corey Wishes Bang ) Sea ae oh) iS Seeds . RENDER? REST ss Za ee RET EN CIE eave x iG fee” ¢; Seis ye i Lay, Rae Resi pati Te were re ee een ned meas See ne as Pee een Ter wee Ree lle ee et Eos —" aici Ae ee” * 5 Toe Tee MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. se a -- oi (eee: we f) Received hele ay d J Spe eel Accession Nov...” Coes a] Given by YY. Dita Place, *,* No book or pamphlet is to be removed from the Lab-~ oratory without the permission of the Trustees, UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES. PART SV LET REPORT or THE COMMISSIONER FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 380, 1892. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1894. Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring therein), That the Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, covering the operations of the Commission for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, be printed; and that there be printed 8,000 extra copies, of which 2,000 shall be for the use of the Senate, 4,000 for the use of the House of Representatives, and 2,000 for the use of the Commissioner _ of Fish and Fisheries; the illustrations to be obtained by the Public Printer under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing. Agreed to by the Senate December 19, 1892. Agreed to by the House December 20, 1892. Il A992 CONT TaN Ds: Page. BrOnoLtoletie:@ OMMISSTONEI se ciao -5 ey toa wee noe Sete wlcneencscls VII-LXXXVII Report of the Division of Inquiry respecting Food-Fishes and the Fishing-grounds. By Richard Rathbun ....-..-.----- LXXXVII-CxxII Report of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries. By eae h ME Smith. eee racee Oe as ieee case eee were CXXXIII-CXCI (Index to Commissioner’s Report and Division Reports on pp. CXCIII-CCIV.) APPENDICES. Report upon the Investigations of the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Alba- tross for the year ending June 30, 1892. By Z.L.Tanner.....-. 1-64 (Index to above paper follows p. 64.) The Myxosporidia, or Psorosperms of Fishes, and the Epidemics produced byathems s by hak. Gurleyie sseeeter oe soc see atn = cases eae eate 65-304 (Index to above paper follows p. 304.) A Bibliography of Publications in the English Language relative to Oysters and the Oyster Industries. By Charles H. Stevenson.........-. 305-359 (Index to Authors on pp. 357-359.) Report on the Fisheries of the Great Lakes. By Hugh M. Smith-...-....... 361-462 (Index to above paper on pp. 460-462. ) \ Notes on the Oyster Industry of New Jersey. By Ansley Hall............. 463-528 (Index to above paper on pp. 532-528. ) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ALBATROSS. 7 age. RAMP Ae ee MOV ItLLOM, CATOS wt ans aeseccas cna adas dca csedc basse acne cco niide aoe sca steams sectes see 44 THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. GATS ec SOL OEPETILUG, SCUCETLCE-LUIMDT Eee acces cist 6 ase aoe sass wceccs sesees ccctnesauale gence S04 2. Lithocystis schneideri, and spores of Gadus morrhud...-...--.-----------0-+----+----- 304 BPD CLOUUNUG, TULEY Ver ase Aone Soo aes a ses aero Tem secon ss sere casa eee tat Maaeante coe 304 4 Parasites Of Silmio jartoand-OL COPEPOUS anise cnn e's cones mice pans aiawinn de cect oesiecicts 304 Beelarasibe: om COpepodar 2. aceite ax Sera Salerainiarcie dae aia vis amie toicis seteaia Sa wlajois eel aioe ei eae noe 304 16. Myxobolus miilleri.......-..--..-.--- Eire ee ae aril Sa Sis en ae Be Seacet ste 304 Ripe a/ LOVOIUS AM LUEKEE aiy= o's Jone co oases te Adee teas ae aa Osakaine oe ecaleme wena eas ca bomee ee 304 Wen OUOULS pitactene Seats amet ele ncs mnie sins ticle na cals d womans taste felncu ates ceases cma Satta 304 OSB a OU OLUR ete no rons = ara leinlse slay Seale Cad wet mie cane sino aoa hace need dials awe sman eae oe 304 Ue Ma LOUGIUNGS CELUI SOULES:. otsata stearic tiie co slgarcie merce ssiee eoane Sects sa's/e'de Sam aeleeneteelee eas 304 Pie MYA OU OULS CLUUNSOLDCE + anieciac ein scsi oe ieieiais acini os SoS cles Qu aes -etlesis ac cous ae sean ete 304 EE LOUQUIS Be ea ta ee eae soa e ees oo aka eo coe ae ROLES Seat lenin eee eee sae 304 Prem LODOULS Ole DAL DOL « Sacaie Biss wiceattoln smas sai sleaee == ore e ete Seca sencineseececeocsieoa. 304 Sere PMY Se OU OLE? Of WALDO, -/a «itera Laretacerecisca cle eeigecia cick eine clan neue sid ease caer oncom era aeeee 304 os My COVAULS OL DALDO bia ctire ane sae A alaeiae aia Bist ae Dacia Solemn omnes eae hes Ses oes bee oe 304 Dawe Ma COU OILE Sats wae aa ebte wale ae cena ean ase oeeeb esc cc tiawa dees ace cnc adeece sues 304 em Ma COUOLSCURLON bare ates Jan oe 3 anne & Sie Balsaield bo aic's Maio melee Feiee ean ate see baat sates boeeeneee 304 Baw Gf OU OUR, ae naar opie cree aie esi Is alee Tale aI Sahl a Oe hehe take octane gs miata Siena 304 TL LOD OLGA ciate serare tere e ip ale eke PSP oa ae ral Ae eee Beet a aeiba cine oe ola al eeroee bin se pia wepatobe wate 304 BM LOVES Cf ap CHEM UL Vetta, «maltese oe as sos rote calc ime aaviseismscacece aaecspicmsctseeces 304 Ble RECOV CULE = inn eae ate oe is Soo oon ST sy ae ae new nee a eee Oe Sale Bow cea ee 304 ee a COD OULB aa ala clas eataia eee a wie oo Soe ee SEE OSS elo eae chaanlae Be Some ele met eae decane 304 eee FE OU OAL = a tain eit ele isias 3 PISS SRE aie wee sabe ean e oarabeld cae dane pecans ese dhetecase 304 iE Mt) POODLE SONOS CNIULCWUS( =.= aie eiseiaisalaiclaiaen ox sacs ees amet Sade sie ccnisania pees ekie cence ee ees 304 Ape Big E OU OWLS KOLESIVEKOUY sai w Sees saincec oto tecimbenee ene ae Sad ce ae sot cmek neaeaeamsenceeesee 304 BENNO DOL bares toes, o eins sisetne Gaeta ee as Se a eee atnd cs ee eels optic Pate ein be aenioouuee 304 Bie OTL OT GMC ea sw Se rela re ar ore ee oe na em oe ote eee ao as Sree dee ae eee 304 EN mOLLONOMUY LUNE LEY OLOUU ra ee yaa aice Sa aea tole aedeans sae ceCeks enews che oeeeee ere aden eeeene 304 Bore OMAN OMURU Tee te tacala hss eos acon ods ase nen aun at ak cues cgenacaene eee: FaGegacoea sce 304 Aum CORLOT ON UY OMUM BE ae tne ce tenes ae ee Ne are Ge he aie ccs be Se cle afk «bloa Dane Seen e nee ee Wee vedewena 304 Bie CHLONOMYLUM- ALA OC ALO MY TO 15 am voces nee oe lata laecnecs'dtamescsGeseeeqccasceeees 304 eemON/ BLO OURCUS st wnt t Uefa oetrig Sera paella oa cee ticee dase oe ou cient ewicecaslv ceceee s yaseer 304 fae MET OLUUNE | LED EL RIL NAN sles ses we aislae a ma oasis ae OE tn slow Gok conan caste ce caeewspecases 304 44, Myxidium lieberkiihnii..... Sed Sew ate ate Rice as terial ae EEE es Sed Lae aa aios 304 dese Myelin Ueber RURNat. J. wy ecu ane eds onvesgosiecaces d¢-saUenrceceneanee 53 eee 304 PME ELE UL Its CRED EN MUU ale eatin « caverns Gee e owen eee lege ena een teetesceescntwegbanses 304 47. Myxidium.....« Eeiscseaeuaascanonseesicndennok Uvoua ce rlecc dsc aenrb tale ssicw a sccscccionabe sea 804 Vi hea OnE OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1892. The following report exhibits the work of the Commission during the year commencing July 1, 1891, and ending June 30, 1892. For the current expenses of the work appropriations as follows were made by Congress: Compensation of Commissioner --5-:..--.--.-+-------- $5, 000 Propagation of food-fishes 2... 25-2 5.222-1)..5--- cee: 155, 000 Distribution) of food-fishes f2icsas-osce += ase eee seen ee 50, 000 “i Maintenancerot vesselsissecce.5- semester es eee 45, 000 Inquiry respecting food-fishes.--..-.--. .2--24...-2.2-- 20, 000 Statistical mq minys se nsec ee acl= Sse e osc meester 20, 000 295, 000 Details of the expenditure of these appropriations were submitted to Congress December 1, 1892 (Mis. Doc. No. 10, House of Representa- tives, Fifty-second Congress, second session). DIVISION OF INQUIRY RESPECTING FOOD-FISHES. This division of the Fish Commission is charged with the inquiry into the causes of the decrease of food-fishes in the lakes, rivers, and coast waters of the United States, the study of the waters of the interior in the interest of fish-culture, and the investigation of the fishing-grounds of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, with the view of determining their food resources and thus directing and promoting the development of the commercial fisheries. The responsible direction of the work has continued, as heretofore, under Mr. Richard Rathbun, the assistant in charge. A review of the more important operations of the year will indicate how important and diversified are the duties which devolve upon him, and how diligent and capable has been his administration. vil VIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. On the Pacific coast the principal investigation related to the fur- seal fishery of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. The informa- tion sought was the ascertainment of other, if any, hauling-grounds for the seals on the Alaska coast than those of the Pribilof Islands, the relations that might exist between the American and Asiatic herds, and a knowledge of the pelagic habits of these animals. These inquiries were conducted for use in connection with the preparation of: the Ber- ing Sea case before the proposed Tribunal of Arbitration at Paris. By direction of the President, on July 9, 1891, the steamer Albatross was placed at the disposition of the agents of the Government detailed to visit the seal islands, Doctors T. C. Mendenhall and C. Hart Mer- — riam. The ship sailed fom San Francisco July 16 and did not return till toward the close of the following month, too late to permit her return to northern waters to prosecute the intended inquiries, and they were deferred till the middle of March, 1892, when they were taken up under the nominal direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, the instructions, however, emanating from the State Department and the Fish Commission. A general outline of the information gained, as also of the cruise of the vessel, will be found in the accompanying report of Mr. Rathbun. Upon the return of the Albatross to the United States on August 22, 1891, she was occupied in an investigation of the fishery resources of Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca and in some incidental fishing and dredging trials till September 18, from which date till the. following March she was transferred to the direction of the Secretary of the Navy for use in the determination of a practicable route for a telegraphic cable between San Francisco and Honolulu, as provided by the act of Congress approved March 3, 1891. On the Atlantic coast the principal work of the division wasan investi- | gation, through the agency of the schooner Grampus, of the distribu- tion and abundance of fishes in Chesapeake Bay and adjacent waters, and the conduct of inquiries off the southern coast of New England for the purpose of determining the physical characteristics of the belt of water bordering the coast through which, in their seasonal migra- tions north and south, so many important fishes pass, the changes which occur therein, and the causes for such changes. A large part of the year was spent by the steamer Fish Hawk in the delineation of the oyster-grounds of Chesapeake Bay and the determination of their con- dition, with a view of ascertaining the possibilities of increasing the product of this mollusk. Through arrangements made with Dr. John A. Ryder, experiments were conducted at Sea Isle City, N. J., for the purpose of determining some practical system for the collection of oyster spat so as to permit the utilization of areas of muddy bottom not suitable for oyster-planting by methods now employed. The study of the food of oysters, and of the relations of oysters to their environment in that respect, was con- = REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. IX ducted near Hampton, Va., by Dr. John P. Lotsy, of the Johns Hopkins University. Toward the close of the last fiscal year arrangements were made with Dr. Bashford Dean, of Columbia College, New York, to investigate the systems of oyster-culture pursued in France and other European countries. The reports on these inquiries have appeared in the bulletin of the Commission under the titles ‘‘Report on the Present Methods of Oyster-Culture in Ree and ‘ Report on the European Methods of Oyster-Culture.” The more important investigations of the Commission at the Woods Holl Marine Laboratory were in relation to— (1) The embryology of certain sponges indigenous to the Vineyard Sound region, which are themselves of no economic importance, but are related in their development and habits to the more important forms of the Gulf coast—by Dr. H. V. Wilson. (2) The anatomy, embryology, and habits of certain important crus- taceans and mollusks—by Profs. Patten, Herrick, Fernald, Kellogg, and Conklin. (3) Continuous observations through the entire year by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards in reference to the habits, abundance, and movements of the important fishes of the New England coast, and the temperature conditions existing and influencing their movements. The most inter- esting result of his observations for the current year was that the menhaden, in part at least, is an inshore spawner. The observations as yet are too few in number and over too small an area to warrant any general conclusions, but if more extended and continued observations disclose that this habit is general for the species, the necessity of reg- ulation of the menhaden fishery by reasonable restraints will be as evident and imperative as for the shad and other anadromous species. In connection with the general study of the interior waters, special attention was given during the year to the Rocky Mountain region of Montana and Wyoming, and of Texas, with the view of determining, in accordance with the special directions of Congress, suitable sites for the location of fish-hatcheries. Inquiries were also made concerning some of the water-courses of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, New York, and Wisconsin. Incidentally, in the work of this division, an investigation, in response to complaints, was made of the pollution of the Susquehanna River near Havre de Grace, Md., pro- duced by the overflow of the waste liquors from a large mill manufae- turing paper from wood pulp. At the various rearing-stations of the Commission the amount of their product has been from time to time greatly affected by the pres- ence of disease caused both by peculiar conditions of surroundings and by parasitic animals. Several special cases received the attention of the division during the year, and investigations looking toward a com- prehensive study of the subject, on which successful fish-culture so greatly depends, have been inaugurated. x REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. In the prosecution of its investigations this division has had the able assistance of a number of gentlemen connected with our colleges and other institutions of learning, to whom acknowledgment is hereby made by the Commissioner. The names of these gentlemen, and the special inquiries on which they were engaged, as also the fuller details of the work of the division, will be found in the accompanying report of the assistant in charge. DIVISION OF STATISTICS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. During the fiscal year 1892 the work of this division continued under the general direction of Mr. J. W. Collins, assistant in charge. He having been designated by me as the representative of the Commission on the Government Board of Control of the World’s Columbian Expo- sition, and his new duties requiring and receiving most of his atten- tion, the immediate direction of the work of the division devolved upon Mr. Hugh M. Smith, principal assistant. His report of operations for the year is appended to and constitutes a part of the report of the Commissioner. A brief summary of the more important features of the year’s work in this division is here given. This division is charged by law with the study of the methods, rela. tions, and statistics of the fisheries with a view to their improvement; the study of the resources of the fishing-grounds of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, and the determination of methods for the develop- ment of the same; the collection and compilation of the statistics of the fisheries of all portions of the United States, including persons employed, capital invested, and quantity and value of produ, and the preparation of reports relating to the inquiry. ’ The geographical scope of the field investigations of the commercial fisheries undertaken by the division during the year had reference to the work accomplished during the two preceding years, when the attention of the office was directed to the New England, South Atlan- tic, Gulf, and Pacific States. The fisheries of the Great Lakes had not been canvassed since 1885, and no complete study of the fishing indus- try of the Middle Atlantic States had been made since 1888; and it was, therefore, in these sections that the field force was placed. The regular inquiries heretofore conducted at Boston and Gloucester were continued. The canvass of the fisheries of the Great Lakes placed the office in possession of interesting and useful data, showing the condition of the industry in the calendar year 1890 and permitting the institution of important comparisons with 1880 and 1885. A full synopsis of the results of the investigation is given in the appended report of the division, and the complete report on the lake fisheries will be found in the appendix (pp. 361-459). The fisheries of the Great Lakes have from an early date attracted much attention, not only in the States directly bordering thereon, but REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XI throughout the country. The general interest which has been mani- fested has been due to the great extent of the industry, the dissimi- larity of the fishes from those taken in other regions, the important fish-cultural operations which have there been carried on, and the probability of a more speedy and complete impairment of the supply by overfishing than would be possible in the case of fisheries prose- cuted in the open sea. This Commission has endeavored to keep well informed regarding the condition of the lake fisheries. In 1885 the thorough canvass made by the office disclosed a very satisfactory state of the industry, the output of the commercial fisheries in that year probably being larger than during any previous year. Several minor special studies were also undertaken in the lake region in the years intervening between 1885 and the next general canvass in 1891. The results of the inquiries conducted during the year show that, taking the entire region into consideration, 9,738 persons were directly employed in the industry, $5,420,778 was invested, and the value of the catch was $2,471,768. The yield of the principal species was as follows: Whitefish, 12,401,335 pounds; lake trout, 12,890,441 pounds; sturgeon, 4,289,759 pounds; lake herring, 48,753,349 pounds; other fish, 35,563,647 pounds. General comparisons for the entire region show that in 1890 the number of persons employed, the amount of capital invested, and the quantity and value of the catch were greater than in 1880, while the number of fishermen and the value of the catch were less than in 1885, although the investment was considerably larger. A knowledge of the variations which have occurred in the abundance of the principal fishes, as determined by the catch, is of great impor- tance in shaping legislation and applying fish-cultural methods for the maintenance of the supply. Whitefish, which in 1880 were taken in larger quantities than any other species, were surpassed in 1890 by lake trout and lake herring; the decrease in the output was 43 per cent between 1880 and 1890, and 30 per cent between 1885 and 1890. The catch of lake trout increased to only a slight extent since 1885, but was almost twice as large as in 1880. The yield of sturgeon has exhibited a steady decrease, which was especially marked in the last five years. The most noticeable change has been the catch of minor whitefishes, usually classed under the general name lake herring, of which the cisco (Coregonus artedi)is thetype. From the second place, which these fish occupied in 1880, they advanced to first in 1585, and maintained the same relative rank in 1890, becoming, at the same time, the most valu- able of the lake fishes. The aggregate production of all other species was about the same in 1890 as in 1885, and was somewhat more than double that in 1880. The general increases and decreases which have occurred in the yield of the different fishes must not be regarded wholly from the standpoint of abundance, but should be interpreted in connection with the special XII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. conditions prevailing in each lake, among which may be noted variations in the amount of apparatus used and the transfer of fishing operations from one lake to another or from American to Canadian waters in the same lake. During the fiscal year 1892 the field investigations in the Middle Atlantic States were, on account of the small force available for such duty, confined to the basin of the Chesapeake Bay and to the adjoining ocean shores of Maryland and Virginia. The extent of the fisheries prosecuted in this region justified the very complete inquiries made, and fully warranted the expenditure of the time necessary to study the statistics and methods of the industry in all the tributary streams of the region to the limits of economic fishing. This basin is the most productive inland fishing-ground in the country, if not in the world; the quantity of products withdrawn from it annualky is enormous, and the value to the fishermen is over $10,000,000, or more than one-fifth that of the fisheries of the entire country, while the number of persons “immediately connected with the industry i is about 65,000 and the capital invested is nearly $10,500,000. An interesting question comes up in connection with the considera- tion of the fisheries of this region: In view of the enormous annual drain on the fishery resources, what is their present condition com- pared with any earlier year for which data are available, and is the supply apparently being maintained? Since 1880, an increase has occurred in the fishing population amounting to over 18,000 persons, of whom two-thirds are fishermen proper and one-third shore employés. A corresponding advance has taken place in the amount of the invested capital aggregating over $2,250,000, the increase represent- ing the use of larger numbers of boats and practically every form of fishing appliances. Especially worthy of comment is the remarkable augmentation in the number of pound nets operated, indicating a ten- dency to substitute this more modern class of apparatus for the less effective means of capture that formerly prevailed. The increase in fishing population and apparatus would naturally be expected to produce an augmented yield, provided the supply had not been seriously impaired by overfishing. The returns show a general advance in output commensurate with the increases noted. The aggre- gate increase in the value of the yield is about $3,274,000, or nearly 50 per cent, a sum in which most of the important products are repre- sented. Foremost among the fishery resources of this region is the oyster, the value of which is about four-fifths that of the entire fishery output, The conservation of the oyster supply is a question that has received great attention, and the anticipation of a serious reduction in the output under existing methods is borne out by the data at hand. Notwithstanding an increase of nearly 10,000 oyster fishermen and $1,800,000 in the capital devoted to the oyster industry, the yield of oysters diminished over 1,500,000 bushels, although the market value ’ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XIII of the output was considerably greater, the average price increasing as a result of the comparative scarcity. It is hoped that the States immediately interested in this industry will adopt such measures as will not only secure the preservation of this important natural resource, but will permit an expansion of the fishing operations and ultimately an increased production. The inquiries conducted by local agents at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., referred to in my previous reports, have been continued. The detailed study of the fisheries centering at these cities is warranted by the great importance of the industry. The investigations cover the operations of a large proportion of the offshore fishing fleet of New England, and the information obtained has a permanent value in per. mitting the institution of comparisons by which the condition of these important fisheries from time to time may be clearly judged. The work at Boston has been efficiently performed by Mr. F. F. Dimick, who has unusual opportunities for collecting data by reason of his wide acquaintance with the fishermen and his position as secretary of the Boston fish bureau. At Gloucester, Capt. S. J. Martin, a retired vessel fisherman of extended experience, has rendered very satisfactory service. The quantities of fish landed at Boston by American fishing vessels in 1891 was about 70,000,000 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $1,840,000. The fish most largely represented in the receipts is the haddock, of which over 33,000,000 pounds, valued at $824,000, were landed. Of cod, the next important fish, 16,655,000 pounds, worth $548,000, were brought in. The receipts of fish at Gloucester directly from fishing vessels are larger than at Boston; they consist chiefly of salt fish, while the fares landed at Boston are practically all fresh. In 1891, about 77,000,000 pounds of fish, valued at $2,785,000, were taken to Gloucester by the American fishing fleet. Of this amount, fresh and salt cod constituted over 44,000,000 pounds, worth $1,563,000. During the year the consideration of the fisheries of the international lakes attracted much attention, and the agitation of the subject finally resulted in a series of meetings in New York and Canada, at which rep- resentatives from the provinces of Ontario and Quebee and most of the States bordering on the Great Lakes were present. In October, 1891, a preliminary meeting was héld in New York City, which was attended by special commissioners from the Canadian provinces and the State of New York, and by other persons interested in the lake fisheries. The meeting was presided over by Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt. The object of the conferences was stated to be the protection, preservation, and propa- gation of food-fish in the Great Lakes, and a committee was appointed to meet at Rochester, N. Y., in November, and formulate a report for presentation to a full conference of Canadian and State representatives to be called later. At the Rochester meeting, Gen. Richard U. Sher- man acted as chairman. The lake fisheries were fully considered, and )- XIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. recommendations for submission to the full meeting were determined on. The final conference was held at Hamilton, Ontario, in December, and was presided over by Hon. Donald McNaughton. ‘Therecommendations of the Rochester session were affirmed, and the meeting adjourned with the understanding that similar conferences would be called each year if the condition of the lake fisheries warranted attention. At all these meetings this Commission was represented by Dr. Smith, to whose detailed account of the conferences reference is made. A number of reports and special papers emanating from this division and germane to its work were issued during the year. Some of these were general in their scope, and some related to special subjects. There is a very active demand among the commercial fishing interests for papers of this class, and the Commission endeavors to make as judicious an allotment of such publications as the limited supply will permit; in the case of several of the more important reports, extra editions were required to satisfy the calls on the office. The accompanying report of the assistant contains notes on the con- dition of some of the more prominent commercial fisheries and on some conspicuous events that transpired in connection with the fishing industry during the year. The special branches or subjects referred to comprise the great ocean fisheries for cod, haddock, halibut, and other ground fish; the mackerel fishery; the Pacific salmon industry; the whale fishery; the fur-seal fishery; the lobster fishery; the oyster fishery ; improvements in fishing vessels ; the attempt to establish a beam-trawl fishery on the New England coast; the Newfoundland bait question; inauguration of red-snapper fishing on offshore banks in the Gulf of Mexico. DIVISION OF FISH-CULTURE. The control and direction of the work of this division was retained by the Commissioner. During the year the following stations were operated: 1. Schoodic, Me 12. Wytheville, Va. 2. Craig Brook, Me. 13. Put-in Bay, Ohio. 3. Green Lake, Me. 14. Northville, Mich. 4. Gloucester, Mass. 15. Alpena, Mich. 5. Woods Holl, Mass. 16. Duluth, Minn. 6. Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. 17. Quincy, Ill. 7. Delaware River (steamer Fish Hawk). | 18. Neosho, Mo. , 8. Battery Island, Md. 19. Leadville, Colo. 9. Bryan Point, Md. 20. Baird, Cal. 10. Central Station, Washington, D.C. 21. Fort Gaston, Cal. li. Fish Ponds, Washington, D.C. 22. Clackamas, Oreg. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. xv Summary of fish furnished for distribution, July 1, 1891, to June 30, 1892, Source of supply. Schoodic Station, Me Craig Brook, Me Green Lake, Me Gloucester, Mass Woods Holl, Mass eee Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y -.. Delaware River (steamer Fish Hawk) N. J. Battery Island, Md.......... Bryan Point, Md Central Station, Washing- ton, D.C. Fish Ponds, Washington, D.C. Wytheville, Va Put-in Bay, Ohio Northville, Mich Alpena, Mich Duluth, Minn ee ed Rene y, Wiese sated s Jaan. Neosho, Mo Leadville, Colo Band; Calticccocclels octece nice Fort Gaston, Cal Clackamas, Oregon > Species. Eggs. Fry. Landlocked salmon Atlantic salmon Landlocked salmon Loch Leven trout Rainbow trout Von Behr trout Swiss lake trout 277, 000 450, 000 LTO CAHN INE soba seo ote ae snare Gere merce Landlocked salmon Cod Pollock Shad Von Behr trout ..----------- Whitefish...--.-..- pe OUT ANT Goldfish Shad Rainbow trout Black bass Rock bass Whitefish Lake herring Pike perch Loch Leven trout Von Behr trout....-..- Seisice Brook trout oalkestvOu tee mse ate stare cera = Whitefish Von Behr trout Lake trout Whitefish Pike perch @atfishe ekecss ls teecnp cscs a Yellow perch Pike perch White bass Black bass Crappie Rock bass Pike Sunfish Goldfish i 560, 500 , 763, 800 bo 5, 983, 000 7, 595, 000 13, 378, 000 32, 600, 000 185, 500 305, 500 10, 500 1, 900, 500 12, 370, 000 97, 124, 500 2, 473, 500 200, 000 35, 000 25, 671, 500 3,510, 400 5, 799, 500 15, 833, 000 32, 616, 000 Rainbow trout. os. ce bas Poe sissies cee os Von Behr trout Brook trout Black-spotted trout Brook trout ce) Received from Max von dem | Von Behr trout..-........... Borne, Germany. 9, 891, 000 21,978 318, 000 6, 000, 000 262, 500 40, 000, 090 17, 750, 000 20, 000 480, 000 16, 727, 000 Adults and yearlings. * Sent to fish ponds, Washington. XVI DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD-FISHES. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The distribution during the year is shown by the following table: Summary of distribution, 1891-92. Species. Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus and Ameiurus albidus, chiefly). Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Tench (Tinea tinca) Golden ide (Idus melanotus) Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Shad (Clupea sapidissima) Quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus chouicha) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Landlocked salmon (Salmo salar, var. sebago) Loch Leven trout (Salmo levenensis) Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) Von Behr or brown trout (Salmo fario) Black-spotted trout (Salmo mykiss) Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) _ Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis) Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) Pike perch (Stizostedion vitrewm) Sea bass (Serranus atrarius) White bass (Roccus chrysops) Black bass (Micropterus salmoides and M. dolomieu) -} Crappie (Pomozis annularis and P. sparoides) Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) Sunfish (Lepomis) Pike (Lucius lucius) Scup (Stenotomus chrysops) Cod (Gadus morrhua) Pollock (Pollachius virens) Flatfish (Psewdopleuronectes americanus) Lobster (Homarus americanus) 2, 497, 000 2, 902, 000 75, 887, 000 66, 927, 000 1, 647, 900 480, 000 44, 467, 000 262, 500 “49, 300, 000 200, 000 35, 000 52, 795, 500 2, 473, 500 3, 510, 000 5, 799, 000 228, 008, 070 |/Adults and yearlings. 4, 326 157, 093 35, 592 2, 186 20, 651 1, 000, 000 30, 870 254, 232 163, 163 14, 579 Total. 4, 326 157, 093 35, 592 2, 186 20, 651 70, 424, 000 4, 580, 770 704, 232 463, 855 125, 079 194, 734 191, 657 18, 000 69, 469 1, 424, 364 65, 267, 000 262, 500 29, 950 94, 300, 100 200, 600 1, 946 19, 753 6, 311 26, 208 9, 604 1, 966 35, 000 52, 795, 500 2, 473, 500 6, 274, 000 5, 799, 000 305, 918, 346 Nore.—In addition to the foregoing there were furnished for distribution, but lost in transit, during the year 1891-92, fry, as follows: Shad, 1,442,000; Whitefish, 10,000; Pike Perch, 8,300,000; also adults and yearlings as follows: Catfish, 128; Carp, 1,915; Tench, 428; Golden Ide, 327; Goldfish, 300; Quin- nat Salmon, 30; Landlocked Salmon, 5,000; Loch Leven Trout, 65; Rainbow Trout, 6,279; Von Behr Trout, 3,111; Brook Trout, 617; Lake Trout, .1,858; Yellow Perch, 2,698; White Bass, 167; Black Bass, 1,627; Crappie, 243; Rock Bass, 4,838; Pike, 62, and Sunfish, 618. There were also deposited for rearing and distribution 1,989,000 shad fry in the United States fish ponds, Washington, D. C., and 700,000 in the United States fish ponds at Neosho, Mo., and the follow- ing adult and yearling fish were collected from the sloughs and planted in the Illinois River, near Meredosia, Ill.: Catfish, 250,000; White Bass, 15,000; Carp, 5,000; Buffalo, 20,000; Yellow Perch, 35,000; Crappie, 5,000; but none of these figures is included in the above table. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XVII STATION REPORTS. SCHOODIC STATION, MAINE (CHARLES G. ATKINS, SUPERINTENDENT). The work at Grand Lake Stream during this year was conducted jointly with the Maine State Fish Commission, the immediate charge of the station being placed under Mr. W. O. Buck. The 50,000 fry of the landlocked salmon held from June, 1891, for rearing, were counted and weighed during the first half of October, and liberated in Grand Lake. There were found to be 42,184, showing a total loss for the season of a little over 15 per cent, and their weight was 204,625 pounds, or an average of 7.76 ounces per hundred. The capture of adult salmon for spawning was begun in October, the first fish being taken October 25, but no ripe females were found until November 3. Notwithstanding this unusually late start, the last ripe fish was obtained on November 23, about the usual date. In all, 579 fish were captured, 380 being females and 199 males. The males aver- aged 20.1 inches in length, with a weight of 3.23 pounds; the females, 19.9 inches in length, with a weight of 3.29 pounds. The total number of eggs taken was 627,937, the product of 351 fish, or an average of about 1,785 eggs to each. The losses in these eggs up to the time of division amounted to 131,887, leaving available 496,050, of which 100,000 were allotted to the State of Maine and 396,050 to the U.S. Fish Commission. Ofthese latter, 119,050 were reserved for Grand Lake, in which 68,692 fry were liberated between June 11 and 18, 1892, at the end of the sac stage and 50,000 fry held beyond the year for rearing. The loss during June in the 50,000 fry retained was 159. The following table shows the distribution of the 277,000 eggs and other information connected therewith: £4 No. of Date of | Reached x wis Consignee. eggs. | shipment. | destination. Condition. Loss. — | 4 U.S. Fish Commission stations: Craie?, Brook, Maine. --:2.-2-.s0-----+- 25,000 | Feb. 23,1892 | Feb. 25,1892} Excellent. 51 Clackamas, Oregon..........-------- 20,000 | Feb. 29,1892 | Mar. 10,1892} Bad....... 20, 000 State fish commissions: Vermont, Roxbury ..--------......-. 20, 000 |.... . 2, 1892) Good ..... 10 New Hampshire, Plymouth ......... 17;,000+)... =: 11892) h-2 dO sss se eee eee New York, Caledonia ...-.......--.. 15S000A}2 S- abs 2,892). 22 dope ee 47 Minnesota steel aul... oss cces coe we 157 O00) 52/4 a 4 BOR ose dO: aseine 43 Nevada, Carson City --.---......-..- 25) 00) a2. Are.-1;1892,) Mar. 10,1892 | Warm.... 8, 760 W. P. Greenougtk, Lachevrotiere, Canada} 10,000 |...:do .....-- Mar. 6,1892/ Good ..... | 18 H. B. W. Whitmore, Bridgeworth, Eng- TET ete te a dete eo ccloneie cacdaaceceucse 15, 000 | Feb. 23,1895 | Mar. 7,1892|....do..... | No report. F OC 92——II XVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Craig Brook STATION, MAINE (CHARLES G. ATKINS, SUPERINTENDENT). In the report for the previous year reference is made to the com- mencement of the building of a superintendent’s dwelling, under con- tract dated March 5, 1891. This building was completed in the fall and accepted from the contractor October 3. The other construction work was the building of two capacious filters, one for the water sup- plying the south ponds, and the other for the north stand of rearing troughs and the ponds connected with it; the construction of an aque- duct 800 feet long, to supply the superintendent’s dwelling; the under- pinning of the west end of the stable; the building of a winter road down the hill near the north stand of troughs, and the grading of the grounds near the dwelling. The following table presents the results of the eges of the different kinds of salmon and trout brought over from the previous year, ending June 30, 1891: | Reached |)... | Died | Distrib- Kind omer Hatchea.| feeding ea ab) October| after juted Oct.,| Re- : nee aan 3 ‘| stage June, | count. | count- Nov. and !served, ae (June 1). : ing. Dec. Atlantic salmon ..--.-..--- 317, 218 | 316,308 | 309,308 |.--..--- 254, 955 306 | 238,652 | 15,997 Landlocked salmon ..-...... 21, 906 21, 824 20,269 | 5,289 9, 723 12 7, 401 2, 310 Brook trout..-----.-- --| 23,146 14, 524 8,569 | 4,251 1, 555 3 1, 352 200 Von Behr trout. -- 15, 119 13, 824 7 eee 800°). 2.22 22-2): sasceeeee 800 Loch Leven trout... 16, 583 16, 457 ne UDA es dace. 10, 796 172 10, 524 100 Scotch sea-trout -.-.- 12, 3874 9, 367 TAGE eesti | Si lest esate eee 87 MOobal = 2 wtews ae sscescine 406, 346 | 392,304 | 355,746 | 9,540 | 277,916 493 | 257,929 | 19, 494 From these figures we may deduce the following percentages: Starting with eggs as counted in winter or early spring, and counting the few fish distributed in June as though they had been kept till Octo- ber, we find that of all kinds 71 per cent were carried through. Leav- ing out the Von Behr and Scotch sea-trout, the eggs of which reached the station in exceedingly bad condition and the fry of which mostly died before reaching the feeding stage, the percentage is 76; of the Atlantic salmon, 80, and Loch Leven trout, 65 per cent, respectively. Starting from the fry stage, the percentage of other kinds is 81, and of the Atlantic salmon, 82. This season must therefore be ranked as an exceedingly successful one. As in past years, part of the fish were fed on chopped meat and part on maggots. The relative growths of the several lots furnished further evidence of the superiority of live food. ~~ 2 ~ 2 ¥% REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XIX The following exhibits the disposition of reared fish during the year: Kind. See ers When liberated. |Number. Waters in which placed. Atlantic salmon ...-- % 1891 Oct. and Nov., 1891.-.| 158,584 | Tributaries of Penobscot River. WDA sso hbac Stes ot 1891 Mar. and Apr., 1892.) 15, 552 Do. 10 {Se eos secs 1891 Oct. and Nov.,1891-.) 80,064 | Tributaries of Penobscot River and other waters, by Maine ee Com- mission. 1890 PAID: LS Or etc as emiatatale 32 | Alamoosook Lake. 1891 Oct alee Soe eee ee 7,401 | Toddy Pond, Orland, Me. 1891 Apr. TEU Saas 563 “Do. Wao ie done s hee a 1,499 | Burnt Land Pond, Deer Isle. UGE Boot Senco oaccecec 343 | Toddy Pond. ROO Mel ey SOLON tetas oe ane inca 29 | Craig ponds Orland. 1889 Sede Olaein estes clas Sapatare 2 Tse NE Seto see Siadoceoe = 14 | Toddy Pond Orland, TB SS y aa orci Oe earers sete ce sere 28 | Craig Pond, Orland. SBS 9 ee OO we aon. eae os 9 | Toddy Pond, Orland. TSS8=89" 02 dO tesco ween coe SL Do. 1891 Dec., OOM eee ceterel sass 1, 352 | Craig Pond, Orland. 1891 a Bt: ), 1892 ee aad 198 | Alamoosook Lake, Orland. 189) ora Pa Ome se rane © eietorsi tee 127 | Craig Pond, Orland. Rainbow trout..-.-...-. 1B80% | 2 doe shire ae 105 | Heart Pond, Orland. Von Behr trout ..-....-. SON th eet Olina = erate ete ee 698 Toddy.: Pond, Orland. Swiss lake trout -..---. WOO Poe AO, Sone sae eosee 45 Loch Leven trout.-....- 1891 COYcs ra 1) les pers a as 6, 002 ae WWOpsse a eae tosiae 1891 Dec ag8Olen sk se one5 4, 522 Do. Worteaeete sts toler 1890 ASBt.) L682 nonce wea 2) 411 Do. 277, 671 Atlantic salmon.—Adult salmon were collected between June 1 and 8, 1891, and 267 safely confined in the inclosure at Dead Brook. For the first time in the history of the station, a steamer was employed in collecting the fish, and the work was so facilitated as to permit of its completion and the inclosing of the fish in eight days. The steamer being able to make daily trips, the necessity of keeping the salmon in the cars from day to day, aS was usual in previous years, was avoided. Whether from this cause, or from the coolness of the water at the time of collection, but a single fish was lost in transit, and the loss in those confined up to the spawning season was but 42. Of the 225 surviving fish, 137 were females, which yielded 1,203,285 eggs. These eggs were placed in the hatchery between October 24 and November 25. They, however, proved to be of inferior quality, and the ratio of impregnation was lower than ever before at this station. 'To February, 1892, the time of division and shipment, the losses aggregated 331,835, of which probably not less than 250,000 were from lack of impregnation. No clue as to the cause of the trouble was discovered. The remaining eggs, 871,450, were divided between the United States and the Maine fish commissioners on the basis of their respective con- tributions towards the payment for the adult fish, 550,000 being assigned to the former and 321,450 to the latter. The Maine Commission subsequently presented to the United States 200,000 of the eggs allotted them, thus increasing the share of the United States to 750,000. Of these eggs, 300,000 were assigned to the Pennsylvania Fish Commission, 150,000 being sent to each of the hatcheries at Corry and Allentown, and 150,000 to the New York Fish Commission, which were seut to their hatchery at Cold Spring Harbor, = = SR XX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The balance, together with 12,784 eggs obtained from salmon which had been artificially landlocked at the station, were retained for hatch- ing. When about midway in the sac stage (the latter part of April) they were attacked by an epidemic that continued for several weeks, destroying almost the entire stock, and leaving at the beginning of the feeding season, about June 1, but 3,874 fry, and these far from healthy. The diSease appeared to be of the same character that visited the sta- tion two years ago. The other kinds of fish at the station escaped the epidemic wholly and appeared as thrifty as usual, with the exception of the brook trout, of which about 37 per cent perished in May and June of what appeared to be a distinct disease. Brook trout.—The taking of the eggs of this species was carried on during October and November, the total number secured being 83,068, of which 78,191 were obtained from the breeding stock at the station, and 4,877 in the vicinity of the Schoodic Station at Grand Lake — stream. Reference to the epidemic which attacked them in the spring following has been heretofore made. Landlocked salmon.—On February 25 was received the consignment of 25,000 eggs of this species transferred from the Schoodic Station, the number of eggs lost in transfer being only 51. Whitefish (Coregonus labradoricus).—In February there were received from Schoodic Station 1,845 eggs of this whitefish, known as Musquaw River whitefish and as “whiting,” which were placed in the hatchery. From the eggs of the kinds of fishes obtained during this year, fry, for rearing, were secured as follows: Atlantic salmon (measured). ..---.--..---.---------------- - 305, 353 andlocked! salmon: (counted) 22-2 se. one oe tse oe 20, 070 IOOe tarowty (Cometh) oss eeuesGs seo 5c0d be secs este codese a 68, 107 Wihibefish: (counted) ferscec, see ccs tee ate eee er 1, 803 Owing to causes already mentioned this number was greatly reduced, so that at the commencement of the feeding stage they aggregated— AGIATIEIC (Salem ON tones epee asi os ain one See erat laa ata pete eee 3, 874 Tandlockedssalmon, 02. <0) 2 te ieee So hee See 19, 740 Brook troubsse tots See Cee ee eee ee ane a eee 50, 773 Wihitefishes. Jan. 19 | In Goose Cove Pond. 28 810, 800 182, 800 G28L000) |S Sse | Jan. 19 0. 29 273, 800 127, 600 4G s200) Oe. see pete | Jan. 22,| Off mouth of harbor. 29 695, 500 177, 600 Ea US) eee oars Jan. 23 Do. 1892. | Jan. 1 1, 421, 600 472, 300 | STOPS OOM cjesre crepe Jan. 26 Do. 4 1, 690, 200 998, 400 GOTRSUGE Ete sao e225 Feb. 1 Do. 12 450, 600 146, 000 304, 600 2| Feb. 6 Do. 12 708, 400 173, 600 034; 80022 os noc | Feb. 6 Do. 's 13 1, 234, 800 482. 800 PAPAIN Yas oo See | Feb. 6 Do. 45 731, 900. FS O00 a eee Ne nce PE ol ee Se cs 18 400, 300 360, 300 40, 000 2 | Feb. 15 | In outer harbor. 19 137, 000 77, 000 60, 0U0 slant eKeb. 15 Do. 22 1, 397, 900 1, 147, 900 DOOM OOO beers sere | Feb. 26 Do. 23 721, 300 576, 200 145s 00s Eee eeeeeee Feb. 26 Do. Feb. 1 2, 832, 600 1, 979, 800 8525 B00. bs stare =~ Mar. 5! In mouth of, harbor. 2 1, 090, 000 273, 600 SIG; 4002-2 s62-2c0 | Mar. 5 Do. 8 2, 153, 400 724, 800 ADB GOOE\ sas eee oats Mar, 8 | Off mouth of harbor. 9 50, 000. 17, 100 32,900 1 | Mar. 8 0. ; 22 1, 468, 900 239, 400 M229" 5008 sce eye 2 Mar. 21 | In Squam Pond. 29 589, 700 160, 500 499520055 oe soetee Mar. 26 Do. ¥ 125, 000 BODY B00 settsos asl some nae In mouth of harbor. Mar. 7 2, 440, 300 ; 172, 300 DOGTH500" | Yeas Se es. | Apr. 2 | In Syuam Pond. 8 430, 600 121, 000 309, 600 |:-----...-| Apr. 4 | In mouth of harbor. 9 1, 371, 500 189, 400 HOS 2e OOM 2 see es oe Apr. 1 | In Squam Pond, 16 2, 077, 000 584, 000 W493 7 000R ess 2 a8 | Apr. 6 | In mouth of harbor. 17 1, 532, 200 252, 600 Med) GOO ee cavers ae Apr: 27 oO. 21 1, 024, 060 664, 500 SOOO Um \eetee aaeeet Apr. 8,9 | Off mouth of harbor. 22 3, 498, 700 A, 803, 700 PALS AOS Leer tetees Apr. 8,9 Do. 44, 378, 600 17, 254, 200 Py pale? Cr: C00) ee | * All dead February 10, 1892. > In addition to the foregoing there were secured a number of eggs which were disposed of as follows: Cod. Number Disposition. of fish Date Number Loss during Number of from 4 taken. incubation. | good eggs. ee Wate: DESHINATTORE yoru s 4 “taken. 1892. 1892. Mar: 22 173, 700 32, 900 140, 800 1 | Apr.8,9 | Planted off mouth of harbor. 2 24 363, 300 289, 400 73, 900 1 | Apr. 4} Shipped to Woods Holl. > 24 808. 200 101, 600 105;.60@ }eo2 52 <1 Apr. 4 Do. > 26 768, 700 231, 500 EB IRPAUL |S ei Apr. 6 | Planted in outer harbor. 28 3, 385, 400 1,1. 0, 300 DDT LOOM lon sate te ae Apr. 6 0. ; 30 1, 719, 500 499, 000 L220) 500 eae os) Apr. 4 | Shipped to Woods Holl. 7, 218, 800 2, 265, 700 4,953; 1ODs) ie Polloek 1891. 1391. Dec. 1 1, 649, 400 915, 200 734, 200 6 | Dec. 11 | Plantedoff mouthof harbor. 2 2,773, 80U 1, 517, 200 1, 256, 100 9) Dee. 12 Do. 3 403, 700 237, 800 165, 900 3 | Dee. 14 Do. 1892, 21 648, 800 331, 400 317, 400 2| Jan. 4 Do. F 5, 475, 200 3, 001, 600 2, 473, 600 20 | : a XXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The best results in hatcbing were obtained with the water at 38° to 45° F. Towards the iatter part of January, the temperature of the water in the hatchery reached 344°, causing a retarding and non- uniformity in the development of the eggs. With a view of obviating this difficulty, the Commissioner, who visited the station on February 18, directed the utilizing of the warm water from the condenser of the eden by arranging for its discharge through the main suction pipe to the supply tank. By the use of valves, this discharge could be either entirely cut off or regulated, which permitted the maintenance of a practically uniform temperature of the water furnished the hatchery. The results of the season’s work were considerably augmented by this arrangement. It was anticipated that, as in previous years, a large supply of spawn could be secured from the fishing-grounds of Gloucester, but not till the end of March, as the station was about being closed, were ripe fish secured in any quantity. From this it would appear that there is no uniformity as to the time the fish return to their Spawning-grounds. Regarding the collecting of eggs in Ipswich Bay, Capt. Adams reports: : During the early part of December cod eggs were found plentiful among the net fishermen in Ipswich Bay, and from day to day each spawn-taker took from one to three millions, which appeared in good condition, but would nearly all die inside of twenty-four hours, this being something new to our oldest spawn-takers even. These eggs were invariably taken from live fish, which is always the case, and we found that our work was being seriously injured, One experienced spawn-taker took about three millions in the usual way, half of which died in three or four hours, and before he landed with them at Kittery Point. Finally, a few vessels fish- ing with trawls came into the bay, and Mr. Conley very soon found that eggs taken _ from fish caught on trawls could be taken to Gloucester in good condition. As soon as possible, the force was placed on the trawling vessels, aftex, which good eges were secured throughout the winter. Early in March, as the trawling vessels began to leave the bay, the men were gradually returned to the net fishermen, and ~ this time they found good eggs. These being the facts, ] mention them, hoping that some good will be derived from them for future work. It may also be worthy of mention here that our largest take of eggs in Ipswich Bay during the past season occurred immediately after easterly storms. During cold, offshore winds codfish are supposed by the fishermen to be gradually nearing the shores or beaches, the fishermen following them up with their trawls till an easterly or onshore wind comes on, when the undertow starts them offshore again in double- quick time and the ripe fish are attracted by the trawl baits. Woops Hont STATION, MASSACHUSETTS (JOHN MAXWE#s., SUPERINTENDENT). The fish-cultural work at the station was commenced ‘about the first of November, and carried on till the close of the fiscal year. Atten- tion was mainly given to the propagation of the cod, the flatfish, and the lobster, some experiments being made with the. sea bass and the setup. Till the end of March the direction of the fish-cultural work was under Mr. Alexander Jones, and from that time till the close of the year under Superintendent Maxwell. es a REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXV. Cod.—The station being dependent for a supply of breeding fish by ‘purchase from fishermen, in September an agreement was made with ‘Messrs. Spindle & Co., of Woods Holl, large fish-dealers, to deliver at the station between October 25 and December 25, 3,000 live codfish of ‘aminimum weight of 5 pounds each. Owing to a succession of severe storms the smack fishermen, from whom the supply in question had been expected, were unable to get on the fishing-grounds till the first part-of November, and the time limit of the contract was therefore extended till the end of February. The smack fishermen, however, could not be induced to go offshore to the deep water at that season of the year, and the contractors were, therefore, unable to furnish the number of fish that had been anticipated. But, 1,620 fish were fur- nished, of which 1,341, caught off Nantucket Island, and called by the fishermen “inshore” cod, were delivered between November 6 and December 7, and 279, caught off Block Island, were brought to the station November 23. ‘The fish from each of these grounds were kept separate for the purpose of comparing their relative fecundity, the result being in favor of the Block Island fish, the former averaging 93,800 eggs to each fish, and the latter 118,200. Of the Nantucket fish there were but 281 gravid, while of the Block Island fish there were 163. The fish, as received from the fishermen, were placed in floating fish-boxes and occasionally fed. From December 1, the date the first eggs were taken, the fish were at intervals overhauled for spawn till February 8, during which time 444 fish were stripped, yielding * 45,627,200 eggs, producing 25,671,500 fry. The following table presents the details of hatching: s ine Period of incubation. Average Number o umber of 3 — = tempera- eggs taken. | fry hatched. Apparatus. Com- | pnaea, | No-of | ture of @ menced. | “2E€@: | hours. | water. 1891 1891. or 1, 692, 500 6037300. |- Chester jare cceesesp~ sc. cs-.00 Dec.. 1} Dec. 17 408 44 1, 576, 500 682, 300 |...... WO See cet ae aoe so oe sis Dee. 4. Dec. 21 408 42 3, 050, 400 4,309; 300 }....-- G Cosine ee ean ee ee | Dee: 7.) Dec 23 384 42. 2, 503, 800 5205100 pases CO Somer Naa = Soe | Dee. 10 | Dec. 28 432 41 2, 828, 600 TATE eLOO" eee OMe = tae wie ae a ee ake | Dec. 12} Dec. 30 432 41 3,779, 100 2) .582;.300) | 36.5% Oe as eerie Si ewame es -|Dec. 144|; Dee. ot 408 41 1, 830, 6002 1, 958. 600 MoDonaldboxesese-s: eseesee Dec. 16| Jan. 4 456 41 2, 086, 6005 Leen Th had Diageo GOe 2. peo eae So Fae | Dec. 16] Jan. 4 432 4] 2, 689, 400 1, 374, 400 }.-.-..- QO ss Saas es see ei eee Dec. 18 | Jan. 5 432 394 2, 635, 700 ¥,.2267100: |s- oa COND. Beem Geese esieace a Dec. 21 | Jan. 8 432 394 2, 249. 000 A OOURO0S|'ae 2 = Goin boris ce Soe eee ee eS. Dec. 23} Jan. 13 480 394 3, 779, 100 2ran8 800. | Chester jarss..26c. 20s. 2 sas. oe Dec. 26 | Jan. 16 504 394 3, 315, 500 2. 812,500 |.....- LO eens Sai see serene eet te Dec. 28 | Jan. 20 552 39 1, 312, 500 881, 300 |.....- Ore Pas oeceeen souk tas eee Dec. 31} Jan. 22 574 384 1892 1892 2, 967, 700 2, 267, 700 MeDonald WOES ners soos Jan, 1! Jan. 25 600 38 2, 109, 500 1,055,000 |-222.- MAP an hetiaie » mise gave nciethes Jan. 41] Jan, 28 576 37 417, 300 208, 700) Ge ale C3 eet, ee an Se Jan. 6] Feb. 1 600 36 510, 100 200,000) |i. - <= NOW eS Sanctwe cease de -ae ceeey Jan. 8 | Feb. 2 600 36 463, 700 1047-800) ) Chester] arsive ssn scars rcevewsc es Jan. 11} Feb. 8 672 354 602, 800 230,000 |...... (Fy Died 5A 5 ea gee ee pia as Jan. 15 | Feb. 12 672 354 626, 000 312, 000 |.....- QO ae Back oe doc am Salinas Jan. 18 | Feb. 18 744 34 811, 500 £057200%| tema DO crete eect rea te wee Setieae Jan. 22 | Feb. 27 716 314 695, 500 340, 000 |.-.... Ci ae ee lt Fs SE pe Jan. 25 | Mar. 1 864 313 533, 300 225, 800 |; ---.- (SMa St Capes aie ee ee ae aes Jan. 29 | Mar. 7 840 313 440, 500 (ied iow SO ees (Che et An Spero. Sea: oe WMS ae scea eet on ve c'ecwels 82 120, 000 (ee eeleoece: CoO Mes. papeee coer. sete we an LOv2) Nyse of 39] es Se ee sae 32 | 45, 627, 200 25, 671, 500 ————————— eed * Placed in open waters March 7, before completion of hatching. XXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. In addition to the eggs secured from the supply of fish at the station, on April 4 a consignment of 2,000,000 eggs, carried in eight 4-pound butter jars which were sealed and packed in ice, was received from the tloucester Station. Three of the jars contained about 779,500 eggs, which were taken March 24 and in which the embryos were well devel- oped. All these were dead on arrival. The remaining jars contained eggs taken on March 30. Of these, only 400,000 were alive, but not- withstanding their having the usual care they soon died. Irom these facts Mr. Maxwell concludes that if the eggs had been transferred immediately after being fertilized, instead of being deferred till an advanced stage of development, when they are more tender, better results would have been possible. Flatfish.—The propagation of this species was prosecuted during the period from February 2 to April 14, the last lot of eggs being obtained March 18. The parent fish were secured from a fyke net placed in Woods Holl Harbor. From 94 fish were taken 8,527,800 eggs. The largest number of eggs taken from one fish was 384, 000. The weight of this fish when secured was 3 pounds, but after pe 13 pounds. The details of propagation follow: Period of incubation. Average Number of | Number of | um. | tempera- eggs taken. | fry hatched.| Com- Mndede ier af ture of menced. lingo! water. | or 57, 600 20,000 | Feb. 2] Mar. 1 638 # 31k 76, 800 35,000 | Feb. 8 | Mar. 7 638 314 288, 000 () Heb.) (Fes see] 696 314 268, 800 (*) dN Gil sae eee 672 313 76, 800 (3) Hebei seacece a= 624 314 326, 400 |, (*) Heb. 16 eee 5. 922 600 314 306, 200 (*) Reb. Wes -bea. os 576 313 = 326, 400 (*) Meh Uso seas | 552 314 172, 800 (*) INS PIN ees oe 480 308 384, 000 225,000 | Feb. 22) Mam 23 696 313 259, 600 170,000 | Feb. 23 | Mar. 23 696 | 313 192, 000 90,000 | Feb. 26 | Mar. 26 696 | 82 307, 200 185, 000 | Feb. 29 | Mar. 27 638 | 32 614, 400 450,000 | Mar. 1 | Mar. 28 672 32 454, 800 260, 400 |...do .-..' Mar. 29 696 33 384, 000 220,000 | Mar. 3 | Mar. 31 672 | 33 307, 200 180,200 | Mar. 4] Apr. 1 638 34 230, 400 160,000 | Mar. 5} Apr. 1 624 34 345, 600 205,300 | Mar. 8 | Apr. 1 552. 344 614, 400 425,400 | Mar. 9| Apr. 1 528 344 307, 200 199,600 | Mar. 10} Apr. 8 672 37 345, 600 221,100 | Mar. 11 | Apr. 8 658 37 768, 000 (t) Marly aoe ei etal sects 32_ 230, 400 (1) Mars 1b s| ses. os o5 |e see 32 384, 000 253,400 | Mar. 16 | Apr. 13 672 34 230, 400 100, 000 | Mar. 17 | Apr. 14 672 34 268, 800 110, 000.| Mar. 18 | Apr. 14 696 34 8, 527, 800 3, 510, 400 * Deposited March 12, before completion of hatching, owing to stoppage of water supply. t Deposited March 14, before completion of h atching, owing to stoppage of water supply. Lobster.—In prior. seasons the propagation of the lobster has been conducted during the months of April, March, and June; this year, however, it was decided to try the experiment of hatching eggs secured during the winter months. Eggs were first obtained on December 12 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXVIII and continued to be taken till January 25. During this period 148 lobsters were stripped, yielding 1,717,700 eggs, which were placed in the MeDonald hatching jar8, the temperature of the water being about 45° F, None of these eggs, however, began hatching till May 25, the water being 54°, and on the 6th and 7th of June 856,500 fry were released in loeal waters. The period of incubation, therefore, ranged from about 54 to 44 months, the loss being a little over 50 per cent. From Janu- ary 25 to April 25 no eggs were taken. On this latter date the taking of eggs was again commenced and prosecuted till June 28. In this period 5,883,200 eggs were obtained from 456 lobsters. From these 4,943,000 fry were produced, which were liberated at intervals from May 30 to June 30. The period of incubation of these eggs ranged from 840 hours for those taken April 25 to 264 hours for those taken June 18 and 48 hours for those secured June 28, the water temperature on the dates mentioned being 503°, 644°, and 644°. The loss was about 16 per cent. The largest number of eggs taken from one lobster was 24,300, the individual measuring 123 inches, and the smallest num- bee 6, 0000, from one measuring 83 inches. The average take from 131 fea varying in size from 83 to 134 inches, was 12,265. Sea bass.—On June 16th 208,600 eggs of the sea bass, taken from fish caught in Buzzards Bay, were brought into the hatchery and placed i in the McDonald and Chester boxes. ‘The period of incubation was four days and the number of fry produced 200,000, which were peteanee in local waters. Scup.—On June 17 th 50,000 eggs of the scup were secured in Buzzards Bay and brought to the marche and hatched in three days, producing 35,000 fry. Cotp Spring HarpBor STATION, New YorK (FRED. MATHER, SUPERINTENDENT). Through the courtesy of the fish commission of New York the privi- lege of using the facilities of this station as a depot for the receipt of consignments of eggs of foreign species of fishes presented to the United States, as also for the shipment of eggs of our indigenous species to other countries, was continued.’ In addition the United States made use of the station for the propagation and rearing of certain species of fish, the distribution of which was mainly to waters of the State. The receipts of eggs at the station were as follows: Date. Kind. Number.’ Loss. Whence received. 1892. ati Sy | WOM BORE GTOW 2 ob )anlela minions ~ a's cnetlees ol. 18, 380 380 | Germany. abe LON Vibes ibe Sache acc sak cates cen? 2am 40, 000 All. Do. Gn Gace LPOG. sins acimiaiciee sebce cale cee car Deane 5, 000 All. Do. LO Sima LOO LAUNOM bare ha ooiee so sae one hee ocw eden 9, 000 All. Do. MC Le WOT) TOD tNOM Gis nrcislale c.cte,clereisinic.s eacieaoe tie» 10, 000 970 Hevea sl ATLANTIC SAUMMON 2. cas. cence «tj. aieeseceecey: 80, 000 39 | Craig Brook Station. 1 ARS pos 2 ae ara aeeta laa e lara chitin ss Mien os cikt~'bminie wis 70, 000 120 Do. The 18,000 good eggs of the Von Behr trout received in January were forwarded to the Commission’s station at Northville, Mich. Of 9,030 XXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. eges of the same species received March 14 from Mr. von dem Borne, half were sent to Central Station, Washington, and the remainder were retained at this station as the property of the New York Fish Commis- sion. The loss in the latter was very great, and but 1,530 were saved. The number of fry resulting from the 150,000 eggs of the Atlantic salmon was 142,000, which were planted at the expense of the New York Fish Commission in the waters of the State, as follows: Date. Locality. No. PAE el Oe S02 <= = Nissequogue River, Long Island ...--...--.--.----.--------2--- 20-2200. 10, 000 May 4,1892 ......- Clendon’ Brook. Glens-Falls-—-<) 2). 022..50 ..2-. 8k beh ent e Soeeeeeeereee 50, 000 ORISO2Ie as. e ‘Balmior Gilead! Brook. NorthiCreek .232.--4-2eg-0 Loe Sek Sean - seems 30, 000 OPTS92 =. 22 a= 2 Raymondeb=00k-oN OLLbiC ree wee sees oa ee = eee eee ea eee eo ee 30, 000 Tae a ts eae Carr Brook, North Creek Be Ry ETS Gar ee as oar oie eee 22, 000 All of these waters, with the exception of the first mentioned, are tributaries of the Wpper Hudson River. On November 6, 1891, there were delivered to Mr. J. F. Ellis, in charge of the Goutansere ear No. 3, 3,500 quinnat salmon from 24 to 6 inches long and nine months old, huoh were planted in the Batten- kill, a tributary of the Hudson River. On the first of the following month 2,400 of the same species, averaging from 3 to 73 inches long, were planted by Mr. Mather in the Nissequogue River at Smithtown. The consignment of eggs of the whitefish (Coregonus wortmanni), lake trout (Frutta lacustris), and brook trout (Salmo salvelinus) received February 16, 1892, from Mr. Max von dem Borne, Berneuchen, Ger- many, was entirely spoiled on receipt. These eggs were to have been shipped on a steamer sailing several days earlier than that on which they arrived, but were left on the wharf at Geestemunde. The foreign shipments from the station, with the exception of a few adults of several varieties of our more common fishes delivered to Dr. Charles von dem Borne for Mr. Max von dem Borne, consisted of a con- signment on January 5, 1892, of 10,000 eggs each of the brook trout, Von Behr trout, and eek Le trout to Dr. J. G. Bluhm (Rio Negro), Sabanilla, Colombia, for his government. These eggs were furnished by the Northville, Mich., Station. DELAWARE RIVER SHAD-PROPAGATING STATION (LiznUT. ROBERT PxLaTT, U. 8. N., IN CHARGE). Owing to the unfavorable results which had been obtained at the shore station at Gloucester City, N. J.,in previous years, it was decided to close it and reassign the work of propagating the shad of the Dela- ware River to the officers and crew of the steamer Fish Hawk. The vessel was moved off Gloucester City and the first eggs obtained May 9 and the last June 1. During this time eggs to the number of 30,521,000 were taken from 611 fish. The number of fry produced was 15,833,000; eggs partially developed to the number of 2,497,000 were placed in Timber Creek, and 3,486,000 were transferred to the cars of A Pee = - REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXIX the Commission to be hatched en route to distant waters. The work was Stopped June 6, As in previous years, dependence was had on the larger fisbing shores in the vicinity—Faunce’s, Bennett’s, and that at Howell Cove—for the supply of spawn. During the entire season the condition of the water was muddy. The following table exhibits the take of eggs, etc., during the season: Fish stripped. Noon tempera: Data: Number of tures. eggs. Fa has ra ee STA Male. | Female. ap Air. | Water. oF, oF 37 37 2,045,000 | 65 63 27 27 1,149,000 | 69 64 15 15 623,000} 65 64 18 18 998,000 | 64 63 89 39 2,003,000 | 63 62 84 84 4,764,000] 75 63 46 46 2,486,000 | 71 64 29 29 1,581,000 | 72 64 17 17 953,000 | 65 64 20 20 861, 000 65 64 43 43 2,118,000] 62 62 24 24 1, 240, 000 64 60 3 30 1,729,000] 69 59 24 24 957, 000 73 60 22 22 1,256,000 | 66 61 2 2 129, 000 62 61 62 | 62 - 2, 578, 000 81 64 40 40 1,878,000} 75 65 32 | 32 1, 182, 000 81 67 611 | 611 30, 521, 000 BATTERY ISLAND STATION, MARYLAND (W. DE C. RAVENEL, SUPERINTENDENT). Preparations for the conduct of the propagation of the shad were commenced in the early part of April. The auxiliary station on the mainland in the vicinity of the railroad station at Havre de Grace, which had been used for several years on account of the facilities it - furnished for the transfer of eggs and fry to the messenger force of the Commission, was abandoned, owing to the limited funds available for the work on the Susquehanna River, and the operations were confined to the Battery Island Station. In lieu of the auxiliary station, two serviceable launches were furnished, which permitted the shipments of eges and fry to be properly made, and also allowed the seines and gill nets to the eastward of the island to be more readily attended. A small force, under the direction of Alexander Jones, fish-cultur- ist, commenced early in April to get the hatchery equipped and the boats and other apparatus in order. On April 21 the spawn-taking force, 18 in number, was employed, and the collection of eggs com- menced. From this date to May 31 the work was actively pushed, though the force was materially reduced on May 25, owing to the inter- ruption to the collection of eggs occasioned*by the heavy freshet pre- vailing in the river. The result of the season’s work was 53,556,000 eggs, from which were obtained 32,616,000 fry, in addition to 7,595,000 partially-developed eggs which were transferred to the cars to be ‘ XXX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. hatched en route to distant waters. The fry were unusually strong and stood transportation well, due, to some extent, to the low temperature of the water during April and part of May. The temperature from April 15 to April 30 was much below that of any previous season recorded at the station, averaging 49° F. The take of eggs, however, was about the same as in 1889 and 1890, when the average temperature during corresponding periods was 57° and 56°, respectively. The catch of shad at the head of the bay was the best for several ‘years, particularly with gillnets between Battery and Pools islands; and but for the two freshets during the season, the one occurring on May 7, when the fishing was at its best, and the other on May 20 and lasting for eight days, the number of eggs collected would unquestion- ably have been greater than in any previous year, possibly excepting 1888. The following table exhibits the take of eggs, etc., during the season: } | lie P Noon tem- | re : Noon tem- a | Fish stripped. Number of| peratures. | at; Fish stripped. | Number of| peratures. ‘|= —_— ———_—_—_— egys. — rpchese —$————————— eggs. CN Male. |Female. =e Air. |Water.* Male. |Female. a Air. |Water.* } == | t| i | 1892. oF. | OF. 1892. OF soe Apr. 21 8 8 282, 000 46 47 || May 13 84 84 2,316, 000 62 65 Apr. 22 4 4 106, 000 51 49 || Mayi4 85 85 2,771, 000 57 58 Apr. 23 2 2 63, 000 55 51 |} May15 10 10 331, 000 63 61 Apr. 25 18 18 761, 000 44 48 || May16 67 67 2, 721, 000 72 66 Apr. 26 25 25 733, 000 52 2 || May17 69 69 2, 3879, 000 72 65 Apr. 27 3 31 1, 101, 000 56 53 || May 18 28 28 1, 153, 000 67 65 Apr. 28 120 120 4, 643, 000 59 55 || May 19 8 | 8 198, 000 66 69 Apr. 29° 98 98 5, 071, 000 56 Spy a PAVED Bea 5 em onae- fost athic oes 67 66 Apr. 30 63 63 2, 949, 000 56 56 || May 21 1 | 1 28, 000 56 60 May 1 49 49 1, 673, 000 62 58 ||| Miay-22) jens. Nereis tata Sete fore Sn ps eermere ts 58 60 May 2 1382 132 4, 767, 000 71 62 || May 23 21 2 48, 000 60 59 May 3 95 95 | 3,869,000 | 72 68 || May 24 |.....-- ear tegee ae eS 62 | 59 May 4 232 232 6, 637, 000 65 (ayer fu 7245) | ei Selle eee Boer cs 65 60 May 5 28 28 | 1,455,000] 62 654|| Mary 26%) hoo Sermo | ees \ 271 eee May 6 38 38 1, 346, 000 52 62 || May 27 17 17 526,000 | 66 68 May 7 2 2 101, 000 65 66 || May 28 3 3 100,000 | 62 64 May 8 3 3 257, 000 60 60 || May 29 6 6 225, 000 | 68 64 May 9 19 19 766, 000 62 63 || May 30 15 15 529,000 | 69 66 May 10 21 21 863, 000 63 3 || May 31 20 20 610, 000 71 68° May 11 25 25 879, 000 65 66 May 12 32 2 1, 299, 600 60 60 1, 460 1,460 | 53, 556, 000 *At surface. Striped bass were caught in large quantities during the early part of the season, and efforts to obtain their spawn were made, but without success. Occasionally a ripe female is found, but only about once in six years are both sexes found together in condition for spawning. Sev-- eral attempts were made to impregnate the eggs of the shad with the milt of the striped bass, but unsuccessfully. In every instance observed by Mr. Ravenel eggs so treated have failed to hatch. The title to Battery Island was vested in the United States by deed from Mr. T. B. Ferguson, bearing date of July 11, 1891, and the con- sideration therefor passed July 15, 1891. az we . REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXI BRYAN Point STATION, MARYLAND (S. G. WORTH, SUPERINTENDENT), The propagation of the shad of the Potomac River had for a number of seasons past been conducted at the military reservation at Fort Washington, Md., under authority granted by the Secretary of War, and the use of the unoccupied buildings and other facilities of the place permitted the work to be done advantageously and economically. The expense also of caring for the equipment of the station from sea- son to season was avoided through the courtesy of the custodian of the reservation, Ordnance-Sergeant Joyce, U.S. Army, by whom many acts of voluntary assistanve were also rendered. Shortly after the close of the season of 1891 preparations were made by: the War Department for the construction of a new battery. A large wharf for the receipt of material was built near the middle of the seine-haul, and the use of the buildings occupied by the Commis- sion was withdrawn, as they were needed by the construction force. It therefore became evident that if the propagation of the shad of the Potemac was to be continued another site for a station must be secured. Accordingly, on November 30, 1891, the Commissioner appointed a committee, consisting of Mr.S. G. Worth, superintendent in charge of the Commission’s work on the Potomac River; Mr. C. E. Gorham, the civil engineer of the Commission, and Mr. L. G. Harron, seine captain, to make an investigation with the view of obtaining a suitable location. The committee recommended Bryan Point, situ- ated on the Maryland side of the river at the junction of Accokeek Creek, about 2 miles below Fort Washington, and a lease of the same for five years, at an annual rental of $100, together with an option for the purchase of the property within the period at $1,300, was made with the owner, Mr. F. Snowden Hill, of Baltimore, Md. _ On March 9, 1892, the removal of the equipment and certain small buildings from Fort Washington to Bryan Point was commenced. The buildings transferred were a small hatchery, a boiler and pump house, and a small quarters building for the use of the seine captain. These were supplemented by the repair of several dilapidated struc- tures belonging to the property, consistin g of a large boat shed, which was utilized for boat and general storage, and quarters for the seine- haulers. The frame of another building was made use of to provide a mess room, to which was joined a part of another old building to serve as a kitchen. A wharf 10 feet wide and running out 132 feet to water 10 feet deep at ordinary low tide was built. The removal of the buildings and boiler from Fort Washington was . very difficult, but was accomplished and the buildings set up at Bryan Point in good order, the boiler being transferred and put in place with- out even disturbing its asbestus covering. The work was done under the direction of Lieut. Robert Platt and Mate J. A. Smith, of the Wish Hawk, with the aid of the vessel crew and the use of a small scow kindly ioaned for the purpose by Maj. C. E, L. B. Davis, Corps of XXXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. e Engineers, in charge of the Army construction work at Fort Washing- ton. The removal from Fort Washington was commenced April 5 and completed in about six days. In this connection attention is called to the intelligent and energetic aid given by Lieut. Platt and Mate Smith in all this work. The station not being owned by the Government, no expenditure for a building for the office and spawn-taking force was made. Accommodations, however, were provided through tle courtesy of Gen. Albert Ordway, commanding the District of Columbia Militia, who loaned 5 hospital and 11 wall tents. The station was laid out and staked off by Mr. Worth and Mr. Harron without the aid of an engineer, and in this matter, as also in the transfer and successful opening and operation of the station, they deserve much credit. The thanks of the Commission are also due to Mr. James Bryan, the owner of the adjacent property, for the cordial support extended by him to the work. Bryan Point is central to the egg-producing area of the river, and affords a proper shore for the operation of a seine for the collection of ~ parent fish. The water is deep and well adapted for the development of eggs, also allowing the landing of river steamers for the delivery of the station supplies and the shipment of the station’s product. The facilities for the construction of rearing ponds are excellent and the water supply from Accokeek Creek ample. Disappointment was experienced in the seine operations, owing to the foul state of the berth, which had been lying idle for ten years and had become filled with sunken logs. By unflagging effort the obstructions were finally removed, cords of logs and stumps being pulled ashore. The first eggs were taken by the station seine on April 16 and the next on the 20th, both lots being placed in the river and not included in the following tabie of shipments. Besides the shipments 68,000 eggs obtained from the Stony Point seine were lost May 5 by the breaking of a jar. Noeggs were hatched at the station, owing to the continuance throughout the season of the work necessary to adjust the station. The following table exhibits the shipments of eggs made to Central Station, as also the sources of supply: From seines at— ee eT a From Date. ay, : Total. ¥ oto rn . * . Bryal Chapman. Seely Tulip Hill. gillers May 436 0008 Econo ce mos 26, 000 461, 000 1, 498, 000 2, 421, 000 3 DSINGOOM cae aereees [octet ae eel ntee ree ae ole ogden 231, 000 SAF000n| eee eee ee 694, 000 397,000 | 1,175, 000 362, 000 147, 000 181, 000 432, 000 1, 035, 000 2, 157, 000 142, 000 77, 000 465, 000 232, 000 264, 000 1, 180, 000 194, 000 42, 000 327, 000 327, 000 527, 000 1, 417, 000 186, 000 1467 000)||Paoctinct cme 121, 000 354, 000 807, 000 110, 000 IDOE eee igascad aagacacaccrs: 93, 000 329, 000 50/000) is cote Soo) stew ae memceelee cope eee 432, 000 482, 000 21, 000 TPA UN el eis Seer ec 164, 000 399, 000 706, 000 Bee aoe AS = N00 n\ase= aes 32, 000 591, 900 668, 000 Sas RN ogee 2A OOOM RE see seen 40, 000 566, 000 630, 000 255 3 per a esto Se leicats cpl oae eae he seers 331, 000 331, 000 eae e oo ose 69.000) \'5-28 Ss. aces anes eee ee 210, 000 279, 000 Se ie Fe Focwta ania cen Mr | cee cere Ranta es Shs chee ete 565, 000 565, 000 Motalse mascot acids « 1, 816, 000 | 798, 000 | 999, 000 2, 503, 000 7, 262, 000 13, 378, 000 > ee P —— — | aw Sy REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXIII Of the eggs secured from gillers, there were obtained from the men fishing off Moxley and Bryan Points 4,899,000; White House, 1,587,000; and Mount Vernon Flats, 776,000, the first being the product from 11 gillers, the second from 10, and the third from 1. This season’s collection of eggs was the smallest of any year since the commencement of the work on the Potomac River, though the quality of the eggs was better than usual. Shad were very scarce; one of the largest seines caught but 32,000 as against 52,000 in 1891, 66,000 in 1890, and 72,000 in 1889. The Commis- sioner’s seine caught but 1,052, but this is of no value for comparison for reasons already stated. A fair standard can be arrived at by a comparison of the number of eggs obtained from gillers during the Seasons mentioned below, from 1888 to 1892: Moxley | White House Point gillers. gillers. Total. Season. 