspectors were unable to identify the birds. The regulations were further amended to limit to three the number of parrots or birds of the parrot family that may be entered without permit, in order to conform this regulation in this respect to the regulations of the Public Health Service. SPECIES EXCLUDED A few attempts to import prohibited species, including crested mynas (Aethiopsar cristatellus) and skylarks (Alauda arvensis), were detected by inspectors and frustrated. Applications for permits to import as cage birds several species of migratory birds from Mexico, Cuba, and Central America continued to be received but were refused. Quite frequently, ignorantly or deliberately, attempts are made to import migratory birds, especially of the sparrow and bunting types, as canaries. One mongoose, brought by a passenger from Africa, arrived at the port of New York on February 19. Denied entry by Customs officers, it remained aboard the steamey until chloroformed on March 2. SPECIES ENTERED UNDER PERMIT The number of importation permits issued was 1,492, including 18 at Honolulu, Hawaii; and 272 importations were inspected. 280 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Birds Foreign birds imported into continental United States, a total of 252,158, compared with 252,628 last year, included 135,287 canaries, 125 parrots, 85,995 Mexican quails, 3,081 Hungarian partridges, 897 pheasants, and 26,768 miscellaneous birds. At Honolulu, 255 foreign birds were entered, compared with 492 last year. After the outbreak of the European war in September, large ship- ments of canaries for the United States were routed via Holland and Belgium instead of direct from Germany. From then on only one shipment of Hungarian partridges (2,400) was imported from Europe, compared with several large shipments the previous year. About 681 Hungarian partridges raised by breeders were brought in from Canada. The first shipment of bobwhites from Mexico (2,800) arrived as early as December 2, the next, however, not until January 13. There- after and until the end of the season on April 15, the birds came in steadily in large consignments. The total number imported was 85,995, compared with 87,457 last year, of which 2,250 were entered at Brownsville, 5,800 at Eagle Pass, and 77,945 at Laredo, Tex. Imported for stocking purposes, most of these birds were distributed in Texas, Indiana, Kentucky, and Mississippi, but small lots were sent to 18 other States and the District of Columbia. Among the more interesting pheasants imported were 8 Siamese fire-back pheasants (Diardigallus diardi), from Singapore; 12 copper pheasants (Syrmaticus soemmerringi) , from Japan; 1 argus pheasant (Argusianus argus), from the East Indies; and 1 Swinhoe pheasant (Hierophasis swinhott) and 1 Elliot pheasant (Calophasis elliotz), in a shipment from Canada. In addition to the requirement of an importation permit from this Department and in some cases State permits, the entry of birds of the parrot family continues to be subject to the regulations of the Public Health Service. Among the more interesting parrots imported were 4 Kuhl lories (Vint kuhlii) and 2 Society Island lories (Vini peruv- tana), from Papeete, Tahiti. Other interesting importations were 2 Falkland robins (Twurdus falklandicus), 2 Chilean lapwings (Belonopterus chilensis chilensis) , 2 Chilean sparrow hawks (Cerchneis sparveria cinnamomina), 6 chingolos (Brachyspiza capensis), and 4 guans (Ortalis sp.), from Chile; 7 chungas (Chunga burmeisteri), from Argentina; 2 Pacific pigeons (Globicera pacifica), from the Fiji Islands; 1 European jay (Garrulus glandarius), in a shipment from Japan; 6 crocodile plovers (Pluvianus aegyptius aegyptius), from England; 7 lesser double- collared sunbirds (Cinnyris chalybea), 1 Malachite sunbird (Nectar- BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 281 inia famosa), 1 Livingstone’s touraco (Turacus livingstoni) , 2 Hadada ibises (Hagedashia hagedash) , 1 crowned hawk eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus), 1 northern lizard buzzard (Haupifalco monogrammicus), and 1 yellow-casqued hornbill (Ceratogymna elata), from Africa. Mammals Importations of black bear cubs from Canada, mostly destined for roadside menageries, were fewer than usual. The total number was 92, compared with 1387 last year. Rhesus monkeys, imported chiefly as experimental subjects for human diseases, totaled 10,146, compared with 12,536 last year. Among other interesting mammals were 2 giant pandas (Aéluropoda melanoleuca), from China, 1 in September for the St. Louis Zoo and 1 in November for Chicago’s Brookfield Zoo. Other rare and interesting animals included 1 potto (Perodicticus potto) and 2 Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus), from Liberia; 