a tial yg ae tt efitre. ai 3H we beste} Site i Bs o hs ot “ 38: ch “4 Cotte eal, aie UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Baia. Wall os el Malia. Gn REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR tS Sea’ A.—INQUIRY INTO THE DECREASE OF FOOD-FISHES. B.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN THE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1884. my = | f '* ' LJ i 4 se b 4 bas a’ is ‘ ’ ; ad f «sie vi ree. Xe" i a: 4 A i) ié oy F L pers ey eer " ‘ Let fy ‘ al - 73, i , ' + / ie . 1,43 J aS .. ) Tit ‘ ’ : } a aah iv an , é -¢ * - 4 a 7 Z > ? f Wa A ‘ beeen it fe st Bhd x ‘ Fg A = * . a, * r- L i Ls , ) ‘ a ‘ ‘ - FT ’ ; 7 i LAR Leg ia) saat ee Sra ised Mm, a . ‘, 4 LETTER FROM THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, TRANSMITTING, In compliance with law, his report for the year 1882. FEBRUARY 23, 1883.—Ordered to lie on the table and be printed. UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Washington, D. C., January 11, 1883. GENTLEMEN: In compliance with the order of Congress, I have the honor to transmit herewith my report for the year 1882, as United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, embracing, first, the result of in- quiries into the condition of the fisheries of the sea-coast and lakes of the United States; and, second, the history of the measures taken for the introduction of useful food-fishes into its waters. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, SPENCER F. BAIRD, Commissioner. Hon. DAVID DAVIS, President of the United States Senate, and Hon. J. W. KEIFER, Speaker of the House of Representatives. ’ ’ 5 4% ne J ¥ « ’ i ' : ) ' ‘ . . lhe ee i , ; ti ae . ’ is 3 ’ ’ « 4 | iwaeors fr) ae = re ‘ . J toy ; : ‘ ‘ ! f i « 7 is ' . ' - Pi ¢ rr . . / ‘ YY, hs ‘ p 4 ‘4 ‘= r : - s s | or ‘ay a) as * a } at 7 x ‘ 4 : 4 a Y . ‘ ti ai uz hy q La F “4 W ‘ * } eat - : vhs i 1 vi ‘ ‘ > nen om h RUA ie i, ei , ® bed af iva ; } a? . * yy AAS: ‘ { \ a ity Bey ee yaa ha ies pat \ i: ae CONTENTS. I.—REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. A.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Page HeBINTRODUCTORY REMARKS! cect iar)e cui vinicinislee dacsaa esac elasics satel nee see ee acc casa .. See ease xvii Scope and sequence of the present report... 24. 25--- sense once os cans seeusecescccncccss xvii REceng expansion! Of OPeLravionsy sce aie seaseed dnie wees neta oe eeee ne einel lean eeicee tee ce xvii Mducationnl services of the Commission :....-ssc.-asenncsesseeee aces scioatececes aes er xvii Demand for specimens) collected. 2232s shee = sclesseen cesses teeaasme sss. aace- cane ee xviii WoLoworthy,featuresiof the: year -..)..2- >. 0seeeeneoaaee sarees eee eee cee seee gaciasca- xviii (1) Appropriation to complete the Albatross ..--..-...0- 1.0.0. -ceenc-cenceccccccune xviii (2) Changes in command of Albatross and Fish Hawk.................--..2---+---- xviii (3) Purchase ofa Herreshoilaunch; .oz.cstaate retest eeias mas cnece cee te ee eee xviii (4) Acquisition of land at Wood’s Holl, and relinquishment of jurisdiction over the same by the State of Massachusetts to the United States....................- xviii (Oo); Appropriation tor aipier ab (VW Ood Ss: Moll 2 em onee see es oaae safe eeelan aise auc eae xviii (6) Fitting up of Armory Station and introduction of railroad tracks within the in- CLOBSUO cece mate nie sels lara(o ta eiarsioe tiss oe tral Ne EIS IED rn hes Oe See rane xviii (7) Appropriation for London Fishery Exhibition, and giving charge of American representation to the United States Fish Commission..............-.....-.--- xviii (8) Proposition for a fishway at the Great Falls of the Potomac .................... xviii (9) Acquisition of a station for rearing California trout at Wytheville, Va.........- xviii (10) Transfer of Saint Jerome station to the United States Fish Commission ........ xViii (11) Commencement of the work of oyster propagation at Saint Jerome............- xviii (12) Practical completion of the fishery census work of 1880 ..............2...--..--- xviii (18) Order of Congress for printing a report on the American fish and fisheries ..... xix (14) Great expansion of the carp distribution .----..... 22.2020. 502000 co2cececcecacs xix (15) The practical extermination of the tile fish in the North Atlantic............... xix “Work yet to be accomplished by the Commission............ 0.20. ..22-- 2 eee ce eeeeee eens xix (1) Completing the knowledge of the habits of the useful fishes and other aquatic animals and their proper identification, the collecting of specimens on a large scale, and their distribution to colleges and academies................-.....-. xix (2) The improvement of the methods of capture .........----. 2022. -22e es enee nen eee xix Great aid rendered in the past by the introduction of the cod gill-net ...... xix Treatment of nets to prevent their rotting. .......-.......---..-sc00.0-0--- xx (S)eimprovementim fishing vessels secre stapienem caters nisl alee acne nig s seas stele e eames xx (4) Survey of old fishing grounds and the discovery of new ones ...........-.-..-.-. xx Field for discovery along the coasts of the South Atlantic and the Gulf SETS EES e OB Cc pO CES DSHCO DOGS JOCCOC MNCL Seeec Saar ancegaeed Guijat sheen xx (5) Improved methods of preparing and curing fish .....-...................--..--- xx Progress since the Centenmialy oc oa- sec scsse— =e eiessisccaseucemcese eace oe See == 6 = nine hee ae Montene ae eee ete ae eet ee aiots 6 a ia/< «(c/a mia xxvi Actiomin regard to this vessel im1880 222eeeteemectae sce seanen sess meteeroeenpes? -<---= xxvi Additional appropriation: -.-cc.cecs ase s eee ee ee eee ene sees enon eiee sao9745000 or Sacre xxvi “INGNY? DIGS son so cise ote ein enrc nui vinta somali aie eee ole le ae ee tte eee re ts we xxXvi The Pusey & Jones Company the successful competitor-....... SoS05 Cao net CEEeeeee xxvi Wetailof officers: --.2..).222 2-200 se asee tee eee e een mea eee eee pea alee foes See xxvi Delay in'completion.-----<. ton. scseee -aceeemena she ae See ena 2 34900.,. 0oc nO EEE eee xxvi Launched Aneust 1951882 ee ceee cases neat esa esas es Se seh E eae eeeEnoteksesecccsn xxvi ‘ral tripimae -/22 30 on. cc esos cea ee ene ee eee eee eeeeeeeecsadelesabsaccs's xxvii Officer list of the vessel. 2. 2c. se. seen eee ee eer eae ene Steere eeueleneccses XXVii Measurement’of the yessel-.-- 22 ---nssssssee eeaneeeee one osbaws(es no52500 OSS eee XXVii B.—The Fish Hawk .....-..2s25cc vespbenies case sataee sae tessa see ee anaes Pease ie int cc cce XXxvii Movements during 1882) 22 toe csee ee amet eee ae eee eae ease eeiaae sw elenen es cen nos Xxvii Gulf Stream explorations): Seon eee nee aeesame ees ee eesae le anen ee eee seen eainis WSs aac ain XXViii Special exploration in Chesapeake Bay ..- 2.2.22. ..cccccccnnncccccenccccenscerner ene. Xxviii Change'of officers! 225225... -2 5. acne seeatecoss seca eteernee eeemaese ss ee tee els Catia xxix Personnel at the end of the vear ......- Reset se seeneas aeeae eee ser see a meine cee e's Xxix Ci—The' Lockout: .: 2050 3..coceccseteeeeieeaeaseneanete mene Beng CS SORA CESAR CCE eee xxix Tits ‘command: <3... 2. in toc ce ce peace cane sac tee tcn Eee Sr eee nea A eeeneecasa.cncicn xxix D.—Herreshoff launch (No. 82) the Cygnet ..........-.--e0e-ee--enee- eee tera anc achicneote Xxix Navy launches (Nos. 49 and '55)'loamed! f2-- ose se sno eceeesetece ee mathovereenacccts cee xxix The Canvas! Back. 10.0.0. os oecce at ees else cna eenes seinen eee e REM REM Ma meat cp sian xxix a) EISH TRANSPORTING AND’ HATCHING CARS. .>.. ccc acsces sce edouce onan b ocew See Mnes She weeees cose ck XXX LO; hi. 0 ah (ea ERE SE StS tg oes “AnCRARC A XXX CAP INO} 2 in on ois oie can ovine beccwsle seca cree tener seman aaa ae ate en eiee ate ae wcemws XXX Plain of constfuction: 22... 6.0. oe eec deo dne waned es aee ocean Ee eas Johan Paneee MN ec cana XXX IDIMGENSIONS. . ode c ccc tcupccsenss badesescsen sees Paaeeraeabereetasate tele rGawns ns aseces poo Completion and nse... . 002. .as ce vont hab cen sou enent ends anes damennisavnen'asiceseunes XXX 6. COURTESIES EXTENDED TO THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION ...-.--.---eeeeeeee eee seeee eee XXX By the Executive Departments ...........-.--.2-----00- PRPC as Cun domeViwos nea dashn swans XXx The Treasury Department............--0.---2-02 Jo bmn ccencncesenecenecccncncccnssace XXX The War Departiwent: ......2208 2.2. -2b2casnveobeaine see e eeteahevabwndCkeesesentaeans Xxxi Tie Navy Department. 2... wou. -s ccocame ee eeaus Saaaess OFEN irs hac ccm esenece mak xxxi The Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds........... Be bcc wtse semen neonope Xxxii By railroads throughout the United States. 22. cco. ec cce ccc ccc cw ce cece ccncecncsencns xxxii Special arrangement and prices for Fish Commission cars......--....--- pa beeisetnass xxxii Free trips granted to cars by certain roads.......------- 2... 220 cee eee eee ce enon neces xxxiii The interest of railroads in helping the work of the United States Fish Commission. ..xxxiii Aid of roads to State Fish Commissions .....- Ts ae ee ee pious aera time tule Sicew aK XXL By foreign steamship lines. ..... 2.26500. foto cut cnccnetaast cccnsee bsububsaveewes seubed e-- XXXiii The Cunard'Company -. 22... ..c1222cc-Jsccedsbeacesscaseo=nt en'e shoots abeabtbpestrence xxxiii Tho North German Lloyds. .................00- chu Wa vie ah rns noaupwakelene a's bes ceeane xxxiii CONTENTS. Vit o 5. COURTESIES EXTENDED TO THE UNITED STATES FISH ComMiss1ox—Continued. a By other parties ......--- 5.22. --- 25 -ennecnine Seniaicie == main\sinninis(ann'w winleian'm's\eleivinfelns ae maa(e ulmi « xxxiii MheyNorth western) Pradin& Companys cies oa. acs a wisiiameas alelsiah -/aJeeimaisiei=niaiciiniisei © xxxiii 6. COURTESIES EXTENDED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES ...-... XXXIV Shipment otis andeg es: O) oq macte caer ce aaelaae amie solelel ale aiele siniclamicieele viel sini mee eita oie XXxxiv (Aj) PRYANCS dese cet cosa ceciste Saas ck cost esate bien aee ese m scm se caeels scab obecice eet oe VS (2G ermany sien wsorses se atnemias sissies sincin misters Sielelshie saeiruek liv General work of the Fish Hawk. <<... sjécnkte seca sar sere ee eaten Soe ae niata eels et ele sis dime liv Report on the fishes collected by the Fish Hawk ...... :.2.0. 2222.0 cccennenssccccsesncene liv 19. INVESTIGATION OF THE FISHES OF THE ADIRONDACKS BY DR. C. HART MERRIAM ...........--- liv C.—THE PROPAGATION AND INCREASE OF FOOD-FISHES. 20. By PROTECTIVE MEASURES ENFORCED BY LAW WHEN NECESSARY..-...-.-......0.-------------- lv Preventing wasteful and willful destruction of adults or young.................-.------- lv Excluding poisonous or injurious waste from the water ......-....-.-...--.--.---------- ly Removal of artificial or natural obstructions or of injurious engines of capture..-....-..- lvi Mpection Of ASH WAYS =e eens ae eal tears = aieietel a lara cattle ee INT oreT sab oo sins mal lvii OL BY HUMAN OR ARTINICLAL AGENOINS «selec sejjoeu ance eileen mine tte etiam oetmele dacs nas lviii Transportation of fish from one region to another ..........-....--.------------.--+----- lviii Artificial propacationl . 22. ences cameaeeiees aereee cee en eee eee ate SEES aialaamle's/< «'xn nie \viii 22, -NiBHWAY OVER THE|\GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAG. one: .-c- tact ene ssenee=creaedasces~--- 5c. lix Cause of decrease in the fish of the viver 5-4... «.osesee eee see eater eeeeesiase) .~ 35-1 lix Legislation on the subject in connection with that of increased water supply...-...----- lix Correspondence of United States Fish Commission with Congressional committee and authorities:of the District. jo222iJecsecc cee on wee oeemamee neem amare emaemwasio css osc =a’ s lix Law authorizing construction of'a fishway ...-.---.c-c--+-s+ne+-t-Sceeseceneeeeusscesceee Iii Appropriation tor the purpose. .2.)4-\cccesaneasecn en sane omen nee eReenea en ueenaa sccm ass lxii PULVOVSINAAS Si: wine acca pec enacclisnswe se minaa neta © cette ane Menai aaeis eh ecs n= ses ons lxti 23. DISTRIBUTION OF FISH EGGS AND YOUNG FISH........-.-------- Jeneacnienaciawitnamessnesecessnnccs Lsiii Genéral-methods:of, distribution). a22encoscosseaieee st semen ree eee ee Renta ene hok baccane Lxiii Building ofa second car: 252.2. c2eec sens nace nee sence eterna eae S Sack nab «alate ace Isiii Extra trucks needed for narrow-gauge tracks ........2-----.--22- een e ce ee ee eenee secre lxiii 24. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1882........------00-----2esseseweseeeee noes Lxiii General list of species covered by the operations of, the Commission ................ Isiii a. The Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis). The Northville and Alpena stations....... 0.0.20 ccecen nnn neecnsesen wesc nee cance lxiv Penning of fish in order to secure their eggs.......------ e--2-- eee eee e ee eee seen Ixv Special distribution to Eagle Lake, Mount Desert Island, Maine.................- Ixvii b. The Atlantic or Penobscot Salmon (Salmo salar). The Bockeport, Me.,\station' 2 disc. camsnceeee eee semecene eens sen. 4. csnaqaeeenaaa Ixvili The Roslyn. Wr; etatlonsoss. sai ccceweelecansatiane ee ce en panies css s sete aelonas cle daws cemiacehesesecinsosy ces Ixxviii Mhedistributionsof carp. -2--2. seesese cess eaaaec nee eee cussnedgdoscenocee Ixxix k. The Cod (Gadus morrhua). : The Fulton Market, New York, station ............ ae Ine Sreters, Saas lei Suet Bes atei seats lxxx Hehe), Striped’ Masa (Rodcus tineatus).. 2. asc ceacaecesescce tankivnnccs ceawucies eee ee IX. Southwell. THE BOTTLE-NOSE WHALE FISHERY IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. By TPHOMBS SOULE, ZS. oc one ce cmc ews cice cece acon scutiseate ns saa a.s Eee ere X. EXTRACTS FROM THE FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FISHERY BOARD OF SCOTLAND FOR THE YEAR BNDING DECEMBER 31,1882. 22.0 n< nate sn )cin = mine own na elle ance Sale ele aa eee A. Scientific investigations proposed by the Fishery Board of Scotland, as necessary for the improvement of the fisheries. B. The effect of fixed engines on the salmon fisheries. A prize essay on ‘‘ Salmon Legis- lation in Seotland.”’ By J. M. Leith. C. The herring, cod, and ling fisheries of 1882. XI. Collins. HisTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. By Capt. J.W.Collins. Twoplates. Special index XII. Storer. MEMORANDA OF METHODS EMPLOYED BY FISHERMEN FOR ‘‘ BARKING’ AND IN OTHER WAYS PRESERVING NETS AND SAILS. By I’. H. Storer-.2s-i2s-tee- senses au ns-csaese-e- APPENDIX C.—NATURAL HISTORY AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. NUIT. Collims. NOTES ON THE HABITS AND METHODS OF CAPTURE OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF SEA BIRDS THAT OCCUR ON THE FISHING BANKS OFF THE EASTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, AND WHICH ARE USED AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH BY NEW ENGLAND FISHERMEN. By J. W. CGollms:-Onevplate. (Special: index .5 220/28 shoe once = Sane ete eta XIV. Hean. LIST OF THE FISHES COLLECTED BY THE UNITED STATES Fish COMMISSION AT Woopb’s HOLL, MAss., DURING THE SUMMER OF 1881. By Tarleton H. Bean.................. XV. Smith. REPORT ON THE DECAPO) CRUSTACEA OF THE ALBATROSS DREDGINGS OFF THE EAST COAST OF THE UNITED STATESIN 1883. By Sidney I.Smith. Ten plates. Special index... XVI. Hiensen. ON THE OCCURRENCE AND QUANTITY OF THE EGGS OF SOME OF THE FISH OF THE BALTIC, ESPECIALLY THOSE OF THE PLAICE (PLATESSA PLATESSA), THE FLOUNDER (PLATESSA VULGARIS), AND THE COD (GADUS MORRHUA). By V. Hensen. One figure. Special index. XVI. Byder. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EMBRYOGRAPHY OF OSSEOUS FISHES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COD (GADUS MORRHUA). By John A. Ryder. 12 plates'and) one fipure. ) Special index. .---.. 0-05. -o Ssesaeeeeen ee ee eeeeeaeeeer a= Goss evisaeas « XVIII. Ryder. ON THE PRESERVATION OF EMBRYONIC MATERIALS AND SMALL ORGANISMS, TO- GETHER WITH HINTS UPON EMBEDDING AND MOUNTING SECTIONS SERIALLY. By John A. Ryder XIX. Blake. A REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION UPON THE PRINCIPAL AQUARIUMS ABROAD IN 1873. By William P. Blake. Two figures.............-.--..--..-..- XX. WVerrill. NoTicE OF THE REMARKABLE MARINE FAUNA OCCUPYING THE OUTER BANKS OFF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, AND OF SOME ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF VINEYARD Sounp. By A. E. Verrill. Special index ..............-------------22--++----+ 22222222 eee ees APPENDIX D.—THE OYSTER. XXI. Bouchon-Brandely. REPORT TO THE MINISTER OF THE MARINE RELATIVE TO OYSTER- CULTURE UPON THE SHORES OF THE BRITISH CHANNEL AND THE OCEAN. By G. Bouchon- Brandely, Secretary of the College of France. Special index .....---...--..-.-.------------- XXII. Brocchi. REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF OYSTER-CULTURE IN FRANCE IN 1881. By Dr. Pe Brocchhs fees esse ssc skcto dels cod tive scide shee ache tlen ae eens PRG soa sec sco atcs cme s XXIII. Winslow. REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS IN. THE ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF OYSTERS CONDUCTED AT BEAUFORT, N. C., AND FarR HAVEN, CONN., IN 1882. By Lieut. Francis Wins- Owed sei) MONS DIBTON ooo. sas cel aseinines bo cccca Stee mE REC eaten ten wa daclakic Sul tenwin Abe ps XXIV. Ryder. AN ACCOUNT OF EXPERIMENTS IN OYSTER-CULTURE AND OBSERVATIONS RELAT- ING THERETO. (Second series.) By John A. Ryder ........----.----0----seeeee eee eee ee-ee- XXV. Ryder. THE METAMORPHOSIS AND POST-LARVAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE OYS- TER. By John A. Ryder. Three figures ..-...- Cerda epee rein web bwlenin Basu be cawete clreree XXVI. Puységur. ON THE CAUSE OF THE GREENING OF OYSTERS. By M. Puységur. Witha supplementary note on the coloration of the blood corpuscles of the oyster. By John A, Byier, One pure iiss. ns sspeeppecteb pee t chapabiesee Prt eae iD eienaee haa antes eee APPENDIX E.—PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES. XXVIII. Mather. ACCOUNT OF EGGS REPACKED AND SHIPPED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE UNITED STATES Fish COMMISSION DURING THE WINTER OF 1882-'83. By Fred. Mather..... gp ee peas a Stn bd dareprearas enh scent uh Wa dana vce ve ansa arena a Pte 237 295 339 427 455 607 631 642 673 725 741 763 779 793 809 CONTENTS. XI Page. XVIII. Clark. REPORT OF THE OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE AND ALPENA (MICH.) STA- TIONS FOR THE SEASON OF 1882-83. By Frank N. Clark. Special index .......--............ 813 XXIX. Stome. REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE SALMON-BREEDING STATION OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION ON THE McCLoup RIVER, CAL., DURING THE SEASON OF 1882. By EV ATIASUO TVS UOILG sere eres ae ney CoN Ncletafola ms uey=te el aietatal aie oye spare Nste aiaree int Relate wlang arora BAN Aa) Dory 839 XXX. Stone. REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE TROUT-BREEDING STATION OF THE UNITED STATES FIsH COMMISSION ON THE McCLOouD RIVER, CAL., DURING THE YEAR 1882. By Livingston RIROTIOME ois seiate hs Cleicie = eratarcte ejateletectis Gas SOs & Stoeetarseel ova cle sisha tA clash Malgjaiamrse te Mesedeamemile oa eae 851 XXXI. Atkins. REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF PENOBSCOT SALMON IN 1882-83. ne Charles CREAT INS Hae laches aslo 8. Sisal sya Se Neal aia eee ee aeon ts AS DEKE aR ERR cum ieee 2 SS ee 857 XXXII. Atkins. REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1882-83. By Charles Ces AG RAINS fata eyalaye ayatata Stearate rictcve erecta area ets oe Se eae eam ae Sie CS tee See Al ee ek Ee ty 863 XXXII. Mather. REPORT UPON THE HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF PENOBSCOT AND LAND- LOCKED OR SCHOODIC SALMON IN THE SPRING OF 1882. By Fred. Mather:-.......-............ 873 XXXIV. McDonald. REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT CENTRAL STATION, UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, DURING THE YEAR 1882 By’Marshall McDonald. Five plates ..............-.. 879 XXXV. Wood. REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE NAVY-YARD SHAD-HATCHING STATION IN WASH- INGTON, D. C., DURING THE SEASON OF 1882. By Lieut. W. M. Wood, U.S.N. Oneplate... 891 XXXVI. WeDonald. REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SHAD THROUGH CENTRAL STATION BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1882. By Marshall McDonald. One figure ..-.-.... 899 XXXVII. Smiley. STATISTICS OF THE SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE UNITED STATES FisH COMMISSION IN 1862. By Charles W. Smiley..-..-.-..-.--..20--0-----eeeesee--0 903 XXXVIII. McDonald. REPORT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING THE SEASON OF 1882. Bye Marsha eNO Ong dips ache seca ec itso chaste «es aps cere aay emaeeee camo ueeaee cetera Bra oes 915 XXXIX. Smiley. REPORT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARP TO JULY 1, 1881, FROM YOUNG REARED INLSTOLAND LosU yey DS y7 Charles) Wisi toys... 2 je sae tetneaee Meeemmae suelo alana nae celeste a ae 943 XL. Nicklas. THE ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF CARP. By Car] Nicklas ..............---2-----00e- 1009 APPENDIX F.—MISCELLANEOUS. XLI. Collims. REPORT OF A TRIP OF EXPLORATON IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY MADE IN THE SPRING OF 1862 BY THE STEAMER FIsH HAWK, LIEUT. Z. L. TANNER COMMANDING. By J. W. Collins-...- Bee ava here ts cel etn oie niet al pony Sie bale ete jal mymie echoes BI ia ie ete EES ps EO ke Mate a 1035 XLII. Bean. LIST OF THE FISHES DISTRIBUTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. By Tarleton H. Bean, M.D........... DESa CHR oe Scepgscimmioao seco ou Sone HOE bEUrono dene besser 1039 XLII. Verrill. PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF THE PORTION OF THE CONTINENTAL BORDER BE- NEATH THE GULF STREAM EXPLORED BY THE FISH Hawk, 1880 to 1882. By A. E. Verrill. LUGO TIES 26: ono amen sei pono no dec ScOaesoco 52 TOD R RS SSOr NeS nO ENpr ace SCO ORM Sen NE GRU oUcesnehSoe - 1045 XLIV. Smiley. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. By Charles W. Smiley --.....-.. meses Soarosnod oanosasos Ac Sod HotonaodpeSacibooa SOsS aOseeoee 1059 GENERAL INDEX .......-. meee ece aia iaietaiel Pe mteletersicieis deaws seeea ae cae we pasa acettetcta Jae sees sls Seton - 1087 paar 2h : ha ahi is rt eam ¥ ; LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FISH-HATCHING APPARATUS.* Page. PLATE T.—-Shad-hatching cone. .- 02 = Saaccsssesceselsasees sans ssetect cease cseccesmweaseccciues 32 DEEP-SEA THERMOMETERS.* PLATE I1.—The Bailie-Tanner deep-sea thermometer Case ......- 2-2... - 22 eee wee neeeeceeeee 32 Ill.—The Negretti-Zambra deep-sea thermometer......-..----..-e-eeeeeeeceenee cence 32 REFRIGERATOR CAR.t PLATE I.—Side view of exterior of refrigerator car No. 2.. ..-......c-000 se ccenenne ceeccen-- 42 LD = Hin ds View: Of CAT! NO: 222. \c/sc 5 cc es sicecsneckin ee helene cinemas acien asin as seeelcn saciescte 42 ui.—Interior view of car-when not in 0s0 ~ <5: =. .s- LET WNT op iy tae ed eB ener A Se iA Sm Son scicp rea ponotonabccbc vinagc tos skims anict Fie. 1. —Unimpregnated egg of cod. 2.—Protoplasmic germinal layer of same. 3.—Protoplasmic layer of impregnated egg. 4.--Stage between 2 and 3 shown in section. 5.—Vitiline membrane showing micropyle. 6.—Cod’s egg 4 hour after impregnation. 7.—Cod's egg 3 hours 40 minutes after impregnation 8.—Algous growth attached to vitiline membrane of cod eggs. Fic. 9.—Cod’s egg 8 hours after jurprepuation: 10.—Germinal disk of cod’s egg 93 hours after impreguation. 11.—Cod’s egg 23 hours after impregnation, side view. 12.—Germinal disk of preceding viewed from below. 13.—Cod’s egg 45} hours after impregnation. 14.—Cod’s egg 4 days after impregnation. LOY Copa U9 Be a 3 ee soo nan eS eeeer se son eoncitn obo ShOe Aas satin Ieee Scodeos Se eeaesSemnhe owace Fic. 15.—Cod’s egg 7 days after impregnation, side view. 16.—The same viewed from below. 17.—Blastoderm of a cod’s egg of the seventh day in outline. 18.—The same as preceding, in section. 3 21h OS Oe a gee cae dace SOO ROE RE AEE aes sa seas adod CHORD eee OO ERO pmonenerogbiesstore tococe Fic. 19.—Cod’s egg on the eighth day. 20,—Cod’s egg on the ninth day, side view. 21.—The same viewed obliquely. 22.—Embryo ten days old. 23.—Embryo somewhat over ten days old. BPA EV <2 sac <2 asa eee ee bles oz ae Susiase oc ora) eI sn ate ep ia ene Sets ols neato elas ate ate eater Fic. 24.—Tail of embryo cod on the thirteenth day, viewed from below. 25.—The same seen obliquely from the side. 26.—Embry cod fourteen days old. 27—Head of an embryo eleven days old. 28.—Head of an embryo seventeen days old, side view. PAT Val oe sce a a ese oisilwaemt eeu ate Sitocecucactoka kage moncls aceot ne aenlnae er citna a eetcaeane seo ase Fic. 29.—Head of embryo cod seventeen days old, viewed from below. 30.—Head of embryo cod fifteen days old. Veo A ER Se a inc Caen RRR toc ne ee SMSScH MOoORU REO OL Arm AE Cece EC Fic. 31.—Embryo cod fourteen days after impregnation, side view in section. 32.—Embryo cod sixteen days after impregnation, side view in section. . IPVATE WiLL sapien octn odsetssnorclmacs ene snen as ccnasee bon os peieemne aceite eaeen ease cimeee Beery) Fic. 33.—Transverse section near fin fold of embryo eighteen days old. 33a.—Germinal disk of cod’s egg. 33b.—Germinal disk of shad’s egg. 34.—Embryo cod nineteen days after impregnation. PLATE IX Fia. 35.—Germinal disk of cod’s eggs 4 hours old. 36.—Similar but abnormal egg. 37.—Simular but abnormal egg. 38.—Germinal disk of cod’s egg past second cleavage (abnormal). 39.—Similar but normally developed. 40.—Embryo cod 22 days after impregnation, side view. 41.—Heart of the above. ’ Fic. 42.—Embryo cod 21 days after impregnation, seen from below. 43.—One of the lateral sensory elevations of the preceding specimen, 44.—Germinal disk, first cleavage ofcod’s egg. Page. 429 584 586 590 * In Hensen’s Report on Eggs of Plaice, Flounder, and Cod, t In Ryder’s Contribution to the Embryography of Osseous Fishes. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Se SPBATE SMEG Mes eee eisat in ha ofan felsinieeiaiee Se eS eae eo aia sec See We weed twlidanid.c aoca deem Swab alecasemlceukmeneds Fic. 45.—Codfish 35 days after impregnation, side view. 46.—Embryo cod 23 days after impregnation, from below. 47. Blastoderm of cod’s egg in optic section, 4 days old. 48. Similar disk 4 1-2 days old. ERA RNG ats etic cnn a cine teeininissinie’s! paiein sane aslo niacie wisi aos se clelaciem aaisanis awa eeaiNenecicemiesiciscecme Fic. 49. Head of embryo cod, 27 days after impregnation, side view. PLANS OF AQUARIA.* HiGw:—-Ground planiOf the Vienna AGUATIUM ye tock a \-4ene Se wiculenioaiice sls acl e sa Amicsiesaic'ss 2—Ground plan of the Brighton aquariom!: 2-7-2282. -.\s..\.<.-.ah ‘ip a fies et ' j y ‘ . j (eb tat a 4 o a ry) mat 1 +) ; f Dat ae * / ) A : , a he # * Ay Sanaa i ( ; wales a bo he * tae yy . ¥ . REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. A.—_GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 1.—INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. In presenting herewith the tenth of the series of annual reports upon the work of the United States Fish Commission, being for the year 1882, I hope to show a continued increase in the extent and efficiency, and, I trust, utility, of its work. A volume has been published annually, with a single exception, when, for reasons explained at the time, the reports for the years 1873~74, and 187475, were combined. The establishment of the Commission in 1871 at the time appeared to be but a slight incident in the history of the country. As previously shown the work first intrusted to the Commission was that of investi- gating the alleged decrease in the food-fishes of the United States, and jt was not until the second year of its existence that action looking to- wards the propagation of food-fishes, and their transfer to, or multipli- cation in, the waters of the United States was ordered and authorized. With the acquisition, by the favor of Congress, of steamers capable of carrying on work in the ocean, as well as in the interior waters, the possibilities of usefulness have become greatly extended, and much has been attempted as well as accomplished. In addition to the regu- lar work of the Commission, it has become possible to do a great deal for the advancement of science in general, especially by prosecuting re- searches into the general natural history of the aquatic animals and plants, either by the Commission itself or by specialists to whom the facilities of the service are extended in the way of use of boats, of sta- tions, and of material. The Commission has also made very large collections of aquatic animals, especially of fishes, shells, corals, crustaceans, star fishes, &c., and after submitting them to a careful investigation for monographic research, and setting aside a full series for the National Museum, the remainder has been made up into well identified and labelled sets for distribution to colleges, academies, and other institutions of learning throughout the United States. The educational advantages of this last measure have proved to be of the utmost value, and are thoroughly appreciated by teachers throughout the country. Applications for these sets are being continually received, and several hundreds of them have already _ §, Mis. 46—1 Xv XVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. been supplied, a number of persons being occupied for a good part of their time in preparing to meet additional calls. There is nothing which so much increases the interest in natural history as the opportunity of examining actual specimens of rare, and, usually unprocurable, species, instead of depending upon descriptions or, drawings; and as the possibility of obtaining these series becomes the better known, it is quite likely that all the resources of the Commission for making collec- tions, great as they are, will be fully taxed. The calls for these specimens are usually made through the member of Congress representing the district in which the institution is estab- lished; or, if made direct to the Commission, they are referred to the member for his indorsement and recommendation. Some of the most noteworthy features of the year 1882 are as follows: 1. The appropriation made by Congress to supply the full amount necessary for the construction of the new steamer Albatross and the completion of the vessel. 2. The change in command of the steamers of the Fish Commission by the transfer of Lieutenant Tanner from the Fish Hawk to the Al- batross, and of Lieutenant Wood from the Lookout to the Fish Hawk. 3. The purchase and employment of a Herreshoff launch, No. 82 of his series. 4, The acquisition of land at Wood’s Holl for a permanent sea-coast station. 5. The appropriation made by Congress for the improvement of Wood’s Holl harbor by the construction of a pier and breakwater, to be utilized indirectly in the interest of the Fish Commission and its oper- ations. 6. The fitting up of the Armory building as a station both for hatch- ing and for the distribution of fish, and establishing it as the central Washington station; the bringing of a branch track from the Balti- more and Potomac Railroad into the grounds, and their inclosure by a substantial high fence; also the erection of a large storage-shed. 7. The appropriation by Congress for the participation by the United States Fish Commission in the London International Fisheries Exhibi- tion. 8. The proposed action by Congress in regard to the construction of a fishway in connection with the dam at the Great Falls of the Potomac. 9. The acquisition by the Commission of the control of the grounds at Wytheville, Va., belonging to the Virginia State Fish Commission, and the fitting them up specially for the hatching of California trout. 10. The transfer of the control of Saint Jeromes Station from the Maryland Fish Commission to that of the United States. 11. The commencement, on a large scale, of preparations for the arti- ficial propagation of oysters at Saint Jeromes. 12, The practical completion of the work undertaken by the Fish Commission for the census of 1880. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XIX 13. The order of Congress to print a large work in three quarto vol- umes upon the fisheries of the United States. 14. The great expansion in the work of production and distribution of the carp. 15. The practical extermination of the tile-fish in the North Atlantic. These several points will be more fully discussed in their appropriate places in the report. A brief memorandum of what the United States Fish Commission hopes to accomplish in time, in connection with its mission, is as follows: 1. In the department of investigation and research there is yet to be carried out an exhaustive inquiry into the character, abundance, geo- graphical distribution, and economical qualities of the inhabitants of the waters, both fresh and salt. The subject is practically unlimited in extent, and, so far as the ocean is concerned, has been scarcely touched. With the powerful apparatus, however, at the command of the Commis- sion, it is expected that much progress will be made, year by year, and the publication of the results and the distribution of duplicate specimens to colleges and academies in the United States be carried out on a large scale, so as to meet a large and increasing demand with teachers and students. 2. The second object, in connection with the sea fisheries, is the im- provement of the old methods and apparatus of fishing and the intro- duction of new ones. The work of the Commission, in bringing to the notice of American fishermen the importance of gill nets with glass-ball floats for the cap- ture of cod-fish, has already revolutionized the winter cod-fishery in- dustry in New England. Looked upon almost with ridicule by the Gloucester fishermen when first brought to their notice by the Commis- sion, these nets have come rapidly into use, until, at the present time, they represent the most important element in the winter fisheries, the number of fish taken being not only much greater, but the fish them- selves of finer quality. The ability to maintain a successful fishery without the use of bait is of the utmost importance, in view of the fact that when cod are most abundant bait is almost unprocurable. Other forms of apparatus, of less importance, have also been introduced, and a constant lookout is maintained, by correspondence and otherwise, in connection with the improvement of fishing machinery. Among the subjects to which the attention of the Fish Commission has been directed is that of the best method of preserving nets ina condition for continued use by preventing them from rotting. Netting is usually treated by saturating it with some repellant sub- stance, which prevents the moisture from remaining in the interstices of the thread or causes it to dry morerapidly. The usual practice is to soak the nets in a solution of catechu, tannin, or other astringent prep- aration, or else to apply tar or asphaltum. Salting is also frequently practiced. XX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. A material has lately been offered by Messrs. Horner & Hyde, of Baltimore, which promises good results. Another preservative has also been offered from California, but has not yet been received in sufficient quantity to be tested. An article by Professor Storer on this subject will be found in the appendix. 3. Another important point for consideration is that of improvement in the pattern of fishing-vessels. There is annually a terrible mortality in the fisbing crews of New England, especially those belonging to the port of Gloucester, to say nothing of the total loss and wreck of the fishing vessels and their contents. There has gradually developed in connection with the mackerel and cod fisheries of New England a pat- tern of vessel which, while admirable for speed and beauty of lines and of rig, is less safe under certain emergencies than the more substantial and deeper vessel used abroad, especially in England and Scotland. The subject of the best form of fishing-vessel has been intrusted to Captain Collins, of the Commission, himself a most experienced fisher- man, and, after a careful study of the boats of all nations, he has pre- pared a model which is believed to combine the excellencies of both English and American vessels. An appropriation will be asked from Congress for means to con- struct an experimental vessel and test its qualities; but until a suc- cessful experiment has beeu made, it will be ditiicult to induce the fish- ermen to change their present form of construction. 4, The fourth object of the Commission is to determine the extent and general character of the old fishing localities and to discover new ones. There is no doubt whatever that there still remain many important areas, even in the best known seas, where the cod-fish and halibut will be found in their old abundance. There has never been any formal investigation on this subject, and the banks that are known have been brought to light purely by acci- dent. It is believed that by a systematic research and a careful survey the area of known grounds can be greatly extended. There is even more reason to hope for successful results from this in- quiry in the waters off the south Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. These regions, the latter especially, may be considered as practically unknown, the few established localities for good fishing being in very small proportion to what must exist. It is here that the service of the fishing schooner referred to above, if means can be obtained to build it, will be brought into play, and it is not too much to hope that an indus- try will be developed that will represent to the Southern and South- eastern States the same source of income and occupation that the mackerel, cod, and halibut furnish to the fishermen of New England. 5. There is also much to be learned in the way of curing and pack- ing fish for general and special markets. The American methods have grown up as a matter of routine, and are adapted only to one class of REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.. XXI demand. There are, however, many modes of preparation which can be made use of to meet the wants of new markets, and thus enter more efficiently into competition with European nations for European trade, as well as for that of the West Indies and South America. A great advance has already been made toward this desired improve- ment since the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, where many methods of curing and putting up fish were shown in the foreign sections that were almost entirely unknown in America. Notably among these were the preparations of sardines and other species of herring, in oil, as well as in spiced juices. Quite recently this industry has been well established in Maine, amounting to a value of millions of dollars, and there are many other parts of the country where the same work can be done with other kinds of fish. The whole subject is receiving the careful consid- eration of the Commission, and numerous facts bearing upon it have been announced in its reports and bulletins. 6. The work of increasing the supply of valuable fishes in the waters of the United States, whether by artificial propagation or by trans- plantation, although very successful, may be considered as yet in its infancy. It must be remembered that the agencies which have tended to dimin- ish the abundance of the fish have been at work for many years, and are increasing in an enormous ratio. This, taken in connection with the rapid multiplication of the population of the United States, makes the work an extremely difficult one. If the general conditions remained the same as they were fifty years ago it would be a very simple thing to restore the former equilibrium. At that time, it must be remembered, the methods of preservation and of wholesale transfer, by means of ice, were not known, while the means of quick transportation were very limited. Hence a small num- ber of fish supplied fully the demand, with the exception, of course, of species that were salted down, like the cod, the mackerel, and the her- rings (including the shad). At that time a comparatively small quan- tity supplied the demand for fresh fish, and it was easy to more than meet the demand. Now, however, the conditions are entirely changed. The whole country participates in the benefits of alarge capture of fish, and there isno danger of glutting the market, since any surplus can be immediately frozen and shipped to a distance or held until the occur- rence of a renewed demand. Another impediment to the rapid accomplishment of the desired re- sult is the absence of concurrent protective legislation of a sufficiently Stringent character to prevent unnecessary waste of the fish during the critical period of spawning, and the erection or maintenance of imped- iments to their movements in reaching the spawning grounds. This is especially the case with the shad and the salmon, where the simple con- struction of an impassable dam, or the erection of a factory discharging its poisonous waste into the water, may, in a few years, entirely exter- mIninate a successful and valuable fishery. XXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. It is to be hoped that public opinion will be gradually led up to the necessity of action of the kind referred to, and that year by year a con- tinued increase in the fisheries will be manifested. Even if this does not occur as rapidly as some may hope, the experiments so far furnish the strongest arguinents in favor of continuing the work for a reason- able time. A diminution that has. been going on for fifty or more years is not to be overcome in ten, in view of the increasing obstacles already referred to. Among the species the increase of which in their appropriate places and seasons is to be hoped for, in addition to those now occupying the attention of fishculturists, are the cod, the halibut, the common mack- erel, the Spanish mackerel, the striped bass or rock-fish, ete. One of the most important and at the same time among the most promising fish is the California trout, with which it is hoped to stock large areas of the country. Its special commendations will be found mentioned elsewhere. Another fishery earnestly calling for assistance, and capable of re- ceiving it, is that of the lobster, the decrease of which has been very marked. The experiments of the Fish Commission suggest methods by which the number can be greatly increased. Something, too, may be done with the common crab of the Atlantic coast and its transfer to the Pacific. Some kind might also be advantageously brought to the east- ern portion of the United States from the Pacific coast and from the European seas. A subject of as much importance as any other that now occupies the attention of the Fish Commission is an increase in the supply of oys- ters. Inno department of the American fisheries has there been so rapid and alarming a decrease, and the boasted abundance of this mol- lusk on the Atlantic coast, especially in Chesapeake Bay, is rapidly being changed to a condition of scarcity, which threatens practical exter- mination, as is almost the case in England. A fishing industry pro- ducing millions of dollars is menaced with extinction, and needs the most stringent measures for its protection. The United States Fish Commission has been very fortunate, through its agents and assistants, in making important discoveries in connection with the propagation of the oyster, which are to be referred to hereafter; and it is proposed to establish several experimental stations for apply- ing the discoveries thus made, so as to constitute a school of instruction and information to persons practically engaged in the business. There are other shell-fish besides the oyster that will well repay the trouble of transplantation and multiplication. Among these are sev- eral species of clams belonging to the Pacific coast of the United States, which are much superior in size, in tenderness, and in excellence of flavor to those on the Eastern coast. Most of these are natives of Puget Sound, and the completion of the Northern Pacific Railway is looked forward to as a convenient means of transferring them to Eastern waters. The REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXII common clams of the Atlantic coast are also fair subjects of experi- ment. The continued increase in the correspondence of the Commission, re- ferred to in the Report for 1881, has been very strikingly manifested during the year 1882, in which the number of official letters written (ex- clusive of filled blanks and circulars) amounted to over seven thousand as compared with fifty-six hundredin 1881. Letters received were over eleven thousand, nearly all requiring some attention. A large part of this correspondence is attended to by circulars, but as explained these are not included in the account of letters written during the year. The new office of the Fish Commission (1443 Massachusetts avenue) has proved to be a very great convenience, allowing a much better class- ification of work and more ample accommodations for archives, records, drafting tables, ete. The building is fully occupied by the Commission, and in another year an additional story will be needed to meet expected requirements. It is with great regret that I have to record the death, on the 22d of January, at an advanced age, of Mr. H. E. Rockwell, the secretary of the Commission, who had been connected with the Commission from its beginning, in 1871. At that time he was an employé of the Bureau of Education, but was enabled to give part of his time to the Fish Com- mission. In the course of the next year, however, his services were en- tirely engrossed by the Commission, and up to within a day of his death he was, with few exceptions, at his post, and actively engaged in his duties. During the summer of 1881 he was seized with a slight paralytic at- tack, from which, however, he fully recovered sufficiently to resume his labor, after a few inonths interval. Although not actually in the service of the United States Fish Com- mission, yet, as having been closely related to it by many years of cor- respondence and of hearty co-operation, I cannot omit referring to the loss which fish culture has experienced in the death of Mr. B. B. Red- ding, for many years one of the fish commissioners of California. Mr. Redding was the pioneer of all the work done in the State in con- nection with the subject of fish culture; not confining himself to the ordinary routine, but busying himself in gathering in from all quarters whatever he thought might benefit the fishery interests of his State. To him was due nearly all the important measures in connection with the State service, and notably the transfer of shad to the Sacramento River in 1876; of black bass and other eastern fresh-water fishes, and of striped bass, lobsters, tautog, etc.; the arrangement for keeping up, the supply of salmon in the Sacramento River, with the aid of the United States Fish Commission; the preparation of ponds for the cultivation of the gourami, ete. He personally superintended the transfer to California of the first stock of carp given to his State by the United States Fish Commission in 1879. XXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 2.—PRINCIPAL STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. The stations of the Commission enumerated in the last report were, for the most part, occupied during the past year. It may, however, be well to enumerate them again. Classifying them as before, the list is as follows: A.—INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH. 1. Gloucester, Mass.-Capt. S. J. Martin, in charge of this station, continues his weekly reports of the products of the off-shore fisheries ~ of that city, which have been collated and published from time to time in the bulletins of the Fish Commission. Captain Martin visits every vessel on its arrival, and obtains the statistics of the catch during the voyage; and as there is no other organization for obtaining these data his figures are largely used in the market reports of the Boston and Gloucester papers. Ever since the establishment of the Fish Commission station at Gloucester in 1878, the Commission has kept an office on Fort Point wharf for the collection of facts and specimens, and for constituting a convenient medium of communication between Captain Martin, the agent of the Commission, and the fishermen generally. Some question having arisen as to the lease, the quarters in question were given up, and the work has since been performed by Captain Mar- tin without any special headquarters. 2. Wood’s Holl, Mass.—This continues to be the chief summer locality for investigation and research and the summer station of the vessels of the Commission. The arrangements made for enlarging the work at this point will be more fully detailed hereafter. a 3. Saint Jerome, Md.—This station is maintained for experiments in oyster culture, and the hatching of marine fish, especially of the Spanish mackerel. It was first established by Maj. T. B. Ferguson, as a com- missioner of Maryland, but after a time was operated jointly by the Maryland and United States Commissions. On the 24th of April, 1882, however, it was formally transferred to the United States Commission, and the liabilities of the lease from Mr. John W. Wrightson assumed. All the property of the Maryland commission was purchased at a fair valuation. B.—PROPAGATION OF SALMONIDZ. 4. Grand Lake Stream, Me.—The propagation of the land-locked salmon is carried on here on a large seale under the direction of Mr. Charles G, Atkins. 5. Bucksport, Me.—The work of this station is primarily connected with the multiplication of Penobscot salmon, although 1,000,000 eggs of the whitefish sent from Northville, Mich., were hatched here and placed in Hagle Lake, on Mount Desert, at the request of Mr. Mont- gomery Sears. 6. Nortaville, Mich.—This establishment is principally concerned in REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXV the hatching of whitefish, which are collected by Mr. F. W. Clark and his assistants, and at the proper time are either forwarded,*in the condition of embryonization, to distant points or entirely hatched out and the minnows transmitted to suitable localities. The station is used also for breeding the Eastern brook-trout and the California trout, of which a good stock is maintained. A supply of carp is also kept here for distribu- tion to convenient localities. 7. Alpena, Mich.—This is a new station, established during the pres- ent year, for the whitefish service, as being conveniently near the best localities for taking the eggs. It is kept as a feeder to the Northville station, which is the main one. 8. Baird, Shasta County, California.—TYhis station, on the McCloud River, is devoted exclusively to the cultivation of the California salmon, for which it is eminently adapted. 9. Zrout ponds near Baird, Shasta County, California.—This locality, situated about 5 miles from the salmon station, is devoted to keeping up a large stock of California trout to supply eggs for Eastern waters. The wild character of the region may be readily understood from the fact that the trout are fed on the meat of the black-tailed deer, as being the cheapest food that can be supplied to them. C.—PROPAGATION OF SHAD. 10. Havre de Grace, Md.—The transfer of work from barges anchored in Spesutie Narrows to an artificial island situated near Havre de Grace has vastly increased the facilities for fish propagation, and it is expected that when the station is completely equipped an enormous addition to the number of shad produced will take place. ell. Washington, Central Station.—This station, established in the old armory building, was greatly extended in its scope in 1882, and now con- stitutes the principal point, both for hatching shad and several other fish, and for their distribution by cars to distant parts of the country. 12. Washington Navy- Yard.—Work at the navy-yard is prosecuted by permission of the Navy Department and the courtesy of the comman- dant of the Yard. 13. Avoca, N. C.—This station was not maintained during the present year, but was occupied by the North Carolina fish commission with great success. D.—PROPAGATION OF CARP. 14, Monument Reservation, Washington.—This is the principal station for the production of carp. The varieties cultivated are the leather and mirrorcarp. Golden ide and tench are also raised in considerable num- bers. 15. Washington Arsenal Grounds.—Cultivation at this station is con- fined to the scale carp. Fuller details in regard to the work and results of all these stations will be found under the head of the specific work for which they are maintained. XXVf REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 3.—VESSELS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. A.—TuHE STEAMER ALBATROSS. In the report for 1881 mention is made of the appropriation of $103,000 by Congress for the construction of a steamer, to be named the Alba- tross, and to be used by the Fish Commission in investigating questions connected with the fisheries of the high seas. Allusion was also made to the application to the Secretary of the Treasury to take charge of the building of this vessel, and his assignment of the duty to the Light- House Board, which had so ably supervised the building of the Fish Hawk. As stated, also, in that report, the appropriation made was below the lowest bid, and consequently nothing was done until Congress could be asked for an additional allowance. This, amounting to $42,000, was made on March 6, 1882, and as the first bids were inoperative competition was again invited, and on Au- gust 7, 1882, another appropriation was granted for supplying the vessel with anchors, chain, furniture, apparatus, &c., amounting to $45,000. Other things being equal the considerations determining these bids were, first, the total amount; and, secondly, the time of completion. Only three bids were received ; as follows: Pusey & Jones, Wilming- ton, Delaware, $135,000, in six months; Ramsay & Co., Baltimore, $144,000, in twelve months; Malster & Rainey, Baltimore, $145,000, in nine months. The bid of Pusey & Jones being the lowest, and offering the shortest period for completion, was accepted; especially as their work on the Fish Hawk proved entirely satisfactory to the Commission; and a con- tract was promptly made, and the work commenced. a On March 15 the Secretary of the Navy assigned Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commanding the Fish Hawk, to the additional duty of superintending the construction of the Albatross; and on March 29, Passed Assistant Engineer G. W. Baird was ordered to superintend the building of her machinery, receiving a final detail to the vessel on the 31st of March. Although still in command of the Fish Hawk, Captain Tanner made repeated visits to Wilmington for the purpose of inspecting the progress of the work; until on the 4th of November he was detached from the Tish Hawk, and, on the 10th, ordered to the command of the Albatross, taking charge of the work on the 11th. Owing to causes beyond their control, Messrs. Pusey & Jones needed an extension of the time of completion of the vessel, which was accord- ingly granted by the Secretary of the Treasury until the Ist of No- vember, and again extended until December; the delay being caused mainly by the difficulty experienced in getting certain apparatus or- dered directly by the Commission as part of the equipment. The vessel was launched on the 19th of August, and work was prose- cuted rapidly, with the interruptions mentioned. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXVII Paymaster G. H. Read, of the Fish Hawk, was ordered to the addi- tional duty of paymaster of the Albatross on November 4. The vessel was put in commission when Captain Tanner reported for duty, and was supplied with the necessary officers and men by succes- sive detail. The vessel left Wilmington on a trial trip for Washington on December 30, arriving on the Ist of January, 1883. The workings of the machinery were carefully studied, and the vessel taken back to Wilmington for final completion. The personnel of the Albatross, on arrival at Washington, was as follows: Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commanding; Lieut. Seaton Schroeder ; Lieut. 8S. H. May; Lieut. A. C. Baker; Lieut. C. J. Boush; Ensign R. H. Miner; Paymaster George H. Read; Engineer G. W. Baird; Sur- geon J. H. Kidder. According to the measurements of the collector of customs at Wil- mington, Del., by order of the Secretary of the Treasury, the gross ton- nage is 625.20; net tonnage, 385.82; displacement, about 1,000 tons. Her signal letters, as borne on the books of the Treasury Depart- ment, are G. V. Q. B. A full description of the Albatross and of her equipment will appear in a subsequent report. B.—THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. The Fish Hawk continued in active service during the year; partly in connection with the hatching of shad, and partly in deep-sea explora- tion, with Wood’s Holl as a base. The details of her work will be found under other heads; though it may be mentioned, in general, that after remaining in the navy-yard in Washington during the winter she made an exploring trip in Chesa- peake Bay. The vessel left Washington on February 25, having on board in ad- dition to her usual equipment a large number of gill-nets of various kinds, among which may be mentioned nets for herring, Spanish mack- erel, menhaden, shad, whitefish, and cod. One object of the cruise was to set these nets in various parts of the Chesapeake and its tributaries, to ascertain if shad or any other of the anadromous fishes which visit these waters periodically, generally at a somewhat later date, might not be taken in the “ deep holes” that occur in certain localities before they made their appearance in the shallow waters off the fishing stations. The work of research on this occasion was in charge of Capt. J. W. Collins. Nets were set opposite Point Lookout in 5 fathoms of water, off Bar- ren Island in 20 fathoms, at the mouth of the Patuxent, off Smith’s Point and Point Lookout, at Tangier Sound, off Cherrystone, and at the mouth of York River. The results obtained at either of these places were chiefly of anegative character. A few young menhaden were cap- XXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. tured off Barren Island, and a number of dogfish (Squalus acanthias) were taken in the nets set off Cherrystone. Dredgings were made with the beam trawl off Barren Island in 25 fathoms of water, but the captures consisted only of a few young men- haden, some young herring (alewives), and another small fish, besides a single crawfish, a few shrimp, and a limited number of small shells. Another set of dredgings off Cherrystone produced little besides a few specimens of skate (Raia, of possibly two varieties). The satisfactory prosecution of these researches were somewhat interfered with by the prevalence of strong winds and tides. It frequently happened that the combined force of the seas and currents drifted the nets from the posi- tions where they were set, and in some instances the apparatus was . seriously injured by contact with the bottom, or by drifting afoul of the net anchors as the gear was swept along. It was evident, however, that there were no shad in the localities visited, and, therefore, though the results obtained by the expedition were of a negative character, they were, nevertheless, of considerable value in establishing more definitely than we knew before the date of arrival in the Chesapeake of certain varieties of fishes, while it may, perhaps, be considered settled that no shad, herring, etc., remain inside the capes of Virginia in winter. Experiments were also made on the cruise to ascertain what might be done in hatching cod-fish eggs in water taken from the Chesapeake. Just before the ship sailed from Washington 1,000,000 cod-fish eggs (about 75 per cent. of which appeared to be alive) were put on board, these eggs being in artificial sea water. Upon arrival at Point Lookout the eggs were put in a glass jar and three cones, and the hatching pro- cess begun. That was on Saturday, and the following Monday morning few eggs remained alive, probably not more than one in five hundred, while none had advanced any in development since being placed in water taken from Chesapeake Bay, the density of which was found to be 1.0070, while that of sea water is from 1.0240 to 1.0290. The eggs sunk to the bottom of the hatching apparatus, when put into the water obtained at Point Lookout, and it was not long before examination showed the germinal disk to be much distorted. On Tuesday morning no eggs remained alive, and the embryos that lived the longest were much more misshapen than others which died earlier. After returning from Chesapeake Bay, the Fish Hawk proceeded to Quantico, Va., on the 10th of April, #0 carry on the hatching of shad and herring. On the 7th of July she proceeded to Wilmington with a load of ma- chinery and supplies for the Albatross ; and on the 16th of that month was ordered to New Haven to await further orders. She returned to Washington on the 21st of July, and took on board the usual apparatus and material for Wood’s Holl, and left for that station on the 24th, arriving on the 26th. Several trips were made by her to the Gulf Stream; namely, on the REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXIX Ist, 10th, and 25th of August, 6th of September, and 3d and 12th of October. Returning, she arrived in New York on the 20th of October, reaching Washington on the 29th. On the 20th of November, after the transfer of Lieut. Z. L. Tanner to command the Albatross, Lieut. William M. Wood was transferred from the Lookout to command the Fish Hawk. She was then at the Washing- ton navy-yard, undergoing slight repairs, remaining there until the end of the year. The personnel of the Fish Hawk, at the close of the year, was as fol- lows: Lieut. William M. Wood, commanding; engineer, W. L. Bailie; mate, James A. Smith; mate, C. H. Cleaveland; apothecary, J. Allen Kite, who succeeded Dr. Van Vliet on the resignation of the latter. C.—Tur LooKovrT. The small yacht steamer Lookout has been constantly occupied dur- ing the year in the service of the Commission on the Potomac, on Chesapeake Bay, on the Susquehanna River, and at Wood’s Holl. ‘Up to November she was in command of Lieut. William M. Wood, but when this officer was transferred to the command of the Fish Hawk she was placed in charge of Quartermaster Hamlen. Her most important operation will be found mentioned under the head of the “propagation of shad,” as being engaged in transporting the eggs from the river stations to the hatching houses. D.— LAUNCH No. 82. The service of several steam launches is always required in the work of the Commission, especially in connection with the propagation of the shad, for collecting the eggs from distant points, and transferring them to the proper stations. The Navy Department very kindly furnished the Commission with two launches, as heretofore, namely, Nos. 49 and 55; but an additional one being required, Launch No. 82, subsequently christened the Cygnet, was purchased from the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, and put immediately into use. This boat, about 33 feet long, was found in every way to answer a Satisfactory purpose. E.—THE CANVAS BACK. The laying out of the large shad seine at Battery Station, Havre de Grace, requires an extended force of men. For the purpose of econo- mizing the number, plans were prepared for a very light draft steam- boat, sufficient to take on board the seine and carry it out over the flats, thus enabling the work to be done in a better manner by a very few persons. Drawings for a suitable vessel were made under the direction of Maj. XXX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. JT. B. Ferguson, and estimates obtained from several builders, notably the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, Pusey & Jones, &c. The cost, however, was much greater than the available funds of the Commis- sion would admit, and the subject was necessarily deferred for a future occasion. 4,—TRANSPORTATION AND HATCHING CARS. Reference has already been made to the adaptation of a baggage car of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad to the needs of the Commission in the transportation of young fish. For the sake of securing proper attention to this car by railroad companies, it was, by permission, labeled ‘ Pennsylvania,” as if belonging to the Pennsylva- nia Railroad Company. A second car, authorized by Gnriensees was built entirely for the Com- mission by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and labeled “ Baltimore and Ohio, No. 2, United States Fish Commission.” The entire bill of the railroad company for the construction of this car complete and ready for use amounted to $7,218.55, although some additional expense was incurred in adapting the heel fish transport- ing apparatus, the total cost amounting to about $8,000. This car was built under the supervision of Mr. I’. 8S. Eastman, and according to a form of trussing patented by him. It offered special ad- vantages in the way of strength and lightness. The measurement of these cars is as follows: Length of car No. 1, 51 feet 2 inches without platform; with platform, 57 feet 6 inches; total height froin the track to the topmost projection, 14 feet 13 inches; ; total width 9 feet 10 inches. The dimensions of car No. 2 are, length from out to out of buffers, 59 feet 9 inches; total width, 10 feet; height from top of track to top of hood, 14 feet ~ inches. Work upon this car was begun about the 13th of March, and on the 24th of May it was received, completed, from Baltimore. 'The first trip made by it was with a load of carp, on the 4th of November. Further details of the uses of these cars will be found under the special heads. 5.—COURTESIES EXTENDED TO THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. As in previous years, I have the pleasure of acknowledging many im- portant courtesies extended to the Commission by the various Depart- ments of the Government, by railroad and steamboat companies, and by individuals. Indeed, without the help thus rendered it would be quite impossible to carry on the work on its present scale, without a very considerable increase in the appropriations. THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT.—The Secretary’s office—On the oc- casion of the expected arrival of certain collections of fish from abroad _ the Secretary of the Treasury directed the collector of customs at New REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXI York to render every facility for their speedy transfer from the vessel to the cars of the Commission. Light-House Board.—The valued service rendered for so many years by the Light-House Board in authorizing the use of the buoy station at Wood’s Holl as a central station of operations has been continued, during the year, and the quarters originally fitted up by the Commis- sion in 1875 were occupied for the third time. The Board also continued its assistance in forwarding blanks and thermometers furnished by the Commission to various light-ships and light-houses, and in collecting and forwarding returns. The importance of this co-operation on the part of the Board cannot be overestimated, as it enables the Commission to reach a class of intelligent men whose opportunities for observation are of course unrivaled. The Board has also kept the Commission and its vessels fully sup- plied with lists of stations and other documents for use in connection with the navigation of the coast. The Coast Survey.—The Coast Survey has met promptly all demands upon it for maps and charts required for the service of the vessels of the Fish Commission. THE WAR DEPARTMENT.—Engineer Bureau.—The co-operation of the War Department has been exhibited, through the Engineer Bureau, in connection with the work of river and harbor improvements in the vicinity of the stations of the Commission at Havre de Grace, Saint Jerome, and Wood’s Holl. ~soean tee aeee cesses wentee esis oe 800, 000 Herring furnished for distribution......-- 55 Ge ad See ae are wir Re ae 2, 000, 000 PELE UOSiied INMLOCAINTAGCIS:— 2 6 55.0tic ooo sneer aclocaa soccds es = 22 o= snc 1, 755, 000 etme sdepositedunidlocal waters... -23.Wes2cose sen scc~ - teres encecee en 7, 883, 000 Yor fuller details in regard to the work of the station, reference is made to the report of Captain Tanner. Navy-yard Station.—This station was in charge of Lieut. W. M. Wood, commanding the Lookout, Master W. C. Babcock and Master A. C. Baker being in immediate charge of the hatchery. Eggs for the sup- ply of this station were collected from Moxley’s Point and the gillers in that section of the river around Fort Washington; the Lookout being remployed to collect and transfer the eggs to the station. During the Season 21,820,000 shad eggs were collected, which yielded 17,935,000 fry. Of, these 3,050,000, were deposited in local waters, 14,444,000 turned LXXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. over to Central Station for distribution, and 441,000 sent directly to de posit in the Potomac at Little Falls. Central Station.—To this station was allotted that section of the river extending from Chapman’s to Ferry Landing. The methods adopted for the collection of the eggs, as well as the apparatus in use for hatching at the station during this season, are novel, and mark a substantial ad- vance toward that concentration of work and economy in production which is necessary in order that the results obtained may compensate for the expenditures made in artificial propagation. What is now known as the dry method of transportation was employed in the collection and transfer of the eggs to Washington. Instead of being sent in vessels of water by messenger, after being impregnated they are transferred to shallow trays covered with damp cloth, and forwarded by the ordinary channels of communication on the river, reaching the station at periods from six to thirty-six hours after impregnation. On arrival at the sta- tion they are immediately transferred to the automatic hatching jars, by which the separation of the dead eggs is completely effected without the use of scalp nets or other appliances for the purpose, involving me- chanical labor and constant attention. The methods of transportation employed and the apparatus for hatch- ing in use at the station during the season have given complete satisfac. tion. The number of eggs received at the station during the season was 6,706,000. ‘The number of fry hatched out, 5,393,000. The distribution of shad to new waters was made largely through Central Station, the total number of fry distributed during the season being 20,637,000. This total includes the plants made in the Potomac River, but does not include those made in the Susquehanna River from the Havre de Grace Station. Of this total 800,000 were drawn from the Havre de Grace Station on the Susquehanna, and 19,837,000 from the Potomac River stations; the Navy Yard Station contributing 14,444,000, and Central Station 5,393,000. The most notable feature of this distribution was the planting of large numbers of fish in single localities, instead of distributing, as hereto- fore, in smaller lots to a number of localities in the same stream. The extreme distance of the distribution was the Colorado River in Texas, and the Smoky and Republican Rivers in Kansas. The total distance travelled by the cars in this distribution was 12,192 miles; 9,730 miles being made by car No. 1, and 2,462 by car No. 2. The total number of shad fry produced during the season of 1882 at all the stations, and in- cluding those deposited directly in the Potomac and Susquehanna riv- ers was 30,283,000. Battery Station.—In 1879 the shad and herring eggs collected from. the fish taken on the Chesapeake flats and procured from the large seines hauled in the neighborhood of Havre de Grace, Md., were hatched REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXV on floating barges, anchored in Spesutie Narrows, a narrow channel separating Spesutie Island from the mainland. To enable the steam launches used in this work to ply between the fisheries and this central hatching station at all stages of the tide, it was necessary that a channel should be dredged across the bar which had formed at the northern mouth of the narrows. By special instrue- tions from the President, or Secretary of War, Colonel Craighill, in charge of the engineer work of the district embracing the Chesapeake Bay, had a channel dredged which greatly facilitated the work during the season. Having secured fora term of years the fishing advantages of Battery Island (which is situated in the center of the bay, about 34 miles directly south from Havre de Grace), as being a location much more central to the fisheries from which we received the spawn, Colonel Craighill was advised of our plans, and in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, made a survey of the surroundings and an estimate of the cost of deepen- ing the channel and constructing the piers and a breakwater necessary for the conduct of our work; but it was not until the following year (1880) that an appropriation was made. The work was commenced in July of that year. A channel was dredged to the island, securing a draft of 7 feet, and a pool of the same depth, formed by crib-work filled with earth and stone, was formed for the protection of the hatching barges and small boats of the Commission, and also for the storing of the live fish which might be taken before the eggs were thoroughly developed in the ovaries. In this pool the “unripe” fish will be retained, and the eggs taken from time to time as they mature. The material dredged from the channel and the pool was thrown behind the crib-work and raised considerably the level of the remaining portion of the island. Additional appropriations for strengthening and extending the piers were provided for in the bills for river and harbor improvement in the following years (1831 and 1882), sufficient, it is hoped, for the comple- tion of these improvements, and the work has thus far been prosecuted in a most satisfactory manner. As the fishery on this island was one of the most successful and re- munerative of the large fisheries of the Upper Chesapeake, it is confi- dently anticipated that we will have ample material in the way of parent fish, and that the production of young shad will be greatly increased and the operations carried on much more compactly than heretofore. Jn the spring of 1881 two small cottages, one of five rooms and the other containing two rooms, and an ice-house, constructed on the Ridg- way principle, were erected at the station, and the cottages occupied as quarters for the corps during the fishing season. It was not, however, practicable until the spring of the present year (1882), to erect a suitable hatching house, the hatching operations hay- LXXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ing been conducted during the previous year on the hatching barges, as heretofore, with the exception that they were moored in the pool above referred to instead of occupying the location in Spesutie Narrows. During the present year a spacious two-story hatching house, about 20 by 60 feet, has been erected. A section of 20 feet of this contains the engine, boiler, and water-tank. The remainder of the first floor of the building is devoted to the hatching apparatus, and as its capacity is many millions of eggs it is hardly probable that the floating appara- tus will be needed at this station hereafter. The second story of this building furnishes comfortable accommoda- tions for from sixteen to twenty men, and has been provided with steam heating apparatus, the steam being furnished from the same boiler which does the pumping and seine hauling. During the summer-and fall considerable work has been done to- ward the construction of an apron for landing the seine. This impor- tant work, however, had to be intermitted on account of the ice, but sufficient has been done to insure its completion in the early spring—in time to be available for the fishing during the coming season. The northern pier has been considerably extended and strengthened during the present year by the force under the direction of Colonel Craighill. This work is important as this pier, as extended, forms, with that already constructed, an outer harbor protected from the ice as well as from the westerly and northerly winds, while the island makes a lee from all easterly winds and the original or southern pier gives thorough protection from those from the south, making a safe mooring for the small boats of the Commission outside of the pool. The pool can here- after be devoted exclusively to the reception and care of the fish taken in the seine. North East River (Md.,) Station.—After the shad work in the Potomac was over the Fish Hawk was moved to Havre de Grace and continued its work in hatching shad. The first eggs were taken May 23 and the work continued until June 12, a total of 2,551,000 eggs having been secured from 191 shad. There were hatched 1,765,000 fish, of which 1,555,000 were returned to the North East River and 210,000 furnished for shipment. About 25,000 eggs which remained on hand June 12 were turned over to Battery Station. In previous reports accounts have been given of the work prosecuted by the United States F'ish Commission at Avoca, N. C., the fishing sta- tion of Doctor Capehart, near the mouth of the Chowan River. This station was not occupied during the season of 1882, but the work there was prosecuted by the North Carolina Commission, under the direction of Mr. 8. G. Worth. The total number of fish hatched was 2,260,000, which were planted in the principal rivers of the State. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXVII The following statement of distribution of shad from 1872 to 1881 may be of interest: He leasedewhere: Nabehed 20. 2245 o sos todos neescm sine ccs cswecesssuiose 93, 041, 450 Hatchedsandsplantedielsewhere -- 2 4.- 2. .2-ciadSscs-< os scc cles sc- ce caee 71, 334, 300 Mosipinybranstb Or ex PSrmMents. <5. a.6- aloe secd sass e since soos ash aees 6 4,515, 100 Sent part way to Germany ..--.. Bane = store etenemra seine Stateless tat eerae 500, 000 PE eR OML GOS eam rasintcrs am stvcie, Seis 3) sh ae miata oats this eee aie eas 169, 390, 850 The aecompanying table gives a summary of the distribution of shad by States. Add the aggregate of this (28,716,000) to the preceding ta- ble, and we have as the total of distribution for the years up to and in- eluding 1882, nearly 200,000,000 to date. Distribution of shad from April 26, 1882, to June 17, 1882, by the United States Fish Com- mission. States. meet Streams stocked. Tieaiee JNA ea or Alabama, Conecuh, Escambia... =..20-<.saccc= sees esas eee 850, 000 IArkansas.-22.22 2222. mae blackmWrashitae ens cao 2< cana liccre Sa coeien comer ne eee 432, 000 Deiaware ...-.....--- aa Naas tC OK OS eee nancy: Socwcc Saw cea ecco meee et oe eee 891, 000 District of Columbia. ia PM AS LOTMP TAM CMY Sas secs clare ale =o nie ob aic.eeia Sonne See eee 3, 050, 000 CGOOLPIA Se) censsce cca: 10 | Chattahoochee, Oconee, Yellow, Coosa, Etowah, Oostanala, 2, 831, 000 Withlacooche, Flint. IE AIMICAR AR KN ene Soe cere a cmiraiae let nw cia ws ws ws eeniodinn Seen 145, 000 IS ANDAs Hes cent eh mecrseate goes cess nese ee ca canes aan eee 145, 000 1 [PADIS MENON mes soscnd Soe ece beieoabs ssebedooee sree eteieret eee 958, 000 5 | Smoky Hill, Saline, Solomon, Republican, Big Blue....... 222, 000 5 | Kentucky, Cumberland, Salt, Green, Barren. 1, 900, 000 2 | Sebastacoock, Mattawamkeag...............- 475, 000 Maryland. ....-----.. 19 | Potomac, Susquehanna, North East........-.- 7, 769, 000 ING Dy Noh ae Sa eat. EMMOsOM setae setae bon. Woces onset ae netdoe ney ene 983, 000 RAHIO Sy 6S) co sacs Sc cee 4 | Sandusky, Muskingum, Scioto, Hockhocking ............. 1, 595, 000 South Carolina ...... Srl ebroad ee cries oe eeba se cba cs esas ool woes ohaee mae oaereeenG 497, 000 Tennessee .....-..-.. Wa Plennesse@rassh. sfsocci-eaa- 2 2n3 = sie oees ooatn oomeonser eee 400, G00 PREXASE Ss. cccalces eos Sn pC OlLOrado bio CVpress; Urinibycs cease ce nee eae ee eens 1, 518, 000 WARPINIA a= oc = osc o- 18 | Quantico, Rappahannock, Appomattox, Shenandoah, Ri- 3, 605, 000 vanna. West Virginia. ...... Pe OUIOs POLOMAaG. 2252255455 S hese seeks eae a cco. see 450, 000 ALT el WiecSern can SaSe Soboe EGSRSE COOMSU DOE EOE con COnOSe SAN cee Scot enOOS 28, 716, 000 i. The Potomac Herring (Clupea vernalis). ; Quantico Station—A Jarge number of herring as well as of shad eggs were taken by the Fish Hawk while anchored at Quantico. The oppor- tunity was utilized to make some experiments in hatching these eggs. Between April 12 and May 9 there were taken 677 ripe male herring and 644 females. These furnished 66,206,000 embryonized eggs. Although most of these were killed by the cold water, 7,883,000 were success- fully hatched and for the most part returned to the river. Two millions were, however, deposited in the Colorado River, at Austin, Tex., on the 2d of May, in hopes of establishing the species in the Gulf of Mexico. LXXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Record of herring-hatching operations conducted by the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, United States Navy, commanding, at Quantico Creek, from April 12 to May 9, 1882. Used for ex- | Herring taken. Be itnnca Eggs periments Date. obtained. | E828 lost. te and sent to Males. | Females. r armory. 1882. April 12 3 2 40, 000 B00 | oo once cae in| oe eee 3 3 100, 000 B00! \-cucssweeece|s ee ceeeeeeeee 13 3 4 250, 000 St 0D! | mia wioreia olseinnl mixin ele ee 13 2 3 50, 000 AN500)| i cecectececs [Se ccet sees 14 29 24 2° 200,:000) |' 32; 20050000). omen nnemawa| sabe see 15 24 22 1, 330, 000 URS BAU Oe ee Ss o8| ecg 5 sco) oc- 16 7 6 600, 000 COURTS RSS Sopeoseo Posecogoceac 7 17 52 55 el) 6:800;.000)| 67800); 000)| seseseseee: | Senne enema 18 7 S$ ||| 1,4004000"||) 11¢400;(000))|2325ee=s505|beae eee 18 12 HO 1}: 4140005000 li: sseetsesces|t acta cece 1, 000, 000 19 5 5] DOO O00 eaaeccere oc |ooeee seeeee 2, 100, 000 20 2 2 oa 21 29 27 23 15 15 24 23 19 25 63 64 26 46 47 27 48 45 28 93 82 29 25 23 30 15 15 30 15 15 May 1 61 57 3 31 33 4 6 4 5 3 4 Diloseocesed) Sadetaose 7 14 15 1,400,000 | 3,400,000 | 2,700,000 |.......--..-.. 8 29 25 2,800;000) |) -2s'800) C00) ilce ci snamin seo eee 9 12 10 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 |............ 2, 000, 000 677 644 | 66, 206, 0C0 | 53,223,000 | 7, 883, 000 5, 100, 000 j. The Carp (Cyprinus carpio). The Washington Stations—The service of the United States carp ponds has been faithfully superintended during the year by Mr. R. Hessel, under whose charge they were originally laid out, and who has had di- rection of them ever since. In addition to rendering this station a sery- iceable one, considerabie attention has been paid to landscape effects by the proper arrangement of islands and ponds, and also by the in- troduction of plants, which, while having a beneficial relationship to the fish, add to the attractions of the place. The ponds are all very beautiful in their general effect, and in time will doubtless be pre-emi- nent in this regard. The water-lily group, especially those belonging to the genera Nym- phea and Nelumbiwm, have been particularly cultivated, so that there is quite a large number of rare species represented. The advice of Mr. J. F. Olmstead, the landscape engineer, was ob- tained in regard to certain ponds which could be used by skaters. For the purpose of aiding in the means of amusement to the citizens of Washington, one of the reserve ponds is usually prepared for the use of skaters by removing the fish and keeping the water up to the proper level. Some years there is not ice enough to allow this amusement, 4 jar - > REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXIX but the surface of the pond was sufficiently covered to allow skating on the 3d of January, and for some considerable time subsequently. The ponds were a second time frozen over on the 9th of December and became again the resort of a large number of people. As a return for favors extended to the Deutsche Fischerei-Verein, Herr von Behr forwarded a number of blue carp, a variety believed to be of particular interest, and which has not been heretofore cultivated by the Commission. These arrived on January 4, and on examination of them by Mr. Hessel nineteen were found to be pure blood, and were placed in the ponds. Four hybrids were destroyed. It may be stated in this connection that for several years a night heron and a bald eagle have been kept alive in cages and fed with refuse and hybrid fish, thus adding to the interest of the station. These same fish were also fed to the terrapin and turtles, kept in their special ponds. : The drawing of the ponds for the purpose of removing the carp is always an occasion of much interest, large numbers of persons usually resorting to the ponds to witness it. At the drawing on the 1st of April the President and many members of Congress were present. Distribution of carp.—In this distribution it was necessary to provide for the supply of nearly 10,000 applicants, located in all sections of the United States. To make it by messenger shipments, as in previous years, would have involved an expense considerably exceeding the en- tire amount appropriated for the propagation and distribution of this fish. It was determined, therefore, as far as practicable, to make the distribution by means of car and éxpress shipments. For this purpose centers of distribution convenient to one or more States wére established, to which the fish were sent in bulk, and thence distributed to appli- cants by express. The cost of the movement of the fish from Washington to the centers of distribution thus established was paid by the United States Fish Com- mission, the small express charges thence to destination being paid by applicant. This method was adopted in order to place all applicants, however distant they might be from Washington, upon the same foot- ing so far as expense was concerned. In anticipation of the opening of the season a new car with refriger- ating compartments had been constructed according to plans furnished by Mr. Frank S. Eastman, engineer officer of the Commission. The old car was also remodeled in its interior arrangements so as to conform essentially in construction to the new car. The season opened with a car shipment to Boston, in which arrange- ments were made for the supply of all applicants in the New England States, New York, and Northern New Jersey. From this time to the close of the season the cars were in continual movement, the theater of distribution being transferred further and further to the south as the winter advanced, the last movement of car No. 1 being to San Fran- LXXX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. cisco, Cal., with carp for the supply of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington Territory. The following summary of distribution will be of interest: Carp were sent into two hundred and ninety-eight of the three hun- dred and one* Congressional districts, and into 1,478 counties. There were 260,000 carp distributed, in lots of 20, to 9,872 applicants, resid- ing at an average distance of 916 miles from Washington, the extreme points supplied being Southern California, Oregon, and Washington Territory, which were reached by special messenger from San Fran- cisco. The total mileage traversed, counting all as single shipments from Washington to destination, was 9,045,000 miles. The distance traversed by the cars in making this distribution was 34,502 miles, of which car No. 1 traveled 20,601 and car No. 2, 13,901 miles. Details of this work will be found in the report of Col. M. McDonald, chief of division of distribution. k. The Codfish (Gadus morrhua). The Fulton Market (New York) Station.—The experiment of hatching cod at Wood’s Holl, Mass., having been seriously interfered with by the extreme cold of the winter of 1881, it was deemed advisable to make Fulton Market, New York, an experimental station. To this point con- siderable numbers of cod are brought alive by the fishing smacks, which capture them in the neighborhood of Block Island. Mr. E. G. Blackford, one of the commissioners of fisheries of the State of New York, and a large fish dealer of Fulton Market, having every opportunity of observing the condition of the fish arriving at this mar- ket, and informing himself of the occurrence of spawning fish, was re- quested to notify us when ripe fish appeared, and arrangements were made to send on expert fish culturists for the purpose of establishing an experimental station. As this was impracticable of accomplishment in the immediate vi- cinity, on account of the foulness, and its lack of proper salinity, in the water around the docks of New York, it was necessary to collect the eggs at Fulton Market and transfer them to some other point. It was therefore decided to try first the experiment of bringing the eggs to Washington, and using sea water brought from Chesapeake Bay, and also artificially prepared water from the sea salt, in their development at the Central Station ; second, if this did not prove feasible, another experiment was deemed worthy of test, viz, after collecting the eggs in New York, to transfer them to the hatching steamer Fish Hawk, which would be stationed for the purpose in the lower part of Chesa- peake Bay, where the dangers from encountering ice would be compara- tively small. If either of these experiments should result favorably, the multiplica- *Those not supplied were the second district of Rhode Island and the sixth and seventh of New Jersey, from which no applications were entered. 0 eeu ” REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXXI tion of cod and their transfer to limits further south than their present habitdts, could be done at comparatively small cost, and to an almost unlimited extent. Preliminary arrangements were also made looking to the transfer of the live parent cod direct from the fishing banks where they were taken, to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay near Norfolk, where they could be kept in cars until the eggs became mature in the ovaries. This had been attempted the previous season at Wood’s Holl, but the forming of “anchor” ice in the Little Harbor (which is fatal to the fish) had in- terrupted the work. This last experiment was postponed, as it was attended with considerably more cost than the hatching operations con- templated in Washington and on the Fish Hawk. On the 14th of February, among the cod captured in the neighbor- hood of Block Island, were found several with the ovaries sufficiently mature and about four millions of eggs were taken on that date, but a comparatively small number of these proved to be properly impregnated, as ripe male fish were exceedingly scarce. The first lot of eggs, received February 16, at Central Station, was a total loss. This was attributed to the apparatus in which they were transmitted from New York. Several lots in hermetically sealed vessels at a very low degree of temperature arrived in a very much better con- dition. The development was carried forward eleven days, at which time the fish were plainly visible in the eggs. Although lost at this stage it was considered quite encouraging that eggs which had been transported so far and subjected to such varying conditions attained this degree of maturity. About this time Prof. John A. Ryder was sent to New York to watch the development of the eggs, with instructions to reserve samples from the different lots for development on the spot, and ascertain, if possible, the cause of the mortality, and to learn with accuracy the stage at which the eggs died. On the 25th of February the Fish Hawk was ordered to proceed from Washington to the mouth of the Potomac River, with instructions to examine certain oyster beds of Chesapeake Bay in that neighborhood, and set her nets in order to ascertain whether there was any movement of fish in the bay. Her tanks having been supplied with salt water, advantage was taken of this opportunity for testing the second experi- ment. She sailed on the above-mentioned date with a large number of cod eggs immediately after their arrival from New York. These died within twenty-four hours of their transfer to the hatching apparatus. The full details of this experiment will be found in the extract given below from Captain Tanner’s report.* *On the 25th of February there were received on board 1,000,000 cod eggs from the United States Fish Commission, which were placed in spawning pans with artificial sea water for transportation to Chesapeake Bay, when they were to be placed in the S. Mis. 46 ——y1 LXXXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF -FISH AND FISHERIES, By this time the season had so far advanced that there was little prospect of obtaining material for further experiment, so the force was recalled from New York, and the cod work discontinued for the season. The experiments made by the Commission clearly show that special preparations must be made for collecting and keeping the parent cod- fish for a considerable time and in suitable water. It is hoped and be- lieved that the arrangement proposed for the Wood’s Holl Station will answer every purpose, and that in a few years the work will be a com- plete success. Much interest has been excited both in Europe and America by the experiment of the Commission with codfish, and the commissioners of several foreign governments have asked permission to witness them. A similar favor was asked by Mr. Harvey, of Saint John, Newfound- land. At the proper time it will, of course, be a pleasure to welcome any one to the station desirous of seeing it operated. m. The Striped Bass (Roccus lineatus). It was not possible to accomplish anything during the year in refer- ence to the artificial propagation of the striped bass, no localities pre- senting themselves of sufficient promise to warrant the establishment of hatching stations. The success, however, of the experiment made a few years ago of the transportation by Mr. Livingston Stone, of the United States Fish Commission, of striped bass to California, has in- duced the commissioners of that State to renew their efforts, and Mr. Woodbury was sent East to obtain afresh supply of the young fry. cones for hatching, using water from the bay. About 75 per cent. of the eggs ap- peared to be alive when they were brought on board. At 12.50 p. m. on the date above mentioned, we left the navy-yard and steamed down the Potomac River; at 10.45 p. m. anchored in Cornfield Harbor. The cod eggs were distributed among three cones and one glass aquarium, the water of the bay and river being used; they sank to the bottom, showing that the specific gravity was much less than that of sea water. They were then treated as shad eggs, the feed water being admitted at the base, and discharged through the gauge at the top of the cone in the usual manner. The aquarium was covered with one thickness of white bunting, which prevented oscillation by the motion of the vessel, and allowed the water to escape freely. A quarter-inch glass tube was intro- duced as a feed-pipe, and the discharge took place through the bunting cover. The temperature of the water was 40° F. at the surface, and 41° F. in the cones. On the 26th, about 60 per cent. of the eggs seemed to be alive, although little or no development had taken place since the day before. They sank promptly, and the ordinary water feed for shad hatching would not keep them at the surface. When the eggs were received on board they were 0.06 of an inch in diameter, germinal disk, +4, of an inch, the live eggs seeming to be healthy. During this day, the germinal disk appeared to have contracted, and the proportion of dead eggs rapidly increased. On the morning of the 27th, there were but few cod eggs alive, and they were in an abnormal condition, the germinal disk distorted, shrunk, and shriveled. At 9.10 p. m. no good cod eggs were to be found in the cones. On the 1st of March all the dead cod eggs were thrown overboard and the tank, cones, &c., cleaned and properly cared for. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXXIIE Guided by information from Mr. Blackford, Mr. Woodbury obtained, at Red Bank, N. J., on July 13, yearlings from 4 to 5 inches in length. No fish of the year’s spawning were obtained. Several hundreds of these were successfully transported to California and placed in waters there by Mr. Woodbury. n. The Black Bass (Micropterus). In accordance with the policy of the Fish Commission, no special ef- forts have been made looking toward the introduction of the black bass ‘into new waters of the United States. All that has been done in this respect has been performed either by State commissioners or by in- dividuals. Without pretending to decide as to the expediency of such introduction, the United States Fish Commission has surrendered this department as stated. Its intervention, however, has been invoked by various parties abroad, and on the 2d of July arrangements were made to supply Count von Dem Borne, of Germany, with a quantity of these fish. On September 30, Mr. William T. Silk reached New York to ob- tain bass for Lord Exeter, of England, from whom he brought letters. Mr. Silk was placed in communication with Mr. E. G. Blackford, who assisted him in securing a supply from Greenwood Lake. These were carried to England with but little loss, and divided between several parties who had made preparations to take care of them. n. The White Perch (Morone americanas). The Quantico Station.—During the stay of the Fish Hawk at Quan- tico there were taken in the shad seines 34 male perch and 39 female in a ripe condition. These yielded 1,630,000 embryonized eggs. From these eggs there were hatched 180,000 fry, which were deposited in Quantico Creek. Record of perch-hatching operations conducted by the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, United States Navy, commanding, at Quantico Creek, from April 12 to May 5, 1882. Perch taken. : Meow ob Returned} Used in Date. tamed, | Eggs lost. | to local | experi- Male. | Female. j _waters. | ments. 1882. Apr. 12 1 3 40, 000 LOS OOO Soret stare testa eraler as 15 2 2 50, 000 TUMOI DA acne Ebel lace coe sed 17 2 2 100, 000 | HOOO0G) Ciara aera a |aaeee cima se 18 4 3 ODK OO DR omtineeiaemin =| snes miata 100, 000 19 ate 1 A UOOW pereiaseteyeiats allteterelere octets 40, 000 20 4 3 150, 000 150, 000 0; O00) |taere'a mate 20 2 1 100, 000 THATS LIU [eg gee ed (eS Sle 21 1 2 50, 000 BUSOOON | Raasat coe meme cataeee 22 1 1 50, 000 BOF OUD | cereale eee ete aia ma mle 26 1 2 25, 000 25, 000 aici ce abe o 2bde coos aber Eeoo COC OCSUSREOR cHoreT Pollock Rip oe station, Speen to Vineyard Sound: Joseph Allen, jr., South Yarmouth, Mase. 22s )co5 0. os. me's cewn wo codes oes Nantucket New South Shoal light-station, Davis New South Shoal: Andrew J. Sandsbury, Nantucket, Araceae Bees ee ee osiecisisiSekaain cisco Cross Rip light-station, Vineyard Sound: ninermE laced cer Chatham Mags...) ss cseneteceieecmiccnisica snc ee ceiecee es Buoy Depot, Government wharf, office inspector second division: Benjamin J. Kdwards, Wood’s Holl, Mass ...... .---2. .--- --2- eces-0-- Sue om Vineyard Sound light-station, Sow and Pigs Rocks: William H. Doane, 13 Milk street, New Bedford, Mass .............----.--2-- Brenton’s Reef light-station, off Brenton’s Reef and Newport Harbor: Chanless ig Manrsh eNew porte hh. Ls)o2 <0 ..c cs smertcceneteeeeelaate seater a te alese Block Island light-house, southeast end of Block Island: Hy WeClank “Block Island, (Rs ds: 22). 2-2 -~2s2 43, sleet ets ees soleciaeiae Bartlett’s Reef light-station, Long Island Sound: DanieliG Linker New, London, Conn... .):2 <2. s(- = sscate escmseatecise uel seni Stratford Shoals light-house, Middle Ground, Long Island Sound : Ie Shoe SCOtl mi ONG GMETSOM Ny Yo-tals)=efe(- sae) = =ainleemaleeniceene et eeaisas care Fire Island light-house, south side of Long Island: SMe UD DATs Ia VA SOLO, Ne Vca- oc Sete een 12 Carysfort Reef light-house, Florida Reefs: ‘ Hoe epost, Key West, Fla. --.-.--.0- eesven cece smenscebe so2-ssnkaeee em 12 Dry Tortugas light-house, Loggerhead Key : ; Rober. Phompson, Key West, Pla cei soe coe eee eae aoe ee eee 12 27.—LIST OF RAILROADS GRANTING BAGGAGE-CAR FACILITIES IN 1882, During the present year a large number of railroads have accorded the facilities for carrying fish in baggage cars and for stopping trains at bridges so as to deposit young fish. The list is given herewith, and the most hearty acknowledgment made of their interest and co-opera- tion. Alabama Great Southern Railroad Company. Charles B. Wallace, superintendent, Chattanooga, Tenn. Associated Railways of Virginia and the Carolinas. A. Pope, general passenger agent, Richmond, Va. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad. W.S. Mellen, assistant general mana- ger, Topeka, Kans. Atlanta and West Point Railroad. A. J. Orme, general passenger agent, Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. Thomas M. King, general superintendent Pittsburgh division; B. Dunham, superintendent Trans-Ohio division; W. M. Clem- ents, master of transportation. Boston and New York Air-Line Railroad Company. J.H. Franklin, superintend- ent, New Haven, Conn. Boston and Albany Railroad. C. 0, Russell, superintendent, Springfield, Mass. Boston and Providence Railroad Company. . A. A. Folsom, superintendent, Boston, Mass. Burlington and Missouri River Railroad in Nebraska. G. W. Holdrige, general superintendent, Omaha. Carolina Central Railroad. W.Q. Johnson, general superintendent, Wilmington, NC. Central Railroad of New Jersey. James Moore, general superintendent and engi- neer, Elizabeth, N. J.; F.S. Lathrop, receiver. Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia. William Rogers, general su- perintendent, Savannah, Ga. Central Vermont Railroad Company. J. W. Hobart, general superintendent, Saint Albans, Vt. Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad Company. T.M.R. Talcott, general manager; A. Pope, general passenger agent, Richmond, Va. Cheraw and Darlington, and Cheraw and Salisbury Railroads. J.F. Divine, gen- eral superintendent; A. Pope, general passenger agent, Richmond, Va. Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company. C.W. Smith, general manager, Rich- mond, Va. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Company. A. Kimball, general superin- tendent, Davenport, Iowa. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXXIX Chicago and Alton Railroad. J.C.MeMullin, general manager, Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Saint Louis and New Orleans Railroad Company. W.H. Osborn, presi- dent; J C. Clarke, vice-president and general manager, New York. Chicago and Northwestern Railway. I. D. Layng, general superintendent, Chi- cago, Ill. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company. T. J. Potter, general man- ager, Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad, and North Wisconsin Rail- road. Charles F. Hatch, general superintendent, Saint Paul, Minn. Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton; Dayton and Michigan; Cincinnati, Hamilton and Indianapolis; and Cincinnati, Richmond and Chicago Railroads. L. Williams, general manager, Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland Railroad. D. W. C. Brown, general manager and superintendent, Springfield, Ohio. Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Company. E. B. Thomas, general manager, Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland, Mount Vernon and Columbus Railroad Company. G. A. Jonas, receiver, Mount Vernon, Ohio. Columbia and Greenville Railroad. T.M.R. Talcott, general manager, Richmond, Va. Connecticut River Railroad. J. Mulligan, superintendent, Springfield, Mass. Delaware and Chesapeake Railway. O. S. Sandford, superintendent, Easton, Md. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Samuel Sloan, president, New York. East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. John F. O’Brien, chief engineer and superintendent, Knoxville, Tenn. European and North American Railroad. F. W. Cram, superintendent, Bangor, Me. Fitchburg Railroad Company. John Adams, general superintendent, Boston, Mass. Flint and Pere Marquette Railway. Sanford Keeler, superintendent, East Sagi- naw, Mich. Florida Central Railroad Company. W. M. Davidson, superintendent, Jackson- ville, Fla. . Fort Wayne and Jackson Railroad Company. M. D. Woodford, general superin- tendent, Jackson, Mich. Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad Company. James Converse, gen- eral superintendent, Georgia Railroad Company. E.R. Dorsey, general freight and passenger agent, Augusta, Ga. | Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific Railroad. M. D. Monserrate, general superin- tendent, Cuero, Tex. Hannibal and Saint Joseph Railroad Company. W. R. Woodard, superintendent, Hannibal, Mo. Hartford and Connecticut Valley Railroad Company. Samuel Babcock, president, Hartford, Conn. Houston and Texas Central Railroad. G. Jordan, vice-president, Houston, Tex. Indianapolis and Saint Louis Railroad Company. E. B. McClure, general superin- tendent, Indianapolis, Ind. Illinois Central Railroad Company. Joseph F. Tucker, traffic manager, Chicago, Ill. Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. John P. Laird, superintendent, Tal- lahassee, Fla. Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad ; Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern Railroad. L.W. Towne, superintendent, Kansas City, Mo. “XC REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Kansas City, Saint Joseph and Council Bluffs Railroad Company. I. F. Barnard, * general superintendent, Saint Joseph, Mo. Keokuk and Saint Louis Line. J. H. Best, general freight and passenger agent, J. W. Smith, superintendent, Keokuk, Lowa. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad. P. P. Wright, ge:.eral superintend- - ent, Cleveland, Ohio. Little Rock and Fort Smith Railway. Theodore Hartman, general superintendent, Little Rock, Ark. Louisville and Nashville Railroad. D. W.C. Rowland, general superintendent, “Louisville, Ky. Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad. William Rogers, general superintendent, Mont- Ygomery, Ala. Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad. J. H. Stewart, receiver, Cincinnati, Ohio. Memphis and Little Rock Railroad. E. K. Sibley, general manager, Little Rock, Ark. Missouri Pacific Railway. A. A. Talmage, general manager, Saint Louis, Mo. Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad. M. Burke, general superintendent, Memphis, Tenn. Mobile and Ohio Railroad. A. L. Rives, general manager, Mobile, Ala. Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis Railway. J. W. Thomas, general superin- tendent, Nashville, Tenn. New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad. B. Thomas, superintendent of trans- portation, New York. New York and New England Railroad Company. A. C. Kendall, general passenger agent; O.M. Shepard, superintendent of transportation, Boston; J. H. Wilson, vice- "president. New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company. E. M. Reed, vice-presi- dent, New York. New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. P.D. Cooper, general superintendent, 4Neveland, Ohio. Northern Central Railway Company; Baltimore and Potomac Railroad; and Alexan- ‘dria and Fredericksburg Railway. J.R. Wood, general passenger agent, Philadel- phia, Pa. Northeastern Railroad of Georgia. H.R. Bernard, superintendent, Athens, Ga. Ohio and Mississippi Railway Company. W.W. Peabody, general superintendent, Cincinnati, Ohio. Old Colony Railroad Company. J.R. Kendrick, superintendent, Boston, Mass. Pennsylvania Company. D.W.Caldwell, general manager, Pittsburgh, Pa. Pennsylvania Railroad Company. J.R. Wood, general passenger agent, Philadel- phia, Pa. Petersburg Railroad Company. R. M. Sully, general superintendent, Petersburg, Va. Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Saint Louis Railway Company. D. W. Caldwell, gen- eral manager, Columbus, Ohio. Richmond and Danville Railroad. T. M. R. Talcott, general manager, Richmond, Va. Richmond and Petersburg Railroad Company. Theo, D. Kline, general superin- tendent, Richmond, Va. Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Company. E.T. D. Myers, gen- eral superintendent, Richmond, Va. Savannah, Griffin and North Alabama Railroad. William Rogers, general superin- tendent, Savannah, Ga. Savannah and Memphis Railroad Company. W. C. Fowler, cashier, Opelika, Ala. Savannah and Charleston Railroad Company. C. 8. Gadsden, engineer and super- antendent, Charleston, S. C. _ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XCI Savannah, Florida and Western Railway Company. R. G. Fleming, superintendent, Savannah, Ga. Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad Company; Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Company ; Raleigh and Augusta Air-Line Railroad Company; Baltimore Steam Packet Com- pany; Albemarle Steam Navigation Company. John M. Robinson, president, Balti- more, Md. Southwestern Railroad of Georgia. William Rogers, superintendent, Macon, Ga. South Carolina Railroad. John B. Peck, general superintendent, Charleston, S. C. Saint Louis and San Francisco Railway. C. W. Rogers, general manager, Saint Louis, Mo. Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway. H.M. Hoxie, general manager, Saint Louis, Mo. Saint Paul, Minneapolisand Manitoba Railway. A. Manvel, assistant general man- ager, Saint Paul, Minn. Texas and Pacific Railway Company. George Noble, general superintendent, Mar- shall, Tex. Texas and New Orleans Railroad. J. F. Crosby, vice-president and general man- ager, Houston, Tex. Union Pacific Railway. Thomas L. Kimball, assistant general manager, Omaha. Virginia Midland Railway Company. W. M.S. Dunn, engineer and superintendent, Alexandria, Va. Vandalia Line; Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad Company. OD. W. Caldwell, general manager, Saint Louis, Mo. Vicksburg and Meridian Railroad Company. E. F.Raworth, general superintend- ent, Vicksburg, Miss. Wabash, Saint Louis and Pacific Railway. John C. Gault, general manager, Saint Louis, Mo. Western and Atlantic Railroad Company. William MacRae, general manager, At- lanta, Ga, Western North Carolina Railroad. James W. Wilson, president, Morganton, N.C. Western Railroad of Alabama. Cecil Gabbett, general manager, Montgomery, Ala. West Jersey Railroad Company, passenger department. L. P. Farmer, general pas- senger agent, Philadelphia, Pa. Western Maryland Railroad Company. J.M. Hood, general manager, Baltimore, Md. Wilmington and Weldon; and Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta Railroads. A. Pope, general passenger ae ET Sc N.C.; John F. Divine, general super- intendent. Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. F.N. Finney, general manager, Milwaukee, Wis. 28.—LIST OF RAILROADS THAT MOVED CARS, AND MESSENGERS TO THE NUMBER OF FIVE ACCOMPANYING, AT THE RATE OF TWENTY CENTS A MILE DURING THE YEAR 1882. Alabama Great Southern Railway; Chattanooga, Tenn. Atlanta and West Point Railroad; Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; Baltimore, Md. Chesapeake and Ohio Railway; Richmond, Va. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad; Chicago, Ill. Chicago and Northwestern Railway; Chicago, II. Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Saint Louis and Chicago Railway; Cincinnati, Ohio. Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo Railway; Columbus, Ohio. East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad; Knoxville, Tenn. Georgia Railroad; Augusta, Ga. XCII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES» Illinois Central Railroad; Chicago, Tl. Louisville and Nashville Railroad; Louisville, Ky. Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad (now Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore); Cincinnati, Ohio. Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railroad; Minneapolis, Minn. Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis Railway; Nashville, Tenn. New York and New England Railroad; Boston, Mass. New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad; New York, N. Y. Pennsylvania Railroad; Philadelphia, Pa. Pennsylvania Company : Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railway; Louisville, Ky. Pittsburg, Cincinnati and Saint Louis Railway ; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway ; Petersburg Railroad; Petersburg, Va. Raleigh and Gaston Railroad; Raleigh, N.C. Richmond and Danville Railway; Richmond, Va. Richmond and Petersburg Railroad; Richmond, Va. Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad; Richmond, Va. Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad; Terre Haute, Ind. Virginia Midland Railway; Alexandria, Va. Western Railroad of Alabama; Montgomery, Ala. APPENDIX A. IREPORT ON THE WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION STEAMER FISH HAWK FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1882, AND ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STEAMER ALBATROSS, By Ligvt. Z. L. TANNER, U. 8S. N., COMMANDING. At the close of my last report, the Fish Hawk was at the United States navy-yard, Washington, D. C., where she remained until Feb- ruary 25. During this time, the crew were employed in cleaning and refitting the ship in preparation for the season’s work. On that date, there were received on board 1,000,000 cod eggs from the United States - Fish Commission, which were placed in spawning pans with artificial sea water for transportation to Chesapeake Bay, when they were to be placed in the cones for hatching, using water from the bay. About 75 per cent. of the eggs appeared to be alive when they were brought on board. At 12.50 p. m. on the date above mentioned, with Oaptain Collins, an experienced fisherman, on board, we left the navy-yard and steamed down the Potomac River; at 10.45 p. m., anchored in Cornfield Harbor. The cod eggs were distributed among three cones and one glass aqua- rium, the water of the bay and river being used; they sank to the bottom, showing that the specific gravity was much less than that of sea water. They were then treated as shad eggs, the feed water being admitted at the base, and discharged through the gauze at the top of the cone in the usual manner. The aquarium was covered with one thickness of white bunting, which prevented oscillation by the motion of the vessel, and allowed the water to escape freely. A quarter-inch glass tube was introduced as a feed-pipe, and the discharge took place through the bunting cover. The temperature of the water was 40° F. at the surface, and 41° F, in the cones. On the 26th, about 60 per cent. of the eggs seemed to be alive, but little or no development had taken place since the day before. They sank promptly, and the ordinary feed for shad hatching would not keep them at the surface. When the eggs were received on board, they were 0.06 of an inch in diameter, germinal disk, ;3; of an inch, the live eggs seeming to be healthy. During this day, the germinal disk appeared to have con- tracted, and the proportion of dead eggs rapidly increased. Gill nets were set at different places on the 26th, and taken up on the 27th. Large numbers of meduse were found in them, but no fish. Lij 3 4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] On the morning of the 27th, there were but few cod eggs alive, and they were in an abnormal condition, the germinal disk distorted, shrunk, and shriveled. At 1.50 p.m. on the 27th, got under way, and examined the oyster beds between Saint Jerome’s Creek and Point No Point. Scattering oysters were found in 3 fathoms and upwards, but none at a less depth, large quantities of grass being brought up. At 3 p. m., started for Barren Island, the cutter with nets having been sent on ahead. Arriving off the latter place, the nets were sent in 20 fathoms, and we came to anchor opposite Drum Point, Patuxent River. At 9.10 p. m. no good cod eggs were to be found in the cones. On the morning of the 28th the nets were taken up, and twenty-two young menhaden were found in them. These measured from 3 to 8 ‘inches in length, and were all caught by the mouth, the fine twine en- tering between the upper and lower jaw, after which the fish became more thoroughly entangled in the meshes. At 10 a.m. got underway, and lowered the dredge in 6 fathoms of water, Drum Point bearing NE., and one-half a mile distant, to try the bottom. Six hauls of the dredge and trawl were made between this position and 2 miles N. N.E. of Smith’s Point, the depth varying from 22 to 25 fathoms. Brought up small numbers of crawfish, young her- ring, menhaden, and shrimp. Anchored for the night in Cornfield Harbor. On the 1st of March all the dead cod eggs were thrown overboard and the tank, cones, &c., cleaned and properly cared for. On the 2d, we examined the oyster-bed between Smith’s Creek and Cornfield Point. We found the bivalves few in number and very small. The average was about a bushel of marketable oysters at each haul. At 8.15 took up nets set off Point Lookout on the evening of the © 28th. They were considerably fouled on account of the rough water, but received no material damage. ‘There were large numbers of medusz in the nets, but no signs of fish. At 9.40 stopped off Smith’s Point, and commenced taking up the nets set on the 28th. Two nets were entirely destroyed, one slightly damaged, and one uninjured. They broke adrift from the weather: anchor, and drifted afoul of the lee mooring, where they became twisted and tangled by tide and sea. They were more or less injured also by dragging over oyster shells on the bottom. There were no signs of fish; nothing, in fact, but a little coral and a few oysters. At 11.20 lowered the dredge to ascertain if there were any life in the sand and mud of the bottom, Smith’s Point bearing 8S. by W. § W., 14 miles distant, depth of water 11 fathoms. Four casts of the trawl and dredge were taken between this position and 1 mile S.S8.W. of the southern point of Tangier Island, the depth varying between 94$ and 20 fathoms, Oyster shells, small shrimp, a few worms, and worm tubes, small shells, &c., were brought up. ) i at [3] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. 5 On the 3d we took up the nets which had been set the night before, and found them full of grass, coral, &c., but no fish. The tide had drifted them somewhat out of place. As soon as the nets were on board, we started for Fortress Monroe for provisions, leaving there at 2.30 p. m. for Cherrystone Inlet. At 4,30 set four nets in 25 fathoms of water, Cherrystone Light-house bear- ing E. by 8., and 2 miles distant. At 6.20 p. m. arrived at the wharf, where we made fast for the night. As it was too rough to take up the nets on the 4th, we remained at the wharf taking the opportunity to overhaul and repair fishing gear. The engineers department made some repairs on the boilers in Kimber- ly’s oyster-packing establishment. The nets were taken up during the afternoon of the 5th and found to be badly bunched together, but they contained 50 dogfish and 1 menhaden about 6 inches long. The stomachs of 20 dogfish were preserved in alcohol ; the menhaden was also preserved and 6 dogfish were placed on the ice to be transferred to the Museum. ‘The ovaries of the dog-fish were not at all developed. On the 6th, the nets set the day before were taken up but they con- tained no fish. At 9 a.m. lowered the trawl in 25 fathoms of water, sandy bottom, and dragged into 12 fathoms, Cherrystone Light-house bearing E. by N., distant 2 miles. Three hauls of the trawl were taken during the day between this position and one at which the same light-house bore SE. by E. 4 E., distant 3 miles, the depths varying between those given above. At10 a.m. steamed ahead full speed for Saint Jerome’s Creek, where ’ wearrived at 3.40. Sent on shore for the mail, and at 4 p. m. started for Annapolis, having received instructions to that effect. At 10.35 p.m. anchored off the harbor. At 9a.m. on the 7th got under way and steamed up the Severn River, anchoring off the city wharf, Annapolis. Remained here until 9.30 a.m. on the 11th, at which time got under way and steamed to the deep water off Kent Island for the purpose of extending the examination of the ° bottom in maximum depths. At9.50 a.m. cast the trawl in 14 fathoms, Thomas Point Light-house bearing W. S.W. 4 W., distant 2 miles. Seven casts of the dredge and trawl were made during the day between this position and one at which the same light-house bore N. by W. 4 W., distant 43 miles, the-depth varying from 9 to 18 fathoms. We tried the oyster-dredge at several places along the coast of Kent Island with in- different success, and at 4.20 p.m. anchored off the city wharf at An- napolis. At 8.55 a.m.on the 13th, got under way and steamed over to Kent — Island to continue the examination of the bottom in that locality. At 9.45 cast the trawl in 14 fathoms, Sandy Point light-house bearing N. by W. 4 W., and distant 3} miles. Three casts of the trawl were taken between this position and one at which the same light-house bore NW.4W., distant 2} miles, the depth varying from 11 to 15 fathoms. 6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] At 11.45 a. m. lowered the oyster-dredge on the banks off the mouth of Magothy River, where several schooners were dredging. Worked about forty-five minutes, averaging about 1 bushel of marketable oys- ters to 15 of dead shells, the bank having been pretty well dredged out. At 12.40 p. m. started for Annapolis, arriving at 1.35 p. m. On the 21st steamed out with a party of the Maryland legislature and trawled and dredged in the bay to show them how the work was carried on. On the 22d left Annapolis, and on the 23d arrived at Washington. On the 30th coaled ship. From this date till the 10th of April we remained at the navy-yard, making preparations for the hatching sea- son. On the latter date, proceeded to Quantico, Va., and made fast to the railroad wharf. . From the 10th of April until the 10th of May we remained at this port engaged in hatching, with results as shown by the accompanying table. On the latter date proceeded to Washington, and made fast to the wharf at the navy-yard. On the 11th of May sent to the Armory for transportation 2,000,000 young herring and 600,000 young shad. On the 12th put overboard alongside of the ship 23,000 young shad. On the 14th received from the Fish Commission steamer Lookout, 40,000 shad eggs which were placed in cones. On the 16th transferred to Master W. C. Babcock, U. S. N., 200,000 young shad for transportation. On the 22d we left Washington for Havre de Grace, Md., arriving at noon the tollowing day. The vessel was moored at the pier at Battery Station, and her boats, with spawn-takers, sent to the various fishing grounds. Active preparations had been made during the season to haul a seine for the purpose of taking shad and other fish, and confining them in an inclosure until ready for spawning. The first haul was made on the 20th instant, and the fish turned into the pool. Such of the crew of this vessel as were required, were detailed to assist at the seine-hauls and the steam cutter was frequently used for towing the seine-boat. Hauls were made daily, and the fish transferred to the pool, where a small seine was hauled usually once a day, and the fish examined. Those that were in condition for spawning were turned over to the spawn- takers, and the unripe fish were returned to the pool. About 700 shad were placed in the inclosure during the season and subjected to the rough handling of the small seine and manipulation of spawn-takers once a day for three weeks or more without apparent injury; it was observed, however, that wounds did not heal, but became covered with fungus. Although the experiment was made too late in the season to demon- strate the practicability of procuring spawn in that manner; it was clearly shown that, with careful handling, shad could be penned for a considerable period. Quite a number remained in the pool after the close of the hatching.season, and subsequently began feeding; at least that was the supposition, as four were taken with a hook and clam bait [5] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. 7 during the month of August. Shad were seen in the pool as late as No- vember, but were in poor condition and almost covered with fungus. The results of seining at Battery Station will be found in the table appended. On the 14th of June we coaled ship at Havre de Grace, and on the 15th left for Washington, arriving on the 16th. The principal improvement introduced in shad-hatching during the present season on board the Fish Hawk, as shown in Plate 1. Fig. 1, is a vertical sectional view of the base of hatching-cone a a, with base-ring b 6 of cast brass, and goose-neck c, also of cast brass. The improvement referred to consists of the small brass cone d d, in- troduced into the base of the hatching-cone in place of the wire gauze formerly used, for the double purpose of strainer and guard, to prevent the eggs from falling into the goose-neck. The inverted conical surface is ;4; of an inch smaller than the base- ring b b, and has four ribs ,j, of an inch thick, equidistant upon its periphery, which rest on the base-ring above mentioned, forming a chan- nel between the ribs through which the water flows from the goose-neck to the cone. Fig. 2 is a plan view of the base-ring b b, the small cone d, the ribs ee ee, and the water channel ff ff. The hatching capacity of the cones was nearly doubled by the use of this cone, and the labor required in attending them during the hatching process was greatly reduced, as neither goose-neck nor cone required removal for cleaning. The aerators described in my last report were used during the season, and in case it became necessary to crowd the hatching cones with eggs it would be of great service. On the morning of June 19 we left the navy-yard with two United States Fish Commission barges in tow, destined for Saint Jerome’s Creek. We encountered a gale in the Lower Potomac which damaged one of the barges somewhat and forced us to seek a harbor in Smith’s Creek, where we remained till the morning of the 21st, when, the weather having mod- erated, we went to the station at Saint Jerome’s and commenced the task of hauling the barges out on the beach. The machinery barge weighed 65 tons and the other 45, which we found too much for any purchase we had on board, and as the necessary blocks could be found at Annapolis, we left at once for that place, bor- rowed what we required from the Santee and returned at 2 p. m. the following day. Work was resumed at once, and the barges were on the beach and blocked up on the 24th. We then went to the wharf and took on board a quantity of stores, which we delivered at the station, then left for An- napolis to return the blocks borrowed, arriving at 11 p.m. Remained at anchor during the following day, Sunday, returned the blocks on Monday morning, and at 7.45 a.m. left for Point Lookout wharf, where we took in stores for Saint Jerome’s. Returned to that place and anchored for the night. 8 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] The stores were landed the following morning and a working party sent on shore to adjust the machinery of the barge. Nitrate of silver tests were made for salt in the house and barge drive-wells at Saint Jerome’s. Its presence was clearly shown in the cloudiness, bearing a resemblance to skimmed milk. It was not, how- ever, apparent to the taste. ; The afternoon of the 28th and morning of the 29th we were occupied in swinging ship to adjust the compasses. On the latter date we left for Washington, arriving at the navy-yard on the 30th, where we re- mained until the 8th of July, making preparations for the season’s work of deep-sea exploration. At 6.10 a. m. on the latter date we left the navy-yard for Wilming- ton, Del., to deliver anchors and chains, dinghy, galley, and other parts of the equipment of the new Fish Commission steamer Albatross, build- ing at that place. At 8.30 a. m.,on July 10, arrived at the Pusey & Jones Works, Wilmington, discharged freight for the Albatross, and at 10 a. m. the following day left for Washington by way of Havre de Grace and Balti- more. We arrived at Havre de Grace at 7.35a. m. on the 13th; coaled ship, took on board a hoisting engine, launches, boiler, &c., from Battery Station, and at 6.10 a. m. on the 14th left for Baltimore, where we took on board three car-loads of material for a water-tank. At 3.40 p. m. left for Saint Jerome’s, but finding a heavy swell in the bay were obliged to seek a harbor in the mouth of the Patuxent River for the night. On the following morning at daylight we got under way, arriving at Saint Jerome’s at 8.30 a.m. Discharged the freight and left ‘for Washington at 5.30 p. m., arriving at the navy-yard at 11.20 a. m., July 16. Weremained here until the 21st, preparing for the season’s work of deep-sea exploration. ; At 1.10 p. m. on that date left Washington for Wood’s Holl, arriving at 6.10 a. m. on the 24th. Landed outfit, &c., for the Commission, took on board dredging outfit and completed all arrangements for deep-sea work. At 3 p.m. on August 1 we left for a dredging trip, anchoring inside of Monomoy Point for the night. At 5.10 the following morning got under way, and at 7.34 cast the trawl in 55 fathoms of water, Nausett Beacons bearing NW. 4N., distant 10 miles. Work was continued from that point to the Highland Lights. Seven hauls were made during the day, the depth varying from 28 to 84 fathoms. At 2.55 p. m. started for Provincetown, arriving at the latter place at 6 p. m., and made fast to the wharf for the night. At 5.30 on the morning of the 3d left the harbor, and at 6.05 put the trawl over in 35 fathoms, Race Point J,ight-House bearing S. 33° E., distant 2 miles. Six hauls were made during the day between this [7] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. 9 point and the Highland Lights. At 12.20 p.m. started for Wood’s Holl, arriving at 7.55 p. m. This trip was made for the purpose of re-examining certain localities in the vicinity of Provincetown and Chatham, and investigating certain places in the vicinity of Nausett Lights, not previously visited. The naturalists were engaged in the laboratory in examining and pre- serving specimens, and in work about the shores until the 10th, when at 5 p. m. we left the harbor for an off-shore trip. At 5.30 a. m. on the llth the trawl was cast in 65 fathoms, latitude 40° 03’ N., longi- tude 69° 44’ W. Eight hauls of the trawl were made during the day between this position and latitude 39° 53’ N., longitude 69° 43’ W., the depth varying from 65 to 349 fathoms. At 5.55 p.m. started for port, arriving at 7.30 on the morning of the 12th. During the trip the weather was clear and pleasant, with light southerly wind. On the 14th steamed to New Bedford, coaled ship, and returned the following day. On the 18th eight hauls of the trawl were made in Vineyard Sound for the purpose of re-examining certain localities. The naturalists were engaged in the laboratory until the 21st, when at 6.40 p. m. we left the harbor for an off-shore trip. At 5.58 the fol- lowing morning, in latitude 40° 02’ N., longitude 70° 35’ W., depth 116 fathoms, a trawl line was set for tile-fish. At 6.12 cast the trawl in the same vicinity. At meridian the fishing party returned, having caught several hake, large skate, and other fish, but no tile-fish. Twelve casts of the trawl were made between the position given above and latitude 40° 03’ N., longitude 70° 45’ W., the depth varying from 70 to 245 fathoms. During the day the weather was clear and pleas- ant, with a light breeze from east to southeast. Whales and porpoises were seen. At 6.50 p. m. started for port, arriving at 5.15 0n the morn- ing of the 23d. At3p.m.on the 25th left port for an off-shore trip, passing out through the Muskegat Channel. At 6.32 the following morning the trawl was cast in 97 fathoms, latitude 40° 08’ N., longitude 68° 48’ W. Seven casts of the trawl were made during the day between this posi- tion and latitude 40° 03/ N., longitude 68° 56’ W., the depth varying from that above given to 787 fathoms. At 6.50 p. m. started for port, arriving at 9.40 the following morning. At9on the morning of the 28th the United States steamer Talla- poosa arrived, having on board the Hon. W. E. Chandler, Secretary of the Navy, and chiefs of bureaus. At meridian we left the harbor with Professor Baird, the Secretary, and the chiefs of bureaus, for a short trip to show the manner of working the various apparatus used on board. Three casts of the dredge and trawl were made in Vineyard Sound, and at 4.30 p. m. we returned to Wood’s Holl. The Tallapoosa left the harbor at 9.15 the next morning. 10 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] The naturalists were employed in the laboratory until September 2, when at 11.10 we left the harbor and steamed to No Man’s Land. A party was sent on shore to examine a reported rock formation, but nothing of the kind was found. Five hauls of the dredge were made in this vicinity, and at 3.35 started for port, arriving at 6.07 p. m. At 9.30 a, m., September 6, the United States steamer Despatch, hav- ing on board the President of the United States, and accompanied by the Fish Commission steamer Lookout, arrived in the harbor. At merid- ian we left the harbor with the President, Professor Baird, and others on board. To show the former the manner of working the various apparatus, three hauls of the trawl and dredge were made in Menemsha Bight. We reached port at 5.55 p.m., when the President returned to the Despatch. At 5 the next morning the Despatch, with the President on board, got under way and left the harbor. At 3.30 p. m. on.the 7th we left for an off-shore trip. From 8 to 9 p. m. we were steaming through a school of fish. They were first sighted about 12 miles to the southward of No Man’s Land. At daylight the following morning the coast-survey steamer Blake was sighted. At 6 o’clock cast the trawl in 176 fathoms, latitude 39° 40’ N., longi- tude 71° 52’ W. Hight hauls of the trawl were made during the day be- tween this position and latitude 39° 33/ N. longitude 72° 06’ W., the depth varying from 168 to 452 fathoms. During the last haul the trawl net parted from the frame and was lost. The cause was an overload of blue mud which would not wash through and tore the net from the frame. At 7.30 p. m. started for port, arriving at 10.35 the following morn- ing. On the 11th we steamed to New Bedford and coaled ship. The weather was cloudy and rainy during the morning, ending with a fresh gale from the southeast to east. On the 13th we returned to Wood’s Holl. We were detained in port by unfavorable weather until 5 p. m. on October 3, when we left for an off-shore trip. At 6.45 the next morning a fishing party left the ship and set a trawl line in 99 fathoms, latitude 40° N., longitude 70° 37’ W.., for the purpose of taking tile-fish. At 6.30 cast the trawl in 140 fathoms, latitude 39° 58’ N., longitude 70° 37’ W. At 2 p. m. the fishing party returned on board, having taken a large number of hake, skate, and other species, but no tile-fish. Over these grounds where they had been invariably taken before we found no trace of them during the present season. Six hauls of the trawl were made during the day between the position given above and latitude 39° 52’ N., longitude 70° 30’ W., the depth varying from 115 to 554 fathoms. At 6 p. m. stated for port, arriving there at 6 a. m. on the 5th. This [9] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. 11 was the last trip of the season, and preparations were then made for leaving the station. During the 9th and 10th specimens and other ar- ticles were received on board for transportation to Washington. The dredging apparatus worked satisfactorily during the season, and no changes suggested themselves except in the method of registering the Negretti & Zambra deep-sea thermometer. The Tanner case, described in my report of last year, is all that can be desired in the depths usually sought by the Fish Hawk; but, in antici- pation of more extended explorations on board the Albatross, we con- sidered it necessary to devise some method of registering in deep water without the necessity of waiting for the descent of a messenger. The propeller on the Sigsbee water bottle suggested a simple and re- liable method of reversing at any desired depth and would permit the use of any number of instruments in series. I called the attention of Passed Assistant Engineer William L. Bailie to the matter, and he devised the plan shown on Plate II. Fig. 1 shows the instrument clamped to the sounding wire ready for use; Fig. 2 shows a front view of the case, and Fig. 3 a vertical sectional view of the Bailie attachment, which consists of the propeller and slip-hook in- closed in a metal case which screws to the upper end of the Tanner case, the slip-hook having been removed for the purpose. To use the thermometer, clamp it to the sounding wire, as shown in Fig. 1, and the action of the propeller will close the hook and retain the wire during the descent. As soon as the ascent is commenced the pro- peller is set in motion, bringing the screw in the upper end of the spin- dle into action, gradually raising the propeller until the small part of the spindle at the lower end (Fig. 3) allows the hook to open, releasing the wire, when the thermometer capsizes and registers the temperature by breaking the column of mercury. The drift or distance which the thermometer must move through the water before capsizing is regulated by a set screw, and can be varied at pleasure between the limits of 3 and 10 fathoms. Later in the season we received several of the Magnaghi improved frames which, also, depended upon a propeller for reversing. They were not well adapted for use on sounding wire, and were not, therefore, much used. The frame above mentioned is the device of Commander Magnaghi, of the Italian Navy. The following description is taken from the adver- tisement of Messrs. Negretti & Zambra. NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA’S PATENT IMPROVED-FRAME STANDARD DEEP- SEA THERMOMETER. “The apparatus will be best understood, short of inspection, by ref- erence to Plate III (Nos. 1 and 2), A is a metallic frame in which the case B containing the thermometer is pivoted upon an axis, H, but not 12 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] balanced upon it. C is a serew-fan attached to a spindle, one end of which works in a socket, D, and on the other end is formed the thread of a screw, E, about half an inch long, and just above it is a small pin or stop, F, on the spindle. G is a sliding stop-piece against which the pin F impinges when the thermometer is adjusted for use. The serew E works into the end of the case B the length of play to which itis adjusted. The number of turns of the screw into the case is regulated by means of the pin and stop-piece. The thermometer in its case is held in posi- tion by the screw E, and descends into the sea in this position (Fig. 1), the fan C not acting during the descent because it is checked by the stop F. When ascent commences the fan revolves, raises the screw Ki, and releases the thermometer, which then turns over and registers the temperature of that spot, owing to the axis H being below the center of gravity of the case B, as adjusted for the descent. Each revolution of the fan represents about 10 feet of movement through the water up- ward, so that the whole play of the screw requires 70 or 80 feet ascent ; therefore the space through which the thermometer should pass before turning over must be regulated at starting. If the instrument ascends a few feet by reason of a stoppage of the line while attaching other ther- mometers, or through the heave of the sea, or any cause whatever, the subsequent descent will cause the fan to carry back the stop to its initial position, and such stoppages may occur any number of times pro- vided the line is not made to ascend through the space necessary to cause the fan to release the thermometer. When the hauling-in has caused the turn over of the thermometer, the lateral spring K forces the spring L into a slot in the case B and clamps it (as seen in Fig. 2) until it is received on board, so that no change of position can occur in the rest of the ascent from any cause. The case B is cut open to expose the scale of the thermometer, and is also perforated to allow the free entry of the water. ‘The construction of the thermometer will be understood by reference to Fig. 3. The bulb is cylindrical, and mercury is the thermometrical fluid. The neck of the bulb is contracted at A, and upon the shape and fineness of this contraction the success of the instrument depends. Beyond A the tube is bent, and a small reservoir is formed at B. At the end of the tube a small receptacle, C, is provided. When the bulb is downward it contains sufficient mereury to fill the tube, and a part of the reservoir C, if the temperature is high, leaving sufficient space for the expansion of the mercury. In this position no seale would be possible, as the apparent movement of the mercury would be confined to the space C. When the thermometer is held bulb upward, the mercury breaks off at A, and by its own weight flows down the tube, filling C, and a portion of the tube above. The scale accordingly is made to read upward from ©. To set the thermometer for observation it is only necessary to place it bulb downward, then the mereury takes the temperature just as an ordinary thermometer. Whenever the exist- ————— f11] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. 