20, 007, 000 7, 820, 000 27, 827, 000 15, 726, 000 4, 705, 000 20, 431, 000 13, 114, 000 4, 886, 000 18, 000, 000 4, 899, 000 1, 587, 000 6, 486, 000 As regards the weather, it may be said that few such bad springs are known in this latitude, The prevailing winds were from the west and northwest, from which latter point a blow set in on March 10 and lasted for a week. What effect the weather had on the run of shad does not appear quite clear. At Battery Island Station on the Sus- quehanna River the temperature of the water was lower than at Bryan Point, yet at the former place the catch of shad and production of eggs was very good. The condition of the Potomac River was the same as during the two previous seasons, clear, resulting in a poor eatch. During the seasons of 1887 to 1889 it was the opposite, with numerous freshets, and greatly increased catch. The fact that more fish can be caught in stained than in clear water is scarcely a sufficient reason for this difference, nor does a comparison of the water tempera- tures afford any further light on the subject. During the three freshet seasons the yield of eggs was 59,435,000, 81,117,000, and 58,233,000, respectively, an average per year of 66,282,000; and during the seasons of clear water 34,865,000, 32,445,000, and 13,446,000, respectively, an average per year of 26,918,000. The water temperatures during these seasons were as follows: 1888. 1889. | 1890. | 1891. 1892. x o or ce ¢ a es Bor) oa cr oa — XXXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. As showing the fluctuations in the yields of eggs on the Potomac River the table below will prove of interest: Table of Potomac River shad-egg production, by localities and years, 1880-92. Sources. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. loa ibe sBaneaeoeapooasen = PAIR Oa CU eco Selacie| lsaemncuane Gunston and Pomonkey ...|.---...---|43, 200, 000).---...--. Moxley Point seine ---.---- 15, 800, 000 Bryan Point seine. .-.-.-- pet 6, 000, 000 lito Viel MyeAKON GONE) Soca be oseoased|eSesooe ase secncoeees 1, 089, an 6, 000, 000) 7, 280,000) 11, 848, 000 Ghapmanveowip SeinG= sami = |h mescaline tee ote elm stent aie 1, 097, 000 SRE ce 1,610,000) 5, 506, 000 lary Wp mG hhies Sern) soon co |aaseedsosa|ssesoenoodeacces acco Boley OOO Mee neater 2,536,000, 4, 349, 000 NVNIteLOUSe SCINE=-%252s2 loose Sec se elocriocee Geel se eae cee 5) S15, 000\ S252 jee alee aera 1, 487, 000 (GHIIGHES) Sa Cane eee ea PME iene STD ci atl MAREE 8 5, 943, 000 10, 000, 000) 5,361,000) 10, 981, 000 (OED. EOI apes Eeeteonoo[ PAUeeOaoly Besa Heroes |ssppoaneeo Seaaorr sas 3; 000; 000)s2555-22 25 eee eee (CeGGInNeIy San@ sb esescoodsel lbesdaeasodbeoosssecd\eetonssegd|ssescaasorlsscboss 255 02, 000 | ee ater [POI Wey SOIR os sansSsenl|Sadsorsens|ssdooe send lgesandSsodlsssoSescaglseasoaecoc 333; 000) peace eee “Ler Le CliMENONOG VE none eol| se noaoe velloeses Seqen|sosbcsonos||psonseocodonsstaodex (COGN O00 | ee crcresetes SHGa yy CONG) -son6og sd |Sosmsede collbassonsasd Sede osescosessonsss6 Senco Ssase|Ssssss555- 2, 191, 000 Liye Bers Secdeomcccse 20, 749, 000/43, 200, 000/21, 800, 000/24, 274, 000 19, 000, 000 22, 576, 000} 36, 362, 000 Sources. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. Total. Nndefiniter..=='\--=-+2-2--)2= 385479) 000| ease taal seem cetines [epee ole mints ean ere = aoe ieee 59, 228, 000 Crnstonvand Pomomkey tj o-|macaee seal ene aoe seal see eee eee aes pe ee eee eae Se eseeces 43, 200, 000 Moxlex eR oil seiner. =f =|-c emir 18, 828, 000} 8, 987, 000) 1,078, 000|..........|..--..---- 56, 439, 000 Moxley Point pillers -5.----)2..: 22... 20, 007, 000)15, 726, 000).---...... 113, 114, 000) 4, 899, 000) 52, 746, 000 Liyang Gi eieeao Sooccdll>sad—somse|snanbeoaadiscaaa gest | acacia EOC Spe oe 1,816,000) 7,816, 000 Fort Washington seine -.-.|20, 956, 000 22, 657, 000/17, 738, 00010, 224, 000) 5, 878, 000|..-.------ 108, 170, 000 Chapman Point seine ..-- 1, 723, 000} 6, 834, 000; 2, 842, 000) 1,660,000; 798,000} 22, 070, 000 Ferry Landing seine -..----- sate 2, 250, OOO ELT ORO). Sear ee a Se cee epee cera eat 14, 164, 000 MWVshih OPEL OUSE BEING AS -ia-oae7 zt sic he loa eseereeee alentocet ose leauseee ree [ars ee | ae —--| 6,802, 000 Galars ss esc sak atleies Saas | See secs tell Wasim asec cen Seinen ien 17, 223, ou Falah laf orate eters inie eee 49, 508, 000 Opberisemess.-= = 52022 = See tosh cele eewe tenet SAS ee 3 ee cemeteries 3, 000, 000 CUESUW AIS CINE acrc sabe sos! |tey ec erere |b apieae oe eu Sasa an eee eee ee oe lee mete 432, 000 OMOnKeyASeIN Oh :ae soe seis elas cesie oaiee| Co eeo aisle] ste eee rela eel nesters ee eet ores ee eee 333, 000 sLenteban dine Seine -cece. allies ae cafes eee | ieee serene ecto See ch eeecaltincom eee 796, 000 SLOMy,-Oimtiseime=.--ces---|2---esscee 838-000! Se cea eo ete et oeeeeee | 1, 067, 000 4, 096, 000 ihip HOM SeinG==- oe c0| = es == =|); 0405 O00|E secam a= 3, 835, 000) 4,231, 000) 2,503,000) 13, 909, 000 White. Houseillers.-i2ote-|-2scuce== 4,820,000) 4,705, 000} 5-=-- 22. - | 4, cee 000) 1, 587, 000) 18, 998, 000 Sandy Bar gillers........-..|......---- Bails O00 POY 2G COO 0am era ee ee eee |e eee 6, 240, 000 eLearn ay OUllens sam Saeco Mea ocd Pee eee eae Rene mee an cies 2503; O00| Resse see 2, 503, 000 Craney Isl amd al Gee aaa es emseric| BRocaSesnal Mea censee mecesecase i208: 000M eanoeeaee 1, 208, 000 Mount Vernon Flats giller 3.| SPREE SES Eee Beem aalh Me iscetecn cal neh e cheetes ence ioases 776, 000 776, 000 Worl Soceno sack oe sete '54, 435, 000 81, 177, 000 58, 233, 000 35, 202, 000 32, 980, 000/13, 446, 000) 468, 434, 000 | During many years it has been observed that the eggs secured from certain seines have developed badly, notably in those obtained from the Stony Point fishery. The seine at this fishery is probably the largest in the world, being 14 miles long and sweeping on each ebb tide an area of 3 square miles. Great numbers of spawning shad are caught there, but the quality of eggs was so poor as to cause dissatisfaction both to the proprietor of the shore and to the Fish Commission’s employés. The greater the take of eggs the greater the disappoint- ment when the eggs were measured for payment, and as a consequence it was deemed oui to greatly intermit the attendance on the shore. During the season Mr. Worth personally investigated the matter and attended the hauls as often as other work would permit, stripping the fish himself. He discovered that no eggs could be depended upon which were found in partially spent fish, and thatit was unprofitable to devote time to that class of spawners, however numerous. He then gave his attention only to those fish which were found by actual handling REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXV to be plump and full-roed, and made a gain in quality of 50 to 75 per cent. The application of this principle was not infallible, however, as the eggs in some of the shad were dead, a condition not always. dis- cernible at the time of stripping. It is recommended that the gillers of Occoquan Bay, Mattawoman Creek, and Craney Island flats, where about 30 boats with good outfits operate in shoal water, be attended with as much regularity as those nearer the station, as these latter, owing to the poor condition of their equipments, would not be able to catch many fish were they ever so abundant. The hatching of the white perch should also have some attention. During the season the station’s seine caught between 200 and 300 large fish containing full roes, with some of the eggs in excellent condition for impregnation, but attempts to fertilize them were unsuccessful, Their propagation could probably be successfully accomplished by digging shallow right-angled trenches in the ground near the hatchery tank, flooring the bottoms and making partitions or walls with old reofing slates, and then keeping them filled with the river water, transferring the fish into the subdivisions by pairs (male and female). When the slates are found to be covered with eggs, the parent fish could be removed and returned to the river. These recommendations are based upon observations made in the distribution of the perch, the eggs of _which are often seen adhering to the sides of the distributing cans. CENTRAL STATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. (S. G. WORTH, SUPERINTENDENT). As in previous years, the hatching of the eggs of the shad secured in the Potomac River was conducted at this station. While the num- ber received was small, for reasons stated in the Bryan Point Station report, the quality was better than ever before known. The following table gives a comparison of the development of the eggs of the shad secured on the Potomac River during the past eight years: Losses. Shipped Received ; = Gar from collect-| at Central pe es xe In transfer. Hatching. ing station, Station. y ppc; es - oe = Number. | Per cent.| Number. | Per cent. Ich) tee eo etee 21, 019, 000 16, 581, 000 14,791,000 | 4,438, 000 21,11 1, 790, 000 10. 80 LALOR Se aBpomes 33, 254, 000 28, 260, 000 26,560,000 | 4,994, 000 15. 00 1, 700, 000 6. 02 LS) Seecorcier 54, 979, 000 45, 450, 000 44,736,000 | 9,529, 000 17. 83 714, 000 1. 60 JET eee eae 70, 249, 000 58, 151, (00 53,015,000 | 12, 098, 000 17, 22 5, 1386, 000 8.33 TSAO MESS. S08. 54,954,000 | 47, 254, 000 34,501,000 | 7,700, 000 14.00 | 12,753, 000 27. 00 GE) Seer eee 34, 446, 000 29, 884, 000 26, 812, 000 4, 562, 000 13. 26 3, 072, 000 10, 28 LEU Gear lee 32, 448, 000 26, 940, 000 23,172,000 | 5, 508, 000 16,62 | 38,768,000 14, 00 Ut A Ee eee 13, 378, 000 12, 698, 000 1}, 880, 000 680, W090 5. 00 818, 000 6.44 As in several years past, the eggs were placed on trays and trans- ferred from the collecting station to Central Station by steamer. The field stations being from 12 to 14 miles below Washington, the eggs were thus kept out of water several hours, XXXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The other kinds of fish hatched at this station were: é Number of Kind. neaaber Whence received. fry pro- Of S888: duced. ViGhir BQ ae are Por SaaS oooe ne Srcooe ot 20,000 | Northville Station ..--.-.-.-...--...-: 18, 454 AD) Oteraet se ere aia ecie iare tee eee ie mete aCe 4 OLS | Germany yrs aoe a ata miaiercioere sion as eee 3, 524 PVANILeHAN 2 hee ese cares Meee ace sere at 314,000) “Alpena Statione= =. =o om sense. seo 313, 000 There were also received at the station and distributed therefrom the following yearling and adult fish: Kind. ee ; Whence received. ei Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) - 76)" Pish Ponds Was hin stom 0) Comes ecesee ao eee 7 1,300 OSS eae cera e ees 1,248 || Quincy Station; Tilinodis)- =. -=s2 5-6... eee ee ; : Catfish, spoonbill --........2< Ose lee Git ao SES RE Le oars ole oe a eee Soe ee 3 (Ohno, S(Galle\ See sbSdecereees 60, 860 | Fish Ponds, Washington, D.C ----......-----....- 58, 595 Carp, penis OlWeLeeasenicsisees OOO See se Bg aE) nc Datsciadsia’s wba ayia Bee oh reste tees ene he See 2,500 Chi os Gh iiGy Seto asesodoecse OV O04 eseste O sensed se Sao gw aS Ree on aparece eacaee ene Gans: leather, blue...-....... GBe | eacee GO es Bos Lae ta peo el vee eee ee See ene | : 86, 244 EOS Nie ne =. he cecidoe cones © NOW Gileemene Os Sahat eR seer ree oe Oe oar ak eee ; AOD oa sete ace este ciieas ke id: Neosho: station Missouriee 1.22 ct soc aee celal 15, 161 ED) Oe eet afrais Siero serene 5,300 | Wytheville Station, Virginia .-...-.-2...2.-£-5--- Goldennidercn hi-res of ace 2,901 | Fish Ponds, Washington, D.C .......----=-----5-- 2,901 PHONG ys eaeeosec cece eceec wees ON695 soe ese Oars So Ee een a Seg ae Res ee ee 15. 675 TD Ye) 54 5 Seahee see SB 2 6,300 | Neosho Station, Missouri.............---s2.-.---- ep Rainbow trout .-......-.---- 2,560 | Wytheville Station, Virginia..........-..-...-.... 2, 445 LETT O CMA SaaS ens Sandee See 30M Quincy, Station: ulin Olsen ede cem ele eee ees 28 Yellow or ring perch ....---- BML Ie ae WO2hen so ctae Sees See Sei ee eee ee acer 1,770 FeailvePeUVChisc2 eels. -isteee ee Sith MAB RAR Ae: CaaS Dene Tei ree TeretS aR ae Sa | 37 BIACKS DANS Hesse aciis esse ces O26) 225 2 Ose cae ob) Aedes Semice See see ee ee ae eee | ? DOSS -kae rocco sccesee 2155) Wytheville Station, Virgitia--..-2)ooj2es-c.- 22-8 3, 048 Ones ce acts Oe et ee Se 1,900:.| Neosho Station, Missouri........20.--2.--2.2.----- White bass 33 | Quincy Station, Illinois ............:..-..-s.22--- | 26 Crappletssasen sco Le eee eee eee Pea, ha merte Os vows eases oe ieee a ince Coenen | 805 Rock bass ...-...-- : ea -|) WOU Soe 2,532 | Wytheville Station, Virgini s----[ 4 7 779 Do... : 5, 168 | Neosho Station Missouri 2 s-.+ 0s oe) eee ese (co aatle Dor. 300) |) KishPonds: Wiashine ton; D> Co. se. ene eee a} Sunfish - - SBSNiweniks LO 2 rare irre rete oe Ae nell Nearer ee a 571 Woks eresascee Osha Wincy! Station MLMnoiseeane eaecenran eee se neenenee | ; au CAMA Meee setae th aise oo enie toe ween eee COR sess aes ed ise Sae eae eee eS | 5 IDM yuh SE ee Renae scoe re sae SBlece cee MO S22 Mose Sasich sais sation a. aCe eee | 8 Birnilesh ssh e st co osone ere ecse st Daleenete aie i Ms Se ee RR ae BN een ats | 2 There were also received from the Wytheville Station two lots of eggs of the rainbow trout, 20,000 and 30,000, respectively, which were forwarded to France and the United States of Colombia. In addition to its fish-cultural work this station serves as the pur- chasing and shipping agency for many of the supplies of all the other stations of the Commission, also as the freight receiving and shipping office of the general offices, and the custody of the distribution equip- ment. During the current year much of the time of its employés has been consumed in assisting in the preparation of the Commission’s exhibit for the World’s Columbian Exposition. Considerable attention was given to experiments in keeping fishes alive in standing water aérated by spray atomizers. Very encourag- ing results were obtained in holding yearling trout, one of the species most difficult to thus care for. Owing to the insufficiency of the air supply under pressure, conclusions could not be reached. Enough was learned, however, to warrant the belief that by this method the trans- portation of fish can be made more uniformly successful as well as al REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXVII more simple and economical. Thesystem may also prove to be capable - of practical application to aquaria, doing away with the necessity of new-water circulation. The idea is to atomize the water in a vessel under an inverted cylinder so as to return the aérated water without evaporation, and to cause the waste air used in atomizing to pass through the water of the vessel, thereby imparting to it additional oxygen. The water which is atomized is drawn from the bottom of the vessel, thus inducing circulation. In experiments made in 1889 it was found that one atomizer would aérate 100 gallons in twenty-four hours under 10 pounds air pressure. This method is free from the objection found in the use of nozzle jets, which cover the bodies of the fish with air bubbles. It can also, probably, be made applicable in the move- ment of fry, which can not be done with the first method. lish PONDS, WASHINGTON, D. C.(R. HESSEL, SUPERINTENDENT). In addition to the propagation of the carps, tench, golden ide, and goldfish, and the rearing of the shad, the culture of the black bass and the spotted catfish was also undertaken. The distribution of the prod- uct of the station was made through Central Station, the work having been commenced in November. Carp.—tThe fish distributed in the fall of 1891 were reared in two large and two small ponds, the product being: CAL HeW GAL Die cata. ca Saaeion coe oe a Seiaeiete ASa Oa ba le aes 94, 000 iBlueteather carplas2cb see con osete see eve ne Soe Sena gee ee es 2, 630 IC ALO Ca DD wcrc pees oes ia tytn ER a Perec omc Ah ete 54, 800 Pe lae SCale Car pr saa Sack Sob: Sine don Saint pein PONE oe ote 6, 560 ANOVA emer ae ion are ape caine sh he wide te Lue vee Sel 157, 490 The arrangements necessary for the spawning of this and the other species of fish propagated at this station were changed from previous years owing to the attention given to the black bass and spotted eat- fish, and the pond space formerly allotted to the carp was reduced. The stock of large breeding fish was placed in the ponds about the middle of May, 1892, and a few days after they gave the first indications of spawning, which quickly followed. The eggs developed rapidly and three days after their appearance the dark spots were plainly visible, and on the fourth and fifth days the young appeared in consid- erable numbers. Large quantities of eggs secured from the other breed- ing fish were also placed in the ponds in proper beds, and they also rapidly developed. The growth of the young was not so rapid as in the preceding season. The cause of this is ascribed to the cool nights of May, which lowered the temperature of the water and thereby retarded their growth. Tench.—The product of this species for the summer of 1891 was 9,600, the fish being reared in four small ponds. In 1892 they were confined to two ponds. They commenced to spawn the early part of June, sparingly in one, but abundantly in the other, with a fair prospect XXXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. of satisfactory results, though it is impossible to estimate the number, owing to the habit of the fish of keeping close to the bottom of the ponds. Golden ides.—The number of this species raised was 3,400, the distri- bution of which was commenced in the early part of November, 1891. On April 13, 1892, they spawned in two ponds, and the prospect for an early and fair result was good. The eggs, however, had been depos- ited on the water plants near the surface of the water when one night’s frost, making ice one-half inch thick, killed them all. Goldfish—Farly in May, 1891, the ponds were well stocked with healthy brood fish. The temperature of the summer of 1891 was lower than for several seasons, making the water too cool and causing a scarcity of live food. Efforts to replace this by artificial means met with no good result, a large number of the fish dying, and the sur- vivors being unthrifty. Many also failed to attain their golden color. The product was about 10,708. Immediately after the emptying of the ponds in the fall they were carefully cleaned, especial care being taken to destroy all injurious fish, crustaceans, and vermin. Early in April, 1892, 10 ponds were stocked with the brood fish, partly with the Japanese and partly with the ordinary variety. Spawning began May 8 and on May 18 and 19 a few additional spawning beds were placed in the dif- ferent ponds. The low temperature of the season, however, as in the case of the carp, greatly retarded the growth of the young brood. Shad.—In April, 1891, there were placed in the west pond (63 acres surface area) 2,054,000 fry of the shad. They thrived marvelously well, finding abundance of suitable food about the water-grasses (Daphnia, Cyclops, ete.), and in July quantities of Gammarus pulex. Constant care had to be given to freeing the pond from obnoxious weeds, intro- duced and disseminated by the great flood of 1889, and which greatly interfered with the proper growth of such plants as were advantageous to the culture of the fish. As illustrative of the density of the vegeta- tion caused by the overflow mentioned, from the one pond where the shad were reared not less than 600 and from the north pond some 400 cart loads of these weeds were removed. Theirrapid growth and early decay rendering the water unwholesome, necessitated their prompt destruction. The result of the rearing of the shad was very gratifying, and in November, when they were released in the Potomac River, a very large percentage of the fry had reached a length of from 3 to 4 inches. An extremely conservative estimate of the number released is not less than 1,000,000. On May 9 and 10, 1892, consignments of fry aggregating 1,989,000 were sent from Central Station and placed in the west pond. Black bass.—As before indicated, during this year was inaugurated the first systematic effort at this station for the propagation of the black bass. In the fall of 1891 there were received from the Neosho Station 173 specimens of this fish, which were placed in the north pond. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXIX Thirty of the consignment were subsequently transferred to the Wythe- ville Station. On their arrival at the fish ponds the fish were appar- ently in excellent condition, but some died shortly afterwards and others in quick succession, and but 13 strong, healthy specimens were left. A careful investigation showed that the fish had been injured by the jolting of the cars while in transit from Neosho to Washington, oroken points of fins being found in their bodies, showing that during their close contact and long confinement they had wounded one another. These wounds produced sores which soon became moreand more inflamed and caused death in a short time. Two fish, weighing 24 pounds each, were subsequently procured from Mr. Samuel Einstein, of the health office, District of Columbia. These 15 fish commenced to spawn about May 18, but the muddiness of the water, caused by constant rains, pre- vented regular and daily observations. On May 30 the young were seen for the first time, and their innate voracity was shown by their attacks on tadpoles and other animal life that came within their reach. At first food was furnished in the shape of frog and toad spawn, later in that of chopped and live fish, 20 to 30 pounds being supplied them daily. Their appetite was unappeasable, apparently; the more they were fed the hungrier they seemed to become. As they grew older their voracity knew no bounds, and in the absence of other food they hesitated not to devour each other. This trait undoubtedly will cause a reduction in the number that will be available for distribution in the fall. Spotted catfish.—There were also received from the Neosho Station 30 specimens of the spotted catfish for a brood stock. These were held during the winter in one of the small ponds and in March, 1892, transferred to the south pond, which had an abundant and favorable vegetation and a depth of 2 to 5 feet. They immediately disap- peared and no glimpse was had of them, even at the feeding hour (they apparently preferred feeding at night), nor was there any knowledge of the existence of their eggs till May 29, when their young were noticed for the first time. From that date they were seen in considerable numbers. They were fed daily and a good result may be expected. WYTHEVILLE STATION, VIRGINIA (GEORGE A. SEAGLE, SUPRRINTENDENT). The work of this station was confined to the propagation and rear- ing of the rainbow trout, black-spotted trout, carp, black bass, rock bass and goldfish. Rainbow trout.—The station has about 2,500 breeding rainbow trout, of which probably 35 to 40 per cent do not spawn each year. The spawning season began November 10 and ended March 20, during which time 491,000 eggs were collected. Of these, 154,500 were trans- ferred to other hatcheries, national, State, private, and foreign, and the remainder, 536,500, held at the station for incubation, producing 147,500 fry. The loss during incubation, 189,000, was greater than usual, due mainly to a period of muddy water. There was also a larger XL REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. number of the hard, “‘ glassy ” eggs. There was a further loss up to the end of the fiscal year in the fry and young fish of 27,500, leaving 120,000 fish, from 4 to6 months old, to be reared for distribution in the fall of 1892. The distribution of the young fish brought over from the preceding year was begun December 22, and finished February 18, the whole, with the exception of three shipments of 50 each, being done by car No. 2, in charge of Mr. Giles H. Lambson. The number distributed was 49,670. In addition, 122 adult fish were planted, 115 being placed jo local waters. Black-spotted trout.—There remain of this species about 200 two-year- old fish, the survivors of the fish produced from the consignment of 5,000 eggs received from the Leadville station July 29, 1890. Black bass——The year opened with 810 bass, all young with the exception of two spawners. At the end of the year the whole stock was estimated at 1,200. But 215 yearling fish were distributed during the year. Rock bass—On October 10 the ponds were drawn for the purpose of bringing together, ready for assignment, the rock bass, carp, and goldfish, the first shipment being made November 3. The number of rock bass, of a season’s growth, distributed were 15,182. Carp.—The number of yearling carp distributed was 4,395, of which number 1,260 were released in Reed Creek, alocal stream. In addition, 90 breeders, from 3 to 6 years old, were supplied to applicants in Bland and Wythe counties, Va. Goldfish.—The number of goldfish distributed was 6,915, of which 5,300 were consigned to Central Station for shipment to applicants from Washington. On July 1, 1892, the kinds and numbers of fish retained at the station were as follows: Rainbows. trout (counted \ee:5 - Sa. sc- se cece ee eee areas 120, 000 Biack-spotted drouti(counted) ans. 9. == eee ee eee 200 Black bass (estimated) esses eek coos aoe eee ee eeeees 1, 200 Inock bass, (estimated) i282 oar Aer eae re wee 0 ree ar 15, 000 @arprtestima ted) 2.2 ses pao cere ees ee ke ae 8, 000 Goldtishn(estimabed) ie sA2 sak ee 2 sere eas eee eee eu aeerarane 6, 000 PutT-IN Bay STATION, OHIO (J. J. STRANAHAN, SUPERINTENDENT). The work at this station, as in previous years, was mainly with the whitefish and pike perch, some experimental work being done in the cultivation of the lake herring and the crossing of the lake herring with the whitefish. Whitefish.—The first eggs, about 300,000, were obtained November 4, being taken at the fishery at North Bass. During the early part of the spawn-taking period the season was favorable, but the run of fish was light; as the period approached when we expected to secure our largest yield of eggs, heavy gales prevailed, which injured many of the \ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLI nets and drove the fish from their spawning-grounds. The collecting of eggs ceased on November 21. During the heavy gale from the south- west on November 17, the new suction pipe, which had been placed 150 feet out in the lake, parted about 70 feet from the shore, and as the heavy wind had forced the water down the lake both the old and new suction pipes were exposed, thus preventing pumping and leaving the hatchery without water supply, other than that held in the tanks, for ten hours. On the 23d of November a similar storm had a like effect on the water supply. The collecting fields and the number of eggs taken at each were: Monroe and West Sister Island (delivered at Toledo) ... 5, 256, 000 Leone OMT AT 0) tags ae kart Rea ee rues eS carey Sani OUR Rasa gE 12, 528, 000 Catawbagislandsnsse-ct 8 ose ss ae seco toe to Esko. s 2,592, 000 GG els am clears Sean ya tia cre tetian a eager I ron, rants 3, 708, 000 Eh Gc Baseielands Jcncte wn ene aas Gaeta 2 see ae an 4. Bo OOO Ota er seus wae an Gomes obs SoLeep Uaeee ee bas 66, 816, 000 Of these eggs there were delivered to the superintendent of the San- dusky station of the Ohio Fish Commission (November 7-25), 8,000,000; to the superintendent of the Erie station of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission (November 7-25), 12,500,000, and forwarded to the U.S. Fish Commission station at Duluth (February 26), 12,000,600; making a total of 32,500,000. The remainder were hatched out at the station and the fry placed in Lake Erie. The plantings were made from April 4-10, as follows: NearsNorth! bass islandy sacs. sherta cata comes eeu an tee see 1, 000, 000 Near hattlesnakestsland 2.2025 2 Oreo - Se e ee- og 750, 000 Near Middlésbassel sland ss. 357)... /8 occ ede cee. oes 1, 000, 000 NearsKellevelslatdsy = keane soso sees syoh sac aert: See Sse 1, 000, 000 Neamibit-mrBayrlslamdine. a \set aa don. 2 fan ptaes Sa toe 1, 000, 000 Gam BalasuAeland S202 oe Jace. Mac uses coche Gea ee 1, 250, 000 ARO UA Se Ber desc een athe date oe aera eee ees 6, 000, 000 The small percentage of fry produced from the eggs retained at the station is undoubtedly partly due to the temporary suspension of the water supply to the hatchery during the first month of incubation, and also in part to the rough weather during the spawning season, which not only made the taking and proper impregnating of eggs difficult, but also prevented the daily lifting of the pounds and gill nets, so that much spawn was obtained from fish which had been netted and held in the pounds two or three days. By the end of December the eggs were all eyed. The hatching began toward the end of March and was completed by the early part of April. The fry deposited were in excellent condition. Pike perch.—The collection of the eggs of the pike perch was carried on from April 11 to 22. The season opened with good prospects, but a severe gale which set in on April 14 drove the fish from their spawning- grounds, to which they returned only in small numbers. The total XLIT REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. take of eggs was 134,560,000, which were obtained from the following grounds: Mole dose cals sae nic oO ns ees ee wee ehics cee eee eee epee 42, 400, 000 Porti@ hin tonsa tases Soke 2 eer sees eens oye 2 eee 11, 200, 000 Hastisister! Islan dese tes +) roe ache ee ee ee eee 22, 400, 000 Bass, Island ios. shee s se Soe ee ees eet eta eee eee 58, 560, 000 Of these, 15,000,000 were delivered on April 27 to the agent of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission for its Erie hatchery; 17,600,000 were transferred at Toledo to U.S. Fish Commission car No. 3 and taken to Louisyille, Ky., where they were hatched, the fry being estimated at 10,000,000 and placed in Kentucky waters. The remaining eggs were held and hatched at the station, producing 40,000,000 fry, of which 12,000.000 were planted in Lake Erie and the balance mainly in the waters of Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana, the period of distribution being from May 13 to 25. Lake herring.—Experiments were made in the propagation of the lake herring, 1,500,000 eggs of this species being obtained. Theeggs are non-adhesive, aud average about 75,000 to the quart. They can be impregnated and handled as readily as those of the whitefish, with which they were simultaneously hatched, a good percentage of fry being produced. Further attention to the propagation of this species will be given the next season. Table of water temperatures (at 8 a. m.). Date. Temp. Date. Temp. Date. Temp. Date. Temp. 1891. 1891. 1892. 1892 AN ONGeelll sees see bO|sDechilise -maeeee 36 |) Mar. 28........ Syl AST eile eee 45 Diapen Se legs 48 DED: ae 37 Oh apt esee 35 || 98), aes 46 Beer sawed 48 | Bi aece tee 37 30bech eens 35 || SO hates 46 ALOR EUSA 47 Ee. ah 37 Siena ene 36 || 50. Sen eee. 47 eed ooeen 49 ve eee 360) wAcn ree lee eaaee Tal Male dllen taco 48 (ees Bese 47 show 35 OS ae 39 || Deen sans 48 (fe et ee 48 Hesse: 35 Se siaee 40 Be ees: 48 Seen Sette 48 Cpe ee 37 Ai Fiance 41 Mie Re 50 Oe aenmee 48 sneieatens 36 ieee 43 eee ts 50 Otero sae 48 1 Oeee Shee 35 Gace ee 42 || Gia 49 yeaa eee 48 ditt SESS See 35 eee ote 48 || Vera tna: 50 1 Sonar 7 [Diet Sete ee 36 Bie 47 SEs 50 1S eee 46 Bae ee 36 (eee lat, Cee 46 Siieassne 50 14 nee ees 46 1 ae a Be) 36 10s tere 42 || aK pores Sa | 51 pps test 45 AS Saree ae 36 ny eee | 42 Liaeeees 51 LG eee eeee 454 16 pares 36 Pas Gece 42 1g ates 50 pre eee 45 | iy Pease ae 35 Sores eee 43 192 eeeee 50 TATE oak ciee 42 19) S eee 34 || 4c cay 42 4c ee 52 zk fee pa ae 40 LOU EES, 34 (5a eer oe 42 15. eeee ee 53 PER aemeness 41 DOlSaeer ea 35 || Gas eea 49 16h 54 Dee oe 42 D1 emo 35 A eset 42 Vise eee| 55 Dt gene: 42 Ogu ke 35 | 1B t.652 3 1g sie nee 54 Do ecee nee 49 PB pe eeepc 36 TO 2a! geoce 43 | 19 ee 56 As eee 43 Deere oe 36 D0 anwesee 43 || Pubes. sah oe 56 25 see ores 3 QDs: peas 35 Die ene 43 || Opes 57 OF Siesta ed 40 DY hase See 34. DONN ee 43 | O90 ae eres 57 Sipe ase 39 Dace Ce 44 DRAG 4 57 he Gee 38 Pye a ee 45 DAMES Nase | 57 2b) ee eee 37 || Diy aaaocee 44 2b ee 58 50) o aeenen 37 Dose 45 | Nore.—From Dec. 27, 1891, to Mar. 27, 1892, the temperature remained uniformly 33° to 34°, . REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLIIT NORTHVILLE STATION, MICHIGAN (FRANK_N. CLARK, SUPERINTENDENT). The operations of this station were confined to the propagation and rearing of trouts, Von Behr trout.—The spawning of this trout began October 30, 1891, and ended January 7, 1892, during which time 587,000 eggs. were secured from the station’s stock fish, 795 females and 653 males being used. In addition to these, a consignment of 18,000 eggs was received from Germany, making a total of 605,000. Of this number, 116,000 were hatched (commencing in February) and retained at the station for rearing; the remainder were distributed as follows: Date. Consignee. Number. ID Yet) a kes ee ae eee Protec eeLo hard wAcnmy Agr bp OT MC Lig eta tel< > aiatriererelatelef= «ce ee teseataasie 500 TGOCUSO Ln eee ee CoentralkStgitrony W.ashinp tom to 25-e co decc] seca cin es os ccecine oeenres 20, 000 Doms Olen same = Malu gh Stcon Mach ee este ee sees aceasta =e acl teiee Gee yee 50, 000 SOG Oemretteleaes ater New York Fish Commission, Cold Spring Harbor. --....-..--...-- 10, 000 Watteetoy Looe ee eee c Mendville: Station: Colorado: seccasnecemc- bee osea aa ee acne mae eee 50, 000 bee Bporcpecor John H. Gordon, Chey ONDE WYO acters isan ecto a ataemicemiene 20, 000 OF 1892. seas. veces Wyoming Fish Commission, argmiee sso sata: cote cane eee ts 19, 000 GRO ae cect: ple as Mexican:Government, City of Mexico: 222.220. -22--+2- 22-2 ee msee 20, 000 Pat ee Soe Green Lake Station, ina (ee enol hen eb ce Rect Lee STO Memes 50, 000 DO BOD radeon ais ej Fort Gaston Station. Calitornig-e: waacueaeresck aces ote ciae eee here 25, 000 1 lee See eee Nebraska Kish Commission, South Bend --.:.-..-.-.....-......--- 20, 000 JRE ARS} PAS es ae ep ueatville station, GOLOT Oe tetas emeieeeeeel= ieee eee 30, 000 Record of spawn-taking. * 2 ervenage 2 ip 7 AY ERNES Fe- ggs ob- | number | e- iggs ob- | number Date. Males.) males. tained. eggs per Date. Males. | males. famed eggs per female. female. Oct. 30, 1891 1 1 600 600 || Nov. 30, 1891 25 30 18, 600 620 Oct. 31, 1891 38 3 3, 000 1,000 || Dec. 1, 1891 2 2 3, 450 1, 725 Noy. 2,1891 15 19 15, 000 790 || Dee. 2, 1891 3 3 1, 500 500 Nov. 3,1891 3 3 3, 300 1,100 || Dec. 3, 1891 15 | 20 18, 300 915 Nov. 4,1891 1 1 450 450 || Dec. 4,1891 1 1 600 600 Nov. 65,1891 36 54 42, 300 783 || Dec. 5, 1891 1 1 300 300 Nov. 6,1891 u 1 2,500 2,500 |} Dee. 7, 1891 30 | 35 23, 190 660 Nov. 7,1891 21 27 22, 900 848 || Dec. 9, 1891 4 4 1, 500 375 Nov. 9,1891 40 64 43, 900 686 || Dec. 10, 1891 1 il 450 450 Nov. 10,1891 vi ff 7, 250 1, 035 || Dec. 11,1891 12 12 7, 350 612 Nov. 11, 1891 25 34 25,500 750 || Dec. 14, 1891 il 1 1, 800 1, 800 Nov. 13,1891 65 72 55, 200 766 || Dec. 15, 1891 8 8 6, 600 825 Nov. 14, 1891 4 5 9, 600 1,920 || Dee. 18, 1891 10 10 7, 950 795 Nov. 16,1891 75 81 51, 900 640 || Dec. 21, 1891 i 1 4090 400 Nov. 17,1891 1 1 450 450 || Dec. 24, 1891 5 9 5, 700 630 Noy. 18,1891 60 78 64, 850 831 || Dec. 28, 1891 5 7 6, 000 857 Nov. 20, 1891 35 41 26, 700 651 || Dee. 31,1891 2 2 1, 000 500 Nov. 21,1891 1 1 400 400 || Jan. 2, 1892 1 1 300 300 Nov. 23, 1891 60 68 56, 100 886 || Jan Zz 1892 1 1 400 400 Nov. 24, 1891 ml 1 300 300 || Jan. 7, 1892 | 3 3 1, 050 350 Nov. 25, 1891 30 39 22, 500 577 —_—— cs Nov. 27,1891 35 40) 24, 000 600 653 795 | 587,000 736 Novy. 28, 1891 2 2 1, 950 975 The distribution of yearlings was commenced January 23, 1892, and terminated March 28. The fish to distant waters were coneiehed to applicants in Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Pennsyl- vania, and Michigan. ‘The number sent out was 7,127; the transfers being made by car No.1. In local waters 200 fish were planted, « XLIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Brook trout.—Owing to the heavy mortality that had occurred dur- ing the previous spawning season in the breeding fish of this species, it became necessary to replenish the stock. Accordingly, in the early part of July, 1891, Mr. S. P. Wires, the foreman of the Alpena Station, was sent to Grand Marais, Mich., to secure a number of the wild trout from the streams of that vicinity. With the aid of a small force of men he secured 600 specimens, which were shipped to this station July 14. These readily adapted themselves to domestication and suffered no loss. On October 19 the spawning season commenced, and continued till January 19. The number of females stripped was 294, 264 males being used. In all, 147,200 eggs were obtained. Of these, 500 were sent to Prof. J. E. Reighard, at the University of Michigan, and 10,000 to Mr. Mather, at Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., for reshipment to the United States of Colombia. The balance of good eggs, about 100,000, were retained at the station for rearing. They began hatching in January. The average number of eggs per fish was 500; the largest number obtained from 1 fish being 1,800, on November 28, 1891, and the smallest number, 180. (900 being taken from 5 fish December 7). The number of yearlings distributed was 13,000. Of these, 10,000 were placed in the stream near the hatchery on October 23, and 3,000 sent by car No. 1, on July 24, 1891, to Dubuque, Towa. Loch Leven trout.—The season of spawning of this species was from October 27, 1891, to January 19, 1892, The number of fish spawned was 1,229 GEG Teen) 1,023), nice furnished 571,850 eggs. Of these, 132, 000 were retained a the station for hatching (cnmmeenenie in Feb- pry) and rearing, and the balance of good eggs, 185,500, shipped as follows: Date. Consignee. Number. eC MO GON a oe cine === Prof. Reighard, Ann Arbor, Mich ........--.-..-..-2..-2..---.-.-=- 500 WOMASONSs..2 5 ae New H ampshire Fish Commission, IBA vMmOu the eseesee as Pee weet 25, 000 VOMIROT Seen eon Mead villei Stations Colorad Opes. -ecmee tee ete eee ae eee 25, 000 EXUh AUS) ie eee ene Government of United States‘ot Colomibia*> 525 see o. ose e oe eee 10, 000 Bl SOU sans oo Vermont Fish Commission, Waterbury .....-.-..---..:---.-----..- 30, 000 Si ftirenlisy ihc eae sees iGreen ake’ Stapieny Maine =o sse eee eiccwia eine Se Se)leitee trea ae 50, 000 DOM Soa eee ios ns A. N. Cheney, Glens Falls, N. Y.}.....--------++++----+--+--++-----+- 20, 00) OUI SOP aca atone West Virginia Fish Commission, Romney -..--.-.---.------------- 10, 000 DOO 2 seems ae aie Nebraska Fish Commission, South Bend..............-...-.-.----- 15, 000 * Through Fred Mather, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. t Through C. F. Orvis, Manchester, Vt. The greatest number of eggs from 1 fish was 1,900, that of 3 fish ‘spawned November 18 being 5,700; the lowest 336, the average of 83 fish spawned December 22; the average for the sole take of eggs, 465. The distribution of the yearling fish extended from January 17 to March 15, 1892, the number shipped being 3,709, which were consigned to applicants in Wisconsin, Michigan, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. “Pwr REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLV Lake trout.—The eggs of this species were collected by the employés of the Alpena Station, underthe report of which station are given the details of the work. Of the 2,853,000 eggs received, 1,900,500 were shipped as follows: Date. Consignee. Number. 1891. IDC Nh (= CR eer Prof. Reiphard. Anne Ar DOr MIC) secs meee oc dciale ese atamivicee snes 500 21 Ses Ss Se ene Malnthpstabion-Mannesota. oo eo. sco salee ce sae ae eae eee ee tchiae. 500. 000 1892 i ; Widter dane... 2s S CHD Picks i ons GOR So aise seep enka crclnia seine ae a Sia Seiad ad Sac amet, Some eanee se 250, 000 Geers Soran oe oie. = Cheyenne, Wyo., for J. H. Gordon, South Bend, Wyo...-...--..-.--- 50, 000 Sass Nea ce aes ook DalirthsS tation. Vvonnesoua suet. see coe cece Oe = wee 250, 000 Bre meoe rise Seiawe TaN AyOMn oMHSh Commission puarami@ tee. sacle ccoeseercaamaen 100. 000 Dl etere sacra. Ac b= Minnesota Fish Commission, St. Paul..-...-.-..--.-....-...:..---. 50, 000 1 DSP See ae Seen New York Fish Commission, Saranac Lake Village.....-..-..-.---- 300, 0U0 1S Ges 75 secu See Vermont Fish Commission, Waterbury.---------------2-4--es-cceee 100, 000 Ta ee ee eh ne New Hampshire Fish Commission, Laconia.....-...-.....-...----- 100, G00 Gee Ae Seah oncin ewido ois Nebraska Fish Commission, South Bend...-...........--....-..--- 200, 000 The eggs retained at the station, which began in January to hatch, produced 200,000 fry. The distribution of yearlings was commenced January 23, 1892, and completed April 12. The number shipped was 45,722, which were con- signed to applicants in Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa, Indiatfa, Ohio, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. Black-spotted trout.—On February 5, 1892, 1,000 seven-months old trout of this species were received at the station, having been brought by Mr. H.D. Dean, superintendent of the Leadville Station. They were immediately placed in tanks, and commenced feeding well. - Whitejyish—Of the 370,000 eggs of the whitefish received from the Alpena Station, 100,000 each were forwarded to Switzerland, France, and the Indiana Fish Commission at Richmond. A noticeable feature in the work of the station was the success which attended the shipments of eggs. In no shipment, which was reported upon, was the loss more than 5 per cent, and in many cases there was none. The loss among the rearing fish during the season was very great, especially among the brook trout, which were attacked by a fungus. The cause of this was not definitely determined, but was probably due to the scarcity of water occasioned by the continued drought and unpre- cedentedly warm weather during the whole season. The following table exhibits the progress of trout fry produced from the eges of the fall of 1891 to July 1, 1892: Items. | he | rook. | ;L0ch | Lake. | Totals. RCAC tee tone uidb ass sic chest malniarqets calle «oie kieiee is | 116,000 | 100,000 | 142,000 200, 000 558, 000 EIR TAPE nie ahoeen eG ate ateiare Ae diclasc an Sate Oe id wre gore | 52, 000 40, 800 72,000 | 125,000 289, 800 MOUPES etl ee eee a ne. Se et heme we sted Le balan eietian + {Uf 0) | Oia ey ann en Be aioe SE ll 200 SURE OLY) UT OO Dhe es oc Ue ee. aan eee ces | 64,000 | 59,000} 70,000) 75,000 268, 000 XLVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. For the purpose of incorporating them in the exhibit of the Commis- sion at the World’s Fair, specimens of artificially reared trout were obtained from several of the stations. Northville were of the following kinds, ages, and weights: Those furnished by that at . | Age. Von Behr. Brook. Loch Leven.| Lake. Ounces. Ounces. Ounces. Ounces. ORG VORP 2 ctpSensccwnbacGe stesso Sonc tases cgsecae 3 = and 13 1 JUNO GEIR cconcte sb gases sa sontanascmecs cbc sis 4 34$.and 4 4 and 63 64 and 7 JUHI onebooc sores soe assoc segeebo | SeeoSoo= 13 and 14 Sand 9 10% and) 15" |<. ses emee LOTR R56 Sea co conaa a Gontonceacue demas ssbeciud|Susecqreess6 Te and 144) |.23 ceo co ts |- Soe eee IV Ory CaNis seetiee iaeisinn sete cine Mae eee Ce cece seein: 345A 3852 sceheece cee ae eee ae ere ee etee nee STS WEDS 36 Cok hndab ap ecca cred Hens Jonas ehe sos senel bo seeidsenosallbdose sen seteor nOlandio6) 22 = eemeeer | The stock of breeding fish on hand towards the close of the year consisted of 939 Von Behr trout, 616 brook trout, and 2,975 Loch Leven trout. ALPENA STATION, MICHIGAN (FRANK N. CLARK, SUPERINTENDENT). The occupancy of this station has continued under lease from Mr. George Q. Fletcher, of Alpena, and its supply of water under contract with the Alpena Water Company. The operations of the station, con- sisting of the collection of the eggs of the lake trout for the Northville Station and the propagation of the whitefish, were under the immediate direction of Mr. 8S. P. Wires, foreman. Owing to the frequent and severe gales of wind during the last of October and throughout Novem- ber and December, fewer eggs than usual, of all kinds, were taken at the spawning-grounds of lakes Huron and Michigan and Detour Passage. The especially severe and cold gales in the early part of December on Lake Michigan were the cause of an unprecedentedly small catch of fish in that lake, which accounts for the small supply of whitefish eggs taken from Beaver Island and Charlevoix. Lake trout.—The eggs of this species were obtained from the spawn- ing-grounds of Lake Huron on reefs in the vicinity of Thunder Bay Island, aud from Lake Michigan on reefs near the Beaver Islands off Thompson. The first eggs, which were of the shoal-water race, from Thunder Bay, were received about October 15, and the work of collec- tion was carried on till about the Ist of November, when a severe gale tore up the nets and prevented its continuance. The eggs were devel- oped at the station and then transferred to the Northville Station, seven consignments being made between November 4 and December 14. The season of collection represented two hundred and twelve days of one man’s time, during which 2,853,000 eggs were secured, as follows: From Manistique, Lake Michigan, seventy-five days..-.. 2, 275, 000 From North Point and Alpena, Lake Huron, seventy-five VS aera Ak ae telcjee Reece ee ee ee aie eee oer et 280, 000 From Au Sable, Lake Huron, sixty-two days--........---. 298, 000 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLVII Whitefish.—The first eggs, 160,000, were received November 4, and the last 1, 600, 000, from Beaver Isl: ae on December 16. The season’s receipts were 40,700,000 eggs, as ile S Lake Huron. Days. | Number. Lake Michigan. Days. | Number. || | Hpoutettes -c=c 22sec. -2 50 41} 2,600,000 |; Point Savitan............... 21 1, 500, 000 Naubinway Seto Seater ees ko 46 | 3, 200, 000 Hay, ome and Detour Pas- Heymann’s fishery ........-- LT PSO O00’ || eSae Oteematciaemee cas otters 304 2, 400, 000 Schlein’s fISHEr yess a-'< Seis 26 | 3,500,000 Mid fe and Thunder Bay Scott Point and Point Pat- Veda J EG aise Rome on Po aseor , 53 6, 620, 000 (en. Cl he Ae eee a eee 28 | 1,800,000 || North Point and Alpena... BOS VOUS AN acc nencecece - 41 1, 600, 000 |) Sturgeon Point. ....-........ 21 4, 700, 000 | Miller Poin. S22 - esa ee 30 11, 500, 000 The loss of eggs during development was 10,580,000, nearly 26 per cent. This loss was mainly due to neglect on the part of the fishermen in not hauling their nets oftener, frequently allowing them to remain four or five days during severe storms and bad weather. Eggs taken © from fish caught in gill nets are invariably poorer than those from fish taken in any other manner, from the fact that when the spawn is taken many of the fish are in a half-lifeless condition. Another factor was the quantity of sawdust in the water supplied to the hatchery. Owing to the direction of the prevailing winds during November and the early part of December, the sawdust which was deposited in the bottom of the bay was so stirred up at times as to be forced into the hatchery in such quantities as to almost stop the working of every jar. Of the good eggs there were shipped between February 12 and March 15, 1892, to the Northville Station 370,000; to the Duluth Station, 8,000,000, and to Central Station, 4,000,000. The balance of the eggs, 17,750,060, were hatched at the station and the fry distributed from April 15 to May 4 at points in lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. The first eggs hatched April 5, but owing to the very low temperature of the water the hatching was very slow and not completed till April 25. The temperature of the water fell from 55° on October 1 to 33° on December 5, remaining at 325° from December 6 to March 29. From 33° on March 30 it rose to 39° on April 10, falling back to 36° on April 13, where it remained till April15. On the 16thit had advanced to 40°, rising slowly until May 8, when it was 48°. DULUTH STATION, MINNESOTA (R. O. SWEENY, SR., SUPERINTENDENT). The operations of this station were confined to tke propagation of the whitefish, lake trout, pike perch, and Von Behr trout. Whitefish On February 27, 1892, 10,000,000 eggs were received from the Put-in Bay Station, na on March 9, 8,000,000 from the Alpena Station. The first lot began to hatch February 29, and the sesond lot, the delivery of which to the station had been delayed by reason of the intensely cold and stormy weather, on the day of their receipt. On March 5 the first planting of fry was made, these being placed in the current of Lester River, off its mouth, by which they were carried into XLVIII_ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. the lake, this being rendered necessary owing to the rough and hum- mocky condition of the ice, which made it impossible to get out to the usual planting-grounds with the cans of fry. Plantings were continued at intervals till the 30th of April, during which time 11,727,000 fry were placed off Lester River; 3,000,000 at the mouth of the ship canal, Duluth, and 2,000,000 in Lake St. Croix, St. Croix River, near Hudson, Wis. The loss in eggs and fry was 1,273,000. Lake trout—On September 23, 1891, one man was sent to the north shore of Lake Superior, in the vicinity of Isle Royale, to arrange for the taking of eggs of this species. Owing to the continued rough and stormy weather no eggs were secured by the force till the second week in October, the first consignment reaching the station October 13, and the last November 10, and at the end of the month there were in the hatchery about 700,000 good eggs. The eggs of the Lake Superior lake trout are larger and of deeper color than those from the Lake Hrie fish, and the fry, when hatched, are much larger and more vig- orous and grow more rapidly. The eggs commenced to hatch January 12, 1892, and on March 31 there were 504,500 strong fry from this col- lection. In addition to the eggs collected by this station there were received from the Northville Station, of eggs collected by the Alpena Station, three consignments, on December 29, January 7, and January 10, from which were obtained 920,300 good eggs. On January 10 these eggs began to hatch. The distribution of fry commenced June 6, during the month 480,000 being planted, all in Lake Superior. Of these, 130,000 were produced from eggs obtained at Isle Royale and 350,000 from those sent from the Northville Station. The number of fry retained at the station after the close of the year was 843,400. Pike perch.—The eggs of this fish were obtained from Pike River, an affluent of Vermilion Lake, in the vicinity of Tower, Minn., and from the St. Louis River, near Fond du Lac, Minn. The fish in Pike River usually spawn a week to ten days earlier than those in the St. Louis River. On April 18 one of the men was sent to Pike River to make preparations for the gathering of eggs as soon as the fish began to run and indicated their readiness to spawn. A short distance up the river is a sloping barrier of rock, which stops the ascent of the fish, and here they congregate in countless numbers as the spawning season approaches. The fish of the first catches were hard and unripe and were held in crates till ready to spawn, a course that had proved successful in previous years. At Pike River this season it failed completely, the eggs from fish held for twenty-four hours proving worthless, the spots being so defined as to give a mottled appearance to the mass in the pans upon first extrusion and in an hour or two the entire egg becoming opaque and lifeless. On April 25 a man was sent to the St. Louis River, the fish having there commenced to run, but no ripe ones were secured till May 7, and on May 12 the work was terminated, owing to the rising river and heavy current, which practically stopped the run of the fish. The eggs REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLIX taken were abnormal, but not to the same number or extent as those from Pike River, nor were those from fish held in cribs more badly affected than the ones taken from fish freshly caught. The total take of good eggs from both sources was 48,000,000. The foul condition of the hatchery’s supply of water, owing to the continued succession of rain storms, injured about 18,000,000 of the eggs. The balance were developing normally, and to save them they were planted between May 20 and 26 in the clear water of Lake Superior, about 2 miles from the shore. Good fertilized ova were deposited between May 1 to 6, to the nuinber of 15,000,000 in Pike River, and from May 1 to 12, 10,000,000 in the St. Louis River. Von Behr trout.—The eggs of this species shipped from the Northville Station were received on January 1, 1892, in the best condition, the number of dead eggs on arrival being 374, On the basis of measure- ment by Dr. Sweeny there were 36,125 eggs, which began to hatch January 20. The loss during hatching on account of the condition of the water was very great. On June 3d 15,000 fry were planted near Amberg, Wis., and on June 22d 5,000 in Baptism River, Minnesota. Quincy Station, ILLinors (8. P. BARTLETT, SUPERINTENDENT). The work of this station was continued on the same lines as in pre- vious years. The fish obtained were mostly large, of a breeding size. The number distributed for this season was less than in former years, but the area of distribution was greatly enlarged. The following table shows the distribution work of the season: : ae Pike | Yellow] Black | Crap- | Rock | White |, State. Catfish.| Pike. perch.| perch.| bass. nies Wasa’ |e Haske ‘Sunfish.| Total. California ..-.--.- 500 SOOM cesar <1 6, 980 2,610 285 BOO i leijeid= ae leeeeee ma 11, 375 JHINoiIs)-225562-.a<' 180 O8sle sasha 2, 980 655 1, 580 1, 764 200 2, 639 10, 921 WrnaTanNa ss. so. ac 300 ZOOS Soa beee sickens oe. 511 155 F717 al | A 600 2, O91 TOWay Sess occ ee 440 it US ERE Gene Sacer 795 240 619 500 700 3, 484 WISNSAS "= 320-52.) 300 0 ene ee 2 4, 600 2, 150 570 100 225 1, 090 9,105 Kentucky ..-...-.-. Saal AS eS 100 4, 500 1715 992 SUG IS Seeciae 1, 410 9, 207 WiC Ga Arle soca |e eines ele can o- c| ewlo semisis| s aera oe | [ha ape a teanead foo aro Shore sot 85 MMSROUT 24> ay << = 480 200) weiter 425 455 925 150 450 1, 060 3, 970 New Mexico ..... BOG Site ctrars pee tee 350 Cities ees 350 orl -tetes ae 882 (Clit: yee ee ates 375 OOM er veterere 5, 088 1, 540 300 BDOt|simatnalsec 1, 150 9, 093 SOE UA) See co cecitecllosisioe sola aeleele oe 3, 300 TSS 390 TO Rao pied eleteel areca 6, 185 WUSZAGiS ara 3 secses ee ee eA Pec Saeco canons UT ee ee | Seer 80 160 1, 320 Washington..-.-. Q00M |... ac sbtclenees ces. 500 125 KO" | eres ae 600 500 2,195 WISCONSIN set cose a inins Sacin [Eben casls ae este o 233 233 408 DOSS eS cee te 328 1, 435 Central Station *..} 1,261 Ul nate ces 3, 692 726 332 246 33 247 6, 567 otal. wc.2. 4, 351 2, 028 100 | 32,648 | 18, 792 6, 447 6, 502 2,115 9, 884 77, 865 * For distribution. The distribution of this collection necessitated the use of the three cars of the Commission, which performed a total mileage of 36,420 mniles, of which 27,899 miles were given free by the railroads, and 8,52 miles paid for. The main collecting-grounds were in the vicinity of Meredosia, II1., among lakes and sloughs formed by the overflow of the Illinois River, Owing to the continued dry season these so rapidly dried up that their supplies of fish could not be cared for by the ayailable facilities for F 0 92-——Iv L REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. transportation, and many, which would otherwise have died, were gathered and placed in the Illinois River. The plantings thus made consisted of: Cattish, yearlings. = 5 Seep esis ce sae element bam aineseee ar eee 250, 000 Carp, dilterent variebies/and’sizes= 22,2 4ee ase eee elas ee 5, 000 Buffalo, different varieties and sizes...._-...---..---+.---- 20, 000 Melloweperch; year lim ese scm se meet else ee eae ec araran a 25, 000 Crappie? yearlings seis oe eee cee ae ete eer ere 5, 000 Wihitedbass;yearlinion ye so): See ie creemmes Aare erence 10, 000 Wibite: bass; matured? yee eee ee ee oie ree aes siseeteete ee BRO OOO) AM Ota Rise cer jee SO OR Seis STO e Soe ae eee acre 320, 000 There were also deposited in the river at Meredosia the following fish that had become fungussed during their retention in the live-boxes while awaiting distribution: Spottedicatish S225) os are sie eye Se eerie sete cele ree 1, 000 Pike Boos use See aA | a ET CHER Ye getty ae BM yang Sate Seer 500 Black basse vss 2c. aS oe cus 8 See ene ee oe ee Tae ag See 2, 000 Crappie? te seen co Seas Fs -e a einer eee ae eee oe cep renee 3, 000 ROCK DANS sia ticc sivas sive hoe > seus See ae cae as ose 1, 500 AVVETITTG ilo HRB creses ate hs,- OR lepers ace te ae eo ete penne een ened ne 5, 000 Scanian ree eS oe tay Se LR SES oe Ege OS oD ee Se ae Pee ote 10, 000 4 Wa rf Fareed he Pod aed Ae ee PRR eRe Se SE TR 23, 000 During the season there were taken by the fishermen of the vicinity quantities of carp of varying sizes. A ready sale of these was had in the markets, Chicago paying 8 cents per pound, double the price of other varieties of fish indigenous to the locality. NEOSHO STATION, MIssoURI (WILLIAM F. PAGE, SUPERINTENDENT). Rainbow trout.—The fish retained from the product of the spring of 1890 for brood stock began to spawn in December, 1891, though but 20 months old. The first eggs were taken December 15, and the last February 23. During this period 112,185 eggs were obtained from 207 fish, an average of 542 eggs toeach. The number of males used was 288. Great difficulty was experienced in securing proper impregnation of the eggs, and not more than 35 per cent of the eggs taken were fertil- ized. The trouble was the same as is described by Mr. Frank N. Clark in his report of the operations at the Northville Station during 1882. (Report U.S. F. C., 1882, p. 819.) On January 16, 1892, Prof. Charles E. Riley, of Drury College, Springfield, Mo., arrived at the station, and made a microscopic exam- ination of the eggs and milt, in various stages, to discover, if possible, the cause of the hard, glassy eggs so frequently occurring in this trout, and a cure for the disease. His stay at the station was limited, but at his request a series of eggs were prepared in a hardening mixture, and sent him for further examination. In eggs which had had no contact with milt, as also in the fluid which so frequently accompanies the extrusion of these hard, plump eggs, he discovered a tapeworm-like parasite. It is hoped that from the results of Prof. Riley’s investiga- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LI tion means may be discovered to overcome this difficulty in the propa- gation of this species. On February 11 a package of rainbow trout eggs, consigned as 20,000, were received from the Wytheville Station. These eggs, Mr. Page reports, were the largest ever seen by him and in fine condition. When counted, however, there were found to be but 14,538, the discrepancy being probably due to the consignor’s using a measure established for eggs of normal size. On June 30, 1892, the number of fry on hand that were produced from these eggs was 12,000; from those taken at the station, estimated, between 25,000 and 28,000. During the breeding season a continual warfare was waged among the breeding males. Every effort was made to stop the fighting, but jt was ineffectual, and the loss among them averaged about 10 a week. The season of distribution was from January 14 to March 2, 1892, during which there were sent out 11,110 yearlings (product of season of 1890-91) and 14 fish two years old. Brook trout.—On March 27, 1892, there was received from Mr. James Annin, jr., of Caledonia, N. Y., a consignment of 8,000 eggs of the brook trout. These were in good condition on arrival, the loss en route being 218. The eggs hatched with reasonable loss, but the fry produced were weak and puny, and the death rate among them very high. Attheend of the year there were but 1,500 alive and in very poor condition. From the fry brought over from the previous year there were avail- able for distribution 6,327 yearlings, which were shipped from the sta- tion between January 28 and March 12, Von Behr trout.—From the 25,900 eggs of this species received from the Northville Station in the spring of 1891, there were produced by November 1, 1891, actual count, 15,200 fish, and 10,222 were distributed between December 17 and March 17, 1892. Black bass.—Of the stock of breeding fish, 175 three-year olds were sent to Washington in December, 1891, leaving but 33 at the station. Owing to the continued cold rains and cloudy weather the bass were somewhat late in spawning. Immediately after hatching and before the schools had dispersed, the fry were netted and transferred to another pond. Itis estimated that the number availablefor distribution in the fall of 1892 will be about 2,000. The distribution of yearlings was commenced November 27 and ended February 8; 7,384 fish were shipped. Rock bass.—The number of yearlings distributed was 9,374; of 3-year olds, 2. Crappie,—Of this species 95 yearlings and 14 breeding fish were dis- tributed. Tench.—The gratifying results attained the previous season in the propagation of the tench made it desirable to increase the work during the present year, and 40 of the largest fish were reserved and added to the brood stock, and an additional pond, twoinall, assigned to them. The number of yearling fish available for distribution was 26,432, which were shipped between November 9 and February 8. LII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Carp.—The work with the carp was restricted to two ponds. The brood stock continue in good condition. The number of yearlings dis- tributed was 7,184, all to private ponds with the exception of 1,000 placed in Shoal Creek near Neosho. Goiden ides.—The parent fish are in good condition, and occupy one of the best ponds. No young were obtained from these fish last year, and success with them at this station is doubtful. Goldjfish.—The goldfish spawned (in pond No. 5, February 24, 1892) freely and frequently, only to have their eggs and fry killed by the cold rains. The number for distribution in the fall will be small. The number of yearlings distributed during the year was 3,576. Spotted or channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) —The want of suc- cess with this fish during the previous year being thought to be due to overstocking, but one-third, or twenty of the breeders, were retained at the station. In May, 1892, they were quite active, and it is believed have prepared several nests. Of the breeders, 50 were transferred to the fish ponds at Washington, and 27 to the Missouri Fish Commission. Shad.—On June 3, 1892, 700,000 shad fry were received from the Gloucester Station, N. J. Their growth during June was satisfactory, and the very large schools of them seen throughout the entire pond excited the interest and admiration of the numerous visitors to the station. These were for rearing and final liberation in Gulf tributaries. In January, 1892, a severe cold spell prevailed from the 17th to the 22d, the temperature falling to 22° F. On the 19th, pond No. 1, in which is kept the brood stock of rainbow trout, froze over for the first time. Unusually heavy rainfalls prevailed during April and May, the total precipitation from May 3 to 30 being 11.12 inches. The disas- trous effect of these rains, coming at the spawning time of most of the pond fishes, is made apparent by the limited number of fish hatched during this season. The following table exhibits the midsummer and midwinter temperatures of the water in the pond: Summer, August 6, 1891.* Winter, December 23, 1891.7 Water. Outlet. Outlet. Inlet.) Gop “Bot. Fish in pond. Inlet. Ran lone Kind of fish. face. | tom face. | tom Spot oem 58 58 BG ala sentence siemea eee 57 57 57 Hatchery ....-.--. 58 58 DBN ice saceh ie te meen ace Bi 57 57 Trout pools-...-- 58 59 59 | Rainbow, brook, Von 57 57 57 | Rainbow, brook, and Behr trout. Von Behr trout. Fond No. 1... 58 64 63 | Rainbow, 17 months. . 56 54 52 | Rainbow, brood stock. ys j 73 72 | Golden ides-...---..-... 56 48 49 | Golden ides. 74 74 | Carp, breeders sie 49 47 47 | Carp. 76 76 | Carp, fry 70 70 | Goldfish 57 46 46 | Goldfish. 78 (81 |) Crappiezsessone sanas 48 | 46 46 74 WaueCattighs. see. aece ate 49 48 48 | Catfish, large. 74 72'| Rock bass -:.22.2:-=: 55 48 49 | Rock bass. 77 Cit hel yA Ui 1G) ep oats 48 44 45 | Tench. 76 74 | sBlack pass) --| se aeei ae 2800 eens eo WSR WATO r= se cieee lorie ea|-c cen 45253 ).22s228 District of Columbia ---.|.--..--. PAO eet Tele ee casbeacscecccesse|55sco0e+ LOW seeeeee (GrlytiiheScs5pesse5sos5o5|(5os5eous 4) 220 Wen ee ate MUP Soe as eeSaa ge b50n| pscceher 2 OTOM Le eee NOS Se ecia= naar 180 | 6,900} 1,000 Iii thie eS Soe ceoseaes 295 1, 460 500 Indian Territory 2 ..--\2= 2-1. 405) 25-268 22! IG sn souegcaleemeseee 440 1,015 | 3,700 TiiiGEi Srecsasacuses eo 300 BloLOM Se atee ope Kentucky ----------.- 95 28h eeeeees TECHIE RE io sAesopeacsoecosaeccq5r Te TOO i ere ames WIR TG) S525 Jeno sceeeseoes||asods aes B0u eee eer Maryland --.---.-----. 509 5,640 | 2,000 | Massachusetts: ....-----.|---..--- 800) | ase ce. WS MEP eee ser second |eoneds ac 2008 eee | WOT GRO Sees CF peed posdasac DAB305| see eeeee MGSBISSUD Plows cemietee ls Mie Gye Yt see ae IMISSOUNI eee \= =m ano 434 2,100 | 14, 300 Gti Ee Sa gat aes Ben Sosocdsers 1 O00s sa ssenus pNie bras ayo oe emer einine |e ie aio DTPA Renae tae New- Hampshire ------.<.|.--=---- SOME Aap ao. ING WiV@lsey-~---)-+ oe e=|--n5>e == IL G808| Sates ees . New Mexico..-..--...-.. 80 280M Eee INIOWeCODMe ss eaters. 100 5,790 | 2,100 North Carolinai=..- 22 2ag2|s2=---- © 5,110 | 3,000 North Dakota -.....-....|--------| 1 OB0e paces one (OVO Se Sere a 375 2, 45 1, 000 OlANOM ar soos aae etc ene eee B00 S22.. = - Oreponeee acre ase osnes| eel 120 S| eae ee Pennsylvania........- 100 | 11,230} 3,992 Rioderisland=- aise cscs tecnica eoeerlpoeceeee South Carolina: 522-25 22|5-2-02- 2 120i Re Samerer SoutheDakotaes asucwieecs| ecm DAG40 ee ae PREDMESSCO sass So mtaclam este seco 67 25 3502) soecctcea fee INO WV OLKs 355222» Soacjacecics ae) ssoects oo el seems eieiare 198 211" | So sacs eos ee eee. | cee eee Non Carolinians esmer ees ee net asa slee sere ceil cee cere 50 1, 800 0 yal es erse se “OFT eee emer eee ae S| Le 2 1, 390 150 850 974 83 Item yb ey SJ Spee posisse ao pasosece sq jsecoses6 os UG) esooesonse 23,000) |e Seeataae| = eee SOULDSCAPOMI A fence oa cecein-lsaeeelosce| ester ce aalcee eer riee| seme ee BOO U| sotto nec tee ee eee South Dakota Tenvessee Texas .-.--- Vermont Virginia h BWSHIN PLON os ep ote eee soe tee cet 600 125 210 Ben apes 900) sees eee WVOSUMATSINI Aso -scis ot acne s/o ss.oe8esn| See casos mea ce ed joadane oo ae 31 Oe SEE eS eee Se = — SWAS CONSID 22-5 ooo. et tee Ste (See heosa eeanscna= 367 408 233 280 afaccoseeee Foreign countries.........--. Pe ote ate se oll Fa Roe Seal ale ee nee [oecensene-|-- shane we | aes 308) eee OLA ssa. oe. lersessisie vent 200, 000 1, 946 19, 753 6, 311 26, 208 9, 604 1, 966 Secup. Cod. Pollock Flatfish. Lobsters. State. pam is Fry. Fry. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Fry. Massachusetts-.-...2.-.---.... 35, 000 | 52,795,500 | 2,473,500 | 2,764,000 | 3,510,000 5, 799, 000 Potaleeccsssesesac esses 35,000 | 52,795,500 | 2,473, 500 2,764,000 | 3,510,000 5, 799, 000, SUMMARY. States and Territories. Number. States and Territories. Number. JEN EMS SRG Ae eerie Se ese 3) 209) 889rl| SNevad da. -= sa -cer eee aeee ease ap ee 25, 000 JMISVADLTO VoGae SRE Re aro cane dao Ssoaae 1,700:)| New Hampshire: sa->-5-25--=ieaee 141, 136 J SURE Baa gn bb TORS aH npeS soarioes 28103 7a ENGI CLSC yee se same nee eis eee 3, 236, 582 ChiltiG ya Epes een Seeee os ae 3, 248; 438)| SNiGw Mexico: <2... sece@ scene oe 7, 502 Colorado. ..--- “wedbosnbses i sa5n0s4Sc" NG A@i-i|| =Niew aor less Seger Bae eine T..-| 12, 708, 437 Connecticut 2 -nscs- eens eee 2, 941, 287 |! North Carolina 796, 402 Delaware 5, 855, 205 || North Dakota 1, 530 District of Columbia .--.-...... >. L006 7914 (Ohio ga ica fence sas oe eee ee ee 32, 278, 373 Florida : 2, 301, 087 || Oklahoma .....- 800 Georgia a 3, 054, 737 || Oregon ..-.---.--- 1, 332, 520 MPR On has are aoe cae ee ae erlang 2,982 || Pennsylvania 37, 313, 166 Lilinois 19,954 || Rhode Island 12 RRL oe Ase ot ow ete Bees oe 16118513 || (South Caroling 2p eee sso -es eae 1, 200, 728 Naam erritory) -oicie-wsccinc ee 900;,076) || South:Dakotal = -2e. = - oe eres 34, 331 OU pl Gps SSSR esecE eta ake Seeee 20: 7o2) ||\s LeONneSS6@2= n= - scae emis see nee 5, 382 ICATSS) 532 ea ears et 132245 "Texas ec «0c coe re = serine oc see eos 24, 592 PESTSMINE Car tata cin im joc < oie 'n\= eieiteetee imate LO}612.°790 ii Uitaly 2 see ae eee ae in se oe eee 2, 004, 591 MOOGTST ANS ictsiafoinia eis <2 sielaiaia = ieee 2,024 188|l" Vermonine es s.- eee tea ee meee 195, 333 WWiGi tT e255 Joes SORSERaE asap oes saae 4855083 ol] SVAN Di aie see ee ee see ener 5, 007, 660 Mileray! Gi: Cas SeS aHScoSgsOS Seep Sbopos 15, 240, 316 || Washington ...........2..--.-...-- 4, 267 WHS EVO BEGET Se eee eee ae 69, 082,176 || West Virginia 16, 865 WWD DNGA Nt peo o> Sines 6go5 sone coos seas 21, 475, 831 || Wisconsin.......-. 2, 044, 166 MEM CSOLA amen er enna = at == = ~~ 45, 279,844 || Wyoming ....----...--..-- 230, 006 IMISSISSUD Pl erie eee teenie alee = ala 2, 007, 2 Foreign countries .---.....-.-..-..| 400, 916 INFISSOUL) soon Sees e Coe owe ouicese Ses 957, 423 ns Mormbanals. vce sae tee eee meicieinis 3, 104 otal = socccs co sok ect ete At eee 305, 918, 346 ENGUIAS Kal pero omcctn sees mee moc ee 240, 080 ~ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXIX GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. Mr. J. J. OX}Connor, who had been chief clerk of the Commission from June, 1888, died on May 4, 1892. He was succeeded by Mr. Herbert A. Gill, who had been the disbursing agent of the Commission for many years. On May 19 Mr. W. P. Titcomb was appointed disbursing agent. CIVIL SERVICE. Owing to the increase of the personnel of the Commission and the desirability that faithful employés should have such assurance of per- manency of tenure of their positions as is conveyed by the civil-service law, the President was requested to order the classification of the Com- mission as a part of the classified departmental service. This request was approved, and the executive order issued May 5, 1892. MENHADEN AND MACKEREL FISHERIES. During the first session of the Fifty-second Congress much conflict: ing testimony was had before the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries relative to the natural history and habits of mackerel and menhaden, as also the influence upon their abundance of certain methods of fishing. On the 21st of March, 1892, the Commissioner was called upon by the chairman of the Senate Committee on Fisheries to make replies to certain interrogatories. Response was made May 9, 1892, which was printed as Senate Miscellaneous Document No. 156, Fifty-second Congress, first session. PUBLICATIONS AND LIBRARY. During the year the following papers, forming parts of the reports and bulletins, were issued: ¢ A reconnoissance of the streams and lakes of the Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, in the interest of the U. S. Fish Commission, by David Starr ora (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 1-40.) Report upon the pearl fishery of the Gulf of California, by Charles H. Townsend. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 91-94.) Report upon certain investigations relating to the planting of oysters in southern California, by Charles H. Gilbert. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 95-98. ) The embryology of the sea bass (Serranus atrarius), by Henry V. Wilson. (Bul- letin for 1889, pp. 209-273.) Report upon the investigations of the fishing grounds off the west coast of eoear by A. C. Adams and W. C. Kendall. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 289-312.) The giant scallop fishery of Maine, by Hugh M. Smith. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 313-335. ) Notes on the occurrence of protozoan parasites (Psorosperms) on Cyprinoid fishes in Ohio, by Edwin Linton. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 359-361. ) Notes on the king crab fishery of Delaware Bay, by Hugh M. Smith. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 363-370.) ape pee Report upon a collection of fishes made in southern Florida during 1889, by James A. Henshall. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 371-389.) Notes on the oyster fishery of Connecticut, by J. W. Collins. (Bulletin for 1889, pp. 461-497.) Report on the work of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, from January 1, 1887, to June 30, 1888, by Z. L. Tanner. (Report for 1887, pp. 371-435.) LXxX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Report upon the construction and equipment of the schooner Grampus, by J. W. Collins. (Report for 1887, pp. 436-490. ) Report upon the operations of the U. S. Fish Commission schooner Grampus, from March 15, 1887, to June 30, 1888, by J. W. Collins. (Report for 1887, pp. 491-598.) A review of the labroid fishes of America and Europe, by David Starr Jordan. (Report for 1887, pp. 599-699.) On some Lake Superior Entomostraca, by S. A. Forbes. (Report for 1887, pp. 701-718.) Notes on entozoa of marine fishes of New England, with descriptions of several new species, Part II, by Edwin Linton. (Report for 1887, pp. 719-899.) Report of the Commissioner for 1887, by Marshall McDonald. (Report for 1887, pp. I-Lxw1.) Statistical review of the coast fisheries of the United States, by J. W. Collins. (Report for 1888, pp. 271-378.) Report on the fisheries of the Pacific coast of the United States, by J. W. Collins. (Report for 1888, pp. 3-269.) Report on the investigations of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross for the year ending June 30, 1889, by Z. L. Tanner. (Report for 1888, pp. 395-512.) Report on the operations at the laboratory of the U. 8. Fish Commission, Woods Holl, Massachusetts, during the summer of 1888, by John A. Ryder. (Report for 1888, pp. 513-522.) A preliminary review of the apodal fishes or eels inhabiting the waters of America and Europe, by David Starr Jordan and Bradley Moore Davis. (Report for 1888, pp. 581-677. ) The chemical composition and nutritive values of food-fishes and aquatic inverte- brates, by W. O. Atwater. (Report for 1888, pp. 679-868. ) Observations on the aquaria of the U. 8. Fish Commission at Central Station, Washington, D.C., by William P. Seal. _ (Bulletin for 1890, pp. 1-12.) The fishing vessels and boats of the Pacific coast, by J. W. Collins. (Bulletin for 1890, pp. 13-48.) Observations upon fishes and fish-culture. (Bulletin for 1890, pp. 49-61.) Notes on a collection of fishes from the Lower Potomac River, by Hugh M. Smith. (Bulletin for 1890, pp. 63-72.) = A review of the Centrarchide or fresh-water sunfishes of North America, by Charles H. Bollman. (Report for 1888, pp. 557-579.) There was also issued as Senate Miscellaneous Document No. 65, a “Report on the establishment of a fish-cultural station in the Rocky Mountain region and Gulf States” by Marshall McDonald, Commis- Sioner, and Barton W. Evermann, assistant. The following publications relating to the cruise of the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, under the direction of Prof. Alexander Agassiz, have been published by the Museum of Comparative Zoology: Three letters from Alexander Agassiz to the Hon. Marshall McDonald, U.S. Com- missioner of Fish and Fisheries, on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S. Navy, commanding. (Bul- letin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. xx1, No.4.) General sketch of the expedition of the Albatross, from February to May, 1891, by Alexander Agassiz. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. xx, No. 1.) Calamocrinus Diomeda, a new stalked Crinoid, with notes on the Apical System and the Homologies of Echinoderms, by Alexander Agassiz. (Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. xvu, No. 2.) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXxI Over 2,000 bound copies of the reports and bulletins were distributed to collaborators of the Commission, libraries, and scientific institutions, and about 7,500 pamphlets, copies of papers appearing in these volumes and issued in advance of the full volumes. The library acquired 713 books, chiefly through gift and exchange for the publications of the Commission. Of those donated we are indebted to the officers of the Government Printing Office for over 100 volumes and to the Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France for 72 volumes, which were presented by that society in return for eggs of the qyhinnat salmon sent to it the previous year. ERECTION OF A FISHWAY AT THE GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC RIVER. A contract having been entered into June 9, 1891, by the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, with Isaac H. Hathaway, of Philadelphia, for the construction of a fishway at Great Falls, in accordance with plans and specifications prepared in this office, work was begun early in July and sections 4, 5, and 6 were completed during the year. THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The preparation of the Commission’s exhibit at the World’s Colum- bian Exposition was actively prosecuted under the immediate direction of Mr. J. W. Collins, the representative of the Commission on the Board of Management, U.S. Government Exhibit. As assistants the following special agents were appointed: E.C. Bryan, in charge of administration and of preparation of section of fisheries; W.de C. Ravenel, in charge of section of fish-culture; and W. P. Seal, in charge of construction of aquaria. The scope of the fisheries section embraces a series of vessel and boat models, and drawings of sail and builders’ plans of fishing ves- ‘sels; specimens and casts of fishes; mounted skins of sea-lions, seals, and birds; fishermen’s clothing, nets, and other apparatus used in the fisheries; photographs, cartoons, and water-color illustrations of the fisheries and fishery industries of the United States and Alaska; also a series of the angling appliances manufactured and used in the United States. In the preparation of the cartoons and water-color sketches the Commission availed itself of the services of Mr. Henry W. Elliott; in the drawings of plans of fishing vessels, of the services of Mr. C. B. Hudson, and in the making of casts of fishes, of those of Mr. S. F. Denton. The representation of the section of fish-culture will be by means of specimens, models, and illustrations (graphic and photographic) of fish- cultural stations (hatcheries, ponds, etc.); cars, vessels, boats, cans, etc., used in the transportation of eggs, fry, and adults of fishes; apparatus used in the artificial propagation of fish; the eggs, fry, and adults of fishes artificially propagated; the methods of fish-cultural work, and of fish-ladders or fishways. The models of the fish-cultural LXXIZT_ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. stations were prepared under the direction of Mr. W. P. Sauerhoff, one of the expert fish-culturists of the Commission. By an arrangement made with the executive board, the Exposition authorities constructed a suitable building and arranged for proper aquaria for the exhibition of fresh-water and marine life, the furnish- ing of the specimens and the general maintenance of the exhibit to be by the Fish Commission. Plans for the necessary water mains, pumps, ete., required for the supply of both fresh and salt water, and its circulation, were prepared by W. B. Bayley, U.S. Navy, the engi- neer of the Commission. The plans for the aquaria were likewise fur- nished by the Commission, and Mr. W. P. Seal, superintendent of the Commission’s aquaria, was detailed in August, 1891, to superintend their construction. STATE FISH COMMISSIONS. The codperation of the Commission with the various State fish com- missions in their fish-cultural work is indicated by the following table: Statement showing the kinds and number of eggs and fish furnished to State fish commis- sions during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892. State. Species. : Eggs. Fish. (nlgtorniars sees. ek oe: Shane Qninnatisalmoneseeeten 42 aaa ene eeeseee ee 95859" 000|-as see eee : Landlocked salmon) ssa... -s2-e02 2 eee oo=-ie =e 30;000"|So a. neesese= DGIAW ALC so. so. cansae soos ss Camp) semana nan aen Seen emeseeeaena tion cee ECOL Ota == 2 hse apse oe aes oe Carpierrecce Dlinois .::22::2.225.s2s-s22: Catfish .- Crappie = Rockshass ss see 2e ons Sos denise ate eee Sones ite Sunfish) =-ssae sec aee he ose eee eae seeee nGigna 2 sack ce Sscanoesas eee IW hitehshise sss. wo oes ce Sheer enies oe See eee MONE SObA\': i. oes nececce see Carp sae ws ee see Cae Se Sea Sa ee eee IMGSROUMT2 2 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXIii Statement showing the kinds and number of eggs and fish furnished to State fish commis- sions during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892—Continued. State. Species. Eggs. Fish. ‘Pennsylvania. --....-..------ (Cig ce deceeedaudnde nodkinicacesdaddoge seh suse K-Eadedesse 4, 000 Shades sccoc hee eee sete Be en connate = ete mee *2, 348, 750 Ahlan tic) SalmOMs=-ce meses cilia isreois oie maint 300;,000:|2 = S22. 2422 WinhitOhisht Coe ec eee aaree en cea clone amo niclals 500; QOUMESe aoe cee ccs TRIG SI KN 28 95 pceecn nor be EGoeBeearenicnoce: 15; 000,000F/2- 22. <2 =-535 (ANG Saas Sces seca sce ce sc (Chit) Geers ogee nce ccrine 2Obn Capboe Baebes Se eoee Senaceceseee 2, 000 PMOEMONGs sassscue oases ccs -/ itandlocked: salmon--s 0+ ses2 =n esa ns— 20 000|Zeaceaceactes Hoch Wevenkttroutisanse se sesceceese- se econ ee 80. 000M Panmes cece s 4 Rainbo WatrOut oe ae ase ace eee esi acisies sein teats 205 OOO! |Pec.c,-ccieeeriata Wong Bein iro Ullise sancrame sent cam a.alete a teletaoretell cata rsiciss, 2 stores 290 Wake hrouily. aes seeee cates sae saiiaiaia ee oe OOS OOO ewtse creates West Virginia...........---- ochrMey enwuroulb ss see sera me eaetee ate alsteteeyaate TOMO SSM ates ae WWE CONN IN ss occncie soe (Ohi) Shak cutie Sc none ceo apdaqdekearbetonbosuone teSecpceacbs 15, 000 SUAVE reeclare es eee emilee RAMPOWPLO Ub ase = ee mise Seeman sein 2OL000H Seon 25 a Wont Belin tno ui sess steerer ee cecicncn in POROOO'N ees eo Wake GROW cesemsaeeeis recess Seaton as sates LOO;O008 2 aeee seer ee *¥ry. COURTESIES EXTENDED AND RECEIVED. RELATIONS WITH OTHER GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. Acknowledgments are due the Coast and Geodetic Survey for charts and sounding books and the loan of instruments. ~The War Department, through Maj. C. E. L. B. Davis, in charge of the improvement of the Potomac River, for the use of scows to transfer buildings and equipment from Fort Washington to Bryan Point. The Interior Department for continuing the authority issued by the War Department for the use of a portion of the reservation at Fort | Gaston, Cal., as a fish-cultural station. The Navy Department for the extension of the facilities of the navy- yards for the outfit and repair of the Commission’s ships. Passed Assist- ant Engineer W. B. Bayley was detached April 1, 1892, as consulting engineer, and Passed Assistant Engineer I. 8. K. Reeves detailed in his stead. The steamer Albatross was transferred to the Navy Department for use in making a survey for a telegraphic cable between the United States and the Hawaiian Islands. a By direction of the President the steamer Albatross was detailed to convey to Bering Sea Drs. T. C. Mendenhall and C. Hart Merriam, agents of the State Department to investigate the seal fisheries of Alaska. At the request of the Superintendent of the Eleventh Census the appointment of Dr. H. M. Smith as special agent of the census in charge of fish and fisheries was sanctioned. The steam launch Blue Wing was lent to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia while the police boat was being repaired. For use during the shad-hatching season at Bryan Point, loan of tents and equipment was made by Gen. Albert Ordway, commanding the District of Columbia militia. LXXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Canada.—Kggs of the landlocked salmon were furnished Mr, W. P. Greenough, Portneuf, Quebec. Mexico.—Egegs of the Von Behr trout, landlocked salmon, and quin- - nat salmon were furnished the Mexican Fish Commission. United States of Colombia.—Through Lieut. H. R. Lemly the Govern- ment of the United States of Colombia was supplied with eggs of the brook, Loch Leven, Von Behr, and rainbow trout. The shipment resulted in entire loss. Great Britain.—At the request of U. 8. Minister Robert T. Lineoln, a shipment of landlocked salmon eggs was made to Bridgeworth, Eng- land. In March, 1892, 100,000 eggs of the whitefish were forwar We to the Midland eee Fish Culture Establishment. Report was made December 30, 1891, that the consignment made during the previous season had suceessfully hatched and that many of the fish had attained a length of 8 inches. Germany.—On October 25, 1891, a quantity of catfish, sunfish, and calico bass were furnished Dr. Charles von dem Borne for his father, the eminent German fish-culturist, Mr. Max. von dem Borne, of Ber-- neuchen. A small consignment of whitefish was also sent in April, 1892. During the year there were received from Mr. von dem Borne eggs of the Von Behr trout, brook trout, lake trout, and whitefish. France.—Eggs of the rainbow trout were sent to Mr. Le Conteula de Caumont, Oise. Belgium.—In compliance with request of the Belgium Commission of * Pisciculture, about 500 catfish were collected at Quincy, Ill., and for- warded to Antwerp in December, 1891. Switzerland.—In February, 1892, 100,000 eggs of the common white- fish were sent to Mr. E. Covelle, Geneva. MARSHALL MCDONALD, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution, 1891-92. LXXV Species and disposition. Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, chiefly) : Deer Creek, Bel Air, Md Private ponds in Pennsylvania New York Max von dem Borne, Berneuche Belgium, Government of-.-..-- Lake Cuyamava, San Diego, Cal Feather River, Gridley, Cal Illinois River, La Salle, 11 Meredosia, Ill Private ponds in Illinois Flat Rock River, Flat Kock, Ind Upper lowa River, Decorah, Iowa Wall Lake, Lake View, Lowa Mineral Park Lake, Dow City, Iowa Lake Evelyn, Bonner Springs, Kans Cumberland River, Williamsburg, Ky Spring Lake, Madisonville, Ky. Reinecke Lake, Madisonville, Ky Loch Mony Lake, Earlington, Ky Salisbury fish ponds, Salisbury, City reservoir, Moberly, Mo Missouri Fish Commission, St. Joseph, Mo Cockrell Lake, Independence, Mo Private ponds in New Mexico Brady Lake, Ravenna, Ohio Lake Lakemere, Kenton, Ohio Private ponds in Ohio Private ponds in Texas Liberty Lake, Spokane Falls, Wash Loon Lake, Loon Lake, Wash Private ponds in Missouri Cc: (Oyprinus carpio): e Private ponds in Alabama Larapee Creek, Chehaw, Ala Tombigbee River, near Demopolis, Ala Alabama River, near Selma, Ala Private ponds in Arkansas Washita River, Arkadelphia, A: Private ponds in California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Fish Commission Nanticoke River, Seaford, Del Private ponds in District of Columbia Florida Georgia... Georgia Fish Commission Private ponds in Idaho Mud Lake, near Paris, Idaho Private ponds in Illinois Illinois River, Meredosia, Il] Fox River, near Elgin, Ill Embarras River, near Greenup, Illinois Fish Commission Private ponds in Indiana Wabash River, Terre Haute, Ind Private ponds in Indian Territory /Fifteen-acre lake, near Dow Cit; Private ponds in Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Crocodile River, near Bunkie, La Bayou Scie, near Robeline, La Cyp near, § Private ponds in Maine Maryland Big Pool, Hagerstown, Md Tuckahoe Creek, Queen Anne, Md Deer Creek, Bel Air, Md ....... Private ponds in Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota.... Minnesota Fish Commission... Private ponds in Mississippi Chunkey Bayou C re Bayou, near Stonewall; La See ee ee es n, Germany Mo rk Til y, lowa - Eggs. Adults and yearlings. week were wwe eee 509 100 100 76 502 250 250 100 (250, 000) 80 LXXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution, 1891-92—Continued. a Deposited for rearing and distribution. i P we Adults and Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings. Shad (Clupea sapidissima)—Continued : Crocodile River, near Bunkie, La ....-.--.--.------------|--+-+--+------- 672/000) 5225. s4eetcr Vermilion River, near Lafayette, La ....-.--.------------|-------------- 675;,000))|22e~e see eee North-East River, North-East, Md.......--..------------|-------------- 1, 800, 000 |...... ESCs Gunpowder River, Gunpowder Station, Md.-....---.----|-------------- 2, 250, 000 DM pivivier, slik tbon Wid ese see see see een ee natn ee aia lelmalala) = 2, 680, 000 Bush River, Bush River Station, Md........---+..-.----|-------------- 2, 250, 000 Wicomico River, Salisbury, Md..---...-.....:.-.-------- 1, 349, 000 Tuckahoe Creek, Queen Anne, Md 1, 320, 000 Patapsco River, Relay House, Md.........-.-..-.---- 448, 000 Susquehanna River, near Havre de Grace, Md 1, 025, 000 Reach Bouwom base sesso ae 1, 800, 000 ites eh dayne bales ate ae eee 1, 800, 000 Columbin, veare- sae ee eee 1, 200, 000 Back River, near Back River Station, Md..--..-.-------.) 450, 000 iPatixentieiver, a4anrel, Ids ssensmisee seme aisle eee = 301, 000 Chester Riyer, Chestertown, Md.--...---.------.--------|----------- ==. 1, 350, 000 Taunton River, Dighton, Mass --..-....---.-------------|----.-----~---- 1, 500, 000 Jordan River, near Bay St. Louis, Miss...---.-.--------- pss Sep Secreta 500, 500 Wolf River, near Bay St. Louis, Miss.....-.---.-----.--- je aS ere pe 500, 500 Bayou de Lisle, near Bay St. Louis, Miss --.--.--.-------|-------------- 500, 500 Rotten Bayou, near Bay St. Louis, Miss..----.-.---------|-------------- 500, 500 James River, Springfield, Mo...-....---.---------------.|-------=------ 180, 000 U.S. Fish Commission Station, Neosho, Mo..-.-...---.-.-.|---------.-.-. a (700, 000) St. Francis River, Knob Lick, Mo ...-------.-.---------- Toate eed eee 750, 000 RimiberWreek. iG OUCESUOL, ON «ier ale eiela leis aja a= ae ite 2, 497, 000 261, 000 Woodbury Creek, near Gloucester, N.J -.-----------=---|----------=--- 24, 000 Delaware River, Lambertville, N. J-.-...---------------- 1S ee emete oo 450, 000 Callicoon Neer ne = eee eee eee | Sats tere atone 1, 450, 000 IRE MOAAGH ING Vac Sesedeceeesaoseosecizdlssocesosscodse 1, 515, 000 LIPO Op GH det iaeo snes Soeeneegucmnd asa seesepe sabe 255 2, 069, 000 Delaware: WiateriGap, bess cesesere salen o eee eer 2, 600, 000 PeshindsonulivenwAl pany. aN. We sem mesma ame ee ele epee sets See 2, 524, 000 WrostsPointiwN). Naseseess ose tee spawn = ape shee aeema Aate 1, 350, 000 SNE Wy DDT ON ese ree ere ett Ms Ae apatee 1, 325, 000 Catawha River, near Morganton, N. C-...-----.--------.]-=----.--.-... 260, 000 Neuse River, Goldsboro, N. C.----.------ poenies = Sea See See tec aati sete 275, 000 Waglktinlshyad, Shiliiay) IS (Ce55-o5 5565563555566 S ss secen| [so eo seoscd 250, 000 Congaree River, Columbia, S. C..-----.------------------|-------------- 1, 200, 000 Beamkiver, Cache sunction, Witahy<2 oe. ome = ee ol orice ely an 1, 998, 000 Chappawausie Creek, Quantico, Va-.---------------------|-------------. 474, 000 Plizabeth River, Norfolk, Va .---.--.----.---------.----- 429, 000 Otter River, Evington, Va ....--.-....------------------- 361, 000 Rapidan River, Rapidan, Va.....--.--------------------- 594, 000 Stony Creek, Stony Creek, Va...--..----.---------------- 379, 000 Tye River, Tye River Station, Va 688, 000 Meherrin River, Belfield, Va...---....-.--.--.--,-------- 396, 000 Geakp leis Chin eis WEY acbaceses esq someecda ae Saqncee ae 437, 000 Little River, Taylorsville, Va.-...--..-------.------- eee 421, 000 Rockfish River, Rockfish Station, Va ....<.-.....--------|-.-.-<--<-.... 395, 000 Machipongo Creek, Machipongo, Va .....-+.-.-.---------|-.------..---- 400, 000 Quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus chowicha) : California Hish Commission =< °.-2-+---.-seeo- <= 2-4 2852; O0OW ena towers ae [nee eee cee E. Chazari for Mexican Government. ...----------------- 50: 0004 |tes= Se cee oe eee ee WikA Olay Glebe yd striae BOF oe een era seoacine sooee| Gooner ae ssaens 25,500) |i ee eee @lackamus River) Clackamas One py <2 ise re pet alee eaten altel | ole eletnl= meee = ai a2. 400) | eee eee Tributaries of Trinity River, near Fort Gaston, Cal..--.|..-.------.--. 140°000. 105.5 ee Redmond Creek, near Fort Gaston, Cal ----- Bete = eee nel ook eee 150;10007|222 22 ee Supply Creek, near Fort Gaston, Cal ..--.---.--.---.----|--------------|-----------=-- 25, 000 Nissequogue River, near Smithtown, Long Island, N.J--|....--.-.---..|-------------- 2, 400 Gi recnehiver, Neary Asrlin ohOn Vite eee leita aster teen ciate ett teee eee ota | Poteet ete ota 1, 500 ipencdict brook, moar Av lin GtOnN) Vite em cle = eam a= ele ele a) eee eerie ete ae atte lateleinie i, 000 Madison Brook; near Arlington; Wti-f-------2------.----|s2-2-2- + SSA See ear corse 485 Denning Brook, near Arlington, Vt..----..-..-..-.-----.|-.------------|-------------- 485 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) : Pennsylvania Fish Commission ...----------------------- 300; 000 ios -eaciecen nls arene cee Wewevork hish Commission <2o.- 0 -cee-.= sear esse =e UGA WUD) so aseeesdeosecc\leisskoecccosc Trabutaries| of Penobscot Rivers Maine) seers eee eae tee ae ieee el eee 254, 200 Alamoosook Lake, near Craig Brook Station, Maine ..-.-.|-.----.------.|---------.---. 32 Landlocked salmon (Salmo salar, var. sebago) : onoyseond) near Orland. Met ses ease 2 eseeses eee ele ene a eee See eee 8, 421 Bitneand bond, near Weer clsle Miele csteem ole lolli | tetera inte ial oe se tee 1, 499 Praveeeoud near Orland eMe@se. se aeee seem enna ene | eeete ae eee Se eel 59 Winooski River, near Waterbuly, Vtlse..- sce. 22+ see enn ma ee etal neil ” 8e, Jceiaae 5, 000 SBrownus River, near Essex diunetiony Vite s222— 2 = oer mn = eine ee |e etallnl nlm 5, 000 nrdianvorooks meat MASex dN CON ay bins aeseesiener aeceeet cneiet sae eee ae bee een rien 2,000 Malletts'Greek. near Hssex Junction: Vitec. a. 22 cael ote ee cetera eats 2, 000 Sunderland Hollow Brook, near Essex Junction, Vt..-..|.--..--..-----|----------+---- 1, 000 lem rereleyeveh Tavane Op Kes) ay) BEN idee oe oped mene eH oOt ood eallacs “ans See dad| poosadesse sao: 20, 000 Green Lake and tributaries, near Green Lake, Me.....-- J) ae Segiaeitere | one en Ae eo eiae 76, 000 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXIX Details of distribution, 1891-92—Continued. Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry ae ote Landlocked salmon (Salmo salar, var. sebago)—Continued : Grand Lake and Grand Lake Stream, near Schoodic Sta- California Fish Commission Blooming Grove Park Association, Glen Eyre, Pa New York Fish Commission Wilmurt Club, Newton Corners, N. Y Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo, N. Y A, N. Cheney, Glens Falls, N. Y Minnesota lish Commission Nevada Fish Commission Vermont Fish Commission New Hampshire Fish Commission E. Chazari, for Mexican Government W. P. Greenough, Lacheyrotiere, Canaca «ccc wens = eens ee wee eee eee eee ees Loch Leven trout (Salmo levenensis) : University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich New Hampshire Fish Commission Vermont Fish Commission West Virginia Fish Commission Nebraska Fish Commission Private pond in Michigan.......-.----.2---2+0-00s0e000e- Alder Run, Kylertown, Pa Private pond ink ennsyl van ai: aa. << nee coe ena = = Knights Creek, Menominee, Wis Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) : Vermont Fish Commission Wyoming Fish Commission John H. Gordon, South Bend, Wyo Otto Gramm, Laramie, Wyo E. M. Robinson, Mammoth Springs, Ark Le Conteula de Caumont, Havre, France Lieut. H. R. Lemly, Colombia, 5. A Heart Pond, near Orland, Me Cvosa River, Leesburg, Ala Little River, Fort Payne, Ala Cypress Creek, Florence, Ala Private ponds in Alabama ‘ Arkansas : Lake Pocotopong, near East Hampton, Conn Private ponds in Connecticut Crawfish Springs, near Chickamauga, Ga Raccoon Creek, Rome, Ga Line Creek, Palmetto, Ga Private ponds in Georgia Bloody Run, Dubuque, lowa ETiVaAte PONGan Kansas: sais ti-sacicte seats aia asa a telat ote eta Little Cold River, Fryeburg, Me Mill Pond, Barton, Md Tributaries of Gunpowder River, near Loch Raven and Parkton, Md Cowlers Creek, near Loch Rayen, Md Jenifer Branch, near Lock Raven, Md Tributary of Deer Creek, near Belair, Md Bynum Run, near Belair, Md Sideling Hill Creek, in Washington County, Md Private ponds in Maryland (Pelham: Brooke owellp Mass ..5.cesece- sale cesses seeece as Browns Brook, Northfield, Mass .............--.....-.--- Twelve-acre lake, near Bellingham, Mass Private ponds in Massachusetts Current River, near Chilton, Mo Shoal Creek, in Newton County, Mo Missouri Fish Commission Private ponds in Missouri Malapardis Brook, near Morristown, N. J Sam Spring Brook, near Morristown, N. J aoe Run, Island Heights, N. J rivate ponds in New Jersey Otsego Creek, Oneonta, N. Y Dam of New City Mills, Conger, N. Y Skanandoa Creek, Vernon, N. Y.......-...--2----++-0-0-- ' LXXXII Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)—Continued: Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) : Details of distribution, 1891-92—Continued. Species and disposition. Eggs. Streams in Dubuque County, Lowa ---..---.------------- Craig Pond, near Orland, Me Alamoosook Lake, near East Orland, Me Streams in Wayne County, Mich University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich Missouri Fish Commission Bolen Pond, near Jasper, Mo Otter Creek, near Ogallala, Nebr Gallinas River, near E. Las Vegas, N. Santa Fe River, near Santa Fe, N. Mex ...----.-----...--- Lovejoy Creek, near Clyde, N. Y.------------------------ Cold Creek, near Castalia, Ohio Chester Creek, near Green Hill, Pa Paradise Run, near Leaman Place, Pa.-.-.--.------------ Starrucco Creek, near Thompson, Pa Branch Creek, near Pocono, Pa Private ponds in Pennsylvania Turkey Creek, near Wakonda, 8S. Dak French Creek, in Custer County, 8S. Dak Squaw Creek, in Custer County, S. Dak Frou Creek, in Custer County, S. Dak .-..........------- Robin Creek, in Custer County, 8S. Dak Spring Creek, in Pennington County, S. Dak Castle Creek, in Pennington County, S. Dak Rapid Creek, in Pennington County, S. Dak Spearfish Creek, in Lawrence County, S. Dak Whitewood Creek near Deadwood 8S. Dak Kinnickinnick River, near River Falls, Wis University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich John H. Gordon, South Bend, Wyo Wyoming Fish Commission Minnesota Fish Commission Vermont Fish Commissiou New Hampshire Fish Commission Nebraska Fish Commission New York Fish Commission Lake Superior, off mouth of Lester River, near Duluth, Minn Lake Superior, near Grand Marais, Minn Mackletts Channel, Minn Weager Creek, near South Bend, Ind Turkey Lake, near Cedar Beach, Ind Lake Maxinkuckee, near Marmont, Ind Stanfield Lake, near South Bend, Ind Twin Lakes, near Lima, Ind Twin Lakes, near Garner, lowa Pilot Mound Lake, Garner, Iowa Hickman Creek, near Lexington, Ky Private pond in Kentucky Lake Esau, near Bell, Mich Wialnat bake near Mranklin, Mich. -222.52.-22-222.- 222 Boon Lake, near Franklin, Mich Zukey Lake, near Hamburg Junction, Mich Pickerel Lake, near Newayga, Mich MoilliCrecia mnearswancletoneMichyscess sass nes eter eee Pleasant Lake, near Annandale, Minn Otsego Lake, near Cooperstown, N. Y Johnson Creek, near North Ridgeway, N. Y Paint Creek, near Chillicothe, Ohio Lake in Franklin Park, Columbus, C Letort Spring, near Carlisle, Pa Lake Underwood, near Como, Ind Upper Twin Lake, near Preston Park, Pa Forest Stream Pond, near Wilmington, Vt iPikeyRi ver, MeALr AciEcon, WalSiee eee nee ee ene nces eee iLotig ake near Spooner) Wis -sc-e 2 sce cease ese cecceee Toscobia Lake, near Rice Lake, Wis Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) : Lake Erie, near Bass Islands Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis) : Indiana Fish Commission Midland Counties Fish Culture Association, England -... Switzerland: Goyernment of eo seco scee eden) See ee eee Pennsylvania Fish Commission Ohio Fish Commission ake Superior, off mouth of Lester River, near Duluth, inn 100, 000 | 100, 000 100, 000 12, 500, 000 8, 000, 000 Lake Superior, off mouth of ship canal, near Duluth, Minn REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Adults and yearlings. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Details of distribution, 1891-92—Continued. Species and disposition. Fry. LXXXIIl Adults and yearlings. Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis)—Continued : Lake Superior, near Whitefish Point, Mich Lake St. Croix, offmouth of St. Croix River, in Wisconsin. Lake Erie, near North Bass Island Rattlesnake Island Middle Bass Island Kelley Island .....- Nemes Hee sek seas ser | Put-in-Bay Island Ballast Island Thunder Bay, near Alpena, Mich Lake Huron, near Alpena, Mich East Tawas, Mich Harrisville, Mich Au Sable, Mich Lake Michigan, near Naubinway, Mich Epoufette, Mich Whitefish Lake, near Corinne, Mich Lake Ontario, near Sacketts Harbor, N. Y Oswego, N. Y Scriba, N. Y Otsego Lake, near Cooperstown, N. Y Yellow perch (Perea flavescens) : Feather River, near Gridley, Cal ..----------------------- Lake Cuyamaca, San Diego, Cal Private ponds in Llinois Glenwood Lake, near Galesburg, Ill Rock River, near Milan, Dl Sni Ecarte Lake, near East Hannibal, Il ‘Illinois River, near La Salle, I] Meredosia, Til Kankakee River, near Kankakee, Il Island Pond, near Waterloo, Il Gilmore Lake, near Columbia, U1 Sucker State Pond, near Carlisle, I] BL ybe ONG Sie Km SAS se eel tee ein ae sae ena Lake Evelyn, near Bonner Springs, Kans..........-..--. Elm Creek, near Sawyer, Kans Private ponds in Kentucky Big Pool, near Hagerstown, Md Private ponds in Misseuri Salisbury Fish Pond, Salisbury, Mo City reservoir, near Moberly, Mo Private ponds in New Mexico Blue Water, near Blue Water, N. Mex Private ponds in Ohio Lake Mere, near Kenton, Ohio Ohio Fish Commission Nixon River, near Faulkton, 8. Dak - James River, near Huron, 8. Dak Turtle Creek, near Redfield, S. Dak Lake Kampeska, near Pierre, S. Dak ...-...-....---.-..- Loon Lake, near Spokane Falls, Wash Camp Lake, Camp Lake, Wis Silver Lake, Silver Lake, Wis Cedar Lake, near Schleisingerville, Wis......---......-- Browne Lake, near Burlington, Wis Phantom Lake, near Mukwonago, Wis Crooked Lake, near Mukwonago, Wis Chain of Lakes, near Waupaca, Wis Pike perch (Stizostedion vitrewm) : Pennsylvania Fish Commission PIKGrLeeL ly NN ES Oba, suc cuc cticsccoucce mos tee eect ee. St. Louis River, in Minnesota Lake Superior, in Minnesota Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay Island North Bass Island North Bass and Middle Bass Islands.... West Sister Island Quinnebaug River, near Putnam, Conn Wild Cat River, near Kokomo, Ind Salmonia River, near Warren, Ind Mississenewa River, near Marion, Ind Iroquois River, near Rensselaer, Ind Cedar Lake, near Lima, Ind Pwyinwuakes; Near wWiMad Ind cob asscccscesencece cocmecdee Diamond Lake, near Ligonier, Ind Chain Lake, near South Bend, Ind ................-....-- Stone and Pine Lake, near La Porte, Ind................- Pike, Eagle, and Chapman lakes, near Warsaw, Ind Cedar Lake, near Ora, Ind Little Clam Lake, near Cadillac, Mich................--- | 15, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 10, 600, 000 5, 000, OVO 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 750, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 250, 000 2, 250, 000 1, 500, 000 2, 000, 000 2,060, 000 2, 060, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 600 801, 000 875, 000 314, 000 2, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 2, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 1, 500, 000 1, 600, 000 1, 500, 000 4, 700, 000 4, 700, 000 50, 000 100, 000 200, 000 200, 000 50, 000 1, 850, 000 a nee ewww wee eee ee ee! » Details of distribution, 1891-92—Continued. LXXXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Species and disposition. Eggs. Fry. et Pike perch (Stizostedion vitrewm)—Continued : Big Clam Lake, near Cadillac, Mich.-.--..-..-----.-.---.|-------.------ 1, 850, 000 Scioto River, nearwenbon tO N10 522 -wee seit ie el ete all eae eer 1, 609, 000 Grand Reservoir, near Carthagena, Ohio. .-..-....--..----|---------~----. 1, 000, 000 WE Krianeteys ager mi dvern NM OCoIE Olovty A Seo osaceneasns +5 eoeoeeaos| seeds secosass 1, 000, 000 MuscarawaseRiver Near Oar, OHO msec kscses ec aek aa eel eee Per ae ee 1, 000, 000 Manmee River, mear toledo,’ Ohio) oc oan nisms nama lees ee eee 500, 000 Grand Reservoir near CelimayOhi0=se5-— sec. cei-meee oes eet eee aeeeer 500, 000 BlanchardeRiver- mean Obiawa ON1Osee eee ee ee eee el see eee eee 1, 000, 000 itchheld(Creek.mear, Wanchester, Key 2so-~ << -se cio - oe |= seine aelcinie eta 1, 000, 000 North fork of Kentucky River, near Ford, Ky .-.---.---. jigeecitosceer es 2, 000, 000 Silver Creel near Slate ick, Kay 22-2 --\c- sess =-eee-ee losesdosasecass 1, 000, 000 Rockeastle River, near Livingston, Ky.------ 222-22. 2---c|aenwen- 2 nen 2, 000, 000 CumberlandtRhiver near: Pineville Kayes tone ee sane ee eee a 3, 000, 000 Salt wiver Neat SHeperas valle, PACy eels ete lta eee = mate eee sere ee eters 400, 000 LNA ge Ion UO Ysoc Sogo oconsoeon mason |s=Secescs0doc0 400, 000 INOlinICreek-an Gare N OLN pkey n-m oisete eet els elo ieee raietee steele tetera 400, 000 Big Barren River, near Bowling Green, Ky --------------|-------------- 400, 000 erage) jonas), THIEC TIROA SA 65455 oo sho Soee Sd ooads esp padeononceoansasolloassedoussosos Sea bass (Serranus atrarius) : Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts coast ......-..--.-..--..|----------.--. 2000007): sss aes White bass (Roccus chrysops) : ere nyen) jo Gly rho) OUI ey Soe see oe SoS eee sob ebe oe Soe Seneomed)| = seceeGccsena| ls smeceaqshosss 75 Sni;Hearte, near Mastiblannibal sss aco Seen ees aoe esol ce tae einer | tee eee eee 400 TUIMOIS PAVE M CN 7a salle: eae tetera ete antalya atl elects ator ate a 100 Wiener dtl 8 sooo de enoses conan seb soeeos ot sadllespacusocatsce (15, 000) Kankakee River near Kankakee; Uo eee Sse = nein ne ae «| yaei= sare ere eee ioe 25 Wipper lowaphiversnear Decorah, Owe esee= oe a= tae elle eta ere errs 447 JPA ENG) TONG ier Ker Eas Sagoo spe aen SES aeonmar eaaases| esaodko ao8o5Se|[bSaaosnsocsose 25 LAthlesbiluesniver mMear eaAnOVer cans) aac. one =o ase spe es] eeiielee eee Sa et eta eee 200 ISIGUE OO) mrs AGNAIO ae WGN Sooo ooo coosaao eebeebE abllacse doeasosaed| sconce cansocte 24 Perle; pric; MOAT Wiatrens DOLE, WM On seme cess =e ae | ene meee ete See eee ee 50 —- Loon Lake, near Spokane Falls, Wash Oh ae a ata a Bee Aen offer | Sse see ee Pe ee 500 Liberty Lake, near Spokane Falls, Wash -.-.-----.--.---.]---=--=--.---- Prscat catea sit 100 Black bass (ficropterus salmotdes and M. delonvieu) : IPrivateypone wane GE Sas. seers see oe ea cece ste eee mete all tet teeta eat i eer 50 ake @uyamaca, nearisansDiex0: Calle. sen ae aoa eee ae eee ae ae eter elalerate ee eee 1,990 Feather River, near Gridley, Cal .-.....--...-..-.-. Jalen al fys tis oe ae eee lista chee ee 620 iPrivate pond in’ Connecticut. .\._ 5-m=s\5- -sosnenisise nei ess eens) cece ree haste eee 292 BPistrictiol Columbiave2.- o.oo ae cece ose eee ee | See eee 400 Private, ponds Im Un oig els is ae eeles See ean Se sien eo eeeie eee Eee eee ee eee 150 MWueParoiRiver near burlington Park sulle eeseen- tee creer ean eaee es neces ceeeees 50 Glenwood Lake, near Galesburg, Ill ..-.-..-...-.-..-.--. perieeAuoudaaae nosnassoces eee 50 Rockhiver, nearswalan, Tile. a seen eae eeeeseee nee UN a Sg AT Se ie ea Ie cy 175 Sni Ecarte Lake, near East Hannibal, Ill -.............-- re is a io si elesedeie & Vee er ieeyap ie aeons 25 Obie ihe OER SPINE. J0ll {fossa ae ee ee eee es Lees peeys a ae eae 25 Kankakee River near Kankakee. We 22. ees. ae secon [Ro eG oes cere lemme eee oe 25 Tslandselond near Waterloo jmlllince.= son ese teen nee aan ee || ak 5 tat Gate | ee nein oie a 50 GrlmorewWiake near Colimbias Wes ccesccacoace see Cee eee eee Ht altrae gay la ha cei 50 DUCKED Stabe Lond meariCarlisle ills ssrne.seeecesereen ee laaeeeer ene. le incre ey erieegeee 50 Flat Rock River, near Flat Rock, Ind....-....-..--.----- a et Soar OPM RE eens fee 300 White River, near Indianapolis, Ind..-..------..--.-..+- See septate WESSON SE ness. 211 Wall Lake, near Lake View, Iowa.-..--.---------------- RAS csi Geis Sete Rafe eye fee 247 Mineral Park ale near Dow. City Mo wal oscars oe else =a Cela = aie a) ee ee 248 Upper Iowa River, near Decorah, lowa.-...--.-.--.-.---- eos oosee cep eeemeee eee 294 Priv ale ponds in oKcam Saseenee ne aero eee oe eee rae Ce Cee ane ares A aE ae eee 175 Lake Evelyn, near Bonner Springs, Kans.-.--....-.-..-. Re Oni tania A Neen LS ie 90Cc Attlegblue hiner) near scanover ican pecans ce ece eee lease eee ee eee oer eer 425 Hl myCreeks Mean Sawyer Mans crest et oa- har sr eece ees as| Seen oe e eee pao Reema 350 Private ponds in Kentucky ..-.-- gs See wi aie ote toe bre srclsraiere RES oe eee apa eee eee a 1,000 ShermaniWalce: mear Wy alliamstownkeye see ee a eee ea Ue ence een emer nace peer eee 15 Coniberland River; mearlWalliamsburs, Kiy- pec eeose pose cece eee eee eee ee 15 Reinecke Lake} near Madisonville, Ky.--..-.------.-.--- le nbooacc cece Se |Meat sere 50 Spring Lake, near Versailles: Keyser ao. scien ee eeon oe NES CB pee EGE N eI OE Ese eae Sent ia ae en ae ee a oor 73 CXL REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Apparatus and capital employed in Lake Superior fisheries. Items. son Value. Wares ((i@neideas Pali) aon ce sopngbopeR aoe osccnE con cESon Stes on coSboGosesosseanooesss 8 | *$61, 300 ISORIG). sooo S ip SAseosoRecdo sos sesoe on spsep dos baSceo so Sschos8 seo eae sean spndsceses 320 23, 975 Glin ets fic desc woes a tees ata ts ot cca see ec emis cocci osis nee eases emcees beer aie aay 5, 974 63, 476 Ponnd nets. soso Jos ce tec le mae ne elie oe pciewcentiee & emcees ase scneeee terete Seines ..--- Fyke nets Dip nets. Spears. - MINES |e ciccmicaistwiese nce aan anon eae cece aces eet tee eeek erica sete fe Reece meee naen eeeeeee Shore and accesso: Tits tecmesn cel se eer ee eee Caphicapitalinsoem- oe eieceee se isis bisa: SO eta ls tA chara Se sew elaratseo Satesie ema se PRObAL eet cs Se sciccaicec Hae see ae Dee eee Meee Reet cats ce eer Stine ela eeee emer meee *Includes outfit. Products of Lake Superior fisheries. Species. Pounds. | Value. LECH BNA UA ANGI) tl Seas Sep eBenabaaaacdconee are soCeorece Bases ava eae =e oe ates ese etre 199, 121 $4, 616 Pike fresh and salted. 20) .s5..--scss-2.--02- Oe IID Eh Daa ere Re ee ee eee 26, 362 1, 134 SLU Ee ean Snead Spates sao see odo Sadan encdasocesesas- See SAE ee 47, 482 1, 401 PET OMb ELCs, nS ccle nneicew Scie cio ese Sas erce eee ee eee meee eae oe teee Eto esa eerie 2, 065. 030 72, 430 OM baa betta Gave ie cram ale oe see See eee ee na eee Ga Ree te eae antes 548, 348 15, 771 WWARTLEN Serres oe ie je rsce em nar tts ae ctn cs Mee o ceete eR eee ae oe EEE REE EE eer oe 2, 423, 111 94, 512 iWyahine ish salted yeh 2) tae 2 ea Sie. Be rth OO eee ee Fa ee ee ee 790, 065 30, 475 Otheriiishwtiresh and salted) ss see se he cts orate ices SE wee enero eestor 16, 473 629 WEN AOS at Re No ae oe a TE eo CORRE ATA ceils Ried, 6,115,992 | 220, 968 The fisheries in the Canadian waters of the lake in which Americans are pecuniarily interested are of considerable importance, as shown by the table. They are prosecuted with gill nets, pound nets, and fyke nets, and the principal fish taken are whitefish and trout. In the year covered by the investigation 1,137,387 pounds of fish, valued at $34,472, were brought into the United States from these fisheries on the northern and eastern shores of the lake. 7 | Boats, apparatus, etc. _ bees Value. Species. Pounds. Value, BO MDS vomiacemte cee tiesiiaieenisnisineetes 29 $27940\ | bike: ehreshee = setae iseyereetaee 8, 600 $240 Lenya MHS og05 Sooeeccbce duets te 22 5, 950 || Sturgeon, fresh ----....... 36, 170 1, 085 Gillnetsleeccas cs soee ween ucsse ne 322 10,008.51) rout wineshes---- seeseseee 330, 000 9, 900 Byke metes 22 f..Le Mkoe. thie Se 35 350°|| “Lrout, salted!. 252-222-222 20, 000 700 NHOLENDTOP ORLY meron =| eee 8,750 || Whitefish, fresh .-........ 687, 032 20, 611 @ashicapitall = 2: Lta-csackescee = |teeene * 13,700 || Whitefish, salted.......... 56, 185 1, 936 —— | -——_—_ | ee Total investment .......--.|.----- 41, 698 Potalee ee scare tee | 1,137,387 | 34,472 As has been shown, the value of the fisheries of this lake in 1890 was more than in 1880, but less than in 1885. The decrease between the two later years was marked in every important fish and was especially serious in the case of whitefish and trout. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CXLI Comparison of the yield of the fisheries of Lake Superior in 1880, 1885, and 1890. Species. 1880. 1885. 1890. s Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. MMMMITOHS Mise ac ioce siete so sec ceicincineicace somes cue sees Anna doctsses 2,257,000 | 4,571, 947 3, 213, 176 EMG IIRL Seale ei aie = slatsininlo)alaiejnie)nin nla a sisla'cic' paeerdocc: 434, 759 CUBS) GWG) eA Boe ee Ge Aner en enot Benne pee oioes BAAS Lee crmBarGoeassbr Jeceteobicee 258, 400 Tia tie Le), ae OP ate head cS Rae eres Cia cst be! 5 se Rt ae 1, 437, 224 Products of Lake Michigan fisheries. Species. Pounds. Value. IMG Ris ic ctdetcee StinesseoS oaGe ao Hecibis sonotactoe san acc ononneeebecnosese Sonencsscses 143, 139 $6, 477 TRGAIYE So 5 SESSA eee eae ore er ta anes vena ed So RTE yen te 6, 082,082 | 102,721 JEST he ve Scop sae ce aes REE Ceo Soo Ea Sie ln eR, OE 1, 943, 953 46, 641 TED SENG Lg OPES WS OL SS ea aS ae I SR eR ON i ie aS ee et ae 566, 021 21, 987 STRHIOD je ceebetasheat sees e sees DE Sr er a aeaoe seen Sere aceon te sao ae eee See 945, 897 34, 253 ANSI SOUR oe ceebcdentoesesns sone etenccs dc eee eoenseesoenods Spee agen Coca anSatGoescese 1, 800, 783 27, 106 LOAN a: snodeebbetises sencee Saag re ee rote Ap ore Sere See nase EES econo meme ee ent oe 8, 364, 167 349, 193 Ce CRVRELTELD = 3388 52 SA Se CRN Ge SE Aes SE le ae aes a oe ne SE aire et ae So 5, 455, 079 219, 059 Dane GSN ecg ant Bee eee ee ee eR OS UE et HR Oe eae Ba aoe 1, 132, 145 23, 028 THO os Soa SACS SED See One oe oes See Rae Ay ah en mee 8 26,434,266 | 830, 465 The fisheries of Lake Michigan are more extensive than in 1880, but somewhat less so than in 1885, when, as shown in a preceding general table, more persons were engaged, more capital was invested, and more money accrued from the sale of fishery products. In 1880 whitefish constituted more than half the catch, in 1835 a little more than a third, in 1890 about a fifth. Sturgeon have decreased in a still more marked degree. Trout, however, have increased about 300 per cent, herring 200 per cent, and other fish between 300 and 400 per cent since 1880. The aggregate catch shows an increase of about 3,300,000 pounds over 1880, and 2,900,000 pounds over 1885, although, owing to the prepon- derance of the cheaper grades of fish, the value of the yield since 1885 has diminished $58,000. Following is a comparison of the production of this lake in the three years named: Comparison of the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan in 1880, 1885, and 1890. Species. 1880. | 1885. 1890. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 12, 030, 400 8, 682, 986 5, 455, 079 2, 659, 450 6, 431, 298 8, 364, 167 8, 839, 600 1, 406, 678 946, 897 3, 050, 400 3, 312, 493 6, 082, 082 1, 562, 025 3, 684, 693 5, 586, 041 PUNT SN easter ale ina casas atoiaiag Siac Cininis Wis wiblniblels ¢ oaaterets uot 23, 141, 875 23, 518, 148 26, 434, 266 CXLIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, The gill net is the most important form of apparatus employed in the fisheries of this lake; it takes larger quantities of fish and yields more money returns than all other devices combined. Trout, whitefish, and herring constitute the bulk of the catch, trout predominating. Pound nets are the only other relatively important apparatus; they take about five-sevenths of the fish obtained in gill nets. Whitefish are the principal fish caught, although trout, herring, and sturgeon, are of considerable value; the yieldof sturgeon by this means is much greater than in all other apparatus. Among minor devices are fyke nets, lines, seines, and spears. Fykes take chiefly herring, perch, pike, and suckers. Lines are employed mostly for perch; seines yield perch, pike, and suckers, and spears take small quantities of trout and pike. The following table shows the quantity and value of each principal kind of fish taken in this lake with each form of apparatus: Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan. = Gill nets. Pound nets. Fyke nets. Species. i Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. ASN Pe ore sae oti ea once ce eehete 20,179 $1, 006 14, 800 $755 |. 19, 310 $950 BPE Ot sce oats iS cin Be eine 3, 608, 968 67, 434 2, 103, 733 30, 321 332, 650 4, 436 CMe elt sac = Saas saeSee ese ns 427, 575 12, 020 453, 680 10, 098 419, 700 8, 862 Pike and pike perch ....:.-.--...- 85, 110 3, 462 247, 905 9, 939 141, 960 5, 557 “OSLO a ee ea eR Selene 16, 595 636 844, 887 BO) 224 eo 55523 aS once eee Shik eaye eae SS aoa eee ee 673, 216 10, 618 620, 033 10, 266 335, 410 3, 887 Tianna bee ey an eg ea 6,409,190 | 263,322] 1,513,229] 63,761 11, 980 470 GHC LSM ese cs oes sick cccemacce 2,873,784 | 111,484 | 2,560,456 | 106, 792 5, 285 235 TL RA Se ___ 372,581 | 7,894 | 426,614 | 8, 120 44,750 1,161 PICtay ete ah Recah eaeten See ee 14, 487, 198 | 477,322 | 8,785,337 | 270,276 | 1,311,045 | 25,558 Seines. Lines and spears. Total. Species. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. ya S Beeps eins eee ale wie ereiialmic ie ewe se owe os cian = aicieteelamintensroeinis 22 PRO TaN aes esco eis vclere Selec o ersiciele sleimimlelare clciolereisi ferme ateciateYnieremsinia cinierale fe niclotoe aide ic areie inte lie meets eeioe 389 Apparatus and capital employed in Lake Ontario fisheries. Items. No. Value. “WEA (Games) CUFT) eS Asoc Sse god dosapoodooosonooaadQapandoaace sans qSnoebouoe 3 | a$9, 585 BOAbs eisai es cie= = Bb SeGOGo meee OS Sano SOON BSE OSeE KcbencOneS sec obcaseneeesese 373 21, 577 ATMO hates cee oman b secteeineis Laie SE Remote fe Soba te cebcemeca ae mk oe eee feet...-| 1,103, 945 18,110 SEO NIT Mee tS an Cab reNp) pM OOS a ere taste eter (=raterainicye minis aterersieinie ei see teis sleeve epeiaiae(e ames eae store 288 24,577 LOLS GUIRY Gis SR a conn seas ose sees sean ne cSadine os aotmodsoousp Seep cdonosopbooEas 684 9, 822 SISITO SS 4083 cee SEE ASR GEC RAP BGm aA Ce SrAC OC oC Sa BeSpa: AAO eRaHE Hea SOOScnBOTSe pS 27 656 MCUMINES Ao nc ee etk basen ssh ses cumeb secs mesma soe koe sewsee eens pobre teet.... 139, €32 490 PUR COLD GOM Sia sects ios ob ka eeeaemcleiies stnesaeialemiae Ee Bie mee ceisem seme Seige eisee clarence 49 Sloneiwn diaccessony: PLOpeLbyr emcees << ise asic cas ceive meeaicis a etiscinen watson a temic | sceneries 25, 777 COIN Oni a TPA ES AS GRE Oman Me Stee tials ane ade ern mph mee yn OP eae acl ae edaaOE Cat 12, 890 |e ee EO Gad ess haiti See ees Se ale ee ic ee oe eS Sa aa ce Br se ecielllat = mtera te cna 123, 533 a Includes outfit. Products of Lake Ontario fisheries. Species. Pounds. Value. BMICKSDASSE st. S5oct ccs eect Sete acmink Mab sees RAM oeeo ao aee s beme ee ELeereneeee 33, 092 $2, 364 CARTELS Ss IS APR EAE As 7 RR ENT ED Bie OR ody Foe eR RSE A SC 471, 955 12, 444 LOG) S) 325 GOR ISEB AEE CIS ASE PETE CSE I t eerie sate ie RIE ee et Met a rnin RA aC 257, 190 8, 913 SELIM Sore oe lao ce coi acc ate wine cm aie ate alia alels erate ante Giataainefaia gre sce (ois nee eieioe teiaies 598, 978 20, 936 TEC UTS GAGE RG Seen fie rss TS Ee We Re teapot Oc 358, 947 5, 368 PENS eee teat oie oo. ¢ wis cae ose EBSD Selene Sie Bae Shite Ae sie ot BAe ale MS Sie oeies 129, 490 6, 284 EAMG POLO Dre lac cine > tas cslenigarewitic.ge cys csi Sebaeee de oleae sects dati oe See alee ene 331, 002 28, 729 GHLTITTEC Ona Se Ses OSC ee Seni aens Cee enon eer pe ura eels Soe ce aWonne 641, 752 22, 291 ILCKOPS eae e f closes ses Ss Soe ne ne Meee. oe Bene Sorts ReMi Sis sae anes 279, 170 4,578 DUROTAR ga SOS SEG ee nee ee ee rade aie eRe PR i oi aay ae) Se erable Po iy See en 41, 010 2, 089 BVVAIGOLG ey es ons Bane oY ono we ae aaice kh Mew ene c oetiod DERE EOE rae eeee eae 148, 771 6, 875 RIGS ANESD ANE, Leas Ret Pe ae ag gpa op ERA aRG Nef Mane 255, 091 3,915 Io Gall ape eee ee ee MOSES SS aL ee pa a TC Re te ae 3,446,448 | 124,786 * The fisheries of Lake Ontario. By H. M. Smith, M.D. 39 pp., 30 plates of fishes. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLIII In a preceding general table the statistics of the fisheries of this lake in 1880, 1885, and 1890 appear. The fisheries for the last year show a marked decline in the essential features of the industry as compared with 1880, although the capital invested and the value of the products were somewhat greater thanin 1885. The aggregate decrease in the quantity of fish taken between 1880 and 1890 was only 193,522 pounds, an amount which is in itself insignificant; but an inspection of the statistics shows that a more unfavorable result was obviated only by a very large increase in the production of the cheaper grades of fish, while the catch of the two most valuable fishes in 1880, viz, whitefish and lake trout, was reduced nearly 90 per cent. A slight improvement, made up chiefly of minor species, such as might arise from seasonal variations in the abundance of fish, is seen to have occurred between 1885 and 1890. The following comparison of the production of the fishes in 1880, 1885, and 1890 exhibits the variations in the catch of all the species for which it is possible to give separate figures for 1880: Comparison of the yield of the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1880, 1885, and 1890. Species. 1880. 1885. 1890. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. SUT NG LIS Te eae rattan cratsei cra atals/dlatcltia'nla'o e (slaislomiziwiefalaiatticleise as aetna lr 1, 064, 000 90, 711 148, 771 GSU GMO LG arson oon = oie intate we Binsin ere io eels seoinin Sats wie cisieiee sicislaiertetasee. 569, 700 20, 510 41, 010 SHURE See Seppe oe secbEabseceperbseoose6ecene iceOeebeuEesoteasot 545, 283 386, 974 541, 752 IGT oie eaosno capecogocesclyeoe UeceCeCeecc nose ecceepoEne ot: 611, 217 403, 585 598, 978 CBA A 3 SBe eee iS Sene en DecS eben GE SpE SOdror aREerecoceooo Sacer 849,800 | 1,496, 686 2,115, 937 BRE area ane asain ae Sania are Sains alsieimin wis wil - sic lelem, cle lata ec piatare * 3,640,000 | 2,398, 466 3, 446, 448 In this lake larger quantities of fish are caught with gill nets than with any other kind of apparatus. The principal part of the catch consists of sturgeon and the minor species of whitefish usually desig- nated herring. More common whitefish are also taken with these nets than in any other manner, although the actual yield is small. Trap nets and pound nets rank next to gill nets in the amount and value of the fish secured. Pike perch or wall-eyed pike represents more than half the value but less than one third the quantity of the trap-net production, and is the most important fish now taken in the lake. Fyke-net fishing is of considerable extent, catfish, pike, and yellow perch being the chief products. All other kinds of apparatus used are unimportant. The following table indicates the efficiency of the different means of capture employed in Lake Ontario, the quantity and value of each fish taken being shown: CLVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Products—Continued. . Total. Total. Species. ee ee Species. SSE Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. PAIOWIVOS |. --c025005--5- 28, 510, 035 $225, 559 || Spots and croakers.... 1, 956, 740 $72, 982 13) pais) 1 eRe eaeoseees 2, 319, 038 88,765 || Squeteague.....-..-... 4, 688, 484 150, 793 BOUMOle tessa sccwe cca 195, 250 - 4,948 || Striped bass........... 1, 746, 904 140, 016 Watishs a2 as25-.c0cennes 2, 260, 561 74,560 || Sturgeon .............- 792, 896 23, 610 LOGIRG (55s Soe eeneeeece se 813, 269 34,177 || Other fish............. 3, 520, 166 110, 260 MORN ANGI. acs comes fon 136, 982, 454 262, 830 || Clams (meats)........- 1707, 038 5 Wn GE! os. = -'s- inicio nens = - 203, 240 , Orabs)s 2225s 2-0-2 e 210, 496, 197 365, 755 Perch ..<...-- 2, 938, 588 122,731 || Crayfish and shrimp -. 15, 394 4, 655 KO seo. 3 a 578, 264 36, 569 || Oysters (meats) -.-..-- 3112, 676, 858 7, 815, 934 Sea bass. ... 122, 810 5.019) Lerrapins = --cce:sceste 141, 995 40, 827 Sri ae Se 12, 981, 737 ASS ASTON ATW OS.-=./essciee- ss 191, 681 4,135 Sheepshead 23, 81 1, 497 eairenss Lee Spanish mackerel ...---. 784, 747 56, 125 Motallzcccecesicsee 325,598,156 | 10,126,748 188,380 bushels. 231,488,591 in number. 316,096,694 bushels. Not the least important point involved in the investigation of the fisheries of this section is the question of their condition and mainte- nance in view of the enormous annual drain on the supply of fishes and other aquatic animals required to yield to the fishermen a yearly income of over $10,000,000. Comparing the extent of the industry in 1891 with its extent in 1880, it appears that a large increase has occurred in the number of persons employed in fishing and in the dependent shore branches. The number of fishermen increased 12,336 in Maryland, 4,265 in Virginia; the num- ber of shore employés increased 1,600 in Maryland and 462 in Virginia, giving a combined increase in fishing population of 18,663 in these two States. The aggregate number of vessels now employed is apparently some- what less than in 1880; there has been an increase of 177 in Maryland and a decrease of 502 in Virginia, giving a net decrease of 325. It may be said, however, that only approximate figures for the oyster vessels were obtained in 1880, and, in view of the increased number of oyster vessel fishermen, it is probable that the vessel estimates were too large. A large advance has occurred in the item of boats; 9,629 more of these were used in 1891 than in 1880, both States exhibiting a marked increase; the value of the boats increased $564,042. Every important form of fishing apparatus is now employed in larger quantities than in 1880; seines have increased from 293 to 756, gill nets from about 7,720 to 18,955, fyke nets and pots from 4,150 to 14,450, and pound nets and weirs from 268 to 1,921. One of the most prominent features of the fisheries is the enormous augmentation in the number of pound nets employed and the tendency in certain localities to supplant the earlier and less effective means of capture with this apparatus. The agegre- gate investment in fishing property has increased in both States, amounting to $1,123,285 in Maryland and $1,030,440 in Virginia. The foregoing increase in fishing population and fishing property prepares us for a substantial advance in the results of the fisheries, provided there has been no serious impairment of the supply. The REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLVII figures at hand indicate a general maintenance of the abundance of most of the important products and show a marked advance in thecase of some special objects. The value of the industry in Maryland has increased $2,819,900, that in Virginia $516,838, the aggregate increase being $3,273,649, or nearly 50 per cent. Figures for the fisheries of Pennsylvania and Delaware tributary to the Chesapeake are not avail- able for 1880; their importance, however, is relatively so little thatthey may be discarded from the comparisons. The comparatively unimpor- tant fishery interests of the ocean shores of Maryland and Virginia are included in order to make the statistics for those States complete. Among the fishery products whose importance entitles them to special mention and concerning which some notes on the fisheries may be given are alewives, bluefish, menhaden, Spanish mackerel, squeteague, striped bass, shad, crabs, and oysters. Alewives or herrings.—Next to shad these are the most valuable food- fishes taken in this region; the quantity annually consumed is much greater than that of any other food-fishes. They are secured princi- pally with seines and pound nets. In 1891, 17,418,850 pounds, for which the fishermen received $131,245, werecaughtin Maryland, and 11,004,085 pounds, worth $93,819, were obtained in Virginia, the total yield in the two States being 28,422,935 pounds, with a value of $225,064. This is a very large increase over 1880, although it is not anomalous in view of the augmented quantities of apparatus used. In 1880 the output of alewives was 16,129,372 pounds, valued at $217,092, the proportion of the catch in each State being about the same as in 1891. Bluefish.—This erratic species is, with one exception, the most impor- tant typically salt-water fish taken in Maryland and Virginia. The largest part of the catch is obtained with pound nets. The aggregate yield in 1891 was 2,319,038 pounds, having a value of $88,765; of this quantity, 516,364 pounds were taken in Maryland and 1,802,674 pounds in Virginia. The increase over 1880 was 762,621 pounds, worth $52,442. The increase was most noticeable in Maryland, where only 10,000 pounds were reported in 1880, while 516,364 pounds were caught in 1891. Menhaden.—The presence of a large number of oil and fertilizer fac- tories on the Chesapeake occasions an extensive fishery for menhaden carried on with steamers and sailing vessels. The fish are liable to seasonal fluctuations, like the bluefish, but the catch in recent years has been fairly constant. The quantity of fish taken in 1891 was 186,932,454 pounds, equivalent to about 228,220,755 fish, nearly all of which were utilized at the oiland guano works; the cost of the fish to the factory operators was $262,850, or at the rate of about $1.15 per thousand fish. In 1880 the quantity of menhaden taken was 92,116,800 pounds, valued at $246,760, or at $1.60 per thousand fish. A conspicuous feature of the fishery is the increased catch of menhaden in Maryland, owing chiefly to the establishment of factories at several places in the State and the consequent employment of fishing vessels belonging in Maryland. In Virginia the output is approximately the same as in 1880, CLVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Spanish mackerel.—The abundance of this species in recent years presents a marked decrease as compared with 1880. In the latter year 1,627,663 pounds, worth $100,104, were taken, the fish ranking third in importance among the food-fishes of the region, while in 1891 less than half the quantity was caught and the fish declined to the ninth place. The catch in Maryland was very small in both 1880 and 1891, but was larger in the latter year thanin the former. The decrease may evidently be traced to the capture, chiefly in pound nets, of large quantities of the fish early in the season in the lower part of the Chesapeake, before the fish have spawned. Squeteague.—Two species of squeteague, locally known as weakfish and trout, rank third in importance among the food-fishes of this section. As compared with 1880, they were taken in much larger quantities in 1891, and the increase was marked in both Maryland and Virginia. The aggregate yield reported in 18380 was 1,541,000 pounds, valued at $31,140; in 1891 the catch amounted to 4,688,484 pounds, worth $150,793. Pound nets and seines are the apparatus chiefly employed in taking these fish. Striped bass.—The supply of this fish seems to be holding out remark- ably well in view of the large annual catch in fresh and salt water with seines, gill nets, and pound nets. The output in 1891 was about 410,000 pounds more than in 1880, although there was a decline of nearly 30 per cent in Virginia. The total yield in 1891 was 1,732,554 pounds, for which the fishermen received $138,723. Shad.—Next to the oyster, the shad is the most valuable fishery product of this region; in 1880 it occupied the same rank. ‘The main- tenance of the supply may be clearly traced to large plants of fry in the waters of the region, and the increase in the output has been due to the employment of larger quantities of apparatus, especially pound nets. Following is a comparative statement of the catch of shad in Maryland and Virginia in 1880 and 1891: Maryland. Virginia. Total. Year. = aa Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. iL ASSP oe esesaeeboe cetaceans 3, 774, 426 | $140, 926 3,171, 953 | $134, 496 6,946,379 | $275, 422 RL Sette goes was aimelete oma le 6, 224, 873 211, 575 6, 498, 242 207, 394 | 12, 723, 115 418, 969 ITIGTOARC eeledia cae ce meas semen 2, 450, 447 70,649 | 3,326, 289 72,898 | 5,776,786 148,547 These figures show an increase of nearly 100 per cent between the years named, the advance being shared about equally by the two States. Crabs.—The prominence which crabs have attained in the fisheries of this region is one of the most noteworthy features of the industry. In 1880 only 3,305,867 pounds of crabs, equivalent to about 9,917,600 individuals, weré marketed; these brought the fishermen $78,938. In 1891, when the fishery was more extensive than ever before, 10,496,197 pounds, or about 31,488,590 crabs, valued at $365,755, were sold. In REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLIX 1880 the fishery was more extensive in Virginia, but at the present time nearly four-fifths of the business is carried on in Maryland. Much the larger part of the catch is sold as soft-shell crabs. Oyster.—This important resource now represents nearly eight-tenths of the value of the fisheries of thisregion. During the season covered by the inquiry the industry was in a prosperous condition. The foregoing table of products shows that 9,945,058 bushels, valued at $5,295,866, were taken in Maryland, and 6,151,636 bushels, valued at $2,520,068, in Virginia, the total yield being 16,096,694 bushels, for which the fishermen received $7,815,934. Compared with 1880, these figures show a decreased production, amounting to 654,942 bushels in Maryland and 685,684 bushels in Virginia, while the value of the output has increased $565,380 and $301,692, respectively. A large increase has also taken place in the number of persons engaging in the oyster industry. In 1880 Maryland had 13,748 fishermen and 9,654 shore hands, while in 1891 it had 21,280 fishermen and 12,108 shoresmen. In 1880 Virginia was credited with 14,256 fishermen and 2,079 shoresmen, and in 1891 16,352 fishermen and 2,250 shoresmen. The total increase was thus 12,278. The capital invested in the oyster industry in 1880 was $6,034,350 in Maryland and $1,351,000 m Virginia; in 1891 it was $7,269, 245 and $1,927,792, mB OCLively. ALBEMARLE REGION, NORTH CAROLINA. In April, 1892, the writer visited Albemarle Sound and some of the rivers debouching into it in the interests of the Division of Scientific Inquiry. The primary object of the visit was the collection of the fresh-water fishes of the region. At the same time an opportunity was afforded to inspect the commercial fisheries. Forty-five species of fishes were ascertained to inhabit this region at _ the time of the inquiry; of these about thirty may be regarded as food- fishes, two or three others are sometimes eaten but have no recognized economic value, and the remainder are small fishes whose principal importance arises from the fact that they constitute a prominent part of the food supply of other fish. This is one of the most important fishing sections on the Atlantic coast. Albemarle Sound is the largest coastal body of fresh water in the United States, and more extensive fresh-water fisheries are main- tained in it and its tributaries than are prosecuted elsewhere on our coast. The most prominent fish occurring are shad, alewives, striped bass, black bass, and white perch, but many other fishes common to the section are taken in greater or less numbers and materially contribute to the income of the fisherman, among which sturgeon, catfish, eels, suckers, pike, mud shad, hickory shad, several kinds of sunfishes, yonow perch, and flounders may be mentioned. The annual fish production of this region is about 9,000,000 pounds, of which nearly two-thirds represents alewives. The value of the catch is about $465,000, nearly half of which sum represents shad. CLX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The changes which have taken place in the forms of apparatus used in this region are interesting. In early times the favorite means of capture, especially for shad and alewives, was the seine. This is still an important device, taking more fish than any other single form, and the most extensive seine fisheries in the country for the fish named are here carried on. After a time the gill net was brought into more general use and began to increase in importance until finally it took precedence over the seine in taking shad and one or two less valuable fish. In the past decade the introduction of the pound net in great numbers has been a very marked feature of the fisheries, and because of its efficiency it has supplanted to a considerable extent both the seine and the gill net, and will probably, within a short period, attain even greater prominence. BOSTON AND GLOUCESTER, MASS. The studies of the fisheries tributary to these places, as mentioned in the previous report of the division, have continued along the same general lines already referred to. The importance of the fishing indus- try of these cities warrants the small sums expended in keeping well informed regarding the condition of the business and in maintaining close relations with the fishermen and dealers. The inquiries here made cover the operations of about seven-eighths of the offshore fishing vessels of New England, are valuable adjuncts to the general investi- gation of the fisheries, and afford an excellent basis for determining the condition and resources of the great ocean fishing-grounds off the New England coast. : In Boston Mr. F. F. Dimick has’ continued his efficient services as local agent. He has obtained a record of each vessel arriving from the fishing-grounds, noting the kind, quantity, and value of the fish landed, the particular grounds on which caught, and other useful and interest- ing data concerning the fisheries. The fish trade of Boston is of greater magnitude than that of any other city of the United States. The investigations have shown that in the calendar year 1891 the quantity of fishery products there landed by American fishing vessels was 69,945,088 pounds, mostly fresh, hav- ing an approximate value to the fishermen of $1,840,336. This quantity is in addition to very large receipts, chiefly from the provinces, over regular rail and steamer lines. The most important single product brought into Boston by our fishing vessels is the haddock, of which 33,860,197 pounds, valued at $824,132, were landed. Of the cod, the next prominent fish, 16,655,200 pounds were landed, having a value of $547,851. Hake ranks next, the receipts being 12,547,730 pounds, worth $168,817. Other fish deserving mention are halibut, cusk, pol- lock, and mackerel. (ee Sy, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXI An analysis of the following table, giving the receipts classified by fishing-grounds, shows the great predominance of Georges Bank and South Channel as sources of supply, these two grounds furnishing nearly one-half the fish landed in Boston. The next important grounds, in their order, are the general shore grounds, La Have Bank, off High- land Light, Jeffreys Ledge, Browns Bank, Middle Bank, Cashes Bank, and the Cape Shore. Of the 4,119 trips of fish landed in Boston in 1891 209 were from grounds off the shores of the British provinces east of the 66th meridian of west longitude, the largest number being from La Have Bank. The total catch in this region was 7,027,985 pounds, including several fares of salt mackerel from the Cape Shore; of this quantity 2,964,000 pounds were haddock and 2,155,500 pounds were cod. The average fare from the eastern grounds was 33,627 pounds. From the grounds off the New England coast 3,910 trips of fish were landed, of which 1,54!) were from the general shore grounds, 738 from South Chan- nel, 395 from Georges, 387 from Jeffreys Ledge, 281 from the grounds off Highland Light, and 258 from Middle Bank. The quantity of fish here taken was 62,917,103 pounds, including small quantities of mack- erel, swordfish, eels, bluefish, herring, menhaden, and lobsters. The average fare from these grounds was 16,091 pounds. Summary by fishing-grounds of the fishery products landed at Boston, Mass., in 1891 by American fishing vessels. No. of | Fishing: grounds. fares of Cod. Cusk. Haddock. | Halibut. Hake. ish, East of 66° W. longitude: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. perent JEN eS ten Snaenene 1 DILWUD dso sseeetesealic atoneesece 8/000) esta ewes IWieshorn Bam: <2: siccececs= 8 39, 000 ' 4,700 41, 500 25, 000 | 39, 000 ia Have Bank. ---. 2..2.. =~ 146 | 1,456, 500 301,000 | 2,171, 500 183, 225 | 787, 000 Cape shore .-2 2526. 45...-. 2: 54 630, 000 102, 500 751, 000 10, 960 226, 500 Ota asec dacs satin ot 209 | 2,155, 500 408,200 | 2,964, 000 222,185 | 1. 052, 500 West of 66° W. longitude: | Browns bank: o< 20s 3sc-5-0 96 1, 212, 700 248,100 | 1,095, 700 284, 100 | 99, 790 German Banlks.-.-.-.--...-.. as 1 45, 000 15, 000 20 O00) | Res Se 2 tesco 3 ee Soe ee Georges Bank ........-..-.. 395 | 3,066, 900 209,800 | 8, 451, 400 272, 805 809. 000 @sashes bank — =. 5. 22ss565- 63 | 340, 500 365, 900 499, 600 12, 960 743, 900 Fippenies Bank ............ 6 20, 500 10, 000 14, (00 1, 600 25, 500 MatlestBamke 26s seecccsae 1 7; OOD) Secale OU ernctaererassots 2,000 Be arlce ts AdU he ania) aes ee cehero nie ace 4 23, 000 8, 500 57, 000 850 | 63, 000 Ipswich Bay':2s:.-.-...+--- 54 164, 400 5, 000 AHO OUOK| skies ae oes 36, 500 Jetfreys Ledge.............. 387 658, 300 82,500 | 2, 273, 750 27, 130 653, 600 Wid dig Bank 25-7. ->3 525s = 258 497, 500 140, 700 1, 382, 900 10, 440 | 619, 350 Off Highland Light......... 281 | 1,480, 100 206, 350 | 1, 644, 300 17, 735 820, 990 Off Chatham 226 2.8. S2scse 37 114, 700 5, 600 348, 500 2, 450 31. 200 Sout nanveleare ss occ. tes 738 | 4,913,700 920,900 | 9,766, 500 253, 920 4, 847, 200 Nantucket Shoals ........-- 40 175, 700 r 1, 500 649, 800 5, 950 114, 800 Shore, general .....-.....--. 1,549 | 1,836, 000 186,120 | 4,478, 747 | 10, 590 4, 423, 400 Motal et <2 02 ewes tae oe 3,910 | 14,499,700 | 2,405,970 | 30, 896, 197 | 900,530 | 11, 295, 230 Grand total... 2.000326: 4,119 | 16, 655, 200 | 2,814,170 | 33, 860, 197 1, 122, 715 12, 347, 730 “FC 92——xI CLXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Summary by fishing-grounds of the fishery products landed at Boston, Mass., in 1891 by American fishing vessels—Continued. Mack- | Mack- x P Average Fishing-grounds. erel, erel, | Pollock. Svar eine pe Total. | fare per fresh. | salted. ‘ : ; trip. | Eastof 66°W.longitude:| Pounds.| Pounds.| Pounds. | Pounds.| Pou nds. Pounds.| Pounds. | Pounds. Qjaenepnnl ise S saosacllascessocel|socoscaod bos seassallseoons s/s soone=- loa tee ore 33, 000 33, 000 Western Bank......|......--- ae ee 9; 7000 teeeee nee sm senemer eeeeeeee 158,900 | 19, 862 » TUPI ey ASP Penney eu Ne nen Salyo Ae ey SONA OO I eee A ee ieee 3 4,988,625 | 34, 169 Cape Shore.....---- (Eset, ARSE 1106; 000"|\=" 520, 500 |52 et 22) Pe ees! [asz meee 1,847,460 | 34, 212 Motel ease cee|s een eee LOGS 0000" SELON GOON Soe ee aiom| ems aie | ApS eas 7, 027, 985 33, 627 West of 66° W. longi- tude: TO ANSE AS 6) IS onde sss Gesoosoc GBB END 555 5scs5/osc55305- WRSoseacs 3, 004, 190 31, 293 German Bank. 32.52 | sce. oye ae facets 5 OUD) Sais ctpeaioa | eisthictee ete lee cremate 85, 000 85, 000 Georges banks emer seer eres einen 662900) a Pe ea Seeearinealtiecoecicee 12, 876, 805 32,599 @ashes Banke. oh. 22| Seana ces| sence ce PB) IN eerie] se See acl Pee aae 1, 986, 760 31, 586 Rip pemies Bamlce sen seep sce e |e alee a EAC ace crcicl ASO aac ese PO nOm eae 72, 600 12, 100 Sui bhiey lethal 2. Baal soa eeeee ba SseoaselseadsoomeclsnorcSoad (ba -tda stile sheeesce 5, 200 5, 200 OlarksPanket opise moa asec selec eeiece Sc HUUIDE BoaeslsG 4 Sao sdoStalsaaesce-= 152, 350 38, 087 lot eG ney = 355 Shel ee ooe kode |penosoods SocSonoesslsooussnsssosossagalb soacence 475, 400 8, 803 Deftreys Ledgers. cu. |blsssses-|osoeee cee 354,900) |Heexacmerlt senate lene eee 4,050,180 | 10, 465 Mod dlesBankeen. =~ oleae = le| ei arate 57, BD SS asssss6 Gono ssmodlsssppoose 2, 658, 390 10, 304 Ofbicrandbbiohtes sess eee isaeaeeeee ATE 9008 | Beereccers 250008 pemeae sees 4, 169, 375 14, 837 OfeChathame sree cal se rnaee steerer DY) Eos aed = 5S; LO0R Beeeeeae 562, 050 15, 190 Souph Channeles 2.8 Whose sc seclaeeiiceres QA DHOOM: Sac ceeie LOCO) ee civ ee = 20, 964, 870 28, 407 Nantucket ohoalsias|+. -sesacc|speeee see DA OVS Weak Sarclere| 2 meee asl alee See 972, 725 24, 318 Shore, general .-.--.- 479, 325 | 429,850 | 210,940 | 186,146 | 393, 730 | 246, 360 |10, 881, 208 7, 024 Dotalerccrs= sacs 479, 325 | 429, 850 /|1, 106,905 | 186, 146 | 470,890 | 246, 360 |62, 917, 103 16, 091 : : = —————— vs | = —————| Grand total-.-.-- 479, 325 | 585, 850 |1, 226, 505 | 186, 146 | 470, 890 | 246, 360 [69 945, 088 16, 981 The inquiries at Gloucester have had a similar scope to those at Boston. Capt. S. J. Martin, the local agent, has brought the practical experience of a long fishing career to bear on the work, and has been extremely diligent, faithful, and energetic in the discharge of his duties. While Gloucester receives less fish than Boston, it ranks first in the extent of its salt-fish trade in home-caught fish and in the aggregate amount of fish receipts from American fishing vessels. The inquiries conducted by the division show that in 1891 the quantity of fish there landed by fishing vessels was 76,949,347 pounds, of which 49,721,248 pounds were salt, and a large part of the remainder was salted after being discharged at the wharves. The value of the receipts was $2,784,996. The most important single kind of fish landed at Gloucester is the cod, of which 44,249,970 pounds of fresh and salted fish were received ; iene had a aa at first hands of $1,563,452. Next to cod in quantity is hake, of which 9,726,360 pounds, Sanne at $103,960, were landed. Halibut, while pcan in smaller quantities than hake, is much more valuable; of this species 7,414,501 pounds of fresh and salted fish, with a market value of $690,302, reached Gloucester directly from the fishing-grounds. The receipts of the remaining fish of importance were haddock, 4,294,775 pounds, worth $54,305; cusk, 3,897,420 pounds, valued at $82,245; pollock, 2,729,421 pounds, worth $27,188; mackerel, | 4,366,000 pounds, with a value of $258,955; and other products, 270,900 pounds, worth $4,589, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXIII The following table shows the fish receipts at Gloucester classified by fishing-grounds. From this it appears that 3,420 fares of fish were brought into Gloucester during the year; of these, 644 were from grounds east of the sixty-sixth meridian of west longitude and 2,776 from grounds west of that line. The largest number of trips from the more eastern grounds were from La Have, Western, and Grand banks, and from the Cape Shore, and the catch consisted chiefly of fresh halibut, salt cod, and salt mackerel. The aggregate receipts from this region were 36,373,016 pounds, of which 19,259,165 pounds were from the Grand Banks. The grounds off the coast of the United States yielded 40,576,331 pounds of fish which went to Gloucester. More fares came from the shore grounds adjacent to the New England coast than from any of the offshore banks; 1,590 arrivals from these grounds brought in 12,098,638 pounds, mostly cod, hake, pollock, and mackerel. The most important of the offshore grounds was Georges Bank; 674 fares of fish were received from there, aggregating 12,690,158 pounds, chiefly cod. Cashes Bank, South Channel, Browns Bank, and Nantucket Shoals are other important grounds in this section. Summary by fishing-grounds of the fishery products landed at Gloucester, Mass., in 1891, by American fishing vessels. No. of Halibut. Cod. Oe eee Fishing-grounds. from Salted. each | Fresh. | Salted. Fins. | Sour. | Fresh. ground. Large. | Small. East of 66° W. longi- tude: Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds.|Pounds| Pounds.| Pounds. | Pounds. La Have Bank and TIES) Seo neemoce 104 | 920, 876 ASS OOOH Sess ccma- 4, 000 56, 500 705, 700 371, 980 Western Bank..... TPE) IG EYALERID || TYEEW | Laaeecdce 29,300 | 20,000 | 1,514,510 | 960, 880 Quereau Bank ..... 55 |1, 013, 910 PON ee se TOFG50s|beescentee 304, 680 112, 320 .Misaine Bank ...-. DieloG: 450) |eneece sean joes rears Sec oe peas ete 40, 000 160, 000 St. Peters Bank. ..- Ue le 222i) | a Sesadaed boocco ses Beananed lecasone one 46, 000 9, 500 Greens Bank ...-.-- 3 CoO A eats eater Se EAB COA Dime dics (BSE eT interrelate SSSA Grand Bank..-.-.-- 161 | 680,640 | 175,650 |......... TORZ00) | Renee eee 9, 839, 892 | 8, 498, 503 Canso Bank ..----- OW rete Oe LOPE We coe San Ae aeeaee Iteneee ee 316, 800 162, 020 Cape Shore -.------- 138 52, 900 4 £8007 | rehisdemies| nese sia 173, 500 | 1, 483,570 696, 210 Teeland’: 2.2 222-5 TL) Sane TOES 900) LOS ADOU! |eterne cen (tanec ait thf See Boge | ae en Oo Cape North.....-..-. io 15, 500 Bs OU0 se eisoswien| = Sect | tees see ck 137, 000 84, 500 Gulf of St. Law- nt) Eee epaces A een cS Se Ppa teachers sce as acest 4 Seren Geese acts pentane = Off Newfoundland. 1 DU O20 ete aac heey aoe ois sek eetoers [ec ates Shoal ee eee ere iceman LOpaliats as 644 5, 257, GOL |1, 768,710 | 108, 200 | 54,150 | 250, 000 14, 388, 152 11, 055, 863 West of 66° W. longi- tude: Nantucket Shoals... Sie eel Se O00 eect. Seaelae come Sac lee eee oe 6,500 | 336,130 | 1,890, 660 South Channel...-.. USOM | Sos ssice S| aisles mss ala sareicts oil sate ae 176; 360: be ssa eae Cowes « Georges Bank ..... 674 | 80, 620 SRCLINON ie Aas Monee 715, 430 | 8, 685, 565 | 1, 878, 543 Browns Bank...... 43 OU O60 feeera aeeel mela Seciecis|e aeccetss 118, 000 472, 410 215, 980 Cashes Bank ..---- 241 59, 330 UO | Erato eta: | ck ctiaer 1, 417, 650 224, 280 80, 715 German Bank ..... UNees cb assed a S2c0ncosd Hostesetad Reape ISeches aes 102, 500 26, 000 Shore, general....-. 1,590 2 G30 oases canes bec ees leseace 1, 725, 412 369, 400 114, 420 otal eee ee 2,776 | 221, 840 AxO00: acer sence 4 159, 352 |10, 190, 285 | 4, 206, 318 Grand total....| 3,420 |5, 479, 441 11, 772,710 | 108, 200 | 54,150 |4, 409, 352 24, 578, 437 |15, 262, 181 * CLXIVY REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Summary by fishing-grounds of the fishery products landed at Gloucester, Mass., in 1891, by dmerican fishing vessels—Continued. Haddock. Hake. | Pollock. Fishing-grounds. | Salted. Fresh. Salted. Fresh. | Salted. | Fresh. East of 66° W. longitude: Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. La Have Bank and ridges .--.|.-----..-- 216, 000 9, 300 323, 400 | Wiestern. bal kao sas er a eel ae emanate 85, 000 48, 000 10, 000 | Quereau Bank --------- PA SIN) |e aE asiges eae Gans ban ee oaee sel l= 50,280 asso: tee an hose Cancsotbanikysas se sree nae - 46-000) ps sttcss stata teeeels Cape Shore ....-...----------- 107, 060 176, 000 614, 000 166, 000 Rotileesse-eeeee eros eee 115, 060 477, 000 788, 080 499, 400 18.0003) 5222 seem West of 66° W. longitude: a | a i = a Nantucket Shoals ...-.------- 7, 200 10, 000 ASOD Se et Sepa O00 See one see Sore bannele se acaeareh ese cals pees iat hay Ree oe OSL, OO cmos aim otal | erates Georges Bank ...---..