1 crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), from Palmer Land, Antarctic Archipelago; 1 murine opossum (J/armosa elegans) and 1 Azara’s fox (Pseudalopex gymnocereus), from Chile; 1 manatee (Lrichechus inunguis) , from Brazil; 3 Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisiz), from Australia; and 2 Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), in a shipment from Belgium. PERMITS UNDER THE MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT For Scientific Purposes To take migratory birds or their eggs for scientific purposes, 447 permits (general or under specific limitation) were issued and 1,753 were outstanding at the close of the year. Permits of similar limita- tion to possess migratory birds or their eggs, lawfully acquired for scientific purposes, were issued to 56 persons, and 564 were outstanding at the close of the year. Others issued were 167 for possession of one or a few specimens found dead; 155 for banding migratory birds; and 43 for taking birds and mammals in Alaska. For Propagation Permits to take migratory waterfowl for propagation were issued to 30 persons, each permit limiting the species and the number of individuals of each and the time to be taken. To possess migratory waterfowl lawfully acquired for propagating purposes, 319 permits were issued. At the close of the year 3,788 propagating permits were outstanding. Failure of permittees to render the required annual re- ports or to surrender their permits upon discontinuing operations resulted in 331 permits being recalled, canceled, or revoked. 282 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Reports submitted by permittees disclose that 3,820 wild geese and 74,708 wild ducks were raised in captivity. Of these, 71,674 were mallards, 958 black ducks, 925 wood ducks, and the remainder prin- cipally teals, pintails, ringnecks, wigeons, and redheads. Sales of propagated migratory waterfowl included 15,075 ducks and 350 geese for food and 17,411 ducks and 1,224 geese for propagation. From propagating stock, 8 swans, 192 mourning doves, and 11 band-tailed pigeons were produced. Of propagated birds, 15,667 ducks, 360 geese, and 66 mourning doves were liberated. For Depredation Control To enable permittees to protect crops, fishes, and other property from serious depredations by migratory birds, 506 permits were issued. Many complaints of depredations were investigated and suggestions and aid given for relief without the necessity of killing the birds. COOPERATIVE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS ANIMALS Cooperative work in predator and rodent control entailed an ex- penditure of $687,203 from departmental funds, $475,644 from coop- erating States, $1,085,540 from cooperating counties, livestock associa- tions, and others, and about $536,698 from emergency funds. In these operations 116,805 predatory animals were taken, consisting of 104,072 coyotes, 1,855 wolves, 10,556 bobcats and lynxes, 608 predatory bears, and 214 mountain lions. Through W. P. A. cooperation in Montana, Utah, Oregon, and Idaho, W. P. A. hunters working under direct Bureau supervision ably supplemented the regular predator- control work. To reduce infestations of prairie dogs, ground squir- rels, pocket gophers, jack rabbits, field mice, and other injurious ro- dents, treatment of 12,174,125 acres was supervised. In addition, with- out direct supervision but under general instructions of the Bureau fieldmen, approximately 20,659,759 acres were treated for the control of field rodents and, in cooperative campaigns for the eradication of the common rat, 198,902 premises were treated. The Bureau’s supply depot at Pocatello, Idaho, prepared and distributed to cooperators in all parts of the country 1,822,085 pounds of rodent bait materials, as well as equipment for use in predator and rodent control. PREDATORY-ANIMAL CONTROL In harmony with established policy, predatory-animal control proj- ects for the protection of livestock, poultry, and game were conducted only in areas where there was pressing need. The coyote is the chief subject to control, as it is responsible for a greater total] loss to live- BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 283 stock and poultry than all other predators combined, and has mark- edly increased in the last 10 years in most sections of the West and is becoming established locally in the Kast. In the southwestern moun- tains and forests it is apparently increasingly skillful as a killer of both game and livestock. In many States where the game depart- ments are seeking to develop suitable game areas predators interfere seriously with the increase and, in some instances, the survival of desirable species. To curtail the spread of rabies and other canine-borne diseases