13 ing temperature is required, all that has to be done is to turn the ther- mometer bulb upward and keep it in this position until read off. The reading may be taken any time after.” At 11.55 a.m. on the 12th, left for Washington by way of Bristol R. L., and anchored in the latter port at 5.30 p.m. On the 16th a steam cutter and steam life-boat, built by the Herreshoff Company for the Fish Commission steamer Albatross, were received on board for transporta- tion to Wilmington, Del. We were detained by fog until 4.15 p. m. on the 17th, when we got under way and steamed out of the harbor. The fog shutting down thick, we anchored at 5.20 near Coddington Harbor, Narragansett Bay, where we remained until 11.40 the following morning, when we got under way and steamed to Newport, where we anchored, waiting for favorable weather. At 6.25 on the morning of the 19th, got under way for New York. The weather was cloudy and rainy, witha moderate to brisk breeze from the northward. _ At 4.35 p.m. we anchored for the night near Penfield Reef, Long IslandSound. At 5.30 the following morning got under way and arrived at the navy-yard, New York, at 11.10 a.m. At 1la.m.on the 21st, left the navy-yard and steamed down the harbor. Finding a heavy swell outside and weather unfavorable, we anchored near Sandy Hook for the night. On the afternoon of the 22d we got under way and steamed to Perth Amboy, and on the following day coaled ship. On October 21, there were fresh northerly winds and passing clouds. At 4.45 p. m. got under way and proceeded to sea. Passed Cape Henlopen at 7.55 the following morning, and arrived at Wilmington, Del., at 6.20 p. m. The boats were delivered to the Albatross on the 26th and at merid- ian on the 27th, we left for Washington, arriving at 10.30 a.m. on the 29th. Specimens and other articles consigned to the National Museum were delivered on the 30th, 31st, and November 1. The crew were actively employed in refitting ship. On the 10th of November I received orders from the Navy Depart- ment detaching me from the command of the Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk, and ordering me to report to the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for the command of the steamer Albatross. Received orders from the Commissioner to retain temporary command of the former vessel until the reporting of my relief, and on the 20th turned over the command to Lieut. W. M. Wood, U.S. N. My connection with the Albatross has been more or less intimate from her inception. On the 13th of March, 1882, I was ordered by the Navy Department to special duty in connection with her construction in addition to my regular duty in command of the Fish Hawk. Passed Assistant Engineer George W. Baird, U.S. N., was also ordered to the same duty in addition to his other duties and rendered great service, especially in connection with the special machinery and appliances re- quired on board. The contract for the hull and engines was closed on March 28, the 14 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [1 2] Pusey & Jones Company agreeing to complete her according to the speci- fications within six months from date,in consideration of the sum of $135,800. Work was commenced at once and pushed forward vigor- ously. Mr. Baird proceeded to Wilmington in compliance with his or- ders and I visited the place as often as my other duties would allow. An appropriation of $45,000 had been made for the outfit, which was to include special machinery for sounding and dredging, electric light- ing, ventilation, &e. The vessel was launched on the 19th of August, and, according to the terms of the contract, was to be completed on the 28th of Septem- ber. As various delays occurred after launching, many of which were caused by work outside of the contract, which it was necessary to have done at certain stages of her construction, the builders requested, and were granted, an extension of time. Work was pushed forward as rapidly as possible, and on the 29th of December we left the builders’ yard and anchored in the Delaware, preparatory to a trial trip on the following day. Many things were in- complete, and large gangs of mechanics were at work on board. We would not have left at this time had we not been apprehensive of an ice blockade, and it was desirable to have the vessel in Washington as soon as practicable. At 8.30 a. m. on the 30th Mr. Charles W. Copeland, constructing engi- neer, Mr. William G. Gibbons, president of the Pusey & Jones Company, and others came on board to witness the trial trip. At 9.45 a.m. we got under way and steamed down the river for a trial under the direc- tion of the builders. At 2.30 p.m. Mr. Copeland expressed himself as satisfied with the ‘trial, and at 3 p. m. left the ship in a tug, which also took the mechan- ics and others not belonging to the ship back to Wilmington. We then proceeded to sea, bound for Washington, D. C. The weather was cloudy, and during the night we had a fresh breeze from the southeast, with heavy swell. The motions of the vessel were remarkably easy. The 31st was clear and cold, with a moderate breeze from northwest. At 10 a.m. passed Cape Charles. At 1.30 p. m. we swung ship under steam, observing azimuths for compass deviation, and at 11.30 p. m. anchored off Blackistone Island. The engines worked satisfactorily during the trip, considering the fact that everything was new. Many of the valves and joints were leaky, and there were some quite extensive leaks in the boilers; but the greatest trouble was with the reversing gear, which made it impossible to work the engines with any degree of certainty. This, however, can be remedied with but little expense. The following officers were attached to the ship at this date, viz: Z. L. Tanner, lieutenant, U. 8S. N., commanding. Seaton Schroeder, lieutenant, U. S. N., executive officer and navi- gator. [13] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK S. H. May, lieutenant, U.S. N. A. ©. Baker, master, U.S. N. R. H. Miner, midshipman, U. 8. N. J. H. Kidder, surgeon, U.S. N. George H. Read, paymaster, U.S. N. : 15 George W. Baird, passed assistant engineer, in charge of machinery. Petty officers —Samuel H. McAvoy, machinist ; John Hawkins, ma- chinist; H. H. Walker, machinist; George B. Till, yeoman; William A. McDowell, master-at-arms ; W. F. Lee, paymaster’s Miller, apothecary ; and a crew of twenty-seven men. yeoman; N. B. Memoranda of seine hauls, Battery Station, May 20 to June 13, 1882, inclusive. Remarks. : Shad Herrin Perch Rock Shad Date. | Kind of seine. taken. faker taken. taken. eggs. 1882. May 20] Large seine... A 700 500 0 0 7A oan [eee 70 800 1, 500 1 0 23 dorstesso- 150 2, 000 1,000 Del aaclanclsests Ae CA ONe x aide aioe 100 1, 000 300 0 0 Dea CAGO'-S cis bs ous 48 600 300 0 0 26 EAMO cya cee = 100 500 300) [sjo22 soe heeeee ae eet ZO }MEOOL- Sescsccc. 28 *) (i Slts. tesa eeecs 29 MAO Bess seae 100 BE VO00) |i ccceas oie 0 0 ath leita SLO: oa 3 0 Od ere cates oe cos Sie lnewteeis oe 0 June 2/| Large seine... 27 400 200 0 0 Sule OOnsacconccs 12 300 200 0 0 orek Gols su Scce2 DOOD Stee ess cco tees [ees ooes 2 0 5 | Large seine... iil eeec bse Sekeee shed Brseapueee 0 Od et OR aoe ore Maleate toca eete eek Sk sleeseexs eee 0 (i (ad SEC ae ei DON Sessoms tack eho sane se mse 30, 000 7 | Large seine 26 300 200 4 5, 000 oinbooles oo: TH che ete tin ea eG | ee 117, 000 8 | Large seine. . 47 MOO? Waermces ate: 10 0 GePbal so. 2-2. ssc sel ee il iil SORA ahs ee ain 317, 000 9 | Large seine... 26 50 200 14 0 OrbPRoalessess 4250. ABA esau lest tee bs 2A aereresree es) 117, 000 10 | Large seine... 26 30 800 8 0 12 Disccenen oF 6 30 500 26 0 TuPPooliees=. 20. =: LOO}| Base aes calede. cone ne nes ae sen 25, 000 13 | Large seine... 6 20 400 | 39 0 Total....} 1,539 7, 830 5, 900 103 | 611, 000 * Large numbers of herring and perch; seine hang. One-quarter flood. One-half flood. Strong current. Young flood. Freshet in river. 0. One hour flood. Pool hauled after dark. One scale carp 2 lbs. (?) Milt of shad hard. Five ripe females. Eleven females and twelve males. Six males, six females. Two males and two fe- males. — = — : oa “do yUAt UBT 19484. pjoo £ Reet aan? op'-*" oe wo @ Ports oe om: | ae Any ovmoj0g & 0 SR ee ie 000 ‘0¢ a ee ; fe od. z0ye: apo Avy | 000‘ ‘0d *“19}PBAL laa 0‘0z FS “ip od |-a0y8: es a lem a el 2 to omi0dxe son aa se goo ;oor | beau [2 2) F doxy sepOLeUaTEL |; 000 4 Zz - qoaeg |: ee A ae esis Ost g | Sura gf | Aad wom |*"" mo 0d jisresnis OPA ale 3 000 ‘0¢ pea |re eH |-"-7" oq 8,ppn el ee od |---2e an emia) Ca 000 ‘or if = ee ‘papa ‘a a elisha ny oe a ee : ee Ge oan ry . avi 7 dope ote Re eONy 2 ML “10,838 Str 000 jae 6|¢ } Bi ‘gujou oNoyeooug a eS aA Bs oO OTM YS 0 (001 e ait Dd Ot mote ke pi < “IOPVAL ‘od gh oe soe ee ; ¥ + WO ayy 77 San ai ia Mid cs proo a Pomsst 277" op:-|-- 00 ‘08 BS eee -=+-fazog 8,PPUg Re: oa : al eae ae non 'aae | & vse | am ee ei oS ps mere 0 rae oS Bees epee ewww ene 0Z hae ry 7 Dp sea e wae 4a nt a op=--|-=- op cosceceeecce eee we[eeeeeeee Se & g |: pe ase ay 4S ences 6 oC ieee Be Np vongneees ae ea ie a ae allie eee oe ee aciewwae 000 ‘QOL T | ar | 0 p> Ops “quiog eu png sea ttetececeeeseees 2 ae alan op"-""]->- Mee aes ee 000 ‘ ee ae ee 3 aan Z Be Satan eae oysoangy |-77°7- Thos Ss Sot oa sos Op == + opt eoeee sess renncei[eeede ee de, 000 ‘00 ‘T 6 | &t "77 Yoded Wee ae op'**- Se ops 8 ei hidiees aes ae A a (COR 2 i Ba eas BA page ob ia g |¢ Ped | ob se Seererenenreeseey eee oe Fs oe Zee OD sam ol (0) Tal ie tigi cieeeetensiceses Lees Ss aie pss |-- S00 a8 S “39q080 NOT Ba es aoa op'=- uicoutell meen ently: pyrene g Q uote?" =o Le an i Peer ks = aaa ge 14 i if: “-$pvO PES a poe re Tee ae oon ee 2 t sans inept eco SKB ae om W |-90I19 001 op:->- ie ‘0g 16-08 dy " 0 ‘0g @ [tr ee “quo au Soni BAe Se ares w1 fs Pee 0g ‘ee Te PG ae 000 ee . Sea ae Be ee RR op--* #1 fs me eb Wag reas bee a4 £ Samia “"\"gutog oN dunyg rien bar ar see FI gS “‘SYIVUIOY t-0¢ "ad a ee ¢ i oe SB SoA Se o 800k Fee sites ass ops i . * --- op'--- secret cess a PR OR Sap Soe 1 ‘OPLL “1048 é £ oer peewee Ae Sy. Seed oats = “= op 7777" i JO 99R4S ‘poqisodep F yoo dumag > aus le Sapeersa kane: Se tee eal “ue 2 | 5 TUISITA ‘ pee ee 3: sequrey peqisodo ae £|2 9 oouen qu Pp 2) % TNT mot AA rc § =, | 3 ; at ihe ; ug jo pul - -Joquin yy P UST AIOYS LT - = Gurpunuwoa ‘ 081g . ‘N82 e1uq AOU 16 “UD, * TZ “yn vy—ansn INnjJOUr ‘ . ras oun 0 rd udp ‘29 BRE AOE Wo? Ys, aT $9} D19) paz a ‘Yt pupug u 0 6 unyorny ys fo piovayy 17 THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. WORK OF [15] od og og *soM00 UL pol “od og “poqozeq USE ON “‘peqozeyq Y8p ON od og Aue “1038 ploo Aq poToy “peqozey sp ON ‘od *10}JVA Poo Aq poorly od 0g ~ ‘od 0d ‘od 0 op'- 7° op: ae TOPE ALOT |°"* “10M STE |*** “IOPEAL ALOT |->* opens iss “OPV TST |--~ Scie ops int op'---|"-- op---- evoee op'*7:|"7- op-"*- Ouse op'***|--- op:--- eee op:**-|""* op:*- seeees oprees|-e- (UW URoRS eee nye OD ae 7Appny op- op:---|"* opt--- poaooos op:-" |-tstops-*- Sees ‘op: ---|-tcopett panos Se op: **+|:t--op---- “I0JVM MOT |**--Op---* “10}BM PST | "ops - > esac op:--*|-t--opt-* --oper-- ‘op: 7 *|-"--opees- SIS ‘op:-7*|--*-op---- Seneca op'***|-*--op-**- Swe. ‘op.-7*|st-opert ‘op"- --operss}- seeeesopeese|se--opere: “10JVM YS |" -*op--** "107A. AAOTT |" --Op->-- “10yea YS |" "op 77° seetesgpe [irs ‘op-**- sereseopes [sop tereeeeeres Opts: op:*** Serinoo uses op'**- SES SEe GC op'*-- tanks steeee- opere: SOSOSE OST op'-- | [reeeerernes op-*"* x(Bisiaiemiate tate op:-*- -- oper -yoorg oo1uent op:--- “yoorp oorurn?) op:--" sereesoeees Opes: “yoorg oouent) eee ey op:**" “yoolg ooruengy feteeeeeees pies: “yoOolQ oonuEny ee www wes wwe "1038 poo Aq peT[ry |-109wAL MOTT |-- ‘Oper ss|te setters steer nee Opes { 000 ‘ear 000 ‘00S 000 ‘06 000 ‘SF 000 ‘00¢ | 000 ‘008 000 ‘0OL 000 ‘0S6 000 ‘6cz 000 ‘SIT 000 ‘0&T 000 ‘OOT 000 ‘LFL 000 ‘00g is i wwe ween ee eee eee eens or g = Av It Avy 6 Avit Av ACYL ee ewww www nee AR | 000 ‘0ST 000 ‘Sat ‘% 000 ‘00% 000 ‘0g 000 ‘¢aI ‘T 000 ‘ear ‘2 000 ‘GF 000 ‘008 'T 000 ‘08% 000 ‘GAT 000 ‘00g 000 ‘002 ‘T 000 ‘002 000 ‘LPT 000 ‘0S 000 ‘0g¢ ‘T 000 ‘oT 000 ‘ST 000 ‘008 ‘T 000 ‘oss ‘z 000 ‘ogg 000 ‘cL 000 ‘0cL 000 ‘008 ‘I 000 ‘00 000 ‘002 ‘I 000 ‘002 ‘T 000 ‘002 000 ‘00g 000 ‘cz 000 ‘Sz 000 ‘00z 000 ‘002 000 ‘00g ‘T 000 ‘002 000 ‘00F ‘L 000 ‘00% 000 ‘008 ‘2 ri i AAHSSCHAENMBMOWOSOO Or AAAY co cl nm i> MAmOODMOWMDONOWOWDOWH OD PL es or ‘as 4 to WPOOOMOErOOODMONOARS N rt tia | HMO rw are or T "1" pus * OULILO FL “opt “SULILOFL Opts "77" peyg *== O10 q --- op -SULIo TL SS peqs “** qoleg “SULIIO FL opt "peas ese Yodo --- 0p - SUL. yy "Yolo ---oprtt: ~ SULIIOTL “ole 7 PETS op:--* “opens op:--* “=: ope SULLIOFT pe ets! op Base ace ‘auton -- > qoreg --* Youog “qulog om0z800L,7 -+- ATO 8, ppug “qulog 9W01S99L,T soon durnyg | SO AASTL Cir ye p10 TUL Gul jae at il eli POSE oe MT O SANT CEL So ee a neat ae Se ACIL ON Tee SMO ELS Ta lie oe nate ROO ries Ba gence Opi cc|retetttcttsc sees “quiog omo0ysoarg |"---"* 7" ""** sv kates a= = TOON CUM TIG Sa eee oe sree Ded bs --- £1107 §,ppug *---yooN dungg “quo gq 9109800a7 “-- soon dung “AIO 8, ppug ops: “quLog 910}S8901,7 “---yoon daingsg ‘Aude 8, PU op:-** **--sooN duings ---£110q §,ppug OT “---syoon dangg fafa aa rclasieis op: --- £110, 8, ppug “*7-yoon dainjgg “7 "gutog TOTO “quLlog 9U0}S901 7 ~- > ATIO §, ppU_ gisele less 5 op “---soonN dungg op - eemaatte sss opere ‘\o* £1107 8. ppug “*--yoon dungg *s**AIIO ST 8, ppug ce" "MOON dung coh Nhs aed a id tet Hoh O ct OUTING) line nen cence aa ae SHOOT HER |!) ses | ESCO “-- yoon dumyg “qulog etoyseeTy |-----* terete tee ‘-> ATIOWT 8, ppug |- op." + q00NN dung mee remem wee nne *JUTLO OUWOIRCON he se ae to a eee ne -* 7° S110,7 8, PPUgL PEO GOS CT Src leu “+++ yooyr dumyg |" Ae aa op:---== Cpe Ss ne OPis ooo Opeaaee Opt aa ope") Tt Sep Op op OR Sra Opa aaas cpr optttt oprrttt Ut) | dba Ope aa op--""" ai | falrlemtetot op---==" S. Mis. 46-——2 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] 18 ot opts sees -tompiy adaan we mane op-r-*- ie Jab ns] pee RD 2 s10qznIp op Se er ae OR DEEL Teens eae ena St 2a op ses oprrtt|seeeeee g,1043019 |"---*~ ary op-****- SS prefer ctteett oper peetrc op-- SRA LDN Bp ea woIpiy op oe ORs yeora Leg pO |*-~*-" "7" uous A1oyeg | €% *qnoyoo'T 148 ‘O ‘a ‘'S “""" pByg | 0 Wory 4eoq-TItH od See) ee Soe Op ci[rtrttetteete ett ‘od ~S7 GER aeas Aireg 8. ppng “0d == gpe maieree yoo duinyg "Ioz8a ploo Aq pol Suyptiey | Aiieg 8,ppug =... PeuS |" Wtlod SuopseeI WT “Sure |--- Alie,g 8,ppug |--"-°-7-*77* ednanse op “ACA WISI eq} WO JOATY OvUE } -0}0g ut gud g90‘og puv osnoy-ytog 0} gues peas 000'00g [10984 YSTH |--* Op"--"|"* Jeary ovmozod | 09009 | 3t_ AeM | O00‘scs | 8 |B |-*- Opt | ttn epi? snare einen Pen eee BEG (0) 1 ESE taal 6 iobdide| habe lea ae PEC Cor er COCO Tyr ytere) I | 1 |'c7* pegs |-gurog euozseer7 “1o}VAs poo kq poy[hy |---7-- Opesaair os (*) ial a aba eet Steak oC Cor) OIG OHO SE ooo‘oos =| & | & |-Suprey |---*----- Ce) est des anna a A aie 2 *POlESv a= = Op. =s7|5-> OC) Uni | baaliaatiee mae ela SCSI OGS SOCCEROOS SOLO, 000 ‘00 & | % [77 Wore |*""* HOON duinjg eeecce 1) Pe eee OD. 37 eel ee ee ee 000 ‘OF 3 z gp-crs sew ree eccee (i) ld ere coeereeneseeseses canes Op" o=SFS Qpre se (Po sere ee aa | poree ake seem area aR € se aoe pred soeitaicinbeie rok | * alae) (teu Sienna > tae (1) Ute ASEORC Salas peal I ING A FH: 2 |g |'77> pegs |-Ju1og ouojseary tee C0) ass eA | aa Hes clone teins teen (OC OEIC OC PGI SC OOOH aii a\ fyi % |g |'Su0F |-*- AL1eq7 8,ppug dig op--""|"** Op""*|""“IOATY OVMl0J0g | ooo ‘coh | IE ABVIT | 000 ‘OST 9 |9 |'""* peag | 9UIOg ouOzSO0L TOPS MOTT = |= Op aes | sions Paola sieielniaia a | ialaratetnlatm ata ele aiei Sis eiet 000‘oce ‘Tt 18 |9 |"77 op -ccl7 7 yoo durnyg yaa eee genie ae | | eee sea tiie) acl aoe rats aint ocean |My) -7G rah te “SULIOH ~-> ALIET §,ppug Shins Vie waseirnde Radiat OD OBrien np heres ll eras apes | Sere ae eee ITD Raa Pa 6 6. 3122 GPs ee rs eer ealy “AVIV JO WITT ONY > uO JOANT oBWOOg ur gud peys ooo'ccp - pue A10uLIB 03 YUeSs SUIIIeT — 000'000'2 PUS PTS 000'009 | 10}vA YSTH |" -Appayy |" A9ID OorzuUNy |----------/-oe ree eeee es 000 ‘Guz. «| IL | IT |""7* peUg | -gutog euoysoerg |-ByUTSITA ‘Yoorg ooyueny Ct AR aie oar |E|E . < “IOV AN “poztsodep ‘POHT | -poqtsodop | 8S5q S|? |) usr ‘ ; syieU9 Opl = : £19) uO “078 pit a PLL yo 93819 Q10T AA deere ToT MA 2 jo puny POLE § Bes fog 10q Um }T ‘ponuryu0g—'o.f ‘ZagT so uosvas ‘ynnzT ys sowvary worssuumog yer 802D29 pazugQ ey2 p.wog uo ‘Buryorvy-ysif fo psooay WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. 19 [17] oun TET ‘017819 A1049e%q *‘SUBL, we eweere ee ‘oune Mer yuemdyys 000109 [nT TTT III ‘oun mga “Fuemidray: “0000S le ne 000 ‘00T oun | 000 ‘oF 000 ‘cz 000 ‘899 | @ : jw,e9g9 A1099" BO | 000'00 | T Pune | 090 09 gets okie 000 ‘eg MORMON AARNO re o00‘eze‘TT|""-""""""""'| 000 ‘FEL ZL) 128] 606 MANOS AN ion S NAninAnN FF wen eee cece leceeee ce eneenencee|enesceenereroses TOT Bes LO Di ae" |e Ll ators C12 £ PITT NR MCAT SL 1 OIE 1 BASEAK 4) | peer a ihe ge ar Opa vinssoee eens See TO Deane Sa EOD osc rl) 72 en am COU ETL LS) | eerie nna beeps I a co 9 pecan) Soria sl | oa ee ODES a ligere a” ar ao “a a Sal OD a aast 9 3° °4ODa5 7215 > nae iat RUS ol es Fe gat So a LU | Fiat 9 = SSO eens vance an bean Ops 25s.) ae bt ites (1) tie h | eune BA Uae ik ee geo TID! |. sss pas oe og i eae qutog 8,10; ued18d) abeeeic mie nese Opes we 0€ a ea a Pre Gye cos ~ aga Hasae ti Oe caer eronry as Op. ~* [eeansnemas canara scaiginy Se aetiaea PS OD =. 5 - aan eee C1) faire Prt bike alee iRare ODi ss 4 6c ° OD: 5h2 | eae ae ODE FICS Sore ene’ Ole aa Le m=O Do s9| > oar eee op*--"|°: DEE ai aoe GEA Cy pe V9) SSRIS ee worypED |" -----uoreyg L10798G | 12 Bes [18] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 0 N UII “Aysrur puv Apno[D “Apno[g “area pue Apnolg “IOTVOAA 1 "A 03H NN [°77°7"" op'---| Fey £9 +1 “MANN O}°AA'S [777777 Ope = "| Lg 29 6-0 ‘O[QeTIv A pp eared oo Lg el "EE NOS FAK NECA |r ORs aL 0e Lg | oT ‘OTq IIB A *s777 "Appa gg Lg 1 gl als As ee accent op'-""| 9g Lg 8 TL ANESNL So ae of op--""| 9g Lg L% OL NC NOOR Tess le cae on op'-""| Lg cg r-Z gOS el bi es a 99 | &-0 5 OES MCS) Sas eRe Seay OL et HVS OR ENC SNS | ies op -""| Lg 6g 1 “O[QelIe A oi erveD a saleaDa 8g re ‘a NN pra OPIS? ol eed 09 o-T es eA Maa) ec I) £9 €-1 Bir era eee op'--"| 6S a) = “OTQBIIE A eer Op = Fal Zag 19 9-1 “PAA POS DN 9 | See Cop resis gg #9 1 A “S03 AK SNES ATES Opi ees) ge §19 S-1 "MN SPSS SELOP AC Salk Be 09 é-% S70 Gi) 7 ee op'-""] 8g 29 SE | [NN OFM NNT" oo "> Op =""| 9g 19 1 POT CR RUB AS [ete = Op2"= |G 8g 1 ‘DA PUBS [777777 " Op"- "| Fag 8¢ 1 "HS OFM NCAA [0777777 Opes7 "| Eg 09 e-1 "RM PUB PN [trot op---") og ¥9¢ 9-1 “AA NAA 03 “GENE oon opee" |" 99 Lg &-0 “OQURO AT ieee op:"""| ¢¢ 6S 9-3 "AA NUN 03° MCN [oo7o*7Op'=7"| 9g 09 oT “OIQUIB A ttt op'--"| 2g 09 €-0 "MoS OPE RS Siete, op'-""| 9¢ gg 2-0 SDI) OF AGN. NE OIE es ae op --"| gg 6g +-0 ‘PM PUE PN [7777 *" op'-""| @g Lg s-0 ‘DA PUB PN [ott op'-""| €¢ gg ST SAAN MO} NN [977777 * Ope-""| BS ¥S €-0 “OES OFT IN [oo ** Op'-""| BG ¥S &-0 ‘RA PUBPN [777 Opes] Tg Lg 1 “ANF AA eo AppUY [--o7 Fen 8 90107 “MOTOOLIG, ‘TIL “xVy *IOVVM JO 078} “Spur *s0T00 UL 1S 29 # 6S ec +S eg #S g¢ GG e¢ 9¢ 9¢ 9S 8g rat) 6S €9 9¢ 99 cg $9¢ $G LG 9S 8g 8g 09 Lg $09 g¢ $66 1S 29 9¢ $6¢ Lg 09 9¢ 6S cg 8g #S §09 cg §c¢ rae 6S 8F LS fos cg rae 1g #¢ $6 gc 6¢ #S 9¢ TS 1g 0g Gc Ts gS $0¢ &¢ 0g eg 67 §c¢ oF *S ‘UN | “XV “010940 Lg 29 #¢ 6S ¥¢ cg &¢ #¢ €¢ #¢ &S 9¢ 9¢ 9S 1S €9 6S cg 9¢ 99 cg $9¢ TS 1g 9¢ 8¢ 8¢ 09 Lg $09 gg 6g $1¢ 29 9¢ 8g 9¢ | «(09 c¢ 6¢ cg 8g #S 09 gS 9¢ rae gg SF Lg fog GG (a9 1S #¢ $6¢ &¢ 09 #S 9¢ Tg LS 0g 9¢ TS &¢ $0¢ $2g 0¢ €¢ 6 9¢ oF $S HIT ‘xe ‘JIMS 1038 AL Tg bL $¢ 6L 9¢ $9 &¢ 69 €¢ 09 6h cc 67 €¢ 6P £9 $9 9L 6¢ 88 gg 69 Tg 69 Tg 09 6g OL $¢ 61 66 OL ¥ 99 9F LL ¥g 19 8¢ GL LY €L 67 &L €¢ #9 tP GL 66 €9 GP 6g 6F 194 6P ae) 09 8L Lg 89 cP 6L cP TL 9F 19 67 €L cP 09 ly 9L && 6S TIN | “Xt ‘ire "dure 7, 0€ ‘0& 8 08 GL ‘OE 0 “OE 10 08 02 ‘08 OL 66 90 0€ 69 66 SL °63 08 “66 £6 ‘66 98 66 £6 "66 &8 ‘GG F6 66 18 ‘66 G0 “O0& 06 66 9I 0€ 06 “0€ Ch OE G3 0E 6h 0E F) “06 GZ ‘0E G6 ‘66 10 ‘0€ 06 66 4 ST 08 6P 0& 60 “OE GE 06 OL 0S 1608 00 ‘0g GL OF £0 08 9T 0€ 60 ‘0E LL ‘0€ 18 “66 GL 08 £8 63 02 ‘CE 0G ‘0€ LE ‘0E 10 ‘0€ 1608 06 66 00 0€ £6 “66 SI ‘0E CL 66 90 0€ cS "63 €L 66 69 62 00 ‘0s £0 “0E €& ‘0& 02 0€ cE “OE ZL 08 L208 60 ‘08 GZ ‘08 ¢0 ‘08 i) 10 ‘0S FI 0E £0 “OE LT‘0€ UL ‘xVyl “IoJOMLOIV sey Teg ‘GW ‘XOVUD Ad AAAVH ‘Fl ANOL OL & AVW ‘0 ‘CA ‘NOLONIHSVA ‘23 OL OT AVN ‘VINIDUIA ‘HHHUO OOLLNVAO ‘zsst ‘OT AVW OL 2I TladV “aQrenjour 299] “pl oung 07 eI pwd p woul ‘Hurpunuwmoo ‘wauuny “7 “Zz “navy ‘ynoeT ysiq sowwajs wuorsrwwwog ysyy 890g pe}UQ eYZ P4vog uo p.10da4 )voLojo.L0HATT 21 WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH HAWK. [19] i 4:3:) 6) “Apnol) “ITB ‘ure pue Apnolp Ur) (@) oO” og og om “Apno[p ‘elqrosavyg “Apno[o RT "1VOTOD ‘£pno[p re) ‘a 'S OF "MS ‘A'S 92M 'S ‘D.O pas PN Pa Ppuv PN ‘P.0 Pur PLN ‘P.M PUB PS “M “PA Pav PN ‘PAA PUB DN ‘PAA pues DS “MS 94° "M 'S'S 93° M'N “MN 9F ANS ‘MA 'S "MSS 01'N ‘HN 9} MON ‘MS 97'S 'S ‘M99 HSS ‘A'S S$ 07 MON ‘A 'N 9 'H'S ‘T'S 0} AACN “MN OFA 'S ‘P.M Pus PS “O[GBILLB A “O[QBIIE A ‘P.O par ps op:**- ODT ss Opies Ops. -op 77: OD mares OD ies (¢}) 9) -op:--- OD i Optas= (0) ia as UN Bras Opi aaee OD memes (Oana (0) Omer opt op:**- OD saa OD ats ODS gag (0) Ue (0) OF op'*"- op:*** op'*** 22 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish ABBREVIATIONS FOR KIND OF BOTTOMS.—M. for mud; S. for sand; G. for gravel; Sh. for shells; P. for white; rd.forred; yl. for yellow; gy. for gray; bu. for blue; dk. for dark ; lt. for light; gn. for green ; small; rky. for rocky. § ‘ S oj eH Date. |Thermometer used. °a Locality. Hour. : Ss a 1882. Feb. 27 | N. Z. 46402 for sur-|1050 Chesapeake Bay, Point No Point, | 2.00 p.m. face and bottom, N.N. E. 1/4. Signal service. Milesite csceseceee ener 1051 Chosepesite, Bay, Point No Point, | 2.15 p.m. BUN ena cis deeasee veal 1052; Chesa hesapeake Bay, Point No Point, | 2.30 p.m. FAN Rem ee AS See Ae Aso 1053 Coesepeaic Bay, Point No Point, | 2.45 p.m. 20)|, Cher: for air=.-..% 1054 i aa a Point No Point, | 2.50 p.m. y E.1 28 Sse. Oe sees ween oe 1055| Patuxent River, Drum Point, N. E.’3/10.40 a. m. 28 ss One ense ceeeens 1056 eee River, Drum Point, N. /10.55 a.m. ¥ 28225200 ce eo ene 1057) Chesapeake Bay, South end Barren |12.00 m. Island, E. by S. 1’. 284) 505/00 ace aan cee 1058 Chesapeake As south end Barren /12.10 p. m.|. Island, S. E. by E. 4 E. 2’. 2B) 37-100 teeeee th aoa 1059 Chesapeake Bay, pone end Barren |12.30 p.m. | Island, §, E.} E Pa meet Uae pe eee 1060, mie sapeake Bay, Sinith’s Point, S. | 4.20 p.m. Mich = 2ifeas- dole saseeeee ee 1061 Cnesuedice Bay, Smith’s Point |11.20 a.m. Light-house, 8. by W.4 W. 13. P| Os cease dass ce 1062, Chesapeake Bay, Smith’s Point {11.40 a. m.|. Light-house, S. W.4S. 1/4. 2s 35002 etenseneesee 1063; Chesapeake Ba , South Point, Tan- | 1.35 p, m. gier Island, by E i £. 2/3, Pell PegsaGs Wes esp isi ceecer- 1064) Chesapeake Ba , South Point, Tan- | 2.17 p.m. gier Island, N.N. W.1’. (RASA ese era camer 1065) Chesapeake eee Cherrystone Light-| 9.00 a.m. house, E. CP ccc Cccpaeeers “haar 1066 Chesapenke Bay, C Cherrystone Light-|} 9.20 a.m. house, E. by Dire Olsctsae eeere 1067 Chesapeake Bay, Gharipatinic Light- | 9.40 a.m. house, 8. E. by E.4 E. 3’. AT lee doecoxean cack 1068] Kent Island, Thomas Point Light- | 9.50 a. m. house, W. Ss. W. 2 W. 2! NE a Cie Asesrer Sec 1069} Kent Island, Thomas Point Light- |10.20 a. m. house, S. W. by W. } W. 2/4. De) cass QO) a agence ase 1070} Kent Island, ie ies Point Light- |10,.45 a. m. house, W. by S. 2’. MU Pa O'secocceneeeee 1071) Kent Island, Thomas vot Light- |11.22 a.m. house, W. N. W. 4 W. 2’4. WU esc OO Sexson a. csces 1072} Kent Island, Thomas Point Light- |12.00 m. house, N. Ww. 2/4. Le eat O ewan sty s.---/1073| Kent Island, aes Point Light- |12.25 p.m. house, N. W. by N. De ween waste en sss 1074; Kent Island, rin: Point Light- | 1.10 p.m house, N. by W.4 W. 4/2. BE ees hy DOO atc waa 1075 paaty Ad Light-house, N. by | 9.45 a.m. 3/ 1 ee Ce perce 1076 Sandy Eoin Light-house, N. by |10.15a.m.|.. He el Or er Ae seein 1077 Sandy } Point Light-house, N. W.4 |10.55 a. m. Aug, 2 | N. Z. 47996 surface |1078 sor Cod, Nauset beacons, N. W.4| 7.30 a.m 2 | N. Z. 47995, bottom |1079| Cape Cod, eee beacons, N. W. | 8.40 a,m and intermediate. by W.4 W, Sl eet OOr ted eren peer 1080) Cape Cod Kanu beacons, N. W. | 9.40 a, m. by W. 4 W. 6’ 24 creep lO eas see ance as 1081 ieee Cod, Nauset beacons, W. by /10.50 a.m, . 5. 2 iwaslO | acwaacsien cae 1082) Cape Cod Light-house, N. W. 2N. 11/4|11.45 a. m.|......-. 70 Tempera Tide. ; F Brae: Ea Ebb ..} 50 | 41 |... = bole er SU eee 4 12. 00 OFF eee sees 54 146. 00 Vio \teaseu seis Wie. costes isi Sere nme tr cets Ga eee 136 231. 00 a Ye ae QUES) sees ves.- 50 351.00 AMT AA Re Be Sop Sore oo HOSE C CORREO CEE UE aS OneCeiccas ooeao oe coLeert Barce Sees 5,493 75 SYNOPSIS OF THE STEAM LOG FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1882. SUCO Re Cia PISTON wlll 160 Useie =e ceh cecleina win oo cnince sale ani yeti ee renee = 24 Dnmpemol condensing. cylindersss2 52. <2 sho. 222s. das. ease ae seers ese 2 Diameter of condensing cylinders, in inches...-....----..-.-.....--.---) 22 Mean point of steam cut-off from commencement of stroke of piston, in TEES! Bocebs Sh OOO De CE en LOS Spo COSOCD CASE EPCOS EMER teE Sho oncacnoace 6.75 Mean number of holes of throttle-valve open ........---..---.-.----- 2... 6.4 Mean vacuum in condenser, in inches of mercury........---....--.------ 24.8 Mean steam pressure in boilers while engines were in operation........-.. 22.5 Maan POMIpersbure OL-CNSING TOOMD 5.2.5 2-2-2 220-25 5 -ba see ceases 93 MG MAEDper Bue) OM CSC. 2 cai sc- cies cicais oie sie csc ses se sis soe e wae teeoae 67 Mean temperature of injection water ...... ..--.------2------ fe-- eee eee 62 Mean-temperature of discharge water...... ..---. 0-222 ----e5 sec eee seeee 96 Mpmtt msMpeLALUEO UL 16d WAtOln. - <6. 255 Sscnise sce oe tomes emi neeiniteas 82 Total time fires were lighted, in hours and minutes........-.-...--...---. 4, 543. 20 Total time fires were lighted for hatching, in hours and minutes ......-.. 1, 487. 40 Total time engines were in operation, in hours and minutes..-........... 785, 44 Total time engines were in operation for dredging, in hours and minutes... 123 Total number of revolutions of starboard engine....-.............-...-- 3, 640, 730 Total number of revolutions of port engine.............--.----..------- 3, 505, 090 Mean number of revolutions per minute en route....-.------.---...2.---- 88. 61 Mosininisn speed, in feet Per MINUS. ..5.ovescos Sos ee nse e css ca ace nace 409. 5 PeMnUanben Of" KMOts TUM) 0-2. 2-0 2 - onsen aeenne wateat ay eaeuedeulcugt 5, 493. 75 MCAMMAMINeTOL KNOTS PEL hOUl® - 2... cs\sccsaeea sees nastics cocee cl ecass bes 6.8 Mean nnmber of knots per hour en route... =... 222 ese. cecedeweccee seco 8.6 Total weight of coal consumed for engineer’s department... -. 2 Ser 4714346 Total weight of coal consumed while engines were in operation........-.. 238 FA 45 Total weight of coal consumed for galley....-..-.--..----..---..-- ---- 24780, REIL E CURL BOLNNOD qhcocs concen somes teens raw nclassath oewicsccla 973548 Mean number of pounds of coal consumed per hour while engines were in EMIS tear aan deem eeta a= wick cease ae meta Ge eaies ami aes ome ens 667 Total number of gallons of oil Cconsumed..........-......20. .---------- 371 Total number of pounds of tallow consumed..-.-.....---.-.-.-----.--.--- 112 Zotal number of pounds of wiping stuff...... 2.22... .62 22. eee e cee e ens 221 Mean draft forward, in feet and inches ...............-.....-- Sone steees aD Bier areeh aib, i fect. ANG INCHOA. 2565 enc as ovens s cacccs cacccs ceneccase 7.6 32 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [80] INEM SINOL SCLO WS cae cee oon se oem ee wince oe tenen- abies amen a eee a eee 2 Kind of SCrews !-5/52 cc ceince tee facies =n elnw = am ecm nls cece compen seen wmelninn aie True. Mean pitch of screw, in feet and inches. ........----.------- --+-0.-- ane 12.3 Diameter of sere, 1 teeth and anches =< 5 2. <2. + eens eeweersecene = =eee 6.8 Length of screw, in inches, parallel to axis...-..-.-...--.--------------- 20 Numberor bladesonvereh Screw -...)--cccc - cs cccwcemenlcees «aon sees =a eme 4 Maximum indicated horse-power..-- 2... cnc ccs cence sous) acieu ese seeteeee 277 Mean indicated horse-power,...< --- 2 s.ns cence stecea Norns alse esas ene aes 252.7 Mean number of pounds of coal per horse-power.. ..---..-------+. +--+. ek Maximum number of pounds of coal per square foot of grate............ 13.9 Mean number of pounds of coal per square foot of grate........-.-....-. 12.8 Maximum speed attained under steam alone in knots per hour ....-....--. 10 Nomperon NOUrs Maintained ooaa sees ec cere. asc Meets eee een seater 5. 30 Slip of screw at maximum speed, in percent ..........-22. sees cecces .--5 12 Biate Or tide :and sea... .iccec cacce oes we cons dese cece Steuer oot cease ern Mean slip of screw, in per cent. en route .. .. 2 2-20 we oc cn we we ww ee we ee eee ne 19. 57 PLATE I. Fish Hawk. Report U. S. F. C. 1882.—Tanner. nO IKK SV Ss . Shad-hatching cone. j 4s - ’ . by . tS Rie rahe. ve sh) ig Ne BNSF any ST PLATE II. Fish Hawk. Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Tanner. PELODLLLL LL LLL LLL Fig. 3. Fig. 2 Fig. 1. The Bailie-Tanner deep-sea thermometer case. PLATE III. Fish Hawk. Report U. S. F. C. 1882.—Tanner. Peale ae ee mm WIT STII IH ti errr tf CLODOIIIO AAA im) See Doors Se NEGRETTI&ZAMBRA. NEGRETTI&ZAMBRA Ligh, The Negretti-Zambra deep-sea thermometer. + INDEX. Notg.—The references are to page-figures in brackets. Page. SLL S| See oe aneceStenpase se! a5 oSse85 5,9 BOB ETOSS eee oe eee el oeto tow simi aiatciwivia nin ie 6,11 | Albatross launched. 23-2. -soc205s<56++-5- 12 | LATTE TLS pe Be Bese pO ROB DOSE DEC oS SO UBpee 3, 4, 28 ENCORE K SAW hr = ct acl i< aco silo emcueseimecineie 4 | PMI MOL ACHMONG::ioc5-\s 50+ Jbasciestancscs 9 aria WAM IAD Dien aa sso ksseldsiaicn emacs 9 | aITa GrOOLGE, Wi scci- ce seameccctecsccnas 11,13 | SET EE TOL 9 oly aioa= ona cicieinic sicte\S.ci= ois ss x eie 8 UREN eA ime a a basses okanssccasaseues oe 13 PITH ONG apse Saliicias Sue pn et asa ee/owvia ss 6, 28 ISAO MIORON Hess celsee is anisiewaemee nes seess55 18 Barren Island -.2-' sche. mite cane cen 2, 20 LSTA ec oats Seboos ieee sosiSotosoooSs oop 4,13 Blackistone Island........-..-. SNe tersteesiara! 12 OL GAIN OL? Sob ocicjeljare occa wcions coe nen 8 | TEEG DU US | EVs LSE ee ae ear 26 SSD it Gee See eee Ce eee 10, 29 Bera ESB OTI Vy Sota a1 eee cimiow eo seaiater => 2 14,16 | BECO APES Sop te o)2 belnnre seine = coisas 12 | RE AEG OE one ositess = = clea sinisioe wits sce ce 20. 22 pein opens+.--csntc ieee =e =e -aeeee 8, 26 Menhadene v= 22222 sgecesscosessceospse eee 23 | Meteorological record 2.25. -2.-£ 2-5-5... 18 Miller CN. Beieasosesccteactes acca ace cscs 13 Miner Rls oes acetate ace ca ck wlaeche eee 13 Monomoy POinbe as ccc saclen ca cinatas dance 6 Muskegat Channel ......- PES e tae wc iee ts ii | Nanticketpesreese cee nara ee Seren 24 Nansett berconsiae fstece cee e cee ee ances 6, 7, 20 Negretti and Zambra thermometer..-..--. 9 INenppedtorde-cm esate sees ee se saree 7, 8, 28 INGWAPOLGy een ce teenies ania sat cee oie ste linen 1i, 29 ING Wi MODs ee oo chive ccccss eee enue = 29 INobskasPomtine tose. so-ecbecceias os sees ce 22 NowUfan's Land 3225 ste occcleeasssasesesce 8, 24, 26 Oil-constimed-22- 4.052505 sees Sh geabap en 29 OlduBayAbloat. bs: ss cnjcnscotss ceoer secs 16 Oysteribedsiexamined. 22 5-. fee se et scene 2 Ovsteridredoin wise. 3) 0. Sscoete aah ce nts 3,4 PAIMKENG WLVON senna soa c eee ata aaiene. cick Pentiold Reefs. ce tasen 5.22 2+ sagen sales. 1l Peremtakeny 24 ose acs «oh os ateswsceanocint 13, 14 POntb AMD OW = ae acetoacetate wmela aeleelm ll IPASUONIS PEGA = sate aisaw sone tclaln en ean 29 Piston stroke...) -.4-0..5.. Gone emo 29 Rpm took OM da. = mem . tS age TH Te oy 4+ te — PLATE V. Salli Se « ——" ———: : A WS == =4= = i SSS 7 1 —— ) Dy : mm - eA OF Ain ! | LY aed a, eee! iT ] Sesh) a\ hm 2 "4 aol \ a) 1 ‘We L\ 7; 2 ll 3 ‘|B ; Hin 3 ce PX | X e al line lay : i i Z] ‘A \ ff ] ef S| i A \ 5 a \ k \ = i tS —— 8 \\ x ? ff / ' : a HH W— J poissinnpo tj Ss == \ A y ZZ, “YL Vane = Tf CH Ai | vi) LA i f i f ! \\ = 2 Ky it IND: ayy / “Yin ANY YY 9 4 =a 5 I 15 ui se wy, dd 3 | = Pe, N ks ps a ees \ ~ rs ¥ ne IV.—A NEW SYSTEM OF FISHWAY-BUILDING. By MARSHALL MCDONALD. 1. THE OBJECT OF FISHWAYS. It is a well established fact that the river fisheries of the Atlantic States have steadily decreased both in value and annual production for many years past. In some instances: species that were at one time common in certain of our rivers are no longer taken. Indeed, the an- nual run of those fish which still continue their migration to the rivers has undergone alarming decrease; and in many cases become too in- significant to furnish the motive or material for organized fisheries. Several causes, probably, have concurred in producing this decrease: (1.) The capture of the greater portion of the runeach year may not have left sufficient to maintain preduection under natural conditions. (2.) The erection of dams or other obstructions in the rivers has, in some cases, absolutely excluded certain species from their spawning grounds; the result being eventually to exterminate the species referred to in those rivers. In all cases the existence of such obstructions has deter- mined a decrease in the natural productiveness of the stream pro tanto with the diminution of the breeding and feeding area. The remedy for the condition of things above indicated is to be found: (1.) In the enactment of such legislation as will control excessive fish- ing, and prohibit destructive methods. (2.) In compensating for the insufficient natural supply by artificial propagation and planting. (3.) In extending the area for breeding and feeding by overcoming natural obstructions by means of fishways. If the anadromous fishes only entered our rivers for the purpose of spawning, and their progeny spent no part of their life in our fresh waters, then the increase which we could determine by artificial propa- gation would be practically without limit. The fish-culturist, in order to maintain the supply, would only have to produce the young fry in nuin- bers sufficient to replace losses by capture or by casualty. As regards all the anadromous species, however, which are the object of commer- cial fisheries, viz, the salmon family, the shad, the herring or alewife, &c., it is necessary that the young, after hatching, should remain for some time in our fresh waters, feeding and growing, and, of course, finding the necessary food in these waters. The extent of the breeding and feeding area of any river basin is, therefore, necessarily the measure of its possible productiveness. A given area, when pressed to its maxi- -tmaum of production, cannot provide for more than a given number of in- [1] 43 4a REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] dividuals. The extension of the area of production is, therefore, the rational means by which we may determine permanent increased pro- ductiveness. Hence arises the necessity for fishways, which are, in short, various constructions designed for the purpose of enabling differ- ent species of fish to surmount obstructions which would be otherwise impassable to them. 2. THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS OF AN EFFICIENT FISHWAY AND THE DEFECTS OF THE OLD FORMS. A fishway, to be effective, must fulfill certain conditions, which are clearly stated by Mr. C. G. Atkins in an admirable article on the sub- ject of fishways, published in the annual report of the United States Fish Commission for 187273, as follows: “*(1). It must be accessible; that is, the foot of the fishway must be so located that fish will readily find it. (2.) It must discharge a sufficient volume of water to attract fish toit. (3.) The water must be discharged with such moderate velocity that fish may easily enter and swim against the current.” To the conditions above stated we may add: (4.) The route to be trav- eled by the fish should be as short and as direet as possible, and the floor of the fishway should simulate as nearly as may be the bed of the stream. The first condition may be always fulfilled in the location by arrang- ing so as to have the discharge of water from the fishway in a line with or in the immediate vicinity of the obstruction. The second condition is more embarrassing. The larger the volume of water discharged through the fishway the better it will be. In the kindsof fishways which are common throughout New England the volume of the discharge is necessarily limited by conditions inherent in the con- structions; is compelled to travel a circuitous channel, and usually is delivered from the fishway in such a sluggish current that it offers no sufficient invitation to fish to enter and ascend it. As before stated, the difficulty of a limited capacity for water is inherent in all of these fishway constructions. The attention of fish-culturists and fishway-builders has been hereto- fore chiefly directed to different devices for controlling the velocity of the water in the fishway. All these devices may be referred to one of two general forms: (1.) The “step” or ‘pool and fall” fishway, in which the water is brought down from its elevation by a series of short drops or falls with intervening pools, the pools being of such dimensions in comparison with the volume of water entering them as to bring it practically to rest after each drop, so that the whole volume of water is eventually deliv- ered from the lower end of the fishway with no greater acceleration than it obtains in falling from one pool to the next. This form of fish- way is very common in England and upon the Continent. Possibly [3] A NEW SYSTEM OF FISHWAY-LBUILDING. 45: some examples of such constructions may be found in the United States, but I have no information of any. (2.) The inclined-plane fishway, as it is termed by Mr. Atkins, in which the descent of the water is effected by a regular inclinaticn of the floor of the fishway, instead of by “steps” or “ pools and falls.” In order to. control the tendency to acceleration finder the action of gravity the base of the incline is made very long in proportion to the height, and by a series of alternating transverse or oblique partitions the water is con- strained to follow a narrow, tortuous path with continual changes of direction, the friction developed in its movement being sufficient to overcome the tendency to acceleration. Of this second general form we have many examples in the United States, especially in New Eng- land. The common rectangular fishway, the Brackett, the Foster, Pike’s, Atkins’, Swazey’s, Brewer’s, and Rogers’ are examples of the various designs that have been employed, each differing in minor details of construction, but all belonging to a common system. Most of these forms may be built either on an incline leading straight down from the dam or with a return section so as to deliver the dis- charge from the fishway close up to the foot of the dam, or they may be built in spiral form and boxed over so as to be made secure against floods and ice. ‘The fishway of Mr. J. D. Brewer is peculiar in the fact that the channel to be followed by the fish is a zigzag groove excavated or framed in the fioor of the incline, which is built either of masonry or strong timbers; the strength of the construction being such, it is pre- sumed, as to prevent its destruction by floods or ice. The Rogers fish- way is recessed into the dam and boxed over, the lower end discharging the water on a line with the face of the dam. This construction could, however, be applied to any of the forms above indicated and has been proposed in several of them. . The experience of fishway builders in New England has shown that for dams 10 feet in height or more it is not allowable to build the incline with a rise of more than 1 foot in from 12 to 16, requiring a length of incline of 140 feet for a10-foot dam. The actual path, however, traveled by the water and traversed by the fish ascending would be some two or three times the length of the incline, so that fish passing up an inelined-plane fishway rising 10 feet vertically, would necessarily travel a distance of from forty to fifty times the height of the dam. For example, in the fish- way over the Hadley Falls dam on the Connecticut River, the total length of the incline is about 450 feet. The distance to be travelled by the fish ascending it is not far short of 1,500 feet, to overcome an aseent of about 29 feet. All the different designs of fishways constructed according to the incline-plane system have, when judiciously located, proved more or less successiul in passing certain species of fish. In all, however, the labyrinthine route to be traversed, and the insignificant flow of water through them, constitute very serious objections. , A6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] 3d. AN IDEAL FISHWAY. If it be possible by any practical construction to deliver the whole volume of a stream over a dam or other obstruction with such moderate velocity that the weakest and least adventurous fish could readily swim against it, we would practically ‘destroy the obstruction, and would establish for the migratory species a passage up to their spawning- grounds as free and unrestrained as if no obstructionexisted. In prae- tice, of course, this ideal can be realized only in exceptional cases, for industrial necessities, or considerations of cost, will necessarily limit the dimensions of the fishway and the amount of water that may be dis- charged through it; but just in proportion as we approximate this ideal in our fishway constructions do we approach more nearly the solution of the problem of free circulation of the anadromous fishes in Conti- nental waters. When the commission of fisheries was inaugurated in the State’ of Virginia, in 1875, one of the most important questions presented to it was how to make adequate provision to get the anadromous fish over the innumerable dams that obstruct the main water-courses of the State and all their tributaries. The white shad (Alosa sapidissima) is one of the most important food-fishes in all the tributaries of the Chesapeake, and in times past has furnished the motive of immense and profitable fisheries. The restoration and maintenance of this valuable fishery was -one of the most serious questions presenting itself to the consideration . of the Commission. The James and the Rappahannock Rivers were obstructed at the head of tide by insuperable dams, interposing effect- ual obstructions to the further upward migration of the anadromous species. Years ago, before obstructions existed, the migration of the shad in James River extended into the heart of the Alleghanies, two hundred and fifty miles above tide-water, and in the Rappahannock to the very base of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The curtailment of the breeding area, by the erection of dams on both rivers, had determined a corresponding reduction in the productive capacity of the streams, and, in concurrence with the irrational and unrestrained methods of fish- ing pursued, had rendered franchises, once valuable, worthless, and in- dlustries, once profitable, precarious and unproductive. A fishway that would freely pass shad up over these obstructions, and recover to pro- duction the breeding area of water from which they had been excluded, promised the means of restoring these most valuable fisheries. The gentlemen who were then commissioners of fisheries for the State of Virginia were pleased to select me to visit the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, with instructions to make a careful study of the models -of all the forms of fishways there exhibited, with the view of finding one that would be adapted to our purpose. A careful study of all was made, and | was reluctantly forced to the conelusion that none of them fulfilled ‘tthe necessary conditions of successful operation, and I returned discour- [5] A NEW SYSTEM OF FISHWAY-BUILDING. AZ aged, with the conviction that an efficient shad-way was a thing of the future. 4, THE PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW FISHWAY, AND THE DETAILS OF ITS ARRANGEMENT. The conditions to be satisfied in a successful fishway construction are as follows: (1) The water should be delivered down a straight unob- structed channel. (2) In sufficient volume to invite the entrance of fish. (3) With such moderate velocity as to permit their ready ascent. (4) With a view to economy in construction, it is important that the ineli-’ nation or slope of the way should be much more considerable than in the ordinary ineclined-plane fishway. How to construct so as to fulfill these conditions was the problem to be solved. Two methods suggested themselves. It was possible to make the water do work in its descent, and thus control velocity. Ppqitade © Bice RPE Gis ’ » * ye AT > ‘ ae ee A eae) as Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—McDonald. Fishway. al SAULT H_ is Fig.6a Inclination of Fishway 1]to3. PLATE III. on on of aT General plan and elevation of McDonald fishway. ao —t a a es fe ae, -_ { Bit Le a ; oe : o% ; raat yg ays “aviesves : E : Ye eta : me. nae w~ * 7 a fit fees Ft Paes rs bgt ad Si ‘ ’ Maa se - , ~ s * . * ’ a ; PLATE VII. Report U.S. F. C.1882.—McDonald. Fishway. ‘IOATY OVWOJOT ‘PON Weg [vuRO 4v AvAYSY Jo UOTZVOO, SutMoys uvjd ourpyng EE de 42AIY IYUL0}ROT ——— a : eS aan } £ eee at P+ ‘ ta es VA SAS : . —. one ee - Y - <= : : ra ° i NE RE PE ge Sa en il ae oe lice Ona. +. = eee a ee ee a “G ca -- ee - 7% — 5, el 7 V.—THE UNITED STATES EXHIBIT AT THE BERLIN INTER- NATIONAL FISHERY EXPOSITION OF 1880.* [Fom the ‘‘Vossische Zeitung,” June 3, 1880. ] The oldest, most important, and most faithful ally of the German Fishery Association is North America, and more especially the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries at Washington, at the head of which is Prof. Spencer F. Baird, who deserves great credit for his efforts in behalf of pisciculture. This gentleman, whose name is well known in Europe, is also Director of the National Museum and Secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution. The three institutions over which he presides are closely connected with each other, the two last men- tioned extending their aims beyond fishery and fish-culture, and devot- ing themselves also to other fields of science. Nothing could have raised our expectations, here in Berlin, to a higher pitch than the news which reached us some months ago, that we should be privileged to view the piscicultural achievements of the United States, to which von Behr, of Schmoldow, had so often directed our attention. Our expectation has now been realized, and we are happy to see among the representatives of the United States who present to our view the American exhibit, as the result of the labors of the National Museum at Washington, a gentleman already well known in our capital, one of Professor Baird’s assistants, the famous pisciculturist Fred. Mather, who has repeatedly crossed the ocean in order to enrich German fish-culture with the treasures of the American rivers, and to whom we owe, among other things, the successful introduction into Germany of the California silver-salmon, Salmo quinnat [Oncorhynchus chouicha (Walb.) J. & G.], which thrives so well in our streams. The large and rich exhibit of the - United States at our Fishery Exposition, which occupies nearly one- fourth of the first floor of the Museum of Agriculture, is systematically arranged in classes, according to the programme; and it might have been predicted that the majority of the articles exhibited would testify to that common sense and practical genius which long since have made our trans-oceanic friends the foremost inventors of the world. It is, in- deed, not saying too much if we state that the united achievements, in this field, of all other nations cannot be compared with the astonishing * Die internationale Fischerei-Ausstellung zu Berlin : VI. Nord-Amerika. Translated from the German by HERMAN JACOBSON. [1] 53 54 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] wealth of practical articles placed on exhibition by the National Museum in Washington. Whilst with nearly all other nations fishing is con- sidered such a venerable occupation that it is almost considered a crime to make any change in the catching implements and instruments which have been hallowed by the traditions of ages, the practical sense of the American does not have the slightest regard for such traditions, but simply goes on inventing something new all the time. When the American wants to cut or carve a fish, he of course uses a knife; but far from contenting himself with a single kind of knife, he thinks that every fish demands a special kind of knife. It will almost seem ludicrous to our readers if we state that America has exhibited no less than ten different kinds of knives for slaughtering fish; but each one of these knives finds a peculiar and practical use. Many hundreds of thousands of mackerel, codfish, and shell-fish can be “prepared” much quicker, if the right kind of instrument is used. This does not, however, exhaust the list of knives; but the Exposition shows us knives for pealing off the fat of the whale, boat knives to cut the harpoon line of the whale-boats in case it has became entangled, knives for decap- itating fish, for cutting their throat, for scraping off the scales, for making slits, &c. Butthis is not yet sufficient; the exhibitors have taken special pains not ouly to show that the inventive genius of the Amer- ican nation has created something entirely new in the ethnological field, but also to satisfy the historical interest. For this reason the imple- ments and tools made by the ancient aborigines have been gathered and embodied in this collection, including the stone and bone knives of the Indians and Esquimaux; the spears and javelins of the Esquimaux on the Mackenzie River near the Arctic coast, and on the northwest coast ;. the salmon-spears of the Passamaquoddy Indians; the fish and bird spears of the Alaska Indians; Esquimaux harpoons, made of stone, bone, and iron; spear-heads of the natives, made of American copper; spear-heads and hooks made of the split bones of various animals, and harpoon-points with fins made of fish-bladder; arrows with which the Esquimaux kill fish, &e. As these Arctic natives live exclusively by the fisheries and the chase, we may be certain in case the collection of the National Museum in Washington is complete, that we see here, besides the numberless in- ventions and implements of recent date, an almost exhaustive collection of implements used by the ancient aborigines of the farthest regions of the North. If we suppose this to be correct, this small portion of the great exhibit would permit us again briefly to touch the most important questions of anthropology. It is well known that when, some years ago, the German anthropologists met in convention at Constance, they devoted a good deal of attention to the drawings of animals which pre- historic man, at a time when the mammoth bad not yet become extinct, is said to have rudely etched with stone on ivory, horn, or bone. At that time the advocates of the genuineness of the “famous grazing [3] THE UNITED STATES EXHIBIT AT BERLIN. 55 reindeer” of Thayingen, mentioned in support of their assertions the skill shown by the Esquimaux of our days in adorning their various bone implements with sketches of human beings, animals, houses, and other things. Reference was made at the time to a number of articles of this kind which had been in some of our museums for a considerable period, and to reproductions of the same which, besides the famous French drawings of the mammoth, &c., had found their way in various works treating of prehistoric times, such as Lubboch’s Prehistoric Ages, Beer’s Prehistoric Man, and others. If any collection could have shown us implements adorned in the manner above described, it would certainly have been the American exhibit; but, unfortunately, nothing of the kind is found in it. Some of the articles placed on exhibition show con- siderable skill in carving, strongly reminding us of the style of orna- mentation common on nearly all coasts of the Pacific Ocean. Itis a , peculiar, but not altogether inexplicable, circumstance, that the wooden fish-hook of the natives of the farthest Northwest of North America is frequently ornamented with wooden figures, and that we also find here some very beautiful and characteristic boat-ornaments of carved wood. It is presumed that Mr. Giinther, of Dorotheen street, the official pho- tographer, of the Exposition, will produce pictures of these ornaments which are of such interest to our anthropologists. After this digression, which has shown us one of the many branches in which the American exhibit has produced so much interesting matter, we will return to our report proper, and, lingering for a few moments in this class, we cannot fail to notice the 200 artificial flies, exclusively used for catching salmon, trout, and bass, manufactured by Messrs. Bradford & Anthony, of Boston, and the collection of 120 flies for catch- ing Salmo thymallus, exhibited by Messrs. Conroy, Bisset & Malleson, of New York, showing an endless variety in this one specialty. Owing to a lack of proper space, one of the most interesting of the fishing- . boats placed on exhibition, a canoe made of birch bark, from the north. ern part of the United States, containing the characteristic figures of two reddish-brown Indians engaged in fishing, has unfortunately got rather an unfavorable place. We need scarcely tell our readers that the exhibit comprises a large variety of models of canoes, and of Esquimaux kayaks and “ummisks.” Friends of aquatic sports will be interested in the exceedingly practical portable boats; no more can be desired than the portable boat, exhibited by Osgood & Chapin, Battle Creek, Mich., which measures 15 feet in length. It weighs 20 pounds, is intended for four men, and can be propelled very rapidly by two oars. Even when loaded with a weight of 850 pounds it only draws 8 inches of water. The price of such a boat is $45. One of the most important boats used in the United States for fishing is the ‘dory,” which somewhat resembles our Pommeranian coast-boat. No fewer than six such ‘“ dories,” completely equipped for different fishing pur- poses, are found in the exhibition ; one, completely rigged, in the upper 56 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] t ' story, the others below; some of them in the International Hall, which contains a completely equipped American whale-boat, as center-piece between the two large northern whales. Although this boat looks very pretty and almost new, we are informed that it has been engaged in many a hard contest with the largest of all living beings. But we must not be detained too long in this class, for the others also richly deserve our attention, especially the one comprising the marine animals. To carry live fish all the way from the United States to the Berlin Exposition would seem a problem fraught with insurmountable difficulties, considering that many of our neighbors did not attempt to bring live fish. Nevertheless, Mr. Fred. Mather, the experienced transporter of fish, was not deterred by the difficulties attending such an experiment. He forthwith constructed a suitable transporting ap- paratus, a large metal vessel, which was filled three-fourths with water. Immediately over the water there were attached to the walls of the vessel sponges, which, through the rocking motion of the ship, were alternately filled with water and let it drip down. Through this con- trivance the 124 fish which lived in the vessel were supplied with air, and succeeded in reaching Europe in good condition; but immediately upon their arrival they died. With the exception of American oysters exhibited in the Ice Hall, it had been found impossible to exhibit any live specimens of American marine animals, whilst a very large variety of salt, pickled, and otherwise prepared fish were exhibited in the hall for preserved fish. As in nearly everything else, America is also quite original in this branch of industry. This is especially shown in the very appetizing manner in which codfish is prepared. Beautiful pieces of clean white meat (all the refuse matter is otherwise utilized) ready for use actually tempt one to eat some of this fish, which, by most people, is not considered a delicacy. Soaked in water for six to eight hours, and then put on the fire for twenty minutes, this fish makes a cheap and palatable dish. Our Berlin fish dealers ought certainly to import some of it. Among other American prepared fish we must mention salmon, ready for the table, to be eaten either warm or cold, from A. Booth & Co., Astoria, Oreg., and fresh mackerel from W. K. Lewis & Brothers. (It may here be stated that Mr. Fritmann, of the Tyska Fisk-rokeriet, has in vain attempted, at considerable expense and labor, to introduee into Germany freshly caught Swedish mackerel.) We must also mention canned American oysters, exhibited by a firm in Baltimore. It is well known that the Americans also eat the beard of the oyster, and these oysters are, therefore, put up with the beard. On this account, and for other reasons, we cannot accustom ourselves to these oysters, even after the beard has been removed and they have been fixed with pepper and lemon-juice. It is probable, however, that if fried tolerably hard, they might find favor with some of our people. On the other hand, we must give the highest praise to the fresh lobsters from Underwood & Co., Boston; spiced sardines, exhibited by an un- known firm; and sour eels in jelly, from S. Schmidt, New York. [5] THE UNITED STATES EXHIBIT AT BERLIN. 57 Among the other products of the fisheries we must mention the ex- cellent preparation of the air bladder of various fish exhibited by Messrs. Howe & French, of Boston, which has met with great favor among connoisseurs, and threatens to enter into successful competition with various Russian products of this kind. We are informed that this ar- ticle, also called isinglass, is used in nearly all American breweries for making the beer clear. We cannot pass by Le Page’s fish-glue exhib- ited by John J. Tower, of New York. This article surpasses anything ever seen in this line, and is even used for joining machine-belts, with- out requiring any sewing. The principal attraction of the American exhibit is the large collec- tion of useful and hurtful American marine animals, comprising 296 of the more important American fish, reproduced in plaster, photographs, and colored drawings. The plaster casts, especially, attract universal attention. It is to be hoped that our scientists will imitate the example set by America in this respect, for our people would thus be able to become more thoroughly acquainted with the different kinds of fish than is pos- sible without such plaster casts. Nothing is easier than to take a plaster cast of a fish, and if it is colored true to nature, no more exact image can be produced. Look at this plaster cast of a codfish, of a large size, which hangs on the wall. Everything at once reminds you that you have before you a specimen of the cod family, the powerfully developed head, the peculiar formation of the back, the color of the skin; but not of that cod family, hungry specimens of which visit our Baltic coasts, hunting for herring and flounders. ; a ¥ r Joes m2. ; pve eee Mts ea jena lee Te : rae " 5 : pes at sie tice ap f * Bh ae tegen ee en ies ae : ; Ti i ic ay bien (45 #44. - iy as ‘. x ae ee Sate Ee te y ag ; 4 ae, bs ¥ ae Psi 4 ‘ Sag et ie. argh? ; = At: Ns 3 gee ea es ; ‘ Tas 4 eee Foe oe PY i a iihiac Jonte Wann fete ge 55:0 Bunce reid a * 7 4 “ Li ‘ r é ; , ? Wea s foe ATi Ges. Swit ; : : 5 Ge ran a Gi Gar yinvey 5G Ete Pek : pecechese S's ~ bo G) bo NDHOWOA 4c = bo = or ~ o te en eal aan tl nll ee on el eee ce ed ee moro oor Oo OU cr or Or Suc bho bo bo bo bo WO bo bb bo bv bo Qvo4serrAshere —" ou bo bo 2) to TNH NNPHD m Ww © bo wi a XOI on nS) TR to _ or Ct bo bo W bo 4 res | — cr bo 4 bo i= on nS) = Turkey Creek, Louisiana. Boeuf River, Louisiana. Big Creek, Louisiana. Bee Bayou, Louisiana. Big Bayou, Louisiana. Bayou Boeuf, Louisiana. Bayou Bartholomew, Arkansas. Washita River, Louisiana. Bayou La Fourche, Louisiana. Little Bayou Boeuf, Louisiana. Corney Creek, Louisiana. Bayou L’Arbonne, Louisiana. Saline River, Arkansas. Eagle Creek, Arkansas, Flat Creek, Arkansas. Brown’s Creek, Arkansas. Cypress Creek, Arkansas. Big Creek, Arkansas. North Fork of Saline River, Ar- kansas. Middle Fork of Saline River, Ar- kansas. Bayou Moreau, Arkansas. Cook’s Creek, Arkansas. Champagnole Creek, Arkansas. Two Bayous, Arkansas. Bayou Frio, Arkansas. Bayou Tulip, Arkansas. Little Missouri River, Arkansas. Terre Noir Creek, Arkansas. Cypress Bayou, Arkansas. Beech Creek, Arkansas. Terre Rouge Creek, Arkansas. Antoine Creek, Arkansas. Clear Fork of Little Missouri, Ar- kansas. Cypress Creek, Arkansas. Caddo Creek, Arkansas. » Little Mazorn Creek, Arkansas. Big Mazorn Creek, Arkansas. North Fork of Washita River, Arkan- sas. Muddy Fork of Washita River, Arkan. Sas. Brushy Creek, Arkansas. [29] RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 119 152. Red River, Louisiana—Continued. 152 Z2. Saline Bayou, Louisiana. 152 A3. Cross Bayou, Louisiana. 152 Bs. Horsepen Creek, Louisiana. 152. C3. Catahoula Lake, Louisiana. 152 D3 Flaggon Bayou, Louisiana. 152 Es. Little River, Louisiana. 152 F3. Castor Bayou, Louisiana. 152 G3. Dugdemona River, Louisiana. 152 H3. Jatt Lake, Louisiana. 152 J3. Cane River, Louisiana. 152 K3. Casatche Bayou, Louisiana. 152 L3. Saline Lake, Louisiana. 152 M3. Saline Bayou, Louisiana. 152 N3. Black Lake, Louisiana. 152 O3. Black Lake Bayou, Louisiana. 152 Ps. Pierre Bayou, Louisiana. 152 Q3. Pierre Bayou Lake, Louisiana. 152° R3. Lake Bistineau, Louisiana. 152 83. Dauchita Bayou, Louisiana. 152 T3. Cannisnia Lake, Louisiana. 152 U3. Cypre Bayou, Louisiana. 152 V3. Tone’s Bayou, Louisiana. 152 W3. Bodeau Lake, Louisiana. 152 X3. Bodeau Bayou, Louisiana. 152 Y3. Cross Lake, Soda Lake, Caddo Lake, Ferry Lake, Cypress Creek, and Black Bayou, Louisiana and Texas. 152 Z3. Sulphur Fork of Red River, Louisiana and Texas. 152 A4. Anderson’s Creek, Texas. 152 B4. White Oak Bayou, Texas. 152 C4. Booth’s Creek, Texas. 152 D4. Cuthand Creek, Texas. 152 H4. North Sulphur River, Texas. 152 F4. Crockett Creek, Texas. 152 G4. South Sulphur River, Texas. 152 H4. Little River, Arkansas and Indian Territory. 152 J4. Saline Creek, Arkansas. 152 K4, Rolling Fork, Arkansas and Indian Territory. 152 L4. Buffalo Creek, Indian Territory. 152 M4. Pecan Bayou, Texas. 2 N4. Kimishi River, Indian Territory. O4, Bushy Creek, Indian Territory. Pa; Big Creek, Indian Territory. Q4. Black Fork Creek, Indian Territory. R4. Buffalo Creek, Indian Territory. S4. Haw Creek, Indian Territory. 120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30] 152. Red River, Louisiana—Continued. 152 T4. Upper Pins Creek, Texas. 152 U4. Boggy River, Indian Territory. 152 V4. Middle Boggy River, Indian Territory. 152 W4. Sander’s Creek, Texas. 152 X4. Coffee Mill Creek, Texas. 152 Y4. Blue River, Indian Territory, 152 Z4. Island Bayou, Indian Territory. 152 A5. Washita River, Indian Territory. 152 BS. Caddo Creek, Indian Territory. 152 C5. Wild Horse Creek, Indian Territory. 152 Dd Rush Creek, Indian Territory. 152 HS. Little Washita River, Indian Territory. 152 FB. Pond Creek, Indian Territory. 152 Go. Seventh Cavalry Creek, Indian Territory. 152 Hod. Sergeant Major Creek, Indian Territory. 152 Jd. Gageby Creek, Indian Territory and Texas. 152 Kod. Dry Fork of Washita River, Texas. 152 L5. Walnut Creek, Indian Territory. 152 M5. Fish Creek, Indian Territory. 152 Nd. Mud Creek, Indian Territory. 152 O5. Red Oak Fork, Indian Territory. 152 PS. Farmers Creek, Texas. 152 Q5. Panther Creek, Texas. 152 R5. Coffee Creek, Texas. 152 S5. Belknap Creek, Texas. 152 T5. Little Wichita River, Texas. 152 U5. Turkey Creek, Texas. 152 V5. East Fork, Texas. 152 W5. Mosquito Creek, Texas. 152 X5 Solomon Creek, Texas. 152 Y5. Union Creek, Texas. 152 Z5. North Fork of Little Wichita River, Texas. 152 A6. Middle Fork, Texas. 152 B6. South Fork, Texas. 152 C6. Big Wichita River, Texas. 152 D6. Holliday Creek, Texas. 152 K6. Plum Creek, Texas. 152 F6. Buffalo Head Creek, Texas. 152 G6. Beaver Creek, Texas. 152 H6. Mionas Creek, Texas. 152 J6. Jennie’s Creek, Texas. 152 K6. Lilley’s Creek, Texas. 152 L6. Main Beaver Creek, Indian Territory. 152 M6. Little Beaver Creek, Indian Territory. 152 N6. Cache Creek, Indian Territory. [31] RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 121 152. Med River, Louisiana—Continued. 152 O6. 152 P6. 152 Q6. 152 R6. 152 S6. West Fork, Indian Territory. Buffalo Creek, Indian Territory. Deep Red Creek, Indian Territory. Snake Creek, Indian Territory. Herd Creek, Indian Territory. 152 T6. China Tree Creek, Texas. 152 UG. Buffalo Creek, Texas. 152 V6. Pease River (or South Fork Red River), Texas. 152 W6. North Fork of Pease River, Texas. pet ped Cr 1 ao oor at ou bo bo bo bo bo C7. Di. fd pk ek ek ek eed Or or St Str Or 1 bo > bo b& b Lo 152 NZ. 152 G7, P7. South Fork of Red River, Texas. QZ. Falls and head of Red River, Randall, and Armstrong Counties, Texas. HZ. ¥7. G7. H7. Prairie Dog Town Fork of Red River, Indian Territory and Texas. X6. South Fork of Pease River, Texas. Y6. North Fork of Red River, Indian Territory and Texas. Z6. Aw. B7. Otter Creek, Indian Territory. Elk Creek, Indian Territory. Elm or Marecy’s Creek, Indian Territory and Texas. Camp Creek, Indian Territory and Texas. Whitefish Creek, Indian Territory and Texas. Butfalo Creek, Indian Territory. Sweetwater Creek, Indian Territory and Texas. McClelland Creek, Texas. Freshwater Creek, Texas. Salt Fork of Red River, Indian Territory and Texas. Deep Red Run, Indian Territory. Gypsum Creek, Indian Territory. Clear Creek, Texas. Mulberry Creek, Texas. 153. Yazoo River, Mississippi. 153 A. False River, Mississippi. 153 B. Sunflower River, Mississippi. ot oS) ORO O Silver Creek, Mississippi. Bayou Philia, Mississippi. Deer Creek, Mississippi. Shackelford Bayou, Mississippi. Thompkin’s Bayou, Mississippi. Barrow’s and Goose Lakes, Mississippi. 153 J. Alligator Creek, Mississippi. 153 K. Techevah Creek, Mississippi. 153 L. Tehulah River, Mississippi. 153 M. Black, or Bloosa Creek, Mississippi. 122 REPORT 153. Yazoo Riv OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32] er, Mississippi—Continued. ipo YN: Fannegusha Creek, Mississippi. 153- O. Chicopal: Bayou, Mississippi. 153 P. Abyacha Coula Creek, Mississippi. 153 Q. Palusha Creek, Mississippi. 153 R. Big Sandy Oreek, Mississippi. 153 S. Yalabusha River, Mississippi. 153 T. Batupon Bogue, Mississippi. 153 U. Patacocawa Creek, Mississippi. 153 V. Loosha Seoona River, Mississippi. 153 W. Botmore Creek, Mississippi. 153 X. Cold Water River, Mississippi. 163 Y. Cositys Bay ou, Mississippi. 153 Z. Tallahatchee River, Mississippi. 153 A2. Yockeuey River, Mississippi. 153 B2. Wyoh-Na Pata-Fa River, Mississippi. 153 C2. Otoclaffa Creek, Mississippi. 153, D2. Tippah Creek, Mississippi. 153 12. Issaquena Creek, Mississippi. 154. Arkansas River, Arkansas and Indian Territory. 154 A. Rattlesnake Bayou, Arkansas. 154 Aa. Bayou Meto, Arkansas. 154 B. Bayou Two Prairies, Arkansas. 154 Ba. Little Bayou Meto, Arkansas. 154 C. 154 D. 154 KE. 154 F. 154 G. 154 H. 154 J. 154 K. 154 L. 154 WV. 154 N. 154 O. 154 P. 154 Q. 154 KR. 154 5S. 154 T. 154 U. 154 V. 154 W 154 X 154 Y Maumelle River, Arkansas. Cypress Lake, Arkansas. Fourche La Fave River, Arkansas. Grape Creek, Arkansas. Cauldron Creek, Arkansas. North Fork of Cauldron Creek, Arkansas. Petit Jean Creek, Arkansas. Dutch Creek, Arkansas. Illinois Creek, Arkansas. Bear Creek, Arkansas. Piney Creek, Arkansas. Little Piney Creek, Arkansas. Cane Creek, Arkansas. Mulberry River, Arkansas. Richland Creek, Arkansas. Lees Creek, Arkansas. Basil Creek, Indian Territory. Skin Creek, Indian Territory. Sallison Creek, Indian Territory. Sand Bois Creek, Indian Territory. Vine Creek, Indian Territory. Canadian River, Indian Territory. [33] RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 123 154. Arkansas River, Arkansas and Indian Territory—Continued. 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 Z. AZ. Be. VO ae D2. E2. F2. G2. 9 ae J2. K2. L2. M2. N2. 02. P2. Q2. R2. S2. T2, U2. V2. 154 W2. 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 X2. A3. B3. C3. D3. E3. F3. G3. HB. 73: K3. ny M3. N3: O03. P3. Q3. R3. ° Oe T3. Rabbit Ear Creek, or North Fork of Canadian River. Deep Fork, Indian Territory. We-woka River, Indian Territory. Wolf Creek, Indian Territory. Middle River, Texas. Trout Creek, Indian Territory. Paladoro, or Skull Creek, Indian Terri- tory and Texas. Union Creek, Indian Territory and Texas. Dry River, Indian Territory and Texas. Beaver Creek, Texas. MeNeiss Creek, Indian Territory. Coal Creek, Indian Territory. Grain Creek, Indian Territory. Brushy Creek, Indian Territory. Little River, Indian Territory. Walnut Creek, Indian Territory. Deer Creek, Indian Territory. Commission Creek, Indian Territory. Dry River, Texas. Kiowa Creek, Texas. Valley Creek, Texas. Kit Carson Creek, Texas. Big Clear, or Mustang Creek, Texas. Little Clear Creek, Texas. Spring Creek, Texas. Bluff Creek, Texas. Moale Creek, Texas. Agua Azul River, Texas. Shady Creek, Texas. Beautiful View Creek, Texas. Canada Rica Creek, Texas. Rincon de la Cruz Creek, Texas. Ca Bonito Creek, Texas. Encampment Creek, Texas. Major Long’s Creek, Texas and New Mexico. Trujillo Creek, Texas and New Mexico. Flagg Creek, Indian Territory and New Mexico. Canada de Trujillo Creek, New Mexico. ted River Springs, Indian Territory. Rocky Bell Creek, Indian Territory. Monte Bevuleta Tucumeari Creek, New Mexico. Hall Creek, New Mexico. Barraneas Creek, New Mexico. 124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34] 154. Arkansas River, Arkansas and Indian Territory—Continued. 154 154 Us. V3. 154 W3. 154 154 154 154 X3. Yosi Z3. A4. B4. C4. D4. EH4. T4, G4. H4. J4. K4, L4. M4. N4. Utah Creek, New Mexico. Alamo Creek, New Mexico. Pajarito Creek, or Tierra Blanca, New Mexico. tio Concha Creek, New Mexico. Arroyo Guerbo, New Mexico. Rio Mora, New Mexico. Le Blanco Creek, New Mexico. Dog Creek, New Mexico. Rio Sapello, New Mexico. Rio Cebollas, New Mexico. Elk Lake, New Mexico. Don Carlos Creek, New Mexico. Laguna River, New Mexico. Whetstone River, New Mexico. Sweetwater Creek New Mexico. Rayado River, New Mexico. Rio Cimarron, New Mexico. Rio Vermijo, New Mexico. Crow Creek, New Mexico. Una de Gato Creek, New Mexico. . Illinois River, Indian Territory. Flint Creek, Indian Territory and Missouri. Barren Fork, Indian Territory and Missouri. Illinois Creek, Indian Territory and Missouri. Elk Creek, Indian Territory. Coodeys Creek, Indian Territory. . Neosho River, Indian Territory and Kansas. Flat Rock Creek, Indian Territory. Fourteen-inile Creek, Indian Territory. Spring Creek, Indian Territory. Saline Creek, Indian Territory. Spavina Creek, Indian Territory and Missouri. Cabin Creek, Indian Territory. — Elk Creek, Indian Territory. Sugar Creek, Arkansas. Shoal Creek, Missouri. . Verdigris River, Indian Territory and Kansas. Bird Creek, Indian Territory. Big Caney Creek, Indian Territory. . Pocan Creek, Indian Territory. . Cane Creek, Indian Territory. . Snake Creek, Indian Territory. Polecat Creek, Indian Territory. . Red Fork of Arkansas River, Indian Territory. Black Bear Creek, Indian Territory. [35] RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 125 154. Arkansas River, Arkansas and Indian Territory—Continued. 154 O85. 154 Po. 154 Q5. 154 Ro. 154 So. 154 To. 154 U5. 154 V5. 154 W5. 154 XO. 154 Y5. 154 Z5. 154 A6. 154 B6. 154 C6. 154 D6. 154 E6. 154 F6. 154 G6. 154 H6. 154 J6. 154 K6. 154 L6. 154 M6. 154 N6. 154 O6. 154 P6. 154 Q6. 154 Reo. 154 S6. 154. T6. 154 U6. 154 V6. 154 W6. 154 X6. 154 Y6. 154 Z6. 154 A7. 154 BT. 154 C7. 154 D7. 154 H7. Chisholms’ Creek, Indian Territory. Cottonwood Creek, Indian Territory. Unele John, or Kingfisher Creek, Indian Ter- tory. Glauber Salt Creek, Indian Territory. Sand Creek, Indian Territory. Buffalo Creek, Indian Territory. Snake Creek, Indian Territory. Bluff Creek, Indian Territory. Sa-Tau-Tas Creek, Indian Territory. Fish Creek, Indian Territory. Cimarron River, Kansas and Indian Territory. Bear Creek, Kansas. Salt Creek, Kansas. Crooked Creek, Kansas. Sand Creek, Kansas. Cold Spring Creek, Texas. Cedar Creek, Texas. Willow Creek, Colorado. Salt, or Nescutunga River, Indian Territory and Kan- sas. Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas. Cavalry Creek, Kansas. Bluff Creek, Indian Territory and Kansas. Pahabe Creek, Indian Territory. Snawacospah or Chikaskie River, Indian Territory and Kansas. Ne-Ne-Squaw River, Kansas. South Fork of Ne-Ne-Squaw River, Kansas. North Fork of Ne-Ne-Squaw River, Kansas. Cow Skin Creek, Kansas. Little Arkansas River, Kansas. Rattlesnake Creek, Kansas, Walnut Creek, Kansas. South Fork of Walnut Creek, Kansas. Sandy Bed Creek, Kansas. Ash Creek, Kansas. Pawnee Creek, Kansas. Buckner’s Branch, Kansas. Shafi’s Branch, Kansas. Heth’s Branch, Kansas. Coon Creek, Kansas. Mulberry Creek, Kansas. Bear Creek, Kansas. Two Butte Creek, Colorado. 126 REPORT OF COMMISSIUNER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36] 154. Arkansas River, Arkansas and Indian Territory—Continued. 154 7. Clay Creek, Colorado. 154 G7. Big Sandy Creek, Colorado. 154 H7. tush Oreck:, Colorado. 154 Ji. Wild Horse Creek, Colorado. 154 K7. Caddo Creek, Colorado. 154 L7. Rule Creek, Colorado. 154 M7. Purgatory River, Colorado. 154 N7. Higby Cation Creek, Colorado. 154 O7. Chaquague Creek, Colorado. 154 P7%. Chickoa Creek, Colorado. 154. QZ. Las Animas River, Colorado. 154. R7. Dry Creek, Colorado. 154 S7. Duck, or Little Sandy Creek, Colorado. 154 T7. Timpa Creek, Colorado. 154 U7. Apishapa Creek, Colorado. 154 V7. Huerfano River, Colorado. 154 W7. Cucharas River, Colorado. Mg ey Bee, Gre Santa Clara Creek, Colorado. 154 YT. Apache Creek, Colorado. 154 Zi. William’s Creek, Colorado, 154 A8. Black Squirrel Creek, Colorado. 154 BS. Chico Creek, Colorado. 154 C8. Saint Charies River, Colorado. 154 D8. Greenhorn River, Colorado. 154 ES. Muddy Creek, Colorado. 154 FS. Fountaine Qui Bouille Creek, Coiorado. 154 G8. Little Fountaine Creek, Colorado. 154 H8. tock Creek, Colorado. 154 J8. Turkey Creek, Colorado. 154 K8. Beaver Creek, Colorado. 154 LS. Great Creek, Colorado. 154 M8. -il Creek, Colorado. 154 Ns. Texas Creek, Colorado. 154 O8. Brown Creek, Colorado. 154 P8. Chalk Creek, Colorado. 154 Q8. Cottonwood Creek, Colorado. 154 R8. Twin Lakes, source of Arkansas River, near Leadville, Galena: 155. White River, Arkansas. 155 A. La Grue River, Arkansas. 155 B. Little River or Big Creek, Arkansas. 155 C Cache River, Arkansas. D. Bayou Devue, Arkansas. 155 IE. Cypress Bayou, Arkansas. 155 F. Little Red River, Arkansas. [87] RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 155. White River, Arkansas—Continued. 155 G. Turkey Creek, Arkansas. 155 H. Old Fork of Little Red River, Arkansas. 155 J. Village Creek, Arkansas. 155 K. Black River, Arkansas. 155 L Strawberry River, Arkansas. 155 M Piney Fork of Strawberry River, Arkansas, 155 ‘N. Spring River, Arkansas and Missouri. 155 O Eleven Points River, Arkansas and Mis- souri. 155 P James Creek, Arkansas. 155 Q. Hyatts Fork of Spring River, Arkansas. 155 fh. Current River, Arkansas and Missouri. 155 S Little Black River, Arkansas and Missouri. 155 T Jack’s Fork of Current River, Missouri. 155 U. Big North Fork of White River, Arkansas and Mis- souri. | 155 V. Buffalo Fork of White River, Arkansas. 155 W. Hoges Creek, Arkansas. 155 X. Calf Creek, Arkansas. 155 Y. Richland Creek, Arkansas. 155 Z. Crooked Creek, Arkansas. 155 A2. Sugar-Loaf Creek, Arkansas. 155 B2. Bear Creek, Arkansas. 155 C2. Big Beaver Creek, Arkansas. 155 D2. Swan Creek, Arkansas. 155 E2. Long Creek, Arkansas. 155 F2. West Fork of Long Creek, Arkansas and Mis- souri. 155 G2. Flat Creek, Missouri. 155 H2. King’s River, Missouri and Arkansas. 155 J2. Main Fork of White River, Missouri. 155 K2. Nubbins Creek, Missouri. 156. Ohio River, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania. 156 A. Big Wheeling Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 B. Big Grave Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 C. Fish Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 D. Fishing Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 E. Middle Island Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 F. McElroy Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 G. French Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 H. Buffalo Creek, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 156 J. Cross Creek, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 156 K. Tygarts Creek, Kentucky, 156 L. Grassy Creek, Kentucky. 156 M. Kinniconick Creek, Kentucky. 128 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [88] 156. Ohio River, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, &e.- Continued. 156 N. 156-0. 156 A2. 156 B2. Calio Creek, Kentucky. Twelve-Mile Creek, Kentucky. TENNESSEE RIVER, Kentucky, vide 157. CUMBERLAND RIvER, Kentucky and Tennessee, vide 158. . Saline River, Lllnois. y) North Fork of Saline River, Illinois. South Fork of Saline River, [linats. . Wabash River, Indiana. Little Wabash River, Indiana. White River, Indiana. East Fork of White River, Indiana. West Fork of White River, Indiana. Embarras River, I[linois. Tippecanoe River, Indiana. Eel River, Indiana. Mississinneau River, Indiana. Cypress Creek, Indiana. Sallamoni River, Indiana. . Lost Creek, Indiana. . Tradewater River, Kentucky. . Highland Creek, Kentucky. . Green River, Kentucky. 2. Little Barren River, Kentucky. East Fork of Little Barren River, Kentucky. Middle Fork of Little Barren River, Kentucky. South Fork of Little Barren River, Kentucky. Panther Creek, Kentucky. East Fork of Panther Creek, Kentucky. Deer Creek, Kentucky. Plum Creek, Kentucky. Muddy Creek, Kentucky. Indian Camp Creek, Kentucky. Welsh’s Creek, Kentucky. Clay Lick Creek, Kentucky. Bear Creek, Kentucky. Beaverdam Creek, Kentucky. Brush Creek, Kentucky. Pitiman’s Creek, Kentucky. Russeli’s Creek, Kentucky. Sulphur Creek, Kentucky. Glenn Creek, Kentucky. | Reynold’s Creek, Kentucky. Robinson’s Creek, Kentucky. Casey Creek, Kentucky. [39] RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 129 156. Ohio River, Ilinois, Indiana, Ohio, &c.—Continued. 156 83. 156 73. 156 U3. 156 V3. 156 WS. 156 X3. 156 Y3. 156 Z3. 156 Ad, 156 BA. 156 C4. 156 D4. 156 E4. 156 F4, 156 G4. 156 H4. 156 J4, 156 K4, 156 14, 156 M4. 156 N4. 156 O4. 156 P4, 156 Q4. 156 R4. 156 S4. 156 T4. 156 U4. 156 V4. 156 W4. 156 X4. 156 Y4. 156 Z4. 156 AD. 156 Bod. 156 C5. 156 D5. 156.K5. Salt River, Kentucky. 156 F5. 156 G5. S. Mis. 46-——_9 Nolin River, Kentucky. Bacon Creek, Kentucky. Roundstone Creek, Kentucky. Severn Valley Creek, Kentucky. North Fork of Nolin River, Kentucky. South Fork of Nolin River, Kentucky. Rough Creek, Kentucky. Muddy Creek, Kentucky. Caney Creek, Kentucky. North Fork of Rough Creek, Ken- tucky. Pond River, Kentucky. Cypress Creek, Kentucky. Otter Creek, Kentucky. West Fork of Pond River, Kentucky. Long Creek, Kentucky. Muddy River, Kentucky. Clifty Creek, Kentucky. Pigeon Roost Creek, Kentucky. Wolf Creek, Kentucky. Big Barren River, Kentucky. Gasper’s River, Kentucky. Clear Fork of Gasper’s River, Kentucky. Drake’s Fork, Kentucky. Sinking Creek, Kentucky. West Fork of Sinking Creek, Kentucky. Sulphur Fork, Kentucky. Trammel’s Fork, Kentucky. Ray’s Fork, Kentucky. Beaver Creek, Kentucky. Boyd’s Creek, Kentucky. Skagg’s Creek, Kentucky. Peters Creek, Kentucky. Long Creek, Kentucky. Lick Creek, Kentucky. Indian Creek, Kentucky. Long Fork of Big Barren River, Ken- tucky. Kast Fork of Big Barren River, Ken- tucky. Pond Creek, Kentucky. Floyd’s Fork, Kentucky. ultiBRaRy |S Z\ wee /r. 1380 = REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [40] 156. Ohio River, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, &c.—Continued. 156 H5d. Rolling Fork of Salt River, Kentucky. 156 J5. Beech Fork, Kentucky. 156 K5. Hardins Creek, Kentucky. 156 L5. Chaplin Fork, Kentucky. 156 M5. Sulphur Creek, Kentucky. 156 Nd. Otter Creek, Kentucky. 156 O5. Kentucky River, Kentucky. 156 P5. Eagle Creek, Kentucky. 156 Q5. Ten-Mile Creek, Kentucky. 156 Rd. Tyells Fork, Kentucky. 156 S65. Drennan Creek, Kentucky. 156 TS. Six-Mile Creek, Kentucky. 156 U5. Cedar Creek, Kentucky. 156 V5. Sand Creek, Kentucky. 156 W5. Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky. 156 X5. Hickman Creek, Kentucky. 156 Y5. Paint Lick [Creek], Kentucky. 156 Z5. Silver Creek, Kentucky. 156 A6. Boone’s Creek, Kentucky. 156 B6. Otter Creek, Kentucky. 156 C6. Muddy Creek, Kentucky. 156 D6. Drowning Creek, Kentucky. 156 H6. Station Camp Creek, Kentucky. 156 F6. Sturgeons Creek, Kentucky. 156 G6. . Sextons Creek, Kentucky. 156 H6. Red Bird Fork, Kentucky. 156 J6. Goose Creek, Kentucky. 156 K6. East Fork, Kentucky. 156 L6. Collins Fork, Kentucky. 156 M6. Cutshin Creek, Kentucky. 156 N6. Greasy Creek, Kentucky. 156 O6. Quicksand Creek, Kentucky. 156 P6. Troublesome Creek, Kentucky, 156 Q6. Lost Creek, Kentucky. 156 R6. Big Creek, Kentucky. 156 S6. Buckhorn Creek, Kentucky. 156 'T6. Carr’s Fork, Kentucky. 156 U6. Roekhouse Creek, Kentucky. 156 V6. Dick’s River, Kentucky. 156 W6. Otter Creek, Kentucky. 156 X6. Sinking Creek, Kentucky. 156 Y6. Red River, Kentucky. 156 Z6. Clover Creek, Kentucky. 4 186 AZ. ° North Fork of Kentucky River, Kentucky. 156 B7. Middle Fork of Kentucky River, Kentucky. [41] RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 156. Ohio River, Ilinois, Indiana, Ohio, &c.—Continued. 156 C7. South Fork of Kentucky River, Kentucky. 156 D7. Little Kentucky River, Kentucky. 156 E7. Miami River, Ohio. 156 F7. Blackford’s Creek, Kentucky. 156 G7. Licking River, Kentucky. 156 H7. North Fork of Licking River, Kentucky. 156 J7. South Fork of Licking River, Kentucky. 156 K7. Flat Creek, Kentucky. 156 L7. Fox Creek, Kentucky. _ 156 M7. Slate Creek, Kentucky. 156 N7. Christy Creek, Kentucky. 156 O7. Triplett’s Creek, Kentucky. 156 P7. North Fork, Kentucky. 156 Q7. Elk Fork, Kentucky. 156 R7. Little Miami River, Ohio. 156 S7. East Fork of Little Miami, Ohio. 156 T7. Scioto River, Ohio. . 156 U7. Deer Creek, Ohio. 156 V7. Little Sandy River, Kentucky. 156 W7. East Fork of Little Sandy River, Kentucky. 156 X7. Little Fork of Little Sandy River, Kentucky. 156 Y7. Dry Fork of Little Sandy River, Kentucky. 156 Z7. Crooked Creek, Kentucky. 156 A8. Tradewater River, Kentucky. 156 B8. Crab Orchard Creek, Kentucky. 156 C8. Pond Creek, Kentucky. 156 D8. Pogues Creek, Kentucky. 156 K8. Donaldson Creek, Kentucky. 156 F8. Caney Creek, Kentucky. 156 G8. Big Sandy River, Kentucky. 156 H8. Tug Fork of Big Sandy, Kentucky. 156 J8. Pigeon Creek, Kentucky. 156 K8. _ Tug Run, Kentucky. 156 L8. Panther Creek, Kentucky. 156 M8. South Fork, Kentucky. 156 N8. Camp Creek, Kentucky. 156 O8. West Fork of Big Sandy, Kentucky. 156 P8. Louisa Fork of Big Sandy, Kentucky. 156 QS8. Russel Fork of Big Sandy, Kentucky. 156 R&S. Pound Fork of Big Sandy, Kentucky. 156 88. GREAT KANAWHA RIVER, West Virginia, vide 159. 156 T8. Guyandotte River, West Virginia. . 156 U8. Mud River, West Virginia. 156 V8, Trade Fork, West Virginia. 156 W8. Buffalo Creek, West Virginia. 132 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42] 156. Ohio River, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, &c.—Continued. 156 X8. Clear Fork, West Virginia. 156 Y8. Rockeastle Creek, West Virginia. 156 Z8. Twelve-Pole Creek, West Virginia. 156 AQ. Right Fork, West Virginia. 156 B9. Hockhocking River, Ohio. 156 C9. LirrLy KANAWHA RIVER, Ohio, vide 160. 156 D9. Pond Creek, Ohio. 156 E9. Sandy Creek, Ohio. 156 F9. Mill Creek, Ohio. 156 G9. Muskingum River, Ohio. 156 H9. Licking River, Ohio. 156 ~J9. White Woman River, Ohio. 156 K9. Tuscarawas River, Ohio. 156 L9. Beaver River, Pennsylvania. 156 M9. MONONGAHELA RIVER, Pennsylvania, vide 161. 156 N9. Alleghany River, Pennsylvania. 156 O89. Kiskiminitas River, Pennsylvania. 156 P9. Conemaugh River, Pennsylvania. 156 Q9. Loyalhanna River, Pennsylvania. 156 R9. Yellow Branch, Pennsylvania. 156 S89. Clarion River, Pennsylvania. 156 T9. French Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 U9. Oil Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 V9. Tionesta Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 W9. Conewango Creek, Pennsylvania. 156 X9. Mamac Creek, Kentucky. 156. V2. Humphrey’s Creek, Kentucky. 157. Tennessee River, Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina. 157 A. Clark River, Kentucky. 1by...B; East Fork of Clark River, Kentucky. dot A. West Fork of Clark River, Kentucky. 157 D. Blood River, Kentucky. 157 E. Big Sandy River, Tennessee. 157 F. White Oak Creek, Tennessee. 157 G. Big Richland Creek, Tennessee. 157 H. Duck River, Tennessee. 157 J. Buffalo River, Tennessee. 157 K. Hurricane Creek, Tennessee. lot aie wrttaa’e me Niele Sime orentiemsret eee | 1, 282, 9734 825, 9823 462, 6124 Pnerease Im Wes2\. tees cel ck ewe ce edtese L wien bes demetenik mel 171, 8183 60/108 a) eeeeeeoce Decrease in Isa too) celebs tn Jciinue cebioe ee Py RRR Mate wales [7] THE FISHERIES OF SCOTLAND. 235 If the results of 1882 are compared with the average of those of the ten previous years it will be seen that they show a large increase in all the items. The particulars are as follows: vies: Barrels | Barrelsex-| Barrels aa cured. | ported. | branded. | | MY PAIVOTAOBIOL LEN VOats: La(2— Sl. ...2 6). 42-2 see seer ee ee | 943, 487 | 650, 895 453, 262 TSP he BAe 5e BEE Oe ee ee ae mm terrn rene) 0S Hi 0d 1, 282, 9734 | 825, 9823 462, 6124 BH GHDASE Re oon te cine ak seiwela Sead =< = si e’e.s)n vee) to ta ae ee 339, 4864 | 175, 0873 9, 3504 | | 2. THE COD AND LING FISHERY. The cod and ling’ fishery of 1882 yielded an increase of 5,8233 ewts., cured dried, and 3,6614 barrels cured in pickle, over the fishing of 1881. There was an increase in the quantity cured on shore, amounting to 19,2004 ewts., and to it nearly all the districts contributed; but this was so largely counterbalanced by a decrease in the quantity cured on board of vessels that the net increase only amounted to what is stated above. In Orkney district, at the end of January, when herring bait could be got, the cod and ling fishing was very successful, and the small native boats were frequently loaded. In Stornoway district the weather was unfavorable till the end of March, but it moderated in April and May, when excellent fishing was had. In Shetland district strong winds re- tarded the spring cod-fishing till May. Thereafter the weather became more settled, and the boats succeeded in making fair average catches. Two hundred and twenty-seven decked boats were engaged in the fish- ing, of which 150 belonged to Shetland, and the remaining 77 to other districts on the east coast. The quantity of ling caught in Shetland during the season was fully equal to the average of recent years; and in the cod and ling fishing, as in.the herring fishing, the six-oared open boats, which were formerly so much in use, are gradually being super- seded by large decked boats. A result of the success of the spring cod and summer herring fishing in Shetland has been that the fishermen there now prefer to purchase shares in decked boats and fish at home instead of manning vessels for cod-fishing on the coast and at Faroe and Iceland. In consequence of this only 19 vessels were fitted out in 1882 for Faroe and Iceland, and there was difficulty in getting fishermen to man even this small number, whereas a few years ago 38 vessels were sent to fish at these places. The vessels got a fair amount of success at Faroe, but on after- wards proceeding to Iceland in August they were met by large quan- tities of floating ice, so that their fishing was much obstructed and proved a poor one. The decrease in the quantity of fish cured on board of vessels in 1882, as compared with 1881, was 13,437 ewts. 236 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] The total quantities of cod, ling, and hake cured and exported in 1881 and 1882, respectively, are : Total quantities of cod, ling, and hake. Cured. Exported all-cured dried. ~_ 4 Bg Years. A= ome ne a a ee ge : es es C7) 8 g =) Total. 3 sh K SN ee a ° 2 R=) A 4 A a ~ Cwts. | Barrels. Cuts. Cuts. Cuts. Cuts. TL ee ee eps seiniaco sas oaased 115, 5134 4, 0754 27, 809 26, 870 6, 747 61, 426 UC? | ESS oon syooosscocdajosacosooas 121, 337 7, 737 23, 846 23, 326 9, 325 56, 497 Increase in 1882................... 5, 823% pce MBE Sapeecolptoeccn ace 2 OFS pate MecresseiwaS82 eee o css ae ee ae see eee ems Hoses kc 3, 963 Bite 2 eee es oi 4, 929 3. FISHING BOATS. The following table shows the number of boats, decked or undecked, employed in the shore-curing herring and cod and ling fisheries, Scot- land; the number of fishermen and boys by whom they are manned ; the number of fish-curers, coopers, and other persons employed in the years 1881 and 1882: a =| n = ro) A a> & Ae 5 zs Years. ee aa 2 a 23 4 ad ° ce] mem Tees ot a ae Biel tae eH i & he Te BS BE SOS RGe Ente Oso> SIA OS ena Sager 14, 809 48, 121 1, 063 2, 398 45, 291 ASS2 tae cee sae peneaeenanes cams be bemden cea aaa 14, 973 48, 296 1, 072 2, 564 7, 464 XI.—HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. By Capt. J. W. COLLINS. A.—INTRODUCTION. 1.—OBJECTS OF THE ESSAY. In-a large country like the United States, with a rapidly increasing population, everything pertaining to the subject of food for the people is a matter of public interest. As is well known, our sea-fisheries are a source from whence is drawn a large amount of the most nutritious food, which, as a rule, can be obtained by the consumer at a moderate cost. This being the case, and the fact existing that some of the most valuable species of our food-fishes are apparently being decreased in numbers toa greater or less extent by overfishing, it is not surprising that much inter- est should have been felt in the discovery off our coast, in 1879, of a new and valuable food-fish (Zopholatilus chameleonticeps), equaling the cod in size, and occurring in great abundance in the locality where it was found. But when, in the spring of 1882, fish, chiefly of this species, were reported by incoming vessels as having been seen in countless mil- lions floating upon the surface of the ocean in a dead or dying con- dition, covering thousands of square miles of the sea, it is not at all won- derful that the public interest was very much excited, and that a very general desire to learn more of this species was exhibited. The followl ing extract from an article* in the the Boston Daily Advertiser, A pri- 5, 1882, may serve as a fair example of the consideration which this sub- ject received in the public press: ‘“‘Hixtensive as our list of edible fish is,” says the writer, *‘ people will gladly welcome anything new and desirable from lake, stream, or ocean. If to the standard cod, haddock, mackerel, and salmon we may add com- panionship of some heretofore little known, or quite unknown, fish for the further development of the general fisheries interest, both as regards labor and trade, we'shall be fortunate. A living question just now is, whether or no we have a tide in the affairs of fishermen that, taken ‘at the flood,’ shall lead to good fortune. The excellent edible fish brought to notice by our United States Fish Commissioner not long ago, and so recently found dead and floating in immeasurable numbers upon the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean, may be the ‘coming’ fish. Not one to supersede the cod and its confreres, but possibly one * Written by George E. Emory. {1] 237 238 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] providentially offered to enlarge the field of gustatory and commercial possibilities. The Tile-fish found since the late tremendous commo- tion off our New England coast has been proved to be one of the very best sea-fish known when cooked in afresh state. It will probably ‘eure’ well. The flesh is very firm in texture, keeps well, cooks nicely, and is excellent in flavor. The Tile-fish is of suitable size for easy handling in curing, packing, and trade. It exists in apparently vast if not absolutely inexhaustible numbers, along the western edge of the Gulf Stream, and probably about the eastern edge as well. * * * There is possibly in this Tile-fish matter a great opportunity for our Government Fish Commission to do work of real and permanent value, far outweighing any prior labor accomplished by the board. Let the Commissioners at once solve the problem so urgently demanding their attention. With a rapidly increasing demand for edible fish, the en- hancement of prices, and the tremendous increase of capital in the country awaiting profitable investment, there ought to be no needless delay in action. How soon will the Fish Commission attempt practical work to demonstrate to commercial circles and fish eaters the practical use served by its existence? The people of the country generally want to know just where to find the Tile-fish; they want to know its habits; they want to know the best seasons and the best means for taking this valuable fish.* * * * Will the United States Fish Commission de- termine the facts regarding the new fish and a possible new field for fisheries as soon as may be consistent with accuracy and thorough- ness?” The object of this paper is to give, under one head and in a eon- venient form for reference, all that is known of the Tile-fish, and es- pecially to place on record all the information that it has been possible to gather concerning the phenomena which occurred in the spring of 1882, when these fish were found in extraordinary numbers floating upon the surface of the ocean between Nantucket and the Chesapeake. Soon atter this occurrence Professor Baird placed in my hands a large amount of data bearing on the subject, with the request that I should mark on a chart the various tracks sailed through the dead fish by the vessels which reported having seen them; and he also desired that an estimate should be made of the area covered and the probable numbers of float- jing Lopholatilus. Before, however, my other duties permitted the ac- complishment of this work, circumstances placed me in a position to acquire much additional knowledge concerning the earliest captures of this fish, besides many other facts which appeared to be more or less * As will be seen in succeeding paragraphs, Prof. Spencer F. Baird sent out an ex- pedition to the Tile-fish grounds as early as 1880, but, unfortunately, this failed to accomplish its purpose. Another investigation, made by the author in the fall of 1882, under the direction of Professor Baird (a report of which has already been pub- jished), failed to obtain any information concerning the Lopholatilus, which, at this time, was probably so much depleted by the mortality of the previous spring that none remained on the ground where it had formerly been found. [3] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 239 interesting in this connection. All of this knowledge has been com- bined with other material at hand, and though necessarily much of this essay must be a compilation, the writer simply suppiying the threads to bind together the material which has been gathered from so many sources ; it is, nevertheless, hoped that the manner of presenting these facts may make them of some value to those interested in the subject under discussion. B.—_GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TILE-FISH. 2.—DESCRIPTION OF THE FISH, WITH NOTES ON ITS CLASSIFICATION. The Tile-tish has. many peculiarities of its own, and, even to the casual observer, preseuts features which differ essentially from those possessed by any other species found near the same locality. In size it varies from five to fifty pounds; its head is proportionately large, and has a general resemblance to that of the dolphin (Coryphena), and also to that of the wolf-fish (Anarrhichas), though differing from both; the body is well formed, quite stout at the tail, like the salmon, and the general wake-up of the fish indicates that it is a rapid and active swin- mer, well fitted to pursue and capture its food or to escape from its en- emies. Its distinguishing characteristics, however, are the nuchal crest or adipose dorsal fin just in front of the spinous dorsal, and the peculiar color which it exhibits, being so profusely spotted with patches of greenish-yellow, that it received the name of ‘ Leopard-fish ” from the fishermen who were the first to capture it. ‘“¢ The liver,” says Captain Dempsey, ‘is small, somewhat like that of the mackerel, and contains no oil. The flesh is oily, and will soon rust after splitting and drying. ‘¢ The stomach and intestines are small, the latter resembling those of an eel. ** The swim bladder is similar to that of a cod. ** Some of the fish ‘blister’ like cusk when taken on deck.”* According to Captain Dempsey, Tile-fish, when caught on hand-lines, are fully as active in their movements as cod, and appear even more lively than the latter species when taken on deck. Captain Kirby, however, who caught them on trawl-lines, says they exhibit less activity than the cod. The following scientific description of the Lopholatilus chameleonti- ceps Goode and Bean, was published in the Proceedings of United States National Museum, Vol. 2, pp. 205-208: + ‘A few days ago Capt. William H. Kirby, of Gloucester, Mass., took 500 pounds of a remarkable new fish on a codfish trawl in latitude 40° * Statement of Capt. William Dempsey, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 2, pp. 208, 209. . t Description of a new genus aud species of fish, Lopholatilus chameleonticeps, from the south coast of New England, by G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean. 240 REPOR1' OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] N., longitude 70° W., at a depth of 84 fathoms, 80 miles south by east of Noman’s Land. One of these was forwarded by him to the United States National Museum, and forms the type of a new genus and spe- cies. The single individual secured (No, 22899, Earll 342) is 33 inches long. The largest one taken, according to Captain Kirby, weighed 50 pounds. ‘“« The species appears to be generically distinct from the already de- scribed species of the family Latilide Gill. It is related by its few- rayed vertical fins and other characters to the genus Latilus as re- stricted by Gill, but is distinguished by the presence of a large adipose appendage upon the nape, resembling the adipose fin of the salmonide, and by a fleshy prolongation upon each side of the labial fold extend- ing backwards beyond the angle of the mouth. For this genus we propose the name Lopholatilus. ““LOPHOLATILUS CHAMASLEONTICEPS, sp. nov. ‘¢ DESCRIPTION.—The greatest height of the body (.306), which is at the ventrals, is contained about three and one-half times in the length to the origin of the middle caudal rays, and four times in the extreme length. Its greatest width (.144) equals the length of the caudal pe- dunele (.144); this latter being measured from the end of the soft dorsal to the origin of the middle caudal rays. The least height of the tail (.0867) is contained four times in the distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout. ‘““The greatest length of the head (.33) is contained three times in the length to the origin of the middle caudal rays. Its greatest width (.165) is slightly more than twice the width of the interorbital area (.08). The length of the snout (.122) is contained twice in the length of the pectoral of the right side (.244). The length of the operculum to the end of the flap (.11) is one-ninth of total length. The length of the up- per jaw (.15) equals one-half of the height of the body at the ventrals, and is contained two and one-half times in the length of the head. The maxilla extends to the perpendicular through the anterior margin of the orbit; the mandible does not quite reach the perpendicular through the middle of the orbit; the length of the labial appendage is slightly more than half of the long diameter of the orbit and one-third of the length of the first pectoral ray. The length of the mandible (.156) slightly exceeds the distance from the snout to the orbit (.15), and equals three times the long diameter of the eye (.052), which is contained six and one-half times in the length of the head. The oper- culum and preoperculum are scaly; the latter is finely denticulated on its posterior margin., The distance of the posterior nostril from the eye equals the length of the first anal spine; the distance between the an- terior nostril and the end of the snout is twice as great. The inter- maxillaries are supplied with an outer series of nineteen canine teeth, and behind these a band of viliform teeth, widest at the symphysis; vomer and palatines toothless. [5] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 241 ‘‘The distance of the adipose dorsal from the snout (.206) equals nearly three times its height (.07); its length of base (.123) equals the leneth of the snout. The height of the adipose dorsal equals the dis- tance from the tip of the ventral to the vent. ‘‘ The distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout (.347) equals the distance of the ventral from the snout (.347) ; its length of base (.144) equals the length of the caudal peduncle. The first spine is imper- fect—what remains of it is one-third as long as the third spine (.09). The second spine (.082) is about equal to the width of the interorbital area. The fourth and the sixth spines are equal in length (.097), and equal the distance from the end of the snout to the posterior nostril. The fifth spine (.095) is a little shorter than the sixth. The last spine (seventh) is contained ten times in the total length. The length of the first ray of the soft dorsal (.094) equals the distance between the anterior nostril and the end ofthe snont. The thirteenth and longest ray (.147), about equals the length of the base of the spinous dorsal. The last ray (.07) is half as long as the thirteenth. The thirteenth ray of the soft dorsal extends to the origin of the external caudal rays. ‘The distance of the anal from the snout (.60) is about equal to twice the height of the body at the ventrals. The length of the anal base (.318) is slightly more than twice the length of the mandible. The first anal spine (.04) is half as long as the second dorsal spine. The second anal spine (.075) is half as long as the upper jaw. The first ray of the anal (.102) is as long as the last spine of the dorsal. The eleventh and _ longest anal ray (.134) is contained seven and one-half times in the total length, and nearly equals the length of the middle caudal rays. The last anal ray (.078) is half as long as the mandible. The eleventh ray of the anal extends almost to the perpendicular through the origin of the middle caudal rays. “The caudal is emarginate, the external rays being only one and one- half times as long as the middle rays. The length of the superior external rays (.216), measured from the origin of the middle rays, equals one and one-half times the length of the spinous dorsal base. ‘The distance of the pectoral from the snout (.32) very slightly ex- ceeds the length of the anal base. The length of the pectoral of the right side (.244) equals twice that of the snout. The pectoral of the left side is probably imperfect, its length (.216) being equal to that of the superior external caudalrays. The right pectoral can be made to reach the vent; in its natural position it extends to the perpendicular let fall from the fourth ray of the second dorsal. “The distance of the ventral from the snout (.347) equals four times the least height of the tail. The length of the ventral (.183) equals twice that of the third dorsal spine, and it extends to a point under the third dorsal ray. The distance from the tip of the ventral to the vent equals half the length of the middle caudal rays. The vent is under _ the interval between the fourth and fifth dorsal rays. S. Mis. 4616 242 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] “ Radial formula.—B. V1; D. VII, 15; A. II, 13; C.18; P. II, 15; V. I, 5; L. Lat., 93; L. Trans., 8+ 30. ‘“‘Qolor.—The operculum, preoperculum, upper surface of head, and major portion of the body have numerous greenish-yellow spots, the largest of which are about one-third as long as the eye. Upon the cau- dal rays are about eight stripes of the same color, some of them con- nected by cross-blotches. The upper part of the body has a violaceous tint, and the lower parts are whitish, with some areas of yellow. The anal and ventral fins are whitish. The pectorals have the tint of the upper surface of the body, with some yellow upon their posterior sur- faces. The soft dorsal has an upper broad band of violaceous, and a narrow, basal portion of whitish. Many of the rays have upon them a yellow stripe; there are some spots the same color, especially upon the anterior portion of the fin. ‘‘ NoTE.—In the table of measurements the unit of comparison is the length to the origin of the middle caudal rays.” Table of measurements. Current number of specimen...-..---.---- ----22- 2-202 ene ene ene ene eee e ee ene ee aint wa ree ‘ miles 8. by E. o: Locality .....------++--- 22 cee eee cee e eee e cence tee e cee ee cece sree sere cree eeeees f ‘Noman'aLeaide Millime- | 100ths ters. jof length. Length to orgin of middle caudal rays .......--..----- 20-2 ee nen ene neces nee n nnn 692 | .o ceca Tenet toend of middle caudal rays). .0. 6. ... 2. oe oe. ee 100 14.4 Least height of tail....-.-..-..0-...-..- < 60 8. 67 Length of caudal peduncle ......... 2.22. eccece cence nncnwecnescencnns= 100 14.4 Head : Greatest length.......----- 22-20 nee cen e ence nee ecw ee cone e ence cc en eee eccnne 230 33 | Greatestwidth ns - pee cannes vce cl 114 16.5 Width of interorbital area 56 8 Length of snout ..--- ..-.-- 22+ 2-2 eee een e ee een e ner e tenn nce e cent eee n ere eecenee 85 12. 28 Length of operculum. ... 25-02-22. cc cccc cnc cncn concn cenanescsere==cennennne- 77 11 Length of upper jaw. --..--20- -cccewncne tenn nn cee c wen core eccnsece sesecneeeees 105 15 Length of mandible ...............-..- wae oi atneim sipiale © slals pain sie Retelersinle(acs vie 'e'ee'p/u aye 108 15.6 Distance from snout to orbit. .-.. 224. ..2 0c cee nce e ene cece en swe cee cece sconces 103 15 Long diameter Of ©y6- .-.---2 05. ccc ccc cm neces cnocncesccecccneseonssensecceces 36 6.2 Dorsal (adipose) : Distance from Bnout....o5 i. << sas ~ nie oie nas cacee scouseee bigive >is asaenins os mien 143 | 20. 66 Mensthiof Wases vos. . -hecac cerns sec dce ccteclenc speccpoweuecen@=atcmaebendusen nin 85 12. 28 Greatest herohts =. oo osu cee sie c eee ewes cin ne pee bnelo ese e™ Taam wesccesclonene= 48 7 Dorsal (spinous) : Distance from snout --. 22. 22 -osins ccc scascccecccccccdcmsntnssens=asecesacce'e 240 34. 88 Length of base...- 2 222. eee nec e eee cence nen eee neces wenaes cccncecsccccccey 100 14.4 Length of first spine (possibly broken) ...--.....------e-eeceee ee eens ce eneeenee 20 3 Length of second spine. -.... 2.2. ccc nce cece cect ancce swat ecarcteresncecneconans 57 8. 24 Length of third spe: ---. cscs conc ces enc cecsensacsermicwnedse=bewcsvaccces 63 9.1 Length of fourth spine... -.- 2 tence cece cme meee sme eb ccenns cumcasecnerces 67 9. 68 Length of fifth spine (possibly broken) ........-.--0--0+-0+-cee ee cene nee eee eens 66 9. 54 Length of sixth spine... . 0.2.2.2... cece cee ne cw enencennnes cewnensnecceennens 67 9. 68 Length of seventh spine ..- 20.222. ce nec cen anecmences caensatenesccsecenccnae 70 10 Dorsal (soft) : Length of DaASe. 22 once. ence cee wee c we nca nas cusncabvinecs warcesctecesbuncer 800 43. 35 DONS UMOL HTAD Lay ereaa ss clccinb ls Us os pecisucarekGmeasiesamslstsisees == 65 9.4 Length of longest ray (thirteenth) A 102 14. 74 MSHS TOOL MASE MAY webtwm sete sa tn acs ons siecle e vlesianend abiee mat a sine a <>'4/e's)piaiemains 48 7 Anal: Distance from snout ...-.--.---.----- 416 60 Length of base .-...-. . 220 31.79 Length of first spine . - 29 4.2 Length of second spine. - Sep exslb ut ute be wena aoebiubine spa cveaeden ems 52 7.5 bene th or iret LAY 62 e cess cee seeps coawk Sans ceedeeutpsoomMeecn bes wane metre 71 10. 26 Length of longest ray (eleventh) ..-..-..22-- 22. -ccn nese ne cen cn eeecwece ene sane 93 13.44 Length of last ray......-... BD ice savetectawteasace tle genes seeeonbe tak pomecuenme 54 7.8 > [7] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 243 Table of measurements. | Millime-| 100ths ters. jof length. Caudal: Length of middle rays .....-----. Bee aa Ae La eee | 96 13. 87 ee aeiawioshotnal rays.) Prior... 2.1 saosin ft tap | aa Pectoral: Distance from enous Eiaits Sisjevs c)c sete Seale a 0 os a ao RE Ee eee eat oe ia oe etek 223 | 32. 22 Mens ett ae sc Gee oc fk kc ek Se eae a EO ys 169 24. 42 Length.. ; Fetal to /8 000... oo oe ee ae ees Oe 150 21, 67 Ventral : Mina CH COM SNOWL oo. c oto ce emenscecscnicincncesetmans eee atest a atelartace 240 34. 68 Length....-. BEC WSDEE MOSCONE SI OOBODEUHEGEE Cae CON OCaricS 16 sor onc tacesade saeaer 127 18. 35 DELO GTS ES See bods SoS pe SO SROS BUDE E ADOC OTEG coc br odcce na ocanecborSnenne WACK ilebatoewcu! SRV S Dl eee ise eects st Ginicjcinwia a vin elcid babian swore SER eee See eee aaee ae SWE ab |B cee = ar PARE aie ental Bam alwia)= oe icjela cic leie(cicieie Stine cee siewsiciuiccoa tee ERs SER eeeE eaten eee seats brah 1S 35) ities nes = as WAU eel so eel cise Serene cle esas ae te ain ese wie 3 A SE Oe a a hat aete : 1S Pe eoseae SEE LEDER Beet lo eles ele Aiala cic wiw,s sinisicic'e 5a sos seein dinls coe ie eR OEE eet ote eee a0 Re GW ee ees ae ViGininll 2S oe ewe Se SAS ae, Ca eae reek SSR Sao aes Bie DS ibere cae Nrmbomomscalesiin lateralding...s0< 2... os cok sed seem eee a ee eee La ee ee sar Number of transverse rows above lateral line..........22.-.0.- eee eee nee eens Be eu aches Number of transverse rows below lateral line. .-.. 2.2... ween eee ene e cc ccnn een: 30) eteaeete 3.—SYSTEMATIC RELATIONS OF LOPHOLATILUS. The Tile-fish is a member of the family Latilide, as classified by Gill, and is most nearly related to the typical genus known as Latilus. Other representatives of the family are Cauwlolatilus, Prolatilus, and Pinguipes. These forms, except Lopholatilus, are more especially inhabitants of the tropical and warm seas, but some range both to the northward and south- ward of the equatorial belt. In detail, the genus Latilus is composed of species found in the Chinese and Japanese seas. Caulolatilus is confined to the warm waters on both sides of the American continent; Prolatilus has a single species, which has hitherto been found only on the Chilean coast, and of Pinguipes, there is a species dwelling in the temperate or less heated waters on both sides of South America. JLopholatilus is excep- tional in its distribution, in that it inhabits deep water in a nearly uni- form temperature of about 50 degrees, the variations, according to the - observations taken on United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk, being from 42° to 50° Fahr. All the other forms occur in water of comparatively little depth and near the coast; are apparently moderately abundant in their special regions, where they are considered quite good food-fishes, as a rule, though they do not at all rival the Tile-fish in size. 4.—HABITS; ABUNDANCE; EXTENT OF THE LOPHOLATILUS BANK, Habits—Comparatively little can be said of the habits of the Tile-fish. The locality where it has been found is so rarely visited by our cod-fish- ing vessels that itmay be considered the merest chance that the schooners William V. Hutchings and Clara F. Friend went there in 1879. Conse- quently nothing can be learned from the fishermen beyond the accounts given by Captains Kirby and Dempsey. Comparatively little, too, has been learned by the Fish Commission concerning the habits of this species, 244 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] during the past two years, 1880-’81, as I am informed by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, who had charge of the Department of Fishes. Writing under date of July 10, 1882, he says: ‘‘ The amount of knowledge possessed by the United States Fish Com- mission concerning the food and spawning habits of Lopholatilus is small indeed. I do not remember any information about the spawning. Last year we took a good many individuals on the trawi-line and found them gorged with a large species of amphipod crustacean, Themisto bispinosus This is all I know about the food ; am sorry it is so little.” In regard to the lack of knowledge concerning the spawning, alluded to by Dr. Bean, it may be said that Tile-fish have been taken by the Fish Commission only in August and September, when it is probable that the season of reproduction had passed, since Captain Dempsey says that the fish which he took in June, 1879, were fully ripe and that their eggs ran from them. The food of Lopholatilus, according to Captain Kirby, consists chiefly of crabs of various species, with which the stomachs of the fish he caught in 1879 were filled to repletion. It bites eagerly, however, at fresh menhaden bait, and very likely, at certain seasons, it may feed largely on some species of small fish. Captain Dempsey did not notice any food in the Tile-fish which he caught, but this was due, no doubt, to lack of observation on the part of those who eviscerated them.* Lopholatilus is evidently a ‘‘ ground-feeder,” like the cod, since it has generally been caught on trawl-lines set at the bottom. Captain Demp- sey is of this opinion, and says those he caught on hand-lines were hooked close to the bottom. Captain Kirby, however, thinks they do not remain at the bottom, but “‘ play” up in the water, notwithstanding those he caught were taken on a trawl-line. He was led to form this opinion because the larger part of the fish he captured were on that portion of his gear which, he thought, did not reach the bottom. In all probability the Lopholatilus is essentially a deep-water fish, though our knowledge of it is yet too limited to speak with any degree of certainty on this subject. At the present time it is impossible to say in what depths it may be found in other localities. We only know that it has been taken in from a little less than 90 to 134 fathoms. The area, however, covered by the dead fish in the spring of 1882, a discussion of which is given in another paragraph, would indicate that this species had a much wider range, in regard to depth, than would appear from the captures made on hook and line. As to the seasons when they frequent the waters off the southern coast of New England, we also know comparatively little. Whether *IT am told by Mr. Richard Rathbun, that on the first trip on which Lopholatilus were taken by the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk, three specimens were caught, in the stomachs of which were found bones of mutton chops that had been eaten at breakfast on board the steamer. This would indicate that the Tile-fish is quite as voracious as the cod. [9] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 245 they remain during the winter in the region where they have been found in the summer cannot be said. The fact that they were seen floating upon the surface, dead or dying, early in March, 1882, would indicate, at Jeast, that they are on the ground in the latter part of the winter, and as they have been caught on trawls as late as the 13th of Septem- ber, it is probable that they might remain some weeks longer, if not all the year.* In regard to other peculiarities, Captain Kirby says that these fish when hauled from the water, do not flap their tails as the cod do under similar circumstances, but seem to be paralyzed. Even when being unhooked they do not make any muscular effort. This is so entirely different from the account given by Captain Dempsey, who caught the Tile-tish on hand-lines, that I feel compelled to notice it, but must ascribe the conflicting statements -not to any lack of attention on the part of these observers, but to the fact that the movements of the same kind of fish taken on hand-lines often differ radically from those caught on trawls, since on the latter apparatus they are supposed to exhaust themselves in their continued struggles to escape, so that they frequently drown before the gear is hauled. This is especially noticeable in catching the halibut. One of these on a hand-line will give the strongest fisherman all he can do to haul the gamey fish to the surface, and it almost always happens that the line must be veered out several times or the gear would be torn in two by the active and powerful fish. But caught on a trawl the halibut rarely shows much fight, except in very shoal water, and not unfrequently a doryman will be pulling at once from fifteen to forty of these fish, either one of which, if hooked on a hand-line, would give him all he could do to manage it, and bring it successfully along side. Abundance.—Whatever may be the numerical strength of the Tile- fish at the present time, it is beyond question that this species occurred in vast numbers in the waters bordering the Gulf Stream—between Hat- teras and Nantucket—previous to the season of 1882, though compara- tively little was known in regard to their actual abundance, or the ex- tent of the area where they could be taken. It is true that Captain Kirby had found them so numerous that large catches might have been made on trawls; Captain Dempsey caught them “pair and pair” on hand-lines, and the Fish Commission, during its investigations off the Southern New England coast, had taken more or less of them on sev- *This refers to the habits of the Tile-fish previous to the great mortality in the spring of 1882. Since thattime the investigations made by the Fish Commission steam- ers Fish Hawk and Albatross and a special cruise made in the smack Josie Reeves, for the purpose of finding Lopholatilus, all of which failed to secure a single individual of this species, it seems probable that the survivors, if there were any, have abandoned the locality where they had been previously so abundant. Speculations, therefore, . as to their movements, the time they remained on certain grounds, &c., can only ap- ply to that period when they were known to be plentiful in the spring and summer, at least, off the coast of New England. 246 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] eral occasions. Nevertheless, we had no adequate idea of their abun- dance, nor indeed of their importance, until they were observed floating upon the surface of the sea in such masses that even with the most lib- eral reductions for possible exaggeration on the part of the observers, the mind is confused in calculating the figures which would denote their numbers. There can be but little doubt that the habitat of the Tile-fish coy- ered a large area, equal in size to some of the most important of the favorite haunts of the cod, and that the fish themselves existed in an abundance nearly approaching to that of the last-named species; but whether or not Lopholatilus may be found at present in abundance farther south than it has been taken heretofore is an open question. There seems to be but little reason to doubt the probability of their occurrence in such localities as may be Gongenial to them for many hundreds of miles along our Southern coast; for, according to the best authorities, its relatives are subtropical species, and it would be likely to occur in Southern waters. Extent of the Lopholatilus bank.—If we were obliged to confine onenyen simply to the consideration of the area where Lopholatilus has been taken on hook and line we would find a range of limited extent stretch- ing along the slope inside of the Gulf Stream, about the parallel of 40° N. lat., and from 70° to about 71° 25’ W. long., in depths varying from about 90 to 125 fathoms. This ground is some 65 miles in length with an average width of, perhaps, 3 to 4 miles. But the dead Tile- fish which were seen floating upon the surface of the ocean in the spring of 1882 gives us a far better conception of the area covered by this species. From a careful consideration of the large amount of data which has been at my disposal I find that these fish were noticed over an area 170 miles in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction, and with an average width of at least 25 miles. This shows them to have covered an area of 5,620 square statute miles, even after making lib- eral allowances for the drift of the fish by winds and currents. Within this region, then, lying between the parallels of 37° 29’ and 40° 00/ N. lat. and meridians of 69° 51’ to 74° 00’ W. long., we may safely say, is the Lopholatilus bank. That this is the only region where these fish occur is not at all probable, and it seems altogether likely that future investigations may demonstrate that the area here spoken of is but a portion of the ground where this species may be found. The researches of the United States Fish Commission have demonstrated the fact that along the slope lying inside of the Gulf stream, between the parallels of 37° and 40° N. lat., and in depths ranging from 80 to about 200 or 250 fathoms there is a band of warm water extending to the bottom of the sea, while inside of it, in shallow water, the tempera- ture is much lower, and at the bottom, in greater depths, beneath the warm waters of the Gulf stream, a cold stratum is also found. This belt of warm water, which seemingly just sweeps the ocean bed in the ~ & ; ” [11] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 247 locality mentioned, is the home of an immense amount and variety of sea life, among which occurs many tropical and subtropical species, and here also is found the Tile-fish. A full discussion of this subject from the pen of Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Yale College, will be found in a following section of this paper. 5.—USES AND UTILIZATION. That Lopholatilus is a good and wholesome food-fish has been set- tled by competent authority; though, curiously enough, those who have partaken of it seem to disagree in regard to their estimate of its quality and flavor. Many of these persons say without hesitation that it is one of the finest, if not the best flavored, fish they have ever eaten, while others consider it not especially good in this particular. This species of fish, like some others, the Pompano, for instance, is said to have a flavor peculiar to itself, which to some people is extremely agreeable, while to others it is not so pleasant. From what is known of the Tile-fish it is altogether probable that it would be best relished in a fresh condition, and there is reason to suppose that in case it could be taken in large quantities it might occupy a very prominent position in the fish markets of our sea-coast towns. It might, perhaps, also be a valuable article of food salted and preserved in brine, as are mack- erel, but owing to the presence of fat in the flesh it has not been found practical to cure it in the same manner as salted codfish are pre- pared for market. In the summer of 1879, Capt. George Friend, of Gloucester, smoked some of the tile-fish which were taken by Captain Kirby, and he, as well as several others who ate them, told me that they were excellent when prepared in this manner, rivalling smoked halibut in richness and flavor. On the other hand, Mr. William H. Wonson, 3d, who also smoked the Tile-fish at Gloucester, does not speak so highly of its fine qualities as a food-fish under the same conditions. He says that while it is certainly very good and wholesome, as well as a de- sirable article of food when smoked, it cannot compete with the halibut, and is no better, in fact, than smoked haddock—the finnan haddies. Without doubt, the best way of utilizing the catch of the Tile-fish, which possibly may hereafter be found in the localities where they were formerly abundant (off the coast between Nantucket and the Chesa- peake), would be to ice the fish, and take them in a fresh condition to the New York and Philadelphia markets, since these ports are in close proximity to the fishing-grounds and could be easily reached while the fish were in good order. Two or three days’ work at most would suf- fice, under ordinary circumstances, to secure a good fare, and one of our swift-sailing fishing-vessels could make the voyage from the Tile- fish grounds to either New York or Philadelphia in from ten to twenty hours, unless the chances were specially unfavorable. Considering that haddock and cod are now brought in a fresh condition to Boston market from Le Have and Western Banks, a distance ranging from 300 248 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] to 450 miles, during the winter season, it certainly would be feasible to bring fresh Tile-fish to market over a much shorter distance. That they can be smoked and thus be made an excellent article of food, and that the presence of a certain amount of fat or oily matter in the flesh tends to make them very desirable when prepared in this manner, is a suffi- cient guarantee that any surplus, however large or small, may be prof- itably disposed of. Should the Tile-fish ever visit our coast in the fu- ture in as great abundance as heretofore, it is more than probable that the fishery for it might be prosecuted with profit to the fishermen, and also that the New York and Philadelphia markets might be supplied at all seasons of the year with this additional and excellent food-fish. C.—HISTORY OF ITS DISCOVERY AND SUBSEQUENT CAP- TURE. 6.—ACCOUNT OF ITS DISCOVERY BY CAPTAIN KIRBY. The first capture of Tile-fish, as has been stated, was made by Captain Kirby, in May, 1879, while trawling for cod to the southward of the South Shoal of Nantucket, and to him, therefore, belongs the honor of obtaining and presenting to the United States Fish Commission the in- dividual specimen which forms the type of this species. In the descrip- tion of Lopholatilus, already quoted, reference is made to this circum- stance, but for obvious reasons it is deemed unnecessary to repeat it ' here. A more detailed account of this capture of the Tile-fish, together with the causes which led thereto, may, however, prove of interest, and is therefore given on data furnished by Captain Kirby. In the spring of 1879, one of the halibut schooners that had been fishing in the deep water to the southward of the South Channel and George’s Bank, reported an abundance of hake (Phycis chuss and P. tenuis) in that region. Captain Kirby heard of this rumor, but his informant told him that the locality where these hake were taken was to the southward of the South Shoal of Nantucket. The reported abundance of these fish received at that time more than ordinary attention from the fishermen, since the extreme high price then paid for hake sounds— swim bladders—together with the large yield of oil obtained from the livers, added to the worth of the fish for food purposes, rendered its pursuit and capture an object of unusual importance. Influenced by these considerations, Captain Kirby, who had been engaged in cod- fishing on the banks north of Cape Cod during tbe spring, decided to investigate the matter and to learn by actual trial whether or not the rumor was based on fact. Accordingly he proceeded to Greenport, Long Island, and having obtained there a good supply of fresh menhaden for bait, he started for the fishing-ground. Passing out between Montauk Point and Block Island he ran off on | a south southeast course about 68 miles, where a depth of 80 fathoms was obtained, the position being lat. 40° 07’ N., long. 70° 59’ W. [13] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 249 Having reached this locality, which was supposed to be a favorite one for hake, a ‘‘ set under sail” was made.* No favorable results being ob- tained on this and another set of the trawls which was made the same day to the northwest of the first, in shoaler water, and the weather re- maining moderate and clear, the vessel was allowed to head to the east- ward during the night, sailing slowly in that direction. As it was mod- erate, she probably did not go more than 20 or 25 miles. On the following morning another set was made in the same manner as before, four trawls, each having 1,000 hooks, being put out. The first ends of the lines were thrown out in about 80 fathoms, from which they were run in a southerly direction. The length of each of the trawls was a little more than a mile, and, having been set where the bottom slopes quite rapidly towards the deep valley of the Gulf Stream, it was found when the gear was hauled that, though the buoy-lines on the outer or deep-water ends were each 120 fathoms long, a portion of the trawls had not reached the bottom. This set was made in lat. 40°, 04’ N., long. 70°, 23’ W. One of his men being too ill to work Captain Kirby went out in a dory himself to assist in hauling the gear, leaving the cook in charge of the schooner. He (Kirby) says that little was caught on the portion of the trawls set in the shoalest water, but on about one-fifth of their length—that part set last, some of which, as previously mentioned, did not reach the bottom, being, as Captain Kirby thinks, in about 150 fathoms—a strange and handsomely-colored fish was taken in great abundance, each of the dories securing a catch of thirty or forty indi- * The term ‘‘ set under sail,” or ‘‘ flying set,” implies that the vessel, instead of be- ing anchored, as is the most common way on the Banks when trawls are to be set, is kept under way, the performance taking place as follows: The depth of water having been first ascertained by the skipper, he then ordersthe dories to be made ready. This puts all hands on the alert, especially the crews of the top dories, who quickly arrange in them the buoys, buoy-lines, etc., that are required. Having madé all necessary preparations, the top dories are hoisted over the rail, where they are left to hang until the next are ready, when they are lowered into the water. The trawls are then put in and the men take their places in the dories, when the boats are dropped astern, the painters being fastened to the stern of the vessel. In the same manner the other dories are prepared and hoisted out. When all areready, and the proper time has arrived, the vessel usually stands along by the wind, dropping first one dory and then another about one or two hundred fath- oms apart, when the men in them proceed to set the trawls in the usual manner, gen- erally rowing the dories to leeward in a direction nearly at right angles to the vessel’s course. The first dory’s crew are usually almost done with their work by the time the vessel has dropped the last boat. The schooner then keeps off and runs down to pick up the first and the other boats in succession, as they each finish setting their gear. This done, she lies by until it is time to haul, when the vessel is run along from buoy to buoy, dropping each dory near its own trawl. The men in the boats then proceed to pull in their lines, the vessel in the mean time lying by waiting, or running from boat to boat to ascertain what success they meet with. The holding up of an oar is a signal that the men have finished hauling their trawl or want help, seeing which the vessel runs down and receives the cargo or takes the boat in tow. A 250 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] viduals, equal to a total of nearly 2,000 pounds, all of which, however, with the exception of a few specimens, Saved as a curiosity, were thrown away. The weather continuing fine, with light winds, two more sets were subsequently made under sail, the first of these about 3 to 4 miles (lat. 40° 04’ N., long. 70° 17’ W.), and the last some 10 or 12 miles in an easterly direction from the position where the Tile-fish were first taken. On each of these trials some of the Lopholatilus were caught, though the chief part, however, were taken on the last haul in the deepest water reached by the trawls, ranging from 100 to 150 fathoms, the position being lat. 40° 00’ N., long. 70° 04’ W. In the mean time Captain Kirby had some of the new fish cooked, and as they were (as he says) the finest fish he ever ate, he decided to » save and salt all that he might take thereafter. Accordingly, those caught on the two last-mentioned sets were split and salted in kench, like codfish, a single specimen only being saved in ice. Not having met with satisfactory success in taking cod or hake i in the trials above described, few or none of these species having been caught, Captain Kirby went farther to the eastward, and finally anchored in a depth of 120 fathoms south by east from the light-ship on the South Shoal off Nantucket, in which locality no Tile-fish were captured. On the arrival of the vessel in port, the salted Lopholatilus, about 2,000 pounds in all,* were sold to Messrs. George Friend & Son, who smoked a portion of the fish and disposed of the remainder as oppor- tunity offered, giving away, however, many of them to neighbors and acquaintances. 7.—ACCOUNT OF THE CAPTURE OF TILE-FISH BY CAPTAIN DEMPSEY. In the published description of Lopholatilus is also the following no- tice of asecond capture of this species by the schooner Clara F. Friend, Captain Dempsey, of Gloucester, which occurred a short time subse- quent to that which has just been described. ‘‘Capt. William Dempsey, of Gloucester, has since furnished nine fresh specimens of this Zopholatilus, and the following intormation : “ om “Z 256 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] Hawk in 1880, and that you sent a sailing vessel after in 1881, the ves- sel securing a few and ran home from a threatening storm ? ‘Any information you can give me will be thankfully received, and if I can find out any more of interest I will let you know at once. “ Boston, March 28, 1882.” Four days before the crew of the Sidon had seen the dead fish the brig Rachel Coney, Capt. Lawrence Coney, of Bangor, Me., had passed over nearly the same track. J am indebted to Mr. A. R. Crittenden, of Middletown, Conn., for valuable information relating to this event, which he obtained during a personal interview with Captain Coney. The Rachel Coney sailed through the dead fish on the 10th of March, a distance of about 40 miles on a north-northeast course. ‘They were first noticed,” says Captain Coney, ‘“ about 75 miles south-southwest from the light-ship on the South Shoal of Nantucket, and we continued to see them for seven hours, the brig running along about 6 knots.” Captain Coney makes special mention that the largest of the fishes seen, which were from 2 to 3 feet long, were remarkable for having many large bright spots on the back and dorsal fin, and also for ‘a curious fin on the back of the head or nape,” which he calls the “ pilot fin.” This description, supplemented by a rough drawing made by Cap- tain Coney and forwarded to me by Mr. Crittenden, proves unquestion- ably that the largest of these floating fish were Lopholatilus and not cod, as reported by the Sidon. Another species of fish seen by Captain Coney, and which he has also roughly figured, was undoubtedly the Peristedium miniatum, of which fuller mention will be made in a succeed- ing paragraph. About the same time that the bark Sidon arrived in Boston (possibly sooner) the bark Plymouth reached New York, and the captain of the latter vessel reported having sailed through dead fish for a distance of sixty-nine miles. The following paragraph from the New York Tribune gives the result of an interview with the captain of the Plymouth: ‘“ At the office of State Fish Commissioner E. G. Blackford, it was reported yesterday by Captain Lawrence of the bark Plymouth, of Windsor, Nova Scotia, that he had seen a great quantity of dead cod- fish in the waters off the George’s Bank. A Tribune reporter called on Captain Lawrence to learn the facts. The story as told by him was as follows: ‘A week ago last Saturday we were sailing off the George’s Bank. About daylight on Sunday morning the mate came down into! the cabin and said that the bark was passing through a lot of dead cod- fish, and wanted to know if he should get some of them. I went out on deck and saw that the water all around us and for miles back of us was filled with these fish. Their gills were red, and upon scooping _ up some of them I found that they were hard, showing that they had not been dead verylong. From 6 o’clock in the morning until 5 o’clock [21] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 257 in the evening we were passing through this school of codfish, and as we were Sailing at the rate of 6 knots an hour we went through 69 miles of them,’ ‘“¢ Did you eat them ?’ inquired the reporter. ““¢ No,’ said Captain Lawrence; ‘ not 69miles of’em. We ate afew.’ ‘¢¢ And this is not ‘a fish story?” ‘“¢ Hardly. Three other vesselsreport the same facts.’ ‘« ¢ Sixty-nine miles of dead fish are some fish,’ suggested the incredu- lous reporter. “¢ You're right,’ said the captain, ‘and that’s the point of the story. They weren’t all cod; there was a kind of fish looking like sea bass; and, also, a lot of red snappers. We also found some broken ships’ ‘ knees,’ ** ¢ How do you account for this?’ the reporter asked of Captain Mor- timer, of the Black Ball Packet Line, who was standing in Mr. Black- ford’s office. “*¢ Well, said Captain Mortimer, ‘I don’t know that I can. If they had died of disease they would have drifted off to the southward, for the current known as the polar current is now running very strong. It’s not unlikely that the icebergs grounded off the Bank may have made the water so cold that they couldn’t stand it. But cold water doesn’t affect codfish, does it, Mr. Blackford ?’ “¢¢ No,’ said the fish commissioner, ‘cold water wouldn’t affect them, unless they were salt. I don’t know what it was. I’m going to ac- quaint Professor Baird with the facts. It is a matter of interest to the Commissioners.’ ‘*¢ When I first reported the facts here in the city,’ said Captain Law- rence, ‘I said there were 15 miles of them. I thought everybody would think it a ‘ fish story’ if I said 69 miles.’” As will be observed, the most of those who first saw the dead fish were of the opinion that they were all, or nearly all, cod, or, at least, that they belonged to that family. The accouuts as to the kinds seen were so conflicting, and the popular names given to fish by seamen differ so widely, that only a conjecture could be formed as to the identity of the species to which this mortality had occurred. A writer in the New York Times of March 26, 1882, alluding to this subject, says: ““In the determination of the kind of fish just found at sea, the United States Commission met with a great deal of difficulty on account of the uncertainty of the descriptions given by captains and sailors. The vul- gar nomenclature of fish is of the most extraordinary kind. A Jersey fisherman will call the most ordinary fish by a local name, while if the same fish were caught by a Delaware or a Boston fisherman, the name _ being changed, the exact kind of fish meant would be quite unrecogniz- able. Some said these fish were shad, others bass; some declared them to be red snappers.” S. Mis. 46-17 258 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] Professor Baird, however, from the first, suspected that the fish seen dead and floating in such immense numbers at sea were Tile-fish, and he immediately instructed his correspondents in the principal sea- ports to collect all possible information bearing on the subject. The following letter was sent to Mr. Eugene G. Blackford, New York State fish commissioner, a gentleman well and favorably known for the in- terest he has always shown in matters connected with the scientitie study of American fishes: “My DEAR MR. BLACKFORD: I wish very much you would gather up all the information you can in regard to the occurrence of the dead fish, and also any indications observed which may lead to a definite con- clusion as to what kind of fish they were. So far as I can judge from Boston and New York papers, they, in part, at least, were Tile-fish. It is possible, their appearance being almost concurrent with, or but slightly subsequent to, the great storm off George’s Bank, that the commotion of the waters may have killed the fish by concussion and started them shoreward. It is a thousand pities that fishermen and others have not sufficient intelligence or curiosity on such occasions to bring specimens home and have them carefuily examined. The fact that there was.no evidence of disease, but, on the contrary, the fish were palatable and sound, would suggest that the cause of death was rather a mechanical one.* “WASHINGTON, March 24, 1882.” At the same time, however, that the above letter was written to Mr. Blackford, a specimen of the dead fish was being forwarded to Wash- ington from Philadelphia, accompanied by the following letter from James W. Rich to Professor Baird: ‘‘ DEAR Sir: I send you by express to-day a sample of the fish picked up off Nantucket, about 70 miles southwest. They appear to be differ- ent from any fish I have yet seen, and I cannot find any old fishermen that have seen anything just like them. We sailed through some 60 or 70 miles of them, and they appeared to be rising to the top of the water all the time. Their eyes and blood were as bright as could be when taken on board. I see several vessels have passed through them as cod- fish, but they are different from the ordinary codfish. I shall be pleased to hear from you when convenient, as I would like to know what the fish are and where they come from. ‘‘ PHILADELPHIA, March 24, 1882.” The receipt of this specimen, which proved to be a Tile-fish, solved the problem in regard to the species to which the chief part of the dead fish belonged. Referring to this, the New York Times remarks: “It * This letter appeared in several of the leading New York dailies and also in other newspapers. [23] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 259 will be seen from this letter,* as Professor Baird believed, that the fish was the Lopholatilus, or Tile-fish—how shrewd a guess he made.” On receiving the letter from Captain Rich, Professor Baird sent him a telegram and also wrote to him to obtain further details, which the former supplied in the following replies: ‘DEAR Sire: Your telegram is at hand, and I am sorry to say I had all the fish cleaned and put on ice. I expect to sail for Boston early next week, and if I come across any more of them will try to get some and ship to you whole. I could discover no appearance of disease about the inwards of any of them; the eyes, gills, blood, and liver were as bright as when living. The liver would not float, and had very little, if any, oil init. What the fishermen call the ‘poke,’ or pouch (of a hake), was hanging out of the mouths of about one-half of them, and there was no food of any kind except in one, a small dogfish. I did not try the temperature of the water, but the air was very cold and made heavy ice on deck that night. “ PHILADELPHIA, March 25, 1882.” ‘DEAR Sir: Yours of the 23d is at hand and noted. We first noticed the dead fish about daylight on the morning of March 15, in latitude 40°, and sailed through them on a west by south course from longitude 70° to 71°. When first seen there were a few redfish with them, but when we lowered the boat there was nothing but the Tile-fish in sight; none of them were alive, but none of them swollen, but they appeared to be coming up all the time. Sometimes there would be only two or three in sight, and at others thirty or forty of them. I have seen fish in the winter at the mouth of rivers in South Carolina that would rise to the surface dead yet bright as these fish were, apparently chilled from striking the cold water, and my theory is that the Tile- fish were killed by the cold water, as 1 found nothing that appeared to be diseased about them. ‘¢ PHILADELPHIA, March 27, 1882.” Other vessels arriving at this time reported having seen the masses ‘of floating fish, and a few succeeded in obtaining specimens, which were eaten. But, strange to say, with the exception of the one brought in by Captain Rich, none were saved for identification by the captains of the incoming vessels. A writer in the New York-Times of March 26, 1882, gives the following account of an interview with the captain of the bark Elizabeth Ostle, one of the few vessels which secured specimens of the Lopholatilus : “Going on board of the bark Elizabeth Ostle, Capt. O. Lamb, just from Calcutta, pow moored in Brooklyn, near the Wall-street ferry, the *The letter written by Professor Baird to Mr. Blackford March 24, 1882, quoted above. 260 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24] commanding officer having reported the presence of such fish, a series of interrogatories were presented to him by one of the members of the American Fish-cultural Association, who was accompanied by Capt. John Mortimer. Captain Lamb said that on the 21st of March, when about 65 miles off-shore from Barnegat, he sailed for 40 miles at least through waters filled with these dead fish. Having been asked if he could describe the number of fish in a given area, taking his ship’s cabin as indicating the space, Captain Lamb replied that ‘there would be fully 50 dead fish within that space. The sea was quiet and we were going about from 4 to 5 knots an hour, and we sailed for some seven to eight hours, say 40 miles, with these dead fish alongside of us. There were millions of them. From my log I find that the exact locality was 39° 7’ north latitude, and the longitude 73° 10’ west. We had been sailing all the morning north by west, and were well inside of the Gulf Stream. The temperature was 45°. We found these fish when we could not get soundings.’ Captain Lamb had not eaten any of the fish, but calling in the carpenter, who had partaken of the fish, having caught two of them, the man was questioned. ‘The fish was a curious fish,’ the carpenter said. ‘He had never seen the like before. There was in the crew a Nova Scotia man, and he did not know what kind of a fish it was. I took two, and they were fresh and sound. The gills were red, and they bled when opened. The head was curious—different from what I had ever seen on a fish before. One thing I took notice of was a certain lot of yellow spots on the sides of the fish. They would weigh about from 8 to 9 pounds.’ ” A single individual only of the dead fish was secured by the bark Alf which arrived in New York March 24, 1882, but her captain was very positive that he saw several species of dead fish besides the Tile- fish. The following account of an interview with him is taken from the New York Herald of March 28, 1882: ‘“T am Captain Larsen, of the Norwegian bark Alf. I arrived in New York on March 24. On Wednesday last, when just inside the Gulf Stream, about 70 miles south-southeast off Sandy Hook, I saw for 60: miles scattered over the water thousands of dead and dying fislres. This was in about 15 fathoms of water. I noticed four different varieties. I do not know the names of any. I picked up one but did not eat it. (From the captain’s description it was evidently a Tile-fish.) The ma- jority of the fishes floating about were similar to it, but dispersed among them there were queer looking fishes, all red on top, that had two pro- truding horns. These were smaller in size than the fish I secured, which was 24 feetinlength. Besides these there were large, flat, brown-look- ing fishes, and thousands of small fishes, shiny in color, about a foot long.” In the same paper is given another captain’s statement. Captain Porter, of the bark Avonmore, said: ‘I have just arrived in port. On March 25, when in north latitude 39° 15’ and about 100 miles {25] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 261 off land in a southeasterly direction from Barnegat Light, we passed for four hours, sailing under a 5-knot breeze, through thousands of dead fishes which were floating on the water, which was quite calm. The fish were grouped together in lots of a dozen or more, while others were scattered singly. During all this time they were never out of sight. I did not try to pick any of them up. They looked like catfish, and were about a foot and a half long. Since my arrival a number of captains have spoken to me about seeing the dead fishes; but from what I can gather I believe there were a far greater number of fish to the north- ward than on the course I was sailing.” These reports were supplemented a few days later by the following letter to Professor Baird trom the secretary of the Boston Fish Bureau, who was indefatigable in securing information relative to this subject: “ DEAR Sir: I fear you may be tired of hearing of the ‘ dead fish,’ but I will venture to give you the report of Capt. I. B. Foss, of schooner Navarino, from Mobile to Boston: ‘“‘ He first noticed large numbers of dead fish floating in the sea Tues- day, Mareh 21. At that time in latitude 30° to 40° N. longitude about 72° 30’ W. Passed through the fish on that day and night, and also the 22d all day, during which time they must have sailed at least 150 miles. The fish were scattered over the seas as far as could be seen; at times. quite thick; hundreds near the vessel. While most of the fish were strange to captain and crew, they were quite sure a small portion of the largest were cod and hake. The fish appeared to be from 1 to 4 feet long, mostly from 1 to 2 feet. Not any of the fish were secured. Weather at the time cold, with strong northwest wind. ‘‘The master of schooner Lena R. Storey I have not seen, but am told that he reports the same as above, only he was three days be- hind the Navarino. He also says that he knows some of the largest fish were cod. “In my previous report of brig Sidon, the master reported the date March 14. I think he was mistaken just one week, as all other reports were the 21st. I regret that he had sailed ere I could see him to correct the date if in error.* ‘‘ Thanks for yours of the 31st. I shall be pleased to receive the cut of the Tile-tish, and anything that you can give as to the cause of the destruction will be of interest. The general opinion expressed here is that the fish were killed by some voleanic or other great convulsion of nature. Much interest is taken in the matter. _ ‘Gloucester firms are contemplating sending a vessel out after Tile- fish if they are not all killed. * * * ‘Boston, April 3, 1882.” *The date given, March 14, is without doubt the correct one. It could not have been the 21st, as Mr. Wilcox supposes, since on that date the account of the circum- stance appeared in the Boston papers. Some of the vessels which arrived at New York reported seeing the dead fish several days earlier than the Sidon. 262 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26] This, it was supposed, completed the history of this wonderful event, and the excitement and interest that had been created by this spectacle of thousands of square miles of the sea covered with dead fish it was scarcely expected would be revived. Mr. Barnet Phillips, of the New York Times, a gentleman much interested in all matters pertaining to the scientific study of the fishes, impressed with this idea, collected as full a list as he could of the vessels which had sailed through the float- ing fish and sent it to Professor Baird. Below is the list and other data sent by Mr. Phillips: Bark Plymouth, arrived in New York March 15, 1882, found fish off George’s, March 3. Bark Montreal, arrived in New York March 13, 1882, found fish off George’s. we . Steamship Beila, arrived in New York March 21, 1882, found fish 60 miles south of Barnegat on the 20th of March. Ship British America, arrived in New York March 21, 1882, found fish 45 miles south of Shinnecock on March 20. Bark Elizabeth Ostle, arrived in New York March 23, 1882, found fish in latitude 39° 7’ on March 21. (Reported in full in New York Times.) Bark Sidon, arrived in Boston March 21, 1882, found fish in latitude 40°, longitude 719, on the 14th of March.* But, strange to say, about a month after the events related above, and just two weeks subsequent to the date of Mr. Phillips’s letter, dead fish were found floating off the capes of Virginia, by some of the Glonu- cester mackerel schooners, and specimens of these were secured and brought into New York by the fishermen, many of whom have for several years shown much interest and enthusiasm in collecting material that they think may aid Professor Baird in his scientific research of Ameri- can waters. The New York Times of April 22, 1882, thus describes the arrival of these specimens in New York: ‘“ Yesterday the New York State fish commissioner, Mr. E. G. Black- ford, had on exhibition one of the largest of Tile-fish which has yet come to hand. It weighed, when gutted, 43 pounds, and was, when entire, a bigger fish than the one caught by Captain Kirby some few years ago. The fish, with its peculiar large head, its nuchal crest—that long adi- pose fin projecting from its nape—was of a violet tinge with marked yellow patches. This fish was taken by Captain McLain, of the schooner Herald of the Morning, on Thursday, in latitude 37° 29’ and longitude 74°, some 85 miles from the capes of Virginia. The fish was floating on the surface of the water, belly upward, and was taken by a gaff and * As will be seen this list includes the names and other important data concerning three vessels which we have not been able to secure elsewhere, and its value is cor- respondingly great. It enables us to fix more accurately the area covered by the dead fish and also to determine with more definiteness than we otherwise could the limits of time during which this mortality prevailed. [27] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 263; brought on deck. Captain McLain stated that it was alive for three: hours after capture. It was the only fish of this kind he had seen, and was a novel fish to him. The captain mentioned, however, that there were other kinds of fish in the water—dead ones—but that he had not thought it worth while to take any, but he said that Capt. W. Gibbs, of the schooner W. H. Oaks, he believed, had picked some up.. ‘‘ With the New York State fish commissioner, who is always eager to see a new fish, was a representative of the New York Times, and they,. after boarding several smacks, found the schooner Oaks, and Captain Gibbs, her skipper, produced the strange fish. Just as soon as this skipper hauled out one of those peculiar cans which the United States. Fish Commission provides all captains of smacks with, in order that. they shall preserve their specimens, it at once became evident that Cap- tain Gibbs was an ichthyological enthusiast. The captain presented. two very queer fish, which looked like a cross between a croaker (Micro- pogon undulatus) and a gurnard. But the difference was marked. The fish had spines, a long bony snout, and a hard, indurated case, so that they would be an exceedingly difficult fish to swallow. In size they were about 10 inches long. The alcohol had bleached them, and of their brilliant coloring there was nothing left but the tail, which was red. It is supposable that they belonged to a deep-sea fish. As it was, they were unknown to the visitors. Captain Gibbs said he saw hundreds of them ; they were all dead, and of a brilliant red color. He had sailed for 3 or 4 miles through them. The latitude was 38° 5/, the lon- gitude 73° 40’, and the nearest land, Winter Headquarters, 60 miles off, on the Delaware coast. There were no soundings. The weather was pleasant, nor had there been any blow for some days before. Captain Gibbs handed over his specimens to his visitors with a request that they should be sent to Washington to Professor Baird for examination. ‘Tt seems probable that more specimens of the Lopholatilus have been taken on the same day—Thursday, the 20th—by other vessels than the Herald of the Morning, but a careful inquiry among the mackerel schooners at the docks failed to find any more Tile-fish. The Charles R. Lawrence, Captain Carter, may, perhaps, have come across some.” * The fishes brought in by the schooner William 8. Oakes, were the Peristedium miniatum. This species was first known to science in the fall of 1880, when several specimens were taken in September by the * The foliowing letter from Mr. Barnet Phillips to Professor Baird, notifying him of the arrival of another specimen of the Lopholatilus, wasreceived on the same day that the paragraph quoted above was published : “T have just seen hanging at Blackford’s a Tile-fish of 43 pounds. It was caugh yesterday—Thursday, 20th—by Captain McLain, in latitude 37° 29’, longitude 74°. Name of vessel, schooner Herald of the Morning. Distance from the capes of Vir- ginia, 85 miles where fish was caught. When taken with a gaff it was floating, belly up, and when put on deck lived about two hours, ‘¢T will try and find further particulars as to number of fish seen, &c. “NEw YORK, Friday, April 21, 1882.” 264 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28] United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk while dredging on the slope inside of the Gulf Stream. It was described by Prof. G. Brown Goode, in Vol. 3, Proceedings United States National Museum, 1880. In 1881, the species was obtained on six different occasions, being taken on muddy or sandy bottom, in depths varying from 69 to 156 fathoms, and in an area between 39° to 40° N. latitude, and 70° to 73° W. longitude. None of these fish have been found elsewhere until picked up dead or in a torpid condition, as believed by some, by the mackerel fishermen off the coast of Delaware and New Jersey. It is a fact worthy of notice that even as late as the Ist of May many of these fish, remarkable for their brilliant red color, were seen drifting about, and such individuals as were secured were found to be in a perfectly healthy and sound condition. Capt. Amos Radcliff, of schooner Charles C. Warren, of Gloucester, while engaged in mackerel fishing on the 1st of May, some 30 to 50 niles southeast from Cape May, saw a great number of the Peristedium floating upon the surface. He secured several of the fish in a dip net, two of which he preserved in salt. One of these was presented to the United States Fish Commission. Captain Radcliff says that at the time he saw these fish his vessel was lying to, but from subsequent observations he judged they covered an area of at least 5 miles in diameter. Over all this space they were exceedingly numerous, and a great many of them could be seen all the time the vessel was passing over that distance. How much longer these fish continued to “turn up” it is difficult to say. As late, however, as the second week in July the writer saw a specimen which had been sent by Capt. I. F. Macomber, of schooner Alice Tarlton, to the editor of the Cape Ann Advertiser, in Gloucester, for identification. The letter that accompanied this fish, and which was published in the Advertiser of July 14, 1882, is quoted in another para- graph where it more properly belongs. No mention is made in it of where the fish was obtained, but presumably it was found floating near or at the same place where Captain Radcliff saw them so Sener’ and probably at about the same time. 11.—AREA COVERED BY THE DEAD FISH. The lack of precision observable in nearly all of the published reports concerning the points where the dead fish were first noticed, and where they were last seen by the several vessels which passed through them, renders the task of determining the area which they covered a some- what difficult one. In most cases, however, this is not at once apparent, since the localities seem to have been carefully given. But a few words of explanation will illustrate this point. We will take, for example, the report of Captain Lamb, of the bark Elizabeth Ostle, which has already been quoted. He says that ‘on the 21st of March, when about 65 . . = . OO a ee a [29] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 265 miles off-shore from Barnegat, he sailed for 40 miles through waters filled with these dead fish.” * * * ‘‘ From my log I find that the exact locality was 39° 07’ N. latitude, and the longitude 73° 10’ W. We had been sailing all the morning north by west, and were well inside of the Gulf Stream.” This may appear to be definite, but is exactly the reverse. The ques- tion is, what part of his track through the dead fish was the position so exactly given above to mark? Was this observation taken, and the locality noted, when the fish were first seen, when the ship was half way through them, or as she neared their northern boundary and was about to leave them behind her? Of course, it is now impossible to get satisfactory replies to the above questions, and all, therefore, that can be done is to work out the problem as correctly as possible from the data at hand. Captain Lamb throws some light on the subject by say- ing: ‘* We found these fish when we could not get soundings.” As there is a depth of only 35 fathoms at the point where the position he gave (latitude 39° 07’ N., longitude 73° 10’ W.) would place the ship, it seems entirely probable that she was nearing the northern edge of the belt of dead fish when this observation of the vessel’s position was made. I have, therefore, laid out the ship’s track in accordance with this belief. In considering these questions, however, and in forming conclusions in regard to the tracks made by the different vessels through the floating Lopholatilus, I have been enabled, I think, to arrive more nearly at correct conclusions, because of the many reports which have been studiel. Thus, the error of one report may be corrected by another, and vice versa, until a result is reached which can vary little from abso- lute exactness. In consideration of the above I have felt compelled, though reluct- antly, to depend to some extent on my own judgment in laying out the various tracks pursued by the different vessels and in estimating the area covered by the dead fish. The conclusions arrived at have, however, been reached only after mature deliberation and a careful consideration of all the data bearing on this subject, and, though these may appear more or less arbitrary, 1 trust the explanations given will be sufficient to show that there are good reasons theretor. J ollowing are the names of the vessels that re- ported the presence of dead fish—at least, those of which we have suffi- cient information to determine their positions—and a discussion of the probabilities of their sailing on the tracks through the Tile-fish that I have marked on the accompanying plate. Taken in their chronological order we come first to the bark Plymeuth, which sailed through dead fish on March 3, 1882, a distance of 69 miles, from latitude 40° 01/ N. and longitude 69° 51’ W., to latitude 40° 08’ N. and longitude 71° 27’ W., by estimation. The published account gives no position other than that ‘‘we were sailing off the George’s Bank.” * * * ‘From 6 o’clock inthe 266 REPORT OF COMMISFIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30] morning until 5 o’clock in the evening we were passing through this school of cod-fish, and as we were sailing at the rate of 6 miles an hour we went through 69 miles of them.” The usual track of sea-going vessels bound from the eastward te New York, and going outside of George’s, is about on the parallel of 40° north latitude, and as this is the latitude where Tile-fish have been found most numerous, it is more than probable that the track of the Plymouth was the one indicated on the map. The term “ off the George’s Bank,” as used by sea-faring men, is very indefinite, being commonly employed in the most general sense. It is therefore presumable that the eastern limit of the dead fish seen by the Plymouth’s crew was very near that which is given. } On the 10th of March the Rachel Coney, as stated elsewhere, sailed through the floating Lopholatilus, a distance of 40 miles while running for the South Shoal light-ship. Her position is given so definitely that it is unnecessary to discuss it. Four days later (on March 14), the bark Sidon, bound in through the South Channel,* fell in with these dead fish. The account says: “In latitude 40°, longitude 719, from 1 p.m. until dark they sailed through large numbers of dead fish floating on the water. The weather was cold and stormy, with strong northwest wind.” It is easy enough to decide on the course steered (though no mention is made of this), since the vessel would undoubtedly be heading nearly for the South Shoal light-ship, close-hauled, on the port tack. The difficulty is to decide just how long she sailed through these fish before reaching the position given above. Only one locality being mentioned, it seems probable that this was noted late in the afternoon. If we al- low this it will be seen that, the vessel’s track, for “40 or 50 miles in which she passed through the fish,” would be along the edge of the ground where Tile-fish have been caught, and where they were seen by other vessels; indeed, its northern end crosses the track of the Ply- mouth, while its entire length is nearly parallel with the northeastern end of the route through the dead fish made by the Navarino eight days later. The next day (March 15) after the floating fish were seen by the crew of the Sidon, Captain Rich sailed through them a distance of 50 miles, on a west by south course, from latitude 40° N. and longitude 70° W., to latitude 39° 43’ N. and longitude 719 W. He gives his po- sitions with exactness—the only one to do so—and this is of very great assistance in determining the routes sailed over by other vessels pass- ing near the same locality. * The broad channel] between Nantucket Shoals and those on George’s Bank is called the ‘‘ South Channel.” Vessels coming from the south, especially from the West Indies, as this one was, and bound to ports in Northern New England, usually pass through this channel, and, if practicable, shape their course so a3 to pass out- side, but within sight of, the light-ship on the South Shoal of Nantucket. [31] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 267 But it was in the period from March 20 to 25 that the dead fish seem to have covered the largest area, and during this time the reports of their having been seen were more frequent than before or afterwards. The ship British America is reported to have seen the dead fish on March 20, 45 miles south of Shinnecock, Long Island, which would place her in latitude 40° 05’ N., longitude 72° 24’ W. No mention is made of this ship having sailed through the dead fish for any distance, or, indeed, is any information given other than that the fish were seen in the locality named. The correctness of this even is open to a doubt, for it seems extremely probable that the dead fish were not so far north, since the position given is some 25 to 30 miles, at least, inside of where the Tile-fish might have been expected to occur. It is possible, how- ever, that some unknown circumstance may have caused them to venture into waters of less depth than they had previously been found in, or they may have been carried by the wind and waves a long dis- tance from the place where they first came to the surface. On the same day (March 20) the steamship Beila reported seeing dead fish 60 miles south of Barnegat, which would be in latitude 38° 46/ N., longitude 73° 56’ W. The same may be said of the Beila as of the ship British America. The position given is far inside of where the fish were seen by other vessels, and in shallow water. Nothing is said of her passing through the dead fish for any distance, though she probably did, and in the absence of other data we can only submit such as are avail- able. March 21 the bark Elizabeth Ostle sailed through the dead fish from latitude 38° 37’ N., longitude 72° 58’ W., to latitude 39° 15/ N., and longitude 73° 15’ W. On the same day the schooner Navarino, bound north, struck the dead fish in latitude 38° 41’ N., longitude 73° 01’ W., near -the same point where they were first seen by the crew of the Elizabeth Ostle.* Running on a northeasterly course along the edge of soundings inside of the Gulf Stream, the Navarino plowed her way through the dead fish from the 21st until night of the 22d, a distance of 150 miles, to latitude 40° 17’ N. and longitude 70° 30’ W., crossing the tracks of the Elizabeth Ostle, Alf, Avon- more, and Plymouth, and for 40 or 50 miles toward the northern end of her track, sailing nearly parallel with the course which the Sidon made through the Lopholatilus eight days before. On March 22 the bark Alf sailed through the dead fish from latitude 38° 37’ N., longitude 72° 54’ W. to latitude 39° 32’ N., and longi- tude 72° 26’ W., a distance of 60 miles. The account of the course sailed by the Alf is so indefinite that we can only guess at it. Captain Lar- sen says: ‘ When just inside the Gulf stream, about 70 miles south- * These vessels were sailing nearly at right angles to each other, and though the data are indefinite and unsatisfactory, they are, nevertheless, sufficient to arrive pretty closely at the positions where the dead fish were first observed and where they were last seen. 268 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32] southeast from Sandy Hook, I saw for 60 miles, scattered over the water, thousands of dead and dying fish. This was in about 15 fathoms of water.” Like nearly all the other statements we have, there is only one position given, but from the context and from a consideration of other data, we are able to estimate the probable course he made. The wind permitting, the bark would, of course, be sailing direct for New York, whither she was bound ; otherwise, she would be steering close-hauled on a wind on whichever tack she could lay nearest to her course. Mr. Wilcox writes that the Navarino reported having a strong northwest wind, and it must have been on March 22 that this wind pre- vailed, for on the 21st the bark Elizabeth Ostle, in or near the same place as the Navarino, was on that day steered north by west, a course which it would be impossible for her to make with a northwest wind. With the wind at northwest, blowing a strong breeze, the Alf would, in all probability, be close-hauled on the port tack, heading along about N.NE., and, allowing for leeway, would be making a course about NE. by N.4. N. Admitting this—and there seems no reason to question it—the next thing is to determine where the fish were first seen. Cap- tain Larsen says, “just inside the Gulf Stream, about 70 miles S.SE. from Sandy Hook.” Now, as the position, ‘‘70 miles S.SE. off Sandy Hook,” is not just inside the Gulf Stream, but about 115 miles from it, or nearly two-thirds the distance from it to New York, and as the captain of the Elizabeth Ostle foun the dead fish on the previous day off soundings, though he called his position 65 miles from land—an evi- dent error—we are compelled to believe that the Alf met with the dead fish near the same place where they were first seen by the crews of the Elizabeth Ostle and Navarino. It is probable that the northwest wind had driven the body of floating Tile-fish slightly from the position they occupied on the 21st, and that the Alf fell in with them a little to the southeast of where they were first encountered by the Elizabeth Ostle. Crossing the track of the Navarino at an acute angle the Alf stood on, gradually drawing on to soundings, and probably ran out of the fish a few miles northwest of where their inner edge was observed by the captain of the Avonmore three days later, at which time they had, without doubt, been driven somewhat to the southeast by the pre- — vailing northwest winds. As to the Alf sailing for 60 miles in 15 fathoms of water, it is enough to say that it is simply out of the question, since, if this were so, she would have been standing along the New Jersey coast, in sight of the land, and if such had been the fact it would doubtless have been men- tioned. For the reasons given above, it is probable that the track of the Alf, as laid down on the plate, is nearly the correct one. March 25, bark Avonmore passed through dead fish from lat. 89° 154/ N., long. 72° 03’ W., to lat. 39° 28’ N., and long. 72° 23/ W. April 20, a floating Tile-fish was seen and captured by Captain [33] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 269 McClain, of the schooner Herald of the Morning, in lat. 37° 29’ N,, long. 74° 00’ W. About the same time dead fish were seen floating at the surface by the crew of schooner William S. Oakes, 40 miles in a northeasterly di- rection from where the specimen was obtained by the Herald of the Morning, and several individuals, as has been mentioned, were picked up in lat. 38° 05’ N., long. 73° 40’ W. About the 1st of May dead fish of the species Peristedium were seen off Cape May, about from 15 to 30 miles southeast from Five Fathom Bank Light-Ship, by the crew of the fishing schooner C. C. Warren.* Throwing aside for the present the consideration of the reports of those vessels which saw the dead fish in April, or later, we will proceed to consider the area which was covered in March, estimating this from such data as has been discussed. The approximate length of 150 miles we get from the distance sailed by the Navarino, but if we consider the report of the Beila, this must be increased at least 20 miles, making a total length of 170 miles. The average width can be no less than 25 miles, and multiplying these to- gether we find that the enormous expanse of 4,250 geographical square miles, or 5,620 square statute miles, was covered with a mass of dead and dying fish. If to this is added the area farther south, which was probably covered more or less thickly by floating Lopholatilus, a short time later (if not at the same time), as indicated by the specimens and. reports brought in by the fishing schooners, we find that our estimate must be increased nearly a half more and would reach the sum of about 7,500 square statute miles. In making these estimates I have thought best to keep them down to the minimum, so as to be within rather than outside of the probabilities, and have therefore not considered the reports of the ships British Amer- icaand Beila in connection with the width of the estimated area. Neither do I think it desirable to take into account the possible area covered — near the place where the fish were seen by the Herald of the Morning and the William S. Oakes. A bare allusion to the matter seems sufii- cient. In estimating the width of the sea area over which the Tile-fish were seen floating, I have thought best to make it about two-thirds as. much as the several reports would indicate, thus allowing for any pos- sible exaggeration—though all could not err in this particular—and the drift or spreading out of the fish after coming to the surface. 12.— PROBABLE NUMBERS OF DEAD FISH. The question which is most naturally suggested to the mind when considering the immense area over which the Tile-fish were found is, * The statements Ihave been able to obtain as to the exact locality in which these fish were seen by the crew of the C.C. Warren are not sufficiently definite to warrant. me in giving the position in any other than a general way. 270 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34] how many of these dead or helpless fish were there floating upon the ocean’s surface ? We are aided somewhat in making the estimate by the reports of the several captains. Captain Jorgensen says they were “only scattering, sometimes as many as twenty being seen at a time near the vessel.” Captain Lawrence remarks: “ All around us, and for miles back of us, was filled with these fish.” Captain Rich is more explicit. He writes: ‘Sometimes there would be only two or three in sight, and at others thirty or forty of them.” Captain Lamb saw them more abundant than any one else, and estimates that in a space as large as his cabin there would be fifty fish. As the cabin would in all probability not be, at the most, more than 18 feet long by 15 wide, or about a square rod in area, this gives us a fair basis for making an estimate, but it seems that we ought to base our calculations on a much smaller number than was seen by Captain Lamb. That the fish were exceedingly abundant and literally covered the seas over a large part of the area where they were seen is altogether probable. Mr. A. R. Crittenden, who has had unusual op- portunities for conversing with the captains who saw these dead fish, tells me that they all say that, while in some places the fish were com- paratively scattering, for the most part they were so thick on the water that the vessels, as they sailed along, turned from either side of their bows ‘ windrows of floating Lopholatilus.” Taking as a starting point the estimate of Captain Lamb, and cal- culating that the fish averaged in abundance one-twentieth what he reported their numbers to be, we find that there would be 256,000 in a square mile, and the astounding total of 1,438,720,000 fish drifting about on this part of the ocean in a dead or benumbed condition. Now, placing the average of these fish at 10 pounds, which is a little less than the average weight of Tile-fish, we get 14,387,200,000 pounds, or about 288 pounds of fish to each of the 50,000,000 of inhabitants of the United States. The enormous magnitude of these figures, and the extreme abundance of animal life on the unexplored grounds lying inside of the Gulf Stream, can only be comprehended, when we consider that if we reduce this still further, even dividing it by 200, and thus practically allowing that only one fish was seen where Captain Lamb said there were four thousand, we still find that the mass would rival in weight the product of some of our most important and valuable food fisheries. Taking all the concurrent testimony, however, it seems hardly neces- sary to make so low an estimate, and it appears reasonable that to place it at one four-hundreth of that of Captain Lamb, is, perhaps, put- ting it quite low enough. This would give the sum of 719,360,000 pounds of dead fish, and if we were to calculate on the same basis the prob- able numbers which were floating south of the area that has been con- sidered, that is, down to the point where the Herald of the Morning was, this amount must be increased nearly one-half, or to about 1,000,000,000 - pounds, in round numbers. [35] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 271 13.—SPECIES OF DEAD FISH OTHER THAN THE LOPHOLATILUS. That there were more or less dead fish of species other than the Lo- pholatilus is unquestionable, though, from all the data we have at hand, it is evident that the greater part of these millions of floating fish were of one kind, and that of the species which forms the subject of this paper. Nearly all of the observers agree in saying that there were sev- eral kinds of fish, and especial mention is made of one having a brilliant red color, considerable numbers of which were seen scattered about among the larger forms. Fortunately, specimens of this red fish were obtained, and it has been definitely settled that they belong to the spe- cies Peristedium mimiatum. Just what proportion of the floating.masses this species represented can only be conjectured, but as it is a small fish and has been generally spoken of as if it was seen only occasionally or scatteringly, it seems probable that it formed only a small percent- age of the great mass. Many of the captains thought that the fish they saw were cod, and the captain and crew of the Navarino, writes Mr. Wilcox, ‘‘ were quite sure a small portion of the largest were cod and hake.” The following clipping, evidently from the Boston Herald, date not given, was sent to Professor Baird by Capt. S. J. Martin, and contains essentially the same facts as those quoted from Mr. Wilcox: ‘The schoon- ers Navarino and L. RB. Story report sailing through large quantities of dead fish for a distance of about 150 miles, first striking them in north lat. 38° 40” and about 723° west long. Captain Foss, of the L. R. Story, reports the fish to consist of fully one-third part codfish and hake, the balance being of the new variety, christened by’ Professor Baird as Tile-fish. Many of the codfish were very large, measuring from 4 to 5 feet in length.” This may have been so, but is open to a doubt; first, because the sea- men employed exclusively in the merchant service have only the most general knowledge of the different kinds of fish, and are scarcely able to tell one from another, as may be observed by reading the accounts which have been quoted; second, Captain Rich, who I understand is a Cape Cod man by birth, and very possibly has been a fisherman at some period of his life, quickly detected the difference between the Tile-fish and the cod, and, writing to Professor Baird, he says: ‘‘I see several vessels have passed through them as codfish, but they are different from the ordinary codfish.” Nor does he mention seeing the “ordinary cod- fish,” though it is scarcely probable that so close an observer would forget to call attention to the fact if he had noticed any of the Gadida, all of which are so well known to any of the New England fishermen. That he would have done so is all the more probable, since he says, when writing of the Tile-fish ‘“‘ When first seen there were a few redfish [Peristedium] with them, but when we lowered the boat there was noth- ing but the Tile-fish in sight.” 272 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36} From the descriptions given the fish seen by the crews of the Eliza- beth Ostle and the Avonmore were undoubtedly all Tile-fish ; at least no others are mentioned, and it is probable that the “* Nova Scotia man,” spoken of as one of the crew of the Elizabeth Ostle, would have quickly noticed the presence of cod or any of the other species of the Gadide. But Captain Larsen, after speaking particularly of the Zopholatilus and the Peristedium (for from his description these were the fish he saw with few exceptions), says: ‘ Besides these there were large, flat, brown-looking fishes and thousands of small fishes, shiny in color, about a foot long.” As to the species to which these last two men- tioned kinds belong it is useless to conjecture, and we must therefore leave it as one of the unsolved problems of this most wonderful phe- nomenon. 14.—THEORIES ADVANCED AS TO THE CAUSE OF THE MORTALITY. Were these millions of fish dead, or were they only in a torpid con- dition, with their vital functions temporarily suspended ?* If dead, what was the cause of this wholesale, this astounding destruction? If not dead, but only benumbed, to what shall we ascribe the phenome- non? These are the questions which most naturally arise in the mind when studying the various phases of this singular appearance of mill- ions of fish floating on the sea, and it is not at all strange that many and varied theories have been advanced to account for the strange oc- currence. From the’very nature of the case we cannot arrive at any definite conclusions as to the facts, and must therefore, for the present, at least, content ourseives with conjecture. Nothing further, therefore, will be attempted here than to present the several theories which have been advanced, and to discuss in as impartial a manner as possible the probability of their correctness. The generally received opinion in regard to the floating fish was that they were dead, but this was not the belief of all, as is shown by the following letter published in the Cape Ann Advertiser of July 14, 1882, previously referred to, and with which was sent to the editors of that paper a specimen of the Peristedium, one of the ‘small fish” alluded to in the letter, and which I saw: ‘6 Messrs. Editors: “The large quantities of fish found floating last fall and winter between Cape Hatteras and New York were reported as dead. I fell in with many of both last fallt and this spring, and had the curiosity to examine them, and found that they were not dead, but apparently blind, having air bubbles inside of the outer covering of their eyes. On taking them *In the account of the cruise of investigation in the smack Josie Reeves, which is appended to this paper, it will be seen that there is strong presumptive evidence that most if not all of the floating fish were dead, or finally died. +The allusion made here to fish having been found the previous fall is an evident error, for no other statement to that effect has been received. [37] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 273 on board and laying them on deck in the warm sun, four out of five par- tially recovered and moved. Among those seen last year were hake, and I have heard of cod being seen. Some of the small fish had so much life that they would dart away a few feet on being disturbed. One of the number I secured, which I have preserved and forward to you. Please interest yourselves in finding out the name and class it belongs to and let me know. The color of the fish when taken was red. “Yours, very truly, “T. F. MACOMBER, ‘¢ Schooner Alice Tarlton.”* Captain Coney, of the brig Rachel Coney, says that most of the float- ing fish he saw were not dead, but apparently benumbed or “ loggy,” as he expresses it. He thought their condition was owing, perhaps, to a lack of food, for he found nothing whatever in the stomachs of a dozen or more of the fish which he opened. Captain McLain, of the schooner Herald of the Morning, says that the Tile-fish that he secured, and which was the only one he saw, was apparently alive when taken from the water, and retained its muscular activity in a most wonderful manner for quite three hours, so that, even after being eviscerated and placed on ice, the involuntary action of the muscles caused it to move to such an extent that it fell out of the pen onto the ice-house floor. Other observers noticed that at least some of the fish had the appear- ance of being alive, though as previously stated, the general opinion seems to have been that the majority were dead. Undoubtedly this last- mentioned opinion was correct, and it seems highly probable that few indeed of these millions of floating fish ever regained sufficient strength to enable them to return to their usual haunts, even supposing they were not all dead when seen. But whether the fish were dead or only temporarily disabled, their appearance upon the surface of the water in such extraordinary num- bers is unquestionably due to some special cause, and probably only *The mention of “‘air bubbles inside of the outer covering of their eyes” is a feat- ure worthy of notice in this connection, since a similar appearance is often noticea- ble in some of the Gadide@, especially the cusk (Brosmius americanus) when caught on a trawl. Though the fish are rarely dead when they come to the surface of the water, their eyes seem forced nearly out of their heads and are filled with air bubbles, while their stomachs are usually turned inside out and distended to their utmost ex- tent with air. The fish are said to be ‘‘ poke blown,” and, though still retaining considerable activity and muscular motion, it is extremely doubtful if they are ever able to regain sufficient strength to enable them to return to their normal condition. I deem this all the more improbable, since I have often seen fish drifting about on the surface of the sea which had broken loose from a trawl, and which, notwithstand- ing repeated exertions and flappings of their tails were totally unable to recover themselves sufficiently to get underneath the water, or to prevent themselves from floating belly up. Undoubtedly, in nearly all such cases, the fish, if still “lively” when they first came up, have evidently died because of the unnatural position in which they were compelled to remain. S. Mis. 46 18 274 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38] one. But we cannot positively determine whether this phenomenon was due to a sudden fall of temperature of the sea, a submarine vol- cani¢c action, a lack of food, or some other of the many possible causes assigned by different theorists. Therefore the best that can be done is to consider, in their various bearings, the several theories which have been advanced as the cause of this mortality. The theory that perhaps was most generally advanced by those who studied the subject was that these fish (quite possibly at that time just approaching the coast) met with a stratum of unusually cold water, which paralyzed and rendered them helpless to such an extent that they floated to the surface of the sea dead or in a dying condition. The furious northerly gales which swept the region where the dead fish were seen, and many hundreds of miles farther north, about the last of February or first of March, may have caused, as was thought by some, an unprecedented low temperature in the sea water in that locality. No doubt the prevalence of these winds at the time men- tioned may have had much influence in changing the temperature of that part of the ocean, but if there was any material and unprece- dented difference in this respect, it seems more than probable that it was caused chiefly by the unusual accumulation of ice on the eastern fishing banks off the coast of Newfoundland and along the southern shores of Nova Scotia. Many of the Gloucester fishermen, who visit these localities year after year, agree in saying that never before have they seen such a large quantity of drift-ice on the coast of Nova Scotia; neither have they known of its being so far to the southwest. There can be no question as to the influence exerted by this vast body of ice on the surrounding sea, and it seems reasonable to suppose that the polar current, flowing to the southwest, inside of the Gulf Stream, may have carried this cold water to an unusual distance, accelerated, as it undoubtedly was, by the force of heavy northerly gales. The statement of Captain Lawrence, who seems to have been impressed with this idea, is corroborative of the above. He says: ‘‘ The current known as the polar current is now [in March, 1883] running very strong. It’s not unlikely that the icebergs grounded off the banks may have made the water so cold that they [the Tile-fish] couldn’t stand it.” Captain Rich, too, ascribes the death of the Tile-fish to excessive cold. Itis a well-known fact that an extraordinary amount of cold will cause even the hardiest of fish to float dead and helpless upon the surface of the water in the same manner as the Tile-fish were seen. We know that even the codfish, a species which can endure the cold of the northern seas, when confined in the well of a smack and suddenly brought in con- tact with very cold water, will quickly die and float, belly up, at the sur- face. This is often observable in Fulton Market slip, New York, in winter, when the smacks, coming in from the fishing grounds with a load of live codfish, meet with floating ice in the harbor; at such times the fish will all be either dead or helpless in a few minutes. [39] _ HISTORY OF THE TII.E-FISH. 275° I have been told by fishermen that they have seen large numbers of cod floating upon the surface of the water on the coast of Labrador, when several icebergs, drifting into a small bay, has caused a very de- cided and sudden fall in the temperature of the water. Such fish as. were in the bay would soon become entirely helpless, and drift which- ever way the winds or currents carried them, unless, indeed, as was often the case, many of them were picked up and carried on board of the vessels by the fishermen. Captain Kirby says that on one occa- sion, when he was at Cape Charles Harbor, on the coast of Labrador, about the 1st of August, 1876, he saw an immense number of codfish floating at the surface of the water, and spreading over an area of at least from 4 to 6 square miles. More than 300 quintals were picked up and cured by the local fishermen. At the time these fish were seen an unusual number of icebergs were grounded in the vicinity. As many aS seven or eight large bergs were within an area of 4 or 5 miles, ‘‘ while,” says Captain Kirby, ‘“‘we counted forty bergs one day while standing on the hills of Cape Charles.” The fishermen were of the opinion that the excessive coldness of the water, caused by the proximity of so much ice, had killed the fish, and no doubt they were right. A similar phenomenon has been observed on the coast of Northern Europe, which also occurred to the Gadide. Though no special cause is assigned, it may be, and possibly was, due to some sudden change in temperature. In a letter addressed to Sir John Sinclair, cited by Mil- ner in his Gallery of Nature, the statement occurs that on the 4th of December, 1789, the ship Brothers arrived at Leith from Archangel, and its captain reported “that on the coast of Lapland and Norway he sailed many leagues through immense quantities of dead haddocks,” and “he spoke several English ships which reported the same fact.” It is also stated by the writer that haddock, which was the fish in greatest abundance in the Edinburgh market, was scarcely seen for three years. The following letter from Brigadier-General R. B. Marly, U.S. A., to Professor Baird is of very great interest in this connection, showing, as it does, how the destruction of great multitudes of fish, as well as other marine animals, may occur in the southern waters by reason of a sudden change of temperature, caused only by the prevalence of strong northerly winds, such as we have noticed as occurring about the time when the Tile-fish were seen. ‘My DEAR PROFESSOR: On reading a brief account of the fish that were recently seen floating upon the surface of the ocean near the Gulf Stream in a torpid or dead condition, and which I have not seen ac- counted for, it cccurred to me that I could throw some light upon the subject, which the following facts within my own observation will show: ** You will remember that our troops under General Taylor passed the winter of 1845~46 at Corpus Christi, Tex., and while there we one 276 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [40] night were visited with a pretty heavy frost, which seldom ever oceurred in that locality, and, much to our astonishment, the beach in the vicinity of our camp on the following morning was thickly strewn with fish and green turtles that had floated up from the gulf. The fish were perfectly torpid, and the turtles, upon their backs, perfectly paralyzed, so that we picked up many wagon-loads, sufficient to feed the entire army. “Tt is a well-known fact that neither men nor animals can endure any great degree of cold in that latitude and climate, for it is not un- common for both to perish when exposed to the piercing ‘northers’ which sweep over those prairies, notwithstanding the thermometer rarely falls to the freezing point. I lost thirty-five mules out of a herd of one hundred and ten in one of these rain-storms during a single night. They laid down and died while they were in good flesh. ‘The fact is that all animal life seems unable to endure any great change of temperature in that climate, and I therefore am of opinion that the fish observed floating upon the surface near the Gulf Stream perished from encountering the sudden change of temperature in pass- ing from the warm water to the unusually severe cold water outside the stream. ‘‘ Moreover, those fish may have been carried by the current from the Gulf of Mexico to the much higher northern locality where they were observed. ‘Tt appears by one statement that several varieties of fish were seen, but if only one kind was noticed that particular kind may have been more sensitive to the change of temperature than others. ‘Your statements that the fish were perfectly fresh and free from apparent disease, with merely the vital function suspended, would go to corroborate my views, as our fish at Corpus Christi were in a similar state. “ NEw YORK HOTEL, ‘“« Washington, April 2, 1882.” Since the foregoing was written the following interesting paper rela- tive to this subject from the pen of Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Yale College, has been published in the New York Times of October 29, 1882. Pro- fessor Verrill, having been connected with all the researches made in this locality by the United States Fish Commission, under the direction of Professor Baird, is unquestionably one of the best authorities that can be cited, and I take pleasure in quoting extensively from this article, since it throws light on many points which have not been considered in the preceding sections of this paper. He writes: “In the autumn of 1880 the United States Fish Commission com- menced the exploration of the sea bottom along the edge of the Gulf Stream, about 90 to 110 miles off the south coast of New England. The results then obtained were so interesting and important, and the discoveries of new forms of life were so unexpectedly numerous and a [41] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 277 remarkable, that similar explorations were continued in 1881, and again during the past season. This year and last Prof.S. F. Baird, the United. States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, established the headquar- ters of the Commission at Wood’s Holl, Mass. This place will here- after be made a permanent station of the Fish Commission. Owing to’ the unusual delay of the Government appropriations our work was de-- layed this year about a month in the best part of the season, for we could not begin dredging until August. Unfavorable weather and other causes afterward prevented us from making more than five trips to the Gulf Stream slope this season, but these were very successful. ‘Our dredgings in this region now cover a belt about 160 miles long east and west and about 10 to 25 miles wide. The depths are mostly between 70 and 700 fathoms. The total number of successful hauls made along this belt is now about one hundred and twelve. These have nearly all been made with our large improved trawls; a few have been made with a large rake dredge. At all localities the temperature of the water, both at the bottom and surface, was taken, as well as that of the air. In many cases series of temperatures at various depths were also taken, and other physical observations made and recorded. Lists of the animals from each haul have been made with care and ar- ranged in tables. In this region the bottom slopes very gradually from the shore to near the 100-fathom line, which is situated from 80 to 100 miles from the mainland. This broad, shallow belt forms, therefore, a nearly level plateau with a gentle slope seaward. Beyond the 100- fathom line the bottom descends rapidly to more than 1,200 fathoms into the great ocean basin, thus forming a rapidly sloping bank as steep as the side of a mountain and about as high as Mount Washington, New Hampshire. This we call the ‘‘Gulf Stream slope,” because it de- termines practically the inner border of the Gulf Stream all along our coast from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia. In our explorations a change of locality of less than 10 miles would often make a difference of more than 3,500 feet in depth on this slope. The upper part of the slope and the outermost portion of the adjacent plateau, in 65 to 150 fathoms, is bathed by the waters of the Gulf Stream, and consequently the tem- perature of the bottom water along this portion is decidedly higher than it is along the shallower part of the plateau nearer the shore. Moreover, the Gulf Stream itself is limited in depth to about 150 fath- oms or often less, and below this the temperature steadily decreases to the bottom of the ocean basin. We may therefore properly call the upper part of the slope in 65 to 150 fathoms the ‘warm belt.” Our ob- servations give the bottom temperature of this warm belt as usually between 48° and 50° Fahrenheit. On this belt we took numerous kinds of animals that were previously known only from the Gulf of Mexico or off Florida. Some of them belong to tribes that have always been considered as tropical, or subtropical, such as Dolium, Marginella, and Avicula among the shells. In fact this belt is occupied by a northern 278 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42] continuation of the southern or West Indian Gulf Stream fauna. On the lower part of the slope, in 150 to 780 fathoms, we find numerous Arctic forms of life, corresponding to the lower temperature which, in 300 to 500 fathoms, is usually 40° to 41° Fahrenheit. On the inshore plateau, which is occupied by a branch of the cold Arctic current, we also find Arctic. species of animals. Probably no other equally large part of the ocean basin in similar depths has been so fully examined as this region. * * * ‘ Probably the total number of species of animals already obtained by us is not less than 800. The number already identified or described and entered on our lists of the fauna of this belt is about 650. This number includes neither the Foraminifera nor the Entomostraca, which are numerous, and but few of the sponges. Of this list less than one- half were known on our coast before 1880, and a large number were entirely unknown to science. Of fishes there are perhaps 70 species. Of the whole number already determined about 265 are Mollusca, in- cluding 14 Cephalopoda; 85 are Crustacea, 60 are Echinodermata, 35 are Anthozoa, 65 are Annelida. “Although the Tile-fish remained unkuown, both to naturalists and fishermen, until three years ago, it has already become somewhat famous. One of these fish was sent to Messrs. Goode and Bean, of the United States Fish Commission, for examination. It proved to bea remarkable new species, belonging to a new genus, and they imme- diately named and described it. The fish is bright colored, and covered with round, golden-yellow specks. Large ones are over 3 feet long and may weigh 40 to 50 pounds. In 1880 and 1881 the Fish Commis- sion endeavored to test the abundance and range of this fish and also its edible qualities. It was taken by our steamer on several occasions during these two years by means of a long trawl-line, at different local- ities, many miles apart, along the warm belt of the Gulf Stream slope in 100 to 130 fathoms. Therefore it is doubtless a southern species, and will bereafter probably be found off our southern coast, or even in the Gulf of Mexico, at suitable depths. On one occasion, in 1881, we took 80 of these fishes, weighing 500 pounds, at one haul. The fish, after a satisfactory trial by many competent judges, was proved to be a val- uable food-fish. “After a severe storm last winter many vessels reported seeing great quantities of dead fishes of a strange kind floating at the surface of the sea in the same region where the Tile-fish had been discovered. These dead fishes were perfectly fresh and wholesome, without any appearance of disease or violence. Many of them were eaten. Some were sent to Washington for identification, and they proved to be Tile- fish. The dead fishes were reported as occurring abundantly over a large area—perhaps 5,000 square miles or more. There must have been millions of pounds wasted. It became, therefore, a matter of great in- terest and importance for the Fish Commission to ascertain during the [43] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 279 past season whether the Tile-fish had been nearly or entirely extermin- ated in this region, and if so, to investigate the cause. ‘One of the most peculiar facts connected with our dredgings along the warm belt this season was the scarcity or total absence of many of the species, especially of Crustacea, that were taken in the two previ- ous seasons, in essentially the same localities and depths, in vast num- bers—several thousands at a time—and in many localities. Among such species were some peculiar small spider-crabs, hermit-crabs, and shrimp (Luprognatha, Catapagurus, and Pontophilus); also, curious small lobster-like creatures (Munida). The latter was one of the most abund- ant of all the Crustacea last year, but was not seen at all this season, with the exception of a single example on the last trip; the others were taken only in small numbers. Two attempts were made to catch the “Tile-fish” (Lopholatilus) by means of a long trawl-line on essen- tially the same ground where eighty were caught in one trial last year. On the last occasion this year the trawl-line used was about 2 miles long, with over two thousand hooks. Both of these attempts resulted in a total failure. “Tn order to test the question of the disappearance of the Tile-fish more fully Professor Baird employed in September, a fishing-vessel, the Josie Reeves, to go to the grounds and fish systematically for the Tile-fish by using long trawl-lines, such as had proved successful last year in our trials. On her first trip, ending September 25, she fished three days in several localities at the proper depths and on the right kind of bottom, but did not catch a single Tile-fish. **It is probable, therefore, that the finding of vast numbers of dead Tile-fish floating at the surface in this region last winter was connected with a wholesale destruction of the life at the bottom, along the shal- lower part of this belt, (in 70 to 150 fathoms,) where the southern forms of life and higher temperatures (47° to 52°) are found. This great de- struction of life was probably caused by a very severe storm that oc- curred in the region at that time, which, by agitating the bottom water, forced outward the very, cold water that, even in summer, occupies the wide area of shallower sea, in less than 60 fathoms, along the coast, and thus caused a sudden lowering of the temperature along this narrow warm zone, where the Tile-fish and the Crustacea referred to were for- merly found. “The warm belt is here narrow, even in summer, and is not only _ bordered on its inner edge, but is also underlaid in deeper water by much colder water. In fact, the bottom water further inshore is prob- ably below 32° Fahrenheit in winter where the depth is 20 to 40 fath- oms. In August, this year, we found the temperature 37° Fahrenheit, south of Cape Cod, in 55 to 60 fathoms. It is evident, therefore, that even a moderate agitation and mixing up of the warm and cold water might, in winter, reduce the temperature so much as to practically obliterate the warm belt at the bottom. But a severe storm, such as 280 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44] the one referred to, might even cause such a variation in the position and direction of the tidal and other currents as to cause a direct flow of the cold inshore waters, to temporarily occupy the warm area, push- ing further outward the Gulf Stream water. The result would, in either case, be a sudden and great reduction of the temperature, per- haps as much as 15° to 20°.* This could not fail to be very destructive to such southern species as find here nearly their extreme northern Mimits. “It is probable, however, that these southern species, including the Tile-fish, were not thus destroyed further south. Therefore it is prob- able that in afew years they will again occupy these grounds by migrat- ing northward, even if there be not enough left here to replenish their races.” While, as we have seen, there was apparently good reason in the opinion of many well-informed gentlemen to suppose the mortality among the Tile-fish was caused by cold water, there were others who, perhaps, were quite as firm in the belief that it was not cold, but un- usually warm water which had destroyed the Lopholatilus. The idea of the fish having been killed by coming in contact with the Gulf Stream seems, however, to have soon been abandoned, if we may judge by the following facetious allusion to it in the New York Times of April 22, 1882: ‘‘ Theories are still rife as to the reasons for the killing of these fish. The Gulf Stream notion, of the fish getting into hot water, not having a leg or a fin to stand on, others are now being ventilated. Said one wise skipper, ‘ There has been convulsions of nature under the seas. Now, you see, mates, these here loaferlatter lushisses is deep-sea fish. There comes the deuce to pay down below—their bladders gets busted, and up they comes like balloons. That’s a pint no fish-sharp has studied up yet; don’t you see?’” In the Times of March 26, 1882, the theory of the fish having been destroyed by some sort of submarine volcanic action was advanced as follows: “Such an apparent wholesale destruction could only have arisen from some great natural cataclysm. In Southern waters, some years ago, a vast number of fish were found dead floating onthe water. Study- ing the causes for this wholesale destruction, it was quite conclusively shown that there had been some volcanic eruption, which had taken place at the bottom of the sea, as a considerable quantity of a porous * As I have previously stated, the fall in temperature, if such occurred, was prob- ably due to an acceleration of the speed of the Arctic current, together with a presuma- ble lowering of its temperature by the masses of ice off the Banks and Nova Scotia, This seems more plausible than to suppose that a commotion of the surface water might affect the greater depths. Were this possible it is to be assumed that the tem- perature of this region might undergo similar sudden changes of temperature each winter, since, as is well known, heavy northerly gales—as strong as those of February and March, 1882—are occurring every week or two, from November to April, in each year. Therefore, were this so, the Tile-fish would have scarcely existed in this lo- cality long enough to have become so numerous as they were found in 1879~80, and especially to reach an abundance such as was shown by the floating millions of March and April, 1882, [45] HISTORY OF THE TILE-FISH. 281 substance rose to the surface which was apparently composed of earthy matter, showing signs of having been heated or fluxed.” Mr. George E. Emory held the same opinion, and seemingly not aware that such a theory had been previously advanced, writes as fol- lows in the Boston Daily Advertiser of April 5, 1882: ‘IT conclude these fish were not destroyed by any of the agencies lately suggested. Those floating thousands seen only represent the myriads left untouched by the local disaster and destruction. Probably a Submarine disturbance of a volcanic character, set free mephitic gases which, reaching the fishes, produced a fatal asphyxia. This sort of fish-killing agency has been observed repeatedly in the vicinity of vol- canic islands, as about Iceland and many other localities. A line of volcanic stress extends from Mount Erebus far below Terra del Fuego, through sea and land, away northwardly to the Aleutian Islands and the regions southward from Behring Strait. This line is intersected in Mexico by another line of pressure, extending away beneath the At- lantic Ocean to the Azores, thence to Franz-Josef Land, northeastward of Spitzbergen. Here is the old volcano of St. Thomas, now inactive, but known well in the fourteenth century. Tracing southwardly, we find the volcano Esk on Jan Mayen Island, and farther south is Hecla, in Iceland. At the west of the outer Hebrides the Rokol cliff and shoals are the remains of a great volcanic island, partly destroyed by an eruption in 1446. Thus extends the volcanic line of the Atlantie, and over a large part of the sea bottom along this line the mud is full of volcanic ashes. Deep-sea dredging has demonstrated the reality of the vast ash deposit.” This may have been the correct theory, but there were no reports of phenomena, which would lead us to suppose there had been anything like a submarine volcanic eruption near the locality where the Tile-fish were seen. The following paragraph, which was extensively copied in the press, was thought by some to offer a possible solution of the problem, and to strengthen the position of those who had advanced the opinion that the fish mortality was due to volcanic action: “* BALTIMORE, April 17, 1882. “Capt. G. H. C. Horner, of the German ship Stella, which arrived last Saturday from Bremen, gives an account of a singular phenomenon which he witnessed while on the way to this port. On the morning of March 18, Chief Officer Deboer had charge of the morning watch. The weather was serene and clear and the sea smooth and calm. The ship was going along at a rate of 2 miles an hour by the wind. At about 5.30 o’clock the vessel suddenly halted in her course, quivering from keel to keelson, and conveying the impression to those below that the ship had struck a rock. Captain Horner, who was below, looking over his chart, at once ran on deck to ascertain the cause of the shock, and, finding the weather clear and the sea tranquil, was puzzled. Neither the chief mate, who was on the quarter-deck at the time, nor the look- 282 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [46] out could account for the strange occurrence. The captain then ordered the heaving of the lead, but found no bottom at 100 fathoms. The pumps were sounded and the ship found to be tight. The shock lasted only half a minute, after which the ship went on as before. Captain Horner himself went aloft, but could discover no signs of any obstruc- tions. He expresses the opinion that he had encountered a tremor or submarine volcanic eruption. The ship’s position at the time was in lat- itude 37° 21’ north, longitude 23° 51’ west. He found the rate of the chro- nometer correct, observation being taken 56 minutes after the shock.” By reading the above extract carefully it will be seen that the Stella (if the account given is correct), was more than 2,000 nautical miles to the eastward of where the dead fish were seen, and it is scarcely rea- sonable to suppose that any influence could have been exerted on animal life even at one-tenth of that distance. Another thing which should not be lost sight of is, that the Tile-fish were seen floating at sea by the crew of the bark Plymouth on the 3d of March, fifteen days before the Stella received the shock which has been mentioned, and several other vessels also reported seeing dead fish previous to the 18th of March. It will therefore be seen that, even had this supposed volcanic eruption taken place much nearer the locality where the dead fish were noticed than it did, it coyld not be called the original cause of their destruction. Then, too, if the mortality was due to volcanic action, why were not the Gadide, skates, and other cold-water species exterminated as well as the Tile-fish and other animals which Professor Verrill has said are considered tropical and subtropicai forms ? It seems scarcely worth while to dwell any longer on this subject since a bare allusion to other possible reasons for the death of the Tile-fish will suffice. That fish are often killed by disease, by troublesome parasites, by larger fish, and, perhaps, in the case of inland waters, by poisonous substances mingling with the streams, there can be no doubt.* *The following accounts of the death of fishes, evidently from widely different causes, may be of interest in this connection: ‘‘ The Harbor Grace Herald, (says the Gloucester Telegraph of August 10, 1853,) gives the following particulars of a mortality among the capelin, a small fish, which forms a large portion of the food of the New- foundlanders : ‘¢*Tt is a singular fact that within these few days past multitudes of dead capelin have been thrown ashore in the land-washes or seen floating on the water in various parts of this bay. What is still more extraordinary, and renders it probable that the creatures have been attacked with some internal disease, is the fact that thousands of them have been seen dying on the surface of the sea, their gill-covers distended and their under parts, between the pectoral and anal fins, discolored with eruptive spots. ‘‘ son see eee 43 IVEY XINO fare 1a'nio\clulnic)s nin wtnininios UO ee eae 53, 54 Nantucket 2-<- ocr sese ee on are eee 18 Shoal 9)oe. ces awa coe tee ee 30 Navarino, schooner ............--.- 25, 30, 31, 32, 35 Wew London <.---<2--9-2 6-ee eee eee 49 New port, dR. dic jcc ce seen ote eee 15, 16, 17 New Werk i cctm mn coetetsne a ona aac eee eee 20 Herald: cited 4. --c.nsance seme 24 Times cited.....-..-.---. 21, 22, 26, 40, 44 Tribune clted:...<.:45.22- see 20 Noman's-Land..... .-3..20..2. 62 aseeeeeeee 4,6, 15 Norway, dead fish near .-..........-.---. 39 Nova Scotia Banks ...22:.5 5222-22 cece 44 Oil and Guano Association..........-.--- 49 Peristedium: 4...2. £2 s2-25<5-2 22 A ee 28, 33, 36 Peristedium miniatum ..........--...---- 20, 27, 35 Phillips; BarmMeb o- se ce- oe ws <= cio 26, 48, 52, 53 Philadel phig Pa sceetemc= ne -= -lclenieaeee 22 IP Y 018 (eta s casa cares, o/o.c0 sc so eee 52 Pinpuipes|.-.-.--.+42-- ca a Seals ene 7 Plymouth, bark ................. 20, 26, 29, 30, 31, 46 Pontophwus |. cs occ cones ace aa senaeeeeeee 43 Porter) Captain . rv ay [9] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. 319 take in the situation. So greedy, however, are many of these birds that oftentimes they seem to leave, with great reluctance, the place where food is plentiful, even though they may be gorged to such an extent that they can eat no more. I have often, on such occasions, seen them lingering near the boats, looking upon a tempting piece of liver appar- ently with an expression indicative of regret that they could not find room for it. Frequently these greedy and garrulous birds also quar- rel with their companions and attempt to drive them away from the food which they desire, but cannot accommodate. Of course their endeavors are futile, for while they are opposing one, others rush in and devour the liver. When hags are abundant recruits are constantly arriving, and con- gregate in great numbers wherever food can be obtained. Eager to secure a share in the feast, the newcomers rush ravenously forward and swallow the pieces of liver, and are quickly pulled in by the fishermen, who, after killing them in the manner described, detach them from the hooks, and throw them in the bottom of the boat. After awhile, however, the whole flock usually evinces a shyness which renders the sport unprofitable, and the men then employ themselves in hauling their trawls, or they go aboard the vessel.* If a sufficient quan- tity has been taken to more than supply the wants of the day, the birds are hung up around the booms and on the stern of the vessel. A few years ago it was not an unusual sight to see from two hundred to five hundred birds, more or less, of this species, suspended from a Grand- ‘Banker. In this manner they may be kept for several days without becoming worthless for baiting purposes, and, if eviscerated, they will keep fresh a much longer time. Indeed, I am told that in the fall it has been a common custom for the Marblehead bankers to save quite a num- ber of these birds and bring them home in a fresh condition from the Banks, the hagdons being simply eviscerated and hung up in the hold of the vessel. ; These birds are eaten to some extent by the fishermen of the present day. Forty or fifty years ago, and even earlier, this species formed an important item in the bill of fare of a Grand Bank codfisherman. A1- *It may be stated here that the capture of hagdons may occur at any time of the day and under different circumstances from those above mentioned; but the descrip- tion given represents the most common method adopted. The birds are also often caught towards evening after the trawls have been set for the night, or from a dory paid astern of tbeschooner. Inthe former case, the men, after setting their gear, make their boat fast to the outer buoy of the trawl, and having enticed a flock of birds around their boat, they proceed to catch as many of the hagdons as is possible in the manner described. Ordinarily these birds are not caught to any great extent from ves sels, except when the roughness of the weather renders it undesirable to go out in the dories, or when an unusually large and hungry flock has been collected alongside, attracted by the offal thrown out while dressing fish. At such times the men usually stand on both sides of the quarter-deck and catch the birds in the manner that has already been mentioned, except that wooden floats are occasionally attached to the lines a foot or two above the hook. 320 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] though they have rather a “ fishy” flavor, which is not especially agree- able to a delicate palate, they are nevertheless, when properly cooked, an agreeable change for the table of a fisherman who has been absent from home several months, and, consequently, has not had an oppor- tunity of obtaining fresh messes other than fish. At present, when our fishermen are enabled to get much better food than any other class of sea-faring men, hagdon “ pot-pies” or “ stews,” are not so tempting to them as they were to the codfishermen of an earlier date. I am told by persons who have knowledge of the fact, that some of the old Marble- head fishermen who had been in the habit of eating the hagdon for many years, acquired such a taste for the peculiar flavor of the bird, that they actually preferred it to the domestic fowl; and when no longer able to engage in the bank-fisheries, would look to the younger men for their supplies of hags, which were brought home in the manner just referred to, on the Grand Bank vessels. THE BLACK HAGDON, OR SOOTY SHEARWATER. (Puffinus fuliginosus). The sooty shearwater, or the “ black hagdon” ‘of the fishermen, is in- variably found with Puffinus major, and, doubtless, occurs over very nearly the same area. It is less plentiful on the fishing-banks, how- ever, and, as a rough estimate, I should say that it does not exceed in abundance more than 1 per cent. of the numbers of the great shearwater. Its habits are very similar to those which I have mentioned as being pe- culiar to the common hagdon, and with the exception that possibly it is a little less noisy, the description of the habits of one species may be applied to the other. As the two species mingle freely together, the black hagdon is often captured with its less sooty companions, and is, of course, also used for bait by the “‘ shack” fishermen. THE FULMAR. (Fulmarus glacialis). This species, known by a variety of names to the New England fish- ermen, such as “noddy,” “marbleheader,” and ‘oil bird ”—called a “stinker” on the west coast—is found on the fishing banks north of Cape Cod in winter, and also occurs in greater or less abundance from Sable Island northwardly, during the summer months, though it is most numerous in this region during cold weather. The following notes from my journal, which were made whilenear the northwest part of the Grand Bank, may prove of interest in this connection : February 7, 1879.—On western edge of the Grand Bank, latitude 44° 25/ N., longitude 52° 58’ W., “I saw several noddies this morning, but for some reason they would not come alongside of the vessel. I have seen one or more every day (since January 50), but have had no chance to get any.” : February 8, 1879.—Same place as above. ‘‘Saw some noddies this morning and shot one, but did not get him.” [11] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. 321 March 11, 1879, in latitude 45° 9’, longitude 54° 58’, I shot four noddies, and the following entry is made in my journal under date of March 12: ‘There have been great numbers of noddies to-day. I shot two; but when the vessel swung into the trough of the sea I could not shoot any more.” ““ March 14. Have seen large numbers of noddies this trip, and almost every day since we have been here some of the burgomaster gulls—a large white species. I shot several of the noddies to-day, but the gulls are shy, and it is difficult to approach them near enough to obtain a shot.” I will add that the weather during the above-mentioned time was ex- tremely cold. On April 13 of the same year I made the following note: “T have not seen a noddy this trip.” We had then been at sea about one week. On April 18, 1879, we were on Green Bank, when the fol- lowing entry was made: “I saw a noddy to-day for the first time this trip?” June 5, 1879. Eastern part of Banquereau. “I have noticed a noddy now and then for the last three days, but have not seen any before for some time.” Under date of July 29, 1879, the following entry is made: “TI have seen no noddies this trip.” * The plumage of this species varies in color; that of some of the birds is of a uniform smoky gray, and of others white, with black wings, and some of the other feathers bluish. The fulmars are probably more abundant on the Grand Bank than on any other of the fishing-grounds commonly resorted to by American vessels, with the exception, perhaps, of the halibut grounds in Davis Straits, or the Flemish Cap to the eastward of Grand Bank, which are not visited by many fishing schooners. The marbleheader is quite as greedy as the hagdon, and quite as bold when in pursuit of food; but unlike the latter, which is always quarrel- some and noisy, the fulmar confines itself to a sort of chuckling sound, somewhat resembling a low grunt. It will swallow a piece of cod liver with even as great voracity as the hag, but it rarely, if ever, seems to exercise the cunning or caution of the latter in trying to avoid the hook, and, as a consequence, it is more easily captured. Itis caught in the same manner as the hag, but owing to its comparatively small numbers on the fishing-grounds, the fishermen do not depend upon it so much as a source of bait supply as upon Puffinus major, since one wouid be likely to catch twenty, or perhaps many more, of the latter, to one noddy. When caught on a line and hauled into a boat it fre- quently emits quantities of oily matter from its nostrils, and often dis- gorges its food. This peculiarity of the species which is not common *It may be offered as an explanation here that I was collecting these birds for scientific purposes, and, therefore, preferred to shoot them instead of catching them on a line. S. Mis. 46 1 322 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] to the hagdéni, has been remarked by others. The hagdon will ocea- sionally throw up the contents of its stomach when caught, but not as a rule, so far as 1 have been able to observe. The fulmar subsists chiefly on small fishes, and, doubtless, partici- pates with the hagdon in the pursuit of the squid; but I have no ree- ollection of noticing in its stomach, as I have in that of the hag, the presence of pieces of squid or the beaks of that animal. I have, how- ever, frequently observed that the contents of the stomachs of many of this species consisted almost entirely of small fish. Like Puffinus, it is very fond of oily food, which it swallows with astonishing greediness. It devours large quantities of codfish liver in a ravenous manner that would astound one unacquainted with its habits, and it certainly would tax their credulity to believe statements that might be made bearing on this subject. The fulmar is essentially an Arctic bird and occurs in great abundance in the far North, where it is met with by whalers and halibut fishermen in summer, at which season, according to the accounts given by Arctic explorers, it goes there for the purpose of incubation. “The fulmar is the constant companion of the whale-fisher,” says Scoresby, in his Arctic Regions: ‘ It is highly amusing to observe the voracity with which they seize the pieces of fat that fall in their way; the size and quantity of the pieces they take at a meal; the curious chuckling noise which, in their anxiety for dispatch, they always make, and the jealousy with which they view, and the boldness with which they attack any of this species that are engaged in devouring the finest morsels. The fulmar never dives but when incited to it by the appear- ance of a morsel of fat under water.” These peculiarities of the species agree exactly with my own observations. The fulmar has frequently a ragged appearance; the wings and tail- feathers being fagged out and the bird is often soiled with grease. They have a rank, pungent smell, which is exceedingly disagreeable. Not- withstanding its boldness when in pursuit of food, and its apparent in- difference to the presence of man, frequently coming within a few feet of the side of a boat or vessel, rivaling in this respect the most daring feats of the hagdon, it is, nevertheless, entirely different from the latter so far as its pugnacity is concerned. Although it may struggle to get the food which another bird is trying to swallow, it does not exhibit such a fierce disposition as the hag, and when caught rarely attempts to bite. This is all the more strange since this bird has a sharp and very powerful hooked beak. Its flight is similar to that of Puffinus, and its manner of alighting on the water when in pursuit of food is also much the same. The noddy, however, as has been mentioned, rarely dives for food, and, so far as I have observed, goes but a short distance beneath the water, evincing, in this respect, far less activity and enter- prise than the hagdon. It is never eaten by the fishermen; its disa- greeable, repulsive odor rendering it undesirable as food. [13] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. 323 It may be added here that Capt. Henry O. Smith, of Salem, Mass., tells me that the fulmar frequently occurs in considerable abundance in winter in Fortune Bay, Newfoundland, and he also says that on one occasion he killed one of these birds in that region, which had a half-swallowed herring in its beak, the fish being too large for the noddy to get down. THE J aGERS (Stercorartide.) THE GREAT SKUA GULL (Megalestris skua). This is known to the fishermen as the sea-hen, and is, perhaps, one of the most interesting species that occurs on the fishing-banks, owing to its comparative scarcity in natural history collections. It is by no means abundant on any of the fishing-grounds, but is, nevertheless, to be met with occasionally all the way from George’s to the Grand Banks, at least, and, doubtless, has a much wider distribution. I have observed it from Nantucket Shoals to the eastern side of the Grand Banks. It is difficult to say when and where it occurs in the greatest abundance ; but, so far as I am able to judge, I should say that it is most plentiful on the Grand Banks in July, August, and September. In the summer and autumn of 1874 I shot several specimens of this species which were used for bait, and I have also obtained it for a similar purpose on other occasions though it could rarely be taken by hook and line. I remem- ber that it was more plentiful in 1874 than I have ever noticed it at any other time. In this connection an incident may be mentioned which occurred that year, that shows in a remarkable manner the tenacity of life which this bird sometimes exhibits. I was out a short distance from the vessel in a dory for the purpose of shooting birds for bait. We were then engaged in shack-fishing, and it was necessary to obtain as much material as possible with which to bait our hooks. Among other birds flying around were several skua gulls, which, on account of their large size were more desirable than the smaller species. Having en- ticed one of them within gunshot, I fired at it, and knowing that I had taken good aim, I was very much astonished to see it fly away appar- ently uninjured. I watched it, however, and soon noticed that it did not move its wings, but seemed to have them fixed or rigid, and after going about half or three-quarters of a mile it fell into the water. I went in pursuit of it and without any trouble found it, lifeless on the surface. The most singular part of my narrative is that when the bird was cut up for bait by one of the crew, a single shot was found in the center of its heart. These birds usually appear singly, in pairs, or at times three of them may be seen together, and it is very rarely that half a dozen or more are seen at the same time. They are very shy, and seem to avoid a vessel, but when exceedingly hungry they show less reluctance in ap- 324 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] proaching a boat. It is a rare occurrence to catch them with hook and line, owing to their timidity in approaching a vessel or boat, as well as to their precaution in swallowing the liver used as a bait; hence few are caught in this manner, and the bait is taken by some other less cautious and more active birds. It is generally not difficult, however, to attract them within gunshot of a boat, and during a gale they do not hesitate to seek food near vessels lying at anchor. Their flight, like that of other large gulls, is heavy and moderate; but I have seen them make swift dashes of flight when chasing smaller birds which had se- cured pieces of liver. The following extracts from my journal may give an idea of the abund- ance of these birds as well as the seasons at which they occur on many of the fishing-grounds. It is my opinion, however, as previously stated, that they are more common on the Grand Banks than on any other fish- ing-grounds where I have noticed their presence, but since I began to keep notes of birds I have not visited the Grand Banks in the months when the skua is most likely to be seen there. The size of this species and the peculiar markings of its plumage renders it easy enough to distinguish it from any other bird found on the fishing-grounds ; none could be mistaken for it unless it might be some of the jegers, and such a mistake could only be made by one who took little notice of the flight or size of the birds which came under his observation. November 27, 1878. Latitude 42° 49’ N., longitude 62° 55’ W. Two skua gulls—sea-hens—came near the vessel. My gun-caps are damp and useless, therefore I could not get these birds, as they are shy and will not bite at a hook unless extremely hungry. February 3, 1879. Latitude 44° 25’ N., longitude 52° 58’ W. Western part of Grand Banks—during a northwest gale saw a sea-hen which came near the vessel, but the wind blew too heavy to catch it on a line, and it was of no use to shoot it as it was impossible to pick it up. June 2, 1879. Latitude 44° 36’ N., longitude 57° 12’ W. Saw a sea- hen (great skua) fly across our vessel’s stern but it did not approach close enough for me to shoot it. July 5, 1879. Latitude 44° 08’ N., longitude 59° 10’ W. Had a shot at a sea-hen which came near the vessel, but the sea was so rough from a recent gale that my aim was destroyed by the schooner rolling, there- fore I failed to kill the bird. October 11,1883. While on a cruise in the U.S. Fish Commission steam- ship Albatross, and when the ship was just abreast of the Fishing Rip, Nantucket Shoals, steaming northwardly, a pair of great skuas passed across the vessel’s bow, about 200 yards off, flying southwestwardly. GULL-CHASERS (Genus Stercorarius). There are several varieties of jegers, of the genus Stercorarius that frequent the fishing-banks, and which are known to the fishermen by [15] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. 325 the names of “ Marlingspikes,” ‘‘Whiptails,” ete.* The former term being generally applied to the larger species, and the latter name to those that are smaller, both appellations having a special reference to the two long central tailfeathers which isa distinguishing feature of birds of these species. They usually are most abundant on the outer banks in spring and fall, are rarely seen in midwinter, and are comparatively scarce in midsummer. Itis probable that in June and July the adult birds go in to the land to incubate. I do not recollect of having seen a single in- dividual of the smaller species in winter, and these are always much less abundant than the larger varieties. The following extracts from notes in my journal on the appearance and abundance of these birds on the fishing-banks may perhaps be of interest. Before quoting these extracts, however, I will say that on the 29th of August, 1878, I sailed from Glou- cester on a fresh halibut trip to Banquereau. On this occasion Mr. Ray- mond L. Newcombt went with me, having been sent by Professor Baird to collect birds for the Smithsonian Institution. When a few miles to the eastward of Thatcher’s Island (Cape Ann) on the day of sailing, we saw several jegers of the more common varie- ties, most of them not having the long tail-feathers which are, generally speaking, the characteristic feature of these birds. On September 3, some 20 miles eastward of Sable Island, Mr. New- comb shot four jegers, besides birds of other species. September 5, we saw a number of birds belonging to the jeger family flying near the vessel, too far off, however, to shoot; but the following day a marling- spike was killed and added to the collection. On the 8th jegers were quite plenty, and three of the common varieties and a black one were killed. Two more marlingspikes and a whiptail were shot on the 9th, and an Arctic jeger was seen on the 10th, but kept too far off to be shot. A black jeger was killed on the 12th, which was the last of these birds obtained on the trip, as on that date we sailed for home. When a few miles west of Cape Ann, September 17, we saw a jeger engaged in a fight with two herring gulls. The foregoing notes, together with the extracts that follow, cover about eleven months’ time, nearly all of which I spent at sea on the fishing- banks, or in making passages to and from them. The presence of the *The name of ‘‘Marlingspike” is generally applied to the larger species, such as the Pomarine Jeger (S. pomatorhinus) that was seen by Audubon at Labrador, and which is, perhaps, the most common species on the banks, and to Richardson’s jager (S. parasiticus), which, so far as my observations extends, is not very abundant on the northeastern banks, but is more commonly found in the Gulf of Maine. The Arctic Jeger (S. buffoni), which is much smaller than the other two species mentioned above, is called a ‘‘whiptail,” because of the great length and flexibility of its two central tail feathers. This is said to occur in greater abundance farther north than it does on the Grand Banks and adjacent fishing-grounds, where it is comparatively scarce and always timid. tThe gentleman who afterwards went as naturalist on the ill-fated Jeannette, and who fortunately survived the hardships of the journey across the ice and up the Lena, 326 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] different kinds of sea birds was a matter of special interest to me, and their appearance or absence was carefully noted, therefore it is probable that a general idea may be formed, from a study of these notes, of the seasons when jegers are most abundant on the outer banks. October 1, 1878.—Latitute 43° 54’ N., longitude 58° 32’ W., “I shot a hag and a marlingspike.” October 3, 1878.—“ I skinned a marlingspike this morning, a hag and a gull. Later in the day I shot three gulls and two jxgers.” October 4, 1878.—‘ Shot a black marlingspike to-day, and skinned one of the more common varieties.” * November 13, 1878.—On Le Have Ridges, latitude 42° 49’ N., longitude 62° 55’ W. “Skinned four birds—three gulls and one jeger.” April 13, 1879.—East end of Banquereau, latitude 44° 39/ N., longitude 57° 15’ W. “TI saw a jeger or gull-chaser to-day, the first I have seen since last fall.” ’ April 29, 1879.—Latitude 44° 28’ N., longitude 57° 12’ W. “Shot three jegers and one gull to-day. There has been quite a number of jwegers around for the past few days.” May 1, 1879.—Same position as above. “Shot two whiptails and three marlingspikes this morning. 1 shot two jegers in the afternoon; saw several Buffon’s jegers but did not get any.” May 29, 1872.—South of Sable Island, latitude 43° 36’ N., longitude 59° 47’ W. “IT shot a hag at noon, and another later in the day; also, a whiptail, marlingspike, and mackerel gull—[tern.]” June 2, 1879.—Latitude 44° 36’, longitude 57° 12’ W. “Shot and skinned an Arctic jeger to-day.” July 29, 1879.—Latitude 44° 14’ N., longitude 58° 03’ W. “TI have seen no noddies this trip, and jegers only twice.t The time when jegers are most numerous on the fishing-banks, as may be seen by the foregoing notes, is in the spring, late summer, and fall. They never approach the numbers of the hagdon ; sometimes, per- haps, a hundred or more may be seen flying around a vessel when fish offal is being thrown out, but twenty-five or fifty birds of this genus are about as many as are generally seen at one time. Whenever they are near they quickly detect the presence of food by any accumulation of other birds, such as petrels or gulls. The gather- ing of a flock of petrels, or the first scream of a kittiwake, struggling for the possession of a piece of offal thrown over from.a vessel, or pounc- ing on a codfish liver cast out from a boat, brings the fierce jeger to the spot, sweeping down with tremendous speed and indescribable vapacity to rob the feebler birds of what they have obtained, and so violent and persistent are its attacks that it frequently compels the gulls to disgorge the contents of their stomachs in order that they may escape the persecutions of this pirate of the air. So fearful are the kitti- * The position was the same for October 3d and 4th as that given for the Ist. | We sailed from Gloucester, Mass, June 19. a [17] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. 327 wakes of the jeger that invariably, so far as my observation extends, a flock of gulls that are sitting on the water will start up on a wing the instant that they are approached by either of the larger species. It may be said, however, that the jeger rarely attacks the larger species of gulls, though I have seen the common gull—Z. zonorynchus— fiercely chased by a jzeger when the gull was flying away with food in its beak. However predaceous the marlingspike may be, so far as the gull is concerned, it never presumes to intimidate the hagdon; and there is little doubt but that the latter would become the aggressor if it found the former in possession of any desirable tid-bit. Though the flight of the jeger is rather deliberate, almost heavy, under ordinary circumstances, it is, nevertheless, exceedingly swift when oc- casion calls for a display of its powers. As has been intimated it is very pugnacious, and its rapacity knows no bounds, but it is far less daring than the hagdon, neither is it so noisy as the latter. Jegers have been used to a greater or less extent for bait by the “ shack fishermen,” generally being caught in the same manner as the hagdons are, with which they are usually taken, but, of course, in more limited numbers, as arule. Sometimes they will bite quite freely at a hook covered with liver, and on several occasions I have seen a considerable number, perhaps twenty or more, caught from a vessel’s side or from a boat. As a rule, however, they are too wary to be taken in any con- siderable numbers in this way, since they prefer to rob other and more daring birds, especially the gulls. During the summer months, when hagdons are almost the only birds (of course, always excepting Carey chickens) on the bank they have less chance to commit their depreda- tions; therefore they are generally compelled to take the same risk that puffinus does or else go hungry. It is at this season that they are most frequently caught. In biting at a hook, unless the immediate presence of other birds influences its actions, the jeger generally ex- hibits considerable acuteness and dexterity in stripping the liver from the hook, and in this respect it is second only to the hagdon. It will take the liver in its beak and, rising in the air, will try to fly away to a distance with it before attempting to swallow it. Ifit is pulled away by a dexterous jerk on the line it will return and try it over again, but it is now doubly cautious, and the chances are it will get what it seeks and escape capture. But when birds are plenty and all are ravenous for food the marlingspike, in its struggles to be first, forgets its caution, and consequently becomes a victim to its greed. When hooked it al- most always rises and tries to escape by flying; it rarely, if ever, splashes along like the hagdon with its feet stuck out, striking against the water in a desperate effort to hold back. . It is killed, when caught on a hook, in the same way as the hagdon, but, unlike the latter, it generally stays killed, though it is by no means lacking in tenacity of life. When par- ticularly difficult to catch on a hook it is often shot for bait. Asa gen- eral thing one or two discharges of a musket causes these birds to be 328 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] shy about approaching a boat or vessel for some time afterward, and it may be anywhere from a half hour to more than an hour before one can again be enticed within gunshot. This being the case it will readily be understood that only a limited number can be obtained in this way, and it may as well be said that whenever they are shot the sport and excite- ment incident to the shooting is as much of an inducement for killing them as the procurement of the bodies for bait, though on some occa- sions I have myself found the supply of bait so obtained of considera- ble importance. I have never, to my recollection, known of fishermen eating marling- spikes, but I know of no reason why they should not be as palatable as gulls or hagdons, which are frequently cooked and eaten. GULLS (Laride). The larger species of gulls, such, for instance, as the great black- backed gull (Larus marinus); the herring gull (L. argentatus); the burgomaster, (L. glaucus), Sabine’s gull or the forked-tail gull (L. Sa- bini), and some other varieties which frequent the fishing-banks in greater or less abundance—the ring bill (L. zonorynchus) being the most numerous—have rarely been used to any extent for bait. The ex- treme shyness of the larger species; the fact that they, like the kittiwake, are absent from the fishing-grounds in summer (going and returning about the same time as the latter), and their comparative scarcity, even during the colder portion of the year, renders it difficult to effect their capture except by shooting them, and as one discharge of a gun will generally frighten them so badly that they will not come near again for several hours, if for the day, it seldom happens that more than one or two individuals can be got in this way, an insignificant number when several thousand hooks have to be baited. I have never seen a burgo- master or L. marinus caught on a hook. On several occasions I have seen the ring-bill captured in this way, but rarely more than one or two at a time. However hungry these large birds are (and they are gener- ally very poor in flesh and in a half-famished condition), their extreme timidity generally prevents them from approaching even within gun- shot of a vessel. But they will chase a kittiwake which is flying away with food with all the fierceness and persistence of a jeger, and their greater size and swiftness enables them to rob the smaller bird, though when there are several of the large gulls in pursuit of the same object— as is often the case—the result is generally a lively scrimmage in the air, which is a decidedly interesting scene to witness. The larger gulls subsist chiefly ov the small fish which they can pick up at the surface of the sea, but as they do not dive (so far, at least, as I have been able to observe) their ability to obtain food is more limited than that of the hagdon. I have rarely found any food in the stomachs of the large gulls that I have shot or caught on a hook, except, perhaps, [19] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. 329 it might be the case that they had just swallowed some offal that had been thrown out from the vessel. It sometimes happens that the common gull (L. zonorynchus) gath- ers in considerable numbers alongside of a vessel when fish are being dressed, and they are very active in securing their share of the offal thrown out, but, as previously stated, they depend more on watching and robbing the kittiwake than on venturing near enough the vessel to snatch the coveted morsels as they fall in the water. When they do attempt the latter feat it is interesting to note how skillfully it is per- formed. Its timidity prevents the ring bill from lighting to seize the food near the vessel; therefore, the instant his keen eye detects a piece of fish offal falling to the water, down he comes, swooping by with the speed of the wind, and so accurate is his flight that he rarely fails to snatch from the surface the object that he aimed at, and which he carries off in his beak to a safer distance where he can swallow it unmolested by the fear of man. The large gulls are sometimes, though not often, eaten by the fisher- men; the smaller, tenderer, and more easily caught kittiwakes are pre- ferred. It may be of interest to mention in this connection that the coast fishermen of Newfoundland capture the young of the sea-gulls (generally of the larger species) while they are yet nestlings, and care- fully rear them until they are full grown, feeding them chiefly on fish. A single family may have a dozen or twenty of these young birds. I have frequently seen ten or a dozen young gulls in a single pen at . Belloram, Fortune Bay, and there were a number of such pens in the little village. In many places on the Newfoundland coast these birds, Ihave been told, occupy the same place that with us is filled by the domestic fowls. Instead of the conventional turkey for the holidays the coast fisherman is satisfied with the young and fat gulls which he has reared. And the family is considered fortunate which has among its members one or two enterprising boys who succeed in capturing several broods of young gulls on “off days,” when they are not engaged in fishing. THE BURGOMASTER GULL. (Larus glaucus). This large and beautiful species occurs on the Grand Banks in the winter season, especially when the weather is unusually severe, or when there is an abundance of drift-ice on or near the banks. In the winter of 1879 I noticed them on several occasions while anchored on the north- west part of the Grand Banks, and on Green Bank, but, so far as my ex- perience extends, they are never abundant. Two or three times we saw as many as ten or a dozen of them flying about the vessel, but they were so extremely shy that it was exceedingly difficult to entice them within gunshot. In my journal, under date of March 14, 1879, I made the fol- lowing entry: ‘‘ Almost every day since we have been here I have seen some of the burgomaster gulls.” On the same cruise I succeeded in get- ting a specimen, the shot breaking one of its wings. I brought this bird 330 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] home in good condition on ice, and gaveit to Mr. Raymond L. Newcomb, of Salem, Mass. The weather at the timeI saw this species on the Grand Banks was unusually cold. So far as I had an opportunity of observ- ing, these birds fly in pairs, and thus mated they will apparently keep together with much constancy, but they evidently have no disposition to go in flocks. Under date of March 13, 1879, is the following note in my journal: “I saw two beautiful great burgomaster gulls this fore- noon; they were flying side by side to windward.” Again, on March 15, [saw some splendid opportunities to shoot several burgomaster gulls, which came unusually near the vessel, but the weather was too rough to get them even if I succeeded in killing them, therefore I did not try. Its flight resembles that of the herring gull (Larus argentatus), though it is perhaps less swift than the latter. Owing to the fact that the burgomaster is rarely or never seen in sum- meron the Grand Banks, and isso extremely timid about approaching man, it is not used for bait, since, for the reasons mentioned, it cannot be captured. THE KITTIWAKE GULL (Larus tridactylus). Of all the birds which visit the fishing-banks the kittiwake gull (“winter gull,” ‘pinyole,” etc., of the fishermen) is beyond question the most abundant, with the exception, perhaps, of the petrels or Mother Carey chickens. These gulls have a very wide distribution along the Atlanite coast. I have seen them along the coast of New Jersey, and thence to the eastern coast of Newfoundland, and while at sea, in winter, [ have met with them all the way from Cape Cod to the Grand Banks. The species occurs in great abundance on all the outer fishing-banks in winter, and at the same time is also numerous about the harbors along the coast. It is apparently gregarious, but, though it is usually met with in large flocks, as has just been stated, yet some- times one, two, or three of these birds may follow a vessel, which is making a passage in the deep water between the fishing-banks, for sev- eral days, eagerly watching for any offal that may be thrown overboard. Though less daring and pugnacious than the hagdon, it is perhaps even more noisy when food is obtainable. It is a constant companion of fishing-schooners when anchored on the banks, and, especially when fish are being dressed, it comesin countless numbers around the vessel ready to pounce upon the offal. At such times all of them join in a general shout whenever any of their companions succeed in getting a morsel of food, and their screams are almost deafening. Should one of them get hold of a piece of codfish liver which it cannot swallow, it im- mediately attempts to fly away withit, but it is pursued by hundreds of its screaming companions, who make every endeavor to steal the half- swallowed piece of food. This attempt frequently proves successful ; but it does not follow that the thief profits by its enterprise, for it, in turn, is subject to the same annoyance, and perhaps may lose the food [21] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. ool | which it has so dexterously stolen. On the other hand, three or four birds may succeed in getting hold of the liver which is half swallowed by the first; but they usually content themselves with having merely obtained a taste of the precious tidbit which may be finally torn into pieces and swallowed by a half dozen of their more fortunate companions. The voracity with which the gluttonous kittiwake swallows the bait usually insures its capture with hook and line. This species does not, however, leave its breeding-ground along the coast nor appear upon the fishing-banks until late in autumn, and there- fore the “ shack-fishermen” cannot depend upon it for bait, as they do on the hagdon, for, by this time, they have generally nearly completed their fares, and in some cases have returned to their home port. Some years ago, when the codfishermen used to remain on the Grand Banks later in the season than they do now, sometimes staying as late as November, or possibly longer, large quantities of kittiwake gulls were used for bait. Some of the fishermen relish the bird, which, when properly cooked, makes a not unsavory dish at sea. Such a dish cannot, of course, be compared tospring chicken; but a “ pot-pie” made of kittiwake gulls would probably not be regarded with indifference even by the most fas- tidious, and as served in some instances which have passed under my own observation, it was a very good substitute for the conventional turkey for a Thanksgiving or Christmas dinner.* The food of the kittiwake gull usually consists of small fish and crus- tacea, which it is able to obtain near the surface of the water; but on the fishing-banks many of these birds procure a considerable portion, perhaps, of their food from the offal thrown overboard by the crews of the fishing vessels. Its subsistence, however, at this season is exceed- ingly precarious, and it is generally found with little food in its stomach and very poor in flesh. Although the kittiwake approaches a vessel or boat with considerable boldness, coming as it often does within a few feet of the side of either and recklessly darting almost within arms’ length of a man engaged in throwing out a trawl, it nevertheless ex- hibits a remarkable timidity when a gun is fired. The most noisy and greedy gulls which have been screaming around the vessel are rendered cautious and comparatively quiet by one or two discharges of a musket, and for some time it is difficult to entice them back. However, when one or two, bolder than the rest, have succeeded in possessing them- selves of some coveted morsel, the rest take courage, and in a few min- * Capt. Henry O. Smith is authority for stating that kittiwake gulls, and occasion- ally some of the larger species, are caught for food by the Newfoundland fishermen in winter, a common rat trap being used to effect the capture. The trap is firmly se- cured to a piece of board, baited with a fish liver, and allowed to float down astern of the anchored boat on which the crew is engaged in fishing for cod or other species. The greedy gull sees the tempting morsel, makes a dash to secure it, and snap go the jaws of the trap, nipping the unfortunate bird in its grasp. This is repeated over and over again. 332 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] utes they have apparently recovered from their fright; but another discharge instantly demoralizes them again. During the violent gales which are so frequent on the fishing-banks in the winter the little gulls, though fully able to breast the force of the fiercest gale, prefer to sit upon the water unless there is a prospect of obtaining food. At such times they can almost always be seen in flocks near the stern of an an- chored vessel, gracefully following the undulating upheaval of the agitated waves; one or more perhaps may be on the wing watching for the appearance of the offal which may be washed from the vessel’s deck. The least indication of food instantly brings them all on the wing, and, with their usual noisy scrambles in robbing one another, they go skurrying off before the wind, rising and falling over the crests of the breaking waves. It not only behooves the gulls at such times to keep a sharp lookout for food, but they must be equally watchful for their safety; for, should they be caught beneath the crest of one of the huge, curling and topling waves, they would be instantly crushed or torn to pieces. They are, therefore, constantly on the alert in a gale, and are ready to rise on the wing and to fly over the crest of a break- ing wave and immediately alight on the opposite side.* In the spring the kittiwake leaves the bank and goes inshore to its breeding-grounds. Its nests are easily found upon the Newfoundland shores, and very likely at many other places along the coast.t TERNS. The common tern (Sterna hirundo) Linn., occurs during summer in limited numbers on the banks east of Sable Island. This species was taken by Newcomb when with me on Banquereau. The common mack- erel gull of the fishermen, the Arctic tern (S. arctica) is very abundant in summer on the fishing banks near Sable Island, where it is said to breed in great numbers. On September 3, 1878, Newcomb shot one of these birds some 25 miles eastward of Sable Island.t Like the kittiwake, the terns are exceedingly noisy, and often gather in great numbers about a vessel from which fish-offal is being thrown, but they are rarely abundant on the banks except in the immediate vicinity of Sable Island; they are somewhat difficult to catch on a hook, and also because of the smallness of their bodies, they are seldom if ever used for bait. *The following note I find in my journal under date of February 11, during the prevalence of a heavy gale on the Grand Banks which I was riding out at anchor: “The little white gulls sit hovering on the water near the stern of the vessel, occa- sionally rising on a wing to clear a breaking wave, or to pick up any fish-oflal that may be washed from the seuppers.” tIn my journal, under date of April 29,1879, I find the following note relative to the departure of the winter gulls from the outer banks: ‘The little white gulls are growing scarce, they leave for land about this time.” ¢ The specimen alluded to was called an Arctic tern by Mr. Newcomb, who is my authority in this matter. re [23] SEA BIRDS AS BAIT FOR CATCHING CODFISH. 333 PETRELS OR MOTHER CAREY’S CHICKENS (genera Cymochorea and Oceanites.) There are several varieties of the petrels commonly found in great abundance on the fishing-banks from spring to fall. They usually make their first appearance in April, the date varying somewhat with differ- ent seasons—some springs, perhaps, being slightly warmer than others— and remain until after the first snow-storms in the fall. Under date of April 19, 1879, when on the eastern part of Banquereau, I noted that ‘‘ Petrels made their first appearance to-day. These birds generally leave the bank late in October or early in November and come again in April or May.” Just how many species of petrels occur on the fishing-banks I am unable to say, but I believe there are at least three, and possibly more. Of these, I think Leach’s petrel (C. leucorrhoa) is the most abundant on the Grand Banks, while the Wilson petrel (0. oceanicus) is also nu- merous. These birds are excessively fond of oily food, and may always be seen in great numbers around a vessel or boat from which particles of fish liver or other offal are being thrown out. In describing the hag- don, mention has been made of certain peculiarities which the Carey chickens exhibit in the matter of seeking and eating their food; such, for instance, as their supposed ability to follow up a scent, and the way they work together in a united effort to tear into fragments a section of liver which is so large that one bird cannot manage it. & ‘ , 4 i 7 » ry tj a A ify { ' V = j 4 * th ¢ q Revita} ; Rs ‘ TANTS ots ie! : ae a i Lat Crna bie hal ¥ 7 fda one: Peyeyt Me ea kad, * » ed Dahm j : “+ es eters 4 ome cet ae. *, Dg Hhigns pe ii he ee a: ne Picts obs so . hl Ns +" "i IR) » IN Daf. Page. Jc WEIRD PRB e CSS DDR OCOEOC OU TELE BOCESOEOnEE 14 HGR son oodp cob edcoor node eooec aes 22 SANG MERCRIL soe secon ewmces scence 11, 16, 22, 23, 25 Bait, preparing birds for .......-......--. 1 Bards CARO OL. cess a2 si-s.40s- ssh eee ena e ease 23 WANTOR MAINE ee tanmeassioe seeieie Brciosonin > 20 ‘ XIV.—LIST OF FISHES COLLECTED BY THE U. 8. FISH COMMIS- aN a WOOD’S HOLL, MASSACHUSETTS, DURING THE SUM- MER OF 1881. By TARLETON H. BEAN. ORTHAGORISCIDA. Mola rotunda Cuv. Sunfish. TETRODONTIDZ. Tetrodon turgidus Mitch. Swellfish. BALISTID &. Monacanthus hispidus (L.) J. & G. File-fish. Monacanthus sp. File-fish. SYNGNATHID Z. Siphostoma fuseum (Storer) Jor. & Gilb. Pipe-fish. MALTHEIDZ. Halieutea senticosa Goode. Spiny bat-fish. LOPHIID &. Lophius piseatorius lL. Goose-fish. GASTEROSTEID &. Apeltes quadracus (Mitch.) Brevoort. Four-spined stickleback. Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Two-spined stickleback. Gasterosteus pungitius L. Many-spined stickleback. SOLEID 2. Achirus lineatus (L.) Cuv. American sole. Aphoristia plagiusa (L.) J. & G. PLEURONECTIDZ. Citharichthys arctifrons, Goode. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Li.) Gill. Pole flounder. Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.) Gill. Sand dab. [1] 339 340 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Limanda ferruginea (Storer) G. & B. Rusty flounder. Bothus maculatus (Mitch.) J. & G. Spotted sand flounder. Monolene sessilicauda Goode. Paralichthys dentatus (L.) G. & B. Common flounder. Paralichthys oblongus (Mitch.) J. & G. Four-spotted flounder. Pleuronectus americanus (L.) Walb. Flat fish. MACRURIDZ. Coryphenoides rupestris Gunner. Macrurus bairdii G. & B. Baird’s grenadier. Macrurus carminatus Goode. OPHIDIID 4. Leptophidium profundorum Gill. BROTULIDZ. Brotulid (genus undetermined). GADID A. ‘Gadus morrhua L. Cod. ‘Gadus tomcodus Walb. Tom-cod. _Melanogrammus ceglefinus (L.) Gill. Haddock. Phycis chuss (Walb.) Gill. Hake. Phycis tenuis (Mitch.) DeKay. Common hake. Phycis chesteri Goode & Bean. Chester’s hake. Physiculus dalwigkti Kaup. Physiculus (new species). Lamonema barbatula Goode & Bean. Haloporphyrus viola Goode & Bean. Blue hake. Onos cimbrius (L.) Goode & Bean. Rockling. Merlucius bilinearis (Mitch.) Gill. Whiting. LYCODID A. Lycodes paxillus G. & B. Lycodes vahlii Reinhardt. Vahl’s lycodes. Tycodes verrillii G. & B. Verrill’s lycodes. Iycodes (undetermined species). Iycodes (undetermined species). Melanostigma gelatinosum Giinther. Zoarces anguillaris (Peck.) Storer. Mutton-fish; eel pout. AMMODYTID 2. Ammodytes americanus DeKay. Sand launce. STICH AID A. Humesogrammus subbifurcatus (Storer) Gill, [2] — ee a oe [3] FISHES COLLECTED AT WOGD’S HOLL, MASS. J41 XIPHISTERID 2. Murenoides gunellus (.) G. & B. Rock-eel. BATRACHID A, Batrachus tau (.) C. and V. Toad-fish. LIPARIDID Aa. Monomitra liparina Goode. Careproctus reinhardtii Kroyer. Liparis (In Pecten tenuicostatus.) LTiparis lineatus (Lepechin) Kroyer. CYCLOPTERID&. Cyclopterus lumpus L. Lump fish. GOBIID A. Gobiosoma bosci (LaC.) J. & G. Hemitripterus americanus (Gmel.) C. & V. Sea raven. TRIGLID A. Peristedium miniatum Goode. Prionotus palmipes (Mitch.) Storer. Sea robin. Prionotos evolans (L.) Gill. Striped sea robin. AGONID A. Aspidophoroides monopterygius (Bloch) Storer. CoTTip As. Cottunculus microps Collett. Cottunculus torvus Goode. Cottus eneus Mitch. Pigmy sculpin. Cottus octodecimspinosus Mitch. Sculpin. Triglops pingelit Reinh, Mailed seulpin. SCORP NIDA. Sebastes marinus (.) Liitken. Red-fish. Setarches parmatus Goode. Sebastoplus dactylopterus (De la Roche) Gill. Rase-fish. LABRID ZA. Tautoga onitis {L.) Giinther. Tautog. Otenolabrus adspersus (Walb.) Goode. Cunner. TRICHIURID &. Benthodesmus elongatus (Clarke) G. & B. 342 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] SCOMBRID2&. Orcynus thynnus (L.) Goode. Horse mackerel. CARANGID 2. Caranax chrysus (Mitch.) Gthr. Crevallé. STROMATEID As. | Lirus perciformis (Mitch.) J. & G. Rudder-fish. Stromateus triacanthus Peck. Butter-fish. LATILID A. Lopholatilus chameleonticeps Goode & Bean. Tile-fish. BERYCID 4. Hoplostethus mediterraneus C. & V. SPARID ZA. Stenotomus chrysops (L.) Bean. Scup. SERRANID Az. Centropristis nigricans C. & V. Sea bass. POMATOMID As. Pomatomus saltatrixv (L.) Gill. Blue fish. KECHENEIDID Ai. Echeneis naucrates L. Sucker; Pegador. Echeneis brachyptera Lowe. Sword-fish; sucker. ATHERINID &. Menidia notata (Mitch.) J. & G. Silverside. CENTRISCIDA. Centriscus scolopax L. Snipe-fish. BELONID A. Tylosurus caribbeus (Le 8.) J. & G. Gar-fish. Tylosurus marinus (Bl. Schn.) J. & G. Silver gar. STERNOPTYCHID Zs. Argyropelecus hemigymnus. Oyclothone lusca. Goode & Bean. Gonostoma denudata (Raf.) Bonap. Ohauliodus sloantt Schn. [5] FISHES COLLECTED AT WOOD’S HOLL, MASS, STOMIATID.A. Stomias ferox Reinhardt. SCOPELID &. Scopelus, 2 or more species. Maurolicus borealis (Nilss.) Gthr. MICROSTOMIDA5. Chlorophthalmus agassizit Bonap. = Hyphalonedrus chalybeius Goode. ANGUILLIDZ. Conger niger (Risso) J. & G. Conger eel. Ophichthys undetermined species. NEMICHTHYIDZ. Nemichthys scolopaceus Rich. Snipe eel. SYNAPHOBRANCHID 2. Synaphobranchus pinnatus (Gronow) Giinther. Twin-gilled eel. SIMENCHELYIDZ. Simenchelys parasiticus Gill. Pug-nose eel. MYLIOBATIDA. Rhinoptera quadriloba (Le 8.) Cuv. Cow-nosed ray. TRYGONIDA. Trygon centrura (Mitch.) Linsley. Sting ray. RADA. Kaia eglanteria LaC. Skate. Raia erinacea Mitch. Clear-nosed skate. Raia levis Mitch. Barn-door skate. Raia ocellata Mitch. Spotted skate. Raia radiata Donovan. Prickly skate. GALEORHINID ZA. Carcharias obscurus (Le 8.) Jor. & Gilb. Dusky shark. Mustelus canis (Mitch.) DeKay. Smooth dog-fish. SCYLLIID.2:. Scylliorhinus retifer (Garman) Jor. & Gilb. Marbled dog-fish. 343 344 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] SPINACID.22. Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinh.) Miill. & Henle. Greenland dog-fish. Squalus acanthias L. Spined dog-fish. PETROMYZONTID A. Petromyzon marinus L. Lamprey eel. MYXINIDZ. Myxine glutinosa L. Hag; Slime-fish. XV.—REPORT ON THE DECAPOD CRUSTACEA OF THE ALBA- TROSS DREDGINGS OFF THE EAST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1883. By Sipnry I. Smiru. With the exception of three or four species represented by specimens too imperfect for proper determination or description, this report in- cludes all.the true Decapoda from the dredgings of the Albatross in 1883. In the lists of specimens examined I have endeavored to enu- merate every specimen which has been submitted to me in order to in- dicate as far as possible the relative abundance of the species at the different stations. In these lists I have given the temperature and na- ture of the bottom as fully as the data accessible to me permitted. In - indicating the nature of the bottom the following abbreviations, after the Coast Survey system, are used: Materials. | Colors. | Other qualities. C. for clay. | bk. for black. brk. for broken. Cr. for corals. | bn. for brown. ers. for coarse. F, for foraminifira. | bu. for blue. tne. for fine. G. for gravel. | dk. for dark. glb. for globigerina. M. for mud. | gn. for green. hrd. for hard. O. for ooze. | gy. for gray. rky. for rocky P. for pebbles. | It. for light. sft. for soft. R. for rocks. rd. for red. sml. for small. S. for sand. | wh. for white. Sh. for shells. | Spg. for sponges. | St. for stones. | In the column for the number of specimens examined, J is used to in- dicate large specimens; s, small specimens; and y, young. When the sexes were not counted separately the whole number of specimens ex- amined is placed in the middle of the column; when the sexes were counted separately the number of males is put on the right, the number of females on the left, and the number of young in the middle, followed by the letter y. Asa basis for ascertaining the breeding season, I have, in a great number of cases, noted the presence or absence of egg-bear- ing females; when the number of such females was counted it is entered in the appropriate column; when specimens carrying eggs were found, but not counted, a plus sign, +, is used; and when none of the speci- mens examined were carrying eggs a zero, 0, is used. The National Museum catalogue numbers are given for all the specimens except those which I examined at Wood’s Holl before they were catalogued. When [1] B45 346 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] the record of specimens examined is not given in tabular form these catalogue numbers simply follow in parenthesis the mention of the specimens. In a few cases I have added to the list of specimens taken by the Albatross (Stations 2001 to 2116) those taken off Martha’s Vine- yard in 1883 by the Fish Hawk (Stations 1156 to 1176). BRACHYURA. MAIOIDEA. AMATHIA AGASSIZII Smith. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, p. 1, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, 1882; Proc. National Mu- seum, vi, p. 3, 1883. Specimens examined. : Specimens— Catalogue] Station Locality— Temperature number.| number. Depth.| and nature of | Date. |——————— N.lat. W.long. bottom. g 9 With eggs. of “ut ° Uy au Fath. { 5379 2092 39 58 35 71 00 30 197 450 seme Sept. 121 i) eee 5693 2109 35 14 20 74 59 10 142 504°; bu. M. | Nov. 9 | 11. 1l. 0 The two specimens from Station 2109 are much larger than any pre- viously obtained, and are fully adult. These specimens differ from the smaller ones described and figured, priticipally in having proportionally much shorter rostral horns, shorter spines upon the carapax, and longer pereopods. The female, as usual, has much shorter chelipeds and a broader and more swollen carapax than the males. These differences are all well shown by comparing the accompanying measurements with those previously given. Measurements in millimeters. Catalogue number. ......--------- eee n ee cee eee eee eee eee een ee ene teen ee cee e eee e nena 5693 | 5693 Station 22.2... .cenc cence ccc c ce ccm ee nce n ces ew meen nec cce ens ensue ee caress cceneerncececcnaes 2109 | 2169 Sox..--.-.----------- +20 pce ec eee ene eee cee Pee eee rol g Length of carapax, including rostral and posterior spines ...-.--.-------------------------| 58.0 | 713 Length of carapax from base of rostral to tip of posterior spines ...---.------------------ 51.5 | 62.2 Length of carapax, excluding rostral and posterior spines. ..---.-.-------+-+-++---------- 51.0] 62.2 Length of rostral horns Or spines .....-..---.--- 2-0 --- eee nee ee cee ee eee eee e eee nen e ee nee 7.5 | 10.0 Breadth of carapax, including lateral spines. ....-..-..----2---+-en eee eee ee ewe ee ene eeeee 4.3] 54.0 Breadth of carapax, excluding lateral spines - 1.3] 51.0 Length of branchial spines 3.5 4.0 ength of cheliped ..-....-.------ s--02+--2--0+--eeeeeee eee 5.0 | 94.0 ength of chela.....-...----- 4,0 | 44.0 Breadth of chela.......------- ee 6.0 6.2 Length of dactylus .....-....-.-..-----.---- 4.5 | 17.0 Length of first ambulatory pereopod 6.0 | 183.0 Length of dactylus .....--2-22--- -- 2+ - 2-222 cence ene e eee eee eee e eee ene n ee cee e ene eee 5.0 | 28.5 Length of second ambulatory perseopod ..--...-- Sr Peas Be ae ee ee 2.0 | 146.0 1.6 | 25.0 Length of dactylus...-... 22-0. 22+ e2ee ee cece ee eee e een ee eee n nee tenn cen e neem ee nen nes In the two large specimens (5693), after preservation in alcohol for several weeks, the distal parts of the meri and portions of the carpi of all [3] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 347 the perzopods, and the distal ends of the propodi of the ambulatory ones, are conspicuously marked with dark red, the color being more ex- tensive on the first and second ambulatory perzeopods. HYAS COARCTATUS Leach. Specimens examined. : Specimens— Catalogue} Station Locality— Dade Temperature number. | number. epth.| and nature of | Date. : N. lat. W. long. bottom. g 9 With eggs. On he it ° / “ Fath. 5571 2012 36 4115 74 39 50 66) i ceseseeaae Bten Apr. 30 2y.| 0 5599 2012 36 4115 74 39 50 66; 7 seers ae he rt 30 ots) (bese 5589 2014 36 41 05 74 38 53 373 S. brk. Sh. May 1 1s. 0 bm ak tants 2057 42 01 00 68 00 30 86 brk. Sh. Aug. 30 | 2 7 5 Sh eS 2058 41 57 30 67 58 00 35 50°; gy.S. Aug. 30 1 3 2 Se oeyeste 2059 42 05 00 66 46 15 41 bu. M.S. Aug. 31} 1 at 0 Statins ot 2062 42 17 00 66 37 15 150 42°; §.G. Aug. 31 1 0 SPOS R HORE 2065 42 27 00 65 00 45 80 443°; $.G.bk.Sh.| Aug. 31 al 1 7077 2066 42 19 40 65 49 30 65 432°; St. G. Sept. 1 il 3 3 5 eee 2076 41 13 00 66 00 50 906 bu. M. Sept. 4] 1 Seisess Sees mse 2081 41 10 20 66 30 20 46 | 50°; wh.S. Sept. 4| 2 melas tear 2081 (fromistomach: of cod)|eecce4| soso eee eee earo 3) 3 SaScrc eee 2082 41 09 50 66 31 50 49 463°; crs.S.G.| Sept. 4] 9 5 2 22: eee 1157 40 14 00 70 29 15 62 45° ; sft. M. Aug. 23 | 2 '|pseeee 98 gn. M. Sh. May 23 4 eee 98 en. M. Sh. May 23 1 0 98 er M. Sh. May 23 2) 7 Singeeee 78 |bu. M.S. brk.Sh.| May 23 Do , Sees 81 S. brk. Sh. Apr. 30 2 2 cee 373 S. brk. Sh. May 1 See 8S. brk. Sh May 1 4) eee HG) SSR SS cp os Scctobscasdoy s2npe AF a Se 4 143 S. bu. M. May 21 Lei yy |2eeeer 239 404°; gn. M May 25 8 0 239 403°; on. M May 25 ly. 0 131 | 48°; gn.M. | May 25 | 18s.(i5E.) |...... 131 48° ;; on. M May 25 4 eee 197 43°; bu. M.S. | May 25 a 0 204 41°; bu. M May 25 5 0 239 404°; gn. M May 25 Layee pee 75 45°; wh.S Sept. 4 Here ee ee 55 46°; gy.S Sept. 4 1) eee 70 | 50°; bu.M. | Sept. 20 6l. 0 69 |524°; bu.M.gy.S.| Sept. 20 2 0 69 (524°; bu.M.gy.S.| Sept. 20 3 0 69 |524°; bu.M.gy.S.! Sept. 20 Is. 197 45°; gn. M. | Sept. 21 9. 0 65 | 50°; gn.M.S. | Sept. 20 22 143 48°; yl.S. Sept. 20 5 0 140 | 484°; S. brk.S. | Sept. 20 21 9 117 49°; gn. M. Sept. 21 | 26 (5E.) 12 197 45°; on. M. Sept. 21 1 0 60 45°; M. Aug. 23 1 0 62 45°; sft.M. | Aug. 23 1 0 31 46°; S. M. Aug. 23 1 0 * Under this and the following species of Zupagurus, in the column giving the number of speci mens, E indicates that the carcinecia were formed of Lpizoanthus Americanus. | Labeled ‘‘ Station 2014 to 2017,” but evidently from the first of these stations. { The single small specimen was undoubtedly really from Station 2014. EUPAGURUS PUBESCENS Brandt ex Kroyer. Specimens examined. +\Catalogue| Station Locality— number. | number. N. lat. W. long. |-—— ° f ut ° ‘ ut maxi ewes 2057 42 01 00 68 00 30 7082 2058 41 57 30 67-58 00 Sew deen erety 2081 41 10 20 66 30 20 Sie ‘oarelaate ere 2082 © 41 09 50 66 31 50 7009 2087 40 06 50 70 34 15 5426 2087 40 06 50 70 34 15 Kee eataseteece 1159 40 20 00 70 35 00 Suwiaiete nines 1163 40 35 30 70 41 00 a rales ees 1165 40 50 00 70 49 00 Depth. Temperature pee ane nature of | Date. aah yottom. it ; No. eges brk. Sh. Aug. 30 3,1 E. 50°; gy.S. Aug. 30 5,1 E. 46°; wh. 5. Sept. 4 1 464°; ers.S.G. | Sept. 4 5 50°; gn. M.S. | Sept. 20 2s. KE. 50°; gn. M.S. | Sept. 20 1s.. 44°; sft. M. Aug. 23 1 46°; S. M. Aug. 23 3 45°; gy.S. Aug. 23 2 [9] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 353 EUPAGURUS KROYERI Stimpson. Specimens examined. | ae Specimens— Catalogue Station Locality— Temperature = number. | number. Depth.