-------- 10, 500 854, 100 120, 500 187, 400 145,500) ese oe IBTOW NADA. Soneeoe tee ce eemalemeene os aera 261, 890 22, 000 1220009. soon eee See eet @aghes#Ramikie2cesacctsass eee 19, 000 579, 820 285,;(0005| ( 33.7522800: |22)-.2sea2ee |e eee German tb anise eeet sense as IV Hee Be oee eos =o 9 OUOMe se saree r 4; 5005| S22. eo ee Shore, general -..-...------.-- 71, 550 715, 575 802,000 | 1,613,080 | 523,000 | 2, 155, 421 PD Ota EE Oe sic aterm oars nesses 122, 830 3, 979, 885 1,292,500 | 7,146,380 | 556,000 | 2,155, 421 Grand tptal:: 6222505 ~ 237,890 | 4,056,885 | 2,080,580 | 7,645,780 | 574, 000 | 2, 155, 421 Cusk. Mackerel. Other species. Fishing-grounds. = Total. Salted. | Fresh. Salted. Fresh.} Salted. | Fresh. East of 66° W. longitude: Pounds.| Pounds., Pounds. Pounds.) Pounds.| Pounds.| Pounds. La Have Bank and ridges. 34, 000 95: 500" |Meseasec' ssl tewcncan| sae ccceaeeeehereeee 2, 750, 856 Western Bank ..-.-------- 7, 600 PU Pe onsst oss ene aS sas sapeas|esoec5e- 4, 573, 040 Quereau Bank.....-------- CRUE Seeeeesece |bSacoroasa psomconaessoccr oon |sse8se=—- 1, 474, 660 WG Emin G) BRS 55 spss Sool Ss osSsoc4||ceceatbess) esssoboced |soSdecactsesscee Seales ssessee 356, 450 SiePeterse Bankis=s sce oe o=4|loase ce< See eee Cee Cerne beeen ne bene ennee 480, 175 (SausGavs toh ia) <5- e a Soe ease Be oosboons (Soom sstaey|aoospoacsd SAbeesod|asssoSescq Geessooce 82, 110 Grandwbamike cee pce eae nam 2000) | Pax oS sbe|Sasesed S55|SSsa6ods soocnsse2: leawes sats 19, 259, 165 Canso Bank—.-.----------- AEN) eee seec|laas See SS ce dob sslosteresess| asactsus- 543, 100 Wape ShOLesees- = sean annals 57, 200 19, 700 |1, 108, 000 |........ 19,0002 esas 4, 688, 940 Ieee een aes os es oes Bipoas6 S5oe lanosee Sacpo oso se See leSaSesilectooaeane bwossouos 1, 651, 100 Chrvafendataye tie Ba Oe eae selec cena bose docdbyecborke=|sanApsds eS sac Saale acsecce 240, 000 GuolifotiSt: WawlenGe-sse.4|soee ee. ae em oe PAD AY A ieee ey [om eee eye 242, 400 Corr Arr Gilbs Gh Se 3555 Ro Saeed eecoemesos jase cours ad garisoerse Seapseeces||Scaneecoc 31, 020 Ts eeaae ae ae ee 113,200 | 117,200 |1, 350, 400 |.......- 12,000 |......--.| 36,373,016 West of 66° W. longitude: 5 == ne Nantne ket sDOKISt As Ses. c|ac aces See |Ubeaee aes Ieavde mente (o outinsch POecese Sacer corer. 2, 279, 690 NOgi Ve DANN EM mem tos | eee pt SLT 950s Sabre co gol tee Te ee ee | 3, 233, 910 Georges Bank...---....--- 57, 400 SS B00t Sates cewuloao nase. lekceoe eee 2,000 | 12, 690, 158 Browns Banke< -|: 3... -3 10, 000 26; 000k sosSo cas ee ees eee aso oe |S eee 1, 199, 340 Cashes*Banlke- =. -2.----- TSS DOOM er ee OR 220 E Se secretes aye ae 55 000M i= cmeeeee | 8, 858, 015 German Bank =e... 5-2-2 10,000 inca. SSt| bore eSetel a aoe Sse ee ares a [ae neene 216, 580 Shore, general .........--. | 283,550 | 495,100 |3,008,000 | 7,600 | 181,400 | 20,500 | 12,098, 638 Motaless ce eee 495, 450 |3, 171,570 |3, 008,000 | 7,600 | 236, 400 22,500 | 40, 576, 331 Grand total’.-.....-.- 608, 650 |3, 288, 770 [4,358,400 | 7,600| 248,400 | 22,500 76, 949,347 Attention may very properly be called to the practical value of these inquiries as represented in the information shown in the preceding tables. The preservation of the fishing-grounds resorted to by the New England fleet is the most vital question connected with the fisheries of that region, and it becomes a matter of great consequence to know their condition from time to time, and if depletion is taking place to have definite and accurate statistical data to serve as a basis for the deter- mination of the extent of the deterioration, the special grounds and fish which it affects, and the steps that may be necessary to prevent it. The absence of such information as is hereshown for an earlieryear than 1889 makes all the more desirable the careful, continuous study now going on, NI rs vs REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXV REMARES ON REPORTS. Following is a résumé of the reports and papers emanating from this division during the fiscal year 1892. These covered a variety of sub- jects, some general and others special in their scope. Considerable work was also done on a number of other papers dealing with our fishery interests, which will be issued during the next fiscal year. In addition to the information which is utilized in the preparation of reports, the office is accumulating a vast amount of descriptive and illustrative matter on apparatus, boats, vessels, fish aud other prod- ucts, ete., which will be available when the occasion or opportunity for its utilization arises. While the elaborate studies in the Fish- eries and Fishery Industries of the United States make the necessity for similar descriptive reports a remote contingency, the important subject of fishing apparatus was not treated of in that series, and con- stitutes, among other topics, an inviting field for a report, the material for which is now being gathered. Notes on the King-Crab Fishery of Delaware Bay. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 363-370, 3 plates. ) Although the king crab (Limulus polyphemus) occurs in greater or less abundance along the entire Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Florida, and in many places is taken in small quantities for fertilizer, ete., it is only in Delaware Bay that the capture of the animal is accom- plished by means of specially devised apparatus and becomes a matter of commercial importance. This paper shows that in 1888 the com- bined catch in New Jersey and Delaware was 1,822,000 crabs, valued at $8,150, of which 1,502,000 crabs, worth $7,510, were taken in New Jersey. Compared with 1880, these figures disclose a very marked decline in the abundance of the crabs, and it seems only a question of a few years, under existing conditions and methods, before the supply will become exhausted. Of late the yearly output has been maintained only by employing larger quantities of apparatus. The Giant Seallop Fishery of Maine. (Bulletin, 1889, pp. 313-335, 5 plates, includ- ing map of scallop beds operated in 1889.) The coast of Maine is the only region in which fishing for the giant seallop (Pecten magellanicus) is carried on. So far as known, this seal- lop has only a limited distribution in the available waters adjacent to the coast.of Maine, and it is only in the section between Mount Desert Island and the Penobscot River and in the Sheepscot River that it has been found by the fishermen. The history of the fishery given in this report shows that it has been of very recent development, no record of its existence more than ten years ago being ascertained. The industry is prosecuted from Mount Desert, Tremont, Little Deer Isle, Sedg- wick, Cape Rosier, Castine, and various towns on the Sheepscot River, and in 1889 the fishery was followed by 197 persons, who had $11,055 Invested in boats, apparatus, and accessories, and took 45,368 bushels of scallops, for which $18,647 was received. While the fishery has cer- _ tain natural limitations, it is no doubt capable of increasing consid- iy CLXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. erably if proper measures are adopted to develop by more improved methods the beds of the scallop which exist in deeper water, where they are now almost undisturbed, owing to imperfections in apparatus. Notes on the Oyster Fishery of Connecticut. (Bulletin, 1890, pp. 461-497, 8 plates. There is perhaps no State in the country in which the artificial rear- ing of oysters has commanded more attention and been carried to a more suecessful result than in Connecticut. The very full account of the history, methods, conditions, and statistics of the oyster industry in this State which is given in this paper was therefore timely, and will, itis thought, do much toward promoting the oyster fishery in several other States where the necessity for a change in present methods seems to be clearly indicated if the perpetuation of the industry is to be secured. The report has attracted much attention and received favor- able criticism in the oyster districts of the Atlantic coast, and there has been an exceptionally large demand for it. The subject is dis- cussed in detail under the heads of personnel, wages, ete.; vessels and boats; historical notes; the oyster-grounds; methods of cultivation, trade, fishing, e'c.; unfavorable conditions, enemies, etc.; and financial results, in addition to which very complete tabular information is given for each town for the years 1887, 1888, and 1889. It is seen that in the last year the industry gave employment to 593 fishermen and 651 shoresmen. The capital devoted to the industry amounted to $3,675,964, of which $1,237,695 represented the value of oyster-grounds and $1,424,855 the value of the oysters thereon. The aggregate expense of cultivating the beds and preparing the oysters for market was $436,451. An interesting table is presented showing the estimated value of the oysters on artificial beds destroyed by star- fish, drills, and other agencies; in 1889 the loss by these means was considerably less than during the two preceding years, but it never- theless amounted to $464,700. From the cultivated oyster-grounds 1,412,011 bushels of oysters, having a value of $1,024,502, were taken in 1889, while the natural beds yielded only 73,850 bushels, worth $31,305. The report concludes with a digest of the oyster legislation of Connecticut, which has had more influence than all other factors in promoting the industry. Statistical Review of the Coast Fisheries of the United States. (Report, 1888, pp. 271-378.) As the title implies, this report is a statistical summary of the entire commercial fisheries of the coastal waters of the United States, the 154 tables presented being supplemented with only enough descriptive matter to properly elucidate them. The fisheries are considered by geographical divisions and by States. In the introductory pages certain comparisons, averages, percentages, etc., are given, having application to the entire industry. The review shows that in the year specified 137,446 persons were engaged in the fisheries of the coast States, of whom 37,811 were vessel fishermen, 70,768 were shore or boat fishermen, { , ~ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXVII1 and 28,867 were shore employés. The aggregate capital invested in the industry was $45,619,546, of which $13,575,249 represented 6,099 vessels and their outtits; $3,082,395 was the value of 47,195 boats; $4,557,815 was devoted to apparatus of capture, and $24,404,083 to shore property and working capital. The products had a value at first hands of $34,234,045, of which $15,323,447 was the result of the general food-fish fisheries, $12,860,671 of the oyster, clam, and scallop fisheries; $1,843,752 of the seal, walrus, and sea-otter fisheries; $1,591,796 of the lobster, crab, shrimp, and prawn fisheries; $1,395,854 of the whale and porpoise fisheries; $798,604 of the menhaden fishery; $254,515 of the sponge fishery, and $167,406 of the alligator, turtle, terrapin, and frog fisheries. The tables making comparisons with 1880 show a generally satisfactory condition of the industry. There was an increase in the number of fishery employés of 18 per cent, an advance in the amount of investment of 27 per cent, and a decrease in the value of products of 1 per cent. The decline in the value of the catch was principally due to a diminished yield of whales and mackerel in the New England States and of oysters in the Middle Atlantic region. A very interest- ing and instructive comparison is made by States and sections of the catch of shad and alewives. The maintenance of the supply of shad is So important that the report may be appropriately quoted on this subject. It says: This comparison has a special interest, since it may fairly be taken as a basis for estimating the effect of artificial propagation of certain species of food-fish which, under natural conditions, have become noticeably depleted. It is proper to state that the supply of shad had been so much reduced by overfishing that in the years immediately succeeding 1880 there was reason to fear that the species would soon become so scarce that it would no longer be available as a reasonably cheap article of food or the object of a profitable fishery. In order to comprehend the full significance of this comparison it is well to remember that the artificial propagation of shad on a large scale by the U. S. Fish Commission was not undertaken until 1881; therefore the effect of it upon the abundance of the species could not be felt or observed antil 1885, when the artifi- cially hatched fish attained maturity and returned to the rivers for reproductive pur- poses. It will thus be seen that the excess of the catch of 1888 over that of 1880 practically shows the result attained by artificial propagation of shad in the third season after its effects could, by natural limitations, be observed; and the very important facts are shown that the yield of the fishery was almost double, and that its value, based on prices obtained in 1880, was increased nearly $700,000. It may be admitted that the increased catch has to some degree been due to the use of larger quantities of apparatus, butitis evident that without a marked increase in the abundance of shad, as a result of artificial hatching, the profitable employ- ment of additional fishing gear would not be possible. But the fact should not be lost sight of that each year a larger proportion of shad is caught in the bays, estu- aries, and lower reaches of the rivers, where pound nets and other gear have been multiplied to such an extent in recent years as to largely prevent anadromous species from ascending to their natural spawning-grounds in the headwaters of the streams. For this reason the maintenance of the abundance of shad is more dependent now than ever before upon artificial propagation: A comparison of the catch of the shad with that of the alewife for the years named will prove instructive, inasmuch as the latter is not hatched artificially, and these apecies are practically taken in the same waters on the Atlantic coast and to a large e CLXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. extent at the same season and in the same forms of apparatus. It is only justtosay, however, that itis claimed by good authority that the alewife has an advantage over the shad. When it is canght it is commonly in aripe condition; the adhesive eggs are pressed out in great quantities when the fish are taken in pound nets, and masses of them can generally be seen attached to the apparatus. Nevertheless, the compara- tive figures in the tables show the alewife catch to have increased only about 23 per cent, while the value of the fish to the fishermen has declined about5 percent. This relatively slight augmentation of the catch in 1888 as compared with 1880 indicates actual diminution in the supply, when the increased quantities of apparatus used for the capture of this speeies are taken into consideration. The most important single fishery product of the United States is the oyster, the quantity and value of the catch of which in 1880 and 1888 are shown by States and sections. The aggregate yield in 1886 was 22,195,915 bushels, valued at $12,029,502; in 1888 it was 21,765,640 bushels, worth $11,329,918. The decrease in output was relatively small, but the tables show that a much more unfavorable presentation was prevented only by an almost phenomenal increase in certain States having only minor oyster interests in 1880, while the most important oyster region in the country, viz, Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, underwent a very significant decline. Report on the Fisheries of the Pacific Coast of the United States. (Report, 1888, pp. 3-269, 49 plates, including maps of fishing-grounds. ) This is thought to be the most complete and comprehensive report ever issued on the fisheries of the Pacific States. The fisheries and the various shore branches dependent thereon are discussed by civil or natural divisions, and the history, methods, and statistics of the industry are given in great detail. The number of persons employed in the fisheries of this region is shown to be 13,850. The capital . invested was $6,498,239, and the value of the products was $6,387,803. The most important objects of capture were salmon, worth $2,082,809; sea otters, fur-seals, and other pinnipeds, worth $1,832,552; whatls- bone, oil, and ivory, worth $690,729; and oysters, worth $601,999. Th. salmon-canning industry utilized 41,632,223 pounds of salmon, for which $1,783,227 was paid, and nen miee 622,037 cases of inca fish, for which $3,703,838 was received, Compared with 1880, a gratifying increase in the fisheries of the region has occurred, amounting to 3,177 in persons engaged, $4,196,856 in investment, and $2,111,300 in value of catch. The usefulness of the report to the fishing interests is con- siderably enhanced by the incorporation of 32 plates of the principal commercial fishes and cetaceans of the region, and 15 folding charts showing the littoral and fluvial fishing-grounds. Census Bulletin 167, on the Fisheries of the Pacific States, is based entirely on .this report. The Fishing Vessels and Boats of the Pacific Coast. (Bulletin, 1890, pp. 13-48, 13 plates and 4 text figures.) This paper is supplemental to the article on the fisheries of the Pacific coast, and was originally prepared for incorporation in that report. The vessels and boats employed in each of the more important commer- cial fisheries are described and figured, and their adaptation to the special branches is discussed. Special chapters treat of the whale re REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXIX fleet, the fur-seal and sea-otter vessels and boats, the skin boats of the aborigines (kaiaks, bidarkas, oomiaks, ete.), the cod and halibut fleets, salmon vessels and boats, the market fleet, oyster vessels and boats, _ dories and sharpies, and Chinese fishing craft. Report upon the Participation of the U.S, Fish Commission in the Centennial Exposition, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1888. (Report, 1888, pp. 869-885. ) In company with the other Government departments and bureaus, the U.S. Fish Commission took part in the commemoration of the one- hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Cincinnati. The exhibit was prepared, installed, and conducted under the direction of the assistant in charge of the Division of Fisheries, and may therefore be appropriately referred to as a part of the work of this office. The report reviews the origin and objects of the Exposition, cites the legis- lation in pursuance of which the Federal Government participated, and gives a detailed account of the scope, preparation, management, and results of the Fish Commission exhibit. The work of the princi- pal branches of the Fish Commission, viz, the Division of Scientific Inquiry, the Division of Fish-culture, and the Division of Fisheries, was appropriately illustrated by models, photographs, sketches, charts, specimens, apparatus, publications, statistics, etc. One of the most entertaining features of the exhibit was the aquarial display of live fish and other animals, and the hatching of 45,000 eggs of the California salmon (Oncorhynchus chouicha). NOTES ON THE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. During the year many matters of interest and importance have arisen in connection with the economic fisheries. Some of these will be dealt with in the regular reports of the division and need not here be referred to; others, however, of special interest, may be briefly noticed in this place. While no complete investigation of the fisheries of the entire country has been made for the past year, the office has kept well informed on the most prominent features of the industry through its agents and correspondents. Owing to the methods and the season of their prosecution, it will be necessary to regard the fisheries with reference to the calendar year 1891, instead of strictly observing the period covered by this report of the division. THE FISHERIES FOR GROUND FISH. The great bank and ocean fisheries for cod, haddock, halibut, ete., prosecuted from New England ports did not present any specially striking features which would distinguish the past season from the conditions in recent years. For the market fishery, which is centered at Boston, the year 1891 was a very favorable one. The ground fish for which the fishery is prosecuted were very abundant in the ‘South Channel; and on the “Golding Ground,” situated 10 miles off Swampscott, haddock were found in greater numbers than for many years. The largest single fare ~CLXX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. of fresh fish ever taken in the market fishery was landed February 18, 1891, when the schooner Sea Fox, of Gloucester, as a result of a trip lasting one week, brought in 132,500 pounds of fresh cod, haddock, hake, cusk, and halibut taken on the Cape Shore. The total quantity of fish landed at Boston by the market fleet was 68,026,517 pounds, with a value to the fishermen of not less than $1,738,440. Of the foregoing catch, 20,964,870 pounds were taken in the South Channel and 12,876,805 pounds on Georges Bank. Haddock constituted 33,860,197 pounds, cod 16,655,200 pounds, hake 12,247,730 pounds, cusk 2,814,170 pounds, pollock 1,226,505 pounds, and halibut 1,122,715 pounds. The schooner Sea Fox was the “high liner” of the fleet, stocking $26,669, the value of 1,288,350 pounds of fresh fish. The salt-cod fishery was somewhat less successful than in 1890. Most of the vessels that went to the Grand Banks secured only partial fares, although the prices received for the fish were usually high, being at the close of the season $4.75 per ewt. for large cod and $3.75 per ewt. for small cod, sold from the vessel. Cod were also scarce on Georges Bank and the salt fish brought the fishermen as much as $5 per cwt. for large and $3.75 per ewt. for small cod. The vessel in the bank cod fishery that had the largest stock was the schooner William EH. Morrisey, of Gloucester, which landed 482,275 pounds, which sold for $18,277. The salt-cod fishery carried on at the Shumagin Islands and in Okhotsk Sea by San Francisco vessels, which is one of the principal offshore fisheries of the Pacific coast, was quite successful in 1891. More fish were landed than during any year since 1885. The aggre- gate catch was 3,870,000 pounds of dried fish, equivalent to about 1,290,900 individual-cod. Vessels which went to Iceland for fares of fletched halibut did well, although no very large fares were landed. ‘The aggregate yield was 1,542,900 pounds of salt fish and 541 barrels of fins. The largest catch, 214,000 pounds, was taken by the schooner Senator Saulsbury, of Gloucester, and sold for $15,694. The bank fresh-halibut fishery was not generally successful. On the eastern grounds the fish were scarce and were found in deeper water than usual. The best fishing was on Georges Bank, where a few good fares were taken. The pro- duct of the fresh-halibut fishery was about 7,460,000 pounds, of which about 2,060,000 pounds came from Georges Bank. THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Mackerel, which since 1885 have not been abundant, continued to be scarce, but the catch was about three times as large as in 1890, aggre- gating about 48,000 barrels of salt fish, worth $544,000, and about 4,375,000 pounds of fresh fish, valued at $491,000. The season opened auspiciously, and the prospects for a large catch were considered good, but the mackerel did not appear in the anticipated numbers. As the season advanced, the fish were found to be most abundant in the Gulf of Maine, and it was here that the principal catch was made. The REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXI fleet in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was the smallest in many years, numbering only 13 sail, and the average yield per vessel was only 110 barrels, while on the New England and Nova Scotia shores the average catch was 270 barrels. An unusually large catch was made by the boat fishermen on the coast of Maine. The fish were mostly of the size and quality which in salted fish represent No. 3’s. The average wholesale prices per barrel of salt fish were $18 for No. ls, $13 for No. 2’s, and $8 for No. 3’s. The schooner Lizzie M. Center, of Gloucester, made the largest stock, landing 909 barrels of salt mackerel, which sold for $13,820. THE PACIFIC SALMON FISHERY. The condition of this important industry received much attention from the fishing interests of the west coast and was also the subject of a Congressional inquiry addressed to the U. 8S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, whosé report,* treating especially of the salmon industry of Alaska, contains an account of the business for the year covered by this review and obviates the necessity for giving an extended notice of the subject in this place. The salmon pack in the United States and Alaska in 1891 amounted to about 1,300,000 cases, of which 800,000 cases were prepared in Alaska and 390,000 in the Columbia River. The pack in Alaska was the largest ever made, and resulted in a flooded market, the outcome of which was an agreement among the owners of the canneries to reduce the output in 1892 to.400,000 cases and to close all but nine canneries. It is gratifying to be able to record a tendency to a change of senti- ment among the well-informed fishermen as to the possibility of greatly reducing the supply of salmon by indiscriminate methods and the necessity for permitting a fair proportion of the fish to reach their spawning-grounds unmolested. Within ten years it has been asserted by canners and fishermen on the Columbia River that the supply of salmon in that stream is inexhaustible, but the fishing in recent years has been disappointing, and the testimony of many prominent persons might be cited in support of the statistics which show a gradually diminishing output. It is worthy of notice that at a cannery on the Karluk River, Alaska, a private hatchery was maintained and 5,000,000 fry of the red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were liberated. This practice can not be too highly commended and should be generally carried out, on account of the cheapness and facility with which the hatching can be done and the important results which may be expected. In order to provide for the protection and maintenance of the salmon in Alaska, the U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries recommended to Congress the following measure, which became a law in March, 1892: * Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries relative to the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska. Senate Mis. Doc. No. 192, Fifty-second Congress, first session. Wash- ington, 1832. CLXXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE SALMON FISHERIES OF ALASKA, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the erection of dams, barricades, or other obstructions in any of the rivers of Alaska, with the purpose or result of preventing or impeding the ascent of salmon or other anadromous species to their spawning-grounds, is hereby declared to be unlawful, and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby author- ized and directed to establish such regulations and surveillance as may be neces- sary to insure that this prohibition is strictly enforced and to otherwise protect the salmon fisheries of Alaska; and eyery person who shall be found guilty of a vio- lation of the provisions of this section shall be fined not less than $250 for each day of the continuance of such obstruction. Sec. 2. That the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries is hereby empowered and directed to institute an investigation into the habits, abundance, and distribution of the salmon of Alaska, as well as the present conditions and methods of the fish- eries, with a view of recommending to Congress such additional legislation as may be necessary to prevent the impairment or exhaustion of these valuable fisheries, and placing them under regular and permanent conditions of production. Suc. 3. That section 1956 of the Revised Statutes of the United States is hereby declared to include and apply to all the dominion of the United States in the waters of Bering Sea; and it shall be the duty of the President, at a timely season in each year, to issue his proclamation and cause the same to be published for one month in at least one newspaper, if any such there be, published at each United States port of entry on the Pacific coast, warning all persons against entering said waters for the purpose of violating the provisions of said section; and he shall also cause one or more vessels of the United States to diligently cruise said waters and arrest all persons, and seize all vessels found to be, or to have been, engaged in any violation of the laws of the United States therein. THE WHALE FISHERY. Considered with reference to the number of vessels employed, this important fishery continues the decline which began many years ago, although the high price of whalebone has tended to keep up the value of the fishery. During the past thirty years, at the beginning of each decade corresponding with the year 1891, the whaling fleet was made up as follows: 1861, 423 vessels; 1871, 218 vessels; 1881, 161 vessels; 1891, 92 vessels. The average price of bone per pound during each of these years was as follows: 1861, $0.66; 1871, $0.70; 1881, $1.63; 1891, $5.38. The value of the bone may therefore be regarded as a fair eri- terion of the status of the fishery, the highest average price ever attained being coincident with the smallest fleet. The fishery con- tinues to have its principal headquarters at San Francisco, which, in addition to maintaining a large local fleet, is also the rendezvous of about a third of the vessels hailing from New Bedford. The receipts of whale products at United States ports in 1891 con- sisted of 13,015 barrels of oil from sperm whales, 14,837 barrels of oil from other species of whales, and 297,768 pounds of bone, the whole having a value at the wholesale market price of about $2,160,935. The sperm oil was practically all taken in the Atlantic Ocean. It is reported that at the end of the year the pursuit of sperm whales had REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXIII been entirely abandoned by American vessels on the famous old grounds in the Pacific and Indian oceans. The great bulk of the other whale oil and of the bone was landed at San Francisco, although the high price of bone was an incentive to vessels on the east coast to seek right whales, and a fair stock of bone was taken. The smaller vessels of the Atlantic coast that engage in shore whaling off the South A tlan- tic States and elsewhere had a satisfactory season. This branch of the fishery has, during the past two or three years, seemed to show evidences of growth. The principal whaling grounds now frequented by American vessels are the North Pacific and Arctic oceans, although a small fleet from New Bedford and other New England ports still resort to the old grounds in the Atlantic. The pursuit of whales in the Arctic Ocean is attended with more than ordinary risk, but this is more than offset by the relative abundance of whales. A number of vessels, in order to be early on the grounds, have braved the dangers of an arctic winter by remaining within the arctic circle, and this practice is apparently becoming more common. Two steam whaling vessels that wintered at Herschel Island in 1891 had a very successful season, taking 31 whales; and it was reported that 5 steamers intended to pass the following winter there. The 2 vessels mentioned went farther west than any other whaler had ever gone, reaching Cape Bathurst and Liverpool Bay, in longitude 128° west. a THE FUR-SEAL FISHERY. The Bering Sea dispute has continued to be one of the leading fishery topics of the west coast, and the pelagic hunting of seals by American and Canadian vessels has received more than usual atten- tion. In June, 1891, a temporary agreement was reached with Great Britain for the protection of seals pending the settlement of the ques- tion by arbitration; by the terms of the agreement the killing of seals in Bering Sea was prohibited, and the company having the lease of the sealing privileges on the Pribilof Islands was permitted to take only 7,500 skins. On June 15, 1891, the President issued a proclamation set- ting forth the terms of the agreement, the text of which was as follows: 1. Her Majesty’s Government will prohibit, until May next, seal killing in that part of Bering Sea lying eastward of the line of demarcation described in article No. lof the treaty of 1867 between the United States and Russia, and will promptly use its best efforts to insure the observance of this prohibition by British subjects and vessels. 2.. The United States Government will prohibit seal killing for the same period in the same part of Bering Sea and on the shores and islands thereof the property of the United States (in excess of 7,500 to be taken on the islands for the subsistence and care of the natives), and will promptly use its best efforts to insure the observ-_ ance of this prohibition by United States citizens and vessels. 3. Every vessel or person offending against this prohibition in the said waters of Bering Sea outside of the ordinary territorial limits of the United States may be seized and detained by the naval or other duly commissioned officers of either of the high contracting parties, but they shall be handed over as soon as practicable to the authorities of the nation to which they respectively belong, who shall alone have CLXXIV. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. jurisdiction to try the offense and impose the penalties for the same. The witnesses and proofs necessary to establish the offense shall also be sent with them. 4. In order to facilitate such proper inquiries as Her Majesty’s Government may desire to make, with a view to the presentation of the case of that Government before arbitrators, and in expectation that an agreement for arbitration may be arrived at, it is agreed that suitable persons designated by Great Britain will be permitted at any time, upon application, to visit or to remain upon the seal islands during the present sealing season for that purpose. Bering Sea was patrolled by a fleet of naval and revenue vessels. The high price of seal skins was a great incentive to engage in pelagic sealing, and “some American and Canadian vessels followed the migrat- ing herds into the forbidden waters and ran the risk of seizure and con- fiscation. A number of vessels were seized. The submission of the Bering Sea question to arbitration, as sug- gested in the fourth article of the agreement, was secured by the rati- fication by the U.S. Senate on March 29, 1892, of a treaty formulated for that purpose. This long-standing diplomatic question has thus reached a stage where its early settlement seems probable. The following detailed presentation of the extent and results of this fishery is based on statements furnished to the office by Mr. Henry W. Elliott, who obtained the data from Mr. Albert Fraser, of New York City, the American agent of Messrs. Lampson and the Hudson Bay Company, the English firms which handle nearly all the skins shown. The reports of the department of marine and fisheries of Canada and special inquiries conducted by this division have also supplied - additional information. The tables show the operations of the Ameri- can and Canadian vessels during the years 1890 and 1891, the figures for the former year being given for purposes of comparison. In 1890 the 15 vessels sailing from United States ports are reported to have taken 14,956 seals, the value of whose skins was $190,689, the average price being $12.75; by far the larger part of the catch was obtained in Bering Sea. Twenty-nine vessels belonging in Canada secured 39,547 seals, the value of which, as ascertained from the official Canadian report, was $435,017, an average of $11 per skin; somewhat less than half the catch was obtained in Bering Sea, the remainder coming from the coast in the spring and the passes through which the seals migrate into Bering Sea, the seals killed on these grounds being designated as “spring catch” and “Sand Point catch,” respectively. The aggre- gate production was 54,503 seals, with a first value of $625,706. The yield by American vessels in 1891 is designated as “spring catch” and “fall catch.” The 30 vessels shown in the table took 14,808 seals, valued at $236,928, an average of $16 per skin. The seals taken by the Canadian vessels in 1891 are separated by fishing-grounds, as in 1890. Fifty vessels were engaged and 49,863 skins were procured, of which 29,100 came from Bering Sea. The official report of the Canadian fisheries department places the value of the catch at $15 a skin, or $747,945 in the aggregate. The combined operations of the vessels of both countries yielded 64,671 skins, worth $984,873. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXV Pelagic fur-sealing fleet in 1890. Number of seals taken. Names of vessels. Ports. Spring | Sand Point| Bering Sea| poi) catch catch. catch. ony American vessels: Allie I. Algar...--..-..-- Port OWENS: Wiash\e- ae. Tee eacoosaaced 2, rie 2, 644 AN Ti eS ae a acoee Seal Baeeor (hee ae eee etic otis sete oor. Sel SRO rr ior a 400 Bessie Rutter..-....----- A SLOTI2 OLE Rae eemacatae S| pee | nana 707 707 City of San Diego -..-.---- Sani -Brancisco) Calie- ste | eee aae aos a 579 579 Edward E. Webster ..---|.----- (WE smnbs me GemecicOcgdee sl Ge obacad Sack rigemecos * 500 500 George R. White .....-.. Ja Conner sWiash-< =. ssa see serc ae ts vere cleo 400 400 Henry Dennis ----2..--.- peabtle; Wash s.s-c- ss ccm saeco eee saa ee 1, 500 1,500 James Hamilton Lewis --| San Francisco, Cal......-.-|........ (ween lena 52 * 2, 600 2, 600 Kateiand Anna:2 ==; 22 NStORID, | OLCO tte meee eine |h eigee so lte cet sae 362 362 Jb heb ooeaconeer oC pence ee San Francisco, Cal ......-.-. SO0s ea cts eee 1, 088 1, 888 Mathie, Dyer sas. .--|- = -1-1- dostec ccs ce secre see |, ae. WA) |e eee ae 74, Sani Dierot.<.5---- aes arial beacon QO ee eta sitio se rete | eu pens niece sikecionis *1, 000 1, 000 Sophia Sutherland.-..-...!...-.-. (GO) .cesaeanuondonc concen nsaemaad lesaooséunnds 1,138 1, 138 WMGazererecsncce ees soos ee SeathlosrWashechemiace essen lease eealeecectreneees 600 600 WWiGKIDUTOt ace Sac neta eee Porte Lowmsenda Vissi ee ee eee eee 564 564 UNION erm Conan stccod|looooas noccccoponebocuadesbade 985 74 13, 897 ‘ 14, 956 Wilt ced dan Aanceo bel SSecsucesosedaccans sooves coor tases sc)scodnsneocos| bencseccence 190, 689 Canadian vessels: Annie C. Moore ..-..-.-. Wictoria nibs Cha. acacee sees 90 703 630 1, 423 TAGS aS a ee ee a Pa Ost ie sents oe se Pakaoee 220 349 1, 137 1, 706 ATOR eecla3 ese ae see eam OMacieiceisnbacon osneeuaee 165 TOV hates tS eaes G62 TSS RMIS) 3 sabe ersedencelacesce Oreo eee ene 220 * 710 854 1, 784 GAHG np petensss- nase = sr (lO. Seteccencgdsotgaacerlleason soe 571 796 1, 367 i By MARVIN cola) Fosactee| =e GO). sebdstctnose keodene 368 878 918 2, 164 WAVOLILO Race sees ces ee eee GOme Ss see hee eeeceeees 356 981 1, 116 2, 453 Mamba Mee a5 esc e meee ai dO eae seen iaseo Se naar 97 311 770 1,178 ReatiGteasteeciaeine aseeieis sais taster ae Cos rsyoss thee eee: 156 511 230 897 IRntStherine weaton. censce clece ele CoS sss adasneecoeene 380 345 945 1, 670 IL Gin). 5- pogeeeocneeeines|sseese (si Soseonschonmeacerine WO) |Rarek cteee ce cll beecveaeeiee = 70 iO apeececcree none sees) Sacco Oe Saeeise eo eee eae LO Se eee ae 500 622 NG ten) NRO San oepecerenelleeeree CONS e ee Aeine cee erste 1, 200 752 1, 952 Wighiy IN Giy Se ecccesceceed|seacec (proc ooocosueresacose 115 UH | |Sacocesraase 1, 066 Miairyedltaiy lone sae) e a ClO peosaomesescHunueHe. 104 302 592 998 IMGT G seer rinisiaer naire sa: |atinsee COW ees snes sentence 300 764 1, 467 2, 5381 Mountain Chief.:-2.-=---|------ Oe tee cceteoseenaeeces 0 eset mp Sacenes Sacseterec ne 60 Ocean! Belles enemas aacetaae|--e UMS aBeescusoodaccoseneel Seccgase 946 480 1, 426 let? see ooebere doecoas| Eoasee dOsaseteem acs serease: 235 716 984 1, 935 1a Pe ddadoncastocarcallasecer Wo 5 Segeecone socoscicens 148 578 445 1,171 SAPP Nines sw-\/os sc ete |enas—e Ghicdhr soo seepennaeae sie 119 1, 378 745 2, 242 Steal A) (AoE as Sees acer CG ee eee 254 817 774 1, 845 PRM Ores ae a= aees eee e om oe (hose on beaahe aenseaesece 175 569 450 1,194 tia Thich oh eesesaee adae se |baesee Oars. sae eee as 182 1,018 473 1, 673 WG) nit ee GEN e nore oe) eae OSs seeees ces ssi sericel OT a asochoenonme ictncesrtoce = 94 MEV eee oe te Seiad a Ne ose ees AE a 262 436 2, 015 2, 713 Wisse SRYAWALG. fe Seats. =) se BAHU ESD OSU pS OOME pS aeeS 154 339 459 952 Mialter loRich sees 2e se] sense COM seas ose se on See 122 562 633 1,317 Wiarderers. tusecceees sole cae LC Re Ee eerie eee Bou lacs atectcsseltasls sae cece 82 Total Se OE a Sel nas One et Re oe Oe 4, 650 16, 732 18, 165 A 39, 547 PING SopmagoreOropaod tpecsasige Dec oacihor GeO AnCCoas| | Sossecdosisacurcs soacelaooepnorce oe 435, 017 (CAGE Cec leetcee | pabobosnodecearinedneGeeceece 5, 635 16, 806 32, 062 54, 503 Motalivallop cas sole sates essa cas = seledeas ae ces Mee Ae | ea Stal Peet mR casa aZ CTR. $625, 706 *It is not known with certainty whether all of these seals were taken in Bering Sea. Pelagic fur-sealing fleet of the United States in 1891. Names of vessels. Number of seals taken. ANMNG Te PAN Pan ceeccicecs ces Beaver CxO MP Or kins ts.eeec ce caceeee WrAGrWihltes.-haceccsseae case CUES WilitGsce- ce eee cota Challenge City of San Diego -.......... Edward I. Webster Emma and Louisa ..:........ Hmmett Pelitz:.:..2:...:..-- LOE Sa Sane eae George R. White ICUG 3) ie a Henry Dennis)... 22-22-32. James (+. Swan Ports. é Spring Fall catch, catch Total. Seat al eSanhtlor Wiashvrassetes sa cantons A501 eae eee 450 reas Port Townsend, Wash ..-.----...-. JAG} | anne oepacss 126 secose AS tOriay OG Res saeeisee soe seeear seas eee 206 206 secaae INGabeBS Yn Widelencer teases sates last aaecen 200 200 bese San Hrancisco, Caliacee scm. acs saanltccecce cies 1, 668 1, 668 Seed eeetoe Ona eerste Sore tee ates oe | sanoooent 438 438 Beet oko c alas WOren saemene ccmeiemecei sete maalcemcae mae 172 172 SoS eE ease OG ohne eres cos stam creeecis cae 514 641 1, 155 5 ee ASaeen CLO eee eee ne eee we 600 1, 400 2, 000 55.85 -h Seesore COS eee eee are haa eal Sec com hear 1, 100 1, 100 sae 1358 Port Townseud, Wash..........-- yh) eee 279 pene ae Han Diego Calieseesc. esas cen asy BOOMs anc eae 350 Bae Port Townsend, Wash ....-.....- Be 210 210 ance MAINA PAM GISCO! Gali se pee cas lous = ssc ~ac 46 46 Lane Seattle: Wash! sss. -\2vee ee 750 428 1,178 selec Neal Bay eWies lees tse tonn iss 4) |. -.0e0--- 54 Snipwuivicls edie aes 0) ate ate ete 470 CLXXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Pelagic fur-sealing fleet of the United States in 1891—Continued. Names of vessels. Ports. Number of seals taken. Spring Fall catch. catch Total. Kateank Anna ---..-------.---.--+ Astoria, Oreg.------<----=--2----- 180 450 630 lle) INpings) 3a eee ce Aaa ae Seer San Francisco, Cal. ---2: +s%e se soe 1,415 Oe Saye = Sobor osoeee sebScane 590 IWANINND.- 5 aso gescce so SseSobsace 61 lUsintin yee Roa as eeseeeceeoedss 4 Massie Macy. .--.------------- 688 Wee DING Spee see eeocsoseeee 695 Mary Taylor.-..------.---<.-- 763 MAR C Ole pec: n= ee seme eee eer dO joe sse ce sitee= eee |e eet eee 79 86 J iT SEO ee ain A eg a 394 1, 030 1, 424 MMONTIIG tan csetw dia scine essen 373 22 703 May Belle 701 241 942 Mountain Chief 21s hoae We cite nal sy aceccee ee 21 Oceanebellelece-a-seascsis=o ee 170 568 1,170 1,908 QOseariand Hiatiiessen.sse- sc s-s|ooee oe COs ec ce rcene seeese oes 54 409 1, 062 1, 525 AVEO See. oe wearer cubes Soe ascee CR eee ae ee eae (oe Se oe See 48 48 IRENelOpO-cssceae eee eee | oops [eee eee ae Sea 229 410 691 1, 330 TETICTAVEYS) nes RE ore le ya (1 Va lg SSC ere eee 162 712 1, 484 2, 358 Rosie Olsen (steamer)-......--.|.-..-- (RE Sar oS acme 40 176 52 268 MAMDUILOL 5-- ect cecs seme ole se aa CO aren enna se epe eee 50. 974 2, 485 3, 459 SP MLAOD a ocscsse ne son cee en ease CC Pan eee oie ae 354 584 82 1, 020 SEG Seep oboe eer toeaeen cle aoe, OG 26 ol S25 keeleceeeee S865) aoc oe eee ee cte 886 PENOUGS Aon s'% a See c eee eels eee O62 tratil Tee 307 985 1, 292 Thistle (steamer) .........-..- [nape Coyne oct ee ee 9 294 82 385 Erg MNIph 2222 = 252 eet S see ale cece 03 Vn en pe eh 176 666 171 1,013 GIRO) DIE, SS eet eel ae Detar MOMs Eee Aes eee ee Re ees 405 504 909 Simin Oop amesee Goossens ee we ete eee ee CO SESE EEE eRe aes ee 90 659 749 J NTE Vins cece ea en (ees. dO ae el eee 1, 261 731 1, 992 Wire OA VWALC io. Sees oes = ae Sema dos age eee ee i 187 784 801 1, 722 Wislter An Marlen. <....0525 2% \ ate laiste CO? perks eexebice sees 198 848 I, 021 2, 067 Wid LGR Moa RICH. ciee- ces 2525 vn \Eteare Ohi sets cette eel mcireee 519 21 540 WAC OLOD ee teen == saci eee ic lee meee WO) steerer eee eee m7 20 330 357 Winnefred ...., Stes das erigace Joorses (ils eae See one TElonasnticros 98 105 29, 100 49, 863 I steve Staten ois $747, 945 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXVII THE LOBSTER FISHERY.. Among the shore fisheries of Maine and Massachusetts few have received more attention from the State authorities than the lobster fishery. Considering the importance of this branch, which ranks third in valve among the fisheries of New England and holds the first posi- tion among the fisheries of Maine and the sixth in Massachusetts, it is not strange that its maintenance should be the subject for solicitude among those intrusted with the supervision of the fisheries or other- wise interested in the industry. The more or less local habitat of the lobster is the principal reason for believing that its abundance ina given coast area may be seriously affected by indiscriminate methods. The migration of lobsters is essentially a bathic one, the coastwise movements being limited, even if worthy-of note. It is this fact which affords the strongest ground for reliance on rational regulation and artificial propagation for the maintenance or increase of the supply. ~ The protection accorded the lobster in the New England States has consisted in a limitation of the size of lobsters marketed and canned, the establishment of a close season for canning, and the prohibition of the sale of egg-bearing lobsters. In the investigation of the fisheries carried on by this office, the lobster fishery has always received careful attention. By the personal inquiries of its agents, the Commission has obtained accurate statistics and has kept well informed regarding the methods employed, the status of the fishery, and the nature and the degree of enforcement of the State regulations. The office inquiries show that the output of the lob- ster fishery in this country in 1892 was 23,301,149 pounds, valued at $1,050,677. The catch was apportioned as follows among the different States: . States. Pounds. Value. MUN ead Wee eateries aa ale chelate a's win cteiejasioid nse see Seen eutesceendes saasdseestedeccswes 17, 198, 002 $649, 891 Ewe AMPRNITO!S 2252 o=2 onc ccs -8 eee ne eh ae esate Sees Seer ms cas ccw oe 220, 024 13, 142 PICRARSCIU SS ULB eats stare ia soy apis) einin'=e nieecide nen mee innieaeele gstame ee Me aeeE ae 3, 177, 295 205, 638 HOON MIRED 2 a aya asa om cin oo soc aes o Bae 5 > aN pinewls teal cere o yee cee Obs eke oe ce 774, 100 53, 762 SCOTIA ERG ee eerie noah s oe 2S obit eae mete chee ee ae a cae ine 1,614,530] — 101,318 ER MENA T Kite anna tata a i= aerial te nicls sla aS ORE secede ane aa cae e eee ss eaeeaeaee 165, 093 15, 655 BE LOMAO Vn sae oor ose Wk Segoe tient as ONS aOEE aes tence cnaectbaaethscs 143, 905 10, 861 PIO ET Dieters corn can tue tals cama isaac ase tS ~ setae wale ro oeant-c ween ehvad aucae 8, 200 410 PRGUWIS cota sisiclals nora cates cee nia Rca avele wate tae aan 5 oe Nd Haare s ae empncre soles 23, 301, 149 1, 050, 677 The great interests of the New England States in the perpetuation of this fishery are evidenced by this table. Since 1889, when this division made a complete canvass of this fishery, there has been a very important decrease in the catch of lobsters in New England, especially in Maine. In 1889 the Maine fishermen took 25,001,351 pounds of lobsters, for which they received $574,165. This was probably the highest point ever attained by the fishery. The decline of over 7,000,000 pounds in the production in three years indi- cates a catch in previous years far beyond the natural resources and F 0 92——_xII CLXXVIII_ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. shows that the fears entertained for the preservation of this fishery are well grounded. Notwithstanding the largely diminished output, the value of the catch has not only not decreased, but has increased about $75,000. According to the reports of the Maine fish commissioners, lobsters in that State are being rapidly caught up, the reasons assigned being an increased demand and evasions of the law consisting of the sale, can- ning, and pickling of short lobsters and the sale of egg-bearing lobsters. The report of the commissioner of sea and shore fisheries for 1891-92 Says: The conclusion [of fishermen, dealers, and smack men] isunanimous that the lobster is being rapidly exterminated along the coast of Maine. Many fishermen go so far as to assert that unless. measures are at once taken to prevent such wanton waste, it will speedily happen that none of these delicious crustaceans will remain to be taken by anyone. The decrease in the lobster catch in Massachusetts between 1889 and 1892 was 176,492 pounds, while the value of the yield increased $57,146. The conditions in this State appear to be more favorable than in Maine. Although the year 1891 showed a decreased catch of 319,338 lobsters as compared with 1890, it was coincident with the withdrawal of 52 fishermen and 4,106 traps from the fishery, according to the returns made to the State authorities; and the average catch per trap in 1891 was a little over 1 per cent greater than in 1890. In New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut there has been an increase in the lobster catch, largely owing to increased attention to the fishery because of the higher prices commanded. The returns for the three Middle Atlantic States having a lobster fishery indicate a decrease in the abundance of the lobsters; the diminution in the catch, while actually slight, is important in view of the relatively small output in these States. é THE OYSTER FISHERY. The oyster is the most valuable fishery product of the United States. The gross value of the fishery in 1891 was about $15,000,000. It is five times as valuable as the next important product, the salmon, and equals the combined value of the catch of cod, haddock, halibut, mackerel, menhaden, shad, alewives, herring, salmon, whales, lobsters, shrimps, and clams. It is additionally important in that it is the most generally distributed of our fishery objects, occurring in commercial abundance in every State (except Maine and New Hampshire), having a frontage on salt water. Itis not especially remarkable, therefore, that the oyster should receive great attention, and that, with the large increase of pop- ulation in the coast States and the improved facilities for shipping it into the interior in recent years, the question of the maintenance and increase of the supply should be kept prominent. At a comparatively early date some of the principal oyster-producing States began to appre- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXIX ciate the importance of preventing the depletion of the natural grounds by unrestricted methods, and took steps to preserve this valuable resource, but in some of the States largely interested the possibility of a reduction of the supply was lost sight of and inadequate steps were taken to check a gradually diminishing output. The States tak- ing the most advanced stand recognized the value and necessity of artificial methods in the oyster fishery; they provided for the lease or sale of the barren grounds to individuals, who were given proprietary rights in the oyster beds, and inaugurated a system of revenue from the sales, licenses, and taxes that was a material addition to the States’ income. During the year the oyster question was an important topic in most of the States having oyster interests, and the subject affected more or less directly nearly every State and Territory. The agitation of the condition and needs of this valuable industry constituted one of the most prominent features of the fisheries of the country during this period. Especially worthy of mention was the attention given to the subject in Maryland, Virginia, and the Southern States generally. The output in Maryland was over 1,000,000 bushels more than in the pre- vious year, a result generally attributed to the law requiring the return to the water of oysters under 24 inches in length, and to the recovery of the oyster beds from the deleterious effect of freshets in the spring of 1889. In Virginia an impetus was given to oyster-culture by the act, approved February 25, 1892, requiring the survey and mapping of the oyster reefs, and extending the provisions for obtaining private areas for planting purposes. The tendency of recent legislation has been to promote oyster-culture by selling, leasing, or granting lands for oyster planting for long periods or in perpetuity, and by securing protection to the planters in their operations. The success of the oyster farmers in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey, as the result' of the encouragement and assistance of modern laws, is well known, and the ~ development of the extensive oyster resources of the Southern States has begun under auspicious legislation, but in the most important oyster region in the country, viz, the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, the suggestion of general private ownership of the oyster-grounds has not up to this time met with the favorable consideration which all expe- rience teaches should be accorded, and it may be a number of years before the radical sentiment and local prejudices there prevalent will permit the formulation of a practical plan for the maintenance of the oyster industry. P The importance of the oyster industry and the attention it is receiv- ing can be well gauged by the large number of inquiries regarding it addressed to this Commission and the very general demand for oyster literature, especially from the Southern States. Considerable corre- spondence, often requiring careful research, has been had with persons desiring information on the present condition of the oyster industry in CLXKX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. the country at large and in special States, on the methods of culture and on the benefits of artificial means in increasing the supply and in stopping the depletion of natural beds. IMPROVEMENTS IN FISHING VESSELS. The tendency on the part of New England vessel-owners to adopt only modern types in adding to their fleets has steadily increased, until at the present time very few vessels intended for the offshore fish- . . mio he eries are constructed on the old lines. In the last report of the divi- sion attention was drawn to the advantages which have accrued to the fisheries through the introduction of the new forms of vessels. Per- sonal inquiries recently addressed to fishermen in the principal ports confirm all the claims that have been made and show that the new ves- sels are yearly coming more into use and favor. From numerous avail- able records of the practical value of the improvements, the folowing example, quoted from the Gloucester Daily Times of April 4, 1892, may be given: Schooner Nannie C. Bohlin, from the banks, Sunday, reports a most thrilling expe- rience. On the morning of March 12, at about daylight, while bowling along by tne _ wind, under full sail, with the usual watch on deck, a sudden squall arose. Capt. Bohlin was just coming on deck, and was standing in the companion-way, when a fierce gust from the northwest threw the vessel down. The captain managed to reach the deck. The man at the wheel, with great presence of mind, threw the wheel down, although both he and the wheel were submerged. He then rushed for the starboard side of the vessel and hung out over the stern, which was almost under water. One other of the crew also hung over the side and escaped being washed overboard. The crew in the forecastle were soon on deck (those in the cabin were unable to get out), and one of them rushed forward and let go the head sails. The vessel soon came up. It was a narrow escape, and had the Bohlin not been an extra good craft and the squall abated somewhat, she might have filled and sunk. The vessel had lain flat in the water, her sails half under. One of her crew walked along her side from the wheel box to the fore rigging, so flat did she lie. The bait boards were torn off the house and two of the dories floated off by the water. Commenting on this incident, Forest and Stream of the same date makes the following statement: The importance of the recent improvements in the fishing vessels of New Eng- land, due to the precept and example of the U.S. Fish Commission, though generally acknowledged, has never been more strongly exemplified than in the recent occur- rence, the particulars of which are stated in the Gloucester Times of April4. The Nannie C. Bohlin is one of the deep schooners and something like the Fredonia designed by the late Mr. Burgess, and has before this occasion demonstrated in the highest degree her special fitness for the business in which she engaged, so far as both seaworthiness and speed are concerned. It is evident to anyone at all familiar with naval architecture and the peculiar peril in which she was placed that had she been as shallow as the vessels in common use in the New England fisheries a few years ago none of her crew would ever have returned to tell of their experience. ~ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXXI ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A BEAM-TRAWL FISHERY. Experiments conducted with a view to introduce new methods into our commercial fisheries, to develop new fishing-grounds, and to place new fish in the markets of the country must always be among the most important current matters connected with the fishing industry. Such was the attempt to use the beam trawl on the New England coast dur- ing the winter of 1891-92, and although the experiment was not on the whole successful and was eventually abandoned it was not without its practical results and will no doubt lead to other trials in the near future. While a few other attempts have been made to establish the beam trawl in the vessel fisheries of New England, the one in question was much, more extensive and important than any other of which there is record, and it seems proper to chronicle its history. In the spring of 1891 Capt. A. Bradford, commanding the schooner Mary F. Chisholm, of Boston, Mass., conducted some preliminary exper- - iments with the beam trawl, the success of which led to the construction of the trawler Resolute, of 95 tons, of a type similar to the vessels employed in the fisheries of the North Sea. Capt. Bradford has fur- nished this office with a detailed account of his trips. The first voyage of the Resolute was made in November, 1891. The first set was on Middle Bank, where fish were found to be scarce. In Ipswich Bay, where the next set was made, there was also a scarcity of fish. Some witch soles were taken on muddy bottom, but the supply of cod and haddock was very limited. The vessel then proceeded to the southern part of Georges Bank, where, in the first haul, occupying three hours, 10,000 pounds of haddock were secured, together with dog- fish in troublesome numbers; a second set yielded 5,000 pounds of had- dock and some soles. The next haul in the same locality was in 25 fathoms of water. The net came up full, but in being lifted the trawl was torn, owing to darkness, and every fish was lost in the same way. A final successful set was made, and the vessel proceeded to market with about 28,000 pounds, representing 20 species of fish, the largest quantities being haddock, plaice, witch soles, lemon soles, turbot, butter-fish, cod, hake, and sturgeon. The second trip was to the same grounds. During the first night 12,000 pounds of fish were secured. Subsequent sets were unsuccess- ful, owing to the weakness of the nets, which would burst with a weight of only 15,000 pounds, whereas they should have held at least 25,000 pounds. The vessel made port with only 18,000 pounds. On the third voyage the same ground was first visited, but the fish had moved, and the vessel went to the South Channel, where, in 90 fath- oms of water, fish were found to be abundant, but the nets invariably tore when being lifted. Capt. Bradford states that there was one bag of fish that he was exceedingly sorry to lose, as it contained some kinds which he had never seen before and of which he intended to send specimens to the Fish Commission if he had saved them. The CLXXXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. large net, which had been in the water only three hours, came up full to the mouth, but when the tackles were put on the net broke, as in previous trials, and the fish were lost. The vessel made port with 15,000 pounds of fish, and the crew set to work to construct a net of superior twine. The details of the fourth and final voyage are as follows: The first night on the bank 12,000 pounds of haddock and soles were taken at first haul; at second haul there was a calm, and only 3,000 pounds were secured. Then for nine successive nights the weather was so calm that it was useless to lower the trawl. On the tenth night a light breeze sprang up, and at 4 o’clock the net was shot in 29 fathoms of water; at 5 o’clock the trawl was so full of fish that ‘the vessel was almost stopped in her drift,” to quote Capt. Bradford; at 7 o’clock, when the net was being hoisted, a northeast wind and a heavy sea tore the net from the beam. The vessel lay to for forty-eight hours and then proceeded to market. The parties interested with Capt. Bradford thought he had experimented enough, and declined to prolong the attempt, much to the regret of Capt. Bradford, who had faith in the ultimate success of the venture and thought that the worst had hap- pened that could happen. The captain writes: | We had tried only one little area of water on the coast and met with success, as the crew shared $7 to $14 per trip. I can name many vessels which had 16 men which came home in debt, while we had only 7men. We used less than a ton of coal per trip, and 900 gallons of water. THE NEWFOUNDLAND BAIT QUESTION. One of the most important factors in the fisheries carried on by New England vessels on the more eastern banks is the supply of fresh bait, which has been drawn to a considerable extent from Newfoundland ports. Canadian and French bank fishing vessels have also found it convenient to resort to the Newfoundland coast for bait. The regula- tion by the Newfoundland government of this privilege of obtaining bait from the local fishermen has long been an important question and has attained considerable prominence on account of its international bearing. The original bait laws of the province were formulated for the purpose of discriminating against the French fishermen at Miquelon and St. Pierre, who, on account of the large bounties paid by the French Government, were able to undersell the Newfoundland fishermen, and so control the trade in the common markets, especially those of south- ern Europe. In 1890 the local regulations permitted the purchase of bait by American and Canadian vessels on the payment of a license fee. This at first consisted of a tonnage tax, which had to be repaid on the occasion of each entry into Newfoundland ports, but later was modi- fied to a tax of $1 per barrel on all bait secured, the licenses issued by the Canadian Government under the modus vivendi not being recog- nized by the provincial authorities. In 1891, in a spirit of retaliation against the British Government, the Newfoundland authorities granted REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXXIII no privileges to the Canadian fishermen, but gave to American vessels the right to purchase bait without the payment of any fee, the only restrictions being the limitation of the amount of bait taken and of the frequency of the visits to Newfoundland ports. SNAPPER FISHING ON CAMPECHE BANK, GULF OF MEXICO. In the latter part of the fiscal year 1891 the Red Snapper Fishing Company, of Galveston, Tex., entered into communication with this office, with a view to have the Fish Commission secure from the Mexican Government, through the Department of State, the privilege of using as a fishing rendezvous a portion of one of the sandy islands on Campeche Bank, lying off the coast of Yucatan, in the Gulf of Mexico, about 600 miles from Galveston. The office brought the matter to the attention of the Department of State, and in August, 1891, the request was granted subject to certain simple conditions. This initial step to develop the more remote offshore fishing-grounds in the Gulf of Mexico seems worthy of more than passing notice, although it is too soon to predict what the results of the venture will be. The abundance of snappers and other desirable food-fish in the more distant waters of the Gulf of Mexico has often been attested, but the distance of the grounds from United States ports, the impracticability of employing sailing vessels in the business, and the comparatively limited demand for fish in the local markets of the Gulf coast have up to this time deterred fishermen and capitalists from engaging in a business with so many elements of risk. The company in question, however, proposes to keep welled fishing smacks continually on the grounds and to have the fish landed in a fresh condition by one or more steamers, which will make frequent trips with the fish to Galves- ton or other shipping-points, whence the catch will be distributed to Northern and Northwestern States. Asa matter of general interest and for the special information of those who may hereafter be disposed to take advantage of the liberal policy of the Mexican Government, the conditions imposed on the fishing company in question may be quoted. They are given in a letter which the subsecretary of the department of public works of Mexico transmitted through the Amer- ican minister to the manager of the said company on August 7, 1891: The President of the Republic has taken note of your communication, dated the 13th of May last, transmitted to this department by the department of public works, wherein, as manager of the Red Snapper Fishing Company, of Galveston, you pray for permission to occupy, during the fishing season, the arenas or Alacran inlets, for the sole purpose of meeting there to fish or to take refuge in case of bad weather, and to transfer fish from fishing vessels to steamers to be carried thereby to the port of Galveston; and in virtue thereof the said chief magistrate has decided, pending the issue of the general fishing ordinance, that the permission you seek in the name of the company may be granted under the following conditions: 1. The companies may select, in the arenas or Alacran inlets, whatever places it may consider most expedient, for the sole and exclusive purpose of anchoring there their fishing vessels, taking refuge there in case of bad weather, and transferring therefrom fish from the fishing vessels to steamers, to be carried thereby to Galveston. CLXXXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 2. The company shall engage to advise this department of the number and the class of the vessels which it proposes to send to the arenas or Alacran grounds for fishing purposes, also the names thereof, in order to give due advice to the depart- ments of the treasury and of war and marine. 3. The company shall likewise engage to comply with the regulations given in the premises by the aforesaid departments of the treasury and of war and marine; fur- thermore, the company shall engage to comply with the instructions established under the regulations on marine fishing which may hereafter be issued, pledging not to resort to any measure not accepted among civilized nations. 4. This permit will take effect from and after the Ist of next September, and be good till April 30 of next year (1892), the company having the option to renew the same. I advise you of the foregoing for the information of yourself and of the company you represent; praying acknowledgment of receipt of this permit, to the effect that the said company agrees to the conditions established thereunder. MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. INTERNATIONAL FISHERY CONFERENCES. The agitation of. the condition of the fisheries of the international lakes, especially Lake Ontario, to which reference is elsewhere made, resulted in the call of a meeting in New York City for the purpose of discussing the question of fish protection and fish propagation in Lake Ontario. The meeting was held October 22, 1891, and was attended by special commissioners appointed by the provinces of Ontario and Quebec and by the State of New York, together with others interested in the fisheries of the Great Lakes. 'The attendance of the U.S. Com- missioner of Fish and Fisheries was urged, but, owing to his inability to participate in the meeting, the writer was delegated for that purpose. The meeting, which was informal and simply preliminary, was called to order at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt, of New York City, was made chairman and Mr, A. D. Stewart, of Hamilton, Ontario, was designated as secretary. On motion of Gen. Richard U. Sherman, of ee Hartford, N. Y., the question of the consideration of the object of the alee viz, the protection, preservation, and propagation of food-fish in the Great Lakes, was referred to a committee which was to meet at Rochester, N. Y., November 10, 1891, and formulate a report to be presented to a full conference of Canadian and State representatives, to be called by the chairman. The committee, as announced, consisted of Dr. G. A. MacCallum, chairman of the Ontario Fish and Game Commission; Hon. J. W. Gregory, member of the Quebec Fish Commission; Hon. H. C. Ford, president of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission; Hon. Henry Burden, member of the New York Fish Commission; Hon. R. U. Sher- man, member of the special commission to revise and codify the fish and game laws of New York; Mr. Frank J. Amsden, secretary of the Cheaper Food-Fish Association of New York; Dr. J. A. Henshall, president of the Ohio Fish Commission; Dr. J. C. Parker, president of the Michigan Fish Commission; and the writer, representing the U.S. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXXV Commission of Fish and Fisheries. The committee was later enlarged by the selection of representatives of the fish commissions of Wiscon- sin, Illinois, and Minnesota. The conference held at Rochester occupied two days and was well attended, not only by members of the committee, but by numerous public and private individuals interested in the lake fisheries. Gen. Sherman acted as chairman of the meeting. This Commission was represented as on the previous occasion, but, owing to the evident impropriety of the General Government taking part in discussions and recommendations regarding contemplated legislation on the part of Canada and the lake States, the writer, under instructions from Wash- ington, asked to be relieved from active service on the committee. The members of the conference seemed to be satisfied with the results accom- plished in the way of formulating the laws to protect the food-fish and in securing an harmonious agreement between the representatives of New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan on the one hand and Ontario and Quebec on the other. The question of Government control of the lake fisheries was informally discussed; the sentiment of the meeting was generally inimical to the relinquishment by the States of jurisdic- tion over the waters. It was given out that the hope was entertained that the Canadian provinces would be allowed. by the Imperial Gov- ernment to assume authority over the fisheries of their side of the lakes, in order that they might be in position to reach some mutual agreement with the States. The more important recommendations which it was decided to present to the conference were as follows: 1. A resojiution urging all States interested in the lake fisheries to secure the passage of laws forbidding the taking or marketing of salmon ‘trout or lake trout weighing less than 2 pounds, of black bass weighing less than 1 pound, of pike perch weighing Jess than three-fourths of a pound, and of whitefish weighing less than 2 pounds. 2. A resolution providing for the prohibition of all kinds of com- mercial fishing in the St. Lawrence River. 