re- quired coyote control in some areas. A serious outbreak of rabies among coyotes in Pima and Santa Cruz Counties, Ariz., during July 1939 spread to domestic dogs and as a result several people were bitten and 16 were given the Pasteur treatment. Predator control was inaugurated after a fall and winter outbreak of anthrax in live- stock in Beaverhead County, Mont., where coyotes were found to be feeding on the diseased carcasses and carrying parts of them to other localities, thus spreading the disease. Cases of Predation Following are a few representative instances of the many cases of losses occasioned by predatory animals during the year: Coyotes—One operator in Skull Valley, Ariz., lost 250 goats during 2 fall months. On a ranch in Hudspeth County, Tex., 1 male coyote taken by a Bureau hunter had killed 100 Angora goats within a short period. During January, February, and March, 31 buck deer were killed by coyotes on a ranch in southern Texas. A rancher near Buf- falo, Wyo., lost 75 turkeys to coyotes in 1 night. Close observation demonstrated that coyotes destroyed 40 sage grouse near a water reser- voir in Johnson County, Wyo., an area particularly adaptable to grouse and on which the State Fish and Game Commission is attempt- ing to establish them. One sheepman in western Salt Lake County, Utah, lost 250 lambs to coyotes in less than a month, and one in Grant County, N. Dak., lost 125 from his flock of 500 sheep during the year. That coyotes occasionally injure crops also is shown by recent requests for assistance from southern California where the animals were in- flicting severe damage to watermelons and avocados. Wolwes—Within 3 months 1 red wolf destroyed 200 lambs on a ranch in McCulloch County, Tex. Bureau observers in Alaska re- port wolves more abundant than for the past 20 years and their depre- dations especially heavy on mountain sheep, caribou, and moose in the Mount Hayes section. Wolf predation in three parishes of north- central Louisiana became so severe by 1939 that the local cattle-and- hog industry was practically forced out of existence. 284 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Other predators—Bobcats are defeating the introduction and propagation program for wild turkeys and deer on the Pearl River County and Leroy Percy State Game Refuges in Mississippi, accord- ing to reports from the Mississippi State Game and Fish Commis- sion. On a ranch near Ellensburg, Wash., a mountain lion stam- peded a flock of sheep in a brushy canyon, killing 3 outright and causing the death of 52 others in the stampede pile-up. On a ranch in Hudspeth County, Tex., a female mountain lion killed 50 sheep within a few weeks. Peg-legged predators—Studies of food habits reveal that peg- legged, or trap-crippled, predators are more devastating to livestock than are normal individuals. Apparently this is because they are less capable of catching wild fleet-footed quarry and therefore prey more heavily upon young livestock. One male coyote that had lost two toes in a trap killed 26 yearling lambs valued at $8 each in Fisher County, Tex., within a period of 30 days. Poor trapping technique aggravates the problem of control, and the employment of expert trappers is in line with efficient, economical, and humane procedure. Benefits of Predator Control A sheep operator in the vicinity of Rock Springs, Wyo., reported that as a result of the Bureau’s predator-control activities his live- stock losses were reduced from 10 to 3 percent. At the request of the Arizona Woolgrowers’ Association a hunter was assigned to each of the sheep driveways during July to trap out concentrations of coyotes before the annual trek to winter pasture began. As a result, no serious losses were reported along the trail, whereas losses pre- viously ran as high as 15 percent. Coyote-control operations in Presidio County, Tex., resulted in a 40-percent increase in the antelope herd on one range. In a suburban area near Portland, Oreg., where coyotes were causing serious losses to small flocks of sheep and poultry, after 5 coyotes were taken there were no more losses. A hunter took 8 oid killer coyotes in Stuts- man County, N. Dak., and thus ended further depredations where small stockmen were being forced out of business. Depredations on cattle and sheep in Winn Parish, La., were cur- tailed when a Bureau hunter took a 92-pound wolf and 3 smaller ones. After a 4-year pursuit a Bureau hunter, in Laclede County. Mo., took a destructive wolf to which one stockman alone had lost $800 worth of sheep, and whose depredations had been so severe gener- ally that the county government and local stockmen had offered a bounty of $140 for its capture. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 285 RODENT CONTROL Damage in the West by ground squirrels, prairie dogs, kangaroo rats, pocket gophers, and other field rodents continued to be severe on crops, range vegetation, and silvicultural plantings. Tree-gir- dling mice inflicted great damage to orchard trees and nursery stock in some sections, though this was curtailed markedly in eastern areas where control has been practiced during the past few years. Wide- spread and In many instances severe depredations by the common rat varied greatly, from the contamination and destruction of stored food supplies and crops to gnawing of insulation from electric wires and cables. The kangaroo rat has been a major factor in depleting range forage on many western grazing areas, and through its seed-gathering habits this rodent tends to reduce the natural reseeding of range lands. One observer in charge of a reseeding project in New Mexico stated that his men could gather more valu- able grass seeds from kangaroo rat dens in a day than they could in a week from the mature grass on the range. The extent of rodent damage has led States, counties, munici- palities, farm organizations, and others to increase their financial support to cooperative programs. Rodent control was also conducted through the medium of C. C. C. camps in cooperation with various governmental agencies. A number of W. P. A. projects also were instituted under trained leadership for the control of rodents to protect crops, range lands, soil-conserving structures, and _ silvi- cultural plantings. In numerous campaigns throughout the coun- try the Survey cooperated with States, counties, cities, civic organi- zations, and State and local health departments for the suppression of the common house rat. On areas that had been treated for the eradication of field rodents in previous years, control was maintained through policing to prevent reinfestation. Rodents and Communicable Diseases New cases of sylvatic plague carried by rodents were reported for the following animals: Prairie dogs, in Sweetwater County, Wyo.; ground squirrels, in Fremont County, Idaho; Spokane County, Wash. ; Wallowa County, Oreg.; and Elko County, Nev.; golden-mantled ground squirrels, in Eldorado County, Calif.; and rabbits, in Lin- coln County, Wash. In the lower Rio Grande Valley, Tex., cases of typhus fever increased alarmingly, 120 having been reported from Hidalgo County and 100 from Cameron County. In Kleberg County, where two deaths were reported, the disease was so prevalent that entire fam- 286 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR ilies avoided theaters and other public gatherings. To reduce the infection, rat control was instituted in these areas. A project was inaugurated in Pierce County, N. Dak., in coopera- tion with the State Health Department, to suppress an epizootic of rabies, where rats had become infected and were partly responsible for its spread. A study was begun, in cooperation with the Food and Drug Administration of the United States Department of Agriculture, to determine the influence of rats in spreading the organism responsible for food poisoning. Instances of Rodent and Rabbit Damage Rabbits —In the Kearney district and adjacent areas in Nebraska an exceptionally dry summer and fall caused especially severe jack rabbit damage. On individual farms, losses of as much as 30 acres in fall wheat were sustained and whole fields of clover and alfalfa were literally dug out. Jack rabbits defeated a project for the stabilization of sand dunes in Bent County, Colo., by completely destroying plant- ings made to obtain a stand of sod. Ina nursery at Yankton, S. Dak., cottontail rabbits caused $3,000 damage by girdling 5,000 apple trees. Pocket gophers.—In Star Valley, western Wyoming, pocket go- phers consumed an 80-acre field of dry-land alfalfa, making plowing and reseeding necessary. The cost of establishing the original stand was $5 an acre. In requesting pocket gopher control work, the vice president of the Valley Land Co., at Malaga, N. Mex., wrote that the company was annually threatened with disastrous washouts in the main canal, caused by pocket gophers undermining the bottom and sides, and that repairs after several such washouts had cost thousands of dollars. Other rodents—Rat damage in rural sections of Crawford County, Ill., was reported by officials to amount to $25,000 during the year. In rural sections of the North Central States the damage from rat infestations reached an all-time high during the fall of 1939. One fruit grower in the vicinity of Dupont, Ind., reported that field mice girdled 600 fruit trees, the greater proportion of which died as a result. Many growers in the fruit sections of the North Central States lost 25 to 150 trees in individual orchards through the depre- dations of field mice. Girdling by porcupines destroyed more than half a planting of red spruce near Cabot, Vt. Benefits of Rodent Control Following are a few of the typical benefits derived from the control of economically injurious rodents. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 287 Pocket gopher control conducted on Reclamation Service projects in El Paso County, Tex., during the past 5 years has reduced the water loss 70 percent. The previous extremely heavy water losses were occasioned by leakage and washing through pocket gopher tun- nels, but during the past year there have been no major breaks in canals or laterals. The carrying capacity of range lands in Chavez and Eddy Counties, N. Mex., has been increased 50 percent following prairie dog control conducted a few years ago. Of the 37,999 prem- ises treated in a cooperative control campaign in the North Central States during the fall, 47 percent were free from rats after the first baiting, thus resulting in material savings to stored feed. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN ALASKA CHANGES IN REGULATIONS The 1940-41 regulations under the Alaska game law, published in Circular AGC-18, the first to be issued by the Secretary of the Interior since the transfer of this function from the Secretary of Agriculture, contained few changes of material importance. A closed season is provided on martens throughout the Territory and on all fur animals in fur district 1, embracing southeastern Alaska. Beavers may be taken in fur districts 2, 4, 5, and 6, and the limit is 10 to each trapper. Open-season dates on other fur animals were adjusted. A uniform season throughout the Territory was fixed on caribou, with a limit of 3 for residents and 2 for nonresidents. Shooting these animals is prohibited in an area 1 mile wide on either side of Steese Highway between mileposts 69.8 and 116. Moose are given added pro- tection in a closed area half a mile on either side of all public highways in the First and Third Judicial Divisions. The seasons on mountain goat and mountain sheep were each shortened 15 days. On grouse and ptarmigan they were advanced to August 20 and the limits reduced to 10 grouse and 15 ptarmigans and an aggregate limit of 15. Black bears are afforded protection in the Loring area, and all species on sanctuaries, including the Wrangell-Shoemaker area on Wrangell Island and the Haines area embracing the drainage of the Klahini River. For the first time in its history the Alaska Game Commission held its annual meeting elsewhere than at Juneau, and much favorable com- ment resulted. It met at Anchorage late in February with a twofold purpose: To make it possible for residents of that area to appear before the Commission to express their views on the regulations and for all the wildlife agents to be present. 288 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR LAW ENFORCEMENT The use of airplanes has added materially to the effectiveness of law enforcement in Alaska, and one 2-place cabin airplane was purchased for service out of Fairbanks and two 4-place machines were ordered for early delivery. Wildlife agents were assigned to Sitka and to Kodiak Island. Cases of unusual importance successfully terminated by the Alaska Game Commission included the prosecution of two fur dealers who were fined $500 and $750, respectively, in the United States District Court at Ketchikan for failure to keep proper records; the seizure of 150 extra-large illegal beaver skins, currently valued at about $4,000; and the apprehension in the remote Mount Hayes dis- trict, by aid of an airplane, of one of the worst game offenders ever known to the Commission. In this case, the agents seized the meat of 21 game animals, including 11 mountain sheep, 1 lamb, 2 cow moose, and 7 caribous; discovered 34 ram horns under a tree, most of which represented fresh kills; and found that the violator had fed mountain sheep to his dogs. Pleading guilty, the violator was fined $150 and sentenced to jail for 5 months. For the 246 violations reported, 32 of which involved aliens, fines agoregated $6,985 and jail sentences, 3,148 days. The 381 furs seized included pelts of 202 beavers, 61 minks, 22 martens, 17 red foxes, 6 cross foxes, 11 blue foxes, 4 white foxes, 16 lynxes, 28 weasels, 8 otters, 3 wolverines, 1 wolf, and 2 coyotes. Deer, moose, mountain sheep, and caribou meat seized weighed 2,167 pounds. Other seizures included 1 brown and 1 grizzly bear, 178 traps, 26 resident hunting licenses, 58 firearms, and 1 duck stamp. The estimated value of the confiscated furs and traps was $7,105.50. WILDLIFE RESTOCKING PROJECTS Some 800 pheasant eggs, obtained through the cooperation of the Washington State Game Department, were hatched at the Territorial experimental station at Petersburg, in