| and nature of | Date. |————7j—_ N.lat. W.long. bottom. No. With : eggs. ° / u fe} / “ut Fath. 7139 2004 37 19 45 74 26 00 98 gn. M.S. Mar. 23 28. E. 0 5627 2012 36 41 15 74 39 50 RPS cin a eee nena Apr. 30 Ips) RRS os 7145 2025 40 02 05 70 27 00 239 404°; gn. M. May 25 Bhp Sisesesh 5632 2026 40 04 00 70 28 50 131 -| 48°; gn. M. May 25 Uy dite Vssocds Sac teAeace 2057 42 01 00 68 00 30 86 brk. Sh. Aug. 30 10 Erareeite 2S b6a. aaa 2058 41 57 30 67 58 00 35 50°; gy.S. Aug. 30 5 0 Raneretelcm'= © 2060 42 10 00 66 46 15 123 brk.s. Aug. 31 4 Ae Doo Sooessesse 2062 42.17 00 66 37 15 150 42°; S. G. Aug. 31 15 0 See Sse 2063 42 23 00 66 23 00 141 46°; S.crs.G. | Aug. 31 1 eeerers soseoce See 2068 42 03 00 65 48 40 131 42°; S. fne.G. | Sept. 1 A Mise ao sch SFOs 2079 41 13 00 66 19 50 75°; 45°; wh.S. Sept. 4 1 S82 600 pean ee = 2080 41 13 00 66 21 50 55 46°; gy.S. | Sept. 4 4. mano 5374 2086 40 05 05 70 35 00 69 |523°; bu. at gy.S. Sept. 20 Age mE: S| eee see 7008 2087 40 06 50 70 34 15 65 | 50°; gn. M.S. | Sept. 20 1b nel lecesoe 7006 2090 39 59 40 70 41 10 140 | 484°; S. brk.S. | Sept. 20 1 Peete ese 7003 2091 40 01 50 70 59 00 117 49°; gn. M. | Sept. 21 ECE OR Rapes EUPAGURUS LONGICARPUS Stimpson ex Say. Station 2016, May 5, north lat. 37° 31’, west long. 74° 52’ 36”, 19 fathoms—1 specimen (5597). EUPAGURUS POLLICARIS Stimpson ex Say. (Plate IV, Fig. 4.) Station 2015, May 5, north lat. 37° 31’, west long. 74° 53’ 30’, 19 fathoms—2 young (7136). Station 2017, May 5, north lat. 37° 30/ 48”, west long. 74° 51’ 29’, 18 fathoms—1l young (7140). CATAPAGURUS SHARRERI A. M.-Edwards. Smith, Proc. National Mus., vi, p. 31, pl. 4, fig. 5, 1883. (Plate IV, Figs. 1, 2.) Specimens examined. Specimens— . Locality— Temperature Catelogne Bieton Depth.| and nature of | Date. |——————_——_ a, | Nulat. W. long. bottom. ¢ g | With eggs ° / Mt Oo / u Fath. 5525 2004 87 19 45 74 26 00 98 gn. M. S. Mar. 23 | 14 ae ened 5541 2004 37 19 45 74 26 00 98 gn. M.S. Msp 23) |? dae <- saeoeee 5540 2005 37 18 11 74 27 36 78 bu. M. S. Sh. Mar 23) ide a © Dee 7138 2026 40 04 00 70 28 50 131 480; gn, M. 1 TE I (Pe, Ul eae 5376 2090 39 59 40 70 41 10 140 | 484°; 9m.S. Sh.} Sept.20); 4 — |...... 7004 2091 40 01 50 70 59 00 117 499; on. M. DOVU 2h ei hee atete In the measurements of one of Milne-Edwards’s type specimens given in my paper above referred to there are two errors of 10 millimeters S. Mis. 46———23 3854 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] each: the length from front of carapax to tip of pleon should be 13.0 in place of 23.0, and the length of the left cheliped should be 21.0 in place of 31.0. PARAPAGURUS PILOSIMANUS Smith. Trans. Conn. Acad, New Haven, v, p. 51, 1879; Proc. National Mus., iii, p. 428, 1881; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, p. 20, pl. 2, figs. 4-44, 1882; Proc. Na- tion Mus., vi, p. 38, pl. 5, figs, 3-5, pl. 6, figs. 1-49, 1883. Specimens examined.” Specimens— : Locality— Temperature peenne Pata Y Depth.| and nature of | Date. |——————— REMIDOY. | HORDE Bak. Vee bottom. g¢ 9 | With eggs. co at ee 1A ey ED Fath. aod IIT 2036 88 52 40 69 24 40 1, 735 38°; glo. O. July 18| 1. 7114 2037 38 53 00 69 23 30 1, 731 38°; glb. O. July 18 | 5* yh 5 7115 2038 38 30 30 69 08 25 2, 033 gb. O. July, 26 |) "GE: 9 eee 5457 2097 37 56 20 70 57 30 D917. glb. O. Oct. 1} 2m. 3k. 1 5458 2097 37 56 20 70 57 30 1,917 glb. O. Oct. 1) JU.) aieseees 5466 2097 37 56 20 70 57 30 1, 917 glb. O. Oct. 1 2 2 5484 2098 37 40 30 70 37 30 2, 221 glb. O. Oct. 1] lv. 55. 4 *In the column giving the number of specimens, E indicates that the carcinwcia were formed of a species of Hpizoanthus distinct from either H. Americanus or E. paguriphilus, and v that the carcinwcia were a species Urticina. Of the twelve specimens from Station 2037, four were in the Epizoanthus, two in Urticina, three in naked gastropod shells, and the others without carcinecia. As the above table shows, the Albatross dredgings have very greatly extended the bathymetrical range of this species. It had previously been taken in 250 to 640 fathoms. This increased range in depth is ap- parently accompanied by a change in the kind of carcinecia inhabited. All the earlier specimens, over four hundred in number, were found in carcinecia of Hpizoanthus paguriphilus Verrill, while the deep-water specimens were either in a very different species of Hpizoanthus, in naked gastropod shells, or in an actinian closely resembling, if not identical with, Urticina consors Verrill, which often serves for the car- cinceecium of the next species. SYMPAGURUS PICTUS Smith. Proc. National Mus., vi, p. 37, pl. 5, figs. 2,2a; pl. 6, figs. 5-8, 1883. (Plate IV, Fig. 3.) Station 2089, September 20, north lat. 39° 58’ 50’, west long. 70° 39/ 40’, 168 fathoms, gray sand, temperature 45°—1 female (5366) in an Urticina with a nucleus of Hpizoanthus. —— [11] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 355 GALATHHEIDEA. MUNIDA CARIBZA? Smith. Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., x, p. 22, pl. 10, fig. 1, 1882; Proc. National Mus., vi, p. 40, pl. 3, fig. 11, 1883. Specimens examined. Locality. Temperature ita Pap legue Retin Depth. | and nature of | Date, |——————____ : ‘| N. lat. W. long. bottom. No. With F eggs. [oe “ fon yy “ Fath. 5514 2004 37 19 45 74 26 00 98 gn. M. §. Mar. 23 64 2 5517 2004 37 19 45 74 26 00 98 gu. M.S. Mar. 23 5 0 5521 2004 37 19 45 74 26 00 98 gnu.M.§S Mar. 23 28 0 5515 2005 37 18 11 74 27 36 78 bu. M.S. Sh. | Mar. 23 68 3 5529 2005 37 18 11 74 27 36 78 bu. M.S. Sh. | Mar. 23 4 0 5601 2011 36 38 30 74 40 10 81 S. brk. Sh. Apr. 30 28 5 5598 2012 36 41 15 74 39 50 C6): eee Apr. 30 23 0 5572 202 40 04 00 70 28 50 131 48°; gn. M. May 25 1 0 5579 2031 39 29 00 72 19 55 74 gy. M. May 26 1 0 5423 2086 40 05 05 70 35 00 69 |5240; bu.M.gy.S.| Sept. 20 ly. 0 5399 2086 40 05 05 70 35 00 69 pads bu.M.gy.S.| Sept. 20 ly. 0 GALACANTHA ROSTRATA A. M.-Edwards. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, viii, p. 52, 1880; Smith, ibid., x, p. 21, pl. 9, figs. 2, 29, 1882. Specimens examined. Specimens— ; Locality— | Temperature geeue eon Depth. | and nature of UO HAL Se "| N.lat. W.long. bottom. ae With eggs. OTH > °o Piet} Fath. 7078 2052 39 40 05 69 21 25 1,098 | 45°; glb. O. Aug. 1 1. 1 7079 2052 39 40 05 69 21 25 1,098 | 45°; glib. O. Aug. 1] 1s. eel ebone 7080 2084 40 16 50 67 05 15 1,290 | 40°; bu. M.S. | Sept. 5] 1 a Ug oer 5483 2095 39 29 00 70 58 40 1, 342 glb. O Sept. 30} 1 2 1 Soon after preservation in alcohol and before the colors had changed materially from those of life, the large specimen, 7078, was dark-pur- plish red, except the flagella of the antenne, which were lighter red than the body (the flagella of the antennule were wanting), and the eyes, which were nearly white. The eggs are about 3 ™™ in diameter in freshly-preserved alcoholic specimens. Three specimens give the following measurements in millimeters: SERNAME. SP OCUINOM seo aoc ta - 3 ayo ea ot ais whee ae ene Sin aa eR ee eae ae ce 7079 | 5485 | 7078 lb alse Sk os SR See ee reese asco rt sooo sere eae 2052 | 2095 | 2052 Fo} ® 2 6.0 | 66.0 | 96.0 2.7 | 31.0] 45.0 9.8 | 30.0 | 37.0 1.01 22.4! 39.5 3.1| 9.0 8.0 3.1] 9.2 9.1 (ESIGN PtH 7) CG) Se a re ii ee eS 3. e> 1-5 20 a eae ea 7.8 | 21.9] 35.0 SEVERE MEIC eOL OVO} fo 23 nin} o'n/5- 55.4 4 ons tae R OPER Re ee AMEE o ws. 5 cuda'lneclniaieic 1.2] 3.0 4.0 oo cans = woin'n ans saa PORE See ice accucaeccesoces 18.0 | 41.0} 57.0 LAER THEIL GUS 2. SSS HSS Sec RPS eh ce 7.0} 16.2 | 25.0 JEGROTRE VEU LeU 2 a Sa ae en 2.) or SS a a 4.0} 9.5] 14.0 Length of tirat ambulatory persopod. .......-.- .e0cse cece cen cce ee cee eeccccceccceces|ceeeee 50.0 | 70.0 PaAU ea eP OE OE MOM POLED yao nd > 52 sc occas abet eee eocea ne tas Sou céeun~ecooes|ccacek 29.0} 49.0 356 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] GALACANTHA BAIRDH, sp. nov. This species, which is represented by a single specimen (5717), is very distinct from either of the species described by A. Milne-Edwards, and readily distinguished by the long, slightly upturned, and laterally spinous rostrum, by the number and form of the lateral spines of the carapax, and by the terminal spines of the eye-stalks. In some of its characters the species is more like Munidopsis than Galacantha, and it is possible that the genera should be united. Female.—The carapax is broadest at the branchial regions, very slightly narrowed toward the front, and strongly convex transversely, and the length of the lateral margin is a little greater than the breadth. The anterior margins are oblique, and the front gradually narrowed into a long, rather slender, and slightly upturned rostrum, armed along the middle of either edge with three teeth directed outward and for- ward. Theantero-lateral angle is armed with a slender spiniform tooth, turned forward, and back of this the lateral margin is armed with either two or three spines: a large one on the front of the hepatic region and slightly above the spine of the antero-lateral angle; another, but much smaller spine, just back of the first, on the hepatic region of the right side only; and one, about as large as the antero-lateral, on the edge of the branchial region, just back of the shallow cervical suture. There is a pair of large spines on the front of the gastric region, a pair of smaller ones nearer together on the posterior part of the gastric region, and be- tween these two pairs a pair of still smaller ones. The front of the cardiac region is slightly elevated, and armed with a pair of spines like the posterior gastric, and just back of these there is a small median spine. The raised posterior margin of the carapax is armed with four or five small vertical spines either side. The surface of the branchial regions is roughened with numerous short transverse rug; other parts of the surface are more or less granular or minutely tuberculous, and ~ the whole surface of the carapax, pleon, and pereopods are more or less_ thickly clothed with short hairs. The eyes are very much smaller than in G. rostrata and colorless in the alcoholic specimen, and the eye-stalk is prolonged on the dorsal side beyond the cornea in a slender horizontal spine as long as the diameter of the eye. The stout first segment of the peduncle of the antennula is armed distally with five sharp spines, two above and three below the inser- tion of the second segment. The second segment of the peduncle of the antenna is armed with a triangular tooth below and a spiniform tooth on the outer side; the third segment is armed with two spiniform teeth situated as on the second segment; the fourth with three large spines above and two or three minute ones beneath ; and the fifth or last with two small teeth above. The flagella of the antenne are nearly as in G. rostrata. The second gnathopods are nearly as in G. rostrata except the merus, [13] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 307 which is very little stouter than the ischium and without prominent teeth, having instead two or three small and low spiniform tubercles. The chelipeds are longer than the carapax including the rostrum, rather stouter and much more spiney than in G. rostrata: the ischium, merus and carpus are armed along the rounded angles and at the distal ends with spines of which the dorsal and distal on the merus and ¢car- pus are large. The chela is longer than the merus, a third as broad as long, the digits are stout and longer than the body of the chela, of which the edges are rounded, the inner armed with two slender spines and the outer with two or three short spinules. The three pairs of ambulatory pereopods are nearly alike, stout and longer than the chelipeds ; the meri and carpi are spiney, as in the chelipeds, though the spines are somewhat smaller; the propodi are rough, with short sete, but not spi- ney; and the dactyli are stout, slightly curved, terminate in acute chi- tinous tips, and are armed along the lower edge with a series of spini- form teeth. The posterior pereopods are nearly as in G. rostrata. The pleon is about as broad as the carapax, only very slightly nar- rowed posteriorly, and the dorsum is transversely rounded and devoid of longitudinal carinz or teeth. The first and second somites have two transverse ridges each on the middle of the dorsum, and there is a single similar but less conspicuous ridge on the front edge of the third. The lateral edges of all the pleura are obtusely rounded. The telson, uropods, and pleopods are as in G. rostrata. The eggs are of the same form and size as in G. rostrata. Measurements in millimeters. Length from tip of rostrum to tip of telson...--.--.-.----- SAS Ati See 82.0 Lemetnet carapax including rostrum. ..... 2.22.20 25- 22-65 noon se cen Same 44.5 ERIN EGRUFUNT - a5 5) 2c ise ow ooo o's aoe sit ee dawemne see ee et er 18. 0 Greatest breadth of carapax including spines... .----. 25-.-<.<«-cesees ecsenans sede bxeadio at bases of antero-lateral spines..-. ------:5.--2sesecc= soos =seec= =e o> 19.0 iesene ah) OLAUCHIAI TEPIONS .._..- -~-- ----- 225 sennemcodeaiageamesls oo“ =s p= == 24.0 Length of eye-stalk including spine ....--..--....----..----------- peabeesa pee 5.5 LS eee So See Sy ec 1.8 PRR CAS SS PERE NSL. 5. db. 2 cine od sande nantes aes eee apne alee anes tela £8 AAP OIE DEN 8 8. ony <2 2 own s oe ones pen gs epee ents odes an acing 50. 0 oS eer ere eens ce 56 ES ae eee ance 18.5 BERGE CUE en ou 0. oon 0 wo ie = 02 oman tenes spas See eeal tem aaniwe aia teat m,n Length of dactylus. -. Sautae wicw ds oe sa eee tec eases acces eae MONS Length of first ambulatory perwopod. Pale See Me te eo gcks Ses. 22 se OAD Length of propodus. . nidias ois Cale oat ata Dae Betis peo oof eens an, ome mm eel Co SES ee eee se. 2 So le a en ee 12.5 PP HORLOriOl PeCrMOpod. .... .-.02« «ane esa neeeedeesnies a6 Jacasaesacee 30. 0 RM oo Soo oo wn 3 nel me eR EE ine = ais ain ce nle oie'e te op 11.0 EE 20 oo cess as vo none em SURE Reem REie oa ce le waet 6 on anee 14.5 Tameeenmer Jamelia of uropod . .- ieee 5716 2116 35 45 23 74 31 25 888 /39°;bu.M.,fne.S.} Nov. 11 | 1 1 Three specimens give the following measurements in millimeters: Numiberiof specimen -s- 26 sao cans eras sence n een ose ae sooo wae seeae nie oeasce ween eae 7059 | 7058 | 7059 Station tee = nto wre ee see. cook and co eee ci apion Sete ae nonce eee ane dee eel alole sioemte 2052 | 2051 | 2052 Bex one Jactece eco s Uae eiclots Geek bce saan as cioniea a wale ee wanes aaeemeen > aes aaa rom Q 2 Length from tip of rostrum to tip of telson .........-...----------- 2.0222 eee--- eens 22.0 | 32.0] 38.0 Length of carapax, including rostrum ....... 2.22.02. 0cccenee ness: en eneneeeesenes 13.5 | 18.0] 21.7 Length of rostrum...... ve deh Wane as cutewccssndee coueavate suitwenascee uss sicsecanennee 6.5] 80] 10.6 Greatest breadth of carapax 5.9} 8&3 9.7 Length of cheliped .................. 7.0 | 25.0] 27.0 Length of chela......- 6.0| 8&7] 103 Length of dactylus. ..- & -| 29] 48 5.2 Length of first ambulatory perwopod........--.--------- ois Seana ene aac e ener ees a 14.5 | 20.0 | 21.7 _ The eggs are very few in number—between thirty and forty each in the females measured—and in recently-preserved alcoholic specimens about 0.80™" by 0.75™™ in greater and less diameter. MACRURA. ERYONTIDZ. PENTACHELES SOCULPTUS Smith. Polycheles sculptus Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. London, V, v, p. 269, April, 1880; Proc. National Mus., ii, p. 345, pl. 7, 1880. Pentacheles sculptus Smith, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, p. 23, pls, 3, 4, 1882. Station 2115, November 11, north lat., 35° 49’ 30’, west long., 74° 34/ 45/’, 843 fathoms, mud and sand, temperature 39°—3 young males (7141.) Measurements of the largest of these specimens is given under the next species. [15] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 359 PENTACHELES NANUS, Sp. nov. This species is very closely allied to P. sculptus and will possibly prove to be only a dwarf deep-water variety of it, but the distinctive characters are well marked and very constant in all the large number of specimens seen. The spines upon the carapax are much longer and more slender than in P. sculptus and differ in number. Including the very long and slender spine of the anterior angle, there are only five spines on the lateral margin in front of the cervical suture each side, while there are normally six in P. seulptus ; on the middle line of the gastric region back of the two rostral spines there are, at nearly equal distances, first two single spines, one behind the other, then a pair close together, and lastly a single one, while in P. sculptus there is only one single spine between the rostral spines and the pair; the surface of the branchial region on both sides of the sublateral carina is armed with many small spines or spinules, and on the anterior part of the oblique ridge between the dorsal and sublateral carinew there is one spine as large as the spines of the sublateral carina itself, while in P. sculptus the surface of the branchial region is unarmed and nearly smooth, except for the carinal and mar- ginal spines. There is often a slender, horizontal median spine in front just beneath the rostral spines, but this is not a constant character. The pleon is more deeply sculptured than in P. sculptus, and the dorsal carina very much higher, the recurved carinal teeth of the third, fourth, and fifth somites are very much longer and more slender, and reach far over the somites in front. The edges of the sulcated carina on the sixth somite, instead of being low and uniform as in P. sculptus, are very high and broken into several prominent teeth each side, with a stouter and higher tooth at the posterior end of the sulcus. The edges of the pleura of the second to the fifth somite are conspicuously armed with rather widely separated short spiniform teeth, while in P. sculptus they are entirely smooth, or, in small specimens, inconspicuously armed with ob- solete teeth. In place of the slight median elevation near the middle of the telson of P. sculptus there is a sharp spiniform prominence, with oc- casionally a smaller secondary one just back of it. In all the specimens seen the first perzeopods (great chelipeds) are considerably shorter than in P. sculptus, but these appendages are sub- ject to so much individual variation in size that this will very likely not prove a constant character. Males less than 50™™ in length are sexually adult, while in P. sculptus males considerably larger than this are not adult, the first pleopods be- ing very small and weak, and the secondary stylet at the base of the inner ramus of the second pleopods only about half as long as the other stylet. In the accompanying table measurements of five adult specimens of this species aud of a single immature specimen of P. sculptus are given together. 360 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] Measurements in millimeters. Pentacheles nanus. F, seul BRIO eee ne REE nara iene ars wn ios cose scon te cmeeamenenaneeneds 2106 | 2052 | 2116 | 2077 | 2102 2115 Be ican noon Be hs een: o | 819. |. ¢ | cae Length from front of carapax to tip of telson......--..-.--- 46.0 | 53.0 | 87.0 | 45.0 | 55.0 54.0 Length of carapax along median line...-.-.-...........---- 19,2 | 22.0 | 35.6 | 19.0 | 22.8 23. 2 Breadth of carapax between spines of anterior angles....-. 8.2] 9.7 |17.2) 80] 10.0 at bp | Greatest breadth, including spines..............-.-.-.--.-- 13.5 | 15.5 | 26.5 | 13.2 | 17 0 16.0 ene tor drss Pereopod - -< 2c ecw aciceewetewacooeere cease: 40.0 | 49.0 | 73+ | 38.0 | 52.0 61.0 TCR EIORONOLUB o(o.2 6:0 51 o0%5 nomenon aeeieee a= cient oe 10.8 | 14.5 | 25.0 | 11.1 | 15.0 19.0 SIRE UNMET OAL DUB. 32 scnsacancce ce dae snececeeneneen eee nee mean rce crores 1.3 HSH LOMANLENEAUHCAIO. -an cisin secon «cece oes Hi omacuanu se meneame eanceneeee ear eserenicere sae 7.5 BEORA ROL MHEORTALIRCAIG oie i012 Asis paseo seen. occc0d peasbo naCamOseN Rea SOtGLo cee: Q Length from tip of rostrum to tip of telson ...... 2.22. .ce0 oe ene eee eee coeee: 120 Length of jcarapax, including »Tostrum: < -'. 2 oem n.2cao.< << = aye atten seems noon toceneereee 5.6 Greatest Gi aIMeteriOtyG yee sets sete stele teeta lainie © mnleinle lolol eer 2.2 Henethyoteantennal scales ij.) Se arelorete aie aside ele stele pls = elaleieke elise 16.5 Breadth of antennal scale... . 2-2... cone -| IN. Jat. ° Wolong | bottom. | a 9 eta | e eggs.| & | | Oo tr) Uh, Tov PTT | Fath. | | | 5555 2030 39 29 45 714300 | 588 bu. M. May 26; 2 1 0 | 7116 2072 43 53 00 65 35 00 | 858 39°; gy. M. | Sept. 2| 1 aon | == | | The second gnathopods, which were wanting in the single imperfect specimen described from the “ Blake” collection, show that this species does not belong to Bate’s genus Benthesicymus, to which it was very doubttully referred. In Benthesicymus the second gnathopod is de- scribed as terminating in a ‘“‘ sharp-pointed dactylus,” which is after- ward referred to (under Gennadas) as “ cylindrical and sharp,” while in our species the dactylus of the second gnathopod is short and flattened, and truncated at the tip—differences undoubtedly accompanied by other differences in the oral appendages, which are not described in Bate’s species. The genushere proposed is further characterized by the struct- ure of the maxillipeds and first gnathopods, and apparently also by the form of the dactyli of the fourth and fifth pereeopods. The number and arrangement of the branchie, as shown in the following table, is appar- ently the same as in Bate’s genus. All the podobranchie, except the posterior one on each side are, however, much more slender than the corresponding arthro- and podobranchie, and the highest and most an- terior of the two branchiz at the base of the second gnathopod arises in the border of the articular membrane, corresponds very nearly in size and position with the podobranchiz of the somites back of it, and might, perhaps, more properly be considered a pleurobranchia than an arthro- branchia, as it is in the following table. There is the same difficulty in distinguishing between pleuro- and arthrobranchie in many other genera. ne | Somites. | VII. Vii.) IX. Ke XI. | XID. | XII1.| XIV.) Total. I BOUSE a. Se AE - 2 thas casera ee aan 1 1 1 1 i! it 0 (7) Rann uri itt] oyu ee a re eee oe 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 al east) Arthrobranchie 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 | 18 Pleurobranchize 0 0 1 1 1 1 Ii 1 6 = ees St | 24-+(7) The specimens from the Albatross collection enable me to correct somewhat the original description of the species, and I therefore re- state the more essential characteristics. . 392 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [48] Male.—The carapax is scarcely at all compressed laterally, and the dorsal carina of the anterior half rises suddenly just back of the orbit into a lamellar crest, which projects forward in a short, acute, and, as seen from the side, triangular rostrum, reaching about three-fourths of the way from the base to the tip of the eye-stalk, and armed above with two sharp teeth, one at the highest point just over the orbit, and the other nearly half way from it to the tip. The eye-stalks are about a third as long as the antennal scales, slender, strongly compressed vertically, with a small obtuse dentiform promi- nence at the middle of the inner side, and just in front and outside of this a small spot of black pigment, showing faintly on the upper, but conspicuously on the lower side. The eyes themselves are scarcely wider than the stalks, but are less compressed vertically, though still much broader than high, distinctly faceted, and dark brown in the alco- holic specimens. The flagella of the antennule are imperfect in all the specimens, but both flagella are longer than the antennal scale, and the proximal part of the upper is considerably stouter than the lower. The antennal scale is about two-thirds as long as the carapax along the dorsal line, about a third as broad as long, and only slightly nar- rowed at the sharp tooth terminating the thickened outer margin, be- yond which the anterior margin is oblique, so that the tip is toward the inner edge, and much in front of the terminal tooth of the outer margin. The mandibles are almost exactly alike, somewhat contracted at tle crowns, which are small, and nearly as in Penwus. The proximal of the two segments of the palpus is considerably the longer and broader, while the distal is narrowly ovate, with the tip rounded. The proximal lobe of the protognath of the first maxilla is small and ovate, the distal lobe obliquely truncated and armed as in the allied genera. The endognath is narrow, curved, unsegmented, and shorter than the distal lobe of the protognath. The three distal lobes of the protognath of the second maxilla increase successively in size distally, the distal being twice as wide as the next. The endognath is much shorter than the distal lobe of the protognath, and tapers regularly to the tip. The anterior part of the scaphognath is much longer than the posterior and projects beyond the protognath, while the posterior part is short, broadly expanded, and strongly in- curved at the extremity. The protopod of the maxilliped projects anteriorly in a straight lobe twice and a half as long as broad and rounded at thetip. The endopod is composed of three very distinct segments: a narrow basal one reach- ing a little by the protopod and with a slight expansion of the inner edge armed with slender spines, while the rest of the inner margin and the distal part of the outer are clothed with hairs; a second segment about half as long as the first, but expanded in the middle so as to be somewhat elliptical and nearly half as broad as long, with very long [49] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS 393 plumose setz on the outer edge and smaller and more numerous ones on the inner; and a small terminal segment about a third as long as the second, half as broad as long, and edged with small sete or hairs. The exopod is longer even than the endopod, the proximal two-thirds or three-fourths of its length wider than the first segment of the endopod, but the distal portion narrowed, multiarticulate, and flagelliform. The lamelliform branchial epipod is as large as the endopod and the anterior portion a little smaller than the posterior. The ischium of the first gnathopod is broader than long: ‘the merus fully as long as the three distal segments taken together, more than three times as long as broad, compressed along the mesial edge, but not expanded distally, and very little wider than the ischium and _ pro- podus ; the carpus and propodus are subequal in length and each a lit- tle longer than wide; the dactylus is a little shorter than the propodus, only half as wide as long, and narrowed to a somewhat triangular tip, which is armed with two or three curved spines; the edges of all the segments are more or less hairy or setigerous. The exopod is slender, regularly tapered, about a half longer than the endopod, and its distal half multiarticulate, flagelliform, and furnished with long plumose sete, while the proximal part is unsegmented and furnished with short hairs or sete. The epipod is short, nearly orbicular, and bears a short and dense dendrobranchia. The second gnathopod (Plate X, Fig. 8) reaches considerably by the middle of the antennal scale: the ischium is nearly a third of the entire length of the endopod and strongly compressed; the merus is about two-thirds as long as the ischium, compressed proximally, but narrowed slightly toward the distal end, which is approximately cylindrical; the carpus is slender, and about as long as the merus; the propodus is ‘slightly smaller and shorter than the carpus, but otherwise like it; the dactylus is turned in toward the mesial line and carried at right angles to the propodus, is about a third as long as the propodus, very little narrowed, and not tapered, but compressed and truncated at the tip, the edge of which is chitinous, and armed with a few stout spines, and the chitinous edge continued along the outer edge, which is armed with short spinules and setz; the inner edges of all the segments except the dactylus are armed with long sete. The exopod is like that of the first gnathopod except thatit isa littlesmaller. The epipod is about as long as in the first gnathopod, but narrow, ovate, and bears a dendrobran- chia nearly as long as itself. The first perzeopods are slender and reach scarcely by the bases of the antennal scales: the merusis slightly longer than the ischium, and both these segments are strongly compressed vertically and setigerous along the inner edges; the carpus is slightly compressed, about as wide as the merus, and setigerous like it ; the chela is about as long as the ear- pus, and no stouter, and the digits are about as long as the basal por- 394 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [50] tion, slender, very slightly curved at the tips, and the prehensile edges setigerous. The second perzopods are much like the first, but a little more slender and considerably longer, reaching to the tips of the peduncles of the antenne ; the merus and carpus are approximately equal in length, and narrower than in the first pair, and the chela is considerably shorter than the carpus. The third perzeopods reach beyond the middle of the antennal scales, are more slender than the second pair, and naked except at the tips of the digits: the ischium is shorter than the merus, and both these seg- ments are very narrow and slightly compressed; the carpus is about as long.as the merus, or a little longer, and subcylindrical ; the chela is about half as long as the carpus, very slender, scarcely stouter than the carpus, and the digits slightly more than half the whole length. The endopods of the fourth perzopods are wanting or imperfect in all the specimens. They are very slender, and, exclusive of the dactyl, considerably longer than the third pair: the ischium and merus are slightly compressed and setigerous along the inner edges; the carpus is a little shorter than the merus, and both the carpus and propodus are throughout cylindrical, exceedingly slender, much more slender than the distal end of the merus, and naked. The fifth pereeopods are wanting in all but one specimen, and in this only one of them is complete. This perwopod is like the fourth pair, but even more slender, and about as long as those of the third pair: the carpus and propodus are subequal in length and each is a little shorter than the merus; the dactylus is a little shorter than the pro- podus, very slender, cylindrical, rather suddenly tapered at the tip, which is armed with a few sete, and is not hard and chitinous, but ap- parently somewhat soft and flexible. There are no exopods at the bases of any of peropods. The pleon is slightly more than twice as long as tLe carapax, ante- riorly about as broad as high, but much compressed posteriorly, so that the sixth somite is fully twice as high as broad. The dorsum is evenly rounded on the first four somites, but there is a narrow and sharp car- ina on the fffth and sixth, which upon the middle of the fifth is armed with a very slender spiniform tooth projecting back as far as the pos- terior edge of the somite. This tooth is broken in nearly all of the specimens, and in the specimen trom the Blake dredgings was wholly wanting, having undoubtedly been broken off close to the base. The posterior prolongations of the first and second pleura are broadly rounded; those of the third and fourth less broad and more angular, but still obtuse and rounded at the posterior angle; while the fifth is acutely angular, but with the tip itself obtuse. The sixth somite is twice as long as the fifth, and more than half as high as long. The telson is shorter than the sixth somite, narrowly triangular, [51] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 395 thickened and transversely very strongly convex above at base, but not carinated, and posteriorly flattened or even slightly sulcated above. The extreme tip is acute and spiniform, and the edges are clothed with slender sete. The lamellze of the uropods are thin and lanceolate in outline. The jnner is only a little shorter than the sixth somite, less than a third as broad as long, and stiffened in the middle by two slender rib-like thick- enings, separated, on the dorsal surface, by a narrow sulcus. The outer is about a half longer than the inner, about a fourth as broad as long, and the narrow tip is prolonged far beyond the sharp spine in which the thickened outer margin terminates, and from which a slender rib- like thickening, with a narrow sulcus along its inner edge on the dorsal surface, runs nearly parallel with the outer edge to the base of the la- mella. The sternum of the first somite of the pleon is armed with a large median laterally compressed dentiform process, which projects forward in an acute point. The first pleopods are as large as the second, much longer than the uropods, and the distal multiarticulate portion is more than three times as long as the protopod and very slender. The pecu- liar male appendage (petasma) is a thin, squarish plate attached by a constricted base, below which there is a small oblong process standing out at nearly right angles to the plane of the rest of the plate. The plate itself, which is apparently carried in a nearly horizontal position, in front and on the mesial side of the protopod to which it is attached, is obliquely divided vertically or longitudinally by imperfect articula- tions into three parts, of which the middle one is much the largest and projects at the inner inferior angle in a large ovately-pointed process, while the inner or distal of the three parts is narrow and has the lower or posterior part of its free edge armed with minute hooked spines for the attachment of the appendages of the opposite sides of the animal. The outer rami of the second to the fifth pairs of pleopods are similar to the single rami of the first pair. The inner ramus in the second pair is very much more slender and considerably shorter than the outer, and is furnished on the anterior side at base with two small and obtusely terminated, hard, lamelliform processes. The inner rami of the third, fourth, and fifth pairs are as in the first pair except that they are with- out the lamelliform processes at base. The single female examined wants the endopods of the fourth and fifth pereopods, except a part of one of the fourth pair, and is very nearly like the males. The bases of the upper flagella of the antennule are perhaps a little more slender than in the males; the male appendage of the first pleopod is replaced by a minute styliform process; and in place of the two plates at the distal end of the protopod of the second pleopod, there is a single and much shorter plate. 396 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52] Measurements in millimeters. Ei rt eee aE eee emer oy cafe e ack oc - oc dst cleme bits esos alee eeitamets es nates 2030 | 2072 | 2030 Sex 2-22-2222 eee ee eee ee ee renee cette rennet eee reenter eee en ener nese fal ref fe) Length from tip of rostrum to tip of telson..-...-----------------++++--+------+2-+-- 77 88 76 Length of carapux including rostrum ........-.-----------+-2-+ +2222 nneee eo eee 24.3 | 97.5 | 24.5 Tencth Of TOStLUM ...- 22.22 ook le oe ow a eh se eww nes cmbwcnn scala esceissicceeenenas - 4.1/ 4.0) 43 Hight of carapax....-.-.----- sale wero ae oni ee Se ote pestle ointn a Dine ae ee a a nV 9G), eee = 13.0 Breadth of carapax...-.-.---------- +--+ e- eee eee eee nee eee e eee eee ee eee ee eee eee 12, 2 s- ee 12.0 Length of eye-stalk and eye.-.-.------------ +--+ + +2 eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee e ee 6.0; 60) 61 Greatest diameter of eye..---..------------- a eens cee e ee ene ee ee eee eee eee eens 2.0] 25] 2.2 Length of antennal scale. .-...-----------+- +++ +2222 eee e ee eee ee eee eee cece eee eee: 16.0 | 19.0 | 15.6 Breadth of antennal scale .---.. 2... 2 cnc cone cece an cece wn ese cen nes ene n nec encees 5.4 6.0 5.2 Length of second gnathopod ......--.--- +222. 22-02 ence ee ence rene ne ewes ene eneene 22.5 | 26.0 | 22.0 Length/ot propedius ET AS a ASa rN SeRa Ast ison sclsonse Soe Sses ob Spode sagacick anise ic 3.7.) 451 &6 Length of dactylus..-...--.-----.--2-- 222-22 eee eee eee eee cece ee eee eee eee e eee eee Pest, ||rearO 10 skews Length of first pors@opod.......--...---- eens e eee n eee eee eee eee eee e meee n ence nce nee 15 19.0 | 16.0 Length of meruS ....---.------------+- een ee eee eee eee cee ee ee eee ee cen e eens 4.1] 5.5) 4.5 Miength Of Carpus.... = -..5 occ was sewacen anemia nn pamenen se coceesmeestsnnsieecerentan=: 3.4 |) 3.5] 3.4 Monpilot Chola 2 =. --- ere nese eb eins «pate riritec atem mse eine elsinataee eal mel eoamin mio laa 3.0] 3.6] 3.5 rendtnot Chola >=. -8-ce commen esevaehon seeinesseae bee ciectieeene aso ne Geman aclsceteae 0.7} 1.0) 0.8 eaneth of dactylus--—- <2 secs ec ccc anemia see acmiaciscuewasiecwcswicm=siaelssveaa==ssie=in/= Lay aa Se oeneth ot Secoud PereOpod conan dans sa sede snes cee e= = boom eee a= rece ema 21.0 | 26.0 | 20.0 ARAN Ot OTTNOLNS) ce = seek a See oe acchcememios catnisnia case mae. sah chelinc.a saiernletn oleie a efetsin a 6.1 1.3 6.0 Heeneth Of Carpus) f2-6 sacle en ame er sso te amas eel oe eee in nnl> == 26 (~'viclosiae = = mne 6.6) 60] 5.5 pn enol CHEM. aaron a bslinte nas wlscie noes sicinin sensei sisson Unie mais = wie eletaplints elele antes 4.0| 4.6) 3.8 Brpudtivotehela, Soo secn cares = eee ree eben ose on das cineca cbs wei alent e ole feleistate oare Ciel 0:8) |. 1,09, 4057 Den rbh OOCACHVIUOS: —— one acb os ones ace aenrh mews ae ann alse Coens oie nip a= winless ai 2.1} 2.5) 2.0 Tienwth Of Lirdepereoponee a= sss cc wen eepeeh seem seen sels es ebeiss'sii Sem ei semdienian gael 27.0 | 33.0 | 28.0 Gength Of Merus - ens nc ene ee enn wenn ne enna seen ns anne se nes seeens 80) 90} 8&4 Hen chMOL CALDNS Fo semaia- seloesies ache om cae misitc cals e los di belaa/aiawia im olctalstin’sie'sla(eistista uiaials 8.4) 10.2] 83 Pane OM OHO a ee eeee tr seat cerann steele n ee nen lesion weno me eae eel a eee (tame ceeated 4.5] 5.4| 45 Breadth or Cuelaresaaaswe he cc eeke ean cee a ale le iesdae pie teins aietei safer wie sei ralh cose raemre 0.7) 0.8 | 0.6 Toneth of dacty losis ac oon emclen scans skiee ania sinicincaniaieeaieas = bade womb esa eens 2.8) 2.9] 23 enfin of tourtimerceopodecen de seet init sis sence hsm cine/alsijeis pe pisin-c'a auinin|aieinciela'alaie’e Soren laeaeets 31+ Pen lth OliMemi Steak semeiosce seca oem eaten NE mic je DEE IC Eee SCRE OSE oe ile erate 10.7 Pen min OL Catpms seep ee cee aettadeeeslshel eke neiss = seem aii asain neat e teickwe selene UN Gy leecibee 9.0 Men etwiO Ls PRO POURS wesc selene eosin aes ae neo a eleieleniate ecmiat aa oe ticle hilo) ele iaate we fe anaere T+ Een ctonntt perm O pod ema. seem tte alae alate sie olen ieciae ela net cleitie essai sista hleivs mie ismeminie 21,0" | ooo eee Libsre) qi yng ier (Penta 9 AG eRe cnda Dp Ma Sep eou ae anos SROe geet oo sco ear sees G0) | aceste omens Sad GET Th lad a ee ase cecmpiooniaa cos OS a Poste PoEGEeO CaP nce Setcneradscs cance ae} Sts aes 4 Ten Ot blol MUO pO OMS tresses eras ae ae cae eae eels wp iecee eial et etats Sue e\eatals tie hei tmiais RN eee es 2 Men ctor laat losers shee soe elem icinan se asianls eee ce ata alae ace ae elaesns fends am stale oie 400. occ eeeeae Ben pth otpreonvesass her iscis cemieh ne wee ee wee saints oe os cs see biclep teplserie tae iets ale 53. 60 52 Pen STDS LSI ROM ILS OL PLCON Jteacsi assis we = nice sonia’ bois a seaicoce me selees ama meun aa ate 12.7 | 13:5 | 11-9 PPht Of Aisa ROME lOL MICO te acivocre tess becce J pcecesee net ow pha aaimeled sma bane 7.5) | 8150) 7te6 GME DMCC NOM et one weno cs Aale sea ae tase ptm aticc siten eee dake ates ee tema o se a 10.9 | 11.8 | 10.2 Rencthotimnner Aamella/onnropod. sae eci-n cdtaeme + sore alet sav cea rece cen omer eset 10.5 | 12.3 | 10.0 SI edi OLANNEM ames OL ULOPOU fae a. oon mensch oi-- ecw see nen cape eae keen see tac 3.0) 3.8) 3.0 Benpil of cuterlamells of mropotirs «25 = 4-35 bas secenoe ete bencbs = cette cls 16.3 | 18.0 15.3 IBLOAL Uw OL OULEY LAME a. Of MONO soa a's ee wi-n tae t cae eee eee ae eeeia acca woe yr Ta ae ria Peo’ f A. Milne-Edwards’s “ Benthesicymus Bartletti (Smith)?” from the Travailleur dredgings (figured in the Recueil de Figures de Crustacés nouveaux ou peu connus, April, 1883), if correctly figured, is certainly specifically different from my species, and probably belongs to a differ- ent genus, perhaps to Bate’s Benthesicymus. In Milne-Edwards’s species, the dactylus of the second gnathopod is figured as slender, and styli- form, and the dactyli of the fourth and fifth perazeopods are represented as very long, slender, multiarticulate, and flagelliform. It is possible that the single dactylus of a fifth pereopod of Benthacetes Bartletti which I have been able to examine may be a reproduced and abnormal segment, and that the fourth and fifth persopods are similar to those in Milne-Edwards’s species, but I think this not at all probable. BENTHESICYMUS? CARINATUS, Sp. NOV. (Plate X, Figs. 6, 7.) A single mutilated female (7027) from Station 2094, September 21, north lat. 39° 44/30, west long. 71° 4’, 1,022 fathoms, foraminifera, sand [53] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 397 and mud, temperature 584°, represents a species closely allied to the last though generically distinct from it, and perhaps belonging to Bate’s genus, as indicated above. The generic affinities of this species are so interesting that I describe it, although the specimen is in bad condition and wants the endopods of the second gnathopods and of all the pe- reopods. The form and areolation of the carapax are nearly as in the last species, but the crest upon the rostrum is higher and apparently un- armed. The eyes, antennule, and antenne are apparently nearly as in the last species, though the badly mutilated antennal scales appear to be broader and the anterior margin ovate and not oblique. The man- dibles and maxille are essentially as in the last species, although the distal lobe of the protognath of the second maxilla is proportionately broader. The maxilliped also agrees very closely with that of the last species, except the penultimate segment of the endopod (Plate 10, Fig. 6) is alittle broader distally and the ultimate segment very short, scarcely a tenth as long as the penultimate, and broader than long. The endopod of the first gnathopod (Fig. 7) is almost exactly as in Amalopenceus elegans, the merus being expanded into a broad lamellar plate, half as broad as long, and projecting distally in a thin and broadly rounded lobe beyond the articulation of the carpus, so that when the three short distal segments are flexed they are concealed by it. The number and arrangement of the branchie and epipods are exactly as in the last species, but there are small rudimentary exopods at the bases of all the perwopods. The pleon is very nearly as in the last species in general form, but there is a crest-like dorsal carina on the third and fourth somites, and a sharp carina on the fifth and sixth. The telson is about as long as the sixth somite, of nearly the same form as in the last species, but more distinctly suleated above and armed at the tip with a short median spiniform tooth and a spine either side at its base, and just above the tip with two or three spines along each side. The pleopods are nearly as in the female of the last species, but there is no conspicuous process on the sternum of the first somite. Measurements in millimeters. Length trom, tip of rostrum to tip.of telsons-2. 2-2 2 i620. 2. de codec dee ceeueecee 74 Hencuuiof carapax including Tresurum ssoeieee eee ee ae oa bas oe eos cone senate 28 Pe U GR MOSHE, ... 0S ac\ oan, ne See eee ed SR aa eiS same eee aR eee 5.0 Pease ar antennal atale. ; ..\isscse aneneneise aactticisn se hiered t ota be Sadttee ceca eee t Prac er antral scale... 4.52 oahewnasaaens vere ccs. o2 et eUe See eee ae enrol nixth somite of pleow. Joc. aster a aeieewee acs oe cde Ue BO EMPHiNo’ sixth. somite, of pleon.....a25 ceapvenans ass ccece nt se dae eo dine 4 EEREEROE cO1KOR. 4.2). -cle> * SEAT ES MIRAE aca wiv ninipie nn @ alah ti eis eis eae clots = a= | Eee eA AKE ed sie acnt scone oe on ae a a eeeeeeeemetne tetrssics aes = Length of eye-stalk and eye ..--... Greatest diameter of eye .--- Length of antennal scale... -. “+: PM MOMmATCENU SACRO, 3 <2 -.)1---2a0danenaseusmealcusetaeneseuacas ot sels Bo $9 -IP go 2a oo ne G2 PmWoOowWolott Loew d 199 HLS % o~mwonwo-i 404 MEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [60] A. elegans. | eM Me -.aI E | XII. XI. XIV.) Total. ADT OU Names Ase scl cavicje wasn ~~ «acess cpses veaqae gunk ance ebiow Meee meee [69] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 413 Station 2099, October 2, north lat. 37° 12’ 20’, west long. 69° 30’, 2,949 fathoms, globigerina 0oze-——1 ¢ in rather ad condition, No. 5464. The specimen is labeled ‘“* White when found.” HYMENOPENZUS MICROPS, sp. nov. (Plate X, Fig. 1.) This is very closely allied to H. debilis Smith (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, p. 91, pl. 15, figs. 6-11, pl. 16, figs. 1-3, 1882), but is readily distin- guished by the very much smaller and nearly hemispherical eyes, which in H. debilis are large and reniform as in the typical species of Penwus. The species is represented by two females only, and one of these imper- fect. As in the typical species the whole integument is very thin and deli- cate so that the form of the body is not very well preserved in the alco- holic specimens. The carapax is slightly compressed laterally and dor- sally carinated nearly the whole length, but the carina is indistinct back of the cervical suture. The rostrum is horizontal, less than a third as long as the rest of the carapax, narrow vertically, tapers regularly to an acute point; is wholly unarmed below, and armed above with five nearly equidistant teeth, of which the posterior is just back of the orbit on the carapax proper, while far back on the gastric region there are two other teeth in the dorsal carina. The eyes are black, scarcely reach the middle of the proximal segment of the antennula, are approximately hemispherical and very small, the diameter equaling only about half the length to the base of the stalk. The antennal seale is about half as long as the carapax excluding the rostrum, and rather more than four times as long as broad. The oral appendages are almost exactly as in H. debilis. In the de- scription and figure of the last-mentioned species I overlooked the proxi- mal articulation in the endopod of the maxilliped, which is composed of four segments. In both species the proximal segment is less than half the whole length, broad at base, but the inner margin abruptly con- tracted beyond the middle. leaving an angular projection, which is armed with long sete; the three distal segments are approximately equal in length; the second segment curves round beyond the end of the proto- pod; the last two are very narrow and margined with a regular series of slender plumose set, which are much longer upon the outer than upon the inner edge. The second gnathopods and all the perzopods except the fifth pair have very minute rucimentary exopods as in H. debilis. The three pairs of chelate perzeopods are yery nearly as in H. debilis. The fourth and fifth perzeopods are very long, slender, and nearly paked. The fourth are about as long as the carapax including the rostrum; the merus and carpus are subequal in length, and together make fully two-thirds the whole length; the propodus is slightly more than a fourth as long as 414 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [70] the merus, and the dactylus about three-fifths as long as the propodus. The fifth pair are considerably longer than the fourth; the merus is a little longer, and the carpus about as long as in the fourth; the pro- podus is fully half as long as the carpus, and more than twice as long as in the fourth, and the dactylus is very slender and only about a fourth as long as the propodus. The three anterior somites of the pleon are rounded above, but the fourth, fifth, and sixth are compressed and sharply carinated dorsally, and on the sixth somite the carina terminates in a small tooth at the posterior margin. The telson is much longer than the sixth somite, tapers regularly to a narrow tip, which, however, is not quite perfect in either of the specimens, and is armed either side about a fourth of the way from the tip to the base with a very long and slender spine. Measurements in millimeters. Station ss jj ee ee nye eee Be ioe ab oxen ot Qo Siae chine we Has eb ae ence eee 2037 | 2076 POX 1 cit Soiree sa weit ee cima ieee MRR eR RS SI a dat wteyarate W's INDE Cie eae eis ade asim oe eee 2 2 Genet from: riper rostrmm: to tipiotptelson: 022220222 Soke teeters eee bl) MEE Len: ath DiSCATap ANN Ce WII SPOStA Mae es cmiae looas wine eee ane alae ere ee aoe ee ne es er L ength of carapax excluding Pepe na ih eRe one Seeo- bance ikea SSSA As Ske 2 15.0 22.0 Length OP TOSUIMM eos ces seals oppo dds tee so ssc ce othe ese secocns cee te ise: 4 OMe eae Lens othorueye-stalk and.eyets. (22-3204 elo a. eke fs Stes 6: tt ee eR 2.4 3.3 GinGEA ERE MIGMNEROR OL OVO foci kc ecw. 0d Siew e vee sacle ie ae aie he en cee baa 152) 1.6 Tenetiropamnbennblescale.2.ce2cs cc. cel hes tene cee eso sees © Be oh at amen bewtehee state 8.0 10.0 Breadth on antennal Seales. neces taceeas a eut con eens Memes nena enka saeeee een 2.2 2.8 ene ih Op Second Pn ATnOPOd -ocemslecacinos acne bs sane seecanele seems vies seca aaeeee | 24.0 32.0 Length ORNTS GD PRR OPOUS as can'inieace senha cree eee orisepeh ee sane dam as aes 4a see aad |} 16.5] 21.0 Length CHORE DUB o canines ator sora eee eee eee ena Se aerce emer ear cas tat ecaecsecce ony 4.2 5.4 Length OURCUOWN Bee enc Abia ae tease se tate o ae an ne ena ee et aad orain on Ama a aera te 2.8 SAY Lenath of second MPL apOUles ees shane mee eee ee cal Ceememeemae arse oe note cones 21.0 | 27.0 Length of rie DP Ae Ao Sate Ee SS 58 oe SE Sei IS 00 215 OREO OC ACES Dees ace 75 | 10.0 MEN PTO LONG aet s See dane cles o ae ss toa aan SeceleeMeeRRPRE eR tc bicwis)s en E ct gk |<} ° Fe 4 3 DR I 5 a ° on ch rs ° FR co re ©, m ° i=} rw —_ wn = Length of peduncle of antennula Length of distal segment ............ 3 Length of antennal scale ....-...........- 9 Breadth of antennal scale 3 ene unor AUG SOMITC OL P1EON). .. 5-10 5.- sis san sen pose ee eae te eee cee en ena ee eee aals 9 RP WOlSiLh SOMILE Ol DPIGOMN. -\-o sc. cc soe vu lae ce see eae eee eee eee ene eee ere eee eee 6 EMEA OL Bist SOMILe OL PlCOM «<%= <,- «:<:-\a~s0s peers eae eene ese ems ce eee ee aes oes 3. 8 8 2 a = Miers tO Ibe SOM nee r ee isi keene on = 5 row oc roe wan neh en cine see a eee e alee eee ee ene ae Henpubioinnerlamella qfaropod... 22% .--|s0 2. - 4. beanie nedeseee noone eee ease cee ee aces BUeaUuOMMner tAamellaOfuropod.. ..--.- cs considerable number of the figures have been made from specimens taken by the Fish Hawk before 1883, but the numbers of the stations from which the specimens figured came are given in all cases. ’ Fig. Fig. Fie. Fig. Fic. Fig, PLAT En FP. 1.—Collodes robustus Smith. Dorsal view of young male, from Station 1036, en- larged two diameters. The mud has been removed from the front and right side, but the other side is represented covered with mud, etc., as when taken. eters. size. two diameters. Fig. 2b.—Right chela of the same specimen, seen from the inside, natural size. 3.—Luprognatha rastellifera Stimpson. enlarged two diameters. la.—Right chela of the same specimen, seen from the inside, enlarged four diam- 2.—Large male of the same species, from Station 940, dorsal view, natural 2a.—Ventral view of the front and oral regions of the same specimen, enlarged Dorsal view of male, from Station 922, 3a.--Lateral view of the carapax of the samg specimen, enlarged the same amount. 422 Fia. Fig. Fia. Fic. Fic. FIG. FIG. FIa. Fic. Fic. Fie. FIG. Fra. Fic. FIG. Fic. Fic. Fia. Fic. Fig. Fia. Fig. id REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [78] PLAT Bj kr 1.—Lthusina abyssicola, sp. nov. Dorsal view of male, from Station a08t: en- larged two diameters. la.—Ventral view of front and oral region of the same specimen, enlarged four diameters. 2,—Latreillia elegans Roux. Dorsal view, with the distal portions of the pero- pods omitted, of female, from Station 940, enlarged two diameters. 2a.—Lateral view of the same specimen, enlarged the same amount. PT Ae es! Tits 1.—Latreillia elegans. Dorsal view of male, from Station 940, natural size. 2.—Catapagurus gracilis Smith. Dorsal view of male, from Station 871, enlarged four diameters. 3.—Dorsal view of chelipeds of female of the same species, from Station 871, enlarged four diameters. Pa, AE: DV. 1.—Catapagurus Sharreri A. M.-Edwards. Dorsal view of female, in carcine- cium formed of Epizoanthus Americanus Vervill, from Station 877, en- larged two diameters. 2.—Dorsal view of male of the same species, removed from the carcineciam, enlarged two diameters. 3.—Sympagurus pictus Smith. Dorsal view of carapax, anterior appendages and chelipeds of male, from Station 924, natural size. 4,—Eupagurus pollicaris Stimpson. Dorsal view of the carapax and anterior appendages of male, from Station 1166, natural size. PLATE 'V: 1.—Pandalus leptocerus Smith. Lateral view of female, from Station 1160, en- larged two diameters. 2.—Pasiphaé princeps, sp. nov. Lateral view of female, from Station 2095, one- half natural size. 3.—Parapasiphaé cristata, sp. nov. Dorsal view of anterior part of carapax and anterior appendages of female, from Station 2100, natural size. 4.—Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, sp. nov. Dorsal view of carapax and anterior ap- pendages of female, from Station 2099, natural size. PLATE Vd. 1.—Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons. Lateral view of female, from Station 2034, natu- ral size. 2.—Ventral view of mandibles of female, from Station 2034, enlarged eight di- . ameters. 3.—First maxilla of the right side of the same specimen, enlarged eight diame- ters. 4,—Second maxilla of the left side of the same specimen, enlarged six diameters. 5.—Maxmilliped of the right side of the same specimen, enlarged six diameters, 6.—First gnathopod of the right side of the same specimen, enlarged six di- ameters. 7.—Second gnathopod of the right side of the same specimen, pte oe three di- ameters. [79] DECAPODA FROM ALBATROSS DREDGINGS. 423 Fig. Fig. Fia. FIG. Fic. Fia. Fic. Fig. FIG. Fic. Fig. Fic. Fia. Fig. Fia. FIG. Fig. Fia. Fig. Fic. Fia. Fic. Pen Ee VET 1—Nematocarcinus ensiferus Smith. Lateral view of female, from Station 2035, natural size. 2.—Notostomus robustus, sp. Nov. Lateral view of female, from Station 2074, nat- ural size. PLACE hv ht FE 1.—Acanthephyra Agassizii Smith. Lateral view of male, from Station 2034, natural size. 2.—Sergestes arcticus Kroyer. Antennal scale of the right side of a male, from Station 1030, enlarged four diameters. 3.—Sergestes robustus Smith. Lateral view of male, from Station 893, enlarged two diameters. 4,—Distal extremity of chela of the second pereopod of the left side of another male, from the same station, enlarged twenty-four diameters. 5.—Antennal scale of the right side of the same specimen, enlarged four di- ameters. 6.—Appendage (petasma) of the protopod of the first pleopod of the right side of the same specimen, seen from in front, enlarged eight diameters ; a, point of attachment to the protopod; b, hooked stylet; c, d, unarmed stylets; e, f, gy, terminal processes armed with invaginated hooks; h, mesial line where the appendages of the two sides are hooked together. 6a.—Invaginated hook at the tip of process f, enlarged one hundred diameters. 6b.—Invaginated hook from the side of the same process, enlarged one hundred diameters. PL AL Be ree. 1.—Aristeus? tridens, sp.nov. Lateral view of male, from Station 2036, one-half natural size. la.—Dorsal view of the carapax and anterior appendages of the same specimen, one-half natural size. 2.—Mandible of the right side of female, from Station 2043, ventral and dorsal views, natural size. 3.—First maxilla of the right side of the same specimen, natural size. 4.—Second maxilla of the right side of the same specimen, natural size. 5.—Maxilliped of the right side of the same specimen, natural size. 6.—First gnathopod of the right side of the same specimen, natural size. 7.—Hepomadus tener, sp. nov. Lateral view of front of carapax and eye of male from Station 2099, enlarged four diameters. 8.—Distal part of third perxopod of right side of the same specimen, enlarged four diameters. PY EAVES * See 1.—Hymenopeneus microps, sp. nov. Lateral view of female, from Station 2037, enlarged two diameters. 2.—Amalopeneus valens, sp. nov. Appendage (petasma) of the protopod of the first pleopod of the right side of malo, from Station 2003, seen from in front, enlarged twelve diameters; a, oval process over the base of at- tachment to the protopod ¢; 6, broad lobe projecting over the mem- branous inner part of the appendage. 3.—Benthesicymus? sp. indet. Distal part of whaxilliped of the right side of specimen, from Station 2042, enlarged eight diameters. 424 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FIHERIES. [80] Fic. 4.—First gnathopod of the right side of the same specimen, enlarged eight di- ameters. Fig. 5.—Distal part of second gnathopod of the same specimen, enlarged eight di- ameters. Fic. 6.—Benthesicymus? carinatus, sp. nov. Distal part of maxilliped of left side of female, from Station 2094, enlarged eight diameters. Fig. 7.—First gnathopod of the left side of the same specimen, enlarged four diame- ters. Fig. 8.—Benthacetes Bartletti Smith. Distal part of second gnathopod of male, from Station 2072, enlarged eight diameters. Report U.S. F.C. 1882.—Smith. Decapoda. PLATE I A 7 “ ! ; “We nnenssan ita gi eres hams | 3 aE ; " ‘ ‘ ‘i ie sal i *% A Niigata eg Report U.S. F, C. 1882.—Smith. Decapoda. PLATE II. SA See EM denios Ara As PLATES III. Decapoda. Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Smith. r - ‘\* a ; i 7 a 4 7 ay ‘ * r § y - * . x on ‘ . ’ 4 7 vu ¥rea® ' ’ o* i i a é ia ‘ : ms. ‘ PLATE Iv. sss Qeport U.S. F.C. 1882.—Smith. Decapoda. aT EASES Report U.S. I’. C. 1882.—Smith. Decapoda. PLATE V NENG pt wot tue Wyse) Asana es Jars DEI ak WEN + yee pads, yy ets ~ LV ARIS) wy SEN Sye VAST NS vy cee) ‘ i *) wr y ‘ ao * P I y ‘ y y ‘ a Sit co J 4 i a: IVIREAA art | egw) oink AES * . Report U.S. F.C. 1882.—“mith. Decapoda, PLATE VI. \ \ ly. \\\ N GZ iY VA \ ; =< Ss! Wet S 5 aes SSN WAAAY aA Ne oS Soe, La! Les SON NH S Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Smith. Decapoda. PLATE VII. “SS LY LY # YY A S PLATE VIII. Report U.S. I. C. 1882.—Smith. Decapod.. en TT <== = pe 01000771) 2S a > EEA a gs - ae 5 QS PLATE IX. Decapoda. Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Smith. SR Ay A Lb ee iiss Tt ANY 1580 $ x4 F Ae 7 ee a &: fs Yoh a PEELS r . : ‘ ‘ y sue se 2% ¢ . ve vi - Ae Re Teport U.S. T°. C. 1882.—Smith. Decapoda. PLATE X. + INDEX. Notge.—The references are to page-figures in brackets. Pace. AGANtHODRYTS =<. sce ce concen cccccn accuse 24, 25, 28 IAGASSIZIN. wcsassa0 -$%;3 =101.5 eggs per square meter. Add to this eggs at the bottom, 0.4 per square meter, and we get 102 eggs per square meter surface. 444 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] From that time the weather became unfavorable. Trips made on the 27th of April, and during the night from the 11th to the 12th of May, proved failures, because the wind, and partly also the specific gravity of the water, made it impossible to take any observations. The observations given above share all the shortcomings of first at- tempts. On the first trip I had not taken a vertical net; and even on the second trip I had no distinct idea of the importance of this appa- ratus, which I had used of too small a size. I also made the mistake of neglecting to examine everywhere the deep water and the bottom. Moreover, I could not count the eggs immediately, and it was impossible to make them the subject of systematic observations. As regards ra- tional observations of the density of the eggs, I was not fully prepared either as to apparatus or as to the preliminary studies which should have preceded such observations. Nevertheless, I am of opinion that, in some respects at least, the re- sults are important. In the first place, of course, as to the methods for pursuing such investigations; but in the second place I feel com- pelled by the first impressions received from these quantitative prelim- inary experiments, to propound the idea, that it is principally quanti- tative experiments—not only as to eggs, but also as to the floating diatoms, entomostracans, &c. (all of which use their power of motion principally in a vertical direction)—which will bring about such a de- velopment of the biology of the sea, and the trades connected therewith, as we have a right to demand of science. The great problem, What cycles of organic masses are fanned into life by the biological use of the sun-power, to which the large sea surfaces of the globe are exposed, . has practically been barely approached. We know from Murray’s ob- servations a little as regards the life-cycles of the ocean; but we do not know through what long stages the parasitism of animal beings runs on the light-born world of plants. We do not know whether the prin- cipal cycle should be called diatom-monads, or whether some important -eycle still embraces the vertebrates. In all probability both is the case; but quantitative investigations alone can reveal to us which must be considered the principal and which the subordinate type. As regards the method to be pursued in this special case, I would state that, without a steamship suitably arranged for the purpose, not much can be done; I will not, however, insist on this. For fishing 1 would recommend a vertical net of somewhat large di- mensions; the best will be one with a ring having a diameter of 80 cen- timeters, so that it is possible to fish a space of 0.5 square meters. The net itself should almost taper off in asharp point. It is very important that one should be able to fish with this kind of net even in a somewhat rough sea. The surface-net is not as essential; under favorable circumstances it yields larger masses than can be easily manipulated. Occasionally, however, it will be desirable to catch large quantities with a view to [19] EGGS OF THE PLAICE, FLOUNDER, AND COD. 445, make comparisons of the different stages of development and of the different species of fish. Nets of the breadth of one meter should be: used, so that, after the eggs have been counted, there is no risk of be- ing hindered by calculations from making the best possible use of fine weather. The bottom-net referred to in my observations can, probably, be better arranged for quantitative investigations. The results which I obtained with this net hardly give the number of eggs highenough. Such a net, moreover, can only be used when the sea is very calm, as the waves. disturb the even movement very much. This might be remedied by tying a weight to it. I have based my calculation on the supposition that the water passes. through the opening of the hoop of the net, just as if there was no net. This is, of course, not absolutely correct, because the meshes of the net offer resistance tothe water. It is my opinion that all water, with the exception of a very small quantity in front of the net, goes through it, when the motion is slow; for my observations showed that objects float- ing in front of the net did not avoid it. So far I have not been able to discover any way to utilize the water which avoids the net. Itis, how- ever, sufficient to know that, in consequence of this circumstance, one has obtained a catch which is too smallin proportion to the fishing area. The length of the area is obtained by means of a log with a line divided into meters (a white rag being fastened to the line at every two meters, and a different-colored rag at every 10 meters). Besides the apparatus mentioned, another net is required, with which fishing can be carried on at full, or at any rate, half-steam power. The apparatus required is one which will decrease one-tenth the velocity of the current passing through the mull-net at the rate of 10 kilometers per hour. For this purpose I have had constructed a hollow cane with an: obtuse top, made of wicker-work, the base of the cone also being closed by wicker-work. The dimensions of this apparatus were as follows: Diameter of opening at top, 8 centimeters; diameter of base, 32 centime- ters; depth, 25 centimeters. In the hoop is placed a mull-net of similar shape. The whole is supported by a pole and rope attached to the prow of the vessel. I intend to still further improve this apparatus; but even in its present condition, it retains alive and well a portion of the medusz: and crabs which have been caught, even if the current should have a velocity of 9.7 kilometers perhour. So far, this apparatus cannot yet be used for catching large quantities, but it can direct attention—through different particles adhering to it—to every change in the character of the contents of the water. A second condition of a successful method is the possibility of ascer- taining immediately and quickly the quantity and quality of the catch; for only by the possession of this knowledge can systematic observa- tions be carried on. As the nets have to be washed, a good deai of water—at least 3 to 4 446 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] liters—has to be examined; and small crabs, diatoms, and meduse often prove great hindrances. The eggs will cling so firm to the jelly-like mass of the medus, as soon as the water has been removed, that it be- comes exceedingly hard to find them and separate them from the object to which they adhere. The Sarsia, which became a special source of annoyance, do not make their appearance in the Baltic in any consider- able numbers till the end of the egg-period; and they have finally to be removed by means of a sieve in the wide openings. The diatoms which often are found in quantities a hundred and thousand times as great as that of the eggs, prove a serious hindrance. They and the entomostra- cans—which are not nearas annoying—can quickly be removed by means of the following apparatus: To a metal tube having a diameter of 8 cen- timeters little feet are attached, measuring from 3 to 4 millimeters in length, so that it can be placed vertically on a glass plate. In this metal tube another tube fits, which is partly arranged as a screw, so that ac- cording to the necessity of the case, it may rise from 1 to 4 millimeters above the glass plate on which it rests. Into this tubular vessel the water containing the eggs is poured. The water immediately flows off through the slit below, whilst the eggs and all other larger objects re- main on the glass plate. For the first idea of this exceedingly practical apparatus—which I have only described above as to its leading princi- ples (in the improved edition it has only one foot)—I am obliged to Count Spee, assistant at the physiological institute, to whom I hereby also express my best thanks for his cheerful assistance during my excur- sions. The counting may be done conveniently after the tube has been removed from the glass, by placing over the eggs a thin sheet of mica, on which squares aremarked. Unfortunately I did not have the oppor- tunity of gathering observations in this respect. It need hardly be mentioned that the discovery of floating eggs an- nounces to the scientific investigator the presence of the kind of fish with which these eggs originate, and that, by following them against the current, the spawning places must ultimately be reached, and that the distribution of the eggs will indicate the direction of the currents. I shall now endeavor to explain the view that it is possible to obtain an approximately correct estimate as to the quantity of the eggs. In the first place a distinction must be made between the eggs which float and those which do not float; for, as regards the latter, it seems utterly impossible to get at even an approximately correct estimate, and as re- gards the floating eggs, it should be borne in mind that, if sufficient time is allowed, they will gradually spread evenly throughout the sea which is before them. I must confess that I have considered this fact as self-evident, and have, therefore, neglected to gather experimental data in this direction. I can therefore merely state that, (1) eggs which were thrown into the sea for the purpose of impregnation did not remain close together, but were scattered in a few minutes; (2) the result of my observations given above (observations made at an interval of six days) \ [21] EGGS OF THE PLAICE, FLOUNDER, AND COD. 447 strongly favor the idea that the eggs scatter evenly over a considera- ble area. I have not found any data relative to the mechanical distri- bution of such objects by shaking; nevertheless it remains an undoubted empiric fact that the process of shaking and stirring causes an even dis- tribution of hard bodies, such as grains of corn or seed, and of hard bodies in fluids (e. g., in emulsions). The reason why irregular pushing motions, made in every direction and of a certain duration, applied to a large number of bodies, produce a tolerably even distribution of such bodies, must be found in the fol- lowing circumstances: Bodies like eggs receive such pushes either in a direction perpendicu- lar to their radius or in any other direction. In the latter case the push- ing motion becomes divided, one motion turning the eggs, the other sim- ply pushing them; but as in the water the entire surface of the egg is almost invariably struck simultaneously in one and the same direction, rotation sets in but very seldom. If thrusts of equal strength struck the globe at all its radii at one and the same time, for whose endless number of radii we will assume a certain large fixed number, the globe would not move; and if all these thrusts were made in quick succession, the globe would, after a certain number of thrusts, assume its original position. The intervals in which these thrusts are made may vary; it is also possible that each radius must receive a three or four fold number of thrusts before the cycle of motions is completed; but the globe of the egg would invariably have to return to the same spot. If the motions, however, become entirely irregular it becomes highly improbable that a cycle of motions will be completed after a small number of such thrusts; only after an illimit- _able number of thrusts, therefore after an illimitable period has elapsed, there will be a probability that such a series of cycles has been com- pleted, and that, thereby, the body has been brought back to its old place or within its neighborhood. What applies to one egg, applies to all. There remains, therefore, only the possibility that all eggs move from their starting-point in one and the same direction, and that, consequently, they do not scatter. This becomes all the more improbable the larger the number of the eggs; for this would presuppose that all the thrusts which strike the eggs are made absolutely parallel with each other. This may occasionally be the case in currents ; but as soon as the thrusts are made irregularly in different directions, the eggs will scatter. Every radius of each indi- vidual egg runs the same chance of being struck, and as the thrusts are made in different directions, the individual eggs will receive them in different ways. The more the eggs are scattered, all the more—and in proportion to the cube of the distances—will the probability disap- pear that they will meet again at any time. It will not be necessary to discuss the question in what manner an even distribution through space is finally brought about, because such 448 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] a distribution would require too long a time to occur in the case in question. If there is actually a very considerable uniformity in the dis- tribution of the eggs, it is mainly caused by the circumstance that prob- ably the spawning process along the coasts takes place within an area embracing the Western Baltic, so that thence the mingling can take place with greater ease. In our special case, the question is, whether actual thrusts or pushes are made against the eggs in all directions? Simple waves have only motions resembling that of the pendulum, ending perpendicularly to- wards the surface; they cannot, therefore, scatter the eggs horizon- tally. The waves, however, are-not simple waves, but each large wave consists of a number of small waves of different size. By superposition they cause the tops and valleys of the waves to become sharp edges. The tops are bent by the wind, and are even torn and dashed into a mass of spray, and the sharp edges of the valleys fall down. Thus there arise numerous horizontal movements, and when the waves be- gin to foam, when during a storm the sea resembles a seething cal- dron, the horizontal thrusts are sufficiently numerous. Possibly the eggs also glide along the surface of the waves, and the wind lashing the surface of the water scatters the eggs, both those which float near the tops and those which are in the valleys. It can hardly be presumed, however, that such occurrences can do more than cause the distribution of the eggs, which were originally close together, over a limited area, in the most favorable case, about one square mile. Direct observations frequently offer technical difficulties, for when the sea is rough, bodies sunk below the surface are immediately lost to sight. I let three glass floats, which, like the areometers, rose but little above the surface, swim in the Kiel harbor when the waves were but small, but when there was a tolerably strong west wind. After they had been separated and had again come together, the smallest of the three was, after 10 minutes, found about 3 meters from the two others, which were deeper in the water, and which were about one-half meter from each other. Soon after this observation I unfortunately lost sight of them. Three meters in 10 minutes makes 18 meters per hour, and 6 kilometers in 14 days; and as the waves were very small when I made this experiment, and as floats like those employed by me have rather an unfavorable shape, the area of one square mile (German) for the open sea, as given above, does. not appear too large. It is certain that the currents which are caused by the changes of the pressure of the air on the water, and which run parallel with the wind, have likewise a considerable influence on the distribution of the eggs. ‘These currents cause a very considerable motion in the Baltic ; in the open sea they certainly run frequently $ mile (German) an hour, there fore in 8 hours 7.5 kilometers. This causes a considerable motion and upper and lower currents, which may cross each other at different points,. and taking into account the constantly progressing distribution caused by the motion of the waves, it becomes probable that all these motious [23] EGGS OF THE PLAICE, FLUUNDER, AND COD. 449 combined cause the distribution of the eggs over a large area. The occurrence in coast waters of water-areas, belonging according to their character and fauna to the high seas, as has been observed for a long time in the Gulf of Naples, will influence the distribution of the eggs. The mechanism of the cnrrents caused thereby has so far, how- ever, not yet been made the subject of scientific investigation. On the other hand, however, currents may also impede the even dis- tribution of the eggs, partly by causing stoppages and whirlpools in ~ the water, but principally by changing the specific gravity of the water. In my opinion the very rare occurrence of codfish and plaice eggs in the harbor and the Bay of Kiel must be explained, at least in part, by the circumstance that the fresh water which flows into the harbor from the river Schwentine and other streams hinders the entrance of the eggs, By such currents and the water losing some of its saltness the distri- bution of the eggs at the bottom may became very irregular. My ob- servations, however, did not clear up this question. Itis also probable that during storms the bottom of the shallow Baltic is sufficiently stirred up to scatter the eggs lying at the bottom. My observations, however, have proved, at least made, it highly proba- ble that eggs are scattered in the Baltic over alarge area. HKven far out in the Baltic I found numerous eggs, viz, 85 per square meter of the surface, and only the entrance of fresh water from the north prevented further observations. The evenness of the distribution has also be- come more prebable by my having found 32 and 20.2 eggs per square meter at intervals of one half mile (German) in a perfectly’calm sea. I must also state that I always found in these masses of eggs not only different kinds of eggs, but also eggs in many different stages of devel- opment. It is hardly probable that the fish from which these eggs came had spawned all over the Baltic, the different species mingling - with each other. However this may be, the quantitative examination of this subject (perhaps by fishing along the sides of a triangular area) is of great in- terest in itself, for only thereby we can arrive at an approximately cor- rect knowledge of the whereabouts and the fate of the eggs, and of the dangers which threaten them at this stage of their development. It will, moreover, be a great advantage, if our investigations as to the oc- currence of different kinds of fish can be made without regard to the statements of fishermen and data gathered during the fisheries. The latter are occasionally very one-sided. As regards the idea from which I started—to obtain an approximate estimate as to the quantity of certain kinds of fish found within cer- tain areas of water—the reader will, after all that has been said, be better able to appreciate the difficulties connected with these observations. It might be possible to obtain, by numerous counts, an approximate estimate of the number of eggs per kilogram of spawning fish; but then the question arises, How many of these eggs are actually impreg- S. Mis. 46——29 450 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24] nated? The eggs which have not been impregnated may remain floating ‘for several days. It would, therefore, be necessary, for obtaining toler- -ably correct average figures, to gather the eggs above the spawning fish, and determine the percentage of eggs which have not been im- pregnated, by taking them from the water in the most careful manner. ‘The question can only be decided if the eggs can be kept alive for about -24 hours, which is only possible by taking ice along in the boat. In ‘boats which are not constructed in such a manner as to allow of micro- ‘scopic observations on board, this is recommended under all cireum- ‘stances, for below deck the water soon becomes warm, and on deck it is difficult to protect the glass vessels against the sun, as the vessel often changes her course, and as the attention of the scientist is required in other directions. We furthermore ask, How many of the eggs die prematurely? With regard to this question I feel justified to state that their number is, on the whole, not very large. Dead eggs, as I have found by direct obser- vations in the aquarium, will very weil keep from 8 to 14 days. If, there- fore, there had been any, I must have caught some with the bottom-net. It is true that I brought up a eertain number of such eggs—every catch yielding one or two, and on the 27th of April I even got—near Buoy No. 1—16 dead eggs along with 50 live ones, the average distribution being 1.8 egg per square meter of the bottom; but here the spawning period was over, and a large number of.eggs had probably accumulated owing to this fact. Finally, the exceedingly difficult question remains to be answered—how many eggs are devoured by various marine animals. — The dangers which arise, when the eggs touch the bottom, have already been mentioned. The Entomostracans do not seem to hurt the eggs. Iam, of course, not absolutely certain on this point, as eggs which had been bitten would run out; and as it requires special observations to ascertain whether egg-shells are found which are sinking or about to sink. The number of small crustaceans is frequently so great that the eggs must be entirely annihilated if these animals were among their enemies. I have also often, in the large aquarium of the commission, observed eggs floating among the crustaceans, and never could I find that they were in the least molested by them. Fish are hardly dangerous to the scattered eggs, for on account of their great transperency they are, when occurring singly, hardly per- ceptible, nor would it pay the fish to hunt for them. Sars says: “It seems that not only other marine animals, but even the codfish them- selves, when they return to the high sea, destroy a large number of the eggs which fill the ocean.” Although the fact does not seem to be posi- tively proved by this statement, it seems certain that, wherever the ege’s occur in very dense masses, they are devoured by fish. No esti- mate as to the quantity of eggs destroyed in this manner could be - gained, unless one could be directly over the spawning masses of fish. [25] EGGS OF THE PLAICE, FLOUNDER, AND COD. 451 The meduse are probably a dangerous enemy to the eggs. Earle states: “One day I placed a medusa or medusoid, measuring only 14 inch in diameter, in a trough containing eggs; and in less than five minutes it had gotten 70 eggs in its tentacles, which weighed them down to such a degree as to cause them to be torn off the medusa, as it floated through the water.” The wording of this statement does not prove that the meduse actu- ally eat and digest fish eggs, but Ihave not the slightest doubt that they do this, as, according to Sars’s observations, which are confirmed by mine, they even take young fish. It is only the medusa proper, how- ever, and among these only the Medusa aurita and Cyanea capillata, which can come into consideration, as far as the Baltic is concerned. In 1882, the Cyanea was very numerous in the Bay of Kiel, but in March they were still so small that they could not prove dangerous to the eggs. The Medusa aurita, so far as I know, makes its appearance later in the season. In 1883, both these kinds were so scarce, that I only met with 3 or 4, and during that year at least they cannot possibly have destroyed many eggs. On the 14th of May I made the somewhat unexpected observation that the small Sarsia tubulosa, measuring only 14 centimeter, eats fish eggs. I had placed a small number of eggs with broken yolks, meas- uring on an average 1.2 millimeters, in a glass vessel into which a large sarsia had accidentally found its way. When later I took out the eggs for the purpose of examining them several were missing, and the stom- ach part of the sarsie was swelled oug considerably. In dissecting the sarsia, I found an egg in the process of decomposition, the shell being still well preserved. It, therefore, seems highly probable that, also in the open sea, the sarsie will seize and swallow eggs. I have, of course, not been able to make direct observations on this subject. For the present I do not, therefore, know whether the sarsie will swallow the larger eggs of the codfish and plaice, and how large they must be to do this. In March and April the sarsie are generally very small and im- mature, and their sexual organs do not reach perfection till May. If it should be proved that young sarsiw can swallow eggs, it may be pre- sumed that they destroy a very large number of eggs especially in the bays, for here a single haul of the net often brings up handfuls of these animals. In the open sea I have not found them so frequently, but here I found the Syncocyne sarsti, so that there can be no doubt as to their occurrence. These different facts, and in addition the possibility that the wind drives ashore large quantities of eggs from the surface water, show that the counting of eggs can only give minimum figures as to the number of fish; but even these would be valuable. Provided the water possesses sufficient gravity, no portion of the sea is better suited for such experiments than the western basin of the Baltic. . 7 + « 4 ’ ‘ * J ’ ‘ i ‘ \ ‘ ‘ ‘ Vi ; a» 1 1 . * 7 1 ‘ 1 by ‘ = ] = ; ’ ’ A P = ‘ i A! 5; hed . ; ny d be Py j a ‘ | ata } sour wth i >4 ‘i ‘ ee Pt ? a b Vilee iy ' . ; patie. 5: af 4 d ® : ~~ oe ” Ni ) i its a et I) Ne ¢ er ve i ay a ; bier a ; n re ey a ie a pa ‘ a a> te bee ‘ a ‘ele, ; pers AONE E in 'g B cs klein : Pe if lig say sie or : LF , PaO). ee a vs ie eer Ee we ve ers | 4 Pat ; Ua ih ‘. xe one: ye ¢/ M4} vg woatd iad 4 pel} nies. Bay’ 4 2 a bad y fie ia Su te! y Buy. Ha igs a 4 hy, vik Ne Alia raat us ae wi 0 butt a re 0 Sears Teg ie A ve: ean tay: “me fe a fay TA gs ur 6 ted. sor'§ nin i; A ey ’ i els hae a Ny a ys} ' To or oe. Page. Pieassiz Alexander. -.--6----<.as-000sse 1,5 Apparatus for capturing eggs ....-....-- 3,19 investigation.............- 18 removing diatoms from net 20 TESA SS Gb Oe ee 1 saltness of water in........... 11, 12 Malgcicod, SpawoIMeOn <2 2-52-25 -- is. 00 1 PIEHTENS, le Wie)! som tsas == 2 Ee eeosaooec 12 RENN ee ee ee Ie ei cian sin c.nie s mista nie 1 Calcium in the Baltic Sea ..........-..... 13 Be USE eee saris ee ens as cicadas dice cieies 1,6 OUEST Ole era aoe e mooie me arivic sc wimaajsia 6 CONTEHTSIOb ae -)= 0 cin. a=0 <%s\e > «ier 10 CIMOTISINNS Ob useee ico). aye sina 7,9 hatGhineOlere a2 ax <= <5 ie 32 6 TMPTA Te Cle daes 5a) GeO ee eres Giijulo SPOT OY Ofuse sete ance wis cisimie = =ra= 6 SPeChHe eTaAVIbY Of, 9-5 2 -ts a2 cee 7, 9,10 PARA OL ane an a/ nem 584 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [128] EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Pic. 19. Co’s egg on the eighth day, showing the appearance of the neural or medul- lary plate p. st, the contour of the segmentation cavity sg, and the blas- todermic rim 7 continuous with the embryo, viewed from below. x 57. Pic, 20. CoWa egg on the ninth day after impregnation, showing the embryo from the side, the head being already defined as a well-inarked thickening to the right of A, with indications of the optic vesicles. x 30. Fic. 21. Embryo of the same age, viewed obliquely, with the head directed forwards; the cerebral structures forming, with indications of the beginnings of the optic vesicles at the sides of the head at op. x 30. Fig. 22. Embryo ten days old; the blastoderm has grown very considerably, and all of the yelk which now remains exposed is that above the blastodermic rim 7; the lumen of the segmentation cavity is seen to extend from the head at A to the lower edge of the blastodermic rim at the left side. The optic vesicles are defined, and the first cerebral vesicle has been formed and become very much flattened laterally or compressed, so that its ‘‘keel ” dips down into the yell very considerably. Fic. 23. Embryo somewhat older than the preceding (the body only being shown); the first pair of muscular segments pu have appeared on either side of the neural or medullary canal and the chorda dorsalis ch below it. Fic. 23 a. The head of the same from directly in front, showing the flattened cere- bral vesicles and optic vesicles in section. 7 Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Ryder. Gadus morrhua. PLATE IV, 586 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [150] EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Fig. 24. Tail of embryo cod on the thirteenth day, viewed from below, showing the position of the yelk blastopore bl. x 55. Fic. 25. The same seen somewhat obliquely from the side, with the chorda dorsalis shining through. Fre. 26. Embryo cod fourteen days old, seen from below. x 55. Fig. 27. Head of an embryo eleven days old, viewed from above, nearly as far advanced as Fig. 26, in optic section, showing the structure of the head. x 150. Fic. 28. Head of embryo seventeen days old, from the side, showing the lumen of the ~ heart h, the nasal and auditory vesicles, the vesicles of the primary di- visions of the the brain, lateral longitudinal fold fof the right side, which develops into the pectoral or breast fin. Fig. 28 a. Tail of an embryo cod, looking nearly at its end, showing the blastopore bl and the lumen of Kupffer’s vesicle kv. x 55.. PLATE V. Gadus morrhua. Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Ryder. W N ‘i \ ON \) N iN HAL \\ eC i We R a HO sas Rares Hy, j x ' = ) . oe " LA: Piet ; uf ’ i t é n a HI ‘ j he y y * vd! } 7 Dube anne i, 1 ; PI Hight , i : / i \ } : I ' “ \ . . sia U ; : f } i Vere ‘ i! ’ i} h 4 \ i 6 y 2 ~ ; tal , | AVY ¢ * - TCM See A A | ae == pag i, Lor entrs : ane tl m, . ‘ i y , A, ee | ion 7" 4 7 N ae \ \ j , f . x f ss 4 i - r \ i } ‘ ; ‘ - . 1 i K Fe \ j i ‘ j | fy ! - j 7 { ; j i ’ 9 ’ if * IN - " i y ‘ n A ‘iis . id ! j ‘ F ' 1 he) Pics AN he Ata \ i : ' fi iF ‘ AY vo / ; Pat Rat Aske ay . i n ' 4 P ¥ AY | H 1 iy Tet oF : Pit : : baie 4 (i ’ At ' ) F ht ely BEY WIN , ; : ' } ni) hate aT \ : iy \ ; i i > ) i 4 } yin) | 4 aa i Ab AM : tf? { wet: oN Liye nae we Co Be & , & ete ¥ te A 'e t I - Owe \ a, Aro ; MOS Sanit GMs a aio | " ray! VAS Thc : ¥ al 4 { j i " j ; 3 Le eh | fp ieet line Gah! oy bill awe bf! ay ral ae ue ak Hi 44 it a ww oF y 588 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [152 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Vic. 29. Head of embryo cod seventeen days old, viewed from below, showing the cerebral vesicles differentiated, and the hypoblastic and mesodermal tracts of cellsi, from which the trabecule cranii, etc., aredeveloped. The anterior dilated extremity of the embryonic heart is bending to the left, and is destined to become the auricle and venous sinus. x 55. l'1as. 29 a and 29 b represent the caudal ends of embryos thirteen days old, and relate to the history of the blastopore and Kupffer’s vesicle. x 55. kia. 30, Head of embryo cod fifteen days old, showing the disposition of the tissues in the head region, indicated by the large rdunded. cells. The heart h, as compared with Fig. 29, is a mere spherical sinus or cavity, with a wal of mesodermal cells. x 65. Fics. 30 a and 30 b relate to the history of the blastopore. x 55. PLATE VI. Gadus morrhua. Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Ryder. “WI i, ane | RW, | SS ~ SR CHMMISSS™ 52 —— - a M j fe: a GAS Ae UCT mu 8 ee TA TAA 2 eg eee DS SS gee . At 590 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [134] EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Fig. 31, Embryo cod fourteen days after impregnation, seen from the side in section, showing the optic cup op, with the choroid fissure feentering it below. The rudimental intestine is already clearly defined, and the hinder extremity of the chorda dorsalis ch is enlarged, and composed of small cells, while | the anterior portion is hyaline, inclosing transversely placed lenticular nuclei. Kupffer’s vesicle is present, and stellate pigment cells have made their appearance. x 55. Fic. 32. Embryo cod sixteen days after impregnation, viewed from the side in section. The tail has become free and is twisted over to one side, lying with one of its sides against the yelk and the other against the vitelline membrane The rudiment of the liver has made its appearance as a thickening of the ventral wall of the primitive intestine, at the hinder extremity of which the position of the vent has been defined. The lateral fin-fold fis now distinctly developed as a short longitudinal ridge. x 55. Report U.S. F.C. 1882.—Ryder. Gadus morrhua. | PLATE VIL nb cies eh ViaYtor aa ZA R= PR ee ar ONS Sah eA WN ma SON) KY f SN CAULEY N GAMA NS AND TIRIN T cant = yee eal RSP US N 1 : | ape Ad ‘ vmacca ses sac onesie 8, 24 EN OPLS SS ONCUIED ele tetetaaim sins 2 oasis simile mie mio 12, 67 PRIN SI7 fen tem eee Seanad ans cst ode Sains elle 59 /GO TON SAS ee panes eet ome -11, 138, 1%, 104 INFO) 383 Sas eC cS eSE EES coe eee eeSee re 116 Alosa.. 17, 18, 41, 50, 54, 58, 62, 64, 66, 67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 84, 86, 89, 90, 97, 99, 109, 112, 114, 115 EMMONS SAWMUISSINA) 2 s-'s= c-se- coe = ane 7 American Naturalist ......-.-..--...---.- 8 ANTTHISS BSE eS aS Ee ae ae 43, 97 ROC AN Mie aa set aieinianla ea = =1=/s\=i= a Same 5 PATHIBD A See Leena oke Bap Sy td 9, 99, 100, 103, 104 PMA OLAN DONS pets teil ana ayatwie Saas a ais clas 26, 100 PAmpAiDiae sess ceck ee 15, 19, 37, 38. 42, 43, 50, 51, 74, 98 Amphioxus............43, 50, 73, 74, 95, 112, 115, 116 PMRTEAIBETE teeta le eielercialeveciejajsierate cic eccm cence nena recne the 3 Fig OE WibI oka oe Tanke 3, 5, 8, 11, 12, 18, 42 Megit epider -22..ic ve convmestecneb eae aks 9 PROP stAr-Rebt ist Sis. -scceus > acunaets 10 Mggiotitroutis: fe cc an tes ee dhs Aetna 42 Rep Olrhitehahit. Siew. buses nce tbe nce 3 AGT! C1160 2s Saitmei eS ie Min Ashataira bee 9 Mladataatetsccexsxscesthens 12, 13, 17, 18, 71, 83, 86 Blacate canadus . 2c. ss. <2. 2 sccanaewnccites 39 Elasmobranchs .... 18, 34, 37, 48, 51, 55, 58, 59, 66, 73, 111, 116 COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [146] Page. Embryo, development of . - ..36, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 65, 68 Embryology of Clepsine ....-..-.---..--- 22, 108 ESOX. .¢ ocho sees eebla sae ome aie os <2 (o See 8, 58 Either: 2 ooee oe etoe eee arena sha ote 13 Evolution’ 32 sveseeencaee ceeees eee canes 22 Eyes of fish embryos............-.--.. 26, 45, 46, 54 WiGTaSfer aes aa)s0sigusce ee eaee eee ee 23, 24, 25, 26, 31 NSS 225) dc 1c cto oho aisinelenye a memiaare emi oo sates 62, 68 Fish Commission. .-.....- idab meee 1, 2; 38, 34, 117 Mlemminp cited .3-ncs--sh) fame ceae 10, 19, 22, 108 Poli cited 0222225 celeeancicines aa 15, 19, 20, 23, 26, 108 Holi’ compressor: -s-.225seren- nee eee 21 Hollicnular pore!_-s.ca5- so -4e2eee see 7 WROStOL. CHEM 2 cc. = os seneann = sae =e eae 103 WOM y ClO a .accisialse laine te smin see eae 5 WTOP) soe secke-ooacc bee honk 8, 74, 99, 101,105, 111, 112 Mund alas 222 veh sare wee soos a eee 86 ON Pll. se he= ona sss eens Se onceac aces ssn. 31 Fiirbringer, researches of ....-...-....--- 79 GadGids,aicetesst. Abetdeeneee cree eee 5, 36 Gadus ..-. 17, 18, 46, 55, 58, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 73, 79, 80, 83, 96, 108 Gadus morhua: .no-- cnc ese oae nee Lip Gambusia ...... 7, 9, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 77, 79, 81, 86, 89, 93, 95 Gambusia patruelis .-........-.--.... 6, 7, 54, 58, 60 (Geanoids) ine. See. - ce. be cee cease eeaeeeeete 58, 59 ope yl CARE oni au-Sepercinercuagcet coao4 10 Gasteropods:.....--252-.--+ swine Lea 95 Gasirnlate- cosas seee en eee 71, 73, 108, 112, 115 Gerenbay cited 266k a-< ccc cee cen am ee 56 Genova oo. 2e..2 ose che onenits sce eeeereeer 31 Genschieweds. «,- sais: cass eee eee 36 Germinal disk. ...5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 76, 96, 98, 104, 106, 115 Germinal epithelium -..--.---... 25.2... 6, 7, 23 Germinal laver: (oeooe opeesade sees 11, 12, 28, 40 Germinative vesicle ..... 4,5, 9, 10, 18, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 95-101, 117 Gennes, dissimilarity Of. onee- =< a6 3 n2-- 5 GallSisce cccteecteee ata se ets Mra 90 | Yelk, absorptior of...-.- nee NCAR Ren SEI NS ay 5, 8, 11, 16, 19, 29, 41, 72, 88, 89 Melki blastopore?: 2-2: -sseseecmeeccs 44, 73, 74, 111 GLE COMPUSCIES soa canis ssc oe: Ae ee 5 Yelk hypoblast..-.--.- Saeco 28, 29, 30, 36, 38, 83, 85, 86-93, 97, 100, 112 Yelk hypoblast, origin of the....-....... 28 Yelk-sack......... 6, 7, 19, 28, 49, 56, 58, 60, 63, 65, 67, 70, 72, 75, 78, 81, 85, 86, 89, 115 Welk sphernles: 82sec see ea 17, 18, 25, 31, 44 LOTTI) 25 snp gaeceppapae sep ooe eos emAspe aac 23 CAT AGS ACN SE OE SSE 28, 74, 81, 111, 113, 114 AOALCOS) eee wininjsssialnjaiscis eteceo ura Poescdtes 37 AID DST AGMA eal = cralsrsletmiaicisic'atcta'e 3, 4, 23, 24, 25, 27 Zoologischer anzeiger......-..ss0«+--5-:- 15, 23, 28 rit ? J i VG 2 ee , ie i ay é \ \ i + . \ ° bd ' A . ‘ ’ \ \ ‘ ” ] j nb ' ' iy 7 ’ | 2 ‘ . wey " , ‘ee i\ A a toa 4 oe peaks lee ye : io antl Sie u e sy ‘ mt me ‘ its XVILI.—ON THE PRESERVATION OF EMBRYONIC MATERIALS AND SMALL ORGANISMS, TOGETHER WITH HINTS UPON EMBED- DING AND MOUNTING SECTIONS SERIALLY. By JOHN A. RYDER. The question frequently asked of the investigator is, ‘‘ How shall I preserve the materials I may collect for you?” This isa very important question, because, unless eggs, embryos, or small portions of animals which are to be studied microscopically by means of sections are prop- erly prepared to begin with, it is often impossible for the embryologist or histologist to get satisfactory results. And from personal expe- rience I may remark that there is nothing more mortifying to the stu- dent than to find a rare and valuable, or perhaps unique, specimen ruined beyond repair by the preliminary “ preparation” it has suffered at the hands of persons either ignorant of proper preservative methods or in- different in regard to their application. Alcohol, so universally used as a preservative, can be made to yield splendid results if properly em- ployed, but if applied without discrimination or an understanding of the end in view, it may utterly ruin otherwise valuable materials if it is desired to use them in the prosecution of delicate anatomical or histolog- ical investigations. The shrunken, distorted, alcoholic specimens too often seen in our museums are areproach to science, and it is high time that more care was exercised in the preparation of such objects, as it would not only be tothe advantage of the systematist, but also to the anatomist and histologist, to say nothing of the better appearance which would be presented by such properly prepared collections of zoological materials. , The directions which follow are meant to be useful to those seeking information as to the proper mode of preparation to be applied to such delicate objects as embryos or small soft organisms which are to be trans- mitted to the National Museum in the best possible condition. Some suggestions under the heading of alcohol are also intended to apply to the care and preservation of large objects. Vessels.—As receptacles for specimens, vials, jars, or bottles with con- veniently wide mouths should be selected. Their form is of small conse- quence, provided they are sufficiently large to accommodate the object Without distorting it, and with a mouth wide enough to admit of the re- Moval of the specimen without injury after it has become indurated by {1} 607 a 608 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] the preservative agent. They should also be capable of being closed se- curely so as to guard against leakage when packed for shipment, and also to prevent evaporation when stored away in the cabinet. Rubber corks are probably the best for small vials in which it is designed to preserve small embryos or small organisms. Crowding a large number of small specimens into one vial is wrong, and abundant space should left besides the specimens for accommoda- tion of a sufficient amount of the hardening reagent or the preserva- tive fluid which may be used, otherwise it is not possible in most cases to harden the specimens uniformly and quickly, because there is not enough of the reagent around the specimens. Delicate embryos are often distorted in the process of killing and hardening, so as to be bent and twisted, which makes it difficult to get the axis of their bodies into a single plane, which is very desirable, especially if it is intended to prepare serial sections with the newer forms of the sledge microtome. In order to avoid such distortion as much as possible, if embryos or other small animals are killed and hardened immediately in the vials, it is best to cork the latter and lay them on their sides so that the ob- jects, especially if slender, do not rest in a mass on the bottom, but on the undermost side of the vials. These precautions should be borne in mind in handling recently hatched fish embryos, the tails of the latter being especially liable to become bent and distorted by the weight of those overlying those on the bottom of the vial if the latter is placed upright while the process of hardening is in progress. Packing and labeling.—It is of the utmost importance that small, deli- cate objects should be carefully packed in the bottles when it is pro- posed to ship them, so that they may not be shaken about, especially if moderately large; unless this is done important portions may be broken off and lost after the specimens have been hardened by the preservative. To avoid this, the specimen, if large, should be wrapped in pieces of cheese cloth, which may be secured around the object with string. If the objects are small wrapping them carefully in soft tissue paper will be found expedient, or if the bottle should not be full, soft tissue paper crushed into springy masses may be used to fill up the vacant space in the bottles, care being taken that the packing of paper is not forced in too tightly so as to injure the specimens. Paper is bet- ter for this purpose than cotton wool, which, in the case of specimens which have hooked teeth or processes projecting from the body fre- quently becomes entangled with such processes as to cause them to be torn off when the specimens are unpacked. Finally, it is a good rule in packing to fill the vials full of the preservative fluid, which keeps the specimens immersed and also prevents injurious shaking when shipped. Not less important than the packing is the proper labeling of the specimens. Every vial, if containing only a single specimen or a single series, should be labeled with the date of collection, the locality, and the name of the collector. If a number are sent in the same vessel, each [3] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 609 distinct specimen or distinct series should be wrapped separately and have a label securely attached, giving the date of collection, locality, &e. In the case of embryos, care should be taken to record the age of the different series where this is known, and in the cases of fishes, am- phibians, and some articulates, this may be known very exactly. To prepare a series of embryos of fishes, for example, and especially where their eggs are artificially hatched in some kind of hatching apparatus, it is very easy to prepare a series of specimens at intervals of, say, every twelve to twenty-four hours, and to place the separate lots of different ages in different vials, so that the investigator may use the material so prepared in a very complete study of the development of the form. In the preparation of such series it is important to give the date, and, if possible, the hour of the day when the eggs were impregnated, and to indicate upon a label within or pasted on the outside of the bottle, the exact age of the contents. The locality and collector’s name should also be given. Labels placed within the vials so as to be immersed in the preservative agent should not be written in ordinary ink, but with a soft lead-pencil, as common writing ink is liable to become effaced from the paper by the solvent action of the preservative fluid. India ink, according to Semper, when dissolved in strong acetic acid, makes a black marking fluid which will remain perfectly black and legible in alcohol for years. PRESERVATIVE AGENTS. All of the best preservative agents tend to harden animal tissues. Alcohol. When alcohol of 95 per cent. is used it should almost always be diluted. One of the few cases in which 95 per cent. or absolute alcohol may be used to advantage is in the preservation of sponges, as I am informed by Dr. Benj. Sharp. These may be im- mersed in the very strongest alcohol as soon as they are removed from the water, a recent investigator having found that for the study of their minute structure this was the best preservative medium, after the un- satisfactory trial of a great many. The collared flagellate cells lining the respiratory and digestive cavities of these organisms are thus best preserved. In almost all cases, however, the use of very strong alcohol is fol- lowed by more or less extensive and injurious shrinkage of the object, especially if it is very soft and watery, as in the cases of embryos, polyps, and mollusks, more particularly. In these cases the mixture first used should consist of alcohol, 1 part; water, 10 parts. If the object is small or of moderate size it may be left in the above twenty-four hours, then transferred to a mixture of alcohol, 1 part; water, 3 parts, or to a mixture of alcohol, 1 part; water, 2 parts, ac- cording to the consistency of the object, and in which it may remain for two or three days and ther. be transferred to alcohol, 2 parts; water, 1 part, and, after a day or two, into 95 per cent. alcohol, if the specimen is intended for histological purposes. ’ S. Mis. 46-——39 ~ 610 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] With care and attention an organism as soft as the oyster may be hardened and preserved in common alcohol by gradually increasing the strength of the preservative solution, so that there is little or no per- ceptible shrinkage. The cause of shrinkage is the removal! of the water of organization by the alcohol, and, in the case of badly prepared speci- mens, it will usually be found that the first bath of alcohol into which the object was plunged was too strong and had caused the withdrawal of the water of organization much too rapidly and produced an excess- ive shrinkage, much to the injury of the specimen. Some investigators recommend very strong alcohol for the preservation of brains, which it is desirable to harden as rapidly as possible and without distortion. In . the case of such soft objects, especially if they are of considerable size, they should be suspended in the preservative fluid by a string attached to the cork, in order that the specimen’s own weight may not distort it while the process of hardening is in progress, the distortion being aggravated by any curved or uneven surface upon which such a soft object may rest. : In the case of comparatively large objects, such as mammals and fishes, the body cavity should be filled with 40 per cent. alcohol by means ofa syringe, so as to enable the preservative to act from within as well as - from without. In the case of fishes, which are usuayly thickly covered with slime; especially such species as the eels, hags, and lampreys, the slimy coating should always be washed off before immersion in alcohol. Dr. Whitman*, speaking of the use of alcohol says: ‘ In the prepara- tion of animals or parts of animals for museums or histological study, it is well known that the chief difficulties are met with in the process of killing. Alcohol, as commonly used for this purpose by collectors, has little more than its convenience to recommend it. Dr. Mayer has called attention to the following disadvantages attending its use in the care of marine animals: “(1.) In thick-walled animals, particularly those provided with chitin- ous envelopes, alcohol causes a more or less strong maceration of the internal parts, which often ends in putrefaction. ‘(2.) In the case of smaller crustacea e.g. Amphipods and Isopods, it gives rise to precipitates in the body fluids, and thus solders the organs together in such a manner as often to defy separation even by experi- enced hands. ““(3.) It fixes most of the salts of the water adhering to the surface of marine animals, and thus a crust is formed which prevents the penetra- tion of the fluid to the interior.t * Methods of Microscopical Research in the Zoological Station in Naples, Am. Nat, XIV, pp. 697-706 and 772-785, 1882. tDr. Mayer first noticed this in objects stained with Kleinenberg’s haematoxylin, and afterwards in the use of cochineal, where a gray-green precipitate is sometimes produced which renders the preparation worthless. Such results may be avoided by first soaking the objects a few hours in acid alcohol (one to ten parts hydrochlori¢ aci4 to one hundred parts seventy per cent. alcohol.) [5] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 611 ««(4.) This crust also prevents the action of staining fluids, except aqueous solutions of the latter, by which it would be dissolved. “ Notwithstanding these drawbacks, alcohol is still regarded at the Naples Aquarium as an excellent fluid for killing many animals designed for preservation in museums or for histological work. In many cases the unsatisfactory results obtained are to be attributed not to the alco- hol per se, but to the method of using it. Most of the foregoing objec- tions do not, as Dr. Mayer has expressly stated, apply to fresh-water animals; and Dr. Hisig informs me that he has no better method of killing marine annelids than with alcohol. Judging from the prepara- tions which were kindly shown to me, and which were all beautifully stained with boraxz-carmine, Dr. Hisig’s mode of treatment must be pro- nounced very successful. The process is extremely simple: a few drops of aleohol are put into a vessel which contains the annelid in its native element, the sea water; this is repeated at short intervals until death ensues. After the animal has been thus slowly killed, it may be passed through the different grades of alcohol in the ordinary way (as described above), or through other preservative fluids. Objects killed in this man- ner show no trace of the external crust of precipitates which arises where stronger grades of alcohol are first used. The action of the alcohol is thus moderated, and the animal, dying slowly, remains extended and in such a supple condition that it can easily be placed in any desired position. The violent shock given to animals when thrown alive into alcohol of forty to sixty per cent, giving rise to wrinkles, folds, and dis- tortions of every kind is thus avoided, together with its bad effects.”* Acid alcohol.—Dr. Whitman also says, ‘In order to avoid the bad effects of alcohol, such as precipitates, maceration, etc., Dr. Mayer rec- ommends acid alcohol, 95 volumes, 70 per cent.; or, 90 per cent. alco- hol, 3 volumes hydrochloric acid,t for larger objects, particularly if they are designed for preservation in museums. The fluid should be frequently shaken up, and the object only allowed to remain until thor- oughly saturated, then transferred to pure 70 per cent. or 90 per cent. alcohol, which should be changed a few times in order to remove all traces of the acid. For small and tender objects, acid alcohol, although preferable to pure alcohol, gives less satisfactory results than picro- sulphuric acid.” “ Boiling alcohol.—In some cases among the arthropods, Dr. Mayer has found it difficult to kill immediately by any of the ordinary means, *[Embryo fishes may be killed without distortion by exposure to the fumes of chlo- roform. The embryos are placed in a watch-glass in water, or in a ring on the plate of a compressorium, when a few drops of chloroform are placed alongside of the watch- glass or ring filled with the water containing the embryos, and the whole covered with a larger watch-glass or bell-glass, and left a few minutes till the embryos are killed in their fully extended condition. The interesting collembolan, Smynthurus, may be killed in chloreform or ether with its remarkable bifurcate collophore fully extruded. ] tAcid alcohol as above prepared loses its original qualities after standing some time, as ethey compounds are gradually formed at the expense of the acid, 612 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [6] and for such cases recommends boiling absolute alcohol, which kills in- stantly. For tracheata (insects) this is often the ouly means by which the dermal tissues can be well preserved, as cold alcohol penetrates too slowly.” It will be profitable to lay down the following general principles re- specting the use of alcohol: (1) In almost all cases where soft tissues or objects are to be prepared, either for museum or histological purposes, it is best to at first immerse the object in weak alcohol, and to gradually increase its strength so as to extract the water of organization by degrees, and thus avoid the injurious shrinkage and distortion due to the use of too strong a mixture. (2) Sometimes it is desired to preserve a very large, soft object in alcoho], but, at ordinary temperatures, decomposition often begins in the center of the object before the alcohol has had time to completely saturate the object. Decomposition of this sort may be hindered and even prevented by placing the vessel containing the object in moder- ately strong alcohol in a refrigerator kept at alittle above freezing. This prevents decomposition, and gives the alcohol time to saturate the object. Any other hardening agent may be applied in the same way to large objects, but in such cases care must be taken that the solution is not frozen during the process. Solutions of Miiller’s fluid or chromic acid may be frozen; alcoholic solutions not so readily, unless they are very dilute. We have considered alcohol first as a preservative, killing, and hard- ening agent, because it is the best known and most generally used and has not yet been superseded by any of the many compounds which have been suggested as substitutes, mainly on the score of their cheap- ness. Muller’s fluid.—F or convenience this compound probably ranks next in value to alcohol, as a temporary preservative agent and as a harden- ing fluid. The formula for its preparation is as follows: Bichromate Of potash: =... faces ese eee or meee 5 parts. Sodic sulphate sole 35 t 2 asa Ae Ree ee Sos os cece Te Distilled waheri-. -c\~cciws\s os eisoeaeeees be oe eee ates eee 200) * This makes an orange-colored solution in which embryos, small animals, and pieces of tissue may be preserved for histological purposes. And it possesses one important advantage over chromic acid in this, that the object may be left init for a month without injury, although it darkens albuminous substances permanently like chromic acid and may be ob- jected to by some on this account. Nevertheless, it is a very convenient preservative compound in cases where the care and attention required in the use of better reagents cannot be applied to the preservation of such materials on account of their numbers or when the collector is traveling, with only occasional opportunities for overhauling and caring for his collections. [7] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 613 A convenient way for the traveling collector to carry the “ stock” for this mixture is to have the solid ingredients put up in bulk by an apothe- eary. The bichromate of potash should be pulverized in a mortar, so as to dissolve the more readily, and mixed with sodic sulphate in the proportion of 5 parts to 2 of the latter. This mass can then be weighed out into parcels of 1 ounce, 1 dram, 1 scruple, which is exactly the quantity of solid material needed to mix with 1 quart of water (wine measure). These parcels containing the dry powder ready mixed can then be carried conveniently and the fluid mixed, to the amount of a quart at a time, whenever required. After the objects have been kept in this solution for a month or so, they should be transferred to about forty times their own volume of water and the water changed every day for two or three days, in order to get rid of the bichromate of potash, when the specimens may be transferred to 70 per cent. alcohol. It has been objected that Muller’s fluid produces precipitates in the cavities of objects, but there are few preservatives which do not, and on account of the convenience with which it may be used by collectors, it is, next to alcohol, probably, one of the most useful of all hardening and preservative compounds. Chromic acid.—Solutions of this substance have been extensively used for the hardening of embryological and histological materials, and either alone, or, better still, in combination with other substances, is still rec- ognized as one of the most useful reagents for this purpose. Whitman, speaking of it, says: ‘‘ Chromic solutions have, in common with osmic acid, the peculiarity of hardening by virtue of the chemical combina- tions which they form with cell-substances, and all the consequent dis- advantages with respect to staining. The use of chromic acid in the zoological station of Naples may be said to have been largely superseded by picro-sulphuric acid, corrosive sublimate, and Merkel’s fluid, for it is now seldom used except in combination with other fluids. It is some- times mixed with Kleinenberg’s fluid, for example, when a higher de- gree of hardening is required than can be obtained by the use of the latter fluid alone. It is a common error to use too strong solutions of chromic acid, and to allow them to act too long. Good results are in some cases obtained when the objects are treated with a weak solution (one-third to one-half of 1 per cent.) and removed soon after they are com- pletely dead.” Weak solutions of one-half to one-fourth of 1 per cent., or even less, are also recommended by Semper, who allows it to act only for a short time, or until the cells are killed. But it is important in any case that as much as possible of the acid should be extracted by sub- sequent immersion of specimens treated with it in water or weak alco- hol, since its presence often renders subsequent staining with carmine difficult. It interferes with the staining by means of the aniline dyes much less perceptibly, and in the case of some of those most diffusible and soluble in alcohol or water scarcely at all. Flemming uses ex- ceedingly dilute solutions of chromic acid in order to fix the cleavage 614 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] figures and asters developed in eggs during their early stages of devel- opment. Tor this purpose he uses solutions of chromic acid of one-tenth of 1 per ceut. to one-half of 1 per cent. Dr. Whitman has recently discussed its unsuitableness when used alone in the treatment of pelagic fish-eggs in the American Naturalist for November, 1883. He writes: “The transparent eggs of various Teleostei floating on the surface of the sea present unusual difficulties in the way of hardening. I have had recourse to all the fluids commonly used for this purpose, and have failed to find any satisfactory method of hardening the yelk. Even the germinal disk cannot be well pre- served by any of the ordinary hardening agents. Kleinenberg’s picro- sulphuric acid, for instance, causes the cells all through the cleavage stages as well as the later embryonic stages to swell, and in many cases to become completely disorganized. The embryonic stages can be hardened in chromic acid (1 per cent.), but the yelk contracts consider- ably without becoming well hardened even after three days’ immer- sion. ‘All sorts of wrinkles and distortions are caused when the ova are transferred from the acid to the alcohol; my best results have been ob- tained with osmic acid and a modified form of Merkel’s fluid. This fluid, as used by Dr. LHisig, consists of chromic acid (one-fourth per cent.) and platinum chloride (one-fourth per cent.), mixed in equal parts. Thus prepared it causes maceration of the embryonic portion of the egg. By using a stronger chromic acid (1 per cent.), and combining it as be- fore with the same quantity of platinum chloride (one-fourth per cent.), everything may be well preserved and hardened except the yelk. Before transferring to alcohol, after one to two days’ immersion in this fluid, it is necessary to prick the egg membrane in order that the alcohol may reach the egg readily, otherwise the membrane wrinkles badly and often injures the embryo. “For the cleavage stages this fluid cannot be used with success un- less the egg has been first killed by another agent; for eggs placed in this fluid continue to live for a considerable time, and may even pass through one or two stages of cleavage. It is therefore necessary to use some agent that kills almost instantly.. For this purpose, I have found osmic acid the best reagent. The eggs are placed ina watch-glass with afew drops of sea-water, and then a quantity of osmic acid ($ per cent.), equal to that of the sea-water, is added. After five to ten minutes the eggs are transferred to the mixture of chromic acid and platinum chlo- ride, and left for twenty-four hours or more. This fluid not only arrests the process of blackening, but actually bleaches the egg. ‘After this treatment it is an easy matter to separate the blastoderm from the yelk by needles, and the preparations thus obtained can be mounted in toto or sectioned. As the blastoderm is quite thin during the cleavage stages, a whole series of these stages may be mounted and studied from the surface to advantage. After removal from the acid the [9] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 615 preparations may be stained at once, and then treated with alcohol and mounted in balsam.” The following directions for the preparation of the tongues of mam- matlia, for histological purposes, have been furnished by Mr. Edward B. Poulton, of Oxford, England, in a letter to Prof. G. B. Goode, from which the following extract is taken: ‘Tt is well to cut out the organ, including the epiglottis. In the case of rare animals that cannot be obtained fresh, a tongue preserved in spirit is of great use, but is not so good as a chromic acid one of the fresh organ. The best method of preparation seems to be the following : Suspend the perfectly fresh tongue by a string in 4 per cent. solution of chromic acid,* about a quart, to which one-half pint of methylated ¢ spirit has beenadded. (Three or four small tongues might be put in together; a very large tongue would need more.) Leave in this solution for a week, and then change it, and after another week place the organ in a pint of solution consisting of two parts water, one part methylated spirit or alcohol, and after a few days or a week place in a pint of fluid con- sisting of one-half water and one-half spirit; and then, after a week, in one pint of liquid consisting of two parts spirit and one part water, and then in strong spirit, which need not be so muchas one pint. In this alarger specimen will keep any length of time,and is always ready for histologi- cal work. Some tongues which I worked at, given me by Professor Mosely, were in beautiful condition, and had been hardened nine years before. The first washes of spirit can be used many times for other tongues, but it is best to have a series of labeled jars with the various strengths of spirit (alcohol) in them, and pass the tongues from one into the other, from the lowest to the highest grade of spirit. This saves ex- pense, even though it may call for an extra change of strong spirit at the end. The tongues should finally not cause the fluid to become yel- low, but the first washes may be yellow (from the dissolved chromic acid). The tongues can then be packed together in one jar in plenty of strong spirit, each with a label tied to it, giving, if possible, the specific and generic names and date. Thus many can be sent together. If you ever get them, I should be very glad of spirit or fresh tongues (prepared in chromic acid) of any Edentate, Marmoset, and any South American monkey, tapir, peccary, or Solenodon. The chromic acid must not be used again.” This last remark applies in all cases to the use of chromic acid. Merkel’s fluid Whitman gives the formula for the preparation of this as follows: Platinum chloride dissolved in water ......--....--.-----.------ 1: 400 isnvomc acid dissolved. ini Waterss2 scons sereoete- sc <5 <- <--> - 2-0 1: 400 “Professor Merkel, who employed a mixture of these two solutions in equal parts for the retina, states that he allowed from three to four days * If it cannot be obtained fresh, it is still of great use to try the chromic acid up to some days after death, but not in the case of a regular spirit specimen. t Aleohol will answer the same purpose. 616 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] for the action of the fluid. Dr. Eisig has used this fluid with great sue- cess in preparing the delicate lateral organs of the Capitellide for sec- tions, and recommends it strongly for other annelids. Dr. Kisig allows objects to remain three to five hours in the fluid, then transfers to 70 per cent. alcohol. With small leeches I have found one hour quite sufficient, * and transfer to 50 per cent. alcohol.” Whitman gives the following account of Kleinenberg’s picro-sulphuric acid, now so much used in the Naples Aquarium. It is not a hardening fluid, and serves for killing, and thus prepares for subsequent harden- ing. Pereny’s fluid.—This recently introduced hardening agent is com- pounded as follows : Nitric acid (LOlYf) iiss ccogeeas cane feo cee smaniat woes eciee een 4 parts. Alcohol (900) aries oe soe he sa seto ee ise Sece actee ne sashes tees Sreees Chromic:acid (GO ees. ae Saeko ae gee essere omse 3 Uke Objects are left in this fluid from four to five hours, then transferred for twenty-four hours to 70 per cent. alcohol; then to 90 per cent. alco- hol; and finally to absolute alcohol, in which they remain for four to five days. Picro-carmine or borax-carmine are added directly to the fluid, so that the hardening and staining of the objects take place simultane- ously. The precipitates which are produced when the reagent is mixed with the coloring solutions should be removed by filtration before the objects to be hardened are introduced. Eggs and embryos prepared in this mixture are said to cut like cartilage. “ Kleinenberg’s ftuid.—Picric acid (saturated solution in distilled water), 100 volumes ; sulphuric acid (concentrated), 2 volumes. Filter the mix- ture and dilute it with three times its bulk of water.* Finally add as much creosotet as will mix.t “Objects are left in the fluid three, four, or more hours, and are then, in order to harden and remove the acid, transferred to 70 per cent. aleo- ho], where they may remain five to six hours. They are next placed in 90 per cent. alcohol, which must be changed at intervals until the yellow tint has wholly disappeared. “ Summary of Dr. Mayer’s remarks on Kleinenberg’s fluid.—The advan- tages of this fluid are, that it kills quickly, by taking the place of the water of the tissues; that it frees the object from sea water, and the salts contained in it, and that having done its work it may be wholly re- placed by alcohol. In this latter fact lies the superiority of the fluid over osmice and chromic solutions, all of which produce inorganic precipitates, and thus leave the tissues in a condition unfavorable to staining. Picro- * Dr. Mayer uses the fluid undiluted for arthropoda. + Creosote made from beechwood tar. ¢ Dr. Mayer prepares the fluid as follows: Distilled water, 100 volumes; sulphuric acid, 2 volumes; picric acid (as much as will dissolve). Filter and dilute as above. No creosote is used. [11] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 617 sulphuric acid does not, like chromic solutions, harden the object, but simply kills the cells. “ As this fluid penetrates thick chitine with difficulty, it is necessary, in order to obtain good preparations of larger Jsopoda, insects, &e., to cut open the body and fill the body-cavity with the liquid by means of a pipette. In larger objects care should be taken to loosen the internal organs so that the fluid may find easy access to all parts. “The fluid should be applied as soon as the body is opened, so that the blood may not have time to coagulate and thus bind the organs to- gether. A large quantity of the fluid should be used, and it must be changed as often as it becomes turbid. ‘The same rule holds good in the use of all preservative fluids. It is well, also, especially with larger objects, to give the fluid an occasional stirring up. “Tn order to avoid shrinkage in removing small and tender objects » from the acid to the alcohol, it is advisable to take them up by means of a pipette or spatula, so that a few drops of the acid may be trans- ferred along with them. The objects sinking quickly to the bottom, remain thus for a short time in the medium with which they are satu- rated, and are not brought so suddenly into contact with the alcohol. In a few minutes the diffusion is finished; and they may then be placed in a fresh quantity of alcohol, which must be shaken up frequently, and renewed from time to time until the acid has been entirely removed. “The sulphuric acid contained in this fluid causes connective tissue to swell, and this fact should be borne in mind in its use with vertebrates. To avoid this difficulty, Kleinenberg has recommended the addition of a few drops of creosote, made from beechwood tar, to the acid. , The egg is washed in water to remove the alcohol, placed on a piece of filtering paper to get rid of the water, turned on the paper by a fine hair brush until it has the position desired ; the point of the brush is next moistened and pressed gently on the upper surface of the egg, the egg adheres to the brush and may thus be transported to the hollow prepared for it in the block. “oe, After the egg has thus been placed in position a drop of absolute alcohol carefully applied will coagulate the ‘ fluid mass’ with which the block was wet, and thus fix the egg to the block. The block is again washed, and finally embedded in the egg-mass.” My own experience with fish eggs, especially those of clupeoids, is that a1 per cent. solution of chromic acid gives good results. The eggs or embryos should not be left in it more than twelve to twenty-four hours, according to their size, when, after repeated washings in water, in which. they will not change even if kept in it for three or four days, they may be transferree to 30 per cent. alcohol, or even a weaker grade, then in a day er so co 70 per cent. In a few days a granular precipitate is [15] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 621 formed, however, which is objectionable, yet fish eggs so preserved re- tain their form and structural peculiarities in alcohol unimpaired for many months. For the early cleavage stages, however, I find that chromic acid is not so good; it tends to disorganize the cleavage spindles. For these, killing in some weaker reagent, such as a 1 per. cent. acetic acid solution, or the treatment suggested by Whitman in the case of pelagic fish eggs, would give better results. In certain cases there is no need for the removal of the egg-envelope if the latter is pricked open, especially in such forms as have a large respiratory cavity around the vitellus; the envelope, as well as vitellus, may be saturated with paraffine dissolved in chloroform at about 120° to 150° F., and where the membrane is sufficiently transparent the ob- ject may be arranged in the paraffine with hot needles without difficulty, and the sections so prepared will thus not only be sections of the egg itself, but excellent sections of the membrane will also be obtained. My method of embedding fish eggs which have been colored in toto with borax, carmine, or borax picro-carmine, is as follows: a. After dehydration with about forty times their own volume of strong commercial or 97 per cent. alcohol, and afterwards saturated with oil of cloves, the embryos are placed in a watch-glass containing a melted mixture of chloroform and paraffine in equal parts, in which they may remain twenty or thirty minutes at a temperature not above 150° F. When saturation is complete the eggs have the same appearance in the melted mixture as in alcohol. b. From the above they are transferred to another larger dish con- taining pure paraffine, which melts at 158° F., but which must, on no account, be allowed to boil. Here they remain for twenty to thirty minutes more. ce. The embryos are then transferred, one or two at a time, to a com- mon slide, such as is used for mounting objects. The slide may be warmed over an alcohol lamp. A brass ring, 5 to 8 centimeters deep and 24 in diameter, is then placed on the slide around the object. This ring is then filled with melted paraffiné, and the object arranged in if in the desired position with a hot needle, when the whole is left to cool. d. After cooling the paraffine contracts within the ring, when the lat- ter may be removed, and the discoidal block may then easily be loosened from the slide. The block may then be trimmed down with a scalpel into a shape suitable for fastening into the well in the carriage of a sledge microtome, or the block may be marked and laid away until it is wanted for use. Fastening the block in the mnicrotome.—This may be done by taking a hot needle and melting a cavity with it in the paraffine contained in the well of the carriage of the microtome, into which the block, with the object, is adjusted in the desired position and left till the paraffine has cooled around the block, when the operator is ready to commence cut- eaearae ‘ 622 |= REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] Osmic acid as a killing and hardening agent for infusorians and small em- bryos.—The use of osmic acid inthe study of the development of Amphi- axus, by Hatschek, has given very good results. During their early stages the embryos of this creature are quite small, and swim about in the sea waterin which they have been hatched. Hatschek killed theembryos and hardened them in the following manner: A few drops of a 1 per cent. solution of osmic acid was poured into the small vessel of sea water containing the embryos, and allowed to act only a short time. This killed the embryos and hardened them, and also afforded a ready means of collecting them, for as soon as they were dead they fell to the bot- tom of the vessel and were then easily picked up with a pipette, or the supernatant mixture of sea water and osmic acid was poured off and replaced with fresh sea water two or three times, so as to wash off the acid and arrest its further action. They were then transferred to abso- lute alcohol and finally to oil of cloves. The embryos were embedded in wax and oil on a slide thinly coated with clove oil. A single drop of a mixture of wax and oil (beeswax and oil equal parts) is dropped on the embryo, when its position may he arranged on the slide by turning the congealed drop of wax. He cov- ered the whole slide, which was greasy with oil, with a coating of the melted wax and oil. The position of the embryo is then carefully marked with needle seratches. The mass is then slipped off of the - slide and covered on the opposite side with another coat of wax and oil. To prevent. the two halves of wax from separating, it is a good practice to pass a hot needle through both at different points in order to bind them together. The sections are then cut by hand, which, judging from Hatschek’s figures, was very successfully done. M. Adrien Certes has used osmic acid in order to kill and precipitate infusorians and other minute organisms found in fresh and salt water with gratifying results. One cubic centimeter of a1 per cent. solution of osmic acid he finds sufficient to kill the minute animal and vegetable organisms in 30 to 40 cubic centimeters of water, these organisms be- ing precipitated to the bottom of the vessel and fixed in their form. The acid must not be allowed to act too long, and to prevent this an equal volume of distilled water is added to the mixture after the organisms have been killed. In the case of some waters rich in organisms, microsopic examination of the deposit so obtained may begin after a few hours. In the case of very pure water it may be necessary to wait for twenty-four or even forty-eight hours before the supernatant liquid may be poured _ff and the precipitated organisms examined. It affords a very ready way of killing and coll’ cting, very minute or- ganisms from either fresh or sea water. This .aethod may also be used to precipitate bacteria or other supposed hurtful organisms from sus- pected potable waters. [17] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 623 Henneguy’s method of preparing and investigating the eggs of salmonoids.— “The ova of the Salmonide are usually employed by embryologists in the study of the development of the osseous fishes. It is difficult to examine them in the fresh state, either whole or by transmitted light, on account of the thickness of their envelopes, or after opening them, in consequence of the small consistency of the germ, especially at the commencement of segmentation. Chromic acid, the reagent most frequently employed to harden these ova, readily alters the young cells, and deforms the embryos by compressing them between the unextensible envelope of the ovum and the solidified vitelline mass. For the last two years I have employed in the laboratory of Comparative Embryology of the Collége de France a process which enables us to extract the germs and embryos from the ova of trout and salmon with the greatest facility, and without causing them to undergo the least alteration. “‘T place the ovum for a few minutes in a 1 percent. solution of osmic acid until it has acquired a light brown color, then in a small vessel containing Miiller’s fluid, and I open it with a fine pair of scissors in the midst of this liquid. The central vitelline mass, which is coagulated immediately on contact with water, dissolves, on the contrary, in the Miiller’s fluid, while the solidified germ and cortical layer may be ex- tracted from the ovum and examined upon a glass plate. “By treating the germ with a solution of methyle green and then with glycerine I have been able to observe in the cells of segmentation the very delicate phenomena lately indicated by Auerbach, Biitschli, Strasburger, and Hertwig, and which accompany the division of the nucleus, namely, the radiate arrangement of the protoplasm at the two poles of the cell, the nuclear plate, the bundles of filaments which start from it, and the other succeeding phases. ‘This proves that the treatment undergone by the ovum does not at all alter the elements of the germ. ‘¢ In order to make cross-sections of the germs and embryos thus ex- tracted from the ovum I leave them for some days in Miiller’s liquid and color them with picrocarminate of ammonia. After depriving them of water by treatment with alcohol of spec. grav. 0.828, and then with abso- lute alcohol, I put them for twenty-four hours into collodion. The em- bryo is then arranged upon a small slab of elder-pith soaked with alcohol, and is covered with a layer of collodion. When the collodion has ar- rived at a suitable consistency very thin sections may be made, includ- ing the embryo and the plate of pith, and these are to be mounted and preserved in glycerine. “This process is applicable to all sorts of embryos which are not very thick, so that they may be colored en masse. It has the immense ad- vantage of enabling one to see at what level in the embryo each section is made, to preserve each section in the midst of a transparent mass, which sustains all the parts and prevents their being damaged, as too 624 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] often happens when an including mass is employed from which the see- tions must be freed before mounting.” Binder’s method of making permanent glycerine mountings.—Mr. Jacob Binder, of Philadelphia, commends the following simple method of mount- ing objects in glycerine, which may be found useful in conjunction with the preceding method of treating the eggs of salmonoids proposed by Henneguy, though it hardly seems probable that as good results can be got by the collodion method of embedding, which is recommended, as by some others. Mr. Binder finds Bell’s cement the best, and with it he draws a ring with a pencil upon the slide, which he allows to dry for twenty-four hours. Then another coat of the cement is applied on the top of the first ring with the aid of a turn-table. The mounting is then made with glycerine; the superfluous mounting material which is forced out from under the cover may then be washed off by holding the slide under a water-tap. The slide is then allowed to dry when the mounting is fin- ished by the addition of another ring of Bell’s cement around the edge of the cover, when the preparation is finished. Mark’s methods of treating the eggs of Limax.