3. A resolution asking Congress to authorize the United States Com- mission of Fish and Fisheries to make a biological survey of the great lake fisheries, including the determination of the food, habits, and migrations of the commercial fishes. The meeting adjourned to convene on December 8, 1891, at Hamilton, Ontario, where the conference was presided over by Hon. Donald McNaughton, of Rochester. The action and recommendations of the Rochester meeting were approved, and the conference adjourned without day, with the understanding that similiar conferences were to be held each year as long as the condition of the fisheries warranted solicitude and mutual legislative action on the part of the States and provinces most interested. CLXXXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK. In the Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay a large number of photo- eraphs were taken by field agents using hand cameras in conjunction with the regular fishery investigations. A very valuable series of views, representing fishing towns, vessels, apparatus, methods of catching and curing fish, etc., was obtained, which is available for illustration of reports. Several hundred of these views, with others secured during previous inquiries in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, were enlarged for use in the Fish Commission exhibit at the World’s Columbian Exposition. - FISHERY MATTERS BEFORE CONGRESS. On January 30, 1892, a bill was introduced in the House of Repre- sentatives by Mr. Lapham, of Rhode Island, entitled ‘A bill to regu- late the fisheries, and for other purposes” (H. R. 5030). On January 26 Mr. Aldrich, of the same State, presented a similar bill in the Senate (S. 1899). The measure was intended to grant full authority to men- haden and mackerel fishermen using purse seines to fish unrestrictedly in all the coast waters of the States bordering on the Atlantic Ocean. The text of the bill was as follows: That any citizen of the United States may at all times take menhaden and mackerel with purse seines along the seacoasts and shores of the United States, and along the shores of the several islands thereunto adjacent, and in the bays, harbors, and estuaries of the said seacoasts and shores of the United States and of the said islands, in all waters under the maritime jurisdiction of the United States where the tide ebbs and flows, subject only to such control and restriction as Congress may prescribe from time to time, any law, custom, or usage of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries is hereby directed to make such inquiries and investigations as may be necessary for ascertaining to what extent, if any, there . has been diminution in the abundance of fishes of commercial importance along the coasts of the United States and in the Great Lakes, and to report to Congress the result of these investigations, together with recommendations, if in his opinion any are necessary, as to the proper measures to be adopted for the preservation of the fisheries and the continuance of an ample supply of fish. Section 4321 of the Revised Statutes of the United States is hereby amended by inserting immediately after the word ‘‘fisheries,” whenever it occurs in said sec- tion 4321, the words ‘‘on the open ocean or along the seacoasts and shores of the United States, and along the shores of the several islands thereunto adjacent, and in the bays, harbors, and estuaries of the said seacoasts and shores of the United States and of the said islands, and in all waters under the maritime jurisdiction of the United States where the tide ebbs and flows,” so that it shall read in the title of a fishing license, ‘‘ License for carrying on the fisheries for menhaden and mack- erel with purse seines on the open ocean or along the seacoasts and shores of the United States, and along the shores of the several islands thereunto adjacent, and in the bays, harbors, and estuaries of the said seacoasts and shores of the United States and of the said islands, and in all waters under the maritime jurisdiction of the United States where the tide ebbs and flows.” And also in the body of said section, after the description of the vessel, to read: “License is hereby granted for the said vessel to be employed in carrying on the fisheries for menhaden and mackerel with purse seines on the open ocean or along REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXXVII the seacoasts and shores of the United States, and along the shores of the several islands thereunto adjacent, and in the bays, harbors, and estuaries of the said sea- coasts and shores of the United States and of the said islands, and in all waters under the maritime jurisdiction of the United States where the tide ebbs and flows, subject only to such control or restriction as Congress may prescribe from time to time, any law, custom, or usage of any State to the contrary notwithstanding, for one year from the date hereof, and no longer.” Numerous committee hearings were accorded those who favored and opposed the contemplated legislation, and in the House the matter was finally reported on adversely. A substitute bill introduced later was also unfavorably acted on, on the ground of unconstitutionality. RELATIONS WITH THE ELEVENTH CENSUS. On September 9, 1891, the writer was appointed special agent of the Census Office in charge of fish and fisheries, without compensation, and at once entered upon the duties connected with that position. Active connection with the Census Office was maintained until January 5, 1892, when, owing to the fact that the work was requiring much more time and attention than was anticipated, and that satisfactory work in one department was only accomplished at the expense of the other, it was decided to discontinue the writer’s services, although his commis- sion aS special agent was temporarily retained at the request of the Superintendent of the Census. Upen assuming charge of the work it was learned that Mr. Charles F. Pidgin, of Boston, Mass., was also a special agent in charge of the fisheries division, with headquarters in Boston. Under the arrange- ment then in force the work of compiling the statistics from the field agents’ returns devolved upon the Washington office, and tabulations were prepared for publication at the branch office in Boston. In making reference in this report to the connection established between the Census Office and the Fish Commission it will probably not be necessary to do more than briefly mention some of the more important matters that arose during the continuance of that relation. The clerical force available for work in the fisheries division was very small and entirely inadequate to properly deal with the extensive sub- ject. It was therefore necessary to restrict the work to a consideration of certain special branches pending an increase in the force. The prin- cipal subject to which attention was given was the compilation of statis- tics showing the extent of the carp industry of the United States from 1880 to 1889. The Census Office had very complete returns covering more than 60,000 carp ponds, lakes, etc., and the results of one of the most interesting and important experiments in fish-culture were exhib- ited. The compilation of figures for the States of Maine, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania was completed, and work on numerous other States was well advanced, but it was evident that many more employés would be needed in order to finish this branch of the work in a reasonable time. Another special line of work undertaken by the CLXXXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. office force was the preparation for publication of the material illus- trative of the alligator industry of Florida, for which the Census Office had approximately complete returns. The personal services of the special agent in charge, aside from gen- eral supervision of the office affairs, chiefly consisted of work on the bulletins elsewhere mentioned. The proof of the first of these was revised, the manuscript of the second was in part prepared, and the introduction of the third was written and the tables in the same revised. Two visits to Boston, occupying seventeen days, were made in con- nection with this work. On November 30, 1891, the force in the fisheries division was prac- tically disbanded, owing to financial considerations. It was antici- pated, however, that work would be resumed with an adequate force about the 1st of March. In a report on the census work which the writer made to his superior officer in the Fish Commission on December 19, 1891, the following statement occurs, which discloses the principal consideration which necessitated the severance of active relations between the two bureaus which took place in the next month: From the experience I have already had with the fishery census, I am led to believe that, should the work resume with the necessary force, nearly if not quite all my time will be required to properly direct and carry on the business of the office. I feel that if the responsibility of making a creditable statistical and descriptive presentation of the fisheries of the United States is to fall on me, I should have unlimited time at my disposal, and should not be handicapped by having to divide my time and energy between two different departments. There is a great amount of work remaining to be done, and, however much of this I may be able to detail to subordinates, personal attention will have to be given to the important subjects of preparing the descriptive and tabular matter for the bulletins and the final volume, and to correspondence. I make this statement so that the conditions under which the work will be resumed may be clearly understood by you at the outset. The following bulletins of the Census Office relating to fish and fish- eries were issued during the connection of the writer with that bureau in the capacity of special agent in charge. One of these was based wholly on Fish Commission material, and in the preparation of the others recourse was had to Fish Commission records for the verifica- tion and emendation of the census returns. Bulletin No. 123. Marine Mammalia: In the introduction i this bulletin, the Superintendent of the Census refers to this office in the following words: It is with pleasure that the assistance rendered by the U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries is gratefully acknowledged. The statistical resources of that depart- ment have been placed freely at the disposal of the Census Office for the purposes of comparison and verification, and the accuracy and completeness of this bulletin are largely due to the opportunities thus afforded. The authors also make this reference to the Fish Commission: The most complete and reliable comparative statistics are naturally furnished by the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which has a permanent body of expe- rienced agents engaged in the work, and whose cordial codperation with the Census Office work has been acknowledged. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CLXXXIX Bulletin No. 167. Fisheries of the Pacific States: The figures in this bulletin were obtained from the proof sheets of the Fish Commission report, then going through the press, on the fisheries of the Pacific States. Concerning the utilization of this material the Superintendent of the Census says: In 1889 the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries conducted an exhaustive inquiry into the fisheries of this region, the results of which have been embodied in a report not yet published, the proofs of which have been consulted in the tabula- tion of this bulletin. Although the data thus made available mostly pertain to the year 1888, it is known that changes which occurred in the fisheries of this region between that time and the census year were not marked, and will not invalidate the presentation of the following figures as the census of 1889. Bulletin No. 173. Fisheries of the Great Lakes: The authors, after referring to the field work of the census agents in the Great Lakes, say: A similar work was done by the agents of the U.S. Fish Commission in the year 1885, and the very comprehensive report issued by that department, entitled Review of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1885, furnished a most valuable basis of comparison between the returns made by the field agents of the Census Office and those made by the Fish Commission. A mass of unpublished statistical data in the possession of the Fish Commission has been placed at the disposal of this office by Hon. Marshall McDonald, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, and the best service of both departments has been freely used to contribute to the completeness and accuracy of this bulletin. RECOMMENDATIONS. In concluding this report, some suggestions will be made for the future field work of the division. The canvass of the coastal regions of the country and the Great Lakes has been so recently made, and the extent and condition of the fishing industry of those sections have been so often presented, that it is thought that the services of the regular field force may be advantageously and properly withdrawn temporarily from the consideration of this work and directed for a season toward other important branches or phases of the fisheries that have received little or no attention from this office. One of the most inviting and important inquiries that properly fall to _ the attention of the Division of Fisheries is the investigation of the fish- eries and fishery resources of the minor lakes and inland streams of the United States. An effort was made during the prosecution of the fishery census of 1880 to secure statistics of the inland fisheries, but the time, force, and means available were so limited that the results achieved were not satisfactory, and no figures were published except a general state- ment that the minor fisheries of the smaller lakes and interior rivers had an estimated annual value of about $1,500,000. The meager information at hand goes to show that this estimate is probably very much below the actual figures, and it can be confidently asserted that an investigation of these so-called minor fisheries will demonstrate the existence of a much more extensive and important industry in interior waters than is generally supposed. CXC REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The value of the small lakes and inland water-courses as sources of food supply is already great and is increasing yearly with the increase in population; and the necessity for determining their fishery resources is thought to need no demonstration. It seems only a question of time, when, with the rapid settlement of certain inland States, the natural fishery advantages will demand and receive as much attention as is now bestowed on similar water areas on the continent of Europe. In some of the States of the Great Lake region it is probable that the present extent of the fisheries of the small lakes will compare very favorably with that in the Great Lakes, while the possibilities of the interior waters for fish production and fish-culture are no doubt much greater from many points of view. It will probably be impossible for the small available force of field agents to make a complete investiga- tion of the inland fisheries in a single year, but the territory could be so divided into States or river basins that definite regions could be canvassed and reports issued from time to time, as has been found necessary to do in the case of the coastal States. The following statement of the Wisconsin fish commissioners regard- ing the resources of the inland lakes in that State is no doubt typical of conditions in a number of other States in that region: We have not even the pretense of official statistics of the value of fish catches from the inland waters, but from various private sources—principally railway and express companies—we are able to present a few suggestive figures. It is reported to us from the Lake Winnebago district, comprising the waters of Lakes Winnebago and Poygan, and Wolf and Fox rivers, there was shipped to outside markets, during the season of 1889, a total of 675,224 pounds. At the low estimate of 4 cents per pound, this export must have netted the fishermen $27,012.96, nearly one-tenth of _ the value of Wisconsin’s fishing industry on the Great Lakes. It is probable that an equal amount was either sent to the home markets or consumed by the fishermen and their families. Upon the Four Lakes at Madison, there are, from April to November, an average of 25 fishermen in daily employment, taking out $4,000 or $5,000 worth of fish in the season for the home market and forexport. Throughout the winter alarge number of men are engaged in fishing through the ice and earn fair wages. It is reported that during 1888 there was shipped from Lake Koshkonong some 200,000 pounds of fish, valued at $8,000; and it is fair to say that from scores of inland lakes like Koshkonong—for instance, in Waukesha, Walworth, Racine, Keno- sha and Green Lake counties—equally large shipments are annually made. It is unfortunate that we find it impossible, in the lack of proper reporting agencies, to present the statistics of this trade; were we able to do so, it would doubtless be found that the value of the inland fisheries was at least equal to that of the Great Lakes, and quite as deserving of legislative attention.—(Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of Wisconsin, 1889-90.) There are few fisheries of the Atlantic coast that have attracted more attention and occasioned more discussion and comment in recent years than the menhaden fishery. The phases of the controversy between the advocates and opponents of the fishery need not here be referred to, but it seems proper that one of these, viz, the extent to which other fish besides menhaden enter into the catch of the vessels, should receive attention from this office, because it is one of the most import- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. CxCI ant questions connected with the subject and is better adapted to consideration by this division than some of the more scientific problems which have arisen. During all the discussion which in past years has taken place regarding the effects of this fishery on the abundance of other fish, there has been an entire absence of authentic data on the quantities of food-fish captured with menhaden. This lack of informa- tion has, no doubt, often led to a misconception of the effects of the fishery and caused unjust criticism on the part of well-meaning per- sons. Since it appears probable that the menhaden fishery will, for some years at least, be the subject of legislative consideration and personal controversy, it seems important to secure and have available for use all information that can possibly be obtained that is calculated to aid in the solution of the very difficult problems involved. It is therefore conceived that valuable material relating to the special point under discussion may be obtained by placing the field force of the division on vessels fishing off various parts of the coast and having the agents make actual records of the results of every seine-haul during a period of two or three months. While this plan would involve astudy of a small part of the menhaden fleet, it would nevertheless afford a valuable basis for generalization. The plan has not yet been fully elaborated, but includes the use by each agent and on each vessel of a special blank on which the follow- ing information is to be recorded for each haul of the seine during the year: Date; hour; fishing-ground; quantity of menhaden caught; number of bluefish, mackerel, Spanish mackerel, squeteague, sea bass, sheepshead, drum, cero, albicore, scup, striped bass, sharks, skates, rays, and other fish taken with menhaden; disposition made of fish, and value, if sold. There may be added to this inquiry a consideration of the dependence of the line fisheries for bluefish, sea bass, etc., on the menhaden fishery as a source of bait supply—another important question involved in the menhaden controversy. frS —_ INDEX TO REPORT OF COMMISSIONER, . ; Page. PANESITIN SEAS Oitret tenets Sed Soto ao pean falas cul acne dete eases tee a eee ee oee ae eces XXII, CVII Aérating water for fish.-......-. Sass ats Soe tare J Sees oe See eee ee eee Oe see eee XXXVI, LXI Agassiz, Alexander -......-- plete Seren a ema EUR re RN Cy BERS ST pREXO CINGNENS CONEKENGT PMD AIHA SiS MYLO pcos ocktet ook chin woe Satan soit Veen s cinewiaeseue astaaeete os LXVI, LXVHO,LXVIII Alaska, act for protection of salmon fisheries of _--.-.--.-.224:---- aie ata eee matteo utacesmrien sees else abana CLE BEA IRUGY GHG) SbOAIIOE 9s .xa-tetate) aug Soa 9 ho wiainlalais a oe ahaa ns ate aera gaya ol ovale ai tale ate eee e LXXXIX PEDIC te ANON Hie cle chele etiawie a See Gwin wis eercin seein ectie nee ae eRe ae acinecice aes CXXX, CXXxTI PESO M MORE LIS Let O Leger tte Sayegh fale oie oh ay rat Pe areata ape eee Ree Re ae =a ee clweneee LXXIV 12 REINS ie: AAP Seo coop Se eEer eC eer SU Sre LSE Bane Goer er aah 5s 2b tno enc iee re sOSoeEeeSeosnnse se CXXXxXI IBGriTIO; SEAN COMM ISSIONOIS: 25-f= sos oa04, 25 v2 Saree ane tee es LXXXVIII, XCII, XCIIL, XCIV EHO ke DASA CStrl DU LON Obra) te eeceke ele ec aoe ence meee XVI, XXXVI, XLIX, L, LXXXIV AGG Ni TnOhe oer pate: soc ee S Beanies Bare] 5-2 SSSre 264 on Se eae righ ep Uorr ae XXXTX, LIV PIOGUCUOK) Ofs-_2.cnojorstessqag-se 2~ = 2 Sah g ee dele SBOE RAS SE ECE COP CODD Ee er enon XV PLO PAS MON Obese eer ae adie 2 Sa = See yee Sete See ae OOK VEL pRORERO NG MUL TUTE BERIT Citrate oe ata ae ets Sen te lege ree os No ata ces a ele Ee ects ae Wise SOR cdsioa Sameday dels oaaas XCVI BINS K A POULCM GLO Utes teen sere tks oct otto s wen buaeee Eta saeco Py per eee a oS 5s ies XV GISUUIELLIORLO Leet ere etn oe Se Me ee oe cic cs eeteial otis G civice Suet XVI. LVI, XexeRs PLO PAM ADLOWI OL 5 ete aestata iat ar interne s) Heraigiaim mine aes ataie ie Smseieber@ai8, ae mins sala XL, XLV, LV Sel blSGs SUCH ITIGIPE = Ree AERC als Rie Caen Bi he Tae emg yee afer an a a XCI PERE YES eee nes eet are ig stars oral ee rN anol Se sae aot Adan ewdsemeccseoveccacgesss-secesee CLVIL CXCIIlL oO, 02———— Xn CXCIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Page. Bogoslof Voleano .....-------------+-+++---- ++ +222 eeee eee e steer eee eee bo candodnescoagnecsione ss XCIV Borne, Max von dem ..--..--.-------------------- ++ 2222-222 n ener ne eee eee eens XXVUI Boston, fish trade of....---.------------------- 222+ - +22 eee eee eee eee eee eee eee XT, CLX= Ch xe Botteler Springs -.---------------------+ +--+ +--+ se eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ere eee eee CxXIV Bower, Seymour ..----------------- Foe aE Soe ab seen oe woes 5 Demers sone eee meee ne eee CXOEX Va Bozeman, Montana .--------.------------------------ +--+ +--+ +--+ 22 eee eee eee eee LxU.I Bradtord, Aq. -2.-- Sete VE Alavisticsand method of the fisheries. ccc secu ol sce e ce ecie clos eee ss ecenes tees x SETAC nile stata ere Mera ceo eats eine asain asia heel temeidters sidan ceenuiceinatad numaceccetoeamaee CVIt Trt lem Ves dime corsa te aaa refactor Saat dioica = Ga cine Memento caciais Gas wiscdincaatdc slot cia ceqecters CVviIt SPRY SSI EN ereyetetet steht fare etched sar ofereisi= ni cleiaiwreisieje sane e niaie era niece cisen nia simee aie aan elie gine vc ewecicine XXXVI, XCVI CXCVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. : Page. Duluth station, production of....-.------------------+-+--- se +22 eee eee eee ee eee ree eee ee XV report ON ..------------------+----- 2222-2 eer e enn en nee eee eee eee eee XLVIL Edmunds, Frank H ..-..--.,----------------------- 0-02 eee ere nee ee nee eee eee LVI, LIX Edwards, Vinal N..-.-..-------------------+------- 2 r rete re renner ert IX, XCI, CX Fel River Basin. --..-------------- +222 eee ene ee en enn ee ee eee eee eee CXViE Einstein, Samuel. .-.-.-.-.--------+ --- 22-22-22 eeeeeenn rnenenere eeeeeeeceeeee SK Nexoloxs Eleventh Census, relations with .-.---.--..--------------+-- +--+ +++ 222222 eee ee eee eee eee CLXXXVIT Elliott, Henry W-....--------------------2---- 22 rere rere te cnn n ener renee ence trees: LXXI, CLXXIV Evermann, B. W.------------ LX, XCI, XCIX, CXI XII, OXAV, CX Vi, CV Ts Wx Vall, Cxexexe - Farlow, William ’..-...-----.---.--------------- 2-222 - eee eee eee ee ee cree eee e renee (USOdt Faxon, Walter.-....--.--------------- 2-0-2 e ene ne ener ence tener CXEXGGE Ferguson, T. B .....----------- 20+ +--+ 2-22 2c cence eee nn nner ner ee ene e rte cee IXGKOXG Fernald, H. T -.--.----------2---------- 2-20-20 e eee n een nnn ne nee nnn ee eee eet eee Cle Fish-culture, division of .....-..--.-------------------- 220-2202 - een een eee eee eee XIV Fish-cultural stations contemplated .---..-------------------+-----+---2--- 22+ - eee ee eens LXIit 1p OR esas 5 sess ss ScisoSede sons adnan seas soaneeesossosacs se s3ss2essor5 XIV Fish diseases .......-------------- 20-2 een enn reenter eee eee XC, CXXVUI, CXXTX distribution Of. -...~..2---+-- 225. ccce ewes = en enn rawness sesso rencscs saaaae XLIX, LXVI eggs, shipment of. ....----.--------------+---2 0 eee ee eee ee cee eee eee eee eee XLV feeding, method of. ...-------------------------- +++ +22 222222 c cere ccc tree eee Tilo food, preparation of ..-...-------------------- +--+ ++ 2222 reece eee creer ees ee ceee LIIt furnished to the World’s Fair... --.-.....------- - fc. 22 52 = tom eon ne eae XLVI im aquaria......---------- e222 nee eee eee eee cen rere teen teense iaxer PAMASILES c= - 0% a= fam mm alae oe a ee cn mae eins CX Vi, C2XSkaxe production by stations -.--..---------+--+- +--+ 2+ +222 2222 eer erent ee terete XV ponds, Washington, D. C.--.---.---------------+---222---errrter eer XV, XXXVII Fish Hawk, steamer.-...------------------+----------- VI, XXVIII, XC, CII, CIV, CVO, CXXVI Fisheries of Chesapeake Bay ------- F cae ERoncesonaso nas asa cbsrenorosomesasnosconsesesencosats xXGeh Great Lakes ....-..----------c-2-00------ 2-2-2 == = 2 = = en eee eee CXXXVLCLIV Great Lakes, Census Bulletin 173 ...---.. -.------------------------ Se ee Ci Xexaxgon Pacific States, Census Bulletin 167..-----..---------------- fg Rohe ae on ee, CLXXeene relations with Canada. -...-5----------------- 00-22 - enon nnn me enn een = XIIT report on statistics and methods .....--.---------------+----++----+++++--- CXS EXCH statistics and methods, division of.......-.....------------------------+----------- x Fishery investigations in Chesapeake Bay and adjacent waters. -.--..------------------------- CVil matters before Congress. -.-------------------------------- + 2-22-22 eee e eee eee e CLXXXVI products landed at Boston in 1891 by American fishing vessels -.--.---.------ CLT CLE Fishing banks in Bering Sea-.-...------------ CURES Pe ae a See Seer Ree BAS abs cor xc grounds tributary to Boston and Gloucester, Mass-s22---oc- aa e eek eee (0) Pp: @ EXG1 DD: Hg vessels, improvements in..-....--------.-------------- 22 ener eee ee ee eee eee eee GIixexex Fishway at Great Falls .--..------------------+---+- + 0220-222 eee rece erect eee 1:0:06 iashelesee-= -=-=---=-" Ba Reese eee eer ed D-CA). O'R IIDOLCILL Flathead Lake .....-------------------- 2-222 - eee nn nee ee eee ne ere eee ee ee Ccxv Florida, fish for-.----.--------------------------- +2222 eer e renee rene neers LXVI, LXVIII olveriderein aquariates2:2.252se-sc0seoesscoce sree tes eane sade see eee ee eee Lx Food-fishes and fishing-grounds, report upon..-.-..---.------------------------ TXGXoX Vibr CO xexexaeh Food of oysters...-.----------------- = -- 220-20 --- nee nnn nn ren aren reser arenes CVI Forbes, 8. A.---- 2222220 20een nee een nee nen een eee e tere eee XCI, CXI, CXIV, CXX Ford, Henry C .-..-.--------------- 2-2 eee ee een ence erence er ent cee ceereen es CLAS: Foreign countries, fish for.....-----.-------------+-+++++++++- 2222222022 e- 2 LXVI, LX VIL LX Vilt Fort Gaston station, production of ....-...----------------------------+----+-+++----+-----+--- DO", j report On....---------------- +--+ +--+ --- +22 eee eee eee eee LVIII-LxXxu1 Fort Washington .......------------+--- +--+ --- 2-22-22 ener enn e reenter renee xXxxI France, fish for.....-..------------------ +++ - 222 e ee ere eee tenet rere XXXVI, LXXIV oyster-culture in.....--.------------------ 200-2 ee eee eee e ete ee treet ee cccsecesee x Fresh-water investigations ..-.--.-.-.------------------ ++ +--+ +222 22 eee te eee rere reece XCI Fungus attacking brook trout ---..-..-.-.------------ +--+ ++ +++ -++-02 2222s esc r eect XLV Tet 2) Baa Sp SSO DSSOCbS So5e Ses onOrPeobe Sesser sAe— oc Ga seeoc ama aror Soo. oil XX XIX, XC, CI, CH investigations. ......--------------------- 2-2-2 eee ee ene eee ene ee eee ener cence XCLX- CHE fishery ....--------2--- ------ 22-222 o enna ene nnn een eee ena CLXXITI-CLXXVII Galapagos Islands .....----------------------- 0-2 en ene eee erent neers Lxx Garman, Samuel ........-.----------- 2-02 een enn eee ee een eee ner eee eee nee CXXxI Gars, distribution of........--.-.----------- == 2+ pee e nee nee wenn nnn een en ee XXXVI Georgia Fish Commission ----.------------------------++---+ +2220 2 2200 r terre eer LXXII HEME po gecsce Bee as Seren els Siam apie alee Dis eee eee nine Cee eee eee ean emanate LXVI, LXVH, LXVIU INDEX TO REPORT OF COMMISSIONER. CXCVII Page. CET SERIE 9 Shee poe a DSSS SME Osea R Sod BAC Seah de oSo act SESnOrSEOESUBGOr SABCoE EEE XV, CXS EE Galati scalloptishony Ole Maine. sa oa.accisa sass sce tepieman cs 52-0 =’ Seidsinsisc.cinle «Seo ccine ss CLKV Gilbert, Charles H .-.......-..-. Ubet bese Ractccc senda ciaccoctcss SeecoRoscedosnorscascSoscneor Cxxx Crivynerpert AC appointed chief Glerk i: <2 J. = ces cscs osaeniins sets oebiece nce amisne o Soe ees cases clgs ansae sesise ecru CXXXIII Gorham, Cie -2-2. 2. AE eee Seen ae ee oe Ee AEN Meee Saar at REA Tes ae XXXqT, LXTIT CIT US ACHOGNOL: seiene- cic ae Some eae ce eee Seas aisier BAC ROE Soap G cS RSGorE Bo SeaGEEr VIII, XCI, CVIL SHRED MG ETS Os Eel eb cacao ONE sO qe 42 6s ee. cn5 506.6 5a BSS aacose AoaC SOF SSC USDA DEOSsoO4 sieeeieeaiets LXXT Great Lakes, extent of fisheries in 1880, 1885, and 1890...=.....-...-..--.-.--------02---0- @XEXGVILEE fISHOLIOSI esa eisers (Sea ee eee ee sucess X, XI, XIII, CX XXVI-CLIV jergoviherernsiakoraketelth alstsy, enol aR) esas Seana seca sogecin mocaceeouse cD CXXXIX SoG I 57, NG Uk bons ROpGur Ode Noe 5p DO DSOS SEC SEBO DSO ce c one sobsn pcan copcaaa accoS Sr Oocaocense Cil Coop Kors tainOn-spLoduCulonl Of. jaime jacana oie saps elie ate ee eens ere ian ia le scales x XV : RE NO TCO Weis SOMA ROSE MBC CC CBS NORCA EO cen One OB OES Ae CE See ee ce Ber xXXI Crono sa btiSheTieg) << se Jase e l= siaraa ie oe wie sia elepaiace orsles wicletot = elutes seein ha ates (eal se'stcee CLXIX-CLXX BETO dle Ai Sscac AGROB SSEE BR CBR MBEE BoSe CE cEBEICE: oo Dene EOee SAE Recep ep SAE Mer rst CLXXXIV Ge Sus lox susheeUlLb ural Station aac cok Soe oes ceca encia cect oa cme M back ce cacdiesacessbeccscbaeocs LXUT SHLD E JiG 8, pie SRS Ae Ee ge Uy Uo es XCII, CX VI, CXXVII, CXXVIII PRI OU Kae sees oats on 8 is a iad a wd wll Se ereweee eset pee s CLX, CLXI, CLXII, CLXIV, CLXX BER ree Tas oho Ios eh tic Mowe seston Sosa a es San Sas Saat ene CLX, CLXII, CLXIV, CLXX PHD Geren cals soe cick Sassen uth Sasaae s oka eck Se tee nanos sneer as se XCIV, CLXI, CLXITI, CLXX EACH PA TIS OY oat ers oat sla cs a Saas Secioas oe Loewe sasiowmeiseca ce cee spa cese sre cen tececee CXXXVI, CLIV Real see bye Lape et enc, ee eis enya te gs orale cpu a NG NCL 2 SAE oat eee o cclep alsise satatsem ncaa Seats CII, CV PMRET OTP Ley ad Cxtaten etsiots as actos cee Sai ates asm nis cid een lsewloe Sea aa See eee he Det aes oad Setata malate XXXI, LXI ETS R Tan REL OG see eee ie ae ahr Se Sea roe ee ae ae ae EE ene wraree ele Seam Seale ae hese ase cCiee oe eIeS CxXxxI Hatem a TAhOns 2OsLaplishmenh Ol cmcccs sac nae eae cisascmnl= ce oasis c cic an coe ovis sclsciawaisieeemiars XCI TOUS Dee AG ames smear ee ov acne oa Aan atin e ae Selsscaaia Oe se de ciewie « cemqe pais Se eters Seale winielers CLXXXIV ER GRAITIAIE Va Ameena n Ag emets saa eee ac Sha de ae Matas cedecacadaenes doce eee ar nescence ecem CXxXxI VOU Cag Rr Me eee te osname ae cae oe sea aee Gamma cena ce stalstida So'sacsuslsise sew sande ewe soca setae CIX, CX EROURTH OS maceats amen scone tas SHER Penpe LSS POT Se Rnb Beanne One MONE OSE SS HooC ee BEeetepeomd an: C, CLVIL PEGE ee Eien a a a ee aero ee cle i Sar mw wteinia Se RTOS OE eee Steele tig o ercicroate wsalele biel sind anee ae secee XXXVII AGN OMG WOON te aa a cies ees oe ee eer meee cde inal ane homseamtade ak Gna ciliate Xexexel Pelt Mem Meigen sata aoc a eta seta sae eae ae ea wees earn nest ene ae elecemceccaae te Sees CV PIOTRS UNIO SPIN Mas sarge i! -'oalee Jin ines AAP Mer ca Oe Tire eS Smale CXIV EAM Vbe we VEL Teut le Hyon nono pao afta sels cas etal ate Sleisiei tole aie: eile alae ae seas SoS oeloa Sen's sees socials CXXxTI LOIS SOT NENG Ss 0 I ee eee ee ee ee ee Tae ee Ur ee cen ee teen ee LIx ETS ONO Byetemeta at ont fate aerate a tatoos alee ate ade cic late case Sa aA SIAR Meese Boat ccaccsaese ess LXxI pan UAC AALBON APLOD aration: Ofsaes Ae cia ceases oak Sosa eee Se tee cae oe te a eee tia eh oeie ete nie esis ome LVIt MLN RISE LOTE So a Nao tran racine sna ta sea adh soe Naas eae PERE oan ae owe sis aes LXVI, LXVIII PLOTS HSC OMMISHIOM: «2.5 =ss5ch=5-e6s Lees See Gee sae me eeeee nese ceeeee oe anise woe ebecuecese LXXxII Minos State Laboratory of Natural History :/.-.222.2<..-2-----22--n)naceeoseeseeeseaeceeee XCI aliehagerl oe GIA tie GOMIMUSSIOMOn sesA cease ns ace canes od soe eee as sete ee ee ene state eet oneeemes LXXII LIN DEL OTS re tears oats sere me a cle Se ee SBOE nk abe Paseo eee Sade bese et LXVI, LXVII, LXVIIL INV estivatoOns ine lake enc Soca beech ees een ber wea cabeeee ee rane tHe cae are IX, CXVII MME vAeR PEChN G TOOG-SNOSa- 3. as pon dcac acing osose ee a datees oaks cuaccees sete cdeesesdcdaee Vit Tnteriomwacers, investications: of-- --. 2.5 -..+ ssk!-ssces'anncs sce cass see saasce CXI-CXXI,.CLXXXIX Nsom AVON Sherry. conferences’: == !222=<5 st sse-sae— sessed ceases aeobecces seseoesasass CLXXXIV Investec ahousin, Chesapeake. Bay, 15: f-oecls aden ch se anicat ao ee ce scie ste eesinesewdenscescsss VIIt HNGIANBenaes saousas a sasee Anas seMoenesacsesens Naas ance ces (Aeeedaaes Sas hae IX, CXVII lentuchk yes ssassa rec gse nce sansa ee wae we ee phen 2rd el Bee eto oe IX, CXVII IMS CO pe ne aoe oe Cee Santos oo ate ce etn ee eee en od pei caectie deste Cxx IMONGANG, cose soe e as ekes Cano M eR RRM MEe en aen encates eee chee sceccas IX, CXI-CXV IN GWM GNKSs sass e ta rs Seana Aer nae eens agua anc dag cueas ate cons IX, CXIX CXCVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Page. MNvesoeAllOnssini OO seems . oscocsenssoaareaGnces each eset ecnecen ssa tases ester eee CXLIV-CXLVI apparatus and: icapitales: 75 cee mee cers es ee aie asec ais ee nee eats CXLV Persons employed. 4 -eee eee -ese eee eee eee eee eee ene CXLIV Products Pes. cecesn. Sosse oe osetia Woe eee eeee me cjseme cee eee seme ae cee CXLV Yieldiby apparatus) and (speclesa osDe0 60S Smcc ona S cbiasoca a cOOSSSEEbEa son sco5 5 CxXxxI Maurray,,SOSeph- - ----- 2-2-2222 -2-- 2 eee ni nin een nn ween en eee ewan ow an enmaaenemaaac=seane XCIX IVECO) OULU a mm ole mmm ma ate le a la ale ge XCIL Mannie (Bohlin SChoOneL:=-- 2-5-2 4. ese =e ee be ee eneeen rn Reese en eaee cee sence eeE ee eno CLXexex Navy Department ...-.------.--------------- 2-22-0222 ee enn nee eee eee eee eee LXXxur Nebraska vbish) COMMISSIOD aanee> mice sear mane lee = elelatein te oe eee eins 1S 0! TSI TO Hs Sa pee nes oconem se aocqe and SbomosdADe Sobpoa5oamaes soso socccs 2 LXVI, LX VII, LXVOI Weosho station, production of ---.----.2.--.-----2-=-- ae nigteeteas SE ee ee XV : SESS OTD OTN aero ete le ale FSH OGL New England coast, physical inquiries respecting waters off .------..-..---..--..-.---.---.- xcl HHA 5 w= Gsetinds Soe oo oS Sse sons aotosoe sa s2 ssotcesse sed bse Sesbestecssae XIII BIN espe eh en 311 WaT 0 1 CLS LO MN em cee tm le te CL Xexexain Newer pshire Kish: COMMISSION seer eee are eee ane = nee ae eee eee Tox TT NA Pee a a5 pe dS aoSwaanadan Asan eo tO oS be oananpaoboDESn As LXVI, LXVII, LXVUOI New Jersey, fish for....-.......------------------ +--+ +++ +--+ -- 2-222 e eee LXVI, LXVII, LXVIIL ISGire seroma E005 yee eo (ee apics a sbnoSossn sseStmpance soon cased eSaagsesoss LXVI, LXVII, LX VIII Ia NGadel Oe hy Ohm EEO 6 oe Ae BRP eo so eaaae sesmene sau eae Secu saonan Sas = amqSne ee Sess ae Exon fish for -- 2-2. 220222 on none on ee wn a nonin nee LXVI, LXVII, LX VII MARES MEP DOs) bt re So ooo ee aa eens sabe sre Seca at adaho sda 506 Jens eeeuaorconescc: WEXS | OIXGIEXE iNewaZonland. fur-Seal Teo ml AtLOS Oe area ein m im clea elm lle loli ile le ele xc Nevada Fish Commission. .....-.---------------+-- +--+ 2-2 += 2-22-22 eee ee nee eee eee eee LXXLE LIER) OS Qede oases gS SSans6 Aes Sec ona sas Son aero CacidooaseoqeaseousGes ese Sees LXVI, LXVIII Nikolski Bay ..---.----------------------- +--+ 22-22-2222 eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee ee . CII North arolina Au bemarle eS TOW ee a alate aa lalla ele ala alma le ate eee ee ele = ie ello me a CEES TSN 1 5435556 sao sane ss sean sue sseee SadSs se SasesssedosepeeseT LXVI, LXVII, LXVIIL MEMES Thee ALS SNS —aSeae o Snore cone eno IIS OSU Ane Se Sas Sasots saScels JA seeesiae TEXe | CEVA MNOrbhvale station, TOPOLb OM) me fom = a(n meme es ale mela om mint == mo = oa) ale lm nial =a oem elas XLII TOROUME HOC 5 spss Sop ese Sse sane Sasosoeaasn gees “AS ce asad onceseots Ssos xv Nushagak River-.--------------------------- +--+ 2-222 eee eee ee eee ee eee ee eee ee eee ee XCORE Oi Clarrineiny OG ay GGA) ee oo coey so oSpsedaoed as eo seadacmonconce ee eomceoncssesremscdcsorian 1bp.OD:< Ohio Fish Commission. -..----.--------- ++ ------- 2-02 2+ 0-2 e ence eee eee eee ene eee eee ee LXxII ODIO « 2-2 non ene een enn ee nn nn ee en ee enn ne ee cewns IX, CXVIII Oklahoma, fish for <.--<---- e-em nmin = oe ine eee eee ane cinemas LXVI, LXVUO1I Ordway, Albert, courtesies by .--..----------------+----+---+------+----02+-20------ 2: @:@.4 0 i pS: 0 BE Oregon, fish for ..-------.-------+---------- +--+ +++ 22052 eee eee ener eee eee ee LXVI, LXVIII Oyster-culture ---.-------------------+---+----- +--+ 22-22 e eee re eee eee ee eee ee VEER EXC EXC xen French methods of.-...-.--..--- Sies Wey wlaye aim nestome nin Sieratsterelsie sate reas Xe (CXR CEXGEE Jib DERE) Oe espa enc so se Oro So OSes osebo SAS 40K Saane sasbos Seada aE CbacoooscsspcseaK exe Oyster fishery of Chesapeake Bay....---..--..-.--------------------------------+-+------ XII, CLIX ConneciG tees seer o en Sea ee = er eee ne ate ee eee ata eee ate eee CLXVI United-Statés. ccc lclttcs:itest nok sean cast eeaceeeee eee ene CLXX VEE Value dn a S8O).antd' TSS! ese Se ee Ie ee ae es CLXVII Oyster-grounds, delineation of.......-.-.-------------------------------- We ine Peer eee CV Oyster investigations in Chesapeake Bay --------.--------- 22 --- 2-22 -- 52-2220 een e nen ecene CIIL-CIV Oysters in aquaria ---.------------------- +--+ - 22-2 eee ee ee ee ee eee eee eee 1 op. D Pacific coast, ishing vessels and boats of ----- ~~. - fo. ssa ce es won aa cece ces tne see emaainne CLXVIM Tha ES HAI ops o6545 Joao aopee soe eae bows So Upebeoo Tasoasdsbosaqsssonesscincce VIII IW} OMAR OMIT Oe 6 Ae Abts deo cana cuss so0 SoDonesdeseosetoostonds CLXVIII THULIN A? oSnsbesdoos socab bt odes cc ob Sse cbdacneeSeeeootdesec see CLXXI-CLXXII IPATABILOS COfniS NOS somes ne ine else laa tae ne Sine a me eral etetel ee inte inte nao ite otee CXXVIII-CXXIX TE aa TI Sede bene ec aed e lee eon odds bn oo sean Gace anace eos ser eccsosondeosseSsescsesce CXXXVI JESyA Rid) Wen Casas ocotacs ages Ago Ese oe Sebo onat ar sao abe deronadac wee soand Sr acioeadseeaersadesaco CLXXXIV TEsKHign, Wylie pt oes aa A eA ene Ama se acrnato satu soo Tae ero Qo teas aoe su asobonotosSoass CLIX, CX Page, William FP ....--.- 222.2 3-2 een nn ee ne nnn nn ene senna n ne nm enn esenensees L Pamplona Rocks .---.------- SSS agas ode sscbesasecansec sooteosassrecsbosesadtosiesscesoasscce Cc Ibs eaihige 1 eee eee eset: ease Semen ae Sens SOtm ca crear Seine eae eap scence bad tbado Soogbapee CXxxI TREpiMi Tele eiy Rigceesas San Gone soar seas Seige soca ses Og AES USe SOI ME OE ea aoSessosesestosbese XC eolaci odin Sealine hee uss sesame alee ae = eae ae ee Reale ase eee a eet CLXXV-CLXXVI SQ iinet Ae OA SRR BRS. 5 seep sees ao cueesh sade ore OSsaseoan dodosas sISSquSeRsedas Sona COURT Penusyivaniakss hy ConmMiisslO lies aces 0e e-em er sae See een ee ee eer eeneee = eae eeee eet LxXxi1 Heh tor Aki. eset otc sce eee eae secre ne sae ee eee e eo neeeees LXVI, LXVU, LXVUI Pencelisteam waunGh so sAscecseae es 2 owe sciete seis aia ee beau Saat aiaese sine edarsie seajaieeeicicte ceo CII INDEX TO REPORT OF COMMISSIONER. CCI Page. (i AO Eneyolile (as Secs eecenedii sds aeSens 32 6 Sen So apasobeoossonbs toate Sb odsaseeeaseancdobe CLXXXVI an C MBN EE OS Re oeoeine te mnoeatce nemo ese aee aes Saieenet miaseosaltnnsueecascsseccee XCI, CVILCIX le ifpadidy (Qh) S 1A Sac bdlenncnbees sacs sebee sae Sacto’ dee Sthidechocce SeCunenSSeSecoeGacerEcs CLXXXVII eMC EMMIN LIP LION Olen eae acta ae a mciae eee ees eae see eae eialslaicececiee XVI, XLIX, L, LXXXVII POW UCUIOIN Obes ioe conta s he sacscician Snicw t s atte net setae ame cee ace tcne sitchen cee gesdsceoaec XV nike perch: distribution! of 222.252.520.022 .05 [lode ea cs een SXEVANG EXOXONU VXI les Rep ONS ARO RON: QEfSE) IESG 8 Sa a On See DC OST Snr be DC OSE ACC He Sen Sap SSho od Dear ocod NebaEEOOneoHoae XLVIIL PLOMUCMOMOf 252s sce sess Sacco oa eee se etreae cice at eee ciclo nemtsiisee staleteieiiems XV DLOPSSavON Obesereee a eae see a cate saa eee teemetetee a= Sei Gacmogessace. XLI, XLVIIL LP ATHLE)1E 01D B Ss GaSe AOS HOSE Se Base SeBHET DBE] OCEDESE E> DEASH bite Soca meee aS Acme XXVIII, CII ERICOMOKE SOUN C= fois eicicloe hatin se a neta caw otnlsat cece cee aaa een oe cae eaasibe tescecsecawene CIU, CIV FES rin Me OOK ON Versace aos sas cisisetie aojel sicleie ale Aaa ae en ce eiaee st asaame aes teaacsesacees Tes CIL Lidivelcac pS) GbR Secs caer Be OHOE CBRE COR Are esr BAe eit cee cerry ee XCIIT, CLXTI, CLXIV, CLXX GHETTO Cte Bebe ets cor Soe CS GUUOHE AL 6 SOUGeBEaD HOSS s HO Con Aes OGSUUnARBHCBoS XVI, LXXXVII DG AEE WOT OF Soodossisoneas Sans05 cose saeoy SobbEOdas Soc sAaoodesnosnePer conoscisedgsad XXII PLGAUC HOM Oe Jeane ccecc sees ccmeaue ane os cio ties om oucocmemen-ineeeseaesticee ac Shae ice cael XV JHtL TUT oe Se ch bas Sop ee DOC On COURS DC. DOSED ORDO SUSE ECOl ARGO HOno: OHO SOREN SeOneApeS soc are Cc Porcand Industrial Wx position.» - sersce sss seco. sels book se eeens nee tceacece cee Se es weaweceeae Lx OLOMIAO Ivor Snad-O2 Pl OCUCHOMs sana aasmae par ciisinniciseeeine te cinisies aes e sincianine seen os oes ete XXXIV shad’ station location ofa. -2 etc -t2 sae cie eatieeeeecin oc oeace cicteales see eee xXXXIT LOM PETALUNEG] Oleataseats aa ciee es cioe = sec ae cncieinaniciecce ame cine ercninas sicdece seen ae XX XIII President's proclamation concerning fur-seal fishery.-..........--.---------------------e- CLXXTII FXKGUUCUOM OL NEEM OVELOLS!. a wine aim aloie seine Saini a) 4a sina asieice oie CLXXXVI tei bayeavabion: Producvion OL - =. «= -=\-s)- = \-sisiew sw se cine sence soem ead Succ aesine-cecessee casa XV report on...... SHC OOOO SEOs oo COCO Reb DOCS OSS aO OC DES EIOON COSC RAL OHO BSE CREE XL, XLI Gmina SALMON, CP OULE Of ae om alter atm = mia Pleaiierat ate mine at ciate a aide las Saainie eels ala aiay= ers ais ee LIX distribution/Of Se aise - ose see Snes ceaon sates see XVI, LVII, LX, LXXVUI CEES) ce $eoatodesbocede cents Gece Sods Cons eAnO GeO One OC eaCOROCREOnS Boe LVIiI, LIX, LX EKNSTS G3? ohe8 Sac Borgoced adosenan once Saco SOT ESSe on Hoop OMDORMObesonaoocser LVII PLoMUcCwOMOfe eo eee ae Heat mis ee els oa a ciate w Sain eRe e Gone ee ta eeee xvV PEO PAL AMON Ofer e eeciaaeecia eas cee seat eee sis ee eee Sala scoters LVI, LVI, LIX CnincyestawWony Produc wlony Ol. -aaceae ce. sto mines cae eras oe eel se emcee cece a ceeee ate sie ee rane xvV TOPOLUWOM a. atantsin salons eae simee ook os see ae neee habe ms cw aialoeeeeie ee steoeste xXLIX Race, E. EH ....-...... Gcicdat esate ees cecned Saas seecaud morse bogEoacance on sboSnSeSscunKe CXXXVI, CLIV JE DEN OG! REIAMLES cEcisb6 Sposa sage Cede ane Ober QU ber AOE ESSeHEeSebe pe ap EMRMCSerpe saGTaSeeesbes LXV oat paw bros, GIstribution! OL <2. sf. s25s al ccceicc acs taec Since aes XVI, XIX, XXXVI, XL, LI, LX XIX CS a ame ale mame w nn nw meee aimielenal= =r ism a wlniw mals wei sieenisaeine a alan cere L, LI HOLE ACOs eae ae ate ae eens Bee Rae ae sam ee einoeeteces coat eae ome XXXVI forUmited: States of Colombia rs. see setters sieicinsee sae cence wae XXXVI PIOGUCLLOM Olas sas cease Sees e ear ao caeciee settee ate eee ace a d:QYF DLOPAL ALON Offam eaineasacsinee aeoeee seisien Sees XXXIX, L, LI, LIV, LV, LVIIT SUK CLAL Cc emiseaa anaes an mee otc Sec eet os Mae Reece see orsecicectescseech es: Vil report upon inquiry respecting food-fishes and the fishing-grounds. LXXXVIII-— . CXXXII TROD, ISOS WU Se Se Soe BESS HOCR OL OS onnECDE CG oEcene comScore naaoeimnopaenenocoEaacteebocee see (OB.O:O74 Themainalh WoC G Sas eadocaschoneacSpensoguadonecos sJopsacs LOA NeN ODO P EC SSH SeaRED SS eaEer XXIX, LXXI Teidlavnd SNE scope eccpocivomp can peEredeonoouee SE Sec neosa HOC HRONeBona Gi dS SoC Sdn SEBE Be ASBOGRE XCVI TeGGho@ Gs ITE WelhG) a yee Sauiassec eb bea SU eE occa SAB tea come Sade obo su Ese Soad nae ate aeaBsEeePesedooe LVIIL Reindeer on Commander Islands ........-..---.--.------ actaseiten gp eSboocoUcOnBRSeeEEede Sc CIIL ES SEHST LG IS Vee rs ar eel ee Pa MERE A Pa Na I en Re oe LXxIUt Reports of division of methods and statistics of the fisheries .-.....-....-..--.-..--. CLXV-CLXIX ORO LIGG ule WiLOlee ne aice casio ao aioe ic mroe cis & crave Saat cma ate re ein eine eran Sere w re enaae ae amiaeee CLXXXI TRAVELS A USE H SG LAGNA 0) ce eae ee eae rene ces ae Sl ae ars pe i ae a ee LXVI, LXVUOI SESE gy ee VP EVO DON Gis cio cic ao erecta care aie iie (coe iaiare ciate inionat meio seats ee ag oR a eh ae crate teets OREXERT Oya Cel teaaieaittancecoecace sisls nate sais sincjselee caine site aeninee aes ce teacace sees desacseenaes as L, CXXIX PERTH Oyen Orn detatete es elas al ct miata ate ete ee aca cs arse aero wlaiea amie era at mn eee ratalan Briain at maier tee aigstate & etenetnd CXxXXI PUG OTe POLL WMGLOM ain aia acisiei= ie toa eis ae Sete l= aise isn a sie el Seecineie meee sine oe, oa oeacee XCIT, CXXVI-CXXVIII Rock padsadistributionol.sesss acts se soe eae eee QV NCO AL GUID CUE IWAN PR OO) "a | (PLOCUCTIOM OL ~ sass oe eee se sue Dane eae aL mne ds os coe seme eee eeatocsecers XxV PLOP AY ALON Ole eee emae eS oslo ae coh an Soe oki aoe sone se etanccseaae wese'ce XL, LIV BR AOC OOCICL act Ger meter sera ee are eee te here cia cece erase he Se ee eee elem ao ecansatoe acs CSeececswaaced CVviI TST IGRI aeocseie GG Aa RE RA Gem eae Sm gents cd SA Oe ni pe, ee XII, CLXkaery CCII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. . Page. Rocky Mountain region, fish-cultural station in...... ceeetesic sale sees eee ae eee POEL Do y ©. Cp. OF IR YA OL OMNIA Ss oc cee snece hoc scc on ese ese eeae scnincce eer eee eee eens ose eee ee a eee - VII, CV Salmonid-euplanted py ish Commission... .2-0--ses-- sees asco er aeolian enone eee eee eee CxXIV PAlGMISed LOlCUrOTISN cu. cc ser septa et ee sete Eee a eene se Cee eee eeas Sdkeciecis bene An5 LV San Marcos, Tex......--...0.- Beet ede bbecmeeceans heads stenciasceceeee hen tet eee cee ee EEE LX Nalmon-canning Industry ioe e-e so eieloes cles cose aah ae ee ee eee See ee ane er eee eee eee CLXVIII palmon fishery of Alaska, actitor protection Ol- asses e= sete eee eee ee eee eae ere ne Eee ee eee CLXXII IPACHIGACOASb Anos ese ce eee eee eae ect ae Ee eee See ees CLXXI-CLXXII Dal Velinus MaMay.cush: ssousss2 Setar was osm Kee sok lgeee Soe Semen ee See eee a aeee eee CXxXxXVIL San, Marcos station water supply. -2-s-s-- ster csen cess Se cence eee eee ae eee eee eee Lxu. PaneMarcos RIVETS soe cae coca ae ae CAE Spm cS Oe Dah SIS Se ar eae EE Cc Ee See ee CXVII HANEedro S Prin GS jesse oa ones see case ace oes tmase coe etree Se eee eee eee eee CxvV1 IAMS VN OLE, Wis Abas eisis te aicie wise ae eS Oar EE oe ee Sie atte a Eee ene ee LXXII SAWOUSt:Gestruchi veto sh 2. Sea - sea cose a aae Sete eee ee ee ae ee 2 XLVIL DCIIOMENT, (Pic coe sated soe e eine See ee ee Se See es a EO ee (0):O:O:3 SSCDIM KE WALOI. MW) td Stereos wei ces URS re ee a ESE aera ert eee rete ea er CxxxI Schoodicistation, Maine; report, on-s-oase- ee ee rote mes acne caste t Ee ene eee EEE eee Eee XVII production of iio. sse sole sess rak eas ane ne See eae ne eee acne eee eee een xV Scotchises-trout, propagation of 2/32 >-sen. 08 sock eee aoe selec eee eee ee XVIII SCOVOM AG Le oGewctecre leech an scick aotee cine bea aoe Oe Enea ae SEER oe oe CxXVI1 SOUP AGIstribATiOn Ofoe- =o. : yas ees ee et eee en Semen eieies eee Oe eee eee XVI, LXXXVII PLOAUCHION Of ss 2 Sse sams Sash Rew biseioss Hace RE ee Ie eee eR eee oe eee XV PLOpagation Ole 22 isdae asic See ae eases Siece eames ae ee GRE Te eR cee Eee eae cerca cee eeee XXVIT OAIUASS CASETID MON Of acces mae hers ee re eRe et XVI, LXXXIV PLOGUCTIOMOL a3 eo F Se eee re Se Ae ea Sie on oe ee oe Deacon aoe eee ee eee XV PLOPSLabion Of ee ham. 2 soe cetsaee wea cee eaes sec ae ct Coes cee ueeaeian adele eeseeenee " XXVII DORCOWA ERY EIA ISCELLETt) ean comic sete ae oicls ooo ae alee Se bisleeiee e EO ecbe a cee Oe eee Eee CII ODEO X-PSCHOONOD es ae clad aed Le ae See eral ig tee Rie See cleiclans Droais ee ole ee era ees oe ae CLXX MORIN OMY Hae seer esis niawa ne ae nis seine ees Abe Seeecek SR See ee See a ms LXXXIX, XC APDIUTAbON <2 ose F etc = wea s cae = wiaaiete we ce cet cote as eee Oa onan Bane vul OMAR Ey raete Siaictz ne sre rajarmaecs Se ce IES clea Ses ok See oe eee ee eee ee See ee LXXxI Seal fisheries of Pacific coast.............-- nob atieciecdat wulsce ete doce Same macnn eee ceneeeee VIIt rookeries/of Commniander Tsland gen. ases- sek fee eae aoe eee nc ce eee eR OR ese eae cil pearlonG corge vA. ccs sche on atone sas oe cae Reed mein ch als ee ee See TE en ec ee ee XX XIX Seedioysbers; production Of s.cs siete as sn ee oe otis au iee ee WN Soa see a ce Seton Cee eee CvI Dhad disteibu tion bess ecco ee se oe ee ee eae ee aan ne XOVE XX Va EXexs Vee OLS minnie aa ceeaceh en aoe eine aaresen Soe ae XXIX-XXKX, XXXII, XXX, KXRXIV, XK: LODE OF os se af ecio Sasa Memos Wale ae Sa Se eae Sans Bee ate Pe Ber ee aos BORE EEE eee xxxXvVUHI AMVAQUATIRS Seas ea eae ee Bec aoe sa oe Be Sa te oais oe oobi ea ae ee een eae ee eee Ree eee LxI propagation ............. XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXX, XXXII, XXXV, CLXVIL PYOdUCctONOh essa. h coe sass sean ace nee : se. oak cee oe a Cee Ee aA ee Re eae ee eaeer XCII, CLVIUI hatching experimentss sesso ese eee eee CxXxXII-CxxVv1i Spawningihabits of menhaden!= 4550.25. 3 secenaeaceen hs nee ence eRe Een eee resene Cx SPECIMENS TOT AQUALIS qc =(n1as Se aiosere Jee ss Seren Bae een ea OER CRETE eee cemeaee tomers LXxI Sponres embry ologyi0f ae 25 eaw cise wena ose Oe eka e ee ane te eee Eee een esen a aaecoee 1x Spoctedcatiish, propagation Of. 2245 si2< se aaocanwue aes boon Coe See ee eee aes ee eeee xXxXxIx MGUebeaA PUES he cerewncisre esac S xcs mie ee daar ice Se Se era are aa mae CLVIUI State fish iCommMissions. sq sae ese sssiee las wishes alee oe ee epee e Deane er one Seer eres LXXII Siation reports S22 os sewed ect me hd me ea ale eek ea OOO EEN ae neh ae eC ewceeeeeneenne aaa xVILI INDEX TO REPORT OF COMMISSIONER. Cccriil 4 Page. Stations contemplated -...........-- Stee Ce eee eee eniaate alate asta acisisiiacciceceseweicis'ss oe LXIL Gh L Hele ONIIMISSIONS ee se deee oan ce ne tee eee see eee a oie loom aise sale einiiaeiainise n= =p = xXIV Statistics and methods of the fisheries, division of...-..-..------------------------------2++- x M Report Ola aoe oe bos cote ooo Sao ete CXXXIII-CXCI Statistics of Chesapeake Bay fisheries --.-.-...---.--.-------------- +--+ - +--+ 2-22 2-- er eeeeee xXITt Great laren tis heries se. casas aioe sea aie eater ate tea ale am alae nin mm in wal xX, XI St. Clair River fisheries......-... 4 ae ae eee Lara Um eee ae cee aire asia CXLVII-CXLVIII St. George Island ......-------..---- 002 c cee n en conn een ne nee nnn een nee antenna neem nnenee xcui Ste dohnsbury, Vt -<..-.- -- 022-2 - 2 = oan oe wee swe nw ae mre e nena oncom enn = are cecnasmenenin= LXIV Sf, TERT bid | Se eA Ae Se Re eB po he- Pond oRnpSeaccoucccr: HOC SoE re rE Sco UcOUESene XCU, XCUI Stejneger, Leonhard ..........-------------0--2---- 2-222 ee eee ene ener cr eeneee CxXxXxTI Sitar OL 18 pe seedecdesieebcsec dea cocen Seema spss coposeebocet amSmbicenccnaeena55o CXXXVIU, CLIV So ACID 2 Baga ee ee ee cdone nse oosncbossdooc o-GUne nbc oOo asC asc RreMABepSennnoeqOccnEte CLXXXIV STIZORLOCIOMG VE TEOUIAES. ee coe haa seinen amelie nee ala se ae areeitiete 2 lacinig.c sisters asiste(svora|eiaie eine CXxXXVII SST OCNDASK teeta 2 see ler oe ae ain cla alo msinises nie airielelene sim oiataa sofa a niminicniaismeicm=inlesele -- CLVUI iid ore Phe odor sees snes cms cacae sae solos anemic sinc ee eicieniee sels ane ane a= lees aielnislmnlniniel-\ s/o ieminin a’ CxXxXxI Minrreon StabistiCB)=2- os. sec cc ocecs sce ceialecce sce ciee se seer acl) sesincsjaseinn = = o-oo eseenmas xI SHAS IStEDUuOM Oboe eee sa ne cases eceeoe nae oes eiatnee ccee XVI, XXXVI, XLIX, L, LXXXVI TRG TINGLING) Bene agen Hs aneeoceceaeh eUse cones cer acne Eeac aos omecectEcodespeEcberateca xXxV Susquehanna River, alleged pollution of waters.-......----------------- IX, XCII, CXXVI-CXXVUI SESE As OF Gees Ss scone ae BepcoseebSoUe SOHO SS SeeEceasepeeqeacenc Macatee aes aloceseseeccessene XLVIL SWAISKPE Ake trOws, CISGMbPUtON Of sess cce cccince sie oe amin alee om nino meee i wialolnwc= amin winllom em xix THAME NUINGY? chen so amecneeeaceer eo erer oabcU op eeSone Secosossbdactosesueece xV RSWAU ZOE AIC eS LOR ee sae oes se sciate cate ele ase earn ae are idee wine alec viata = mete slate inpet i= lala a LXXIV Swordfish...... ee a IPL Ia ay ee Ae ye he Ste Fe Sat cia ates ial ee iat oie Soe eine elelares istolatatatere CLXITI Bian per SOUNG sence cae sone a a<(= ecco ee ec cecnact cows acocesecacenans XC Won belmtrout crossediwith prookitroutes--2.asadeces seca kcicncs nace Sccedencqecccsns scene LV distributionofsesseses22_-eeeeeees Vioxx) XLII, XLEX, Li LVL bas CCIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Page. Wialiese Bistros, NabCHUN By OLs seem as eects no lane minee eee eeen am ce meee ee eras aa eee ees XXXVI production Ofs22 =. 2... os dace orcas cos chee saseee suisse ease. as ae eee xV PLOPAe AON Ol = aoe a eee eeee eee XVIII, XXII, XLITI, XLIX, LI, LV, LVI PAWN OO feces selaie e teen ae aera etree sSpoetssasconessos -teeoe assessor XLII VG Ei 5 ie) 2S a eae ee eee eee eee ean Re hee yes bee ae aa nee once CxXxxI NysreMppartMORt -e-ecscers aes Ser yeaa see eno emer eee ema a eee ae een ee eee eter LXXT Wiashino ton,” fish LOW. Wl acces aes tes eee aes oneness ees srereeienis eras LXVI, LXVIU, LXVII AVALON TOL AC UBIO. «sic 2 2a-0 ecm encanto scene se sae de seen mene Jaceeoste se eae cae eee aeee LXI LOM PCrAburesccs. Sasa = om an Soca = Seek cee e erie ieie ee lata oe tate ermbe snaoyqynopey dog Pettit Bs vorused syvAsecy mio -seeeeeds sryyedsuq ByvIOULIVUL Opadao J, --SJOUP [Iq ol Steletefetata|| stetetets op'-*"| "hea wese' SLIBI[OJS SNULYLON[ AIG SGaoEdsadic teeesoperes|eecefreees verse tect reteeeee tees OC *icjeleieigie'el| «cise (F290 FOSS BECROES0005| erb20G. 45a) 6 ICO RES R IAC OS5j ercioe "7" "Snjopsnur sne[Uy Sogdognonlhoosa Oprrrifrres [teres esters erect e[p terete [ee eeee eee t ee |ee eee “*- sno[es snurys0o[e4) settee roppryq [Les Sialic svIqjyavoe snpunbs Ay : S008 Soleil ors EAC AY 8 NOU ll ieee ORCIIOO} 00) POOR OO ISG Re ECC SOC e 2 IG Cia CSO CIOS Try MNS Gann Cp *Vvosay Said 8] PCat **--SITIUIANY snoujsy aE Doh stueS[NA uosUwID x oa SULIIVA SO}OUOMIAR[VT Op 7) 77777 SNzwLIEs UOT Ug i) sles) vere Cae ee Pca see" STIFSOIOIL WOU BY | :BaoUISNIO 258 Feel Reicccicd Bogen Sennen Gees Semen nnn Geen n nnn Cottons so eceeseeeee sresste*=> goprosoqord stu Ny Aqravo yea AURA -++] y |-oosrataod)-+*-+ epoccca) bos clooce wet e elec ee ee eee eee ee eee pe ee ee eee eee jroo Bsoouny BlpouOLoTy } :BozZA[Od Se heeel eel et ore ariel sleet eke y B me g BREESE e er + & g | & g 28a | & S = eae = Brie. E i 5 | 8 Sa 8 &5 4 =] =] Seana | & SB m oF ieee) eee a |= ae oH a| 8 So ee ie 8 a 5 5 @ Rotor & ° . i age 7 ? yuog *spsoy fig fijpvaibojooz uoyngr.gsuy 102 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. | ‘ON Soto0dsg ese OTTO --77, Turpaelnp ber teeeeeseees Operee tetereeseeeees oper: teeeeeees pees sessinicsle:nis qasout ‘ds qaoour “ds aT vIang qaoour ‘ds qa9our ‘ds BCOae “77°, TUIpiemMp Sosoeeeas TOD UTES tos2°s22i=" KQpro[oko SOLCOOEIIE eq ar cay hint FHPLS SES Ss qreour ds “"* STULIOJTAO | soeees TO] [UL --qzeout ‘ds | snyepnsdeorn gaoour ‘ds | *£IVAO *so1o0dg Sal | cise | aioe | STAG aia see inal tm sill Sie isi seim fee's ciele Aoupry So] oye [eee e|ere elec e|ecefeee| ge Jette]eeefeee Snallocdllasaaocons | bocboonsscsal sosellaa apyicani| loonneenae° “sno -urenbs S ye fececeeeelececfece |e eefece|ece|eeee| eee [ees eee] gg [eeeeeeeeee|eeeeee ateierereta|listareva | erated sesejeeeeeeeere| oq omg jetttte Breieyere x eww ele www le ww ele le ee le ele ee sxe oy we eeee i as ye feeteecec|ecesfece|eeefese}eee] gg [eeefeee apo||SaaliWeoneceeds Ne www ele ww ele we ele ee lw ww lw ee le ee > & es ereleee Feuey Mane See Neel, SYS a BOSSIP SSB OS RSD ale eo apa sia < Ce ed wee le eee we ele ee se. SC ‘ iG) 1) Sil eC litsee|| Pe cae shes Shel) Seta easiceell essa si sisiellicinel| yricimieie ISO SCG be qittted OSes S| Se [eee cleeeefece|ece|eee] ee) ee ef-s fee woe] yg [eee cece eee |eeeee eee eee SHe||lGaadbabao pal honddesads| aoa -seasod|lanoabdbonose “£poq | $2, FOO0 IS OCROO08 On OctGSolCOG) leer 00] eae ipioy| cust sinieteienleie-cisi|isie sis) s\el gIvyonu snyyvusogAy od snqivqg suqieg cicicis SNOTO[LU Oaqe'yT nogemincs SNISSLAVD SNISSVIBD *pOLUlZWOQ—s9o8Ig "480 103 THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. coeresse*"SNINZIYOS corer eo = tm dero “JO - gagour ‘ds srpezoqds | Se eae mn nen cone op--"| poe ce TOUT OSs “LAOMIUSETOY | "7" ">" To MOYOSZ Besse" SraIBaUly “JO * qaoout ds POE UIAOURAH i (2) thd fal so77* snanyp{su0dgs -- srpenbour starour STULLOJ TIL ** STULLOJTAO "777" snsoqo teres oper: settee opire: se ope sees oper Ce ODE es * gaoour ‘ds Sng7RySOoL or <5°=="= GOPTOSAI|]o -s---suysfosqourd Sone eS TULLOTTLC -* qaoour ‘ds *"2°="" STTBAOSUBIY eeeeen ne ATOOUT OS BOOBS OE OOD afer {sy (2) XxX KKXX x Pa) BGP S xxXX xX x XXX X XX A Fal ed x we jeeele nN | *plodso.iayds ~ “=2-= 99 ‘rap ‘Iop “PLT [83 j elerniasiallo AMPA Ombre -- op ope: *SoTpore jerpouerarq |*~ eee cee seccl(eeweneweas|see *soyore [Bupouesgq)* “R[LOWRLT . ' . “oume.Iq -W 9 UL e we ewe 5 UIULT | *|- AOUPLY | xRnpomerq |*° “=: opt “ss oper a@ntpouearq op: X jerqoavasgq |--- "=" opj-*} ‘woods |- erpouragq |*~ welds * OUPTY ty ATR “prot ---soTRos ~* BOULOD “*snoou -2ynoqus “SLO -wenbs -ques ~ poly Ba ““gtq.to *oussty PATJOON “109 AvpNo “SHU [Up -1} $10} UL /OUSSL LepNO -SNUILOYUL *sq00d eausuo0y I ai [oreteeecececeeeeeee ory | “77 STLIONT snowy “og [ence ees seen eee eee Oey --- og oo reer =e" -" RIOT SNMODE1O;; cerrsssee "= SBIOUL SHINIOULY “og “umd -viosuy vurojs snuanqye suaimg Ty FScee eas U OS od Re LO Cae rials BUIBAIG SUUBL ““Suseu BULOJSOIPUOYH = ae mu GG SEO OO OCT d iG 5 Se et cae a ORO eee UR --+-7* sdopeusout stdomoN j777 7° SUDIOTNpaNZ Snurxot[d POCSOSTON S| Fe OTT | POSER SS) PIO OGE OOD, AEC OO ICIS IISA ILE | 104 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Chiles sa oem enU COnON |e alpew el aces: sfossptepe ct forty Ke free fecepe scp ccpee rete eee: See SSS eSeet ioe afees cm enies «see eeene- ; ‘erjouraq LOE ees ss Hae Ah || SYg MESES Se COO pO onl BAGG ee (OOS) OSE Site 9[o1ado (2 tee IIR OVE PLE MAG). || OIRO IO) Se aiseoninem (online sratall oxefotel|imiafal|iici=csei= 1 Ne SESS ay O° 08 | -~ snotuodsorosd | x [osss]oe spe nsf natn Te NI IS Sooo} oo Bing | Soar peeasctens YOO OO NSS i ONS FIC TIC IIE ae ace i VUpOUBsq *S0]BO8 OT. eae lg gzeour “de } x |-*""| xX Sear tbeale os asta Oe [aula ca ees Oe a leeisiee SPISIrie)l oSesarisieieiesekricieis |fucinanicleiclnies STUDS, S| Ours Sinirieleieicisin\| sists cia) s)2/maris SITHRIANY volog a a "7 779d00ur G6 Pe) Pb eal IO SY Sar Maca Se Olbep ean skel ae) i Pee oa tinea tl OCICS CE I AG (I ait tae nee (ge EIS x pttt ttt" snag uloo8 1aqui0ag eae oe eS ney Op saee |X Gall bees | eae Po alle afer |e pened ag SO Dee ai in eisicinsinels | Pics aeiicinso) eercceiccicasmacnidee STING, [ay ““sytdnul | x Saas ees SEI aside | S'S] 58h] es0’s| [sires stein sinseietae | eialoic lata es—/aicis | iaatake BITOUVLG eases Mace ene Aheie 2) cic SIea shes AG ae ROCOMES ROC IO33p ozideo [snp payee ee ea Opel x S| ele inca Ree all S| nail |" cc aa eee gel eae 2h ANE Sn eiaRe nr bur rien | pciniaienc meen emeengceas S10 AITO] COU CIG WHyBAIMOUL | Xx pees |iniris: eke |isicsell le SSID Semis sisi? eS gine sisiog sos tetskeic ieee einai snoronbe snyyeusudg “snool Otelasre Sees vpemoue | x alsa) eects eieic|fetecekei|itere! chs Nge hegers “enous od Wela cee ese: sntpout | x SPSER cml leboll ecole 5 Sea intel sivhsteisscsetalesal tofeleiaiessfotera) siciai| =) sisi |elsisisieieieieiriciis Since Ons. Sey as nig ase od OU eae eee ioen ee SLAeIq | X Heil seisilicis Sot iescanl Files 2) hice) Se els/niniel tals sania siossia|| Sclelel Bieereaieieinre)siccicgyisicinskowisieineiaiss od Gobinweeorssce' ,SuvseTo | xX ssileieiato aie Sal Bisisiel's 2 Sia [eaeta estos aim \alein isle eieimieleinissalainici=|[sieicin||sies=:sjei2iaieisin |eieissea O yyisies,| islets usries ccrcttcsnyimund snoysossg Palit aes suipeul | x Ssi[isrel esie Sa eee a | eels tenes =eeallicisie'| ebaindciatelaiele)= [leinieineisiatay easly = ele \=||(-\a/0 |r -iel eine seeloee-|- A [SCR] SOODOOSSE BOD Ocor sab eb rood ODOCaoCaCG 77" Sngvo[NB SNd}s010}8V9 iil Ree Seocoda SS USETUUEL OT | Se tala ease sree [mt eue| fate scicsliavete [ess Za fahw ini tao '01n)|'a/ele)|(*Voia/arelar=lnicl~ BS OROOO TE *--- snuvdes snispoporydy *snoouw (fe) SERRE OD OE Oe CLO TULL ah) See ie ell sees etc =ntal| dm | cece lism ell Za ote oll hoya | main hes lnsminvedmioieickcsjyatatngs)=iehel=ly.o5 =r (exam |ilnfalnietale!=(=\s||lininintaialal= (mic SB ILO CLS) seis eiciocc il “7-" sngesorea wopourmdsg TOppRyiq (UN eRe Sas CCU US] SL OL ea aise ei Seon f= aes ale *inigi| sieisie,|[aveiei|(Aieini| ae xi|iasis lermieiereieisieeis Het Ge F409) es ge fa IAIN ST A || Nat de ec a I OL 08 |°"-°Smolutuedsorosd | x [rors|or or |ee eet ee ]o re foo- SGO1 Se OSS Sc SA S1O95| BA SSDO PADS OGIO S TOD OgS 90or BIPO WT) | socicisice sie ia asaielasic's einis|icinicis. 5 Space . ‘S G =| : J yea a. a ” WAMOUY 95849) *suuoy "ywag \ — ‘popupouog—sjsoy fig fijpjporbojpooz woyngr.gsyg 105 THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. “p.lodsouamydy a a a er ee ee Ce 1T 16 oslo =e TOOUE ‘ds vo eeeesss"SNSLOULUT voreees = TLIO OVUM YO ge a a SUS1oULUUT Op- = ae TLUVIG[ Bq SEOGOG Byeno1e ease Tn} BAINOUL SSROCEe tan yeMoro nu Reeta gate suanydrp meets Se 2 opts terete ope: pyeraskennse in elm qa99ur ‘ds afetetata aisicictel sor op:*- jor res" * TOUGVAINOUL vase =" ""-STORIISOp PIII OSI Y (7401 (8) 01] SOQOEROCO a (Fay rd oats f sreeeseees-srrpotd hy ie Suck der ome ROL PLO SESE ORI I 1 10s) eyo 2S Nee feet |liee Bo age |e 7 eee ee es CASE CoS ee te | we alles (eel ero eee ee Dele asco ears reali EW Pass |) eS eam We ge || Salle ant Cal Ob ie es le a aif eedl Sealers Sele cS | eel eee x eae alllges oe ales x fe eed pa ee oleae x | xX x | X x op “sluepno -STLU pue BSOOUUL [CME SO} UE ss > We ata er al) 98[Ipooo.1y),, ergdoy snyeqjeo00 snygeasysip SHSOULIDAUV] OyN ae) sae eee Buse Oy PUIpRIVY sutiozvostd sniqdoy SNIOU LOU SION IO] Bias snyvjnovur snug Bae er = ¥40[ BOT ---stpoqd snrauelg =---0q seeees eh] snurduolypEg resseeroeses ware Bq Trrsseeresec|ooeeeeeee-SITIQULANE, SUIQOL) "IVT poe o1di008 snjjo9 ~-sdojoul snaqe[idei9 106 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ORGANAL DISTRIBUTION. ORGANAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES. Perugia! remarks that there is a marked difference in seat between the Myxosporidia of marine and those of fresh-water fishes. In marine fishes they occur principally in the gall bladder, while in fresh-water fishes their organal range is much wider. The finding of cysts on the branchize of the marine genus Mugil (see p. 213) rather corroborates than contradicts this view, inasmuch as these fishes ascend rivers for a long distance, and those which yielded the myxosporidian cysts also yielded a Trematode of a genus peculiar to fresh-water fishes, viz, Tetra- onchus vanbenedenti Par. & Per. The organal distribution of the Myxosporidia is very extended. The following points are of special interest, and comprise the principal anomalies of distribution not covered by the tables below. Nervous system.—No species have ever been reported. Testicle-—No species have ever been reported, a fact which,’ consid- ering their frequency in the ovary, is very surprising (cf. the presence of ** Myxosporidium” bryozgoides on the spermatoblasts of Alcyonella fungosa; see p. 187). Superficial tract.—General similarity of conditions, histologie strue- ture, and fauna justify the fusion of the general surface, skin, scales, the branchie, the eye, and the air bladder into one tract. The charac- teristics of this tract are principally the predominance of connective tissue, and (7) a relatively larger supply of oxygen (see p. 224). Air bladder: Only two species are known from this seat. Both of these occur in Cyprinidae, in which the bladder communicates freely with the intestine, and hence presumably contains oxygen. This fact, the histologic similarity, and the fauna suggest very strongly the pro- priety of including the air bladder in the external tract. The species are Gen. incert. sp. 15 and Myxobolus ellipsoides. Intestinal canal.—They would appear to be very rarehere. I am not aware that any species has ever been reported from the lumen, the nearest approach to it being one (Myxidium? sp. 102) from the bile- ducts. And yet such a species as the last must almost certainly find its way into the intestine; probably, however, as separated, single Spores, very difficult to find. In addition, Myxobolus ellipsoides and M. sp. 51 (the latter from the wall), and finally Gen. incert. sp. 17 (which, however, may or may not be myxosporidian) occur on, or in the intestine.® 1 Boll. Scientif., Pavia, 1890, x11, p. 139. As remarked by Thélohan (Annal. de Microgr., 1890, 1, p. 197). 3The fact that VW. ellipsoides and M. sp. 51 are, of all the Myxosporidia, the species having the widest organal distribution, should not be lost sight of in considering their presence in unusual seats. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. OTE: Liver (exclusive of gall bladder and ducts). But two species are known here, and these are the two which have the widest organal range, viz: Myxobolus ellipsoides and Myxobolus sp. 51. Kidney.—In only a few instances has any distinction been made between the stroma of the kidney and the tubules. It seems, however, not improbable that, as regards organal distribution, a distinction should be made, and the tubules be regarded as a part of the hollow fluid-filled urinary tract, the stroma forming a solid connective tissue seat. The following occur here: “Kidney”: MM. piriformis, M. brachycystis, M. miilleri, Myxobolus sp. 51, M. ? sp. 65, M. diplurus. Renal tubules: Myxobolus brevis, I. medius, Chloromyaxum (S8.) elegans, C. (S.) ohlmacheri. Spleen.—This organ has furnished: Myxobolus piriformis, M. brachy- cystis, M. Ellipsoides, M. sp. 51. Ovary.—From this are known: Myxobolus miillert, M. sp. 51, M. brevis (2 hosts), M. medius (2 hosts), M. of. creplint, Chloromyxum (S.) elegans (2 hosts), C. sp. 91. Excretory tract.—¥or purposes of organal distribution, the gall and urinary bladders should be considered together, as they present prac- tically identical environmental conditions, both being internal (which means a uniform temperature) and both being fluid-filled. To these cavities may perhaps be added, as exhibiting similar conditions, the bile-ducts and the renal tubules. If, now, we consider this tract as a whole, we find that its rich and peculiar fauna stands in strong contrast to the species inhabiting the remaining organs. For we find absolutely confined to it the following: The Chloromyxide except only Chloromyxum dujardini, the Cystodiscida, except the insecticolous Cystodiscus ?? diploxys, and the Myzxidiide. Besides these, only the following species occur in this tract: (a) Inthe gall bladder: Genus incert. sp. 9, “Myxosporidium” congri,} Myxobolus? merlucii. (b) In the renal tubules: Myxobolus brevis, Myxobolus medius. In the following table all the species—47 in number—whose generic references are fairly certain and whose seats are known, are compared as regards their organal distribution. The unit adopted is the oceur- rence of 1 myxosporidian species in 1 organ of 1 host. The number of such “ occurrences ” is shown for each species by the Roman, and for each genus by the Arabic numerals. 1Spore unknown (genus? See pp. 110, 182). *Generic reference, in the almost entire absence of a description, by no means certain, 108 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Organal distribution. Superficial tract. B ia Excretory tract. Top es 5 q HES |8S8 . S. 2 rac leas =o aha : 22 |Pada He Scale 5 S52 |FESa oie SST Se ry eh cs : Cam ail ars os | © ro Genera and species. Keele! Eye oy Me || so ie : Ba gl5 Aa al o Palmore or top eee S ale -oeIS siol/S| 2] ka c= 5s | = a QSOS ROU ASS |e Relies Hr] ss 4 Cea ee S Sr Sha Ney et ete Ale] oe Sealers alle seal (ues 2 Bleed S/auso/2 |] 2] 5 ol H| «A Se ears poe 3 SsISSStisae eZ xn |S] -b ip ee asi AlSsl-a |] & 5) KE l\SarAlh-ASAl en eialeect fay > ip 7) io] taal eI = A | A 4/8/48 |al/olH |e ljojo/a a il 3} lechabaadsaedloceollsodrce ee See Boon boodsocd|ses5|| (dhavaers Dh eetectecclsccneecc Peal Ssee eee SSo5 bear lacsoad Bese ae eet sites destruensscoeeses eee 27 ao) bed GH ON Eee Peet cece eeeeoe sleet aes areola Visa. Saaleeae| ae anomala;ess ss. see eee eee 28 I |Senécadd bacogupce Me aleBaa leeess ---|----|------ ---e|----|----|----| Pleistophora: als teiatee ae ee cbe bacaleesa|iaesetes en elom~e|-— == == Se sare leess|ence byiplCalisee-ssseeseseeeeee 29 }, losesssed| seeeaas BoA Sesoae Ba| ee (Sacsea oe eee (as ---| Thelohania: Tg | aoa se |p aS! 3 be Benes So peoabssdar : ee ae ae contejeanieoas. ses eeeseee 30 21 OS (ee Se ee Sooner Gaueos| Soe Baan paced Bal eames a octosporate == eo -eeee eae 31 1 Beesss Beeeeoise 2 Bae Senaae sAdivensleocasc Be epee ence pee Giardi: = Pes. seeneeeee eee 32 I scéécaddeeaeece> Jee2- [ere e|eeeee eaeleneene 5 Apalace MACKOCHSlS\---4- sree ee 33 3 10 NA ed eel PB eeea | “0 4*| 4|....|.---.|.--.| Myxobolus: ee eee 2 | oS Se AS6e8 Saeeee Sond seddlboqcbe Reed teaaigned Hage kkolesnikovil--c=seseseuee 81 0 GR (es SES | ae See eeisa lee se Shed leassoccece Sides list Be aos Bp incerta csnecceeee tenes 82 10) Rea sae AA eee Seee Z a ate a Gi ee e aA Sp. incerts s--5- ee eeeeeeee 51 seve ieee ces Sele ell see tee Sonsaes Gocco 5 Pe er Oblon gus! 2. sosn.seseeeeer 54 a2 Wat ene ene SeallGaceae Eales Bales Bel eae linitoni!-322 22. - eee eee eee 55 36 Tet i eee ete SU See GeseealseSe Bete besena estes transovalisicoss eee eee 63 30 10 al See oe a paasbelenealase Gosoas Sears strongylurus ----5--2-ces 73 aac 1 Sh eee f Esa | epee lee en SEALS ell eee MONDTTUS\. 54-2 eee eee 74 es TB gd | omy es | a ee Be ees bosses ah Bi SA MACTUTUS oe se eee ee 75 oe Ibo ||5 eee ae Es | ees Reales sateaocee BaA log é ate efQlinearis > sseceeee ee eee 77 d 18 yh Cee eee fe ae | ee Be oe Neve Nee eS (Red keener baat SCHIZUTIS se e-e eee ee eee 79 Bite 1 5 6 Giese (A | re ra BS Le Pel | ee ee eee Seale OwaLOTAMIS\=/=> soos ee eee 42 253 I 0 ah ied ara eat ieee |e ST rasa eee |e erate | peers muller. 2-22 -scseeeeeeee 46 aelocecoece i ee [an eens Dowelsealeeeee ee ea en Pare Sp: incert)--4 26... 5 eee 76 454 [Koeabose I ee el ee lias a oe eeeai ees ems Poa aeneas| seis | eee SIODOSUB a= - c/s seer eee 62 me alletee tare I et a fats Peal he Br Ag COA ERSTE Scie RS SNe ee ae Sprineerbisse--- sseeee eee 45 San|bebeeneo a ae ee ia ea ieee seeeec Leen Saree. elses Jin @aPisie eee. * --\yeceeenee 78 daclbebacoss 20 ie SE ee ees es BS See sclserade ats belo eeleees psorospermicus .........- 80 setaleean gece le pel) ae AR AS eae ee Lee Vee A ea ee elltpsoid6seacceesseeeeee 49 etl ae aa ae it (esl ean AEs aa Ee oe Ls ER et ae aC Pirifonmisysce. pete eee 35 aN ete ree are scene ey ees bil leeeeae yes | (ea Ie Chicreplinieee ses eee 69 eal acer oolEs Boek oi 3b Paes he 10 i eee II eee brevis: 22 ee odosoeeee 70 Eid) epee sel Meee see eae ee soe UE eae DHE s MediOS ss5 cheese ee 71 Rc ae ent Ie eee ae Pie ee OOo ee Cs Seer pe peer pe diplurus:.5-t22)52 32 83 3 10 VT ea hae Pa OX) 4)" 4). | 25-22.) otal “occurrences: = | | | | | | -| of vacuolate species. fos paaeaeee a a Ee eee ease 1*| 3/13] 1]|....]| Chloromyxum: BR see Td, BOD Oh hh A Pa |e PR ba en a dL ae [IT (S)idujardini== eee eee noe Da | Se See eee $80 Beeb ses teal jel E A | Wel Pee a See slseas {§:) elegans... ..2 sauce eealise Ae pag ea ee eee Se Be el Re 3 Ie etere restates (ko) Oy echt (S.) ohlmacheri-..........| 89 oe leeches Mee | eee ee Meese bg eee ta Dae} Pe ae geal es A Lag (al Pe incisum:.p.-ceesseeoee steel bos Pa ie oe Samir Nomen Ae Leal Se CAN Se a Lees DG BEE SES leydigiil=. fs seceee seeee oe A och essence Pea || aoe eS Sia a | lt SM tS ee 0 | eel eae fuviatile ze. sesseeee ee ee ee Ber wen a aver ere secisell eae allie a cl ciSs oe alleecelesteellac sees aD Wiser mucronatum.............| 96 sacl Bacal CERES See Socal Agee (eee AE le ol ee 5 ...| Ceratomyxa: Staa o Mees Se | Sec cthereilee es JSeealoqsdes|ecosle ache cea Boeck SECUALA SE es eeicee= sem eee $02| S660 s5) Baace anc iOee Bete MBcese mecel Bese |llecdéoc tess oT as agiliseee ss eecoee Aa4)\ bas s4eon easscsre sae Bo eee et es eos alae a. Se Bea h te billeeme treet appendiculata -.-. Ghia PAS ansee Base aee Be ee ee) ee Pt aes Pe ee es 0) spherulosa SE SS See) Meee pee | Ee|: 2 SSeS SEE eee eae) |e Cee @ystodiseus: Pe ee a ee eels cra a eclos cons SAS ee 1B el een Base TALMOUSUS Sa ii7-in sinelelseiete cae f B58 saseiocbe eee fi seas mete 2 |....|....| Spheromyxa: Bal babapdoc basceces eee Sees Bees A, Pater s pated ye | eases balbianti=2-.2.--eessccs selhgo waaay De 2 res Lk ee 1| 1| Myxidium: Foca) Ae sea (See Seen eee =a Paar h VW ete eae incurvatum.............-|J01 DEST Ea) Ree lad me Ce 2 lieberkiihnii .............{100 pn Seater | ieee E bere, ea | ae peecelle It SP INCeLb os neence eee nee LOE et ee Be, OE ee | Ry eee Need at 1*| 3] 27| 2] 1 | Lotal occurrences” of nonvacuolate species. * “Kidney.” As no distinction has been made between the kidney stroma and the tubules, these 4 cases are, as regards the present discussion, indeterminate. + As regards the present question, it matters not whether eventually this species proves to bea Myzxidium or to belong to some other of the genera with capsules in two separated groups, as all of these genera are nonvacuolate, Ne THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 109 These data may be summarized as follows:! Species of Phzeno- cystes compared. Species.* Non- PaoTolater Vacuolate. Confined to excretory tract-$----..---..-----.--..2----- 14 0 Common) to) both tracwsye ser. == seems eee eee te = 1 2 Limited to nonexcretory tracts.....:.........----+---- 1 22 Number of “occurrences.” “‘Occurrences.” Non: vacuolate | Vacuolate. species. AUTOM 3G a6 pisces asoae Jeencroceonse.cocsusmace 37 44 MEX CLELOLY WLACU a2 feces cena nae se eleisinnie|sbicte sisise eee 33 4 TT NONEKCTOUOLY) ULACU.) neem ina a mine emai aialeneielairiae aia 4 40 * Omitting the dubious ‘‘ kidney” species and occurrences, and the somewhat questionable occurrence of Myxobolus ellipsoides in the gall bladder. ORGANAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE VACUOLE. From an examination of the above table it will be seen that the range of the genus Myxobolus throughout the organs is a wide one, but that it is almost strictly complementary to that of the Chloromyxide, Cystodis- cide, and Myxidiide. The real significance of these peculiarities of organal distribution lies, however, not so much in the peculiarities of generic-organal distri- bution, interesting as these are, as in the fact that these limits of the distribution of the genera in the organs almost exactly coincide with the limits of the presence of the todinophile vacuole in the subclass, nearly all of the nonvacuolate Phenocystes being confined to the excretory tract, while nearly all the vacuolate Phenocystes are absent from this tract. Two questions immediately suggest themselves: 1. Is it possible that the function of the vacuole is here even remotely shadowed? The constancy of the vacuole in the spore and the incon- stancy of vacuoles (? genetically related ) in the myxosporidium would seem to indicate that it functions during the spore stage. One sup- position which suggests itself is that in some way it might subserve oxygenation, but it is more probable that it serves as a food reservoir for the sporoplasm (cf. Thélohan’s comparison of its micro-chemical reactions with those of glycogen; p. 208). Unfortunately the origin of « the structure and the phenomena of its disappearance after the exit of the sporoplasm have not been worked out. 1 Tf the dubious occurrence of Myxobolus ellipsoides in the gall bladder be excluded as not proven. In any case the exceptionally wide organal range of this species should be considered in estimating the value of its occurrence in unusual seats. 110 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 2. Are the present generic references of some species correct and are their structural characters accurately determined? While at present the force of analogy is not so absolutely overwhelming as to justify a positive assertion, | strongly suspect that species of genera now inde- terminate will ultimately tend to range themselves in accordance with the lines indicated: i. e., that species inhabiting gall bladders (Perugia’s “¢ Myxosporidium” congri, for example) will be found to be referable to nonvacuolate genera. GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION. Out of 76 species of hosts and 96 forms of Myxvosporidia (true and doubtful; species 7 to 102) localities are known for only 27 species of hosts and 19 forms of Myxosporidia, and many of the localities are so vagtie that they amount to little. In the hope that future descriptions will supplement this glaring deficiency, a table is given showing all the localities and dates of collection heretofore reported. The condition of the data as regards season is even worse than that referrin g to locality. Evenan approximate date of collection is known in only about 25 per cent of the forms, and yet of all classes of data this is certainly one of the most important. Many of the statements are general in the extreme (e. g., summer”), and in-nota single instance has the temperature of the water been recorded. Geographical and seasonal distribution. n vo Locality. Date. Host. Species. ba nD Asia: TRtisGh <5 ce cccnse\- May, June...... Perea fluviatilis ......---. Myxobolus sp. incert -.--. 66 Europe: Russia— Wonieecccsecsense=o| First of winter, | Stizostedion lucioperca...| Myxobolus sp. incert -..-. 61 May, June. Germany— IN Gare Kael gee ets aia/> alates steno eter | Gasterosteus aculeatus ...| Gen. incert. sp ...-.---.--- 22 BMxaot locality? co22|>.-secsenaneesos= | Carassius carassius..-.-.-- Myxobolus sp. incert --..-. 56 ViVGR GR Ae oo hbesoe) pssceUSsoncacre 285 Lucius lucius......-...-.- Myxidium lieberkiihnii--.| 100 Ia acnececdossar Menace einatae aaa era ee GOs ase ee sso Net Scie (issocsesacceasScccce 100 LE MAG) Sa coe bots | Soap eae sogsScanedal secs CINE ARS eae aoa Peace Ge eeecnace Gasoesodos 100 Lem snes adeno eceanbasoscesocgce Barbus barbus....-.------ Myxobolus sp. incert -.