the vicinity of which also several broods of pheasants were hatched in the wild. In the Wrangell Re- serve area, 150 Mongolian pheasants were liberated and 100 are to be shipped to the Kenai Lake area in July, the first pheasant-stocking projects in these districts. Most of the pheasants received from the Wisconsin State Conservation Department last year, consisting of eared (blue and brown), Cheer, Reeves, and Kaleege varieties, wintered fairly well and laid eggs. On Kodiak Island, beavers, muskrats, and snowshoe hares have increased splendidly, and the restocking projects there are reported to be doing exceptionally well. The 8 elk placed on Afognak Island in 1927 have increased until now there is one herd of 100-odd animals BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 289 and smaller herds, possibly of 50 to 75 each. The 19 buffaloes trans- planted from Montana to the Big Delta area near Fairbanks in 1928 have increased to nearly 200. Several bands have resulted from the 18 mountain goats transferred from the mainland near Juneau to Bar- anot Island near Sitka, one of which it is estimated consists of 75 animals, and there are possibly 200 animals in all. Musk oxen trans- planted in the Nunivak Island Wildlife Refuge are reported to number more than 90. PREDATOR CONTROL One predatory-animal hunter took a count during the winter of the wolves and coyotes in the Mount Hayes area, where more have been taken than in previous years, and studied their effect on game animals. All claims for the Territorial $20 bounty on both animals are required by law to be certified by agents of the Alaska Game Commission, a proviso that has resulted in a considerable saving in avoiding payment of fraudulent claims. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Field research included a study of spring calving of the Kenai moose, a range and wildlife survey of the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, an investigation of the buffaloes in the interior, and continuation of Kodiak bear-cattle investigation. A few brown bears, said to have been stock killers, were taken under permit. Few kills by the bears were reported, and with the situation apparently well in hand, further damage should be negligible. A visit was made to Mount McKinley National Park for cooperation with the National Park Service in a study of wolf-mountain sheep relationships. The range and wildlife survey of Matanuska-Susitna Valley was begun as part of a cooperative soil and land-use survey, and the pre- liminary reconnaissance indicated that (1) the woodland valley range of the immediate colony unit is generally of low grazing capacity and may be improved by clearing and seeding to bluegrass, fescue, wheat- grass, Dutch clover, and other cultivated forage species; (2) the moun- tain ranges are suitable for grazing livestock, and the estimated capac- ity for a 4-month summer season is 21,000 cattle and 60,000 sheep; (3) the area has an abundant wildlife population; (4) the present take of moose, sheep, and mountain goats is not excessive and may be contin- ued; and (5) fishing furnishes the chief means of livelihood for 1,332 residents about Cook Inlet. ALASKAN BIG GAME The Alaska Game Commission estimates that more than a million big-game animals range over the Territory’s wilderness areas. About 49.000 Sitka black-tailed deer are to be found in the humid southeastern 290 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR part of Alaska. Moose are particularly abundant on the Kenai Peninsula and in Rainy Pass. The caribou is still the most abundant big-game animal in Alaska, even though its numbers have been re- duced. Once this animal moved across the Alaskan tundras in spectacular massed migrations that included herds of thousands of animals in areas where now there are only hundreds. In an effort to halt further decline, stricter regulations have been adopted and closed areas have been established along the highways, where these animals may be free to cross without being subjected to hailstorms of lead from passing motorists. Mountain sheep and mountain goats are maintaining their numbers and doing well. The various bears are more than holding their own—the grizzlies show little if any fluctu- ation; black bears are plentiful; the big brown bears show definite signs of increasing numbers; and in the far north the great white polar bears are more numerous than for a decade. Big-game hunters shipped out 217 trophies during the year, nonresident and alien hunters accounting for 134 animals and resident exporters for 83. Included were 39 moose, 35 mountain sheep, 8 mountain goats, 20 caribou, 11 deer, 73 large brown and grizzly bears, and 31 black bears. U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: {°48 © Yonge