—For hardening the ova and fixing the nuclear structures this investigator used a 1 per cent. so- lution of osmie acid, the eggs being subsequently stained in Beale’s carmine. He alsoused 1 to 2 per cent. solutions of acetic acid, in which the eggs were immersed for three hours or more and afterwards stained with Beale’s carmine. Sections were made of eggs hardened in chro- mic acid. Ei. Van Beneden’s method of treating the ova of the rabbit.—For killing and hardening a 1 per cent. solution of osmic acid was used, when the eggs were transferred to Miiller’s fluid for two or three days, washed, and then mounted in glycerine. Brass’s method of killing Amebiform Protozoa.—In order to cause these organisms to become comparatively quiet he recommends feeding them with pulverized organic matter; they are then very slowly killed on the slide by the use of the following solution, and while under observation beneath the cover-glass : CONOMIGR UGG: pote Sen ecicele meen ass ens Reale wae! eetinien testers sem see 1 part. PAA OMLOTYUO ton =c ose at ht ee cabiteeembiae ace sect amocse. ie IA COLIOTEOIO Ee 1a ots ares ee See ei aie toe Otek Se a isintnis Ente neal ohicie Seieie A, ace Water, 400 to 1,000 parts. This solution, he claims, will kill monera and amoebe without alter- ing their organization. Osmic acid, he asserts, produces dendritic ap- pearances in the plasma of such organisms which are abnormal to them. With this re-agent he has obtained evidence of a nuclear body in some of the Monera. Brass also thinks that turpentine and paraffin, when used to saturate an object to fit it to be cut into sections, also produces abnormal altera tions in the tissues, and he recommends treating a tissue which is to be [19] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 625 Sectionized as follows: From absolute alcohol it is transferred to oil of cloves or lavender, and then to pure paraffine, brought just a very little above the melting point. C. Weigert’s rapid method of hardening the spinal cord.—Miiller’s fluid hardens the spinal cord in about eight weeks at ordinary temperatures, but this may be accomplished eight to ten days if the hardening is done in a warm chamber or oven kept at about 120° F. While this is in prog- ress camphor water should be added to prevent the development of putrefactive organisms. The hardening may be still more rapidly done if Erlick’s fluid is used. This consists of— PeieeeIiee MIONTOMALC .. . 55s occsqas tee antes eee eee 24 per cent. Capper sulphate 2... . 0.5.5 Le SR eee ie x's With the aid of heat this hardens the spinal cord in four days, with- out heat in eight to ten days. The sections are stained with acid fuchsin,* which is used as follows : The sections, not to exceed .025 mm. in thickness, are placed for one hour in a saturated solution of acid fuchsin, but the staining is greatly modi- fied by the subsequent treatment, as the diffusely stained sections are next transferred to a large watch-glass and washed in water. They are then transferred to a third watch-glass and washed in the following so- lution: One hundred cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol. One gram of caustic potash. This is allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, until the alcohol is sat- urated with the alkali. Ten cubic centimeters of this mixture are added to every 100 cubic centimeters of absolute alcohol, and in this mixture the colored sections are washed. This washing out process is the most important thing in the application of the method. As soon as the sec- tion is transferred to the alkaline alcohol on a spatula a cloud of the red coloring matter is set free. The section is then gently shaken, and as soon as the limits of the gray matter are defined it is transferred to a large watch-glass fuil of clean water. This last wash must contain no trace of acids; the traces of alkaline alcohol adhering to thespatula will do no harm, and the section must be washed in it till no more clouds of color are given off. It is then transferred to a fifth wash of clean water, when the operator should notice if the gray portions are the lightest. If this is the case and the section is still red the process has been successful. If the section is too pale it must be restained ; or if the gray substance is not differentiated by a paler tinge it must be returned to the alkaline alcohol and then again washed in clean water twice in succession. The sections then dehydrated and treated in the usual way with clove oil and mounted in Canada balsam. Sections which have been embedded in celloidin should be treated with xylol instead of oil of cloves, and *Fuchsin 8. No. 130, made in the Baden Aniline and Soda Manufactory, may be ob- tained in small quantities from Dr. Griibler, Leipzig, 17 Dufour strasse. S. Mis. 46——40 626 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] these in order to be completely dehydrated must be transferred succes- sively to two baths of absolute alcohol. This method of staining sections of the nervous system is said to give results much superior to carmine, the anilines, or gold chloride, and to differentiate the fibers of the gray matter better than any other dye. Embedding in celloidinn—Whitman, in the American Naturalist for October, 1883, describes the method as follows: “ Very elegant results may also be obtained by an embedding mass originally invented by Duval and recently much improved by Merkel and Schiefferdecker.* This is collodion, or, preferably, a solution of so-called cellotdin. If this substance cannot in general be cut to such extreme delicacy as the al- buminous mass just described, it has a great advantage in being ex- tremely pellucid. The original communication of the last-named author is easily accessible, so that Professor Thoma considers it superfluous to give a detailed account of it, but adds a few remarks on his own expe- rience with it. “According to the formula of Schiefferdecker, the embedding fluid consists of concentrated solution of celloidin in a mixture of equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. The specimen is soaked successively in absolute alcohol and ether, and in the embedding fluid. This requires at least several days. After this time the embedding proper may be undertaken, and for this we have the choice of two methods. ‘The even surface of a cork is covered with a thick solution of cel- loidin, so as to form by evaporation a strong collodion membrane on the cork. Upon this is put the specimen, covered layer by layer with fresh quantities of the solution of celloidin, each being allowed to dry only par- tially. When the object is thoroughly covered we immerse it in alcohol of 0.842 specific gravity. In twenty-four hours the whole is ready for cutting. ‘The other method makes use of little paper boxes for the embedding. The specimen soaked in celloidin solution is fixed in the box by pins, the box filled with celloidin. The preparation is then placed on a flat piece of glass and covered with a glass cover which does not exactly fit the glass plate. In a few days the ether will have evaporated gently and slowly from the embedding mass, and the latter will shrink a little. If necessary more celloidin solution can be poured into the paper box to fillitagain. Itis only necessary to moisten the surface of the first mass with a drop of ether in order to allow of a perfect junction between the old and the new layers. The preparation is again exposed to slow evaporation below the glass cover, and a few days later the embedding mass will be consolidated to an opaline body, whose consistency can well be compared to that of the albumen of a boiled egg. The walls of the paper box cau now be removed, and the embedding mass placed in very dilute alcohol, which will, in a very few days, produce a proper degree of consistency to admit of cutting. * Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. (Anat. Abthiel.) 1882. [21] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 627 “This method differs in some degree from that which Schiefferdecker gives for embedding in paper boxes. Asother observers have remarked, his method frequently gives rise to a great number of air-bubbles in the embedding mass. Consequent upon the altered manipulations of Professor Thoma, we have to adapt the embedded specimen to a cork for the purpose of cutting. This may be done in the following way: The even surface of the cork is covered by a thick layer of celloidin solution. This is allowed to dry up perfectly, so as to produce a hard membrane of celloidin. This is again covered with further celloidin solution. In the mean time the lower surface of the embedding mass is cut even and washed with absolute alcohol, and subsequently moistened with a drop of ether. This moist surface is adapted to the stratum of liquid cel- loidin on the cork, and exposed for a few minutes to the open air. After this the whole is placed in dilute alcohol, which in a few hours will unite the embedding mass solidly with the cork. “In a great number of cases it may be regarded as a great advantage of the celloidin that it penetrates the tissues thoroughly, and yet re- mains pellucid, so as to be more or less invisible in the specimen. This quality can be made use of in another direction for the purpose of soak- ing specimens which are too brittle to be cut after hardening alone. We may make use of celloidin in a similar way to the gum arabic men- tioned above. The minute, normal, and pathological anatomy of the lung in particular will derive great advantage from such a proceeding. Indeed, we are not able to get a perfect idea of the changes produced by pneumonia if we do not by this method or by the following (with paraffine) prevent the loss of a great part of the exuded substances which in this disease lie loose in the areolar cavities. The study also of micro-organisms in the lung will derive great benefit from the cel- loidin method, and it will be very welcome to many to know that the tissues embedded in celloidin may be stained with the different fluids, ammonio-carmine, alum-carmine, borax-carmine, hematoxylin, aniline colors, and various others. The reaction of acids and alkalies, partic- ularly acetic acid and solution of potash is, moreover, not interfered with. And further, we are able to color the object before embedding with all staining fluids which are not soluble, or only little soluble, in alcohol or ether. ‘‘ After staining and cutting the sections may be mounted in glycerine and various other fluids. Mounting in Canada balsam requires, how- ever, some precautions on account of the chemical character of the cel- loidin. Absolute alcohol and oil of cloves should be avoided and re- placed by alcohol of 96 per cent., and by oleum origani. This is, at least the advice of Schiefferdecker, and Professor Thoma has had no occasion to be dissatisfied with the result.” The embedding mass, consisting of equal parts of chloroform and paraffine, used first by Biitschli, and which admits of subsequent embed- ding in pure paraffine, has given such excellent results in my hand, that 628 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] I do not see what else can be desired. The method which has given good results in the hands of the writer has already been described, and differs but little from the method commended by Brass. Sections of the most extreme thinness can be cut by its use, Biitschli having succeeded, with small specimens, in getting sections measuring only .002™ or about ya¢oo Of an inch in thickness. Oombined killing, staining, and preservative agents.—To this category we may assign such combinations as ammonio-picro-carmine, borax- picro-carmine, and picric acid combined with nigrosin prepared accord- ing to the formula of Pfitzer. The preparation of ammonio-picro-car- mine is attended with a good deal of trouble and takes a great deal of time and attention if some of the formule which have been proposed are followed in its preparation. The readiest way of preparing a picro-carmine, I find, is to have a stock solution of borax-carmine on hand which may be poured into a saturated solution of picric acid in sufficient quantity to give a deep orange-red mixture which may then even be combined with a small percentage of alcohol. In this way we obtain a staining mixture which dyes small objects, such as embryos, with two colors in different parts, and is also a temporary preservative, killing, and hardening mixture. The objects after a day or two are removed from this mixture and put into 30 to 40 per cent., and finally into 70 per cent., alcohol. Pfitzer’s mixture of picric acid and nigrosin has been commended in botanical research; but it appears probable from a, little experience which I have had with it that it will be useful in animal histology. A few drops of a watery solution of nigrosin are mixed with a saturated solution of picric acid; this mixture has an olive-green color; it kills quickly and stains the granules and nuclei beautifully, imparting to them a tint somewhat similar to that produced by hematoxylin. Fixing sections upon the slide preparatory to mounting.—This I find may be very easily done by the aid of Schillibaum’s mixture of oil of cloves and collodion. C@otladionlss) 2 3s).25ti..oSiy doers apccee a seane eee eee 1 volume. OMmiGneGloves.c case ota Soe leee se SEA cae eke eee eee 3 to 4 volumes. The slides are thinly painted with this mixture over the center where the sections are to be placed with a perfectly clean camel’s-hair pencil. The sections which are cut by the dry method are lifted from the upper side of the section knife as fast as cut, and laid on the slide in serial order. Ifa section stretcher or flattener is used on the knife the sec- tions may be lifted off in short ribbons consisting of several consecutive sections sticking together, edge to edge. After the sections have been neatly arranged in successive rows, and in serial order from left to right, with the aid of a needle, the slide may be gently warmed over an alco- hol lamp, when the paraffine will melt and let the sections drop down and sink into the film of collodion and clove oil. By warming the slide [23] PRESERVATION OF MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS. 629 for half a minute or more the clove oil is mostly vaporized or driven to the edges of the slide and around the border of the area which is occu- pied by the sections. When this is the case the sections will usually be found to be fixed. Then, before the slide has cooled very much, two or three drops of turpentine are poured upon the sections. The turpentine is warmed by the slide, and the paraffine from the sections is immedi- ately dissolved away. Turpentine is again dropped on the sections and the slide turned on its edge and drained to wash away all that remains of the paraffine surrounding and included by the sections. Before the turpentine has quite dried upon the slide the mounting is done in Canada balsam dissolved in benzole. The balsam should be thin enough to run readily under a long cover-glass, and under which as many as one hun- dred and fifty sections may be mounted without getting any air bubbles included. Such serial preparations enable the embryological investigator to study the morphology of embryos or small objects with the greatest ease and certainty, because none of the viscera or organs of even the smallest embryos are displaced or shoved out of their normal positions to the slightest degree in the sections if the object has been properly embedded and the process of mounting conducted with the proper care. It was my intention at first to give the formule for the preparation and use of the most approved staining fluids, but the recipes for com- pounding these are accessible in a number of hand-books on microscop- ical technology, while Mr. Whitman has already given a very fall ac- count of those used with the best success in the zoological station at Naples, in his paper on methods, from which I have already drawn so largely, the title and place of publication of which I have given in the first portion of this paper. Those staining reagents which are given here are mostly such as are used in combination with some killing or preservative agent. The principal object of this paper is to afford directions to collectors desiring to preserve the embryos of the lower vertebrates, fishes, and amphibians in such a condition as will enable the investigator to use them in his researches. As ordinarily preserved in alcohol such objects are next to worthless, either for figuring or dissection, as well as totally — useless for microscopic preparations. 4 4 BRUNE Vi Bester onl ey "ERCP ES DA Pokey a, » LE ORS ORAS Te FIT ae ae bes P Rd oir | hg j ye Se Be a 4 svc eg Bi oH) habia fe fit y yr F Ee ar Hee at ‘aie rs se AO gs Pe ye Cae fcr an 7 Use) APL Nee 8 8 eA TP + LOOT ACRE OD RP MRERD aE ‘ ba) ever i Fa : f eaaien ar . alee Hie aati eh) gel * P y « § o be ast : fra Men et? ‘ Re ae Ay eee © wis! hoy rebate ee T pr nH) TR PR Ar Bs 0 oe MI IHS Paste ? Tek: Pty te otal org : Bi asad Sie et mys eae cay sent ate BBG Set bond SAN aie nek - fe shy 4 i*s “ , sf ty y i ‘ ‘ trey pate a PROITSEE ME Th: ef eal ii im ae ‘ i. 7 i. ~ o) ef Gh if ae . ‘ eb eh tit eal aie th Bic ae F , ' Lav se CE ICSE , 2 ¥ Y) nF FAS Fd it: ; ‘ s yHS LPS SP TS Ie : cde é ae ’ ery Z r y 7 7 ‘ ul A mete 4 Pot OP hs ‘* ne ey! PTO Eee ey as as Tike Te RE OES Rey ERR OA abR) NYE Paesaan Be e7ki ae: J) egiveh tet ep igs of ; 1h - + #3 a i Oe ri eit Bu ay oY ree {et yy i ¥h dntin nit Ors . Mee UT amet geet ty 1A et = les Suite abt re we ae isis pene ee Sidi rane ‘hake tte We i hee is hietar Mieb 2F ih te CY att“ asin er th aearP tes eval tp fiw ty ‘ noeparals PieAniy: oa SiR cot tive RaWaead Sie Rasa mg ig a lal iD ante iby Cai aot _ ym quits, wl tu Si 4 oa pean ae | > 1" XIX.—A REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMIS- SION UPON THE PRINCIPAL AQUARIUMS ABROAD IN 1873. By WILu1AM P. BLAKE, [Member of the United States Centennial Commission and agent of the Commission at the Vienna Exhibition, 1873. ] CONTENTS. ROO U ChlOM sss oie a a wlstes oa ese miele an, Solar ace eeiee ela sieteinee ate ctain seats 5) DEEDES EET eS a ae SEE IE i ar OE SCE ne ae PORES Crysvalehalace 2quariuMm oy Cem am see = cette maser serene aaa real aae ata eter al aaa Phevaquarium at brighton; Pneland 228 322-5. 2iesen seca ceeescuaceen m= aes Boarmgrounhs aguanitim}. >... of the actual size. les le i > Fig. 1.—GRoUND PLAN VIENNA AQUARIUM. V.—Vestibule or entrance porch paved with tiles. T. T.—Tanks, in two parallel lines, back to back. R.—Reservoir between the two lines of tanks. There are two rows of tanks, eight in each row, placed back to back, with a space between utilized for a reservoir holding a large amount of sea water. Each tank is about 9 feet long by 4 feet high and 5 feet in depth backward through the plate-glass front to the reck work. Each contains when half filled about 100 cubic feet of water. These tanks are made of brick and cement, open at the top, and accessible in the rear by a passage-way on each side of the central space R in the plan. The plate-glass fronts are 14 inches thick. The rooms at each end are used for large shallow basins for crocodiles, fresh-water fishes, and a collection of sea anemones. The marine fish are brought up from Trieste, and the salt water aiso, by rail over the Semmering Pass. Some salt water has beer success- fully made. Thecirculation of the water is maintained by pumps driven by a small steam-engine, and the aeration is effected by a slender jet of wter which, escaping under pressure, impinges on the surface and carries down a large amount of air into the body of the water. Another plan is to force air in fine jets from below and let it ascend through the water. Sixteen cubic meters of salt water and alike quantity of fresh water are renewed hourly. A resident zoologist has been engaged to take charge of the scientific part of the enterprise. It promises to be a pecuniary success, notwithstanding a great outlay for the building and fixtures, amounting to 250,000 florins, or about $125,000. The daily receipts amounted to about $350 for some weeks. The expense of ok. 634 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] maintenance will be very slight, probably not over $8,000 or $10,000 annually. A naturalist is employed at Trieste in securing and forward- ing specimens. The entrance price was fixed at 50 kreutzers for adults and 20 kreutzers for children. CRYSTAL PALACE AQUARIUM. The aquarium is one of the added attractions to the permanent ex- hibition at the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, and being the property of a separate company an extra price is charged for admission. It has been very popular and is reputed to have paid 30 per cent. upon its cost annually. There are eighteen large show tanks and two room§ fitted with smaller basins or reservoirs. It is intended that the collection shall embrace the whole series of marine fauna. The cuttle fishes, the cray-fish, and the octopus attract special attention. It is located at the north end of the Palace, between the tropical department and the north rater-tower. It is below the main floor level, and is reached by a flight of steps. THE AQUARIUM AT BRIGHTON. This great attraction to the citizens of London and the United King- dom and to the traveling public owes its existence to private enterprise under a joint-stock organization. It is located at the sea-side, upon land which may be said to have been reclaimed from the sea close to the chain pier immediately below the cliff, the building being protected from the waves by a strong sea-wall formed of concrete and Portland stone. It was provisionally opened at Easter, 1872, but not to the public until the following August, upon the occasion of the visit of the British As- sociation. The building is 715 feet in length, with an average breadth of 100 feet, and is sunk below the surface for the most part in order not to in- tercept the view of the water from the cliff and the line of buildings facing the beach. It was erected from the designs and under the super- intendence of Mr. E. Birch. It is on the Italian style of architecture, and bricks, terra-cotta, granite, and tiles are the chief materials. Mr. Birch visited the Boulogne aquarium in 1866 and wasled to conclude that the construction of marine aquariums ona scale of magnitude hitherto unattempted was a matter entinently fitted for British enter- prise. Brighton, being a place of great resort on the coast and readily accessible from London, was selected as the most feasible spot for the construction. On entering, the visitor finds himself at the head of a broad flight of granite steps, with tiled platforms at intervals, so that the descent is rendered very gradual and easy. There are five arched portals 18 feet high, supported by decorated terra-cotta columns. On one side is the restaurant, and on the other the reading room, where the serials and daily papers can be found. For the relative positions of these rooms 635 1873. PRINCIPAL AQUARIUMS ABROAD IN [5] 25} 26)27)28} 29} {30}31] Cx Ges | [code Bs] 5 [25 eososesene 97 | 38 bagi OOOO OOO LE BERR RK BOON SoC SCALE: OF FEET: 150 Pe Tele] « cr ae DOAaALA 100.40" A Fic. 2.—GRoOuND PLAN OF THE BRIGHTON AQUARIUM. A.—Steps descending from west end (20! wide). B.—Entrance court (60/ 40’). C.—Entrance hall and reading room (80/ 45’). D.—Restaurant and dining hall. EEE.— Western corridor with tanks on each side. FFF.—Eastern corridor. G.—Conservatory. H.—Rock-work, fernery, and cascade. IiI.—Space with table tanks. JJ.—Engine-room, stories, &c. KK,—Lavatories. LL.—Lavatories. M.—Naturalists’ rooms. N.—Steps from corridors to promenade over O.—Business and private entrance. P.—Curator’s office. Q.—Rock-work with ponds for seal, &e. R.—Grotto. S.—Heating apparatus. T.—Clerk’s office. U.—Board room, W.—Inclines for hand chairs. 636 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] and the other parts of the building, reference may be made to the an- nexed plan, with scale and some of the dimensions stated. Nos. 1 to 41 indicate the tanks. The retiring rooms and kitchen lie to the north of the hall. The long- est of the three corridors extends 220 feet and is broken by a vestibule 55 by 45 feet. The roof is groined and constructed of variegated bricks. It rests upon columns of Bath stone, polished serpentine, and Aberdeen gran- ite. There are 21 tanks in the first two series. They increase in size from 11 by 10 feet upward, the largest measuring over 100 feet long by 40 feet wide and holding 110,000 gallons of sea water. This is the larg- est tank in the building and is reserved for such large marine speci- mens as porpoises, congers, turtles, &c. The next largest tank is 50 feet by 30 feet. The whole of the tanks, 41 in number, are numbered consecutively, commencing on one side. The glass plates for these tanks are of necessity very strong and heavy, being not less than one inch in thickness. The salt water is taken directly from the sea by pumping and is run into reservoirs under the floors of the corridors, from which it is again pumped by the same steam-engine, and delivered to the tanks as required. The reservoirs hold 500,000 gallons of water. In the tanks the water is constantly aerated and kept in circulation by a stream of compressed air supplied to the lower part of the tanks. It is forced in by the steam- engine. This system allows the water in each tank to be heated sepa- rately, and is found in many respects preferable to the method of obtain- ing circulation by means of pumping. It permits circulating reservoirs to be dispensed with. The temperature of the water is kept down and the impurities are oxidized by the air. The second corridor is about 160 feet long. One side of the eastern portion is assigned to the fresh-water animals. The offices for the cu- rator and naturalist are beyond. These are fitted up with open tanks and every convenience for the nursing and care of the fish which require treatment before being placed in the large tanks. The conservatory and fernery are two great additional attractions to the establishment. They are approached from the western corridor. The rock work is here remarkably well executed in imitation of ledges of red sandstone. Itis all formed of chalk and cement colored red, and is so well done that few persons would for a moment question its being a natural outcrop. Ferns grow in the clefts, and on projecting tables of the rock. There is also a stream of water, broken at intervals by cascades and ponds, utilized for the seals and the larger reptilia. In addition to the large tanks, there are numerous smaller or table tanks for the reception of some of the smaller and more rare marine animals. There is also an exhibition of the apparatus for hatching and developing trout and salmon. [7] PRINCIPAL AQUARIUMS ABROAD IN 1873. 637 The nature of the exhibition, its extent and variety, are shown by the annexed list of the tanks and contents as they were in 1873: DANAE WH H 10. af: . Corals, sea-anemones, sea-cucumbers, tube worms. . Weevers, smelts. . Sead or horse mackerel, young salmon. . Black bream, prawns. . Mackerel. . Turtles, tope, nursehound, sting ray. . Skate, spotted ray. . Silver whiting, anemones. . Codling. Bass, seacray fish. Mackerel, zoophytes. Here intersects the conservatory with ponds for the alligators, seals, and table tanks for the smaller animals, such as anemones, corals, ser- pule 12. 13, 15. 16. itr i. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 30. ol. , young dog-fish, tortoises, &c. Perch, pope, and English pearl mussel. 14. Pike, carp, tench. Gudgeon, minnows, gold and silver carp. Trout. 18. Prussian carp and gold and silver carp, and eels. Sea-horses. Sun-mullet, gray mullet. Halibut, brill, turbot, soles, plaice, flounders. Wrasse. Codling and silver whiting. Eggs of dog-fish, skate, and cuttle-fish. . Octopus. . Sea-cray fish. . Crabs, goose barnacles. . Lobsters. . Octopus. Sea bream. Anemones, small star-fishes, zooplytes, whiting pout. Here intersects the Grotto containing gold and silver carp, water lil- lies, and ferns. 32. Herrings, anemones, sand eels. . Stickle-backs, anemones, &c. . Conger eels. . Cod. . Picked and spotted dog-fish. - Rock whiting or whiting pout. . Spotted dog-fish, nurse, and rough-hounds. - Monk-fish and gray mullet. - Smooth hounds, sting rays. . Gurnard, pipe-fish, dragonets, ascidians. e 638 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] This great aquarium has been a success in every way. As a paying investment it has beenremarkable. The total expenditure was £80,000, about $400,000, which included cost of the land and of the sea-wall and a carriage drive and promenade. Over £25,000 have been returned in dividends. Ten per cent. was paid in 1873 and another dividend of 15 per cent. was about to be declared. The company publishes a guide-book to the aquarium, giving all needful information to the visitor, and interesting descriptions of most of the fishes., Two distinguished naturalists, Frank Buckland and Henry Lee, are employed. I am indebted to the guide-book and to the engineeer, Mr. Birch, No 7 Wesminster Chambers, London, for the in- formation here given beyond what could be obtained by personal exami- nation. SCARBOROUGH AQUARIUM. The great success of the Brighton undertaking has induced the same parties who now hold that stock to project another aquarium upon even a greater scale at Scarborough. The work is under the direction of the same engineer, Mr. EK. Birch, who showed me some of the plans. The new work will have some improvements, and will be the finest in ex- istence. Money will be freely used for its advancement and to render it a most attractive place of resort for amusement and instruction. It is contidently expected that it will be a profitable enterprise. AQUARIUM AT LIVERPOOL. A new aquarium is not only to be built at Scarborough, but the city of Liverpool is also to have one on a large scale combired with a con- cert hall, a conservatory, a restaurant, &c. All these portions of the structure will be so arranged as to be in one unbroken line and to give a delightful promenade and place of resort. The general plan is a par- allelogram, and there are to be twenty-four tanks, ranging from 6 to 70 feet in length, with a capacity of 100,000 gallons of sea-water drawn from a reservoir capable of holding four times the amount. And in the same manner as at Brighton there will be numerous table tanks and basins. Artificial rock-work ferneries, &c., constitute part of the plan, which is to be executed in the best and most liberal manner. The es- timated cost is $250,000, which is to be raised by the sale of shares. BERLIN AQUARIUM. The aquarium at Berlin, owned by a joint stock company, founded in 1867 and opened on the 11th of May, 1869, has since been in continuous and successful operation. It is located in the heart of the city, upon the famous avenue Unter den Linden, so that it is not only readily reached, but is a constant attraction day and evening to those who have an hour or two at command. It oecupies a building in the rear of that fronting on the street, so that the street frontage is not injured for busi- [9] PRINCIPAL AQUARIUMS ABROAD IN 1873. 639 ness purposes, the entrance being at the side and up a broad staircase through to the rear. The area occupied is 100 square rods and the structure is two stories high, but is so arranged that the distance from top to bottom appears much greater, and indeed all appearance of a building is lost, the visitor being apparently in an extensive natural grotto or cavern, with long vistas underground varied with lakes and little brooks. The semblance of natural walls of rocks and of arches worn out by the elements is admirable. The foot-paths wind about be- tween the tanks for the fish, and are so arranged as to pass one below another and give the effect of distance. All trace of the busy city life without is lost. The sounds of traffic do not penetrate the rocky walls and there is nothing to divert the mind from the study of the habits of the wonders of marine and terrestrial life there brought together. It has been found desirable to add some of the more remarkable and curious animals and a collection of birds to the collections of marine and fresh-water life, but these animals consist almost exclusively of such species as are seldom found in zoological gardens. The upper story or upper portion of the grotto is devoted mainly to such animals, to birds and reptiles, while the lower portions contain the fish in a series of tanks, with plate-glass fronts bordered by rock-work. The principal divisions of the interior are, the hall of serpents, the geological cavern, the aviary, the fresh-water gallery, the staircase cavern, the northern, the middle, and the southern halls. In the hall of serpents a variety of the reptiles of Europe and other countries are displayed in suitable wall cages, among them the boas, poisonous serpents, lizards, and chameleons. The aviary is so arranged as to appear to be in a cavern, the geological cavern, in which the stratification and other phenomena of rocks are shown. There are also basins for crocodiles and other animals. Inthe fresh-water gallery on the right are placed cages for birds and on the left tanks for the river and sea fishes of Europe. Apparatus for arti- ficial fish breeding is shown along the staircase or winding descent in the cavern, and there is also a small pond for beavers at the bottom. The three large halls are devoted to the marine life. The total number of tanks and cages is not less than 150. The number of animals, including fishes, &c., is about 15,000, of 800 Species, but the number is increasing constantly, and there is more or ess fatality and constant change. The sea-water is artificially prepared and proves to be satisfactory. About 10,000 cubic feet are required and only such portions are renewed as are spoiled or lost in the basins. It circulates constantly, and is pumped into a reservoir at an elevation of 70 feet, from which it.flows to the tanks and is cleared by filtration on the way. Experience en- tailed successive modifications until satisfactory results were attained. The place is very popular. .It is lighted with gas and is open in the evenings. There are suitable places for resting and refreshments. The : 640 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] price of entrance is equal to about 25 cents, children half-price, and there are some cheap or half-price days. The total number of visitors from May to December, 1869, was 212,540; in 1870 there were 210,056; in 1871, 215,828, and in 1872, 254,078. The company is organized with a capital of 200,000 Prussian thalers, equivalent to about $150,000, and regular 6 per cent. dividends have been paid annually. It is understood that there is a surplus fund, and an extra dividend is expected in April, 1874. The designs for the caverns and rock-work were executed by Mr. Leier, of Hanover, now deceased. AQUARIUM AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION, 1867. The aquarium at the Paris Exposition in 1867, was one of the most notable of the attractions of the garden. There was no outer display of a building, nothing but a picturesque addition to the ground in the form of the entrance to a cavern, or grotto. The semblance of astalac- titic cave was perfect. The visitor leaving the green sward and par- terres of flowers without, wandered between huge stalactites, in irreg- ular winding passages, shutting out the light of day except that which penetrated dimly through the tanks of sea-water at the sides and in the roof. THE NAPLES AQUARIUM. The marine aquarium recently completed at Naples is located on the Riviera, near the central point of attraction to the public. The tanks are arranged on three sides of a large oblong hall, and the light enters the water from above, as in other aquaria. A double row of smaller tanks extend along the center, and these are lighted by a central open- ing, or court. The space in the building above is devoted to the naturalists’ labora- tory, where there are tanks and work tables sufficient to accommodate twelve zoologists. Tables are rented to representatives from the lead- ing universities and museums of the world. Great pains have been taken to secure a full zoological library. It now includes a nearly com- plete set of embryological works and all the principal zoological jour- nals. These data regarding the aquarium at Naples are condensed from correspondence of the London Athenzum. Miu Rock, NEw HAVEN, May, 1874. XX.—NOTICE OF THE REMARKABLE MARINE FAUNA OCCUPY- ING THE OUTER BANKS OFF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, AND OF SOME ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF VINEYARD SOUND.* By A. E. VERRILL. 1881. The United States Fish Commission occupied, during the season of 1881, the station at Wood’s Holl,t Mass., on Vineyard Sound, where a laboratory for its use was established in 1875. The shallower waters of that region had been very fully explored by the Fish Commission in 1871 and 1875. Nevertheless, much was done this year toward completing the investigation of the surface fauna, which is exceedingly rich and varied at Wood’s Holl. The larval forms of crustacea, annelida, echinodermata, mollusca, etc., were taken in larger numbers in the towing nets, as well as adult forms of many kinds, including, especially, numerous species of Syllide, many of which were new. The special subject for investigation this year was, however, the rich fauna that was discovered in 1880, in deep water, about 75 to 120 miles off the southern coast of New England, near the edge of the Gulf Stream. A brief account of our discoveries in that region, in 1880, was published by me in the American Journal of Science (vol. xx, p. 390), with notices and descriptions of many of the mollusea and echinoderms then discov- ered. A more detailed account of the molluscat was published by me in the Proceedings of the National Museum (vol. iii, pp. 356-409, December and January). Prof. 8. 1. Smith published an account of the crustacea in the same Proceedings (vol. iii, pp. 413-452, January, 1881). In the following article some of the more interesting species, obtained in both years, are noticed. Some of these species were also dredged on the 16th of November, 1881, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, in a trip made to the deep water off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, after the regular dredging operations of the season had ceased. * The following article is an abstract of papers published in the American Journal of Science, Vols. XXII-XXIV, 1881 and 1882. tFormerly written ‘‘ Wood’s Hole,” but the name was changed by order of the Postmaster-General, in 1875. t Much fuller reports on the mollusca,- with numerous illustrations, have more re- cently been published by the author in the Trans. Conn. Academy, Vols. V and VI. {1] 641 S. Mis. 46-——41 *% 642 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] As many of the species there obtained are referred to, a list of the stations is here added: . a a | £ Locality. s Bottom. ie 8 3 nD | N. Lat. Md Lon 896 | 37° 26/ oi9” cect d/ccccuaseGeeman pean an wicieent em eeasin st saute see 56 | Sand, shells. 897 37 25 "4 18) Seccenciscepoumuec dalesmchiobls\sam series eel =k aemateee sien 1574 | Sand, mud. SOR OT Hoes 74 LT oo acceinseatvesscbocsiabels enn amen p= ca uuwsplecias nisms 300 | Mu 899 87 (22 (Th: 20 cee eve aclecieinicwlsinle ein aimis hie o\s/a'saieldieiala(s's\= aisieta ietete ae 574 | Sand. 900 B72 19 74 Ae cere eee enn cinacisisislo a iahlele wiele eels Blale aistnioteiwiuim'ia(e el etsint 31 Do Our dredgings this year, in deep water, were also made with the Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commander. Mr. A. P. Chapin, of Warsaw, N. Y., made the temperature observations and, records of’ soundings, ete. The party immediately associated with the writer in the zoological investigations consisted of Prof. S. I. Smith and Mr. J. H. Emerton (artist), of Yale College; Dr. T. H. Bean and Mr. Richard Rathbun, of the National Museum; Mr. Sanderson Smith, of New York; Prof. L. A. Lee, of Bowdoin College; Mr. B. F. Koons, ‘Mr. K. A. Andaceas and Mr. H. L. Bruner, graduates and special zoological students of the Shef- field Scientific School, of New Haven, and Mr. Peter Parker, of Wash- ington. Most of these gentlemen had been associated with me in the same way in previous years. : The off-shore regions explored this year are included between north latitude 39° 40’ and 40° 22’, and between west longitude 69° 15/ and 71° 32/. They occupy a region about 42 miles wide, north and south, and about 95 miles long, east and west, or about 105 miles along the 100-fathom line. Series of dredgings were also made this season off Cape Cod, in Vineyard Sound, in Buzzard’s Bay, and off Martha’s Vineyard, between the deep-water and shallow-water localities of former years. It is probable that the remarkable richness of the fauna in this region, both in the number of species and in the surprising abundance of the individuals of many of them, is due very largely to the unusual uniform- ity of the temperature enjoyed at all seasons of the year, at all those depths that are below the immediate effects of the atmospheric changes. The region under discussion is subject to the combined effects of the Gulf Stream on one side and the cold northern current on the other, together with the gradual decrease in temperature in proportion to the depth. It is, however, probable that at any given depth below 50 fath- oms, the temperature is nearly the same at all seasons of the year. Moreover, there is, in this region, an active circulation of the water at all times, due to the combined currents and tides. The successive zones of depth represent successively cooler climates more strikingly here than [3] FAUNA OF OUTER BANKS, VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 643 near the coast. The vast quantities of free-swimming animals contin- ually brought northward by the Gulf Stream and filling the water, both at the surface and bottom, furnish an inexhaustible supply of food for many of the animals inhabiting the bottom, and probably directly or indirectly, to nearly all of them. A very large species of Salpa, often 5 or 6 inches long, occurs both at the surface and close to the bottom, in vast quantities. Sometimes several bushels come up in a single haul of the trawl. I have taken this same Salpa in very numerous instances, from the stomachs of star-fishes of many kinds, from Actiniz of sev- eral species, etc. Pteropods also frequently occur in the stomachs of the star-fishes, while Foraminifera furnish a large part of the food of many of the mud-dwelling species of various orders. The fishes, which are very abundant and of many species, find a won- derfully abundant supply of most excellent food in the very numerous species of crabs, shrimp, and other Crustacea, which occur in such vast quantities that not unfrequently many thousands of specimens of sev- eral species are taken in a single haul of the trawl. Cephalopods are also abundant and are eagerly devoured by the larger fishes, while others prey largely upon the numerous gastropods and bivalves. Table of outer stations occupied in 1881, with temperatures of bottom and surface. rhe distances are measured from Gay Head light, in geographical miles. The bearings are mag- netic. hs a Temp. F & Locality. g Bottom. Date. |————_—__|'_ Hour. 3 = Bot- Sur- Rn fy tom. | face. OFF MARTHA’S VINEYARD. 917 | S.4 W. 594 miles. - -| 44 42° 63° 4.10 a. m. 918 | S.4 W. 61 miles. -| 46 45 63 5.33 @. m. 919 | S.4 W. 65 miles -| 53 42.5 66 7.00 &. m. 920 | S.4 W. 684 miles -| 63 49 66 8.20 a.m. 921 | S.4 W.73 miles 67 52 70 9.40 a.m. 922 | S.4 W.77 miles 67 52 72 10.57 a. m. 923 | S.4 W. 784 miles. -.....-..-... 9 Sands 2cecseeeeten July 16) 52 72 12. 27 p.m. 924 | S. 4 W.834 miles.........--- 1 eS: dig Loniesatee July 16| 44.5 | 71 1.52 p.m. 925 | S.4 W. 86 miles. ...........- 229 | Sand, mud .......... July 16 | 42 71 3.35 p m. 926 | S.4 W.85 miles.......-.---- 199) [222 Giese uly 16| 44 71 5.24 p.m. Mis: by E. 4K. 1064 miles ....| 782 |_..--22..cn-scqeeeede- Aug. 4! 39.5 | 70 8.14 a.m. 936 | S. by E. 4 E. 1044 miles 216, ||) Mud eee see eae Aug. 4| 39.5 71 10. 43 a. m. 937 | S. by E. 4 E. 102 miles...... 661 | Green sand,mud....) Aug. 4] 40.5 72 12.45 p,m. 938 | S. by E. 4 E. 100 miles... --- BT eee dQi-s-e= eee A 4 2.44 p.m. 939 | S. by E. § E. 98 miles....-.-- PAE Ay ease COWES Be bieeorn 4 4.25 p.m. 940 | S. by E. 34 E. 97 miles....--. 134 +: | Sands oso secs doen 4 5.30 p.m. 941 | S. by E. 4 E. 893 miles....-. 7 | Sand, mud ........-. 4 7.45 p.m. 942 | S. by W. # W. 814 miles..... DE oe dOvs-saanseeeeas A 9 6.15 a.m. Puss W. Semiles......-.----- 157 | Sand, mud, shell..... 9 7.10 a.m. 944 | S.SW. 82 miles............- 128s ee ee Se See 9 8.27 a.m. 945 | S. by W.2 W. 844 miles-..... 207 | Green mud, sand... a 12.05 p.m. 946 | S. by W. 2 W. 873 miles..... 247 | |. So's Oiecacaese oe ae . 9 2.00 p.m. 947 | S. by W23 W. 89 milés...... 319 | Sand, mud .......... 9 4.00 p.m. peas Toe miles 2...--.----.---- 100 | Yellow mud ........ 23 4.20 a. m. SEMPIEPZOINTIGSL-<2-c12-- = 50 ----2- 71 | Sand, shell, mud..... 3 5.50 a. m, JOSS BO er 225% | Mud stoke es: 9.40 a.m. 952 | S.4 E. 874 miles.....--.---- 396 | Yellow mud, sand .. 11.28 a.m. 953 | S.4 E. 914 miles -......-..--- (2) || Mudt tes ete soto. 2.30 p.m. 954 | S. t= Giiniglegncs 208 asc - =o 651) \| \Saxid) mudi seo nawesss 4.50 p.m. 994 | S.SW.4 W. 1044 miles.....- 068), | Mudl: iooos --c-ccocccsennele a) SR ANIIGDE 2 caicieslsicia ses Aeooucthed: 19 WILE Sep sicencoccencs eeeerc 19 EBPOTINE DOLOAIS += -5.+c0-rcecncccecccdacs 19 PEMIRADIG OS eens c/s c<-cersccascacccs Gonecne 19 AAUOYONYS LOVER... -ccccccncerncccece aioe 12 Astrochele Lymani ........-......2...206 21, 22 Astrogonium granulare ...........- Suwadal i koceha Astronyx Loveni............. antes same ate ° 21 Astrophyton Agassizii ............... aan 10 SMART OMIT Svecc caaas ace sacda 12, 21 Astyris lunata........... sateeustesccodenn 26 “SULA LE) 9 SECC ockantie 22 Autolytus mirabilis ...............- once description of ........ ODDAGUS seaiie= tog cee aioe ciel VEER) GhotGnochooucsssoocasnec Igoe ike) Hig biti OSes or seouacaconarcee scecc Blake Crustacea .......--. scat eemceseenios Block pisland eo. cecc stieecce occe sea ke sie wies Bolocerdt LNeCd16 - cnc cm nrecc- oe ee cima sam hinss Boreomysis tridens................------- Brissopsis lyrifera.........00..0.--ccenne Broner! He itiiecctaesceanesasshoeaceics CLGOG = oan este Beate nice ae halde an eee eneaeee se 7,13 BU Zard SU DAY << cee eeace essen sence 2 Cancer borealis seam <\sere inae losin siete 13 Cape Cod eates see sececee ee mentee asne cera 2,14 Capnlus hunParicus).cos-ccecess ones cess ul Catapagurus socialis ...............-....- 16 Cavolina longirostris .....-...--.-..-.-.-- 15 Cephalopods ...-...---- HB SoneSA SeSs6oe 3, 4, 10, 13 Ceraphilus Agassizii..............--..--- 13 Chetopterus pergamentaceus..........-- 25 Chptosyllishsccacc-sesec eee sete seae esc 23 Challenger, steamer...................--- 11 Chapin An byscseeactaos cee emlcisigs tasers 2 Chesapeake Bay ..........00.-.c-s02--00. 1 Chester?’Capt: H.C 222.) seco ce see sce 9 Chitonidwaa-css-aacseae-sdae nesses oes sete 15 Choristes elegans. .-..--...--.......------ 15 Cirrhinereis fragilis .......-............-- 25 phosphorea..............-.-- 25 Clione papilionacea .....................- 15 Cocculina Beant 25... scsee rs -n anee- as 15 Colossendeis colossea........-.---------+- 12 MACOLTIMA) < ..2 22 ce-ssscces-s- eae 16 chameleonticeps ...-.......- 4 Lophothuria)Mabricii- 725-22 ceecenceescese 18 Luidia elegans: ---\a2- sees ents sees 20 Maitoid crab’: 2. 5to-.-csccc-s ce > enemas 17 Margarita cinerea .......2...--ceee ene ecee 6 Marminella borealis. --- <<<) <5 <= souseneee 5 Marine fauna of New England coast....-. 1 Martha’s\VAneyardiesss se cace poee sete 2,3, 10,14 Monemsha’! 2 5525 sccscg.ccces = ve oeeeeeenee 26 Menestho.sn oo caet enc saee a caine aes 6 Merlucius bilinearis -..--.....55-.cec-5e= 4 Miner) "RAM ss odo cccce cw catenin se cae copes 9 Modiolaris politait. 255. s22-sss..-- cease 15 IMOUITIRC EA so criacciselsigee se fetejeine miei + sla etete 1, 10, 22 Molpadia tureidal sos. cee e oe -cle te ieee 18 Montacnta oo. -20 sass occcaea mecinetoseeee 26 bidentate. <4. oc. econ seee 26 Mumnida’ in 38 codaisctndescecee- ooeeee nee 13, 16, 17 Mya trumcatarcecs = lecmie tee sin cosine 8 IMG y tM Orie eases = ose ose ee 8 HOXTIOSS scene miaticiemeee seeee eee 8,15 description of........ 8 Nantucket ¢.oc.cccschteseiemeecetinseces 10,14 INaDICR coc ase secs eseseeaeemenenoe ase Seo 26 Nanshon Aaland cc soscerneeaeieseine -scleces 25 Nectonereis ......-2e--eeceee sSose esse 25 Nereis alacris .-...... anew nismn mlb (anislavetel 25 megalops .....--. Aehsonoeesocobees 25 New Haven ..............- Sense ee eae Sonic 23 NGWPOrt, Rod ccccecvacecettrccccenens wen 25 NiCr a POM Siete ee iesleelesiscisis ane sie ole 8 Octopus Bairdii ..............--- pe hesnisetle 5 Odontaster hispidus...... Seeenpes ss ate 1, 2,19 Odontosyllis lucifera........--.2.0+--0-. 25 Odostomia striatula ..... b eeewa e's cls neweete 6 Ommastrephes illecebrosus .....-...-.--- 5 Ophiacantha bidentata ...............-.-- 21 MIVCEPINA sc ceens ccecceven =e 21 Ophiocnida olivaces...........e2-eeececne 21 Ophioglypha aurantiaca.........---..-.-- 20 CONITALOBD ...0cccsneeUnnene 20 SAPSL cic cceceactsentemonee 17, 20 Signata.....-....- saan ee 20 Ophiomusium Lymani........... Soascecct 20 aculeata ...........-. Seen 21 Ophiopleura......... arp aslece keen wease 20 OPRiOscolGxocwss-bsssuuscn sens siure iain 12 PISCE Scnecussvgnemt = semen 3 21 quadrispinus. ............- cae, 21 Ophiuroided....... sancasc-seencensvee Tet 20 [29] Page Pedophylax longiceps ......--......-.-.- 25 PANG als DOLEAIIG) snrai-1= a-\s s)~i Ednoaad , i a po es Pe Mi SIC crete dae, sont iv Fj , voit V7 byez ome aan “ a an. Wh “ile | ty hay eae ye APPENDIX D. OP Hi: Oavr esol 671 b af) ’ a ¥ + — XXIL—REPORT TO THE MINISTER OF THE MARINE RELATIVE , TO OYSTER-CULTURE UPON THE SHORES OF THE BRITISH CHANNEL AND THE OCEAN.* By G. BoUCHON-BRANDELY, Secretary of the College of France. MONSIEUR THE MINISTER: You did me the honor to charge me with the mission of ascertaining the condition of oyster culture upon the the coast of the English Channel and the ocean. I return from this mission with the profound conviction that this new industry, so peculiarly French, has, after some unsuccessful attempts in the beginning, arising from the novelty of the enterprise, entered upon a stage of development and progress so well defined that we dare affirm nothing can arrest it. The ever-increasing demands of consumption, stimulated by the prompt- ness and facility of traffic and the more general diffusion of wealth, have engaged public attention for more than thirty years. Agriculture was first to make the effort to supply these increasing necessities, but the ever-recurring demands for a sufficient food supply not permitting any of our natural resources to be neglected, the rivers and the seas have been placed under tribute and constrained to furnish their share. In a few years our coasts and our water-courses were ex- hausted. Then arose, as an economical question of the first rank, the necessity of repeopling the waters and placing the fisheries (domaine de la péche) under regular conditions of production. : Such was the origin and raison d@étre of pisciculture and oyster-cul- ture, two industries which have been created in our own time. Previously, in 1872 and 1873, M. the Minister of Public Instruction had confided to me the double mission of studying fluvial pisciculture in France and abroad. I had occasion to recognize and to note with regret that while in many neighboring states the main rivers and their tributaries were being successfully restocked with fish, in France, where pisciculture originated and where it had its first scientific laboratory, and where the six hundred water-courses which furrow its surface af- ford a working field of not less than 600,000 hectares, it was not an object of regular or general pursuit. To-day we may, with some pride, * Rapport au Ministre de la Marine relatif a Vostréiculture sur le littoral de la Manche et de V Océan, par M. Bouchon-Brandely, Secrétaire du Collége de France. Extrait du Jour- nal Officiel des 22, 24, 25 et 26 janvier 1877. Paris, Librairie des publications législatives. A. Wittersheim et C*, Quai Voltaire, 31, 1877.—Translated by MARSHALL MCDONALD. S. Mis. 46——43 673 674 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] point these people—our masters in the art of cultivating the waters— to the progress which oyster-culture has made upon our coast. Undoubtedly the cultivation of the oyster was practiced long ago, and wherever this shell-fish holds a position more or less important as a food resource, its artificial rearing has engaged attention, but it has not become, as with us, a systematized industry.* It is fitting I should declare that the Department of the Marine has dowered France with the industry of oyster-culture. To it belongs the credit of the first attempts and of perseverance in the enterprise, as well as the honor of the results to which this report bears testimony. The idea of establishing special devices to arrest and preserve the spawn which the oysters permit to escape into the water during the period of gestation is comparatively recent. It originated with a dis- tinguished officer of your administration, who has given to it practical realization. In 1851, when M. Coste visited the oyster establishments of Lake Fu- saro and found in progress there some timid and irregular attempts at oyster-culture, M. de Bon, then Commissioner of the Marine and chief of the service at Saint-Servan, was engaged in the re-establishment of the oyster-beds at the mouth of the Rance and in the roadstead of Saint- Malo, by means of oysters brought from the natural beds in the Bay of Cancale. He earried on these attempts with great perseverance and his efforts were crowned with success. He demonstrated a fact of the great- est importance to the new science, and which up to that time had been doubted, viz, that the oyster was capable of reproducing itself in loca- tions which were laid bare at low water (terrains émergents), and that it was possible to obtain a harvest of spawn from them. To confirm this discovery M. de Bon himself established a pare for experimental investigation, in which he conducted a series of experiments to ascertain the best means of securing the spawn. He devised apparatus for col- lecting it, and very soon he forwarded to the minister a spawn collector of his invention covered with young oysters. A detailed report accom- panied it and afforded a demonstration that was unanswerable.t The complete success of these experiments was announced by M. Coste in a report dated February 5, 1858, and inserted in the Moniteur of the 28th of June following. It is proper here to give an account of the part borne by M. Coste, professor in the College of France, in the inauguration of the new in- dustry. In traversing the coast upon a mission of the Emperor, who had directed him to conduct a series of experiments in regard to marine pisciculture, this illustrious embryologist visited Saint-Servan in the month of August, 1857. There he found the cultivation of the oyster * Report of M. de Bon, Commissary-General of the Marine, on the condition of oys- ter culture in 1875. t See the note inserted in the Moniteur Universel of October 8, 1859. [3] | OYSTER-CULTURE UPON SHORES OF BRITISH CHANNEL. 675: begun. He saw the decisive results obtained by M. de Bon as well in the restoration of the natural beds as in the securing of spawn. Here was the practical confirmation of his theories, and, moreover, the revelation of the means of carrying them into effect, which he was still seeking for. His lively imagination was filled with enthusiasm at the discovery of M. de Bon. To popularize it he brought to bear the prestige of his high position in the College of France, his distinguished reputation, his sci- entific knowledge, and the declared support of the head of the state. Means of action were placed at the disposal of M. Coste, and con- siderable sums of money were devoted to attempts at restocking upon a vast scale. Private industry demanded to share in the movement and followed the impulse given by the Government. We know what bitter disappointments attended these first attempts. They seemed to compromise forever the future of the oyster industry. But the administration of the marine was awake. The control of it passed into the hands of M. de Bon, who had taken to heart the suc- cess of the enterprise, and who never lost courage. The strict observance of the decrees of 1852 in the conduct of the fisheries may be regarded as having contributed largely to the actual prosperity. These decrees, the wisdom and opportuneness of which the event has demonstrated, were intended to stop the spoliation and ex- haustion of the oyster-beds and to subject their exploitation to strict and rational regulations. These decrees M. de Bon had prepared the way for by his reports and his experimental researches. The persevering application of these measures, the care unceasingly renewed, the encouragements and the example, which the administra- tion of the marine continually gave, resulted in bringing about the restoration of the natural beds, which were approaching exhaustion, and in provoking arevival of oyster-culture by private individuals. These, deriving instruction from their own observations and the ex- periments conducted by the state, have improved and almost perfected their methods. After arapid revival, we now find this industry yielding remunerative returns to those engaged in it, and not without profit and honor to the whole country.* But we must not forget that administrative guidance is as useful now to assureits success as the solicitude and the . encouragement of the state have been necessary in the past to prepare the way and guide its first steps. In the course of this report I will doubtless have occasion to state con- tradictory facts, for in practice divergences in the application of pro- cesses constantly arise. This is due to a variety of circumstances. ‘Methods cannot be invariable; they must possess sufficient flexibility to adapt themselves to all natural conditions, and these conditions vary *The number of persons who derive their support from the oyster industry may be estimated at 200,000 at least. 676 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] greatly with the region, the climate, the nature of the soil, the composition of the waters, the direction and strength of submarine currents, etc. Doubtless some phases of this long practical study should be exam- ined and studied separately, but in this report, the only object of which is to make known the condition of oyster-culture upon our coast, it is not necessary to disengage and discuss them. I will content myself, therefore, while making from time to time some observations, with stat- ing my mission in the order I have accomplished it, and describing the industry in each locality just as I have seen it. COURSUELLES-SUR-MER.—Situated in the vicinity of the natural oys- ter beds of the English Channel and the plantations of Dives, at the mouth of the river Seulle, from which it borrows its name, Courseulles is one of the points upon the coast of Normandy where the industry of oyster-culture is practiced with success and profit. The oysters sent from this station have long enjoyed in the markets a well-deserved reputution. Nevertheless, Courseulles is not a place of production. The planters (parqueurs) who have established oyster ponds (viviers) there, possess, at Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, bedding-grounds (étalages) devoted to the growth of the oyster, and the pares at Cour- seulles are used only to fatten them and prepare them for market. The oysters handled there are generally obtained from the beds of La Manche where the fishermen collect them to sell to the dealers. These oysters would not be held in such esteem by the consumer, if they were not previously subjected to a special training (éducation) which is the peculiar industry of the planters of Courseulles. This is designed to impart to them that delicacy of flavor for which they are famed, and the ability to bear transportation without losing their fresh- ness. The oyster pares of Courseulles are excavated behind the sand hills, and have communication with the sea through the mouth of the Seulle. Disposed in order along the banks of this water course, they communi- cate with each other by means of canals through which, twice in a fort- night, and for several consecutive days, the cool waters from the sea are borne in all directions. Each pare is provided with a gate which serves either to retain the water or to empty the reservoir, when the tide runs down, and also gives passage to fresh water when it is necessary to fill the pond. In the last case the gate is not opened until the tide has risen above the level of the water in the reservoirs. It is at this time that the waters are the purest; earlier they hold in suspension the mud stirred up from the bed of the river, and the earthy matters that the waves have washed from the banks. The pares excavated in an argillaceous soil, occupy an area of 15 or 16 hectares, a space which may be enlarged in the future. They are from 80 to 100 meters in length, 12 wide, and have a mean depth of 2 meters. [5] | OYSTER-CULTURE UPON SIIORES OF BRITISH CHANNEL, 677 The sloping banks form with the bottom an angle of forty to forty- five degrees, and are covered by a layer of gravel two to four centi- meters in thickness. About the middle of August the oysters of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue begin to arrive at Courseulles in quantities as needed by boats appropri- ated especially to this work. Only those are brought which are of the prescribed size, since, from the lateness of the season, as well as the nature of the formation in which the ponds are excavated, it is not expected that they will increase much in size in their new home. Before leaving La Hougue, and, again after arriving at Courseulles, they are washed, assorted, and carefully cleaned from the mud and the marine plants which are attached to them, and from all parasites which may mar the beauty and regularity of the shell or depreciate its value. The process of training (éducation) is very simple. The subjects are left to recover from the fatigues of the voyage. Then those which are to be sent first to market are spread evenly on the shelving sides of the reservoir. With the aid of a rake, or even by hand, the rest are scat- tered over the clayey bottom and remain there for a time, when in their turn they are transferred to the sloping banks. It is necessary to accustom the oyster to do without fresh water, and for as long a time as possible to hold the water retained in the shell. To accomplish this the oysters are left uncovered by the water morning and evening. The first few days the duration of the exposure is only half an hour or an hour, but the period is increased by degrees until, after some time, the oysters may remain exposed to the air the entire night. ‘By this time the oyster has really been taught to keep its valves closed, and may be transported long distances without opening or losing its freshness. As regards the fattening, this is not the object of any particular care. This condition occurs naturally at a certain period, and, moreover, the parqueurs attribute to the commingling of the fresh waters furnished by the Seulle with the salt water that peculiar dispo- sition to fatten which characterizes the oysters of this locality. During the summer and in the beginning of autumn the exposure out of water should cease a little before sunrise and be resumed in the evening after the temperature has fallen. At this period also the hand- ling of the oysters should be repeated oftener to prevent them from be- coming milky, which renders them unfit for consumption. In winter, on the other hand, it is not so necessary to inure the oyster to this discipline of privation, and the continued handling is less indis- pensable. The temperature being lower, evaporation takes place less rapidly, and the mollusk does not feel the need of fresh water so often. But if the winter is.severe and the period of frost threatens to last a long time, the oysters are sent back to La Hougue, where the pares are less exposed to the frost. Courseulles furnishes annually for consumption from 20 to 30 millions 678 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] of oysters. These are sold in conformity to a classification based upon their size; (1) La grosse, (2) la marchande, (3) la belle, (4) la petite moy- enne, (5) la perlot. The price varies greatly and depends upon the suc- cess of the dredging. GRAND-CAmp.—The station of Grand-Camp is not less favorable to the cultivation of the oyster than Courseulles, which is near by. But the rough sea and heavy surf renders impossible the establishment of pares under ordinary conditions. It is necessary to overcome the diffi- culties presented, by engineering skill, a result successfully accomplished | by MM. André (Francois) and Fébvre. It will not be necessary to describe both of the establishments founded in 1874 by MM. Fébvre and André. Both were organized on the same principle. I will examine more particularly that of M. Fébvre, in the founding of which M. Francois André also co-operated. This es- tablishment is situated upon sloping ground about one kilometer from Grand-Camp, upon the other side of the Downs. It covers an area of five hectares and is surrounded by high embankments which shelters it from winds and storms. It is divided into 32 parallel basins, which are for the most part 45 meters long, 15 wide, and 14 in depth. The sides are constructed of stone without mortar, and the basins are separated by roads for the convenience of the workmen. The service of each basin is completed by a wherry, which the employés manage with readiness. The water to supply the basins is admitted at the old Fort Samson, distant about 50 meters from the nearest pares. It is stored in two reservoirs, and may be renewed at every flood tide. The water is conducted to the principal establishment through a subterran- ean canal, having a width and depth of about 14 meters. The distribution is regulated by means of strong gates, which at the same time serve to keep the reservoirs full when the tide runs down. A feed canal traversing the length of the establishment divides it into two parts, and provides for the supply of all the basins, each of which is furnished with sluice gates, by means of which the water may be either introduced or drawn off. The pares being established upon a gently sloping surface, and commu- nicating directly with each other, a current through the interior may be produced whenever desired. I should add that several small springs have their sources in the basins, and serve to temper the saltness of the sea water. The bottom of the pares is a stiff clay. Between Fort Samson and the establishment are erected the work rooms, where are conducted the different operations required in oyster culture, such as the singling (detroquage) of the dredged oysters, the sort- ing, packing, etc. In these operations fourteen women find occupation for almost the entire year. What is the purpose of these 32 basins? What are the processes em- ployed at Grand-Camp by MM. Fébvre and André in handling the spawn, and in the growth, fattening, and greening of the oyster? [7] OYSTER-CULTURE UPON SHORES OF BRITISH CHANNEL. 679 The two semicircular reservoirs situated in Fort Samson, and which first receive the sea water, are devoted to the preservation of the spawn. A part of one of these two compartments serves at the same time for some experiments undertaken by M. Fébvre in regard to the artificial fattening of the oyster according to methods employed by oyster-planters in America. These experiments have given no useful result. . The operations which precede the marketing of the oyster, viz, the washing and disgorging, are conducted in a basin lined with asphalt, in the principal establishment, which is reserved for this purpose. Finally, in the other pares the oysters are classed according to age and size. All the spawn treated at Grand-Camp is brought from Brit- tany. The young oysters begin to arrive in the month of April, and are at once placed upon metal trays 1 meter long and 50 centimeters wide; from 4,000 to 5,000 are placed on each. The use of these trays greatly abridges the time required to clean the spawn. To free it from the sea mud it is only necessary to take the tray by the two handles with which it is provided, and to agitate it gently in the water. After a few months the growth of the oysters is such that it is neces- sary to double the number of trays. But the basins of Grand-Camp being too small to contain the number of oysters which M. Fébvre raises each year, a part of them are sent to Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue. The rest are inclosed in boxes having an area of two square meters, which are covered by wooden bars placed at intervals, so as to permit access of water. These boxes are submerged in a pare situated near the shore, and in the vicinity of the establishment. The oysters having attained a marketable size, they are, about the month of November, returned to the shore pares (pares de terre) and are either spread upon the bottom or upon the trays, in order to fatten them. The greening takes place at the approach of winter, at which time the basins are carpeted with a green moss, the appearance of which is the signal of the greening of the oysters, which takes place here as at Marennes. The oysters sent from the parcs of MM. Fébvre and André rival in in quality and in form the very finest produced anywhere. The shell, small, thin, translucent, and well rounded, recalls the oys- ter of Ostende, which they also rival in table qualities. What espe- cially distinguishes the oysters of Grand-Camp is their resemblance in flavor to the oysters obtained from the natural bed of Guinehaut, which are held in such high repute. This bed is situated at the mouth of the river Isigny, and unfortunately produces very few. To give some idea of the extent of the establishments at Grand-Camp, I would state that M. Fébvre is prepared at the present time to send to market three millions of oysters. SAInT-VAAST-LA-HoUGUE.—From time immemorial the fishermen of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue have coupled with their proper vocation that of 680 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] cultivating the oyster. But with the exception of some new oyster cul- tivators the most of the enrolled maritimes (inserits maritimes) who farm (exploitent) the pares granted by the state content themselves with keeping for a very short time the oysters obtained from foot-fishing (la péche & pied) and from the dredging, to which, during the open sea- son, the greater part of the population of this section devote themselves. About the Ist of September the seafaring men betake themselves to the natural beds to fish for oysters. The foot-fishing is only productive at the time of the spring tides. It is pursued by women and children, who only obtain the oysters which have been torn from their natural beds by the violence of the waves. The oyster grants of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, located on a miry-clay deposit, comprise both dépéts or bedding-grounds and pares. The first, to the number of forty-eight, occupy an area of 463 hectares, and extend over that part of the seashore called Couleige. These are re- served for the young oysters which have to grow before attaining mer- chantable dimensions. The second, which are appropriated to the preservation of eatable oysters, are situated in the Toquaise, and are, for the most part, sheltered from the sea by the little island of Tatihou. They number 137, and occupy an area of 394 hectares. The dépots or bedding-grounds are only uncovered during the spring tides. They are inclosed by walls of loose stone from 15 to 25 centi- meters in height. The pares are also inclosed with walls of loose stone from seventy- five centimeters to one meter in height, and have a thickness of from two to three meters. Upon the approach of winter, after the small oysters from the bedding- grounds have been transferred to the pares, in order to shelter them from the rigors of the cold season, a layer of clay mixed with straw is rammed into the interstices of the walls, which prevents the water from draining out of the parcs at low tides, and the volume of water which cevers the oysters shelters them from the influence of the cold air and protects them from freezing. The expense of maintaining these walls is borne equally by the riparian proprietors. The bedding-grounds (dépéts) and the pares are Cleaned once or twice a year. This is necessary in order to remove the slime that the sea has deposited, and the marine vegetation which has invaded them. The oysters which succeed best in cultivation come from the Bay of Cancale, or the natural bed of Dives; nevertheless experiments made with the oysters of Arcachon and Brittany have given good results. The cultivators of La Hougue are cf the opinion that the parcage of the oyster should not be prolonged beyond two years. The first year they grow 3 or 4 centimeters. During the second the rate is slower, but the oyster grows thicker and fattens. Indigenous oysters, or rather those obtained in a very circumscribed radius, may be kept a longer time. [9] | OYSTER-CULTURE UPON SHORES OF BRITISH CHANNEL. 681 The processes of cultivation employed at La Hougue consist chiefly in cleaning, and frequently shifting the oysters to prevent them from being buried in the mud, or covered by parasitic growths, which by attaching themselves to the valves prevent them from opening, and finally cause the oyster to perish by stifling it. These manipulations are repeated two or three times a month in the parcs, and oftener if made necessary by the quantity of sediment deposited by the sea, or by the abundance of the marine vegetation. During the winter it is not so urgent to repeat the manipulations so often, for independent of the difficulty of such operations at this season, the marine conferve, the presence of which in the pares constitutes a serious danger, have disappeared. The young oysters placed in the dépots, to attain their growth, are not, during the six or seven months they remain there, the object of any treat- ment. The dépots being situated at some depth in the sea, the water which covers them is purer, and the marine alge are less abundant. The only attention required is to wash them when they are trans- ferred to their winter quarters, and when they are removed from them. I should record here an observation made by some of the oyster planters of Saint-Vaast-la‘Hougue. They observed that certain parts of their planting grounds became unsuitable for the purpose, and seemed to be exhausted. To remedy this condition of things they adopted the plan of allowing those portions to lie fallow (de mettre en chémage) tor a year, to the end that these water fields might have time to improve and return to their first condition. I may add that they have had every reason to be satisfied with the results of this method. Too many questions are involved in the consideration to permit us to study fully the many causes which contributed to bring about this exhaustion. The two principal ones seem to be the following: 1st. The allotment of too many individuals to one pare. 2d. The constant shifting of fetid mud derived from the decomposi- tion of vegetable matters, which is borne by the waiter in all directions. In the first case the oysters receive insufficient nourishment; insuffi- cient, because if in a certain volume of water which can furnish suffi- cient food for only 1,000 oysters, we place 50,000, starvation and disease must be the result. In the second case death is directly the result of poisoning ; but Iam free to declare that this condition of the pares of La Hougue is much exaggerated ; nor is there anything alarming about it. On the contrary, I am happy to give the assurance that the impor- tance of the oyster industry is constantly on the increase. Many aban- doned pares have been taken up again and are being cultivated with profit. It is sufficient to say that 300 persons find occupation each day in the concessions of Saint- Vaast-la-Hougue, and at each spring-tide this number is at least doubled. GRANVILLE.—It is upon that part of the French coast washed by the 682 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] British Channel, and between Saint-Malo, Cancale, Granville, and Reg- néville, that the most productive natural beds of oysters are found. In the neighborhood of Granville alone we may count eleven natural beds of oysters [‘‘ Oyster rocks,” Chesapeake Bay.—TRANS.|, viz: For- aine, Haguet, Trou a-Girou, Saint-Marc, Bout-de-Rive, Saint-Germain, Géfosse, Sénéquet, La Costaise, Le Ronquet, and Le Pirou. It would be difficult to estimate the number of the inhabitants of this coast who live by the oyster fishery. It is quite large, but within the last few years has sensibly diminished, for the reason that the fishing is less productive than formerly. With the view of competing with the English oystermen in the work- ing of common waters, the proprietors of the beds of Granville and Cancale were authorized to depart from the rule which prohibited them from remaining in their boats after sunset. The result has been that, under the pretext of dredging concurrently with the English on com- mon grounds, they have found it more profitable to plunder the re- served beds of the territorial sea, and have ruined them. Wise meas- ures have been taken to prevent a recurrence of these depredations. By means of strict supervision, and through the discretion allowed the maritime administration to prohibit fishing at any point for one or two years, if the necessity of it has been recognized by the commission whose duty it is to ascertain the condition of the oyster beds; and, lastly, by means of the state reservation, where fishing is absolutely prohibited, and from which the spawn is scattered in every direction, these oyster beds have been re-established. In fact, this work of restoration could not have been accomplished in so Short a time, allowing for the extraordinary fertility with which the oyster is endowed, did not the places which receive the spawn present the conditions indispensable for its development. These conditions are not always found upon grounds which have been exhausted by unrestrained fishing. In such cases suitable conditions must be created or re-established before we can expect success. The industry of oyster-culture proper is carried on at Granville in 85 storage pares (pares de dépéts), which serve only to shelter the oysters fished from the neighboring beds until the time when the cultivators of Courseulles and La Hougue, who usually obtain them, come to take them away. They are all inclosed by a double wall of wicker-work, from 70 to 80 cen- timeters in height. The interval between the two walls is filled with clay, kneaded up with straw or simply with mud. This arrangement has for its object to prevent the oysters storéd in the pares from being displaced and dispersed by the impulse of the waves, and at the same time retain the water at low tide, and thus pro- tect the oysters from the injurious effects of heat or cold. I should add that the sea is so often rough at Granville that although there are in the immediate neighborhood inexhaustible centers of repro- [11] OYSTER-CULTURE UPON SHORES OF BRITISH CHANNEL. 683 duction, it would be extremely difficult to fix collecting apparatus along the shore. REGNEVILLE.—Although but a short distance from Granville, the station of Regnéville is very favorable to the cultivation of the oyster. Near the apex of the angle formed by the Norman coast and the coast of Brittany opens an immense harbor, which, commencing at Point Agou, extends along the shore upon which Regnéville is built. The swell of the ocean fills it at each tide. The Sienne, a small stream of fresh water, having its sources in La Baleine, empties into this bay and mingles its waters with those of the sea, tempering their saltness and giving them those precious character- istics so sought for by cultivators, and which I have already referred to in speaking of Courseulles. Just below the mouth of the Sienne is situated the oyster-cultural establishment founded by Madame Sarah Felix, of which I shall give a brief description. I will barely refer to the ancient pares now disused, since the fishermen carry elsewhere the fruits of their fishing, and the bedding grounds (dépéts), more ancient still, which were called ‘The pares of the river Passevin”, and which are now abandoned. These bedding grounds were arranged in the same manner as those at Cour. seulles, and served only to furnish an asylum for a longer or shorter time to the oysters collected by the fishermen of the country, which passed into the possession of the proprietors of those planting grounds. They were fed through a subterranean canal communicating with the sea, and admitting the water only during the spring tides. Before Madame Sarah Felix established herself there, no serious attempt at cultivation had been undertaken at Regnéville. The pares of Madame Sarah Felix are excavated in a calcareous formation, and occupy an area of 5 hectares. A secure dike, 6 meters in height, constructed of the earth removed from the basins, intermingled with large stones, protects them from the assaults and the violence of the sea. The side facing the water is revetted with large bowlders, against which the waves spend themselves, and which can be neither undermined nor displaced. The water is introduced by means of an open canal, which starts from the level of low water. Upon reaching the establishment, the water is received and distributed through a large gate, moved by geared wheels. The bottom of the opening is several feet below the level of high water during the neap tides. It was indispensable to adopt this arrangement in order that only perfectly pure waters might be permitted to enter the reservoirs after the tide had attained its greatest height. There is around the whole extent of this harbor a vast amount of calcareous sand, which is lifted by the rising tide and swept along by the currents. A principal supply canal traverses the establishment and distributes the fresh waters into 24 basins. The depth of these basins is about 34 meters, and the depth of water in them about 24 meters. Each division 684 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] communicates with the canal through a small sluice gate, which serves to admit the water and to retain it when required. Quite a large spring rising within the limits of the property gives the means of tempering the saltness of the sea water. What results have been obtained in these pares of Regnéville? After a number of preliminary experiments had demonstrated the possibility of carrying on successfully the growing and fattening of the oyster in the pares that had been organized, Madame Sarah Felix undertook, in 1865, some experiments upon the reproduction of oysters in confinement. Adult specimens, taken from the bed of La Costaise, which furnishes the finest and most esteemed products of this section, were placed in a compartment, in which was arranged collecting apparatus made of boards and also of tiles. At the usual time the oysters emitted their spawn, which attached itself to the collectors. The result was not com- pletely successful. It was learned during the progress of the experi- ment that the basin lacked sufficient depth, and that the waters were not sufficiently renewed. The experiment was, however, very encouraging: A large number of the young oysters, which they were successful in preserving and which remained attached to the collectors, exhibited a rapid and marvelous development. Shortly afterwards, new experiments were made with one hundred thousand oysters. Oyster-culture was then in its inception, and they had not yet learned how to coat the collecting apparatus in order to facil- itate the removal of the oysters which became attached tothem. In order to remedy the difficulties which had been experienced, the tiles were covered with paper which had been coated with a thin layer of cement. By this device the removal of the oysters was readily accomplished. Moreover, by suitable arrangements, a regular and ample supply of water was secured in the basins. Success was complete. The collectors became loaded with young oys- ters; their removal was easy, and the subsequent development of this new generation, born in the pares of Regnéville, was accomplished under the most advantageous conditions. For some time afterwards, the pares, the maintenance of which in- volved costly labors and continued repairs, were on the point of being abandoned. In 1873, Mr. Vallé placed in them, to grow and fatten, 83,000 young oysters, originally brought from Vivier-sur-Mer, and hav- ing a mean diameter of from 2 to 3 centimeters. arare” % . bl al ‘Ges f ge 2a ar ie oomtirg Fires Fy “5 . : ; a oe Li ai or? ™ ‘ ’ , f Fy ret ee be aa rit * > : , Qi - . . ’ < ; J ‘ 4, s4 le - | - 2 ra . : ted > ae A d i? U : * . o te + a “ . i? . < Moa o ke As is ,.> t Q ®% 2x, / ; ae | ) eke ’ " $ - hte ceed) of iE : ‘ ¥ reat ii - - , Aad 4 o Fa S ‘ ‘ : bi Pity $ ties f 5 apts by E , f ” a SS Soheety j +4 - ++ ' a —_ s - As y Fis bin, ayes tae Fae tN Kage ot! . ek Pay bk PR ay EA ALP CPE ee 4 bh V4 — ratte, ¥ Spapalee ae a ll ae shits 2b Dope hee giao ain at ih SA a i ene Ey Be ah seid A> Bi et! : ainsi, | if tl re. oie hee iy rye a Lia V2 te wide oh) Geant tng 48: ~ ‘9 : — it >: ya eal “ae Page American oysters ..-... Stace dtesticiouee sone ase 44 André, Francois, oysters at Grand-Camp... 6 Apparatus, collecting, at Le Vivier ........ 15 PRBGACHOUM reise he ticiscecs cocemer ccesecscies 23, 34, 37 oyster-culture at........--...-..- 40 most extensive... 40 statistics -........ 46 supply to La Hougue.... ....-.. 8 Assessments at Cancale..........----.-..-- 15 Association of La Trinité, Sea-fishermen’s. 27 Auirayo) 2.52. 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33 OyAter-culiure|at=s2css2 2s. sccsseme a 23 condition =~ -- 22. - 2-66 27 : statistics ............. 27 spat brought from ................... 21 Barbet, M., collecting apparatus..... ...-. 15 Barnacles at Le Vivier.----...-.-..---.--<- 16 LS). co ac eesHeisaded cose pOSeeCeeaneeepsaca 26 oyster-culture at ...-.........--.-. Sor 20 Bernon, oyster-bed at ......:..........-.... 29 VESTS PATS Tash Be pi) hee ae ae a er ee 33 HMC ALOIS Hecinesen echoes aticitecamacescs 37 Blavet, oyster-beds of.......-.--.-.-.--.:.- 22 Bon, M. de, oyster-culture, report in 1875 (note) ...... 2 success..-..... 3,17 spawn-collector of......--..-.- 2 Bouchon-Brandely, G., report on oyster-cult- ING! she toaeHoomariscebn socen ocouer ac Ksanre 1 Brénéguy, establishment of the.......-..--- 25 Brest, oyster-culture at ....-.--.-.....-.--. 18 LEE Cp sscbee haan seenscsda: Soe b Cec neeste 37, 47 MCpaMy CUMON ATOM .ooc5sccecse se ecce res 35 oyster-breeding in..............-. 31 spawn to Grand-Camp .... 7 supply to La Hougue ..-.-.....--- 8 Pirapw ieee et a deena s tte ce ccaecicjeetess 46 Camac, M...... Reverse Setanta ec hares eins a ates 17,18 ANCOR secon pac pey a= scivaescy << cess ces 2,10, 18 oyster-culture at...... Bete ain ceerelsie le 13 difficulties .......--. 14,15 number engaged .... 14 relative rank of oysters.......----- 13 supply to La Hougue............:. 8 syndicate to fix assessments ..-..-.- 15 Central Society for the Shipwrecked ....... 41 Charles, MM............--. ood roomedADesoe 22, 23 COVERT CLS. Gee Ree a Amer oa MPa tes Chelas & Co., establishments of...... ...-.. 29 Claire, number of oysters contained (note) - 33 Claires at La Tremblade ........-.......--. 38 LOSING Use tee eee HEP Isaects 42 [49] S. Mis. 46———46 | Page Claires at Marenneés\.- 232222. .sc..--2-=-0- 36 Mar traiyae sense nese eae eee eo 34 Sables:d’Olonnes:2. <--s.20-" see 32 of ‘cement <5. <22%2-ces0secccle decal 46 mudiand olay ss sscmesans tees oeas 46 bottom transformed ....-..-...--.-- 43 Collecting apparatus at Le Vivier, success. 15 Collectors, method of coating...........--- 25 removal:of: sc .3=35-siessitcnc. 25 used at Le Vivier........--..... 16 by ‘Lhévenard ......-.-..-. 25 Coste, M., experiments of, in 1857....--..... 18, 19 his part in new industry ..-..--- 2,3 TOPOrt Of nV LGsSe- oe soc cn ges - 2 visit to Lake Fusaro .......-..... 2 Zeal Of ise 2.2.22 5523 Sa decscawaseaer 24 Couleige, bedding groundsat..-.........---. 8 Courseulles' $2 = -.22cccen tet eet eee ees eee 11,18 Courseulles-sur-Mer, oyster-culture at.....- 4 oyster-culture, produc- WU) eos ane at acecisr.cic 5 Crach/River!. 25.252). :4 2a saee omen eee 24 @rastorbe):- .2 525630562550 sessmetoraeseoeee 42,43 Croisicn: 2522228. 2s soe eee te eta 47 Cuhans Tslandiofi: 224 2820-2 2st eee eee oe 26 Cultch at La Tremblade .-.... ..--.....-.. 38 from Brittan yes se ceeseses ee eee 35 DAr gy: Mest iieisacee soos cen oabeee eee 25 Dauriac, Commissary-General.........----- 18 Decrees of 1853522. Jac 2secaseceseetewsees 3 Depots at Marennes...--- nogueabscrne sc6500 36 formerly at Sables d’Olonne ....- --- 32 Detaching young oysters .......-.--....--- 27 Difficulties in oyster-culture ..... 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18 34, 35, 44, 45 Dives, supply to La Hougue.....-.....----- 8 Dolus, pares at .....--- BoM ES kd Ae 35 Drag-net fishing for oysters .-.........-.--- 28 Dupenx: Hoyer Mess. 40s. ~2--- te ones 33, 34 WOM GS Mises emcee ace cc cs acecbciecetoe stems 27 Enemies of the oyster...... 9, 14, 15, 16, 18, 34, 35, 45 Exhaustion of planting grounds. -....--..--. 9 Experiments of Madame Felix upon oyster POPTORUCHION! += cra ccce sce ceecescecesen= = 12 ATA MONG NE. GO) sac ssceiac< sacle e cee onieinsians 37, 38 Faramond, Gaston de ..-.,--. --.---+---ee. 46 eer MG phase coca cocecies fs cclse cteeeisen se 26 Fattening of oysters at Sables d'Olonne. ... 32 Fébvre, M., at Grand Camp ...-.--.- eee oc 6,7 Felix, Madame Sarah, oyster pares of......- i experiments upon oys- ter reproduction ... 12 721 722 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER Page. Felix, Madame Sarah, new apparatus......- 16 Ly LE Cte 8 SS eee 46 Fish culture in France, success of.....-.---- 1 SANTINO Ee ota ote a's ah nw ols, a/nielaininia'e « 6,7 Fosse-Mort, oyster-cnlture at.......--..---- 17 Fusaro, visited by Coste in 1851 ...---.----- 2 SRPOT AN MN cleio ei Ah win nscicnicswoeset onic nam 35 Gervinais, M. dele .......-..-..0ce0------- 17 (COTATIUID* oe RC ae Sa Se Pe a 40 SORTER eee a noise asccnciem ects aauicwaace 46 ETI AIT oe nin'n << ps em ns claim aln moins ania 18 oyster-culture at..-...-...---- 6 spawn from Brittany -. 7 quality of oysters............. 7 Grangeneuve & Co........-----see0------- 46 Cree UG eee geeseaoenocsss- Sceigmre pian ae 13 oyster-culture at........-...-..-- 9 protection ........ 10 oysters furnished .......-.-...--- 10 roughness of sea....--..--......- 10 variety of oysters.-......-....--. 10 Greening of oysters at La Tremblade-...... 38 Marennes.. .......- 35 Martray —-/-<-\c.0 anc aaisanine nia aie 47 RTIpO GM. 5 5.25 2 \<1'em soils pamicueentnamemne 39 Page. firey ES eS 2 Cee Se 8 ee eer 22, 23 Viall6, MiSs i. caereet cocaine ck csinlas eames 12 Vannes. nd. acta oamee tenes eaceam eee oaeeeee 24, 27 oyster-culture at................--.. 28 Venot, M oscica< Seeeackeeccsinn caeeeaeee 41, 44 Venot: & Co xo scts ois wctiw alana a eee 43 Verdon, oyster-culture at .......-...--.-.-- 39 Widal MM. .ic.gs22 cittcanseinaanc meme eeN eee 46 Villers, Menry de: .ss05 occ caccecsecsearnics 15 Vincent; Misc, s cidoescties ooen cance eb eeaee 29 Viviers at La Tremblade................... 38 Marennes \:': 1. scl-seeielste wee eae 36 Vivier-aur-Mer,--.:..--, -2s Lae) (De z, ’ i ' i i y { at wt ; Pe thE WN psu i \ ‘ jt < Yoon ' ‘ ‘ te ( im \ ; ( ‘ ‘ y » ba , i: a ¥ Th i) ? lf Nay Agi: w a 4 ) Biter , is b al ‘ py FAL 7a ey fi COT EEN ‘ 2) bes ‘a! RY " 4 f ¢ yh i \4 ae) AW Ae ae bs Py ‘ ¢ 4 } Lal 4 wd LN Dey ay ua ey BAR etd 7 al ae Jay , : ; a A | - , Ee F tsi t 4 h¢ } ‘ ; Y), i ¥ 1 } j A We Al een Bib oes HeTiimipaid 2.) SR 2k A aN A al eRe linet ’ Ae Ufa J Vo “1 ps iy tp if crus Wipe aan ash Deen tn Gyn Rphniyirnne en eo bes Ar bas ' He TOE yi a “4 BA xe ae? uae ores: Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Winslow. Oyster. WU PLATE I. ‘ ie . z ie “; eon: 5 ee ’ ae r% ae & i ‘ 4 ¥ ‘ 7 2. = ee ‘ . ‘a ; mr 6 a - : ae ' r + + J . . 7 1 ' * ve ' Hi 7 , , 4 \ i \ ey 4 : © j \ Ss, ne : \ hs \ Sthoo es f j . x \ % ’ me | Fe i “i \\ 7 a Se ee ak, -& es c a -—= ‘+e i Pa oo — i. 7 i (ON RA a . ws XXIV.—AN ACCOUNT OF EXPERIMENTS IN OYSTER CULTURE AND OBSERVATIONS RELATING THERETO, (SECOND SERIES. )* By JoHN A. RYDER. The work of experiment with the eggs and embryos of Ostrea vir- ginica were carried on for the season of 1882 at the experimental sta- tion on Saint Jerome’s Creek, Maryland, by Col. M. McDonald and my- self, under the auspices of the United States Fish Commission. Other experiments were also conducted at Beaufort, N. C., by Francis Wins- low, U. S. N., and Prof. W. K. Brooks, while Mr. Henry J. Rice experi- mented in Mr. E. G. Blackford’s laboratory, Fulton Market, New York City. The other observers named above will, however, probably pub- lish their results at length in due time, so that it is unnecessary for me to do more than allude to their work. I left Washington with the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk in June last, but did not begin any actual investigations until July 5 following. In the description of my investigations, as well as those made jointly with Col. M. McDonald, I shall rely in great measure upon the journal in which I recorded the principal observa- tions and experiments from July 3 to August 11, 1882. July 3.—Investigated the contents of the stomachs of a number of aduit oysters taken from the channel which leads to the pond. The fol- lowing organisms were observed amongst the more or less disintegrated ‘““chyme” examined: Nauplii of crustaceans, their chitinous tests with the soft animal contents more or less completely digested out ; empty diatom frustules, as well as a number filled with a vacuolated rich-brown endochorme; one shell of a larval gastropod (Crepidula), and some very young larve of nudibranchiates; the shell of a larval lamelli- branch, not ideutified, with the valves still adhering together. Mature zooids of Pedicellina americana Leidy were also noticed, and in the pos- terior portion or pyloric end of the stomach vast numbers of vibrios were noticed, which I identify as a form generically identical with Spir- * The first of this series has already been published in the report of the Maryland Commissioner for 1881, embracing my work for that year. The present paper was pre- pared some time in September, 1882. [1] 763 764 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] illum.* The filaments are capable of straightening out and contorting themselves into a great variety of forms. The usual shape of these or- ganisms is that of an apparently spiral thread of extreme tenuity, which exhibits lively movements of progression in right lines, like the Oseil- latorie, Diatoms, and lower Alg@ in general. In consequence of the power which the filaments have of bending themselves, they may also exhibit vermicular movements. This organism is sometimes found in prodigious numbers in the vicinity of the crystalline style. Sewage is not the source of it, because this Spirillum [Trypanosoma] is found equally abundant in the stomachs of oysters from muddy or from clean bottoms, from deep or shallow water, and far from any possible source of sewage contamination. I also found the tests of a Difflugian in an- other instance, with the sarcode digested out; the species appears to be Difflugia acuminata Shr.t The cephalula stage of development of some worm, species not identified, a mass of vivid green algous cells, stellate hairs from the leaves of a neighboring exogenous tree, fila- mentous alge and desmids, completes the list of organisms and organic remains encountered in the gastric contents of the oyster when examined microscopically. Many more might doubtless have been found, had one taken the trouble to spend time in the search. To-day, at 2.50 p. m., I fertilized a lot of oyster ova; examined about fifty adults in full spawning condition; but in consequence of the fact that the water-supply fixtures were not yet in working order, I gave up experimenting for the present. The interim from the 3d to the 10th of July was employed in getting our equipment into shape for the work. July 10.—Impregnated a lot of eggs of the oyster at 3 p. m. to-day; not avery good lot. Had some difficulty in finding a ripe male; but the second lot fertilized at 3.30 p. m. came out much better and began to segment normally within an hour after the time of impregnation. July 11.—Best lot of yesterday at 3.30 p. m. had the velum distinctly developed to-day, with the shell-gland formed or forming. Tempera- [* Lleave my original description of this organism asI wrote it in 1882, M. A. Cer- tes, in his ‘‘ Note sur les parasites et les commensaux de Vhuitre,” Bull. de la Soc. Zoologique de France, 1882, describes and figures what is evidently the same organism under the name of Trypanosoma Balbianii, and shows that, instead of being spiral as I have de- scribed, it is really provided with an extremely thin spiral frill wound around the ' very slender fusiform body, the frill being the locomotive apparatus of the organism. It measures about z}pth of an inch in length. From M. Certes’ description, which I have since verified, itis evident that I am in error in regarding it as a Spirillum, and that it is, consequently, probably not to be considered as belonging to the group of Schizomycetes at all. (January 3, 1884.)] [tThis may have been the test of a species of Tintinnus, a peritrichous infusorian, some of the species of which build a chitinous case covered with grains of sand very jike the tests of Diflugia acuminata, For further facts regarding Tintinnus as food for the oyster, see my paper entitled “ Rearing oysters from artificially fertilized eggs, to- gether with notes on pond culture.” Bull. U. S, Fish Commission, III, 1883, p. 293. (January 4, 1884.)] [3] EXPERIMENTS IN OYSTER CULTURE—RYDER. 765 ture of water ranged to-day from 87° to 78° Fahr. The apparatus for blowing air upon the surface of the water in the glass hatching-dishes was applied to-day; it seemed to help to keep the water aerated and cooler by 3 or 4 degrees than in a vessel over which the air was not blown. Added a little, not over a tablespoonful, of a saturated calcic hydrate solution [lime-water] to the water in which the embryos were developing at 3.30 p.m. This was probably soon after converted into calcic carbonate by combination with the free carbonic dioxide in solu- tion in the water. I fertilized a fine series of eggs to-day at 12 m. and 12.20 p. m., which were developing finely at 3.30 p.m. Added a little lime-water or calcic hydrate to the water in which these last were developing, as soon as they were placed in the hatching-house. In order to test the possibility of changing the water on the eggs, I devised a simple filtering apparatus, constructed as follows: Over one end of a straight-glass argand lamp-chimney I secured a diaphragm of filtering paper between single thicknesses of light muslin or cheese- cloth, the whole held to the chimney by a stout rubber band, which bound down the free overlapping edges of the cloth and paper to the chimney all around. This apparatus was found to answer to a certain extent, but, like all the filters hitherto tried, was found to clog up and finally become impervious. The chimneys were suspended with a pe- culiarly arranged wire ring, which it is unnecessary to describe, depend- ing for about two-thirds of their length into shallow glass bottles with wide necks. The fresh water was poured into the upper open ends of the chimneys from time to time by hand, and allowed to percolate through the diaphragm below into the bottle, overflow from the latter around the chimneys, and run off. This arrangement would work for a while only; the diaphragm would finally clog altogether, and, if the number of embryos in one of the chimneys or cylinders was too great, putrescence was soon established, when our experiments would come to anend. It was also found that the chimneys were too deep; their great depth, as compared with their width, would force the eggs to settle on the small area on the diaphragm at the bottom, tending to suffocate the ova, arrest their development, and kill them. In order to change the water, I then resorted tocommon glass funnels and HHOTIRE paper, with indifferent success. I to-day examined some of the oysters one year and eleven months old, which had caught on the collectors put into the creek in August and September, 1880, by my party, under the auspices of the Maryland © Commissioner. The largest specimen measured 32 inches in length and 2¢ inches in width. Another smaller specimen was found to measure 2 inches in width and 24 inches and a quarter in length. These speci- mens were found to have the reproductive organs developed and con- tained ripe spawn. This showed how rapidly oysters which were started from the egg would develop in the course of twenty-three months. 766 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] July 12.—Eggs of the 10th, at 9 a. m. to-day, so diminished in num- bers as to be hard to find. Those still alive have velum developed and are swimming about actively. Infusoria are developing rapidly and in large numbers; of these there were large numbers of holotrichous spe- cies, besides very small monads, which were by far the most numerous. T have about concluded that we put entirely too many eggs into a given volume of water, thus increasing the chances of putrefaction. Ido not see, however, that the protozoa are destructive; none that I have seen appear to be capable of destroying an oyster embryo. Some vibrios which have made their appearance indicate a more alarming ‘condition of affairs. Eggs of the 10th were practically dead to-day, though a few embryos might still be found after much searching. Eggs of the 11th were not as completely freed from milt as they should have been. The water in the hatching-dishes is putrescent this morning, with teeming hosts of putrefactive organisms. Zodglear membranes or pellicles are visible on some of the dishes. Heat has been greater to-day than yesterday; last night was cooler than previous one. Thermometer 85° in the air at 9 a.m.; water in the dishes 84° at the same hour. Quite a number of embryos are still alive however; the last lot more developed than the first at the same relative age. Many with the shell-gland developing. Some were also seen to disintegrate while under observation. Some had a slimy filament attached to them which impeded their progress in swimming. These phenomena may explain Davaine’s statement regarding the detachment of the velum; in other words what he saw was probably simply a putrefactive process involving the incipient disorganization of the embryos. At 2 p. m. I transferred the embryos of the 11th into a 2-gallon glass aquarium, and then filtered off most of the water through a cotton-wool filter, which seemed to work pretty well, separating the most of the eggs from the water which runs through quite rapidly. The putrescent odor after this operation was not now so apparent. The cotton-wool filter was constructed precisely as the one in which filtering paper was used, only instead of the latter I used a thick pad of raw cotton saturated with water, varying from one-fourth to three- eighths of an inch in thickness. This contrivance, for the construction of which I had received my first hint from the experiments of Pasteur and Tyndall, allows the water to pass through rapidly, but is very ef- fective for a long time, as it clogs very slowly. I have great hqpes of the performances of this last form of filter. Meanwhile the putrescent action in the aquarium has apparently ex- hausted itself. I have had the air-blast blowing on the surface of the water, and have also immersed one blast-nozzle so as to cause the air to bubble up through the water in the aquarium. July 13.—Putrescence has been to some extent impeded by the air- blast, eggs of the 10th July swimming about at a lively rate and in the condition of Brooks’s Fig. 38. There are, however, but very few sur- [5] EXPERIMENTS IN OYSTER CULTURE—RYDER. 767 vivors now remaining, and if one is careful to examine the débris and sediment at the bottom of the aquarium a few dead shells of embryos may be detected with all of the soft parts gone. The most important step in advance to-day has been a thorough test of the cotton-wool fil- , ters, which will hold the eggs, but which will lodge in the meshes of the filter, which is a serious drawback. This requires that after using one of the filters for a short time, in order to change the water on oyster embryos, its action must be reversed ; that is to say, one must let fresh water pass through the contrary way in order to wash out those em- bryos which have lodged in the meshes of the cotton wool. In consequence of the air-blast blowing continually over the surface of the water in the hatching-dishes, there has been considerable evap- oration going on, so as to raise the specific gravity of the water in the dishes considerably. This does not seem to affect the health of the oyster larve which are still alive. I fertilized a lot of ova to-day, with very unsatisfactory results; the impregnation was not at all successful. Ten adult oysters were used in the operation—3 males and 7 females. The males were plentier than on previous days. Temperature of the water to-day ranged from 80° F. to 85° F. June 14.—Cotton-wool filter impracticable for use with a continuous flow of water, but may be useful in the course of other experiments for the renewal of the water on eggs and embryos. This was fully tested by using a series of McDonald jars, connected together with rubber hose somewhat like a series of Wolff’s bottles. The exit-pipe of each jar was filled with a cotton-wool filter, so that the water in the third and last jar had undergone three distinct filtrations, the result of which was that the water had become exceedingly clear and free from foreign par- ticles, in fact had been more effectually cleansed than by the use of any other filter I ever had seen tried. Theoretically this apparatus, through which the water ran in a stream about as thick as a crow’s quill, ought to have retained the eggs and embryos of the oyster, even though these were only one five-hundredth of an inch in diameter. The result of an experimental test showed that such was the fact; that the eggs and embryos would be retained, but that they would lodge in the meshes of the filters, where they would finally be covered by other sedimentary organic and inorganic matter. The result of this experiment showed us clearly that this method of incubation would have to be abandoned for something which would meet and satisfy the conditions of our problem more completely. A poor lot of ova were used in testing this apparatus, and after its unfavorable performance was made apparent, it was not thought advisable to waste any more eggs in its use. The prevailing temperature of the water to-day was from 82° F, to 87° F. The embryos of previous lots which had been incubating in glass dishes and aquaria had not been amounting to anything up to this time; they were therefore abandoned after a few had reached the age of from 768 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] four to five days and then died. Many, in fact the majority, of the sur- vivors were more or less diseased, showing vesicular protuberances from the surface of the body and slow and abnormal movements of the cilia, with a tendency to develop and trail a slimy thread-like appen- dage after them to which various foreign bodies would adhere and im- pede the free movements of the infantile oysters. This slimy thread I regarded as a product of retrogressive development, perhaps, indeed, of incipient putrefactive or disorganizing changes. The 15th and 16th days of July were employed in following up the development of the lots of eggs which had been fertilized before those dates. July 17.—Another lot of eggs were impregnated this day at 10.30 a. m., an entirely new method being employed in the operation. The eggs and spermatozoa were in fact squeezed from the animals with the end of a smooth, slightly curved pipette; the latter, which was provided with a collapsible rubber bulb at top, was also used to lift up the gen- erative products and transfer them to the dishes in which they were fertilized. The pressure of the side of the pipette was applied progres- sively along the oviducts, which open and pour out their contents uni- formly at one point on either side of the body. In this way I find that I get quite as many eggs as by chopping up the visceral mass, and with- out contaminating the emulsion of eggs and spermatozoa with fragments of the other tissues of the body. Temperature of the water to-day fell from 84° F. to 76° F. My success in taking the eggs and spermatozoa by pressure upon the ' generative organs and ducts led me to think of applying a similar method of investigation to the removal of the contents of the stomach. ) A = i) A & <9) A — i) 1882 1882. 1882. { 1882 Oct. 29 1 410 |} Nov. 14 3 | 1,700 || Nov. 80 6 | 5,200 |, Dec. 16 1 500 30 i 350 15 6 3,800 || Dec. 1 3 3,000 |! 17 2 1, 00 31 2 1, 400 16 20 | 13, 400 2 14.; 8,800 18 5 3, 200 Nov 1 2 1,100 17 14 | 8, 600 3 4 2, 600 20 2 1, 000 3 6 3, 100 19 2 1, 000 4 4 4, 200 21 4 4,100 4 2 950 20 5 | 3,950 5 3 | 2,500 22. 3 2,700 5 1 450 21 9 5, 800 6 2 2, 000 25 2 800 6 8 3, 900 22 5 4, 400 8 1 900 26 aL 850 7 al 500 23 7 6, 600 9 2 800 27 4 2, 600 8 9] 38,700 24 3 1,600 10 5 | 4,400 28 al 900 9 13 7, 800 25 3 2, 100 11 1 700 29 1 1, 100 10 11 4, 700 26 12 8, 100 12 4 4, 200 30 1 550 11 6 | 38,050 27 6 | 8,700 13 6 | 5,400 a 12 | 9 1, 700 28 8 7, 600 14 1/| 1,300 Totals .| 274 184, 660 13 3 1,100 29 6) 5,500 15 7 | 7,200 From trout twenty months old and from the wild trout. Twenty months old. Wild trout. ; (CME taal Babs hed Whit? 4 | rg [> acai o ; | ‘ | o | ° 4 Bite 1 E| 3 |e diabee a 3 a A “8 =] i=") y= = A | =" 5 i = Silt ah eae Soe Sie ms - | = : D : x SO eee Ble Balecd 8 8) 2 = He | A A | a A | | & 1882. 1882. . 1882. 1882. ov. 2 15 | 2,000 || Nov. 15 5 1, 200 |; Oct. 17 1 200 || Nov. 2 8 6, 200 / 5 1 200 16 3 | 400 18 2 450 Kj ie 350 6} 3] 600 17| 60 14,000 19! 1! 300 5| 2| « 650 Me 28 6,000 20 50 13, 000 22 2; 1,800 4 1, 200 9 25 | 5,500 24 48 11,000 2 1 1, 200 10 i 250 10 af 250 28 82 7, 000 24 af 500 12 2 650 11 62 | 14, 000 ——_ —_ — 25 1 300 17 4 1, 800 13 24 | 6,000 Totals .| 422 | 97,150 26 2 750 18 1 300 — 14 65 | 16, 000 29 3 | 1,500 — a 81 0 1, 80 ‘Totals. 43 22, 500 Nov. 1 4] 2,400 [11] OPERATIONS AT NORTHVILLE AND ALPENA. 823 THE WHITEFISH WORK. At Northville the first lot of whitefish eggs was received November 16 and the last December 8. The first eggs were taken at North Bass Island, Lake Erie, November 11, and the last at the same place, Decem- ber 7. With the exception of a small lot furnished by Alpena after the hatchery there was filled, the Northville supply was obtained wholly from fisheries at North Bass, Middle Bass, and Put-in Bay Islands, Lake Eerie. The total receipts at Northville from all sources amounted to 30,200,000. Some three or four million of these arrived after the hatching jars were all filled; but they were very successfully carried forward in the shipping cases, at a temperature of 32° to 35°, until shipments and losses in the jars had made room for them. The eggs began hatching February 20, and completed April 1; average period of incubation, 106 days. The water temperature varied from 32° to 54°, averaging about 403°, At Alpena, the first eggs were taken November 10 and the last Novem- ber 27, chiefly, however, from the 12th to the 20th. ' Most of the supply came from the pound-net fisheries at Scarecrow Island and Alcona and the gill-nets of the tug Wayne Isbell, which was fishing on the shoals at the mouth of the bay, though eggs were obtained from the tugs Minna, Lida, and McKinnon, and the fisheries at Oscoda, Ossineke, North Point, Misery Bay, Sugar Island, and Partridge Point. The water temperature was quite high—50° to 55°—when the first eggs arrived, but soon went down below 40°, and remained uniformly low throughout the season, the average being about 35°. The eggs began hatching April 8, and all were out May 16. Average period of incuba- tion, 160 days. Eggs were shipped from Northville, as per the following table: | Tinka. Number of | eggs. Consignee. 7 | ~ Remarks. - OCR = 77 Ee 1882. | Nov. 26 | 1,000,000 | | Central hatching station, Wash- | Shipped by United States Fish Beant ington, D. C. car No.1, in charge of G. H. H. Moore. Dec. 27 50, 000 | ‘Thomas Hughlett, Drnid Hill | Arrived in ‘good order; loss, 748 eggs. : hatchery, Baltimore, Md. 27 100,000 | Thomas Hughlett, Easton, M4....| Arrived in good order; loss, 48 eggs. 27 500, eh Fred Mather, Newark, N. J..-.-.- | Arrived in good condition, and forwarded to the Deutsche Fischerei Verein, Berlin, arriving there in excellent condition. 27| 200, 000 | cane QOy esas: eee ee Arrived in good condition, and forwarded to the Société d@’ Acclimatation, Paris, | arriving there in excellent condition. 27 HOS000) os: - DO) Sop ios - == 0 sn, 2 eee | Received in good order and forwarded to | G.Ebrecht, Geestemunde,Germany. Not ‘ heard from. 28} 1,000,000 | R. O. Sweeny, Saint Paul, Minn.) Arrived in ‘most excellent condition.” 30 | 1,000, 000 |.-.... OG) 203 .0:.5228 tLe eee | Do. 1883. _ Jan. 1 250,000 S. fe rrocemiortans San Leandro, | | Not heard from. 3 200,000 | E. B. Hodge, Plymouth, N. H....| Arrived in good order and placed in water | of a temperature of 33° to 34°; hatched | April 15 to 17; planted April 19; 193,000 } | in Newfound La e, Grafton County, New | _ Hampshire. k. O. Sweeny, Saint Paul, Minn... Received in good condition; loss very sinall. S. R. qERFOGRINOE LOH, San Leandro, | / | Not heard from. sa 8 | 1,000, 000 9 250, 000 824 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] ] | Number of, see ; Date. eggs. Consignee. Remarks: 1883. | Jan. 10) 250,000 | S.G. Worth, Raleigh, N.C.-....-.-. Received in good order; loss very small. 11 1,000,000 | R. O. Sweeny, Saint Paul, Minn..| Arrived in good order; loss very light. 12 | 1,000, 000 |...-.-- A OSA cris Soboomno nod aoOre Do. ‘ 20 | 2,000,000 | Seth Weeks, Corry, Pa... ........ » Do. Feb. 12 1,000,000 | Fred Mather, Cold Spring Harbor,| Arrived in good condition, though so far | ees advanced that a few hatched on the way. 22) 1,000,000 | Charles G. Atkins, Bucksport, | General condition on arrival good, but a Me. small percentage hatched on the way. Total..| 11, 810, 000 | The fry from Northville were distributed by car No. 2, of the United States Fish Commission, in charge of J. I. Ellis, and assistants N. Simmons, C. H. Ellis, and J. H. Horan. The Alpena fry were dis- tributed by car and boat, the former connecting with the latter at Bay City and Saint Ignace, Mich. In all, the car was run over 7,000 miles. No charge for dispatching service was made by any of the railroad companies excepting the New York Central and Chicago and North- western. In making,deposits care was taken to convey the minnows to a point not less than 2 miles from shore, tugs being employed for this purpose when procurable. Thirteen trips were made by the ear, as follows: Trip No. 1.—Left Northville February 24, at 4 p. m., with 2,000,000 minnows in eighty cans having a total capacity of 600 gallons; proceeded to Toledo by the Flint and Pére Marquette Railroad ; thence by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern to Cleveland, where the fish were deposited in Lake Erie, at 7.30 p.m., February 25. The fish were taken from water at a temperature of 40°, held in the car twenty-seven hours in water varying from 35° to 43°, and deposited, in good condition, in water at 34°. The car returned to Northville by same route as out- ward trip, arriving February 27. Trip No. 2.—Left Northville at 3 p. m., February 28, with 3,000,000 minnows in seventy-six cans; proceeded to Detroit by the Flint and Pére Marquette Railroad; thence to Niagara Falls by the Great Western Di- vision of the Grand Trunk; thence by the New York Central to Char- lotte ; thence, by the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg, to Oswego, where the fish were deposited, in good condition, at 1.50 p.m., March 2, in Lake Ontario. Temperature of water from which the fish were taken, 44°; average temperature of water in the can, 37°, varying from 354° to 39°; temperature of lake at time of deposit, 34°. The car returned by same route as outward trip, arriving at Northville March 5. Ar- rangements had been made with the Rome, Watertown and Ogdens- burg Railroad Company for free dispatching service between Suspen- sion Bridge and Lake Ontario points, but the loss of a bridge near Charlotte made it necessary to take another route as far as Charlotte. Trip No. 3.—Car left Northville at 3 p. m., March 7, with 3,000,000 minnows in seventy-six cans; proceeded to Charlotte, N. Y., by same [13] OPEEATIONS AT NORTHVILLE AND ALPENA. 825 route as preceding trip, and deposited the fish in Lake Ontario, near Charlotte, in good condition at 5p. m., March 8. Temperature of water from which the fry were taken, 45°; temperature of water in car, from 35§° to 399; temperature of lake at time and place of deposit, 33°. On the return trip the car met witha slight accident at Charlotte, and an- other, with more serious results, near Suspension Bridge, on the Can- ada side. While switching to the main track at Charlotte, the engineer in charge of the yard engine very carelessly took a side track flanked with piles of ties, and, in turning a curve, the car received a severe raking along one side, sustaining considerable damage. Repairs were made by the company at their shops at Rochester. The accident near Suspension Bridge occurred while the car was side-tracked. Another car was backed against it with such violence that both platforms were broken and one end stove in. Mr. Ellis was in his state-room at that end of the car when the crash came, but escaped with slight injuries. The car was repaired by the Grand Trunk Company, at their car-shops, at London. The company also replaced broken crockery, etc. The car was detained nearly five days. Trip No. 4.—This trip was an exact duplicate of trip No. 2, in regard to the number of cans used, the number of minnows carried, the route taken, and point of deposit. The car left Northville at 3 p. m., March 15, and arrived at Oswego about 3 p. m. the day following. The fish went through in good order, and were placed in Lake Ontario at 4 p.m. Temperature of water at the hatchery when the fish were removed, 439; temperature of water in the car, 37° to 41° ; temperature of lake at time of deposit, 35°. Trip No. 5.—Car left Northville at 2 a.m., March 20, with 3,000,000 minnows in seventy-six cans; proceeded to Toledo over the Flint and Pére Marquette Railroad ; thence to Monroeville by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern; thence by the Baltimore and Ohio to Sandusky, arriving at 10a m.on the same day. The car was transferred to the boat-landing an hour later. At 2p. m. the fish were all placed in six cylinder and six ordinary cans and carried aboard the steamer Eagle, which left at 3 p. m. for the islands. Two hours later, when near Kel- ley’s Island, the largest of the group, one-half the fish were deposited, the captain very kindly slacking the boat for this purpose. The re- mainder of the fish were planted off the west side of Put-in-Bay. Tem- perature of water at hatchery when fish were moved, 39° ; temperature of water in car, from 55° to 37°; temperature of lake, 35°. Trip No. 6.—The car left Northville at 2 a.m., March 29, with 2,000,000 minnows in sixty-four cans, and proceeded to Sandusky by same route taken in trip No. 5. As the regular daily boat to the islands was too crowded with freight to take the cans, the captain furnished a tug, which answered the purpose well. The fish were planted near Put-in- Bay Island at 7 p.m. Temperature of water at hatchery when the fish were moved, 45°; temperature of water in the car, 37° to 39°; tempera- 826 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] ture of lake at time of deposit, 34°. This trip cleared the tanks of the Northville hatchery, with exception of a few hundred retained for ex- periments in feeding. Trip No. 7.—The starting-point for the car in the first four trips with fish from Alpena was at Bay City, and for the remaining three trips, Point Saint Ignace, the extreme southeastern point of the Upper Penin- sula. The fish for this trip, 2,000,000 in number, were shipped from Alpena in charge of two messengers, per steamer Arundell, leaving at 3 p. m., April 24, and arriving at Bay City the following morning. They were then hauled to the car, nearly one-half mile, and placed in fifty of the automatic cans. The fish were in fine condition when the boat arrived, the water having been replaced with a fresh supply from the lake every two hours since leaving Alpena, but some were lost before delivery to the car, too few cans being employed in making thetransfer from the boat. The car left Bay City at 11 a. m., going to Holly over the Flintand Pere Marquette Railroad ; thence by the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwau- kee road to Grand Haven, the fish being deposited about 5 miles southwest of this point, in Lake Michigan, at 10 a. m., April 26. Tem- perature of water at hatchery when fish were moved, 395°; tempera- ture of water used between Alpena and Grand Haven, 36° to 44°; tem- perature of lake at time and place of deposit, 38°. About 500 pounds of ice were used by the car on this trip. Trip No. 8.—The fish for this trip, 2,000,000 in number, were deliv- ered to the car and placed in sixty-four automatic cans on the morning of April 27, having been shipped from the hatchery about noon the day previous. Thecar left Bay City at 2.40 p.m., and was run direct to Ludington, the point of deposit, over the Flint and Pére Marquette Railroad. The fish were deposited about 3 miles from Ludington, in Lake Michigan, at 10.30 a. m., April 28. Temperature of water at hatchery when fish were moved, 384°; of the water on fish in transit, 38° to 45°; of the lake, where the fish were released, 38°. Five hun- dred pounds of ice were used on this trip. Trip No. 9.—The car left Bay City at 7.15 a. m., May 1, with 2,000,000 minnows, shipped from Alpena the day before ; proceeded to Reed City by the Flint and Pére Marquette road; thence to Petoskey, the point of deposit, by the Grand Rapids and Indiana road. The fish were de- posited in Lake Michigan at 8 a. m., May 2. Temperature of water at hatchery when fish were moved, 40° ; of the waterin transit, 38° to 45° ; of the lake where the fish were set free, 35°- Ice used, 1,000 pounds. Trip No. 10.—The car left Bay City at 8.45 p. m., May 4, with 4,000,000 minnows in 74 automatic cans; was dispatched to Flint over the Flint and Pére Marquette road, thence to Chicago over the Chicago and Grand Trunk; thence by the Chicago and Northwestern to Kenosha and Milwaukee, the fish being planted one-half at the former and one- half at the latter place, in Lake Michigan, at 2 and 6p. m., respectively, SS. eee nd [15] OPERATIONS AT NORTHVILLE AND ALPENA. 827 May 5. Temperature of water at the hatchery when fish were moved, 40°; of the water in transit, 38° to 45°; of the lake where fish were planted, 42° at Kenosha and 39° at Milwaukee. Ice used, 1,200 pounds. The car proceeded from Milwaukee to Negaunee by the Chi- cago and Northwestern; thence by the Marquette, Houghton and On- tonagon to Marquette; thence by the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette road to Point Saint Ignace. Trip No. 11.—Left Saint Ignace at 9 a. m., May 10, with 2,000,000 minnows in 50 automatic cans, going over the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette road to Marquette, where the fish were deposited in Lake Superior, 2 miles out, at 7.30 p. m.,same day. Temperature of water at hatchery, 433°; of the water in transit, 38° to 46°; of the lake at point of deposit, 34°. Large fields of ice were observed in the lake near Marquette. Trip No. 12.—Left Saint Ignace at 8 p. m., May 14, with 2,000,000 minnows in 50 automatic cans, going to Marquette as before, and con- necting there with the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon road for L’Anse, where the fish were deposited in Lake Superior, 3 miles out, at 7.30 p.m., May 15. Temperature of water at hatchery, 433°; of the water in transit, 38° to 41°; of the lake where the fish were released, 35°. Trip No. 13.—Left Saint Ignace by the usual route to Marquette, at 8a. m., May 19, with 2,000,000 minnows in 50 cans; proceeded from Mar- quette by the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon road to Lake Mich-. igamme, where 1,000,000 fish were deposited at 9.30 p. m., same day. The car then returned by the last-named road to Negaunee and pro-. ceeded thence by the Chicago and Northwestern road to Milwaukee, where the remaining million fish were planted in Lake Michigan, at 8 a. m., May 22. Temperature of water at hatchery, when fish were moved, 434°; of the water in transit, 42° to 50°; of Lake Michigamme, 40°; of Lake Michigan, 43°. Number of pounds of ice used, 1,500. The Michigamme plant was made at the request of the Michigan Fish Commission. This trip closed the season at Alpena. The car then went on to Chicago by the Chicago and Northwestern; to Toledo by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, arriving tai 23 5 Moe to Washington by the usual route. While the car-work in connection with the Alpena distribution was in progress seven lots of fish were run out by boat from Alpena, and deposited in the bay and down the shore of the lake (Huron) as follows: April 23, near Sulphur Island ..-..........--.- Bsr at oa lth 2, 000, 000 April 25, near Alcona, +. -/.). j-ciemeseei- == 3 25 Bye rec eeaduee 3, 000, 000 April 29, near North Point... 2s. 2 a's oe ence ee eee ie 2, 000, 000 May 2, near Black River.... - ...-.....- Wetate teres shat win, olsene 2, 000, 000 May 6, Néeak OSSIDekKe oo. ve edna w'pee ete ewan dees snes 3, 000, 000 Sa CAT OSCOUS | tite in a cate os aw wie pee eee one eo ons. 2, 000, 000 Mavalte near Fariridge Pomp. osc icc aces cece wns ec ceees 2, 000, 000 828 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] On May 12, 100,000 fish were deposited in Long Lake, an inland sheet of considerable dimensions, near Alpena; 15,000 were also deposited in Lake Huron, near Oscoda, to the credit of the Michigan commission, to offset a like number delivered from the Detroit hatchery to Hiram Lind- sey, April 25, for deposit in Lindsey Lake, Indiana, to the credit of the United States Commission; making, in all, 32,115,000 whitefish as the result of the season’s work at Alpena. For experiment a few hundred of the fry were left in one of the tanks when the hatchery was closed, May 16. From one of the inlet pipes the tank containing the fry was supplied with a small driblet of water, suf- ficient, perhaps, to amount to 200 gallons per day. It was expected that all would die soon after the absorption of the sac, as the young of this species almost invariably do when confined in this way, even when sup- plied with the water of their natural habitat, as they were in this in- stance; but on visiting the hatchery, August 18, I found some fifty to sixty specimens, active and vigorous, varying from 1 to 3 inches in length. These fish had derived their food supply wholly from the water, no artificial aid or food having been given them. The experiment of growing young whitefish in confinement, with the aid of artificial feeding, is now being successfully conducted at the North- ville hatchery. We started in with 1,200 to 1,500 of the fry, hatched March 15, and to-day (September 1) have 276 fish, the least of which is not less than 3, and the greatest not less than 6, inches in length. So far as lam aware this eclipses any attempt of the kind hitherto re- corded. They were treated much the same as the young trout, being fed wholly on liver reduced to various degrees of fineness, according to the size of the fish. Although very small and frail at first, they grow very rapidly when once started. RECAPITULATION. Whitefish were distributed to the great lakes as follows: MING ATIO 5 a5. c 5 ciaiss = 2.0 3, 0)upe' s+ nie pie asp ein wes oie Rete 9, 000, 000 RC EINO sd oat nin ofa nmin 6s ce vig sein ahs Ak ho eee 7, 000, 000 TORN AMIE ca sie niet u pies a) am Nein de mone antenatal 16, 000, 000 TiO TiS RPA OUADE ie sais d, dw oie $a) ade ney anes malaga ne 4, 000, 000 ED yeaa LATIN 6a 0154 amy Sim xs mb wr ane eae ee 11, 000, 000 47, 000, 000 The following table combines the results of both stations for the season : Eggs Eggs Fish Fish received. shipped. hatched. shipped. GLOTMARNNOUG scandent sear nc ssus sp saveds sees ac AGRO ites toe bcipin’s a1 1,880 lene eee Rainbow (rome ssw ccaee dob eneewcsedecnees BB ISOs tence tae. 6, 400°) 225. eaeceeee Brook AlOutitecccncascac seer twasdeuwseegeacd 4738, 000 857, 000 50, 000 15, 000 Land-lockéd Galion occ ocigeccctcntacaseneece pi REO(DO0 iikeesanciee es ~ 19, 800 18, 800 DaQkO GeO peewenseisetisavawecuspaaalareseee 277, 000 208,000 |ncnccicsciccnmns|seccnscwaanaay Wihitenghicg cc. -euedecsasccusae maar eacouenwe) 71, 800, 000 ll, 810, 000 | 48,118, 000 48, 115, 000 OPERATIONS AT NORTHVILLE AND ALPENA. 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OPERATIONS AT sence Op = e272 5S OP es slaaan saree, ODELe 5 | geen ole Sears C1) opera EEC Aro 110) (9 Jolie er SOO) FOS SOROS yi 9) acEiene Opes esses = Opie | sae ADDO) eos a0 ae ae: Apuoyy |S OR, ECL eee cet OUT See TBOTO) | S22 or BOD al bins yg CP eee | eee O18) SOeREIOe Op [oot ope fet ssso2* ope? tees qqSvy eee op:**" gee ae cece wooo es" SI0L4S Brensbe Opeestreceeeees Oper fee one ee: Opeoo fees o=> OTe asegso- fee pep ee eC OOS SE eee BO Steg CVSS SS PSE cree ee = ae SSRIS (18 (2 5 saree Aipsor|banagacar teseeeeeeopete:|oreceeee THR ee a ops Pe AND) Pomc ot dices ee 2 Sbacas= opel cree Ope eit Op o> [reese op °° FOO seg eee STE ISI NG 1410) CQ) sossede gaye Ssceers Ope2 =: S22 252s- 10 Proaa eee aOD saa ies= >= -ODEe - ge Apnoea OR mete ee ORS | aT Soe SLE OTG)I | ated O Daierars acre enV) aeons MS TIGy, poarHac Op risa 555-0 Daeg | eg OP iene 30-5" weg Soe ee | ote op:rr-|stttteot op ofl eeiaaces ane aa atl PUOTO A sara Oca eae ke a ite jl = opel aes ie op sees ADOT |= "7 -- + ApualO |-"" "1s" optre see 5 MOTE) soe AMOI | So gABRID | * +¢2 722 opens Hoceede Opes s[ccetttt opr s|treett Open |store opr mep qysrT paso AA48N iP Aanwinws plelplels ta aelela aie Slade Hn AyAw “MON BE ARE AnAAZ, Sddeleler AZboU | ea] = 7, E nN ASS See Wig | “M's 2 ESSE op -| aN ee steece Ops (aaa ewe aq3rT | "MN BEOREES Sm01Ng “aN eee WStT | “AN Se Aq | “AN Sila as qas1T MA Sheet op ---| “AAS esas © ¥S4q | “AM 'S Seana mr | “M's eae WsrT | “AN Pete ysiig | “ACN iat Seiaans op "| “at's Seeks wary | “MN ee op----| “MS Seren sug | “M PEE wstT | “M's ares sig | “A'S ie mye | “AM 'S epee Wi | “MM 'S seven arenes! AN teamed op'---| “AN Peaseceer op--'| “ag Seen op:---| “H's Sees he op "| Ae eee eenee op:** ‘g soapbece op:--"| “ACN ees wWerT | “HN pagetaas Ope n"| MEN Sane SN | “AN ew tea op: "| “aN Pieces aqsry | “MM encase op Ae wen weeee 3a09 “A No ee WSN | “AN Care op:--| “aN soucaeweia op---| "at weeetope | ag geeinies qq3tT | “AN Rete op'=-| aN "29 e GUOLG “AN pee MSN | “AN hae op--*"| “AA B B ‘morqjoolIqy “UL "8g 89 09 29 +S 8¢ 09 £9 89 29 09 99 *S £9 69 oL og 29 $S ¢9 £9 69 €¢ +9 #¢ OL cc oL 9¢ OL be 89 1g 6L 29 OL (ae 99 89 8L 9¢ OL 8¢ 69 g¢ 8¢ 69 tL 9¢ OL #9 6L +9 69 29 9L 89 GL 09 GL 9¢ 69 Lg ¢9 9¢ OL 8g $9 0s ¢9 8¢ #9 # 89 6g OL £9 0L 8¢ 89 es 9¢ 6g 69 *S 89 +9 9L *S #9 69 18 Le] 99 89 $L 8g 89 09 GL ¥ 99 89 es €¢ FL 8g ¢9 8¢ #9 6S 197 9¢ 6¢ 8g 08 TS 09 9¢ IL fs 8s #¢ 6S Lg SP 9g 6 os Ls 6S 99 1g as ¥S 09 Ig ‘do | Ho | Ho | Wo b Eee es nz S _ S an Col B | - - ° oo BOP [Pas B B —Jo ornjze10duey, STESSESTESSSSSS 69 ‘ponurynog—of “you ‘op)ayjwonr ‘AuoyorneT ysyy 992v1G9 papugQ 9y} 2D oppw suoYyvasasgo say;vEM puY sanpoiadwa fo P4000 [23] OPERATIONS AT NORTHVILLE AND ALPENA. 835 Record of water-temperature observations made at the United States hatchery, Alpena, Mich., from November 10, 1882, to May 16, 1883. | Date. |8a.m.|8p.m. Date. |8a.m.|/8p.m.|| Date. |8a.m./8p.m./| Date. |8a.m./8 p.m. 1882. oF, oF oF, | OF, or, | OF OF, | oF. Nov. 10 52 54 || Dec. 28 354 | 35 || Feb. 13 344} 35 || Apr. 2 34 34 Nov. 11 50 51 Dec. 29 35 35 || Feb. 14 344 | 35 || Apr. 3 34 34 Nov. 12| 51 52 || Dec. 30| 344| 344 || Feb. 15| 344 | 344 || Apr. 4| 34 34 Nov. 13 48 49 Dec. 31 35 354 || Feb. 16 34 34 Apr. 5 34 34 Nov. 14| 46 47 1883 Feb. 17| 34 | 343 || Apr. 6] 343 34 Nov. 15 47 50 Jan. 1 34 344 || Feb. 18 34 344 || Apr. 7 344 344 Nov. 16] 48 50 || Jan. 2| 34 | 344|| Feb. 19] 343] 3 Apr. 8| 34 344 Nov. 17 41 43 || Jan. 3 34 344 || Feb. 20 3444) Apr. 9 344 Nov. 18 43 45 || Jan. 4 34 34 || Feb. 21 34 34 || Apr. 10 35 354 Nov. 19 41 42 || Jan. 5 34 35 || Feb. 22 34 Apr. ll 354 36 Nov. 20 40 41 Jan. 6 34 344 || Feb. 23 34 344 || Apr. 12 36 36 Nov. 21 41 43 Jan ‘a 344 | 35 Feb. 24 34 34 Apr. 13 36 36 Nov. 22 42 43 Jan 8 35 35 Feb. 25 34 34 || Apr. 14 36 36 Nov. 23 39 40 Jan 9 35 34} || Feb. 26 34 34 Apr. 15 36 36 Nov. 24 40 41 Jan. 10 35 35 Feb. 27 34 34 Apr. 16 36 36 Nov. 25 38 39 Jan. 11 35 35 Feb. 28 34 34 Apr. 17 36 364 Nov. 26| 38 38 || Jan. 12| 344| 34% || Mar. 1] 34 | 34 || Apr. 18| 38 384 Nov. 27 38 374 || Jan. 13 344} 35 Mar. 2 34 34 Apr. 19 38 38 Nov. 28 363 36 || Jan. 14 35 35 || Mar. 3 34 34 || Apr. 20 38 38 Nov. 29 35 36 Jan. 15 35 35 Mar. 4 34 34 Apr. 21 38 38 Nov. 30 35 354 || Jan. 16 344 | 35 || Mar. 5 34 34 || Apr. 22 39 41 Dec. 1 36 36 Jan. 17 35 35 Mar. 6 34 34 Apr. 23 41 41 Dec. . 2 35 35 Jan. 18 35 35 Mar. 7 34 34 || Apr. 24 39 40 Dec. 3] 344| 35 || Jan. 19; 344| 35 || Mar, 8| 34 | 34 || Apr. 25) 38% 383 Dec. 4] 36 35 || Jan. 20| 35 | 35 || Mar. 9] 34 | 34 || Apr. 26| 383 39 Dec. . 5 354 36 || Jan. 21 35 35 || Mar. 10 34 34 || Apr. 27 384 39 Dec. 6 36 344 || Jan. 22 344 | 344 || Mar. 11 34 34 Apr. 28 39 40 Dec. 7 35 35 Jan. 23 344 | 35 Mar. 12 34 34 Apr. 29 40 40 Dec. 8| 34 344 || Jan. 24| 35 | 35 || Mar. 13] 34 | 34 || Apr. 30] 40 404 Dec. 9 35 35 || Jan. 25 35 35 || Mar. 14 34 34 || May 1 40 Dec. 10 354 354 || Jan. 26 344 | 35 Mar. 15 34 34 May 2 40 40 Dec. 11 36 354 || Jan. 27 35 35 || Mar. 16 34 34 May 3 40 404 ec. 12] 34 35 || Jan. 28| 34%] 35 || Mar. 17| 34 | 34 || May 4] 40 404 Dec. 13 344 35 || Jan. 29 35 35 || Mar. 18 34 34 || May 5 40 41 Dec. 14 35 35 Jan. 30 35 35 Mar. 19 34 34 May 6 41 41 Dec. 15 344 35 || Jan. 31 35 35 || Mar. 20 34 34 || May 7 42 42 Dec. 16| 354] 35 || Feb. 1| 343 | 344 || Mar. 21| 34 | 34 || May 81 43 43 Dec. 17 35 35 Feb 2 35 35 Mar. 22 34 34 May 9 44 444 Dec. 18 35 35 Feb. 3 344 | 344 || Mar. 23 34 34 May 10 43 44 Dec. 19 34h 35 Feb. 4 34 344 || Mar. 24 34 34 May 11 43 44 Dec. 20] 35 353 || Feb. 5| 35 | 35 || Mar. 25] 34 | 34 || May 12| 43 434 Dec. 21 34 34 || Feb. 6 35 35 || Mar. 26 34 34 || May 13 43 434 Dec. 22 343 34 Feb. 7 35 35 Mar. 27 34 34 May 14 43 44 Dec. 23 35 35 Feb 8 35 35 Mar. 28 34 34 May 15 43 ht Dec. 24 35 35 Feb. 9 35 35 Mar. 29 34 34 May 16 43 44 Dec. 25 35 35 || Feb. 10 35 344 || Mar. 30 34 34 Dec. 26 35 35 Feb. 11 344 | 34 Mar. 31 34 34 27 35 35 || Feb. 12 344 | 343 || Apr. 1 34 34 os an A | anti ‘if hes a 3% "a i ye “! bight ny ed , mM ak, he fiat i : A trait as ny if i nis i | ~~ ’ ; INDEX. {NoTEe.—The references are to page-figures in brackets. ] Page. OTERO CUES) ER ae ee 3, 11,15 Alpena, Mich .......... Sop paneer 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 14, 16 eggs hatched at ............-..... 1 received at..............---- 1 fishing facilities at............... 2 hatchery, capacity of............. 4 description of.......-.. 3,4 established ............ 1 temperature observations at...... 23 WALEDRUPPlY. secon: cassie ce anin =n, 4,5 white-fish distribution ........... 14,15 Arundell, steamer ...........-..--..---.... 14 PACTS CG HMTIOS Gree is tne nemo vcceaerioss 12 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad .............. 13 BRYCE VR MIGH oie io an clones s se emer cece’ 12, 14 Behr, Herr von..... SiS ceBEdasoSOOeodoOr Sa 6 Renan ermany ca cdeces saccsac-asceecess 11 ACK ROLV OL awcsceincciccces sacs sccssenace 15 BC hIOMlglusGreacasa se cece -ccinemscscisinn 6,9 BOWEL) SOVMOUN «25 cocssse- + es eeciqaoses 3 SIO MUNG een aaa oieasaiss\cinioeceeicncinca 9 eggs, distribution of .......... 9 number hatched ........ 9,16 number shipped ........ 9,16 number taken ........ 1, 9, 10, 16 time of spawning............. 10 TRUCKER POLL MOG nee scisca scene) eaceice sso 12 Capital invested in Great Lakes fisheries. . 3 WAR ee de micere sc ssiciscasaceeissence ssecaeccen] 12 TOTO a oa ee RR SOnmenedacooc 13 RETR ae nna eset oEcne eSobgeG 13 Carp, number distributed.................. 1 Central hatching station ..............---- 6, 9,11 WHATIOULO SIN. Mi -a'sh2 csessweies siclseccs s saga 12,13 NCO aN sroainioios 4 sib a ccjmicictecieistsie > 14 Chicago and Grand Trunk Railroad....... 14 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad..... 12, 13, 14 EM RTO SE ee ee ee 1 Wleveland: OWi0\.-csces clestesucelsessecesccs 12 Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.......-..-..--.. 6,9 nOley lake Mich ja. 5)-sccscceecsertae:-s08 8 Coregonus clupeitormis ...........--...--. 4 BIOITY, Poot oceje scenes ceciscsacences sos ess 12 PI BITOL GT MMO a scone ice sniscinacetans ces acess 3,12 Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Rail- DO Ae ae ena ue eee eeeas easivacbeces wo mds 14 metroithatchery, <--sas. sce e ea seein Joe ne 5, 16 Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette Railroad. 15 Deutsche Fischerei-Verein.........-.-.--. 11 Druid Hill hatchery........ Senet eta aenae il BEMUE SLOANE Soe. sade r'e cs coce site niceashe 13 Easton, Md......... Senee a ae es wee acted 11 BMEPORG YG: sd outa iactkinwatocescnsssace sess 11 Eggs taken at Alpena ........00----- aeaaal 1 ERM amc isccsniacedscvanceescseses eae 12 [25] Page. rie, Lakers. q ase sercinsas saaccie cones « 3, 6, 11, 12, 16 Fisheries, capital invested in.............. 3 Fish, preparing for shipment...,.......... 2,3 Flint and Pére Marquette Railroad....... 12, 13, 14 France; fish, for: <=: -se< eee ese abe soos 9 Free transportation granted...... jee 12 Geestemunde, Germany.....-..........--. 11 German trout... josscesee at aneeeennieseeras 6 eggs, number hatched....... 16 number received ...... 1,16 Germany, fish for! cn o5.c csp uenscee ne ein ns 9 Gill neti sours ceseedemewc as caeene mee aes 2 Grand Haven)i22.55.2s.sussecescsssc esses 14 Grand Lake Stream, Me .........-.------- 1,8 Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad. ...-... 14 Grand Trunk Railroad Company.......... 13 Great Lakes, number of fish deposited in. . 1 Great Western Division of the Grand Trank Railroad Ssccsuecceessisesas-ss54 12 Herring 2.2. cos eoeemiem ands ae sence 2 Hodge; Ki.) Bien sacset setienaias fees aire il Holly.) Michiscccencenctce asics meeeeeteesete 14 Holly Water Works Company..........