--- 51 Shana seecncasacee oe lseatae ease ce sewers | cect CORA ae a SOCIO SSeS ssa ie doris teed so ee seee 51 TD) Obscene sebine | Sseeeaacee oe ae |, Lucius lucius)------------ Myxidium lieberkiihnii-.-! 100 JWG CSE ARS ReaB acts) MESH Anes eeencts Barbus barbus...--...- -| Myxobolus sp. incert --.--. 51 German rivers..--. | May, June..-..-.. Stizostedion Iucioperea -..| Myxobolus sp. incert ...-.| 61 Worseaseseeeae ee sdO)e cenaaacece Leuciscus rutilus.......-- Chloromyxum dujardini..| 92 Wihhsnoaeasoosnee May, June; |.--.-- GOSese ceases cies seers Myxobolus cycloides --.--. 58 May 8, 18°5 Jan. 31, 1839. Ose acasoner aad May, June..-...-. Perca fluviatilis ........-.. | Myxobolus sp. incert -.--. 66 France: FROSCOMyensceraaccms Mar. 15 to Nov. | Palemon serratus ......-. Thelohania octospora. .... 31 15 ad max.: July 15 to Aug. bl. | 18 NERS SSO SCeSOH ABCA SO a een | Onus tricirratus...--.....| Spheromyxa balbianii..-.} 99 aD San eaete SESS | August, 1892. -.-|.....- GO ee seni eee cen Ceratomyxa arcuata......| 84 Se do ......-.---..--.---| Myxidium incurvatum ...} 101 Onus maculatus -.......-- Sphzromyxa balbianii....| 99 Crenilabrus melops...---- esoncics miilleri -.-...- 46 Blennius pholis....-.----- Myxidium incurvatum -.-.! 101 * The mention of this locality affords the only chance of an inferential correlation of this form witb some one of the others known to live on the same fish. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 1 Geographical and seasonal distribution—Continued, 11 Vilaine, at Rennes. Boulogne Italy: a Mincio,near Verona | Mediterranean Sea) | (? near Cagliari, Island of Sar- dinia; See Miil- ler’s Archiv., 1851, p. 223). Europe (unknown lo- calities). Aug., 1891 | | Aug., 1890 April, May ..--. Beginning of February, 1892 May, June March 14, 1837-. North America: Massachusetts: At- lantic, at Woods Holl. New Jersey: Near Woodbury. Virginia: Four-mile Run (tributary Po- | tomac River), near Carlins. North Carolina: Kin- ston. South Carolina: Co- luimbia. baba a Tribu- taries Fox River. 14 miles east of Palestine. Towa: Storm Lake... Illinois: Sycamore, De Kalb County. Ohio: Black River, Lorain County, 6m. above Lake Erie. South America: Guiana Surinam South American riv- ers. Brazil (1 locality). -.-. (2 localities) -. Aug. 13, 1890 --. Aug. 20, 1889; Aug. 1, 1892. Nov. 24, 1891 .... Aug. 23,1890.... Sept.,1892; July, 1893. Sept. 1, 1890; Oct. 5, 1891. é/ Locality. Date. Host. Europe—Continued. France—Continued. IROSCOM = cace-2->--- Aug.and Sept., | Lophius piscatorius - ----- 1892. Syngnathus equoreus -. -. Concarneau. --.---- Mar. 15 to Nov. | Palwmon serratus ....-... 15; ad max. July 15 to Aug. 31. Sept., 1892...... Dasyatis pastinica....-... eet etete aisieiniete alate Blennius pholis.....-----. Le Croisic ......--. Mar. 15 to Nov. | Palemon rectirostris-.... 15; ad max. July 15 to Aug. 31. Ang.and Sept., | Lophius piscatorius ..-.... 1892. Seule River. <- 2... |< sine. see eee n- Phoxinus phoxinus..--.--. Marne River...----- SSR RR Some oc neo acr Barbus; barbus. ---- 4---s- Department of |...--------------- Astacus fluviatilis......-.. Doubs. Valéry-au-Caux....| Aug., 1891 .-..-.-- Galeorhinus galeus -...--- Galeus mustelus mus. Crangon vulgaris Palemonetes varians ----. (ov otioae canicula.... JSqualus acanthias ....---. Squatina squatina (Lorpedo torpedo | | | | Leptocephalus conger Coregonus fera Lucius lucius Acerina cernua Merlucius merlucius Labeo niloticus Synodontis schal Cyprinodon variegatus. - Aphredoderus sayanus -.. Phoxinus funduloides .--.. Erimyzon sucetta oblon- Leuciscus erythrophthal- | Species. Ceratomyxa appendicu- | lata. | Myxidium ineurvatum -.., Thelohania octospora Ceratomyxa agilis ...-....- Myxidium incurvatum Thelohania octospora Ceratomyxa lata. Myxobolus sp. incert Thelohania contejeani ...- appendicu- Ceratomyxa spherulosa -. Chloromyxum dujardini.. Thelohania giardi Thelohania macrocystis -. Chloromyxum leydigii- - -. Gen. incert. (‘‘ Myxospori- dium”’) congri. Myxobolus zschokkei . --. Myxobolus cf. creplini. --- Myxobolus schizurus Myxobolus creplini Myxobolus merlucii Myxobolus unicapsulatus Myxobolus strongylurus - Myxobolus lintoni Myxobolus monurus...-.-) Myxobolus transovalis --. Hybognathus nuchalis. ...| \ | Pseudoplatystoma fasci- atum, | Bufo agua Cystignathus ocellatus.. -| Myxobolus oblongus Myxobolus macrurus Myxobolus ef. linearis. - ..) Chloromyxum ohlmacheri. Genus incert. sp aoe ae OOS secci thaw Bian CS ceed ‘ P P Cystodiscus immersus. ... alse do EEE 112 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. V.—CLASSIFICATION OF THE MYXOSPORIDIA.! Although several times previously authors had proposed generic names (apparently merely because the forms looked quite different, and, if we may judge from the absence of even a single generic definition to support any of the generic names, probably without any clear idea of the direction of generic lines) the first serious attempt at classification of the subclass was made by Thélohan.? The following is Thélohan’s primary classification : Myxosporidians. Pyriform; capsule 1, at pointed extremity; vacuole 1, ; I. Glugeidians. aniodinophile, at large extremity. Capsules 2.. Il. Myzidians. No vacuole; capsules Spores - ® or 4. - 7 x Form variable. ... Capsules 4.. III. Chloromyzans. Vacuolel, iodinophile. Capsules 1-2. IV. Myzobolans. The 3 principles laid down by him as a basis for classification may be thus summarized: 1. The habitat furnishes no sound basis for specific distinctions. Here the following judicious criticism by Thélohan may be quoted: Beyond the difference of their habitat, Perugia mentions no other characters which enable him to distinguish specifically the organisms that he has observed. But the habitat can not serve as a criterion, for, in addition to its being a fact entirely removed from the morphologic, histologic, and developmental characters of the parasite, it frequently happens that the same form lives at the expense of very dif- ferent hosts, and, besides, a myxosporidian habitually parasitic on one particular host can accidentally invade a different species. The conditions under which the parasite is encountered can not better be taken as a distinctive character, for the same species can present itself under very differ- ent states; for example, under the form of small, well-circumscribed tumors, or an irregular infiltration of the tissues. There is little to add to this, except the hope that it may succeed in directing future investigations toward the parasite rather than the host. 2. The myxosporidium affords no taxonomie criteria. The myxosporidium exhibits characters that are too nearly identical and too little contrasted to serve as bases for specific determinations. It is, however, possible and advantageous to take account of it, especially in the forms living free in the internal cavities, in which forms its differentiations are much more marked. 3. The spores alone (at least in the present state of our knowledge) offer characters suitable to serve as a basis for classification. By noting the differences of form and size of these elements, the number of their 'The classification given below has already been published as a preliminary note in the Bulletin of the Commission for 1891 (x1, pp. 408-412). The present discus- sion contains everything there given with some amplifications, 7 Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, 1892, 1v, pp. 165-178. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. | 3; polar capsules, by taking account of the presence or absence of a vacuole in the plasma, of their number in the [pan]sporoblasts, one can, I believe, succeed in obtaining elements sufficient for an attempt of this kind. And further: I do not pretend to give a final classification of these organisms; I have wished only to furnish a means, a provisional means, for assigning to the species that may be discovered, a place in accord with their affinities; and above all I have wished, if not to terminate, at least to diminish the confusion which results from the arbi- trary and vague manner in which all species have been designated; a confusion which I have only too often had occasion to recognize since I have studied these parasites, and which I believe adds a serious obstacle to the progress of our knowl- edge in their direction. Upon the above extracts no criticism is needed. As far as they go they express exactly the conclusions at which I had independently arrived, In any case, there can be no question as to the propriety of drawing a trenchant line between the “Glugeidians” of Thélohan, and the remaining Myxosporidia. This primary division (foreshadowed as early as 1899 by Thélohan)! can not, however, rest upon so comparatively unimportant a character as the outline of the spore. I have regarded it as of ordinal value, defining the two orders thus: I. Cryptocystes. Myzxosporidia in which the pansporoblast produces many (at the fewest 8) spores; the last minute, without distinct sym- metry, with a single capsule; type (and only) family, Glugeide. Etymology: zpuzté-, concealed; z5azrc, capsule. Il. Phenocystes. Myxosporidia in which the pansporoblast produces few (at the most 2) spores;? the last relatively large, with distinct symmetry and 5 or more capsules ;* type family, My«obolida. Etymology: gaiw, | appear; zsats, capsule. Thélohan subdivides the Phanocystes* thus: 2 capsules. IL. Myzxidians. Tarec a) No vacuole: 2 or 4 capsules. .... 4 capsules. III. Chloromyzans. 1 iodinophile vacuole; sane ole a IV. Myzxobolans. sules. While the structure of the sporoplasm is of the utmost importance and the presence or absence, and the micro-chemical reactions of the vacuole are undoubtedly its most important taxonomic features, to obtain 1 He says (Annal. de Microgr. 11, p. 205): : a “Tt is necessary to distinguish in the Myxrosporidia two types of spores; the one of small size, always ovoid, and deprived of polar capsules; these Gluge discovered in the stickleback. The others, with which the authors have principally occupied themselves, are distinguished by their more considerable size, the different forms which they present, and by the presence of capsules.” 2 Three asserted in one species by Leydig (Miiller’s Archiv., 1851, p. 229). 3 Except Myxobolus unicapsulatus and M, piriformis. This qualification is omitted by Braun (Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, 1884, xv1, p. 86). *For the classification of the Cryptocystes, see p. 190. HC) 92 _§ 114 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, a satisfactory classification of the order it will be necessary to utilize additional characters, in particular those connected with spore topog- raphy and spore symmetry. This brings us to a consideration of the SYMMETRY OF THE MYXOSPORIDIAN SPORE, Considering the importance of the presence or absence of symmetry throughout the animal kingdom, it is strange that no attention has heretofore been paid to this feature of the myxosporidian spore. These bodies exhibit four varieties of symmetry, viz: . 1. Absence or obscurity of symmetry.—This is found in the Oryptocystes. Antero-posterior symmetry is certainly absent; bilateral and supero- inferior symmetry (or asymmetry) obscure. 2. Bilateral symmetry (symmetry around the vertical plane). Present in all genera of Phanocystes except Ceratomy.xra,' which is asymmetric as regards the position of the sporoplasm. B 3. Supero-inferior symmetry (dorso-ventral symmetry; symmetry around the longitudinal plane).—This is the rule in the Phanocystes, but as no attention has been directed to the detection of asymmetry, it may be that it is present in a few species. It certainly forms a striking feature of Myxobolus macrurus, in which the differentiation of a dorso-ventral axis is perfectly plain. Further, the supero-median cornu extends farther forward than the inferior median cornu in several (all examined by me) Myxrobolus species, furnishing another indication of this differentiation and a clue to the homology of the superior and inferior surfaces in different spores (see pp. 122, 235). 4, Antero-posterior symmetry (symmetry around the transverse plane). This type appears to be characteristic of, and confined to, the genus Cystodiscus, in which antero-posterior symmetry is equally present, whether we regard the extremities of the spores as (anterior and pos- terior) ends or as (right and left) wings. The importance, for classification, of a study of spore symmetry is soon seen. Hmploying the knowledge thus obtained for the purpose of orienting the spore, we find that the characters of greatest taxonomic value are: 1. Spore topography.—Thus in Myxidium lieberkiihnii the presence of bilateral and the absence of antero-posterior symmetry show that the two pointed extremities of this spore, heretofore, like all other pointed extremities, loosely termed ‘ ends,” do not correspond to anterior and posterior, but to right and left. On the other hand the “ends” in Cystodiscus appear to represent ends sens. strict., i. e., to correspond to anterior and posterior. 1 With the furtherexception of two Myxobolus species (M. wnicapsulatus with only 1 capsule, and M. inequalis with 2 unequal capsules), which, on account of reduction of characters, have suffered a corresponding loss of the perfect symmetry character- istic of the genus. To make the exception absolutely complete, MW. strongylurus may be added (see p. 249). THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. PES 2. Position and grouping of the capsules—Compared to these all- important characters, the mere number of the capsules is of minor impor- tance. For, not only does the same genus frequently show 1 or 2, 2 or 4, but the number may even vary in the same species, as (apart from the entirely anomalous case of Myxobolus ellipsoides, where “ accessory” capsules may develop) Myxidium lieberkiihnii shows sometimes 2 and sometimes 4 capsules.'!. But what is never varied in the same genus is the topographic relation of the capsules. Thus in Myxobolus, while in number they may be either 2 or 1, they are never arranged otherwise than in one group, or placed otherwise than at the anterior end, and similarly in all the other genera. In Myxidium the capsules are 2 or 4, but whether 2 or 4, they are always in two groups at the right and left extremities of the spore. Also in Cystodiscus they are 2 or 4, but always in two groups, which, however, are probably anterior and posterior in position (see p. 278). In the following table I have plotted out the principal characters and indicated their relations to generic lines. Comparison of generic characters in the Phwnocystes. {xX —present; 0—absent; ()= less usual; ——condition not known.] Sym; Capsules Shell metry ¥ is ; = Inclination of . : a) plane of june- = 16 27 In two groups. tion of valves H S kes | ez <7 to longitudinal A 3 as) plane. =| * g | a/a . foe | At the . o | & 3 8 | anterior| 12, the | ¢ & BS =| == | and pos- (apht || = 0° 90° 5 2 |e S SG lee ees andleft) | = : ; =a alc =| a terior) wine's B I < PAR (0 chia |) He ee eet sacl Orc acemee 5 a RS ee il Sd el Sten eds Wee al Re ao Basen Beas Meech cells saerere 46, 2a-d '100 64e-g| 45e-g|.--...- |o=--|--2-- Se4 occ heeeyase |eram=|[se\l ars eeiefeeraaale ane apeniara| eer cela 47, 4a—c 100 Grae 46a wee ee See Bee Pee eee ee eae a te a (Reese es eee et a NOEL 20, 3a—c| 49 G6a-fll 47a-f..-..-0.'-= =: Basse S| ae A ee Bee Sa eocer| scene ee ore bie ae eel eee | 18, 4a-f | (*) Sie 0) SNe ete EBS ete Sea ee ee ee) a anal ital mammal emecenyaen omen ee tel (ih 7 49 Sei BLA Cl Ea eal |i ee sme [ae tle = sete] eeccl ee |eeewal sees] sae.c| LORI) SpA SIa” Sao igs) on pooh ee ee coal CREST BA (Seek FERN eee eggs Pe CLE DN PN Das Pd cea Wen ola Cy Pau Yo ee EL Seis feemraren recente |e \omera|anuulsns|cnas|ae|smralenaeeeleeense|aame| BARC) 00 AO) Ab Oahu SBE aa) is ORS RE oR DS ee Bneee nA les | oe: ony Gente Pia Rs TV CN 3)TGUNig o 4] ia! ay AR ye pe ke) Boke eA |S Se ta aes) ER Soe scasaleces-|---..| I5A-H| 5S5A-H) 46, lan l00 Bah: ee A Pee ee ete aaa 3-9 | Couey el BA 16 56] 21,3 (*) eee SRT Ld Sag ee aed fl Pd SAR ALE sO aaa praia. 57| 23, 2a-d| 51 Ve et TE a Ie Qe scncene|,. AO alee ow 3 Saal Note ee Peedi ses saee ae 19 (77) PR ITa-b |100 Sa ee 2) |e Pe Re TTAB sae sees IlIa-b 100 ect he fae Ee RE Se J ea Re a ea Ue 11" Pee tee 26, 4 51 Hera beeale.: J-+---|-----|-----| Wa-e}........ 5a-e| 51 *See pp. 211, 294. t Sarcosporidian falciform body trom the sheep. K Table of equivalence of figures— Continued. 134 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIE HAH AMM MM RPAANAANAANSOSOOONO DOD SOOO RE OANAN dy HHH HH ANANANNSSOOOOR AO AOGnHNH ‘oN sotoods | SSSARRSRSRBARARAAARSSARARSSAARRASES 03 03 0 Os Oo Sd Oa a a BRBBBSoGow CMMI R : | So = S Sas =O ry foo} a. ~ oe "OD Torr sgooS Ort secs o Bsoove 3 35 8208 WS lelorars STS SE = word Bs "PEs ‘Sapany aunralcares BuiGN MAAR ADH SHH A BAH na RHA OAS comics WO HOHAG WIA FEST AP: eo nikes « Gi Samat bs a on ary k=) Sa Ale see 2 wae rte D rm Seas — al os + on 61 331935 x ae a + = =+ oust a =| “OX ‘g6st ‘Aroury AA *(GLL “d 998) e68T ‘SeT4S | “TITAXN XT ‘C681 “Lop loyd “TAX X XT ‘6681 ‘JoqovarlyO | *(9LT'd 998) g68T POHVIMITTOS ‘IXXXT ‘68 ‘avqojauy, 3» Auseuuey] *(TLT ‘d 908) Z68T ‘gougngD “XXX ‘68ST ‘UeyOP aL “AXX'T ‘2687 “29U}19 “ATX NX’L ‘2681 {gouty 0105 ‘TX XT ‘1681 ‘uopury “XX ‘1681 ‘WoyuryT “XTX ‘T68T ‘tarqavy _ TTAX'T ‘T68t ‘visns08g THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 135 DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. Tabular Key. The following tabular key includes all the species, which can by any reasonable possibility be construed as myxosporidian, with their prin- cipal characters plotted out. The order of arrangement is a trifle more artificial than that found in the text. Descriptions of the following species are omitted, as I believe there is no rational chance of their being Myxosporidia: Psorospermium hackelii Hilgendorff, 1883. (Parasite of Astacus fluviatilis, Hiickel, 1855, De telis quibusdam Astaci fluvi- atilis, Inaug. Dissert. Friedr. Wilhelm. Univ. Berlin, p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 25A-C; ib. Hiickel, 1857, Ueber d. Gewebe d. Flusskrebses, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 561-2, pl. 19, fig. 25A-C; ib., Grobben, 1878, Beitriige z. Kenntn. d. miinnl. Gesch- lechtsorg. d. Dekapoden; not seen. Psorospermium heckelii, Bericht d. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, pp. 179- 181 (not seen); ib., Zacharias, 1888, Ueber Psorospermium hickelii, Zoolog. Anzeiger, XI, pp. 49-51 (abstr. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. London, 1888, vi, p. 240); ib., Wierzejski, Kleine Beitriige z. Kenntn. d. Psorospermium hdckelii, Zoolog. Anzeiger, XI, pp. 230-231 (abstr. Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc. London, 1888, VII, p. 598). This form and the next have never been definitely referred to the My.xosporidia, but Prof. Linton’s bibliography of the “Psorospermie”! includes the articles containing them. They have no connection with the Myxosporidia. Psorospermium lucernarie Vallentin, 1888. Zoolog. Anzeiger, XI, pp. 622-623; abstr. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. London, 1889, pp. 75-76. See note on preceding. Pfeiffer’ states that Myxosporidia were found by Leuckart and Lieberkiihn in the gall bladder and the kidneys of toads. Now, the assertion, in so far as it concerns Leuckart, is, 1 suspect, an error. It was probably copied from Lutz,® who says: The Myxosporidia are, as it is known, entirely parasitic, and in the large major- ity of cases live upon fishes. The only one of the authors accessible to me who men- tions their occurrence in the Amphibia is Leuckart, who found them frequently in the urinary bladder of frogs, and also mentions the occurrence of a species described by Lieberkiihn in the kidney. I have been unable to find any such observation of Leuckart’s, and correspondence with both him aud Dr. Lutz failed to elicit a reference or a substantiation of the statement; so that ‘* Leuckart” is here prob- ably an error for Lieberkiihn. Furthermore, there is absolutely noth- ing to indicate the myxosporidian nature of the forms described by 1 Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1889, rx, p. 102. 2?Virchow. Archiv. f. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol., Berlin, cxxm, p. 557; Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1891, 2 ed., p. 134; recently copied by Ohlmacher, Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1893, xx, p. 562. 3’ Centralbl, f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, 1889, v, p. 84. 136 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Lieberkiihn.’’ On the coutrary, both his descriptions and figures (which show spores, apparently of two different species, containing faleiform corpuscles) justify the opposite conclusion. And Lankester? distinctly affirms its coccidian nature. Possibly, Pfeiffer* says, a form reported by Kunstler and Pitres‘ from a pleural exudate of man is perhaps referable here. But from their descriptions and figure it is hard to see how by any possibility it could belong to the Myxosporidia. The smallest spores are 18 4 “long” and the largest 100 . In such large spores itis inconceivable that the eap-. sules could be missed, and Kunstler and Pitres appear to regard it as coccidian. Further, Pfeiffer says: Also relations exist with a form found in chickens by Arloing and Tripier. The following data will suffice for its rejection: Arloing and Tripier® tell us that they found oval bodies with granular contents, a clear central nucleus, and a sort of “button” at each extrem- ity of the longer diameter. These bodies measure 500 to 550 yz (400 to 450 pu, excluding the ‘‘ buttons”) in length, and 200 to 220 yin breadth. Balbiani, from an examination of hardened specimens, reserved his opinion, but rather believed them to be “psorosperms.” In spite of and after this, the authors tell us that they identified these oval bodies by finding identical bodies in the oviduct of a worm found imbedded in the same situation (@sophageal mucosa); in other words, they are the ova of a worm. It is hardly necessary te go further than their dimen- sions to exclude them from the possibility of being myxosporidian spores. It might, however, be added, that Balbiani would certainly have noted in his Légons sur les Sporozoaires (1884) such an unprecedented anom- aly as the occurrence of a myxosporidian in a bird. I cannot, perhaps, better place the following remarks made by M. Armand in the way of discussion of Arloing and Tripier’s paper. M. Armand, in concert with Balbiani, undertook, in 1875, the inoculations of “psorosperms” both in warm and in cold blooded animals. The attempt succeeded, and several pieces showing the proliferation and modifications of these bodies transported into organisms very different from their normal habitat were obtained, and preserved in the collec- tion of the Laboratory of General Physiology of the Jardin des Plantes. As the subsequent myxosporidian literature is silent upon this point, it is probably safe to presume either that in this case “ psorosperms” did not mean Myxosporidia, or, if it did, that the myxosporidian branch of the work proved barren of results. 1 Miiller’s Archiv., 1854, pp. 1-5, pl. 1, figs. 1-19. 2Encyclop. Britan., 9 ed., xrx, 1885, p. 855. 3Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1 ed., 1890, p. 49; 2 ed., 1891, p. 135. 4Sur une psorospermie trouyée dans une humeur pleuritique; Journ. de Microgr., 1884, vii, pp. 469-474, 520-526, pl. 11, figs. 1-15; pl. 12, figs. 1-3. ®Lésions organiques de nature parasitaire chez le poulet; Compt. Rend. Assoc. frang. l’Avane. Sci., 1874, 2d (luyons) Sess., pp. 810-814. E MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 137% Parasite of Sygnathus, Pfeiffer, 1891, Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 2 ed., p. 111, figs. 46-49: From a perusal of the description and an examination of the figures I ean find no evidence of myxosporidian affinities, and have therefore excluded this form. While this paper is passing through the press, I have, however, observed Pfeiffer’s paper,’ in which, in the portion devoted to the Mywosporidia, he says: Of the Syngnathus from the North Sea, which the author was able to investigate two years ago in Helder (Holland), the relative conditions have been thoroughly pictured by the author in another place. Finally, a comparison with the following may perhaps not be inad- visable: Csokor, Gregarinosis d. Forellen, Oesterreich. Ztschr. f. wiss. Veterinirkde, Wien, 1888, 11, pp. 56-58. The author says the forms observed were undoubtedly referable to the “oviform and globular Coccidia (Gregarines).” From the general tenor of his description I suspect they were not Myxosporidia, and in any case there is at present no evidence to warrant their admission into the subclass. Hardly any explanation of the table is necessary. The grouping and position of the capsules (and the correlated orientation of the spore) is made the leading character. Next come the other generic characters (bivalve condition of shell, presence or absence of vacuole, ete.). One of the most important uses of this table is to direct attention to the gaps in our knowledge. Thus it will serve a useful purpose in showing readily where work is most needed. 'Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, 1893, xiv, p. 124. 138 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key, ate | Species No. i) o 13 Spore. Capsules. Shell. aca, Symmetry ole. 1 only 2 or more in— 8 Hee Soins | 3 3S on 3 le = | 2separated ae + iF FA groups. aes Genera. = om % s 2 es a |9o 4 5 E | See >) he 5 = & ui 2 Bae 50 . | Bivalve. | > 8! . = Ki Spy corals eles apa (pe OD Site) q 5 a ° = 2 = ae |2, a BS qa } = . pe a a |3=] +» eas Ret |e D o eae Ro hel ea 3 Bi) cS ° 5 OEP emp ieee aces Ba. | 2. se ees H lm] & oO 2) se ea la | & ° Ee = |e 5 as 20 ac l/s ° mu eee So |@ ° oO CT) a) 8 oS 1 3) nD a HH iro] o rs) los) = > a a ca INS: Mm |e el g a Sahel oes m= |g oS = i A qi 4 aa) 17) PEOTOsSpe Rms (MONA || Pee -- saan slene=e |e aeee Operculate |...--- |....|..-.| Obscure or ab- my xosporidian). sent. 1 JOT OS GIT (G00 boos jose lseceo| Reseeb| beseoo| Sasoscceeroc baeSaall- SS hers essee|losscae|5<5- myxosporidian). | Genus incert. (non- |.. Fedeoteneessesleecne Valves) imi|s222-5 ...|----|/ Apparently my xosporidian). contact at symmetrical middle, in all direc- diverging tions. towards their ends. SOSaae Gees eeaasasticd Hore |ccolseaess|(base+4) GE SShellessesorsodcd|sescaqesae alaepSoalooadea|issoc Balbiania ...........-- Bod aed lodedse| besos seedeal lSaesasonsede oped bose laame|Sausus)Sossed|loace Genus incert. (nom- |---.|-.-.|------|------|------ Appar-) aeeseae Ap par-|—so-s-| eee oases myxosporidian). ently 0 ently noue. Genus incert. (proba- seleceutel bee cal Secon eeeeeeeeetl|seemcle Bad Saee| Saas so|scoooe|sc07 bly myxosporidian ; spores unknown). sshaee Alt) Secooandesancdaod sds besd|SSasdsloos6ccbAsasallbssceceSoocallaacco= a8 eens GD) cosnososssaucbee Ne oe NGSE Sei ciccrice lls See tee Seen | eomntoel eter Sosa schol aone Eee Ow eeemereseas creel tae | ise |aeate cto peeeeelleewicms| eee eereesem | seamen ee ected bos Star Saris Sepas GOP eee aeccse= =e Yee ee ie aseb anal Bane sesascdel acocacd BSSa eeSolosesod pscoadiisoae Soacie OW) se danctendonesne AA aoe eaoseo asc cs| besooeosooalbseoaa locked poss|aanoed lesensc|Soo- | Genus incert. (aber- |... salodicel| cancel tees elie eee eee Boe eee ees cceall re het eee tenets rant Myxosporidia?). THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. Tabular key. 139 Spore. Sp i=) E i Index. 3 Tail. Dimensions. 5 D : 3 Present. a 2S i) 7 S 3 A 5 S Single. ¥ x) ¥ a ah pis a | 2 i Outline on es = 3| oa S a = | vertical 3 as 24) She = =) us view. 2 les es ® A aS s 3 lis | S| ate = 2 4 = ae a S = na. f Se elles ‘= ® 2 s R os g a = 3) oS DQ SH 7 5 elias] 6 Ala 2 2 ° © 3 cou ea =I “a | a | Se : & Ss 7 = no (iy “4 oe o ° oO q a, 2) 3 i 2 a ert yeh ee 5 rst l| IN) cesalh A (le > a » = ad ~ oy =) 3 (0) (3) Ss “4 ae) || = on eh Se | D a|oc | oo| ow ca S) als } 8 SP reise 2 SS i Es = 2. bila |A 4 Aie\/H Au StS ye) 1 A Jn Salted oes aie Eee Ovoid, QT PLS Aye wats se cse ches [eet teed |eteosl sore rameeas Pees ee ovoid- ; elongate, rarely spherical. SAAS eee (eee Ovoid, dis-=|M ajo roe. -=4|-5-.)=-2- el Pe) aS ee HM eee Biel 157) tally trun-| spores 24; cate,prox-| in icro- imall y) spores 12. | rounded. fetal (oe eee ee Lenticu- TA COUT) oa ahoalh oeel eens eceele Peer) eset (2 RENE) espe a | a Le Be 3 lar. Bos eiaa Nes 2k ar alee ce Goer eae lade tae eee 4 Bae ace ..| Fusiform.. a llese Bee See eee Bee Cee lees pees occ 5 Sebd sence --.;Oval or 3°3 to 4 4a Geos hoed baserssced solic |S 5a |(s4eeenas 1, glo 6 pyritorm. balar, 16. | SF Pe iod Base Beeec oe EEA eats ie Bene Aree eee pte Pe ae Beek ET 8. a | Bel se Rae Ss 8 ee Ba Pe i ed | Eels Bn eae eee leceele noes ts fare eee Beadlesoe on oc CE eo Eee ee se ek fesex tines: Istssasscaltesalecet bee shane ee oe eee ere 9 Mee Oe tt 5 eae ek occ mel oes ee ee esos sts. | Ses [hee he Le | Ree eee jou. See 10 BAT ee 2 aN ie RE RM WINS 27. 7 A (RRP Be Fa Lae TC De A 8 ul | Se ESE: .---|Top-shaped) 17 | 10| 6 j....)...-- seen). eel eee) eoelnee eee neler ees 12 ewenu| execs ...4 Circular...) 17 in diam- |. -- Be Alisa sAneann|fese|So etl saus| Ceseceeel oes ees | Mae eter. 140 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key. Myxosporidium. 2 Cyst | E eo n a x Sho S es cE Geli aS os Most. oa] Ss ore Ee Nuclei. 3 a pele 4 Shape. | Color. A ee uence ve hae Es cy S S se | 2 ae i=" s i= Qe S Ss ° ge n nm D is) ® = © | | S oy ° D 3 a = N i) a oy AY e | | | 1h Ask odlleeiodenl etcos| asasdace ponconcs s-oodee Meee sl kAodesod Gadsbea aebeoss Scizena umbra .....- | 2 | Gregarine ovoid, 65 « long, with a very volumi- | 1to2in| Spher-|.....--.. | Echinocardium cor- nous nucleus and clinorhombic crystals. diam- | ical; datum. eter. con- taining spores andrest of seg- menta- tion. 3 | Spores develop endogenously, several within a |.-...--.|..-.----|.------- Gadus morrhua..-.- globule, the latter sometimes with an enyelop- ing membrane; spores at first unsplit. 4 | Amceboid mass 7°5 to 12 », with blunt processes |---.----|-------- sepsoae Salmo fario-..---..-- and sometimes a tail; ends clear, center con- taining many dark corpuscles. OB eee Bee (Ae tae cee os aan smtecl edeisisee ollesecee 2 to 4} Oval..| White.| Anas bos« ecscee by 0-7 6 |7 by 3) Prob-|Blunt,|1,globu-- Appar-}.....--. con- | Diame-| Gloim-|Daik -.| Cyclops (in pare. to 20) ably lobu-| lar. ently trac-| ter10;| lar. lar C. strenuus), by 6;| not.| late, absent tile, | plas- Diaptomus coeru- plas- hya- (ef. p. poste-| mode- leus, D. richardi. modes line. 179.) ro-pe-| cysts 18 by riphe-| 30-60; 8 to48 ral. jelongate by 23. tubes 70 by 24. 7 | Small and granule-free to larger and granular; | Present; membrane | Abramis brama..-... processes rather sharp; in size not equal toa transparent. blood corpuscle of the tish; granules extremely small, held together by a mucoid substance. 8 | Consisting of granular protoplasm; very similar | Apparently no true | Percafiuviatilis----. to a Chloromyxum mucronatum; apparently cyst. very variable, oval, lenticular, or dendroidly branched; size 27 to 440 «; with or without a structureless membrane; pansporoblast bi- sporogenetic. : 2) ocisoes| 224050) BASS Sd Bre cccd SoSH s 4 SOmcactod aces leseecse Serer ae eo Moto. esesesee UY) lh ees5o Sep I00l Sseaes||Sonseead Heareeed ecesaceles=—osles eases be sseres Paseaoee Lota lota ..---...... 11 Pecuvaraplemovoments incessant. slow; am (= eee-ce He |eoes eee lee seen Leptocephalus con- oid. ger. 1 PA pas Bod sence SE Reel AnSesoes Cece ses eS RSE eet PAS KO be See octet | Notropis megalops. (clus ters) 7 by 5. 15 44| Haaoadl essen aaeronos LOS= iat cee c cles eeee 1:09 to | Cylin- |........ Gasterosteus acule- ent?? | | 2°18 by | dzical, | atus. 0:44. | rarely ellipsoi- dal or spher- ical. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. Seat. Diuuc...v-wudominal septum. Body cavity ; digest- | ive tube. PAE DIAC ens = 25 2.05,-- Interstices of mus- cles. Body cavity, abdo- men, thorax, tail, | natatory feet, first antenneg. Branchie; ? also of heart blood. Branchiz Gall bladder Pathologic effect. Tabular key. Remarks. G nus. wee e wee eee e-- | Atrophy of tail | muscles. IBTENGNWG sees 2.25 |cose sec a s.c Gall bladder Subcutaneous tis sue. Subcutaneous _ tis- | Suc. * “ Myxosporidium ; | Spore leathery, con- tents granular, colorless, amber or fuscous yellow, forming indefinite cylindrical, fila- mentous or spiral colonies; rarely isolated. A perfectly typical monocystid Greg- arine. Gregarine stage passed usu- ally in digestive tube. Spores con- tain 8 falciform corpuscles. Pathologic mass w hitis h- yellow, pasty,, drawing out into dirty white threads. | Spore containing a central globule (‘nucleus’) 7 to ll » in diameter, surrounded by several fine gran- ules. ” Psorospermia. - - Lithocystis Genus incert --. | Balbiania Genus incert ...| sp. incert Species. sciznw-umbre. - Tieyles-ee= sess | Genus incert....| sp. incort ......- 1 COieeee ameter Sp. Incert =... Glug ececee coe Bpwincervee=--44 | Ores eats sp. incert .......| C0) a toaeees = CONPT) ocean «ast GOes. sansa. Bp. incert ....... Genus incert....} sp. mecert .......| name not in good standing, see p. 206. 141 Species No. 13 142 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key—Continued. Species No. Genera. 27 28 29 III 30 hea SOOO COUCCO God Bocq Bond Seacee Ado --- Genus incert. (most, | possibly all, myxo-| sporidian). Pleistophora-......- east AO secaeetcses a's Thelohania........ | Obscure; spore minute. Capsules. lonly. 2 or more in— | Conspicuous; spore rela- tively large. | i | Pitot CIE: | | = | 2separated 5 groups. Oo § ;#3/¢ ae ous P= i=) _ f=} (a) RD on] ~~ o x RQ Be eh so | Se | Bes e aie eee oe qe aed = Sr esi = 22 | oe ° DF oe o ican] 3) oo co ket ft = qa] 4 Sheli. Bivalve. Oe ead boesas HSeand||(Sota Se x Tw ai\||- Tp eee ele ee ecte mal etna aacterstlatat aa POTS: |\saeems Keceukenlidannsyee ueN Ss fae | Leuciscus cephalus. | 153) occte |loasceel sacecal Seoobbs 6 tbece2 os) be scored Heeccal So soqosc sosbedod| aes ;----| Leuciscus cephalus. TG |e 53 50| Ge aecs beeiseo| SAGs eereliete ce. eoletoresa Peeeccl ts asec. bo Meso copaos = | Gobius fluviatilis. -- Typ | Suess | eae ee Te Les SE ee ce PSE ee ue oes Ret Ae ne ame eal ae ete ae | "$Crocodilez==oseee 1S ees | Geeetes| Seeree SSCcceee Spoberae Samaras as a= Present \aeeeeee eee Chondrostoma na- sus. Tel sects eee bo Eee Snel es SEES SnG Beene Beerin PS meeee) Reem one lo ooccee | Leucisens rutilus- -- PAO fects) (ey sei bere ae ae Aes [Banas sous Ses 564) [sasscs Heese sessed ea okoces TTinca tina see CAN) ee se ee eee ee eee [Spb eSoS0 Ae eseed secon Seno dcal ecestese|seseccee Leuciseus ery- throphthalmus. PAD Seah 2 SP) ig PSA fe ear m I EEK ooze re bce eee eeoare dE ea De adh al Lec Gastercsteus acule- é atus. PE Sed tes Ee 55] eae eee emcee] lta rae taenbe ta Smalls scssae elles Stizostedion luci- operca. Dae eames ee) = Shine ee eas alte taete WA st spayat = lla cenlste ts Sie MME agen om ot | erator estos Gasterosteus acule- atus. DoilKeaceulscerectss Vee GE Siren sree alles nares eyactem ol ram Cre ate oie A Ilaem van Scomber scombrus. . 26 |20to| x | Hair-| Very Bra cht Saco | aes ox 2 he Bee mee |e neel a Alcyonella fungosa. 200 like, |numer- uearly| ous. always local- ized. 1 yy sea) ee Ne | Se a2] (Miem=3|/Mamyie lasek least eins aan Seca 1 Soest os nee Pk Ne eer ae brane number not sub-| incon- persist-| stant. ent. et Ne ioe 36 Ueber Boeseroe Mem- | Many-|...... IGG) saosadcassaeoeons Callionymus lyra. -- brane not sub- persist- ent. PAS) Nae er I ee aed Pa ode be Re ss Manyi--20 = Pin- |Spheri-| White.) Gast. aculeatus, head to | eal or ’ | Pygosteus pungitius pea... | irregu- Aphya alba. lar. 1B OH Shorea acces leet Pia See Ess cob PY Eh eh gee eel Ast iar MS] ociond Inarinac scSseran ae cectrionadcan > brane |number| . subper-, incon- | sistent. | stant. Pa) el ea eee ane | Sporo- | Many.|....-- INONG epee eee ee eee | Cottus scorpio...... \phorous, vesicle 15 to 18 win di- ameter. 1B 00 sae aca eaeso eicee eee Miom--|8s;00M-lssstea|Le esas cleeesesee een Decapoda........... brane ber con-) subper-| stant. sistent. AU eco aodan tscsoc 8 | Lbeinos None ..---ecececeqgee¢:-| AStacus fluviatilis... THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 145 Tabular key—Continued, % Pathologic - Seat. affect: Remarks Genus. Species. 4 n 5 e ol Ee Seas as aa Aen ot a tealewcareicn|o~ tama saeerecetcaccn ces Genus incert..-..| sp. incert..----.| 14 ENTE TRIG Ie Sela 3 8 8 OBO Rg eRe OO Inne esse ae Soar Bas Reet) Seat acct ap. incert ......- 15 Inia Wovalny oS Aena ad REO Sen Onaensobeed| BBC ECo nee UB cnaess Bese oe peter iceeees ene sp. incert ...---- 16 WHO GONAVAN CHDUSCUN Seem ele occ ceed |e kace awe siasecls saceae 2 UG (RRA Ss eecne sp. imcert ..--.-- “7. laris of intestine. Roots of tongue .--.|.---..-....--- 2) ocd Se cat ecense==ace ani A Coneoecre sp. incert ....... 18 eart~ eart bloed /22- = 52-2. 35-5. | 2 FeSGS 3 oe cis eae olaciew Vee aaglen ease es Sp Wucert ese = 19 PGCAIBS asco as ceciee | Sac ins ss ccasses |) ole. ce ees see esses e See Cena op sp: incert ------- | 20 (Stel )S0 RESO EE Eee 3) Be Ee ee isa |RSS e Aaa assem oaseeene Bae IO ee Boece none sp. incert ...-..- 21 sonoesést + ote seed SA SRSSSeSescenec Fish collected near |_...do -.....-----| sp. incert ..-..--) 92 Kiel. ' LER CNTS 5 5 eS PRR a ie Ne hae ace Beet ee ert SSNs ROR NEE sp. incert ...-..-| 23 ipranchial “‘copules’|', See p.187 2... |) .22....255 ceeerees es Bp ee O cece Saeniaat sp. incert ..-.-.- | 24 De ns [ama 0 aaa =|, SPLINCOL b= =- seo Body cavity .-...--- Death of poly- | Capsules not yet | ‘“Myxospori- | bryozoides...... | 26 zoan colony. demonstrated. dium.”’ Siete sinle ms wieis mila am'aixtminind cinta’ wei as eavin's.")| cw nlois/a pm cisocm e alsioe nic ='= Glue 6a) os acos =| cane Seeee sen seine= I , Tntra-fibrillar....... DerveneratLanii|aseses sassce cess see et DC dowecse 4.4, ..|:deatroens™s. 22 27 of muscle fiber . SUMCRTANGOUS Ks co e.s'<| a0 eo Nee cee Secih stow ou os meee BG Oe eee cree anomala ........ 28 Subcutaneous. . | | Subcutaneous. SeneeseMe sa anv aie.a =~ Minn wine = mmninn ocis'a'||o a aon na decie males weiner Pleistophoraa..<}c-. <-. foree ee cane] We Inter-fibrillar....... No degenera- | Diseased mass form- |....do .....--..-.| typicalis .....-. 29 tion. ing white streaks 5 or 6 by 3 mm. PICO MMB OLES: cele nase eee. || aS occa case cemeeae oon. PRViGlOn ANIM 3-5. |0- swe ac cee meee U1 Striated muscles....) Crayfish epid- | ..........eeces eacens|e-s. GO ..s.22-.«-.| contejeani ...... 80 emic? | F © 92 10 a! 146 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH Tabuter key—Continued. 5% ” AND FISHERIES, we ee Spore. ets . Vacu- z Capsules. Shell. ale Symmetry. 1 only. 2 or more in— 8 | - |e = |2 separated Ae allen = ry zie =F = groups. Jae Genera. Fale ee os Fate | aug |S Rj | Zs SIA EA) (ease els ; = Ep H 6 Oa ere SNC ee aereae pee hah PaSaIC ae — wi A Si learet es) Wee aies el icican alee: se z a | Beel a2 | Sea | Se ge [els] 2 2 so Soe lips i) aes! 5 | # So | Elie] 9 E C= 8 Ba Poea| = culiectens acs Seale fe] 21 se 5 a Slay | =s | ge |'es efile1e]e8 5 ¢ n > | 2 & | oe | ao sa /5|8] 8 2 5. 3 & Eh y = s a|s|a S 5 Sha a tide [a 4G q/8/< (a) M 31 | Thelohania..--.... Doral Sal (See Sel Seabee cee wees PO AE ey ease 2 UE eadadeenas|Saccac Bs lone lies essor-SeSahos XG loetc|laecess shenbo|Basoar| BatsodocaesS Neeeese x Wydeseessecs|escccs BH} | Sek COS ao oo eusgen 35] Sear (sre oases locas | Ieeseien| teen oe Gae ac Bee S6od| Serccoe soo! sacnct IV | Myxobolus -..-.... > Se ee mere | ocean 3 go 0| X with x few ex- | very ; ceptions.| gen- lerally 34 UD Aocnkoepaosees OK Mites aloe aaron terest Dc eaial eg SA x? 0] Sligh tly; im per- fect. DOM eee CO Sa eieeee ae E Kilivooistees| Pees sal s See al Setinwsrs eee eenuees ABA) Xo Ome cise 36 BC Oceana s se Late | ars al esto ale sae aereee eon eee Sleeee)) OS liehthy|sesses equal. imper- fect. Deen Cl Olea neetercteriaeta | mera oral Pe |e Pe ee Se eel ele Pe qesaal ew) Be | lSaneoc Ss) each pe ease Sans - (2) |e oe etek | socked |SSe cele aod eeeees erercelexce! a0) Ms soileeseeg 39 WY Seas anonegues ACIP (Deano cel se ee tele ete cis wainen eae I esas Beat) Ke Sees 40 Glas Jose eSsoscas ¥ C2 see ees asa cele Serotec |Last eee oe 0 KOS 6 esos 41 EO eee BENE 1D) cess s Soe | ene ene ee eee Z 0 x (Xx) | AM ee eR O ee aiclaraataie creiate ell lara ota} 2 | Laie Gel oasis [Sse sc oa moans | RR eee anes Spore. 9 Index. 2 Dimensions. g n = Bs =H tp wi PR Al aes e/g ij <4 Fo rild satey q > cri Seis : eros oa en a [a= 3] 2 d |ea| 3 A s a2 o =| H -|ale| a4 #13 | 8 . = f=} } o SS 2 ot ° oH “ oe g s =| A Diy = < I bd 3 7 A = by ° co) = iF f>) 3 a 2 a} aq = as ile am g =F n re) siloncuc|be const eeaeme 47 sp. 61 Be | Ped FA Se aa 1A Bibl se. e caceen lien 148 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key—Continued. Myxosporidium. Cyst. g r) a a S aS iS os 83 os Host. 3 aS size | tH r ‘ = iz 2 - g& ; Nuclei. 3 8 ues Shape. | Color. A S 2 an A Bo | 2 Boa peal ee nm Ss ° (=) i) a 2 a os = i) ° ) 5 3 nD nan =] Ss 3 2 8 8 a co) i) AY a AY > G1 eee beesee beseee) Boce ners Sporo- Sul Auer INONG:.- ascent eses eee Palemon reetiros- phorous tris. vesicle Palzmon serratus. 10 in diame- ter. 874 | esacol|Keoonal sesaaq) aocoBe8 Sporo- tl ered Beaeorce Boosunsd Epona sec Crangon vulgaris. phorous vesicle spheri- eal, di- ameter 12tol4y CB) |b Bosel baasaa|dseeoo MemcEe ae Sporo £3 Bcesecl BAGaaaan Iaaanee ad Booseaoe Palemonetes vari- phorous ans. vesicle elongate fusi- form 180 oabSoe ABB ese scecee Seareaee < Dor 2) eret etl ctee od neceoses eaeeeen s|erciacs seeessesans Sones (372) ArT fee Oradea woe siclsi| S sie ec |cm ape tclne soos eis Lam meS ee tere wie eeacrsteroe | ee eee Labeo niloticus ..... BOD SAEs eal emot ae snien|(pamms eso aiceh en sl aees Sal oe enc [cacset en leer na ous siee incatinear ass Misgurnus fossilis. . B60 PeSsealsoasea| Possess GaacSAca Psochsce aaeeerre) Metron Maar cdce Same marm Merscre J Pimelodus clarias..- - | Slip eres leesince nocewertiesecone Oval LSS. Foe eee sec oseeee sa seme aaee Tinca tinca.......-- vesicles Doieesees [a oeeise [aoe nes sacseecclceee bemelseseescslecemae Present: ss ssc a. Tinca tinca -......-- BOW Benee |Seewec [sacece|aaccaea Desti-)522-225:lesesec PTOSONG ese eeeemeiserines Mugil auratus...... tute of Mugil capito ....... a mem- brane? AGH Bkmaetl sets | saison |aiciciscmca| shoe cm es |cecace ot leoaseulln accesses | saceeccCloneceeee Nais proboscidea.... CMU Rese lecrinod boonsd bassagad beasa5ae bacusscq | Stecgs SibyAtalo aos eec|eepenee Lucius lucius....... GO| See wea seats Soeeeclesen assis] wcce cee loses tat oot sees oeeecee lee teeeee tae eee Gobio gobio........ Cyprinus carpio .-.. Alburnus alburnus. BON ses coalesce aleececclece teas. | sacs ce ccleccese cel Seeecclaceden cel sescesee aceceeae Cyprinus carpio.... AAs eee RL Paes Sas |Wacsaacs|acadescslasds dace] comebe cee oeseloseceeelee eastcee Abramis brama..... Be earetic| Gaance|basqc6llocccoded Posesssd Saseesedgsece| beeasood|ssqsebad poesobde Abramis brama..... AG sino ee WVaisi-}< ie ee Dimensions an er- |.-..do?........-. ror? (see p. 215). LTCC TS Sa | Ee el Pe ee See a ye Fs RS be GC eo eee ERNERTRCUR Pic e Sees 1st. cea a's ols. | Smerccn On nmcoln ter ttatanemtone dl slats AOjaara bora ate ESATO NMA ere en Sete cee ws, Gade ats | ila mn SlAoa a RM EEO ea LO Olsdentebem as Branchiz and fins. Branchiw kidney. Ovary. ‘Al Branton) arches) .=<|22.<50.c6. sescn+ [seeeeeee cette eeee eee oe G0 ctccsenwaae Branchi®.........-. yen Re ae Pathologic | inilleri Species. macrocystis -... unicapsulatus . - piriformis inequalis brachycystis. --. sp. incert mugilis ap. incert.-..... sp. incert......- sp. incert sp. incert sp. incert bicostatus es | Species No. rare 33 39 150 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key—Continued. Spore. Capsules. Shell. Vacuole. Symmetry. 1 only 2 or more in— a . |e = |2separated ag oO Lonel ae 5 groups. Bs ie Ea AOS amici cg toes eS = 4 a enera. q Ep q 2a 5 ; = Bt g ; 2 2& + 3 2 ey Bivalve. a3 a 5 I 5 alien a ae |e om | ma - 2 te 5 is alee Gm | Boe SUE lage — 2 & z Bile S qo | #F ES = Bolle a he Oo |s-— dale = ¥aA qa ‘ 3 ora n wo 12s a of | se hai |[idei =) } a 3} 2 S |p =) Ons Aa | 2 a o q a} o |n io) om) sf =| 6 & ao ~ a) 2 UIE heey ical goa | SF) ee es R Oo |S 4 < 8 4 e; | <4 S| < ice) ND 49 | Myxobolus ...---}---- despa (SEO! |! a a.=cl|e ees x OOms as x 0 x > re- marks) 50 EMO eae sene ceca paca cree DA Sa Al Rene Ape Sraas SS lesser laa oot oeaS OM ae se 51 Ped Ot ccm esc eslt ess loser Yo Neshseal loaaaice x We ESSER os ses 0 Xela P| SeU (eRe ete: - (C)\ ES Sane eee ee Oa soe) (sacoad| bee Sc ce nase coal cincos.s Sond 53 SiO sieesossesce) basel|sooe (Aye iabohSligsdaca|Sacoacdadselasonecl-sa4|Baasnace 0 XG one 54 SeOO rs cccieeiaeince Seale 77g 3 tl emegal nerse x 0° i] 0 x x Boa ead OS: cohol ee Sagopa ol a oe x 0° x! 0-1. Hex 56 oat hy Seneca ates ae OF hal PRPs eae > (Henle x 0 x x DT ees Ors = eaciers «icici 2 (2). wees ee SSE Bee Caceeecme Sel eeaenl ee el eeeeeee 0 DN arses Les Bu | eke Ro reese pe meen Salereee CO) opal Risse bate at pee e o i eg al x 0 DSi eS 59 5d 0 se eemseasds S (DY RNAse sini loess al ecareporerseee 2 Heese al eee es esi ete eater ara | emt to | e 60 [dOmescaesesest 23 (2)s= Sees cleo cee: ne | ieee eee a Cone eee |ladss—5|/o5 2 cleus’’) 61 BelO tics cose es <5 3 De he eo are Seca tan Sect ea oar nad ea ne ae eee 0 Xe sao 62 eed Oesaee esses 3 Qi wl Sestes als toca > aE bane Baa acbesscc 0 GBP Fageec (0) caeeeprarees 2 De ol ae Alt Ba i eiewbaleme ce 2 E x. (2) 0 (le Sa Op Sea eeal Mec See Dera ce | ee es | ia te eee es | yee x 0 ea BOs 2 Ors ecaccecs 2 =| el racials ire eee eee aera > dane aaa a Pree ae cteseeellaceacalbococe F 6B ado - 506k =. Ea SI ee mers |S ew a Ae NE pat Sco i ee ed eee Br ae eine ere ett Bare WAGs 0 Wiss s seaoees ES En eee ee el eer |Ppene dee ae ol Nay he Ta ne oraéauacclleeogcc Ho 68 SECO cee tee eta = eral 22i(Maer SSeS CAS ee kelt aeesok Cael ete pesos eee 0 a ict ture ??) SEB EU OSES IO GOES RES Eee reas [a eae ol PORE ered ieee mete RSs sale oe le ty a eS |---=--locee ne Oe ee acia SETI Diol oo eis | Sceaee Cala eee coe cooler OSs | ee cll eee alle ee | setae ees PAO hs mere oes Sh | Spe cis ech se Ue NA a YO | elo es |S Sm nee ae eee bos ON wists ise tee ieee ere occ Be meeaie llc Be aeoeil aero Bl cect ee cone Mean tera es 8 peepee ne oe |e CONE se - dOseeacet esse zelee | Vien bs eres | ara) [Be Sees sen 0 x x (?) 10), 2 ~'-00 -csess conse => a0 aa Di eee Ce eI Seat cee ae ee | Seto lee el cies Sateme 0 x are THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. Tabular key—Continued. Dimensions. Index. 151 30 Ss é i a PAG Nae Single. les ie Be Outline on x = z = iS Lo] S es 2 (3) oS = & 3 vertical Ob ae ai hes = 2 view. sel al ost oa s 2 2 view aes 3 If = 23 : hc | teres ane So 1S as gps | & S. At eel ee gi | Flos ea a a = || ee a . a e ~ Sa 42 & (5 ee Eta ee u RB |o Ss |e eel 2 oe ed echelon Pe ea | a io| 2 3 a SY Mb Sh Pes sr Fell = Vhs pe et POS 2 18 S iS) Co) fe [et je A 2 2 Se a i = ey q ip!| & A =) ais ia]e 'é) S) PSM A |n “Se Sy Cee ee) al ae Flattened-| 12 to 15 |9 to)... 7's Sep Alps ete. See Peel hey oe) ellipsoid. IL 0°33 8) ee Aacooeoe hae aeeee Resemb- 11 Mee ae oe loiaictal mos pe wiorem| Psi ward losac ell eae eee 50 ling sp. 92. eg tene tpemrcicmra i eicit. tke Lenticular 12 10 | 6 ee ecto cata els oc el ea ee es nih or oval. | SNMP aA Se tee All tanafars'sinle cleat Pana ese Se = 5 2 Real sia'simininl|ac marcia tse peel Oe sont eae a Seem ete A MA rll tera tefaselel sim n'ai So atallsoc se: e/a oe,ais Asis nate hale sninim atom ase omens sos acre enc leceee 53 Se acl ence Eee Spatular..} 14 to17 | 8.5 5 tol4 or, X | 0°30 |....-. jAbout!..-.|? (see) 54 Oai.D | | 0-32. p. 235) 2256) Cae acd) Basses Broadly el- 13.9 Haley (Acted ls as (eS 0 ae eee x 4 55 liptie. SV 2d eee) ee Broadly el- 14 LOW > |eoscl-=-==- ANS lita) ts does O25 |ooe esses 56 liptic. : tle | less than 0°50. eR meteee en 62. |code ckacesliasatsecesclsnee]aoos lc ae Geno aes oa peng AS ee ae}ecsd3¢ 57 en ain Peete | o ate once Broadly 12 Wectdl sori e ce crcl obacea| coca. aoe ees 58 round-ellip- tic. eae eer ae See tae SNe te ea Ss ore stalls oad eh cS W sm cnim ail a stucae| sae ae tke eee SS 3 59 ocisec| co SSaee Deo Reneneee Spherical - 9 SoS Soe al esos Paral Pega (ocpea -| (ti!) PN EE he oocore) Sebmeeae ANIM OBL Ex: !eSe artstns oop ace lee oe emats|qs-In|ee So atee a Sof ae oe aa ieee 61 (see actly round. p. 240) } Sal eed Race Er oc ane Subcireu- 8 6 or, 5 Sesser Abonut!...... 0°38 |. . 4 62 lar. Tina 0-60. DA) Neal se os [ae ee Transverse-| 6 or7 SA Se ceeaiy com miAlnoupes sss sce oon |e 2 63 ly elliptic. “BO. | Settee teeta te aes is aeoetete Less than}... So Ae ee leach s |b ostet [aon of s genet mk breadth. | | EN EM e8 ar Ele REPRE lem tof Pe 2 be are bo OU OR Sa eaeraee fetta eee ater ee Ce RS oS | fares Seats we Soe ate am nlc Oe ae et hen Os Ce Cees eres Cee ren 66 Eee ere tae seta oa aa ta Al cele era a ciate s/o | Smimiarmctatets| mate Pee | octet eave Seca Pe SO news nal ae ps see we ( 2960 SEs Rae 2 (na- Oval Seer oy ace eeenletealren (aa ipsa eRe Oe aia ah 68 ture??)| wider in ture front. 2%). sel ie ei | Soll ia Sie al oa x0 |X| X(sep- } ¥ (sep- WORTOLM. ‘| 2aec~accm $i (oops i ha) [| ene VILGHS' le owes | x 187:Ol.c eee 69 aration | aration, to than of of 59 in sp. jhalves).|haives).| | 80. 0 |x 0 OP i tcotive wae os 15 iofic{s) fg tee Ee (eae aaa Efard-|...... EH Pees oe 70 | 6. | | | jly 0°50| | s 152. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. | Species No. 69 70 I nD e = = is} r=) 0 atc Oe = Size | ts 1D yp. ao BS = ars S a o ~ i) A see 0 Tabular key—Continued. Myxosporidium. Cyst. e0 A os as os Host. aS % BS Size : Tr 312 . <5 k Nuclei. 3 2 = in mm,| Shape. | Color. BS ec iets 5 =o | oe : =a) u aA C) ° ° °° = os a ae g =] uo: m2 = >) A A 8 m2 ionj oS A a AY a | Large} Many. Xie Wsuallly essen Present or absent ...-- Tinea tinea: -....-.. and ep ob- tuse. ge ees. Bepadtoc Maser ar eteceae poocme MaoSnBoe Bembstocoaadscae Leuciseus grisla- gine. f SBeetec| poocasee x Seeece et | aeons | Sbresentocen-nete-eeeeee|| bakpusibanyu sees BOS oa ESE ae Ses eae cel eee sc ah Bence Maso s Capea se eee tae Leuciscus eryth- rophthalmus. SUBCAa| SPR OR Cal esas ae (segeten eran Paar ee Pin’s |......../Yellow-| Phoxinus phoxinus. head. ish white BOSD SMSC HS Oc eee ore RelA nia Ad maz.) Round} White.| Erimyzon sucetta 1. jorellip oblongus. tic. amish [Restate ees mera le eta al pes None (?)...... ......-.| Cyprinodon varie- gatus. SCR Hel Sa OS Are Se aaaceea Baas 4 Goons pposeosd sacsousslsccucsae Carassius carassius. A Se ec SOS cae i ear Ie eee Ie a ns Segre rare NR HS Alburnus alburnus. Sf etae eel Ria sete cs Nel epeteallioe eee ee eee 8 Present: -----/25--5---4| ueuciscus rutilusie. aniaratatal| Se eect tara | acres 2 lle arcesta rele eal ic paneer Aes NL eee rai Gardonvuiers ne scae Seta AEA cies aes aes a it Sa eI ae O25 0) yo - aan sess 2-1) COLEPONUSterass sees 0°33. | DOR HSGIIR CISA ese Sao ark plate ts 1:09 to| Flat | White-| Stizostedion Incio- 2°18. | pus- perca. | tules. ESSE PMA Nese Coe ta rae Ue if eC a OPN Admaz.|.....--.|......-.| Erimyzon sucetta 0°50. oblongus. SECON Sacade 5 SapHe rise Seater ad Rae eal een lacresaciaal ke aca Phoxinus fundu- loides. Beccles ce IN(OY cil Bee cee moctenal Seciseaceleeeee eel eoeecer.| eV erlucrismmenlecin panspo- us. roblast mem- brane. SoCa Be Rae So Seen Gaocsoce passe beoaseoe ) scb0cbe lagatasad| Emory ninosescce peas he Bates teeny Pees ee aleee oa Presents sasasen|aee see Meercaltlurtatilisiee Bien are |eyatacaistalnia|| res ceroete | pater eee oon nee en eeeseeae Seen ee en MUCUeISCUSmm ills sae QE ESO PeGlogee| GAB OHS hE SNcer seele ectee Peato | Oval..| White-| Coregonus fera ..-.. large nut Se S55 FetAotee Suen tat ee HOES Heaton salloscobscallasscccad ad benim ace ssodc Bell eee ear eee bac dl beacenee ses e ated beeaeemaPesere cel Muchas icin s seem Hasdasl|ea sees Sea ss Ae ee a ee ee eS ale ae er scallions toa, Teeeernoy- perca, Rcrareiee Woe acaral AAst esr Essence |soeheellee pesatia| eSaaseaca|isas-to sallid DC uaoustoutsjuCuenz itll < rophthalmus. Seca Wiaeleereiaeiasieick |e ose mtn | oes alle one ae eee See caer MIU CLIESOLU CLUStaeEeem x pahebe fala) taymicinimrste [le rete'sarm'allarmre alale eal se myccain | Staeee | pee] Gasterosteus acule- | | | atus. Pygosteuspungitius. ° THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. Seat. Branchie airbladder, liver, spleen, intes- tine, ? gall bladder (see p. 224.) Muscles (see also pp. 227-228). Splenic artery Surface of head Surface of head Sides of body Body cavity Inner surface of op- ercle, pseudo- branchiz. Sranchial mucosa -. Opercle, branchiz, surface of head, ns. Branchial lamelle.-. Tabular key—Continued, Pathologic effect. demic. Subsquamous Gall bladder sec eee oe Kidney, body cavity | Skin, scales......-... Muscles of sides of body. Subcutaneous and superficial inter- muscular tissue. Remarks. Diseased mass fun- goid, 4 by 2 to 10 by 4mm. ium produces only 2 spores. Each myxosporid- }.-.-. * Genus. Species. Myxobolus -..-..- ellipsoides...--.- GO! Pexicexiess == spi incert --2545. GO! -s-2eceaa=8 Sp:incert)+----~- OGiseeaeee = sp. incert ...-..- Batt CL O\etsternee ace a sp. incert ..-.... Bu OO0\sarcccessce oblongus -....... BtGO"o deen eee lintonies- sess. SE OOm estes sp.incert ....... Ct Pasar ODGSUSss4--=<2=- Comte o = cycloides ......- QO te eeces sp. incert ....-.- GIS eaRAetoee spheralis ....... Peed Onan a eatentas sp. Incert-...--- 5a s0lsecsssnee- globosus ....-.-. Over stmpics anes transovalis ..-.-. eedOnecataeencs merlueli-.-..-5- OY eSraoaes sp. incert ...-... GOnee 5 et ass Spsincert).--se=- Shae cobs SrA soece sp. incert-....... LOW at oa angie zschokkei .....- CTW aes ee see sp.38......-- (ike Berea ee CT) et 9 Ee Worms 225ee- seo sp.61........ MOisssscee os gee'Sp.52.:.:-.40 Ue sete wes cas ef. creplini . ...- CO’ canceeasns Devil: -=sc cues 153 Species No. 54 69 70 LA re 8 154 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key—Continued. Spore. : v2 ’ e ' Rokr 3 ‘ ‘ : . toe ' ‘ ' t ; ‘ : “IOLMayUT-o1adng ae : : 3 Sie : : Sine : wt : : ig ea : ce : ; ' at : : : g ! —— £ : gE eat ‘ : ’ ' aay ' ‘ ‘ : : Qeteh Fy i : : ‘e10jytptg | xX x x x > : x >< x ox 5 MiRigien so ‘ ; a : H La ee : : B ; ‘ Sepp ee t ' Sih —) ro °o S o ‘ —) 2 r= oo ' oo ‘ : ; *10t10}s0d-010,0V 7 0 4 ‘ p 4 3 ‘opr doutpoy ; i 6 : x x ; i rank i Ae ; . i 53 = : d ; ‘ : i 4 ‘ i > ‘oy doutporay : ‘ ; ‘ an ot ‘ ea : i ‘ ‘[RurIpnysuoy 07 ound 5 i 5 ° i ° ‘ : ‘ 1, mj | tornoun (-oA[BA JO UOLLUTpPOUT ; : : 2 H 2 ‘ : ‘ae : 1 H : : F| ; ; 3 : ; : Tae ; ; 5 ; : NM ‘ ’ ' ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ *OATBATET : Xx ; i Xx ‘ x : : ve Ss ‘ ix ‘ : ' 3 “Sura (139 : es Oa Reta a ; Hien ee : {\ = By pue 4st) ove uy : ‘ : : ‘ : ‘ ‘ : ' t heb A i " e/ 8&8 } : tale : : ' dB 5 ; : i j 5 : 5 i ; ‘Gens i ie c i i , 2 85, ‘pao (ror1oysod puv ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ : tehetce : cane ‘ ‘ ‘ a allere LOTIA}UL) Tova FW H ‘ ‘ H ‘ ‘ H ‘ : Leet ' tt : ‘ : rales n a a a = a a a ana a aN ‘ ‘ ‘ Bola ‘(pue rotzojue ye) dnous tT | & ie A , 6 5 ‘ ‘ i 2 ‘oSavy APA ‘ : ; ' ; ; ( " : dire } Tey j ; i ay sor o10ds ‘suonotdsu0g9 : ‘ ‘ : : ; ; : : See 5 ts : i : 9 A te ‘ ‘ ‘ : : ‘ ‘ : t ' ‘ On ‘ ‘ : 23 aqynurut erods { ommosq(¢ : : : g ‘ : 5 i nee i vate H : ‘ ‘ , ‘ ‘ ' : : ' \ , ' : rae ‘ : t ; : : : ' : : ' ‘ : ya : va ‘ ‘ : ‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ 18 : zg 2 : : : : : : : : saat : 1H : : : Oo i=} ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ‘ ib ‘ ' ‘ A = ' ‘ ' ' . ‘ ‘ . . ' . ‘ . ‘ . oO 3 ' ' ' ' ‘ ' ’ . ‘ ' ' ‘ =| ‘ ‘ ' : ‘ : b : ' H ; yan ; if : : o 4 ° ° S) i) ° ° ° ° eo .° ° os ° ° ° Bae ee we eon a feat te 2.) Wiebe eae b Oise ate re sae Orme 3 s | ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' 1S ‘ ‘ ‘ rON@aOFDOdg) |e) BS: Rae MARS ie een ee Ae a eae ES g THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. Tabular key—Continued. 155 Spore. So Index. Ey Tail. Dimensions. 3 —- Es Present 4 e =p w |e A . eo |9 Single Su [2 oa seers Aid Outline Al Ss alos g H a a las = & ™ on ver- 2 -) aikisa = 3 2 tical Length zl 3 Ey i ons 5 s view. An = wo) ilies & = a in p. E a BOS S es | g =a (es eel ee Soo je te 3 & = S A n ney ° F RE ae 2 3 & Ho s s S So |e a A |2 = A 43 i) r=) a 3 P| aig a 4 is 2 a b = S ad = a z s 0) a 5) a gi/e|2 | = AAG ead ee cae mee |) o = =| eS =) o oO 734) EI 3 ° Bol) ed o| fe 3 Sl le 5S | eB q{/Ppla A A}; eH | A oO} 0 |e | a |e 0 > a CIRC ae oe Fusiform | 20 to 30 |-.--.|.------]- Bee BEE Sees) ESEets) Bese epic osanee 71 0 Pk AE meee Igy Ventri- | 17°3 Leste tl hae ney Renee] me a re Wor a |esecl. tach 72 cose- little elliptic. more. 0| x 0 es eat Bae Rs Body 9 | 5:4 |------- Se beset eat med ae Ue ws Jal ieee 73 0| x 0 On iBodyalen-|pssee aes |e tacts eae Heaeee| osetia 2to3|.- belbsemse 74 (rare- ticular or ly). obovate. 0| X 0 0 Body Body |6 to YS (Seba Fea 0°50 |3to4| X | X x 75 round- | 10to1t. | 8. or elliptic. less Cshasteypeitanys |e. | eek eee ses Seles ee ek St eer tol ues pa ad [SEI Bee oaat¢. 76 ally.) bifur- cate- tipped. 0| X | Xx (sep-| x (sep-| Lanceo- | Body 19|5 to Bil Bassler ses 00:40 Dalle pte 771 aration|aration| late. 6. |(rare- of of ly 3). halves).|halves). 0; x x Occa- | Body | Of body,]----|------- Sel Sencs| posted SRasee : Ae ae oese 78 sion- very 3to4 ally. | narrow. | times breadth. 0 | x x x Body | Body 12] 6 |About|.--.|......].----- atoll Med ee res Ss ae rapa Lol ase ciate Be ee |e ee en (aes marel accmmars 83 28 = |e AOS Sr hee CREE Widely |t te s2e- o5| Nae foweenelee = ee aia Ie oes baa L ES ee wi trans- versely lextended. - 20s) ad Oe eal ee Peake 2 5 ROL tee ea | eee ste camille foeie Nearly Bio! T= oh. cates lees seta] sate ern spherical. | | Subsapher-; ad maa. |...0 & YE a sais | bene Meee Ssotsslscccss|oeec|> 2s =s= == 91 see) eerie = Hy eee at eeeacleeeces BA Pees: an" bi Pewee [ete Sell 220-4) 6 Smee 93 aha [eae OOM pole Pee 94 Bre re Pee ae bf Seem ela Pt REN Fe teal palpi Peet (En eee | 96 ever Bia gd (32)|... toca coc Om ae eee [Aso ocels Sosa — — ————————— 160 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key—Continued. Cyst. Species No. Myxosporidium. | n z 3 mal S Es of = Size | ve 4 } lei. : inp. | & FA ; Nuclei < o & s sich eae s Zs 2 z & ° ° =) g r=¥ os nm i) =] ~ co) =| o n i] i fy Py 90 91 93 94 95 Pansporoblast producing spores ad plurimum. Vacuole. Size Gain, Color. Shape. Host. Spherical or oval; young stages ameeboid, col- orless, older yellowish; pseudopodia lobed, motile; endoplasm riddled with spherules, 3 to 4 in diameter containing pigment gran- ules. 1250 |Appa to |rently 1500. | mem brane less 29)t0 |2--=-~ 88. 29 to x 147. apteons X< ad |Mem | maz. brane | 75. | less |mnan. |1500 to 2000, A-|. ee ee eee Ecto- \plasmie, lobed. ous “ vesi- cles”’. | Galeorhinus galeus Galeus mustelus. Gasterosteus acule- atus. Pygosteus pun gi- tius. Phoxinus phoxi- nus. Bufo lentiginosus- -. Acerina cernua Lota lota Leuciscus rutilus, Leuciscus ery- throphthalmus. Raj anbatistc.--=—-e— Galeus mustelus.. -- Seylliorhinus canic- ula. Scylliorhinus s tel- laris. Pristiurus nostomus. Squalus acanthias -. Squatina squatina -- Torpedo torpedo. .-.. Torpedo marmo- rata. Raja clavata Dasyatis sp Cephaleutherus aquila. Leuciscus cephalus. mela- Lota lota wee eww eee- Pet eae (pdsgees ee as Pe a ..-.|Numer | Bufo agua Cystignathus ocella- tus. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. Seat. Freein gall bladder - Free in gall bladder. Renal tubules and ovary. Renal tubules and ovary. * Accidentally’ in kidney. Renal tubules; urine and surface of bladder. Pseudobranchiz --. Branchiallamelle. -- Free in gall bladder-|. Free in gall bladder. Gall bladder Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder Free in urinary bladder, Gall bladder. Tabular key—Continued. Pathologic etlect. 161 Remarks. Genus. Myxosporidium bi- sporogenetic. eee eee ee er ee ee er fects. F c—I1 Posterior border of |.-.- | sporeradiate-toothed. Ceratomyxa ..-.| Chior (Spheerospora). | om yxum | Chloromyxum --| (sens. strict.) -do Cystodiseus .... ae Ce) Species. x) a 2 1 o a 2 spheernlosa-.... 87 Pndbeoesococaccecs VE elegans): .-seste~- 88 oblmacheri .....| 89 | | perlatum -.---..] 90 sp. Incert- ---.=-} 91 dujardinvess- = 92 | xy Be ore eae eel VI PANICIS tM sen =e 93 MOVIES see sern 94 fluviatile ......- | 35 |} mucronatum....} 96 Se oe oaocs caer IVIL immersus....... | 97 : {62 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key—Concluded. | Species No. © oo VIIL O98)|= 1®:¢ 100 10] 102 Spore. Capsules. Shell. ee Symmetry. 1 only 2 or more in— 8 : 13 ox 2 separated Ba | fa} ao eae E groups. Rae Genera. St ihe tS og Pelle rel test ‘ Ps pera eral vor eaieic es meow | a a : olan) S| FO 3 Bivalve. | 28 | ¢ = H Stet = ay Seo Oe lice : By a] Bt lobe S| oo) an as|/ai2| 2 s ee etre ie ets aE Bole | a 2, = A 2 \es\ a} aa AS eg@/8)a] ¢ Fa af H iat ° Sa) 3 iS) ° A iS) sie |2| 2 | 33 Bee |e lers al eee ees ga <| B feeleen cane iets lech = 2\o ||] #2 4 q By |e | 5 i = Oo |O = <6 4 ro qin Be —Q n Cystodiscus ...!.... semuthe 2 AG ellcie Sesiees < (valves || 902) |o2e7)- <= x x 5% each perpendicnu- end. lar to trans- verse plane) Spheeroniyxa --|....| boalaes DOs Siecle iy all serrata Seal 3 2 ? groups (posi- tion ?) EACUO) en ecceee ee iE en MReaateer ey ac se eas soa 402 See | Seen each “ex- trem ity rd (end? ?) WeyatibbhAS coed hss eeeclacodisosocsac Xx (Ol - ecoaes S5od\) ON) KS enrttetaret= BO Onis moprsicets if pa deee Seed lor2 Oa il erates | See 0 Wile 86 MilsSaaccse in each wing BEC Ota atetaieieiai=F| = - aoe eccemooc 2, in ra el bSccadioace 0 | But 1 plane of sym- metry, viz; the groups valve-junction (posi- plane. tion?) BEEOO: cet ceizatoce Boao Patel Wes ciceine IPI ie seaueageoos peace) Gone bade 2 > Saal Saoaceos each wing. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 163 Tabular key—Concluded. Spore. 2 Index. 2 Tail. Dimensions. 4 : a Present. a = 5 1) eR : 5 3 |g Single. i ol S zs é Outline a FE “(52 FS rake mn ~ art = | ¢ |ealview. a| 4, @ eee im = ; i/2|] ai giz | -s n 3 3 ey A ett hes ated = 12 S DQ 3 ; 2 of oy qn 5 1°? s : | og | =z 2 5 n he a : c= / a heer) S cI =| al pa . o}° ° 2 = 4 el m mle 3 4A ple lee |< a a (ole leey ls tore as Wis 2m a ie 2 S = ais| & ahdta lf 11d ojos Bell = || 0 s| a) 5 > | & R ai/| os | & !2 a S rar! = | 9S 3 5 = | Ul) oe BS) a | s io 5 2 4j}/b \A a 3 8 H}/A] A OO} A bia jlo | Sh | ae | bee ees ee ee Parallel )|cesacce|oc soe eee Soe ee aS? | Coenleaesee 98 sided fusiform. ees er arate estan |e cres's | LON Gated |s = <3 ..-.00%|'s00 co vee'eck Lee Bee ee erae bee ES 2. (ke. |e eee VIII (? antero- pos- teriorly). anos) tet AE a Subfusi- |ength” COR SCAU Tee |e Secale See YN ap eee Sel 99 form with) 13 to16. 5. of coil sharply perpen- truncate dicular extremi- to that ties. of cap- sule (1) eee SAS eee, |e Coon psoccused Aoaos seneac Re eee Open ae 326A Bea ee Ix \ (EB kce Beene! eee Trans- 4to6 Loto, eases] 2tos. | s-leeee 100 versely times unequally breadth} biconvex of spore. lenticu- lar. Seta Renee ae Manne See p. 290. length(?)! br'dth(?) |....!....] 12, ex-|....].... 101 4to5. | 8tod. | | truded by HNO; / ON Csees eee eee eee eee | stehefetisiafalsiiatara)| or eters [a niet | Ae ain sas Se 102 164 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Tabular key—Concluded. Myxosporidium. Cyst. i) a = 3 = a os ic} BS ed mS Host oo o-S : J wu Size we aS Size in 3 ag Aeiclee- = ape. | Color. ing.| 38 : Nucle 3 aS int! Shap Color n g Ss (as A oO ro cond ie) a s as S S of 2 4 se] [= im Petia) Co) n & ° eo joe 3 2 ry rd & |e S 5 5 5 n |no 5 e) = >) q A 2 re 2 n S ia S RD a oy Ay AY > yh ben Seolsesaee Isobar SodSqcccsseleosons Bea ss aaa SHesEoos beaosene saocce cd Tortrix viridana. .-. av alilifeg eestrts [merce (inc aresecteee ne oe ce meses (See Sede eat ep I a AE AE Lo Se . SOM Small | MOC Sacre cece eres leeeeGoedaeee [eee tivacins| oouee sce bese sa Onus tricirratus .--. | | Onus maculatus ... PIONGH Meee elle seine =| cebes|emeecatee | sence alos lleseeeecs INOMG! sock ersete eee ciate | oa csishiners atts omen eet 100 | ad xX |2kinds,|Numer-| xX ial incon=| INONG) =.-2 ses seenee eae | Lucius lucius-....... max. obtuse ous. stant as 300 by jand fili- regards 136. form. pres- ence, position and umber! LOW Small==x) \Wwobed; |=---2---)-2---- Se eulbesstec dleeeasecolssobeoesacrosoue Onus tricirratus - --. some- Syngnathus equo- times reus. bristly. Biennius pholis ---. Callionymus lyra --.|” Siphostoma acus.... ODT Boers ae ee miae Sessa sical sare Sac ore eso Ree ese state ae semtoiste cea eisteinverele ell epetetateicteys Raja batis ...--...-- THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 165 Tahular key—Concluded. Seat. ar ace Remarks. Genus. Species. 3 A mn o i) aD Isa ky GERAihy scone os kisodsodandacdtos |eessesigecsecascocsce Cystodiscus?? ..| diploxys--...---- 98 - ge doerigosepscecSscenr SEE peRCon Seana bonccece-Sipsoneeor as itis aun yom necoassacassons-) ea (GAMING WG RES Se Reg poe aCe Sn OcOsdgoS5 | PSone cose Se Eanocce meni) Bas secoscce balbianii-....:.. 99 Gall bladder. TexcrevoryiGrach (SCO) |seosncccseissae a= | selec mma = atte My xidium' = oo g5--.-2 ssoseceeeees 1B:< p. 107). Urinary bladder ....|.-.....- AndacSao ssedkodotond Soko asbclhicee doveasssesenns lieberkiihnii....| 100 Gall bladder..-...... Beateen Besinaneien! |sisicticn eam neblelem arial) 555 COR Pe cee tace incurvatum..... 101 Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. Gall bladder. IEA GIGS oan boas=deeboodadoeecaad ScGsasSasbabM basso lecee GIN i coangaeass sp. incert....... 102 166 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, NON-MYXOSPORIDIAN. 1. Psorospermia scizenz-umbree Robin, 1853.1 Pl. 1, figs. 14. Hist. Nat. des Végét. Parasites, pp. 314-321, pl. 14, figs. 14, 15; pl. 15. Robin defined the species as follows: Cellule ovoidex vel raro sphericw aut ovoideo-elongatie; coriacee, intus granu- lose, achromatice, luteo-succinee vel luteo-fusce. Long., mm. 0-027; lat., mm. 0°018; spherice, mm. 0:017. In stratis (colonize) indefinitis, vel cylindricis, fila- mentosis, circulatim flexuosis, continuis coherentes, raro isolate. Hab. Infra membranam mucosam cavi branchialis insitam in septo abdomino-bran- chio sciene-umbre. The species consists of three varieties. The description is Robin’s condensed and rearranged. VARIETY 1.—(Robin’s plate 15, figs. 2a, b; 4a, b; 6.) Microscopic.cCells ovoid (27 by 18 «) or spherical (diameter 17 1), a little flattened on one side, having an amber-yellow tint with a white shining reflex, strongly refringent, resembling fat drops; ovoid cells a little flattened with clearly defined borders and double contoured walls (1 » thick) rupturable by pressure, cell-contents then escaping. Con- tents clear, yellow, homogeneous, strongly refracting, liquid, in which float 5 to 8 or more, strongly refringent granules, 1in diameter. Cells not altered by acetic acid or ammonia. Macroscopie.—Cells cohering into grayish yellow, flexuous cylinders (colonies) 0-5 mm. in diameter (plate 15, fig. 1); length sometimes 1 m. or more. Cylinders convoluted, circular, endless, usually united in pairs by a double or triple delicate transparent connective tissue sheath (fig. 2e, f, g), the whole forming a delicate string rolled upon itself, in every direction (pl. 1, fig. la ef this paper) into a flattened spherical, lobulated or nonlobulated mass, whose size varies from that of a nutlet to that of a fist. VARIETY 2.—(Robin’s plate 15, figs. 2c, d; 4c, d.) Microscopic.—Cells ovoid, white, colorless, transparent, with a shining reflex, with more numerous and larger granulations than the other varieties. Macroscopic.—Cells united into opaque, milk-white, filamentous, con- tinuous, endless cylinders, either by simple cohesion or by amorphous matter, which latter forms around each cylinder a (hardly perceptible) thin enveloping membrane (plate 14, figs. 2c, d; 4c, d). These fila- ments are only visible under a lens, being only -}; to 4 as thick as the cylinders of the first variety. 1This species was first described as a constituent part of the body of the host by Robin, in his paper “‘Anatomie d’un organe découvert sur Vombre (Sciwna umbra) read to the Société philomatique Nov. 28, 1846 (Procés verb. d. la Soc. philomat. Paris, 1846, p. 140; also Journ. I’Institut No. 683, Feb. 3, 1847, Paris, Xv, p. 41). Not seen; Jide Robin, 1853, p. 314. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 167 Vaninety 3.—(Robin’s plate 15, figs. 3; 5a, b; 8.) Microscopic.—Cells regularly or irregularly ovoid, a little smaller than those of the first variety, brownish yellow, presenting a peculiarity found in no animal cell, viz, a round opercle.! Cells unaffected by acetic and nitric acids, and by ammonia. Macroscopie.—Oolonies of variety 3, consisting of small lenticular, or irregular brown or white masses scattered here and there at the base of or below the lobes, and especially over the submucous surface of the parasitic convoluted-string mass. (1) Brownish masses.—2 to 4 mm. thick, composed of masses or colonies of irregular, cupped, operculate cells, the whole enveloped by a layer of cellular tissue containing very fine capillaries. Masses some- times sufficiently numerous to color quite an area of the mucosa black- ish brown. Further, when the convoiuted-string mass is absent, brown bodies may occur in the same situation. These bodies are ordinarily accompanied by small pea-sized,whitish corpuscles, composed of round granules measuring about 0:20 mm., formed of strongly united fibers of cellular tissue wound around a small transparent, apparently calcareous, body. It contains in the center 1 to 8 or 12 cells, furnished with an opercle similar to that above described. (2) Whitish masses.—Composed of grains formed of 2, 3, 4, or 12 (rarely 1) cells, surrounded by a thick cellular tissue layer, the fibers of which are strongly united by amorphous finely granular matter, the whole forming rather hard, white, spherical or ovoid grains, $ to 4 mm. in size, often clearer in the center. Caleareous granules forming an oval or circular mass (fig. 5) with sharply defined borders (the latter sometimes split); granules forming whitish, more or less flattened, friable, irregularly lobulated, pea-sized miliary masses. Granular mass destitute of vascularity, the vessels being confined to the tissue sheath. Some masses are hard, yellowish white, of variable form, composed of operculate cells, caleareous granules, and a great number of very large, quadrilateral or rhomboidal, tabular erystals, the latter often piled up, insoluble in acetic acid,in which only the calcareous granules disengage some bulle of gas. Calcareous granules also occur without crystals, being in this case whiter and less yellowish. The convoluted string (cordon envoulé),—As described above, the cells of varieties 1 and 2 form continuous (endless) cylindrical filaments, those of variety 1 forming yellow filaments, those of variety 2 forming white filaments. The convoluted string is usually” formed of 6 of these 1 Robin gives the size of the opercle as 0°06 mm., but as he says the cells are smaller than those of the first variety (whose length is 0-027 mm.) this must be an error, pos- sibly for 0°006 nim. 2Sometimes, however, only 2 filaments (instead of 6) are present, viz, 1 large yellow filament (instead of 2), and 1 (not 4) thin white filament. Also (very rarely) the convoluted string contains only 1 (instead of 6) white filament (variety 2) and 2 or 3 successive enveloping sheaths. 168 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. filaments (arranged in two series, a and 6 below) together with a con- nective tissue sheath (¢ below). (a) First series, composed of one yellow filament (variety 1) and two white filaments (variety 2), the latter applied one along each side of the yeliow filament. One of the white cylinders is always flexuous, the other always straight and without undulations. (b) Second series, consisting, like the first, of a yellow filament (vari- ety 1) accompanied by two semitransparent, hyaline, whitish filaments, which resemble the previously described filaments in being continuous and endless, but which appear not to be composed of cells. They consist only of a thin wall filled with a semiliquid, finely granular substance. One of these whitish filaments is flexuous and undulating; the other, instead of being straight throughout its whole length, undulates a little from place to place. (c) Sheaths formed of connective tissue of the host, penetrated by delicate capillaries. Parasitic mass (as a whole).—Showing through the thin covering of transparent mucous membrane of branchial cavity as a grayish or whitish mass of convoluted strings (varieties 1 and 2), strewn with small brown masses (variety 3) of the size of a pea. Size of parasitic mass varying from that of a millet seed to that of a large goose egg. Some- times voluminous on one side and small on the other; sometimes com- posed of two or three separate lobes. Form inconstant, generally con- sisting of round or elongatedlobes. Arteries and veins few, extremely delicate; derived from vessels of neighboring muscles, which, with the loose submucous tissue, form the only bond between the mass and the tissues of the host. Injection with mercury (of the connective tissue sheath, described above under variety 1) demonstrates that the mass consists of closed lobules. When filled with mereury, no escape of the metal occurs unless greater pressure produces rupture. When very sinall, the mass may be unrolled and shown to consist of a convoluted string. Habitat, ete—Submucous connective tissue of branchio-abdominal septum (between scapular and last branchial arch) of Sciana umbra. Among 9 fish (male and female) examined in September, it was absent in 4. The size of the 5 hosts varied from 1:30 m. to 1:70 m. Sometimes, but rarely, variety 3 exists alone, the usual condition, however, being that varieties 1 and 2 are present together and are accompanied by small colonies of variety 3. Nature.—Robin regards it as referable to the Diatoms. Lieberkiihn! says that: The psorosperms of some marine fishes recently described by Robin behave in every respect like Trematode eggs. Whatever other view be taken of its affinities, this species is cer- tainly not myxosporidian. As remarked above (p. 72), the generic name must follow the type species. 1 Miiller’s Archiv., 1854, pp. 10-11. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 169 2. Lithocystis schneideri Giard, 1876. Pl. 2, figs. 1, 2. Sur une nouvelle espéce de psorospermie (Lithocystis schneideri) parasite de V Echinocardium cordatum; Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1876, LXxxu, pp. 1208-1210; transl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 1876, xviu, pp. 192-194; also see Biitschli, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1, pp. 590, 602; figured in Schneider’s Tablettes Zoologiques (fide Pfeiffer, Die Protozoen als Krank- heitserreger, p. 49); ib. Perrier, 1893, Traité de Zool., p. 459. Cyst unknown. Plasmodium.—Forming shining black (pigmented) irregular masses. Size varying from that of a point to 10 mm. by 4 or 5 mm., aspect and consistence similar to that of the myxomycete plasmodia; surface of mass showing hyaline cysts with a structureless membrane, 2 mm. or less in diameter, containing one or more, rarely several, white points (crystal masses) and spores, the latter arranged in an irregular sphere. Spores situated at the extremities of filaments, which radiate from a central point, at which is a nucleus of a yellowish substance. Each spore is sustained by 2 filaments tangential to the extremities of its shorter axis. Wherever possible (principally in the larger cysts), the spores become, at maturity, so rearranged as to form a number of little groups; spores cohering by their previous peripherally-placed portions.! At the same time the two filaments become applied to each other so as to form a single tail-like filament 5 or 4 times the length of the spore. The little groups then resemble colonies of Flagellata, but the tail-like filament remains motionless. The coherence of the spores is due to a secretion produced at the adhering ends of the spores. Crystals insoluble in acetic acid, soluble in nitric acid, broken up at maturity of cyst, forming a sort of network, which seems to funetion somewhat similarly to the capillitinm of the Myxomycetes in the dissemi- nation of the spores. Pigment of plasmodium believed to be derived from host. The amceb present in the fluid of the body cavity of the host are regarded as originating from the falciform corpuscles, which are seen to slowly lose their form, and Giard believes them to produce by their union and growth the plasmodia. Spores.