--. 4 Hughlett, Thomas .................--..... 11 Huron, Lake ...-...0nssasesertecesense 1, 2, 3, 15, 16 1G Gree or enessone cancers cogact see teased 7 Kalkaska County, Mich .................-- 9 ‘Kelley's Island: 2252. ccceacsene se sce ee 13 Kenosha, Wis<..0<0 sca eereeesedecisusis 14, 15 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rail- ne acca scmconamoe dace ones 12, 13, 15 Lake) troutc 242s-csoeemcciasisarc rerun 2 eggs, number received......-.. 1, 16 BMAP Peer sweeten ascsoaiae 6, 16 TELGS ooseceerbandsecenece 6 WOLKie ee semeceere sa cacttt ei 2 6 Dand-lockedsalmony-s-s-ice-- +5 s--0-2 55% 8 distribution of........ 8,16 number hatched ...... 16 number received.....-. 1, 8,16 L’Anse, Mich...... “i eA ene 9 15 ida tips eseeme east e ees cainincelcosisaisiascia 11 ANCHO Yap eer aMeeiae soe cities sstetesicicia'eisim ee 16 Lindsey ake Inds 2c sciesce ese <5 -cieinis 16 PUONGON CANAL Asoc os B : . . 0. Meeene x RASS oP B woroo to o p B 0 @.M..-- cence eneeeee--- Noam eH on Pp BB NN SoS HS AIH OoRaAHOSOHWOSNS PEpSUTUT ocoomanouanon Sous SUPPP BSBB PPPPPPPUPTTD EBBBBBEEBEB eee AMAOMABAAMNSD OM NAIK OSWMAMNSSH Be aon . SG oocoonw coananocucc eee Bass PPPP PPP? o > B DUT. coek yp lnem veamasana md O'R. Menon se cccccescsccces 5 p. M.-------- saccavceser ee eSrINePrS SBees s33 BBE Temperature of— Air. 70 BESSSSSSSLL SLES Surface- Males. water. 51 51 50 50 50 Females. bo J AAaIwWHAMO3W 20 _ DMonoreH 10° Males. = oSOnswtoanrnon rant 14 Ripe fish. Females. - AWN] BaacrmoackHow =" wan 14 GO HO CO CO RY CO GH TO = Voayp _ APANSAOMINANX an CNnrRNOF Be Q~10 [5] SALMON-BREEDING ‘ON THE MCLOUD RIVER, CAL. 843 I.—Seining operations conducted at salmon-breeding station on McCloud River, §-c.—Cont’d. Temperature of— Fish taken. Ripe fish. Date. Hour. | Air. Sartor: Males. | Females.| Males. | Females. Sept. 15; 9.50p.m 52 52 8 12 8 4 16} 5.30a.m 50 60 3 22 3 14 16) 5.50a.m 42 50 7 17 7 7 16} 7.15a.m 40 50 5 12 5 7 16| 7.40a.m » 40 50 14 32 14 20 16 | 7.55. 42 50 12 19 12 11 16| 5.50p.m 65 50 4 11 4 5 18} 6.15a.m 44 50 8 20 8 12 18 | 3.35a.m. 46 50 4 13 4 7 18} 7.30 a. 46 50 26 2 2 es Sep eSeeoe 18} 8.10 46 5¢ 7 lee sen ceen 7 |ececcccne- 18; 8.40 48 50 5 7 5 5 18 | 10.15 51 50 16) pewes nee Gi \seecesesoe 18 | 6.45p. 58 52 6 6 6 2 18 | 7.00p. 58 52 10 3 10 3 fe RO\ dy 7 EE 56 52 2 2 2 2 NCE ie eae See 54 52 2 5 2 5 a0 Siar osiers cao (siatela)= saiaale 54 52 2 2 2 2 US) CR RAUT ERO On Ape IS rOeaen op 48 52) eeeecinctes Di Weicisrsteeiate 1 TIN EAGT ie Pee ecoress 48 2 7 2 7 BSS MoAGU Ge Mapp = cioese esi 3. cm ee 48 50 1 8 ak 8 OREN toci=-iocio eis (ems nmin sin 50 50 10 4 10 r 3 TE A GE OS Eee Oe eS 54 50 5 1 5 1 Ui) |) GUIs te ee Se pee gece one 58 50 10 1 10 1 TONS. 4 Game ds saci agaencccane 60 52 10 1 10 1 1B) |) GE OLUy oth Raeat ane serosssooc 66 52 8 8 8 8 TOM eG do pai ss nein tae a scence 62 52) |Ecece ota A Re et 2 TORR LO Wie serene ce nsislavemaae 62 52 a 5 7 5 AON ESV O0 ps We = 2- aac ctecaeon 2 52 2 2 2 2 Te |) CORB Tega eabermectoneisnae 58 52. hc cchcmecleeceeeecnclteomemeses| = ecanccen- TU) Cie ay eae 54 59, | Soe eee Ft |S 3 PUM aoe Moe aso cee sic enceae 46 50 2 12 2 12 PURO ke Mere ccises a --"- {puleg ‘W'S Fold | ¢ FoF | 000 ‘¢c9 000 ‘e9 Wee [eal epee ememaemen Sha Ga HULU G3 [oe E HN ‘qqnoursyTg |-" 777" 777-77" eopoH ‘fH | ¢ 0TZ | 000 ‘cc aes een LEG Las Sere cee See OW ‘AVMION [--- 77-7 - ioe ie oy ‘Avro |----- Oe moulley HG | dT 09 | 000 ‘s6T 000 ‘06 OND SULA OMISs 2 ae rani OW, POUCH Sse OW ‘prlepug |--""" -""-" Sureq‘e-y | tT wey €L | 000‘0z btheestcec aa mai at [VJ ease Ie] Sane fe oa ete) CATHIE fms = rs EU OLD Gal te moosuey Sila | 1% *MOISSTUL 662 { 000 ‘08 000 ‘os Sa a gO Ge COTS UL Sa NG | eeecres O° ‘ToSarAsSe AM | -WLOD YSTT$0}"7g poztUy | 1Z 99% | 000 ‘os 000 ‘0g pence CE ele oe od eee WOH ‘y100;80.M |"""*” "7777 WUMOD ‘qaodysa yy |-= = 777777" OPM L O81004) | 17 168 | 000 ‘09 COOKO9 Meret eee Sen | T |-"""""""=" au0p ‘yoouonbog |--=-= “To7** MOOD ‘TOSpurAy |-"- ~~ aes WoJUOT “fH | 1Z “YIOX LES} 000 ‘OF NUNN Jie | eae ee T | MON ‘soqiey Supidg plop | A10x MON Yoxsvyy woyzMy |*-------- PIOFPOV[T “OA | FT (i POL SSeS aes (OKs — || 1k |Booceegecees oy ‘opfashuaeg |*--------- OW ‘oTfAshauoq, |----- “-wpooury urmulaog | pT ORG EOOOLOG ama leaeee a Sa OOOKOCE ZG aeine Sctsi= sinlamisieinia'e OW ‘AGMION [°° -> ===" ""= > op “AeATONG === ===" uoulley “Hd | dL TGTeee OUD 00 Kinet eee SSS | UO Le |b fPeceeses oureyy ‘Oouly Uno |-- oureyy ‘oxvT peoyesooyy |-------- “77 meuued "VW 'O | #1 99% | 000 ‘0g 009 ‘8T Q00 G89 ike sere eet. TmOD ‘g10dgso Ay [--" 7+ *777 7 THON ‘g40dq8o My |-- 7-777 OFMPL 991094) | 9 0 | 000 ‘08 000 ‘0g ooo'09 {2 j-"-"- paige Sagat Gs on Tae es ‘HN ‘qynourstg }------ “-r- OSpOH GH | 9 "Ya Lg¢ | 000 ‘os 000 ‘os vroocsom"] T | MONT ‘oquey, Suyidg plop |-y10_ Mon Yoyreyy WoypMyT |-------- > PLOFOCTT “OH | “MOISSTU 6&2 | 000 ‘08 000 ‘og OT ieae saa T allies ges co aa OO Ne CLUSG Neale as O'C ‘WopSuTASeM |-MOH FSA $94vIg poytug | ¢ OP |MOOOMOST: eal rans semece een OOO} OD Cael teal emcee or eeteee FIgEINT sguauese spp ree HN ‘qynourdTg | ----77-77-> poh a a} S “qT "10 LEG | 000 ‘092 000 ‘092 p | MON ‘oqieA Surdg plop |-y10A MON Youreyy woyny |--**+---- PLOFPOVTT “DA | 1e 6&4 | 000 ‘OZT 000 ‘02T Coal a ee ae gs ee 2) Uae rage wal nee neat CC) Voie Rew ues ea © eer Tf “TOISSTUL 6&2 | 000 ‘0zz 000 ‘zz Oe ee ee O'c ‘WoRSuryseM |°-------- OC ‘TopSUTYSVA\ | WOH YS So}VIg popu | Gs 99% | 000 ‘0S Ast ape: As Fees. ee 52> UO OC SONG see eee MOZ “ya0dys0 Ay |->-----" “-OTTT[IL O81004) | Ez 168 | 000 ‘og ves mari sess | eee (Pg ISSO uuop ‘yoouonbog |--~----~ "°°" MMOD “IOSPUTAN |->- = 7 IT a0}UueT CH | 62 “uee “sony “E881 S) : ‘A Ee soqBIS | “sazRIS | 5 z = ‘TeIOL peyiag Jo | Jo o1eys }° “yuour 55 perc ote ccc Back | “ToT eUTySop TeUNyT “ssoIppY ‘ouStst09 -diqs jo ze : 3 ond hee | oO 5 “s330 Jo 1oqum yy 2 “S88T ‘ump ‘punjig worl unnds uowpns yoosqouag fo yuowdrys ay2 fo uswajnjg—'T ATAV I, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] 862 -O1 e807 O10M JUOTIEZUIS CAGE UT popnyouy Laz OY} 02 TOYTIPpE UL ‘s}josnyosseyY pure oargysdmup MON Jo seqRIg ONY Aq & ’ SP ay “IOATI OUILS OT4 UI poyIsodop o10M LIZ YONA ‘oRseMOSIUIOg OYY UI 4WSNeO sours Woy WOYBy S559 000‘eg Wosy Suty[n T}UyOf poz10 dns st qyynous,g 48 Aroqoyey OUT, » L19 ‘9TL ‘T 000 ‘06 Pa dipa| “vies => ease ewsaseteesises rrr t nr JOAIY Wospny |----*--"- yoorg peo[ty jo wyeg 000 ‘¢ It Avy |'-* pueysy suoT ‘Avg yynog Yeory [~~~ 77 to Avg 19384Q qynog |-*-seu0e “q ‘f¢ jo spuod ynory, 008 ‘6F or Avy |----- AquNOYD Wells AA ‘HOCID YJION |---- AGATYEUOSP Efi wees eee einer yooig 8,.11BQ |--"*~ ioqiey Suds plog 000 ‘662 Spe OILN (Ra se isi cian soovid Arpung j----"" 77-77 >" IOATY YOVULIEL | ~~" 7-777 IOATY Jassemostmeg |-"-""-"y AN ‘qynowATg 000 ‘OLT CGtOGOBING ia a teak Aqunog plozxQ ‘ABMION [o- 7777 IOATY yoosdumsdrg | -"*--"-77 7777" TOA POHOOMN Gran seen ae reas = ABMION “‘SIOATIT 000 ‘eT Go OULLE naa: Ayunoy stnbeyeosrg ‘uosaoyy | yoosqoueg pu smbequosrg |----tt otter puog wo1qeH 000 ‘0g 9t oun | Ajzun0D smnbeyvosrg ‘ovuLy yuMoyy |*-**-- =" 7-7 IOAIY OOQouUeY | ~**--"---"- “OB pvoyosooypy 000 ‘og Ci OU haesaee Ajyuno) Josiomo0g ‘uesOyMOT, |*--- 7-7 eXVT proyosooyy | --------------" IOATY WVOYBOOY |--" "2°" "=" ooury JUNOPT SFP ‘LI 1 Avyy |---Aguno0p uoysuryse My ‘plopyyION |--- or TOATY SVIMOVTy |-- 77°77 7-777 Aaleioet OOTG BON) Re > > aoe eae ee opens “ouvig 480 AA ‘SVOYWMVATIIVTL Pres) 1109 2) ooo Aqunog smbequosig ‘Woaog |*""* 77777777" IOATY Joosqoueg |------ ~---"" “IOATY SInbeWwST 000 ‘0g 9 eune | " IOAN UOjsoruIBy |= oases sess yoouonbog 000 ‘OL z BOY, |i Ses aseeee eis eae ATORDMINOG)|S3 = Paes ees ODES | Sees a> eee IOATY TUL 000 ‘se 092 a: 4 SS" SSS eee DIOL AON: |\shomer seeo eae aeg OD rapes |= ae eee eee ee od 000 ‘88 Ga Oa fa nea eae Sa SOROS OEE RUD Ss cuseece ory oa cae ee ee OPE ies 2a | aa Be ee ee od 000 ‘LE | Ages: (sla a Vesela IS 0:2 espiug [[@Au10g |----57""---" punog puv[sy suo'T |------------- IOATY OFMOPUBNOF |--- 7-7 q10dqso AA e881 “UST “Loysuv1} JO *poord yo mae N tent : ‘ysodep Jo Aqfe00T —04 Areqnguey, arom Kay ena UT 81098 AA "POMnyee SABA ae Teas "*"""" HIOX AON PSSESS eirgsduey Ao NT alpine Pains arp Tt sete eeeeee- qnoooum0D 04879 “GRRT U2 punjig 1 pajoajj}oo shba woul painat ‘eggT we huf woujvs roosqouag fo buyunjd ayy fo quawain}g— TI ATAV, pe pun) p9}92}) p Sel U4 1 QoUoey: On IT . XXXII.—REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1882-83. By CHARLES G. ATKINS. THE NEW BUILDINGS. The changes in the buildings rendered necesgary by establishment of headquarters at the hatchery at the cove were brought to completion this season, and these matters kept a small force of masons, carpenters, painters, and laborers at work during nearly the whole autumn and winter. We can now congratulate ourselves on being well prepared for the successful management of any stock of eggs we are likely to get, and on a probable suspension of the work of building and tearing down, which has unavoidably attended nearly every season’s operations thus far, often to our serious inconvenience during the spawning season. The attendant expenses will likewise doubtless be materially reduced hereafter, The superintendent’s cottage has been moved to a new site, close by the main hatchery, and has received important repairs, extending to finishing and painting within and without. The group of buildings at headquarters now comprises the main hatch- ery (No. 3), the superintendent’s house, a keeper’s lodge, a small ice- house, and a wood-house. Directly in front of the superintendent’s house is the fishing ground, with the spawning house and a watch-house perched on a pier in a position commanding views of all the nets. About 50 rods down the stream stands the ‘river-house,” or hatchery No. 2. The original hatchery in the woods completes the list. 2. SPAWNING. The nets were placed to intercept the descending salmon, as usual, about the middle of September, and on the fourth day of November the arrangements for the capture of fish were completed. In the early catches the males, as usual, largely predominated, con- stituting 66 per cent. of those taken November 5; 47 per cent. Novem- ber 6 and 59 per cent. November 7. The females were in excess No- vember 8 and on every other day to the close of the fishing season, November 20. The totals were 600 males and 1,004 females. In re- spect to size and condition, they were the finest fish we had ever taken. The males averaged 3.1 pounds in weight and 19.9 inches in length; [1] 863 864 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] the females before spawning 3.2 pounds in weight and 19.3 inches in length. Those females that were ripe when they first came to hand outweighed by an average of one-fifth pound those that were ripe at the first trial, and exceeded them in length by an average of about three-tenths inch. Such differences have been observed before. As compared with the measurements for 1830, both sexes were eight-tenths inch longer this year, and excelled also in weight. As compared with 1876 (the year of smallest averages in our experience), we find this year an increase of 94 per cent. in weight and 28 per cent. in length among the males, while the females have increased 68 per cent. in weight and 22 per cent. in length. The number of females yielding any eggs that were, on extrusion, white or otherwise evidently detective was smaller than ever before. No record was made of the frequency of the occurrence of this phe- nomenon until 1881, when 17 per cent. of the female fish were thus de- fective. This season there were but 7 per cent. The number of eggs affected was in most cases very small, sometimes but two or three from a single fish ; but in rare cases the greater part or the entire litter was affected. No outward symptoms have yet been observed which mark the diseased fish. The phenomenon was quite as common in 1868 as in any recent year. The exemption of the eggs from visible defects was not, however, attended by a better rate of fecundation than ordinary. The record of losses during the developing period enables me to fix the rate of impregnation at 90.9 per cent., the losses from all causes prior to ship- ment being 11.8 per cent. In 1881~82 the percentage impregnated was 92.9 and the losses before shipment 9.2 per cent.—about the ordinary rates. Of the 1,004 females taken, 945 yielded spawn, of which the total amount weighed 727 pounds 6 ounces, and numbered 1,681,000 eggs. The yield per female fish thus averaged 1,779 eggs, which is the highest average yet recorded at the station. Details of the spawning operations will be given in Table I, and of the measurements of the fish in Table II. 3. SHIPMENT OF SPAWN The first shipments were made January 16 and the last March 28. As usual, the unimpregnated eggs were separated from the others by hand-picking after concussion, and 134,802 were thus removed. This number, added to 63,868 that had previously turned white and been picked out, made a total loss of 198,670, which reduced the stock to 1,482,330 eggs. There were reserved for planting in Grand Lake 374,330, and the remaining 1,108,000 were divided among the sub- scribers to the fund and shipped to the order of the several commissions interested. ~ [3] PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1882-’83, 865 The following schedule shows the amount contributed by each party and their respective shares of eggs: : Contri- | Share of Contributor. hritiont eggs. MURS ALCS == ale) sic soe o ac' Oo]. : 2e| & o 2) 2| |B al 3 | 3 | 3 ° =] ° o H |A|R/P a a a | E A 1882. : Lbs. oz Noy, 16 \| Previously found-unripe.-2-|ocson4| see see [par elem eseo cee yee 2| 29 9 } 97. 000 16 | Night of November 15-16...|| 38 | 17/13 | 4/4] 21] 13 |----. 0] 12 5 , 17 | Respawning --..--. Spor ood |p esl loaso beso bao) PSEste Ss) aoc * arace's | eee ad 17 | Last night...-.-. oe eee nine 30: )1L |/05)|) 1 .3ie 19) d5)\-=-=2 0) ene , 133, 500 17 | Previously found unripe 22)-cn025|2e2-|teee easels s|s-eee |e LON|eo=-e 0 9 8 18; | “Respawn foes ae anaemia eins lee aete | eee eae seetelleelne oe el aero Bese Bu 18: | Gast might so: eee sb- see sae Oe. | 4 CaN vee Galen AG ale aeen eee 4 10 28, 500 18; | Previously foundimnripe- por) -ecs¢| see a|oo-6) s— estas emma Oa eerie | eee 5 10 20 | Last two nights......-....-. Ou 20g OF Te CW id e587 214 7, 000 Mptal Bases: eaten sean 1, 604 |600 [665 \268 |211, 004 | 945 | 918 | 57 | 727 6 | 1,681, 000 [5] PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1882-’83, 867 | SM OWMAM HOD OAC R ‘eUIUs JO JUSIOA FS 08 63 08 08 08 od 0 a5 05 od os [eulsu0 peyndu0p | -omMmooocooowu 480}.104§ In 7 7 7 ike 7 Lt 6 6 7 6. “q80U0'T Length. 19.4 | 23.0 | 16.0 eA) b 4.4 “FBOTARVOHL | QQ od od died Wicd od wi wid 2.7 | SQOWO MMOH ‘OSVIOAY Females measured after spawning. Weight after spawning. SL-OOEEOOOrMD QAAN AANA A A ol a) 00 00D He CD | aa REE EC, Tae ef SLosongnacan eysoissy | SESSSSVSSSS Le ry ‘OUIus | : i *poinsveul | 1, 714. 0 389.7 ow aaaosechecties a a aoe ae PAL SBAASIRSS oo puv poysioa 19qum jy eceporeded mowmwooooose In 21.5 22. 22. 21 22. 21 21 22. 19. WHNATRONOCH In 2.2 | 19.3 Lbs. “q90TA BOTT Weight. Cn On nA AMA *OSVIOA Females gravid (before spawning). % £ a a | *poinsvour SRUSSARAN* puv peysiom Joquinyy | 308 | 3.08 bs. 4 9 4 4 4 4 .o : ; .4 ° i AB 9 4,9 TABLE 11.—Measureiment of Schoodic salmon at Grand Lake Stream, Maine, November, 1882. ie Pipi iap be epee eS ire} q8oH0NS | SSeS eeisnrse fis Se Oh ae oe Oe eB oe Be ee | ri a ‘tp 4808 6 Sppesrettie Gee wo A x SPE pene airy pa, | ne E T) Saadasassaa (s ooo \3 IAS 1 OS ret a ‘ 3 BXHROSCOCHOMHEH | mt 3 480} S0T QS risiciciciciairici qi a | Er ee ee a : SIS St CE C100 a 2 PSOTAVOHT QV Mv wi gi i ot wie si ; SHAAGTHHHAOD |H esvI0Ay IS 83 08 0 05 8 05 od a od of ls Ls} “pommevout FSSESSIARS |B puv poysiea Joqumy CSrDWDADOeaAmMONwO * SB oe Bh oe ee Date. 1882 Oa [6] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 868 “Sat -yovdun uo pray « P0Od),, seeeeeeeee « FU9T[POXG ,, eee aire oda “ pooyy 19 « POOX);, NE ae “ pood, eee een ee neeeee « POOY),, “c pooyy ” settee ee eeeee- «, POOs),, re poos AOA ” Pee he ae “ poox) ” pe} Ueput sis JO WJANojJ-90 * pooy, 4, poos ro 4 «, JUGTeOX GT ,, settee eee eneee ;, POO*),, seer e eee eeee- « POOL) ,, j>oseeees* | QUOTTeOXT ,, one aehiea eae « POOH 5, , 8330 pezyuepur | OW ‘Ysouy OM + Pood), (40}10q Oq 0} BT | -Issodurt ‘ qua][o0xq ,, aN a I 97 BL ITT ,, « 19990q Eq }0U p[nod “queT[9oxXg,, ‘Sut -youdun ao uoyrpu0g OL “eynoI Uo sIn0Oy | N t a — “pe -j1odsuvsy so] 1) ty a ae 00S ‘L 000 ‘OT 000 ‘OL = |"*-"" it (NY Ot el Wet eas 000 ‘cz OOS St = | a oaar are 006 ‘9T 000 ‘0s OO GS ole see eo (G80; G2" sen | eee 009 ‘EL 000 ’G% 000"Se. J:/5> "Gee == 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ REESE 000 ‘¢ 000 ‘¢ Re waa 000 ‘¢9 000 ‘0% 000 ‘ct 000 ‘6% ODO!GG: Saas ee ae 000 ‘cz 000/96) c |e" tay 000 ‘0z 000 ‘0z serie ca 000 ‘¢ 0060'S) eects saees 000 ‘sz 000 ‘OT 000 ‘eT 000 ‘OF 000 ‘02 | 000 ‘02 O0SERS - IPAS Sts 00¢ “LE 000 ‘oL D0 G2 | oe eng 000 ‘09 en aise 090 ‘09 OOOKGIS oe esse” 000 ‘0S 000 ‘sz O00 Sie | 52 =o sa seee 000 ‘ST OOD SSL 3) 75> Te See oo0*o9. - —- |" 22272255 000 ‘09 OOOO SC |trsre sae 000 ‘09 000 ‘og sos == | O00808 O0Ov0GIe “a lsaytse ssc 000 ‘os 807838 |-gaye95 0} "TROT, por. 0} "sur -Suojog -Suopeg “8330 Jo 1oqMuyT cre nc ‘sosBo JO log MINT | Ps 2 536 muon ‘yoouonbog |°-~**"~*- WaOD ‘IospuTA, |°""*""* “doJue, “¢ “A PCO ssvyy ‘toysoqOUrAM |*"--"* sseP__ ‘WoJSOqOUTAA |-"*"""QIOHOVIg “yA RES BE (ow ‘plegaod |°°--""--"""" “OW ‘plepag j-""""*- sued "¢°V --* oureyy ‘ooury Juno, |--* oureyy ‘ooury gunoy, |*--*-** usunegd ‘YO IN Se oes Seay edoing | ‘Yaemen ‘300138 TIM GZ |**""~* “-teqIe AL “per "+ ourleyy ‘ooury gunOy_ |* ~~ ourey_ ‘ovury gunoy_ |----"~* usuueg "¥ 'O Gis a yor ‘aesfoqoyy |------- "ONAL ‘soajeq |°---*"---eseqg “WO “"BYSBIQON ‘AZ “eysvIqaN ‘3 -UNU9 88¥Q ‘pudsg YQNOS | -un0D sseH ‘pusg q}MOg |---"">** euIMloy “ £ “LO MON ‘oHBT wBqovoyy |" °*-"""*- AN ‘ouopeyy j-777 "77" TOTO “A “V a oe HN ‘qynoarstg |**"""""* HN ‘uqnouttyg }°""" "77" -03pon “a “a wisInie Siete uu ‘[Deg guleg |*---"*- WUT, [neg yuIEg |---*-*~ Adee ‘O “"Y Shee es SMO] ‘vsourVuy | ~-“"*""-eMoy ‘esomBay |--*"-"""-"weqg Wa upsegenp Ares a eq ‘AiI0D |7- 777-777 eg ‘ALIOD |°-"°""*" SHOOM TICS "ake O ‘a ‘uoysaryse mM |------ OC ‘WoysuTysE AA |*"""""""- pIlV_ “A'S esvers SSUP_ ‘losoqourAA |°" "7" SBBP_ ‘oysoqOur AA | °--""“qIoHoVIg “VY ‘A sive meee muon ‘yoouonbog |*-*-**"*" UmOD ‘IospurAy |°~~"~~* WOJUeT "eA ass Siejsinis WHO0D *y10dyse 4, |-"-7""-* UMOD ‘y20dyse~4 |---~--epT[eL es10e5 ‘ACN . “IOX ‘ioqivyH Sundg plod | AeN ‘Joye UopO |" "" PloyHOVIT “HD “A i vane HN ‘qynoulAyg |*"*"*""" HN ‘Qynoulsyg |"*""""*" ospoH “ga esos ssvyy ‘1oysoqOUr AA |--~-** SSB ‘1OJSeTOULM |*-"""-“QJeHOBVIg “y “GW ‘XN ’ “y10 X ‘loqieq Suudg plop | AeN ‘soqvAY woNT |---*- ProszoelT “DH “A v.68 c) : ; “Gove UstT Tt BRIE COD IC PR ‘ostounnyyeg |" "*" "pA etomnyeg | Pina },pasjaedns Se SESS umog ‘yoouonbog |*""°"""** WuOD ‘IospurMy |*""****"wORWAT “PH pes. ssvyq ‘to}soTOUT AA |"""""* SSUPT ‘MoJSoTOUTAA |” ~*~" “9JOHOCIC “VW ‘| Saisie os uu0g ‘j10d380 44 |°"""°""" WUOD ‘gaodyse Ay |~ ~~" OBITTIL 931004) sels ais sevy_ ‘1ayseqouT MA |~~" ~~" SSUP_ ‘ToRSOqOUT AMA |-~~"""9JOMOVIG “VW “MOLjeUysep [eur iy eousISTOD mMonowocos a “Q9T ‘user "SeQT ‘younjy—huvnuve ‘aumpy ‘woa.g aynT puvsy wotf shbea uowzvs opooyog fo 4afsuv4y —*]I] ATAV 869 PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN _ 1882=’83 [7] “pop Zuteq OT 3Nq ‘Wortpuod ,, poos AJA ,, UT punoy pus ‘$% Yorvyy poxovdun o10m ‘ez your TOAVYIOMOI 98 POATIIV pus ‘OT Yorvy_ YIOX MON JOT Aoqy, ‘snqeredde s,romeyy “AY Ur pojrodsuvyy pur ‘1yog woA 119]{ 0} possaippe ‘000'9g ‘AUeUII04 04 4U98 e804} Jo y10d01 04} A[Go oavy J odoing 0} osussed oy} U0 meq} popue}7e 4vq} sse0ons 049 JO ‘ ATWO YIVAON 04 UOT}T}IOdeuvIy OF} 07 SIOJOI STITT, » 000 ‘F60‘T | 000 ‘F9F | 000 ‘ogo Gi A | Meare: eigen co as Poo | OCI | 008 000 ‘eg (UU lee er: OCT HE vita ae SS OD = cateiea| hk Sea cae Hoa BW) Le pomeengl | lager cere a9 CP iraal nae eS hie ie abe as «POD ,, | OBE | 008 LACM Ni ea 000"09' | OPE |. [t’*r3es>= =" onr apenaety |= aren OW ‘Ajosuey |-----*- AoaloH "9 A | 22 008 |" .edeysssuqo-yerguar,, | 212 | 09¢'e | 000 ‘ct UO aM Data al Cai Dd Say aa a AON ‘A9ID TosrED |-"--**- AON (AND WosieO ["77"7" 7 TeHIed “DH | 9% SI 89 | £0r 000 ‘6F DOO ISG") 0000s | Spot serene ares OW PlOged [ori "7! OW ‘pPya |---"77- Suyseq “pv | er b €L | 80¢ 000 ‘¢ (RS ia PD bf fea HN ‘yynomATg |*--***- HN ‘Wynoud} |""---"-- espoH ‘a ‘a | 6T 1% 86 | 8ST'T | 000 ‘oz Ui a at ic: Nam Sie ea WOH ‘PIOVUMON [> -"""- OR ‘PIEBUWON |- WO N'A! 8 [8] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 870 te eeee Oe OO OOOO OE OOO OE EEE EOE EERE EE OEE OOOO EEE OEE IEEE eee ae crreeeiecocceroes*JOASOqOUlA | """"" “SPosnyoOUsHE pL (i em Nia ls Sad ay ht aE SAINI SISTED) ese Gee 2 Mee ee eee a ee ee alee eee ele pe IG 81038 Poureuny 000 ‘F FES SPSS Ole see cur seen 2 Fe AIUMODAONIUL, |" gets Sak ea ee ECC FAS S stile reser ag Yoon 8, dary Ce Aelita FAG) GOSS. OS REO Ayuno0H [1089 ‘woyW |---- Sa Rc! 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Lo) ‘a > s . ., = a o ee 2 | . fe a 5. % ‘ .— —_, ah 3 ; Ser rae ae . “T— * ~ - bs wi XXXIII.—REPORT UPON THE HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF PENOBSCOT AND LAND-LOCKED OR SCHOODIC SALMON IN THE SPRING OF 1882. By FRED. MATHER. Concerning the operations of hatching Penobscot salmon and land- locked salmon at Roslyn, N. Y., and distributing them to waters in the State of New York, I have the honor to report as follows : PENOBSCOT SALMON. I received your order to try and obtain the use of a hatching house near New York, for the purpose of hatching 120,000 Penobscot salmon eggs, on January 16. I immediately wrote to Mr. Thomas Clapham, Roslyn, N. Y., whom I knew to have one that was not in use. The next day he telegraphed me that I was at liberty to use his house and that he would afford me every facility in his power. I then ordered hatch- ing frames, wire cloth, &c., and on the 20th went to Roslyn and ordered new troughs. The same day, Mr. Blackford telegraphed me of the arri- val of the eggs at his place in Fulton Market, New York. Mr. Clap- ham’s hatchery had not been used in some years, and the floor of the building was two feet below ground. He had thrown in earth and made a pond of it. This had to be drained, cleaned, and repaired. On the 28th the frames, troughs, &c., were tarred, and the eggs sent for. Yhey were received in good order (144 dead) and put out. Mr. Atkins telegraphed that 80,000 more were coming, and I had more troughs made and tarred. The second lot arrived at Roslyn February 4, also in good order (37 dead), and the first were hatching freely. On the 15th of February I learned from Mr. Atkins that 37,500 more eggs were coming, and I telegraphed to Roslyn to have four more troughs made, and the next day went down with the eggs, and tarred the new troughs, and on the 17th 50,000 additional eggs arrived. These last two lots were also in good order (203 dead), but they did not do well after hatching, on account of the insufficient tarring of the troughs, which were of new pine. On the 23d these looked so badly that I de- termined to double them up in the other troughs and char the ones the fish were in. The fish had a peculiar white liver, presenting a curious spotted appearance as they lay in mass, and there was considerable ““dropsy” or blue swelling. In this connection I will take the liberty of calling your attention to extracts from a paper which I read before {1] 873 874 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] the annual meeting of the American Fish-cultural Association April 1, 1882. I have believed heretofore that every portion of the sac was necessary to the complete development of the fish; and have been rather amused at the innocent question sometimes asked, ‘‘ When does the sac drop off?” All fish-culturists have noted the fact that an embryo with a small coagulation in its sac, caused by an injury while in the egg, or after hatching, will die near the time that the injured portion is about to be taken up by the absorbent vessels; but, to my surprise, I have seen portions of the sac thrown off this winter, and the fish have lived and taken food afterward. In this hatchery the troughs were all new, and the haste with which they were made allowed but little time for coating with tar. One trough in particular had but a very light coating, and soon after the hatching of the eggs a singular spotted appearance was observable among the fry. This was caused by the turning white of their livers. Both Pro- fessor Ryder and myself examined them under the microscope, and saw the clouded liver, through which the blood appeared to circulate feebly. Knowing no other cause than the exudations of unseasoned pine wood, I removed the fry at once, and placed them in a well-tarred trough, and watched the result. Neither Professor Ryder nor myself thought that the fish, some 15,000 in number, could live. He was of the opinion that the trouble originated in the sac, and that a deficient circulation in some portion had affected the liver. It was a new experience to both of us, and his extensive knowledge of embryology gave his opinion a weight which led me to accept his view, although I could not see any trouble in the sac at this time. I gave him some specimens afterwards which confirmed this theory, which I am now satisfied was a correct one. The first indication of trouble in the sac was an elongation of the posterior portion of it, and a constriction about midway between its extremity and its connection with the body. Sometimes the portion beyond the constriction contained the large oil globule, and sometimes it did not; and this globule seemed to be very irregular in its position. All the fish in the trough were so affected, and in addition to the “liver complaint,” the blue swelling, or “‘dropsy,” appeared. The latter was fatal in every case, the microscope showing a deposit of watery fluid between the two membranes of the sac, in which great numbers of blood corpuscles could be seen drifting about. In one form, the part cut off from the circulation by the constriction seemed to wither away, and I suspect that only a small portion was affected. In another, a small globe separated from the sac by a cord; and this globe was clear and had no sign of an opaque spot or injury. In a third instance, a Jarger portion of the sac was cut off by the cord and held suspended, giving somewhat the appearance of the sac and umbilical cord of the skate. Thus far I had but small hopes of the fish surviving, until one day while trying to capture a lively fellow which te ey ee ee [3] SALMON HATCHING AT ROSLYN. 875 had a large ball hanging by a string, the fish made a sudden turn te escape the feather, which was under it, and I saw the cord break and that portion of the sac contained in the ball fall to the bottom. That particular fish was soon lost in the mass and could not be identified. I preserved several specimens which had lost the pendant ball and were about ready to take food. Of the original fifteen thousand in the in- fected trough, about three thousand died with blue swelling, and two thousand more from other causes, leaving ten thousand fry now taking food, of which a greater portion have lost some part of their sac. I firmly believe that had I not applied a remedy promptly the whole lot would have been past saving if left in that trough twenty-four hours more. To those to whom it seems incredible that part of the sac of a trout or a salmon should be thrown off by a mighty effort of nature when found to poisoned, I would suggest following my experiment, if a blun- der can be so called, and when the liver of the fry turns white, remove the fish into a clean, healthy trough, and note the result. In this connection it has occurred to me that the reason that trout do not flourish below saw-mills is on account of the water being impreg- nated with either pine or oak. In 1875 I lost a lot of California salmon at Blacksburgh, Va., in an oaken trough which one of the then fish com- missioners of Virginia, in whose employ I was, insisted upon my using. The impregnation of tannin was perceptible to the taste, and the fry died as fast as hatched. The theory of the fishermen near saw-mills is that the sawdust gets into the gills of trout and kills them. This may be true to some extent, but I doubt it, for the reason that sand or other material does not appear to injure the gills, and I have taken adult trout below saw-mills. I incline to think that the mills are destructive merely to the young, by covering the spawning beds to some extent with sawdust, but more by the absorption of turpentine from the pine or tannin from the oak, the evil effects of which we know too well. From this insufficient tarring I probably lost 30,000 fry more than the regular percentage to be expected, and a lot of 8,000 weak ones, which were crowded against the lower end of a trough, were turned out into Mr. Clapham’s stream. By March 6 the white liver had largely disap- peared and the dropsical fish had died and no new cases appeared. All went well from this time. The charred troughs were kept for a lot of fish, 57,000, which arrived March 17, making 344,500 eggs in all. Eggs received. Ng ae hn 3 noise he on eee era PS Low ois wv wee, a = 5, 5 ot 120, 000 ERIE EA a soon nie nals bah aS epee areata Senate one, 0 37a. ee 80, 000 NE a anc pS Sib Sina co, bee eee dk .. 37,500 Reta 154s 2 pe cE NEN aol Ba, asus 605, cing ok oot isin do 50, 000 OE eo Sei Soest ER ein oan a5 90 4 owt. ek eur 57, 000 876 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] Fry planted. 1882. April 13. In Carr’s Brook, Warren County, New York. ...... 35, 000 April 21. Balm of Gilead Brook, Warren County, New York.. 40,000 April 25. In The Glen, Warren County, New York .......-.. 50, 000 May 4. In Ramont, Warren County, New York............-. 45, 000 May 10. In Gulf Brook and Hokum Pond Brook, Warren Oounty, New. York 2. si..- osi22h sensi esreiqe- ae eee 55,000 Total in tributaries of the Hudson..................-- 225, 000 May 2. In Beaver Dam Brook, Oneida County, New York.... 25, 000 May 2. In Trout Brook, Oneida County, New York........-- 20, 000 Total in tributaries of Salmon River...........--....- 45, 000 Planted in Mr. Clapham’s brook, Glen Head, N. Y. (sick fish). 8, 000 Escaped in Mr. Clapham’s brook, Glen Head, N. Y..... ...--. 2, 500 Delivered to Mr. Corbin, for stream on South Bay, N. Y....... 1, 000 Motel ity <2 ia etncs eek ny ee eee de or 281, 500 Eggs left with Mr. Blackford, Fulton Market..........- -.-- 8, 000 Becsnost im nawching foc os oc eee cease os ee cee ee eee 4, 500 Fry lost mi troughs 25-2 72, 2 os see - 2 een 2 e- 2 penn ss 6 eee 50, 500 Total COPS TECOIVED 2.35.0. f.ce cece se soccer eee 344, 500 The loss in eggs and fry was about 144 per cent., which was largely owing to the limited time in which the troughs were prepared. The following are the notes taken of the character of the streams in which the fish were placed. The village of North Creek, Warren County, New York, being the northern terminus of the Adirondack Railroad: Carr’s Brook empties into the Hudson on the east side, three miles below North Creek. The fish were placed two miles above its mouth, just above a bridge where two streams come together. » j > [5] OPERATIONS AT CENTRAL STATION. 883: tofore have been only crude guesses. That the percentage of loss was not unusual is shown by the fact that the number of fish produced, if counted by the standards previously employed by the Commission, would have been largely in excess of the entire number of eggs brought to the station. The number of eggs furnished by Chapman’s shore was 1,981,000. The yield of this shore the previous year was upwards of 20,000,000. The White House, which the previous season had furnished nearly _ 7,000,000 eggs, yielded in 1882 but 2,503,000. The same proportional diminution of the crop occurred at all the shores occupied by our force of spawn-takers. The season was a dis- astrous one to the fishermen, the catch having fallen off materially from 1881. The falling off both in the number of fish and in the crop of eggs is probably to be attributed to the abnormal low conditions of temperature prevailing in the river during the season. The discussion of the observations of temperature and the relations of this to the run of fish will be found in another part of the Annual Report. It is a matter of interest to record that nearly two-thirds of the entire number of eggs for the season were taken between the 25th of April and the 10th of May. Cop.—Early in February, 1882, experiments were instituted with a view of determining the possibility of transferring impregnated eggs of the codfish from New York to Washington, and hatching the same in artificially prepared sea-water at Central Station. Experts of the Com- mission were sent to New York to report to Mr. Eugene G. Blackford, at Fulton Market, who had made all preliminary arrangements for the conduct of the experiments. In anticipation of the receipt of eggs arrangements were made at Cen- tral Station for circulation of salt water. These were briefly as follows: A supply tank, into which the salt water was pumped by hand, and from which it flowed continuously through hatching apparatus similar to that employed at Wood’s Holl in the season of 1881 and specially devised with a view to handling floating eggs. From the hatching ap- paratus the water passed into a receiving tank below, from which it was pumped again by hand into the supply tank; the limited amount of water used being kept in continuous circulation and as far as possible aerated in its circuit. To maintain the purity of the water a false bot- tom was placed in the supply tank, and over this a layer of animal charcoal, through which all the water was required to filter. The salt water employed in the experiment was made from crystallized sea-salt, the amount used being 5 ounces to the gallon, giving a brine _ of about the density of the water at Wood’s Holl. _ The first eggs were received on February 16th, being forwarded on _ wire-bottomed trays covered with damp cloth. These eggs were a total loss. It was evident that the delicate membrane of the cod egg would 2 not stand the shock of this method. ” Ay 884 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] It was then determined to transfer the eggs in salt water in hermet- ically-sealed vessels; the temperature during transportation being car- ried down as nearly as possible to the freezing point, as it was expected that this low temperature would either suspend the development or slow down the rate to such an extent that the eggs would come through from New York to the station without asphyxiating. Several lots of eggs were received during the latter part of February, forwarded as indicated above, and a proportion of them ip each case were found to be alive and developing. 'They were transferred to the hatching apparatus as received; but the results of the experiments were not encouraging. They were interesting, however, in the fact that in one case, especially, a small proportion of the eggs received were in good condition and con- tinued to develop until the eleventh day, when the fish were plainly vis- ible in the egg. We were not successful in hatching any, but itis a matter of interest to 1ecord that eggs taken, transported, and subjected to conditions during hatching, as above indicated, were carried along to a considerable distance toward hatching. The embryology of the egg was carefully studied by Mr. Ryder, and the results of his experiments, I presume, have been reported. SALMONIDZ.—To test the capabilities of the station for handling the eggs of salmonide, and the adaptability of the Potomac water for the incubation of these fall and winter spawning species, I was directed by the Commissioner of Fisheries to subject to incubation lots of eggs of all the species bred by the United States Fish Commission. Accordingly, upon requisition made and instructions received, the following lots were forwarded to the station : Memorandum of eggs received at Central Station, winter season of 1882-83. Whitefish November 28, 1882, from Northville............ 1, 000, 000 Brook Trout.—November 28, 1882, from Northville......... 50, 000 Brook Trout.—February 6, 1883, from Northville. .......-.-. 72, 000 Lake Trout.—November 28, 1882, from Northville -....-..-. 50, 000 Rangeley Trout.—December 15, 1882, from Maine.......-.- 20, 000 California Trout.—February 3, 1883, from Shasta County, Dalen Mie. bil ek | es ca ee ee Oe eee 52, 000 California Trout.—February 5, 1883, from Shasta County, CBUNOPTD) Shia. Siew min pre Fae les Be Sees A oe 22, 000 Schoodice Salmon. —February 1, 1883, from Maine. . Hae 5, 000 Penobscot Salmon.—February 1, 1383, from Maine... ous Se nae 220, 000 Penobscot Salmon.—February 3, 1883, from Maine.......... 120, 000 Penobscot Salmon.—February 8, 1883, from Maine.......... 80, 000 With the exception of the whitefish, from which very fair results were obtained, it would appear that the conditions presented at this — station are unfavorable for breeding the Salmonide; and we are com- pelled to abandon the expectation first entertained of using the station — for work yi these species, unless it be possible to secure well-water [7] OPERATIONS AT CENTRAL STATION. 885 “in place of the Potomac water, as there is unquestionably something deleterious in its effect upon the Salmonide. Development up to the period of hatching seems to proceed under as favorable conditions here as elsewhere. The mortality after hatching, however, indicates some- thing radically wrong in the conditions to which the fish are subjected. The 500,000 Penobscot salmon eggs received from the Maine Station were in the very best condition, and during incubation the percentage of loss was very small. The fry continued healthy for a considerable: period after hatching until about the time of the absorption of the sac,. when a heavy mortality set in, which no measures could arrest; so that of the original 500,000 eggs there remained for shipment but 424,000. A summary of the results of the work with the Salmonidez is shown: in the following tables, prepared by Mr. W. F. Page from the records of the station: Disposition of Penobscot salmon eggs received from Bucksport, Me. Number of Lost before | pati Fae Cr otenay: 1883. coe oan shipment. | ce for Co | j ‘Ge m- els ; | shipmen miencad: Finished. February 1. Beene scincicpe inte w ana wesc 220, 000 21, 581 | 198,469 | Mar. 3| Mar. 16 BHISS EMRE Waied ot tare elaine ie nro nim win sain cle wisjorelnini= 120, 000 | 18, 604 | 101,396 | Mar. 5]! Mar. 19 JG ITEOVAT @) oc ncdsocr soeSeneecppboossc 80, 000 | 9, 674 | *70, 326 | Mar. 7| Mar. 24 MARYS eee etnias fninawicis =’ obo ni scinianie | 80, 000 | 15, 275 64,725 | Mar. 9°| Mar. 26 irda) eee eet soe ces sdacee se =ct 5, 000 | 07000) eee saa Apr. 6] Apr. 7 POW O) 35258 cecihe 4 Shoo eC oSee BEBE SBBeeE 5, 000 | Gh WQN | eesccossesce Apr. 12} Apr. 12 J\RIIAAD oo Sed coch6 SDSS See OS SE SOE OBEEn 5, 009 B09) sc122. suck we Apr. 24| Apr. 24 Serie neces, 515, 009 | | 80, 093 434, 916 * Of these 10,000 were sent to the London Exhibition. SHIPMENTS. April 21—By Mr. Moore, car No. 1, to New York............ 225,000 April 24—By. Mr. Moore, car No. 1, to New York.-........... 209,916 NotE.—February 14, 1883, found one jar of eggs of the second lot, containing 15,000, shut off from fresh water (how long time not known) by reason of the clogging with trash and mud. Removed 4,509 smoth- ered eggs. February 16, found a further resultant of 536 dead eggs. February 17 got 538 and February 19 got 204, making 5,787. It will be noticed that this is ore than died in the regular course of hatching, out of the entire lot of 500,000. Land-Locked Salmon from Grand Lake Stream, Maine, January OE he ee ge) oo ee Pe ae a 5, 000 Shipped by Donnelly to Pennsylvania, April 19............... 1, 467 . Commenced hatching February 25, 1883. Finished February 28, 1883. Notre.—These eggs were shown at the Preliminary Fishery Exhibi- tion at the National Museum, where the water was 6° or 8° higher than that at Central Station. This, undoubtedly, hastened the time of hatching. Lake Trout from Northville, Mich., November 28, 1883........ 50, 000 Sent to London Exhibition..... ................ SRN Sse 7, 000 Shipped fish ......... shat nin =) aOR ERS Fas Roe dst gel aed sae'.. 38, 600 wv 4 886 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] TIMES OF HATCHING. Commenced Finished hatch- Eggs taken. hatching. ing. October 15 to 30. . 2.2.22. 20-2 eee eee ee eee e ee eee n eee eee n ence ence ene January 15, 1883 | February 5, 1883 ECE OA NEU Sg IO eco oC SC mec ee der eae or January 27, 1883}. 2-52 ctcecsnarees SORHAHEN ONO D0 sas cs bees ones woes se hence eee seer emere baumes | January 29, 1883 | March 1, 1883 SHIPMENTS. April 10, 1883, by Messenger Donnelly to Fleming, N. C. . 35, 000 April 19, 1883, by Messenger Davenport to Asheville, N.C.... 3,600 38, 600 Brook Trout from Northville, Mich., November 28, 1882, Lot A. 50, 000 Brook Trout from Northville, Mich., February 6, 1883, Lot B... 72, 000 Distributed as follows: Lot A. April 4, 1883, Mr. Shaw, Benning’s, District of Columbia...... 200 April 7, 1883, Donnelly, Bath County, Virginia............... 15,000 April/9;1883,: Moore, Woodmount, Md)o2s 22.02.82. kee ecae) 8,000 23, 200 Lot B. April 10, 1883, Carswell, Albemarle County, Virginia....,.... 1,000 April 10, 1883, Carswell, Wytheville, Va.....-......- ee |, April’ 16,1883, Donnelly, Wytheville, Va-:....). ..-.../. = se ee O00 April 17, 1883, Davenport, Rock Creek, Maryland ........... . 93,000 11, 500 TIME OF HATCHING. Eggs taken. Commenced to | Finished hatch- hatch. ing. MotvA—October 22'to 20, 18822... 0. oan apinietwneauicie sale wces setae January 15,1883 | February 15, 1883 October 31 to November 2, 1882...............---.-2---0-- January 18, 1883 | February 16, 1883 November 2 to November 6, 1882. . 22... ..cccc cece wennes January 26, 1883 | February 26, 1883 Lot B—November 18 to November 23, 1882................-....-.- February 9,1883| March 20, 1883 CALIFORNIA TROUT. Received from | Eggs shipped Date. Baird, Cali- | to North Car- | Fish shipped. fornia. olina. EUR UALY OCce «nesses one kame e maaelsclew anise ens csi 72, 000 3, 000 38, 950 HeUTGALY CO Gosek os sdua cle raseuidelccsnens(-wscdncacau: 86,000) 2. .2ecetevcseee 5, 750 MarGu eaten cas cts wines ueneennh ae rememesccesscne mals B4 000) 2. pe cawetee ee 6, 028 Alpril A eba coer en se weies tase eclamep an seberecenece saat 0 P4000 isicecenecaceee eee 500 AUIS ISES i coon sone cmase np bhendndadenedess as abemen 45 OND), | sincme kine knees aere (*) PA ta CES SS 5 oF A oon nw oo oe DCE ECE G4; 000)! Sauce oscaaaeeee ce) * Forwarded to Wytheville. SHIPMENTS OF FISH. Apis, 1883, by Messenger Donnelly to Wytheville, Va. .... 2.5. -0. ssc ccccccnccsssecessccceces 5, 000 April 17, 1883, by Messenger bid la to*hovk Creek, Maryland: .\.--2.. 224. ceecem peepee 2, 500 April 19, 1883, by Messenger Donnelly to Pennsylvania. .............. 22. .02ecescecceeeenes, a... 2,000 April 24, 1883; by Messenger Donnelly to Maryland. .602 02. iccnccccsees -ssapeunsdaueucenssene 6, 728 ty [9] OPERATIONS AT CENTRAL STATION. 887 Rangeley Trout from C. G. Atkins, December 15, 1882......... 20, 000 RAE 5 FUSED sicc%e 2 hot) Ips terme ane eg et netics Nia V0) LI aes 15, 000 Commenced hatching February 16, 1883. Finished March 4, 1883. SHIPMENTS OF FISH. April 9, 1883, by Mr. Moore, to Woodmount, Md ............ 5, 000 April 10, 1883, by Messenger Carswell, to Wytheville, Va..... 5, 000 April 16, 1883, by Messenger Donnelly, Wytheville, Va....... 2, 500 April 19, 1883, by Messenger Davenport, Asheville, N. C...... 2, 500 Fic. 1.—Crate for the transportation of shad eggs. 3. DISTRIBUTION. Under the regulations of the United States Fish Commission the di- vision of distribution is charged with the distribution of all eggs and fish sent out: by the Commission, and with all arrangements and corre- spondence incident and preliminary thereto. The eggs of different species are usually sent from the collecting stations direct to applicants who have made request for the same, or to localities for which they are intended, the assignment, however, being made from Washington by the Commissioner. The whitefish hatched at our stations in Michigan are sent direct from the stations to the waters for which they are intended, the trans- porting cars of the Commission being employed for this purpose. The distribution of carp is made entirely through Central Station, as is also the great bulk of the shad fry, which are hatched for transpor- tation and planting in other waters. The main work of the distribu- tion is done through the instrumentality of the two cars belonging to the Commission, which are specially constructed and thoroughly equipped for this service. Detached messenger shipments are made use of only in cases where the character of the work to be done renders it inexpe- dient to send out the cars. In the case of the carp, express shipments are largely resorted to, with the result of introducing great economy in the cost of «distribution. Detailed reports of the distribution of carp and shad for the season of 1882 will be found elsewhere in the report. 888 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] HERRING.—On the 2d of May 2,000,000 herring were received from the steamer Fish Hawk for distribution. These were forwarded with a shipment of shad to the Colorado River, and deposited at Austin, Tex., May 16. The results of this effort to introduce herring into the Colo- rado will be looked forwarded to with much interest. A tabular summary of the whitefish distribution made from our stations at Alpena and Northville, Mich., by car No.1, is herewith submitted: Distribution of whitefish eggs and fry in the United States and foreign countries, season of 1882-’83. Place of deposit. Se ee ee wee eee ewww tem enne wee eee wee ee ew ewee ee eee ee ee eee eee eee rr ee ee ee er i eee ee ee. er ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ey Nebraska waters ..--- <= ecsce.s-ce5< Lake Huron, Sulphar, Mich HMacle Wake pao pec ssnctesteass lemme Lake Michigan, Grand Haven, Mich Lake Huron, Alcona, Mich .......--. Lake Huron, North Point, Mich..... Lake Michigan, Ludington, Mich ... Lake Michigan, Petoskey, Mich.... Lake Huron, Black River, Mich May 5/| Lake Michigan, Kenosha, Wis ....-.- Lake Michigan, Milwaukee, Wis. - - Lake Huron, Oscoda, Mich. _ ..... Lake Superior, Marquette, Mich .... Long Lake, Long Lake, Mich Lake Superior, L’Anse, Mich ....... Lake Huron, Partridge Point, Mich. Lake at Michigamme, Mich.......-- Lake Michigan, Milwaukee, Wis..-.- Lake Ontario, Oswego, N. Y .......- Lake Ontario, Charlotte, N. Y Lake Ontario, Oswego, N. Y Lake Erie, Cleveland, Ohio Lake Erie, Put in Bay, N. Y Lake Erie, Put in Bay, N. Y * March 26, 1883. By Geo. H. H. Moore, charge car No.1. %Obtained from Alpena, Mich. 1 Obtained from Northville, Mich. 2 Obtained from Central station. A review of the work done by the two cars during the season of 1882 gives the following interesting summary: The tota] number of miles traversed by car No. lin making the distribution of carp, shad, whitefish, and trout was 31,993, and by car No. 2, 25,354. for subsistence was, for car No. 1, 72543; cents, and for car No.2, 864 cents. The number of carp distributed by car service was 220,609 ; the num- ber of white fish, 34,000,000; shad, 9,300,000; salmonide, 472,000. | No. of fish. | No. of eggs. To whom shipped. aa stars eats 1], 000, 000 | Central station. 1200) 000 2-22. -eisieene R. O. Sweeny, Minn. ¢ 1150;\000%) 22. s2s-.5 2s Thomas Hughlett, Md.4 Seseatioaseek 1250, 000 | S. G. Worth, N.C.4 Sse mes eens 110, 000 | G. Ebrecht, Germany.§ seeds ceeeee 1200, 000 | Société d’Acclimation.® aes sealants 1500, 000 | Von Behr, Germany.® Het ater Cae 11, 000, 000 | R. O. Sweeny, Minn.‘ Be teats ceeds 1], 000, 000 | Rk. O. Sweeny, Minn. Se aspeen ioe 1250, 000 | S. R. Throckmorton, Cal.4 R200 000) |pomeceecces. A. H. Powers, N. H.4 eae sects dines 1500, 000 | Von Behr, Germany.® ee Se area ce 1], 000,000 | R. O. Sweeny, Minn.4 ee ease 1250, 000 | S. R. Throckmorton, CalL.é ee RATT ye ohe 11,000,000 | R. O. Sweeny, Minn.4 Dee Sater 1], 000, 000 | R. O. Sweeny, Minn.4 wea amtee be 12,000, 000 | Seth Weeks, Corry, Pa. Siajaalate Sata sle ‘1,000, 000 | E. G. Blackford, N. Y.4 eee ees 1], 000, 000 | Charles G. Atkins, Me. 2400, 000 |..---------- B. E, 8. Kennedy, Nebr.4* 82, 000, 000 |-....-.-..-.- H. H. Buck, Orleans, Me. 200) COON Se cueae =e 29000) 000'|seicecnss oe 83000000) -esceecccee- SOOOOOOO eee eee 32,000, 000 |..--.......- ? BO O00R000) |ncesateecees 82000000) | 2o-=ee cane a= S200 HOU MH aananin'e cee 810004000) | tessueneeeee #2000/(000) |Lececeeccece 82: 000,000 |tscccosceeue S100 000) (ean ea eeeues $9) 000/000H|necemenewes $2000; 0005). cannacsoue 81/000 (000h|nacnas cones 8].000/000 |c Sense ceeee 83/000) 000|sesegececace IB O00 O00 enen genes 23) 000)/000))| soc om siempre 12.000, 000 }...cchucses- . 19°000; O00! | 2: oe ceecee ce 19 (000,.0000)\. 0m wae === 45, 750, 000 | 11, 960, 000 4 Representing his State Commission. - 5 Through Fred Mather, New York City. The average cost per day per man [11] OPERATIONS AT CENTRAL STATION. 889 4. EMBRYOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS. A.—PROFESSOR RYDER’S INVESTIGATIONS. In connection with the work of shad propagation at Central Station, and during the progress of it, a series of interesting embryological stud- jes were made by Professor Ryder. These embraced: I.—Observations on the mode of absorption of the yelk of the embryo shad. IJ.—Notice of an extraordinary hybrid between the shad and striped bass. III.—Cause of the non-development of fungus on the eggs hatched in the McDonald jar. IV.—Experiments with carbolic acid to kill the fungus on large fishes. V.—Disturbance of the balance of conditions, and its influence on the crustacean food of the shad. VI—A means of demonstrating cartilage in fish embryos. Vil.—Methods of handling white perch ova. VIII.—Notes on small fishes and water animals which prey on fish larve. IX.—Observations on the food of the young Japanese gold-fishes. X.—Experiments in supplying the proper food for larval shad. XI.—Mechanical conditions affecting the development of fish ova. XII.—Specific character of protoplasm. A full account of these will be found in Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, ‘Vol. I, p. 179. B.—OTHER INVESTIGATIONS. A number of experiments were instituted under my direction by Mr. W. F. Page upon the eggs and fry of the shad with a view of deter- mining the influence of different conditions upon the development of the eggs and the health of the fry. The results of these experiments as reported by Mr. Page are herewith appended. , No. 1. May 15. Held 25,000 young shad in asphalt can for seven- teen hours without change of water. Afterwards shipped and deposited in good order. Temperature of water at station 53° F, No. 2. May 16. Hatched 20,000 shad eggs over the oil stove (dark, cloudy day), using a water bath to diffuse the heat. All hatched in twelve minutes. Eggs were well developed, being in about twenty- four hours of their time of hatching naturally. Fish were strong and healthy, and were shipped on the following day by Mr. Newton Simmons to Kentucky, who reported they traveled excellently well with no loss. Temperature of water at station 53° F. No. 3. May 20—9 a. m. Put 20,000 shad in a wood-bound can. Changed every three hours at 8 p. m.; delivered to Baltimore and Ohio Express Company, for shipment to Mr. Eugene Blackford, of Fulton Market, New York City. Also 4,000 in a small half-gallon pail, under same treatment, shipped at same time. the eggs. On June 12, a. m., the eggs finished hatching, producing fair percent- age of fish. Fish were perfectly normal in size and development of pig- ments. They were afterwards placed in a separate aquarium and fed on live insects. July 12. Some are yet alive and growing. No. 9. June 8. Placed 100 shad under same conditions as in No. 4, except zinc had been previously coated with asphalt and dried for thirty hours. June 10,5 a.m. All dead. No. 10. June 8, 3.45 p. m. Same as experiment No. 5, except jar was yesterday morning coated inside with asphalt. June 9,10a.m. All the fish dead and jar very odoriferous of asphalt. Report U. S. F. C. 1882.—MeDonald. Central Station. ee i Ni it TT mm) | | L i OLA et a hay ahh by wo iva ' ‘ y ‘ a uv \ A a. SRA 7. oa y Ne ae ered Alii are _ il ees rere a ne hy a rage 2-4 f i ieae ‘ . , ere, ‘9 Wier Report U.S. F. ©, 1882.—McDonald. Central Station. PLATS II. Lg Agee, Wee a : - = im 3; » \ \S UL gas ie Lae v) ca EX | at ig wy Wy A oa as b ———————-- NER a | LENSES f EN \\\NEqN fs = 5 = ———— a — Se /7 V\ = lo : / A asl 2 Ss \" ‘ SS =a e i, zy — ie ie | & : - E pe Canning of shad fry for transportation. Receiving the eggs and transferring to the hatching jars. warns is ahs 5 « Xt, Dee \ oP eee _ a 6 ie ve ms, 4 a a nee Ky its = i ) | ch ae | a = Nj } a a SC a WV Fe = WP Ee\ | =} A Dy ILE < CA7TT_\ \ 8 ea Ey 5 2c Nale\) \ SESE) ROS loss | BIA pes, = ~K— fe 4 = ww IAF Fz ees RY = | 2k q oy [= mos = 5 N = | x \ PLATE IV. Central Station. Report U.S. F. C. 1882. —McDenald. “potpzLI[ SB YSYoUTM puw pugs Jo Aay Sutypoo[[oo aog viavube pus save Surqoye 7 Y Jo uomosuniay —— es hee j 7 j , -s ? ‘ . , ~) 4 “ . : , * i ' ’ ' thy , ; 4 ‘ : + ‘ he - ‘ 4 Ae: ‘ 4 ‘ ‘ . ‘ ; < ‘ . ; ‘ ) ee LU i - ‘ ® a j ‘ ' ’ ’ \ AS ; ts Z i he t a ¢ me : 7 * * ' f f : } 4 to se : j : 5 Ae J] » ‘ 4 ’ Ang. ' a b ) ‘ee, F ; 7 i f 7 r + t Penne d | ‘J | : 4 yy he * ‘i n ‘ i ete i ss ' } ¥ ae . ~ ‘ Sh , . * ‘ ’ tied .' x + ‘ \ : ¢ Hi ‘ bk Sail) il i Sow \ ‘ | es aa ad ia : \ i i ‘ } 7 { dee syer-neepl fi ¥ , Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—McDonald. Central Station. | PLATE V | = | | ~ ZI | ee eee ree = CAN 2 lt He7 SN | : NCC ARBOR ahd (=, : UL > =~ Ee ey [22229 = REN 2 | 'WYAc== ¢ Hitt { COKE (¥ABST = £0 a sss 2 : soo E > 5 ) ES 3 ay zi ial ZV TEs | PREFS % = SSS : =o — -@us aa % a * = (IN : H : (— E os ‘ - i a \\ a \ \ | \ Ef 5 | foe ee o~ i) ; | | CASRN | 7 = os i a \ ETE \ | \ : \ | | | SEA am a | =< a | i Ricci ( : , : 1 Wssessee7] E —_ | J : SSS | EZ === | { SSS | 5 i] | | ~ 4 iS) s = ” : Z 3 E : > = é. & é : E Ss i e ‘ ia ‘ y ive aa cunt 7 . “ 7 i. ¥ ; ni wet Fi — rarereemccecraied Sarma XXXV.—REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE NAVY-YARD SHAD SE G STATION IN WASHINGTON, D. C., DURING THE SEA- SO} 1882. By Lieut. W. M. Woop, U.S. N. I have the honor to make the following report of the shad-hatching operations carried on at this station: The station is at the navy-yard, Washington, in the east wing of the boat-house, which forms a large room, having in the center an opening to the water large enough to hoist a boat. The apparatus used was the Ferguson cones. These were forty-eight in number, arranged in eight parallel rows on each side of the open space in the center. The pressure of water was supplied from the city mains, the discharge emptying into the river. The room was lighted by four double windows on the east side and one on the north side. As the season advanced it was found that the cones on the western or dark side yielded nearly 50 per cent. less than those on the eastern side. The eggs in these cones formed in clotted masses that soon emitted a noxious odor, and quickly killed any young fish that hatched. On the 24th of May two large windows were cut on the southern stde of the room, admitting much more light and sun. The effect of this was soon appreciable, the west- ern side yielding as good results as the other. Thirteen of the cones on the western side were provided with a new goose-neck, in which the small jet pipe used in the others was omitted. These cones continued to yield bad results, even after the windows were cut, although in some cases the wire-gauze top of the goose-neck was removed. The steamer Lookout and a Herreshoff steam-launch were attached to the station, making daily trips to the fishing grounds tor eggs. - The first shad eggs, 40,000 in number, were taken on the 19th of April, and the first shipment of young fish was made the 3d of May to the San- dusky River, Ohio. The weather until May 17 was cold, damp, and rainy, the temperature of the water not being higher than 60° F. at any time, which has been deemed exceedingly unfavorable. The fish hatched took a period of nearly ten days, and seemed quite weak. As the water grew warmer this period gradually decreased. On the 20th of May to eight days, temperature of water 63°; on the 1st of June to six days, temperature of water 69°; and on the 7th of June to four days, temperature of water 70° and 719. Although the fishing season began quite early, the cold and rainy weather, with an unusual rise of the river on several occasions, at one [1] 891 ws 892 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] time 64 feet, soon disheartened the seine fisherman, who began to “ cut out.” On the 25th of May the seine at Bryant’s Point “cut out,” and on June 1 the seine at Moxley’s Point also ‘cut out,” leaving the gill- net fisherman as the only means of obtaining spawn. The greatest number of spawning fish taken at one time was at Mox- ley’s Point, May 10, when 31 females and 30 males were taken in a haul of 250 shad. The greatest number of eggs taken in one day was on April 27, when 1,590,000 shad eggs were obtained. Unfortunately, 600,000 of this number were lost by being put into a new tin vessel, which may have contained some small portion of muriatic acid in the solder, although it had been carefully scrubbed. Putting a large num- ber of newly impregnated eggs into a single vessel seems questionable, and may in some measure account for the loss. A leather carp, weighing from 34 to 4 pounds, was taken in the seine off Moxley’s Point, and on June 1 a female shad weighing 13 pounds, 13 ‘inches long, and about two years old, was taken, and yielded spawn quite freely. This fish was sent to the National Museum for preserva- tion. The seine fisheries visited were situated on the eastern bank of the Potomac as far down as Marshall Hall. Most of the eggs were taken at Moxley’s Point, owned by Mr. J. H. Skidmore, of Washington. The shoal water there seemed to be the favorite resort of spawning fish. Seventy per cent. of the entire number of eggs were taken here, the seine at Bryant’s Point and the ene off Fort Washington supplying the remainder. The haul-seine at Moxley’s Point, owned by Mr. J. H. Skidmore, is 300 fathoms in length, 25 feet in depth; size of meshes 1 inch to 14 inches. Total cost of net and roping, $735; seine, boat, and outfit, $360; two capstans, $50. each; making total cost of equipment about $1,200 Twenty-five men were employed here at $25 per month each and their board, which cost about 20 cents per day. In addition to these, four foremen were employed, at sums varying from $100 to $200 apiece for a season of seven or eight weeks. Getting the fish to market costs about $7 aday. In addition to the above, three horses were employed to haul the seine. Four hauls were made on each ebb-tide, the flood haul being omitted, owing to the fact Mr. Skidmore did not own the ground below the haul. The fishery at Sandy Bar, where a good many of the eggs were taken last season, “‘cut out” after ten days’ fishing. There are twenty-six gill-net fishing-boats between the Eastern Branch and Marshall Hall, two men in each boat; the gill-nets being from 100 to 250 fathoms in length, 24 feet in depth; size of meshes, 54 inches; the cost of a 100-fathom net is $35; boat and outfit $100; the total cost of outfit being $135. The men employed receive $1 per day; the boats and nets being the property of the men fishing them, There were fifteen pound nets visited, costing $150 each, the expense * “ ; Po {3] SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS AT NAVY-YARD STATION. 893 of each net being $60 a month. They require three men and a boat to tend each net, needing great attention, as any sudden rise in the river may wash them away, unless they are hauled up clear of the water. Pound nets this season caught an unusually small number of fish, espe- cially shad, which fishermen ascribe to the prevailing muddy water and freshets. Several attempts have been madeé to hatch herring at this station, but with unfavorable results. When the spawn was taken the temperature of the water was so low as to retard their development. On one occa- sion 3,000,000 herring eggs were obtained, the cold water killing the young fish as soon as hatched. The jar invented by Col. Marshall McDonald has been used with suc- cess on several occasions, the period of hatching being the same as the _ cones. The eggs taken after the Ist of June turned out badly, a large number of females being found, but no males, so that it was impossible to impregnate the eggs. The fishing season this year has been unfavorable, owing to the causes previously mentioned, a low temperature of the water and successive freshets. From the market reports of Washington the following information has been gathered in regard to the total catch of shad and herring in the Potomac for 1881 and 1882, to the 1st of June inclusive: Shad. Herring. Months. ) 1881;), {| Ses tue ee i 1882. IM IBTSy Sco cSaceogad Stec CamencOS Os Coon Or ER SEO SEaaee 40 18 1, 000 793 VE re eee ee Nace rai Sania ala bie o'a's ee ss 5, 432 | 11, 639 117, 173 | 40, 709 Aiprilete sos... ere nc he Seetcatae ccaceeress ss 237, 469 233,444 | 2,710, 496 3, 074, 162 EN yee apset Sas Meas 5 Cece uSebhbecacecceaaccecce 196, 928 97,094 | 5, 633, 014 3, 108, 673 PEO Sees ale Sen cee tame thas Sect asee ss 439, 869 342,195 | 8, 461, 683 | 6, 224, 337 The following is a recapitulation of the work done from April 19 to June 8, 1882, on which day the station was closed: Total number of shad eggs received, ..-..-.......- ..000- 21, 820, 000 Total number of shad fry hatched............. Jal ieldistcs 17, 935, 000 Bie atrereGeliry WEIN Dh... os 62s dela eee Ia A 82.19 There have been 35,050,000 shad fry put into the Eastern Branch of the Potomac at this station; 1,710,000 into the Potomae at Little Falls; the remainder, 13,175,000, being sent to the Central Station for distribu- tion. . Accompanying the report is the daily journal kept at the station: A form containing the meteorological observations taken three times daily; a form containing the record kept by the spawn-takers stationed at Moxley’s Point. The apparatus designed by me to operate hatching cylinders by means of any small stream of water with slight fall was developed and put in 894 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] operation at this station with very promising results. The water used as a motive power was the waste from the cones, and consequently clear gain. The annexed sketch (Plate I) will give a good idea of the appa- ratus as used here. A float, A, was built just the size of the slip in the boat-house, the T-ends acting as guides as it rose and fell with the tide. Uprights were erected at each end and in the middle; between these, resting in suita- ble bearings, were placed the shafts B of 25-inch iron pipe. Into these main shafts were screwed short pieces of pipe, C, as arms to carry the hatching cylinders. Directly opposite but near the outer end a similar arm, D, was placed to carry the trip-bucket E. This arm has also a mov- able weight, F, which is used to counterbalance a greater or less number of cylinders by moving it either direction. The waste water was carried over the trip-buckets by suitable pipes. The operation of the apparatus was as follows: The bucket gradually filling the increasing weight caused it slowly to descend, the cylinders on the opposite side being correspondingly raised. When the bucket filled to the projecting spout shown in sketch, the balance being destroyed it pitched to the front, and, emptying itself, immediately returned by means of a counterbalanced bottom, to the vertical po- sition again. . The effect of this sudden emptying destroyed the bal- ance between the rising cylinders on the one hand and the counterbal- anced arm on the other, the cylinders plunging back to the positien they first occupied. This of course repeats itself indefinitely. The rise and fall each way was regulated by a small guy line. The movement of the cylinders keeps the eggs constantly in motion and gives excellent results. For hatching floating eggs, such as those of the Spanish mackerel, I would suggest that sufficient agitation and change of water might be had by simply moving the float where it would be acted upon by the waves. This float is very buoyant, as it is composed largely of casks, and dances about at the slightest provocation. In conclusion, I beg to say that I have been ably assisted in the man- agement of this station by Masters W. C. Babcock and A. C. Baker, United States Navy, under whose direct care the hatching-house opera- tions have been conducted. 4 [5] SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS AT NAVY-YARD STATION. 895 i Record of spawning operations conducted at Moxley’s Point, on the Potomac, from April ; 19, 1882, to June 8, 1882, by B. G. Harris, spawn-taker . Ripe fish. Number of | Number of f Fish : Date. shad taken. herring taken. pounOs OF wy we Eggs obtained. hatched. Males. | Females. ed ee es ee ee ee AE SCO 7, 10 Sanaa MIDORI aR EE Soe 300, 000 | May”3. May Pe renee Negeri TS Pere 445,000 | May 10. 280,000 | May 11. 385, 000 | May 12. 730,000 |; May 13. 980, 000 | May 14. 500, 000 | May 15. 10 8 240,000 | May 16. 5 4 110,000 | May 18. 31 31 760, 000 | May 18. 3 400,000 | May 27. 1) 400,000 | May 27. 2 40,000 | May 28. 4 100, 000 | May 29. 2 40,000 | May 30. 4 80,000 | May 31. 3 70,000 | June 1. 5 100,000 June 1. 6 200, 000 | June 2. 5 2 4 wo Ss S i Ss — cy =] B o® ~ weet cee es pee eee tee ee ee ee ew eee eee eee Se ee ees 200,000 | June 8. 80,000 | June 9. 140, 000 | June 10. 120, 000 | June 10. aot] Org Co CO *Eggs transferred to Fish Hawk. NotE.—From April 19 to June 1 the length of haul-seines visited daily was 300 fathoms, and the length of gill-nets visited daily from June 3 to 8 was 5,200 fathoms. 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O | UTeD | 29] 29] 04) 29) 29/34/89) #9|99| eo ABI |----- Avpsony, "MS | ST] (AS | 0 |'MTRD | 04/89/44) 0L)89/FL/ 89] 89) cL] co Avr |---*- Avpuopy ‘myeO| 0 [me] TL | “HN |49/29]0L/F9|#9|82| 79/49) 04) To Avy |------ Avpang ‘T | 0 |"mIVO] SE} “HN |29/29]82/ 09/69} FL) 89] 09/19] 0g ew |--- Avpanqug ane fit "N | 2-T | “AN /6¢/6¢]89/09 | 69) 2¢|09/6¢|z¢] 6t Aer |-----> -Auprayy fee Mikey fe tat 0 | "WIRD |6¢|6¢| 9) 69/69] 99|\ 6S] 69) z9| st AvpT |*---Avpsanqy, ‘AN | T ‘x | 2 | I ae | ess SS ae Bay 7 SS poe ie XXXVI. IBUTION OF SHAD THROUGH CENTRAL STATION BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1882. By M. McDONALD. In anticipation of the increased demand for shad fry for planting in new waters extensive preparations were made to utilize to the fullest extent the resources of the Potomac and Susquehanna Rivers. In con- sequence of the low temperature of water prevailing during the season in both these rivers the catch of shad was unexpectedly small, and the river fisheries were comparatively a failure. The same conditions which influenced unfavorably the catch affected also the number and quality of eggs secured. The total number of fry obtained for distribution amounted to 20,637,000. Of these 800,000 were furnished by the station on the Susquehanna River, near Havre de Grace, Md., and the balance by the Potomac River stations; the Navy-Yard contributing 14,444,000 and Central Station 5,393,000. For convenience of reference a summary of distribution arranged alphabetically by waters is also appended. The distribution was made mainly by car service, one distinguishing feature of the season being the concentration of large numbers of fish in single plants in comparatively few localities. The total mileage of the cars in making this distribution was for car No. 1, in charge of Mr. George H. H. Moore, 9,730 miles, and car No. 2, in charge of Mr. J. Frank Ellis, 2,462 miles. Of the entire number planted 6,110,000 were placed in the Mississippi River or its tributaries, and 5, 440, 000 in the minor tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico. {1] 899 900, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] TABLE I.—Record of distribution of shad made from May 3, 1882, to June 17, 1882, from Central Station, under direction of Marshall McDonald. Number of fish. Introduction of fish. Date of transfer +e | | Originally | Actually taken. planted. Place, May 3 475, 000 4500000) tuttin VON Wy seeneaaeee 4 500, 000 500, 000 | Little Falls, Md .......- 5 | 430,000 | 430,000 | Little Falls,Md ........ 6 200, 000 200, 000 | Little Falls, Md --....... 7 250, 000 240,000 | Wheeling, W. Va -..-.-. 8 250, 000 231, 000) Newman Gaia ceee a= =e 8| 750,000| 750,000 | Little Falls, Md ........ 9 300, 000 300,000 | Va. Mid. R. R. Crossing. 11 | 1,000, 000 870/000) “Austin, Dex 2 -jso- 22 cs- 12 300, 000 300,000) Farmville; Va ...=--.---- 12 250, 000 248,000 | C. and A. A. L. Crossing, South Carolina. 13 470, 000 470,000 | Fredericksburg, Va-..--.. 13 300, 000 300, 000 | Strasburg, Va -.....-..- 13 550, 000 550,000 | Little Falls, Md .--..... 15 600, 000 450, 000 | Conyers, Ga .-.=-..----- 15 600, 000 450,000 | Covington, Ga.----.--.- il 250, 000 249,000 | C.and A. A. L. Crossing, South Carolina. 18 800, 000 800, 000 | Towers, Ky..--.-...-..- 18 800, 000 800, 000 | Point Burnside, Ky ----.- 19 400, 000 400,000 | Chattanooga, Tenn ...-.- 20 24, 000 20,000 | New York City.” 21 400, 000 400, 000 | Little Falls, Md --..---- 21 325, 000 325,000 | Junction of Etowahand Oostanaula Rivers, Ga. 21 350, 000 350,000 | 2 miles from Rome, Ga-. 21 325, 000 325,000 | 3 miles from Rome, Ga-.. 22 300, 000 300, 000 | Zanesville, Ohio........ 22 545, 000 545,000 | Columbus, Ohio --...-.. 22 300, 000 300,000 | Athens, Ohio ........-... 24 893, 000 8934000, Albany eNeoy <= 2b 525 27 250, 000 S50 T000ulpselmay Alay So see soce 27 300, 000 300,000) 4brove Allain oot eee oer 27 300, 000 300,000 | Whiting, Ala..-.-...--. 27 200, 000 200,000 | Atlanta, Ga .-.......-.. 27 250, 000 250,000 | West Point, Ga....-..-.. 28 300, 000 300, 000 | Little Falls, Md .....-... 28 240, 000 216,000 | Poplar Bluff, Ark. ...--. 28 248, 000 216, 000.| Arkadelphia, Ark ....... 28 370, 000 306,000 | Jefferson, Tex -......... 28 370, 000 342,000 | Fort Worth, Tex........ 30 688, 000 688, 000 | Little Falls, Md ........ 31 100, 000 100,000 | Shepherdsville, Ky .-.--- 31 100, 000 100,000 | Munfordville, Ky -...... 31 100, 000 100,000 | Bowling Green, Ky...-.. June 1 891, 000 891, 000 | Seaford, Del....-......- 2 145, 000 142,000 | Ellsworth, Kans...--.. -- 2 20, 000 PAYOUT We SES Se Be See Sorte 2 20, 000 DOKOUOM Ue ete ees keep eee cries 2 20, 000 PAO O70) |e Seer Mts orrscmeieciee 2 20, 000 OOOO a haste pediate we Riche Sicie'e ite ate 3 958, 000 958, 000 | Dubuque, Iowa.-...-.---- 3 | *150, 000 145, 000 | Covington, Ind ...-....-. 3 | *150, 000 145,000 | Danville, Tll..-.-....... 5 210, 000 210,000 | Piedmont, W. Va-.----- 6 125, 000 125, 000 | Quitman Ga..-......... 6 125, 000 1257 OU" | eee wee tates sre cise ‘ Stream. Sandusky River. Potomac River.!? Potomac River.!” Potomac River.® Ohio River. Chattahoochee River.! Potomac River.® Rappahannock River.? Colorado River.* Appomattox, River.? Broad River.+ Rappahannock River. Shenandoah River.® Potomac River. ! Oconee River.® Yellow River.® Broad River.* Kentucky River.!° Cumberland River.!° Tennessee River.! Potomac River.® Coosa River.® Etowah River.§ Oostanaula River.® Muskingum River.® Scioto River.® Hocking River.® Hudson River. Catawba River.! Conecuh River.? Escambia Creek.2 Chattahoochee River.2 Chattahoochee River.? Potomac River.® Black River.® Ouachita River.® Cyprus Bayou.® Trinity River.® Potomac River.® Salt River.® Green River.® Barren River.® Nanticoke River.® Smoky Hill River.! Saline River.! Solomon River.! Republican River.! Blue River.! Mississippi River. Wabash River.? Kaskaskie River.? Potomac River.!! Withlacoochee Kiver.® Flint River.’ eae ee [3] DISTRIBUTION OF SHAD THROUGH CENTRAL STATION. 901 TABLE I.—Record of distribution of shad, &e.—Continued. Number of fish. Introduction of fish. Date of | transfer. | ,_._- ‘| Originally | Actually taken. planted. Place. Siream, June 7 340, 000 340, 000 | Charlottesville, Va .-...- Rivanna River.’ 10 70, 000 70,000) Allpaniyae Na Wese ee nee eeee Hudson River.’ 13 140, 000 140,000 | Fredericksburg, Va. ---- Rappahannock River.® 17 *250, 000 237,500 | Waterville, Me.........| Sebastacook River.® 17 | *250, 000 237,500 | Mattawamkeag, Me ....| Mattawamkeag River.® Total .- |20, 637,000 |19, 950, 000 Nore.—Of the above 14,444,000 were hatché@d at the Navy-Yard Station, 5,393,000 at Central Station, and 800,000 (indicated by the *) at the Havre de Grace Station, on the Susquehanna River. The messengers in charge, as denoted by figures in the table, were as follows: !G. G. Davenport, ?F. L. Donnelly, ?J.F. Ellis (car No. 2), ¢C. J. Huske, *J. Mace, ®G. H. H. Moore (car No. 1), 7W. F. Page, ®°H. E. Quinn, 9G. C. Schuermann, !°N. Sim- mons, 1! W.D. Wirt, ? B. and O. express. TABLE 2.—Record of distribution of shad from May 3 to June 17, 1882. Ar- ranged alphabetically by waters. Date of de- posit. May June 2 May 12-17 7 June 6 May June May June May ff June 1 May 20 7 Waters stocked. Appomattox River...---.---- BlackeRivers.-S-scscestaeeue Catawba River Barren River Colorado River Conecuh River..../.. <<: 2... COOSA RIVER ce ccc ae ence eee Cumberland River Cypress bayou =.c22sease Pscambia Rivers asoaesee ees Etowah River Flint River Green River Hocking Rivers... sesseese Hudson River. ....-.-----.-- Kentucky River...<..c-ss20- Mattawamkeag River....... Mississippi River Murder Creek.--... EMP eh Pa Muskingum River. ...-...... Nanticoke Rivers. 225.4 --- Oconee: River s./25.. Js-ssees5 | Obio Rivers :.225.sesseee oes ae do Point of deposit. es Farmville, Va Roplar Bluth ear kee sees Blisworth: WKanses sconce ee C.& A.& L. R. R.Crossing,S.C.) Brewton, Ala Selma, Ala Bowling Green, Ky. .-2-..+--- WiestnPomt! Gar se sshan. ooe/-- Atlanta: Gass es Se sabe ee West Point, Ga PATIStIM ES Rexel craa a ciarsate see ae Near Troy, Ala IROMC, Gace eeme es sect cleans Point Burnside, Ky Jefferson, Tex IDrEwtony Alae=a. cance saos-s Curtersvalle, Gals.225-. 025-4: Albany, Gar ot 3 scce do essee Munfordville, Ky....-.--.---- Athens, Ohio PREOVONG Viaccecestscsssciece se Wanwvalles) Mise soja 35 L sa eee ip He Brad 66, Key. 2 seescec| Mllswonihy angen... cceseeee 125, 000 May Sl PsaltuRivery-c-cc.--o'-ccees || Shepherdsville, cy) > soceseees ®100, 000 3 | Sandusky River. -.-- ~-...-.. Tithh, Ohio sixseteceteee once 3475, 000 29 | Sangamon River ---.-.--....- Near Havana, Ill .:..--...-..- 6552, 000 Re NRSCLOGOURLVCK <1) selaceiele anos Columbus; Ohio. 2-4 2se sees 6545, 000 June ~~ 17 | Sebastacook River ...--...-.-. Waterville, Me ..-.-.-. oteaneree 6250, 000 May 13 | Shenandoah River.-.--..... Strausburg, Va.----.----2.-- 8300, 000 June 24 Smoky, ball River. 2-6... - Bilisworth, Kans? asccecoueere 1200, 000 2) POLO MINCE 22 yoo seem eer |= cae URS eee aes ees 125, 000 May 19 | Tennessee River....-....---- Chattanooga, Tenn... ...--. 1400, 000 28 | UriMibycRIVer=j.2...2 costs a. Fort Worth; Dex. tcc ce. ese 6 360, 000 June 3 || Wabash River secs oceee a= Covington, Tha 2) acc, 150, 000 6 | Withlacoochee River---..-.... Between Quitman and ‘Val- Gosbar Ga vase eeenas gases 8125, 000 May 20) MeMOyyRIVier smene seals == Covington, Ga.....-.--------; %450, 000 20, 130, 000 *The names of messengers as indicated by these figures were as follows: 1G. G. Davenport, ?F. L. Donnelly, 3?J. F. Ellis (car No. 2), *C. J. Huske, °J. Mace, °G. H. a aes No.1), 7W. F. Page, °H. E. Quinn, °G. C. Schuermann, !°N. Simmons, LW DD. Wirt. yi Ae tee Oe a XXXVII.—STATISTICS OF THE SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH. COMMISSION IN 1882. By Cuas. W. SMILEY. From the reports of the various persons in charge of shad-hatching stations during the spring of 1882, I have prepared a series of five tables to show the operations at each station, and the sixth for a sum- mary exhibit. From these it will appear that 36,637,000 eggs were ob- tained and hatched with an average loss of 18 per cent. A comparison with the number of shad hatched in previous years is of interest. The decrease this year has been attributed to the cold season and small run of shad. Number of shad hatched : Heed 2 Agee RU OER Se 16, 842, 000 ee: 2... SU aetna, Sole pe 29, 473, 000 Mae S.-M A Url baled eo Me 70, 035, 000 eee)... | Ay ed ae 30, 283, 000 Of the fish hatched, a part were deposited in waters near the several hatching stations, as follows: Deposited in local waters : ees... 1 cae Re oh aa 5, 587, 000 LOS) ae Sok ce US Re Mak 7, 864, 600 LOL 22 SSRs Sten 2) eb eel pelec ey 46, 518, 500 SSE, 0 IRR seb oe ei PM Cte 8, 315, 000 Of the fish hatched, the number designed for transportation to other waters was as follows: Placed in transportation for other waters: * CLOG S82 RR cea aes St LC a 10, 002, 500 Se Sg a SN) eta Be Se USh ISA 20, 761, 400 Pes a: . 5... . SSG eee ee Se aR en 23, 516, 500 Hee est... 25 2 oo A ee ae +21, 078, 000 The number of shad actually deposited within the waters of the dif. ferent States the present year was as follows: SUARSEEINEN Grea ete 3) a's) o\-. = < =! > na epmeateral creer arava naar ay ola al al ere 850, 000 RPA Da ai seal sa \2. 4's =). S's. s Canine eatin sche S slaw el ye ote 432, 000 EWE Ohet tatie =~ 2): s'..-:2\~! «.<\al eed ete ee al a etal Sane 891, 000 Persie, OF COMMA 242 - .5 +2 aed sos wo oe ts odio e se hte 3, 050, 000 RE era iti S-c a aly as 2's zeae ea eee Rate oN oe 2, 831, 000 BN yg Meh og wid 4 ai 45 sn, «appa amnstee lata ral oe ble Sala wel giaté 145, 000 * From these figures there is a slight deduction each year for fish lost in transit. t Of these 677,000 were lost while in transit. [1] 903 904 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] Indiana 5-26 : pose | SNe Rime Saugees BER As Heat ooh myers 145, 000 BARR oh eee Sele cfnle'e' = oleh Be Aaa NP a iste s Se pe ei 958, 000 Kansas ..... a tet Soe ob ne Wenig Sere eaee ee ne ee an eae a 222, 000 PRR oc ehew oidmie ams ace seee Saft hie enter er OP Ree - 1,900,000 INUIT eS k inn 3 n(n a wi elee Ciehermon totale Senos sina or 475, 000 MANU ERINGL 6 2 S)< c's synjnts piehe a re alete hw ele ener ne eters ee ess, Ope oe PREM MNGOTUE 3 5 toa See te Rvaliate ys fine mths ate bya bins MEME tapeac a ess 983, 000 BETES) fof ora jn 2 0 aioe Pah ete ia teoe a oedin ROI iets Bs acid ere eae 1, 595, 000 Spine Carolina. oc cue deci see ae ohne eo ep ee sare 497, 000 TONMESHEG 2). calsiere ter ates AOS ASS a ARS Se ee tart eam ee 400, 060 Texas ..... SP hcig ya asorp ae oe Me Serres er sche tee ae ae 1, 518, 060 Rifas qeahalit: eae ret MPae aoe ahr ey ieiaen Hear eeu ye era wee Vd EP Ry Aa By) 3, 605, 000 Wrest Vrbe inlay se ees ieee eco atte Rea arses BE 450, 000 AP ODA Eee) Sethe mice ene mare iaite ii mialelataseyeho ier ele aye eet 28, 716, 000 Fuller particulars of these deposits, the time, streams, places, ete. will be found in the tables of distribution. TABLE I.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by the United States steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding, at Quantico Creek, from April 17 to May 22, 1882. Ripe shad taken. Fish Fish Tate Eggs Eee ibst released in |transported . obtained. HatoHin local to other Males. | Females. ee waters. places. ADT el ieee was) eenesieaie neers 1 1 205000)|\- OD an OY ae Cee RAR Y “¢5| ae 4 ~. ta oS dl , Z. 30: te + UA — sO \ Eu ™ Te 906 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] TABLE JII.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by H. C. Chester, at Havre de Grace, Mad., on the Susquehanna River, under the direction of the United States Fish Com- mission, from May 8 to June 23, inclusive, 1882. Ripe shad Fish taken at seine hauls. peorot Fish |Fish trans. = Eggs | released in|) ported to a Date. d ¢ | obtained. 288s lost. local other wa- &0 a Ed 3 waters. ters. af —E ad 5 é ‘ & 5 2 4 a | a es] fa ro) 1882. May 18, 000 259, 000 473, 000 156, 000 |. 145, 000 |. 135, 000 60; 000 |). ci cscrsce| ice ceca esis oucclccsars sl sce elute gees celeste keene er D5: OOD eee tates Bek bees eames Es ase ete 70 800 1} 1,500 PTF FUT | ease aR Piper at AP a PRG TS 150 | 2,000 1| 1,000 70000) bees 8 oc Sees oe Nel ets ae 100)); °1:G00s|tcecneer ltecedtene PAGNIG0s pees snes A0OOO0 Wee ee eee 48 600 [osctacee eae ene aenecuodl taossoscoo beoesot So fbel le Soecbaasac 100 600. [Ses eee eens BIB OGG Goo becalcdpteks clea); OULD ee Ne Ca a La ean Sele ese eral seer nicetser ate 1,000,000 |. <- oe. esos eect]: coe ccee oe eee ee DUO Le Se | eee a atte eee | sinc sete a 300/000 Wee s eet ee ol: ote cn) |e Ce oul See eee eee P oaeme eset omelets PHONO Poe eee eee 27 400 |--------!.-...... SoC Etacdasne dcop ane ge oat ace oes |oneee cop 12 300) | 22 ae eee eee renee eens asics 150, 000 1G |e a6 foSeskee eee MI GHOOOM S2c0ee Sool cede tema lust Peck AWN ic egnoe| ee TDW OU PERE eee se encseQormmace) Se saocaser 26 300 Oe rae a 1817, 000 |. Seboo0o Vfl Roeser = LO occ see ae ALON seecrsmcae al cooemenee oan ee eee OG) is >t 14: eee Ne oe e ae 55] BEE ba e ar pe oo a bosc on aeedabcosa- 20) | sae ences fa [he eG FOGMMIOI Msn sclon ec sdlecerenaaes lke uae | Cieet OB te dostasogs Jonas ndeiesalcwe sles (caulleebepeveweon| sea beewceen Biilesacteee 89, [Grease Oe bao tse tl lecsagossad) soeecpeseecolsso sae b's'sie (i RSE e ee Ty lesoek ee datatelaie eet 75, 006 30, 000 500, 000 TOW rcceeen i Paice as Heaeak sobs es|Lher eeaece (sere aes coetce]é bet teaewes A Veseseee yA te Se eee BRD Galo aac Sobol Dood lace anaanecd eros adsae LD | ace BS ne Benno cadeiad|o4ao boeeuelacacuescbdoc| bcocmunnoes Des Soe Pq Saas 55.5 ean cee ean Sees a cicicehaiall ee eaiaialale wets | ae eee ele [irate es |e aise 36 (jesse eses Total 3,153,000 | 548,000 | 1,955, 000 650, 000 758 | 6,600 183 3, 000 * Loss of these eggs caused by a gale. ‘ h ! t From May 11 to 17 it was not possible to operate the fisheries on account of high winds. t From fish in the pool. = - [5] STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS. 907 Tav_Le 1VY.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by the United States steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U. 8. N., commanding, near Battery Station, Susquehannah River, May 23 to June 138, 1882. Shad taken. Date. 11 11 7 8 6 7 5 5 6 7 10 7 3 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 A one Oo Sc DEOL SOCE OD SHEOE Oram oc 15 13 SU) ecodocerdesesese sree s Tcese 10 8 BW) sacha dancaaasene Speastaddnsee 3 5 AD! condi seenasropcbacbeneseae 2 2 BAD aren Gynec JED enOEROODGOS SSO ne 6 5 Males. | Females. Eggs . obtained. 336, 000 170, 000 147, 000 |. 154, 000 185, 000 215, 000 |. 77, 000 35, 000 60, 000 40, 000 364, 000 eee ee eee eee ewewce can sce | *25, 000 | | 2,551, 000 Eggs lost in hatching. Fish released in local waters. Fish trans- ported to other waters. 761, 000 1, 555, 000 +60, 000 210, 000 * Turned over to Battery Station to hatch. t Final destination not reported. 908 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] TABLE V.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted under the direction of M. McDonald at Central Station, Washington, D. C., from April 27 to June 19, 1882, inclusive. Fish don furnished Dato. Eggs hasan for trans- | Messenger in charge F received. | } itching. | portation of transfer. oF to other waters. PA YUN ceeieis cca nn clow os bine eaten a ae eeye MS diepep OUI | etentire tarseletetes jini ateteern eames 28 2950) O02 Seiceinine amie eee eee 505:'000) (Ae vere. |e a eee BPA eee east Noomsocoden oe May TOON Aa ames 2S ee a 160, 000 200,000" 22 sce2iee225 55, 000 25, 000 325, 000 | J. F. Ellis. 142, 000 35, 000 200, 000 | N. Simmons. 214, 000 60, 000 200, 000 Do. To000)| San jouer see 200, 000 | J. Mace. 211, 000 79, 000 250, 000 | N. Simmons. 205, 000 18, 000 800, 000 | J. Mace. BO2) COONS. ein Atlee aces cece TADS OOO comet tea aes | See eeeesine 225, 000 *63, 000 250, 000 | J. F. Ellis. SO000 | baacleteeese 300, 000 | F. L. Donnelly. 205000 Saco cee 220,000 | G. Schurmann. 40, 900 = 7ONOD0N nee LOO0OM Se aaa see 341, 000 | H. E. Quinn. 103, 000 BT O00 seaen onan 20, 000 27, v00 200, 000 | N. Simmons. 82, 000 37, 000 400, 000 | G. G. Davenport. 145; O00 cette oan Sareea ances sie 105, 000 22, 000 24,000 | B. & O. Express. 158, 000 72, 000 400, 000 | J. Mace. 15, 000 31, 000 140, 000 | G. H. H. Moore. 280 O00 Ce eiee tocol ean aeee eee DS5nO00| eee wee ae 83,000 | N. Simmons. 40, 000 DPA RRS Are Shee 246, 000 8, 000 130, 000 | F. L. Donnelly. 30, 000 BSO0OT He So kte mae, 25, 000 32, 000 308, 000 | G. H. H. Moore DOL 0s SEs See 208, 000 | J. Mace. 331, 000 | J. F. Ellis. June 225, 000 | G. G. Davenport. 48, 000 | J. F. Ellis. 30,000 | W.D. Wirt. 70,000 | H. E. Quinn. 70,000 | W. F. Page. 140, 000 | G. H. H. Moore. Lifey ePaper tebe PETE Ree 6,706,000 | 1,313,000 | 5,393, 000 * Loss offset by overcount of eggs received. GOD OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS. ISTICS STAT [7] ‘TITA PUL ITA S9Tquy, Woy savoddy ‘oyou-yoo; Surpaoerzd oY} Ur 07 por1ozor 000‘'09 O19 Jo MOINdooxo OY} TILA ‘Aopuremor oy Jo uorpsodstp ony, “pavd-Aava puv woryryg [vsyWOD Jo syzodor OY} Ur poyvortdnp o4v 900‘008 PB ‘“JuotUTIOdXxo LOJ posu OTA ON‘ JUNO SIZ ICE ‘s1vedds pLooo4 JoNZany ou ynq ‘quourdrys B sv po}1edod O10 99009 LoquMU SII) JO 4 *STONZLIS OSO]} OF S}10dod OY UL popnour pux ‘pavA-LAvT 0} 0N0‘00Z PUL WoTZeIg [B1}WOD 0} PoLOAT[Op 010M 0N0'OOD ‘ SJUOMTIOdNXS TOF pos O1OA ONN'OE 1OQuINE Sig} JO « 000 ‘896 ‘T2i | 000 ‘sre ‘8 | 000 ‘ssa ‘ost! 000 ‘6S9 ‘9 | N00 ‘LE9 ‘9g |-----*- Oa See ths mage tages ean OOOMCO RE Gees ee aar coo = = | 000 ‘eee'¢ | 000‘eTe ‘I | 000‘90L‘9. |---7 77-777" ">"> PIVCOQOTN TT 000 ‘OLZ4 000 ‘Geg‘T | 000‘G9L‘T | 000 ‘T9L O00 EGG: Cin ema sectarian ee OU CGN oT Zy 000 ‘os9 000 ‘S66 'T | 000'S09 '% | 000 '3FS OOO }ES Te Go | cnea cian aameta 1943800) ‘D0 'H 000 ‘Gag ‘PT | 000 ‘020 '€ | v00'SE6 “LT | 000 'Sx8 '€ | 000 088 ‘16 ion ae aa see PooM “WAV 000 ‘08x 000 ‘S¢4‘E | 000 ‘S8¢‘% | 000 ‘3ST (NYE Aah = prior sec= Se os oO LLL Tap Oy Agee ae ee a a go eae oh 3 ZF WOT}RIS JO OGIVIPD UL SMOsIOT el ay S, st s ae & & = BS 4 a ey oO 4 ar” : e sms senescery Cr ‘ORSUISE AA “tose """DI ‘oVIH op OLAv_T ete “py ‘oovily op o1aeyy “-"- TopoUrySst AA ‘pavd-A AVN aaa vA ‘oouent ‘O0UL arabe abc n cela casio) FE 1 anaes sia sr" TOTFVIG [RAZWID pine Sis sin ieie sis IOAN vuuvyonbsng TOES es Selb se sae purysT Aro}pVg *109V A *‘SILOTJVIS JO WONwoO'T ‘eget fo Gurds ayy Burinp uowssnuwog ysiT sayy paring ayy fig paynsodo suoynjs Buryorny-poys yw yuon fo hanumung—'T A aIdV 6T oun | 1% Tady el ounr | ¢g Avy : €Z oune |g Avy yutog Ss AvjxoyT | g ounr | 67 Judy “- yoorg oouenyy | 7g Av | LT [udy ‘popue | ‘uvseq wostog | mwosveag *soyrq [8] af REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 910 ‘aun? 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Avy oun XXXVII.—REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING THE SEASON OF 1882. By MarRsHALL MCDONALD. In the inception of the work of carp distribution in 1879 the ship- ments were always in charge of messengers, who gave assiduous atten- tion to the aeration and frequent change of water en route, accompa- nied the fish to their destination, and delivered them to the applicants or their authorized agents. The vessels employed in transportation were tin cans, having a capacity of from 10 to 15 gallons each. The num- ber of cans taken in one shipment was usually twelve; namely, ten cans for fish and two for water. At first the number of fish to the can was limited to fifty, thus making a messenger shipment to consist of five hundred fish. As the robust vigor and vitality of the carp came to be better under- stood and appreciated the number of fish permitted to a can was grad- ually increased, so that in the latter part of the distribution of 1881 single shipments of twelve and fifteen hundred fish were made by mes- senger to distances 900 miles from Washington. With the increasing number distributed each year it was found im- practicable to make the entire distribution by messenger service, both on account of the cost attending the same and the large force of expe- rienced men it was necessary to keep in the field. Arrangements were therefore made to ship by express, special rates being arranged with the express companies. To an applicant receiving the usual allotment of twenty fish the cost of shipping packages weighing 100 pounds or more was very exorbitant, the rates ranging from 75 cents, to points near Washington, to $10, $12, and even $15, to parties in more remote localities. To reduce this cost half cans, weighing proportionately less, were, by direction of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries, substituted for the ordinary 10-gallon transportation cans first em- ployed. Meanwhile experiments were instituted for the purpose of de- termining the minimum volume of water and the minimum weight of vessel that might be employed for safe distribution of carp by express. The results of these experiments, detailed in full in United States Fish Commission Bulletin, volume 1, page 215, showed that we might use tin cans having a capacity of 1 gallon for distribution to points distant in time from twenty-four to forty-eight hours from place of dis- tribution. The experience of 1881 also showed that by the use of a transportation car, with refrigerator compartments, so as to enable us to control and keep down the temperature to 55° or 60° in the interior, [1] 915 916 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] we could hold the fish in these small vessels for weeks with occasional changes of water, and then forward them by express several hundred miles. This method was applied in the trans-Mississippi distribution, made in the latter part of 1881, with the most gratifying results, nearly twenty thousand fish having been transported from Washington, and distributed to applicants in all parts of Texas, West Louisiana, Indian Territory, and Arkansas. In making the distribution of 1882 it was determined to put in full operation the new methods and apparatus of distribution. Meanwhile an additional refrigerator car, constructed according to the plans of Mr. Frank S. Eastman, was completed and ready for service. Car No. 1 was also remodeled to conform essentially to the new design. The opening of the season of 1882 found us prepared with two cars complete in all respects for distribution. The following programme of the organization and conduct of this work was therefore submitted, and being approved by the United States Commissioner of Fisheries, was carried out in all its essential details in the distribution of 1882. 1. GENERAL PLAN OF THE DISTRIBUTION. It is proposed that the distribution be made— (a) By express, from Washington direct to destination, where the dis- ‘tance in time is not more than twenty-four or thirty-six hours, the ship- ping package being the ordinary 4-quart tin pail, the cost of which will be included in the express charges, and the pail kept by consignee. The cost of pails will be collected from the central express office at Washington. (b) For points in States too remote from Washington to be reached by express shipments direct, or where the cost of express shipment en- tails a disproportionate charge on consignee, it is proposed to send our cars to central points of distribution in different sections of the country, the points being selected with reference to their facilities for distribution by express, and from these points to distribute by express in the same manner as indicated for express shipments from Washing- ton; for this purpose a distributing agent will be left at such points to complete the work of distribution, the car returning to Washington for a new supply as soon as its load is safely deposited at destination and arrangements made to care for the fish until distributed. | The agent having completed the distribution at one point will be transferred to another, to meet another consignment, the movements of cars and distributing agents being so timed or regulated by telegraph that there will be no confusion, but all the distribution will proceed in a systematic and orderly manner. It is proposed that the United States Commission in all cases bear the costs of transportation to the centers of distribution fixed upon, charges from these points to destination, and the cost of pail (to be in- cluded in express charges) to be paid by consignee. The entire cost to — [3] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1882. 917 applicants will range from 40 cents to 75 cents; in no case, probably, will it exceed $1. : (c) Individual messenger shipments only to be resorted to in cases of imminent emergency. Such shipments are not usually satisfactory, and the cost of distribution in proportion to work accomplished is much greater for the Commission than in the methods (a) and (0). 2. PERSONNEL OF THE WORK. For each car, one messenger in charge, two messenger assistants, one cook, and for the field work of distribution one or more distributing agents, as above indicated. At central station, there will be needed in addition to the permanent force of the station, one good man to assist in making the shipments and to care for the carp awaiting distribution. Each messenger in charge of cars will be charged with all property issued for the equipment or service of his car, and will be responsible for the same, so long as it remains in his possession, and will not be discharged from such liability until the same is returned to the central station and proper receipts obtained from store-keeper. In addition to a property record he will be required to keep an ac- count of all expenditures made: (1.) For the subsistence of himself and men ; (2.) For all other expenses; (3.) The number of miles traveled, and required to report the same from time to time, the several reports cov- ering the whole period of continuous service; the object being to show the cost per diem per man for subsistence and the miscellaneous ex- penses of the maintenance of car per mile traveled. 3. ORDER OF DISTRIBUTION. It is proposed that the distribution begin first in the New England and extreme Northwestern States, the theater of operations being shifted farther and farther to the South as winter approaches, the last work being done in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. 4, PRELIMINARIES TO DISTRIBUTION. (a) Shipping-tag made of stout manilla paper, in the form of jacket and containing the return postal receipt. On the tag will be printed the instructions to be observed in transportation, one side being reserved for this, the other for the shipping address. Samples of these and the circulars for express work I have requested Mr. S. C. Brown to prepare and have ready to submit to you. (b) In all cases where an application is on file in this office, or where distribution is to be made, or lists furnished by State commissioners, it will be necessary, several days prior to sending the fish, to mail a circular giving due notice of the time and manner of shipment, so that consignees may have due notice to prepare for and receive their fish. Form marked M provides for this notice, whether delivery is made by messenger or through State commission. This, in conjunction with form N, to be sent to consignee by messenger or agent, provides for all cases. 918 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] In accordance with the programme Mr. George H. H. Moore was placed in charge of car No. 1, and Mr. J. I’. Ellis in charge of car No. 2, Mr. George G. Davenport being designated as distributing agent. The ponds having been drawn, the distribution was inaugurated by a car shipment to Boston, in which distribution provision was made for all applicants in the New England States, New York, and the northern half of New Jersey. From this time until about the 1st of February, when the distribution terminated, the cars were in continuous service. In order to complete the work in the time fixed, it was necessary to open a depot of distribution at Atlanta for the supply of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Mr. Davenport was ordered to this point, and having organized the station remained in charge until the com- pletion of the work, the fish being forwarded to him from Washington. The following is a summary showing the points of distribution in each State, the date, and the messenger in charge. Distribution of German carp in the United States for the year 1882-83. State. | Point of distribution. Messenger. Date. Alabama ........-.-. | Montgomery, Ala ....---. Oi We PE SES steam ale ais ath lao eieth ee eee | Dec. 17, 1882. Arizona Territory...) Tucson, Ariz.....--.:..- Gar Moorel---s eee eee eee ee Jan. 23,1883. Arkansas. ....-.----| Saint Louis, Mo.......-. Tis He BIg oot sSoecsiio te eenae meee eeeree Nov. 13, 1882. Californias s2..<1..+- San Francisco, Cal....-. G.se Moone es eee eee are eer Jan. 23,1883. Colorado asccesane Denver, Colo..¢......--. D. B. Long, commissioner, Kansas.-..-.| Nov. 10,1882. Connecticut ...-...... iposton, Mass.) .2 22.422. GB: Hs Moore).s.iesccsee-e< -coettoses | Nov. 4,1882. Dakota Territory....; Saint Paul, Minn ..--.... Gabe Moore co.c seec oes tapes | Nov. 10,1882. Delaware ....-..---.. Washington, by express | Express Company.......-...----- --- } Jan. 1,1883. District of Columbia..) Washington ---....-...-- Individual orders..-..- 2.2.26. --esac= Nov. 1,1882. Plonidaicres ce emcee Jacksonville, Fla .....-. el) US ee es eo aaoeainse soc occ Dec. 9,1882. Georgia. ..s---ccccns- Atlanta, Ga..----~--<--- GaG Davenport’. 22 c/cess a tee eee Dec. 9,1882. Idaho Territory ----.- Saint Paul, Minn......-. GME He Moore Sie saan ete taen series Jan. 23,1883. TMINOIS) yee ete ae cial Quincey, Muy ae ae~ «=| Goes ee NU OOO 20 ostesise eects skeet Nov. 10,1882. indiana. 3. fees Ge Indianapolis, Ind..-....-. Gye. HUG = een nee 6 toe eee Nov. 23,1882. Indian Territory. --.- Sherman, Tex.....---.--- Dee ee RUT etere) Se late eso ole oS inn melee Jan. 17,1883. TOW cece sa ese ene Des Moines, Iowa....--- GH Moore\eree cece eee gears Nov. 10,1882. Kansas ......----.--- Ellsworth, Kans ........ D. B. Long, commissioner. .....-...--.- Nov. 10,1882. Kentucky ....-....... Louisville, Ky..--..----- Pig ia ty |e Cea sees einer poberscicscc= Nov. 7,1882. GOUASIAN Bice soccer New Orleans, La....-.-.--. Asada ONE (5 Sete Es See ei Dec. 9,1882. * ALBINO ae seas ete ‘Boston; Maasg ~~ kn Gane Moores siccs cecems sae eee Nov. 4,1882. Maryland...........-. Washington: 3. 2---2-)- Fei el COMPANY; ~crene -c- =e SRE Nov. 1,1882. Massachusetts.....-- Boston, Masa ue ces GSB Moore: x. tencs locas iaaeneenitee Nov. 4,1882. MIGHS PAN iclaaie oc1-i01-/0 Toledo; \Ohio--~-- 2-2 GH. BiMoore i. see eck ee ee eee Nov. 21,1882. Minnesota........... Saint Paul, Minn.....-. GABE Moores is csscemoet vocaceketee a Nov. 10,1882. Mississippi --..-..--. Jackson, Miss. s\n <= Jie BU aR ee eee creme at: ee acaer Dee. 9,1882. IW OCE fii es So aneeBoS Saint Louis, Mo......-.. Ot PABHIb soe tee senile eh iss tiena ceee Nov. 13,1882. Montana Territory..; Unsupplied ..........--. (UNsup pied s ee steuseeunnsetcactse ame Unsupplied. N6DLASER- Rak aeee esas Des Moines, Iowa.....-. GRAMME SMOUrD Balvee nec acco ee eoseee Nov. 10,1882. WNOVAUG se poon ees a | Portland, Oreg..-....-:.-. G. Ho beMioore — 7... =<, SS aso Jan. 24,1883. New Hampshire..... Boston, Mase e.2. 25222, Go Be Moore eels -sse is secee meee hee Nov. 4,1882. New Jersey ..-...-.- | Washington ........-..- Hixpress COMpany: —-.. =... ca) onnans Nov. 1,1882. Do ers sc uveienac Philadelphia, Pa......-.. MUP SPIGNOGie 2.5 asecccane ee eeeeeee Nov. 1,1882. IDE Rony SsAee oe | New York City.......... eG: BIBGETORG : i. 22. Soc t cess eeeee Noy. 1,1882. New Mexico Ter.....| Deming, N. Mex ........ Gri Moore «. ©. vce. 26-8 eee Jan. 23,1883. IN OTy iC OLE. = demesne New MorkCitys: 2.2.4: -- Ki Ga Blaokford 2. aes c.esce ack es ..---| Nov. 4,1882, North Carolina...... RACE Ne Cece. awe S.G. Worth, superintendent.......... Dec. 5,1882. ODS se cee wee wses Columbus, Ohio. ......-. Ge Ei. MOONe. 30 toca oecae eee Nov. 21,1882. Oregon =n cee. 2st Portland, Oreg..-......-- G. Hii Mopre 22 <. 2 -sccaeoke ener ene Jan. 23,1883. Pennsylvania. .-...... Washington ~-. ........ es COMPANY 25.) tgesreveakwene Nov. 1,1882. Rhode Island........ Boston, Mass Preeti GBH Moore ~ i. i..3.02 sce eeeeeteuen Nov. 4,1882. South Carolina...... Colombia, §. O.se: bes cas C.J Huske, superintendent.......... Dee. 6,1882. Tennessee .....-..--. Nashville, Tenn ........ Ute MISS. i ews one eh eio ees weer Dec. 17,1882. LOSAB iad a eeetet se elre Dallas.androther points. jos B. Mlligs - 2.5 specs ckcves vacne eens Jan. 11,1882. Utah Territory...... Ogden; ‘Utah = -i-25.-.. OF. E.Moove oo. sss + eben rene enes Jan. 23,1883. Wermontic- pecs eee Boston, Mass .........-. GEL Moore 2istusewsaurt nebo cuiens Nov. 4,1882. WAPRUN ecw secias nies WiaSHiN STON isc eraeent Express company ..-..- \ccnccean shining Nov. 1,1882. Di Mairis vt netvibes Richmond, Va .......... William) F) Page sa ticncce datpet se eeee Nov. 1,1882. Washington Ter..-.. Portland, Oreg.......... G, BoB, Moores ancesscaeumeeeeemaiee Jan. 23,1883. West Virginia. ...... Washington ......3.0%./: Hxpress Company «......cecscseanss-- Nov. 1,1882. WHSCONBIN Ge caces. Saint Paul, Minn........ G. fr. Hi MOOrs) isc tan ude eens wanes ..-| Nov. 10,1882. Wyoming Territory.| Ogden, Utah............ GiHAH, Moore ccpencstcauustbcccceau .-| Jan. 23,1883. {5] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1882. 919° e Complete details of the distribution arranged by States, Congressional districts, and counties is appended to this report. This distribution reached applicants in every State and Territory in the United States, except Montana. Fish were sent into 298 of the 301 Congressional dis- tricts and into 1,478 counties. The total number of applicants supplied was 9,872, and the total number of fish distributed 259,000; the average distance of applicant being 916 miles from Washington. The total mile- age, counting all as single shipments from Washington to destination was 9,045,000 miles. The cars during the season traversed a total dis- tance of 34,502 miles, of which car No. 1 traveled 20,601, and car No. 2 13,901 miles. SUMMARY OF CARP DISTRIBUTED IN THE UNITED STATES AND FOR- EIGN COUNTRIES FOR THE YEAR 1882. Number States, &c. of Con- Tamaper, pee Number gressional, Rags or app’ | of fish. districts. ies. cants. JN EVR oo conoeoddsepsedinense 5 chaos co cacdcosSnemscosssoace 8 54 275 5, 538 Aaa SUB TITUR) Geecericdseeoonosce Aoasoc=6 cee dpe apeooesescr | SSas5uERce 5 8 20% JATIN S| goo cece boS Sr Soanee S45 so Sascosccesenosseecioc 2oecaes ~ 22 73 1, 632 California... ~~. s---------- eee een ne once eee eee nee eee eee eee 4 29 79 2, 431 JOS LOUEMUO ae Schone 9 SSR OCE SCONE CHOO Bogs Soca. Soy ab oSee os Seeaeos sar 12 36 720 Connecticut... .-..-- 2... --- 202+ nee ee ee ce wenn ence ewes - nee 4 8 59 1, 245 Dakota Territory -.-..--....2.22-.--- fo sede choad sapasbous Moceme sere 11 17 340 INISIERVGIHE) - dose son eieeue COODOUC OS BECO DOOM EMO CDR COSC SOC OOM AEE ReeErere tes 3 8 166 District of Columbia. .....---.---.--- see see see eee nee eee e el eee eee een e|e sees eee ee 27 540 TNR oom oe SB eee oe SoSe pane OBOE OnE: COC DOCOOOS IE naaHee 2 14 85 720 CEN REEA, oot an ea pI SORE 2 Rea 9 116 1, 059 22, 768 Idaho PTET OV ete erate cron = > 2COn a0 n= HSer balpCseE ear 9 18 360 PINION G ieee oc Sais cid oe oc cig sow aan cdnonuionemaabiceerensae 3 4 a 140 Pra eee cee ts LS aa swe moll odolae meee eta aerate cece 9 64 688 15, 597 Washington PR EXILOLY = = 2)-/01< 2 o0!cic 2:a\sinimviniaiqninmn's ate wicio mia «mine See Se sacae 10 25 500 West Virginia Sse 3 2, 503 SWASCONSIN (2 ..0..2'<-- 8 62 Wyoming Territory . . es 80 BisrereniCOUMETIEN == .\sc2sa'v> adele prone eee eee Sou hone 145 BP Otalina ciacctses «nim ata'oSe wr cate naam cea tematten aa as) sele nae'al 298 1, 478 9, 872 259, 188 920 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6 } DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1882—Continued. ALABAMA, ' ' | ‘ a 4 . | a | 8 = | | = 4 hes. 3 |) wei o || , Big} az 4 RNG tL oa | as oq | Congressional : Be a Congressional districts. «2 | a3 | % | ~ districts. Counties. % a S Simin he Ss S$ | | STATE. | | 8—Cont’d ...-. Lee siiece c5.eeees 9 180 th eases nag ate ts isitssnee 5 9 180 | Rossel esa 11 220 Fy a ae a | 7 BEN dee0n | tae set ements Mallasicessse- ee 27 540 Pe one cas eviews cca etem 7 79 1, 580 alse eases taee eee 7 140 Been ie ene seibwone niente 4 40 800 Lowndes. .....---- 1 20 Soe epaeposeonckhooss 9 20 400 IPGPTG fee ester eee 5 100 Biesns cs ence de semeeaneme 3 15 BSH) |W es SA oSoqcc: Autauga.......-.- 2 40 pe ee Bees take 12 35 718 Bibb ---.---------- 1 20 Rig ate 7 APO ae oe 7 21 | 440 Chambers..---.--. 2 40 ef Chilton -4sseeee= 1 20 Motal:cenecs scene 54 275 |" 5,588 Clay .------------- 1 20 | @o0saeie-s.-sseeeee 2 40 Elmore ...-.-..<-- 2" 40 Macon sce seeereeee 3 60 o Ae Tallapoosa...----. 6 120 = x Gat Wh eeesc He eccorc a efferson ..-.----- 3 60 Colbert, | Counts. $= fee | Sumter ccc} tT] M8 : :° : Vwcsasneieeciamae Blountse es ncease 5 118 z | Calhoun ......---- 7 140 \ Cherokee -..--..--. 1 20 Cleburne noes 10 | - 200 |; 8—Cont’d ... .} Elbert ............ i 248 361 | Houston,.:-2-5:--- | 4 80 || Glascock .... ..... 4 | 80 1 Milton {22 ence: | 6 140 |) Green sso. ee oe 9° 194 | Pikey io sceeeeae ce ee core 2008) | Hancock.......... 19 } 380 | ‘Spaldinesanseesee: | 20/ 410] baartesease Se 49; 1,020 Upson pean 10 219 | Jefferson ....- =<. 1 Si 200 se ageee Seeaee Baldywantseeess- 22 19 381 | MeDunies—. css 5 | 100 Bibb eos soem 4 80 | IMadisoni--Sccceoe: 7) 140 Butts'.caceeeose ee 2 40 Oglethorpe. ...-... 9 180 DaSPer- 25. jtoseae 1 20 | Richmond ........| 14 280 TONGS Seer aac etels 1 | 20 || TPalhiatorroe see aeee 8 160 | WyanMrens s.sesseee 2 40 | Warren eeceres eee 16 300 IWewhonseneeLac « 23 777 Washington ...... 16. 323 Jeni ey oeseas Belse 8 160 Wilkes ¢scs5) asec eels 265 | Rockdale ......... A |) ah Gee Mh (None SerogeGecce | Banks fustie sews 9 220 IE WAS MSE eee ee an 3 60 | ‘ | \Glarket s-2- nae |, aa 280 Wialtonieeee= a> 22 440 orsyuh) seeps as tap 140 Wilkinson ascoes: 2 40 | ranklint2ecseeees 7 140 Mamiaiwsloseeescee | SBartow ec ee eas 9 180 | Gwinnett ......... 15 300 Catoosa.-........ 11 290 Habersham ....... 23 464 Chattooga ..-...-.. 4 81 HH all-c 222 a-ceneee if 140 Cherokee .-......- Ty 360 Jackson .......... | sdb 312 Coppieeesss =e 05,25 25 520 Morgan...-....... Yee 20 (ade: s2ck.ccces es 14 300 Pickens:<:.-s2425- 2 40 OVO serene sen i= 19 385 Rabun eesesceeet 3 | 60 | Gordon’. :).2.-<5.- 7 150 Wmionis= estes 4 80 Nib et hVvaGrascaraee 3 60 | : } Wihite: S90 Nivea tere Claris ae, pacohee o 1 20 3 | 60 || Crawford ........- 1 20 emits ciaeisiec m2 Oslewcncsckeeaeses 2 40 || Cumberland ...... 7 140 Stephenson ....... 2 40 |) Hdganitesns-e=e 1 20 Meee eecaes iPuReatl see seerens 2 40 || Effingham ........ 3 60 18 eae py aoSrqosas 2 40 |) Fayette...c.s-+--- 1 20 Mees 732 ace seeee 3 60 | JiaSPOn. a2 - epee 3 60 Met tonaceniats a2 Kendall f.cssicmces 2 40 |! Lawrence ........ 5 100 a Salles. Ss-ci0-- 1 QO RIGE Sos ececm ese Bond! = 22-eeb eee 2 40 Walleceacestene.) 2 40 || Clay; Sassen aes 3 60 Beet pion sees NVOGUDIS sceeen tae 3 60 || @lintoneeaseeses- 4 80 Kankakee ......-- 2 40 | Marion sens sess 8 200 IWioodfordie-ss---.- 2 40 | Montgomery.....- 8 160 eae elas == | Knox. ............ 6 120 || Washington ....-..| 1 20 12h aber sopasoar 5 TOOK Mie cute ean ees | Macoupin......... 7 160 Stank. 25: s¢ 1, 000 Winneshiek .....- 3 ——|| 4.............. Black Hawk ...... 1 Grand Totaly. oy aveeeemicctse uses 8, 543 CO EE ee St 2 Winnebago ......- 2 [13] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1882. 927 DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1882—Continued. IOW A—Continned. 2| 4 Nie Congressional : a3 a Congressional : ae = aintriets. Counties. “8 = ainteicte, Counties. a8 % Sa ¢ 3° 6 A A A A | i aso aeeeeeeae penn Le Sea aie 3 GOIWSE sees! Sos soee fee EWaltaeteisieelot 2 40 OWS ease ee ke 2 40| FASS 25s Mokiclasteices 3 60 Johnson se see ee 3 60) tee Pas. 2 47 Cato AeA t noe 3 60 ingzold !.-.-5... 4 80 Marshall.......... 1 20 Shelby........---- 1 32 Poweshiek..-. .-. 1 20 Pavlorecs skatas afar 3 60 Gaeeeteriacewcc : Appanoose ......-. 1 20) Gece ateetecsices G@arrollsssiese-ress 2 40 IOP? Ge aoa asaoeae 2 40} Cherokee ......-.. 2 40 Mahaska -. 52... .- 1 20 Dickinson .......- i 40 ararion Saaete snares 2 RY preeaee ste esates : 20 ONTOC act ee ee e's amilton ........- Wapellgncsssea. =: 5 120 Lyon ..... 1 20 We deneesosiscca s Clarkes. sseece en's 1 20 Palo Alto. 2 40 Pooaeie i 20 aie | 120 Lucas .- 8 160 Webster .-......-. 2 50 Olkzsc2 vases Ee Warren 1 20 Potalys elsce cee eee eee 121 2, 543 WitivNe)on--seceom< 1 20 KANSAS. on a a 0m ae 3a ag a Con ional 2 a Congressional districts.) 42 | 43 % incase Counties. % | 5S 6 ee 3 6° 6 A Zi a a a THE STATE. * 2—Cont’d..... 4 80 URS} Ato e cece eee Ser cr eae 23 84] 1,783 3 60 Beneniccniceas swaaeccca os s.a% 13 65 | 1,391 11 220 eeeeete te aaletie'sucicass tls 19 49 | 1,046 4 80 NOU PiVella. a7 222 c22- S) at } A A A A A THE STATE. Gis 555 5 oe ae Attala teccescesas 6 120 77| 1,524 Carrolleeese ees 5 100 147 | 2,961 Choctaw: . 1 20 Bbc ccae sae aes ae 9 180 Handsto. scssescces 36 720 Lowndes....-.---- 3 60 MANCONM oes ae ete ate 6 120 IGUTOORe cahessi-tsic Uf 143 Pike jsccc cn asesces 2 40 Oktibbeha .-.-...--. 8 180 Rankin) sccsseccs =: 4 80 Pontotoc..--...-.- 12 240 SIMPSON sees = 55 2 40 Ierentissis-s-=\- =! 3 GOP Govccce ncaa ATABINS st. foie te 3 60 Tishomingo..-...- 2 40 Bolivar secs. o 3 60 PCE CE ABO S Bevtoni<=--+0-1- : 10 201 Claiborne ......... 3 60 WEISOLOLL sacs: so2| eee 340 Jefferson.........- 1 20 Lafayette-.....--.. 27 560 Warrenty cea cian 8 160 Marshall.......-.. 35 700 Washington ...... a 140 PanOlW. s¢ w~cicca=es a ee Wilkinson .....-..-. 9 180 RAGS se caiciels ait niate 0 inpahiesvscoceaae 3 60 Motaler saeco ctete sats wed ae Yalabusha..-..... 8 160 932 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1882—Continued. MISSOURI. A F : = : 5 pan a oye a © gS | ssi 2 ef) Congressional districts. ad Oe eI % Cone eee cne Counties. 5 % 6 5° $ ‘ 6° S A A 4 A A THE STATE. . 6—Cont’d.... 18 370 Been seen eecs soca Rieee 4 17 141 15 300 PRM G c/a. hoy cae 1 16 376 5 120 1 a ee ere ce 4 7 140 6 200 Riga e en nee acie os eeeace eee 2 5 100 3 60 Rios occ. eae aa eee 12 69 | 1,530 Newtonfe. sce see i 20 Wemesach aire Sposa ceences 6 39 819 Saint Clair........ 6 120 Brews daisies Secu cme iats 4 14 280 Vernon): 22.es2 e=2 1 20 Oishi. Densteeeaeecone acre 5 11 220 Webster. .:.:.0=22 3 60 MO ses os Joao meee cee eceeale 4 11 220 feweceteiacene Benton -2secseceae rot 20 Dt Seca nese ere ane 6 63 | 1, 262 Golo!-2...%2eeenes 1 20 1 be Bt Sa oe ee eser 8 27 541 JOHRROM see eas eee 15 300 1 ees Soars eon ot 2 6 122 Monitean ....-..<: 16 320 ——— — Peitis/-o2-2 locee oe a 139 Watalek oto seat= con 58 285 | 5,751 Police iincmerescese 1 20 (is Gomeooe ass ape dio stan ition 3 po Se Tee | ed eer eee nn BN i bale aeons 3 6 Number of fish shipped to the State com- Aon Cher Lice 7 140 missioner for distribution unaccounted Plattee.. ee 1 20 FOP. -- 2-2 ene eee eee ee seen nen OF ZOO |G hears aera puchan Eres: 1 20 See @ Kalb scevepees 1 20 Grand total see cement ewe cen ens wees 15; 031 Gentry ee Hee 4 80 HONG sean casera 2 40 Wiortho tears aos 3 60 4 p Ove cetee eee ce HBESON ee ase 2 40 eB , a ain peste os 1 20 i : aw Ta Randolph ........- 6 120 Congresrionel Counties. “4 ‘a Sullivan’...-----5 2 40 a) E DP ccccse eset. Boone) 2.52 s-ceene 17 841 5 5 Unarolhs.: | 40 3s| 3 i] 8 ; a a “edistricte, | Counties. «ER | 5] 100 5 % 233 | 5, 309 ERS Secor ede Queens ..... 11 220 Richmond ........ 3 60 SOTO os pha ciseawelly cake 265 [21] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1882 935 DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1882—Continued. NORTH CAROLINA. . Ni) oes | | ay ee Meese inher aud hale ean eae Congressional districts.) £2 | £4 | rel Comereesinnal | Counties. Pe Be ; of os iS) istricts. Shes 3) ¢ aon é) || lis S A A A 4 A | i} TuE STATE. | || 4~—Cont’d ....| Granville ..-....:. 17 350 9) 18 374 Harnett <..-.2-\- 7 174 8 112 | 2,325 || JOONStOn) - 2522... - Paha 540 10 | 128 2, 839 INSShyssseeewe sees | 6 134 9 157 3, 426 OranMorsee asec = 19 421 8 249 5, 158 Wralkiesaceesasese ne 31 652 10 ZAWAN ACen | elena ene Alamancesccsnn = 36 740 11 156 | | 3, 252 Caswello:tte ean 30 613 14 166 | 3,537 | | Dawidsonhss.=c-t1 10 250 i 14 281 Guiliordetecesser= 84 1, 720 — — JPOTSODe ase cee 14 280 80 | 1,202 | 25, 547 Randolph .-.....- 14 280 Rockingham .....- 45 955 | Stokests2ecceesera= 16 320 os . Genta So Bou ot ANSOI scene aeeaes 20 400 e 6 eats oP eeetce 16 an oO : f 1a a SALA Dileed oe ener Ra aoe Counties. Se] 4 Gaston . 208 Se 25 521 3 3 3 Timcolnsseeeneceet 46 998 Zz A Mecklenburg ....- 47 1, 066 | Montgomery..---- 1 20 | Richmond. ......-- 6 184 7}. eee IBGILO) so cue eaeiaiam 2 40 | Robeson .-..-....-- 12 240 Chowan) - 5-52... 1 20 | Wniony-=s4=se6 12 260 Hertiord=—-. 5% =... 1 YAS Ge RAO RA SSeS Alleghany .....--- 2 40 Matin’ 402% srs vice 2 40 Alexander.......- 3 60 PamMlICO! =< cease 1 20 IASHO Gy ase omiemece = 3 60 Pasquotank ...... 1 20 IDR shear oocn oe 7 140 Perquimans. ...... 2 40 HORS VUE yee se = 42 880 Pautticiscae' dee sass 6 134 Tredelli: se =sajt= ace 36 722 Washington ...... 2 40 RO Wawa ye cielo ise 37 810 Des cate nelv as Se Edgecombe ....-.- 17 360 SULT asscceteee ae! 8 160 Greene sso nese nes 6 120 Watauga... ....... 1 20 Halifax 2-2 ooo: 18 360 Wilkes: caseew ce ote, Lf 160 enor 23 acaae. 4 80 Madkin' vost sesae 10 200 Northampton .-... 5 1 esonee Baeecerne Buncombe ....---- 26 544 WiaErene oc. es. 25 520 Buarliers 2.2 ssces se 6 170 WE Ue Hessnbean se 22 440 Caldwell ........-. 10 225 NVGISORS. ce eee 15 325 Clay: aha betes 1 20 Ga taencicee cicies’oc ipladen eS) soos 2 3 76 leveland’s seers 16 373 Cumberland .-....- 16 379 Haywood. .....-.- 5 100 Carteret .-..----.. il 20 Henderson.....-..- 31 658 Columbus...-...-. 2 40 McDowell ....--.- 6 120 Dipline secsceon a =I 3° 6 S 6 A a a a At large ....... LE aes feicoce bc 1 20 || At large—C’d.| Polk..........-. “c 1 20 (BONGO semicicia ness sul 20 Tillamook ........ 1 20 3 WON. 2..sca68 ill 20 1 Umatilla.......... 1 20 2 WWE CH Sees 1 20 2 Washington ...... 4 80 5 aor! & OT Smee 2 40 2 [=| 4 Totaleoi,| cesta tenses ce ccinciee 48 960 6 > [23] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1882, 937 DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1882—Continued. PENNSYLVANIA. | 8 a pci) | 2 a Bee ekatinel districts lheves ag & || Congressional Gr nibibs a2 | « ongresslonal distric Ss. 33 3 EI o= districts. U Ss. b= 5 5 é Sis; S 6° S : A A A | A A THE STATE. i Bp ocnsdecpe a! IMONTOB Ss si na= = 22 3 60 eo. 4, and 5). -2.-.0.-=- 5 Nt ee 33 563 | pike eset sates sis 1 22 (tes ee 2 72 | 1,583 || 12 and 12.....- Luzerne ..-....--- 6 120 [Aeon ee 2 27 STON) T2225. .scuseus. Lackawanna...-.- 4 80 Rae do's ninia= ecco en 1 62 | 1,326 || 18--.-- eee Schuylkill... ..- 13 273 eee ee ac ab enc. 1 10 PPA a Ey AOS Danphinvs sss 2——5 6 120 tN) OAS Sa eee 2 14 287 Hebanons=.5--=s4" 6 145 il and part of 12-........- 4 14 282 Northumberland. . 5 100 SPNAIINCO Ns. a2: cos <2 = oa 1 4 80) 1h note cet esa. |bradtondese eens 5 112 i3 1 13 273 Susquehanna ..-..- 8 180 3 17 365 Wayne soi02---- 2 41 3 15 abe. |i) ihe Seeheasesoe Cameron....-..-.. 1 20 4 5 100 Lycoming......-:- 2 40 5 38 764 Sullivan eee ee 1 20 5 16 341 MoKiean 2222-1. 1 20 3 24 (SBT MW (asseocseecce ec ‘Bedford).-.+ 2---=: - 3 60 5 14 300 Blame seis esse 10 200 3 16 340 Cambriaizs=--e2--'- 9 184 il 13 260 Somerset ..-----.- 9 180 3 41 882 ‘ Aye ier spas suc6 7 140 5 25 SEY fa CBee peereoe Hranklin)s2- es - 3 60 3 31 630 || Huntingdon .----- 6 140 2 9 200 dmniaidia- eee esos 5 100 —e——E—EE—— EE Rory) eee 1 20 60 503 | 10, 748 Snyder. 4) 2h252 1 21 i tee eessocte (Adams. oo seetes =)2\- 9 . 182 Cumberland ...--. 1 22 Number of fish shipped to the State com- Work .---=- +---=-" 14 309 missioner and agents for distribution ADs can=-dane eee a geet i oe RMAC OMGLOUsT OM «34m cia as eee qec ance Me 060 Blk Ni; Cie ber 2 49 Ins eee eee = 3 60 (ici Lira Ea eee ise 12, 808 Minat cones ys 100 Winona 2 40 : Bile aeoeedsoc Wayette.-...-..... 3 60 Han . Greener ---o-ceee 5 100 c pins S a wy Westnexpeud 2 10 ongressiona : a4 Gel WN P-B Specie sig srice egheny --.-- 1 60 ; districts. eas yeah We =: oe ae enya see 9 180 Zo 3 Lawrence..-..---- 1 221 a a} Washington ..-...- 21 481 (OTS el ere epg Soosaas 8 160 EAT OM ees lentes 6 1, 2,3,4,and 5.) Philadelphia...--.. 23 563 | BOTES Hee ence : a DgstaSéosgsaae Whestersss. oss. 59 1, 279 Jndiand: oo 2cstecee 10 990 S Delaware. .-.--..-- 13 304 Soilerconee esse eee 3 60 7. --2--- 22-2 2- Bucks ...--------- 12 Q60/ 262. tesa one | Eptlereessesas sees 6 120 Montgomery.------ 15 310 Crawford ......--- 8 163 5: EEE ee eoee DOES) 2 east a=" 62 | 1,326 Mercer es ssenec. 17 347 eae = een nian Lancaster. .-.-.--. 10 PYAVA| Wy fae ae ees ries es tates! 3 60 10-.--..-------- Lehigh ....-..---- il 225 Venango..-..-.--. 6 140 Northampton...--. 3 62 5 freee S| eee a 2 11..----...-.--- Columbia ...-...-- 4 80 otal soos eens wees eebedl) 503: |) 10/748 RHODE ISLAND. ' . ede A Number of | Number of Congressional district. Counties. applicants. fish. TU fae NS aS Oo OSS SPE 1 ES A Ue 1 20 2 40 4 80 SEALs ee ee ac TaLe ace as era Ae ahise awe cnet eese ees ects 7 140 938 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [24] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1832—Continued. ~ SOUTH CAROLINA. p : = - E = z | é, | g ; ve} ional s a Congressional districts. % o be I i Conpresnen Counties. Pan 3 5 -2 s | 79 é i) So Zi A A | A Z E STATE. .| Clarendon ..-...-.. 2 40 a Ve, ee om “i Sl ie eee 7 Orangeburg. ..----. 20 400 Jo 1 Abbeville......... 10 221 en ale oe 7 Anderson 38 778 LL ee ey 7 Laurens .- 32 660 5c ee ee eee 5 AGM dal | ae 184 LVAU aes ee oo ee sein 5 conee... 5 911 ee eres el oe clas Baas es: Pickens, 8 160 Totalis.cpceeaee eee 29 500 | 10, 331 4 “gripes : ab el ote Right Greenville ........| 54 1, 115 Kershaw. -.2-224>5 2 40 = a Lancaster.......-. 5 103 ye a ee pode ot | cH be Coneressional 2 at WULOH - wecise ee eetata | teed AV ar Counties. wal. 3 | Work. .4 Lae 22 495 Bo eS Durdeteckcmencce Aiken ..--.....-.. 11 220 a G Aiken 25S eee 11 220 ee Barnwell .-..2-. = 28 563 : Beaufort: o-s22-26 1 20 Tones eee eee pasta etn Seek: : a etary coc eeeeae 3 i OLLY) p-t ee = ee-ei-= gefield. 20. .s5 6 Marion ........--. 6| 140 || Not given..... Berkeley..--.----- 1 20 UME <=. ---- <== 14 280 | Lexington........ 39 866 Williamsburg... .- 1 20 | a Charleston........ 5 100 || TOtal :.<..j|s252 a0 seen eean eae 500 | 10,831 TENNESSEE. ' | ‘ A a A x 8 a eg | | Congressional Ba 2 1 - . . . -— ¢ a . ~~ Congressional districts. a. s E districts. Counties. aa & Ss iS S ér as A A A 4 a THE STATE. 2—Cont’d.... | Campbell ......... 3 60 Nee otis ate ees ane ee ; e 1, 340 Jemernon ieee eee ri PEAR SOO ROR ee too Oe 560 NOR cep ee eee 12 De et nee So aecicmekaaer 8 17 340 TOUGON, 2==.6s.enee 1 20 Nek MERE oN Sar EBS oe 2 12 240 IMOnTOOSssce-ces4 10 200 Fee ae A ett cre earn 3 5 LOO SiS eee ae se PY AOIOV scien ae seen 2 40 oo seeet epee nonect aos 1 7 140 Gummdiys2 = «25 2 1 20 [SSeS Hae eee Ashes 3 5 100 PLamatons cen ees 7 140 Sori Ai ee Sear a AS te 6 22 440 MoM eens 7 20 Ua Ae ak Ae ee is iy epee 8 36 720 Manionicce=s= = an5 i 20 NODE asses sone cie viet biatte ics 3 51 1, 020 —_ \ =a Seon , eH A ——— ATO Gada eases Le ee A ee 50 251} 4,000 i ee Senin a ate orate ate : ‘ ASanlee se semen eNtress. . .. <0 St RA Ee SE WWAISOMG cans ee sans 10 200 Number of fish shipped to the State com- 5). see Coffaan ts 2 40 ie apie for distribution unaccounted a 1 Franklin........-. 1 20 1) ores veeeeeeee : Tuintoln’: 2 =o. ecene 2 40 Gs a oe eee Montgomery...---. 7 140. Grand total ......-.....------.----- Ch On fe ae : Giles. ine Be oe 1 20 TOUT Y <9. - 0-25.02 Williamson ....... L 20 I N Bucaciontete Sharma Oarrell «526. 2 40 Matagorda........ 7 80 ) ee ais aretha tan Camp. ...- 3 60 Milam tee cceacee 9 192 (CEC Ris Sea ae 7 140 ALTAVAS ceo asec = il: 80 TOP UE eae ae 7 140 Washington .....- 9 180 Gmc ey yee asce: ul ZOU Grease mca s eee Bexar bent eens 13 280 ‘Harrison +... <\. <=. 4 80 'BIgNCOs= sess eee 1 20: ITO VKANS 5 5ss0 2, 17 340 Caldwell.<........ 4 89 BURG pony. cee case 5 100 Den Wattxeseecee 1 20 sa Ay == 223 -s 2. < 10 220 Duvalt = e822. 9 180 MGTIO se S0 tatsel- 3 61 Eneinala204 5230.6 i 20 Red River: ....<. 50 | 1,000 Guadalupe........ 1 20 SMITH cena cine 3 60 TNVOIOPE os. e eee 1 20 TTS De ee ae itt 20 INGRGES sass oe le ily 360 Wpshur.?. 32 sc.cs5 1 20 PTesidioljs = 2.2205 1 20 1 20 San Patricio...... 1 20: 2 40 || Not given..-... Brown 3 | 60: 3 60 El Paso 5 101 6 203 Morris 2 40 62 | 1,160 Wheeler 1 20° 13 280 — 25 500 Potalichesliascysvoseesecceines 860 | 17,459 UTAH TERRITORY. e,| 4 eae Congressional : ae a Congressional : a+ a dotriot Counties. “8 % distal at Counties. = % é” hse o°. 0s 4 A | ima A At large ....... 1 20 || Atlarge—C'd.| Summit........-.. 2 40: 1 20 Utehie.seeesamewn a 20° 1 20 iWiepelcosauesdenm- 1 20 4 80 —_—- —-— 3 60 Jy 1 a 18 360» 940 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [26] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1882—Continued. VERMONT. ‘ | ‘ r=| ha : = J =} ey a || = ra ahs Rg 2 aa Co . : Pee oa ae nas Congressional ; F ae a Congressional districts. | 22 | 28 = | dintrinte: Counties. E % ° »~v . a é é Zi ¥i | A % | THE STATE. 1 |e See ec ees Rutland -).2s-e¢ 4 80 Meee: gig Ba e DER EOE 1 4 SOAs be sce sky Caledonia......... 1 | 20 Ree ees) tot es bcleeiers 2 | 2 40 | Windham .... .... 1 | 20 aaa bate cecel cenaiat ] 1 QO RBUSS Sacectesistas Orleans. -2.25-ee8 1 20 Mba, :).b-kweeeeone le oa, AMO. a obec tl agg cee coe | 7 | 140 VIRGINIA. i i | a A 4 n ssi i 3 a Congressional districts. me ts a a Goaeressions Counties. oe B/ & 6 ae ck A A A | a THE STATE. * pe 4—Cont’d..... Braeeees oes nies i: a A RE, SER ASE BOE 2 Se Oe a 9 sr. weeecee pape aes at can 5 6| 120 Dinwiddie :....... 7| 140 Bis ae ester Sales ve 5 71 | 1,458 Greenville. ....... 1 20 PERT ae A mE: Cn ybese 10 47 989 || Lunenburg - ..... 9 200 We sepeoeie dee soe ses settee 6 68 | 1,369 Mecklenburg...-. 13 287 Gitte OF Cae s Iasi 7 64 | 1,367 Powhattan .-....- 1 20 7 ES ERO APS SOME LEA OE 8Y 8 271 | 5,465 Prince Edward. -. 8 162 (Se SOE LES) Sa RE Be ll 120) RRO A507], Oecwtsa-eme ee Floyd. .........--- 1 20 RAE Uy Ggucd Garhi ais WoC tei ay 5 18 360 Franklin ......... 1 20 e pe | ee ee Halifax: os -2acn8 6 125 ut ee gees ots 64| 688 | 14,097 SEO oo a : oo d | 6) Pr oA | wtense tain seagate 56 a a a : Breda pieaece ses Ambherstesss-ceeme 1 0 Number of fish deposited in Bull River : at Clifton Station.....-.........s-.0---- , 500 | Bedford «......... 1 ee ios. Buckingham .... 4 120 Gramd total... 2225550 hs eeeen < 15, 597 Gampbell eben sae. 4 80 | INGlson= 2) -<-.cnese 2 40 Rockbridge....... 26 564 4 4 RARE Bese eaten PSDOMATIO. canoe 35 700 a ie eens Vase wm meee 14 282 ; ional . ao ‘lnvanna......... 3 60 poner en Counties. a ‘o Gouchland ....... 3 60 a . Greene 2 40 = = age 22s setnd 6 120 a a pee ei. Rockingham ..... 169 | 3,403 Shenandoah ...... 39 800 1....--. 22. eee. Loe OnE OP noe 4 BOM Ss ahh ieee ae Alexandria ....... 1 20 King and Queen.. 2 40 Glarkess.2.c.sscse 9 180 King George...... 3 62 Culpeper - . 4 80 King William .... 2 40 Pairfax.... 12 242 Middlesex ........ 4 80 Fauquier . . 49 1, 040 Northampton..... 2 40 Frederick ........ 7 180 Northumberland . 1 20 EOOdON, -22.22ac4 16 320 Reser ate ane 4 a Eateon Pee tone 4 85 SUAMONG: bxscn see TOES i= = see 12 240 ‘Z.nneee---00----| James City ....... 1 20 Rappahannock ... 3 60 Nansemond.....-.- 2 40 ORTEN Caroline 22 440 JES ae A 1 20 Chesterfield 4 £0 Roanoke.......... 5 100 Hanover 10 200 Washington...... 8 160 Henrfto .-. 24 506 IW YEDG oo <0necareces Chippewa......... 1 20 eset secs Ue Milwaukee ....--- 1 40 DUNN 5 6 ot- oes See 1 20 Washington ....--. 4 80 Portage...---...<- 1 20 Diccveiecreseee Manitowoc -..-.... 1 20 —— Sheboygan. .....-- 1 20 Wotalicco|sacccsoe=+ os aeeeeeee 31 621 WYOMING TERRITORY. Congressional district. Counties. pleat whe 3 of PAG ALD D aeee eaten tees eee ena ewes sew anaes cease ena Carbon 1 20 Laramie ...-. 2 40 Vintah 1 20 DOTA case Sane ee brent te sae wacom nace ae tases | anes neem ee ieee 4 80 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Number of | Number of applicants. fish. OTE Be 6 se RNa Bec. S ice Cen an Sasa DoAtSi IS scs OOS Cnc icicose “ones aoe 1 25 BESO DO fae ese ee eins me eeetalneta alee asin eis eels aaa eee eects teres ene eee ee eae ee 1 50 MPSACOmecre cas ct cee saasacaeoe aneeehe norco s sesamin cares aes aevenewab ee sont 2 70 otal: iccateccrt cee Seip aBen NER apie ANAL OS NW) ED pein tod 4{ 145 XXXIX.—REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARP TO JULY 1, 1881, FROM YOUNG REARED IN 1879 AND 1880. By Cuas. W. SMILEY. The carp which were imported from Germany by the United States ¥ish Commission were placed by Mr. Rud. Hessel, who had accompa- nied the shipment from Europe, in the Druid Hill Park ponds, at Bal- timore, on the 26th of May, 1876. These consisted of 227 leather and mirror carp and 118 scalecarp.* Inthe spring of 1878 there were trans- ferred to Washington 65 leather carp and 48 scale carp. These were placed in the ponds which had meantime been prepared for them. The carp which remained in Baltimore underthe charge of Mr. T. B. Ferguson spawned in 1878 but hybridized with gold-fish, and the young being worthless were destroyed. The carp in the Washington ponds first spawned in 1879, and over 6,000 young were reared for distribution.t A similar number was reared at the Druid Hill ponds and these were distributed largely to citizens of Maryland, who were informed that they could apply in person at the park for the fish. The total number of carp sent out in 1879 was 12,265, to over 300 persons in 25 States and Territories. Among the. recipients were various State commissioners who redistributed their fish. In 1880 the yield of young fish was very much larger, aggregating 66,165 carp for distribution. In anticipation of a supply of young carp, applications began to be filed with the Commissioner as early as the fall of 1876. The records show the earliest applications to have been as follows: September, 1876, from B. B. Redding, San Francisco, Cal. October, 1876, from Hon. Simon Cameron, Harrisburg, Pa. The increase in applications during 1877, 1878, and 1879 is shown in the following table: Table showing the number of carp applications filed with the United States Fish Commission monthly during three years ending December 31, 1879. + Month. 1877. | 1878. | 1879. Month. 1877. | 1878. | 1879. MP ANUALY: y toncaweenz e-icie= 3 12 Aa eA CUS - cineaeceea sae 2 6 18 MeDIUAaLY - 62525 s060s5-- al 9 DAHL SOPtEM VON ss secs nc-lace|sanaman 15 12 WES) 2oee BS éocesacreuee it 5 POs OBLODORssmnene ceases saci |aetemen: 7 19 PAU eee ets: wecatecsnt|>cceceS 6 i147 November s.0---2--cose- 2 6 33 Dee Hae or ees Reese eee 2 24 15*||!December’..-.--s- sees. 3 18 43 “Lai: ) ASS a eee 5 27 — Eile ee ee ee 3 12 Totalss. koe seeeees 22 144 235 * Report of the United States Fish Commission, 1877, p. 43. t Report of the United States Fish Commission, 1879, p. xxxvi. {Several of these applications were from State commissions for carp to redistribute, and thus a much larger number of ultimate receipts is indicated. [1] é 943 944 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2] After January 1, 1880, the number of applicants rapidly increased, so that the number of applications filed that year was nearly 2,000. Number of applications supplied in 1879, 1880, and the spring of 1881, from the crops of 1879 and 1880, as shown in detail in the list at the close of this report. 1879. 1880. 1881. Total. SANUS beta a's ata wow ole oe tw = o'5\oin'o en npn ntulnlnyeiniarslminieleisie'=\= == 10 30 11 51 SEAMING cee ic ca'caccsccenclee cubes casesinniaie ciaaieien ame >| acm nisiee tee Pal BS See $ (Sy 0 Boe BBE Re OOo? CEODCORSAC ES Spina cacgo aod BY neo aed was din all egal oe eee 3 RMGUUO occ cscs njo smn sccislaaneablaetaniacnsiins apicsicla 17 16" |cccosceneeue 33 SGNNOOCUCUD = 2 2e nce coe cme ae web eae eens cs annie ns) toe case Ronee 49 6 55 PAIKOLA 2 nie cn jad 5 cece dciciaine = Sele alelniemin a aiaitelsisleip eels n'a BeOS 1 1 2 IDRIANWAIO | ~ 2 ~c)cc'a<- sacteainte Saeieele eneisin siale aisiniola\n tricia ole 6 16 3 25 MIStrich Of COlUMDIA cp omcesencteaeanae ase eee ee es 4 11 5 20 1 17 18 39 25 163 2 8 33 5 8 48 1 9 4 oT 49 195 a & MING e erere see ee mi ee neta enacts waa n ane else erin Somes state 4 1 5 Maryland ceemmance see ae ce aeemetteme sence acinar 77 283 76 436 Massachnsettalnaas scanteche ch cbs sec Weegee cep Maciel Sacemett sae se 45 1 46 WEEN No ge Sc s5Sstae Sstioos so serbassssocsonesusose|locica se sso 17 2 19 Minn @sotaiecss see ssictive seciecibes tu sacraedeccinwansebelscwcvcecnces 7 1 8 IMISSISS ID DU eae ne eee ene eatin eee ee aiels nein 12 98 21 131 MISSOURI ce tase aecen ects bene we ne accincceiccemsceeee 11 37 9 57 ING DNAS Kays sae ere Neat en marae Eats a melee mel epee delete [Es pra ainlajan eee ail 3 14 New Hanip shite sese tenes se eee entee a slece pian a ate cal eee ceases A SaaS ace ae 4 ING Wal CUSOY contain a Haves nie aie sien se diel o male ale iaiwiarn ine mato r 80 12 94 INBWieeiDilce cceahe fo aniet comec oe ea csen tn cisce et omen ets 127 21 164 North Carolina 55 6 62 Ohioe See tereasssle ‘ is 119 22 147 Pennsylvania..... é 103 39 149 Rhode Island. --.. 14 econ ecceeee 14 South Carolina 10 2 33 "REYITHASRB Gee Seta cic & ati aeleate sn LE Sa eile as Seto hitatee \ 94 16 121 GRAB ois eens emai eeietels pence = ioe e winiatnn are alee es tereicterata g 132 18 184 Vermont: cas oe ckiewticees see's slo woces cnsvisbinasbGndeccoalidwaGasts aces i eee 9 Newey, ASA AS Sapeciserq asc be meen Map ODe a EOODOcscne 14 185 31 230 AV WiGBT VAC OUND 2 can pei neh ple recta: he cee na eee aaa ie 3 31 ute 56 "WABCONSIN Ae Auasticiss cace coeds se va cee pebweercbiseweos 1 18 3 22 IMASPEIANGONS ceed a5 cz ctas vata ivisictn wiee wine saulectee ne Reeelemcates's Dilisctin s eeia ee 2 ROTA ccacecdeose sancuecuaheulsccesamecniouiecienes 315 1, 934 451 2, 700 List of names of persons who received carp in the fall of 1879, for distribution to other parties. Carp. B. B. Redding, San Francisco, Cal .........-....-+-. Se eee eet ete a> Sos ater eee Wik: Sistyserookvale iColoic, ceweccs sce mer ie cineeene eee Secann ee etames Pre ell J, b. Delaney, :Seatord, Dell taj oceecceeecssecnecs esas ine Meaciceee seen sue. eee Hon El Salsbury, Dover, eels. cote sen cer ace eean se bnindacs cele =e een 275 Je ELCNGersOn vA tl an tay Galore owreloc. = mieereeisicta cists ep cise bie minis lo lela re cape eee 242 Hon. Jas. B: Beck, Lexington; Ky ----..5. 52. cc. a cscc ence ceceenne= = -- cans cesicen 500 Hon. V. H. Manning, Holly Springs, Miss...............- Soc seeie ccd, econ 155 J.G. WeSteedman, Saint Lonis,; Mo... 22... -- 2 .ntene ce dece sabices«scene eee 240 E. G. Blackford, Fulton Market, Néw York . ....)2.-.. gacisen sve n= seca nn setae cebepetel em emeee 1, 000 L. He BATSebt Spruce CTEOK, WE ates gi steinre s)ctewelais «\s'<'s c's pecwacls cad okeenuebiecemeu oes 25 L. PARP E TALI AV TNC NES UEEM VME Cit oro ct fotetaiaeicin sce ocalecge eure cmos coca bee mann ee 20 L. P. W. Stoneback, Lilesville, N. © 40 L. E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, N. Y 50 L. W.B.Shaw, Washington, D.C ........-... 00000 OT) IL os ae HO) Sone co riGaan | bb 24 S80L cnet ence see ee 2058. G. A. Sammit, Boston, Mass. ... 20 L. New York Fish Commission ................-... 1, 000 L. Peat SCLen TLE, CO VIN e OTIC tes te taieas seas a yao woo cee cna see seca eeeeeee sone 20 L. WHESI SSI PPE HASH COMMIBRON as caseiseso2 = = 5 415 abs woo t= nant saben pee eee eee 1, 000 L. ela bsamvaeish: COMMISSION sso tereistods dessa scnces ss cobs seienis cedn oe eben eck -aeEeoe 600 L. eee, BL ee oo l= ae tolarade Cee atetaaloremela dicisisio aie wa adn ails Beta no elale One ete 300 S. Westin winpiniah ish) COMMISSION 55255. 55 5o60 << occ acs coe ca ceneeee eee anor e ee enen 280 L. Wassissip pl Pish: Commissions: 52502-2522 aes or one nonce ee ueitice eee en eae 25S. 145) ewe ork mini COMMISSION: 2K m isa op sce ack acess oasinemaen sis ee ae eee 50 S. 16 | James HoGreen, Culpeper, Vi-----5--.0c50--c- ses wneie vet cnepaWalas sneer 50S. 18 | W. M. Hughes, Armstrong, Mo....-.:...--.---. ids caps ade ckeces 6 wemeiag Gaeeaeotes 20 S. 16) Lae PELCHO OBO NERCON GG) serine amc se caciee a. Selle clo saiapaeeele siesta a ae =e 25S. 28) ad ROPERS aN AOL IL Lew MTR 27 Sats nel anced adeno he semen Meeee ape ate 25 S. 18) | WiO) Vacer: Tanray Via ov 2. «scentaccccccensc'siccede's ccs catconscneusineeaeeeee eee 50S. 18.) Dr Wallis. Hudson, LUray, Wiai-n- cases cs vs ccueke a dee ceepctecebenipee see cee 30S. 187) Or Walker eOanOKG MO) he co). Loo oie cos wis date mta mie ein cio lemiolel ole el oa { 20S. 18) West. Varcimia hash Commission. 25.0 co5oc. cesses ebrideciee sindelnielaelteie eae aeee 400 S. 19)| Roberi Ma Stabler Spencerville: Mao. sccces ses cmcstesceces scion ams aaa eee 25S. 20 | P. Fatcher, Winchester, Va. -.-..-...--. 90S. 20 | E. M. Gresham, Carlton’s Store, Va. - 25S. 20 | George Nelson, Du Bois, Pa.....--....-. 25S. PG carta arr SOnUUEe: WWiriV ibe o2 Aas e eee nate bene onee ee esa =e see ee 60 S. 1} Newton. leese; eroy, ODIO ser ---caeocce foe cet see cebkinen sm nie=akidene=neaee 25S. O1)| SethiG,., bigelow, SUversuGK, MNGi or ccencaes nok s ae csceueesocomuualeeeausiaeneee 20S. DOH LOT. LM WiVELLG IN. Ne a2 aca cakiccresceesccenes pe epmEN en aes hs cekbebcee en ates sme 13 1.. 22 | Emannel H. Jones, Fairfax Court-House, Va. ....-. 2.00.20 - nsec nnn ence ene eeeee 20S. 95 | Abel A. Winieht Griffin (Gal... cc... cecn ateemwudaee sme ie sen niuee scm sie taape minis 20 S. 95) Raa. Rockwell, mad eeneld, CONN: oss iocces «ses eananesehte-—aecease=nor=ee aes 20S. 95 | Charles A. Harman, Charlottesville, Via.ccos. «.vieert sbonsabappeneaigeeectetssbac ete cuamee 20 S. 99S ohn vA. Com hIe A SCOT Wir. Vidheaa< dein ancaulae eal omen & ety abiete ile eis sine oats ace nee 20 S. 28 | J. H. Finks, Roanoke, Mo ....-..-..---- 20S. 28 | W. M. Hughes, Armstrong, Mo -... 20S. 28 | Dr. Walker, Roanoke, Mo.......-...- 208. 29) | Gi danke, Richmond) Vii-~a um- f um- s Date. ar Post-office. County. Date. han: 10 | Feb. 15,1879| 647 | Thomas W. Francis ..| Jacksonville..| Calhoun ......|——- —, 1879 20 11|July 38,1880) 2112 | J. M. Falkner ........ Mount’nCreek Chilton .......]— —, 1880 25 12 | Apr. 10,1880) 1707 | H.J.Brooks.......... Verbena ...-.- Os. ssadene Dec. 23, 1880 20 13 | Feb. 11,1880] 1383 | Sanford B. Strout..--. Evergreen ....| Conecuh ......) —— —, 1880|....-. 14 | Feb. 26,1880} 1358 p leoaets J.Dunn..... 15 | Jan. 20,1880) 1166 Aa pe Koopman ..-- 16 | Apr. 14,1880} 1703 | J.C. Holman..-....... 17 | Mar. 10,1881} 3860 William A. Gardner. . 18 | Apr. 1,1881|) 3937 MOO FS ase ence eeeec eee: d 19 | Apr. 2,1880| 1645 ‘als: CC BE ae Shon 20 | Jan. 24, 1877 (8: BoB. Dunlap -----<.-1- 21 | June 24, 1878 357 | G. B. Mobley .--.-.... ee | —, 1879 22 | Mar. 1,1881| 3735 | J.E. Webb........... Greensboro’ ..| Hale......-... May 9,1881)...... 23 } Aug. 28, 1879 847.1 W.J. Ewbank......-. +) Saaningham ..| Jefferson ..... — —,1880).....- 24 | Dec. 22,1880} 3254 | William Gessner - eral: AO oak copes ns OOseteccubeen Dec. 22, 1880 250 25\.| Nov: 12,7880)! 95417) Tee Ones seein eee a= dOps.c set ees Se C0), eee Dec. 18, 1880}..---- 26 | July 16 1878 386 | S. K. Cromwell ...-.-- Athens - .--=.\ Limestone ....| Dec. 15; 1880)|225,-- 27 | Mar. 16,1880} 1596 |} G.H.Gibson. ....... Morganville ..| Lowndes...... Dec. 17, 1880}..--.. 28 | May 15, 1878 268 | W.B. Arbery & Co...| Notasulga ....| Macon....-... — —,1879 20 29| Apr. 6,1880} 775 | Eugene McCaa....... Linden : .\.. n} SeanoHEo nig eicltte Dec. 18, 1880 |...-.- 30 | Mar. 7, 1880 960 | D. Beandeqpin ..-.--. sited Hill ...| Mobile........ Nov. 15, 1879 20 31 | Mar. 7, 1880 RD aa iG nbeas eres aacrotca « Bash Ola dase ole fac dol hase acre Nov. 27, 1879 40 32 ar. 25,1880] 1525 Morgan 8. Gilmer - hahivews Sgeme Montgomery..| Nov. —, 1880 20 33 | Mar. 11,1880 | 1451 | Milo Barrett ...-...-.-. -| Montgomery Be aes do 2255.82 Dec. 23, 1880 20 34 | Mar. 10,1880} 1446 | H.M. Bush........... See Oaie eeiaye| ees dO, dc ncee Dec. 20, 1880 21 35 | Dec. 17,1880! 3078 | Jerome Clanton -..-.-- vESrdOtt soda. sae do eho Dec. 30, 1880 | ..-- -- 36 | Dec. 21,1880] 3252 | T.S. Doron...-.-.-..- oe MONS em iare ate cell com COs hacen Dec. 21, 1880 650 37 | Aug. 6,1878| 404 | James T. Greene .....|..-.do -..-.-...]..-. Coeeeeceaee — —,1879 20 38 | Mar. 29,1880} 1537 | J. W. Hughes .-...-.. Sess yee Bane foes Olsses ce 54 Dec. 22, 1880 21 39 | Nov. 20,1880} 5137 | S.D.Seelye -..--..-... BUA ae een il eee! GO \-eceeee Nov. —, 1880 12 40 | Mar. 10, 1880 301 | J.J. Shaver .........-. Pine Level....|....do ........- Nov. 15, 1879 20 41 | June 11, 1878 571 | John A. Lile .....-... | Trinity Station Morgan Leesteak Dee. 18, 1880 135 42' | Oet.. 26; 1880) /2459),| Mins) Sallie BH. iPeck:<<.4).2. 00 = 2 temms-|-Q0) stench ee Deo.) 17, A880 esa - 43 | Mar. 3,1880| 1496 | E. B. Wilkenson...... ‘| Troy Betas) ae Bike 26 eee Deer. TSko sss. 44 | Junel10,1880| 2063 | Benjamin W. Hunt...; Eatonton ..-... Putnam.......| Nov. 10,1881; 150 45 | Mar. 38,1881) 3800} T.1T. Holley .......-. Rock Mills ...| Randolph....-. May 4,1881 25 46 | Apr. 1,1880| 21153) Dr. J. F. Allison ..-..- Curl's Station.| Sumter ....... Dee. 18; 1880))..--.. 47) Apr, 1,1880)} 2115°|'O. Wylie -- 225... 2.52. 1 AE aes MO Were cok ae Dec. 18, 1880 |...... 48 | Nov. 25, 1879 984 | A.G. Seas neste “Gainsville ....|....do ......-.. Jan. 9, 1881 25 49 | Mar. 24, 1879 712 | Marcus Parker....... York Station..|....do ......... Noy. 26, 1879 20 50 | Dec. 13,1880} 5418 | Jarrett Thompson....)| Talladega..--. Talladega prides Dec. 18, 1880 }...... 51 | Apr. 5,1880| 1686 | Dabney Palmer ..-... Snow Hill..... Waleox ==: Dec. 29, 1880 20 ARKANSAS. 52 | Sept. 15, 1879 910 | N. B. Pearce.......... Osage Mills...| Benton .....-.|—— —,1880]...... 53 | May 1,1879 751 | Jesse Turner..--...-. Van Buren....| Crawford ..... Nov. 8,1880]...... 54 | Apr. 1,1880| 1695 | John A. Hudgens ..--| Hot Springs --} Garland .--.... Nov. 8,1880]...-.. CALIFORNIA, 55 Alateatemete tet eelatott oe R. R. Thompson .... . .-| Alameda...... Alameda. --... Dec. —,1879| 228 BE ae ee ee eas oll. uo ee oe tratenin caleemtep's Sacramento ...| Sacramento. .-.| Dec, —, 1879 60 57 eee vasecees al acces ate Navy Mard..so5-osc--| Vallee cen Solano .....-.. Dec. —, 1879 12 COLORADO 58 | Dec. 10,1879| 2602 | James Archer.......- Denver «62.5. Arapahoe..... Dec. 10, 1879 60 59 | Dec. 9,1879| 2595 | Addison Baker...-....|.--. GD: s22--5s-26 Decatur .-.-.-- De Kalb .-...-- Nov. 21, 1879 12 Wa eit oe ete late Albany ...---- Dougherty. -.-.| Nov. —, 1879 60 | James H. Edinfield ...| Swainsboro’...| Emanuel..-.--. Nov. 10, 1880 |...... Joshua RK. Rountree ys|( 45-00). .-5-.00-|-.-.000e aces Nov. 10, 1880 }...--. A. Laswiton. = a..5 5/6 $10) eae ee QOS sees Nov. 11, 1880 |--.--. E. C. Mc Atfee ........ ‘Cumming Bees Forsyth. ...... —— ere 16 N.S. Angier........-.| Atlanta-.....-. . 18, 1879 12 Henry Banks..-....-... -do - 10, 18PO)E. 2s Jerome Pearse ----.- ellaot . 20, 1879 12 Milton A. Caneller . oer . 18, 1879 12 George W. Collier .--.|.---do ..-.-.---|-- . 20, 1879 20 Samuel Hape...--.--- Ete OG o> ee ceine . 19, 1879 12 J. T. Henderson ...... RT Cr pai aes tae : —, 1879 242 WepAWeTOLe ean Sin ae Oe es ; . 18, 1879 12 E. B. Plunket. ..-.... fet Oiaa same fe Oe ares Nov. 22, 1879 6 James A. McCool .- ce MLO) at ena aes me ili ae wee Noy. 8, 1880 6 OMe re tun aie sa dots le Siete lee ceme SRO mdse soe Jan. 19, 1881 25 Wnty satel Ol oly dG) os see neue fi eOhoe-clniee ate Nov. 29, 1879 6 M. E. Thornton....--- BSAC ONS ween se pOO see sos stan Noy. 19, 1879 12 BD! mV SOM. + nee rem A ee i ee ees Noy. 18, 1879 36 H. Sommerrone....... “Duluth ....-.. “Gwinnett ..... Nov. 21, 1879 6 David Dickson ....... Culverton Hancock...... Nov. 10, 1880 |...---. P. T. Pendleton....... Sparta .c.-2202 Scat Pelee Sets Nov. 10, 1880 |...... Alfred M. Ayers ..... artwell.....- Lib igh eee Nov. 10; 3880i)-2 2225 A.J. Mathews...-.-.- bee seecauaee 22/00 (feces ssc} Nov. 10, 1880inences W. W. Wagnon ByVON:-.s seb. Houston .....- Nov. 20, 1880 20 E. C. David..... Harm’ny Gr’ve —, 1879 10 Jesse White.......--. CSLAMO) Ucseeenes . 17, 1880 16 J.G. Justice.....:..-- Marcus . 20, 1880 8 A.S. Hamilton .....-- pen —, 1879 16 Hoe reece ee ee lowes Sate . 20, 1880 20 BUR WROBRE os=25 cena Haddek Sta'n|. = .0d@tece oles Nov. 8, 1879 14 LP ea ape dose hese Be: eee Jan. —, 1881 60 A 2 Ce ea “Valdosta...... Lowndes....-.- Dec. 17, 1880 |.....-. §.L: Waredoo'......--~. 4G a5 eee ct ea ee Jan. 29,1881 20 D. J. Frederick ...-.... “Marshalisville Macon). <:..<52 Feb. 11, 1881 25 E. J. Frederick ....-.- saUOa ences saltere Otiene ac. . -- —— —, 1880]...... Marsha'] J. Hatcher..| .. do ........- S000. sss <1 Feb. 11, 1881 150 G. H. Slappey: --..--.. CC ipapraiee R Ogneen csc. Dec. —, 1880 20 VAS TE Oli Saascewee bias ‘Bolingbroke . Monroe ...-.- Dec. —, 1880 20 Thosmas B. Cabaniss. Forsyt Wis adeno Mor sso- es Novy. 20, 1879 20 William WiatsoOl -|-—<- Oe SAapS As | Apr. 13, 1881 13 523 | June 21, 1880 | 2089 | Patrick H. Darby -..-.}.---. C CIs 4 (eee MO) 25 PG Feb. 4,1881 45 520 ie See ee Patrick H. Darby ---.}.... CG Fi ea ees Gore ios the Apr. 9,1881 45 525 | Dec. —, 1880] 5334 | William F. Radford ..|................ Christian ....-. Dec. 30, 1880 15 526 | Dec. —, 1880| 5323 | C.J. Renfro ..........|.. ea ie fey ana Se | Dec. 24,1880] 20 OO -|eaeeeeiads see scee-- ivi Vanmeterses sspears sical ameealas os ' 528 | Jan. —,1881| 5325 |S. D. Goff............. 529 | Feb. 9, EERO adoeo || WaMiler << on aa|-cceea eee seca. Harter. ceaaa Apr. 8, 1881 25 | H. W. Moneypenny. ..| Munfordsville.|....do .....-.-- —— —,1880]|.....- C.J. Walton.......... Pa Cee | |e dO ssnceoee Apr. ~ 8, 1881 75 W.R. Bradley ........ 20 John W. Matthews .. 20 | William Thorne.-.... 100 Thomas Coleman..... 20 William McElwain ... 20 ING PS MLOSB Soave nut 20 M. W. Bishop ..-. ---. 25 J. H. Lunsford........ 25 J. W. Pritchett -...... 25 J: B Walker... ..2¢-) Madisonville. -|.~--do!- /..-2--| Novi 6: 1880) scasee Thome els een ees 50 John L. Woolfolk ....|. 25 PrGaldwee 2.) 23 12 Gouge W. Crum..... 20 H. A. Dumesneil...... Dec. 15 Thomas S. Kennedys |o-ses 32a sea oat 1) Sesaoiasic mre 4, 1881 12 William Griffith ...... Louisville 5 EGierecancs —, 1879 ].....- George K. Speed ...-. Be | OP Aaa BHO oh aipemhoc May 4) 1881 20 J oseph Sweltzenyoss-2|scsauue aces cseet sees dOreee sssaae Dee. 24) 1880 20 JB Walder e a7 sco. <2 ves ane re a sk Cae GRE ae May 4, 1881 16 L. yall Apr. 9, 1881 20 egy tre eel ae a ara Nov. 16, 1880 |.-..--- J aches C, Blick Nov. —, 1880 |....-. Wipe bOrters cee c eels -do . di Nov. 16, 1880 |.---.. Amos Shinkle.-....-. SOs ee sees bees GOove2. 5 225 Nov. 16, 1880 }.----- F. A.Schinkle ....... OO neo uteee ele sier GOS oscaseee Dec. 17, 1880 20 J.M.Chambers....-.- “Independence PERO liisccees Nov. 18, 1880 130 Gi Me Carlisle 222 2)22 Key West .-..|..-- (itty eee Oct. 31,1879 17 Jacob Metz .....--..-. Kenton 2.22 0| 22 'dole.; sos Nov. 16, 1880 }....-. Wer Graddiy ea tcoo seo semen eee ee Lincoln .....-. Nov. 18, 1880 10 J. W. Weathonfard™ Be Cab eb amine aos. CC hore ee Nov. 18, 1880 25 George W. Browder..|.............--- Logan ........ Apr. 13, 1881 20 Poul Mer gns0N) 2c =a \\foe sone seen eee ees Gotos. see Apr. 13, 1881 20 ND. Gy GOLGON ee cies laaackeceeememeeel moet GG s8525225 Dec. 24, 1880 20 IN RIV OTE Bee eect icceicia| seeiamites cee ict sete GO esses Dec. 10, 1880 15 L. & BA. Peters --| Adairville -....... CCC es ee Dec. 22, 1880 20 THB are -eseesee ce. = do Dec. 20, 20 J, Paisley ~-- 522-2208 - 16, 188022 eee R. A. Paisley » 16; 18802-2025 George R. Browder . . 16, L880) |e. one William M. Browder.|....do ........-}---- (itr) Beene tee Apr. 13, 1881 20 W.R. Browder ....... swe dO (oReier occ eeae Seer Apr. 13, 1881 20 George Hutchings....|.... Oc niet etetars Grote sek ces Dec. 22, 1880 20 John 5; Hutchings: -.|522.d0v7-. eeeeinaes Messe. ses Nov. 16, 1880 |....-- DOTS Oe eter en ee Russellville...}.-.. GOs sts Dec. 10, 1880 15 -| Charles Anderson ....|..-...-0-...---- Tivontreed ses Apr. 19, 1881 15 Wiis SGONOG) 7. cae clcictas |Uacaboites eerie see COM aes aa Apr. 9, 1881 40 William Arnold).2-5-6|s5ssccheteccewer Madison ...... Dee. 14, 1880 15 Tepe, MEANCIS ioc scloeculascaceaceiecue ee |mee MOMs pceesee Dec. 14, 1880 12 J : B. MOCTeaty? so’ s/ss'Is ce aivelawoeees senleeed GO ee cee Dee. 14, 1880 12 Speed Smith: o. sssd| etcetera eee Moroes. . cede Apr. 13, 1881 20 i, oe ae 7) RESET ILENE ES | ates Caee ec. 14, 1880 20 Willian Gibson yeaa Se) epee ote aie Jan. 1, 1881 13 TI. Johnson & Sons Marion ....... Apr. 9, 1881 20 Pon L. Wevi se. eee Meade ... Dec. 14, 1880 20 B. Magoflin...... Mercer .. Apr. 138, 1881 30 C. E. Williams, ye Sec ealbhck eens See eee GOs... Se. Dec. 16, 1880 20 Wikis WiACk siete. Knob Lick....| Metealfe...... Nov. 16, 1880 |...... Asa Bean ...005 522... Mt. eins a ae Sr cicmanaena Nov. 16, 1880 60 West @henault 2-24 55). dor .2550 244] Sead oeeec cee Nov. 18, 1880 35 George Cockerell.....|... s eS eu owe aoe eM jciteceehe Novy. 18, 1880 20 J. W. Gatewood ......|.... i Coeds Leer ame (ALES Got. LSE: Nov. 18, 1880 52 Clarence Judy........|.... GO>. so seees| tes Golee. cote) Nowra Lego 19 dohn 1. Magowans::|-2.sdow elses ieee 2 ee Ar Nov. 18, 1880 16 Sterling Fishing Club.]....do .........].--. do) hit Nov. 16, 1880 |....-- Silas Stofer....-.....1.... da\sdacaanls avidly eae eats Nov. 18,1880, 21 [17] . DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. 959 Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §-c.—Continued. KENTUCKY—Continued. in ene Ei APPLICATION FILED. LOCALITY. DELIVERY OF CARP. Ak a Sh = Name. = I um- um- 3 Date. | Was Post-office. County. 1 Date. ae 621 | Nov. 18,1880; 2816 | Dr. Van Antwerp....| Mt. Bterue 2 -| Montgomery..| Nov. 18, 1880 360 C22 18815) 11528") Walter. Greenville . Muhlenburgh | Jan. 1, 1881 18 623 | Dec. —, 1880} 5322 | R. Huddleson ........}.-..--+--------- Nelson Dec. 20 624 | Dec. —, 1880} 5302 | William Johnston....|..-------------- Se 0 Ee Ee 20 625 | Jan. —, 1881} 5324 | Lud McKay...-.-.....| Bardstown. .../.--.do .......-- 20 626 | Jan. —,1881| 5359 | R.C. Prather, sr-.-..-. Wood Mills*| 2352 oie ai 20 627 | Dec. —, 1880 | 5304 | A. W. Hardin .......-.|----------.--55- Oldham 12 628 | Jan. 12,1880} 1036 | Dr. A. W. Kaye...... Pewee Valley.|---.do ........-| Nov. 6,1880|..-.-.- 629 | Dec. 29,1879 | 1036 |..-..- ke) ae ae care doytsaeees Sle 20 Gaulle eeea eee Gt. ae William A. Gordon. ..| New Orieansf.|..... .--- 80 631 | Oct. 24,1879} 946 | Thomas Payne ...----. Georgetown ..| Scott ..-....-. 16 632 | Nov. 18,1880} 2818 | Henry Wolfe........ Feed Oyr\-(45ae GON as. eens 200 633 | Dec. —, 1880! 5326 | C. W. Haddox ........|--.-----------.- Shelby 20 Ga4| Deow—18s0il) 53151) de MeyMeGrath 22). 23.) (22) see enim dO (2s8ac-5e 20 635 | Dec. —, 1880] 5311 | James B. Scearce.....|---------.------ tid Ole s cee 20 636 | Dec. —, 1880} 5331 | Seldon B. Lard ....-.-.|.----------..-- — sOO ass veeee 20 637 | Dec. —, 1880) 5330 | Benjamin F. Bryant-..| Shelbyville PARE See ac 20 638 | Dec. —, 1880 | 5330 |.----. Ath TI Se RS Coe ee Eee eerie (sens GOv-Ae ess 20 639 | Dec. — 1880) ‘5305 | S. H. Dickinson ......|-------------.-- Todd\-3-.. 255 20 640 | Dec. —, 1880} 5336 | W.L. Kimbrough ....|------.---------|---- (bey See see oo 20 641 | Dee. —, 1880; 5335 | Lyman McComb ...-.. SN Nee a sepia| eter: OW hacteasos 15 642 | Jan. —,1881| 5364 | C. M. Russell......--. Elkton ...--=- ZEGO Vases sees 20 643 | Apr. 13,1880; 1689 | 8. H. Dickinson ..--.-- Trenton ....- 50S) Sodn55e]| wa 644 ; Jan. —,1881| 5316 | Crittenden Reeves .-.. ( Vijeesae me see O23 orale 20 645 | Jan. 31,1881 | 1259 | J.G. Taylor .....-..-: “Boxville ...... Wmioni.: asee | Nowe GO) 880eeeeee 646 | Dec. —, 1880} 5345 | B. M. Kirby ..........]---------------- Warren 16 7 | Dec. —,1880| 5343 | Joseph Smith .....--.|-----.---------- wh OO) ys cise 16 GASnPPGe——e1SeOniy 5340 || Ty Pasmithe eves acl eee ne eee Ewes Q@O) ens s:sixiaes 16 649 | Apr. 14,1880} 1708 | Henry T. Clark..-...-. Bowling Green|....do ..-.-.--.| Nov. 16, 1880 |-.---- 650 | Apr. 26,1880! 1815 | Samuel Cook..-......-. =a Ce Pee eet fee Ooo ce 2cisee|| NGM LG ISSO) cence 651 | Dec. —, 1880; 5344 |.S. W.Combs...-..-.... SeOOl acces Oe ah cael 16 652 | Dec. —,1880| 5337 | E. L. Hines.....-.... BEG ON aie a cele tel ratte WOM siscie ce 20 653 | Dec: —, 1880, 5342 | Alexander Loving-.-.-|.-- do ----. SHGGY Beanepose 16 654 | Apr. 18, 1880 | 1816 | John vuEle Nae ect orale bats + Ons acer SLO yale cd stare t=ld 16 655 | Apr. 18, TSSOMMISIG. |: 15 Led oseere ce Meee mee |e Se OOD ota EG ieee, Jan. 16 656 | Apr. 26, 1£80 Pee OLG 9). ae Oe eeee eee eee | ERO catia aera | aes GO Bekecoece Nov. 16, 1880 |....-- TO) |e an 2 So aee i eee eae bell eared terse eimai mia re lo = ofan Eo GUyesoeenace June 1, 1881 16 658 | Nov. —, 1880} 5266 | A.J. Alexander ......|.---------<----. Woodford . Nov. 18, 1880 10 G90nl News 1880)) 5283) C. JvArmoldiscee see een =~ ancien ere COU: ic Sac Noy. 18, 1880 } 10 Chon eNewe——1se0 5273 ||) Ac PaO hilelresincen seas |e mele oat ine mit CON s atm ohn ite Novy. 18, 1880 | 10 661 | Nov. —,1880| 5277 | Charles Cox ....----..|---------------- Ser OO cae ae ae Nov. 18, 1680 10 662) Now. — 1880.) 5280 |. D: W. Rdwards:------j-.-.-..--.-..-- Ose eee | Nov. 18, 1880 10 663 | Nov. —,1880| 5272 | G. M. Emack.......-. Versailles..... SMO O's 225 ae Nov. 18, 1880 10 GG47 Nowe 6 teS0i) 5288.) Ue. Boiarper case joeee | scee as sclera =O Adis ois eae Nov. 18, 1880 10 665 | Nov. —, 1880| 5279 ; William Henry.....--|.---: ---.-.-...|---- Cees Bea Novy. 18, 1880 10 666 | Nov. —, 1880 | 5282 | Thomas M. Hiffner..-| Mortonsville..|.-..do ...-.....| Nov. 18, 1880 10 667) | Nova — 1880" 5269) | A. Callunterees. cose Semen a2 aielelaini ee MOre sone Nov. 18, 1880 10 GESn | NOwes—1880i||, 5274 || J. ESeSs8e.o ne anew eeclen ase a cas)|= FeV GOK: ms 2 ee Novy. 18, 1880 10 669 | Nov. —,1880| 5281 | John G. Master....-. (|S 5 Sa eee AO Sasa Nov. 18, 1880 10 670 | Nov. —, 1880} 5263 | M.S. O’Neal....-..... Versailles Ae Frist ee es | Nov. 18, 1880 10 Gre Nowe 8051) 5276.) Psi G.wPowelleseer, semen (QO) sie stan FabO Oa oe ae Noy. 18, 18&0 10 672 | Nov. —,1880| 5287 | Mrs. Mary Shipp .....|..-....-----.... SPE Oy 35-6 ae! Noy. 18, 1880 10 673 | Nov. —, 1880 | 5275 | Charles Stevenson ...|...-....:---..-- Lee dopa e cies a Nov. 18, 1880 10 674 | Nov. —, 1880| 5286 | Thomas H. Swoop....|-.----------.--- BeGO! aarsisa Nov. 18, 1880 10 675 | Nov. —, 1880; 5265 | W.J.Turner......... Ceri (eee ae Nov. 18, 1880 10 CTY RS Steet ame ka Bese [ode Wiel Wyma eon MOV desea Noy. 18, 1880 10 677 | Nov. —, 1880] 5284 | H.C. White .......... SECO wisaaiccieee | Nov. 18, 1880 10 678 | Nov. —, 1880 | 5267 | James Wilhoit ...-.... PMG O SS tie se2ls | Nov. 18, 1880 10 679 | Nov. —, 1880} 5271 | D.J. Williams..... 2200) sass io se Novy. 18, 1880 10 GED) | Meese ote WeSdan 2 J. (Sia Wik bhrow esse BEG OE apres Nov. 18, 1880 10 GSE sitet eect ioe e ss = 3 S. L. Wooldridge -. do ....--..| Nov. 18, 1880 10 682 | Nov.—, 1880; 5278 | W. H. Wooldridge....|...-....---..-.-|---- teas ore Sc | Nov. 18, 1880 10 683 | Jan. —, 1881 | - 5264 | G. T. Graddy -.-...--. Spring .-..-.--.|: ST BERS eee) Nov. 18, 1880 10 684 | Jan. —, 1881 268),| Mi BrGratze “spose se 5 (5a (eee oes oO Ol ed sae Nov. 18, 1880 10 ES RNR CES ISR LOUISIANA. eee ee es ee ee 000 685 | Feb. 2,1881| 3534 | James L. Stewart - Arcadia ....- Bienville.....- Feb. 2,1881]..---- 636 | Apr. 9,1880} 1810 | Joseph M. White. ...| Haynesville -. Claiborne.....| Jan. 8, 1881 ]...--. 687 | June 12, 1879 935 | Marcus T. Carpenter | Port Hudson . nee Baton} Jan. 6,1881 20 ‘ ouge 688 | Aug. 25,1880} 2368 | R.J. Hummel \.....- $d0 5-4 ee iy .- |dan. 1, 1881 20 689 | May 17, 1879 763 | Gustave Schmidt. --..- “Thibodeaux. . La Fourche...| Jan. —, 1881 |.....- 690 | Dec. 11,1880 | 3071 | Richard H. Yale ..... New Orleans..| Orleans ....-.- Jan. 3,1881 20 691 | July 2911880 | 2190 | Eugene A. Duchamp | St. Martinville. Saint Martin’s |—— —, 1880 |...--. 602 | July 10,1880| 2161 | St. Valery Martin ....|... do.........|-.. dais ec, Jan. 29,1881) 20 *Obion County. Tenn. tOrleans County, La. 960 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §:¢c.—Continued. MAINE. Z APPLICATION FILED. | LOCALITY. DELIVERY OF CARP. 33 ; a 2 Name. : a>} um- 2 yum- Z Date. | ae. | Post-ofiice. County. Date. bor 693 | May —,1881| 4646 | S.H. Chandler......-. |New Gloncest’r) Cumberland -. —, 1881 20 694 | Dec. 29, 1879! 1035 | George H. M. Barrett.’ Rockport-...-.. Rex we c ees Nov. 23, 1880 15 695 | Oct. 4, 1880 | 2885 | Ale xander Johnston .| Wiscasset... .. Lincoln ....-. -.! Nov. 5, 1880 | 20 696 | Mar. 30,1880 | 1622 | J.D. Wilder.-......-. Hiram .. Orxtord: 235282 Dec. 10, 1880 15 697 | May 19,1880| 1974 | Joseph Young......-. South Sanford | York ......... Nov. 4, 1880 | 15 MARYLAND. 698 Nov. 10,1880 2732 | Thomas G. McCulloh.| Frostburgh .../ Alleghany - Nov. 10, 1880 40 699 |.-----.--..---|------ JAMES BOVE oe. co 0s|L Seb ewes Anne Arundel | June 8, 1880 10 700 | Nov. 21,1879 | 2535 | Samuel Anderson - | Davidsonville. THANG ee siteeee Nov. 21, 1879 20 701 | Nov. 13, 1879; 2496 | James A. Inglehart - ae OO Neca cereale 00 ane Sete Nov. 13, 1879 40 HOD bo.) BLO Me eae eens Thomas S. Inglehart... Se [tects doysss25on SpaOnées 2 eee Nov. 13, 1879 20 73 | May 4, 1880 | PSS) ALG ally ceese nurse aes Fescc forsrn LO tind cose ais May 8,1#80 20 104 | Se) ae - =|) MorstP: oh.) Uhler:<- 22 | Mallersville 2.2 ||\3--dor-222.a2: Nov. 18, 1880 50 705 | Nov. 11, 1880 | 2752 | J.T. Hoppleinao--...-- Patuxent .....|. Pe GOvesece were Nov. 11, 1880 50 eV UN Weare tier tsb ace FF. K. Jenkins. -....--.- | Rhode River. |..-.do ......-.- May 12, 1880 20 707 | Nov. 11,1879 | 2491 deat V. Follansbee.| Sappington ..-.|.--.do ..-...... Nov. 11, 1879 20 708: | Nov. Ule1s79"| e2ae ls ee dete: ce acetiees fi Fa ei SP Fe 2 do}... Dec. 9, 1880 50 709 | Mar. 19,1881 | 8529 mhowas Baldwin ..-.-. H ‘Baldwin ...... Baltimore ....| Mar. 19, 1881 50 710° |) 222A / seeeus George Appold....... | Baltimore.....|- NEMO iiss aeke May 8, 1880 20 711 | Nov. 16,1880} 2795 | Silas Baldwin ......-.|- sah SS oe se calls Feely eases Nov. 16, 1881 50 712 Spee & 102 3) MG eBarelay: -.-=-2-- peso ween ale Ree Osim ces Feb. 11, 1880 20 713 | Nov. 11,1880} 2751 | Philip Bavann ....-..}.-..do ....:....|. Sedo, seiko Nov. 11, 1880 50 114. 22S meeeranene | Beers O. R. Benson ..-..... NS Ses Moers al |e MOOn 2Ee lic cela Dee. 4, 1880 50: 715 | Nov. 22,1880| 2866 | Dr.C. E. Coates.....-. Baltimore. .... SRO 2 tous Nov. 22, 1880 50 716 | Nov. 9,1880; 2727 | Thomas R. Coward...|.-..do .-....--.|- BeQO iota seenee Nov. 9, 1880 50 717 | Dec. 10, 1880; 3242 | Rev. F. Dalrymple....|... do .........|. SA MO ice sclete. Dec. 10, 1880 50 718 | Nov. 12,1879 2494 | J. A. Edmondson -.--. ae F Nov. 12, 1879 20 719 | Jan. 24,1881, 2734 | George H. Forster. . oe Nov. 10, 1880 50 720 | s2eeeeeeene cores GOP ets ero ae ee Jan. 24, 1881 50: 721 | Oct. 22,1879 933 | John W. Garrett .....|- “5 Oct. 28, 1879 50 TOD a date meres el ttn ote MOS GM eee ae orice cee 3 May 8, 1880 20 723 | Mar. 10, 1880! 1460 | W. A. Hammond .....!- =F Nov. 2/1880 50 724 | Mar. —,1881| 4213 | James R. Herbert we Apr. 9, 1881 50 725 | Nov. 18,1880} 2808 | C. Hoffman........... = Nov. 18, 1880 50, 726 | Dec. 9,1880] 3241 | Isaac D. Jones...-.-... See. Dec. 9, 1880 40 727 | Nov. 24,1880} 3016 | J. F. Krunelberg .....|- ue .| Nov. 24, 1880 50 728 | Apr. 26,1881| 8558 | J. Boyten Lee .....-..|. ig Apr. 26, 1880 25 729 | Dec. 18,1879 | 2624 Mathine A Leimskubh-|... Dec. 18, 1879 20 er. 730 | Dec. 18,1879 | 2624 |..---. dos hee A Nov.. 18, 1880 |...... 731 | Jan. 8,1880} 2641 | Thomas W. haat ase Jan. 8, 1880 20 (PPh) (eee ocls aA seed Ba sosedl lores: diigedaaae sees ee She | May 21,1880 10 733 | Nov. 18,1879| 2505 | Otto Lugger.......... alte 5 | Nov. 18, 1879 20. 734 | Nov. 1,1880| 2702 | Felix McCurley......|. = Nov. 2, 1880 50 735 | Jan. 28,1880} 2665 |...... i git 8 Seem oy: a Jan. 28,1880} 20 736 | Dec. 18,1880} 3250 | Ferdinand Meyer .. P Dec. 18, 1880 150 737 Dec. 12,1879| 2614 | J. R. Mordecai........ pore Dec. 12, 1879 20 TES DecmelerOl 261d. \ue ss) CO ceeds cien- cere a | Nov. 12, 1880 50 739 | Nov. 12,1880| 2768 | G. Y. Page............ fe Nov. 12, 1880 50 F740) Saco tee ce eae ape etaet RW ein ae ee eee ae June 7, 1880 10 741 | Apr. 1,1881| 8675 | G. W. Ridgely........|...- Apr. 1, 1881 50 742 | Nov. 22,1680| 2867 | P. Schlesinger Me eee le a | Nov. 22, 1880 50 743 Serer ae H.C. Seymour .. ....|. E May 18, 1880 10 744 | Nov. 10,1880| 2736 |...... GOsssseonedetesae| =: Nov. 10, 1880 50 745 | Nov. 5,1880| 2714 | William Shirley......|- he Nov. 5, 1880 50 746 Nov. ie 1881 | 8539 |.-.-- GO eee veconsecee se as Nov. 29, 1880 50 747 | Nov. 10,1880! 27387 | George Small ...-.... aoe Nov. 10, 1880 24 748 | Jan. 22,1882 | 8527 |...-.. ae eee sals eictainia wrote Ae Jan. 22, 1881 50: 740 |. 22 ee Ol evce los 6 Augen, dk ab: 2 Apr. 13,1681} 25 DO» hae ateter amy als ates Nate error G. Ww. ‘Sisal Since a matae ls - ay 13,1880 10 761 | Mar. 3,1881} 8530 | John T. Street......-.. = Feb. 10, 1880 20: TOO easels Shee eae | banter ctateeeee Mite eee cereale ‘ Mar. 3, 1881 50 753 | Mar. 10,1881] 8775 | H.C. Tieck......... € Nov. 9, 1880 50 754 | Feb. 11,1881 | 8531 | James E. Tyson ...-..!. ‘ Feb. 11, 1881 50 755 | Nov. 10,1880| 2788 | A.J.Ulman .... ....|..-. Nov. 10, 1880 50 756 | May 13,1881] 4600 | Michael Willax -...-.. Eyes . May —, 1881 25 757 | Nov. 15,1880} 2773 | Alexander Wolle, jr -- do J Nov. 15, 1880 50 (CLS eee ees iS secs Richard H. Woollen..| Brooklandville]... do ....-..-. May 12, 1880 20 759 | May. cf 1881| 8557 | John Moran _ ......|..- Os Ae ieee MOR cere ee Si May 1, 1881 50 760 | Nov. 27, 1879 | 2568 | S. M. Shoemaker. .-.. bis tr Spring 7c; 00m en.5e er Nov. 27, 1879 30 urnace. 761 | Nov. 27,1870 | 2568) : do..-............]:.. dO ....¢....|.-.780 .....000-5| Nov. 28; 1879 50 TOD |ecc cases a! restless et ne) MOURN MeL same eee cena Catonsville ...|.--. GOs cases | May 6, 1880 20 768,,||Oot, 20/1881! 2611 | Pie Wong: soc8 - taeec) sae. cdcebeenlaatpUG octane sh Des: 11, 1879 20 [19] _ DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. 961 Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §:c.—Cagntinued. MARYLAND—Continued. E APPLICATION FILED. LOCALITY. DELIVERY OF CARP. Ag as ies Name. = s Date. ea Post-oflice. County. Date. hen OGM Mee TO) 2611) di. Re WONG. cc lc eceees Catonsville - Baltimore . 20, 1880 40 Apr. 18,1881 | 8532 | E. A. Welch.....-...- CON 22 ase a aaed . 18, 1881 50 Nov. 11, 1879.) 2492'| A. 'T. Love....-...-.- ‘Cockeysville... on . 11,.1879 20 Nov. 2,1881} 2561 | Charles J. Riddle..... Pork-nee secan Be . 26, 1881 20 Nov. 16,1880} 2792 | W.H. Riddle..-..-...- dOvieneesas eee . 16, 1880 50 Nov. 8,1879| 2490 | Henry Lange......-... ‘Gardenville...|.-.. 8, 1879 20 Jan. 7,1880| 2640 Joseph W. Mowell ...| Glencoe ...--- weed . 7,1880 20 Jan. 17,1880] 2640 |.----. GOws eee seek elem: seus eter SSa8 . 28, 1880 50 Jan. 17,1880} 2640 |...-..- CO PAN SAL te DOM aseebeae ay . 13,1881 55 Noy. 15,1879} 2500 | John Wilson Brown..| Govanstown ..|.... . 15, 1879 20 “Cee eae ee Pee Samuel W. Regester. . ars (aera eee 7, 1880 20 Jan. 3,1882) 12938 | James Burton......-. ‘Greenwood ...|.... . 19, 1881 100 | Apr. 5,1881] 8528 |..---. (00 ee ee ee Bs Co ease aes r. 5, 1881 50 2k I Yaa, ape es Washington Shearman|.-..do ...--.---|-.- ay 15, 1880 10 Nov. 27,1880} 3019 |--..-- G0) a Eres ee RL Eee Ouers sa teepat bs . 27, 1880 50 Nov. 29,1880}! 3020 | D. A. Dickenson-.-.--- Harrisonville .|.... 7. 29, 1880 50 Dec. 18,1880} 3247 | John S. Miller........) doe ee saat es . 18, 1880 75 Nov. 22,1879 | 2543 | F.G. Mitchell ..-..-... | Hereford ..... ape . 22,1879 20 Ripe 2ey TBTON) 2549) |. 22 dows ooo yt. | dows: ae . 11, 1880 50 Dec, 12)1879)|| 2615 | A. Hm Groff... .-.-.- | Hiland Park*. .... . 12,1879 20 Ae ie ...----| Edwin F. Jenkins....) Long Green..-|.-. y 6,1880 20 Nov. 24,1879] 2552 | George M. Hogn...... | Lutherville ...|-.-- . 24,1879 20 Nov. 15,1880|} 2776 | Andrew Reese ..-..--- Lee OS A wcnie at Bree . 15, 1880 50 | Dee. 13,1879} 2617 | William Allen.....-... “McDonogh - Me ec. 13, 1879 20 | Dec. 13,1879 | 2617 |.-...- ilE RS ene ane Bernd Oeeae seeks eevee . 11, 1880 50 Beem ; _| William J. Bland .....| Mt. Washingt’n)..-. r. 22, 1881 50 June 12,1880 | 2649 | William M. Baker.-...| North Branch.|.--. . 12,1880 20 Nov. 28,1879 | 2573 | W.H. Hoffman ......- Paper Mills..-|..-.. . 28, 1879 20 Nov. 12) 1879 | 2493 | William Sherley.-.--- Parkton .....- Bete . 12, 1879 20 bhai Seth: Ks oi! SS Ws) OUI alee ein | Shane._......- aes . 15, 1879 20 Noy. 9,1880| 2726 | T. V. Richardson ....-. Phone sles. 8 . 9, 1880 50 Nov. 27,1879 | 2567 | Thomas J. Myer..-.-.. Pikesville ..-..|.-- . 27, 1879 20 Nov. 12,1880] 2765 | William Norris....... Reisterstown .|... 7. 12, 1880 50 Nov. 15,1879} 2501 | Isaac Hartman......- RIGGE SE se aewa ieee . 15,1879 20 Nov. 15,1880} 2775 | J.Sewell Glenn ...... Rossville ..---. Pen . 15, 1880 50 Nov. 15, 1880) 2775 |.----- OO Sarin eases BoE GOL oad acnree Bas . 10, 1880 40 es oe Mookie lene Charles Trump.....- SENG eer nen eee 10, 1880 20 Apr. 10, 1880 Ua | ara ee dO bes asee eens eA ON scales aoe . 15, 1880 50 Apr. 10,1880} 1734 |.-.---. of ee OE eae eee Osa st Ss en . 18, 1880 100 Dec. 13,1879| 2618 | Henry Cragg.....--..- Saint Denis .-.|.--. . 18,1879 20 Dec. 3,1880} 3032 | William Bower....... Sweet Air - ee 3, 1880 50 Dec. 38,1880} 3033 | Dixon Brown......... Be Opes eee tas weld 3, 1880 50 Dec. 4,1880|) 3035 | E. Herman .......... Towson.-.--.-: ss 4, 1880 50 Dec. 4,1880|} 3036 | Charles B. McClean ..|..- do ..-.-.--- er 4, 1880 50 Dec. 5,1879| 2584 | C. B. Slingluff .......- Sete don eee seat 5, 1879 20 Dec. 5,1879| 2584 COS seats Seems $dOr te ceeee ater 4, 1880 50 Nov. 1,1880|} 2700 | Henry R. Wilson..... “Waverly Seat eee . 1,1880 50 Nov. 18,1880) 2810 | H.O. Hofman ........ Woodberry --.-|---.do | Noy. 18, 1880 50 Noy. 18,1880} 2811 | Mrs. P. x. WT eney A 2 COW eee 22 Acd0, . 18, 1880 50 EES Sse eee ee Daniel J. Wal&on. Huntingtown -| Calvert .......| Nov. 22, 1879 86 Brees Ces chal Seisscs < J. W. Shemwell ......| Pr. Frederick-|....do .....-.-.| Mar. 19, 1881 50 town. yo $a Ste oe William Birkigt ...-. Bethlehem. ...| Caroline -.-.--- May 11, 1880 10 Nov. 22,1880} 3008 |.-..do scone [ee udOuss «= cacte| hae GME gate eee Nov. 22, 1880 40 May 4,1880} 1849 James E. Hignutt spe EDON tons: a2 s2 alsoer (i eae May 12, 1880 10 eee isss. S 122 Oe gis seen ae aetna ig he NOE eal Quae a Rat aE Noo 1s 180) 40 Nov. 19,1881} 3015 TW Were: ekowunae GO seas Soe sak Coie shai Noy. 22, 1880 40 Nov. 22,1879| 2545 | Richard H. Comegys . Greensborough ses Gea ee Nov. 22, 1879 20 | Nov. 22,1879] 2550 | H.C. Comegys - ------ ee Oleenenac S| = SOO essay Nov. 22, 1879 20 | Nov. 22,1879 | 2548 | William H. Comegys Site dade uaa: Le EMO aes st. Nov. 22, 1879 20 ee Renate ate gees. 320. Smith. see eeeene| WOONCOM a5 ==.se.|o52-C0u- 2 oe2 21 Movs LOsTSRp 40 fii. 16,1879} 2623 | D. J. Zacharias. ...... Greensborough)|....do .....-.-- Dec. 16, 1879 20 5 | Dec. —, 1880} 5249 | William Lisk .....-... Preston. =... 5. See do SaaS: May 28, 1880 20 ' Nov. 22) 1879 | 2458 | Daniel S. Sullivan .-..|..-. GO aston oles Oy- seca cs Nov. 22, 1879 86 Bree Met Oe SoS ee George Hoffacker ..-..|.--..------.----] Carroll. ...-..| July 22, 1880 19 42 ee Dri J WiGaver ct Ne RteM o rercte ett de eed Oe ee Lk. 5. May 27, 1880 10 Jan. 20,1882; 8569 | David Englar ...-..-.-- Avondale ..... Be LOse eee) oe Jan. 20,1881 250 Pe Ses le2ce.. | William Arbaugh . eVCarrolltonts. 01) asd0i j.)- 2... | Mebly oslsal 100 ebay ais Lasky! 32544. | A. TS Weaver. secu. .|s6.00 o.4 525: 50s pile ake Ses Nov. 22, 1879 20 3 piel aT ee) a | Oy Soe ene are ey ake dows Bedoya Ay Ne Feb. 5,1881 100 33 | Nov. 18,1880| 2809 George W. Armacost. Finksburgh. JA ents (AOE segue so INGValorkoee 50 | Nov. 15,1880 2774 | Jeremiah Rhinehart. . jiak eaaltela anne Ges ders. 22525, | UNG owe eS. 50 id | Nov. 15,1880} 2778 | Simon P. Weaver.....|.--. Ove Bie GO). Se tle ae Nov. 15, 1880 50 | Jan._16,1880) 2663 | John Wolf .........-.].-- dgies. BEEP COWse leew ace Jan. 16, 1880 20 ee endear te Poeee e's) rede Zann ctee peeelass.OG tel duete Oe Oracles ube MLO LOO 20 Nov. 15,1880 | 2772 | John N. Zahn .....-...|.--. Ci COM ee eee Oe Oic eae enee ep Noy. 15, 1880 50 Jan. 13,1882} 8566 | John T. Knox........ Gamber'.:...-; SLO nolel Meter Jan. 381, 1881 50 Apr. 19,1881! 8586 | Cornelius Brashers...| Mount Airy ..|.-..do.....--.. Apr. 19,1881 50 Apr. i9,1881| 8585 | Francis pomete sSeneee see ng sak BENG eee Hae Apr. 19, 1881 50 eRaltimore PO: 3. Mis. 46 GL REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] Tuble showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §:c.—Continued. MARYLAND—Continued. 962 8 APPLICATION FILED. | q 2 424 Num- 3 Date. ber. 842 | Apr. 22,1881 | 8584 843 | Apr. 22,1881 8594 le Aan ae loewcaee 845 | Apr. 22,1881| 8593 846 | Apr. 22,1881 | 8595 LG | Se ya et 848 | Dec. 17,1879| 2610 849 | Dec. 10,1879} 2609 850 | Nov. 19,1880) 2822 851 | Nov. 19,1880] 2826 852 | Nov. 19,1880} 2823 S5B lw ce cee De laeeeee 854 | May 8,1880| 1916 855 | May 8,1880| 1916 856"| (Lease eee peace = $57 | Nov. 8,1880| 2764 858 | Nov. 24,1880} 3017 859 | Nov. 27,1881] 8563 860 | Dec. 5,1881} 8575 861 | Jan. 20,1882; 8568 862 | Jan. 20,1882] 8567 863 | Nov. 19,1880} 2830 864 | Nov. 19,1880} 2825 865 |rceest eee ee ed 866 | Nov. 11,1880] 2746 867 | Nov. 19,1879] 2511 868 | Nov. 30,1880 | 3027 869 | Dec. 30,1879] 2635 870 | Dec. 30,1879 | 2635 871 | Nov. 30,1880} 3025 872 | Jan. 16,1880] 2662 873 | Nov. 11,1880] 2745 874 | Nov. 22,1879| 2541 875 | Nov. 15,1880} 2777 876 | Nov. 30,1880} 3023 877 | Nov. 17,1881 | 2636 878 | Dec. 30,1879} 2634 879 | Dec. 30,1879} 2634 880 | Nov. 30,1880} 3024 881 | Nov. 17,1880} 2804 882 | Nov. 30,1880] 3026 883 | Nov. 10,1880] 2733 884 | Nov. 19,1880] 2824 885 | May 4,1880| 1828 886 | Nov. 24,1881 | 2661 887 | Nov. 11,1880] 2750 LS eae AAS eae (Siena ae BBDd ease eo cue 890 | Oct. 5,1880} 2389 891 Ban eit [bees see al 892 | Mar. 31,1881} 8606 893 | Mar. 19,1881! 8604 tht el ee aes eee ee 895 | Dec. 1,1880) 3030 896 | Dec. —, 1880) 5241 897 | Dec. —, 1880} 5242 898 | Apr. 4,1881) 5240 899 |...-.- SA Je | Sees 900 | Nov. 22, 1879 |, 2549 MOLL tenenes Went a 902 | Nov. 22,1879 |- 2551 203 | Nov. 22,1879 | 2551 904 | Dec. —, 1880} 5248 Tel Peal eA ed Bea 906. |\Wesvceo tees tealee nee O07) |. esse nee eS 908 | Jan. 16,1880 | 2664 O09) \noceree eenbces 5243 910 Feb. 1,1881| 8623 ae | Noy. 27,1880} 3018 913 Dee. 4,1880} 3034 914 Oct. 11,1880} 2398 915 | Nov. 16,1880} 2787 916 Nov. 16,1880} 2788 917 , Dec. 6,1879} 2587 918 | Dec. 29,1879 | 2633 919 | Jan. 8, 1880] 2645 Lewis E. Miller John F. Eyler..... Charles D. Walker John Burgess -| Libertytown New London New Market..|....do | Tanke 8, a | | LOCALITY. DELIVERY OF CARP. Name. rae | = | Num- Post-office. | County. Date. hee. R. J. Brashers .---..-. Mount Airy -.| Carroll--.-...- Apr. 22,1881| 50 W. BiCondoni eee aleees 0 eaten see eee eO eee Apr. 22) 1881 | 50 ASG: Davisi-cansene pe Ol eae SB ily cae eone 5- Dee. 17, 1880 15 W.C. Gilbert...-....- oes At oe inne ace eases 24 Apr. 22) 1881 50 John 8. Long....-.--.| BE eee teed Peery Bescecian pr. 22,1881; 50 -| J. B. Runkles....--. C0 eereee eee oer UQisgss sae) May 18, 1880 10 - Mathias S. Bogan ....) Silver Run....|.--.do......... Dec. 11, 1879 20 John W. Rittase....-- |e ee Ors 12 cok (een see a Oyemek nae Dee. 11, 1879 20 Joseph Bankert ......| Stonersville ..|.--.do -.-.-.--. Nov. 19, 1880 50 LPP SHAT A seeeeee alle DENGD NS eoee S| eaiee OO) apocrine: Nov. 19, 1880 50 1D WiantZ ic. 5-sese dO 2 aaeaseealeetee 023 eee Nov. 19, 1880 50 Lewis Barlow .--..--- ‘Sykesville - See Beet Soe Soasc= May 18, 1880 10 : ee Jk DI Gh scat ete ode Aa (Hees SEO es soe Oct. 22, 1880 20 see Owen meee Nee home ayer toes POO, eee Nov. 12, 1880 50 ee Eek seoac rentals ---do Saal send ees oss: May 18,1880] / 10 Jobn T., Ridgely ..---. (ies eas pe Olecisen nee Noy. 12, 1880 50 Abram E. Null. ....-.. ‘Union iIBTId 26) |oo5- 00 en == ee Nov. 24, 1880 50 James W. Ogle ..--.--.|-- EeOOe ictesecne JO aces ehiee Nov. 27, 1880 40 DRM CHaANbie Ae gece eal S400) Stace. a O)2 eee Dec. 24, 1880 15 Solomon Shepherd ...|.--.do-.....--. ea O ae eee Jan. 20, 1881 250 Pemberton Wood ..- NOLO 1 screeners Seely Sxeseis-- Jan. 15, 1881 250 William H. Hoffman..| Uniontown . PAGO) sees ee Noy. 19, 1880 40 Daniel Baumgarten -. Westminster - 250) Sonine ee Nov. 19, 1880 50 Granv. Coppersmith. .|.--.do ...-.-.---. Boeeil) <5-sasae Nov. 19, 1880 20 ¥. E. Cunningham....|..--do -..-...-.. SOO ieee eer Nov. 11, 1880 50 W. A. Cunningham: -.|.-- do araaecaee nei 35-555- Nov. 19, 1879 20 J. T. Diffenbaugh-.-.-.|...- dO: 229k Seales WO esaasoaas Noy. 30, 4880 50 Theodore F. Englar caleeee doe soecaceals SBR ys esiescase Dec. 30, 1879 20 Pee CO ter enu, De ie soe erc ule 2 (i kv ee A500: Selec Nov. 15, 1880 50 Ho MainG6 2) czar clans do s2ateesecle 6ar@0o 22 eae ee Nov. 30, 1880 50 Driweonineg 22.242] ec. 0. L.eetee8 etd Mesceneee Jan. 16, 1880 20 William A. McKillip Bena Oe cael |= peed Olecce =e Nov. 1Y, 1880 50 SE MOttery ose oe elee = do..2eesecue aac O. pester Nov. 22, 1879 20: David Reese -=...22.2|52:- OOie2 see! EsidO dese eeere Nov. 15, 1880 50 JOR DJROOp 22. --s0|/-= G0) - 22s acsee pO ee ereneee Nov. 30, 1880 50 Samuel Roop......--.|---. 10) Seireaieee Pale = eens Nov. 15, 1880 50: Charles Schaeffer .--..].-.. dd aetesssenl eo doi vetoes Dec. 30, 1879 20 bn KONGERS a eee eee eee Ones eealt E5idO zhi eeee Nov. 19, 1880 50: Jeremiah Schaeffer...|.... MO Wes keane ALO nares eee Nov. 30, 1880 50 Milton Schaeffer ..--..].... doe 2 uceeesie EMO Gewese ne Nov. 17,1880} 1000 J.C. Shreve .--- PEEOO # Jaceee eee aeOO coe ceeee Nov. 30, 1880 50 Jobn HE. Smith........]--.. Wot cases cO0' se reen ss Nov. 10, 1880 40 Jesse'Sullivan .-..-.<|:.-- GO ceeskce au: 220 -suens Nov. 19, 1880 50 George S. Yingling...|.-. Ot Sees ase BeO) saeco — —,1880 pa WAY PZ ane So 2 anid fae tenet rate Go tex iasecelee? GOivercetae Novy. 15, 1880 50 A.J. Michener ....... Colora:.225--< Cecil... =... Noy. 11, 1880 40 James C. Bell ........ Conowingo ...|.--. Wl aregoocce Apr. 25, 1881 40 A. W. Mitchell ....... vig RES oe Bore MO seen Nov. 27, 1880 40 David SGOtus Liscanes peek wees dO fete aves Nov. 1, 1880 40 Adams ..---.-. Bich) Deposit. .|.... ilypeep aaa Mar. 31, 1881 50 Hy Sxbverist), 250 22700e- Go seeee es MDs tcick ee Mar. 31, 1881 50 J. M. Touchstone. . PC ees eee ae i tee a Mar. 22, 1881 100 E.H. Reynolds ...-... ‘Rising Sun ose eee sd0e. sauces Apr. 20, 1881 120 John M. Rawlings.... Rowlandsville|....do ..-....-. Dec. 1, 1880 75 Thomas L. Gardiner..| Bryantown ...] Charles ...-.-- Apr. 4,1881 30 Ha Md. ss se. aeteal eee = C: (i ee reece = ‘ 30 Samuel A. Mudd... GO! 2ccneecuteeee 40 Wa HiGrane’so5.. coo. | Airey’ Seeeeeee 20 William R. Hayward. beget 20 Georgy J Meekins ...|.-.. doi iacets| he 20 a do. aboaNyalceciomeitced test dh 5. Lee 40 BUC Seale Soba £00. eee Gal eee 20 Ss. ri Waster Oe a a East New Mar- esas coe coues May 28) 1881 40 et. William HBoland.: 222.2 s6neaceee Frederick .| May 12, 1880 Daniel, Mainhart: <2) -is|eeacssece an ueeeeleeee (i eee May 12, 1880 W GOVE l6TCO bio teed | beak 2b ce eee eee eee GOs teccrs June 4, 1880 Charles J. Lewis .... | Frederick ..-..|.-.-. Cotas a cses ee Jan. 16, 1880 G. William Smith ....].... GO... ceaen lees AO see eeee Dec. —, 1880 William Todd: =-2'---| 22 0 2.22 Mawaleeine MnO! 2s. cie oe Feb. 14, 1881 John H. Williams ....|.-.. GOR Soaaekleene Ore chs bens Nov. 27, 1880 OPM Riggs sessing ac Tjamsville ....].--. PetWO sia pulds cacoaee eee (ie ese. irl Prcrans (4) R, R. Buckey ....:. 04 Johnsville ....|..-. George W. Miller ....| Lewiston .....|..-. ~~ [21] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. 963 Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §c.—Continued. MARYLAND—Continued. g | APPLICATION FILED. LOCALITY. _DELIVERY OF CARP. a8 ar a Name. : E Date. eee Post-oftice. | County. Date. aay 920 | Jan. §,1880; 2646 | J. W. Dorsey ..--.---- New Market.-.| Frederick .---| Jan. 8, 1880 20 921 | Jan. 8,1880| 2644 | J. W. Downey ..------ eOOice kee: aes . 8, 1880 20 922 | Jan. 8,1880| 2643 | William Downey..-.-. BY kdoretannt oak an. 8, 1880 20 923 |. Jan. 8,1880) 2648 | Howard H. Hopkins..}....do ..---.---| Brak . 8, 1880 20 924 | Jan. 81880} v647 | John D. Shearer.....- ae eee ee EAs . 8,1880 20 925 | Jan. 8,1880|} 2642 | Mrs. E.C. Shipley .-- |..-.do ..-...- BS : 8, 1880 20 926 | Dec. 11,1879; 2612 | Eliza Swormley ..---- Bes CO Oe See el ¢. 11,1879 20 CN} les 2 SSS ee eee William E. Swormley.|....do ......--- Bey, . 11, 1880 50 928 | Noy. 19,1880} 2829 | Thomas D. Boag 49655 Point of Rocks)... 4 19, 1880 40 929 | Dec. 20,1880 | 3223 | Benjamin Moffett --- doyoE sere es | on . 20, 1880 75 930 | Nov. 19,1880} 2827 | George Souder ..-..-.-- Lander ARF . 19, 1880 50 ey |e artes ea a .| William G. Wilson ...| Unionville ....).-.. ar. 23, 1881 50 932 | Dec. —,1880| 5247 | L.E. Hinks. .. ...-.- Urbana eee y 28, 1881 40 983 | Dec. 1,1880} 3028 | Hugh McAleer...--.- Walkersville. .|.--. . J, 1880 75 934 | Dec. 23,1879} 2631 | William C. Needig..-../....do ......-.-- pe . 23, 1879 20 935 | Dec. 23,1879] 2632 | W.N. Todd .....-.-- jae GO) 35 hostage ose ;. 23, 1879 20 Gia ll) Byles 28s UPA Ts PG Cee See a BOM Sepa es te AR AEee Feb. 1,1881 50 937 | Dec. 6,1879} 2586 | Henry Kupman ...... “Woodsborough. - Bee UG enn Dec. 6,1879 20 938 | Apr. 12,1880} 1721 | J. L.McCommas ..... Oakland .-..--- Garrett Mh seme Nov. 11,:1880'}. 5... 2 939 | Nov. 17,1880 | 2803 | F. Lewis Ruppert ---. SHOE saease RQ Ole eae as Nov. 17, 1880 50 940 | Feb. 7,1880) 2667 | John H.Orem........ “Aberdeen... “Harford ...... Feb. 7, 1880 20 Soe ee eeernerieim er lamer a | Ho WetArchber)sas--cec Bel Air —-_... ee MO) picines al Nay al SeO 20 OA ES SS ae eae eesene S7Archerssscneenees 524i) Jesso5boc foncailty .pses5be- May 7, 1880 20 GA Meese ae paras. 5; Onlhniee se aeeeeeaen etaHONE. | feo ted OW as sees May 7, 1880 20 EAD ve ser meriene - John Clayman...-.-.. PO OY ae ce er sae O fe se leer May 7, 1880 20 Roa Se ee See eee John §. Dallam ..-...-.- 5 UGE eerie Sadi scsstecc: May 7, 1880 20 AG eee Boe Sk P. Donnegan . |S Se ORC ere epee SSO asta May 7, 1880 20 Mey ielemeeeaiee mel ac en cis ‘| William S. Forward ..|....do ..--.---- weet) coenecas May 7, 1880 20 Sa leee pee see sliic as vs Alexander Fulford ...|..-.do -....-.--. SA SEO MS ASE May 10, 1880 20 SAO N anee ss 18820!" 8639" |2 05 -dOs.2- 22 \oscb ee. eles SOC Beat eter ea) GOW ema ya Jan. 27, 1881 50 950 | Jan. 30,1880 | 2666 | B. Howard ........... eRe se aia Bee hss Adee oe Jan. 30, 1880 20 P) Howard esses Re Ovens see Be GO! aah senses May 7, 1880 20 Andrew Katzmier ...|....do .-...--.. ee MOG ane eet May 10, 1880 20 Geo. Y. Maynadyer...|-. .do--.....- eet een Ae SAS May 7, 1880 20 William S.Richardson|....do .-....--- eee On eee eaeyer May 7, 1880 20 Ei. Stump ie seseeea ses Pee Ore atic = Seu acters May 7, 1880 20 “Alaeanger MEV Palfordiy=200)-.55 2-5-0 SLO a Sarat Nov. 2,1880 50 G. L. Van Bibber...-.. eins CL Oe fe Owe eee May 7, 1880 20 E.H. Webster . ---- MA OWRe eases EO OW natas Jan. 7,1880 20 William Gladden. . “Chrome Hill ..|.-..do .....---- Nov. 17, 1880 50 dO:-s=bo see eee Osa .-i2 senate) Sbogcene] Feb. 2, 1881 50 Andrew Reynolds -. ‘Forest Hill ...|... do ....----. Oct. 30, 1880 50 Rae: Lucker -24 Seco: |e GO) ee eee AU Oia osete Oct. 30, 1880 50 John Street ...--..-.- LOT Says eR ME eesti SBP eoobe Feb. 10, 1880 20 Charles T. Scarff ..--.. Pleasantville -|....do ..------- Dec. 10, 1879 20 BAC sae eae eet se BisceUYs pisee ee ne eft Oya Sai Dee. 24, 1880 150 Samuel G. Scarff .....|..-- dGssstecs ss ERY pees a eee Dee. 10, 1879 20 AS ME MO ny es secaeae SR UVLON, sam lsta == AO aise Feb. 10, 1880 20 pS OL scced seelecineies teens Ho Seer pre OOFnar same Noy. 10, 188( 40 Dr. R. HIMOr yaa ceers eae One are =a Be Op aten eteatats Nov. 10, 1879 20 E. Stanley Rodgers. -. tne oRbcie SOA e ier weeeaae May 6,1881 100 Harry Ashley .......-. Upper X-Roads} --.do ..-.----.- Mar. 19, 1881 50 Joseph Ashton...-.-..]---. dovson see: Be Ogee a cee Nov. 16, 1880 50 Joseph E. Ashton .-..|.-.. Gone see FB eeOOVe 2s atlas Jan. 15, 1881 150 St. Clear Ashtons: 74-225 Oe nee Ea Gee eae Mar. 19, 1881 50 St. Clair Baldwin -.--.]..- Costs tee ss ON OMa ese Nov. 16, 1880 50 William Baldwin...-.|.-.. ors eases. ES AQO' ss mine see Novy. 16, 1880 50 James D. Ball ....22..|:... oes nee re ee dO seen Nov. 17, 1879 20 200 = Senate ee tea | aes dOv eo tscnee hye tOrese = aah. Nov. 27, 1880 50 James Ball). fl aeslate Oh eaefeesemtel Wet dGues ss Asta Nov. 27, 1880 50 John B. Banister -..-.]..-. Woes ceca. Ye dO sees Dee. 24, 1880 100 Benjamin Dixon.-...-.|.-.. (ee ees UE AGu ode caeeie May 26,1881 50 Joseph Hayghe ..-..-.].... GOS. -2s)2 5: Se PAGO masewena's Nov. 13, 1879 20 tO Os aaw te melee eine meee (0 by cee eet ea Ors vaste Dec. 6, 1880 50 : Edward Lancaster ...|.... Goer hay Gove yrascins Jan. 15, 1881 150 eae cS See: SF Ea Willian Phillips eees|ss2-doe-+-.--4-| 25-00) 12. 5 2-. | reo tool 50 Se ote Aces eae Charles/T. Seamth reses less GO ns acca feaee GO) 2: 22 en DAC. TaaeLooD 150 W.A. Spencer. --.-....}.... MOvec aces ose De Ree Ce yie er ee Nov. 19, 1879 20 one a ESN See 2 a eee Joseph) Whittle) 222225 2.do 2-2....2.|2.--do-0. 8225 2.) Mar s19) 188 50 Elizabeth D. Keech ..| Clarksville -..| Howard .-..--- Apr. 15, 1881 50 ULES ee en Ree James Harban ..-...-- Darwen Pe eS Stee Ol tcteeaain o eie LOTS O 20 PRO SLE BU Wie teD: |e ODscscen sa aimee al ee ELON oie are fatal ere GO sean Nov. 10, 188¢€ 50 . 14,1879 | 2499 Marcus W. Brown.... “iniicoté City esis Ry ee il Nov. 14, 1879 20 . 29,1880} 3021 | John R: Clarke. ......].... GO S.U Seas oe Ojo souaniad Nov. 29, 1880 50 (DE SAep Pe eA ae heer We Ae Hammonds: 2 | bdo, See es edo Sse eh eye nas LOO 20 Bealls 1881| 8646 | D.C. Kefawver.......|..-. Gols ba aes Ble UR Bee Feb. 11, 1881 50 964 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §-c.—Continued. MARYLAND—Continued. | Serial num- ber. 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1114 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1068 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 APPLICATION FILED. LOCALITY. : Name. | Num. | 5 Date. | oral Post-oftice. May 11,1880} 1930 | J.D. McGuire......- Ellicott City -- Apr. 1,1881; 8649 | William A. Ridgely .| Glenwood...-. Soci Nov. 11,1880, 2747 | B. G. Cissel.....-.-.. ee cto: Soe 22 EA Se Re Begoccd) Senet Hopkins - CESEGO! ese nalll aes Meo 26 1681)| (8643.0 saeedomuen seen ese A200 preety ale d Nov. '3.1880| 2708 | W. Maarnieidn fielaiets “Elk Ridge '!)2@.do. 4222-62. | Landing. By ee eee \.2t Lc pMieprion i252) Dohestarce clk: dp eee setae BE ARs We eH ince os|) conn WaQuick ---.--|| Oakland MwMls)|-o 2700). ..2-esnn Nov. 12, 1880 | 2766 | John T. Roston.-..-- pict Briend-"le-2G0 8. .5-csen shi Apr. 9,1881| 8648 | John R. Brown....-. Wyaeetaere esis ee NAG ecoere.2 ae Nov. 12,1880} 2767 | Samuel E. Davis ..- |.-.-- (Geese sme ms Fa pees en Dec. 8,1880| 3037 | L.C. Justis, jr.-..-.-. Kennedyville -| Kent .......--. Nov. 19,1879} 2513 | Wm. W. McKnett...|....do .........}. a MO Vine see —)1881| 8876 | Samuel Casey ..-.-- a Nov. 11,1880 | 2749 | W.B. Harboard :.... Nov. 11,1880} 2748) J. W. Howard ..-..-.|. Cieduice ct acct lpereeters | George R. Parrott ...|.--. pe ee ere ee | ae | F. L. E. Fletcher----.| Be crane etal ea eae MWA Millers. soir BAe ONS AES eee heeena Bue Palmen-.cstecee Saat Nae ae ds James Parker.....-. ooo Oct. 25,1880! 2420 | William O. Sellman..| Barnesville ...!....do .... ---. Nov. 12,1880} 2769 | Leonidas Jones ..... Beallsville 3. -|- 22-00) eaceeee Nov. 12, 1880} 2770 | Willis O. Rhodes .-. 200 jo eeeeneel = SOO) S 0, | )Num- 3 Date. soo Post-ofiice. County. Date. | Siscees } i= 1535 | Dec. 2,1879| 2580 | Prospect Park....... Seale ee |; SINS Ae erin Dec. 2, 1879 20 1536 | Dee. y BPO!) 2580). 100. ween eee seers MOON: fastwees Be: Cs eee ees ar | Nov. 24, 1880 50 1537 | Nov. 26,1880 | 2894 Horace E. Stillman ..|....do ......-.. aero ar ae Nov. 26, 1880 20 ri) a fered: Hon. E. Merill -...-.- Lowville....-. Tiewih. aba Apr. 22, 1881 12 1539 | Noy. 29,1879 | 2574 | James Annin, gle bse Caledonia. .--. Liv ingston ---| Nov. 29, 1879 25 Uy) Bs es a | New Work Sitatell .\ido -.-.0.f-2 5 Petre aao re Dec. —,1879| 2 hatchery. 1541 | Mar. 12, | 1523 | Edward Cole .-...--. Conesus C’ntre|..-.do -.-...--. May 23, 1880 | 11 1542 Mar, 20,1880 | 1535 | M. O. Barker --....-- Nunda........ 00. 2-.ce=5 May 19,1880; 12 1543 | Feb. 20,1880} 1313 | Dr. M. B. Jarvis ..... Canastota ....| Madison ...... dan. 11, 1881 | 11 1544 | June 28,1880] 2130 | J.B. Miller...... we hve (Heer as se ASA esas ee | Oct. 29,1880 |.....- 1545 | Mar. 18, 1880} 1592 | Daniel Read..-.-...... ‘Hamilton - Det SAO KER us SASS May 21, 188) ll 1546 | Jan. 3,1880| 2639 | Seth Green...-..--.. Rochester ....| Monroe....--. |Jan. 3, 1880 | 25 fp47) |. Jan. 3,1880))'* 26a0Nl-e-GOuns i! Cea cece ee. do ariel tes 8,1880 | *330 1548 | Dee. 2,1880] 3180 | George Adams.....-. 2, 1880 20 1549 Nov. 14, 1879 969 | S. L. M. Barlow .----- : 7, 1880 10 1550 Nov. 15, 1879 73 | B. G. Blackford...... ; —,1879| *500 1551 , Noy. 17,1880| 2802 | Harris Bogert .......|.... 17, 1880 20 552 | Nov. 11,1880} 2740 | Dr. William Bowlby-|.-.. 11,1880} 20 Dec. 2,1880] 3176 | Henry Clair.... .... Hoe 2, 1880 20 Nov. 22,1880! 2870 | W. N. Clark. .....222 22, 1880 20 5 | Dee. 1,1879| 2578 | W. A. Conklin. ...... vows 1, 1879 15 Dec. 2,1880| 3175 | E.O.Goodwin....-...|..-. 2, 1880 20 Nov. 12,1880 | 2755 | E.P.Grout.......-... 3 12, 1880 | 2 Nov. 15,1880 | 2780 | F.C. Havemeyer .--. 15, 1880 20 July 19,1880 | 2176 | W. W. Holcombe..-.--). 29, 1880)| 220. Nov. 21, 1879 | 2532 | W.R.'T. Jones.......!- 21,1879! 6 May 5,1881| 4417 | J.E.M. Lordly -....-- 5 9, 1881 20 Nov. 9,1880| 2724 | George P. Ludlowet-.|.... 9, 1880 20 2918808 20 25,1880} 20 Nov. 22, 1879 990 | od. G.iMillers.. 252.22. 3 Noy. —, 1880} 2899 | New York Hospital . Nov. 6,1880| 2720 | L. W. Parker........ Fara eaet i Cn ere ere ae aeedG ceed ome Nov. 6,1880 20 Nov. 6,1880! 2720 GO sort aacimaceees feta OOieiawere sis 5.00.0 ..5.2023 (DeGnuowean 10 Nov. 26,1880 | 2893 | EB. B. Rogers......--. IeesnlO, <2 Steec. doe Ube coseme | Nov. 26, 1880 20 May 8,1880| 3038 | J.Rumal ...--...... Hen 0, agemccees eae y 8, 1880 10 Dec. —, 1880} 5215 | J. Ruppert wate BOLO atom ioe Pe - —, 1880) 20 Dee. 14,1880} 3218 | William Sait .......:|....do -......-. aoe ; 14, 1880 | 20 Nov. 1,1880| 2698 | William H. Sanford .|....do ......-.- FAx 1, 1880 | 5 Nowe 118800) 2608) | 4.002. -/ 2 Aaaecoe a yecae haginntcerte ices dOeems aa cicas Jan. 12) 1881 5 Nov. 22,1880 | 2868 W. H. Schieffelin . $52006 cow atickee SRO oe ccs cs Nov. 22, 1880 20 GW. CeOiln P2008 ie COOh ee ene ecinena MeO eat eee Se See a0 ce ceeneee| Dec. —, 1880 | 20 Nov. 3,1880| 2706 | E.B.Sutton...-..-.. SO suse ae 202-00 £.5..2---] NOV.. 3) 1880) meerem INO. OSI BOON SATO e200 tao ater ates mite Lie UOncare erelease Gwe eneee | Nov. 20,1880} {20 NO vee 3 L080) |) s2 000) eer Orcs. news ventana SAC OR came steels a Ge Boras Nov. 6,1880; {20 _ MG (8) LEROy O00 bree OD seme seta esis erate Save CLO Naxaptieie tara etal ilps ase ise | Dec. 6, 1880 $20 July 27,1880} 3260 James Van Brunt ...|....do .......--|..-- pee SSaeaes July 27, 1880! 10 OV eer ESO) eeO0nl sss OO): pate aiela ne ny OL SA. gis aia i Ree Jan. 10, 1881 | 10 Nov. 22,1879 | 2539 George KE. Ward..... 2 SEO attra ose Wty eee saee | Nov. 22, 1879 | 7 NOM Co Soll 2080 een sOOs sp ae cece. PLEO re.teteriess WOieetse ke 5 Dec. 10, 1880 | 20 Dec. 1,1880] 2885 Frederick WiGSBON 2s |SoendO tas ece eae suselO Rees cess Dec. 6, 1880 | 30 Mar. —,1881| 4305 Bre ety ei Ree Sari ih oe one | Mar. —, 1881 30 May 28,1880] 3040 | E. oi Wilbur ...--..- POO meee UMN Gincwec eee: May 28, 1880 10 Feb. 5,1880} 1173 | William H.S.Wood..|....do ......... 1) 3: Sop eeeee eee. Apr. —, 1880; 12 July 1,1880| 2135 | L.W. Bristol i . 9,1880 20 Apr. 19,1880 | 1731 | J.T. Watson§.. P Z . 10,1881 8 Oe TSI) dA Aine a Os seme cnos eee ee a) BY ir. 28, 1881 215 Pa ehh eal 2 =| ome Thomas W. Jones ... ‘ ate oul . 16, 1880 20 July 19,1880] 2177 | Burton G. Foster..-..| Vernon ...-.-..|.-- - 7,1880 20 Feb. 25, 1880 | 1356 | William Watson .--.| Whitestown . 12, 1880 11 Nov. 24,1880 | 2889 | BE. W. Woodward...:| Manlius ....-.. . 24, 1&80 20 Nov, 24: 19803|'s 2AbOuleo- G0. -: 52 c= serene 6 Pee seees areas kes . 7, 1880 10 Feb. 16,1880 | 1365 E. L.Van Dusen ..... “Geneva ..... Ontane. <..... May 18, 1880 12 Apr. 14,1880} 1714 | John Melvin ........ Shortsville....|....do......... May 30, 1880 11 Mar. —,1881| 4304 | Hon. Lewis Beach...| Cornwall ..... Orange ......-. Apr. 12, 1881 25 maint s Mattantoi aie eee Elias qicgey RMS oes Sper ameos Lie sGOiantecses.|'S OD. LO ose 50 Dec. —,1880| 5286 | S.S. Masses ......... Howell’s D’pot}....do ......... Dec. —, 1880 20 Dec. —, 1880} 5218 | W. T.Shaw ....>....| Middletown ../.. do-......... Dec. —, 1880 20 May 29,1880} 2014 | John C, Donaldson ..| Gilbertsville..| Otsego .....-.- Nov. 9, 1880 20 Nov. 22, 1879 | 2540 | James Harris ....... Pine Bush ....| Orange ..-...- Nov. 22, 1879 25 Apr. 5,1880] 1698 | J. T.Welton...-..... Schenevus ....| Otsego...-.... June 1, 1880 11 Apr. 5,1880| 2113 | Niram Vaughn ...... Worcester ....|.... OG@act cs se Nov. 26, 1880 20 y Nov. 16, 1880| 2783 | Edward F. Weeks...| Glen Cove ....| Queens .......| Nov. 16, 1880 20 Nov. 28, 1879 | 2569 | Peter C. Barnum ....} Hempstead ...|.... G6 eesti eas Nov. 25, 1879 15. * For distribution. Returns from Babylon, Suffolk County. {Superintendent New York Hospital. § Secretary Kirkland Fish Society. [31] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. 973 Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §c.—Continued. NEW YORK—Continued. E APPLICATION FILED. LOCALITY. DELIVERY OF CARP. = s Name. “i Num- Num- 8 | Date. | her Post-office. County Date hen: 1607 | Nov. 3, 1880} 2707 | William H. Bryant ..| Hempstead -- Nov. 3, 1880 20 1608 | Dec. —,1880| 5213 | John S. Darnell ...-. Jamaica ......|---- Dec. —, 1880 20 1609 | Dec. —, 1880} 5212 R.Van Allen........ cis COtas utesseleees Dec. —, 1880 20 1610 | Mar. 26,1880} 1529 | Charles T. perched Manhasset May 10, 1880 10 1611 | Nov. 21,1879 | 2534 | Thomas Clapham ...| Roslyn ...-... Novy. 21, 1879 50 Gib Now. 215 1879)|) 2534.2 -.do ie... s- 2202.5 ac Ie SARC Sea) Ke Feb. 18, 1881 20 1613 | Dec. 15,1880| 3221 | L. M.S. Moulton..-.-..|. SeNOO jesse eels Dee. 15, 1880 20 1614 | Feb. 7,1880| 1229} T.S. Valentine ......}. (00) seer eee Nov. 7, 1881 10 1615 | Nov. 12,1880) 2759 | O. D. Burtis .--....-- Sy OSSGU sence eee Novy. 12, 1880 20 1616 Nov.10,1880| 2729 | George L.Smith...... Whitestone. .-|.--. Nov. 10, 1880 20 1617 Dec. —,1880| 5238 | E. Browne..-.-....-- | Woodside....- ney Dec. —, 1880 20 1618 | July 30,1880} 2191 | Charles F. Erhard ...|....do ..-....... Noy. 4, 1880 20 1619 | Dec. —,1880| 5237 ; R. E. Steel.. : COLCA, Beta Dec. —, 1880 20 1620 ; May 4,1880|} 1772 | Walter A. Wood . Hoosick Falls.| Rensselaer. .-. May 14, 1880 10 1621 | Dec. —, 1880] 5210 | W. Flake.........--. -| Stapleton fees, Richmond ....} Dec. —, 1880 20 1622 July 1,1881) 5964 | Frank Endicott-....-. Richmond) {24S possesses, Dec. —, 1880 20 1623 | Nov. 11,1880] 2744 | Frederick Weissnor-|.-- do ...-..... edo renee Nov. 11, 1880 20 O24 NOVs -o. 1880!) 2428 )2. do ...--.--..2.-2 RO see alee dott: eee se | Nov. 9, 1880 20 1625 | Dec. —,1880| 5211 | Charles Vrunath ..- Rossville ..... ted Overs tae | Dee —, 1880 20 1626 | Noy. 13,1880 | 2771 | Frederick White. --. 30, 1880 20 1627 | Nov. 29;1880| 2895 | John F. Hamptman . kK . 29, 1880 20 1628 | Nov. 27,1879} 2562 | C. T. Pierson si . 27, 1879 12 1629 | Nov. 11, 1880 | 2739 | N.S. Rutter “ 7. 11, 1880 20 1630 | Mar. 3,1880| 1483 H.D.Grindle,M.D.. Ben Yov. 25, 1880 20 1631 | Nov. 5,1880) 2713 | Joseph W. Fowler...| Thiells ....-.. Meee Os es sceeties Nov. 5, 1880 20 1632 | Nov. 5,1880| 2713 ROMP eee, ote cline GOv acon et LI LG ee ie | Dec. 4, 1880 20 1683 Apr. 4,1880} 1647 A. W. Cutler ........ Morristown" .-}---2 | um : ‘ = iN um- E | Date | “ea Post-oflice. County. Date. har ihicily Mh gee ae Re P. W. Stoneback...-. Lilesville ...-. Anson ........ Dec. 13, 1880 | 40 1672 | Dec. 22,1879} 1022 | S.G. Worth ...-.-.--. Morgantown..| Burke .-..---.-. Jan. 7,1880! 200 1673 | Dec. 22,1879| 1022 |..-.do ...--.----..---.|---- doses PINON ee tecge —— —, 1879) 525 1674 Mar. 4,188! 1466 | C. McDonald ...--..- | Concord ...-.-. ‘Cabarrus ..... Noy. 19, 1880 20 UV (Ty pees re : .| Thomas L, Martin...; Harrisburg - mtLO fe soraer = aioe Feb. 23, 1881 | 20 1676 Apr. 12,1850| 1688 Jay B. Harris ---...- :| Springsville ..|- do. -..... Nov. 9,1880! 20 1677 | Apr. 12,1880| 1636 | R. L. Beall........... | Lenoir .....-.. Caldwell...... Nov. 9,1880)...-- 1678 | June 22,1880, 2093 | George N. Folk......|.-..do ..-...-.. G0). ce fee Dec. 9, 1880 20 1679 | Apr. 20,1880 | 1760 | J.A.Long.....-..--. | Yanceyville “Caswell......- Dec. 12,1880 | 20 1680 June 25,1878; 370 | J. H. Powell...--.-- | Catawba ...... ber ies aoe ee Nov. 9,1880}.-.--- 1681 | Jan. 4,1882| 8147 | E.O. Elliott ......... Sparkling Ca- |..-.do -.-...... — 1380 | jeans tawbaSp’gs. 1682- Mar. 30,1880, 1757 | W.H.G. Adney -..-. Pittsborough .| Chatham ..--. Nov. 9, 1880 | / 12a HUBS fa: 230s aegeediee PLEIN SUG ane ce 6 aay ' Flemington ... Columbus Dec. —,1880, 20 1684 Se pt. 13, 1880 | 2354 (AWC Caweon SESE ose Fayetteville ..| Cumberland ... Nov. 9, 1880 | 24 1685 May 15,1880} 1950 , Ira A. Fitzgerald..-.| Linwood ..-.. Davidson ...-. Noy. 9, 1880. 18 1686 Jan. 10,1880} 1037 | J. N. Charles -..-....| Jerusalem ....| Davie.... ....| Nov. 9,1880|.-... 1687 | May 20,1880} 1981 | Robert H. Ricks..--. Rocky Mount.| Edgecombe ..| Nov. 9, 1880 | 20 1688" | Jani 27 A880 wo7 ie Besty. sei. -iniae Winston ...--- Forsyth Jaap Nov. 9, 1880 | 20 1689 | Apr. —, 1881} 4201 | L. A. Thornburg.-.-.} Dallas .--.---- Gaston 25.-5- Apr. 26, 1881 20 1690 May 6,1880! 1904] A. L. Darden.....-- Contentnea...| Green .--...... Nov. 9, 1880 | 20 1691 | Mar. 9,1880| 1442 | John P. Leach....-- Littleton ....- Halitaxe 2) 2, Nov. ) 9; 1880iee ee 1692 | Mar. 15,1880} 1550 | Robert McLauchlan.| Flat Rock ....) Henderson....| Nov. 9, 1880 )...... 1693) |S eee ee ee els eC al hh eee | Hendersonv'le dole sere Dec. 26, 1880 30 1694 | June 4,1880) 2046 | P. C. Carlton -...--. Statesville - Iredell .......- Nov. 9, 1880 30 1695 | Jan. 7,1880| 1029 | W. A. Eliason....-.. yet Oker Gees Tfdom seen sae Nov. 9, 1880]...... 1696 | Dec. —, 1880} 5190 | H. Holder.----.. --. Harper’ Busha Johnston ...-. Dec. —, 1880 18 1697 | Dec. —, 1880} 5189 | B.C.Cobb....--..... Lincolnton.-...) Lincoln .......- Dec. —, 1880 18 1698 | Mar. 22,1880} 1569 | V. A. McBee.--..-.-.| Coy we aE Hoc Hee foes Dec. 2,1880 20 1699 | Feb. 4,1880| 1234 | C. W. Alexander.... Charlotte Paras -Mecklenburgh Dec. 3, 1880 20 1700 | Dec. —,1880|} 5193 | Walter Brier.--...--. BOs (eae ae 2 HOO) ess aceee Dec. —, 1880 18 1701 | Dec. —, 1880} 5195 | Frank Coxe ......... Pe cOOet Saeed ceeedO eeteccies Dec. —, 1880 18 1702 Sept. 10,1879} 919 | John R. Erwin..-.--- Bs SOO eee niak pas 200) asses Nov. 9,1880|...... 1703 | Feb. 17,1880| 1304 | W. W. Green --...--.- eA O) cs ecaee ol 2100) e2assaiee Nov. 9,1880}...... 1704 | Dec. 18,1880} 5191 | W. W. Grier..-...-- eu 20 1705 | Jan. 29,1880} 1221 | S. M. Howell ..-...--- iy | 20 1706 | Sept. 29,1879} 912 | Dr. C. N. Hutchinson|....do .-...-..-|.---do ...-.....| Nov. 9, 1880 |.....- 1707 | Feb. 17,1880} 13880 coe McLaughlin.}.... 20 1708 | Jan. 20,1880} 1139 | D. G. Maxwell ..--.. |.---do .......--|.--.do ......-..| Nov. 9, 1880 |...... 1709 | Dec. 18,1880} 5192 W. T. Wilkinson.... g 18 1710 | Jan. 29,1880} 1228 | W.S. Tomlinson .-..| Bush Hill. --.- Hertdal aie: yates Nov. 9,1880| .... 1711 | May 13,1880} 1868 | David Farlow .--.--- evel (Plame. |i. 2.0022 --..5- Nov. 9,1880 20 1712 | May 24,1880} 2002 | Joseph Marsh..-....- Leaksville ....) Rockingham ..| Nov. 9,1880 ...... TTS eee ...| Samuel H. Hand .--.| Reidsville .-...|.... Oe ace Mar. 7, 1881 20 1714 | Feb. —, 1881) 3589) N. Ware ..-......... 2 Ot pastelen|ectes Oye oaeee = Feb. 23, 1881 20 1715 | Mar. 12,1880} 1444 | R. S. Bethel ....--... Di hrineaae ee (hese teen Seem Nov. 9, 1880 '....!- 1716 | Apr. 29,1880) 1773 | T. L. Rawley -.----- (ieee 2ee- eA COW ree Now. | 9) 1880" 5a88 1717 | Dec. 3,1880,) 2466 | W. L. Kistler -...-... “Bear Poplar. - Bowen Seat eho — —,1880 ...... 1718 | May 5,1880} 1835 | David Barringer - ---| Salisbury .--.-..-.do ........- Noy. —, 1880 ...... 1719 | J aie 5,1880| 2149 | A.B. Long .....-. Brittain ...... | iutherford Nov. 9, 1880}..2... 1720 | July 5,1880| 2150 | W.S. Guthrie ....... Rutherfordton | pai lie “EAs ee Nov. .9,1880)|22.5e— 1721 | Dec. 7,1880| 3068 | E.McArthur........ SOO erent anion tae 5 1722 | July 27,1880} 2229 | James B. Morris ....|....do ..-.--...|..-.d0 -........| Nov. 9, 1880/...... 1723 | Mar. 3, 1879 705.) D. N; Dalton: -¢-~-- ‘Dalton cae 1724 | Mar. 6,1880| 1474 | M.R.Banner....-... Walnut Cove -.|..-.d 20. 1725 | Mar. —, 1880} 1490} Abram G. Jones --...|....do ..--..... a 20 1726.) Heb; 101880" is20 |W. A. Lash. ico doe Je eee ale ; 20 1727 | May 1,1880| 1865 | Thomas M. Brower. . “Mount Ainy: | Surpysss-ces-- Nov. 9,1880|...... 1728 | Apr. 23,1880) 1758 | Dr. Thomas H. Avera) Eagle Rock ...| Wake...-.....-. Nov. 9, 1880|...... 1729 | Jan. 17, i878 172.|\ Wi C..kerm: 2252 ce aleigh .....|. aeeO Ole heen Zul n Nov. 9, 1880 [222.2 1730 | Apr. 12,1880! 1733 | W. K. Hunter. -..--- Rolesville..... PAO) Anas tetee May 5, 1881 20° a WE) ley We cae | es es C. A. Barringer ..... Springfield ...| Wilkes ....... Feb. 25, 1881 20 1782 | Sept. 29,1879} 913 | Col. L. L. Polk....-. Raleigh ....... Wake:.--..... Nov. 9,1880|...... OHLO. | 1733 | June 14,1880 | 2076 | G. D. Lathrop......-. Armstrong ..-| Allen -~....... Nov. 17, 1880 16 1734 | Apr. 5,1880| 1713 | J. A. Myers......... McKay ...-.-. Ashland ...... ‘Oct. 30,1880| 20 1735 | May 24,1880| 2004 | Dr. Geo. Weedman .; Nova ....-..---]---. OG sere Nov. 1, 1880 15. 1736 | Mar. 5,1880} 1479 | J. V. Brown .....--- onneaut ...-- Ashtabula .... Nov. 9, 1880 15 1737 | Apr. 29,1851 | 4084 | Dan. A. Grosvenor..; Athens ....... Hens iz) 525.10 _ Apr. 30, 1881 20 1738 | Apr. 27,1881 | 4085 | R. BE. Hamblin ....../.... 7 aa ANS aN REEF TE CA =-. Apr. 30,1881] 20 TSO ck state che eee lesewoe CG. Mii Moliean) sso Sl Es aOrtce eens oe Ci (a Ra SS ee | Apr. 30,1881 30. a [33] Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §-c.—Continued. DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. OH1I0O—Continued. 975 g APPLICATION FILED. | LOCALITY. | DELIVERY OF CARP. 25 | | Name. 3 Date. oe | Post-office. County. | Date. piel 1740 | May —,1881| 4399 | C. M. McLean .....-- Athens -..---- Athens ---..--.- Apr. 13, 1881 30 1741 | May 7,1881| 4499 | R. H. Stewart-..-.....|. a Onl SOO igo ske May 16, 1881 20 TAN eon coe a |-----.-| ©. Stinach ....-..-:. : he shecmise ele OGe scent May 16, 1880 40 1743 | June 3,1880| 2045 James F. Wood .....| Chase. .-..--.- ..do u Woy. 16, 1880 |.....- 1744 | Mar. 31,1880} 1556 | P. G. Evans....--.-.-. | Hebtadsvie. =v .Sa522~2 Apr. —, 1881 ].-...-- 1745 | May 20,1880 | 1975 | Edwin A. Brown. - OG oe ois 25 was doje soso. Nov. 16, 1880 |...... 1746 | Apr. 19,1880 | 1877 | Peter Sears..-.--.--- Barnesville. -..| Belmont ....--. Nov. 16, 1880 |..--..- 1747 | July 19,1880} 2178 | Isaac N. Vail........|..-- Ci Co een es aed ee SOLO ASO) |e sce 1748 |, Mar. 3,1880) 1873 | Thomas W. Gordon .| “Georgetown - -1651880)||.6 22. 1749 | Jan. 24,1880 | 1153 | M. M. Murphy .-.... | Ri ley LORLSSO) |i tates 1750 | Apr. 6,1880| 1665 | Andrew Phillips .-..| Kilgore . 9, 1880 Bly 1751 | Feb. 13,1880} 1388 | Albert Stevenson . Wrhanaee-a ss: Chatipaign 2.4) Now, 196, 1880525. - 1752 | Apr. 24,1880} 1857 | B. B. Scarff.......... New Carlisle..| Clark ......... Nov. 16, 1880 |...... 1753 | Nov. 1,1880| 2425 | C.S. Forgy--.....-.- eyed Oret SoS Jie Hdo see Nov. 16, 1880 |...--- 1754 | Apr. 6,1880| 1624 | Kemp Gaines..--.-..- ‘Springfield - Si (Ae en a Nov. 29, 1880 20 1755 | Dee. 14,1880} 5063 | William T. Keller...) Miamiville-. Clermont ..... Dec. 15, 1880 25. 1756 | Mar. 12,1880} 1461 | Samuel A. West .--.| Milford - .-..-. does eee ae Nov. 16; 1880)|-<- 5. 1757 | Feb. 19,1880! 1300 | W.G. Fenwick -.--.| Moscow .....- Se eee Nov. 16, 1880 }...... 1758 | Oct. 12,1880} 2399 | J. W. Ballard ---.--.. New Burling’n “Clinton ...._.. Nov. 16, 1880 |...--- 1759 | Dec. 1,1880)} 3064 | Leo Weltz.-...-.--.--. Wilmington . eee Os eee ek Oct. 14, 1880 20 1760 | May 30,1880! 1862 | S. O. Hawkins..-...- BU CRA ee. ee Columbiana..-.| Oct. 30, 1880 20 1761 | May 30,1880; 1862 |.-.... COee Si ste On says etl is Sy dose ne Jan. 13,1881 ity 1762 | July 1,1880} 2138 | Andy Lindsay......-. “Columbiana... BAC Cayo sree Oct: 30, 18801... ...5 1763 | Feb. 28,1880; 1374 | John J. Oehrle...... Leetonia.-.-...|- 22300) aesa ese Oct. 30,1880 |....-- 1764 | Mar. 10,1880} 1459 | Geo. W. Armstrong .| New Lisbon -.-|..-.do ......... Nov. 11, 1880 15 1765 | Apr. 14,1880} 1641 | B. F. Miller .-....... HAO Years Sel 6:00". sce Oct. 30, 1880 |..---- 1766 | May 1,1880| 1858 | Charles Gamble...-.. SHG elders ee |2 22-0 siaeaaeee Jan. 1,1881 14 1767 | May 31,1880| 2025 | Samuel Gamble .....|---- UG enoosca =e ja =eedOhs.seyeees Novy. 10, 1880 14 1768 | May 1,1880| 1859 | Timothy Gee.....-..|.--. Gores eee eee Ok ee see Jan. 12,1881 15 1769 | May 12,1880} 1939 | Rush Ta cant REE sdors-2 2 eee GOSS ES Nov. 11, 1880 }.----. 1770 | Jan. 6,1880| 1099 | W.¥. Fisher ...----. Galion PEE ee Crawford ..... Oct. 30, 1880 |..-.-- 1771 | Jan. 10,1880) 1128 nar Theodotus Gar- | Bedford....... Cuyahoga..... Noy. 4,1880 15 ick. 1772 | May 13,1880| 1943 | J. J. Stranaham..... Chagrin Falls_|....do ...-=--.- Noy. 6, 1880 15. 1773 | Dec. 29,1879 | 1027 | Dr. T. Garlick ...... Cleveland. .... 33200, J. aesbes — —,1880].....- 1774 | Dec. 28,1881} 1985 | W.J.Gordon...--.-..|.- S200". 2s 22.00 Sseccee. 5) NOowe4e80 15. 1775 | Apr. 5,1880| 1682 | H.C. Herron..-...-... BRE (ee eel (ee A500! es cehiepes Noy. 4, 1880 15 1776 | June 1,1880] 2035 | J. W. Kinney .-.----.|- 200625522525 WidO eek Se = Oct. 30,1880 |..--.-- 1777 | Apr. 29,1880] 1861 | Jacob Loesch ..-.....|---. doves eee sale -sedovs nese. ee. Nov. 2, 1880 15 1778 | July 20,1880 | 2180 | Charles Paine .....-..|. Sedo; ea skdoe aes Noy. 9, 1880 16 1779 | June 30,1880} 2226 | J. H. Salisbury -.-..].-.-. dose EROOW se aaa Nov. 14, 1880 15 1780 | May 10,1880] 1926 | J.C. Schenck, M.D.|....do ......-- Es. Senscaees Nov. 4, 1880 15 1781 | Nov. 1,1880} 2701 | Dr. EK. Sterling ......|.-.. 0: 22cs0ah25 Sead oma Nov. 1,1880 | 1, 200 1782 | May 11,—— | 1931 | H. R. Pardee........ Strongsville ..|....do ......... Noy. 10, 1880 15. 1783 | Mar. 22,1880} 1532 | George H. Smith .--..|... do - JSS OOM Sees | Oct. 30, 1880 |..-.-- 1784 | May 20,1880} 1982 | William H. Stevens.-|} Constantia ...| Delaware -.... Nov. 16; 1880 |.-.---- 1785 | Feb. 13,1880} 1137 | Fred’k P. Vergon....| Delaware --.-. ==4-00) 2 a52e = <4) Nove 16,1880) | 2-5-0 1786 | Jan. 24,1880} 1092 | Gustin Havens....- Lewis Centre_\.--- do -----| Dec. 20, 1880 20 1787 | Apr. 24,1880} 1856 | Solomon Boger...-..--- Norton)=/.2s2 Gore ee soc8 2 Dee. 6, 1880 20 1788 | Feb. 25,1880} 1030 | C.A. Hedges pec Lancaster. - --- ‘Fairfield .....- Nov. 16, 1880 }.----- 1789 | Mar. 5,1880| 1033 | W. H. Strode ........ Ai Ci epeeete al ene UE eh Ce ae Jans, 19. 18ST esses 1790 | Jan. 14,1880} 1034 | John A. Jacobs...... “Lockville.....|.--. MOVs so ae Jan. 11, 188))|..---. 1791 | Mar. 31,1880} 1601 | E. J. Blount-..-...-.. Columbus..... Franklin...... Nov. 16, ISSO \pscasee 1792 | Feb. 23,1880} 1390 | J. L.Stelzig -. -..--.].--. AO Aske ete ees MO ee hes Dee. 17, 1880 20 1793 | May 1,1880| 1893) C. H. Davis ......-.--. Dubline= sees hes CO) Sees. Novy. 16, TE8O! sess 1794 | Apr. 23,1880] 17983! P. G. Thompson..... Gallipolis ----.. Gallia eed: Nov. 16, 1880 |.----- 1795 | Apr. 23, 1880 798 | R. P. Thompson...-.|.- 200) 2-320 oe sehen i eS aes ae Nov. 16, 1880 |..---- 1796 | July 8,1880| 2157 | Henry C. Tuttle..... Burton........ Geauga ......- Nov. 6, 1880 15 1797 | Jan. 19,1880} 1115 | M. R. Parsons....... @hardoneeste: |e d0ls2.0-52 22 Oct. 30, ISSO esse 1798 | Nov. 6,1880| 2717 | M. R.Sasson.-....... Th eee eee Core Se Nov. 6, 1880 15 1799 | Jan. 15,1880} 1204 | A. G. Kent.-.... seine “Geauga Lake Spel NOS eos Oct. 30, BEST setae 1800 | Sept. 21,1880] 2364 | John Schantz.-.-..... Zimmerman ..| Greene ..-..--- Nov. 16, 1880 |..-.--- TSP} Novet8; 1880), 2815, || RR. B. Bowlen 2 c22-|-ee-e-- pees. ee Hamilton ..-.-..| Nov. 18, 1880 20 1802 | Dec. 15,1880} 5075 | Charles Agetz-......| Cincinnati ....|.--. dorss ess: Dec. 15,1880 20 1803 | Mar. 5, 1879 691 | H. B. Banning -...... OO aes sen bts. COs sas Oct. 31,1879 39 1804 | Oct. 31,1879} 2481 | Cincinnati Ice Co.--.|.--. GOe eedesesloace CO e seca Oct. 31,1879 16. 1805 | Dec. 2, 1878 532 Garits Colton!s-Ses2e 6-2 CO eeees: als MO cress -—— —1879 16 1806 | Dec. 2, 1878 582) 3 200) 2 ec). eee eee Gout tes: Gobsstsases Dec. —, 1880 20 1807 | June 20, 1879 812 ames Callens Se 23a =: — 1879 16 1808 | June 20, 1879 812 st 2, np Leas occ e. . —, 1880 20 1809 | Dee. 15, 1880 | 5073 William Ps Devonts..|. 2-8 . 15, 1880 20 TSK) oS ee ey es Susan Gest acess sapen6% . 15, 1880 10 1811 | Dec. 15,1880| 5072 | L. H. Keissling......|. . 15, 1880 20 1812 | Jan. 24,1880) 1152 | Herbert Knight ...-..|..-. . 16,1880 ]}..-.. 1813 | Dec. 15,1880 | 5074 | James Morgan.......|..-. . 15,1880 20 NY DEC a | ee OPM ertises esses scale as . 20, 1880 20° 976 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34] Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §-c.—Continued. OHIO—Continued. g B APPLICATION FILED. LOCALITY. DELIVERY OF CARP. as | a Name. ae j Num- Num- 3 Date. ree Post-office. County. Date hein: 1815 | Nov. 18,1880| 2688 | Hugo Mulertt.......| Cincinnati..-.| Hamilton ...-. Dec. —, 1880 500 1816 | Jan. 12,1880| 1026 Theodore Sengstak ..|...- doznaizees peke@oyescteeaee Dee. 11, 1880 20 1817 | Jan. 8, 1879 527 | Adolph Strauch .....|.... dO casa cecelnees @0)4.2ee cscs Oct. 31, 1879 17 1818 | Nov. 18,1880} 2812 | Frank J. Thompson .|....do ......... met (1 ae ae Nov. 18,1880} 1600 1819 | Aug. 20,1881 | 5674 | Casimir Werk...-.-.|.-.. 00). o ceece| eee don 2 See Dee. 15, 1880 20 1820 | Dec. 12,1880 | 3072 Cine ae Work-y (endo) sie. 5-2|eene 0. ae Jan. 12,1881 20 ouse. 1821 | Dec. 14,1880} 5064 | Isaac M. Wise...-.-- Collere\ Hale 22 e2do.hotaeeee Dee. 15, 1880 25 1822 | Dec. 14,1880} 5065 | Augustus Muth..-... Mt. Healthy ..|....do ...-..-.. Dec. 15, 1880 25 1823 | Dec. 14,1880} 5066 Henry W.C. Muth. . do sce aeee Gots se ses Dec. 15, 1880 25 EA ei Siete cael cee pee are ee Henry Bachman..... Mt. Washing- |....do ......... Dec. 15 1880 20 ton. 1825 | Dec. 14,1880} 5069 | R. H. Andrews ...... Wyoming... ect og Sey Dec. 15,1880, 20 1826 | Mar. 1,1880| 1493 | Charles Senseman. -- Tippecanoe « “Harrison. ...-. Dec. 3, 1880 20 1827 | May 10,1880) 1917 | John B. Brown ...... Nashville .....| Holmes -.....-. Nov. 18, 1880 15 1828 | Feb. 3,1880) 1194} A. R. Leggett........}....do --......-|--- HdOv eeeeee Dec. 24, 1880 |.-.--. 1829 | Mar. 15,1880} 1575 eee 1 teh a eae ict Chicago..-.-.-- uronic ee as « Nov. 4, 1880! 8 1830) | Mar. 16; 1880) A 57on eG 0 ce oe eee ese oe Gos te testes Gi (ij a ee es Nov. 5, 1880 15 1831 | Mar. 15,1880} 15753 Dr. D. Hi Voun es - serena Cis Sars tap ony Scat CL Sen sase te Nov. 4, 1880 Sih 1832) | (far 1S Aes On Oe 1S 7oal_ e eoes la. Ges cacenseleuee G0) 62525. 02ieaee Golieesselse] Nov. 5,1880 15 1833 | Mar. 1,1880| 1307 C.H. Eloy ts beements Norwalk .-.---|2.-- G02; eee Oct. 30, 1880|.-..-- 1834 | Sept. 6,1881| 23847 | Alfred Bascom .-.... Stenben-.--.-. Aes Oi = 2h wears Nov. 4, 1880 15 1835 | Feb. 9,1880] 1363 | T. F. Van Voorhis.--.| Bladensburg ..-| Knox .......-.- Oct. 31,1880 }..-:.- 1836 | May 20,1880] 1984 | Frank H. Withington) Kirtland -...--. aket.-2-52. Nov. 10, 1880 15 1837 | Oct. 21,1881} 6873 | J. H. Hart.-....-._.. Mentor -.----- AON a= ee ee May 9,1881 20 1838 | July 9,1880} 2158 | W.M.Cunningham..| Newark ...... “Licking u slewcles Nov. 16, 1880 |.----. 1839 | Sept. 7, 1878 440 | BE. W. Metcalfe...... Blyriay ccs 22 -+2 Lorain ........ Oct. 30,1880 }.--- 1840 | Apr. 5,——]| 1632 | De Gras Thomas....| Rochester De- |.--.do -...---.- Oct. 380, 1880)}.-.-.. ot. 1841 | May 20,1880} 1978 | C. W. Horr ....-...... Wellington 4 elle 8, 1880 15 1842 | Feb. 7,1880| 1340] E. D. Potter......-.-. Molede).. see 8, 1880 750 1843 | Feb. 18,1881] 3641 | Newton N. Reese.-.-.| Le Roy -----.- y —, 1881 |.----. 1844 | May 24,—| 1998 | William F. Boyer....| Wadsworth... . 380, 1880 }.---.. 1845 |Jan. 5,1880], 1101 | A. L. Carman........). doy ekelensnigee! ip 30, 1880"). cee 1846 | Sept. 13,1880] 2356 | James R. Morrell..-.. Litchfield.....|.... 4, 1880 15 1847 | July 3,1879 823 | Charles Le Blond.-..| Celina ..--.:-.- 4, 1880 |.-.--. 1848 | Jan. 14,1880} 1121 | D.M.Connaughey...| Tippecanoe . 16, L880) Paces ity. 1849 | Jan. 25,1881] 3439 | Samuel Wampler.-.-.| Dayton ....... Montgomery ..| Dec. 14, 1881 30 1850 | Aug. 30,1880} 2288 | W.E. Logan......... Andrews...... Morrow .-.--- Dec. 4, 1880 20 1851 | Mar. 1,1880| 1464 | B. V. Moore.......-. Rix’s Mills. ... Apert pieces --| Nov. 16, 1880 |.----. 1852 | Feb. 29,1889} 1393 | Wm.Sunderland ....| Zanesville - =2':G0l..5 2220+) NOV. T648B0ieaeeee 1853 | Feb. 14,1880) 1285 | Henry Brown ....--. Piketon....... Pikeieks2 tieoc Noy. 16, 1880 |.----- 1854 | Mar. 3,1880| 1290 | R.P.Cannon .-.....-. AMTOPA, .o5ecc.- Portage..--..- Nov. 4, 1880 15 1855 | Apr. 12,1880} 1740] R. M. Risk .......... Brimfield -...-1.... MOM r eee es Jan. 10,1881 15 1856 | Sept. 20,1880! 5416 | William Moore...-... Camden....-..-. Preble .....-.. Nov. 16, 1880 |------ ASOT NOW Oye SSO): 2800 | eden sce scaceer Seale 200 eens Sealed nk ewes Nov. 20, 1880 20 1658 | Dec. 14,1880} 5068 John CG. Entrekin ...| Chillicothe....| Ross .-...----- Dec. 15, 1880 20 1859 | Dec. 14,1880} 5061 | Ingham Mills & Co. PAO esac ase OOo. ko Dec. 15, 1880 20 1860 | June 30, 1879 828 | Louis Leppelman.... Tremont ...... Sandusky..... Nov. 4, 1879 16 1861 | Jan. 25,1880] 1185 nT Ward: .o.2 2. Portsmouth...| Scioto .....---. May —, 1881 |.----.- 1862 | May 8,1880] 1821 | Horace Huber....... Tifin) |. ease Seneca........ Noy. 23, 1880 16 1863 | May 29,1880] 2018 | D. M. Slusser & Son.| Louisville ....| Stark ......-.. Jan. 10,1881 |..---- 1864 | Feb. 12,1880} 1280 | Samuel P. Bachtel... Gee Bldgs sesdOmniees ce Nov. 10, 1880 15 ville. 1865 | Mar. 8,1880|] 1448 | James Bayliss, sr---. Massilicn a arse OU cean ise Jan. 10,1881 15 1866 | May 22,1880) 1995 | Arvine C. Wales . Meo Stl acetate Oct. 30, 1880 }.....- 1867 | June 15,1880} 2078 | J. F. Buck..-........ Mt. Dillon ee bce 3b) ae eee Nov. 4, 1880 15 1868 | Apr. 10,1880] 1638 | T. W. McCue....--..- 1s sea Disiwas| Joe Oye. TOON eens Dec. 2, 1879 70 2206-| May 18,1880; 1963 | Ed. Steves ...--...-.|. adit ee ree allt SMG Ot Naeneeics Dec. 4,1880]...... 2207 | May 19,1879| 761 | Hon.C. Upson......- anni onoesacodl|s ate OND) Fee isi Dec. 4,1880]...... SAUCE eee reer ea [-1\2|= ac 3. R. K. Chatham ...... BS PV AT sere facie Brazos-- 2.2. -- Dec. 15, 1880 20 POUOM eens abi Nacrsns| asics ss J.S. Gawlkes........ Poe COn a= seaseoelh Ssh pasemelss Dee. 15, 1880 20 2210 | Dec. 14,1880] 5052 | Charles J. Davis ....|....do ......-..]- SAIGON se ececu 2 Dec. 15, 1880 20 2211\| Dee. 15,1880}. 5049 | S.C. Echols ........- eC Oys2 eee |e HO! sie eaaine Dec. 15, 1880 20 2212 | Dec. 15,1880| 5048 | John Humes ........ ‘College Station) ..-.do ........: Dee. 15, 1880 20 2213 | Apr. 13,1880] 1644 | Charles Clark ....... Hookerville .. Burleson....-- Dec. 4,1880]....-.- 2214 | Dec. 17,1880} 5019 | W.F. Blount ........ Lockhart ..... Caldwell...... Dee. 17, 1880 20 2215 | Dec. 17,1880} 5018 | L.J.Storey.......... SSOP Soa se aailise Be On tos se tee = Dec. 17, 1880 20 2216 | June 29,1880| 2131 | John L. Felder,M. D. ‘Leesburg . Se =2| Camp eae ccs | Jan. 13, 1881 15 PPA IN Se eae ieee ae E. C. Dickinson...... | Ske’ ase ae Cherokee .-..- | Feb. 9, 1881 15 2218 | May 3,1881| 4384 | James P. Gibson -.-..|....do .....-...|- BTA s fee May —,1881)...... 2219 | Nov.°27,1879| 2566 | R.D. Armond ....... .| MeKinney.. Coline eens Nov. 27) 1879 54 2220 | Feb. 26, 1878 194 | Isaac F. Graves ..... : — —,1879 18 2221 | Jan. 17, 1878 170 | Hon. J. R. Throck- |. —_ = 1879 18 morton. 2222 | Feb. 15, 1879 635 | George White....... wie Nov. 27, 1879 18 2223 |Sept. 8,1880| 2371 | T.J. Finley ..-...... Dec: £47880) |2 25 22. (RPA RI es nes HP Potbartec..caene- Dec. 17, 1880 20 2225 | May 31,1880} 2023 | Frantz Coreth....... Dees /i4: F880 ee 2220 iene ow eae ete. | Samuel J. Adams... Nov. 28, 1880 19 2227 | Feb. 15, 1879 G37 222s. ee nei aoeiaelele i Nov. 23, 1879 80 2228 | Feb. 15, 1879 637 |). Sec OW tees eae) Nov. 28, 1879 19 2230 | Aug. 30,1880 | 2237 Walter Carothye. 2): Dec. 20, 1880 35 2231 | Aug. 30,1880} 2236 | Wiiliam Caruth.....|. Dec. 20,1880 2232 |.Sept. 17,1880 | 2359 | W.C. Connor LOoStC Sees Dec. 12,1880 380 2233 | Feb. 18, 1878 18971) dis: Wit oe she aes | iae Nov. 28, 1879 16 2235 | Nov. 28,1879| 2572 |.-..... Gt aby per eae ener Nov. 28, 1879 16 2236 | Dec. 14,1880} 5059 | John Thurman......|.... Dec. 15, 1880 20 SUNT era aes ei | Sein ies J.C. Michener..-.... Dec. 20,1880 20 2238 | Mar. 1, 1880 | 1824 |...... OO st cracieceeeces| soe Dec. 4,1880|...... * Also Number 552. 982 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [40] Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §-c.—Continued. TEXAS—Continued. DELIVERY OF CARP. E APPLICATION FILED. | LOCALITY. Ae = as Name. rhea Num. | Post-ofti Count. é Date. ber. | ost-oflice. ounty. 2239 | Apr. 6,1880;} 1614 | D.R. Long .......... | Denton 2240 | Oct. 23,1880} 2442 | John C. Riddle ...-... Pilot Point 2241 | Sept. 25,1880} 2378 | T. B. Chalmers .....- WODNIS I-27 peer 2242 | Sept. 25,1880! 2377 | B. Gatewood .-.-....-|.... Coe sees hel oad 2243 | Nov: 20,1880) 3050 | George H. Hogan....|....do ...-.....|. 2244 | July 9,1880; 2107 | J. P. Hotchkiss...... paoQO aaneahetuleved 2245 | Sept. 25,1880| 2376 | M. Latimer.-.........|.... (i boy et Se ee 2246 | Sept. 25,1880] 2375 | M. H. Oliver......... cpa UPA SS saqn nse. 2247 | Dec. 11,1880} 3216 | A. H. Rowe.......... Pe Oeee eae ieee 2248 | Nov. 26,1879] 2557 | Jer. Q.Sheumith .... | Bonham 2249 | Apr. 2,1879| 722 | Francis O’Keefe..... Honey Grove : 2250 | Feb. 26, 1878 191 | Patrick O’Keefe ....)... do......... uy; 2251 | Jan. —, 1877 41 | Albert Modlen ...... Orangeville .. a | PPS 200 tees hee 2252 | Nov. 26,1879] 2559 | Alfred Medloe .....- Richlandville .|....do . bi 2258 | Dec. 17,1880| 5025 | C. Faellner .......... High Hill..... Fayette......- 2254 | July 6,1880, 2152 | Christian~teinmann.| Swiss Alp lies OO ueae uk event 2255 | June 17,1880} 2084 | C. Abendroth ....... t ¥obulenburgh Fert) clos deme 2256 | June 15,1880] 2079 | William Hahuke....|....do ........-|- CLI dot chee 2257 | May 21,1880} 1987 | G. Hillje .........-.--|. hg ee rg al Sid owe eee 2258 | June 15,1880} 2080 | J. Mernitz...........|.... Cee Nae ee! le stl eee Soe 2259 | May-21,1880| 1990 | W.T. Upton .....--. doreres-oe. SOO! sc inclete sc 2260 | Sept. 13,1880] 2162 | G. W. Everett ....-.- Cotton Gin.. ‘Freestone .- 2261 | Sept. 13,1880} 21623] G. W. Ingram ....:..|. HELO Pacetenen| aes dol-2:5 2222 2262 | Sept. 13,1880} 21623) R. T. Kennedy piece es Eric eh CARs eee sf Osta = fee 2263 | Dec. 15,1880} 5046 | Job Sangbetham .--..|... do ..-......|-. SMO eae cee 2264 | Dec. 15,1880} 5047 | Thomas Longbotham Wortham.....|.. iO: s soos 2265 | June —,1880| 2120 | M.S. Finch, sr....... Se One eee cele BHO) vee ohms 2206) pee cen te eneee hace M.S. Finch... = {dO: Be uuee HO, 1522 eee 2267 | July 8,1880|° 2155 | J.P. Lee ....-...-..-|.. e d0rsteatoe: GOI. seus 2268 | July 8, 1880} 2156 | Lewis H. Lee........ S700 mimiees salt Sts (Ons = ects 2269 | July 2, 1880| 2139 | F.G.Snapp .....--.-]. SAOwiaee ees. do) <5. seed 2270 | J ae 14,1880} 2168 | H. M. Ramsay ....-.- Leesville... “Gonzales ..... Vf DA WAS py ART eR et Is SirAnCo0Keescs. case Denison City -| Grayson .....- 2272 May —,1881| 4649 | M..T. Brackett ...... Sherman......]. Becil Weer sei PPA (hl eee el eee es MiSs Relgimvsene eee. [anes [AS cepuOO ere eee 2274 | Nov. 26,1879| 2560 | F.G. Stratton .......].... do 2275 | Apr. 2, 1878 211 | Dr. George Stratton .|... do 2276 | Sept. 15,1880} 2372 | Mrs. M. A. Wallace.. do 2277 | May 7,1880| 1913 | J.P. Stanfielil...... Whitesboro’h 2278 | June 15,1880] 2082 | A. H. Wilkins.......].. -.do 2279 | Sept. 29,1881} 6476 |. O63 ee hee -.do 2280 | Dec. 15,1880] 5032 L.P. Barton.......- Housten 2281 | Dec. 17,1880} 5028 | R. M. Bridges ...-.... Aa ks) 2282 | Dec. 15,1881| 50384 | J. F. Crosby el se alias 2283 | Dec. 17,1880] 5029 | J.H.B. House....... ~2e3d0. 2284 | Dec. 15,1880] 5033 | Samuel McIlhenny..|....do DARD IN ce pty cia emi Seles, S.C Tempoon....... a CLO 2286 | May 15,1880] 1955 | E. H. Vasmer........ sas CO 2287 | Dec. 15,1881] 5031 | J.T. D. Wilson...... .do 2288 | May —,1881| 4385 | M.R.Geer .......... “Marshall 2289 | Oct. 25,1880] 2418 | George Noble .......|....do 2290 | Dec. 38,1880] 2886 | R. W. Thompson... do POVAG eee pease reise eee oes A. M. Van Ness ..... do 2292 | Dec. 14,1880| 5057 | Ed. Kone............ San Marcos .. 2293 | May 22,1880} 1993 | A.J. Peel ...... .do 2294 | Oct. 18,1880] 2412 | Mrs. J. H. Raymond . ‘Lawrence 2295 | Dec. 17,1880| 5027 | J.S.Grinnar ........ Terrelle 2: Merida. ss soles WG hamaye us os 2305 | Sept. —, 1881} 5729 |.....-do..............).... COimesdée-eea|oeee NOs 36543 2306 | Mar. 1,1880} 1298 | P.H. Wishvaen Si soiwatals lene oO craceenmee | beens WO ew ameaiaics 2307 | Dec. 15,1880) 5043 | J. A. Gardiner......- [oS SAG tetera whe el ee its fe a 2308 | Mar. 13,1880] 1588 | G. L. Hammeken....|.... OO G4 vesawidtcen Use se oomtce 2309 | Mar. 13,1880} 1587 | John Kerley ........|.. tO seu aaeatenee GGA orcs 2310 | Mar. 13,1880} 1585 | H. M. Munger.......|.-.. OO act packesl eens Gs k ccs oe 2311 | Dec. 15,1880) 5040} E.R. Neal...........|.-.. CO wb ecclepet Os bis sen 2312 | Dec. 15,1880] 5041 | R.L.Srapp..........|.-.. OW ess tame nl ames Owes sone 2313 | Dec, 15,1880] 5044 | J.d. Walker. 2. 0.060. ).02.00 ccccsecucleons QDs saccm nes 2814 ' Dec. 15,1880] 5045 | J. M. Waller.........|.... GOiE%, duane apie Oe ceeanen Num- Date. nae (554-2 5 5 20 5 5 20 35 20 . 25,18 20 Oct. 28, 1879 18 Nov. 26, 1880 18 Dec. 17, 1880 20 Nov. —, 1880 20 Nov. —, 1880 20 Dec. —, 1880 20 — —, 1880 20 Dec. 20, 1880 20 |} ——_ —, 1880 20 Jan. 20,1881 6 Jan. 20,1881 7 Jan. 20,1881 7 Dec. 15, 1880 20 Dec. 15, 1880 20 Nov. 30, 1880 16 | Dec. —, 1880 20 | Dec. —, 1880 20 | Nov. 6, 1880 15 | Dec. 20, 1880 20 Dec. 20,1880 20 Nov. 2, 1879 18 | May —, 1881 |...... May 4,1881 20 Nov. 28, 1879 18 Nov. 28, 1879 18 Dec. 4, 1880 20 Dec. —, 1880 20 Dec. —, 1880 20 Dee. 15, 1880 20 Dec, —, 1880 |.-.--- Dec. 6, 1880 20 Dec. 6, 1880 20 Dec. 15, 1880 20 Dec. 15, 1889 20 Dec. 15, 1880 20 Dec. 15, 1880 20 [41] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. 983 Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §-c.—Continued. TEXAS—Continued. g APPLICATION FILED. LOCALITY. | DELIVERY OF CARP. A = Tas Shia Name. SSS] rs 3 Date. elie Post-office. County. | Date. hemi 2315 | Mar. 13,1880| 1584 SS. Wiel Kenora fe: Mexia is saac | Limestone ....) Dec. 6,1880)...... 2316 | Sept. 1,1880| 2241 v M. Bell tilees Tehuacana....|..-.do -.-...... Dec. —, 1880 20 ‘2317 | July 27,1880) 2186 | A.M. George........ ae AO Lae veeteed ste OWE Seat Dec. —, 1880 20 2318 | July 11,1880} 2163 | C. F. Mercer........- COs tic as Sees Jerse Dec. —, 1880 20 2319 | Mar. 11, 1878 201 |} Dr. A. P. Brown ..... Jefferson ..... Marioni--2222- — —,1879 20 2320 | Mar. 11, 1878 20 Ei tece ae Oia ee ies asc lo ee . 8, 1881 300 2321 | Dee. 15,1880! 5038 | Leora Isaacs i . 15, 1880 20 2322 | Dec. 15,1880} 5035 | J. W. Perry ..-....-- sin oae: . 15, 1880 20 2323 | Dec. 15,1880) 5037 | E.G.Sims........--. meat ely Bo ee 15, 1880 20 2324 | Dec. 15,1880} 5039 | P. B. Trey .....-. |e ae Bact . 15, 1880 20 2325 | Dec. 15,1880| 5636 | W.B. Woody Z . 15, 1880 20 ara ee eae AUB. OlUbinn ant lees ‘Daingerfield - Morris). oe4ee Jan. 12,1881 20 2327 | Nov. 26,1879} 2556 |------ do} ig eee eee Raises ks 10055250 Nov. 26, 1879 50 2329 | Juneil,1880) 2066 | T.A.Hayes......... ‘Birdston...... “Navarro ...... | —, 1880 20 S311) | Vays DRT 3 aaa Re | Fk. W. Caruthers. .... Corsicana..... Bete Ota ses acta Dec. —, 1880 20 2331 | Oct. 12,1880} 2411 | Charles H. Clayton ..|/....do......... Pad al eames Dec. —, 1880 20 2332 | Dec. 17,1880] 5017 | M. Drane....-....... ecete CLOR HEME. Satins Pee COM ok eee Dec. 17, 1880 20 2333 | Dec. 1,1880| 2864 | John 8. Gibson ...... Ve eC O Rates one Br OCKG eae le Dec. —, 1880 2 2334 | Dec. 17,1880] 5022 | S.T.J. Johnson ..... see COs mages a2 abc MoReeaeee Dec. 17,1880| 20 2335 | Nov. 2,1880] 2437 Sallivane Merchant is|\:2cud0) Wsscee neice GO) ose cae na — —, 1880 20 2336 | Dec) 17.1880], 5020 | R.T. Mills....-.-..... BL Ucar ts eee ASEH Sa on Dec. 17, 1880 20 2337 | Dee. 17,1880| 5023 | C.S. Morse .-........ Shi Mel OW eters ae ae OO sens erciale's Dec. 17, 1880 20 2338 | Der. 17,1880| 5021 | J. T.Sullivan........ Sere COUme eh ar = GOK fae eat | Dec. 17, 1880 20 2339 | Nov. 11,1880} 2154 | J.A. Townsend ..... wae! sok sesoee We 5 OV Sein aseictos | Dec. —, 1880 20 2340 | Aug. 23,1880) 2233 | L. T. Wheeler ....:.. | GOs ss hae Ee OOaeaaiac Dec. 20, 1880 20 2341 | June14,1880} 2075 | Col. Henry Jones....| Cross Roads ..|....do ......... Dec. —,1880|}° 20 2342 | May 17,1880] 1957 | W.S.Robinson...... | Dresden .-.... SsScO)) Se seoeee Dec. —, 1880 20 2343 | Nov. 22° TALO 2877 || Lee Mooress ses. 2 se2 Bremond...... Robertscn ....| Dee. 23, 1880 20 ‘2344 | Jan. 24,1882 | 12692 | W. H. Hamman ..... @alvertiseise as | seen donee cesses —- —,1881]...... 2345 | Apr. 20,1880} 1800 | De IN SLL er a Henderson....} Rusk ......... Dec) 41880 seeaae 2346 | Jan. 9,1882} 9389 | James P. Douglas --.| Tyler ......... Smith....-....] —— —,1881 20 2347 | July 27,1880} 2188 | L. W. Crawford ..... Fort Worth...| Tarrant..-..... | Dee. 12, 1880 20 2348 | Feb. 15, 1879 639 | Ephraim Dagget ....|....do ......... Gare GORh es 22655 Dec. 12, 1880 20 2349 | Dec. 25,1879} 1045 | M.A. Harris ......-. \eRipleyassee-e: items: ausee —— —,1880]...... 2350 | May 15,1880] 1948 | Wm. Brueggerhoff ..; Austin........ AME hati oe seen Dee. 20, 1880 20 2351 | May 22,1880; 1991 | W.S.Carothers...... eee) Oka ses tieraee past UO) Seeesssee | Dec. 10,1880} 200 2352 | Nov. il, 1879 O71) |) de EE PDinkinsg ss: se ceelocewdo jose ton. eecocacisr. st /-— —,1879 151., 2353 | Dec. 3 1880} 3209 | English & English . ber teyO Ci eee BROS eee | Dee. 8, 1880 175 2354 | Dec. 14, 1880; 5055 | James W. Hancock..|....do ......... Ree OO eer aeaae Dec. 15, 1880 20 DH aeeeheiete sipccl. fetes ss Wile Wislllola' twee o. nO Oe es akties ee oe eee aes | Dee. 15, 1880 20 2356 | July 15,1880} 2173 | John B. Jones ..-..... HOLE EO) veer pa e ot es hCG Co eee ae Dec. —, 1880 20 2357 | Dee. 8, 1880) 3210 | C.F. Millett... .2)2-: SCC Ove: seaeae HES ht Snes oes Dee. 8, 1880 10 2358 | July —, 1881} 6387 | William Radam . ere OOUssuaaase jee seam Dec. 15, 1880 20 2359 | May 17,1880! 1958 | Chas. Von Rosenberg EGO! we Se snes eral OM: aoteratel Dec. 12, 1880 20 2360 | June 8,1880| 2057 | A.Scholtz........... Posto thee! BEd Or acme Dec. 20, 1880 20 2361 | May 19,1880} 1971 | Frederick Sterzinge-..Jd0).-.:.25.- stone at Jae Dec. 20, 1880 20 2362 | Dec. —,1880| 3206 | N. Van Bosinberg...|....do ..-....-. deo ce ae Dec. —, 1880 25 2363 | Tune 22,1879} 2094 | E. A. Mehoffy .....-. Will’s Point ..| Van Zandt. ...| Dee. 471880). s5ee 2364 | Feb. 2) 1879 648) PoSiClankeaass- oes Hempstead ..-| Waller. .-..... -| Dee. 22) 1879 20 2365 | Feb. 16, 1879 669 | B. H. Bassett ......- Brenham ..... ieehington Dec. 2, 1879 40 2366 | Dec. —, 1879} 2582 | C. R. Breedlove...... e200) Sse ees aie Re? Dec. —, 1879 20 2367 | Feb. 16, 1879 670 | R. N. Campbell...-.. SeESOGHS Zan eseen ae _.do We Sateieiee — —, 1879 20 CESS eos ons es Seer Hon.) D. OrGiddiness|2. 2 do2. 22.22 EL O}e es eaare Dec. 13, 1880 40 2369 | Feb. 16, 1879 667). -s25. Gia he sae steeseee ep Ole seats Beles sae Dec. 15, 1879 40 25 TAN) aesenise eee en! Ap amraneeneetaenan|Usn dl Seasasee les ska ee cesee, Dec. 17, 1880 25 2371 | Feb. 16, 1879 668 | Thomas W. Morris..|....do......... [ERE Opies est ce Dec. 2,1879 20 2372 | Feb. 16, 1879 671 | John Sayles......... SONS dese eos PERO Woe ona: — —, 187 20 2373 | Dec. 17,1880} 5015 | G. Wirshey .......-. ee Otes eat lees WEG Salle eee eyee eos te os erns nis sie a's Sue Obsioe oe —-— —,1880 20 hata peeeeeea cara lols ic =)= 0 Zio ASO seen eons Weaets ceetcinccieeae Ome is aes — —, 1880 30 2631 | Feb. 26, 1879 665 | John R. Donehoo..-..| Fairview -.--. “Hancock...... Oct. 28, 1879 16 AS 2) ||Sac Bc keteodese Aeeeeee RP Oe eee ksaceeells GO) 2 ssermeess|- 52. Ose se eeen es Apr. 28, 1881 20 2088) ile 35-5050 5 658! Soeeeee Samuel Edie ........ tt yaaa dormers: June —, 1880 60 and PSY! | enor Goosen teens | dis Sa HROCMIAM some ciel Ret OO) sco sia = cn Olopehesisaccs June —, 1880 | 60 Pes Saeaieneca a <|< oss = 5 E. T. Alexander ..--. Mooretield . See Prardiy = misc May 11, 1881 | 20 2636 | May 23,1880| 1997 | Garrett Cunningham WOWaee ee ce |eeee GU) ait A ae peel Eenore A pp ep 2d Cs oo el Mineral.......- — —,1880 30 2656 | Apr. 22,1881 | 11551 | W.S.Cobun........-. Morgantown -| Monongalia Apr. 22, 1881 44 2657 | Apr. 22,1881 | 11552 | L. W. Runner .....-.-}. lidar Seco Beer ee eke? Apr. 22, 1881 44 2658 | Nov. 3,1880| 2705 | O. Beorne ........... Sweet Springs? Nov. 3, 1880 75 2659 | Oct. —, 1879 927 | Senator Hereford....| Union...-.-.-.-- -| Dec. 21, 1880 }...... 2660 | Nov. 3,1879| 979 | H.H. Hunter ....... Berkeley Sp’gs| Dec. 21, 1880 |.-..-- OA Se ome ce heel OgEneee SE MeCallognne weal 22s see ose en -, June —, 1880 60 2662 | Apr. 20,1881 | 11555 | J. K. Botsford -...... Wheeling -.-- Apr. 20,1881 10 2663 ce 8, 1880} 1471 | Dr. H. McCoy ....... BN 700) a atet tase = | Dec. 21,1880 |....-- BORE ree eeetere ct )atata| on iach Dr. E. Halley McCoy |..-.do -.-....--|.-.. Apr. 20, 1881 10 SOCIO letters wie rsietaisietatata!| oases st <, = SOND WLI aclael telecine Oa ea steteayecha aa June(?), 1880 6 988 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [46] Table showing by States the final destination of carp distributed, §c.—Coutinued. WEST VIRGINIA—Continued. E APPLICATION FIELD. LOCALITY. DELIVERY OF CARP. ee as a Name. z s | Date. | ag Post-office. County. Date. het 2 le Se | Ses Andrew Mann ...... Forest Hill ... — —, 1880 20 2667 | May 1,1881/| 4648 | R.C. Lilley.......... Jump’g Branch. -. — —, 1880 20 2668 | Nov. 30,1881 | 11533 | P. F. Bartlett........ ASCOT eitele seis — —,1880 30 2669 |May 4,1880| 1898 |....do.............--- aps oa Apr. 5,1981/ 20 2670 Tsaac' Postecsesu- sss Td O's 23 esse -| Apr. 28, 1881 20 2671 John A. Tumble..... Leese sbseaees bape Apr. 28, 1881 20 2672 P. F. Bartlett....... Flemington ...) Apr. 1, 1881 20 2673 Jd. H. Kahnst-..- 2.2% Pruntytown ..| May 3, 1881 10 2674 J. W. Bradshaw ...-. Burton. sce Apr. 22, 1881 60 2675 E. T. Bartlett.-...... Parkersburg. . Noy. —, 1879 30 WISCONSIN. | 2676 | Aug. 3,1880| 2198 | JoachemSchildhauer, New Holstein | Calumet ...... Oct. 7, 1880 15 2677 | Apr. 23,1880} 1768 | A.J. Turner ........ | Portage-..-.... Columbia ..-... June 3, 1880 20 2678 | Feb. 9,1882| 9597 | Anton Link ......... East Bristol ..| Dane ......... Oct. 19, 1880? 15 2679 | July 24,1880} 2183 |....do..............-. REN ee easee Fe asacos cas Oct. 19, 1880 15 2680 | Aug.10,——| 408 | H. W. Welsher ....-- | Madison ...... Jot Olesen emer Oct. 27,1880} 450 2681 acs ctes eueceelsseoses EB. Reynolds ....-..... | Metomen..... Fond du Lac..| June 13, 1880 20 2682 | Jan. 31,1881] 3486 | A.Cooley.......--..-; Ripon, besos ce Le OOnetee oes | Mar. 11, 1881 3} 2683 | Apr. 15, 1878 228: | A.!Palmer. .\.....--..- | Boscobel ...... | Grant..-......] —— —,1879|..-..-- 2684 | June 1,1880; 2038 | J.C. Sherwood ....... Dartford -..5.2 Green Lake...| Oct. 7, 1880 |.....- QE8D pac esewice kar Beet il John) Pisher. |e. 265.-% | St. Joseph ....| La Crosse..... —, 1880 |....-- 2686 | Sept. 20,1880} 2361 | J.J. Leavitt, M.D.... West Salem .. He LOR eae seree Nov. 10, 1880 20 JER sete he koe belne ee Christian Selk ......; Manitowoc -..; Manitowoc -.. —, 1881 20 2688 | See ese Sera P I bes iit etme eee tee Oy ecto: |e One ayeweisieis May 24, 1880 22 2689 | Jan. 11,1881 | 38413 | Philip Pfaff......... Pepine-s2.cnec | PRepin gape) ma Jan. 29,1881 25 DHOOM Ses seconliosfisaeate SEY David Cross...-....-.| Janesville -...| Rock ..-...... May 20, 1880 2] 2691 | Apr. 24,1880; 1754 | C.L. Valentine.......... CBSE ea ease GOee se sae Oct. —, 1880 }...... 2692 | July 9,1881} 4903 | Paul M. Green ...... Milton), «<2: <2 |< SO Ose aesimstets June 11, 1880 2693 | Sept. 5,1880| 2346 | Joseph W. Wood....; Baraboo ...-... Sank se 2et eee May 31, 1880 20 2694 | May 22,1880] 1996 | F. F. Wheeler ....... | Waupaca..... Waupaca..... Oct. 7,1880}...... 2695 | May 19,1880; 1968 | Herman Gruhle ..--. Fillmore ...-..-| Washington ..| Oct. 7, 1880 |.-.... 2696 | May 10,1880} 1922 | James HE. Heg....-.- Geneva ....... | Walworth ....| Oct. 7, 1880 |....-. 2697 | Aug. 6,1880| 2200 | I. Gray ...--.-..-.--- Marion .......) Waupaca..... Oct. 7%; 1880)|52-23 MISCELLANEOUS. | 2698 | Nov. 23, 1881 | 11559 | James W. Windon ..| Point Pleasant; Mason, W. Va.| —— —, 1880}...... 2699 | July 12,18:0| 2165 | H. R. Solomon ....-.. | Belle Plain ...| Callahan, Tex.| Dec. 6, 1880 |...... Spt eperaieyh Aer he es cb et A.G. Redding .......| Macon....-...| Bibb, Ga......] —— —, 1879]...... 2700 | | eee Notr.—The following corrections should be made in the foregoing list: Serial No. 44. This item belongs in the Georgia list. . For Gainsville read Gainesville. 30. Application Nov. 14,1878: No. 551. . For Danbury County read Fairfield County. . For J. Wilson Cooch read J. Wilkins Cooch . For William Jinks Fell read William Jenks Fell. . For Admiral Ammen read Admiral Daniel Ammen. . For Saratoga read Buffalo Bluff. . Application Jan. 17, 1878: No. 173. . Application May 27, 1878: No. 306. . For Thormas B. Cabaniss read Thomas B. Cabaniss. . For Fish Club read Bellville Fish Club. . For H. H. Hartmanor read Herbert H. Hartmanor. . Application Oct. 26, 1879: No. 950. . For Protective Fishing Club read La Portle Protective Fishing Club. . Application Nov. 15, 1879: No. 992. . For J. W. Ferguson read James W. Ferguson. . Application No. 15,906. . For W. D. Kulpatrick read W. D. Kirkpatrick. . For J. H. Mulligan read James H. Mulligan. . For Monfordsville read Munfordville. . For John W. Matthews read John W. Mathews. . For H. Johnson & Sons read I. Johnston & Sons. . For J. W. Gatewood read James W. Gatewood. LINO xX. . {Note.—The references are to the serial numbers in the list.] A. No. PMVOUATOUN, CO scivcraccCacccissiadaeisbicmedesss 2255 PME OD VI Cicer oaheisiotswamaeiaciseltalneecee 1527 PANTIES VANES cla stcaittatcim)ciarelaiasrslooe sia aaie cil neisiele 891 FANCIES te CLEODIG walate icietetelstelcleni-/anielctatnies wales 1548 PAL STINE Sted oat oi Aco wach lateiaslafaleta elein/a.s 2226, 2227, 2228 PNGERHOLG Se Wiato ociciste e'sia's satan ee ea 217, 218 PATS eg eye alan are 2\c)ajaiw'sicie re atslate'siaieialnce\aistays'= 1079 | PRETUCHY ONY ia Bed al Gre ota twit stots ai cieialcinial icin) alate ates 1682 | PROS OT emt aetee Se ates ol aisicinia'clesieleteceis 413, 414 | PAWS Tiel CMALIGS).\-1s1-f2s 2hatic/<'s'ssice os Soda 1802 | PACK OT MG tAn Seo RaSh es daetes oad woul esac 1960, 1961 JIB RNAV 8 | SSCS Reese EEE CER C CC eri 1962 PAS GUS Graphs sine ots cclocccidciscasctectiae 2082, 2083 | PRTG SIG OUWAT etre 2! s'sc'sice toe See ete 658 PU GXAMG ORY CEWi2 sis ociadsictccte ceca cineca 1699 EAVES TOGA] OM DS Ae a 2635 WANK MACON oe sete dase acele'oscewe Seas sue 1194 PMEXANGED S40 sc s2ldcasccdd awe gece sateen 2120, 212i PAN ORANG OPA Ti Eo a2 < <\-2) secs cea nisntsioiciel scree 1265 PUONU PHOLGtes s 20 fas ce tose ate saceleceee 454 PRET Gap byn stems saa(c's ces sacle ceimeeieeteeeeers 522 AIG UMIDNN ashen so asccice socascseactet ees 1422 PANIENROUMCMCs 2: 5250. cco Fac eden ee casoe 1098 eS Yer | 0 2h Md eee pete, 198 PUGH PON COM ME Saco cis scwaccwacsaactenenae 1978 20ST Viale eee eee EO Sane 787, 788 enV LATIN Ge oso 0. fos Sasha eco 459 PAM OMe eB rersite so 21s a cleciaacceavceaaalesenes PRIMES: OMUV OD cence sso s.c2 ccce duis senate 1137 PAG MIEN LE) ANIOL 2 is.c cc) osine caencos seneeeeee 176, 1058 PAMIAETSONY Charles :5< 2.2... dos encores 600 ANG GV ESO TO Dd et ae ee en 1436 PADNOPsON. HOM M5652) cso dscnseceodeee 1266 AMMEMSON NaMMOl So: 5 a5/ scene ca salsereeete 700 Ast Oy i5 Mod © ee ARR Ee pReeAcionne sa ccecccicic 498 PAIGE Sie races swJsdccwecsceaacemeeaeee 2588 PORE W Se OUI Gress ics a oa/2\cl cia aaisereie ate neta 830 PAE VEOG OL Osg IVY ¢ Dos wicaicinea mice nee iaicaeetale 28 PONONG Parse iieiea =) oa sees ma/seemaslamietts 1252 INET ES LY OBR mapeOOpEnE apap ado. cone 941 PAT ONO SAMS css 2 's\sas oscar tees secestee 58 PRTONGE: ISiaeae bok Sans cs cise bs Debeceeaee sae 942 Armacost, George W.:.----ssss=sscees-s 833 Armentrout, George E............ Maemers 2589 IAMTNIPUEROULIN o's «'ljne aetads atee eee eee 2590 SAMNTHOM Cy ke. Ls simisi='afaio'slom ais cae = neiaodaice 2219 [47] : No. Armstrong, George) Wisa---e5 eae csesncee 1764 ATM SHON: el NG ee caies ate eene eee ae 2428, 2429 Arnold: G! disse take ecas see ee eee 659 ZArmiold (William -= aoe eee ee eee eee aes 602 ABH MLO ssoracieu. shemestee geen ence eee ae 1225 A Shley WAC Bi. os sso bccaeon uae ee eee eee 2382 PASI ey NEL ATTY; os cose sees ee eee 971 ASHEOM) JOSep hy. 26 oci:,c enn cease Leese 972 PASHCON JOSEPH. His schas eeane ae cee eee 973 ABHtOM St Clear test seen jae ees 974 PACHNEN TON BAU conse ys suas ete ree 1954 PASTING, Wei Ds Olen sete cm sais aeeamouieneeees 2154 SANS One RI eto Se cect a ed ea 2014 ATKinsony homas=aesaciacee sae canes dee ee 1226 FATUSEIN OM =e an 26 saladtee sta tecete Hanae 2525 ASV ET a pen OTS Ee. = see cae sees ee eee 1728 Ayers wAlired. Mise * oa. saseenvceseet seen 318 ANTES Pp DAVidYh}< 255 scat ane ee ee eee 1657 B. Babcock: Charles Hee awesessseteeee eee 137 Bachman Henry. .....--sesnceeseoeeeeese- 1824 Bachman Herr (52. c ees ates. tele eee 1955 Bachtel SamnelyP cesses e esse eens 1864 RBA CKIPesCWh Sica keaks ot coals art avee eat ene 1442 iBahme; Walliame.s--scaee ses cee wees 1928, 1929 Baileys ames He cans ees sea: eee 1063 Bards Avo sdacacsseucs (ontae a eee eaee 2084 Baird | es Heese eee Rae ata she toes 591 Baker Addisongs:- cots tases eeses eel 59 Baker JGhnvA), = tke sewed ssnsesece races 416 Baker tge eet eset ds k eae eee 415 Baers NVA nee Su neta oes eee ee 60 Baker Gyre ccnec a ckeass oes e soem met 1892 IBAKeIW William) Mi aca cece tesa wee canes 790 BalehnGeoreonVy wees seesscoces eeecee ae 1023 all ivan sistas ae oe ey cre aeiaicisers ioaeas Soe 711 iDaldywiny Ste Clair: s2.cenusacbercetssee ae 975 Baldwin DhOMAS ees ceca nae cies aa eh 709 Baldwin; Walliams 22226 ws. Saaciseltes ceme 976 Ba eye Ne Deke ieee Ua aoen ca ce see Ree ere 1227 IB ay AMOS p< on qa wis 2 mis Sci seinieesere eee 979 Bal AMES) Doe ec ose canes caapbee ness 977, 978 Ballardid).. Wie. acl ectee tices cae cess sees 1758 Baninger, David ............ Sam wbeletse erat 1718 Banister, John B......... qitteete et eeeeee 980 Bankert; JOsephin.2 .asseceeeteee ese eter 850 Banks; Henry poses caneumiemcien ane e nes 302 Banner: Mu Risc cue siacneeamasicnincetecceatrne 1724 Bannin py, Wig Basen ssaenaaianeesic ne sistee 1803 Barber) OW wentaseaa tuan aac wew alae Sadie 1224 Bart Deny Mis Rit cecee seep e meals sceis Sete oes 429 Barbour, Thomas ..... pela aatesieaietate ta Wintel sits 1491 989 990 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. No. Barbour, Wiis orcas actos catp sate cleans 1492 BAVC A LEXANGOL sc. ccc nis os wa scic'elve on > 1424 NSTC ees (Cl ee i ee 712 SRECIN AID NG dea picicinnn'n cto cnce'wicttosece 1986 ARGON MeOH Eee sc bcccvsscebcusscesicce 2042 PETS yo OS en ie 1542 IDETIOM TMOG) socsiecicicos ss contccsacste 853, 854, 855 ALO des oi - = cic omininiw ouie nein cse.clnm ele 1549 PERIGEE ae oi ous vicls eo ss ets cieiaamminin 48 Barnum, Peter C .--..-.- wake ciret mrateeemene 1606 Barrett, George H. M .......--.........-- 694 Luge) OU bt (ee ESS Se 5 ie ccicna aces 33 GANSU POL) Cu cA cco smisjanmeviera jeleiataijeiale =e ie 1731 Barrinver, David. <—--cms-ceenere-i=acsines 1718 Barmy ALP) oc aekcoaae erecta ennae eee nnmee 2445 IBSET WhO DOL Geese eee netnes ian erereteeeee 2447 Bally AW) cpeeeeee ceteris haeiee=eemeter 2433 Bartels; Alerman tessestcecice wee sats alee 2448, 2449 Bartholomew gws Wes. a-eeaseecee assem et 144 Bartlett) (Lee vavcanceentomaoece ce aeecnee 2675 DALTStb pc teeteeouccen clecssesncece oeeee 1040 Barilett) Je LOOMAR a etenceeecse aan eer 1099 Bartlett BiwWye ck ae wictew is eicies wie mele 2668, 2669, 2672 IBAPLONS lee eaeciee ce teeccomricns eltaticisms ioe 2280 BASCOM ATIVE eee hmee cicistemcis cy since etasie 1834 BASCOM ee eae tence tiejelesmain’oscietenls Seles 494 BASSO, ts Eb cece Coe eceetee ee cee 2365 Bassett, Joseph M ...-...--..---.---.-..- 101 BaUMPATANET, JANES 652 ATTRUL IW) aaniecc comducier ounce tess 1528 TS GRBON Os Lie caste innit nlei vice adie aie Pawel we cite 714 BSOINO WOoleasa danas a acodenceusen wae cee pe 2658 Bernard; Georger Si: cvdecna-abvewe=nie 2485 Berry, Benjamin H.. we dene ne pecceeeeeeeee 2471 BEAL lek dawn nee aw rcis sas bunsls see siete 1688 Bethel cRih ceccccwmeceescuscedveccoueentes 1715 Betts, George M......- Ape heg eset nine ees 1646 (Biddle; J: A, texcans ape daciebexenrecnkies 1896 Bidwell, Daniel) 23-5555 .|) (Cary, HH. We. ooo oe ce ceipe n= somal 360, 361 BSUCKOY he ya = sec so ec ove cccsecseseues OT4n eCasewh. \Wiesere tata eese teaeiocee erent 463 TLS TGR6 1 8 Al OA ee a et er 499 | Casey, Samuel......-.---..--------------- 1009 HSEGTIOP INV e oe oe aise osis ts ea ob Se 1286) |) (Cassell; Cyrus»=-52--ccléeveeescseesse ates 531 SEU PUSS OHM ar a1. oo a’ clo acls Soreee OLON@ave! Lo Mee cetsseucee cee sewers ceeretter 2048. FUTIAN Ne Mine nis cc's (os a.5 oa cal cic's seem BO9u Cecil) Charleste = -seeeceeeeessemes secret 505. ES RECUL ANI Ha! Crs (a a\n clue = oo <2 (cid s'ais (oni Seen ASD Chalmers by eemscese snes sas see neces 2241 ARUN MR Nas oS a's 'c os oe ac hone scones 2650 | Chambers, J.M............--.- PSCC eaicaHe 58k ESA leet Pe ee ian oa (sie « sien oies's batenio eateries 20S @ handlers Sable yaasesias seem awe sleet = =m 693: 13 foe Nd Oe eS eee A cece 2086 | Chapman, W.B......-------------------- 224 SESTEMTONUS AY os 2c sa ss 3 5 2 ba ssatte coe aa ion cee eee 2347 Crawiord sD.) W rsccthve coca eee ee eee 2135 Crawiord, Ws 1: jcdo ts ieee eee eee 2627 Creasy, GA: sccsce.wscidcbeccs teres 2518, 2519 Crenshaw, William Gc. Jsc.'s20c dae aeeees 2432 Gréveling dz Pijs32. sacle se ee cee 1956 Crockett; George: Bo. .2 17 iso02 occ eee 2090 Cromwell; S:Kivs 33-44 aaaeee cee 26 Cropper, Nathaniel.......--.- wo RUE 1330 Crosby, Je Bs ss<6 1520/0 gucelcatel saat eee 2282 Cross) DaVvill .i0-<.0veceat wens ase eeeee 2690 Crowder G. Ws. c012 254i eee 1207 Orozer) Foun tPi scree ae eds Jee le dd eee 1937 Crum; George W ec4 6. sci. tneeneeeee ~ 568 Crutcher, Wie He 52252632 <.06sJncneeseneee 2140 Cullen & Newman ..........-...-.. 2144, 2145, 2146 Cullen; Jamesiianijeen nso esc eedeenes 1807, 1808 Cummings, Thomas's .... 2.2... -sseeee 138 Cunning hamye Mites enls -a' Tis |PEdinfield, James Hi = -- 22.5: .2s-22.28802% 297 WHERE ee re = oo sce ck nce ananenees TOON pMdmondsons IAN 22222. csccecseeac eee 718 LDA CLS SIS TRce 2) 0 ae Rr AE ceria POF |eeebwardss DW sos.o4 cone cass seseee maces 662 GENS DN ADGA. La cocks sisvoeceeeeeeaeen Mon etilwards, Harry) Seo 222... shee 231, 232 NEY Gra Wh emi =- > =~ o 2c wenn tieceua tenet SOD |) LOT CC EDM ted Se SS oom ees ree SSO marae eee. 2167 Wumiainisore te Oy 2a oe soca see cca ees ee DONT Ys DONT IAS | tas imiaie Steines sain ice eteremeiets 1406 RMSIROM OO EL oq Unc Doses le ceneeecaee St GB) |) ee) Mia OC ner See e eee eres se 1387 PMGRENNGEOTPG VAL SR. <2 - cesses oes aeane ees O02 aenpens Wralliame! 2. -2...)2sdeasustaasee = 1095 Pee ROW DAVAG: c= own iaccoe neces doce seeds Bie aTIGEs Hs hs soso scisc cose eer dese ee tees 355 Miewmer: SAMUEL 52.21. d00.0 ss ec csesea eee TOG me PRAM ABOT WCAC fei e ca se dee cence secenlo 1695 MGIiCh JOHN 2. .s ..22056s2ssc4sasten eee EGOis | PEt: Ole os fs o252 ce. scioscaesc ee Soe 1681 PH MeM DADE AG, <—---- x2's/ac oan, 40s acehentee 1112 PP OUNG PAN rece tate cin ses aiee ia vaom soonceee 946 | Emmet, Clarence. ....-.....- 0. sante-e--- 2546 Waolittie, George M ....-...--..-.-seeec-2 TQBON | MODY, CACM cena ancinns oceccuvic esneneacies 967, 968 Doolittle, R ....-...- Pope acnrrnoentucococe PARSE || PH MAOEY, clits ena an! ate sma aecive onsets meres 969 MOBO Meyers scsios sams = 5ae sec sats sis255AN: a6. MemdIentt Krank. .o cee awastecds sees 1622 MI OMMGAIY, Ku ae a2 '\vonas a scn sano ctece 2093, |. Pnplar David. . <2... s2ccewec tee cosencees 829 PERG Ute Waioman cm nar noe cncastiscesace. 020) |\clnplay. Theodore’ E-..0co- tes 2409 PRR Ee Gr c/o nic) eos nic «2 \so > ateloneigeernes 1744 EERE bt Gr: WV i. wow ~~ occa o0w els vo geuetdeties 2260 Everett, W. Blake.........--.-----+sss=0 1167 Loe Gh ae ORS eee ee peers smerisre Gace 892 FGI Gs 6 Gy, oo ov cote e wie erent ote i-itale: wie [aeieiatote 1693 ROSTISATING Wc @) otcaiaia wica'siuln etalmivie inte 2 aretatetoyatatats 23 Eyler, John F...--..-..-..----5s.---.-00- 917 F. Waeliner Ccresmsp acer snes aa sieeetene ala 2253 Fairfield Woolen Mills Company. .--...--- 403 TOP ees a a fade Be ee eee oosoa- cos: iil MaMIDIOON: Coven sinw pe ccesineeacieeeniae ae 337 Farlow, David .....----------------+-+---- 1711 Farrington, Hiram)........-.----s---5-.-- 1152 LYS Gs 12 pos oaenesecabesseseosceSeesecar 2460 Media 5 ORI sas cla ala anes ale lee eitcle i=in 1349 Meldery UORMGlnsceeniceca-~aineiceeten-m =a 2216 Fell, William Jenks ............. asaeetee 154 MENOMWS; fd SOUS! so snoe se cesses n oneness 1636 Fenton, Mrs. Frederick .............----- 120 Menton SHenLy Vis .j-cecoee voces eee 121, 124 Lurk pte Ra a ep oee deeenpocacnonccecs 1757 Ferguson, James W......-.-------------- 503 libnrerstn ny Ulett Sop epeaeeccaseosecsdoss 587 SITCOM asOecamcassosesscscees et eeereee= 362 MBTuers | SALOME] oa 2- cas sees aescenieee ete 1913 GWE WORD Wis ac ccnsncnc os clans l= eye 1254 Mirek ene 2c) csscacsecesceccs saeco 1498 Mifeld SAMOS! Grecansecscne scenester eee 2507 PMaIG, pW cehk aio 02 So 0s antares te ee ee 2439 Minch Ma Sicss cess cewwscccccce sec steneees 2266 PNAS OUTS 10g BM] Sine on 'o alle nin eieole mice ste ainteieeiaee 2265 inch, Nathaniel... .<-.2-s202s.5seeeeaes 1514 PREG (MEL nacieic'scswcacsswecdecesistieusnite 1356 WORM V AXOOPLO w= ccicisew oeicvicow an iaeesiteie ce 1884 TE Ga US US asp oeeentacSr Ee arcocsn gous 5c 2223 Rmley, Washington -.-...52-s-cceseeaess 1069 Misgher ph eteres ososceccesccaccceosew eto 78 NIST lr ante eterna silise wie vetasis don ements 2181 irs ON ee WY terctetose soe seceisi= ein eo e 2304, 2305 ABH DUNUN Wy Elia oe oo wicind sae ton aaterete se 2306 PIRBOR Ei eh iesc occ ces wrcicc cua aeeetees 1980 PPSHOT, Map Ald wacidecsms case ses -csietek tae 514 IB TI OT Bis Sicie in nichystate ln math vivawielcnmctaates 507 IGEN WORM saccs an 'ou densa nawkeo denen 448 MIG CY: MOBI e iia bine ops a mwiorma earn eee 1204 RBH OY DOM jocinivinictn vin vG-c'ey Veneer 2685 IRIBHOD, Wise Mie «hes aiduie siecle ccmalemdimimmterets 1770 Miteperald sivaA: oo sccccconesnaesesot an 1685 Hlaciby, Thomas B 2. ..sicis2-2~ 0 eee eee 1464 AO W) ciscadicencectewtaxeeawe.cesseeec ee 1621 Minnaran; Mc Scnse~ cots adeowenlecteleWe oe 2434 Mldonagan) Wi Wisaccenneteciescee dae bok 2396 Mletehall, John ..- eae. sacos-22 see 1034, 1035 Mletoher) Calvinwis.issccenhacsucen eee 444 [52] No. Mletcher. Wi. Ws: 25. cena na-e dea 1013 Holk; Goorge Nw... <2. 0. .5- asc -ceeee eee 1678 Follansbee, Joseph V ...-...--.-----.-=:- 707, 708 Folsom, Ub. A: <2 2236-5 52- S.c0 sour eee 871 Foote, John Dl). 5 5; - .scccecc = see eee 1465 orgy, CiBicccenwncesecaee es sane eee 1753 Forster, George 'H.--.-<-. 2. . ..2-- see 719, 720 Horsyth, Jacob.....22 5.5 =-.2s thee eee 433 Korward, William §.....-..:... .ssasseeee 947 Fosdick, David..< .....0ccs000.-ece- eee 1870 Hoster, Burton’ G:... 2.0.2. ose eeeee 1591 Fowler, Bennet .<::..0--250csc sess ease 2652 Fowler; Joseph, W ---:.5:co0cssacssueeee 1631, 1632 rancis, 36) 2220. ..0 soennecary eee 603 Krancis, Thomas W ... -...<<.<.-:==.-.sse=ee 10 Mrantz) Wo vss. - ccc cceccnaec deen 1115 Mrederick, Did 222-225 si00 sees see 330 Frederick, 36, Js ..0:--s2--2-0s0-eee eee 331 Wreeman, J: 'S...< <2 “Sscciccesace se eee 2634 Kroshany; John: .<...¢/ss2--2 see eee 1199 Woadenberg, Wi Wa. 3-0 .ernec eee ee 1885 Fulford, Alexander .....................- 948, 949 Morman, Mrs. Eo. ce.-scces0 -siasce sees 2094 Huzleman; George... <<< ...0s.5 540s eee 1331 1G RG ie: Cea ocecoaoccnecenonucessacc- 5" 388 G. Gabbert, MCD... W ..----<-.ccne sae 1220 Gable, J. Benson. - 56.2 eee eee 2021, 2022 Gaines, Kemp ---¢-..------.Grosvenor, an. Av. 3-...)2/-:aclsee coves cobs GOTO AM: -2-s8ees S5onoe | Gunter Levi.s-.2-- 05. sececoe ase eee GiennedaSewelle: == < «=< nee fan | Hampton: Wade) s. 5255 sssccee 1240 aveMmever phe Operen siren e sale deena 1558 WWagens Gustin: v2 o..ccccecinesaciiceecwes 1786 Mawkine) Mi, Hii s..52s-ssssse=eeee 489 UWealb; Wobn G. Wisco. cceews aloes oes ana ometete 2494-1 “Ladd, Charles: Hi ......-. 355. >s \eisigon, VW Oseph: coc... 2... aecnnsenvewemee 2501 NAGY CWalliaindn couse tact tomate cane Bee BAT. |e islle, Sb VAnscocek eet ce secon eee 41 Knox, VObn Sees atese seen cease sca 2006/2007 "|" Dilley, RoGlsisscoda. asso cee eeeeeoee 2667 [57] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. No. Maindley; Bred. J --2.:2--:--- "Oge Aes ene 2464 TMEBA CANO.» 1. oh soo ck be eneitae = 1762 TETAS 08 OAD ES ee eee 2154 TREMP ATION poe yo <5 o> S o3s cot vs ages 2678, 2679 WermmeGvATIGS AS 22 ../2.5< - soc ce esate kee 155 NE SEMCC DMCS) = 25-25 2s CS Ses ergs eae 1388 linen Ns i CaS eee eee eee 2100 JLnSiie AUT 1 re esas 825 TLCS TS LG ae a ea ere 420 LRAT AMV G (CRE 5 eae ee eee ers te 1508 PIR LOM Tec EY << 2's i= os Setwels oo) eee 1396 Hivaneston, Thomas J. -<.--...222. os oo demteme 933 AISLE MOUMCAN .o<.-.- 5 saeccs os newman oe 2018 TOTEM LR OA fe a eer ees 5 1721 NVM PA oe ao in ws 2s cinie o.2,a lars e amiaes ~ 1698 NEOAA EMR OHO csi a ocvececcclieeecasusmae 29 MOUTINEN ONVATO 2. :-'-5s 5 Sane re cen 508 IMeGiaan Charies |B. . .io: 2<0% <'aeeewte.ce eae 807 McClelland, Samuel .....................- 1392 MaGloskey, Robert ...2-. .s:+-.c-s+----s A80r |e Nahoneiiele cece to ees cance eemee eee No. JL TCE SNS Oh GES ee ee a 2661 EMEC ompWHok ss issecscsscme: 3.acis see osecen 211 MeGomp yi yman. 22sec acess. oneee 641 Mir Clonimaays lays a= .2 2s asiaveas sie secice aoe 938 McCool; VamesyAl -sssics hese uses occsmenes 310, 311 MG Cormick, JOM «5.5 ses ase 2 sss aienwe 2619 Me Goy Hcall@ys ccc ccin=222=. 550% = jacanie 2664 MICRO ye ble or Reeeecae: ISS. aocctsoasene 2663 VET ACCOR WW bis Aveea ae sca voce ac bs cack 2010 MOC TOAT Yeo eerste clejaiam sie arcias seinispie i= sie 604 Mo G@roskey; het, acc=cJ-2e cc caceieteae ce 2076 Mie@ue Alexander... 2 sniosccetcas es aatact 1639 Nagin (eel O57 (oieed Lc) eee ee eee tes. eee 1868 Me@ulloh}LhoniasiG-ce-ne-eeeeeceee toes 698 MeCurley,-Melixs- 2.5508 oneces esses 734, 735 MeMonaldy@ scion we cicoe eee eee eee 1674 MicBroyy dG =o oc beodes sees eee 1299 Melilwain) William!..sscceso.-sseeeqsseee 559 McEwin, J.B ...... {iets Aan Se Eee 2191 McKadden: John iccntc sec nese ae ee 1071 MTS PE faa toca ates wie Seare a ete ape a 1873 MGhavockIWOM sess sense etek sb eaweneee 2192 TCG AVOCIE CWC) oss ose ase dance ae 2193 Ii hl Ske Oe Cee a Penge ee OLS 1215 NEG CEG. Hylan 122 Saad seas) c Sesser 1332 McGovern Da. 2/0 secee sce eco ees 1533, 1534 VEC ECO WAD MoS com. ca sets sees 2 as eesa cep 2174 McGowan: Rovers. «<6.oscssasscendeseme 1272 WY Goh BA gb fe Gael eg eras Mat ae aes fo 634 McGuigan, samuel | 2.222225 o2-Ues ae tao 1181 IMG GUWITG | Fs 1) 2 22.sakecls ee mic wre ci swos ete om 996 Machemorw lites... ss See= ces se ace aes 2059 Mefihenny,;Samuel ..--.. 22.2... -2. see 2284 MelIntosh; George C'.. 2. 5-5. 50-2 csacs 1164 Mackall Roberti Ms oso. cans seeseae sees 1033 10 709 (EA GaN oS Le eee eR SS SP aE mS 1262 Mio Karg sae oF ars icecisicy e/Siince eee cee 625 MeGK Ge; Wi eo secs tosis -eo tec essence ens 1662 Mekallip) Walliam\ Asics s.ccscee see ae 873 MeakKanleysGui@ 2s 82 eciceed neste emeeeeee 212 MG Kinn 675 MS cco siene cen cce see ee eee ee 1273 Mackintosh: W: cscs. ccacnes-cceseesse ee 1001 MeKnett, William We 2... 232-2 .caiesccceee 1008 MeLauchlan, Robert... -.--.....2..5-ce<. 1692 MeLaurhiin, Joseph) ~: 5:2. <.-2--.scqeqes- 1707 WMielaaans CMe ete rs ito sitee tesa Vu an 1739, 1740 GIG AN Ee: osm basses fociee aesnaweneee 2496 MieiceansSthucs a aisicc.sskeiciic ens so nr2eieoe as 1205 McLemore, W.F..........- Ss Sccenic ecole 1255 MipIGendOn eh luc. cca cuauessees eee 363 MSO Lin At IME Soe 2.2 a cemcc wees cide arehemesice 2465 Mo Millan; William © o.(jss<:s<0c.ssss0ce=0e4 1521 McWWairsb Josess- 552.2 Buce ncaa eee ae 1318 McNeill George... 352) .55505 anes seer 2137 Weel James C3... ikiscccces comes 2138 NGI GH ye PAR OE ostesiateis =-sos-semeeee 915 Muller, “Henry H «=. <<. sosen eee 2104 Mor pan, SD RINGS iss 2:c - a padice «ca Ne mee ben 1813 Morcan, Jonathan 6c. eas. cence 291 Morrell; James B......--...< a meres weet 1846 Mois) PaMSEo os sna ae heehee eee 1722 | ANLOMNIE: pleases oa oe eke cake eee eee 1326 [59] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. 1001 No. | No. 1. ES SSS ee egeceuocics soaeipacees : LOD MMO Dies erC ys Oieensseinmelw an owisle see meee oe 1504 MiarwIS. PHOMAS W .<---c- seers Sannin ZaEh WRODlever, WORM cesses ce ose as tac aoe 1316 SET HS VV LEMIAIID (9 a0 2 oc clei ols enemies tess OCGle. sMTIMNCIS. <2 .-6-..ccses- snc cacinee 2249 DOG), Ob Skee eA eee eee Soe Pa MORE OL ee AEEIGK oo <5 aciqcis alc reesei = eens 2250 Morton, C. J .-.-.... Big rere Sanit emesis cise TOL MuGie ie ONG dG ANT oes cleetcmle demise eae sere 1940 BEM CO ICUS -- 5 «22 a- (2,5 sre ool nel DUN DN (OLR ey ge Cad 8 Dil le ae ee lars eRe mer 2246 DMS aN ENCINO eins amino 5 = =< naan eal eiaie IPOS )) OV ISIE DS See on epennedesaccnce eases 670 UPR eM IPONU ners ara 5) 'aba ian) cn'a/a)- ala misaimisiaiate IPAZGrepanoh, William. 2222... nce = 2598 EIS ONG Een cc ooin sade wicle seminels ae oest BUNS) (Onin a kai Slee eps kadeoaeadeosesees—cce 940 Luliiinacs TES 4 Cpe ee ee NE Sr ‘Sie: Balled Ors Coney Ay ds Ga Oly DY BE ae ee See eee 1206 PIICOMM LOM S22 wc ss cee 22 ees eele ee LEIS OShorne AArOM oo oecce 6. eae clcheemoee sass 98 Mowell, Joseph W..-.---..-.----- 200. Ot Lech Ccum CS OLIN Ge ele tan oe eae tae ee eee Seana es 99 MIRE E pees 20) iri hes 897°) Wisharn, MEM. -c. oes ee ee 1449 NO TEG ISS ni 1 A: AS a SR SP ene eee SOB | Otis, HG. eeasecs oeaaec ton ceseeeeeees 2440 Wi SL TERPS Tia) 2 La Drea ae ener or ak gee see 1503). "(Outten: J dr.Ge Nl oe ce ot ee aaa 162 TORU AC) FE eee eee eicaeess 2452; 2400; | Overton. 2A. W -. =. vw ogc: cnc ncl eee Tsou Pearman, JAMS .-...--.-ccwccsnescrsemws 347 “UE STH LTT ee nS = 207P | PREC CH NS Fi an eee eS 1661 CaMnely Gomera. ssc cchseascates eee eee eee: Obie eH) on ue -(- svsanicnlne race asemnnatts 496 OTS UG LC [3 age ens mei yr Lita eek Mars. Sallie Hs c2:.--.ce~ cca aeeten a 42 (OAS Co Sacer SDUMICHOLO Asa, Se Job snl gactos ewes ccumalaisw eee 2480 1002 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. No. Rieeks Wailea lisse sess se apeenise aces 350 Peal: Ac Pieces s cts s enw ncs we emcliene 1545 Mead OMMAL .oshaccehce sss ese cannes 2159 Redding, A. G.........- 2-2-0. sse--eseaeee 2700 Redhead, Joseph..-...-...--..------++--- 1333 Tecd ies. ons. ce se ae <- mle oe tee 2129 Reese, Andrew...-..--------+--++--2+-2209 786 Reese, David......-.-----+----++-----209- 875 Reese, Newton N .....------------++---- a 1843 Reese, Oscar...-..--------------2--2--sees 286 Reeves, Charles O...-.-.------------++--- 1643 Reeves, Crittenden. ....-..--.-..--------- 644 Reeves, Mark E...-...-----.-----+---+--- 450 Reeves, W. N ......---- 02 -- eee eee e cere ee 6,7 Regester, Samuel W..-.--------+-------+--- 774 eeid AUIS s-hewe cucwcecch=peneenwsmacaares 348 Reid, F ...... ----------2- cence nen eee nee 509 a DISTRIBUTION OF CARP. BOL Ol hoes oeintoe o'oia's valnns'ciswacskice eno ee 1390 eid Walliam: A. 2.22 .0ss-s2sscsencenads 1394 meimnter Gnarles.. =. 52.2555 -ssseece a 1050, 1051 TESST ODS 2S a 2553 LSLVART) (OL 0 | 5a ne ee 526 Meunolds eANGKGW: ...2 2's. .-- 255 .cecee one 961 2 COGS 0 See es Se een 2681 LE EG Li S08 0 ee ee ct onc 894 Mbinehart, Jeremiah -...-..<=:<..:.----- 834 LRINT AGES 5 ee ol a SE i 2562 PUORAOS PEONIY = <5 '<\<'-\- =< scacmor eetion ene 478 menodes: Wrederiok <...2...s--c. 25. aens 2574 IA CLEN eUINGR IM on auc se acnek te aciececmee 2563 PHOS, NVAIS OLS occ ccecssweecacmec ace 1019 PNGeN dames Woo .csccc acs ans saeceesns 265 HIGHATOS GeOrre E2522. sss525ccesc Se a 1169 LOSI 1S) IG) eT de pe eR i lI ose 550 Rrebundsons Charles). 2262025202. aces ee 1132 PeIGhaTasOne WORM |S... 0s 3 cccmes coeeaeeae- 2072 PMICHATGRONG Ly, WV cccishwcons scceccsneet as. 794 Richardson. William .S): 22.22 ss20--.¢2-- 954 DOTELDETIY 1) 1G 64 DNS ae eee ae ese 1276 IDR ODOT oes. scceesee ca caacckeees 1687 maddie Charles <0... sess hseae cheese 767 PerddlessehniOs Jc. o.'.s22:) acaee eeeese 2240 PTO GICMANNGHE eu fesctoL so sees cece eee. 768 LENIN, (Cre MAAS ee SA Saar Spo SSR AecosDe 741 LAIGGIN, Qi Una aaReRaeesctr topo recec 857 midcely. Walliam:A ..2-.-...-2:. 282 aye- 997 LEDS M HEINE CEits Sane eae i es apo 1984 UST SPUS) (05 0 Ue eeeate Pe Renee AES aaa tei 912, 913 ein GceOree? W \ coat oe Aenea 2342 WTC) CULE 35 OEE Ors eR, 355.9 103, 104 Tr yi) 0584 Dap er ROSE Ore cite 2536 Rodgers, E. Stanley ..--...----..-----.<-- 970 DNTP), (OSES ae EER PRPPReBScEsoneericac 159 Lnnis, lis oe aaa aaaeeonmeelocoacecoccic 1567 LECCE OG Ht oe Oe aE Iai Bor cite 266 JO) WOtS SES 16 GRRE Spee BeeE ease pe mconosa sos 2126 EO PATON OS Sekine ones oct njeee seeioe aaa 1493 RSDCIUR MRE ito cs awe ac se toe nee 1201 MO SOnswNeeNs2 As sav- raz sce teee ee 267, 268, 269 PROMIN Gras Si. J. .0' sss Sa aeeeeeme a 1341, 1342 Romine, dj. Gye. os sc2-- oss sessae ees 1397, 1398 ROGONOV Acts sc 0c nica. coop pee sateeeeen ee 81 BOON OODNID) cc2s es snes 2) ata eee soee 876 Int ay he ish ) Gl Ee aeeneepeee pee ccecac ise 877 Rosenbaum) Ww. AV. .25-2- 6522-5 <2 oes 163 No. ING @ali edge HGS rice Sea Se SRM S ACO ACOe aa 2571 Rosenberger, Gideon......--..--..--..--. 2572 ROSS bel nisi) sce emanee sees csceeeetateees 326, 327 PEORSeY GPAMG SDs. inc m mec meee hacen sacneene 2199 ROMS seer et sealers cunts Noles ais sxe ac ees 1886 ROSS CUGETY PAWN ee oor oe eo Soe nee ees 208 MCOSLOM MOM GL were ceetee sce nie aoe eee 1004 Rounteesoshner hes ece. 2-5s52 ene ase 298 SIN OAC ETE Soins oe ciaccouaime cael ce gisieles 2247 1351108 OG fe) es dO ee et ee ete eae 1658 MMA Menace «ame e = ses ak eenigeeesccice 1568 mam baugh Van seceeens sanciscise sac 1879 ling vlate ed & lamsmqeSEraseeaccwe asso cae 2019 Runkles ds: Bisssss2eassaencseee see tomes 847 PROMMNOED a, We sacics< ceteris atcnte see a eerie 2657 ied £3102) 2) (9 O Bal OE Me ne eaters ees eS 446 Ruppertid) 2. Soh wececsn ese nse weseeaeeries 1569 Up POLrt ier. MUG WIS a. Secon saceiene eee 939 Russell, C. M...... Peat aa SeesGac oahasae 642 USsel eset ee ee oh e ae ee 1177 mussel Georeeuk)s: sus = ssc= eke ee eae 2646 eassell Gurdon W, s.scccsceuss seeeecee as 115 MUISSOL MIS tae Senco seri ons = clei s napeencte neiees 2172 Russell & Macomber...-.--..----- Een aee 88 FUS ty) Phicye snes ces ce esrcice seas cce sccm sees 1634 SRMLDEOT INT. a. ce same cise seisccatiec sie coeisiate 1629 S. Sacramento: Cale cance cceccsccacnenueee oe 56 NAO GLOD MVV ALAIN @ eels cm seein ete 2638 Saint. DoD sesh eecewcenesssosseerencinacse 372 Sata WWM ATTN es ao ohainiere erctepe es cee tinieleremmaceretete 1570 Pa OV een oes oe elem minte nines isisursiapetereinrtetate 2629 Salis banyak ce eam aase as = ueeee eee 1779 SHIMOD PE Wce ss. . sess anos cate Cee 2166 Summit. Gr AUles sen sace seen see eee 1170 SAN GIS. SOMME ce are me Sane n= es ein eta 2564 Sanford Alexander’ Geo scenes semenisee ae 2029 Hancords eV i aMVel ee eee csceemaceeeee 1571, 1572 Sangbetham, Jobo-4.-..---sses94--- e550 2263 NABSOM EN e iRin sateen da necicinla mle ieee ae iele ete 1798 Santerleence Khe cake kaa cose see. eemeeees 1669 SAEs DUT ys EM sane aale seine oole saneleaetene 148, 149 SAW VELOUR Wo acesee os sane ones emer 2041 IAVLOS RM OMM ss ccm bliss sw wiclcteie me eae 2372 SCHIAVO TELS IS A HOR es eA ee eae 1214 Gah Voie ce ceicinacin uw ccic yaa’: Seinteales cee 1752 Bear Charles (isco sosscos= -cictem eee 1032 Shunles Wituiam’ | ssh ee 745, "TAB || Gunpehiley, © -2.na.<-¢2-0-0-aes aad eRe 2002 DLDVOMW GON on ac classic cs See mowincos soeeeee 1237 7|\sSnecd: George Keo. coo --s=bie sae eee 572 SHOBUIAROM OS gueeh eaicce coe sectional VOORTGE Speer, DOWN teen ee saa cle ener ea 364 SHED At eee eeasetac aaines iteeia re eee 2128 | Spencer, Benjamin A .-.-...-...-......-. 456 SHORG Tu AMES een eae nee einem mim alee es STIS PASS NSNE SOs OP Dee eee oespoacaacecsios. a= 20 368 SHGKBY WON ele aces on one air coe =\ eens es | WODENCCR, Ole MM ot aee. acite = inne eee 1053 SPIO PORN sess ap seen nano cee 2654 Stabler Caleb... .cs<|) SOMME yee Ales =a a \caaecjseice see's eee 1059 an Mag ker sresa4-\1ie nsw enise cose elses 145 : Tucker, Lucius .-.-.-- Usted fd ey eae 141 PERT EMS Wil ora cin, a 6a c.a see 2eimainta small atetate IOUL | PERC OR WinakOwst soe satan cos csin's) awe sees eete 962 PTET PASI ATINS oid (cian wisi s.c'a[da'waiece lads SHB) Mt Glo oka Oi Eh eee ee Bea nOarase rc 173 Tarbutton, James E ....-. Pz capiesae Seoee 1093, 1094 | Tulford, Alexander M...........--...---- 956 1006 No. Tomloss, “Vhonas kes «os oon krona ee pees 2195 "Pm VS. Own) As ase s 24 se acecnaseces bean 2671 TUS eR OLOUNeL seas ise ate 2 -caes eo races 1107 ToOni8; CRQOP MNS) can a3 oa enn sole ees <& 1108 PANEL Vain seesaawencs sakes cao sae ema 167 TtirMmOt PAu deter etna cece + sc0n cu ack oeat 2677 ALPE AUR AR ea ete re 1350 AUSTETMIGR NEMPGR aces eas oe rin pe os re ae roots 53 MRM bil saee cit daasccss sccm seeceene 675 Turpin, George B ......--.--2---02s-= cee 271 PET SEL ALTOON = «.c1s osen = -o'selee «See eeete 1642 Sine re Onny Onn... 2-055 + == -neeineeeenee 1796 SRVEU IAAT ed G AVY oc nare.e's\sicine ccecin = sinettaril= = 676 40) GT GL UES RR OE eee coercsseesbeo sashes. 70 A TO Ele UB pep eaeecoc Seco saseor jseo- 754 U. Wibler:: Mrs. Po Reeresdces sacteeeciecsceheee 704 [ne NI eee cr aac adte SSon brs oansos = 755 LOG Cl coo nates onocopesdeshsesconnasend 2207 Wi ton We esee sees cients cclclemeioeinc oteiet 2259 Vv. Viaiden. Hi Moses ee ss Stece st nace meee 2417 Waa OS ROCMIN GG dois taei tee ecient ecaemiate 1747 Vialentinen@ bss etescs ec cticecs tet ee 2691 Walentine: 0s Sisc cs ces.c, satin noe se aches 1614 Vallejo, Cal., navy-yatd......-....-.. -.. 57 Wp Ra es Sap srsoaeeoccacsea-sagrao.e 2060 Wan Silen) tiie ccs.cc ans wctincieicermenarae Sater = 1609 Won Sin (eth 2 ipso oseeceeredesoee sc Se 621 Wiss Bi per Ge Wace. SL Walsons deh C.ssasccce- 2 ote teem acta 400 Mase MELCOOliCk: ccc. .ceccassesctenssen W626 ao Walson! Je, Css oc pra inst sais eee sete 2287 VOU Oy CGO) UES os aoe eee eer coc 22228 RWETISON Over ea ae ee acess Coon ee tae eset 2142 DNMbYa TG EL. Cre oS pccateiarcis’wisie sae 's Selo ame ayars G77,+|) WalsonWalliam\G; .220 cae--ease eect 931 WRERIT SEEN Sy) ie orm cine c)o.a aie.e orsts!s inte arets 2651 | WAISON A» saescineainictseweessactmesce seats 2630 WENGE GESOs< cece sce eco corcsencess sacs Buen | WADOON: ames” Wi «cance cee seereaaceneree 2698 White, John G....... Shashi Mn ayn A Ste eee PERI) Wann, Werk: ssscest sss ses ccc acoemeaeariaee 292 Winter sosephyM: - 2. ces. ence ace G8Gn | iWimrshey.Gas- 262. 236 scene coeereeeraene 2373 Wihite: Ms Vbuleton.c-..2-. 25. socc cee n ee Sse 1437) | “Wise, Isaac Me.) oc. 2ssscacasccseesccnemee 1821 WaHEes MENTON jo oce awanndonnceetcebesm ncaa 26120! MWS) OM. 2.805 t= aan helene see eee eens 278 Seen Ss RO LHORS ein le a lap ate es acieiswleie slate aia L2SOmim Wane ye ODMR 227s Saco ne aia seleemepoomeeee Too cS 1 ee rage aenrys eer A268) Wane, Philip S:<-2.:--t25-.-.2.2se: yee 2605 VV G4 CESS Se oe a ee eee Seka oie Iie |) Washerds SORNUD <2 cc. feces eieee ome 1110 WEILO UN ia ci2o5 5 Sac come es seS,c ae sewaeris Has) OWathers, AG. QO si2se oss ecesesec sacs aaee ae 1281 i a yw eer a Am at D2 Weathers, JOP) cas. os)-s-seccee sa seee soe 1218 Mavubyinayewht Mas 5: : .-..22cn cc see seedeeee ARUARIOT SN Withers Reb secsacssecseveas esc seeee 2616, 2618 WihineyceMirs: Po BR... 2.26. 2sG-meseemer Sia | Wathers ude e)- 2-300. eee ese ata 495 Wittineyasamuel.—.\ <0). <5) sccwss «cteesiens 1666 | Withington, Frank H .......--..---.--... 1836 MIHAOM eVWalliam Vi... 54. 255.-5 00m mee PASTA WALDO, AMOS no oeeecl=- eae = acne cee : 678 WibiiiLe: OSOP.-2 02.22.55 552-82 5 cee 988 Witthowshki Ho... <2. as. on cwasigise hese food | WiODOTTi i Dit oss Ss o< ciisns oele cides aan 1479, 1480 AWD) ori 1G epee oso ssc 19349 | WOOGSSRGDEE.. .-.005 sasc-o-' ste se-mccere 2114 Walliams henjamin - 2. 222... ceee ema ZS Gn WiOOUSDL SHES (oc..2=.aneniec cn sincntoe caer 1345, 1346 Wa), ETc oc) 5 2 oc o Dado case menaiae Glin Woodward": Bos. .525 25225 ceste eee 2115 Vi UOT OS oe eS, 2GLGaVWwOGd Wards Di bit a. oc5022 2c cceceeceeeeee 2414 ‘irl house 10) We Sp see seOpeeBperSennesoric— GLO WiC Ot WRG Fis. We -eel” or hag (Myxine glutinosa) was aJso taken in large numbers both in the trawl andin traps. Many crabs and allied forms are active burrowers. Such creatures, by stir- ring up the bottom sediments continually, would give the currents a chance to carry away the finer and lighter materials, leaving the coarser behind. In many localities in the region under consideration there are great quantities of dead sbells, both broken and entire. A small proportion of the bivalves have been drilled by carnivorous gastropods, but there are large numbers that show no injury whatever. There is po doubt in my mind but that these have for the most part served as food for the ‘star-fishes and large Actiniz, so abundant on these grounds, and from which [ have often taken entire shells of many kinds, including ptero- pods. Many fishes, like the cod, haddock, hake, ete., have the habit of swallowing shells entire, and after digesting the contents, they disgorge the uninjured shells, and such fishes abound here. The mollusks represented by the numerous brokenshells have probably been preyed upon by the crabs and other crustacea, having claws strong enough to crack the shells. The large species of Cancer and Geryon, and the larger Paguroids, abundant in this region, have strength sufticient to break most of the bivalve shells. Alhhoueh I have often seen such crustacea break open bivalves for food, I am well aware that they also feed on other things.* Many fishes that feed on mollusea break the Shells before swallowing them, so that both fishes and crabs have doubt- less helped to accumulate the broken shells that are very often scat- tered abundantly over the bottom, both in deep and in shallow water. Such accumulations of shells would soon become far more extensive if they were not attacked by boring sponges and annelids. Certain com- mon sponges belonging to the genus Cliona very rapidly perforate the hardest shells in every direction, making irregular gaileries, and finally utterly destroy them. In our shallower waters the most destructive species is C. sulphurea (enon which burrows in shells and limestone *] fave antetved that when in aquaria, many aiairent species of the larger crus- tacea, such as the crabs, Libinia emarginata, Cancer irroratus, Panopeus Sayi, Carcinas menas, Platyonicus occellatus ; the hermit-crabs, Eupagurus pollicaris, E. longicarpus, and Catapagurus socialis ; the shrimp, Palemonetes vulgaris and Virbius zostericola ; and Limu- lus polyphemus, are all extravagantly fond of the masses of diatoms and other fine alga, intermingled with copeopods, etc., which we often collect in our surface-nets. When a mass of such materials is habe into an aquarium containing these crustacea they seize and devour it with great avidity. 1054 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] when young, but later grows into large, rounded, sulphur-yellow masses, often a foot in diameter. In deep water other species occur. Rarely, we dredge up, on the outer grounds, fragments of wood, but these are generally perforated by the borings of bivalves (usually Xylophaga dor- salis) and other creatures, and are evidently thus soon destroyed. Very rarely do we meet with the bones of vertebrates at a distance from the coast. Although these waters swarm with vast schools of fishes, while sharks and a large sea-porpoise or Colphin (Delphinus delphis) oceur in large numbers, we have, very rarely indeed, dredged up any of their bones, or, in fact, remains of any other vertebrate animals. In a fewin- stances we have dredged a single example of a shark’s tooth, and oc- casionally the hard otoliths of fishes. It is certain that not merely the flesh, but most of the bones, also, of all vertebrates that die in this region are very speedily devoured by the various animals that inhabit the bottom. Echini are very fond of fish-bones, which they rapidly con- sume. Relics of man and his works are of extremely rare occurrence, at a distance from the coast, or outside of harbors, with the exception of the clinkers and fragments of coal thrown overboard with the ashes from steamers. As our dredgings are in the track of European steamers, such materials are not rare. A few years ago even these would not have occurred. A rock forming on this sea-bottom would, therefore, contain little evidence of the existence of man, or even of the existence of the commonest fishes and cetaceans inhabiting the same waters. - EVIDENCES OF THE EXISTENCE OF LIGHT AT GREAT DEPTHS. The evidences of the presence of light at great depths and its quality and source are of much interest. At present very little experimental knowledge in regard to these questions is available. That light of some kind and in considerable amount actually exists at depths below 2,000 fathoms may be regarded as certain. This is shown by the presence of well-developed eyes in most of the fishes, all of the Cephalopods, most of the decapod Crustacea, and in some species of other groups. In many of these animals living in 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms, and even deeper than that, the eyes are relatively larger than in the allied shallow-water species; in others the eyes differ little, if any, in size and appearance from the eyes of corresponding shallow-water forms; in certain other cases, especially among the lower groups, the eyes are either rudimen- tary or wanting in species of which the shallow-water representatives have eyes of some sort. This last condition is notable among the deep- water Gastropods, which are mostly blind, but many of these are prob- ably burrowing species, and it may be that the prevalent extreme soft- ness of the ooze of the bottom and the general burrowing habits are connected directly with the absence or rudimentary condition of the eyes in many species belonging to different classes, including Crustacea and fishes. Such blind species usually have highly-developed tactile organs, to compensate for lack of vision. [11] THE BOTTOM OF THE GULF STREAM. 1055 Other important facts, bearing directly, not only on the existence, but on the quality, of the light, are those connected with the coloration of the deep-sea species. In general it may be said that a large proportion of the deep-sea animals are highly colored, and that their colors are cer- tainly protective. Certain species, belonging to different groups, have pale colors or are translucent, while many agree in color with the mud and ooze of the bottom, but some, especially among the fishes, are very dark or even almost black. Most of these are probably instances of adaptations for protection from enemies or concealment from prey. But more striking instances are to be found among the numerous brightly colored species belonging to the Echinoderms, decapod Crustacea, Cephalopods, Annelids, and Anthozoa. In all these groups species occur which are as highly colored as their shallow-water allies, or even more so. But it is remarkable that in the deep-sea animals the bright colors are almost always shades of orange and orange-red, occasionally purple, purplish-red, and brownish-red. Clear yellow, and all shades of green and blue colors are rarely, if ever, met with. These facts indi- cate that the deep sea is illuminated only by the sea-green sunlight that has passed through a vast stratum of water, and therefore lost all the red and orange rays by absorption. The transmitted rays of light could not be reflected by the animals referred to, and therefore they would be rendered invisible. Their bright colors can only become visi- ble when they are brought up into the white sunlight. These bright colors are, therefore, just as much protective as the dull and black colors of other species. The deep-sea star-fishes are nearly all orange, orange-red, or scarlet, even down to 3,000 fathoms; the larger Ophiurans are generally orange, orange-yellow, or yellowish white, the burrowing forms being usually whitish or mud-colored, while the numerous species that live clinging to the branches of gorgonians and the stems of Pennatulacea are generally orange, scarlet, or red, like the corals to which they cling. Among such species are Astrochele Lymani, abundant on the bushy orange gor- gonian coral, Acanella Normani, often in company with several other orange Ophiurans, belonging to Ophiacantha, ete. Astronyx Loveni and other species are common on Pennatulacea, and agree very perfectly in color with them. These and numerous others that might be named are instances of the special adaptations of colors and habits of commensals for the benefit of one or both. Many of the large and very abundant Actin or sea-anemones are bright orange, red, searlet, or rosy in their colors, and are often elegantly varied and striped, quite as brilliantly as the shallow water forms, and the same is true of the large and ele- gant cup-corals, Flabellum Goodei, F. angulare, and Caryophyllia eom- munis, all of which are strictly deep-sea species and have bright orange and red animals when living. The gorgonian corals, of many species, and the numerous sea-pens and sea-feathers (Pennatulacea), which are large and abundant in the deep sea, are nearly all bright colored, when e 1056 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] living, and either orange or red. All these Anthozoa are furnished with powerful stinging organs for offense and defense, so that their colors cannot well be for mere protection against enemies, for even the most ravenous fishes seldom disturb them. It is probable, therefore, that their invisible colors may be of use by concealing them from their prey, which must actually come in contact with these nearly stationary animals, in order to be caught. But there is a large species of scale covered annelid (Polynoé aurantiaca V.) which lives habitually as a com- mensal, on Bolocera Tuedie, a very large orange-red actinian, with un- usually powerful stinging organs. Doubtless the worm finds on this account perfect protection against fishes and other enemies. This an- nelid is of the same intense orange color as its actinian host. Such a color is very unusual among annelids of this group, and in this case we must regard it as evidently protective and adaptive in a very complex manner. It has been urged by several writers that the light in the deep sea is derived from the phosphorescence of the animals themselves. Itis true that many of the deep-sea Anthozoa, Hydroids. Ophiurans, and fishes are phosphorescent, and very likely this property is possessed by mem- bers of other groups in which it has not been observed. But so far as known, phosphorescence is chiefly developed in consequence of nervous excitement or irritation, and is evidently chiefly of use as a means of defense against enemies. It is possessed by so many Anthozoa and Acalephs which have, at the same time, stinging organs, that it would seem as if fishes had learned to instinctively avoid all phosphorescent animals. Consequently, it has become possible for animals otherwise defenseless to obtain protection by acquiring this property. It is well known to fishermen that fishes avoid nets and cannot be caught in them if phosphorescent jelly-fishes become entangled in the meshes. There- fore it can hardly be possible that there can be an amount of pbospher- escent light regularly evolved by the few deep-sea animals having this power sufficient to cause any general illumination, or powerful enough to have iufluenced, over the whole ocean, the evolution of complex eyes, brilliant and complex protective colors, and complex commensal adap- tations. It seems to me probable that more or less of the sunlight does actually penetrate to the greatest depths of the ocean, in the form of a soft sea- green light, perhaps at 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms equal in intensity to our partially moonlight nights, and possibly, at the greatest depths, equal only to starlight. It must be remembered that in the deep sea, far from land, the water is far more transparent than near the coast. [13] THE BOTTOM OF THE GULF STREAM. 1057 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. Sketch map of the southern coast of New England to the Gulf Stream Slope, showing lines of depth and the position of the principal dredging stations of the United States Fish Commission, 1880-1882, and some of those of 1871, 1874, and 1875. The crosses indicate dredging stations, part of which are accompanied by their serial numbers, corresponding to the records and published lists. Those bearing numbers between 309 and 347 were occupied by the Blake in 1880. PLATE II. To illustrate the relative slope or profile of the bottom from the shore to the Gulf Stream Slope and across portions of the slope in several lines. Vertical to hori- zontal scale, 1:360. The line n’/—o’ shows the actual slope along the line n—o. The vertical shading indicates the position of the comparatively warm water both of the surface and of the Gulf Stream; oblique shading to the right indicates the cold water of the shallow plateau; oblique to the left the cold water of the greater depths. PLATE III, Temperature-curves at the bottom and surface (0), and at 5, 10, and 20 fathoms im the same localities. The curves of the bottom-temperatures extend from the shore to near the 800-fathom line on the Gulf Stream Slope. The position of each station is indicated by the total depth placed at the head of the vertical columns. PLATE IV. Temperature-curves at the surface and bottom, and at the intermediate depths of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 fathoms, arranged according to the distance in miles from the shore. The observations were made on three different days, as indicated by the letters a—a, b—b, c—c. The dotted lines indicate breaks in the actual series of observations. The numbers are those of the recorded stations where the obser- vations were made. PLATE VY. Temperature-curves at the bottom and surface (0), and at the intermediate depths of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 fathoms. These observations were all made September 14,1881. This illustrates the rise in temperature between 30 and 50 fathoms from the surface. These plates were prepared to illustrate articles published by mv in “Science,” in 1882. I am indebted to the editor, Mr. 8. H. Scudder, for the opportunity of using them in this place. S. Mis. 46-———67 J ) t > ’ - , * Drona oot \ — ” ‘ ‘ : ‘ i 3 * , ‘ ! . ‘ | ‘ - | ; 5 aR ' ' / ‘2 ' i a Daa, sy. f ~ { i, { } * : b> » * f , by ' L h ; f , ' \ Vi. f ; hi : ] 1 t re . ‘ i ‘ \ ; as ay, ity ; } é. ry a iis , oa i a | y ‘/ 1 \ ‘ ‘ ’ \ i . } oa he \ i aia) . eh ‘ Sieg F ne a ' ‘ ' _ . ¥ { tA 1 ’ ‘ 3 ¥ yi ; ‘ “ - 1 hah i n ty my 4 i i Me bil : : \ f ; ‘ 4 ah va tie ” hi sy Riga aslo, Pee fal ‘ ath rv ; es PY yada Wee ee Me ee mn AA da ny ? ‘ ae _)'% { + W i } 4 t , ay al is Oe A Or a niga en 7 et wat ile, ate coer ce La cabha th Qe URRE Py Rae pire oes i h Ay THEE st ney 4 Ce ek eh ul S myer ok bi, a | beth PPT ant ALL Tn a an Ane, hs iv { Py yay Te Paap.” \ i dae 4 typ 4h Rip 0,4 ies bie Me unl Lew Cte lh eandae sign fit cate nin gaan rex l a a hae Pa! \ Heh 1 Report U. S. F. C. 1882.—Verrili. Gulf Stream Exploration. PLATE I 394-300 sen sa Southern coast of New England to the Gulf Stream Slope, showing lines of depth and positions of the principal dredging-stations of the United States Fish Commission. Kaiti es A ie As PLATE 11. ® f Stream Exploration. ’ t Gu Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Verrill. 7 Meas a ie Wj ZW Yj Yi VW oe Ve ee Le |. a8 Lip oe tin, > , from the shore to the Gulf Stream Slope, and To illustrate the relative slope or profile of the bottom Vertical to horizontal scale, 1:360. across portions of the slope in several lines. Report U.S. F.C. 1882.—Verrill. Gulf Stream Exploration. PLATE III. 760 [80 woo 700/20 740 ps 1d Saat es [fe ea 260 580 600 6270 640 660 680 e = 3 ES © = = = 3 = i | 8 e = = 2H 7 314 iF By 2 2 = S g 3 es = = e : FI ° = Ey ° = a ° = 2 Ae Meese cee | SBE Ree. 26s eey 4) pete Sf} ep \_| [A aR | | i160 ° = © s ° = ° ~ Temperature curves at the bottom and surface (0), and at 5,10, and 20 fathoms, and extending from the shore to near the 800-fathom line on the Gulf Stream Slope. Shares a Pbk de Lah 4 is at | Ore ' ‘ { hye 6 ..4 ie i hoe eM ' Ay ¢ : \ : if 5 t i] : * I pnpedheenind to : d : P' 4 f | A “4 1 a : Pr iy Lie a J 4 . ¢ * i } 1 eheaplpe wien i é ) yy Aes | j eas ° i A . ‘7 ro 1 ; ae y oat ; J ‘ fev! ot { inde Lea alls i oe videre p inbs | Yao ian ee ig ae * | fl ‘ Wath Be ‘ae 6 as ’ 2 r ES ed wes Pilodia . r , g ee | ray Set ce 7 ia rey: Poe on ean he ee -7 Ls, aren rh i he < tea ty Report U.S. IF. C. 1882.—Verrill. Gulf Stream Exploration. PLATE IV. rs ie late FS oe oT Ke ECC DCTS Tay Tae | ae Pee PONE HES et PACT ESD de \ SS CIE TAS HP rnyg ial za i a + Y, y| amin ie [a cae eslea ee i a i alg z a I ig Z Bs is ia ie i Ia ie bs wl a iD Mie oe) Ser EAGR Zee (| [a \ LT 7 t SRE LS OMe Rake eee BEES EES a (ae See See eee | || bea Be se oe Fe Temperature curves at the surface and buttom, and ut the intermediate depths of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 59 fathoms, arranged accordin; to tho distance in miles from the shore. ‘ . r . ‘ . ly ‘ Mi y 2 1 . . ' . ' . . / ‘ ' We * { 1 ‘ ? ¢ ‘ W j / + : : . t 4 \ r ' i nd t ‘ . te i 1 é ' ‘ , , 1 ; * ry , * ‘ + ~ he; } » ‘ - ’ Ti ‘ se 5 =" : . a pon ‘ J \ =| ‘ i ia . ‘ ‘ r * ¥ ae q j r My Song ee ee } i 4 ; Ee, iy t 4 4 ' ‘ i nes ee ee ee oo om Gn Fae OPE a ee respeigy net } y * Se nel he ceria timate 7 Y ‘* ‘ \ ke Nat eae MY 4+: vey \ dred as me < ‘ i , } j +: Real J Voge } a) i * nN Sata coee met Soe ee viata a ae Pet $e aoe weiner pris at ag x bat “7 04 8 ce ba > ‘ norte 2 iy r gf . e mad po Oe o i x ee ihre ane Gl mye via ee ‘ weg Ss altho pasa Pp must Report U.S. F. C. 1882.—Verrill. Gulf Stream Exploration. PLATE V. 250 320 360 400 440 gs eee HfL es | Reta ee ea Saeet Geeee=eao Beer Temperature curves at the bottom and surface (0), and at the intermediate depths of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 fathoms. ig - 4 4 Pe Ps el Wh ath’ rn Ly 1 F A hy t fe LF 7? Was ¥ : . - : Wee nope 1 t re es, Bid 5 i. ‘Vy ' , ‘? i . vay \ a , } ‘ i ' . . " - ; ? Fal Ota) Met Pit MT cy ete } se hy US Pa NCPR 7 " , aS, ‘ a ‘ he ‘ i A Rey Map ' fy \ \ \ - We, f ‘ SAN ‘ ' i ‘a - ’ : . { 4 . ‘ , F : ‘ %, ¢ . = ‘ h wy , ’ ‘ A . ‘ é . VR > ; m A t > uy i ’ , p ve { . j : ~ A 2 > oh i@ ” . ) 4 ‘ ' ye 7 it wy Bey ' ’ 4 } W , ; : : f leet = ry Hel f ‘ s . y - y ‘ J ? ; j A at av : vs - n ’ ; 4 . ‘ ‘ f rf 4 4h i ‘ { " hs ; : t R a .*, h " of | y ' ; \ | ‘ in “ Tas o My ali bs F ey \ £ i rT Aly Os { : , j ay a eee Pal hed ‘ ‘ 4 Nea i. 4A . eal) . i ¥uy \ yi pat! ‘ ong: f Y fs oraeretn . We ps ae ’ i i ; vi a Tr nt eal Lal wile Aghicly + gy'b ‘ velo 4 i? Ti ‘ag ‘7 f uy ’ : ‘Me ae odd oy Pt. f ‘ P Ny it ‘ y fhe’ i i ape + bilesl : Di bul 4)? \ ’ ’ pe | r Dipntip bo ere ee NL AT ea tn ee NF 7 oe ae pea Pale y 1 4 sa 4 7 , . i i q by Ns vary or j \ ; vy. erin’ , a bagel aN or Li Yotes"y... croas ? ick Wah agpeaeas gan aed aaa MOA Le) AL ME OR TI a 2a r f Shag \ ; Lane uy on ea tay 4 Py file ae Ay egy ; f Vs +a i. ie ‘ ad i ay » 4 oe i \ yi : + iy rs wae Cake 0) Diana eT he he ete Lee RR ee Be Di oa ere i) Hi " ; i \ i f , ee eee ore ms adane A te will wha art het ts i Pe eae f : i Ja} 1% . i ee ae y) @alan a * Near inne 192 i i NSCOR SUN let hing CEOS aL awh ie Dn ? et ‘a a seet hae 4 + Dial phe « 1.” ‘ , vir aa © nh : i al my A a viphs =f XLIV.—ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. By CuHas. W. SMILEY. This is in reality an index to the classified list of rivers and their tributaries presented on pages 91-202 of this volume, and the refer- ences are to the classification there used. In order to avoid the con- stant repetition of the words “river,” “creek,” &c., exponent figures in small type have been placed against each name to denote the charac- ter of the body of water, viz: 1 River. 6 Brook. 1 Sound. 2 Creek. 7 Branch. 12 Slough. 3 Lake. 8 Pond. 13 Stream. 4 Bayou. 9 Bay. 5 Wash. 10 Run. The work of preparation of this index has been done very largely by Messrs. 8S. S. Alden, C. E. Latimer, and E. Y. Davidson. This index is believed to be a faithful guide to all streams named in the preceding article. It will be of considerable service in the work of the Commission, and it is hoped of others. It is manifestly impossible to note every little creek in the country, and in the omissions may have been included accidentally some of respectable size. permit, the list could be much enlarged and improved. sented as so much better than nothing and to meet a felt want. Abbott’s,? 83 P. | Alacas,! 218 H2. Allaguash,? 1 W. Abrams,? 130 J. Alamilla Arroyo, 218 C3. Alleghany,! 156 N9. Abrams,? 157 N3. Alamito,? 210 U2. Allen,? 164 V3. Abyacha Coula,? 153 P. Alamo,? 154 V3. Alligator,! 80C. Acoaksett,! 28. Alamo,? 272 D. Alligator,? 153 J. Acocks,? 130 R. Alamosa,? 218 L4. Alligator,? 196 U. Acushnet,! 25. Alamutchee,? 140 C4. Alligator,? 206 L2. Ada,? 151 N6. Alaqua,? 133 B. Alloway,? 176 N. Adair,? 219 B2. Alarm,? 196 L3. Alpowa,? 334 J. Adam’s,? 164 T10. Albemarle,!! 80. Alsea,! 323. Aestham,! 75 B. Albion,! 284, Altamaha,! 98. Agawam,! 234. Alcove,” 219 M2. Althous,? 311 D. Agawam,! 41 Ca. Alder! (Tex.), 194 C2. Altoyac,? 194 S. Agua Azul,! 154 D3. Alder? (Mont.), 164 S14. Aluise,? 290. Agua Negra Chicita,? 218 R2. Alder? (Cal.), 272 L. Alvios,? 