—Fusiform, length 6 to 10 jy, breadth 1 to 2 4. Some eysts (apparently the smaller) produce microspores, others megaspores, both of which classes differ from the ordinary variety of spore mainly in being more inflated towards the middle. Spore with 2 filaments (subse- quently becoming 1, as above described) tangential to the shorter axis. Contents of spores merely a granular protoplasm, or from 3 to 6 falei- form corpuscles in course of formation, arranged around a central resi- dual mass, which latter is finally reduced to 2 or 3 strongly refringent granules, and may disappear at maturity. Effects.—The parasite causes the formation of small nodosities on the inner surface of the test, which may enable us to recognize ihe presence of this parasite in fossil Hchinodermata. ‘TI. e., the portion corresponding to the ‘‘ anterior pole” of a myxosporidian spore, 170 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Habitat.—Body cavity of Hehinocardium cordatum (sea-urchin), par- ticularly against the test between the mouth and subanal plastron, and especially toward the conical point which terminates the plastron inferiorly; also frequently on the inner side of the actinal curvature of the intestine. Nature.—Giard says: I have found nothing resembling the Gregarines, and the whole of the facts observed lead me to approximate the parasite not to the lower animals, but to the lower plants (Myxomycetes and Chytridinew); on the other hand, the spores being identical with those described as arising in the cysts of the Gregarines, one may ask whether the relation of the Psorospermie to the Gregarines is not a relation of para- sitism rather than of genetic bonds. Prof. Biitschli, the only other author who has (as far as I know) commented upon this form, says:! It may indeed be possible that an organism as yet unfortunately only briefly de- seribed by Giard, his so-called Lithocystis schneideri, occupies a sort of middle ground between Gregarines and Myxosporidia, since it combines the plasmodioid nature with the production of spores similar to the Myxosporidia, together with the development of sickle-shaped germs in these spores. Unfortunately, however, as said, Lithocystis has not yet been fully described, so that the decision is at present somewhat difficult. Prof. Lankester? places Lithocystis among the genera of the Mzyxo- sporidia. Pteifier® says that this species forms ‘a transition to a still unknown side.” Remarks.—First as to Giard’s opinion, which is entitled to especial weight as being derived directly from a study of the form itself, while Biitschli’s is here to a certain extent an opinion of an opinion. In Giard’s article I fail to find the slightest indication of a desire to approxi- mate Lithocystis to the Myxosporidia. True he calls it a ‘ psorosperm,” but he uses this term in a very vague sense, its scope appearing to be at least equivalent to that of the term Sporozoa. Further he states that: The whole of the facts observed lead me to approximate the parasite not to the lower animals but to the lower plants (Myxomycetes and Chyiridinea). Then he argues that since the spores of Lithocystis are identical with the spore-like contents of the gregarine cysts, perhaps the latter (which he also denominates “ psorosperms”) are not gregarine spores, but gregarine parasites. Prof. Biitschli, however, says that while its spores agree with those of the Gregarines in containing falciform germs, Lithocystis possesses in common with the Myxosporidia, a plasmodioid nature and the pro- duction of similar spores. 1s wire sogar moglich, dass ein bis jetzt leider nur fliichtig von Giard beschrieb- ner Organismus, seine sogenannte Lithocystis schneideri, eine Art Mittelstufe zwischen Gregariniden und Myxosporidien einnimmt, da er das plasmodienartige Wesen mit Erzeugung dhnlicher Sporen wie die Myxosporidien, sowie der Hervorbildung sichelformiger Keime in diesen Sporen vereinigt. Leider ist jedoch, wie gesagt, die Lithocystis noch nicht eingehend beschrieben so dass ihre Beurtheilung bis jetzt etwas schwer fillt (Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1882, 1, p. 602). 2Encycl. Britan., 1885, 9 ed., x1x, p. 855. 3 Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1890, 1 ed., p. 49. , ‘THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 171 However much (or little) this may prove as to the stability of body- form in the Gregarines, I can not see that it proves anything as regards the Myxosporidia. Further, I can not see any resemblance between the spores of Lithocystis, which contains falciform germs and no capsules, and the capsulate myxosporidian spores. Perrier includes it among the Myxosporidia. Finally, the following excellent paper (seen and incorporated at the last moment) seems to settle the question beyond doubt, and serves to remove almost the last “ transition” form from the taxonomic doubtful list: L. Cuénot: Commensaux et parasites des Echinodermes; Rey. Biolog. Nord France, Lille, v, Oct. 1, 1892; Lithocystis schneidert Giard, pp. 4-6, plate 1, figs. 1, 2. The following is an abstract: L. schneideri is a perfectly typical monocystid Gregarine; the gregarine stage probably occurs in the digestive tube, being rarely encountered in the body cavity, the Gregarine probably encysting soon after traversing the intestinal walls. In fact, eysts are encountered upon, but not attached to, the intestinal wall. In the body cavity the Gregarine was always found (whether accidentally or otherwise) in the midst of a mass of cysts. Gregarine ovoid, about 65 4 long, protoplasm very vacuo- late, inclosing a rather large number of clinorhombie crystals, which also occur in the cysts; a voluminous nucleus, with large nucleoli, is present. Masses of the spherical cysts, well described by Giard, occur of all dimensions (ad max. 1to 2mm.) in different regions of the body, especially on the intestine and on the oral surface. They inclose a considerable number of spores and a voluminous rest of segmentation riddled with the same crystals that occur in the Gregarine. Spores of variable dimensions (megaspores 24 44, microspores 12 sz), ovoid, distal end neatly truncate, proximal end rounded; spores limited by a unique refringent integument (endospore) situated at the extremities of small, very delicately walled tubes, which latter form a sort of more or less undulating epispore. Spores arranged, at least in the large cysts, in a number of small, radial groups, formed by the convergence of the tubes to a common center. Contents of young spores granular; of mature spores 8 falciform corpuscles (4 at each end), and a central rest of segmentation. The falciform corpuscles are probably expelled on the death of the host, and other Echinocardiums naturally become infected by swallowing the sand containing them. Pigment identical with the products of dissimilation spread through the tissues of the host; if specially condensed around the cysts, it is as a result of the [increased tissue] expenditure necessitated by their considerable growth. The presence of small nodosities on the test could not be determined. The cysts, united into more or Jess voluminous masses, are surrounded by a con- siderable mass of black pigment and of amaboid cells, the latter very evidently Echinocardium amcebocytes accumulated around the foreign bodies. The latent life of the cysts is probably not very long, as there are frequently seen, apparently in process of degeneration, small ones inclosing only empty spores absolutely devoid of nuclei. As in all the other Monoecystids studied, the Lithocystis spore has dissimilar poles, the one truncate, the other rounded and furnished with a long tube. The structure of the cysts is appreciably different from all other known Monocystids, ; { 172 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND IISHERIES. 3. Genus et sp.incert. PI. 2, fig. 3. : 4 Parasite of Gadus callarias, Miiller & Retzius, 1842, Ueber parasitische Bild- ungen; 1. Ueber eine eigenthiimliche Krankheit der Schwimmblase beim Dorsch, Gadus callarias, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 193-8, pl. 8, fig. 1; ib., Rayer, 1843, Rayer’s Archiv. de Méd. comp., I, pp. 284, 287-9, pl. 9, fig. 14; ib., Ley- dig, 1851, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 22, mention only; psorosperms of G. callarias, Robin, 1853, Hist. Nat. Végét. Parasites, pp. 291, 309, pl. 14, fig. 1; ? psoro- sperm of bladder of codfish, St. George, 1879, Ueber die Feinde der Fische, Cire. 3, Deutsch. Fisch-Verein, p. 178, and Rep. U.S. Fish Com. for 1878 (1880), vi, p.510; Myxosporidian? Coccidian? Biitschli, 1882, Bronn’s Thier- Reich, 1, p. 591, footnote; psorosperm of Gadus merluccius (error)! Bal- biani, 1883, Journ. de Microgr., VII, pp. 145, 280; ib. (error),'! Balbiani, 1884, Lécons sur les Sporozoaires, p. 122; ? psorosperms of ced, v. d. Borne, 1886, Handb. d. Fischzucht u. Fischerei, p. 211.? Adult unknown. Cyst— Unknown. Pathologic formation consisting of a whitish-yel- low, pasty mass drawing out into threads of a greasy, dirty character, mostly diffluent (evidently less advanced), witha firmer portion surround- ing the softer, in quantity about 6 fluid ounces, odorless even after several days exposure to the air; microscopic examination showing it to consist of the below-described corpuscles with a small amount of granular matter, the whole imbedded in and held together by a mucoid sub- stance. Spore.—Best described by comparison to a ribless ventricose Navi- cula or to Agardh’s Irustula caffeaformis, elliptic, length pretty uni- formly 14 to 17 4, consisting of two valves, the substance of which is shown by complete decomposition upon ignition to be nonsiliceous; their carbon incinerates-with difficulty; each valve of an elliptic outline with a convex outer and a concave inner surface, usually in contact with its fellow of the opposite side by the inwardly convex middle portion of its border, the borders of the valves diverging towards their ends; sometimes obliquely set so as to be in contact by one end only, sometimes in contact for their whole length, thus forming a lenticular corpuscle, along the median line of which the junction can be plainly traced; middle of valves cemented together by a mass occupying part of the body cavity; mass showing more or less plainly a number of large and small granules, and apparently destitute of a surrounding membrane. Development.—By far the largest number of the corpuscles are desti- tute of a surrounding membrane; some were, however, observed heaped 1 Prof. Balbianimisquotes the name of the host as ‘‘ the merluche, Gadus merluccius.” The context (he refers to the diseased air bladder) renders it evident that this is an error for G. callarias, and not (as might be expected) for G. merlangus. Inferentially from his language he regards the form as myxosporidian. Perugia (Boll. Scientif., Pavia, 1890, xu, p. 134) has followed Balbiani’s misquotation. 2¢¢ With the cod [Gadus morrhua] and mackerel [Scomber scombrus] the develop- ment of large psorosperm-lumps with great emaciation and later ulceration is very well known, and not rarely there occurs in freshwater fishes, from the same cause, a great mortality.” THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 173 3 or 4 together into irregular clumps. Many such clumps had no sur- rounding membrane, but some showed such a membrane containing several corpuscles. The features of the latter bodies were plainly dis- cernible through the enveloping membrane. The corpuscles at this stage are unsplit, the valves being united for their whole length, form- ing a lenticular corpuscle. Further, similar cysts were seen which showed no developed corpuscles, but only large granules. Finally, a number of separated valves may be seen. From these facts Miiller concludes that the corpuscles in question develop several in a cyst, are set free unsplit, subsequently the valves separate, at first partially, at last probably entirely, and then perhaps the cycle is repeated. Habitat.—Air bladder of Gadus morrhua (= eallarias), cod. Vature.—Robin includes it among the ‘‘ psorosperms.” Dr. L. Wittmack ! refers to this as a “‘ psorosperm.” Concerning this form Prof. Biitschli? says: It appears to me quite questionable whether these psorospermiform corpuscles of the air bladder of Gadus callarias ave to be referred to the Myxosporidia proper or to the Coccidia. Their structure appears to approximate itself rather to the latter; especially in the absence of the polar capsules so characteristic of the Myxosporidia. I can see no myxosporidian structure in it, and have, therefore, omitted it from the subelass. Effects —Mucous membrane of the air bladder red and swollen, infil- trated by the parasitic mass. Tail unusually thin and shrunken, the soft parts being markedly atrophied, the muscular tissue having dis- appeared. Further observation must determine the constancy and causality of relation between the two conditions. Such atrophy is apparently not rare in Gadus, as the fishermen at Bohusliin knew the disease and informed Miiller that it rendered the fish unfit for food. Miiller says that the difference between this form and the psoro- sperms of fresh-water fishes is as great as that between different genera of animals. Atrophy of tail of Merlangus merlangus.3 The following observation probably can not be better placed than as an appendix to the similar disease of @. morrhua just described. Among the Mediterranean fishes collected by Mr. Peters, Miiller and Retzius noted a Gadus merlangus affected with complete atrophy of the tail muscles, the tail being composed of nothing but skin and bone—not the slightest trace of muscular tissue remaining. The junction of the nor- mal and atrophied tissue was abrupt and was situated at the root of the tail. Unfortunately, the air bladder had not been preserved. 1 Beitriige zur Fischerei-Statistik d. deutsch. Reichs, 1875, p. 191, footnote. 2 Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1882, 1, p. 591, footnote. * Miller and Retzius, 1842, Miiller’s Archiy., p. 198; see also p. 172. 174 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. + 4. Genus et sp.incert. Pl. 4, fig. 1. Entozoan of Salmo fario, Vaientin, Ueber em Entozoon im Blute von Salme fario, Miiller’s Archiv., 1841, pp. 485, 456, pl. 15, fig. 16; ib. Leydig, 1851, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 11,12; cf. Davaine, Traité des Entozoaires, Paris, 1860, p. III. Ameboid stage—In blood obtained by puncture of the abdominal aorta of Salmo fario (brown trout) Valentin found, besides the blood corpuscles, some dark globules similar to round pigment cells. They have a quick, tremulous motion, also a definitely locomotive one. Observed for some time, a clear “tail” comes into view, which later elongates; there thus becomes revealed an elongate animal with a rapid motion, mostly of rotation, effected by 1 to 3 variable processes of one side of the body. Anterior and posterior parts clear; middle portion containing numerous dark corpuscles, perhaps pigment particles which it had eaten. When rolled up into a bail it often had the appearance as though each club-shaped process of the body contained one of the globules (pl. 4, fig. le). No finer structure could be detected. Size 7:5 to 12-5 uw. Sometimes a round opening appeared to be present at the anterior end. The posterior end is somewhat striate. The variable processes always appear in the drawing as they would be seen in the microscope on the right side. Perhaps the club-shaped peduncles are to be reckoned as such. In drawn blood they remain living from 6 to 8 hours. Nature.—These bodies are, Valentin says, probably referable to Pro- teus or to Ameba, of which they certainly form a new species, different from all of Ehrenberg’s. Doubting at first whether these organisms really belonged to the blood, Vasentin investigated the whole fish. He failed to find, either on the peritoneum, or in the kidneys, intestines, air bladder, brain, etc., any trace of these infusorial Entozoa. Only in the fourth ventricle (the favorite seat of the microscopic intestinal worms) did he find a single specimen. On the contrary, they were so numerous in the blood that often a single droplet contained 10 or more. The blood itself presented nothing worthy ofnote. The fishes examined showed numerous examples of Ascaris obtuso-caudata Zedér. No other intestinal worms were found. Leuckart! says: Still less is the gregarine nature of the entozoan found by Valentin in the blood of the trout to be mistaken. Lieberkiihn regarded it as an ameeba. It could not, he says, be a Gregarine, as it lacks a nucleus.” Although this form has been referred to the Myxosporidia by Leydig, the evidence to sustain such reference is wanting, and at present its myxosporidian affinities can not be regarded as proven. 1 Archiv. f. physiol. Heilkde, 1852, x1, p. 481. 2Muller’s Archiv., 1854, pp. 11,12. For Lieberkiihn’s subsequent change of view as to the necessity of the presence of a nucleus in the Gregarines, see pp. 95, 96. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. jar (a 5. Balbiania rileyi Stiles, 1893. Pl. 3, figs. 1-5. (Psorosperms of mallard duck, Leidy, 1875, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., xxv, p. 125). Balbiania rileyi, Bull. 3, Bur. An. Ind., Dept. Agric., pp. 80-84, pl. 2, figs. 1-5. Dr. Leidy’s description may be summarized as follows: Cyst, oval, white, 2 to 4mm. long, 0‘7 mm, thick. Contents, myriads of fusiform corpuscles. Spores fusiform corpuscles resembling minute navicelle; length 17y; habitat, encysted in interstices of muscles of the mallard duck (Anas boschas L.). Nature.—Leidy says that— Similar bodies were first discovered by the late Prof. Miiller and described by him under the name of psorosperms. They have been repeatedly observed since by Retzius, Robin, and others, in the muscles and other parts of fishes, and they are usually regarded as vegetable parasites. Though the mallard is not a fish-eater, the bird may have become infected by eating infected fish. From this extract it might not unnaturally be supposed that in this instance “ psorosperm” referred to a myxosporidian. Recently Dr. C. W. Stiles has reéxamined the subject. He studied material from two hosts and five localities, including one lot labeled: Oval, smooth bodies, no limbs. In muscles of Mallard. Anas boschas. Dr. E. Coues. Ex. Jan. 29, 1890. The following is the diagnosis: Parasite 1 to 6 mm. long by 0-48 mm. broad; rather fusiform, ends not sharply pointed. Cuticle not striated, about 2, thick. Central core not coloring and not containing falciform bodies. Peripheral zone as broad as central core (0-16 mm. to 0-16 mm.) or even broader, coloring in various liquids (acid carmine; methyl blue), containing numerous falciform bodies. Form of meshes irregular but elongated radially. Falciform bodies 12 to 14 long, more pointed at one extremity than at the other; containing a very distinct nucleus (2/.) which stains clearly in acid carmine or methyl! blue, and which contains several chromato- phile granules; vacuole quite indistinct. Habitat.—Intermuscular connective tissue of ducks, the shoveler or shovelbill duek or spoonbill duck (Spatula elypeata), and the mallard or tame duck (Anas boschas). Development unknown. North America. (%) Philadelphia, Pa. (Coues; Leidy); St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); Clear Lake, Cal. (Brett); Minnesota (Liiger); Quebec (Bélanger). Type material deposited in the U.S. National Museum, in the Bureau of Animal Industry, and in collection of Stiles, Washington, D. C. Specimens are also to be found in the Army Medical Museum, Wash- ington, D. C., and in collection of Leidy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. In conclusion, although “measly duck” is not very appetizing in appearance, there are no grounds for believing that it is dangerous to man, F 176 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 6. Genus et sp.incert. Pl. 4, figs. 2-8; pl. 5, figs. 1-11. Pilzsporen of Cyclops, Ciaus, 1863, Die freilebenden Copepoden, Leipzig, p, 87; Mysxosporidia? of Cyclops, of Diapt. cwruleus and of Diapt. richardi, Schmeil, Beitriige z. Kenntn. d. freilebenden Copepoden Deutschlands, Ztschr. f. Naturwiss. Halle, 1891, Lxrv, pp. 19-21; Entoparasitische Schliuche der Cyclopiden Schewiakoff, Ueber einige ekto-, and ento- parasitische Protozoén der Cyclopiden, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1893, pp. 2, 15-26, pl. 1, figs. 17-34. Claus says: The bodies formerly! designated by me ‘‘spores of fungi,” with which I have many times found the body-cavity of Cyclops entirely filled, I have unfortunately not been able to observe again in later times. From the earlier period, sufficient notes on these bodies unfortunately are lacking, so that I am compelled to leave undeter- mined their nature and their relation to Parhistophyton ovatum, so fullof significance ~ through the disease of the silk-worm. To his quotation of part of the above Schmeil (p. 21, footnote 1) adds: “The organisms observed by me are, however, certainly not spores of fungi” [italics his own]. Schmeil further says (abstract): I have observed another parasite in nearly all the Cyclops of the Halle [Page 19] region, further in the specimens seen of Diapt. cwruleus Fisch. and D. richardi Schmeil. As this parasite is relatively very frequent—though absolutely (stdndig) [Page 20] rare—one soon learns to tell the affected animals with the naked eye by ¥ their striking gray color. Their movements are unaffected. Microscopic examination shows individual parts of the body strikingly dark (in Cyclopids and D. richardi Schm., black; D. ceruleus Fisch., dark brown); often the whole thorax, the abdomen, and even the tail, the first antenne, and natatory feet are either entirely or partly filled by this dark mass. On closer examination this dark color is seen to be due to an innumerable host of small fusiform or crescentic corpuscles, whose form (plainly perceived by pressure-rupture of the copepod shell) places them as psorosperm-like bodies. From Schmeil’s description and drawings, Biitschli considered them Myxrosporidia. Size very variable; besides very small corpuscles, one meets with larger ones 3 or 4 times the smallest, but the sizes of all those occurring in the same individual are always nearly equal. These corpuscles appear to possess a firm membrane, immediately within which a clear zone is situated. No differentiation of contents could be observed. Water and glycerin do not alter the form. Origin of these corpuscles unknown; repeated attempts to infect [Page 21] healthy animals failed. Multiplication by division seems proven by the occurrence of two or several corpuscles lying close together, often in con- tact lengthwise; often, however, with their blunt poles surrounded by a common membrane. Therefore,in case the explanation generally given is correct, a double division in the transverse and longitudinal axes appears to take place. On account of the lack of infected animals it is exceedingly difficult to reach safe conclusions concerning these conditions. Such was the state of the subject when Schewiakoff began his investi- gations. The following are his results: This condition has been observed at all seasons, first on Cyclops strenuus Fisch. taken from under the ice of a pool (clay ditch near Schlettau). ‘Place not stated; or whether published. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. rat Tubes rather frequent in very many fresh-water copepods, the affected [Page 15] individuals being distinguishable at first glance from the healthy by their opacity, the places where the parasites lie appearing dark. If in great number, the Cyclops appear completely opaque, and, indeed, according to [Page 16] Schmeil (loc. cit., p. 20), may appear dark brown to black. Discoloration caused by larger or smaller tubes filled with pyriform, spore-like cor- puscles; tubes occurring in body-cavity, and various other places, as the thorax, abdomen, tail, natatory feet, and first antennie; sometimes in so great numbers that no part of the body is free from them. Spores in some places not in tubes but free in body-cavity, then always found directly on the muscles. These parasites were probably those which Claus observed in copepods and regarded as spores of fungi; also extremely probably those noted by other obsery- ers, in various crustacea, e. g., Henneguy in Palemon rectirostris and P. serratus, Henreysuy and Thélohan in Crangon vulgaris and Astacus fluviatilis, and Garbini in Palemonetes varians. However, it cannot with certainty be asserted that the parasites found in the last-mentioned crustaceans are identical with the Cyclops parasite, as to the short communications no figures! are added, and the authors in question were unable to follow the whole developmental history. Technique.—The affected Cyclops was isolated in a drop of water on the [Page 17] slide and covered with a cover glass provided with wax feet, fixed in posi- tion by careful pressure on the angles of the cover-glass, so that it remains quiet and can be conveniently observed even with a high power (apochr. 4mm.). Between the observations the Cyclops was at first kept in a hanging drop in the moist chamber, but lived only a few (2-3) days, dying partly from starvation, partly from other unfavorable conditions. Consequently the Cyclops was next kept in a watch-glass of water, thus securing necessary food supply. Thus kept, it lived 14 days, allowing the development of the parasites to be followed. Several individuals were kept simultaneously and examined 2 to 4 times a day. Investigation of dead or crushed specimens is not to be recommended, as great bacte- tial development soon disturbs the study. For observation of the finer anatomical features and the developmental stages, the parasites were isolated by crushing the host and observed with very high powers (homog. immers. apochr. 2 mm., oc. 12 and 18). For fixation, picro-sulphuric, and chromo-aceto-osmic acids; for stains, alum carmine, hematoxylin; also methyl violet, safranin, and fuchsin. Examinations were made partly in water, partly in glycerin. 1, Amebiform stage.—Met with in all parts of the body; most easily [Page 18] observed on the first antennae. Form amcboid-variable, globular or elongate; dimensions varying from Tu long by 3u broad, to 20u long by 6u broad, Plasma finely granular, capable of emitting on all sides blunt, lobulate, hyaline pseudopodia, always possessing a nucleus (pl. 4, fig. 2 N) and a small con- tractile vacuole (c. v.). Nucleus globular, showing the familiar vesicular structure, that is, in its interior, a globular, homogeneous, more strongly refringent and more deeply staining nucleolus [Binnenkirper]. Contractile vacuole constantly situated near the border, in the end of the body which during progression is hindermost, pul- sating about once every 30 seconds; no food vacuole perceptible. This amoeba ordinarily creeps about over the epithelial and muscle cells and prob- ably feeds upon the same, as, although not directly observed, many epithelial cells were seen destroyed, and upon them ameebe. After attaining a certain size the amcbaw gradually cease their movements, draw in their pseudopodia, and encyst themselves. The amcbie may fuse to large plasmodes; several such fusions of 2 or 3 amb (pl. 4, fig. 8) were directly observed, Size of plasmodes varying with size and ——— 1The author is partly in error as regards the absence of figures. ‘They will be found in the papers of Henneguy and Garbini, FO 12 ‘178 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. number of constituent amcebe from 18u long by 8u broad to 48u long by 23 broad. In fusing the amebe adhere closely to one another, finally after some time fusing into one mass, which can then undergo further movements. Nuclei (pl. 4, fig. 8 N) of plasmode vesicular, 2 to 3 according to the number of constituent amcebe. Union or fusion of the nuclei not directly observed; regarded, however, as very : probable, as frequently pretty large plasmodes of 22 and 18 (doubtless [Page 19] formed by fusion of 2 or 3 ammebwe) were seen containing only 1 large, vesicular nucleus (pl. 5, fig. 2N). Besides, plasmodes seen to originate by fusion of 3 amcebe and to contain nuclei, showed on the next day only 1 large nucleus. Contractile vacuole not demonstrable with certainty in fusion plasmodes; its presence, however, not regarded as impossible; the plasma, on the contrary, con- tains so many vacuoles as to appear vacuolate or frothy. Motion of plasmodes rather slow. Plasma in the next 24 hours undergoing a change; the frothy, vacuo- late structure changing to a finely granular condition, the vacuoles vanishing. Nucleus, also, no longer visible; probably transformed by division into several globular strongly refringent bodies (pl. 5, fig. 3 N), though this was not directly observed. Motion of plasmode in this stage quite slow, ceasing entirely after some time; encystment following in 1 or 2 days. 2. Encystment.—The encystment of simple small amcebze and the alterations in their body plasma is first described; afterward the process with the fusion plas- modes. With thesmall amcabe encystment begins when they have attained a certain size. They gradually draw in their lobulate pseudopodia and acquire an irregular, more or less oval or pyriform shape. Locomotion still takes place, though very slowly, small ragged pseudopodia being still emitted. After about 1 hour this move- ment also ceases and the amceba revolves slowly, gradually rounding itself off and assuming with a state of rest a nearly globular form, After about 10 hours it has transformed itself into a proper cyst (pl. 4, fig. 3) about 10s in diameter, [Page 20] consisting of a plainly bordered, extremely thin membrane and finely granular contents, in which individual, small, strongly refringent gran- ules, a vesicular nucleus (N), and a contractile vacuole (¢. v.), which now pulsates markedly more slowly, are perceptible. After about 24 hours (pl. 4, fig. 4) the membrane appears markedly thicker, double contoured, and the strongly refringent granules have increased in number. The nucleus no longer appears vesicalar, but homogeneous and rather strongly refringent. Contractile vacuole still always visible, although now pulsating extremely slowly (about once in 5 minutes). , After another 24 hours (pl. 4, fig.5)the protoplasm appears strongly brilliant, the contractile vacuole has vanished, and the nucleus is not perceptible. In their places are observed several round, strongly refringent structures (probably proceeding from division of the nucleus), differentiated from the other cyst-plasma granules already mentioned, by their more considerable size and their affinity for stains. Though the falling to pieces of the nucleus was not directly observed, the granules may with tolerable safety be adinitted to have originated through nuclear division. Schewiakoff thinks that first the nucleus divides, and about 10 hours later the spores (pl. 4, fig. 6) are formed, since around every nucleus a portion of the protoplasm delimits itself from the remainder. Encystment of plasmodes occurs in the same way. Locomotion becomes con- tinually slower until finally it is extinguished. The plasmode then rounds itself off, acquires a somewhat elongate oval form, which, as also the size, varies greatly. It then secretes a thin membrane, which envelops it closely on every side (pl. 5, fig. 4). [Page 21] In 1 to 2 days the membrane becomes markedly thicker, then appearing homogeneous, strongly refringent and double contoured. During the next day spore formation begins. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 179 Plasmode encystment thus differs from that of simple amebz only in the fact that the conditions observed in the ameeba cyst (granular state of the protoplasm, vanishing of the nucleus, or, in other words, its peculiar falling to pieces into indi- vidual small nuclei) wear themselves off with the plasmodes during their motile stage. 3. Spore formation.—Beginning about 3 days after encystment; not originating through successive division of the nucleus and protoplasm, the nucleus falling to pieces into several small, strongly refringent corpuscles (pl. 4, fig. 5 N), around which, later, portions of protoplasm segregate themselves from the remainder. In this way the spores are formed. Thus in a simple amcba cyst, 10 hours after the falling to pieces of the nucleus, 6 spores (pl. 4, fig. 6) were seen, each with a small globular nucleus. Besides these, the cyst still contained plasma in which were seen, along with many small, strongly refringent granules, isolated small, round nucleiform structures (N). About 24 hours later the number of spores had doubled; neverthe- less, there was still present undifferentiated plasma as well as nuclei. After 24 hours more the number of spores had so increased as to entirely fill the cyst; no free protoplasm remained (pl. 4, fig, 7). Spore formation in the plasmode cysts (also accurately followed) takes place in the same way. In plasmode cysts containing numerous small nuclei (very probably originating through successive divisions of the nucleus) are formed small bodies, globular to oval, delimited from the surrounding protoplasm by a delicate membrane (pl. 5, fig. 4), fine-grained, some allowing a small, globular nucleus to [Page 22] show through. After about 6 hours these bodies acquire a somewhat pyri- form shape, the membrane becomes thicker and sharper, the protoplasm more hyaline, the nucleus thus becoming more distinctly visible. This transformation proceeds so that after 24 to 36 hours the bodies are pyriform, sharply contoured, com- pletely hyaline spores (pl. 5, fig. 5), in which a globular nucleus is always plainly visible. Along with this transformation new spores are formed from the surrounding protoplasm, until all the free protoplasm is used up, the cysts transforming them- selves into spore cysts or spore tubes. Number of spores in cyst variable, dependent upon the size of the cyst, whose diameter varies from about 10s (simple amceba cysts) to 30 to 60 (plasmode cysts) ; often also elongate-oval spore tubes are found 70 long and 24y broad. Spores: Length, 3:3 to 44, oval or pyriform (pl. 5, fig. 8), rather strongly refrin- gent, completely hyaline, bounded exteriorly by an extremely thin homogeneous layer, the pellicula. In the broader end of the hody a globular, very strongly refringert, homogeneous nucleus (N), 1°6, is found. The spores thus originating still further increase through a somewhat oblique-running, transverse division, the nucleus dividing karyokinetically (pl. 5, fig. 10a-1).. Division was followed intra vitam, and the study completed in specimens fixed with chromo-aceto-osmic acid and stained with hematoxylin. Nuclear division, requires about $ hour, and pro- ceeds in about the same way as that of the micronucleus of the ciliated Infusoria. The membrane or external border-layer of the nucleus remains quiescent during the whole process, only in the last stages (pl. 5, fig. 10h) appearing some- [Page 23] what indistinct preliminary to reappearing with distinctness in the daughter nuclei. Owing to the small size of the nucleus, karyokinesis could be followed only in the principal steps. The first alteration observed in the nucleus is a marked increase in size; simultaneously it loses its homogeneous character, acquiring a netted, honeycomb-like structure (pl. 5, fig 10a) with tolerably strongly staining granules. This netted form passes into an elongate, striate-fibered structure (b), the nucleus at the same time enlarging and assuming an ellipsoid form whose long gxis coincides with that of the spore. Between the nuclear poles run meridional striz, in which the chromatin granules are imbedded. These latter become concentrated toward the equator, when a so-called nuclear plate (c) forms, which consists of baculiform / 180 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. chromosomes which lie close to the delicate but perceptible threads of the achro- matic spindle. Regarding the spore from the posterior end (d), the chromosomes are seen to be 8, and to lie rather peripherally. After the formation of the nuclear plate, a halving of the chromosomes takes place in the equator (e), the halves reced- ing until they reach the poles of the nucleus (f). Meanwhile the spore has changed from pyriform to ellipsoidal, and the hyaline protoplasm has become by degrees granular. As soon as the chromosomes have reached the poles an annular constriction becomes visible at the equator of the spore as well as of the nucleus (g); between the daughter chromosomes, achromatic spindle fibers are very plainly observed. Soon at the eqnatorial constriction, an annular thickening of the spore membrane forms (h), running obliquely to the longitudinal axis, from above downward. In this stage the membrane (or external border) of the nucleus becomes indistinct and the fibers of the achromatic spindle also do not stand out sosharply. The annular constriction grows gradually inward and subsequently forms the partition wall dividing the 2 spore halves. Meanwhile the familiar after-formation of the chromosomes (7) takes place in the daughter nuclei, the nuclear membrane becomes again more distinct, and the achromatic fibers are scarcely visible. [Page 24] In the next stage (k) a distinct division wall between the 2 spore-halves is observed and the daughter nuclei show a finely reticular appearance, whence result later homogeneous nuclei (J). Division of the daughter spores soon takes place. A somewhat peculiar phenomenon was often observed. Among the many dividing spores some were encountered with their anterior (narrower) ends more or less inti- mately united (pl. 5, fig. Lla-b). Schewiakoff could observe neither the union nor the division of the 2 spores. As, however, they differ essentially from the observed division stages, it may be questioned whether we have not here to do with a conjugation. This conjecture is strengthened by the presence, in the usually homo- geneous nucleus, of structures (pl. 5, fig. lla), which remind one of the nuclei of many conjugating Infusoria. The spores increase considerably in number, the spore cyst becoming ultimately entirely filled by them. After a couple of days the cyst bursts at one place (pl. 5, fig. 6) and the spores are scattered with considerable force around the body cavity. They then mostly lie (pl. 5, fig. 7) in great masses, or in groups of 3-5, on the muscles. As to the further fate of the spores nothing definite is known. After about 2 days they lose their homogeneous appearance and show an indication of a granular condi- tion. Four days later they possess an irregular form (pl. 5, fig. 9) with finely granu- ulated protoplasm and a distinct homogeneous nucleus. Size 8 to4u. No movement or transition into the amcboid stage (which transition is, however, regarded as very possible) could be demonstrated. The manner of infection also remains unexplained. Nature.—Without doubt Schewiakoff says, sporozoan. Schmeil, he says, considered it myxosporidian. (See above; the conjecture was Biitschli’s.) These parasites, especially the spores, have a great similarity to those found by Henneguy and Thélohan in some decapods and by them ranked with the Myxosporidia. Schewiakoff, however, doubts the myxosporidian nature of the Cyclops parasite. Henneguy and Thélohan gave their forms this place on account of their discovery of the filament. They only observed this extrusion a few times under the action of hydrochloric or nitric acid, and it was difficult to evoke. Since Schewiakoff could not discover either filament or capsule, he did not feel justified in referring the Cyclops parasite to the Myxosporidia. He, however, neglected to employ strong acids and alkalies, which is, he says, perhaps the reason of the failure. It appears tolerably certain that the Cyclops parasite is not identical with their Thelohaniaspecies, asthe latter have no ameboid stage, the globular cysts (sporoblasts of H. & Th.) are of constant size (14), and have always 8 spores with a different structure, THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 181 The presence of a contractile vacuole in the adult, the peculiarities in the process of spore formation, the falling to pieces of the nucleus, the apparent absence of pansporoblasts, the occurrence of reproduction only at and as the end of the life cycle, and the further multiplication by the division of fully formed spores, all absolutely contraindicate any myxosporidian affinities. IFurther, the constant presence of pigment! corroborates this conclusion, which is still further enforced by negative evidence from the structure of the spore, the most prominent feature ot which is, of course, the absence of the capsule. Indeed it seems safe to go further and say that no organism with a contractile vacuole can, in the present state of our knowledge, be regarded as sporozoan (ef. Lan- kester, Encycl. Britan., 1885, 9 ed., x1x, p. 854). PROBABLY MYXOSPORIDIA. (Imperfectly described.) 7. Genus et sp. incert. Amcebiform corpuscles of gills of Cyprinus brama, Lieberkiihn, 1854, Miiller’s Archiv., pp.6, 7; ? ib. of heart-blood of same fish,’ p. 14; ef. also Miiller, Miiller’s Archiv., 1841, pp. 491-2. Cyst.—Membrane so transparent that all details could be as well seen before as after expression of its contents. Contents “‘psorosperms” and amcebiform corpuscles, or amcebiform corpuscles only. Myxosporidium.—Numerous, partly granular, partly granule-free, the latter usually smaller than the former, alterations of appearance very manifold, processes rather sharp than blunt, size not equal to that of a blood corpuscle of the fish; granules extremely small, held together by a mucoid substance. Spore.—Unknown. Habitat—Eneysted in the gills of Abramis brama UL. (bream) in November. Remarks.—Its habitat suggests that this species is probably a Myxo- bolus. 8. Genus et sp. incert. Sarcode masses of Perca fluviatilis, Lieberkiihn, 1854, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 353. Cyst.—Apparently no true cyst (see mention below of membrane). Myxosporidium.—Consisting of granular protoplasm presenting a great similarity to that of Chloromyxum mucronatum, very variable in appearance, oval, lenticular or dendroidly branched. Size 27 to 440 yu (x5 to $/"); Some specimens surrounded by a structureless membrane, others not; sometimes the whole substance is seen to have fallen apart ' While it is, of course, not contended that this alone would suffice to prove aspecies nonmyxosporidian, pigmentation, such as exists in the Cyclops cyst, would raise a strong presumption against its myxosporidian nature. * Those [amobiform corpuscles] of the heart blood of Cyprinus brama completely parallel in their form the above-described amcebiform masses found on the gills of the fish, and are differentiated among themselves in the same way as the gill forms [i.e., they are either granular or granule-free], Their movements are, on account of their small size, difficult to observe. 182 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. into globules (pansporoblasts) every one of which contains 2 spores or perhaps only faint indications of such. Spore.—Not described. Habitat.—On branchiex of Perca flwiatilis L. (yellow perch). 9. Genus et sp. incert. PI. 6, fig. 1. Myxosporidium of Lota vulgaris, Lieberkiihn in Biitschli, 1882, Bronn’s Thier- Reich, 1, pl. 38, fig. 20. No description. Habitat.—Gall-bladder of Lota lota L. (=vulgaris), ling. 10. Genus et sp. incert. Pl. 6, fig. 2. Myxosporidium of Lota vulgaris Lieberkiihn in Biitschli, 1882, Bronn’s Thier- Reich, 1, pl. 38, fig. 24. No description. Habitat.—Branchie of Lota lota L. (=vulgaris), ling. 11. Genus incert. (‘‘Myxosporidium”’) congri Perugia, 1891. Pl. 6, figs. 3-8. Myzxosporidium congri Perugia, Boll. Scientif., Pavia, ar ia pp. 24-5, figs. 15-20; ib., Thélohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. rer Iv} /y. 166; Chloromyxum ?? Pong Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, XI, p. 419; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 87. Myxosporidium.—Found attached to a calculus-like compact mass consisting of fungus (probably Penicillium), bacteria, and crystals. Individuals numerous, form variable, movements incessant, slow, amce- boid. Perugia observed in some a clear space which he believed to bea “‘ vacuole” (pansporoblast), but careful examination failed to detect the spores. Habitat.—Gall-bladder of Leptocephalus conger (Conger vulgaris), eel, collected in August, 1890. The generic name Myxosporidium is not in good standing (see p. 206). In the absence of knowledge of the spores the generic reference of this form is entirely uncertain. 12. Genus et sp. incert. PI. 7, figs. 1-3. Psorosperm of Notropis megalops, Linton, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1889 (1891), 1X, pp. 359-61, pl. 120, figs. 1-3; 7b. een 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Para- sitenkde, XIII, p. 97. Cyst.—Globular, discrete or aggregated into clusters, iat with minute patches of hice pigment from host; size varying from 245 mm. (single cysts) to 7 by 5 mm. (clusters); wall composed of connective tissue, thin, collapsing when punctured, indistinguishable from deeper layers of derma, staining deeply with ammonia-carmine. Contents, a milky fluid. Myxosporidium unknown. Spore-—Somewhat top-shaped, one end broadly rounded, slightly flat- tened, the other tapering to a point, length 17 4; breadth 10 jy; thick- ness 6 . Shell, thick and strong, resisting for a long time the action of sulphuric acid and of potassium hydrate solution; shape not changed by those reagents, by acetic acid or by glycerin, not staining with carmine; showing when viewed on edge an elevated ridge [junction of valves?], Capsules could not be detected. | Protoplasmic contents appear in most cases to be finely granular. Tail absent. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 183 Habitat.—Subcutaneous tissue of all regions of the body of Notropis megalops Raf. (red-finned minnow) taken in Black River, Lorain County, Ohio, 6 miles above Lake Erie, September 1, 1890 (also October 5, 1891; see below). Collector, Mr. L. M. McCormick. Identification by Dr. D. S. Jordan. With this species of fish were taken Noturus miurus, Catostomus teres, and Movxostoma macrolepidotum, and, in the immediate neighborhood, Ictalurus and Roccus. None of these, however, were affected. Effects —The epidermis of the fish is sometimes marked by dark purplish blotches. Scales are absent from the surface of the cyst in most cases, although a few were observed quite loosely attached to one of thelarger clusters. Allof the fishes appeared to be in fair condition. Mr. McCormick has kindly furnished me the following additional information : The fish were taken in the pool formed by Day’s Dam, near the center of Sheffield Township, Lorain County, Ohio. Although he has diligently explored the streams of Lorain County for material for his ‘‘ Descriptive List of the Fishes of Lorain Conty, Ohio,” he has never seen V. megalops infested by this parasite except in this very limited locality. The same day that specimens were first secured there he seined Black River thoroughly from Elyria to below Day’s Dam (distance 10 miles), but saw no other diseased specimens. Inspite of the admitted fallibility of negative results, he believes this parasite to be restricted to a very narrow geographical range. Fish first taken September 1, 1890 (about a dozen); a few more October 5, 1891 (the first time of seining the pool that year). 13. Genus et sp. incert. PI. 7, fig. 4. Psorosperms of Gasterosteus aculeatus, Lieberkiihn, 1854, Muller’s Archiy., pp. 9-10, 22, 24, 354-7, pl. 2, fig. 28, pl. 14, figs. 9-12. The following observations by Lieberkiihn relate to a puzzling form found on Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback). His remarks are to me somewhat obscure, and I am not certain that I always understand his meaning. For that reason the translation is a literal one. [Page 9] Iam still in entire ignorance as to what becomes of the psorosperms of ~ Gasterosteus. In the skin of this fish Gluge found cysts filled with entirely structureless granules which had a marked similarity to those of the Gregarines. Johannes Miiller has confirmed this discavery. Linvestigated about 100 cyst-bearing specimens selected from a corresponding number of healthy sticklebacks. Among 10 fishes there was, in the spring, about 1 available; in late autumn, on the con- trary, only 1 in abovt 100. The cysts varied greatly in size; the largest attract attention at once, the smaller are only to be discovered upon close examination. They have a very irregular form, mostly rod-shaped, and contain ordinarily the Structureless granules mentioned by Gluge. A few contained bodies with more defi- nite structure and characters, reminding one of the psorosperms, for which reason I willso name them. They are all nearly globular and somewhat smaller than the ordinary psorosperms; they consist of a transparent membrane, within which I have observed 3 kinds of contents, namely, in some a single small globule which is not large enough to come in contact with the membrane by its upper surface; in others lay, between the surrounding membrane and the upper surface of this [Page 10] small globule, a small mass of exceedingly fine granules; in still others the globule appeared to have divided, as 3 or 4 smaller globules were present. Several of the smaller cysts contained afar more finely granular mass than 1 Bull. 2, Oberlin College, Ohio, 184 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. that described by Gluge; I was not able to discover anything definite therein. So far I have found the largest cysts to contain only Gluge’s structureless granules. In any case these facts are not yet sufficient to establish a developmental series. In recapitulating and summarizing his results (the order of such summary and the place therein of the following extract showing that it refers to and is intended as the summary of the preceding quotation) Lieberkiihn says: In the skin of Gasterosteus occur, besides the grain-containing cysts discovered by Gluge, also such as contain psorosperms of peculiar species. In a subsequent article Lieberkiihn again discusses these problem- atical organisms. He says: [Page 354] As regards the psorosperm-like bodies of the stickleback, to which I have already, in my preceding ::rticle, devoted some words, I have now succeeded in making the requisite observations preliminary to a knowledge of their developmental history. After I had, in the course of the preceding autumn and winter, examined in vain several thousand specimens of Gasterosteus for those cysts, I refound them first in March of this yearin great numbers. Of the cysts liscovered by Gluge Iam not at present able to give any explanation, other than that they are entirely different from the ones now to be discussed. Page #55] The latter I have frequently found, to the number of 30 or more, dis- tributed over the skin, the fins, and the cornea; some had bored through the fins and floated with both ends free in the water; others lay closely appressed to the skin for their whole length; others again were detached on one side. Individual fishes had their tail-ends so beset that scarcely anything of the scales could be seen. Their usual form is cylindrical; rarely they are ellipsoidal orspherical. They strike the eye with the first glance at the fish. The length of the rod-shaped is from 4to 1 line; the greatest diameter of a cross-section about one-fifth line or more. The membrane of the cyst is plainly visible, and one can easily obtain it for exami- nation by removing it by means of aknife. I could not discover any structure in it. The contents present great variations. In some I found nothing but an albuminous substance, in which fat-like granules were suspended in great numbers; these were globular and measured 0-001". If one moves them to and fro under the cover glass for some time many of them flow together to large oily drops. Other cysts contain partly these, partly much smaller but apparently similar granules. In still other cysts the granules of the smaller variety were united by a mucous substance into globules; many of these were distinguished by a much larger fatty granule lying in the middle between the smaller ones, and which often had anirregular form. In still others this was seen to be 2 or 3 times as large, and in these cases the small granules were usually entirely absent; furthermore, the whole psorosperm had a proportionately greater size. The diameter of such a body was 0:008’’’, of the nucleus [ Kern] 0:005/’, of the fine granules about 0:0007'". In the largest, granules began to appear anew, and it sometimes seemed as though they separated them- selves from the nucleus. The expression nucleus has here no further significance than that which it receives through the investigation. Sometimes I was able to observe the same isolated, when for some unknown reason the surrounding mem- brane became ruptured and expressed its contents. It showed nothing but what one could see through the surrounding membrane. When the psorosperm dries on the cover glass it acquires an entirely different retrangibility, the sharp contour disappearing and not reappearing when water is added. In some cases I found also in fresh cysts such nuclei of feebler refrangibility within the smaller psorosperms. They vary greatly in size; were often simultaneously provided with granules, such being, however, often absent. In order to learn the further alterations of the cyst contents, I kept a number of cyst-bearing fish alive for some weeks in my room. Apparently the thin cysts increased in circumference, and then contained only the THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 185 largest kinds of psorosperms. Several fish lost their cyst contents entirely. In an apparently half-empty cyst microscopic investigation showed the following objects: 1. The largest form of the psorosperms, with a nucleus [ern] of 0:005/’ in diameter and containing many of the smallest granules. 2. The largest form of the psorosperms, with a much smaller “‘nucleus,” namely, of 0-003’ in diameter, and filled with a much larger number of the smallest granules. 3. Corpuscles of the same size with the same striking ‘‘ nucleus,” with the same granules, but with a far less prominent surrounding membrane. 4. Corpuscles of the same kind, but without demonstrable membrane, slowly pro- jecting a part of the body substance and again withdrawing it, whence resultea marked changes of form. [Page 356] 5. Corpuscles with all these characters; also provided with such « “nucleus,” but with a diameter twice as great. In order to determine whether the structures described occur in the organism of fishes and migrate in the spring to the external skin for the purpose of [Page 357] reproduction, I examined a series of the individual parts of the fish. In the blood I found moving colorless corpuscles, which agreed not with those of the fish, but much more closely with those destitute of grains and nuclei, originating from the psorosperms. And I also discovered in the kidneys of Gasterosteus receptacles with tailed psorosperms and the various developmental stages of the same, just as they occur in the gills of the pike. As the cysts often beset the skin of the stickleback in such great numbers that their sub- stance forms a not inconsiderable fraction of that of the whole fish, it would have been difficult for them to have escaped me in my frequent examinations had they been present within the body of the fish. Everything speaks much more for the view that certain aquatic animals attach themselves in the spring to the skin of the stickleback, surround themselves with a cyst membrane, and in repro- duction fall apart into the psorospermiform bodies. It is this animal which con- sists of a mucous substance, and which contains many scattered fat-like granules, and measures as much as 1’ long and about }/’ thick. The fat-like granules are employed in reproduction; they break up first into smaller parts and then form with a certain quantity of the structureless substance a globule which already con- stitutes the embryo of the new being. This grows gradually, one of the granules progressively increases in size and the remainder vanish. Growth then continues for a long time, until granules show themselves anew, which increase at the expense of the nucleus; the heretofore plainly visible surrounding membrane becomes appa- rently thinner or vanishes entirely, and thus a body is formed consisting of a mucous mass containing many small scattered granules and a nucleus [Kern] only a little larger, a body capable of motion and growth. 14. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of Leuciscus dobula, Leydig, 1851, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 229. Cyst not mentioned. Myzxosporidium.—Two or three spores develop in each pansporoblast ( Tochterblase). Spore.—Untailed. Habitat.—On Leuciscus (Squalius) cephalus (=dobula). 15. Genus et sp. incert. Spores of S@valius cephalus, Schneider, 1875, Archiv. de Zool. Expér., Paris, Iv, pp. 548-9. Cyst and myxosporidium not mentioned. Spore.—Capsules 2, with very long filaments, extruded under action of glycerin. Habitat.—Air bladder of Leuciscus (Squalius) cephalus. 186 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. / 16. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of Gobius fluviatilis, Leydig, 1851, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 223, name only; ib. of Gobio [error] fluviatilis Ludwig, 1888, Jabresber. d. rhein. Fisch-Vereins, 1888, p. 30. Habitat.—Body cavity of Gobius fluviatilis L.' (goby). 17. Genus et sp, incert. Psorosperm of crocodile, Solger, 1877, Jahresber. schles. Gesellsch. f. Vaterl. Cultur, Liv, p. 45. Name only, with statement that it will be fully described elsewhere. Habitat.—In mucosa and muscularis of intestinal canal of ‘ croco- dile.” 18. Genus et sp, incert. Psorosperm of Chondrostoma nasus, Leydig, Miiller’s Archiv., 1851, p. 222. No description or figure. Habitat.—Cysts in roots of tongue of Chondrostoma nasus L. 19. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of Leuciscus rutilus, Leydig, Miiller’s Archiv., 1851, pp. 222-3. No description or figure. Habitat.—White clumps of ‘psorosperms” in the heart (auriculo- ventricular valve) of Leuciscus rutilus; also in heart blood of same fish. 20. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of Cyprinus tinea, Lieberkiihn, 1854, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., x x1, pt. 2, p. 22. No description. Habitat.—Scales of Tinca tinea L. (tench). 21. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of Cyprinus erythrophthalmus, Lieberkiihn, 1854, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., Xx1, pt. 2, p. 22. Mention of occurrence only; no description. Habitat.—Subsquamous, on Leuciscus (Scardinius) erythrophthalmus. 22. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of Gasterosteus aculeatus, Hensen,? in Wittmack, 1875, Beitriige z. Fischerei-Statistik d. deutsch. Reichs, p. 190. Mention only; no description. ; Habitat.-—On Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (stickleback) near Kiel. 23. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of Lucioperca sandra, Heckel & Kner, 1858, Die Sitisswasserfische der éstreichische Monarchie, Leipzig, p. 12; ib. Wittmack, 1875, Beitriige z. Fischerei-Statistik d. deutsch. Reichs, p. 190. Heckel and Kner say: Their gills are often beset with small cysts filled with a gelatinous fluid (the so- called psorosperms) and in this condition they are regarded as unfit for food. ‘The great similarity of name between the present fish and Gobio fluviatilis, and the presence of a species upon the latter in the same situation (body cavity, see p. 243) suggests the possibility of an orthographic error. 2In response to an inquiry, Dr. Wittmack kindly informed me that Prof. Hensen’s observation is unpublished, having been made upon a statistical question sheet. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OK PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 187 Iam indebted to the kindness of Dr. Wittmack for this reference. Habitat.—Branchi of Stizostedion lucioperca (pike perch). 24. Genus et sp. incert. i Cyst of branchial ‘“‘copules” of Gasterosteus aculeaius Thélohan, 1890, Annal. de Microgr., 0, p. 203. No description. Effects.—Pressure on the heart eaused death. Habitat.—Branchial “ copules” of Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback). 25. Genus et sp. incert. Psorosperms of mackerel, v. d. Borne, 1886, Handb. d. Fisehzucht u. Fischerei, p.2ii: No description (ef. p. 172). Habitat.—On Scomber scombrus (mackerel). 26. Gen. incert. (““Myxosporidium”’) bryozoides Korotneff, 1892. Pls. 8, 9. Korotneff's | Ay bryozoides.| Date. Authority; reference. JSungosa. Myxospo- | ridium*.} 1892 | Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., LIII, pp. 591-6, pl. 24, figs. 1-12. Do ....| 1892 | Henneguy & Thélohan, Annal. de Microgr., LV, p. 617. Do ....} 1893 | Braun, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasiteakde, XIII, p- 97. x 1893 | Ohlmacher, Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., XX, p. 562. x 1893 | Braun, Centralbl. ft. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XLV, p. 739. Myzxosporidium ? (development of).—For study of development, the polyzoan spermatoblasts offer a very rich material, comprising all stages of alterations. The earliest stage (pl. 9, fig. 1a) is a healthy, well- preserved cell, containing a large, round nucleus and, lying near it, the nucleus of the intruded myxosporidium, which latter is small, elongate- oval, dark-staining, and which, but for the complete series of changes exhibited by it, might be supposed to be a Nebenkern. The myxoplasm has, Korotneff inclines to believe, from the moment of its entrance so completely mixed with the polyzoan cytoplasm that we can no longer speak of a plasma differentiation. The nucleus divides by mitosis (pl. 9, fig.1b). Simultaneously or some- what later the polyzoan cell-nucleus divides, but this latter division is never by mitosis, and is rather to be regarded as an externally induced fragmentation. The nonvital and artificial character of the cell-nucleus division is further shown by the variable size of the nuclei, resulting from the division, the nucleus having lost the capability of growth. Its division results from an irritation of, or better, an impulse from, the presence of the intruded myxosporidium. This artificial stimulation of the powers of the infected cell constitutes the peculiarity in the action of the parasite which thus prepares for itself an artificial ground with- out which its existence would be impossible. Sometimes cell-nucleus division takes place somewhat later than that of the parasite, so that we already find the parasite with 4 daughter nuclei (1 of which was * Name not in good standing (see p. 206). 188 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. seen in way of further division), the cell-nucleus being as yet unaltered. With continually progressing division, both of the myxosporidium and the cell nuclei, and with progressive growth of the cell body, the origi nally simple cell metamorphoses itself into a plasmodium. Thus a young plasmodium was seen in which 1 of the 2 daughter nuclei 0% the host-cell had fallen apart into 2 granddaughter nuclei, while the myxosporidian nuclei had in the same time increased much more. In the next developmental steps of the plasmodium the number of the nuclei inereases very rapidly, and with such increase their energy becomes exhausted; the nucleoli vanish and the nuclear reticulum appears as a fine-grained granulation. Finally, the nuclear membrane shrinks and assumes an irregular contour. The cell nuclei then soon entirely vanish and we get a plasmode in which only myxosporidium nuclei are found With age the myxosporidia become displaced from the funicle and occupy the whole cavity. The zooid, thus become a myxosporidium- filled tube, closed at bothends. Atthis time the increasing mutual pres- sure produced by the continually growing myxosporidia results in their fusion to large plasmodes. Further growth produces rupture of the wall of the zooid and the myxosporidia come directly into contaet witb its chitinous investment. The morphological characters of the adult myxosporidium are here interpolated. Myxosporidium ? (structure of adult) —Naked,membraneless, amoeboid- variable, size 20 to 200 4; form varying greatly with age, the youngest being globular, the older ones oval or lobulated from adaptation to external pressure-conditions. Ectoplasm perfectly transparent and hyaline. Nuclei very numerous, consisting of clear round vesicles showing in the fresh state round nucleoli. Applied against the out- side of (never within) each nucleolus is a small glittering globule. Pseudopodia formed by the ectoplasm, very fine, delicate and hair- like, ordinarily confined to a part and seldom covering the whole sur- face, often also forming small ramified tufts. Korotneff was unable to state whether the pseudopodiaserve for attachment, but with the young myxosporidia the fixation to the funicle appeared really to occur through these structures. Probably the direct influence of the water is injurious to them, and occasions a falling apart of the plasmodes and a freeing of the spores, which then fill the spongy chitin-masses of the atrophied colony. In this state the spores remain the whole winter, and in April follows, prob- ably, the infection of the young Alcyonella (just out of the statoblast) by the amceba-brood from the spores. The time of the appearance of the myxosporidia corresponds with the development of the spermatoblasts, which ordinarily begins (around Moscow) at the end of May, and the number of parasitic individuals increases pari passu with that of the sperneatoblasts. While at the THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 189 first their existence is appreciable by the microscope, soon (July) they are visible to the naked eye, the lower end of the zooid tube losing its transparency and becoming milk white. In August the alteration becomes very marked, the cavity of the zooid being distended and completely opaque. Spore formation.—How and whence do the spores originate? In any case their origin is endogenous (in the endoplasm) and probably occurs in the manner observed by Prof. Biitschli in Myxidium lieberkiihnii, where a spore membrane is formed around a trinucleate globule. In our case are often found, in the plasmodium, nuclei in state of division. Around such nuclei, which are still united by the threads of the spindle, a resistant shell appears often to be present. Could this be a spore? Korotneff is able to confirm Biitschli’s observation that spore formation does not mark the end of the life cycle. In M. bryozoides, however, the spores always appear at a definite period of that cycle, viz, after the complete disappearance of the nuclei of the host-cell. Spore.—Elongate-oval, resembling a melon seed, sharp anteriorly, rounded off posteriorly. Shell extremely hard, very resistant, lustrous, apparently with an opening at the sharp (anterior) end; no bivalve structure demonstrable, though empty spores are not rare. Often, but not always, two vacuoles are visible. In the spring he was able to distinguish at the anterior end of the spore a glittering point whose signification was unknown. It might possibly be a capsule (nemato- cyst; Nesselkapsel). Habitat.—In very considerable numbers in the body cavity of Alcey- onella fungosa (a fresh-water polyzoan) in the neighborhood of Moscow, in the beginning of summer. The infection appears to be endemie, as Korotneff has never observed it in southern Russia and as it appears to be absent from western Europe. Seat and pathological anatomy.—Principally grouped around the funicle upon which the spermatoblasts (which serve as food for the young myxosporidia) are produced. No tissue except the spermato- blastsis attacked. Repeated careful investigations showed the absence of myxosporidia from the polyp and from the walls of the zocecium. Effects —The extensive infection exerts a direct (but only a mechan- ical) influence on the polyp, producing, as a result of its continued growth, a progressive atrophy, which, by the end of August, results in the complete disappearance of the polyp. The infection extends itself through the colonies, scarcely a single zooid escaping. The death of the colonies occurs much earlier than it would naturally under the influence of cold. Remarks.—Henneguy and Thélohan believe the reference of this form to the Myxosporidia absolutely justified, although the capsule has not been demonstrated, 190 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. TRUE MYXOSPORIDIA. Ordo I. Cryptocystes Gurley, 1893. Etymology: xpyzroc, concealed, xvoric, capsule. Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 409; i6., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Myxosporidia in which the pansporoblast produces many (8 or more) spores; the latter minute; without distinct symmetry; with but a single capsule; type (and only) family Glugeide. Fam. GLUGEID Gurley, 1893. ( Glugeidées” Thélohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, Iv, pp. 173-4; Glu- geidea [Thél.] Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xiv, p. 739). Glugeide, Bull. U. S. Fish Com, for 1891, x1, p. 409; Glgeide (error), Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Definition (provisional as regards negative characters).—Cryptocystes destitute of a bivalve shell, with the capsule at the anterior extremity; an aniodinophile vacuole; type genus Glugea. This family now includes Glugea, Pleistophora, and Thelohania. Before the proposition of Pleistophora, only 2 genera had been proposed. Their distinction was practically based upon 3 characters, a comparison of which indicated very strongly that either there were too many genera or too few. If, as Henneguy and Thélohan and the writer believe, these characters are competent to determine generic lines at all (in the opposite case cadit questio and everything reduces to Glugea), then the spore of Cottus scorpio should form the type of a new genus, for (see table below) of the 3 characters but 1 is common to it and Glugea, and, although 2 are common to it and Thelohania, the third (divergent) character is one of no slight importance in Thelohania, as it is common to all the 3 (probably 4) typical species. For this genus I have pro- posed the name Pleistophora. Pansporoblast Pansporoblast Myxosporidium. producing spores. membrane. Genus. IESRESON Gs —ejaia ier iniel- Inconstant, numerons...-.| Not subpersistent......-. Glugea. PAU SONI a emeere cisel= Inconstant, numerous. ---| Subpersistent ..--...--.-- Pleistophora. PNDSEN 2 cia se =1= = = Constant,.8 <= <5. «este Subpersistent ...-...-..-- Thelohania. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 191 I. GLUGEA Thélohan, 1891. Etymology: Gluge. Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, m1, p. 29; Gluega [error] Thélohan, 1891, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, cx, p. 171; ib. Thélohan, 1891, Journ. de Microgr., Paris, xv, p. 147; Glugea Thélohan, 1892, Bull. Soe. philomat. Paris, Iv, p. 174; ib. Henneguy and Thélohan, 1892, Annal. de Microgr., IV, pp. 630, 636; ib. Gurley, 1893, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 409; ib. Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xtv, p. 739; ib. Braun, 1894, ibid., XV, p. 86. Definition.—Glugeide possessing a myxosporidium, and in which the pansporoblast produces an inconstant but large number (always more than 8) of spores; pansporoblast membrane not subpersistent; type, G. microspora Thél. (synonym for anomala Moniez). 27. Glugea destruens Thélohan, 1892. Callionymus lyra, ‘‘corpus-| destruens.| Date. Authority; reference. cles,”’ ete., of XG | ote ear tol= «(fai 1891 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, ITT, Dp. 28. Ne Bae oem cists. | 1891 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, CXII, pp. | 168-71. 5 a eee 1891 | Thélohan, Journ. de Microgr., XV, pp. 145-6. x RS eee We beste Pfeitter, Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 2 ed., p. 115. x leocgecoastcd 1892 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, IV, | pp. 8344. jasobesoncceasee | Glugea. 1892 | Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, IV, pp. 165, 174, | footnote. x Reecas ee 1892 | Henneguy & Thélohan, Annal. de Microgr., IV, pp. 618, 619, 636. 360k See Glugea. 1893 | Gurley, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, XT, p. 409. eee ce aace es Glugeas 1893 | Braun, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitendke. XTV, p. 739. I ie Le Glugea. 1894 | Braun, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitendke, XV, p. 86. Cyst none. Myzxosporidium.—Ketoplasm and endoplasm recognizable. Spore formation.—Pansporoblast membrane thin, disappearing soon after spore formation. Sporoblasts, consisting of small globules with clear nuclei, sometimes disposed in very great numbers, sometimes iso- lated in groups of 4, 10, or 12 within the pansporoblast membrane. Spore.—A. little smaller than the similar parasite of Cottus scorpio, 2-5 to 3 wlong; 1 tol-5 «broad; characters otherwise identical (Thé- lohan, 1891). Length, 3 to 3:5 4; breadth, 2 4 (Thélohan, 1892, p. 174), Capsule present (Henneguy & Thélohan, p. 619). Habitat.—Upon section of the muscles affected, the parasite is seen to have its seat in the interior of even the primitive fibrille of the muscles of Callionymus lyra. Not eneysted, but forming a parasitic mass, destitute of an envelope, in which ripe spores are seen with others in course of development. LE ffects.—Unlike the otherwise very similar condition in Cottus scorpio, the muscular fibers soon break up and undergo vitreous degeneration. 192 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 28. Glugea anomala Moniez, 1887. Plate 10, figs. 1-3. Gasteros-| Pygos- teus acu- jteus pun- A pays ; nbn AGE Regen: ‘“para- | anomala. ae Date. Authority; reference, cles.” ales? Se Sa etc., of. | etc., of. Clee We PENN Yeates ce t= | aa caste cee (ere cee sees Emcee cee 1838 Glnge Balt Acad. Roy. Belg., V, pp. 772-6, sel wel i Oaeaaneee ee eSeBacel lo neeeOuad| | SaeeSaccac 1841 | Gluge, Anatom.-micros. Untersuchgn. z. aligem. u. spec. Morphol., II, pl.5, fig. 4 a-e. r SM | Se ioe se ie eaieee eu ISeepesoeee||o5004osan 1841 | Miller, Miler’s Archiv., p. 491. 2Sccess5e5| DG | Sees ester ere miter eesasedeer 1842 | Creplin, Wiegm. Archiv. f. Naturgesch., it pp. 64-5. 1 ee SE A RO EE ey ete chet eee ee 1843 | Miiller, Rayer’s Archiv. de Méd. comp.., I, ee pp. 266-268. x yoreieiars Sets lesocecoacs sesSaopead 1843 | Rayer, Rayer’s Archiv. de Méd. comp., I, | pp. 266-70, pl. 9, figs. 11, 12. CE We ee teeccice locoee no-till = a5 | ope sees 1854 | Lieberkiihn, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 9-12. (See also p. 183.) Beicesaae cis = =sir esc |....---.--, Nosemaft].......-...| 1887 | Moniez, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, CIV, p. 1312. Beets cay tat b=cpScasco| < |....------|.-.....---| 1888 | Henneguy, Mém. publiées Soc. philomat. | Paris, lOceas. Centen. Fond., p. 170. x lageeooaoas IE Doeeeecee bee eecenyes sya eneies a 1889 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, | | CIX, p. 921. x < Balenea tesla aaeeae 1890 | Thélohan, Annal.de Microgr., ITI, pp. 202-4, | 211-12, pl. 1, figs. 4,17. ee ena te Gaon e ones x -eee------|.--.------| 1891 } Garbini, Rend. Real. Accad. Lincei Roma, | VII, Sem. 1, p. 153. Ree be he ate Ase Oe EE Glugea -| 1891 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. | Biol. Paris, III, p. 29. 3565305900) bHoaonoSEE ages apOCe |_....-----| Glugea .| 1891 | Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, CXII, p. 170. Bere arn |e ce eainccs-|oescnemsaie~oe------) Glaega, || 1891) Phélohan, Journ. de Microgr-,X6Vi,p. 147. Sees ere |. ececcece-|--+--eeee|-see---+--| Glugea .| 1892 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, LV, pp. 82-4. Be eS Satsel| te screen reisl| vice tes sais cients Sawa oe Glugea -.| 1892 | Thelohan, Bull. Soe. philomat. Paris, IV, pp. 165, 174. Be erateehe || eraterctee Se |....------|----------| Glugea .| 1892 | Henneguy and Thélohan, Annal. de Mi- crogr., LV, pp, 619, 631, 633-6. sdetedadss |sscaeeceasl Boacaar eee |....------| Glugea -| 1893 | Braun, Centralbl. f. Bakt.u.Parasitenkde, | XIII, p. 96. Bee are oe BVO oy is he Al cals Sta Bete Glugea .|.....-.---| 1893 | Gurley, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, XI, p. 409. eae ell ead Aare leeenedis see |beeeeetee sliGlncea a! 1803 Bram Centralbl.f. Bakt.u. Parasitenkde, XIV, p. 739. Reseed Ale day saa, |----------| Glugea .