253 B. Agua Poquito,? 214 B. Alder? (Cal.), 280. Ambrosia,? 218 G. Ahapopka,? 102 P: 116 A. Aliso,? 220 R. Amell’s,? 164 G10. Ahorts,! 75 K2. Alisos,? 237. American,? 164 G6. Alabama,! 140 B. Allafia,! 115. American, 272 E. Alabama,? 194 A2. Allapaha,! 123 H. American Crow,? 164 F6. Alabama, or Village,? 194 J. Allaguash,! 1S. Amite,! 150. [1] 1059 If time should It is now pre- 1060 Anacuas? (Tex.), 213 B. Anclote,! 117. Anderson’s,? 152 A4. Andros,? 226 F2. Androscoggin,! 9 F. Angelina,! 194 P. Antelope? (Nebr.), 164 S5. Antelope? (Colo.), 166 D3. Antelope? (Tex.), 199 F4. Antelope? (Cal.), 272 W3. Antietam,! 74 G. Antoine,? 152 Q2. Antonio,? 215 A. Antonia,? 248 A. Apache,? 154 Y7. Apishapa,? 154 U7. Appalachee,! 98 8. Appalachicola,! 130. Appanaug,? 36. Apple! (I11.), 151 P4. Apple? (IiL.), 163 K2. Apple? (Dak.), 164 J8. Apple? (Iil.), 174 J. Apple! (Wis.), 182 C. Applegate,” 311 J. Appomattox,! 78 B. Aqua Fria,! 220 B. Aquia,? 74 X. Aransas,! 209. Ararat,? 83 F2. Arbor Vitz,? 180 X. Arenosa,? 194 T. Arenosa,? 203. Aricaree,? 164 W6. Arickaree, or Bobtail,? 165 X2. Arkansas,} 151 Z. Arkansas,” 273 C. Arkansas,” 332 G. Aroostook,! 1J. Arrojo,? 218 D2. Arrow,! 164 U10. Arrow,? 171 R2. Arroyo Alamo Gordo, 218 02. Arroyo Capertao, 271 A. Arroyo Cares, 271 J. Arroyo de la Cuchilla Negro, 218 Z2. Arroyo de la Puerto, 273 Z. Arroyo de las Llagas, 267 A. Arroyo del Bosdrio, 267 B. Arroyo del Choveo, 255. Arroyo del Final, 260. Arroyo del Rodeo, 268. Arroyo de San Jose, 264. _ Arroyo de Santayo, 338. Arroyo Grande, 254. Arroyo Guerbo, 154 Y3. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Arroyo San Miguel, 218 J3. Arroyo Seco, 243 A. Arroyo Valley, 271 F. Ash2 (Kans.), 154 W6. Ash? (Nebr.), 166 W. Ash? (Tex.), 195 Q2. Ash? (Utah), 219 N. Ash? (Ariz.), 220 T. Ash? (Ariz.), 221 0. Ash? (Cal.), 272 L4. Ashby,? 103 A. Ashley,! 88. Ashley, 335 N. Ashphalt,® 226 W. Assabet,! 14 D. Assinniboine,? 164 E7. Assotin,? 334 Z. Asylum,? 196 L4. Atascosa,! 210 G. Atchafalaya,! 152 A: 188. Atchison’s,? 162 R. Atsion,! 67 G. Attanam,! 332 $2. Au Sable,! 55. Au Sable,? 174 T5. Auxvasse,? 164 Ba. Avery,? 175 E. Avish,* 194 Q. Bachelor’s Branch of Connecti- cut,} 41 N. Back,? 74 Q. Backbone,? 272 V4. Bacon,? 156 T3. Bad,! 164 Q6. Badger,? 164 D11. Badger,! 164 G11. Badger,! 175 Q. Badger,” 219 Y. Bad Hand, ? 169 R. Bad Land,? 169 E. Bad Land,? 226 R2. Bad Watcr,? 171 N2. Bailey,? 272 D4. Balcones,? 206 M. Ballards,! 75 N2. Balsam,’ 182 D. Balsam,’ 182 D. Bancroft, 3 175 L3. Banister, } 80 P. Bannack,! 334 V4. Bark Camp,? 158 A3. Barne’s,! 160 K. Barnetts,? 129 F. Barons,? 199 M. Barrancas,? 154 T3. Barrel,? 332 C2. Barren,? 164 Q10. a ud > [2] Bashi,? 140 X38. Basil,? 154 T. Basin,” 164 K12. Basin,” 336 K2. Bass,! 67 A. Bates,? 140 N3. Batsto,! 67 F. Battle, 75 D. Battle 2 (Tenn.),! 57 F2. Battle ? (Iowa), 167 C. Battle? (Tll.), 174 H5. Battle? (Cal.), 272 Ba. Batupon Bogue, 153 T. Baudin’s Fork of Rock,? 171 V2. Bay,! 81 D. Bay,? 174 O. Baylor’s,! 75 F2. Bayou du Chien,? 151 Q2. Bean’s,? 195 ¥2. Bear? (Me.), 9 N. Beat! (Mass.), 41 T. Bear? (Ga.), 130 V. Bear 2 (Fla.), 131 B. Bear? (Ala.), 140 K. Bear? (Ala.), 140 W3. Bear ? (Ill.), 151 03. Bear? (Iowa), 151 D5. Bear? (Ark.), 154 M. Bear? (Kans.), 154 Z5. Bear? (Kans.), 154 D7. Bear? (Ark.), 155 B2. Bear ? (Ky.), 156 H3. Bear? (Ill.), 163 W. Bear 2 (Mont.), 164 013. Bear 2 (Colo.), 166 Z3. Bear? (Dak.), 170 H. Bear? (Ill.), 174 G. Bear? (Ill.), 174 A3. Bear? (Iowa), 175 Z. Bear? (Wis.), 181 J. Bear 2 (Minn.), 182 K. Bear? (Tex.), 206 N2. Bear? (N. Mex.), 220 G2. Bear ! (Cal.), 272 T. Bear? (Cal.), 272 A3. Bear? (Cal.), 272 K4. Bear? (Cal.), 272 G5. Bear 2 (Cal.), 273 J2. Bear 2 (Mont.), 336 T. Bear ! (Wash.), 337 A. Bear or Beale,! 294. Bear Butte,? 170 8. Bear Gulch, 171 M3. Beard’s,? 98 B. Beaubois Fork of Big Horn,! 171 C2, Beaucoup,? 162 B. Barren Fork of Illinois,! 154 R4. | Beautiful,! 75 G2. Barren Fork of Stone’s,! 158 B2..| Beautiful View,? 154 F3. Barret’s,? 140 R3. Beaver? (N. H. and Mass.), 14 B. Arroyo Jalame, 250. Arroyo Joaquin Soto, 267 C. Arroyo Mocho, 271 G. Arroyo Piedras, 273 Y. Arroyo Placita, 218 F3. Arroyo Pleasanton, 271 E. Arroyo Portrillo, 218 P2. Arroyo Salado, 218 N2. Arroyo San Antonio, 271 V. Barrow’s,® 153 H. Bartholemew,? 226 Q. Bartholomew,‘ 152 Q. Bartlett’s,! 161 Y3. Bartons,? 158 N. Bartons,? 196 $3. Beaver® (Mass.), 20 A. Beaver? (Ala.), 140 N. Beaver? (Ala.), 140 A4. Beaver? (Miss.), 142 D. Beaver? (Tex.), 152 G6. Beaver? (Tex.), 154 J2. [3] Beaver? (Colo.), 154 K8. Beaver? (Ky.), 156 V4. Beaver! (Pa.), 156 L9. Beaver? (Tenn.), 157 C3. Beaver? (Tenn.), 158 R2. Beaver? (Tenn.), 158 Z2. Beaver? (Ill.), 163 J. Beaver? (Iowa), 164 G4. Beaver? (Iowa), 164 L4. Beaver? (Nebr.), 164 V4. Beaver? (Dak.), 164 X7. Beaver? (Dak.), 164 V8. Beaver? (Mont.), 164 V11. Beaver? (Mont.), 164 Z11. Beaver? (Mont.), 164 R12. Beaver? (Kans.), 165 Y. Beaver? (Nebr.), 165 J2. Beaver2 (Nebr.), 166 O. Beaver? (Colo.), 166 C3. Beaver? (Lowa), 167 B. Beaver2 (Mont.), 172 H. Beaver? (Mont.), 172 L. Beaver? (Mont.), 172 T. Beaver? (Iowa), 175 D2. Beaver? (Iowa), 175 R2. Beaver2 (Iowa), 175 C3. Beaver 2 (Lowa), 175 P3. Beaver? (Iowa), 177 U. Beaver? (Iowa), 177 M2. Beaver? (Tex.), 199 W. Beaver? (Colo.), 225 K2. Beaver? (Colo.), 226 G2. Beaver? (Colo.), 226 S38. Beaver? (Utah.), 226 A4. Beaver? (Cal.), 272 H5. Beaver? (Idaho), 334 K3. Beaver? (Mont.), 335 H. Beaver Branch of Usquebaug,! 38 D. Beaverdam 2 (Ga.), 93 C. Beaverdam? (Ga.), 93 S. Beaverdam? (Ky.), 156 J3. Beaver Dam® (Ariz.), 219 L. Beaver Dam? (Utah), 226 H. Beck’s,? 163 D2. Becky’s,! 161 H4 Bedais,? 195 C. Bee,? 152 N. Bee,! 161 U. Bee,? 209 D. Beech,? 98 V. Beech,? 152 02. Beech,! 157 P. Beech Fork of Salt,! 15635. Beeddoc,! 289. Beehouse,? 196 L2. Belknap,? 152 85. Belle,” 166 C. Bell Fourche,! 170 U. Bell’s,! 161 R. Belt Mountain,? 164 L11. Bennet,” 196 G2. Benton,? 164 W11. Berry,? 272 H2. Big?! (R.1.), 33 C. Big? (Ga.), 94 R. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF UNITED STATES. Big? (Ala.), 140 G4. Big! (Mo.), 151 A3. Big? (Tenn. and Miss.), 151 K2a. Big? (La.), 152 M. Big4 (La.), 152 O. Big? (Ark.), 152 B2. Big? (Ind. T.), 152 P4. Big? (Ark.), 155 B. Big? (Ky.), 156 R6. Big} (Pa.), 161 D. Big? ¢Ll.), 163 C2. Big? (Kans.), 165 P3. Big? (l.), 174 M3. Big}? (Ind.), 174 F6. Big? (Iowa), 176 A. Big? (Iowa), 174 L. Big4 (Tex.), 195 A. Big? (Tex.), 196 C. Big2 (Tex.), 196 W2. Big! (Cal.), 285. Big Barren,! 156 M4. Big Bayou Sara, 151 C. Big Bear,? 157 U. Big Beaver,? 155 C2. Big Bigbee,? 157 N. Big Birch,! 159 K. Big Black,!1F. Big Black,! 151 T. Big Blackfoot,! 336 M. Big Blue,! 165 M. Big Blue,? 194 P2. Big Boulder,! 171 E3. Big Brushy,? 202 H. Big Bureau,? 174 Q4. Big Butte,” 272 D3. Big Bywiah,? 151 X. Big Caney,? 154 G5. Big Charlie Aopoka,? 111 A. Big Cheyenne,! 164 C7. Big Clear, or Mustang,? 154 W2. Big Coal,! 159 B. Big Cottonwood,? 164 Y6. Big Cottonwood,! 183 E. Big Cow,? 194 F2. Big Crab Orchard,? 162 J. Big Deer,? 171 A3. Big Doe,! 157 Z3. Big Dry,? 164 Z9. Big Dry,? 272 V. Big East Fork of French Broad,! 157 B4. Big Eau Claire, 180 E. Big Eau Pleine,! 180 D. Big Elk,} 181 E2. Bigelow, 39 H. Bigelow Branch, Thames,! 39 P. Big Emory,! 157 V2. Big French,? 302 O. Big Grassy,? 174 K. Big Grave,? 156 B. Big Gunpowder,! 72 T. Big Hatchie,! 151 L2. Big Horn,} 171 X. Big Hurricane,” 100 H. Big Indian,? 174 D5. Big Knife,! 164 R8. 1061 Big and Little Lott’s,? 94 B. Big Machias,! 1 L. Big Mazorn,? 152 V2. Big Meadow,? 272 R2. Big Muddy,! 151 V2. Big Muddy,}? 162. Big Muddy,? 163 E. Big North Fork of White,! 155 U, Big Panoche,? 267 D. Big Panther,? 174 J2. Big Pigeon,! 157 H4. Big Poplar,? 158 K3. Big Porcupine,? 172 A. Big Potato,? 130 N. Big Prairie,? 140 F4. Big Prickly Pear,! 164 D12. Big Richland,? 157 G. Big Rush,? 151 O04. Big Sand,! 161 P4, Big Sandy? (Ga.), 98 M. Big Sandy? (Ala.), 140 J4. Big Sandy? (Miss.), 153 R. Big Sandy? (Colo.), 154 G7. Big Sandy! (Ky.), 156 G8. Big Sandy! (Tenn.), 157 E. Big Sandy? (W. Va.), 159 J. Big Sandy? (W. Va.), 161 Big Sandy? (Il.), 174 L. Big Sandy? (Tex.), 194 L. Big Sandy? (Ariz.), 222 L. Big Sandy? (Wyo.), 226 G4 Big Salt,? 272 X3. Big Sioux,! 164 P4. Big Spring,? 158 M. Big Spring Branch of Cotton- wood,? 164 P10. Big Stone,? 183 R. Big Swamp,? 140 Y. Big Tarkio,? 164 P2. Big Thompson,? 166 T3. Big Uchee,? 130 B2. Big Wheeling,” 156 A. Big Whiskey,? 167 M. Big Wichita,! 152 C6. Big Wiilow,? 171 W2. Bijou,? 166 E3. Bill Williams Fork of Colorado,? 219 F. Biloxi,! 143. Birch? (Mont.), 164 J10. Birch? (Mont.), 164 C11. Birch? (Mont.), 164 H14. Birch? (Iowa), 179 F. Birch? (Tex.), 196 N. Birch? (Utah), 219 L2. Birch? (Oreg.), 332 G2. e Bird,? 154 F5. Birds,? 206 X. Bird’s Mill,? 94 J. Bishop,? 273 E2. Bistinean, ? 152 R3. Bitter,! 158 B. Bitter,! 336 F. Bitter Root,? 226 N4. Bitter Waters,” 225 Q. Black! (N. C.), 82 D. 1062 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4] Black! (S.C.), 84. Bluff? (Ind. T.), 154 V5. Bridge, ? 129 H. Black? (Miss.), 142 C. Bluff? (Ind. T.), 154 K6. Bridger’s, ? 164 E13. Black! (Wis.), 151 K5. Bluff? (Tex.), 199 C2. Bridger’s, 3 171 Z3. Black! (La.), 152 E. Bluff? (Tex.), 199 T4. Brier, ? 93 B. Black’ (La.), 152 N3. Bluff? (Cal.), 302 V. Broad ! (8. C.), 86 V. Black! (Ark.), 155 K. Boardman’s,? 164 Q5. Broad ! (S. C.), 92. Black? (Wis.), 180 K. Boaz, ? 163 A2. Broad ! (Ga.), 93 M. Black? (Tex.), 194 M. Bodea,? 140 Q3. Broken Kettle, ? 168 A. Black? (Tex.), 196 Q4. Bodeau, ? 152 W3. Bronson’s, ? 174 C2. Black? (Tex.), 199 Q4. Bodeau, 4 152 X3. Brookland Sandy, ? 194 J2. Black! (Tex. and N. Mex.), 218 Z. | Boeuf, 4 152 D. Brook’s, 175 W. Black! (Ariz.), 221 A2. Boeuf,4 152 P. Brophy’s,? 179 A. Black? (Cal.), 273 Q. Boeuf, ! 152 L. Brown,? 154 O08. Black Bear,” 154 N5. Bog, ? 221 F. Brown,? 199 V2. Blackberry, ? 174 J5. Boggy, } 152 U4. Brown’s,? 152 Z. Black Cat,? 175 H3. Boggy, ? 196 H5. Brown’s,! 161 L. Black Earth,? 164 X4. Bogue Chitto (Ala.), 140 M. Bruneau,! 334 H4. Blackford’s,? 156 F7. Bogue Chitto (La.), 146 B. Brush? (Ky.), 151 R20. Black Fork,} 164 L. Bogue Chitto (Miss.), 151 U. Brush ? (Ky.), 156 K3. Black Fork,? 152 Q4. Bogue Homo, 142 G. Brush 2(W.Va.), 159 J2. Black Fork of Cheat,! 161 Qa. Boiling Spring, ? 272 N5. Brush 2 (IlL.), 163 F2. Black Hawk,? 177 Q. Bois Cache, ? 164 M7. Brush 2 (Colo.), 166 C4. Black Jasper Flores,? 210 S, Bois d’ Are, ? 195 X. Brush ? (Ill.), 174 Y2. Black Lake, 152 O3. Boise, } 334 E3. Brush 2 (Colo.), 225 03. Black, or Bloosa,? 153 M. Boisee, ! 166 Q2. Brush ? (Colo.), 226 T2. Black Rascal,? 273 L2. Boisleger, ? 164 S4, Brush 2 (Cal.), 272 G. Black Squirrel,? 154 A8, Bone, ? 182 E. Brush ? (Cal.), 272 K2. Blackstone, 33 S. Bonito, ? 223 H. Brush 2 (Cal.). 278. Black Tail,? 165 Z2. Book, ? 273 N. Brushy? (R.1.), 38 I. Black Tail Deer,? 164 U14. Boomerang, ? 164 G12. Brushy ? (Ark.), 152 Y2. Black Tail Deer,? 171 O03. Boomerang, ? 336 N2. Brushy 2 (Ind. T.), 154 N2. Black Walnut,! 75 X. Boone, ! 175 T2. Brushy 2 (Tex.), 195 C3. Black Warrior,}! 140 E4. Boone’s, ? 156 A6. Bryam,! 513. Black Warrior,? 140 $4. Booth, ? 167 N. Buasna,? 253 C. Blackwater,! 80 F. Booth’s, ? 152 C4. Buchanon,! 161 J4. Black water,! 80 Z. Bordache, * 164 V7. Buck,! 75 N. Blackwater,? 136 A. Borego, ? 210 O. Buck ? (Tenn.), 158 Y2. Blackwater,? 140 X4. Bosque, ! 196 A3. Buck,! 159 N. Blackwood,” 165 02. Botmore, ? 153 W. Buck 2 (Iowa), 164 Z2. Blanchero,? 210 L2. Boulder? (Utah), 219 F2. Buck 2 (Dak.), 164 K8. Blanco, 206 J2. Boulder? (Ariz.), 222 HL Buck,? 196 Q3. Blanco,? 208 C. Boulder 2 (Cal.), 295 G. Buck,? 196 A5. Blanco,? 210 P2. Bouquet, ! 54. Buckahatchee,? 140 E3. Blanket,? 199 W2. Bourbeuse, ! 151 B3. Buckatunna,? 142 O. Blood,! 157 D. Bow, ? 164 U4. Buckeye,? 302 T. Llood,? 173 D. Bow, ? 165 K3. Buckhannon,! 161 D4a. 3loody,? 175 E3. Bowie, ? 142 J. Buckhead,? 94 N. Blue! (Va.), 75 H2. Bowies, ? 199 82. Buckhorn,? 156 S6. Blue? (Fla.), 180 C. Bowley’s, ? 111 C. Bucklin,? 174 V3. Blue? (Ala.), 140 F3. Box Elder? (Dak.), 164 A9. Buckner’s,’ 154 Y6. Blue! (Ind. T.), 152 V4. Box Elder? (Colo.), 166 N3. Buceks,? 272 P2. Blue? (Tex.), 199 A. Box Elder? (Colo.), 166 R38. Buero Huero,? 266 K. Blue! (N. Mex.), 218 Y. Box Elder? (Dak.), 170 J. Buffalo 2 (N. C. and §. C.), 86 ¥, Blue? (Colo.), 225 G2. Box Elder ? (Mont.), 172 C. Buffalo 2 (Ga.), 98 O. Blue! (Colo.), 225 Ws. Box Elder? (Mont.), 172 U. Buffalo 2? (Ga.), 100 B. Blue? (Cal.), 802 A. Box Elder ? (Mont.), 173 H. Buffalo ? (Miss.), 151 D. Blue Earth,? 175 L3. Box’s, ? 195 K. Buffalo! (Minn.), 151 X5. Glue Earth, 183 C. Boyd’s, ? 156 W4. Buffalo ? (Ind. T.), 152 L4. Blue Grass,? 164 C3, Boyer, ! 164 83. Buffalo 2? (Ind. T.), 152 R4. Blue Hill,! 202 B. Brackett’s, ? 171 H3. Buffalo 2 (Ind. T.), 152 P6. Bluestone,! 159 H2. Brady’s, ? 199 N2. Buffalo 2 (Tex.), 152 U6. Bluewater,” 166 Y. Brandy, ” 34. Buffalo 2 (Ind. T.), 152 E7. Bluff? (Ga.), 98 L. Brandywine, ! 71 D. Buffalo 2 (Ind. T.), 154 T5. Bluff? (Ga.), 98 K2. Bray’s, ? 174 EB 4. Buffalo 2 (W.Va. and Pa.), 156 H. Bluff? (Miss.), 142 B. Brazos, ! 196. Buffalo? (W.Va.), 156 W8. Bluff? (Tex.), 154 B3, Breast, } 164 Y10. Buffalo! (Tenn.), 157 J. [5] Buffalo! (W.Va.), 161 C2. Buffalo? (W.Va.), 161 R2. Buffalo? (Dak.), 164 $7. Buffalo 2 (Kans.), 165 T. Buffalo? (Colo.), 166 E4. Butfalo 2 (Wyo.), 171 U3. Buffalo? (Iowa), 179 D. Buffalo 2 (Tex.), 196 J. Buffalo Fork of Des Moines,! 175 K3. Buffalo Fork of White,! 155 V. Buffalo Head,? 152 F6. Bull? (Ga.), 94 Ba. Bull! (W. Va.), 161 W. Bull? (Dak.), 169 A. Bull? (Dak.), 170 E. Bull! (Mont.), 335 E. Bull Run,? 157 D3. Bull Run,? 334 B4. Bundick’s,? 193 E. Burkes,? 199 G4. Burnett,? 177 B3. Burnett,! 181 N2. Burney,? 272 C5. Burn’s,? 164 P8. Burn Shirt,! 41 L. Burnt,! 334 X2. Burnt Corn,? 135 B. Burnt Fork of Bitter,! 336 H. Burnt Fork of Rio Talerosa, 220 E2. Burnt Mountain,? 334 G4. Burro,” 222 E. Bush,! 728. Bushy,? 152 04. Bushy Creek Fork of Webb’s,? 93 Q. Bushy Fork,” 175 E2. Bnutler,? 221 L2. Buttahatchie,! 140 G5. Butte? (Cal.), 272 J5. Butte? (Cal.), 302 N2. Butte? (Oreg.), 333 F. Butter,? 332 F2. Butternut,” 181 G2. Byrnes,” 226 Y3. Cabeza,? 206 C. Cabin? (N. C.), 83 O. Cabin? (Miss.), 151 Ta. Cabin? (Ind. T.), 154 B5. Cabin? (Mont.), 171 F. Ca Bonito,? 154 J3. Cabri, or Antelope,? 164 06. Cacapon,!74'T. Cache? (Ind. T.), 152 N6. Cache? (Nebr.), 166 K. Cache? (Cal.), 272 C. Cache! (Ark.), 155 C. Cache La Poudre,? 166 P3. Caddo? (Ark.), 152 T2. Caddo? (Ind. T.), 152 B5. Caddo? (Colo.), 154 K7. Caddo? (Tex.), 195 M2. Caddo? (Tex.), 196 C4, Cades,! 161 C4. Cahawba,! 140 S. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Cahokia,? 151 C3. Cairo,?176 H. Calamus,? 166 R. Calanoogo,! 333 M. Calapooa,? 319 D. Calaveras,? 271 D. Calaveras,! 273 L. Calcasieu,! 193. Calf,? 155 X. Calf-Killer,? 158 C2. Caliente,” 218 S3. California,? 196 V4. Calio,? 156 N. Callabee,? 140 C3. Callam,? 346 B2. Caloosahatchie,! 110, Calumet,! 174 T6. Cama,? 273 G. Camel,! 346 A. Camp? (Il.), 151 ¥3. Camp? (IIl.), 151 L4. Camp? (Ind. T.), 152 C7. Camp? (Ky.), 156 N8. Camp? (I1.), 163 Z. Camp? (Mont.), 164 J14. Camp? (Kans.), 165 L. Camp? (Nebr.), 165 U2. Camp? (I1l.), 174 Z. Camp? (Ill.), 174 G3. Camp? (Iowa), 175 N2. Camp? (Tex.), 196 J5. Camp? (Tex.), 199 02. Camp? (Ariz.), 221 C. Camp? (Cal.), 302 Y. Camp? (Oreg.), 333 Q. Camp? (Mont.), 335 F. Campbell,? 168 N. Canada,? 52 H. Canada Alamosa,! 218 A3. Canada de la Cuerre,? 218 H3. Canada de Ruiz,? 210 Y. Canada de Trujillo,? 154 03. Canada de Yeso,? 218 M2. Canada Rica,? 154 G3. Canadian,!154 Y. Canal,? 206 M2. Canasauga,? 157 U2. Candy,? 157 S2. Cane? (N.C.), 86 A2. Cane? (Ala.), 140 H2. Cane! (La.), 152 J3. Cane? (Ark.), 154 P. Cane? (Ind. T.), 154 J5. Cane! (N.C.), 157 J4. Cane? (Tenn.), 158 X. Canes,4 192 C. Caney? (Ky.), 156 A4. Caney? (Ky.), 156 F8. Caney? (Tenn.), 158 T2. Caney? (Tex.), 195 G. Caney Fork of Cumberland,} 158 U. Cangillon,? 218 V3. Canisteo, 1 73 M. Cannisnia,? 152 T3. Cannon,! 151 R65. OF UNITED STATES. 1063 Cannonball,! 164 A8. Cannouchee,! 94 A, Canoe,? 140 K2. Canoe,! 151 E5. Canon? (Tex.), 210 N2, Canon? (Ariz.), 221 W. Canon? (Ariz.), 221 F2. Canon? (Cal.), 272 Y. Canon? (Cal.), 302 Q. Canon? (Oreg.), 311 B. Canon? (Idaho), 334 E4, Canton,! 151 G4. Capano,? 207. Capay Cache,? 272 Y2.. Cape Fear,! 82. Capulin,? 218 Y3. Carancahua,? 210. Carcase, 210 B. Careless,? 173 M.. Carmel,! 265. Carizzo,? 194 W.. x Carpenter,? 174 E6. iS Carrion,! 161 T3. Carrizo,? 221 M2. Carrizo,” 223 G. Carroll’s,? 195 Z2. Carroll’s,? 219 D. Carr’s Fork of Sturgeons,? 156 T6. Carson, 162 M. Carson’s,? 273 D. Carter’s,? 174 Y. Casatche,? 152 K3. Cascade,? 225 82. Casey,? 156 R83. Casey Fork of Big Muddy, 162 Q. Cass,? 151 U6. Castle? (Ariz.), 221 X. Castle? (Colo.), 225 K3. Castle? (Cal.), 272 Z5. Castle Rock,? 165 R3. Castor,! 151 H2. Castor,4 152 F3. Castor,* 194 R2. Cat,? 173 G. Cat,? 272 U3. Catahoula,” 145. Catahoula,? 152 C3. Catalah,? 199 V3. Cataract,? (Mont.), 164 J12.. Cataract? (Ariz.), 219 S. Cataract? (Mont.), 336 L2.. Catawa,? 140 B2. Catawba,! 86 D. Cathlappotle,! 332 O. Catfish, 195 L. Catfish,? 196 R5. Catskill,? 52 E. Cauldron,? 154 G. Cavalry,” 154 J6. Cave,? 220 C. Cay,? 206 S. Caytoes,! 241. Cebello,} 218 Z3. Cebolla,? 225 F2. Cebolleta,? 218 G3. 1064 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] Cedar! (N. Y.), 52 Q. Cedar! (Va.), 75 B2. Cedar? (Ga.), 94 C. Cedar? (Ga.), 98 G2. Cedar? (Ga.), 98 J2. Cedar? (Fla.), 101 B. Cedar? (Ga.), 180 M. Cedar? (Ala.), 140 Q. Cedar? (Ill.), 151 V3. Cedar? (Tex.), 154 E6. Cedar? (Ky.), 156 U5. Cedar? (Ala.), 157 V. Cedar? (W. Va.), 160 He. Cedar? (Dak.), 164 M6. Cedar? (Dak.), 164 F8. Cedar? (Mont.), 164 N13. Cedar? (Nebr.), 166 J. Cedar? (Nebr.), 166 P. Cedar? (Mont.), 171 E. Cedar? (Ill.), 174 W. Cedar? (Ill.), 174 P3. Cedar? (Iowa), 175 H2. Cedar? (lowa), 176 B. Cedar! (Iowa), 177 C. Cedar? (Tex.), 1958S. Cedar? (Tex.), 196 F. Cedar? (Tex.), 196 P. Cedar? (Tex.), 196 B4. Cedar? (Tex.), 199 E. Cedar? (Ariz.), 219 T. Cedar? (Ariz.), 221 N2. Cedar? (Colo.), 225 B2. Cedar? (Cal.), 272 Q4. ‘Cedar? (Mont.), 336 C. Cedar! (Wash.), 346 P. Cedar Bluff? (Tex.), 196 D4. Ceyes Canon,? 266 P. ‘Chacan,? 210 U. ‘Chalk,? 154 P8. ‘Chalone,? 266 A. ‘Chambers,? 195 P. Champagne,? 218 R4. Champagnole,? 152 G2. Chance,? 336 G2. Chandler,” 226 N. Chanta Peta,? 164 D8. ‘Chaplin Fork of Salt,! 156 L5. Chapman’s,? 165 E3. Chappupela,! 148 A. Chaquague,? 154 O7. Charbonneau,? 171 A. Chariton,! 164 N. Charles,! 20. Charles,? 158 A2. Charles,? 171 Z2. Chastatee,! 130 N2. Chatibbewich,? 140 M5. Chattahoochee,! 180 W. Chattanooga,? 157 N2, Chattooga,” 140 Q2. Chatuga,! 93V. Cheat,! 161 Q. Chedi,? 164 D5. Chefunctee,! 147. Chemekane,? 832 J8. Chemung,! 73 K. Chenango,! 78P. Cheowah,? 157 O03. Chepachet,! 33 W. Cherana,! 334 A. Cherokee,? 199 K2. Cherry! (W. Va.), 159 T. Cherry? (Mont.), 164 J13. Cherry?(Nebr.and Wyo.), 166 E2. Cherry? (Colo.), 166 X3. Cherry? (Dak.), 170B. Cherry? (Tex.), 199 G5. Cherry? (Ariz.), 221 E2. Cherry? (Oreg.), 332 Y. Chesapeake,? 72. Chessehowiska,! 119. Chester,! 71 E. Chester,! 72 N. Chestnnt,? 140 D2. Chestua,? 157 P2. Chesumcook,? 6 R. Chetac,? 181 L. Chetauge,‘ 140 E. Chetcue,! 308, Cheyenne Fork of Tongue,!171 S. Chicacomico,! 72 H. Chickamauga,! 157 L2. Chickahominy,! 78 A. Chickasawba,! 142 N. Chickasaw Bogue,? 140 B4. Chickasaw,? 140 A. Chickoa,? 154 P7. Chico,? 154 B8. Chico,? 272 L3, Chicopah,‘ 153 O. Chicopee,! 41 G. Chief,? 165 Y2. Childres,? 196 N3. Chillipin,? 211 A. Chilnoine,? 273 F2. Chiltipin,? 209 A. Chimquassabamtook,! 10. Chipola,! 130 B. Chipola,? 130 B. Chippewa,! 151 P5. Chippewa,! 183 K. Chiquito Juaquin, 273 X2. Chisholm’s,? 154 O5. Chittohatchee,! 107. Choctawhatchee,? 133. Choctawhatchee,? 182. Chokolocho,? 140 G2. Choptank,! 72 L. Choteau,” 164 Y5. Chowan,! 80 D. Chowchilla,! 273 N2. Chowwappa,? 140 Nb. Christian,? 196 K. Christiana,! 71 C. Christy,? 156 N7. Chubby Fork of Bayou Pierre, 151 R. Chugwater,? 166 K2. Churn,? 272 S4. Cibolo,? 206 H. Cibolo,? 215 B. Cienega,! 245. Cilico,? 157 M3. Cimaron,? 225 E2. Cimarron,! 154 Y5. Clackamas,! 333 C. Clam,! 182 N. Clam,? 182 N. Clanton’s,? 175 O. Clarion,! 156 S9. Clarke’s Fork of Columbia,! 332 T3. Clarke’s Fork of Yellowstone,! 1A Bia bps Clark’s,? 86 G. Clark,! 157 A. Clary’s,? 174 K2. Clatchee,? 140 O. Clay,? 154 F7. Clay,? 164 R5. Clay Fork of Buffalo,? 161 C3. Clay Lick,? 156 G3. Clear, 175 P2. Clear? (Fla.), 133 A. Clear? (Ala.),140 P2. Clear? (Tenn.), 151 L2e. Clear? (IIl.), 151 U2. Clear? (Tex.), 152 N7. Clear? (Tenn.), 157 Y2. Clear? (Tenn.), 158 P3. Clear? (Lowa), 167 O. Clear? (Mont.), 172 S. Clear? (Ill.), 174 P4. Clear? (Iowa), 177 K2. Clear? (Iowa), 177 S2. Clear? (Ill.), 178 R. Clear? (Tex.), 195 K2. Clear? (Tex.), 199 G3. Clear? (Tex.), 206 B2. Clear? (Ariz.), 221 R. Clear? (Cal.), 272 K5. Clear? (Oreg.), 383 A. Clear Fork of Brazos,! 196 E4. Clear Fork of Gasper’s,! 156 04. Clear Fork of Great Kanawha,! 156 X8, Clear Fork of Little Missouri,! 152 R2. Clear Fork of Obeys,! 158 E3. Clear Fork of Powder,!171 N. Clear Fork of St. Marcos,! 206 G2. Clear, or Laguna,? 210 R. Clear, or South Fork of Cum- berland,! 158 T3. Clear Water,! 134 F. Clearwater,! 334 K. Clever,? 272 04. Cliff? (Ariz.), 222 P. Cliff? (Utah), 226 $2. Cliff? (Oreg.), 334 U2. Clifty,? 156 J4. Clinch,! 157 A3. Cloud,? 225 T2. Clover? (Ky.), 156 Z6. Clover,! 180 B. Clover? (Cal.), 272 V2. Clover? (Idaho), 334 M4. [7] Clover Fork of Cumberland,! 158 G4. Cloyer,? 152 L2d. Coal? (Ind. T.), 154 L2. Coal? (Colo.), 166 Ws. Coal? (Ill.), 174 03. Coal? (Iowa), 176 K. Coal? (Ill.), 178 F. Coal Fire,? 140 D5. Cobbs,” 196 M3. Cobes,? 151 N. Cochetopa,? 225 L2. Coddle,? 83 L. Cour D’Alene,? 332 M3. Coeur D’Alene,! 332 03. Coffee4 (Ala.), 140 C. Coffee? (Tex.), 152 R5. Coffee? (Tex.), 199 B4. Coffee? (Cal.), 302 U. Coffee Mill,? 152 X4. Cohansey,! 71 A. Colabasas,? 271 U. Col. Anderson’s,? 332 W2. Cold,! 41 V. Cold,! 58. Cold Spring,? 154 D6. Cold Spring,? 164 B9. Cold Spring,? 272 M5. Cold Water? (N. C.), 83 J. Coldwater? (Ga.), 93 T. Cold Water! (Miss.), 153 X. Cold Water? (Tenn.), 157 A2. Coldwater? (Nebr.), 166 Z. Cold Water? (Iowa), 177 H2. Cold Water? (Cal.), 272 F2. Cole’s,? 163 T. Coleto,! 206 T. College,? 196 M4. Collins Fork of Sturgeons,? 156 Lé. Collins,! 158 Y. Colorado,! 199. Colorado,! 219 A. Colorado,? 223 D. Columbia,! 332. Comanche,? 166 K3. Combahee,! 90. Commission,? 154 R2. Comumissioner,? 98 N. Comrade, 193 G. Conasodga,! 140 S2. Conception,? 214 A. Concho,! 199 Q3. Concord,! 14 A. Condutchkee,? 140 B3. Cone,” 151 L2a. Conecocheague,! 74 H. Conecuh,! 135 A. Conemaugh,! 156 P9. Conewango,? 156 W9. Confederate’s Gulch, 164 $12. Congaree,! 86 U. Conhocton,! 73 L. Connecticut,! 41. Contoocook,! 14 F, Conway,! 75 O02. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF UTITED STATES, Coodeys,? 154 U4. Cook’s,? 152 F2. Coon? (Kans.), 154 B7. Coon? (IIl.), 178W. Coon? (Ariz.), 221 J2. Coon? (Cal.), 272 S. Cooper,! 87. Cooper,? 164 U2. Coos,! 317. Coosa,! 140 C2. Coosawattee,! 140 T2. Coosawhatchie,! 91. Cooteewa,? 130 S. Copalis,? 339. Copano,? 207. Copen’s,! 160 Y. Copper,? 151 C4. Copper,! 180 O. Copper,” 332 M2. Coquille,! 316. Cork,’ 33M. Corn,? 169 K. Corney,? 152 U. Corral,? 302 L. Corretts,? 199 N4. Cortero,? 272 B3. Corwins,? 199 E5. Cosby,? 157 F'4. Cositys,4 153 Y. Cosumnes,! 273 B. Cottonwood? (Ind. T.), 154 P5. Cottonwood? (Colo.), 154 Q8. Cottonwood? (Mont.), 164 O10. Cottonwood? (Mont.), 164 F11. Cottonwood? (Nebr.), 166 A. Cottonwood? (Tex.), 195 O2. Cottonwood? (Tex.), 196 Z2. Cottonwood? (Tex.), 199 U3. Cottonwood? (Tex.), 206 Q. Cottonwood? (N. Mex,), 218 E2. Cottonwood? (Utah), 219 A2, Cottonwood? (Ariz.), 223 C. Cottonwood? (Colo.), 225 M2. Cottonwood? (Utah), 226 C. Cottonwood? (Cal.), 272 Z2. Cottonwood? (Cal.), 272 E4. Cottonwood? (Cal.), 273 R2. Cottonwood? (Cal.), 292. Cottonwood? (Cal.),302 L2. Cottonwood? (Mont.), 336 C2. Cottonwood Fork of Marias,! 164 Hil. Couns,? 271 S. Court Oreilles,! 181 O2. Cove,? 157 E3. Covel,? 174 B5. Coveslimba,? 273 A2. Cow? Tex.), 196 A. Cow? (Tex.), 199 H. Cow? (Cal. ), 272 M4. Cow? (Oreg.), 319 H. Cowanestue,! 73 N. Coweman,! 332 E. Cowhouse,? 196 H2. Cowikee,? 130 X. Cow Island,? 164 H10. 1065 Cowleach Fork of Sabine,! 194 v2. Cowlitz,? 332 D. Cow Pasture,! 78 K. Cowplin’s,! 161 P3. Cow Skin,? 154 Q6. Coyote? (Tex.), 199 R4. Coyote? (Cal.), 271 B. Coyote? (Cal.), 272 T3. Crab Orchard,? 156 B8. Crab Orchard,? 162 K. Craighs,? 306 B. Craig’s,? 165 E. Cran,? 151 W4. Crane,” 174 L2. Crane,” 179 G. Crane,? 196 O4. Crawfords,? 199 Q2. Crazy Woman’s Fork of Pow- der,! 171 P. Crevice Gulch, 171 P3. Crockett,? 152 F4. Crocus,? 158 O2. Crooked! (Me.), 10 A. Crooked! (Va.), 75 C2. Crooked! (Ga.), 100 L. Crooked? (Kans.), 154, B6. Crooked? (Ark.), 155 Z. Crooked? (Ky.), 156 Z7. Crooked? (Ill.), 163 P. Crooked? (Iowa), 164 A3. Crooked? (I1l.), 174 U. Crooked? (Colo.), 218 S4. Crooked? (Colo.), 225 B4. Crooked,‘ 226 D2. Crooked? (Idaho), 334 Y. Crooked or Antelope,? 334 A4, Crop,? 181 R2. Cross,4 152 A3. Cross,? 152 Y3. Cross,? 156 J. Cross,” 165 H. Croton,! 52 C. Croton,” 196 L5. Crove,? 221 H. Crow! (Minn.), 151 V5. Crow? (N. Mex.), 154 N4. Crow? (Mont.), 164 Z12. Crow? (Colo.), 166 O38. Crow? (Dak.), 170 T. Crow? (Mont.), 173 A. Crow? (Ill.), 174 J4. Crow? (Lil.), 174 N4. Crow? (Mont.), 335 T. Crowder’s,? 86 E. Crow Wing,! 151 H6. Crystal,! 121. © Crystal,? 177 F3. Crystal,? 199 C4. Cub,? 226 U2. Cucharas,! 154 W7. Cuero,? 218 H. Cuevas,” 218 J. Cuivre,! 164. Cumberland,! 156 B2. r Cummings,? 195 W. 1066 Cupiahatchee,? 140 Y2. Cupsuptac,! 9 J. Current,! 155 R. Current,? 226 P2. Current,? 226 D4. Curry’s,? 206 02. Curtis,! 75 H. Curtis,? 219 02. Curvieros,? 271 Q. Custer, 171 Z. Cut Bank,! 164 E11. Cuthand,? 152 D4. Cutright,! 161 U4. Cutshin,? 156 M6. Cypre,4 152 U3. Cypress? (Fla.), 110 F. Cypress? (Ark.), 152 A2. Cypress! (Ark.), 152 N2. Cypress? (Ark.), 152 $2. Cypress* (Ark.), 154 D. Cypress! (Ark.), 155 E. Cypress? (Ind.), 156 P2. Cypress? (Ky.), 156 D4. Cypress? (Ala.), 157 R. Cypress? (Tex.), 194 D2. Cypress? (Tex.), 199 Q. Daddy’s,? 157 W2. Dale,” 166 S3. Damariscotta,! 7. Damnation,? 305. Dan,! 80 N. Dancing Bear,? 164 W8. Daniel’s,! 160 N. Daringtons,? 196 03. Darts,” 196 W. Date,? 222 B. Dauchita,’ 152 S3. Davidson’s,! 161 N3. Davidson’s,? 196 M. Davis? (Ala.), 140 L4. Davis? (Tenn.), 158 H3. Davis? (Iowa), 164 B3. Davis? (Dak.), 164 Y8. Davis? (Cal.), 272 U5. Day’s,} 161 H. Days,? 332 C. Dead,! 9 B. Dead,! 61 B. Dead Ree,? 164 B5. Dearborn,! 164 Y11. Deception,? 226 B3. Deeks,? 273 H. Deep! (N. C.), 82 C. Deep? (Iowa), 164 N4. Deep? (Mont.), 164 Q11. Deep? (Mont.), 164 X12. Deep? (Utah), 225 A. Deep? (Utah), 226 02. Deep? (Mont.), 335 J. Deep Channel,? 226 C2. Deep Fork of Canadian,! 154 A2. Deep Red,? 152 Q6. Deep Red,! 152 L7. Deer? (Ariz.), 221 T2. Deer? (Ariz.), 220 O. Deer? (Ga.), 123 O. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Deer? (Miss.), 151 V. Deer! (Minn.), 151 R6 Deer? (La.), 152 J. Deer? (Miss.), 153 E. Deer? (Ind. T.), 154 Q2. Deer? (Ky.), 156 B3. Deer? (Ohio), 156 U7. Deer? (W. Va.), 159 G2. Deer? (Wyo.), 166 R2. Deer? (Colo.), 166 B4. Deer? (Colo.), 166 G4. Deer? (Mont.), 171 C. Deer? (Ill.), 174 Q2. Deer? (lowa), 177 Y. Deer? (Iowa), 177 Y2. Deer? (Tex.), 199 J2. Deer? (Tex.), 199 E3. Deer? (Tex.), 210 C2. Deer? (Cal.), 272 Q3. Deer? (Oreg.), 319 F. Deerfield,} 41 Q. Deer Lodge,! 336 Z. Deer Tail,! 181 A2. Deer Trail,? 166 F3. De Lacy,? 334 F5. De Large, 187. Delaware! (N. Y.), 57. Delaware! (Del. and N.J.), 70 D. Delaware? (Tex. and N. Mex.), 218 X. Delaware? (Del.), 70. Delaware, or South Fork of Re- publican,! 165 D3. Deluge,® 222 M. Demsey,? 336 D2. Denton,” 195 G2. Denton Fork of Trinity,! 195 D2. Dent’s,! 161 A3. De Rouzer,? 164 B11. De San Mateo,” 236. Deschutes,! 332 X. Desert,” 225 O. Des Moines,! 151 Q3. Des Plaines,}! 174 S6. Devil,! 180 N. Devils,! 218 R. Devue, 155 D. Diamond,! 41 C2. Diamond,? 306 D. Diamond Fork of Little,! 93 H. Dibble,? 272 A4. Dick’s,! 156 V6. Difficult,? 225 L3. Digger,? 272 C4. Dilons,? 302 C2. Dirty Devil,! 219 P2. Disappointment,? 225 L. Dismal,! 166 T. Divide,” 164 N10. Divide,” 164 M14. Divide,? 225 Z2. Dixie,” 334 M3. Dobyns,? 295 B. Dog! (Vt.), 41 Z. Dog? (N. Mex.), 154 B4. Dog! (Mont.), 164 K10. [8] Dog? (Mont.), 164 R11. Dog? (Kans. and Nebr.), 165 V. Dog? (Tex.), 210 V. Dog? (Cal.), 272 X5. Dog?(Idaho), 334 R3. Dog! (Mont.), 336 P2. Dog’s Teeth,? 164 C8. Doll’s,! 161 F. Dolores,! 225 D. Doods,? 199 N3. Donahoes,? 196 V. Donaldson,” 156 E8. Don Carlos,” 154 F4, Double Mountain Fork of Bra- zos,! 196 N5. Dougherty,! 161 B2. Douglas,? 226 Z. Douglass,” 164 U8. Dove,? 199 J4. Dovetail,? 173 B. q Dragon,? 221 T. Drake’s,! 161 Z2. Drake’s Fork of Big Barren,! 156. P4. ; Draper,! 161 A2. Drennan,? 156 S5. Drowning,? 156 D6. Dry? (Ga.), 94 E. Dry? (Ga.), 100 E. Dry! (Ind. T.), 154 H2. Dry! (Tex.), 154 $2. Dry? (Colo.), 154 R7. Dry? (Ill.), 163 M. Dry? (Dak.), 164 S8. Dry? (Nebr. and Wyo.), 166 D2. Dry? (Mont.) 172 F. Dry? (Mont.), 172 Q. Dry? (Iowa), 177 F. Dry?° (Iowa), 177 S. Dry? (Cal.), 219 C.? Dry® (Ariz.), 223 A. Dry® (Ariz.), 223 B. Dry? (Ariz.), 224 Ba. Dry? (Cal.), 233 B. Dry? (Cal.), 266 D. Dry? (Cal.), 266 F. Dry? (Cal.), 266 G. Dry? (Cal.), 266 R. Dry? (Cal.), 266 Q. Dry? (Cal.), 266 T. Dry? (Cal.), 272 E3. Dry? (Cal.), 272 G4. Dry? (Cal.), 273 X, Dry? (Cal.), 273 C2. Dry? (Cal.), 273 K2. Dry? (Cal.), 273 P2. Dry? (Cal.), 273 Q2. Dry? (Wash.), 332 K2. Dry Fork,? 164 F9. Dry Fork,? 172 M. Dry Fork of Cheat,! 161 L2. Dry Fork of Judith,! 164 R10. Dry Fork of Little Sandy,! 156 Mis Dry Fork of Platte,! 166 B2. Dry Fork of Washita,! 152 K5. [9] Dry Gulch,? 226 N2. Drywood,? 164 Ha. Du Chesne,! 226 L2. Duck? (Iowa), 151 E4. Duck,! 157 H. Duck,! 160 V. Duck? (Mont.), 164 T12. Duck? (Tex.), 196 H4. Duck? (Tex.), 196 Q5. Duck? (N. Mex.), 220 F2. Duck, or Little Sandy,? 154 $7. Duffau,? 196 G3. Dugdemona,! 152 G3. Dugout,? 151 R3. Duncan,? 181 T. Dungeness,! 346 D. Dunkard’s,? 161 B. Dunn’s,? 102 B. Du Page,! 174 O6. Dusky Camp,! 160 W. Dutch Buffalo,? 83 H. Dutch,? 154 K. Dutchman's,” 83 A2. Dutchman’s,? 86 K, Dutchman’s,? 177 B2. Dye’s,? 272 V3. Dwamish,? 346 N. Dwamish,! 346 O. Eagle? (Ark.), 152 X. Eagle? (Ky.), 156 P5. Eagle? (Mont.), 164 V10. Eagle? (Mont.), 164 S11. Eagle? (Iowa), 175 V2. Eagle? (Iowa), 177 F3. Eagle? (Wis.), 180 B2. Eagle? (Tex.), 196 Q2. Eagle? (N. Mex.), 218 K2. Eagle? (Ariz.), 220 X. Eagle,! 225 M3. Eagle? (Oreg.), 333 B. Eagle? (Oreg.), 334 W2. Eagle Nest,?169 J. Eagle Tail,? 165 O03. Earth Lodge,? 169 S. East! (N. Y.), 52 A. East! (Va.), 76 A. East? (Fla.), 134. East! (W. Va.), 159 K2. East? (Colo.), 225 V. 2 East Bay,! 134 A. East Bijou,? 166 G3. East Boyer,! 164 Z3. East Branch of Au Sable,! 55 A. East Branch of Blackwater,! 134 D. East Branch of Chippewa,! 181 Q2. East Branch of Choctawhatchee,! 182 F. East Branch of Delaware,! 71 N. East Branch of Eau Claire,! 1815. East Branch of Fish,! 138. East Branch of Mackinaw,! 174 B4. East Branch of Mattawamkeag,} 6 J. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF UNITED STATES. | East Branch of Penobscot,! 6 A. East Branch of Plum,! 151 M4. East Branch of Susquehanna,! 73 H. East Branch of Wading,! 67 D. East Bureau,? 174 R4. East Fork,! 164 F2. East Fork of Big Barren,! 156 D5. East Fork of Black Warrior,! 140 Z4, East Fork of Buttrick,? 175 F2. East Fork of Clark,! 157 B. East Fork of Des Moines,! 175 D3. East Fork of Eau Claire,! 180 G. East Fork of Fire Hole,! 164 V13. East Fork of Iowa,! 177 E3. East Fork of Jemez,! 218 M3. East Fork of Kaskaskia,! 163 V. East Fork of Keochi,? 196 Y3. East Fork of Little Barren,! 156 W2. East Fork of Little Miami,! 156 S7. East Fork of Little Sandy,! 156 W7. East Fork of Little Sioux,! 167 K. East Fork of Little Wichita,! 152 V5. East Fork of Mazon,! 174 R5. East Fork of Monongahela,! 161 U3. East Fork of Obeys,! 158 L2. East Fork of Panther,? 156 A3. East Fork of Rio Verde, 221 K. East Fork of Shoal,? 163 L. East Fork of Silver,? 163 D. East Fork of South Platte,! 166 J4. East Fork of Stone’s,! 158 S. East Fork of Sturgeons,? 156 K6. East Fork of Tombigbee, 140 K5. East Fork of West Nishnebo- tene,! 164 K3. East Fork of White,! 156 J2. East Fork of Yellowstone,! 171 $3. East Gallatin,! 164 C13. East Indian,? 176 E. East Labone,? 169 Q. East Machias,! 23. East Nishnebotene,! 164 W2. - East Nodaway,! 164 K2. East Platte,’ 164 H2. East Rock,! 168 G. East Salt,! 225 S. East Soldier,! 164 E4. East Suwanoochee,? 123 L. East Tarkio,! 164 R2. East Wapsipinicon,! 179 H. Eau Claire,! 181 P. Eau Claire,! 182 V. Eau Claire,? 182 V. Eau Galle,! 181 B. Ebenezer,? 93 A. Echaconnee,? 98 P2. 1067 Echacopee,? 98 Q2. Echaskotee,! 118. Ecleto,? 206 F. Econfina,! 126. Econfina,? 131 C. Eddy,? 158 C. Edisto,! 89. Edge,? 199 T3. Edwards,! 151 X3. Kel,! 156 N2. Eel,} 295. Egeria,? 225 T3. Eighteen-mile,? 206 V. Eight-mile,” 47 D. Hight-mile,? 336 G. Elder,? 272 $3. Eldorado,? 272 O. Eleven Points,! 155 O. Elizabeth,! 79. Elizabeth,? 195 E2. Eliza,? 151 B4. Elk! (Mad.), 72 P. Elk! (Va.), 75 M2. Elk! (Minn.), 151 B 6, Elk! (Minn.), 151 F6. Elk? (Ind.T.), 152 A7. Eik? (N. Mex.), 154 E4, Elk? (Ind.'T.), 154 T4. Elk? (Ind.T.), 154 C5. Elk! (Ala. and Tenn.), 157 W. Elk! (W. Va.), 159 F. Elk? (Dak.), 164 N9. Elk? (Nebr.), 165 O. Elk? (Colo.), 166 F4. Elk? (Iowa), 167 F. Elk? (Iowa), 167 U. Elk? (Dak.), 170 F. Elk? (Iowa), 177 N2. Elk? (Wis.), 181 O. Elk? (Colo.), 225 A3. Elk? (Colo.), 226 E3. Elk? (Colo.), 226 L3. Elk? (Cal.), 272 J3. Elk? (Cal.), 281. Elk! (Cal.), 296. Elk? (Cal.), 302 D2. Elk? (Oreg.), 314. Elk? (Idaho), 334 L2. Elk? (Idaho), 334 82. Elk? (Idaho), 334 J3. Elk? (Mont.), 335 D. Elk? (Mont.), 336 N. Elk Head,? 226 J3. Elk Fork of Licking,! 156 Q7. Elk Fork of Obeys,! 158 G3. Elk Fork of Red,! 158 K. Elk Fork of Sun,! 164 P11. Elkhorn? (Ky.), 156 W5. Elkhorn? (Ill.), 163 F. Elkhorn! 166 B. Elkhoru? (I11.), 178 N. Elk Prairie,? 164 W9. Elliot,? 167 L. Ellis,” 9 L. Ellis,! 11 D. Elisworth,? 177 P. 1068 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Elm,? (Nebr.), 165 D2. Elm,? 175 U2. Elm! (Minn.), 183 D. Elm? (Tex.), 196 F5. Elm? (Tex.), 206 J. Elm Fork of Brazos,! 196 Y2. Elm Fork of Liano,! 199 D2. Elm Fork of Sandy,? 206 Z. Elm, or Marcy's,? 152 B7. Elm or Saus,? 218 K. El Pan,? 218 D. El Rito,? 218 Us. Elwha,! 346 C. Embargo,? 218 M4. Embarras,! 156 L2. Emigrant,? 171 K3. Emmell’s,? 171 W. Emory,? 157 Z2. Encampment,? 154 K3. English,? 174 K6. Enoree,! 86 W. Ente-at-kwa,! 332 B3. Epson,? 224 A. Erika,? 199 W8. Escalantes,! 219 E2. Escambia,! 135. Escatawpa,! 141. Escondido,? 206 E. Escondido,? 213 A. Esperanea,? 210 X. Etenam,? 332 V2. Etonia,! 102 A. Etowah,! 140 R2. Eunomia,? 199 M3. Eureka Pecan,? 195 M, Eustis,? 102 M. Evacaution.? 226 X. Evans,? 311 L. Ewing’s,? 162 O. Exline,!? 174 H6. Fabius,! 151 L3. Fahkahnatche,! 108. Fairchilds,? 196 B. Fall! (W. Va.), 160 A2. Fall? (Tex.), 196 D2. Fall! (Cal.), 272 F5. Fall? (Oreg.), 333 U. Fall? (Idaho), 334 N3. Fall? (Idaho), 334 U4. Falling, 80 W. Falling Water,? 158 W. Falls,? 158 V2, Falls and Head of Red,! 152 Q7. False,! 153 A. False,? 219 G2. Fannegusha,? 153 N. Farmer’s,? 151 H4, Farmers,? 152 P5. Farmill,! 47 A. Farmington,! 41 A. Faun,? 226 H2. Feather, 272 R. Fenton,! 39 F. Ferris Fork of Cedar,? 195 V. Fifteen-mile,? 94 H. * Fifth,? 83 X. Finholloway,! 125. Fink’s,! 161 R4. Finlay,? 335 R. Fire Hole,! 164 U13. First Big,! 161 K4. First Broad,! 86 Z. First Two,! 160 P. First Yegua,! 196 L. Fish! (Me.), 1 H. Fish? (Ind. T.), 152 M5. Fish? (Ind. T.), 154 X5. Fish? (Pa.), 156 C. Fish? (Dak.), 164 K9. Fish? (Mont.), 173 N. Fish? (Wis.), 181 M. Fish? (Tex,), 196 K4. Fish? (Tex.), 196 E5. Fish? (Tex.), 199 W4. Fisher,! 181 V. Fisher’s,? 83 G2. Fishery,? 336 D. Fishing? (Ga.), 93 F. Fishing? (Pa.), 156 D. Fishing? (Tenn.), 158 W2. Five-mile! (Conn.), 39 N. Five-mile? (Ala.), 140 H4. Five-mile? (Ala.), 140 P4. Five-mile? (Tll.), 178 O. Five-mile? (Tex.), 195 C2. Five-mile? (Tex.), 206 Y. Five-mile? (Cal.), 273 T. Five-mile? (Mont.), 335 O. Flag,! 161 X2. Flagg,? 154 N3. Flaggon,4 152 D3. Flambeau,! 181 B2. Flank,? 175 G. Flat! (R.1.), 33 D. Flat} (R.1.), 38 F. Flat! (Va.), 75 S. Flat? (Ala.), 140 J. Flat? (Ark.), 152 Y. Flat? (Mo.), 155 G2. Flat? (Ky.), 156 K7. Flat? (Tex.), 194 E 2. Flat Branch of Beaver,? 163 K. Flat Branch of Sangamon,! 174 Bs. Flat Brook,! 71 K. Flat Head,? 173 R. Flat Head,} 335 P. Flat Head,? 335 V. Flat Rock,? 154 W4. Flat Shoal,? 130 K2. Fleshman’s,! 75 V. Flint! (Ga.), 130 D. Flint? (Ind. T.), 154 Q4. Flint! (Ala.), 157 T. Flint! (Ala.), 157 C2. Flint? (Mont.), 336 U. Flood,? 177 G2. Floyd,! 164 J4. Floyd’s Fork of Salt,! 156 G5. Fontenelle,? 226 K4. Ford,? 168 D. Forked,? 174 X5. [10] Forked Deer,! 151 M2. Forked Tongued,? 225 C2. Fort,! 41 P. Fortification,? 226 G3. Fossil,? 195 N2. Fossil,? 221 Q. Foster’s,? 151 J. Fountain,? 151 Y2. Fountaine Qui Bouille,? 154 F8. Fourche La Fave,! 154 E. Four-mile? (Iowa), 164 Z. Four-mile? (Colo.), 166 L4. Four-mile? (Iowa), 175 G3. Four-mile? (Colo.), 226 Z2. Fourteen-mile,? 154 X4, Fourth,” 83 V. Fowl,! 140 05. Fox? (Ala.), 140 H3. Fox? (Ala.), 140 J3. Fox! (Mo. & Ill.), 151 P3. Fox? (Ky.), 156 L7. Fox? (Mont.), 164 N14. Fox? (Nebr.), 165 K2. Fox? (Mont.), 171 B. Fox! (Ill.), 174 C5. Fox (Ill., 174 K5. Fox? (Colo.), 226 Y. - Foyles,? 196 R4. Francisco Perez,? 210 T. Franks,? 195 B3. Fraser,! 225 Z3. Fremont,! 219 §2. French! (Conn.), 39 M. French4 (Ark.), 151 E2. French? (Iowa), 151 B5. French? (Pa.), 156 G. French? (Pa.), 156 T9. French ? (Mont.), 164 014. French? (Dak.), 170 M. French? (Il)., 174 R83. French? (Cal.), 272 J2. French 2 (Idaho), 334 M2. French Broad,! 157 A4, French Camp,? 278 M. Frenchman’s,? 172 J. Frenchman’s Fork, 165 T2. Freshwater,? 152 J7. Fresh Water,‘ 191. Fresh Water,? 196 S5. Freshwater,? 297. Fresno,! 273 O02. Frio,4 152 J2. Frio,! 210 F. Frozen Man’s,? 164 S6. Frying Pan,? 225 F3. Furzell’s,? 146 K. Gageby,? 152 J5. Gaines,” 142 F. Gale,? 333 R. Gallinas,? 218 X38. Gallivans,! 109. | Galloway,? 274 B. Galum,? 162 D. Garcia,! 276. Garcitas,? 204, Garden,? 164 Z5. [11] Gardner,! 171 N3. Garrett’s,? 195 T2. Gasconade,! 164 A, Gasconade,” 199 C5. Gasper’s,! 156 N4. Gauley,! 159 O. Gaviola,? 266 E. George,? 102 E. Gibbs,? 163 U. Gila,! 219 B. Gillespies,? 210 A3. Gilmore,? 196 J3. Gird’s,? 336 J. Glade,” 159 Z. Glade Fork of Cheat ,! 161 J2. Glauber Salt,? 154 R5. Glendive,” 171 D. Glenn,? 156 03. Gold,’ 35. Gold,?.183 A. Gold,? 336 V. Good Spring,? 226 C3. Good Spring Fork of Concho,! 199 H4. Goose? (Miss.), 153 H. Goose? (Ky.), 156 J6. Goose 2 (W. Va.), 160 Aa. Goose 2 (Kans.), 165 B4. Goose? (Ill.), 174 F3. Goose 3 (Cal. and Oreg.), 272 T5. ‘Goose? (Idaho and Nev.), 334 S4. Gooseberry,? 174 S65. Gores,? 225 P3. Graham,? 221 E. Grain,? 154 M2. Grand! (Mo.), 164 E. Grand ! (Mo. and Iowa), 164 T. Grand ! (Dak.), 164 N7. Grandé (Ariz.), 219 R. Grand! (Utah and Colo.), 219 Z2. Grand? (Colo.), 225 H4. Grand Camp,! 161 V4. Grand Ronde,! 334 B2. Granite,” 221 U. Grant, 151 T4. Grant’s, ? 83 R. Grape,? 154 F. Grape,? 195 N. Grape,” 199 K. Grapevine,? 222 O. Grass,! 160 T. Grass,” 206 F2. Grasshopper,! 165 C. Grassy,” 156 L. Grassy Lodge,? 171 A2. Grassy Fork, 161 K3. Grave? (Tex.), 195 B2. Grave? (Oreg.), 311 E. Grave? (Idaho), 334 F4. Grave? (Mont.), 335 K. Gravel Bottom Fork of Teton,! 164 All. Gray Bill,? 164 33. Gray’s,! 161 U2. Grays,” 196 02. Grays,} 332 B. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Grays Harbor, 338. Grean’s,! 160 E. ‘| Greasy,? 156 N6. Great,! 75 G. Great,! 75 E2. Great,? 154 L8. Great Egg Harbor,! 68. Great Kanawha,! 156 S8. Great Ohoopee,! 98 C. Great Ossipee,! 11 A. Great Pedee,! 83. Great Point,? 163 R. Green! (Mass.), 41 R. Green! (N. Y.), 52 L. Green! (N.C.), 86 B2. Green,? (Minn.), 151 A6. Green! (Ky.), 156 U2. Green! (W. Va.), 161 Z. Green! (Mont.), 164 B13. Green! (Ill.), 178 B. Green,” 199 22. Green! (Utah), 219 A3. Greenback,? 221 R2. Greenbrier,! 159 D2. Greene’s,? 146 E. Greenhorn,! 154 D8. Green’s,? 196 K3. Greenwood,? 282. Gregory’s,! 161 H3. Grey Bull,! 171 J2. Greyson’s,”? 164 Y12. Grici’s,! 161 V3. Griffin,? 102 L. Grimes,? 334 F3. Grindstone,? 164 Zé, Grindstone,? 174 X. Grindstone,? 181 P2. Griswold,? 273 V. Grizzly,? 272 N2. Grizzly,? 272 U2. Grizzly Bear,? 164 G5. Gros Ventres,? 334 B5. Grouse,? 273 G2. Grouse,! 302 K. Grouse,” 302 H2. Guadalupe, 206. Guadalupe,? 206 S2. Guadalupe,? 218 L3. Guadaronnes,? 226 B2. Gualala,! 275. Guerrier’s,? 169 P. Gulf of California, 219. Gum,? 140 Q5. Gun,? 162 P. Gunnison,! 225 T. Gurzas,? 269. Guyandotte,! 156 Ts. Gypsum? (Ind. T.), 152 M7. Gypsum? (Tex.), 199 Z4. Gypsum? (Colo.), 225 N3. Hacker’s,? 161 Ea. Halifax,! 103. Hall,? 154 $3. Hallett’s,? 224 D. Hammonassett,! 46. Hancock,? 111 D. OF UNITED STATES. 1069 Handy Camp,! 161 04. Hangman’s,? 332 L3. Hannahatchee,? 130 G2. Hannah’s Branch of Ponagan- sett,! 33 O. Hardins,? 156 K5. Hard Labor,? 93 L. Hards,? 206 D. Hardscrabble,? 221 P, Hardware,! 78 D. Hardy,? 291. Harmony,! 219 O. Harpoon,‘ 194 M2, Harris,? 130 A. Harrison,? 226 M3. Harlem,! 52 B. Harmony,? 159 R. Harney,? 102 H. Harney’s,! 105. Harpeth,! 158 O. Hassayampa,? 220 A. Hasster,? 151 T6. Hat,? 170 N. Hatchee,? 140 N2. Hatcher,? 272 B5. Hatowaii,? 334 O. Hautomah,? 332 H2. Haw,! 82 E. Haw,? 102 C. Haw,? 152 S4. Hawk,? 102 Q. Hawk,? 183 H. Hawkins,? 102 N. Hay,! 181 G. Hay,? 181 Q. Hays,? 334 B. Hazel,! 75 C. Hazel,! 75 R. Head of Cannonball,! 164 Eg. Headwaters of Republican Fork, 165 C3. Heart,! 164 L8. Heart, 334 D5. Hedgeman,! 75 E. Heecha,! 164 K7. Hefter,! 161 D2. Helen, 161 F3. Hellgate,? 164 P12. Hellgate,! 336 S. Hell Cafion,? 164 D14. Hell Roaring,! 171 Q3. Hemlock Branch of Ponagan- sett,! 33 N. Henderson,! 151 U3. Henline,? 174 F4. Henry’s Fork of Green,! 226 X3. Hensons,? 196 N2. Herd,? 152 S6. Hermosa,? 224 P, Heron,? 1 X. Heron,? 175 T3. Heth’s Branch of Pawnee,? 154 AT. Hickman,? 156 X5. Hickory? (Il.), 163 Y. Hickory? (Ill), 178 G. 1070 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Hickory? (Tex.), 199 V. Hidden Wood,? 164 P7. Higby Cafion,? 154 N7. Highland,? 156 T2. Highwood,? 164 K11. Hillabeellatchie,? 140 A3. Hillsbrand,? 194 A. Hines Fork of Rio Grande, 218 T4, Hiwassee,! 157 M2. Hockhocking,! 156 B9. Hodchodkee,? 130 F2. Hoe,! 161 Q3. Hog,? 100 F. Hog,? 196 D3. Hoges,? 155 W. Hogmalley,? 266 O. Holiday’s,? 146 D. Holliday,? 152 D6. Hollingers,? 136 B. Hollow Corral,? 271 K. Holly,! 159 M. Holmes,? 132 B. Holston,! 157 S3. Home,? 199 K3. Homestake,? 225 R3. Homochitto,! 151 F. Homosassa,?! 120. Honcut,! 272 B2. Hondo,? 210 F2. Honey 2 (Iowa), 177 C3. Honey? (Ill.), 151 $3. Honey, 160 J. Honey? (Iowa), 164 G2. Honey? (Iowa), 164 T3. Honey? (Ill.), 174 H. Honey? (Tex.), 196 H3. Honey? (Tex.), 199 Z. Honey? (Tex.), 199 F5. Hood’s,? 199 A3. Hooker,? 272 F4. Hoosac,! 52 K. Hoover’s,! 161 K. Hop,} 39 K. Hop Branch of Housatonic,! 47 J. Hoquiam,? 338 D. Horse? (Ala.), 140 Y3. Horse? (Tenn.), 157 Y. Horse? (Nebr. and Wyo.), 166 C2. Horse? (Wyo.), 166 V2. Horse? (Wyo.), 226 P4. Horsehead,? 170 O. Horse Lick,? 158 B4. Horsepen,? 152 B3. Horse Plain?, 164 V14. Horseshoe,! 161 F2. Horseshoe,” 166 M2. Horse Tail,? 166 A3. Horse-Tied,? 164 P9. Hot,? 218 04. . Hot,? 272 D5. Hot,? 334 E2. Hot Spring? (Colo.), 225 02. Hot Spring? (Cal.), 272 L5. Hot Spring? (Mont.), 335 U. Hot Spring? (Mont.), 336 H2. Houga,! 72 J. Hound,? 94 F. Housan,? 194 K2. Housatonic,! 47. House,? 98 H2. House,” 196 J2. Howard,” 199 R2. Howard,? 218 U. Howard’s,? 159 E2. Hubbard’s,! 41 B. Hubbard’s,? 196 G4. Huckleberry,” 165 $3. Huckleberry,” 165 V3. Hudons,! 72 K. Hudson,! 52, Huerfano,! 154 V7. Hughes,! 160 A. Hull,? 295 E. Humbug,? 220 D. Humbug,? 302 G2. Humphrey’s,? 156 Y9. Hum-tu-lups,! 338 E. Hungry,! 75 L. Hunters,” 225 J3. Hunters,? 310. Hunting,! 75 P. Hunting,? 83 W. Hunting House,! 33 H. Huntington,? 226 D. Hunt’s,! 37 A. Hurricane? (Tenn.), 157 K. Hurricane? (001.), 163 X. Hurricane? (Tex.), 195 J. Hyatts Fork of Spring,! 155 Q. Hy-co-tee,! 80 O. Hyora,? 164 H12. Hyora,? 336 M2. Hy-oz-kwa-ha-loos,? 332 E3. Tamona,? 129 B. Ichaway-nockaway,? 130 F. Tilinois 2? Ark.), 154 L. Illinois? (Ind. T.), 154 S4. Illinois! (Ill.), 151 F3. Tilinois! (Ind. T.), 154 P4. Tilinois! (Oreg.), 311 A. Indian!’ (N. H.), 41 D2. Indian! (N. Y.), 52 O. Indian? (N. Y.), 52 O. Indian! (Del.), 70 A. Indian? (Ga.), 98 R. Indian? (Ga.), 98 N2. Indian! (Fla.), 104. Indian? (Ga.), 123 Cb. Indian? (Ky.), 156 B5. Indian? (Tenn.), 157 Q. Indian? (Va.), 157 H3. Indian? (Tenn.), 158 Q2. Indian? (W. Va.), 160 Ca. Indian? (Iowa), 164 X2. Indian? (Iowa), 164 F3. Indian? (Mont.), 164 W12. Indian? (Mont.), 164 Q13. Indian? (Nebr.), 165 V2. Indian? (Iowa), 168 C. Indian? (Mont.), 173 P. Indian? (l.), 1748. Indian? (Il.), 174 E5. Indian? (Iowa), 175 O02. Indian? (Iowa), 175 N3. Indian? (Iowa), 176 D. Indian (La.), 192 G. Indian4 (La.), 193 B. Indian? (Tex.), 199 F3. Indian? (Cal.), 272 W2. Indian? (Cal.), 273 H2. Indian? (Cal.), 283 A. Indian? (Cal.), 302 S. Indian? (Cal.), 302 E2. Indian? (Cal. and Oreg.), 306 K. Indian? (Idaho), 334 Z2. Indian? (Idaho), 334 K4, Indian Camp,? 156 E3. Inyan Tonka Water, 164 D7. Toni,? 196 A4. Tonia,? 199 B2. Towa,! 151 A4. Iowa,? 176 H. Ipswich,! 17. Irish Buffalo,? 83 K. Trish Hollow,? 151 Q4. Tron,? 157 E4. Tron,‘ 194 T2. Iroquois,! 174 Z5. Isabel,? 271 C. Island,? 83 G. Island,4 152 Z4. Island,? 221 B2. Isle Au Bois,? 195 J2. TIssaquena,? 153 E2, Istokpoga,? 110 D. Itasca,? 151 U6. Ivie,2 219 W2. Ivy,? 157 K4. Jack,? 175 S38. Jackass,? 164 M13. Jack's,” 94 G. Jack’s,! 161 M3. Jack’s Fork of Current,! 155 T. Jackson? (Ill.), 174 R6. Jackson? (Cal.), 273 J. Jackson? (Cal.), 273 Y2. Jackson’s,! 78 L. Jackson’s,? 140 S3. Jacksons,? 8384 C5. Jacobas,? 298. Jacob’s Fork of Catawba,! 86 J. Jake West? 175 A. Jamacho,! 228. James! (Va.), 72 H2. James? (Ark.), 155 P. James! (Dak.), 164 K5. Jamas! (Tex.), 199 Y. James, or Dakota,! 164 W4. Jatt,3 152 H3, Jefferson,! 164 W13. Jelico,? 158 D3. Jemez,! 218 K3. Jennie,? 302 M 2, Jennie’s,”? 152 J6. Jennvies,? 196 N4. Jerusalem,? 272 H4. Jessup’s,! 52 P. 4 [12] [13] INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Jesu Maria,” 273 K. Jewett,! 226 C4. Jim Neds,? 199 C3. Jobbish,! 41 H. Jocko,! 335 Q. Joe’s,? 174 D. Johanna,? 183 L. John,? 302 F. John Day,! 332 A2. Jobn Grays,! 334 Z4. Johnson,” 199 U. Johnson’s,? 140 03. Johnson’s,? 151 J4, Johnson’s,4 194 D. John’s,! 86 O. Jones,! 23. Jones? (Ga.), 98 A. Jones? (Ga.), 123 M. Jones? (Tex.), 196 D. Jones? (Oreg.), 332 L. Jordan,! 334 Z3. Jordan’s,! 75 M. Josephine,” 311 C. Jourdan,? 164 L13. Juanito,? 218 B. Judith, 164 L 10. Juhuhnikavatz,? 225 K. Jump,! 181 W. Jump,? 181 Y. Juniata,! 73 A. Juniper,” 102 F. Juniper,” 133 D. Kahnah,? 225 W. Kaiser,” 273 W2. Kalama,! 332 K. Kampeska,? 168 P. Kanab,® 219 V. Kanaka,? 272 A2. Kandiyohi,? 151 Y5. Kaniksu,? 335 A. Kankakee,! 174 V5. Kansas,! 164 B2. Kaskaskia,! 151 X2. Katey’s,! 160 R. Keg,? 164 M3. Ke-Ka-wa,? 295 C. Kelleys,! 333 V. Kelly’s,? 140 F2. Kendall’s,? 210 02. Kenebaga,! 9 H. Kennebasis,! 2 A. Kennebec,! 9. Kennebunk,! 12. Kensaw,! 139. Kentucky,! 156 05. Keochi,? 196 X3. Keowee,! 93 K. Kettle,! 182 J. Kettle,? 226 V3. Kettle,! 332 $3. Keya Paha,! 164 M5, Kickamnt,! 32. Kickapoo? (Ill.), 174 P2. Kickapoo? (Ill.), 174 G4. Kickapoo! (Wis.), 180 A. Kickapoo? (Tex.), 199 R3. Kickpochee,? 110 B. Killchee,? 140 Z2. Kimishi,! 152 N4. Kinahafonee,? 130 T. Kingkaid,? 162 A. King’s,! 155 H2. Kings River,!? 273 82. Kinniconick,? 156 M. Kinnikinnick,* 182 A. Kiokee,? 130 G. Kiowa,? 154 T2. Kiowa,? 166 J3. Kirkland,? 222 C. Kiset,? 151 J3. Kishwaukee,! 178 U. Kiskiminitas,! 156 O9. Kissimee,? 110 E. Kissimee,! 110 C. Kit Carson,? 154 V2. Kitchisapi, or Battle,2 164 W7. Kite,! 178 S. Kitsomswhe,? 332 R3. Klamath,! 302. Klamath Marsh, 303 C. Kleallun,? 322 Y2. Klikitat,! 332 V. Krauss,? 221 L. Kwiwissenes,! 151 T6. La Barge,? 226 L4. Labatcha,? 146 N. Lacacene,4 192 A. Lac de Flambeau, 181 J2. La Chapaille,? 164 U6. La Chapelle,? 164 K6. Lackawaxen,! 71 M. Lac Qui Parle,! 183 M. Lac Vieux Desert,? 180 B2. Lacy’s,? 195 U. La Fourche,! 151 A. La Fourche, 152 S. Lafourche,‘ 184. La Grue,! 155 A. Laguna,! 154 G4. Laguna,? 219 E. La Jara,” 218 K4. Lake,? 123 J. Lake,? 175 L2. Lake,? 196 K5. Lake Fork of Kaskaskia,! 163 L2. Lake Fork of Sabine,! 194 U2. Lake Fork of Salt,? 174 T2. Lake Fork of Sangamon,!174 C3. Lambert’s,! 161 L3. Lampapas,? 196 X. Lampkins,? 130 K. Lanacoco,4 194 G2. Lang,? 93 N. L’ Anguille,! 151 D2. Langum,! 174 A6. La Parida,? 210 S82. Lapway,? 334 M. Laramie,! 166 J2. L’ Arbonne,‘ 152 V. Lariby,? 295 A. Larrison’s,? 195 E. Las Animas,! 154 Q7. OF UNITED STATES. 1071 Las Moras,? 218 L. Las Raices,? 210 W2. Lassens,? 272, V5. Last Chance,” 272 X2. Las Toses,? 246, Laura,? 180 A2. Laurel,! 158 D4. Laurel,! 161 M2. Laurel,! 161 Y. Laurel,! 161 S2. Laurel,! 161 W3. Laurel Fork of Cheat,! 161 K2. Laurelo,! 319 C. Lavaca,! 202. Lazer,” 130 O. Lead,” 226 Q4. Leading,? 160 Hd. Leaf,! 151 L6. Leaf,! 178 T. Leafe,! 142 E. L’Eau Qui Court, 164 W5. Le Blanco,? 154 A4. Leech,! 151 S6. Leech,? 151 S6. Lees,? 154 S. Lee’s,! 160 D. Left-hand,! 161 X4, Left Fork of Silver,? 160 Hb. Left-Hand Fork of Straight,? 158 R3. Lehigh,! 71 H. Leland,” 311 G. Lennan,‘ 194 L2. Leon,! 196 M2. Leon,? 199 A2. Leon,? 199 P2. Leon,? 206 P. Leona,! 210 Z. Leoncita,! 210 W. Lepan?, 199 K4. Lepan,? 210 M. Le Verkin,? 219 P. Lewis,? 166 Z2. Lewis,” 266 C. Lewis,! 332 M. Lewis and Clarke,! 332 A. Lick,? 156 A5. Lick,? 157 D4. Lick,!161 D3. Lick,? 174 W2. Licking,! 156 G7. Licking,! 156 H9. Lick Shoal,! 161 L4. Lightning,? 164 T7. Lilley’s,? 152 K6. Lillian,? 151 Y5. Lilly Cache,! 174 P6. Lime? (Miss.), 140 F5. Lime? (Mont.), 172 B. Lime? (Iowa), 177 J. Lime? (Iowa), 177 J2. Lime? (Cal.), 272 O02. Lime? (Idaho), 334 Q3. Limestone,? 140 H. Limpid,? 196 T4. Line,? 130 Q. 1072 Link,! 302 P2. Linville,! 86 R. Linville,! 198. Lithodondron,? 223 F. Little! (Conn.), 39 D. Little! (Mass.), 41 E. Little? (N.C.), 83 D. Little! (S. C.), 93 G. Little! (Ga.), 98 Q. Little! (Ga.), 123 F. Little! (Ala.), 140 F. Little! (Ark. and Mo.), 151 G2. Little! (La.), 152 E3. Little! (Ark.), 152 H4. Little! (Ind. T.), 154 02. Little! (Ark.), 155 B. Little! (Tenn.), 157 K3. Little! (Ky.), 158 D. Little! (W. Va.), 159 L2. Little? (Il.), 178 K. Little! (Tex.), 196 R. Little? (Tex.), 199 J5. Little? (Utah), 219 T2. Little! (Cal.), 300. Little Agie,! 171 Q2. Little Arkansas,! 154 R6. Little Barren,! 156 V2. Little Bayou Beuf, 152 T. Little Bayou Meto, 154 Ba. Little Bear,? 177 U2. Little Bear,? 181 K. Little Beaucoup,? 162 E. Little Beaver? (Ind. T.), M6. Little Beaver? (Kans.), 165 Z. Little Beaver? (Colo.), 226 H3. Little Bigbee,? 157 O. Little Birch,! 159 L. Little Black,! 1G. Little Black,! 155 S. Little Blackfoot,! 336 O2. Little Blue,! 165 N. Little Box Elder,? 172 EK. Little Brazos,! 196 Q. Little Brushy,? 202 G. Little Butte,? 272 G3. Little Cahawba,! 140 V. Little Caleasieu,! 193 C. Little Calumet,! 174 U6. Little Camas,? 334 03. Little Cannouchee,! 94 Aa. Little Cafion,? 225 N. Little Castle,? 225 C. Little Cedar,! 177 W. Little Cheyenne, or Cut-Head,! 164 F7. Little Chico,? 272 M3. Little Clear,? 154 X2. Little Coal,! 159 C. Little Colorado,! 219 W. Little Colorado,! 223. Little Cow,? 272 P4. Little Dan,! 80 T. Little Deer,? 171 C3. Little Dry,? 273 T2. Little Eau Pleine,! 180 C. 152 3 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Little Elk,! 181 D2. Little Elk,? 324. Little Elm,? 196 Z4. Little Fork of Little Sandy,! 156 X7. Little Fountaine,? 154 G8. Little French,? 302 P. Little Gunpowder,! 72 U. Little Hurricane,? 100 J. Little Indian,? 273 E. Little Kanawha,! 156 C9. Little Kentucky,} 156 D7. Little Knifo,? 164 D9. Little Machias,! 1 O. Little Madawaska,! 1K. Little Manatee,! 114. Little Mayfield,? 151 S2a. Little Mazorn,? 152 U2. Little Miami,! 156 R7. Little Missouri,! 152 L2. Little Missouri,! 164 X8, Little Missouri,? 174 V. Little Morean,! 164 J7. Little Muddy,! 162 L. Little Muddy,? 164 09. Little Mulberry,? 140X. Little Nemaha,! 164 S2. Little Nottoway,! 80 G. Little Obion,! 151 R2. Little Ocmulgee,} 98 B2. Little Ogeechee,! 94 L. Little Ohoopee,! 98 D. Little Osage,! 164 G. Little Ossipee,! 11 B. Little Pedee,! 83 B. Little Pine Island,4 194 H. Little Piney,? 154 O. Little Pipestone,” 164 C14. Little Porcupine,? 164 X9. Little Poreupine,! 171 V. Little Porcupine,” 172 G. Little Powder,! 171 M. Little Prickly Pear,! 164 C12. Little Red,! 155 F. Little Rib,! 180 J. Little Richland,? 158 L3. Little Roanoke,! 80 V. Little Rocky Mountain,? 164 F10. Little Salmon,! 334 K2. Little Sand,! 161 T4. Little Sandy,! 156 V7. Little Sandy, 159 H. Little Sandy,? 174 M. Little Sandy,? 226 H4. Little Satilla,! 99. Little Satilla,! 100 C. Little Shasta,! 302 K2. Little Sionx,! 164 H4. Little Snake,! 226 Y2. Little Soap,? 175 D. Little South Fork of Cumber- land,} 158 V3. Little Spokane,! 332 K3. Little Stony? (Cal.), 272 K3. Little Stony? (Cal.), 295 J. Little Stony? (Mont.) 336 Q. [14] Little Tallapoosa,! 140 I3. Little Tennessee, ! 157 J3. Little Thompson,? 166 U3, Little Tombigbee,! 140 A5. Little Tongue,! 171 T. Little Turkey,” 165 Z3. Little Wabash,! 156 G2. Little Wapsipinicon,! 179 J. Little Washita,! 152 Hd. Little Wichita,! 152 T5. Live Oak? (Tex.), 196 C5. Live Oak? (Tex.), 199 N. Live Oak? (Tex.), 210 B2. Live Oak? (Tex.), 218 V. Livingston,’ 111 B. Livingston,? 158 A. Llano,! 199 8. Lobster,’ 6 G. Lockapopka,! 116. Locust? (Ill.), 162 G. Locust? (Mo.), 164 U. Locust? (Ariz.), 221 G2. Locust Fork of Black Warrior,! 140 O4. Logan,! 166 E. Logwood Folly,! 82 F. Lolo,! 334 U. Lone Tree,? 166 Q3. Lone Tree,? 273 O. Long? (Me.), 1 Y. Long? (N.C.), 83 F. Long? (Ga.), 123 P. Long? (Ga.), 130 D2. Long? (Ala.), 135 D. Long? (Ark.), 155 E2. Long? (Ky.), 156 G4. Long? (Ky.), 156 Z4. Long? (Tenn.), 158 U3. Long? (Dak.), 164 H8. Long? (IIL.), 174 E2. Long? (Iowa), 177 B. Long? (Cal.), 272 P. Long Fork of Big Barren, 156 C5. Long Lake,? 164 H8. Long Pine,? 164 N5. Long Prairie,! 151 J6. Long Shoal,! 160 Z. Long Tom,! 333 N. Looking-glass,? 334 A2, Loosahatchie,! 151 K2, Loose,? 164 D. Loosha Scoona,! 153 V. Looxapalila,! 140 E5. Los Angeles,} 244. Los Flores,? 234. Los Pinos,” 218 H4. Lost! (Va.), 74 V. Lost? (Ala.), 140 Q4. Lost? (Ind.), 156 R2. Lost? (Ky.), 156 Q6. Lost! (W. Va.), 161 X3. Lost? (IIL), 163 Q. Lost? (Tex.), 195 H. Lost? (Tex.), 195 A3. Lost? (Utah), 226 S. * Sed ftD Lost! (Oreg.), 302 R2. Losi? (Oreg.), 333 T. Lost Spring,” 166 M3. Lott’s,? 175 F3. Louis,4 152 H. Louisa Fork of Big Sandy,!156 P8. Louise,” 311 H. Loup,! 166 N. Lower,? 86 N. Lower Klamath,? 302 Q2. Lower Little,! 86 M. Lower Little,! 146 Ca. Lower Rocky,? 202 F. Lowget,? 334 R. Loyzlhanna,! 156 Q9. Lubbub,? 140 C5. Lucas,? 210 N. Lucie,! 104 C. Luckiamute,! 333 J. Lucus,? 196 C2. Lumber,! 83 ©. Lure,! 346 B. Lycoming,? 73 F. Lynn,? 220 F. Lynn Camp,? 158 F4. McClelland,? 152 G7. McCloud,! 272 X4. “McDonald,” 274 C. MeDonald’s,? 173 J. McElmo,? 224 G. McElroy,” 156 F. McGees,! 146 A. Machias,! 3. McKee’s,? 174 Q. McKenzie’s,? 182 S. Mackinaw,! 174 W3. MeLanes,? 196 F4. McLean,? 93 D. MeMahon’s,! 161 V2. MeNeiss,? 154 K2. Macon,! 152 G. Macoupin,? 174 B. Mad,? 181 M2. Mad,! 299. Madden,? 174 H3. Madden,! 302 J. Maddney,? 272 Q5. Madison,! 164 H13. Madison,? 334 E5. Magalloway,! 9 G. Magothy,! 72 X. Maho,}! 337 C. Main,? 181 X. Main Beaver,? 152 L6. Main Beaver,? 221 S. Main Fork of White,! 155 J2. Major Long’s,? 154 L3. Mejors,? 199 M4. Makisata Wakpa,! 169 H. Malade,! 334 P4, Malden Branch of Ogeechee,! 94 K. Malheur,! 334 A3. Mam,? 225 Y2. Mamac,? 156 X9. Mamiss,? 219 J2. S. Mis. 46——68 INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF UNITED STATES, Manacks,? 140 A2. Manahuilla,? 206 B. Manatee,! 113. Manedowish,! 181 C2. Manchac,! 150 B. Manham,! 41 O. Manisquan,! 64. Manka,! 183 Q. Manokin,! 72 C. Maple,? 166 D. Maple,! 167 A. Maple,! 335 X. Marble,? 272 L2. Marais des Cygnes,! 164 Hb. Marcelinas,? 206 N. Marerick’s,? 218 O. Marian,? 110 G. Marias,! 164 X10. , Marmiton,! 164 H. Marmotte,4 140 D. Maroon,? 225 H3. Marrowbone,? 158 M2. Marsh? (Tenn.), 158 C3. Marsh? (Wyo.), 226 04. Marsh? (Cal.), 279. Marsh’s,? 271 H. Martinez,? 206 K. Martins? (Ky.), 158 L4. Martins? (La.), 193 D. Martin’s? (Tex.), 195 X2. Marvines,? 226 J2. Mary’'s,! 151 W2. Mary’s,? 195 P2. Masardis,! 1 P. Mat, 77 B. Matalija,? 248 B. Matawagwam,! 1D. Mattapony,! 77 A. Mattawamkeag,! 6 H. Mattawoman,! 74 C. Mattole,! 293. Maumelle,! 154 C, Maurice,! 70 C. Mauvaise Terre,? 174 P. Maxwell,! 161 R3. Mayfield,? 151 S2. Mayhow,? 194 C. Maynes,? 177 A2. Mayo,! 80 R. Mazon,! 174 Pd. Meadow? (Conn.), 41 f. Meadow! (W. Va.), 159 S. Meadow! (Pa.), 161 C. Meadow! (W. Va.), 161 O02. Meadow? (Mont.), 164 K13. Meadow? (Wyo.), 171 R3. Meadow? (Idaho), 334 02. Meadow Branch of Little Sioux,} 167 W. Meadow Branch of Potomac,! 74 R. Meadow Branch of Usquebanug,! 38 C. Meauxrakeag,! 1 R. Medicine,! 164 V. Medicine,! 164 L6. 1073 Medicine,” 165 H2. Medicine Bow,! 166 W2. Medicine Bow,? 171 D3. Medicine Knoll,! 164 N6. Medicine Lodge,? 154 H6. Medicine or Sun,! 164 O11. Medina,! 206 O. Medio,? 206 R. Medio,? 208 F. Medium,? 175 R38. Medway, ! 94 U. Medway,? 168 M. Meherrin,! 80 H. Melon.” 208 A. Melvin’s,? 226 O. Meramec,! 151 Z2. Merced,! 273 B2. Meridian,” 196 F3. Mermenton ! 192. Merril’s,! 161 J. Merrimac,! 14. Mesceal,? 220 U. Metedeconk,! 65. Methow,! 332 C3. Meto,4 154 Aa. Meyer,? 226 Z3. Miami,! 156 E7. Mianus,! 514. Miccosukee,? 128 A. | Middle! (Md.), 72 V. Middle! (Va)., 74 N. Middle! (Va.), 75 Q. Middle! (Tex.), 154 D2. Middle? (Mont.), 164 D13. Middle? (Nebr.), 166 F. Middle? (Ill.), 174 D2. Middle! (Iowa), 175 N. Middle? (Lowa), 176 L. Middle Bijou,? 166 H3. Middle Boisé!, 334 T3. Middle Boggy}, 152 V4. Middle Branch of Westfield, 41F. Middle Concho, 199 L4. Middle Fork,! 164 E2. Middle Fork of American,! 272 N. Middle Fork Big Muddy,! 162 N- Middle Fork of Clear Water, 334 V. Middle Fork of Dearborn,! 164 B12. Middle Fork of Feather,! 272 E2. Middle Fork of Holston,! 157 V3a. Middle Fork of Homochitto,? 151 M. Middle Fork of Kentucky,! 156 B7. Middle Fork of Little Barren,? 156 X2. Middle Fork of Little Wichita, 152 A6. Middle Fork of Loup,? 166 S. Middle Fork of Monongahela,? 161 P. 1074 Middle Fork of Rock Castle,} 158 C4. Middle Fork of Saline,! 152 D2. Middle Fork Shoal,? 163 N. | Middle Fork of Smiths,! 306 F. “Middle Fork of Tygart’s Val- ley,! 161 E4. “Muddy Fork of Washita,! 152 o.@% -Middle Island,? 156 E. 2Middle Meherrin,! 80 K. “Middle Nodaway,! 164 L2. Middle Oconee,! 98 U. Middle Raccoon,! 175 A2. Middle Silver,? 164 H3. Middle Soldier,! 164 F4. Middleton,? 151 K. Milk,! 164 Y9. Mill? (Mass.), 204B. Mill! (Mass.), 47H. Mill! (Conn.), 49. Mill? (Ill.), 151 K3. Mill? (Ohio), 156 F9. Mill? (Tenn.), 157 M. Mill) (W. Va.), 161 E2. Mill! (W. Va.), 161 B4. Mill? (Iowa). 164 V2. | Mill? (Iowa), 164 X3. Mill? (Mont), 164 F13. Mill? (Mont.), 164 Ri4. Mill? (Iowa), 167R. Mill? (Ill.), 174 X38. Mill? (Ill.), 174 W6. Mill? (Ill.), 178 A. Mill? (Utah), 225 B. Mill? (Cal.), 262. Mill? (Cal.), 271 N. Mill? (Cal,), 271R. Mill? (Cal.), 272 R3. Mill? (Cal.), 277. Mill? (Cal.), 302 E. Mill? (Wash.), 332 L2. Mill Branch of Blackstone,!33 T. Miller, 2 167 P. Miller’s,! (Mass.), 41 W. Millers? (Tenn.), 158 P2. Miller's? (Iowa), 177 O. Miller’s? (Tex.), 208 E. Millers Branch of Blackstone,! 33 U. Millet,4 192 E. “Millstone,! 61 C. -Milpha,? 221 P2. Mineral,? 178 C. “Mineral,? 220 H. ‘Minnie Mand,? 226 P. Mini Chaduza West or Rapid,? 164 05. Minitaga,? 151 Y5. Minnesota,! 151 T5. Mionas,? 152 H6. Minters,? 206 R2. Miracle,! 161 N. _Miry Bottoin Fork of Teton,! 164 | 210. | Mispillion,! 70 B. Mission,? 174 F5. Mission,! 208. Mississinneau,! 156 02. Mississippi,! 151. Missouri,! 151 D3. Missoula,! 335 Y. Mitchell,s,? 164 X6. Mitchell’s,? 195 V2. Mitchell’s,! 161 A4. Mizpah,? 171 L. Moale.? 154 C3. Mobile,! 140. Mobjack,? 72 F2. Mohawk,! 52 F. Mohawk,? 333 P. Moluncus,! 6 M. Mokelumne,! 273 A. Molalla,! 333 D. Moniteau,? 164 Ka. Money,? 174 D4. Monkey,? 306 G. Monkey,? 306 J. Monocacy,! 74F. Monongahela,! 156 M9. | Monroe,? 192 G. Monte Bevuleta Tucumcari,” 154 R3. Montezuma,? 224 F. Montgomery,? 272 A5. Monunnetsue,! 45. Moons,! 272 P3. Moore,? 199 T2. Moores,? 303 E. Moores,? 334 H3. Moose! (Me.),9 A. Moose? (Me.), 9 A. Moose! (Vt.), 41 A2. Moose? (Mont.), 164 K14. Moose! (Wis.), 181 $2. Moose? (Idaho), 334 Q. Mooseleak,! 1 M. | Moosup,! 39 O. Morean,? 152 B. Moreau,! 164 H7. Moreau,? 164 Kb. Morehead,? 165 P. Morgan’s,! 161 S. Morgan’s,! 161 Q2. Morgan’s Fork of Homochitto,! 151 L. Moro,? 256. Morse’s,? 164 Z4. Morway,? 164 D4. Moshassuck,! 33 V. Mosquito? (Ga.), 98 L2. Mosquito? (Tex.), 152 W5. Mosquito? (Iowa), 164 P3. Mosquito? (Iowa), 175 B2. Mosquito? (Tex.), 196 Z. Mosquito Hawk Branch of Mos- wausicut,! 33 J. Moss,?164 A2b. Mossy,? 98 O2. Moswausicnt,! 33 F. Motion,* 272 T4. Mountain! (Va.), 75 Y. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] Mountain ? (Ga.), 130 H2. Mountain? (Minn.), 151 06. Mountain? (Tenn.), 158 Z. Mountain? (Colo.), 225 H2. Mount Hope! 39 G. * Monuse,? 157 T2. > Mud! (N.H.), 14 H. i. Mud! (Vt.), 44 A. Mud? (Ind. T.), 152 N5. Mud! (W. Va.), 156 U8. Mud? (Dak.), 164 N8. Mud? (Kans.), 165 F3. Mud? (Iowa), 168 F. Mud (Ind.), 174 N6. Mud? (Iowa), 175 M. Mud? (Iowa), 177 G. Mud? (Ill.), 178 E. Mud? (Iowa), 179 C. Mud (Wis.), 180 V. Mud? (Wis.), 181 N. Mud (Wis.), 182 O. Mud? (Tex.), 194 X. Mud? (Cal.), 272 N3. Muddy? (N.C.), 83 C2. Muddy? (N.C.), 865. Muddy? (Colo.); 154 E8. Muddy? (Ky.), 156 D3. Muddy? (Ky.), 156 Z3. Muddy! (Ky.), 156 H4. Muddy? (Ky.), 156 C6. Muddy! (Dak.), 164 C5. t Muddy? (Mont.), 164 N11. Muddy? (Kans.), 165 F. Muddy! (Nev.), 219 K. Muddy? (Utah), 219 Y2. Muddy? (Colo.), 225 X3. Muddy? (Colo.), 226 Q3. Muddy? (Wyo.), 226 E4. Muddle? (Oreg.), 319 G. Muddy Fork of Little ! 158 E. Mukewater,? 199 J3. Mulato,? 210 L. Malatto,? 199 P4. Mulberry 2 (Ga.), 180 C2. Mulberry 2 (Ala.), 140 W. Mulberry 2 (Tex.), 152 07. Mulberry! (Ark.), 154 Q. Mulberry? (Kans.), 154 C7. Mulberry? (Lenn.), 157 B2. Mulberry? (Tex.), 196 05. Mulberry Fork of Black War- rior,! 140 R4. Mulkalee,? 130 U. Mupa,? 247 A. Murder,? 98 P. Murder,? 185 Aa. Murvaul 4 194 82. Muscle,! 164 O. Musconetcong,! 71 G. Mush,? 75 J2. Mush,? 140 R. Muskingum,! 156 G9. Musquacook,! 1 V. Musselshell,! 164 E10. Musselshell,! 173. Mustang 2 (Tex.), 196 H. [17] Mustang? (Tex.), 196 T. Mustang? (Tex.), 202 A. Mutiney,? 303 D. Myakka,! 112. ee 19. Mystic,? 384. Nachess,! 332 T2. Nachonichi,? 194 U. Namekagon,? 182 T. Namekagon,! 182 P. Nantahelah,! 157 R38. Nanticoke,! 72 E. Nanwee,? 157 J2. Napa,! 271 P. Narciseno,? 213 C. * Narraguagus,! 4. Nascongo,! 72 B. Nash's,” 206 K2. Nahua,! 14 E. Natalbany,? 149 A. © Natchaug,! 39 E. Naturita,? 225 J. Naugatuck,! 47 B. Navarro,! 283. Navasota,! 196 E. Navesink,! 62. Navidad,! 202 B. Nawuggah,! 328. Nechesne,! 326. Nechez,! 194 F. Negro,? 174 T4. Negro,? 195 F. Nehalem,! 331. Nekas,! 325. Nelson’s,? 195 B. Ne-Ne-Squaw,! 154 N6. Neosho,! 154 V4. Neponset,! 204. Nesal,! 337 B. Nespotam,? 332 F3. Nestuggah,! 327. Nettle,? 174 N5. Neuse,! 81 E. Neutroso,? 221 Q2. Nevada,? 336 O. Neversink,! 71 L. Nevils,? 94 M. New! (Ga.), 123 G. New! (TYenn.), 158 Y3. New! (W. Va.), 159 X. New! (Cal.), 302 M. New Haven,! 43. New Wood,! 180 P. Nezpique,4 192 B. Niangua,! 164 Da. Niantic,! 40. Nine-mile,? 163 A. Nine-mile,? 226 R. Niobrara,! 164 L5, Nipper Sink,? 174 M5. Nipper Sink,? 174 M5. Nishnebotene,! 164 T2. Nisqually,! 346 H. Nodaway,! 164 J2. Noels,? 196 E3. Nokay,! 151 G6. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Nolachucky,! 157 G4. Nolin,! 156 S3. Nowini,! 74 Y. Nonconnah,! 151 J2a. Nooksachk,! 346 Z. North! (Mass.), 21. North ! (Mass.), 41 U. North! (Va.), 74M. North ! (Va.), 74 U. North! (Va.), 76 B. North! (N.C.), 80 A. North ! (Fla.), 123 B. | North! (Ala.), 140 K4. North 2 (Mont.), 164 U12. North! (lowa), 175 P. North ! (Wash.), 337 E. North Anna,! 77 G. North Arm of Saint Andrew’s,? 131 A. North Boulder,? 164 Y13. North Branch of Cedar,! 177 T. North Branch of Crooked,? 174 F2. North Branch of Crow,? 174 K4, North Branch of Elkhorn,!166 H. North Branch of Fish,! 137. North Branch of James,! 78 H. North Branch of Kents,2 178 Y. North Branch of North,! 175 R. North Branch of Park,! 41e. North Branch of Penobscot,!6S. North Branch of Raritan,! 61 E. North Branch of Salt,? 174 82. North Branch of Susquehanna,! 73D. North Concho, or Salt Fork of Colorado, 199 Y3. North Coon,! 175 K2. North Deep,? 83 E2. Northeast,! 72 Q. Northeast Cape Fear,! 82 A. Northeast Branch of Penobscot, 6 U. North Edisto,! 89 A. North Elm,? 196 X4. North English,! 177 R2. North Fabius,! 151 M3. North Fork of American, 272 Q. North Fork of Appalachee,!98 T. North Fork of Big,? 165 Q3. North Fork of Big Blue,! 165 R. North Fork of Black Hawk,? 177 R. North Fork of Boisé,! 334 X3. North Fork of Cannonball,! 164 B8. North Fork of Cauldron,? 154 H. North Fork of Chambers,? 195 Q. North Fork of Cherry,! 159 U. North Fork of Cheyenne,! 170 R. North Fork of Clinch,'157 F3. North Fork of Clearwater,!334 P. North Fork of Cobes,? 151 O. North Fork of Cosumnes,! 273 F. North Fork of Crow,! 151 Z5. North Fork of Eel,! 295 D. OF UNITED STATES. 1075 North Fork of Feather,! 272 M2. North Fork of Forked Deer,!151 P2a. North Fork of Grand,! 164 R7. North Fork of Grand Ronde,! 334 D2. North Fork of Holston,!157 V3. North Fork of Hughes,!1¢0 B. North Fork of Kankakee,! 174 Mé. North Fork of Kentucky,!156 A7. North Fork of Leon,! 196 V2. North Fork of Licking,! 156 H7. North Fork of Licking,! 156 P7. North Fork of Little Obion,! 151 R2a. North Fork of Little Wichita,! 152 Z5. North Fork of Liano,!} 199 G2. North Fork of Loup,! 166 Q. North Fork of Medicine,” 165 L2. North Fork of Monongahela,! 161 O. North Fork of Musselshell,! 173 F. North Fork of Musselshell,! 173 Q. North Fork of Ne-NeSquaw,! 154 P6. North Fork of Nolin,! 156 W3. North Fork of Pesse,! 152 W6. North Fork of Platte,! 166 V. North Fork of Price,! 226 F. North Fork of Rappahannock,! DAS North Fork of Red,! 152 Y6. North Fork of Republican,! 165 iP?! North Fork of Rough.? 156 B4. North Fork of Saline,! 152 C2. North Fork of Saline,! 156 D2. North Fork of Saint Mary’s,! 101 A. North Fork of Salt,! 151 H3. North Fork of Sappa,? 165 A2. North Fork of Shenandoah,!74 K. North Fork of Smith’s,'! 306 H. North Fork of Smoky,! 165 X3. North Fork of Solomon,! 165 J3. North Fork of South Platte,1 166 D4. North Fork of Swamp,? 98 D2. North Fork of Vermillion,! 174 A5. North Fork of Washita,! 152 W2. North Fork of Wateree.! 86 T. North Fork of Webb’s,? 93 R. North Fork of Yuba,! 272 Z. North Honcut,? 272 D2. North Lizzard,? 175 Z2. North Meherrin,! 80 J, North Newport,! $5. North Oconee,! 98 W. North Sandy,? 202 E. North Santee,! 86 A. North Skunk,!176 J. 1076 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. North Sulphur, 152 E4. North Toe,! 157 L4. North Umpquah,! 319 BE. North Water,? 171 L2. Northwest Branch of Mack- inaw,! 174 Ad. Northwest Branch of Penob- scot,) 6 T. North Wood, 2 171 K2. Norwalk,! 51. Norway,? 151 N6. Nottleg,! 157 Q2. Nottoway,! 80 E. Noyo,! 287. Nubbins,? 155 K2. Nueces,! 210. Nutrias,? 216 A4. Nutritas,? 218 B4. Ny,! 77 E. Oak2 (Tex.), 199 X4, Oak? (Ariz.), 221 J. Oak? (Ariz.), 221 H2, Oak? (Ariz.), 221 U2. Oak 1 (Cal.), 272 N4. Oakfuskee,? 140 X2. Oakmulgee,? 140 U. Obatchee,? 140 J2. Obeds,? 157 X2. Obeys,! 158 H2. Obion!, 151 O2. Occoquan,! 74 W. Ocheyedan,! 167 X. Ocilla,? 127. Ocklockonee,! 129. Ocmulgee,! 98 A2. Ocnaluftee,! 157 Q3. Oconee,! 98 G. Ocoee,! 157 02. Ocopilco,? 123 E. Odebott,? 167 E. O’Fallon’s,? 171 J. Ogeechee,! 94. Ohio, 151 T2. Ohio,? 225 Q2. @il,? 154 M8. Oil,? 156 U9. Okahay,? 142 L. Okalona,? 142 K. Okanoxubee,! 140 P3, Okatappa,? 140 V3. OkKatibbee,? 142 R. Okeechobee,? 110 A, Okeewatkee,? 98 H. Okiokendoka West, or Pass,? 169 G. Okinakane,! 332 D3. Oklawaha,! 102 D, Okoboji,? 167 Z. Okoboju,? 164 B7. Olamos,? 210 Q2. Old,? 257. Old Fork of Little Red,! 155 H. Old Man’s,? 177 Q2. Oldtown,? 140 W2. Oleys,? 196 W4. Olivers,? 195 Fo One-hundred-and-two,! 164 C2a. Oostanagata,! 140 U2. Opequan,? 74 P. Orange,? 102 K. | Oraytyayous,! 334 E. Oregon Gulch,? 336 B. Oreilles,? 181 P2. Oro Fina,? 336 E2. Oro Fino,? 334 §, Osage,! 164 C. Oso,? 218 T3. Oswego,! 67 C. Otoclaffa,? 153 C2. Otter! (Va.), 86 X. Otter? (Ind. T.), 152 Z6. Otter? (Ky.), 156 E4. Otter? (Ky.), 156 N5. Otter? (Ky.), 156 B6. Otter? (Ky.), 156 W6. Otter? (Tenn.), 158 S2, Otter? (Iowa), 164 A4. Otter? (lowa), 168 H. Otter? (Tl].), 174 A. Otter? (Ill.), 174 F. Otter? (Il].), 174 K3. Otter? (Ill.), 174 W4. Otter? (Iowa), 175 K. Otter? (Iowa), 175 X2. Otter? (Iowa), 177 A. Otter? (Iowa), 177 C2. | Otter? (11).), 178 D2. Owens,? 273 M2. Owhap,? 346 L. Owing’s Fork of Buffalo,? 161 B3. Owl,! 164 L7. Owl,? 171 M2. Owl? 175 W2. Owyhee,! 334 Y3. Pack,! 335 C. Pacolet,! 86 X. Paesta,? 209 F. Paesta,? 210 C. Pahabe,? 154 Lé. Pahreah,! 219 Z. Pab-ute,? 219 G. Paine Branch of Ponagansett,! 3] LE Paint? (Iowa), 151 Z4. Paint? (Tex.), 196 U4. Paint? (Tex.), 196 G5. Paint? (Tex.), 199 Y2. Painted Rock,? 218 U2. Painted Wood,? 164 Q8. Painted Wood,? 164 L9. | Painter,? 162 H. Paint Lick,? 156 Y5. Paint Rock,? 199 F2. Paint Rock,! 157 E2. Pajarito or Tierra Blanca,? 154 W3. Paladoro or Skull,? 154 F2, | Palanata Wapka Ree,! 164 07. Palisade,” 165 Q2. Palmer's,! 30 C. Palo Alto,? 199 L. Palo Pinto,? 196 P3. [18] Paluse,? 334 N. Palusha,? 153 Q. Palux,! 337 D. Pamanset,! 26. Pamlico," 81, P Pamlico,! 81 B. Pamunkey,! 77 F. Panitas,? 210 A. Pantaus,? 202 K. Panther? (Tex.), 152 Q5. Panther? (Ky.), 156 Z2. Panther? (Ky.), 156 L8, Panther! (W. Va.), 161 W4. Panther ? (IlJ.), 174 B2. Panther? (Ill.), 174 Z3. Panther? (Iowa), 175 Y. Papalote,? 209 B. Paquabucek,! 41 Aa. Park,! 41 B. Park,} 164 Q9. Park,? 219 U. Parker,! 15. Parkers,” 272 R5. Parris Branch of Flat,! 38 H. Parrot,? 132 D. | Partridge,! 151 K6. Partridge,? 221 V. Pascagoula,! 142. Pasquotank,! 80 B. Pass,? 171 B2. Passadumkeag,! 6 Q. | Passaic,! 59. Patacocawa,? 153 U. | Patapsco,172 W. Pataula,? 130 Y. Patsaliga,! 135 E. Patuxent,! 72 B2. Pawcatuck,! 38. Pawley,! 53. Pawnee,” 154 X6. Pawnee,” 166 B3. Pawnee’s Deserted,? 164 Po. Pawtuxet,! 33 A. Payette,! 334 D3. Pea,! 132 C. Peabody,! 9 O. Peace,! 111. Peach,? 206 C2. Pear!,} 146. Pease,! 152 V6. Pecan 4 (Tex.), 152 M4, Pecan,” (Tex.), 195 H2. Pecan,? (Tex.), 199 T. Pecan,” (Tex.), 199 U2. Pecan 4 (Tex.), 199 X2. | Pecatonica,! 178Z, Peck’s,! 161 N4. Pecos,! 218 T. Pedank,! 41e. Pedernales,! 199 J. Pedlar,! 78 G. | Pedro,® 218 Q. Pelican,? 171 W3. Pelican,! 180 Y. Pelican,3 180 Z. Pelouse,! 334 C. [19] INDEX Pemidji,? 151 U6. Pemigewasset,! 14 G. Penasquitos,? 220. Pendleton,” 98 E. Pend O’Reille,? 335 B. Penobscot,! 6. Peoples,? 172 N. Pepin,? 151 Q5. Pequannock,! 48. Pequest,! 71 J. Pequon,? 302 B. Perch,? 183 B. Perdido,? 136. Perdido,” 206 U. Perry,” 164 04. Pescadero,? 270. Petahava,? 220 L. Peters,” 156 Y4. Peters,? 159 Q. Petit,4 186. Petit Jean,? 154 J. Phalia,4 147 A. Philia,4 153 D. Philip’s,! 41 B2. Phillip’s,4 151 B2. Phillip’s,! 160 O. Phillip’s,! 160 S. Philiis,! 161 F4. Piankatank, 72 E2. Piasa,? 151 E3. Pi-ce-ance,? 226 E2. Pickamink,! 174 G6. Picketts,? 158 K4. Pierre,‘ 151 Q. Pierre,* 152 P3. Pierre Bayou, 152 Q3. Pig,! 80 Y. Pigeon? (Wis.), 151 N5. Pigeon? (Ky.), 156 J8. Pigeon! (Tenn.), 157 C4. Pigeon? (Iowa), 164 Q3. Pigeon Roost,? 156 K4. Pike,! 181 F2. Pike,? 181 F2. Piles Fork of Buffalo,? 161 Y2. Pilot? (lowa), 175 Y. Pilot? (Iowa), 175 O3. Pilot? (Tex.), 195 Y. Pilot? (Cal.), 299 A. Pina,? 274 A. Pinal,? 221 D2. Pine! (Minn.), 151 M6, Pine? (Nebr.), 164 U5. Pine? (Ill.), 178 Q. Pine? (Iowa), 179 E. Pine! (Wis.), 180 L. Pine? (Utah), 219 H2. Pine? (Ariz.), 221 N. Pine? (Ariz.), 221 Y: Pine? (Cal.), 272 Pd, Pine? (Cal.), 302 C. Pine Barren,? 140 P. Pine Grove,” 166 H4. Pine Island,4 194 G. Pine Log,? 132 A. Pine Tree,’ 203 A. TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Piney? (Tenn.), 151 L2b. Piney? (Ark.), 154 N. Piney? (Tenn.), 157 L. Piney? (W. Va.), 159 Y. Piney? (Tex.), 194 Z. Piney? (Tex.), 199 F. Piney! (Colo.), 225 U3. Piney? (Wyo.), 226 M4. Piney Fork of Powder,! 171 O. Piney Fork of Strawberry,! 155 M. Pinon,? 218 B3. Pinto,” 221 C2. Pintos,? 211. Pioneer,? 334 J2. Pioneer Gulch,? 164 P14. Pipestone? (II1.), 162 C. Pipestone? (Mont.), 164 B14. Pipe Stone! (Dak.), 164 H5. Pipestone? (Dak.), 168 I. Pipo,! 247 C. Piscataquis,! 6 N. Piscataway,! 74 E. Pisco,! 332 R2. Piscola 2123 Da. Piseasaw,? 178 V. Pisquauase, or Wenatchapam,! 332 Z2. Pistol,? 309. Pitman,” 158 X2. Pitman’s,? 156 L3. Plaquemine,’ 192 D. Plateau,? 225 V2. Plateau,? 225 M. Platte! (Wis.), 151 S4. Platte! (Minn.), 151 D6. Platte? (Minn.), 151 D6. Platte! (Mo.), 164 C2. Platte! (Nebr.), 164 03. Pleasant,! 33. Pleasant,! 6 O. Pleasant,? 226 K. Plom! (I1.), 151 K4. Pium? (Tex.), 152 E6. Plum? (Ky.), 156 C3. Plum? (Colo.), 166 A4. Plum? (Dak.), 170 A. ‘Plum? (Mont.), 171 H. . Plum? (Wis.), 181 A. ‘Plum? (Wis.), 180 A2. Plum? (Tex.), 196 P. 2. Plum? (Tex.), 206 H2. Plum? (Cal.) 272 K. Plumb,! 161 T2. Plumb,? 163 B. Plumb,? 175 J3. Plum Island,! 16. Plymouth,? 164 K4. Pocan,? 154 H5. Pocataligo,! 159 A. Pocomoke,!} 72 A. Pognes,? 156 D8. Pohasset,} 33 B. Poinsett,3 104 A. ’ | Poinsett,3 168 O. OF UNITED STATES. Piney Fork of Gasconade,!164 B. 1077 Point,? 159 G. Pointer,” 164 Z7. Poison,? 165 W3. Poison Spring,” 166 82. Pokegamma,? 182 R. Pokegoma,? 151 Q6. Pole,? 225 A 4, Polecat,? 154 L5. Polk,? 161 E3b. Poll,4 140 M3. Pomeraug,! 47K. Pomme de Terre,!183 N. Pomme de Terre,? 183 O. Ponagansett.! 33 L. Pond? (Ind. T.), 152 F5. Pond! (Ky.), 156 C4. Pond? (Ky.), 156 F5. Pond? (Ky.), 156 C8, Pond? (Ohio), 156 D9. Pond? (Tex.), 196 S. Pond Fork of Little Coal,! 159 E. Poney,? 164 N3. Ponka,? 169 F. Ponto,’ 151 O6. Pool,? 226 W2. Poor Fork of Cumberland,! 158 H4. Pope,? 151 W3. Poplar,” 157 B3. Poplar,! 151 L5. Popo Agie,! 171 P2. Porcupine Tail,? 169 L. Po,! 77 D. ’ Port Neuf,! 334 W4. Pot,? 199 R. Pot,? 226 O3. Potato,! 75 Z. Potato,? 164 R3. Potogatic, or Tologatick,! 182 Q. Potomac,! 72 C2. Potowomut,! 37. Pottawatomie,? 164 J. Pott’s,? 86 H. Pouchelle,? 164 C10. Poultney,! 42. Pound Fork of Big Sandy,! 156 Re. Powder,! 171 K. Powder,!} 334 V2. Powell’s,! 157 G3. Powell’s,! 160 M. Prairie? (Ill.), 163 S. Prairie? (Ill), 174 T. Prairie? (I]l].), 174 N2. Prairie? (Ill.), 174 W5. Prairie? (Ill.), 174 B6. Prairie? (Iowa), 175 Y2. Prairie? (Iowa), 177 E. Prairie! (Wis.), 180 M. Prairie Dog Town Fork of Red,! 152 H7. Pratt,? 164 C6. Pratt,? 177 H. Presque Isle,! 1 Q. Price,? 177 T2. Price,! 226 E. 1078 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Prieto,? 210 R2. Prospect,? 220 M. Prospect,” 335 L. Providence,! 83. Pryor’s,! 171 82. Pachitla,? 130 H. Pudding,! 288. Pudding,! 333 E. Puenta de Piendra,? 210 E. Paget," 346 F. Pumpkin,? 171 R. Pungo,! 81 A. Punished Woman Fork of Smoky Hill,) 165 T3. Paurgatory,! 154 M7. Purgatory,” 175 J2. Pursley,? 140 L. Putnam,? 174 N3. Puta,? 271 O. Puyallup,! 346 M. Quaking Ash,? 164 $9. Quantico,! 72 F. Quarrel,? 164 B10. Quarry,! 161 T. Quartz,” 225 N2. Quasapaug,! 47, C. Queat-Chup-Pa,? 219 X2. Queens,! 38 E. Queens,! 334 V3. Queue de Tortue,4 192 F. Quicksand,” 156 O6. Quiets,! 342. Quilleute,! 344. Quinainlt,? 340A. Quinaiult,! 340. Quinebaug,! 39 B. Quinipiac,! 46a. Quiver,? 174 U3. Rabbit,? 199 C. Rabbit Ear,” 154Z. Raccoon,! 151 H5. Raccoon,! 175 U. Raft,! 334 T4. Raft,! 341. Rahway,! 60. Rainey,? 196 B5. Rainey’s,? 196 C3. Ramapo,! 59 A. Ranchata Cafion,? 266 N. Rancherie,? 283 B. Ramunart,? 164 U7. Randoms,” 140 G. Rapid,! 164 V5. Rapid,? 170 K. Rapidan,! 75 O. Rappahannock,! 72 D2. Raritan, 61. Ratcliffe's,! 161 S4. Rattlesnake,4 154 A. Rattlesnake (Kans.), 154 S6. Rattlesnake? (Mont.), 164 T14. Rattlesnake? (Cal.), 302 N. Raven,? 177 Z2. Rawhide,” 166 H2. Rayado,! 154 K4. Ruy’s.? 162 S. [20] Rays Fork of Big Barren,! 156 | Richland? (Iowa), 177 X2. U4. Rayston Branch of Juniata,! 73 C. Recapture,? 224 E. Red? (Miss.), 142 A. Red! (La.), 151 E. Red! (Ky.), 156 Y6. Red! (Tenn.), 158 H. Rea? (Tex.), 196 D5- Red! (N. Mex.), 218 D4. Red? (Ariz.), 221 G. Red? (Idaho), 334 X. Red? (Mont.), 336 J2. Red Bank,? 164 J9. Red Bird Fork of Sturgeons,? 156 H6. Red Bluff,? 100 K. Red Bluff,? 98 K. Red Bluff,® 226 U. Red Bottom,? 164 G9. Red Branch,? 272 Y3. Red Branch of Pawcatuck,!38A. Red Cap,? 302 X. Red Cedar,! 177 V. Red Cedar,! 181 C. Red Cedar,? 181 L. Red Fork of Arkansas,! 154 M5. Red Fork of Colorado,! 199 O04. Red Oak,? 130 P. Red Oak Fork of Mud,? 152 05. Red River Springs, 154 P3. Red Rock,? 164 L12. Red Rock,? 164 W14. Red Rock,? 164 X14. Red Stone,? 164 Y4. Red Water,” 164 R9. Red Water,” 170 V. Red Willow,? 165 N2. Red Wood,! 183 G. Redwood,” 301. Reed,? 272 Z3. Reedy? (Fla.), 110 H. Reedy® (Tenn.), 157 T3. Reedy® (W. Va.), 160 Cb. | Reelfoot,! 151 P2. Reelfoot,? 151 P2. Regert’s,! 161 M4. Reid’s,! 161 03. Renick,? 158 N2. Republican,' 165 §. Reynold's,? 156 P3. Reynolds,? 334 C4. Rhodes,? 834 T. Rib,! 180 H. Ricardo,? 218 S. Rice,? 177 L2. Rice,? 221 D. Rice,? 295 H. Rices,? 272 T2. Richland? (Miss.), 146 M. Richland? (Ark.), 154 R. Richland? (Ark.), 155 Y. Richland? (Tenn.), 157 Z. Richland? (Lil.), 163 £2. Richland? (Til.), 174 H4. Richland? (Tex.), 195 O. Richland? (Tex.), 199 M2. Ricon,? 249. Ridge’s,! 160 F. Ridgeway Branch of Tom’s,! 66A Riffle’s,! 160 G. Riffle’s,! 161 G4. Rifle,? 225 X2. Right Fork of Twelve-Pole,? 156 AQ. Right-Hand Fork of Little Ka- nawha,! 160 U. Rincon de la Cruz,? 154 H3. Rio Aliso, 220 B2. Rio Arivaypa, 220 K. Rio Agul, or Sacramento, 218 A2. Rio Blanco, 220 Z. Rio Bonito, 220 W. Rio Cabezon, 220 A. Rio Carizo, 224 C. Rio Cebollas, 154 D4. Rio Chama, 218 R3. Rio Cimarron, 154 L4. Rio Concha,? 154 X3. Rio Conejos, 218 G4. Rio Costillo, 218 E4. Rio de Chaco, 224 J. Rio de Chelly, 224 B. Rio de la Prete, 166 P2. Rio de las Animas, 218 W2. Rio de las Animas, 224 O. Rio de la Vaco, 218 T2. Rio de los Pinos, 224 Q. Rio del Pajarito, 224 K. Rio del Toro, 218 L2. Rio de Sauz, 220 V. Rio Dolores Chiquito, 225 P. Rio Dominquez, ? 225 X. Rio Escalante. ? 225 Y. Rio Felix, 218 F2. Rio Fryoles, 218 Q3. Rio Frio, 218 X2. Rio Gallinas, 218 82. Rio Grande, 218. Rio Grande, 286. Rio Hondo, 218 P3. Rio Hondo or Bonito, 218 G2. Rio La Bonte, 166 N2. Rio La Plata, 224 N. Rio la Sal, 225 F. Rio Las Animas, 216. Rio Los Olmos, 214. Rio Manco, 224 H. Rio Mora, 154 Z3. Rio Navajo, 224 S. Rio Palo, 220 H2. Rio Palomas, 218 Y2. Rio Penasco, 218 C2. Rio Perdito, 220 D2. Rio Piedra, 224 R. Rio Puerco, 218 D3. Rio Puerco, 223 E. Rio San Domingo, 220 V. Rio San Margarita, 233. Rio San Msiguel, 225 G. [21] Rio Sal Colorado, 217. Rio San Jose, 218 E3. Rio Sapello, 154 C4. Rio Talerosa, 220 C2. Rio Verde, 221 A. Rio Vermijo, 154 M4. Rio Vista, 272 B. Ripowam,! 514. Rippin’s,! 75 12. Rivanna,! 78 C. Roan,? 225 W2. Roane,? 157 Y3. Roanoke,! 80 A2. Roanoke,! 80 M. Roaring® (Conn.), 39 Q. Roaring! (Pa.), 73 G. Roaring! (Tenn.), 158 D2. Roaring! (Cal.), 272 J4. Roaring! (Idaho), 334 U3. Roaring Fork of Grand, 225 B3. Robertson,” 199 B3. Robinson,” 163 G2. Robigson’s,! 75 D2. Robinson’s,? 156 Q3. Robinson’s,! 161 G3. Roche Montannee,?225 Q3. Rochester,? 164 F14. Rock? (Va.), 78 E. Rock? (Fla.), 133 C. Rock? (Ill.), 151, N3. Rock! (Ill ), 151 D4, Rock? (Colo.), 154 H8. Rock? (Dak.), 164 J6. Rock? (Kans.), 165 D. Rock? (Kans.), 165 K. Rock! (Iowa), 168 E. . Rock? (Mont.), 171 U2. Rock? (Ill.), 174 U2. Rock? (Ill.), 174 Y5. Rock? (Iowa), 176 M. Rock? (Iowa), 177 K. Rock? (Iowa), 177 X. Rock? (Ill.), 178 J. Rock! (Ill.), 178 A2. Rock? (Tex.), 199 X. Rock? (Tex.), 202 J. Rock? (Ariz.), 220 P. Rock? (Ariz.), 221 M. Rock? (Ariz.), 222 J. Rock? (Colo.), 225 C3. Rock? (Colo.), 225 $3. Rock? (Cal.), 272 03. Rock? (Cal.),302 B2, Rock? (Cal.), 306 C. Rock? (Wash.), 332 S., Rock? (Oreg.), 332 B2. Rock? (Wash.), 334 F. Rock? (Idaho), 334 P2. Rock? (Oreg.), 384 C3. Rock? (Idaho), 334 R4. Rock? (Mont.), 336 A2. Rock Camp, ! 161 J3. Rockcastle,? 156 Y8. Rock Castle, ! 158 Z3. Rock Fork of Republican,! 165 W2. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Rockhouse,? 156 U6. Rock Pile,? 275 A. Rocky! (Mass.), 29 A. Rocky! (N. C.), 83 E. Rocky? (N.C.), 83 Y. Rocky? (8. C.), 98 J. Rocky? (Ga.), 94 O. Rocky? (Ga.), 94 Q. Rocky? (Ga.), 98 F. Rocky? (Tex.), 196 Y. Rocky? (Cal.), 306 E. Rocky Bell,? 154 Q3. Rocky Comfort,? 94 §. Roger’s,! 106. Rogue,! 311. Rolling Branch of Quaker Ash,? 164 T9. Rolling Fork of Little,! 152 K4. Rolling Fork of Salt,! 156 H5. Rook’s,? 174 Y4. Rose,? 165 A4, Rose,? 273 U. Rosebud,? 169 C. Rosebud,! 171 U. Rosebud,? 171 X2. Ross,? 199 D5. Rotten Grass,? 171 D2. Roubidean’s,? 225 Z. Rouge,? 152 C. Rongh,? 156 Y3. Round, * 175 Q2. Round, ? 182 E. Roundstone,? 156 U3. Rowley, !16 A. Ruby, 2 164 P13. Ruby, ! 164 Q14. Rudolph’s, ! 161 G. Rule,? 154 L7. Rum, ? 98 82. Rum, ! 151 U5. ‘ Ruidosa, ! 218 J2. Rush? (Ind. T.), 152 D5. Rush? (Colo.), 154 H7. Rush! (W. Va.), 161 83. Rush? (Nebr.), 164 T. 5. Rush? (Nebr.), 166 X. Rush? (Il.), 178 X. Rush? (Tex.), 196 T2. Rush? (Tex.), 196 T3. Rush Branch of Moswansicut,} 83 G. Russell,! 75 U. Russell Fork of Big Sandy, 156 Q8. Russell’s,? 156 M3. Russian,! 274. Rusts,? 196 P4. Sabinal,? 210 K2. Sabine,! 194. Sabine,? 196 R3, Sac,! 164 F. Saco, 11. Sacondaga,! 52 M. Sacramento,® 219 H. Sacramento,! 271 M. Sacramento,! 272. OF UNITED STATES. 1079 Saddle,? 220 N. Saddleback,! 9 C. Sage? (Dak.), 170 G. Sage? (Wyo.), 170 P. Sage? (Wyo.), 171 G2. Sage? (Colo.), 226 K3. Sage? (Wyo.), 226 F4. | Saint Andrew’s,° 131. Saint Charles,! 154 C8. Saint Clara,? 206 L. Saint Croix,?1 N. Saint Croix,! 2.- Saint Croix,! 151 Sd. Saint Day,? 225 C4. | Saint Francis,! 1 A2. Saint Francis,! 151 C2. | Saint George,! 6 W. Saint Germaine,’ 180 A2. Saint Dla,? 100 D. Saint John,! 1. Saint John,® 1 E. Saint John’s,! 102. Saint Joseph,! 332 N3. Saint Marcos,! 206 E2. Saint Mark’s,! 128. Saint Mary’s,! 74 A. Saint Mary’s,! 101. Saint Patries,4 194 O2. Saint Regis Borgia,! 336 A, Saint Sebastian,? 104 B. Saint Vrain’s,? 166 V3. Sakonnet,! 31. Salado,? 210 T2. Salamonie,! 156 Q2. Sale,4 189. Salem,! 71 B. Salem,? 98 E2. Saleratus,? 219 V2. Salina,! 266 J. Salinas,? 218 W 3. Salinas,! 266, Saline! (Ark.), 152 W. Saline’ (La.), 152 Z2. Saline’ (La.), 152 L3. Saline (La.), 152 M3. Saline? (Ark.), 152 J4. Saline? (Ind. T.), 154 Z4. Saline! (IlJ.), 156 C2. Saline! (Kans.), 165 M3. Sallison,? 154 V. Salmon! (Me.), 6 E. Salmon! (Conn.), 41a. Salmon? (Cal.), 284 A. Salmon! (Cal.), 302 Z. Salmon! (Wash.), 332 N. Saimon! (Idaho), 334 F2. Salmon! (Wash.), 346 E. Salmon Fall,? 334 N4. Salmon Fall,! 334 Q4. Salmon Falls,! 13. Salt! (Mo.), 151 G3. Salt? (Kans.), 154 A6. Salt! (Ky.), 156 E5. Salt? (Kans.), 165 N3. Salt! (Ill.), 174 M2. Salt? (Ii1.), 174 R2. 1080 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] Salt? (T1l.), 174 V6. Sandy? (Tex.), 196 J4. Sauz or Olmos,! 218 A. Salt? (Iowa), 177 W2. Sandy? (Tex.), 199 G. Savage,? 313. Salt? (Tex.), 195 S2. Sandy? (Tex.), 202 C. Savannah, ! 93. Salt? (Tex.), 196 A2. Sandy! (Oreg.) 332 Q. Scalp,? 164 A6. Salt? (Tex.), 196 P5. Sandy Bed,? 154 V6. Scantic,! 41 C. Salt? (Tex.), 196 28. San Felipe,” 218 P. Scattering Point,? 174 X4. Salt? (Tex.), 199 Y4. San Fernando,? 212. Schoharie,” 52 G. ; Salt? (Tex.), 210 K. San Francisco,! 218 V2. Scholfelds,? 319 B. Salt! (Ariz.), 220 G. San Francisco,! 220 Y. School,? 196 E2. Salt? (Cal.), 295 F. San Francisco,? 222 F. Schrook,! 52 N. Salt? (Oreg.), 333 H. San Francisco,? 247 D. Schrook,? 52 N. Salt? (Wyo.), 334 A5. San Francisco, 271. Sehuylkill,! 71 F. Salt Fork of Black Fork,! 164 M. | San Gabriel,! 243. Scioto,! 156 T7. Salt Fork of Brazos,! 196 M5. Sangamon,! 174 H2. Scott,! 161 N2. Salt Fork of Red,! 152 K7. San Jacinto,” 266 M. Scott’s,! 161 V. Salt Fork of Sandy,” 206 A2. San Joaquin,! 272 A. Scott’s,! 302 F2. Salt Lick,! 161 W2. San José,” 242. Scull’s,? 94 T. Salt, or Nescutunga,! 154 G6. San José,” 243 B. Seateadero,? 210 P. Saluda,} 86 C2. San Juan,! 219 D2. Sebago,! 10. Samamish,? 346 Q. San Juan,? 266 S. Sebago,? 10 B. Samamish,! 346 R. San Juan de Dias,” 218 Q2. Sebasticook,! 9 E. Sams,? 102 O. San Lorenzo,? 266 B. Seboois,! 6 C. San Antonio! (Tex.), 206 A. San Luis Obispo,? 266 L. Secesh,? 334 T2. San Antonio? (N. Mex.), 218 N3. | San Luis Ray,! 222, Seco,? 210 D2. San Antonio! (N.Mex. andColo.), | San Miguel,4 194 N2, Second,? 83 T. 218 F4. San Miguel,? 210 Q. Second,? 151 G. San Antonio? (N.Mex. andColo.), | San Omofre,? 235. Second Standard,? 164 S13. 218 54. San Pablo,? 271 L. Second Two,! 160 Q. San Antonio! (Cal.), 252. San Pedro,! 220 J. Second Yegua,! 196 O. San Antonio! (Cal.), 266 H. San Rafael,! 226 A. Seekonk,! 33 R. San Antonio? (Cal.), 273 R. San Rogue,? 210 X2. Sehkemehkl,? 346 A2. San Benito,! 267. San Saba,! 199 L2. Sehlowskap,? 332 Q3. San Bernard,! 197. San Simeon,? 259. Senatbabea,? 151 W. Sanboila,! 332 G3. Santa,! 215. Sepulgah,! 135 C. San Bois,? 154 W. Santa Ana,! 239. Sequatchie,! 157 K2. San Buenaventura,! 248. Santa Clara,? 154 X7. Sergeant Major,? 152 H5. San Carlos,! 220 Q. Santa Clara,! 219 M. Sespe,! 247 B. San Clements,? 265 A. Santa Clara,} 247. Seven-mile,? 164 O02. Sand? (Ala.), 140 G3. Santa Fé,! 123 A. Seven,! 218 B2. Sand? (Miss.), 151 H. Santa Fe,? 123 C. Seventeen-mile,? 100 G. Sand? (Ind. T.), 154 S5. Santa Fe,? 218 03. Seventh Cavalry,” 152 G5. Sand? (Kans.), 154 C6. Santa Gertrudis,? 213. Severn,! 76 D. Sand? (Ky.), 156 V5. Santa Jesabel,? 218 E. Severn Valley,? 156 V3. Sand! (W. Va.), 161 Z3. Santa Maria,! 222 A. Sextons,? 156 G6. Sand? (111), 163 H2. Santa Maria, or Cuyama,! 253. Shackelford,‘ 153 F. Sand? (Dak.), 164 A5. Santa Rosa,? 258. Shades,? 140 T. Sand? (Dak.), 164 Y7. Santas,? 157 G2. Shady,? 154 E3. Sand! (Minn.), 182 L. Santee,! 86. Shaff’s Branch of Pawnee,? 154 Sander’s,? 152 W4. Santiam,! 333 K. Z6. Sandes,? 206 W. Saos,? 218 C. Shahlett,! 343. Sand Fork of Little Kanawha,! | Sapelo,! 97. Shanon’s,! 161 E. 160 He, Sappa,? 165 X. Shangint,? 226 B. San Diego,? 212 B. Saranac,! 56. Shark,! 63. San Diego,! 229. Saratoga,” 174 U5. Shasta,! 302 J2. Sandiequito,! 281. Sarco,” 208 D. Shaver’s, or Main Cheat,! 161 H2. San Domingo,? 208 G. Sardin,? 311 M. Shawnee,? 194 Y. Sandy! (Me.), 9 D. Sarvis,? 226 N3. Sheep,” 164 T11. Sandy’ (Minn.), 151 Q6. Sassafras,! 72 O. Sheep,? 226 W3. Sandy? (Ohio), 156 E9. Sa-Tau-Tas,? 154 W5. Sheepscott,! 8. Sandy? (W. Va.), 161 Qb. Satilla,! 100. Shell? (Dak.), 164 C9. Sandy? (Dak.), 164 H9. Satilla,? 140 U3. Shell? (Nebr.), 166 M. Sandy? (Mont.), 164 W10. Satsop,! 338 A. Shell? (Wyo.), 171 H2. Sandy? (Mont.), 171 G. Saugatuck,! 50. Shell Rock,! 177 F2. Sandy? (IIl.), 174 O4. Saugus,! 18. Shenandoah,! 74 J. Sandy? (Tex.), 194 N. Sauk,! 151 C6. Shepaug,! 47 F. Sandy? (Tex.), 195 U2. Sank,? 151 C6. Shetek,? 175 T3. [23] Shetuket,! 39 C. Shetuk,! 181 G. Shippe Branch of Ponagansett,! Bas Shoal! (Fla.), 184 C. Shoal? (Mo.), 154 Dia. Shoal? (Ala.), 157 8. Shoal? (Ala.), 157 D2. Shoal? (Ill.), 163 H. Shoal? (Mo.), 164 Va. Shoal Water,? 337. Shonkin,? 164 J11. Showlow,? 223 K. Sibicu,? 221 K2. Signal Shot,? 226 X2. Silver? (N.C.), 86 Q. Silver? (Miss.), 146 G. Silver? (Iowa), 151 C5. Silver? (lowa), 151 G5. Silver? (Miss.), 153 C. Silver? (Ky.), 156 Z5. Silver? (W. Va.), 160 Ha. Silver? (Ill.), 163 C. Silver? (Iowa), 164 G3. Silver? (Mont.), 164 E12. Silver? (Iowa), 167 G. Silver? (Iowa), 167 Q. Silver? (Iowa), 167 A2. Silver? (Iowa), 177 N2. Silver? (Wis.), 181 Z. Silver? (Tex.), 199 IKK5. Silver? (Ariz.), 223 J. Silver? (Cal.), 272 H. Silver? (Oreg.), 333 G. Silver Fork of American,! 272 M, Simmons McKenzie,! 333 O. Sims,? 196 F2. Sinking? (Ky.), 156 Q4. Sinking? (Ky.), 156 X6. Sinking? (Ky.), 158 F. Sinking? (Va.), 159 B2. Sinla Bogue,? 140 T3. Sinnemahong,? 73 J. Sinslaw,! 321. Sippican,! 233. Sipsey,? 140 Y4. Sipsey,! 140 B5. Sisquoc,! 255 A. Sisters,? 206 P2. Sixes,? 315. Six-mile? (Ky.), 156 T5. Six-mile? (Iowa), 164 W3. Six-mile? (Iowa), 164 Y3. Six-mile? (Mont.), 171 L3. Six-mile? (Il.), 174 C4. Six-mile? (Ca!.), 273 S. Sixteen-mile,? 164 B13. Skagg’s,? 156 X4. Skagit,! 346 V. Skalkaho,? 336 K. Skin,? 154 U. Skull? (Mont.), 171 F3. Skull? (Tex.), 199 B. Skull3 (Ariz.), 221 Z. Skunk,! 151 T3. Skunk,? 168 L. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Skunk,? 168 L. Skunky,! 142 P. Skyote,? 336 E. Slate? (Ky.), 156 M7. Slate? (Cal.), 272 Y5. Slate? (Oreg.). 311 K. Slate? (Idaho), 334 H2. Sleepy,? 74 8. Sleepy Eye,? 183 F. Sliding Hill,! 160 X. Slough,? 171 T3. Slough,? 175 82. Small-pox,? 151 R4. Smith’s! (N.C.), 80 Q. Smith’s? (Tex.), 196 W3. Smith’s! (Cal.), 306. Smiths! (Oreg.), 319 A. Smith’s Fork of Caney Fork, 158 V. Smith’s Fork of Platte,! 166 A2. Smoke,? 334 D. Smoky Earth,! 169 D. Smoky Hill,! 165 Ls. Smut Grass,” 171 B3. Snake? (Ind. T.), 152 R6. Snake? (Ind. T.), 154 K5. Snake? (Ind. T.), 154 U5. Snake? (Dak.), 164 T8. Snake? (Mont.), 172 K. Snake! (Nebr.), 164 P5. Snake! (Minn.), 182 H. Snake? (Tex.), 199 83. Snake! (Wash., Oreg., and Wyo.), 332 02. Snawacospahl or Chikaskie,! 154 Mé. Snogualmie,! 346 T. Snohomish,! 346 S. Snow,? 83 Z. Snow,! 180 8S. Snyder’s,? &6 L. Soap? (Ga.), 93 E. Soap? (Mont.), 164 M12, Soap? (Mont.), 171 E2. Soap? (Ariz.), 219 X. Soft Maple,” 181 K2. Sokh,! 346 X. Soldier, ! 164 C4. Soldier? (Dak.), 164 H6. Soldier? (Kans.), 165 G. Soldier? (lowa), 175 B3. Soledad,? 247 E. Solomon,? 152 X5. Solomon,! 165 G3. Solomon’s,? 174 E. Somonauk,? 174 G5. Soncilem,? 335 S. Sonoma,? 271 T. Sopris,? 225 D3. Soquac,? 130 02. Sour,? 171 V3. South! (Mass.), 22. South! (Mass.), 41 S. South! (N.J.), 61 A. South! (Md.), 72 Z. South! (Va.), 74 O. e Idaho, OF UNITED STATES. 1081 South! (N.C.), 82 B. South! (Ga.), 98 V2. South? (Mont.), 164 V12. South! (Iowa), 175 J. South Anna,! 77 H. South Bedais,? 195 D. South Boise,! 334 L3. South Bosque,? 196 B3. South Boulder,? 164 Z13. South Branch of Crow,? 174 L4. South Branch of James,! 78 J. South Branch of Park,! 41d. South Branch of Raritan,! 61 F. South Branch of Trinity,! 302 G. South Chariton,! 164 Q. South Christoval,? 210 H. South Concho,! 199 E4. South Deep,? 83 D2. Southeast Branch St. John,! 1 B. South Edisto,! 89 B. South Edwards,! 151 Z3. South Elm,” 196 Y4. South English,! 177 P2. Seuth Fork of American,! 272 J. South Fork of Big Cheyenne,! 170 D. South Fork of Big Sandy,! 156 Ms. South Fork of Box Elder,?173 K. South Fork of Cannonball,! 164 F8. South Fork of Catawba,! 86 F. South Fork of Cherry,! 159 V. South Fork of Clearwater,! 334 W. South Fork of Cobes,? 151 P. South Fork of Crow,! 151 W5. South Fork of Cumberland,! 158 $3. South Ferk of Dearborn,! 164 Al2. Seuth Fork of Elkhorn,! 166 L. South Fork of Forked Deer,!151 N2. South Fork of Grand,! 164 Q7. South Fork of Holston,! 157 W3. South Fork of Horse,? 166 F2. South Fork of Hughes,! 160 C. South Fork of Iowa,! 177 D3. South Fork of Kentucky,! 156 C7 South Fork of Licking,! 156 J7. South Fork of Little Barren,! 156 Y2. South Fork Little Wichita,! 152 B6. South Fork of Llano,! 199 E2. South Fork of Loup,! 166 U. South Fork of Medicine,? 165 M2. South Fork of Merced,! 273 D2. South Fork of Musselshell,!17358. South Fork of Ne-Ne-Squaw,! 154 06. ‘South Fork of Nolin,! 156 X3. South Fork of North Platte,! 166 X2. 1082 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. South Fork of Palo Pinto,? 196 UB. South Fork of Peach,? 206 D2. South Fork of Pease,! 152 X6. South Fork of Pierre,4 151 8. South Fork of Pitt,! 272 05. South Fork of Pottawatomie,? 164 K. South Fork of Red! (Tex.), 152 V6. South Fork of Red! (Tex.), 152 iE, South Fork of Red! (Tenn.), 158 L. South Fork of Rio Grande, 218 N4. South Fork of Rock Castle,} 158 Ad, South Fork of Saline,! 156 E2. South Fork of Sangamon,! 174 Z2. South Fork of Santiam,! 333 L. South Fork of Sappa,? 165 B2. South Fork of Savannah,! 93 O. South Fork of Shenandoah,!74 L. South Fork of Smith’s,! 306 A. South Fork of Smoky,! 165 Y3. South Fork of Solomon,! 165 H3. South Fork of Vermillion,!174 Z4. South Fork of Walnnut,? 154 U6. South Fork of White,! 169 B. South, or Lewis Fork of Snake,! | 334 Y4. South Jake West,? 175 B. South Leon,? 196 $2. South Lizzard,? 175 A3. South Meherrin,! 80 L. South Newport,! 96. South Platte,! 166 Y2. South Raccoon,! 175 X. South Sandy,? 202 D. South Santee,! 86 B. South Skunk,! 176 C. _ South Soap,? 175 C. South Sopris,? 225 E3. South Sulphur,! 152 G4. South Toe,! 157 M4. Southwest Branch of Penob- scot,1 6 V.- Southwest Branch of St. John,} ales South Wolf,? 272 U. South Yadkin,! 83 S. South Yuba,! 272 X. Spavina? 154 A6. Spencer? 222 G. Spencer? 333 S. Spencer,# 9 Ba. Spirit,? 167 Y. Spirit,! 180 Q. Spokane,? 164 012. Spokane,! 332 H3. Spoon,! 174 L3. Spoonbill,? 166 G2. Spragne,! 303 A. Spring? (Ga.), 130 E. Spring? (Tex.), 154 A3. Spring? (Ind. T.), 154 Y4. Spring! (Ark. and Mo.), 155 N. Spring? (Tenn.), 157 R2. Spring? (Tenn.), 158 Q. Spring? (Tenn.), 158 T. Spring? (Tenn.), 158 B2. Spring? (W. Va.), 159 F2. Spring? (W. Va.), 160 Ce. Spring? (Dak.), 164 A7. Spring? (Nebr.), 165 62. Spring? (Nebr.), 165 F2. Spring? (Nebr.), 165 R2. Spring? (Wyo.), 166 O2. Spring? (Dak.), 170 L. Spring? (Ill.), 174 G2. Spring? (I1l.), 174 V2. Spring? (Ill.), 174 C6. Spring? (Lowa), 177 E2. Spring? (Ill.), 178 D. Spring? (Ill.), 178 M. Spring? (Tex.), 195 A2. Spring? (Tex.), 199 O. Spring? (Tex.), 199 U4. Spring? (Tex.), 210 D. Spring? (Utah and Wyo.), 226 B4. Spring? (Cal.), 272 E5. Spruce Fork of Little Coal, 1 159: D. Squ-al-i-cum,? 346 Y. Square,” 272 U4. Square Butte,? 164 08. Squaw? (Mont.), 164 D10. Squaw? (I11.), 174 L5. Squaw? (Iowa), 175 L. Squaw? (Iowa), 176 G. Squaw? (Iowa), 177 D2. Squaw? (Cal.), 272 Z4. Squaw? (Idaho), 334 D4. Squaw? (Idaho), 334 L4. Squaw Valley,? 272 Y4. Sqnirrel,? 180 U. Stale? (Ariz.), 220 E. Stale! (Colo.), 225 R2. Stale,? (Cal.), 302 W. Stampede,? 199 D4. Stampede,? 225 V3. Standard,” 226 L. Stanislaus,! 273 P. Star,? 180 A2. Starvation,? 219 U2. State,” 226 J4. Station Camp,? 156 E6. Staunton,! 75 P2. Staunton,! 80 U. Steamboat,? 334 R2. Steel,? 334 S3. Steele’s,4 151 12. Steels,? 196 G. Steens,? 146 J. Sterling,? 199 Ad. Stevens,” 174 J3. Stiliquamish,! 346 U. Still! (Conn.), 39 J. Still! (Conn.), 41 Bb. Still! (Conn.), 47 G. Stillwater,? 171 Y2. [24] Stillwater,” 272 R4. Stinking Branch of Obeys,} 158 NB. Stinking Water? (Nebr.), 165 G2. Stinking Water? (Nebr.), 165 S2. Stinking Water? (Wyo.), 171 F2. Stone Coal,? 161 E3c. Stone’s!, 158 P. Stony? (Tenn.), 157 U3. Stony? (Cal.), 272 H3. Stony? (Mont.), 336 P. Stony Branch of Connecticut,! 41 M '| Storm,3 175 Q2. Stradon,? 334 Q2. Straight,? 158 Q3. Strait San Juan de Fuca, 346. Stranger,! 165 A. Straunteus,! 332 P3. Strawberry,! 155 L. Strawberry,? 226 Q2. Strong,! 146 H. Stuart,” 311 N. Strown’s,! 174 M4, Sturgeons,? 156 F6. Succor,? 306 L. Suck,? 163 B2. Sucranochee,? 140 D4. Sudbury,! 14 C. Sugar? (Ga.), 98 F2. Sugar? (Ky.), 151 S2e. Sugar? (Ark.), 154 D5. Sugar? (Ala. and Tenn.), 157 X. Sugar? (Ill.), 163 G. Sugar? (I1].), 174 02. Sugar? (Ill.), 174 X2. Sugar? (Ill.), 174 $3. Sugar? (Ill.), 174 D6. Sugar? (Ill.), 178 L. | Sugar? (Iowa), 175 W. Sugar? (Iowa), 177 D. Sugar,! 178 C2. Sugar? (Iowa), 179 B. Sugar-Loaf,? 155 A2. Sugarloaf,? 272 W5. Sulphur,? 156 M5. Sulphur,? 156 N3. Sulphur Fork of Big Barren,! 156 $4. Sulphur Fork of Red,! 152 Zs. Summer Duck,! 75 A2. Summit,” 226 TS. Summit,? 333 W. Summit Flat,? 181 M. Sun,! 164 M11. Sun,! 263. Suntlower,! 153 B. Sunday,! 9 K. Suquamish,! 346 G. Suface,? 225 D2. Susquebanna,! 72 R. Suwannee,! 123. Suwanoochee,? 123 K. Swamp,? 98 C2. Swamp,” 129 E. Swan! (Minn.), 151 E6. [25] Swan? (Minn.), 151 Q6. Swan? (Ark.), 155 D2. Swan? (I11.), 174 Q3. Swan? (Iowa), 175 M2. Swan? (Iowa), 175 P2. Swan? (Iowa), 175 S3. Swan! (Mont.), 335 W. Swan Lake,? 164 G7. Swanwick,? 162 F. Swearing,? 83 Q. Swearingen,? 272 S5. Sweet Brier,? 164 M8. Sweetwater? (Ga.), 130 M2. Sweetwater? (Ind. T. and Tex.), 152 F7. Sweetwater? (N. Mex.), 154 J4. Sweetwater! (Wyo.), 166 U2. Sweet Water? (Cal.), 228 A. Sweetwater? (Idaho), 334 L. Swift,! 11 C. Swift,! 41 J. Swift,? 140 Z. Swift Branch of Androscoggin,! 9M. Swimming Woman,? 173 L. Sycamore? (Tex.), 218 N. Sycamore? (Ariz.), 220 S. Sycamore? (Ariz.), 221 B. Syeamore? (Ariz.), 222 D. Sycamore!? (Cal.), 272 C3. Syrup,? 334 J4. Ta,! 77 C. Tabegache,? 225 H. Table Mountain,? 272 F3. Table Rock,? 196 K2. Tackett’s,? 158 J3. Talamantes,? 226 R3. Talladega,” 140 02. Tallahaga,! 146 P. Tallahalla,? 142 H. Tallahatchee,! 153 Z. Tallapoosa,! 140 V2. Tallasha,? 142 Q. Tallulah,! 93 U. « Talpacute,? 209 E. Taluga,! 129 A. Tamarack,! 182 M. Tancha,? 194 Q2. Tangipahoa,! 148. Tantalus,? 219 Q2. Tanwar,! 346 J. Tanwar,? 346 K. Taos,? 218 C4. Tar,! 81 C. Taranchuas,? 212 C. Taro,? 208 H. Tarryall,? 166 K4. ‘Tattaha,? 332 Q2. Taunton,! 30. Tawacano,? 210 E2. Taylor,? 194 B. Taylors? (Ill.), 174 C. Taylors? (Tex.), 196 B2. Taylors? (Utah), 219 Q. Tayiors? (Colo.), 225 U2. Tchanchicaha,! 164 E5. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS Teche,4 188 A. Techevah,? 153 K. Tecolete,? 210 V2. Tehulah,! 153 L. Tejones,? 218 F. Tekulla,! 346 W. Tellico,! 157 L3. Temescal,? 240. Temecula,! 233 A. Temple,? 219 R2. Ten-mile? (Ga.), 94 D. Ten-mile? (Iowa), 151 F5. Ten-mile? (Ky.), 156 Q5. Ten-mile? (Mont.), 164 F12. Ten-mile,! 318. Tennessee,! 156 A2. Tensas,? 152 F. Terpsichore,? 199 P3. Terrapin,” 140 M2. Terrapin,” 166 N3. Terrebonne,‘ 185. Terre Noir,? 152 M2. Terre Rouge,? 152 P2. Teton,! 164 Y10. Teton,! 334 G5. Texas,” 154 N8. Teyeh,? 218 W. Thames,! 39. The Five,? 1 Z. Thetis,? 199 H3. Thickwood,? 165 A3. Third,? 83 U. Thirty-two-mile,? 165 Q. Thomas,? 210 H2. Thompkin’'s,? 153 G. Thompson,! 75 T. Thompson,? 151 B. Thompson,? 164 T4. Thompson's,” 164 X11. Thompson’s,? 195 W2. Thompson’s,! 335 M. Thorn,? 334 G3. Thorn-apple,! 181 L2. Three-mile,! 30 A. Three-mile,? 164 A2. Three-mile,? 178 P. Thumo,! 75 J. Tia Juana,! 227. Tibbee,? 140 E5a. Tickabum,? 140 Z3. Tickfaw,! 149. Tiffany,” 181 E. Tiger,? 194 R. Tilly, 41 X. Tilton,! 332 J. Timber,? 164 A10. Timber,? 177 A3. Timber Spirit Weod,? 164 J5. Timpa,? 154 T7. Tinatpanup,! 334 G. Tin Cup Joe,? 336 B2. Tioga,! 73 O. Tionesta,? 156 V9. Tippah,? 153 D2. Tippecanoe,! 156 M2. Tobacco,! 74 D. OF UNITED STATES. 1083 Tobesotkee,? 98 R2. Todos Santos,® 210 A2. Tom,? 168 J. Tom,? 1758. Tomahawk,! 180 R. Tomahawk,? 180 W. Tombigbee,! 140 L3. Tom-cat,? 165 W. Tomichi,? 225 P2. Tom Jeffs,? 199 X3. Tom’s,! 66. Toms,? 123 N. Toms,? 129 C. Tom’s,! 161 M. Tom’s,! 161 P2. Toncahua,? 206 G. Tone’s,4 152 V3. Tongue,! 171 Q. Tonchel,! 332 J2. Tonto,” 221 S82. Tooley,? 164 U9. Toreau,* 194 H2. Toutle,! 332 H. Towaliga,? 98 T2. Town,? 140 P5. Town,? 157 H2. Town Fork of Roanoke,! 80 S. Trachype,? 219 N2. Track,? 336 F2. Tracks,! 329. Trade,! 182 F. Trade,? 182 F. Trade Fork of Guyandotte,}.156 vg. Traders,! 332 F. Tradewater,! 156 A8. Tradewater,! 156 $2. Trail,? 171 J3. Trammel’s Fork of Big Barren,? 156 T4. Transquaking,! 72 G. Transquita,? 212 A. Trapper,” 164 L14. Trappers,? 226 K2. Trempealeau,! 151 M5. Trent,! 81 F. Trespalacios,? 200. Trim,?174 J6. Trinity,}! 195. Trinity,1 302 D. Triplet’s,! 160 L. Triplett’s,? 156 O07. Troublesome,? 156 P6, Troublesome,? 174 A2. Trout? (Me.), 6 D. Trout? (Ind. T.), 154 E2. Trout? (Mont.), 164 §10. Treut? (Mont.), 164 N12. Trout? (Tex.), 196 S4. Trout? (Colo.), 218 P4. Trout? (Ariz.), 222 N. Trout? (Mont.), 336 X. Trojillo,? 154 M3. Trumbull,? 167 V. Tsilicoos,! 320. Tsooyers,? 345. 1084 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tuckahoe,! 69. Tuckasegee,! 157 P3. Tug, 156 K8. Tug Fork of Big Sandy,! 156 H8. Tugaloo,! 93 W. Tukannon,! 334 H. Tule,? 199 S4. Tule,? 302 O2. Tule, or Modoe,? 302 82. Tulip,4 152 K2. Tullock’s Fork of Big Horn,! TAY. Tunicha,? 224 L. Tunk Branch of Big,! 33 E. Tuolumne,! 273 W. Turkey? (Ga.), 98 J. Turkey? (Ga.), 129 G. Turkey! (Iowa), 151 U4. Turkey? (La.), 152 K. Turkey? (Tex.), 152 US. Turkey? (Colo.), 154 J8, Turkey? (Ark.), 155 G. Turkey? (Tenn.), 158 O38. Turkey! (W. Va.), 161 @4. Turkey? (Iowa), 164 Y2. Turkey? (Nebr.), 165 E2. Tarkey? (Tex.), 194 K. Turkey? (Tex.), 210 J. Turkey? (Tex.), 210 M2. Turkey? (Tex.), 210 Y2. Turkey Ridge,” 164 R4. Turtle,? 181 F. Turtle,? 181 H2. Tuscarawas,! 156 K9. Tuscarora,” 73 B. Tuscawhatchee,? 98 M2. Tussehaw,? 98 U2. Twelve-mile? (Ky.), 156 O. Twelye-mile? (Iowa), 164 Y. Twelve-mile? (Mont.), 172 O. Twelve-mile? (Iowa), 177 M. Twelve-Pole,? 156 Z8. Twenty-mile,? 159 P. Twenty-mile,” 172 P. Twin,? 154 R8. Twin,? 180 B2. Twin,? 195 T. Twin Butte,” 165 U3. Two,! 152 H2. Two Butes,? 154 E7. Two Forks of James, or Dakota,! 164 F5. Two Forks of Milk,!172 R. Two Prairies, 154 B. Two Water,? 226 V. Tye,! 78 F. Tyells Fork of Kentucky,! 156 R5. Tygarts,? 156 K. Tygart,? 160a. Tygart’s Valley,! 161 D4. Tyronza,! 151 F2. Tyronza,? 151 F2. Ty Ty,? 128 Ca. Uchee,? 130 A2. Ufoupee,? 140 D3. Uharee,! 83 N. Vintab,! 226 M2. Ulcofauhachee,! 98 ¥2. Umatilla,! 332 E2. Umpquah Elk,? 319. Una de Gato,? 154 O04. Uncle John, or Kingfisher,” 154 Q5. Uncompahgre,! 225 A2. Union! (Me.), 5. Union? (Tex.), 152 Y5. Union? (Ind. T. and Tex.), 154 G2. Union? (Nebr.), 166 G. Union? (Tex.), 205. Upatoi,? 130 Z. Upper,? 86 P. Upper Iowa,! 151 A5. Upper Klamath,? 302 T2. Upper Little,? 146 C. Upper Pins,? 152 T4. Upper Saint Croix,? 182 U. Upper Sacramento, or Pitt,! 272 W4. Upper Yakima,! 332 X2. Upper Yellowstone,! 171 Y3. Urania,” 199 O03. Usquebaug,! 38 B. Utah,? 154 W3. Vaca,! 224 M. Valley? (Ala.), 140 N4. Valley? (Tex.), 154 Uv. Valley? (Tex.), 199 V4. Venango,! 156 T9. Verde,? 206 Q2. Verde,” 210 J2. Verdigris,! 154 E5. Vermillion! (Dak.), 164 Q4. Vermillion? (Kans.), 165 J. Vermillion! (Ill.), 174 U4. Vermillion! (La.), 190. Vermillion? (Colo.), 226 P3. Vermillion? (Mont.), 335 G. Viceno,? 261. Victoria,? 199 L3. Viejo,? 199 H2. Village,? 140 W4. Village,? 155 J. Vine,? 154 X. Vineyard,? 199 Z3. Virgin,! 219 J. Volga,! 151 V4. Wabash,! 156 F2. Waccamaw,! 83 A. Waddel,? 226 F3. Wading,! 67 B. Wakarusa,! 165 B. Wakenda,! 164 A2a. Wake Up,® 222 K. Walker’s,? 159 C2. Wak Pa Shicha,! 164 V6. Walden’s,? 129 D. Wall, 164 B4. Wall,? 164 R13. Wallkill,! 52 D. Walnut? (Ga.), 98 W2. Walnut? (Ind. T.), 152 L5. [26] Walnut? (Ind. T.), 154 P2. Walnut? (Kans.), 154 T 6. Walnut? (Iowa), 164 P. Walnut? (Lowa), 164 E3. Walnut? (Ill.), 174 13. Walnut? (Ill.), 174 Y3. Walnut? (Iowa), 175 V. Walnut? (Iowa), 177 V2. Walnut? (Tex.), 194 B2. Walnut? (Tex.), 195 R2. Walnut? (Tex.), 196 X2. Walnut? (Tex.), 196 V3. Walnut? (Tex.), 199 D. W-lnut?? (Ill.), 174 N. Walsen,? 83 B2. Wandes,? 194 V. Wap-ka-washti, or Good,! 170 C. W apsipinicon,! 151 F4. Ware,! 41 K. Ware,! 76C. Warnm,? 219 C2. Warm Spring,” 164 A13. Warner's,” 272 S82. Warren,! 29. Warren,? 196 R2. Warrior,? 123 Ce. Warrior,! 124. Washington, 102 J. Washington,! 332 R. Washita,!152 R. Washita,! 152 A5. Wassataquoik,! 6 B. Watauga,! 157 X3. Wateree,! &6 C. Waterholes,? 164 D6. Waterholes,? 164 T6. Waterman,? 167 S. Watkin,? 175 H. Watson,? 151 J5. Waupecan,? 174 O05. Wasxahachi,? 195 R. Waynes,? 196 U2. Weary Mule,? 226 A. Weaver? (Miss.), 140 J5. Weaver? (Cal.), 272 F. Weaver? (Cal.), 302 R. Webb’s,? 93 P. Webster,? 1 T. Weeping Child,? 336 L. Weiser.! 334 Y2. Wehatchee,? 130 L2. Welden,! 164 W. Welsh’s,? 156 F3. Wenass,! 332 U2. Wenatchapam,? 332 A3. Weogutka,? 140 E2. West,! 72 A2. West,? 225 E. West,? 226 G. West Arancas,? 209 C. West Biloxi,! 143 A. West Branch of Au Sable!,55B. . West Branch of Blackwater,! 134 E. West Branch hatchee,! 132 E. of Choctaw- [27] West Branch of Delaware,! 71 O. West Branch of Du Page,! 174 Q6. West Branch of Farmington,! 41 Ba. West Branch of Mattawamkeag,! 6K. West Branch of Penobscot,! 6 F. West Branch of Plum,! 151 N4. West Branch of Saint Mary’s,! 101 C. West Branch of Susquehanna,! 73 E. West Branch of Wading,! 67 E. West Bureau,? 174 S4. West Canada,? 52 J. West Clay,? 169 T. West Ebeme and East Ebeme, 6P. Westfield,! 41 D. Westfield,? 168 B. West Fork,! 164 D2. West Fork of Amite,! 150 A. West Fork of Big Cheyenne,} 170 Q. West Fork of Big Sandy,! 156 O08. West Fork of Buttahatchie,! 140 H5. West Fork of Buttrick,? 175 G2. West Fork of Cache,? 152 O6. West Fork of Calcasieu,! 193 A. West Fork of Cedar,! 177 Z. West Fork of Clark,! 157 C. West Fork of Eau Claire,!180 F. West Fork of Des Moines,! 175 M3. West Fork of Grand,! 164 X. West Fork of Judith,! 164 M10. West Fork of Kaskaskia,! 163 J2. West Fork of Little Kanawha,! 160 H. West Fork of Little Richland,! 158 M3. West Fork of Little Sioux,! 167 H. West Fork of Long}? 155 F2. West Fork of Madison,! 164 T13. West Fork of Mazon,! 174 Q5. West Fork of Monongahela,! 161 E3. West Fork of Nueces,! 210 Z2. West Fork ot Obeys,? 158 K2. West Fork of Pond,! 156 F4. West Fork of North Fork of Price,! 226 J. West Fork of Red,! 158 J. West Fork of Sinking,? 156 R4. West Fork of Shoal,? 163 O. West Fork of Stone’s,! 158 R. West Fork of Tombigbee,! 140 L5. West Fork of Trinity,! 195 L2. West Fork of West Nishnebo- tene,! 164 L3. West Fork of White,! 156 K2. INDEX TO PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF West Fork of Yellowstone,! 171 G3. West Gallatin,! 164 G13. West Indian,” 176 F. West Nishnebotene,! 164 D3. West Nodaway,! 164 M2. West Pearl,! 146a. Westport,! 27. West Salt,? 225 R. West Tallahaga,? 142 M, West Tarkio,! 164 Q2. Wetumpka,? 130 J2. Wewautitt,! 24. We-woka, 154 B2. Whetstone? (N. Mex.), 154 H4. Whetstone? (Dak.), 164 B6. Whetstone? (Colo.), 165 B3. W hippoorwill,? 158 E 4. Whiskey,? 166 L2. Whiskey,! 177 02. Whiskey,” 332 N2. Whiskey Chitto,4 193 F. White! (Vt.), 41 ¥. White! (Ark.), 151 A2. White! (Ind.), 156 H2. White! (Dak.) 164 E6. White! (Dak.) 169 M. White! (Utah), 226 M. White! (Utah and Colo.), 226 T. White! (Oreg.), 332 Z. White Bear,? 183 L. White Bird,” 334 G2. White Breast,? 1648. White Breast,! 175 F. White Bull,? 226 A3. White Butte,? 164 Z8. White Earth,! 164 E9. White Earth,? 169 O. White Earth,? 225 J2. White Fish,? 152 D 7. White Fish,? 151 N6, White Fox,? 175 U2. White Horse,? 164 G8. Whiteman Fork, 165 T2. White Mountain,! 221 O02. White Oak! (Va.), 75 K. White Oak! (N.C.), 81 G. White Oak? (Ga.), 100 A. White Oak? (Miss.), 151 Qa. White Oak4 (Tex.), 152 B4. White Oak? (Tenn.), 157 F. White Oak? (Tenn.), 158 W3. White Oak? (Tex.), 199 P. White Rock,? 165 U. White Salmon,! 322 U. White Sand,? 146 F. White's Gulch, 164 Q12. White Tail Deer,? 164 U11. White Tail Deer,? 164 Al4. Whitewater,? 130 L. Whitewater,” 225 U. White Woman,! 156 J9., W hopekaliga,? 110 J. Wicomico,! 72 D. Wicomico,! 74 B, UNITED STATES. 1085 Wilborger,? 199 D3. Wild Horse,? 152 C5. Wild Horse,? 154 J7. Wilds,? 140 L2. Willamette,! 332 P. William’s? (Colo.), 154 Z7. Williams! (W. Va.), 159 W. Williams? (Tex.), 210 G2. Williams! (Colo.), 225 Y3. Williams! (Colo.), 226 D3. Williams! (Oreg.), 303 B. William’s Branch of West Nod- away,! 164 N2. Williamson’s Swamp,? 94 P. Willies,? 199 H5. Willimantic,! 32 L. Willow! (Ga.), 98 Z2. Willow! (Minn.), 151 P6. Willow? (Colo.), 154 F6. Willow? (Iowa), 164 U3. Willow? (Iowa), 164 M4. Willow? (Dak.), 164 R6. Willow? (Mont.), 164 X13. Willow? (Wyo.), 166 T2. Willow? (Colo.), 166 Y3. Willow? (Iowa), 167 D. Willow? (lowa), 167 T. Willow? (Mont.), 172 D. Willow? (Mont.),173 O. Willow? (Ill.), 174 R. Willow? (Iowa), 175 C2. Willow? (Iowa), 175 Q3. | Willow? (Iowa), 177 K2. Willow? (Ill.), 178 H. Willow? (Wis.), 180 T. Willow?! (Wis.), 182 B. Willow? (La ), 194 E. Willow? (Tex.), 208 B. | Willow? (Colo.), 218 Q4. | Willow? (Colo.), 225 D4. | Willow? (Utah and Wyo.), 226 U3. Willow? (Cal.), 272 G2. Willow? (Cal.), 273 U2. Willow? (Cal.), 273 V2. Willow? (Oreg.), 332 D2. Willow? (Oreg.), 334 C2. Willow? (Oreg.), 334 B3. Willow? (Idaho), 334 X4. Willow? (Mont.), 336 R. Willow? (Mont.), 336 W. Willow? (Mont.), 336 Y. | Willow Branch of Sangamon,! 174 E3. | Willows? (Cal.), 302 H. Wilson’s? (Ky.), 151 S20. Wilson’s? (Tex.), 195 Z. Wilson's? (Cal.), 304. Wilsons,! 330. Wimtuxet,! 30 B. Winan’s,? 177 L2. Winchuek,! 307. Wind,! 171 O02. Wind,! 332 T. » Windsor,? 219 K2, 1086 Winnibigoshish,? 151 U6. Winooski,? 44. Winyah,! 85. Wisconsin,” 164 E14. Wisconsin,! 151 4. Wisdom, or Big-hole,! 164 G14. Wishkah,! 338 C. Withcacoochee,! 123 D. Withlacoochee,! 122. Wolf} (Miss.), 144. Wolf! (Tenn. and Miss.), 151 J2. Wolf? (Ind. T.), 154 C2. Wolf? (Ky.), 156 L4. Wolf! (Tenn.), 158 J2. Wolf? (Tenn.), 158 U2. Wolf 2 (Tenn.), 158 F3. Wolf! (W.Va.), 161 G2. Wolf 2 (Iowa), 164 R. Wolf 2 (Mont.), 164 V9. Wolf? (Colo.), 166 L3. W olf 2 (lowa), 167 J. Wolf? (Il), 174 V4. Wolf? (Iowa), 177 N. Wolf? (Tex.), 194 O. Wolf? (Tex.), 199 A5. Wolf 2 (Oreg.), 311 F. Wolf Fork of Eau Claire,! 181 R. Wolf Fork of New,! 159 A2. W ooboostook,! 1 C. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Wood! (R.I.), 38 G. Wood? (Mont.), 173 E. Wood! (Wis.), 182 G. Wood? (Wis.), 182 G. Wood? (Idaho), 334 P3. Wood! (Idaho), 333 04. Woods,? 334 N2. Woody,? 225 G3. Woolup,? 302 A2. Wounded Knee,? 169 N. Wowumche,! 332 W. Wyandotte,? 272 C2. Wye,! 72 M. Wynootchee,! 338 B. Wyoh-Na-Pata-Fa,! 153 B2. Wytopitlock,!3 6L. Ya Chats, 322. Yader,? 175 T. Yadkin,! 83 M. Yakima,! 332 P2. Yalabotch,? 146 Q. Yalabusha,! 153 S. Yampah,! 226 V2. Yantic,! 39 A. Yazoo,! 151 Y. Yellow! (Ga.), 98 X2. Yellow! (Fla.), 134 B. Yellow? (Ala.), 140 M4. Yellow! (Iowa), 151 Y4. Yellow? (Tenn.), 158 G. [28] Yellow? (Ky.), 158 J4. Yellow ! (Ind.). 174 L6. Yellow? (I11.), 178 B2. Yellow! (Wis.), 181 H. Yellow! (Wis.), 181 U. Yellow! (Wis.), 182 O. Yellow,? (Wis.), 182 O. Yellow? (Tex.), 199 B5. Yellow? (Cal.), 272 Q2. Yellow Bank,! 183 P. Yellow Branch of Kiskiminitas,* 156 R9. Yellow Jacket,? 130 E2. Yellow Medicine,! 183 J. Yellowstone,! 164 M9. Yellowstone, ? 171 X3. Yellow Water,? 173 G. Ynez,! 251. Yockanockany,? 146 O. Yockeney,! 153 A2. York,! 77. Youghiogheny,! 161 A. Young’s,? 158 Bs. Young Warrior,! 146 L. Yuba,}! 272 W. Yuba,! 334 W3. Yugua,? 312. Zoquete,? 218 M. ad Zumbro,!"151 05. Zuni,! 223 L. INS TD XS, NotTe.—This index contains general references to the entire volume. More detailed indexes to eleven papers will be found at the pages indicated. Page. Bouchon-Brandely, Report on Oyster Culture in the British Channel, &c..... 721 Clark, Frank N., Report of Northville and Alpena Stations, 1882~’83.......... 837 CollingIAWepelistorymote phe nile-nshieee ab ce eens 25. sue cee et wee ee ee 293 Collins; Jaw) Notes ony sea Birds jas Baititom@odfsh ...- 2.2.25. 22k. nee cle 337 HensoniwV., Notes onjthe Megs'or Cod, Plaiger S&es.. 2.5. 25s ae eee 453 Ryder, John A.,; Embryography of Osseous Fishes .............-....--.2 22-2. 601 Smiley, Charles W., Principal Lakes of the United States .................... 73 Smiley, Charles W., Principal Rivers of the United States.................... 1059 Smith, Sidney I., Decapod Crustacea of Albatross Dredgings -.............-.. 425 Tanner, Z. L., Work of the Fish Hawk, 1882, and Construction of the Albatross. 33 Verrill, A. E., Marine Fauna of the Southern Coast of New England. .......... 641 : Page Page. % A. American Journal of Science cited. 651 Abralia me ralops. 5.25.5 ens 00 653 | Naturalist. .J:2.-..4-4-5) » 402 Aehinns)lineatuss..-¢.-22s-5-.+5 -- 339 | oysters in France ...... fe ile Atcidealcoholee ese ce aee ae oe sea eee GEIR AM 1ay.25 son eee ce ese ee eee 497, 551 Acipenser ruthenus!----.. 24-2... - 472 |: Cali¥a) Js s5cnite eee eee 459 Acrocimus Weidiyicascaeecee cee os 665 | Ammodytes americanus..........- 340 MEMMOPNTYS: SOL... soca nc ese ck Qcoe) Ammodytid® .... 52205-2255 eee 340 Agassiz, Alexander..... 427, 513, 651, 10454, Amoeba -..---...---. 463, 553, 554, 557, 558 INGESSIZ) CILOG . - - 5 we atae oes nal 30 466, 521 PPOLCUS eee ae tee eee ee 769 HANG OWE aes lance Sa 5 rma tele sas 341 TACLOSAi wontiss «ee acne dara Alabama, distribution to.900, 911,918,949 | Amphioxus..497, 504, 527 549, 566, 569 Albatross, construction of.....---. 2) |Ampli pode. 2 o.2 see nee eee ees 224 launehede ae jose eeeenee 14%), Anarrhichas) <5.) sc) =8e eae eee 239 StEaMen ss s2oh sec ee oe 845565 lig Andre WS, Bis Aso - seoieceeeeee eee 642 brial trip ees score 14.) Anguilla, vulgaris. 3.2.2 2a0ces ser ~ 463 Albumen as food for carp ...... 1013, 1015 | Anguillidew ......... Pee: Soc cee 343 IIGOHOL! coe. 22 oct Home eee coe G09) Aneliday 2.5 ..32-' cope eee epee 278, 641 1) EEG UES Beene sete occ Bee Seas 1G4))| ATO UNION 2-4) (2-)\etees Sia ee 783 Miles adired H. . 2. ftesaAens ol 204 | ATiomura -.- 2 5420 s22\57 1 lisa Os Di... 22 vs oe eee eae hs 1051..|, Anthozoa#. 232 a%-8 .2on sose eee 278 JOE) 6Soe Seeeeee 471, 495, 504, 516, 563, 566 | Apeltes. .462, 500, 513, 521, 527, 539, 543, 547 puesta bilisn eee ee see Sa 1043 Quadracus' 22-6 ee aeese 339, 548 sapidissima....-.... 46, 57, 461, 1043 | Aphoristia plagiusa...........--... 339 TY MOMMNUSH A 3s 2) eae dae oe 2 as 6 1043 | Apparatus for capturing eggs.-.---. 430 WETTIG vos saio a state an ahs = 1043 oyster collecting. ..687, 697 US Eee ey a ea 1043 | Aquariums abroad .......-.....-.. 631 “Alpena hatchery, description of ..815,816 | Arcachon, basin of ....-.......... 727, 730 established ....-- 813 oyster. culture .-......2 712,718 temperature observationsat, 835 | Arctic right whales ......-......-- 221 whitefish distribution from,826, 827 | Argyropelecus hemigymnus....... 342 1087 1088 INDEX. Page Page. I NWI (Ed Sean os nnd oon Sane aoe 494 | Benthodesmus elongatus....-....-. 341 Arizona, distribution to.----- 918,919,920: | Berlin'aquarium:=---..s---s-- eee 638 Arkansas, distribution to-800, 911, 918, 950 fishery exposition, United Arterias glacialis ...-..........-- 473, 474 States exhibit at...-..... 53 Artificial feeding of carp.-.-..----- 1009. | Berthelot; Mi o- 22s ae eee eee 795 Artificial propagation of cod .----. 455°) Berycid@ 2265 oc. s-esee ee eee 342 oysters... 741 | Billinerie, M. Goubeau de-....-.... 794 Aspidophoroides monopterygius.-- 341 | Binder’s method of making perma- ATHErIMmIdeeee.s-o2s-s-2--5 Seems 342 nent glycerine mountings... .---- 624 JNavey) 05 sae Sa ee es 44, 58, 857, 863 | Birds, preparation of, for fish bait. 311 ATI ATG SALMON). 624-22 ... ..283 =. -+ - 616 LSICO GSS) (CoO EL OO) Fg ee ee es ee 57 | Klein-Wisenberg, Albert v....-.--.-. 632 Hiudanny NY... ysis le 206, 208, 215 | Knives exhibited at Berlin........ 54 EMUsks'as:Carp 100d: +.o5. 4-2: saec-e 1021 | Kolessnikow cited ............---. ATT Hoxey,, Profs T: Hy isso. bee goene0) |) Kolliker erteds s22ss2)2- -25-dccc ee 462 EBaCR aoa octet el AOE clones pea Gain ORONO SITE a i Ok ae el 1010 Hyperoédon rostratus .......---. Pl 220 OOK MB By aaa sone a erecn Sees 642, 649 Hyphalonedrus chalybius - -.-.-.-.- 343 | Kowalewsky cited...........---- 527, 567 Kupffer cited - --.458, 467, 474, 484, 498, 527 i Ritmors Mrs, 40 o, 17 eae 1015 Idaho, distribution to .........-. 918, 924 | L. sprumes, Colos22 22525... 5: 853 elisa eine er 2 SS A462, 512,518,521 | Labrax americanus :--..-......... 1040 MOMNOLUS..222 5/55). c.)- 539, 548, 1044 | hneauses > cece ee 1040 Tle des Oiseaux, oyster culture .-.. 715 | MU CTONALUS |= se ase eie ee 1040 Illinois, distribution to - .826, 855, 900, 911, pallidus).2-82..23 =. oan eee 1040 918, 924,955 | TUS aso 3 ee ee 1040 Indiana, distribution to--855; 900, 911,918, | Labrids........---< 222.2 6-2- Seep Oa 925, 956 | Leemonema barbatula...-..-.-.--- 340 Indian Territory, distribution to.. 918 | Lagenocetus laterostris ..........- 224 PmibtisO mans. steel tad cee Mo aA bats 754 | Lahillon, oyster culture. -.......... 714 Invertebrates taken....-.....---.- 650 | La Hougue, oyster culture. -.676, 677, 679 Towa, distribution to - . ..855, 868, 900, 911, 681, 685, 690 918, 926,956 Lakes of the United States, list of- 59 Iris of fishes, development of... --- 500) Wakestrowbl 22s secs cece 809, 810, 882, 1041 Isle de R6, oyster culture -....---- 705 distribution of.. -...... 885 (Oleron, oyster culture.----. 703, 706 | propagation of ...-....- 885 TSRastamosye se see ies, eee de Baise 647 | Work oo nese tae 818 WANN PLOY cete = 45,5 alae reste renee 461, 475 J. Land-locked salmon ...-.... 809, 811, 1042 WAcONSeN, Ole. .2es a <28canis sees ASS | ibankester Gitede sss sae eee eee 547 Jacobson, Herman ...--..-------.-- 53 | Laparis lineatus ...--...........-- 341 Jegers used for fish bait ......---.. 323 | Larus argentatus ...........-.--.- 328 Jenaische Zeitschrift ..........---. 493 | PIBUCOR resonates ae 328 Johns Hopkins Laboratory -...---- 760 | MATINUSS AA eee 328 seaside laboratory 741 Sa DIN. o ME oh se ee CS University..----. 487 inidactylus..c. slasdosusae 330 Toppy Alexander: - <= - 25; tno Se 230 | ZONOFYNGHUB: =. 2... Be eee 328 Josie Reeves, schooner.-.. --- Pio OBS (G0O"|. Latilides=* 52.4 ae eett ee 240, 243 Le eS oe ATT AE AOS Tag itle Oleic Sx eta sa wR, one cee 342 K La Tremblade, oyster culture, 703, 710, 715 : La Trinité, oyster culture......-. 695, 698 Kansas, distribution: to... 855,900,911, 918, | Leech .2-.2....2..... 2 cccen woes 541 Be ReOO | TabGs Di As 22.523 vena acted eases 842, 649 Kentucky, distribution to -. ..855, 900,910, | Leidy cited. ...............--....- 562 915,928, Sor »} Teetthy i. Mi 2200.3. 25 eee aeeee 230 ard der: depbleee alos soto aee a2 15 | Lemper, researches of ............- 533 Bate) eee tieetas teeta estes sas 429 | Lepidosteus ........- 496, 497, 519, 521, 551 IKablin @areniteeeaasts soses c= vce 626 | Leptophidium profundorum ......-. 340 ermiberly.Wetblassescciccct a’ | Marennes.2. 2. .... 22.2 cee eee 798 Limestone, analysis of ..-.-....--. 1051 oyster culture at..703, 706, 707, JE I-00 (2) PS pe SRE eee feisre m Poa A 467 709, 710, 734, 735 Wanton, Hd wil ysscnsseacieset seco G49 yl Margine las <2 nee ae eee ee 277, 1047 PATIL 932 3a lao mists oe meyer eca 341 | Marine fauna of New England. .... 641 Earns! percilorimisiser case arciee ee 342. | Mark, By Ty... 23. 555-c2 225 eee ee 473, 562 Liverpool, aquarium at ......-.-.. 638 | Mark’s methods of treating the eggs Lobigo, 2533 poe ee eeeeeecee 223 Of Wimax. 2. 3. - 2 -c-eeeeee 624 London, Wing se. iso. eteday eect ae 210,218 | Marshall cited :.~:=.3./s-2eeeneegs 506 Lookout, report of operations on-- 35)5|Marsipobranchs™. 2.4-- 5.-seaeeee = 497, 569 SLCAMOD han chase 891 | Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. -.....--- 213, 346 Lophitdie 225 a o- sei siic 55 sean 339) | Mariray..22-2 3¢..2:¢).\ J. eee 705, 706 Bophiss.25-s20e cee oaceencies 291,521 | Maryland, distribution to- . ..823, 868, 902, PISCALOMUSE 5. se ee eases 339 910, 918, 929, 960 Lophobranchs <=. < 225\s2s22.2--<- 516,518 | Massachusetts, distribution to-- .855, 868, Lopholatiluschameleonticeps -.237, 342, 886, 918, 930, 965 664 | Mather, Fred.-......--.. 53, 56, 58, 809, 873 Lorient, oyster culture at ......-.- 694 | Mattapoisset, Mass ..---.....-.--. 214 Louisiana, distribution to ....918, 929,959 | Maurolicus borealis -.....---.----- 343 Pomiswiles Woy: 2 s3.\2- oan see acts Soe.) Mayers, Dr=..<).2¢2s..semaeen eee 616, 617 Lucerne as carp food....--.-....... OZ: Mia SiH 2. 2 tdie 228 eee eee eee 15 Ludré, oyster culture at.......... 701,703 | Meat-flour as food for carp.-..1012, 1013, Isycodes PAX s ee ceet, saa ee 340 1015, 1018 WaT: a oe 3 oe isnicieneae tate 340) |: Medugs >>. 2-2\.22 248... Sao 3 VORCUNTLES. ihe tte eee 340 taken inc. sc. 32ers 1035 Envicodidia 2a: onic sts sesieee 340 | Megalestris skua.......-.---.----- 323 Lynx canadensis ,.--- ke seca at 853 || Meischer cited. ). 2-32. Saaaeaeaeee 467 TULUG: -2-.---eeese ---+..-.-- 85d | Melanoprammus @glefinuse--..e-- 340 Melanostigma gelatinosum..-..---- 340 ie ' Menhaden, bait for tile-fish -...-.-. 285 McAvoy, Samuel’ Hf .... 25-22... 15 taken? 22) 2eeten. ss s- 1035 McCloud River, natural history of. 849 | Menidia notata........-..-..----- 342 station, operations Morgulus ‘alle. --..)-2ceacnee~2- 3. <2 335 BD eeneaceccoee 830,851" || Merkéla Aids: in -ceeeeeee oo ore 615 MeDon all spares ecie s peeee e 893) | Morlncida). 22.2. soemeeee «2 pop eee McDonald, Marshall - . 43, 58, 455, 570, 763, bilinéaris-ccee+-+ 3-422 ee 770, 879, 899,908, | Metamorphosis and larval stages of 915 development of the oyster-.-.--.-- 779 translator .... 673 | Meteorological record of the Fish McDowell, William A ............- 15 Piarwisse lle cee est notes cola 20 Maokerels.s:.jensntexvs see see is ATL MO Meyer, FH, Al oe nc nn oc inee Oe 433 MoSead cited disso! -canie weds 460 | Michigan, distribution to . ..820, 826, 855, Miajonulba, ;, .o. .sctee ce ucensteet eee 358 868, 888, 918, 930, 966 MGOrUFIGS onan s nan eee anche 340: | Micrococei 2 ...4:...00---see neem MAATUNDA, nc cns say es aie ns nae 288 | Micropogon undulatus ......------ 263 INDEX. 1095 Page. Pace, Micropterus achigan .............- 1040 | Nantucket, Mass... .205, 208, 209, 211, 213,5 dolomienescese esos 1040 216 dolomiew:..--u.:... 455 2049 | Naples:Aquarium......-.-......... 640 salmoides. 2. 22-- 24-2 rape | eta e eek Ake ea Me ge ee 549 MAerostomids ---....2 22/248. 343) | National’ Museum.....:.. 2.0.22. 53 oT Er 4 BS. a) a ee en 1009 | National selection .............-.. 550 Jey] Bebe Ae a ek sean een (RNS 15°] Navicula fusiformis.............. 797, 800 Milne-Edwards.. ..-. .. ..372, 377, 396, 463: OSPRE AE A Aya: = urea 797 Miner, R.H ....-.......-.-..--.--15, 649 | Navy yard, shad operations at....- 891 Minnesota, distribution to~..823, 855, 868, hatching station, 888, 918, 931, 967 description of... 891 Mississippi, distribution to-..918, 931,967 | Nebraska, distribution to .. .868, £88, 918, Missouri, distribution to... .-- 918, 932, 969 932, 969" Mobius, Professor..........--.---- 431 | Negretti & Zambra thermometer. - 11 MOleroOtUNd as. ste ees te SoG MOMMA LOLO GH: so! 46). NA ay ie a eee 474, Minter erre eso. el) yee SOUT | Nemichthyiges0 2 cd. G ks 343 ILE S02 ONS a ge 278, 641 | Nemichthys scolopaceus.......... Senate taken at Wood’s Holl..... 644 | Nevada, distribution to...... 869, 918, 933 Mialbaakse<. oeckb bo}. 467, 473, 477,541 | New Bedford, Mass ..-. ......206, 209, 214 Monacanthus hispidus ........-.....- ao) lewbury;, Mass... 0020 6227292 2 206 Mite tee 476, 485 | Newburyport, Mass.-............- 209 Monolene sessilicauda..--....--.. - $41 | Newcomb, Raymond L...-..-..-.. - 825 Monomitra livarinacs2--.... 2252... Montauge, MM. de .......... DIMMER. Boome ot Dba Moe ek 471 Muanrengeorve EH. Hs. ..7-... 20558. 5 wis! Morbihan....... 696, 699, 700, 701, 727, 731 NIWOT he us Sees ear etna 466, 512, 521 aAMOeTICANae = Shes eee ks 1040 Walid acs caee es ceed eke 1040 MUA Re Mas ert ce ee hn, es 1040 Morrhua americana ..--..........- 1039 Mortality among fish.............. +282 in Gulf Stream. 22.4... - 665 Mother Carey chickens...--. 311, 317, 333 Mounting sections: 2223422223 22.2. 626 Mont Saint Michel, Bay of......... 685 Momley si EOmMt 2 25 aeoules ease 905 record of spawning operations at...-. 895 Miler s HOt - 6s 25 eso setae: 612 Miiller, Johannes.-..........458, 465, 477 IMAM ABNESO CNC <= 5 ais sey Ss eeeer ke 343 Murenoides gunellus.....-........ 341 AMIEL BS os Oe eee eRe, 464 Mustelttsicamige... 32.55 2.3ce828 343 MYO MR orcas 2 en eibe bebe Sana 343 Mytilimeria flexuosa....-.......... 648 Wiiy rue Pee yes oe ok eked 497 SUURRORE go's 25) - oui 2 344, 1052 Myx iid aan s Scene S53 ise sice 344 N. Nachet’s inverted microscope...-.-. 475 | NAS © 3p gl ge ae ae eee 298 New Hampshire, distribution to. . 823, 861, 868, 888, 918, 933, 970 New*Haven; Conn), ).2-..:4 2.00 743 New Jersey, distribution to .823, 918, 933, 970 New London, Conn. 2252)... 53 0. 207 New Mexico, distribution to ._._- 334, 918 Newport cited)... 450.2 9) oa 560 BNeinette (hee) Dy O82 1 os kn 208 New York, distribution to... ..818, 855, 868, 888, 900, 910, 918, 971 Memavonis, oN. ¥..: 2st 2) ae 208, 455, 456 Naeklas;, Carl.) sss. 3202 222. Stele Se 1009 Nitrogen in carp food: ...-.......- 1019 North Carolina, distribution to ..824, 886, 918, 935, 974 Northville, Miehigsccns2 oes2 2S 852 temperature ob- servations at..829-834 whitefish distribu- tion from ..... 823-828 NOP Way. 22 Seeds Care 456 — Nostocacess 22/4 SMa sade ey oe 797 Noanw eles JF ate oc ee eA es rey 682 oO. Occurrence of fish in Baltic Sea... 427 Oceanites oceanicus..-.........--.. 333 (lacher cited . . 458, 468, 490, 513, 533, 545, ’ 569 Ohio, distribution to -. ..821, 888, 900, 910, 918, 936, 974 Olerontos = sens 608 at Lahillon..-...... PLA) PBR. Wor dl cin sae) apres Sek eee 882 at La Hougue .... 679,681 | Paralichthys dentatus ........---- 340 at La Tremblade ... 710 oblonguUs..-.... ssseen 340 at La Trinité..... 795, 698 | Parasites of cod eggs....-......--.- 570 at Le Vivier........ 687 | Parephippus ..-.. 459, 466, 512, 532, 541, 549 Rr Oment. (222-35 694 {Aber 6. «0-20. seuee 493 SG TMOG oi os cose « 1 | Paris Exposition aquarium.....--. 640 at Marennes...... 707,710 WPAN CG's iecesmn2 . ckee eee 210 at Regnéville....... 683 | Parker, Peter... .o.i 5-2 «css\.beaon 642, 649 at Sables d’ Olonne. 703 AW.) RLY. Saree aol sic eee 516 INDEX. 1097 Page. Page. Pedicellina americana ---: 2.0.2 25. Oot | ORCAMOUb hl, Noite. = ocho seu 209 Pennsylvania, distribution to....824, 855, | Portuguese oysters... ...--.707,711, 712, 868, 886, 918, 937, 977 | 716, 729, 730, 734, 735 Penobscot salmon.....-...-.-.---. 882 | Potatoes as food for carp ..-.-- 1018, 1021 distribution of ... 861, | Potomac River fisheries...-.....-- 892 876, 885 | capital in- growth of ...--.- 860_ vested in. 892 propagation of Soe, | maouchikeopsie Nyy 2.5 2 te 206, 208 873,880 | Poulton, Edward. B .....52...5..- 615 Leverett eee A ee 462 | Pozzi, M., oyster culture... 699, 701, 702 OETA geared kk 1040 |. Preparation’ of fish..._....-2-.--.. 56 MaVesGen sen, = See aerate 462 | Preservation of embryonic mate- ict (Ne. 010 are Ae ee aR UNE Wau! F215 SR een a AR Se AIC 607 POUEGT OWL Aye yee eta yale eas 1040 | Preservative agents.....-.. ..-.-.609, 626 PAI SE Se a ee rare 462, 463, 1040 | Preserving nets and sails........-. 295 TPE OONGIS) < Bee et ester See ern rset 459 | Prionotos eyolans ........-..----- 341 RerenivisiUIG cee set res ee els 616 Palmipes| sae es eee 341. Peristedimm minwatuM 2. 2222/22). 341,644 | Proceedings of the National Muse- Te tanitpstaiy ee dev cacti De Dy in IS SN NS GOON Mine! CGE Cia sie eee elie eee 641, 644 Pettelsmuised:for bait 2). =<. 224... Soom COLA tUS\ ss oh ae ee ee 243, WEGoMiIpZON.. 22-25 -05).5.- - AIGA HiO20 NOE TOUEING 5-2 meas) 42 oi ees See OND WIPO oe Sao eae 344 | Protaplasm......-...-..458, ee 470, 482, Patrommzontides -22 ss). eso.) < 344 | 525, 550, 555, 561 Rit ZersMMEX tune 2.252 c/aem se Sa G26) Providence, Roses ere eee 208 Pholadomya arata -.--....---.--+- GABF Riera podse: 3225.2. 643 bmcisichestentys):< 22.0527. 5 Jos nt 340 | takensec5 eas sas eee 645 BOURS: eae ees en eae We a40)||, Ratinus fyliginosusss. cosa ee om Se0 MO TUUE Sees epee eerie 340 | MAJ OL ees san nee 313 line O CAM oes ajatets eae aiann ore ele 802 | Pusey & Jones Company.--......-. 8,14 Physiculus dalwighkii ....-....--.- gd0 || Baysésary Mie ich a eet Wie 793, 801 Physical characteristics of Conti- nental border beneath the Gulf Q. SiTHEATON ES Sa me > Aone Sear Re Ry 1045 | Quantico Creskses sec eo eee ae. ERO hin GaG! Meno. See aes 617 | Quantity of fish a in the Baltic Seas 427 Piero-suliphumic acid) s-oss2 oc osc 611 | Quarterly Journal of Microscopic “lg SS ae ee Ee 463,|. MBeience . soc -s-34535.pc042G ACID its ae, de 458,512. | Quimnat salmon jsJ585.0., 640 1042 Placophora atlantica ..,...-...---- 655 Plaice, in the Baltic Sea .......--. 427 R. Platessa limanda ./...2--6- s.2-.. ep oe Raa DE 2a re Seals icon ata eens 541 WISHESEO) j--35- Sees = oe AY | Radeliti 0 Delbes=- sees see oh ae ee 839 Pleuronectes limanda...--....--.- AGS: || ala) eglanteriatt \2=.-14) Jaes,encoae 343 MOR P-AviMUt a Sao coce 1039 | OTINAGES.. 22 cleus asleaceee nen aS SOlCa). o.5-he ee eee 1039 | LOVAS kesh Ss seca eee 343 HAVBULONGEIL GS-55) = 22 5,5.075,5 «eloe ears 339 Ocellatay. ob Staessen doe 343 Pleuronectus americanus....--.<.-- 340 PAG sete ease os ee 343 Bly mouphyeViass, .- 22: ace. sce = PASI GSE ANGE ORR RE m= cec pec arte aos oaee 343 Point Lookout, explorations near.. 1035 | Rainbow trout -.......----..... 819, 1041 Romntonmd mercer. = - 5.5455 seme 342 | Rance, oyster beds in -.-.--...... 674, 689 Pomatomus'saltatrix -.........-.-.- 342 | Rangeley trout, distribution of.... 887 Pomolobus ....-- 462, 471, 508, 5382, 540, 566 propagation of ... 887 CORDINUIS et sis. .c- oe ce 1043 | Ransom, observations of ......-.. 458, 560 pseudoherengus...:..-. 1043 | Ramvier cited ..---.-..22. 2.02 ce . 6541 WED WIBS: = Css m-.2n 5 bs ale 466, 1043 | Rathbun, Richard -.............. 642, 619 1098 INDEX. Page. Page. Dea tilo| ase 1's OF ek Ms 2a ae eee 491,505 | Salmoorientalis...........-....2-¢ 1042 Rauber, A.....- 463, 485, 490, 525, 551, 555, quinnaii-3). 20) 2-456 2 cee eee eee 556, 561 SHIAT <6 este cues 57, 482, 809, 1042 Raveret-Wattel, M.............-- 810 subsp. sebago ..-----.- 1042 Read, George H ................-- 15 salivelinug'. 12 2-)4- 0 Jee 1041 fii al 0 ee rr rE Sebago -.--..--.----+------ 1042 Regnéville, oyster culture - . .682, 683, 685 tshawytscha........----.--- 1042 Report relative to oyster culture, umbla..-..--.-------------- 1041 NIE er 673 thymallus -::.-£.. -2.55sSmer 5d Revue Internationale des Sciences Salmon ......--- 467, 488, 516, 524, 542, 562 Brmorinues 2.600. .c2a elas 476 eggs tuken..-------------- S44 Rhinoptera quadriloba.--.-..-..-- 343 experiments ..---.-------- B49 Rhode Island, distribution . ..918, 937, 979 fisheries ...-...----+----+- 230 Rhombus maximus.............-- 1039 legislation in Scotland. ---. 23 Rice, Honey Tce eee 763,779 propagation of .-..-...---- 884 Right whale ....... f 991 recovery of marked - 859 Rivers of the Tnited States, index. 1059 | Salmonid® .----..--.---.--------+ 466 Rivers of the United States, list of- g1 | Salmonoids.....---.- 459, 461, 485, 490, 495 River Wa CO AO 1042 | Salpa ----.---------------++-+---- 643 Roccus americanus .....2......... 1049 | Salvelinus fontinalis..--..% 2..841, 1041 MIMO@aiIAS 95> 0 coca coe, LOAD namaycush --.-.----.-- 1041 Rosenberg, researches ber. pie inne i: 533 salvelinus ---.--------- 1041 Roslyn, N. sc) Ne aN Sy Beater add ave’ | Sanford; B.C ..5-..'-.- bss eeeeee ee 205 Reteho: Wiliam ee: DIO | Stay Ge Ove aise a 427, 456, 457, 458, 571 Bowie Cor Hae Ser ee 743,760 | Sawfish .------------+---+++-+-+-- 562 Ryder, John A..455, 607,741, 763,779, 793, | Scarborough aquarium. .--..------ 638 gag |, Schafer etted) 2.22 .-22--seeeee 541 8. Schenk cited 22... -'2.6ebemereee 470 Sables d’Olonne, oyster culture at. 703 | Schoodic salmon..-...----.-------- 882 Sachs 2th Sees Sees eee 802 distribution of. .868, 877, SAovH Arbor Na Vestas cee ce salestae 206 885 Baal exe eceee re sae eee 58 measurement of.. 867 Salto IOTOME 2s sen sesece, sas oe 36, 763 propagation of. .863; 877, Joseph, oyster study at...-. 716 B85 Pinlibert River .. 3022-2254. 73L.| Schroeder, Seaton: -. -2225.-ueee 14 Vaast-la-Hougue....676-9, 681, 685, | Schultz, Alex ..-.........---..--- 470 690") Schultze, Max ....\.://. 2326 epem ane 468, 508 Salar rides s-S:(secc-cb esac hese 1041 | Scomber maculatus .........--.-.- 1040 namiavcoash eect ue 3305 ae 1041 soonther tes. cenwee wana 1039 Salblinio tsb eae aera soe. 1041 BCOMBIUS!-cs eee ee +s wee 1039 Salem: Magssseeednotks meee conte. 209, 214 WELDSLIA-s eons weet 1039 Salensky cited... -..-:.....-- 468, 470, 472 | Scomberomorus maculatus ..--..-- 1040 Salmo....f<..24< 510, 517, 528, 543,553,566 | Scombride’.... .. 2.566.220. s slew 342 amethystns...'o.3 2's /2-b'hs.- 1041) Seopelidie is... 2 hagee rans won eee 343 Clupeiformisvs tenis. eee 1040.) Scopelus sis- ss sseeteeeeee = «nec eee 343 erythrogaster ........---.-. $081 Scorpion: o2 6s ss tases 3 Sem -477, 485 FANIG tii tttudn saan tase Y 1042 | . dactyloptera ........... 656 PRUROME 7895 eit Sah oa 1042 | Scorprnidte):22252 207, oo. as aes 341 fontinalis -...- 57, 809, 810, 811,1041 | Scotch herring, cod, and ling fish- e sive 220. See kc a 1042 BLiCs ore ee eee ck eee 234 INGO o cde Salbe hitleraviee ss wak'y Al | Scott cited .... 2... 52.0 ence once 477 inideus ...'.../ 26.042). 859) Goa eee | Soulpin ieee. vc. cis caesar 457 MANNA sso cab elie ears ct 1041 | Seyliiidw fess 2.52... 5. tte ep aeennen eee namayeush..........- 809, 810, 1041 | Scylliorhynus retifer...........-.- 343 INDEX 1099 Page. Page. DEVAN oo doe sctce a cond maicsiname 5 UN OCCU aber lse bccn 6. enh ocetsaneene 1039 Sea birds used for codfish bait. -... SU | MSOlea VO Gans! coe ice we ciesece 1039 MOVC eee anise oieicciaceteccces San SOLETMeariesis) nats cited see eee 539 LSGTa cg See een eeer mene A OAS MM SOLD Ys Han) secs ame coe saeaamene 303 Sealbollioassaet arens asec aalesie'siee 219 | South America, fish for -.........- 811 SLOT Tie Se eee bere oe ere 219 | South Carolina, distribution to -.900, 910, SCHEIN 2 2 dn. SW oe wo alecb ant 464 938, 979 Sepastes WarimMUss 2.2425 a.jc ce cce 341 | Southwell, Thomas .......--..--.- 221 Sebastoplus dactylopterus.-....-. 288, 341 | Spanish mackerel-...... 459, 524, 549, 1040 Sedgwick, researches of..---...--- HSoa (SO PaALldeesaese seas see yee ek wee 342 Sediment beneath the Gulf Stream. 1050 | Spermaceti whale ...--........--- 216 Segmentation and growth of fish Sperm-—wihale ols ace ace scan 219, 223 egos, phenomena of....--.---.. 5D=HO2 ii) SPIGeRiwssa ae Bases t socce seciecleiee 463, 541 Seem aulsetes a aeece soe aee eee LSE SPU ACI Bayete sein once semis eens 344 Selenkar cited! o. 0: jteesecaciene se 473. | Squalus; acanthias, 42-22. 5222522022 344 Senné-Desjardins, M........-...- Cte Mabel ORIEL uaa tacts ce al eia'm Six) arelala te wee wrateinre 223 SEONG Se ae eee 342 | Staining agents .................- 626 RENE AMUS Matas 3 ei ceiecinveeteisies AUB SAO I Stae-elss Soc scs on sacis aise s'teiei athe 464, 477 Setarches parmatus...-.-..-.-.....:- 341 | Statistics on oyster culture.. .699, 710, 718 Seudre oyster claires...-........ -- 797 | Stenotomus chrysops..---.....222.. 342 SP weLOeVl nae, cis sc abeniecee asec ne DION Stentor coeruleus... .soses----sce 803 Shad --: 2. .... 457, 466, 496, 524,531, 1042. | Stercorarius buffoni.--.---..------ 325 GontinementiOf 522-\25-- ss.<.. 6 parasiticus..........- 329 distribution of-..-....-..35, 899, 900 pomatorhinus .--.-.-.. 325 experiments on---..----. ---- ole) SHIEH CESS ap ebrG sono eseoooenee 468, 469 Hatching Of=). 223-5 cs-)s0c6 Giallo wen ssterman MTU Oye ames se = ale aerate 302 propagation at navy-yard.... 891 | Sternoptychide ..-...........---.. 342 propagation of...-..-...- Sole SOs, O09mins tehserd menses em eles esielseaeate 340 sought in the Chesapeake.... 1035 | Stickleback .........-.----------- 548 SHamkisenactacsdsace Sane coeeiscle AGO NAGAR Stillwell Mins = fa esem nes aleinierase 852 Shepard and Pierce.......--..---- 778 | Striped bass. . ae ees seers LAY Shepherdstown fishway--.-.---.---- 51 | Stromateus Hegosnthas sibaslnoe eee mone Siganee: C2 Driscrter sewies Shae ces. Goll [SShompaserok, sc. co eo sanoeer es 343 ; water-bottle .........-... iM] || Sioa ees Bee oecos5 coeaon cone 343 SilMEnS POIs) = 2) cst onan ce somes ola 463 | Stone, Livingston .......--. 839, 851, 1015 Sulvier Gar 2222: 52.00. dnn ses ieee se Rael dsitenee, JRE) Soe esa eneeere-Eoneroce 295 Sumenchelyides 6:25-- 2263. fs. 5. 343 | Strasburger cited ..........-....- 476, 562 Simenchelys parisiticus........... 343 | Stricker..........-.-.-.--------- 492, 569 Siphostoma....- 459 12 Si ealey 52k 5AO) | ebrOMmati de) ec ecislows« soccl=-'= cnc 342 HUSC MMs eee eee te SOOT SHULO COM estan) aaah totes seyealcts 470, 513, 562 Bippican, Mass...>...S2ce.cnubese 214 | Stylochopsis zebra -...-.. BApesrcoe’ 666 SISSADLGOVSLEPS S225): 2. d2 os emcees 797 | Suffolk Fish Acclimatization §So- MILT Vie Lue cttlet= oe a sic Sarsisic eileen 853 Gebypis scan cae wees eae pecantcoue 811 SEMEN eaS2 she aecs sa csccscccwe ot Wisc W 2 Teee MS agli bes See Moeer GaCrioccmcc ccc. 641 HAKS O ee ee ere 1035 | Syllides setosa..--..---..2........ 664 RAIN ONG, eden ocas a= -2 2 ssi coiet 892 | Synaphobranchide@ ............--. 343 Smiley, Charles W--...- 42,59, 91,903,943 | Synaphobranchus pinnaturs......- 343 Smith, Sanderson....--...----.--- G42:| Syngnathidss osc 4. sess oes emion eee 339 Sidney les ss /sacss2s% .345, 641,649 | Syngnathus ...-..-.-.--.-------- 477, 496 Snails nuereueesstce osseous eae eeee ee 1011 ophidion: .... -Js-.2c284 458 Société d’Acclimation............- 810 - Society for Commercial Geography - 58 : Ln Society for the Shipwrecked, Cen- Tangier Island, explorations near.. 1036 LUD Sera ROD peecOonr men cece 713 Tanner, Z. L . .314, 649, 904, 90 1100 INDEX. Page. | Page. Tamuning of Bails... 5---<.2---+-->- 295 V. tess CUNY ot ee a te isi Valenciennes cited....-......---.. 459 Teeraclene agilis .%....-.-. ..---- 658 : Teleostei ...,..-- 488, 514, 519, 527,533, 563 | 20 Bambeke cited - 463, 469, 462,200; 900 T Sete ekietel gear iyneae: Van Beneden, E. ...-.-.-- 464, 490, 541, 566 emperature, influence of, on hatch : 4 : s Van Beneden’s method of treating ing of fish eggs ---. 571 ‘ d RbeeryAbIOhs..0. 2.640, pea | Ae the ova of the rabbit........-..-. 624 834, 841, 896 Vannes, oyster culture at. . ..696, 699, 700 ee eee <<. Saar et 1044 Verdon, oyster culture at-.......-.. 711 Tennessee,*distribution - .900, 910, 918, 938, Meeoer, distribution to -855, 918, 940, 983 s: page|) Veni Ac WY cee 276, 641, 1045 te fi aa pT ODE ALCL MAIS Vessels for transporting embryonic Tetraglene agilis -..-------------- 663 Eerie TR TT SG aa a TetrodOnbids .. sea. aia. = 1+ =siae eae 339 ibrio ostrearius TiS So 2 oa 794 Tetrodon turgidus ..-----.-- - ese 339 Vienna aq ATTUIOS 5970 hoe oe aaa 632 Texas, distribution to. . 2900, 910, 918, 939, Vineyard Sound fauna -.----5---e% 657 981 Vivier-sur-mer....-... - -.684, 686,687,690 MHOMpPSONs AULOM pase setelefe mle riae 465 ven: oyster of Baer. atts -708, 710 perenne aunt eto 651 | Virginia, distribution to- -886, 900, 910, AMIR HIM. ss8Soedenbe b4sce0beselss 796 918, 940, 964 Becca 1). cag oe gh Dina 9,10 | Vout, Carl .... ...--.-.-----466, 482, 485 characteristics of ...------ 239 Von Baer cited - wreeeeeeeee cree seee 569 classification of.....------ 241 Von Wittich cited ..- -- seer are ne MISCO VOLY Olieee were eee) 248 Vorticella Pet. as 570 investigation of.....----- 252, 283 Vossische Zeitung ----*--.-------- 53 mortality among..---. 253, 264, 269 Tall, George Bo. - 20. -mesie==- 15 W. Time of hatching different species Waldeyer cited ....-.-.----- 457, 459, 477 Of fish €¢ 8.2.22.) 005 acesseent,, 480 | Walker, 0)... 2: 525 soe een 15 (inca ee es eee ee alias een ACL | Wialsh, J.C. o.22 55 ee eee eee 651 WEIGATIA. Scns less mitene items 1044 | Wareham, Mass........----------- 214 Mower, OWN yea = sets e cate ee Seal! Warren, IL, joao scale seen eee 208 Toxopneustes variegatus..-...---- 473 | Washington, D. C....-.-..--.---.456, 457 Transportation of eggs...--. - ----455, 456 navy-yard ......-.-- 905 Aj voleuianivehey 58 SOAS RAS sen osesos 341 Territory, distribu- Waa oe Ce eo. Saltaire ny Be (onstO = paee =e ee 918, 941 Triglops pingelii Reinh ..---.-.--- 341 | West Virginia, Distribution to ..900, 910, Tirinibyy kwon se acse = mim semper = mats 731 918, 941, 987 oyster industries of .. 732 | Weather observations -.-.---- 844, 845, 846 Trophon Linton. «<2. 6-1 -se= comm 655 | Weigert’s rapid method of harden- AZO ites Ge Sees Bosses 468, 470, 488, 494, 496 ing the spinal cord ....--------- 625 Trygon centrura .-.-...-----.----- 343 | Westport, Mass.....----...-.-.--- 209 Trygonides ..-.242--0-- ss=5. 0600. 343 | Whale fishery, history of the Amer- Tey TieOsOINA gos ked meta ana ce se 805 TO Ua OE oo BEI... 205 Balbianil..... 25%. 805 | Whitefish ..457, 485, 488, 524, 545, 809, 810, TanbOt.s enti ageaa = ote s exe eeeee 1039 822, 1040 Tylosurus. .462, 471, 492, 508, 524, 537, 553, distribution of .. ..823, 828, 888 568 WOLK oueede «a vem --eee e CEN IY 20 P ices See HOLE 342 | White perch... .0 25 seceeesnecee 1040 BP TRALINGAs ou vee vanes oie’ 342 | White whales ....-... ..-. -..+ sss 222 U. Whitman, C. O ....- 476, 490, 555, 562, 569 Uriasinoile.ccaesemnce mare sauces ae 334 | Wickersheimer, Mr ..-...--..-.-.--- 58 Urticina multicornis..........-..- 650 | Wilcox, W."A sas0-. ..-- 000+ -0huemueyene Utah, distribution to ............918,939 | Williams, jr., George B....-.------ 839 al INDEX. T1LOL Pare. | Page. Wilmington, Del.....-.-.%..----- 208) , X. Winslow, Francis.. .............741,763 | Xiphisteridie -.----.-------------- 341 Wiscasset, Me ..--...-.--- -.----), 209 Y. Witt, Theodore L EC Remne Rea RT ENR 632 York River, explorations near-.--. 1037 Wisconsin, distribution to - .826, 855, 888, 918, 942, 988 Z. WOT essen. sa cee cee. 1010, 1011, 1014 | Ziegler cited . .482, 528, 535, 565, 567, 568 GGA LS eyes os cs teccimercies JO NCO GUD s | HHOARCEB ace se) oe ee aie temas soe 491 Wood's Holl, Mass 5225-2... -1 455,456, 570 anguillanig-- -w-...-...---- 340 Wyoming, distribution to.-..---. 918, 942 | Zoologischer Anzeiger.....-- 469, 477, 482 -) 4 105 Peet Rete 6 parte AS THRU ; 5 vie my i A se a oo MBL/WHOI LIBRARY — ith _ WH LAHP G SS