|.-...-----] 1894 | Braun, Centralbl.f. Bakt. u.Parasitenkde, XV, p. 86. * The species is (fide Nenneguy, letter to author, 1893) Gobius albus. This identification was made by a ‘‘specialist.”’ Dr. Gill informs’me that the name Aphya alba should be used. t Nosema Neegeli, 1857, was founded upon WN. bombycis Negeli, which was regarded as a Schizomycete (Tagebl. 33 Versamml. deutsche Naturf. u. Aerzte, im Bonn, 1857, p. 27). Cyst development—In a G. aculeatus kept under observation for nearly a year there existed at first a single cyst, quite regularly sphert- cal, attaining nearly the volume of a pea. Very soon small secondary vesicles, at first scarcely distinct, appeared upon its surface, progress- ively enlarged and finally, instead of the primary cyst shelling out as a whole, it split open at the most prominent point and a great part of its contents escaped, leaving in place of the tumor an excavation irreg- ularly limited by a ridge formed by the non-empty part of the small sphere. ‘The small secondary vesicles then developed rapidly and very soon formed an irregular strawberry-like mass. 1Thélohan (Annal. de Microgr., 1890, 1, p. 204; Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soe. Biol. Paris, 1892, Iv, p. 82) also saw cysts enlarge, become subcutaneous, shell out from their attachments into the water, and there burst, t { THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 1935 Cyst structure.'—Number, 1 to 4 (sometimes a dozen, Thélohan), rarely more, in contact or more or less widely separate; the majority as large as a small pea, some, however, attaining only the size of a pin’s head; size of tumor bearing no relation to that of the fish, being variable in the same individual; shape regularly spherical or only a little rounded; color usually whitish—when covered by the epidermis of the fish, silvery. Membrane always present, resistant, usually covered by the epidermis, which forms an outer cyst; surface granulated by alcohol; Contents consisting of a small quantity of a colorless fluid coagulable by alcohol, holding in suspension immense numbers of corpuscles which yield bubbles of gas (CO,?) with mineral acids. Miiller (1841, p. 491) found also some microscopic crystals. Thélohan (1890, p. 204) adds that the average thickness is 5 4; under high powers the membrane shows a fibrillary structure parallel to the surface of the cyst. Thélohan believes the membrane to be nonnucleated and considers this a strong argument in favor of its derivation from the similarly nonnucleated myxosporidian ectoplasm. Myzxosporidium.—Spore formation:? Myxoplasm containing small nucleated globules which surround themselves with a thin membrane, divide, and end by forming small spheres filled with very numerous rounded nucleated elements which later will yield the spores. Spore.—Very numerous, transparent, regularly ovoid, 3 to 5 yu long, 2 to 3 4 broad, size and form constant in spores from the larger eysts, less clear in those from the smaller. Shell bivalve; structure not demonstrable; chemical characters the same as those of other spores. Interior of spore showing a shaded portion at the smaller, and a clear portion filling the larger, extremity. Capsule 1, filament very long (50 ,.), extruded under the influence of iodine. No other reagent pro- duced such extrusion. The central (iodinophile) vacuole appears to be absent; a vacuole uncolorable by iodine is present, however, usually in the larger end, less frequently subcentral. Thélohan (1890, p. 212) has traced the division of the nuclei up to 4, a number which he has never seen (but which he does not wish to assert may not be) exceeded. Micro-chemistry.— Acetic acid produces no change. Sulphurie acid causes evolution of bubbles of gas (Co,?), the corpuscles at the same time becoming less clear but not dissolving. Potassium hydrate causes an agglomeration similar to the “rouleaux” of blood corpuscles (Gluge). The best stains for this species, Thélohan found to be gen- tian violet; but above all, safranin by the Gram-Bizzozero method. Habitat.—Subcutaneous cysts of Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback) in European rivers, occurring only once in every 20 or 30 fishes examined (Miiller). eS ener aust of Pygosteus pungitius (9- Spine stickle- 1 Description Gluge’s unless a othe srwise stated. 2 Thélohan’s obsérvations on a myxosporidium in G@, aculeatus (Journ. de Microgr., 1891, xv, p. 147). F c——l13 194 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. back. The forms habitant on these 2 fishes are identical, differing only a little in the size of the cysts (all fide Thélohan). Subcutaneous cysts of Aphya alba.{=Gobius minutus and G. albus). In the last the deform- ity is even greater than in G. aculeatus. Nature.—For Gluge’s opinion, see p. 93. Effects —Even where the tumors occupy the internal surface of the opercle the fish did not appear to be hampered in its functions. Those which carry the tumors on the fins, nevertheless move the latter as freely and actively and execute all movements with the same facility as the sticklebacks not so affected. The tumors may be carefully removed without injuring the fish, which appears as well as ever after the opera- tion. Upon careful dissection, Gluge was unable to find any change in the intestine or in the blood. Thélohan (1890, p. 203) states that in certain cases the muscles are compressed and atrophied by pressure of the tumors, and the viscera are also compressed and no longer present their normal position or relations. II. PLEISTOPHORA Gurley, 1893. Etymology: mievotoc, very many; ¢gepevv, to Carry. Bull. U.S. Fish. Com. for 1891, x1, pp. 409, 410; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Definition (provisional as regards negative characters).—Glugeide destitute of a myxosporidium and in which the pansporoblast produces an inconstant but large number (always more than 8) of spores; panspo- roblast membrane subpersistent as a polysporophorous vesicle; type, P. typicalis. 29. Pleistophora typicalis Gurley, 1893. (Corpuscles of Cottus scorpio Thélohan, 1890, Annal. de Microgr., 11, pp. 203, 212; ib. Thélohan, 1891, Journ. de Microgr., xv, pp. 145, 146; ib. Thélohan, 1891, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soe. Biol. Paris, 11, pp. 27,28; ib. of Collus (error) Thélohan, 1891, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, cx11, p.170; ib. Pfeiffer, Die Protozoen als. Krankheitserreger, 2 ed., pp. 113-115; ib. Thélohan, 1892, Compt. Rend. hebdom.Soe. Biol. Paris, Iv, pp. 82, 83; ib. Thélohan & Henne- guy, 1892, ibid., p. 586; ib. Thélohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, rv, pp. 165,174; ib. Henneguy & Thélohan, 1892, Annal. de Microgr., Iv, pp. 618, 619, 622, 631, 636.) Pleistophora typicalis, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 410; ib. Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Cyst.—None. Spore formation.—Thélohan observed between the fibrille small sepa- rate masses of protoplasm, each with a distinct membrane and nuclei. These masses were 4;.! long by 2:5 to 3u broad. Thélohan believed them to represent the first stages of development, but emitted this opinion with reserve, not having seen a sufficient series of stages. Some pro- toplasmic masses inclosing several nuclei exhibit, however, intermediate stages between the masses already described and the pansporoblasts. reer Oe 14 Cent.” in Journ. de Microgr., Xv, p. 146. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 195 Pansporoblast spherical, average diameter 15 to 18 4; membrane thin, transparent, containing, besides fully developed spores, sporo- blasts in different stages of development, some of them measuring 2-5 to 3 4, and containing one or several colored granules representing nuclei. Spore.—Ovoid, resembling that of Glugea anomala; length, 3 jy; breadth, 1:5 to 2 4; a single capsule with a filament is present; large extremity showing a mass refractory to staining fluids, the remainder of the spore cavity containing sporoplasm, and a body apparently repre- senting the nuclear element of the spore, staining strongly with reagents, and in certain cases decomposable into separate granules whose num- ber never exceeds 4. Habitat.—Muscles of Cottus scorpio (sculpin); position interfibrillar. Effects—Diseased mass forming small white streaks of an averaye size of 5 to6 mm. by 3 mm., consisting of spores. The fibers affected increase in bulk; they are filled with the pansporoblasts disposed without regular order between the fibrillae, which latter become sepa- rated and distorted, without, however, presenting any alteration of structure or diminution in the clearness of their tranverse striation. III. THELOHANIA Henneguy, 1892. Etymology: Thélohan. In Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, Iv, p. 174, footnote; ib. Henneguy, in Henneguy and Thélohan, Annal. de Microgr., Paris, 1892, 1v, p. 639; ib. Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, pp. 409-410; ib. Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xiv, pp. 739-740; ib. Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Definition (provisional as regards negative characters).—Glugeide destitute of a myxosporidium and in which the pansporoblast pro- duces constantly 8 spores; pansporoblast membrane subpersistent as an octosporophorous vesicle; type 7. giardi.’ Henneguy and Thélohan remark that in this genus the spores unques- tionably approximate those of Glugea anomala and those of Pleistophora. The number of spores formed in the pansporoblast and the absence of a myxosporidium differentiate Thelohania from Glugea. On the con- trary, the last character and the subpersistence of the pansporoblast membrane as a sporophorous vesicle, approximate it to Pleistophora. 1 Henneguy’s definition is: “Spores pyriform, with one polar capsule at the small extremity and, at the opposite extremity, a clear vacuole with contents not colorable by iodine. Sporoblasts pro- ducing only 8 spores surrounded by an envelope persisting after theformation of these last; no plasmic mass, properly speaking.” As constituted by Henneguy the genus included only 3 species, T. octospora, T. giardi and 7. contejeani. 3 Type proposed ‘by the author in Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891 (1893), x1, p. 410. 196 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 30. Thelohania contejeani Henneguy, 1892. Pl. 10, figs. 4, 5. ‘Parasite of crayfish, Henneguy and Thélohan, 1892, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, rv, p. 749.) Thelohania contejeani, in Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, rv, p. 174, foot- note; ib., Henneguy and Thélohan, 1892, Annal. de Microer., Iv, pp. 637-9, pl. 4, figs. 26-7; ib., Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XIV, pp. 739-740; ib., Dubois! (Raphiel) 1893, Recherches de pathologie comparée sur la peste des écrevisses, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, V, pp. 158-9, figs. A,B; ib., Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 410; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XV, p. 86; ef. La Maladie des Ecrevisses en Allemagne; Bull. Mensuel Soe. Nat. d@’Acclimat. France, February, 1884, p. 200 (transl., Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1884, Iv, pp. 299-302). Cyst—None. Parasitic mass producing an opacity of the affected muscles, as in Palemon and Crangon. Opacity more difficult of obser- vation than in the last, on account of the greater thickness of the test; easily detected, however, on the inferior surface of the abdomen. Adult.—In some places only spores are seen; in others small plasma- spheres, containing a variable number of nuclei, occur. These are evidently developmental stages, but a full series could not be found. 1This observer noted 2 (entirely distinct) parasites, viz: one which Henneguy and Thélohan pronounced a fungus, and one which he determined to be Thelohania contejeani. 1. The former he describes as follows: Spore.—Cellules elongate, ovoid, cylindrical, or strangulated toward the middle, according to the degree of development. Shell double-contoured; protoplasm vacuolate, escaping amceboidly through a small lateral orifice. Spores apparently not capable of growth in nutritive fluids. Habitat.—Confined to the intestinal canal of the diseased crayfishes. The observa- tions were made in June and July (1892), the months of maximum severity of the epidemic. Crayfish epidemic.—Causes: Alterations of streams by industrial or agricultural products can have only a subordinate and local influence. Areainvaded divisible into 3 zones: (1) Lake Mantua (and its outlet to the sea, the river Ain); formerly renowned for its crayfishes, which constituted an important revenue; now destitute of crayfishes. (2) The Merloz rivulet, an affluent of the lake, containing sound and diseased crayfishes, the latter showing the symptoms of the pest. (8) The sources or Doye des Neyrolles feeding the lake and the Merloz rivulet, from which latter it is separated by a dam, above which all the crayfishes are healthy. The stoppage of its advance by the dam and its inability to growin nutritive fluids caused Dubois to suspect it to be an animal (possibly a sporozoan) which ascended the watercourse from the sea, perhaps brought bya fish. Thélohan and Henneguy, however, from an examination of his material, believed the form to be a fungus. The Distome described by Baer in 1827 (when no epidemic existed), to which Harz attributes the crayfish epidemic, was sought for in vain. 2. Thelohania contejeani.i—Feeding experiment: Sound crayfishes were isolated in reservoirs and fed, some with butcher’s meat, and others with the flesh of trout, carp, pike, and roach. After three months those fed on roach showed parasites in the abdominal muscles. This parasite was identical with Thelohania contejeani. Dubois asks: Do relations exist between the parasite found in the muscles and the intestines in October, and that found in July in the abdomen? THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. BS Spore formation.—Number of spores found in each sporigenous area variable, always, however, more than 8, in which respect the present species differs from the spores of Palemon and Crangon.' Spores some- times free, sometimes 8 together ina common envelope, as in Palemon.? Spore.—Size approaching and appearance the same as that of 7. octo- spora; ovoid, length 2 to 5 ju, with a clear vacuole in the larger end. Habitat—Striated muscles of Astacus fluviatilis (crayfish) from the Department of Doubs, France; collected by M. Contejean in 1890. Pathological anatomy.—On section the muscles show nearly the same appearance asin Paleemon and Crangon ; the fibrille being separated by parasitic masses, which in transverse sections appear as numerous deeply stained punctules, and which in longitudinal sections assume the appearance of irregular chains separating the fibrillee; the latter have preserved their normal appearance, the strive being perfectly distinct. Nature.—The material was available only in alcohol, to which it had been transferred from Fol’s liquid. Owing to this, Henneguy and Thé- lohan were unable to demonstrate the capsule with filament. The similarity to the other species leads them, however, to believe it a myxosporidian. Effects.—A notable diminution of muscular vigor was clearly estab- lished with the myograph by M. Contejean. Epidemics.—In the Department of Doubs this disease has raged with intensity among the crayfishes during several years and has caused the death of a very great number of individuals. It seems now to have disappeared. Moreover, this parasite can hardly be special to the watercourses of Doubs, and, remembering the considerable mortality caused by it in that Department, it is to be presumed that this hitherto unknown organism has played a role in the genesis of the epidemic which raged for several years in the East, and which has almost com- pletely destroyed the craytishes of that region. 31. Thelohania octospora Henneguy, 1892. PI. 10, fig. 6; pl. 11, figs. 1-5. (Parasite of Palamon rectirostris and of P. serratus, Henneguy, 1888, Mém. publiées Soc. philomat. Paris ’Occas. Centen. Fondation, pp. 163-71; ib., Thélohan, 1891, Journ. de Microgr., Xv, p. 146; ib. of P. rectirostris, Thélohan, 1891, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1m, p. 28, name only; ib., Thélohan, 1891, Journ. de. Microgr., xv, pp. 146-7; ib., Pfeiffer, 1891, Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 2 ed., pp. 114-5; ib., Thélohan and Henneguy, 1892, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, Iv, p. 586.) Thelohania octospora in Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, rv, pp. 165-6, 174, footnote; ib., Henneguy and Thélohan, 1892, Annal. de Microgr., tv, pp. 621-27, 629-632, pl. 4, figs. 1-8; ib. Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 410; ib., Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XIv, pp. 739-40; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XV, p. 86. 1Henneguy and (Thélohan, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1892, 1v, p. 749. ?Hennegny and Thélohan, 1892, Annal. de Microgr., U1, p. 638. 198 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Life history.—All the individuals, whether wholly or only partly invaded, showed the same developmental stage. It seems fair to sup- pose the first stage to be a plasmodioid mass in which the spores form. The constant presence of 8 spores suggests their origin by successive bipartition, as occurs with the falciform corpuscles of Gregarines (Hen- neguy, 1888). The stage of development of the parasite of P. serratus, taken in connection with the date of capture, indicates that the course of development of the parasite is the same in this crustacean as in P. rectirostris (Henneguy and Thélohan, 1892). Oyst.—Henneguy vainly endeavored to detect, even under very high powers and with different reagents, in material, fresh or fixed, disso- ciated or sectioned, a cyst membrane, and believes the cyst to be absent. This view is, he thinks, confirmed by the irregularity of the distribution of the pansperoblasts between the fibrille. Pansporoblast (“ vesicles” of Henneguy, 1888).—Rounded, diameter, 10 «; membrane thin, transparent, resisting potassium hydrate solution, apparently not presenting local thickenings as in 7. giardi. Spore formation.—Each pansporoblast produces 8 spores, which fill only a portion of its cavity and are disposed without order. Spore.—Length, 3 to 4 4; pyriform, very refringent; capsule present; length of filament 40 to 50 4; exit, produced, after failure of all other reagents, by ether, whose action is rapid and perfectly definite, and affects a large number of spores; usually extruded completely, some- times, however, only partially uncoiled; capable of staining with anilin stains, among others violet 5B, The electivity of the filament for ether is a striking peculiarity. Habitat.—Interior of muscular fibers (between the ultimate fibrille) of Paleemon rectirostris Zadd (prawn), from the salt marshes at Le Croi- sic; the same seat in P. serratus from Concarneau and from Roscoff. In P. serratus less common than in P. rectirostris, in which latter it is (at least at Le Croisic) extremely frequent. It is never found in the diges- tive tract, nervous system, glands, sexual organs, or anywhere but in the muscles. Affinities.—By its exclusive seat in the muscles, and by the form and grouping of the spores, the parasite appears to be incontestably a sar- cosporidian, differing from those of the Mammalia in the absence of a surrounding membrane.. The spores, also, are a little different from those of the other Sarcosporidia. They recall certain myxosporidian spores. This form also presents much affinity with the Microsporidia of the Arthropoda, the latter having the same refringent aspect and more or less oval shape of the present species, and being, like it, inclosed in “vesicles.” One finds them in all tissues, but not in the interior of the muscle fiber. There, then, probably exists a rather close relation between the Micro-, Myxo-, and Sarcosporidia, and the parasite of Palemon appears to represent a transition form between the 3 groups (Henneguy, 1888). THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 199 The discovery of the capsule settles the question in favor of its myxo- sporidian nature. It is thus neither a sarcosporidian nor a transitional form (Henneguy and Thélohan, 1892). Microscopic technique-—Henneguy fixed by alcohol, osmic acid solution, Flemming’s, Perenyi’s, or Kleinenberg’s liquids, dehydrated, paraftined, sectioned, affixed with Mayer’s albumen, and stained, preferably with gentian violet (Ehrlich’s) and eosin. Parasites (also nuclei of muscles, connective tissue, epithelia, nerves; which, however, can be washed out) violet; muscles rose-red. Picro-carmine; muscles red, spore’ yellow. Safranin; tissue nuclei red, spores same, but fainter. T. octospora differs from 7. giardi in the smaller size of the panspor- oblast, and apparently also in the absence of thickening of its mem- brane. Pathological anatomy.—Macroscopic: Easily recognizable by the chalky or porcelaneous opacity’ which forms a constant and characteristic sign of the presence of these Myxosporidia. Opacity limited to the muscles invaded, consequently varying in extent with the degree of infection; in slight (and in the beginning of all) cases being limited to some white striz in one or several abdominal segments, or only one or two segments (most frequently then the first ones, the disease appearing to progress from before backwards) are opaque white. Ad maximum, the entire body becomes white except the region of the heart and stomach which always, and some parts of the claws, antenne, beak, and abdom- inal segments which usually, remain transparent. These exceptions constitute the only difference between this condition and the opacity produced by heat or alcohol. Microscopic.—Low powers: In examining a teased or slightly com- pressed muscle fragment, one immediately perceives, besides the normal prinitive fiber bundles (easily recognizable by their transverse stria- tion), elongated spaces parallel to these bundles, contrasting strongly therewith, and apparently filled with a peculiar finely granular sub- stance. Dimensions of spaces approximating those of the normal fiber bundles; their transverse diameter, however, a little greater. Number of spaces varying pari passu, andthe intervening sound tissue varying inversely, with the intensity of the infection, the opaque spaces being in contact or more or less widely separated by sound fiber bun- dles. The proportion of the fibrille invaded is best appreciated in transverse sections of the muscles. In extreme cases nearly all the fibers may be affected. Longitudinal sections show the parasite in the form of violet chains between the rose-red normal fibrille (gentian violet; safranin). Higher powers: At first sight one would believe that each of these productions is entirely composed of a parasitic mass interposed between the primitive fibers, but a more thorough examination shows 'The same opacity is found in the muscles of Callionymus lyra, Cottus scorpio, and Barbus barbus, and outside the muscles the parasites exhibit the same color. 900 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. that each space corresponds to a primitive fiber bundle whose normal aspect is profoundly modified by the presence between its fibrille of elements of a parasitic nature, whence results a slight increase of width of the fiber bundle. Most often the fibrille do not present a sensible alteration. Sometimes (probably when a great quantity of the para- sitie element has led to a considerable separation) the elasticity of the fibrillz is overcome, rupture resulting. Even under these conditions, however, the muscle striz remain exceedingly clear, no degeneration ever having been observed, as in Callionymus and the barbel. The nuclei of the muscle fiber are more numerous and smaller than normal; this feature is particularly well shown by safranin (Henneguy, 1888). Effects —The muscular vigor is considerably diminished. Thus, if a number of P. rectirostris living in the rivulets of the salt marshes be frightened out of their shelter among the vegetation, even although the new shelter sought by them be near at hand, the diseased white individuals (immediately recognizable against the strongly contrasted muddy rivulet bottom) lose ground and remain considerably behind the sound ones. Further, one knows with what ease the prawns jump out of the vase in which they are held captive. If sound and opaque prawns be placed together in a basin, after some hours the sound ones have nearly all dispersed around the vessel, while the opaque are there still, or have only succeeded in sticking to the wall of the basin, how- ever small the bound required to overleap the barrier. Considering the intensity and universality of the muscle infection, the diminution of muscular vigor is quite natural; indeed, the surprising feature is the relatively great agility retained by muscles the bulk of whose con- tractile substance is much inferior to that of the parasite, and in some eases it is truly astonishing that muscular power is not completely destroyed. Among the diseased Palemons no egg-bearing females were seen. Perhaps this may be a case of “ parasitic castration.” The diseased individuals do not survive very long, all succumbing by the end of autumn, as during the winter not one can be found. Conditions and mode of infection.—The prawns affected are usually found in small shallow ditches containing a layer of water 0-10 m. to 0-20 m. deep, along the slope separating the compartments from the salt marshes. The water of these ditches is rarely renewed and acquires an elevated temperature. These are probably the conditions favorable to the development of the parasite. Itis difficult to decide whether the parasite finds an entrance by way of the alimentary canal. Hen- neguy seems to favor the contrary view, as the first lesions are found at places remote from the digestive tract. Artificial infection.—Captive Palemons fed for several months with diseased tissue showed no signs of infection. It was impossible to pro- long the experiment to see whether infection would -wltimately ensue (Henneguy, 1888). P. rectirostris fed for months with diseased tissue THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 201 never showed, under the most carefal microscopic examination, the slightest trace of infection (Henneguy and Thélohan, 1892), Season.—Disease most frequent and at maximum of development from about July 15 to the end of August; number affected diminishing in September; diminution more pronounced in October; disappearing entirely after November 15; reappearing about March 15 or the first days of April. 32. Thelohania giardi Henneguy, 1892. Pl. 12, figs. 1, 2. Crangon vulgaris, “parasite” ete., of. giardi. Date. Authority; reference. Me Roe sencse ne 1892 | Thélohan & Henneguy, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, IV, pp. 586-7. Thelohania -| 1892 | Henneguy in Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, IV, pp. 165, 174, footnote. Thelohania.| 1892 | Henneguy & Thélohan, Annal. de Microgr., IV, pp. 621, 624, 626-31, pl. 4, figs. 9-25. as 1893 | Ohlmacher, Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., XX, p. 562. Thelohania -| 1893 | Gurley, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, XI, p.410. Thelohania .| 1893 | Braun. Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XIV, pp. 739-740. Thelohania .| 1894 | Braun. Centralbl.f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XV, p. 86. * Crangnon; error. Cyst unknown. Spore formation.—Pansporoblast spherical; diameter 14 yu (12 to 14 »); in the young stages consisting of a very thin membrane resisting potassium hydrate, inclosing a very transparent, scarcely granular, slightly refringent protoplasin, having at its center a rather large nucleus (pl. 12, fig. 1a, b), often visible in the fresh state, becoming much clearer under the action of reagents. (1) Segmentation of the pansporoblast: The nucleus first presents the typical resting structure with a distinct membrane. The chromatin ‘an take on different arrangements, sometimes formingone grain much larger than the others, sometimes a variable number of smaller sub- equal grains, or sometimes crowded back against the membrane, pre- senting here and there thicker portions (pl. 12, fig. 1). Subsequently a remarkable modification occurs: the chromatin has become arranged in filaments, the membrane has disappeared, and the nucleus assumes the arrangement known as the chromatic coil; very soon the chro- matic filaments orient themselves into a very distinct equatorial plate, which becomes double, the process resulting in the formation of 2 daughter-nuclei. We thus have atrue karyodieresis. Theachromatic filaments were not seen, doubtless owing to their rather small size and partly, Henneguy and Thélohan believe, to the nature and optical proper- ties of the protoplasm. Protoplasmic segmentation soon follows nuclear division, and one sees, within the primitive pansporoblast membrane, 2 small distingt nucleated masses. In their turn these 2 masses divide and redivide, the process ending with the formation of 8 small plasmic bodies (sporoblasts) within the original pansporoblast membrane. The divisions do not take place very rapidly, and between successive ones 202 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. the nuclei have time to return to a state of rest, whence they again pass through the same stages preliminary to division. The sporoblasts have no regular arrangement within the pansporo- blast membrane; their shape is inconstant, varying with their arrange- ment; they generally approximate a truncate-pyramidal form. Each sporoblast develops into a spore. Spores thus contained 8 in each pansporoblast membrane, without regular arrangement, not neariy filling the cavity. This is the last stage of development reached in the muscles of the host. Pansporoblast membrane retaining its original dimensions, perfectly transparent, very thin, although the double contour is easily visible, showing in optical section marked thickenings, often 2 in number (pl. 12, fig. 1h). (2) Development of sporoblast into spore: Owing to the very minute size of these bodies, it is almost impossible to follow this development in detail or to confirm the facts discovered in the larger forms by Thélohan, viz, sporoblast segmentation, number of nuclei, etc. Development of capsule: A peculiar arrangement, believed to be connected with the development of the capsule, was noted, viz: often in the body of the sporoblast, near the nucleus, a clear rounded space, into which a small protoplasmic button projects. This observation is, how- ever, a very delicate one, and the figures are slightly diagrammatic. Morphology of the sporophorous vesicles.—The constitution and develop- ment of the spore-producing vesicles permit us to consider them only as the morphological equivalent of the pansporoblasts of the other Myxo- sporidia. These octosporophorous pansporoblasts form a transition from the oligosporogenetic pansporoblasts of the larger species to the polysporogenetie pansporoblasts of Glugea, which latter produce a con- siderable and inconstant number of spores. Above all, one fact is here to be noted, viz, the entire absence of a myxosporidium. No structure whatever could be detected which could be regarded as its morpho- logical or physiological equivalent. But whence come these spore-producing vesicles? Evidently they do not represent the first stage of development. Now if, as is usual, they are formed in the interior of a protoplasmic mass, what has become of the latter? In all other known species a considerable protoplasmic residue remains, even of myxosporidia whose development is completed, and in which young pansporoblasts are no longer to be found, but only entirely mature spores. But here are young pansporoblasts at their simplest (uninucleate spherules) with not the slighest trace of a sur- rounding protoplasm. As long as we had only found these organisms in the mature state (as sporophorous vesicles) that absence might have been explained, in case of necessity, on the supposition of a complete previous transfermation of the myxosporidium into pansporoblasts, the myxosporidium vanishing in the process or leaving only insignificant vestiges. But in the presence of the now known earlier phases of development this hypothesis seems hardly admissible, THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 203 Henneguy and Thélohan add: Is it necessary to admit the existence of a plasmic mass [myxosporidium] which is completely transformed into sporoblasts? This mode of view can evidently be defended ; no fact, however, comes toits support, and it has the grave fault of deviating widely from what one knows of the development of the other species. On the whole we must admit that there is here a point in the history of our parasite which our researches have not elucidated, and the state under which it is presented constitutes a curious peculiarity which, at least in appearance, establishes an important distine- tion between it and the other Myxosporidia. Abnormalities of development.—One rather frequently encounters spores which are larger than the others and which exhibit a constriction (pl. 12, fig. 11). At first view one is tempted to question whether this is not a phase of division. Similar productions are rather frequent in Glugea and in the Microsporidia (whose spores offer much resemblance to those of Thelohania), where they lave been seen by Pasteur,’ who considered them as corpuscles in process of division. On the contrary, Balbiani, who has studied them with care, regards them as the result of » malformations, a view which Henneguy and Thélohan adopt in the pres- ent species. If fig. 12, pl. 1l, be considered, it is quickly seen that this is the only interpretation admissible. One sees there 4 normal spores, and 2 larger structures constricted toward their middle and presenting attenuated extremities similar to the small ends of normal spores. The appearance of these elements and their dimensions cause one to think of 2 spores soldered by their large extremities. There can no longer remain any doubt in this respect if one considers that by supposing these spores separated the typical number of spores in the pansporo- blast is made up. In reality, then, the 2 spores in question have, in consequence of an accident which has occurred in the course of their development and by a process which we have not been able to follow, contracted an intimate adhesion at the level of their large extremity, the point where this soldering has taken place remaining marked by a constriction. The limited number of spores in each pansporoblast ren- ders the proof much more easy here than in Glugea and the Microsporidia, where the number of spores is much greater and not constant. [I can not see why these could not be more simply and better explained as malformations, the result of development from imperfectly segmented pansporoblasts, i. e., as developing from a quarter-segment of the pansporoblast which failed to divide completely. The partial fusion of 2 spores where no pressure-atrophy of the shell could be assumed, seems very improbable. (cf. p. 180). R. BR. G.| Finally, although not pertaining directly to the Myxosporidia, in this connection the following from Kunstler and Pitres? may be quoted: The small forms often show themselves constituted in such a manner that they appear to be in way of division (figs. 8-12), The multiplicity, the variety, and the constancy which these appearances present seem to show well that this is really a 1 tudes sur les maladies des vers 2d soie, Paris, 1870. 2 Journ. de Microgr., 1884, vill, p. 522, 204 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. process of division. Some divide into 2 equal parts (fig. 8); in others the parts are _ of unequal dimensions (figs. 9, 10), and often this division recalls strongly a phe- nomenon of terminal or lateral budding (fig. 11). Spore.—Very refringent, pyriform; anterior end much more acute; length 5to 6 uv; shell with very fine longitudinal striz; could not deter- mine whether bivalve or not. Capsule: In fresh material the highest powers reveal nothing suggest- ive of a capsule, the anterior extremity appearing merely more shaded, seemingly occupied by ahomogeneous, refringent substance. Onesome- times sees, however, near the anterior end, a clear streak (pl. 12, fig. 1o) believed to be due to thecapsule, but it is too indefinite and exceptional to prove the existence of that structure. Stained sections afford no aid here. Filaments: Extrusion not produced by iodine, potassium or sodium hydrates, glycerin, heat, acetic or formic acids, or by ether. Hydro- chloric and nitric acids produced extrusion; the latter difficultly obtain- able, observed only in a very small number of cases in spite of repeated efforts. Strangely enough, this method failed completely to produce extrusion in 7’. octospora and, on the contrary, ether, the only agent which succeeded in that species, was without effect on the spores of TZ. giardi, Filament 15 to 20 u long; usually extruded completely, some- times, however, extruded only partially uncoiled; susceptible to anilin stains, among others violet 5B. Sporoplasm: Safranin or gentian violet (apparently the best stains for these organisms) yield 2 different appearances, according to the degree of decoloration. If slightly decolorized, the vacuole alone is visible, but when decolorized ad maximum only some colored grains remain in front of the vacuole. Sometimes two or three are distin- guishable; most frequently, however, only a small colored band (appa- rently formed of fused granules of indeterminate number) is seen. Vacuole aniodinophile. Habitat.—Seen only once in Crangon vulgaris Fabr. (shrimp), from Boulogne. Probably the course of development is the same as in Palemon, asin the single specimen taken the state of development of the parasite corresponded to the state of development in Palemon at the same date. Pathology.—Everything under 7. octospora relative to the opacity produced in the host applies equally to 7. giardi, except that, by reason of the less perfect normal transparency in, and the pronounced tegu- mentary pigmentation of, Crangon vulgaris, the modification is less striking, though it is always sufficiently sharp to permit the recogni- tion of the infected individuals without any difficulty. Effects.—Ehrenbaum! noted abnormal individuals of a paler, more opaque color, destitute of the normal greenish tone, apparently con- siderably enfeebled, dying more rapidly than the normal ones when 1Zur Naturgeschichte von Crangon vulgaris, Berlin, 1890, pp. 11, 12. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 205 thrown out of the water. The abnormal individuals never included egg-bearing females. This, Henneguy and Thélohan think, recalls the aspect of Crustacea infected by Myxosporidia. They have also never seen egg-bearing females among the infected Palemons. Perhaps we have here, they think, another case of “ parasitic castration.” Infection experiments—A Caradina desmuresti fed for 71 days with the muscles of an infected Crangon, showed, on the most careful exami- nation, no sign whatever of infection. 33. Thelohania macrocystis Gurley, 1893. Pl. 12, fig. 3. (Sarcosporidian of Paliwnonetes varians Garbini,! 1891, Rend. Real. Acead. Lin- cei Roma, vu, Sem. 1, pp. 151, 152 with fig.; myxosporidian of ibid., Thélo- han and Henneguy, 1892, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, Iv, p. 586.) Thelohania macrocystis, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 410; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Sporophorous vesicle.—Hlongate fusiform. This is the principal char- acter distinguishing this species from 7. octospora, which has perfectly rounded vesicles. Spores.—Hight in number, pyriform, shell difficultly staimable, col- oring only iv a 0:5 per cent boiling solution of eosin; spores easily stainable by Gram’s method; in the larger posterior end a distinct round “nucleus” more clear and transparent than the surrounding sporoplasm. Together with these forms are others with a thicker and more difficultly stainable shell, within which 8 corpuscles are with diffi- culty discernible; probably these represent more advanced stages of the same parasite. Garbini failed to find other developmental stages corresponding to those found by Henneguy in 7. octospora. SInocula- tion of healthy animals proved a failure. Habitat. Occurring in great numbers in the muscles of Palemonetes varians (prawn) from the Mincio in the neighborhood of Verona. Nature.—This species has much analogy with Thelohania octospora, but presents some noteworthy differences that warrant its specific sep- aration. Ordo II. Phenocystes Gurley, 1893. Etymology: dauvw, L appear; xvotic, capsule. 3ull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, pp. 409, 410; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Definition.—Myxosporidia, in which the pansporoblast produces few (1 or 2) spores; the latter relatively large, with distinct symmetry and 2 or more capsules ;? type family, Myrobolida. 1 First described in Garbini’s “‘Intorno ad un nuovo microorganismo parassita del Palemonetes varians (title only); Atti Real. Accad. Lincei Roma, 1890, v1, p. 526; unpublished, 2 Except Myxobolus wnicapsulatus and M, piriformis. ‘This qualification is omitted by Braun, 206 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Fam. MYXOBOLIDZ Gurley, 1893. (Myxosporidiew! Perugia, 1891, Boll. Scientif., Pavia, xin, p. 28; Myxobo- lées Thélohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, Iv, pp. 173, 176.) Myzxobolide, Buli. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 413; Myobolea [Thél.] Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xiv, p. 739; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Definition.—Phenocystes, whose spores are destitute of antero-pos- terior, but possess bilateral, symmetry;”? capsules 2, in 1 group at the anterior end; a bivalve shell, the plane of junction of whose valves is parallel to the longitudinal plane; an iodinophile vacuole; type (and _ only) genus Myxobolus. IV. MYXOBOLUS Biitschli, 1882. Etymology not given. Bronn’s Thier-Reich, I, pl. 38, figs. 6-10, and of subsequent authors; 7b., Lank- ester, 1885, Encycl. Britan., 9 ed., x1x, -p. 855; ib., Thélohan, 1890, Annal. de Microgr., 11, p. 213; Myxosporidium? Perugia, 1891, Boll. Scientif., Pavia, XIlI, p. 23; ib., Weltner, 1892, Sitzgsber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 34; Myxosporidium, ibid., p. 35; Myxobolus et Henneguyat Thélo- han, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, Iv, pp. 176, 177; Myxobolus, Perrier, 1893, Traité de Zool., p. 460; ib., Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, pp. 411-18; 7b., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XV, p. 86. Definition.—Characters, those of the family. Henneguyais separated from Myxcbolus by only 2 characters, viz, (1st) capsules constantly 2, and (2d) the presence of atail. Inasmuch, how- ever, as all the numerous typical Myxobolus species have 2 capsules, and ouly 2 species are known to deviate in this respect in the direction of capsule-reduction, the typical number of capsules in Myxobolus is 2; so that the 2 differential characters in reality reduce to the single one of the presence of atail. This in itself is not sufficient to warrant a generic separation, especially in view of the entire accord between the tailed and untailed forms in regard to symmetry, similar position of the valves, exactly similar vacuole, nuclei, ete. Besides, it may be noted that it has been several times asserted that tailed and untailed forms occur in the same eyst. Thus Miiller,? Lieberkiihn,® and Biitschli’ 1 Myxosporidium Perugia (synonym for Myxobolus Biitschli?) proposed as type of Fam. Myxosporidiew Perugia, by the author in Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, XI, p. 413. 2Except species which have suffered reduction of characters (Myxobolus unicapsu- latus, M. piriformis, M. inequalis). Perhaps M. strongylurus should be added. 3 Myxosporidium merlucii proposed by the author (Bull, U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891 (1893), x1, p. 413) as the type species. The name Myxcosporidium, having been pro- posed as a new name for a genus formed by the fusion of several good genera each of which already possessed a name in good standing, must be suppressed. 4 Henneguya psorospermica proposed as the generic type by the author (Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1891 (1893), x1, p. 413). 5 See Myxobolus sp. 61, p. 240. 6 Miiller’s Archiv., 1854, p. 6; Mém. Cour. et Mém. Sav. Etrang. Acad. Roy. Belg., 1855, XX VB, p. 37. 7 Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1882, 1, p. 597. This is probably only an opinion as to the consensus, and not an independent one, THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 207 have all asserted this condition. It is, however, almost impossible for me to believe that a tailed species is ever (except of course from break- age, and I have seen many spores deceptively broken) untailed or that an untailed species is ever tailed. I do not recognize as true tails those processes evidently monstrous (as shown by their aspect, their great rarity, their wide divergence from the typical forms, and the lack of transitions thereto) which are very rarely observed in untailed species. Thus I have seen among hundreds of spores of Myxobolus oblongus such aform. But that (and also those reported by others belong, I suspect, to the same category) should not be confounded with a true tail. In other words, I believe the presence or the absence of a tail to be a good specific character, but not a generic one. Finally, even if the above observations should be admitted to be accurate, might not the conjunction be better explained on the supposition that the 2 forms were in the same tumor, but not necessarily (at least until proven) in the same cyst, i. e., produced by the same myxosporidium. Although such a close approximation of 2 different species in the same tumor has not been seen, Thélohan is authority for an equally close approxima- tion of 2 different genera in the renal tubules of Gasterosteus aculeatus and those of Pygosteus pungitius. Finally, in this connection pp. 245, 246 should be consulted. I saw Weltner’s results long after writing the above, and perhaps they may demand some modification of it. Shell.—This structure is bivalve throughout the whole of the genus, the valves being superior and inferior. Ribbons (‘elastic ribbons” of Balbiani).—These curious and prob- ably abnormal modifications of the ridge are found only in, and are described under, Myxobolus ellipsoides (p. 223). Tail (see also pp. 245, 250, 254).—This structure is found only in some species of Myxobolus. It was first noted by Miiller, who says! that it is merely a solid prolongation of the shell substance not containing any extension of the body cavity. This is also, I believe, the view of its structure entertained by all subsequent observers. Balbiani regards the tail as formed by the coaptation along the median line of his “elastic ribbons” (p. 223). The tail would thus consist of 2 lateral halves. This view may be safely rejected, as, if the tail is really composed of two halves, the latter must be superior and inferior, and not right and left. The latter view of its structure (2 halves, superior and inferior) is taken by Thélohan,? who says that the tail is composed of 2 halves (the respective superior and inferior positions of which are necessarily implied, since he says the bifurcation always takes place in the longitudinal plane), whose occasional imper- fect coaptation results in the bifurcate condition frequently observed. Finally, since writing the above, I have been enabled, by the kind- ness of Prof. Seth E. Meek, to examine Myxobolus cf. linearis (p. 253), in 1 Miiller’s Archiv., 1841, p. 479. . *Annal. de Microgr., 1890, 11, p. 206. 208 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. which the composition of the tail by the coaptation of a superior and an inferior half is easily demonstrable. In at least one species, however, this structure of the tail appears not to obtain. In Myxobolus macrurus the structure in question seems not to be a shell process at all, but an independent structure with dif- ferent optical and chemical properties. Although at first inclined to suspect the existence of the two lateral pieces (without the median piece; see p. 250) in the untailed forms, I was unable to detect any trace of them, as iodine failed to separate such a structure. Further, I was unable to prove the constancy of the initial posterior divergence of the valves which in MW. macrurus I suspected to be correlated with the described structure of the tail. Sporoplasm.—Correlated with the typical number and position of the capsules is the characteristic peltate shape assumed by the sporoplasm. The shape and the topographic features of this structure are described in detail under Myvobolus macrurus (p.251). The sporoplasm contains nuclei, an iodinophile vacuole, and * granules.” Nuclei (see also “ granules” below).—These were first observed by Thélohan. He describes! the condition as follows: A series of spores properly stained shows some with 1 nucleus (frequently situated at or near the median cornua) and others with 2, 3, or 4 nuclei, everything pointing to their origin by division from the single one. The subse- quent ones appear to migrate at first outward and then backward. Vacuole (iodinophile)— Although visible on some of Miiller’s figures, Biitschli? was the first to direct attention to this structure. He described it as a nucleus, remarking that, though sometimes visible in the fresh state, it became more distinct upon the addition of acetic acid or iodine solution. He failed in his efforts to stain it, a result that he attributed to failure of penetration through the shell of the staining fluid. In 1889 Thélohan? corrected this erroneous interpretation, showing that the structure in question is a vacuole. Little differentiated in the fresh state (on account of similar refrangibility) from the sporoplasm, it becomes evident when the latter is coagulated by alcohol, acetic, nitric, or osmic acids, or by silver nitrate solution (2 per cent). Its chief micro-chemical characteristic is its extreme resistance to nuclear stains, which affect all the surrounding parts. Iodine alone stains it a brownish red, the remainder of the protoplasm taking a pale yellow hue. The iodine reaction exactly resembles that exhibited by glyco- 1 Annal. de Microgr., 1890, 11, p. 210. 2Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1881, xxxv, p. 636. 3Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, c1x, pp. 919-920. For Perugia’s confirmation see M. merlucti, p. 248. 4Biitschli, indeed, states the contrary, butmy own results are throughout in accord with those of Thélohan, as are also those of Perugia (Boll, Scientif., Pavia, 1891, x1, p. 24). THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 209 genic matter. The vacuolic contents further resemble the latter in being insoluble in alcohol. Spores kept in this liquid preserve their reaction towards iodine. The vacuolic, matter shows a further resem- blance to glycogen in its solubility in alkalies. Acids modify it so that after their action it no longer exhibits the iodine reaction. Thélohan was never able to obtain the reduction of the eupro-potassium solution. Pfeiffer! regards it as a nucleus, as does also Weltner.? My own observations are in entire accord with those of M. Thélohan. The structure in question never colors with any staining reagents, nuclear or plasmic. It stains (alcoholic specimens) with iodine, exactly as stated by Thélohan, and is, I think, unquestionably a vacuole. The vacuole is single, subglobular, usually central or subcentral, differentiated negatively (unstained against a dark ground) by staining reagents, and positively (dark brown against a light ground) by iodine. Granules (‘¢ globules,” etc.)—As late as 1854, Balbiani? regarded these as latent capsular germs, destined to develop into accessory cap- sules at the period of reproduction. These granules appear to be of three kinds: 1. “ Globules” present in fresh material. Those situated far forward (usually found at the side of, and apparently connected with, the capsule) were first observed by Biitschli* in Myxobolus miilleri, and subsequently by Thélohan® in A. oviformis. I have also seen them in M.macrurus. According to Thélohan, these are fatty, as they blacken strongly with osmic acid and dissolve in alcohol. 2. “Granules ” distributed irregularly through the plasma are men- tioned by Biitschli (loc. cit.). 3. The pericornual nuclei. The “ granules” forming this series are 2 in number, minute, brilliant, subsymmetrically situated near both the lateral cornua and the posterior extremity of the capsule. These bodies were first noted by Miiller.6 Subsequently (as above mentioned), Bal- biani regarded them as capsular germs, In 1881 Biitschli described at some length the different appearances presented by these bodies in Myxobolus miilleri (p. 220). 1Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1891, 2 ed., p. 17. 2 Sitzungs-Ber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1892, p. 32. *Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1863, Lvu, p. 160; Légons sur les Sporozoaires, 1884, p.144. In the latter place he says: ‘“One remarks in the cavity of the psorosperm other small corpuscles which appear as refringent globules to the number of 3 or 4, symmetrically disposed, often placed at the base of the twin vesicles. I have considered these small globules as vesicles with a filament in a rudimentary state, destined to be developed at the moment of reproduction, for at this moment the psorosperm contains 3 or 4 vesicles with fila- ments. Biitschli has attacked this manner of view, nevertheless I believe I should maintain it.” 4 Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1881, XXxV, p. 637, pl. 31, fig. 2, 5 Annal. de Microgr., 1890, u, p. 211, pl. 1, fig. 8. 6 See p. 240, pl. 28, fig. 69. F c——14 210 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Thélohan! was the first to recognize their nuclear nature. He first believed them to belong to the sporoplasm, supposing them to be situ- ated at its 2 antero-external angles (lateral cornua). Subsequently, from a study of capsule development, he! regarded the bodies in ques- tion as persistent embryonal nuclei, the remnants of such development. He further expressed the belief that these nuclei could in some cases become detached from the capsules and engulfed in the sporoplasm. Pfeiffer? termsthem ‘“safranophile corpuscles,” but does not comment upon their nature. In Myxrobolus macrurus I have studied these bodies (which, from their position, may be termed pericornual nuclei) with great care, and with the following results, which apply especially to M. macrurus, but equally well to M. lintoni: 1. There can be no question whatever that they are nuclei, as they take nuclear stains and show nuclear structure. 2, Their presence or absence and their position (at least in the fully developed spore) appears constant for the Same species: As regards constancy of position they contrast strongly with the third and fourth nuclei. 3. The only question is as to their seat. It wili be seen above that they have been regarded as belonging to the capsule and also as belonging to the sporoplasm. Asis implied by this difference of opinion, their seat is by no means easy of determination, and, after much study, IT am as yet uncertain whether they are capsular or sporoplasmie. Three appearances may sometimes be seen on the same specimen: (a) They appear in one focus-plane almost certainly connected with the infero-lateral cornu; or, (b) they appear almost as certainly attached tothedrawn-out posterior end of the capsule; or, (¢) they appear discon- nected from both and appear to be borne on a broad triangular spur projecting inwards from the shell. An interpretation which seems possible is that each nucleus is imbedded in the sporoplasm near the tip of the swpero-lateral cornu, whence it happens that optically its position almost exactly coincides with that of the posterior end of the capsule. In some species (Myxobolus cf. linearis, M. transovalis) I failed to find any bodies which on account of the constancy of their position, ete., I could regard as the pericornual nuclei, and this absence appears to ae here as definite a specific character as does their presence in MM, macrurus and MM, lintont. 34. Myxobolus unicapsulatus Gurley, 1893. Pl. 13, fig. 1. (Psorosperm of Labeo niloticus Miiller, 1841, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 487, pl. 16, fig. 5 a-d; ib. Robin, 1853, Hist. Nat. d. Végét. Parasites, p. 299, pl. 14, fig. 7.) Myzxobolus unicapsulatus, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. tor 1891, x1, p. 414; ib. of Labro [error] niloticus Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 86. Cyst and myxosporidium unknown. 1 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1889, crx, pp. 920-1; ibid., 1892, cxv, p. 1097. 2 Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1891, 2 ed., p. 7. / THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 211 Spore.—Of the form and size of Chloromyxum dwardini. Capsule only 1, situated on one side of the anterior end, obliquely directed. Habitat.—On Labeo niloticus from the Nile. 35. Myxobolus piriformis Thélohan, 1892. Plate 13, fig. 3 (pars), 4 (pars)'; pl. 18. (Psorosperms of the tench (pars) Balbiani, 1883, Journ. de Microgr., vu, pp. 197-198, fig. 66 b,c, ? d-f; ib. (pars) Balbiani, 1884, Lécons sur les Sporo- zoaires, pp. 125-6, fig. 47b, c, ? d—f; pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3A (pars)', ? 3B,C; ? ib. (pars) Pfeiffer, 1890, Die Protozoen als Kranheitserreger, 1 ed., pp. 48,55, tig. 16; ? ib. (pars) 1891, 2 ed., p. 182, fig. 56. Myzxobolus piriformis, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, tv, p. 177; ib., Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 414; ib., Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xiv, p. 739; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, ‘xv, p. 86. Synonymy.—M. Thélohan informs me (letter, 1893) that : M. piriformis has very probably been seen by Remak, although his figures and his descriptions do not prove it absolutely (pl. 5, fig. 5). He does not figure the polar capsules, but his figures almost certainly belong to the species in question. Fig. 8 represents 2 spores from the kidney? of the tench, which I do not know to what species to approximate. The presence of 2 capsules separates them from M. piriformis. The form of its spores and the small size of the capsules do not permit of its approximation to any of the forms that I have encountered. The typical spore of WW. piriformis contains but Z polar capsule. As in all species, one can find monstrous spores which inclose 2 capsules, but they have seemed to me very rare. This species is often accompanied, above all in the spleen of the tench, by MW. ellipsoides. Almost all the spores with 2 capsules, represented by the authors, belong, I believe, to the spores, more or less monstrous, of this last species. Balbiani considered MW. piriformis a degraded form of M, ellipsoides. I have been able to convince myself that this mode of view is not correct. It is a species abso- lutely distinct and well characterized, as I have been able to determine by numerous observations. After reading the above, I restudied the synonymy as between this species and MW. brachycystis, and can not but feel that all of Remak’s figures are referable to 1 species, which probably is, as Thélohan thinks and contrary to my former opinion,’ distinct from his WM. piriformis. The following are the conclusions at which I have arrived: (a) Remak’s figures are referable to 1 species. His fig. 8 (referred to in the second paragraph of the above quotation) is not from the kidney but from the spleen. There appears to me to be, especially in view of Remak’s statements which tend to show that he considered the question carefully, no ground for a separation between these 2 developed spores 1 The figures in the rows on Balbiani’s plate Lv, fig. 3, are numbered in order from left to right, in the reproduction of if on pl. 13, fig. 8. The proper specific refer- ences of some of the figures of groups 3 and 4, on that plate, are dubious. The fol- lowing is about all that can be safely said at present: Indeterminate: Figs. 3 B,C; 4d-/. (either W. piriformis or M. ellipsvides). Myxobolus piriformis: Figs. 3 A, Nos. 1, 2,6; 4b, ¢. My-xobolus ellipsoides: Figs. 3 A, Nos. 3, 4,5, 7 (the last with some certainty, the rest probably, “abnormal” spores); da. 2 These spores (Remak’s fig. 8) are from the spleen. 3 Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 409, second footnote, where it is stated that 1 Myxobolus species possesses, perhaps inconstantly, a single capsule, At thattime I inclined to fuse M. brachycystis with MW. piriformis. = 912 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. of the spleen and the noncapsulate spores (developing spores; sporo- blasts), also from the spleen, shown in Remak’s fig. 5. And, finally, between the immature forms of fig. 5 from the spleen and the similarly immature forms from the kidney represented in Remak’s fig. 7, specific identity seems almost certain. Another argument which is especially worthy of note is the fact that the spores represented in all 5 figures are almost exactly the same size. Remak does not, it is true, state the dimensions in the text, but on the plate he gives the multiplication ratio for the figures, and calculations from careful neasurements of them show that all of them agree very closely. I therefore think, with Remak, that they are all one species. (b) That species is distinet from M. piriformis. Among the 3 criteria cited by Thélohan as distinguishing M. brachycystis from M. piriformis, viz, spore-form, presence of 2 capsules and their small size, especial emphasis should be laid upon the latter, that is upon the small capsular index. Cyst and myxosporidium unknown. Spore.—Pyriform; closely resembling a pumpkin seed; being flat- tened-ovoid with a’ very acutely attenuated anterior extremity. Length, 16 to 18 4; greatest breadth, 7 or 8 yu. Habitat.—Branchie and spleen of Tinca tinca L.; kidney of Misgur- nus fossilis. 36. Myxobolus inequalis Gurley, 1893. Pl. 13, fig. 2. (Psorosperms of Pimelodus blochii Valenc., Miiller, 1841, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 487, pl. 16, fig. 6a, b; ib. Miiller, 1843, Rayer’s Archiv. de Méd. comp., pl. 9, fig.6; ib. Robin, 1853, Hist. Nat. des Végét. Parasites, p. 299, pl. 14, fig. 8.) Myzxobolus inequalis, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 414; Myrobolus inequalis [error] of Pimelodes [error] blochii, Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 87. Cyst and myxosporidium unknown. Spore.—Length, 11 p (0:0052’’); breadth, 7 2 (0:0033/"); capsules 2, of unequal size. Habitat—On Pimelodus clarias Bloch (= Silurus clarias Valene.) from Guiana and Surinam. 37. Myxobolus brachycystis sp. nov. Pl. 14, figs. 1-3. (Psorosperms of Tinca chrysitis, Remak, 1852, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 144-146, pl. 5, figs. 5, 7, 8.) Compare carefully p. 211. Remak compares it (by reference to Miil- ler’s figures) to Chloromyxum dujardini. Spore formation.—Pansporoblast: Oval vesicles usually situated on the walls of the blood vessels of the kidney or spleen; either in connec- tion with, or separate from, the pigment follicles; pansporoblast always monosporogenetic. In the developing spores Remak not infrequently missed the capsules, but comparison with developed forms which occurred in ether cases left no doubt as to their nature, Spore.—Pyritorm, long drawn out. Habitat,—Remak gives this as the pigment follicles of the spleen and THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. ZhS of the kidney of Tinea tinca L. (tench). He further asserts that the same form is found on the branchixw, but as he does not figure any spores from the last seat it may perhaps be a question whether the branchie yield the present species in addition to M. piriformis. In the kidney a 3-chambered pigment cyst was seen 27 pa (z/// long, the end compartments of which were occupied by pigment and the central one by a pyriform spore.! The pigment-follicles of the spleen almost always contain untailed psorosperms in considerable numbers, lying without order between the pigment-hokding cells. The pigment follicles of the kidneys always contain the same species as that found in the spleen and upon the gills (Remak), 38. Myxobolus? sp.incert. PI. 14, fig. 4. Psorosperms of Cyprinus tinca, Lieberkiihn, 1854, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 6, 24, 353, pl. 2, figs. 21-27. Lieberkiihn’s description is substantially as follows: Cyst imbedded in cornea immediately under the inner surface. Upon slight pres- sure very many spores, partly with and partly without tail-like appendages, and whose shell was no longer smooth but wrinkled, and whose capsules were no longer together but cccupied unusual positions, were seen. Individual shells contained only 1, and others no capsule. A number of free “nuclei” which had preserved the elub-shape of those within the spore also were seen. Finally, very small diaphanons, nongranular, amcebiform corpuscles occurred, which plainly, though slowly, moved with blunt or sharp processes. Habitat—Encysted in cornea of Tinea tinca L. (tench). Concerning these figures, Thélohan (letter to author, 1893) says that they are not to be approximated to M. piriformis. Lieberkiihn’s fig. 21 would, he says, rather suggest Chloromyxum dujardini. 39. Myxobolus ? mugilis Perugia, 1891. Pl. 14, figs. 5, 6. Myxosporidium mugilis Perugia, Boll. Scientif., Pavia, x11, pp. 23-24, plate, figs. 7,8; ib., Weltner, 1852, Sitzungsber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p.35. Myxobolus mugilis Thélohan, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, Iv, p. 166; ib., Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 414; ib. Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 87. Cyst membrane.—Having removed with care one of the cysts from the branchie of M. capito, Perugia observed it to consist of 3 (others contain 2) separated myxosporidia surrounded by a common investing membrane evidently derived from the branchial lamella, which latter at no point showed any solution of its continuity. From this he coneluded that the cyst is a production of the host. Some cysts contain 2 or 3 myxosporidia filled with spores, and with a residue of a very few granu- lations of protoplasm. Myxosporidium not described. Spore.—F ree; “ without a proper membrane ”?; length, 7. Habitat.—Encysted in the branchial lamelle of Mugil auratus and of M. capito (gray mullets). Rare; found only twice in 300 Mugils. ‘Remak here erroneously refers to his fig. 5a instead of fig. 7A. From other similar expressions by the same author I interpret this to mean: ‘No pansporoblast membrane.” 914 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. telative to its generic relations Perugia says: This form might be referred to the genus Myrobolus, from which it seems to me to differ only by a little. The different hosts and the form of the spores only might cause it to be regarded as a distinct species. 40 Myxobolus sp. incert. Pl. 14, fig. 7. (Pso#osperm of Nais proboscidea, Lieberkiihn in Biitschli, 1882, Bronn’s Thier- Reich, 1, p. 590, pl. 38, fig. 23; ib., Thélohan, 1890, Annal. de Microgr., II, p. 193; ib. Pfeiffer, 1890, Virchow’s Archiv. f. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol., CXx11, p. 557; ib. Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xtvy, p. 739.) No description. Its symimetry shows it to be a Myxobolus. Observed by Lieberkiihn, and communicated by him to Biitschli; published only by the latter.! Habitat.—Nais proboscidea (a worm). 41 Myxobolus sp. incert. Pl. 15, figs. 1-6. Psorosperms of Esox lucius, Lieberkiihn, 1855, Mém. Cour. et Mém. Say. Etrang. Acad. Roy. Belg., XXVI, p. 37, pl. 10, figs. 10-12, pl. 11, figs. 1-4; ? ib. Biitschli 1882, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1, pl. 38, fig. 11. Cyst.—Size 8 mm. (0°31 inch) by 4:25 mun. (0°17 inch); contents granu- lar matter” alone, spores alone, or both “ granular matter” and spores, in variable proportion. Myxosporidium unknown. Spore.—Oval or circular, tailed or untailed; the 2 kinds often mixed without order in the same cyst. Habitat.—Cysts of branchiz of Lucius luctus L. (pike). It is hard to know what to do with this form. In spite of his asser- tion that tailed and untailed forms occur in the same cyst, Lieberkiihn appears to figure only untailed forms. In view of this, and provision- ally until some other observer shall confirm this observation, I prefer to recognize this as a “form” distinct from the tailed one having approximately the same habitat. (See also p. 256.) 42 Myxobolus oviformis Thélohan, 1892. Pl. 14, fig. 8. (‘‘Myxosporidian spore (M. miilleri Biitschli?)” of Cyprinus carpio and of Gobio fluviatilis, ? Thélohan, 1890, Annal. de Microgr., 11, pp. 200, 204, 209, 210, 211, 218, pl. 1, figs.8-11; spore of C. carpio, Thélohan, 1890, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, crx, p. 921). Myzxobolus oviformis Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, 1v, p. 177; ib., Gurley, 1893, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 414; ib., Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, x1v, p. 739; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 87. Cyst and myxosporidium not mentioned. Spore.—F lattened-ovoid, with notably attenuate anterior extremity; length, 10 to 12 4; breadth, 8u; capsules relatively large (6); nuclei ad plur., 3; vacuole, present. 1 Braun’s language is slightly ambiguous: ‘‘Eine iiltere Notiz, von Lieberkiihn, erwihnt” the occurrence of Myxosporidia in invertebrates. *An ambiguous expression of Lieberktihn’s (Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 1854, xx1, pt. 2, pp. 22-23) may refer to an observation of a species upon the branchiz of this fish, THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 215 Habitat—Common on fins (where the spores exist in great numbers in the subeutaneous tissue) of Gobio gobio L. (gudgeon); branchie of same fish, of Cyprinus carpio L. (earp), and of Alburnus alburnus L. 43. Myxobolus ? cf. oviformis. Psorosperms of Cyprinus carpio, Balbiani, 1883, Journ. de Microgr., vu, pp. 199- 201; ib., Balbiani, 1884, Lécons sur les Sporozoaires, pp. 128, 130, 131. Cyst and inyxosporidium not mentioned. Spore.—Length 18 uw; breadth 12 yp. Habitat.—On Cyprinus carpio L. (earp). The dimensions differ so markedly from those of M. oviformis that on the present evidence [ have not felt justified in fusing the 2 forms. It is, however, worthy of note that the ratio between the dimensions is the same as that in /, oviformis, and also that “18” may not impossibly be an error for 8. M.Thélohan writes that he has never found in the carp spores measuring 18 by 12 1, and suggests that these dimensions may be an error. 44. Myxobolus sp. incert. PI. 15, fig. 7. Cyprinus | Gobio fluvia- brama, tilis [error] re *““psoro- myxospo- | Date. Authority; reference. sperms,” | ridian spore ete., of— | of— | 7 de Cae ey ee | 1841 | Miller, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 491-2. Xx SE Bee ee 1854 | Lieberkiihn, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 368, pl. 14, figs. 7, 8. thd I oe | 1879 Leuckart, Die Parasiten des Menschen, p. 248, fig. 99b. x 1882 | Biitschli, Bronn’s Thier- Reich, I, p. 600. 1882 Lieberkiihn in Biitschli, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, I, pl. 38, | | fig. 18a-e. DCMI | SS eB ssceccunae | 1886 | Leuckart, The Parasites of Man, 2 ed., p. 197, fig. 99B. Xx LoGasecesocsnee 1887 | Koch, Encyklop. d. gesammt. Thierheilkde u. Thier- | zucht, LV, p. 94, fig. 668, 2, 3. Biitschli’s reference to Gobio fluviatilis is certainly an error. His figs. 18) and 18¢ (loaned him by Lieberkiihn) are respectively copies of Lieberkiihn’s figs. 7 and 8. That they are not merely independent figures of specifically identical material can be seen from the identity of the figure of the ever-varying amoeboid (fig. 8, Lieberkiihn; fig. 18¢, Biitschli; see pl. 15, fig. 7c). The question is, moreover, additionally settled by Prof. Biitschli’s statement that— 7 Concerning the subsequent fate of the spore, only two observers, Lieberkiihn and Balbiani, have so far expressed opinions. They agree that the spore-shell finally separates, the protoplasmic contents emerging as a small active amceboid body (180, ce). Thus the 2 figures in question were copied. Further, Lieberkiihn mentions a “ psorosperm” from the body cavity of Gobio fluviatilis (see p. 245), and describes in detail his observations in that form upon the separation of the valves and the exit of the amoeboid posterior mass. He makes no mention, however, of any forms upon the branchie of Gobio fluviatilis, The fact that Biitschli cites its habitat as the branchix, with his statement that in this matter he is quoting, estab- 216 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. lishes the conclusion that his reference to Gobio fluviatilis was due to an erroneous correlation between Lieberkiihn’s text and Lieber- kiihn’s figures. Finally, Biitschli’s fig. 18a appears to be the transverse view of 180. Concerning the relation between this form and WM. sp. 45, M. Thélo- han (letter to author, 1893) says: It is impossible to say whether this figure should be approximated to my Myxobolus of the bream. No description. Habitat.—Branchie of Abramis brama L. (bream). 45. Myxobolus sp. incert. Myxobolus of bream, Thélohan, 1892, Bull. Soe. philomat. Paris, Iv, p. 178. Cyst and myxosporidium not mentioned. Spore.—Length, 8 yu; breadth, 6 to 7 py. Habitat.—Branchie of Abramis brama (bream). Remarks.—Differs from M. miillert only in the smaller size of the spores. See also remarks on the preceding species. 46. Myxobolus miilleri Biitschli, 1882. Pls. 16, 17. (Myxosporidian spores of Squalius cephalus, of Barbus fluviatilis, and of other fresh-water Cyprinoids, Biitschli, 1881, Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., XxXv, p. 630, footnote, pp. 630-8, 646-8, pl. 31, figs. 1-24.) Myxobolus miilleri, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1, pp. 595-7, pl. 38, figs. 6-10; ib. Lan- kester, 1885, Encycl. Britan., 9 ed., x1x, p. 855, fig. xvi, 40, 415 ib., Leunis, 1886, Synopsis d. Thierkde, 11, pp. 1137-8, figs. 1118-9; ib., Thélo- han, 1892, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, rv, pp. 166, 167, 178; ib., Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Com. for 1891, x1, p. 414; ib., Braun, 1893, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xiv, p. 739; ib., Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 87. Synonymy.—Biitschli (1881) says the Myxrosporidia investigated by him came principally from the Cyprinoids, but that he could not give the species of host exactly, as he investigated large numbers of excised branchie. In part, however, these latter were derived from Squalius cephalus and from Barbus fluviatilis. He further states that he was unable to recognize any specific distinctions between the spores of the series he examined. Biitschli’s type figures of 1582 are copies of his figures of 1881. Parenthetically, also Lankester’s and Leunis’s are copies of these. Of those who have studied the pathogenic muscle- form of Barbus barbus (=fluviatilis), all admit its close similarity to, and some assert its identity with, M. miilleri (see p. 225). Further, Pfeiffer states that in the Rhine basin, in which the épidemie produced by the muscle-form is very extensive, the branchiz are free from Myxospori- dia, a nonassociation that would seem to favor the idea of specific dis- tinctness. So far, then, no direct comparison has been made between the spores inhabiting the branchiz of B. barbus and those inhabiting the muscles of the same fish. In the meantime it is probable that Leuciscus (squalius) cephalus L. should be regarded as, so to speak, the type host’of M. miilleri. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 217 Cyst.'—Exclusively confined to the branchial lamellie, appearing by reflected light as white pustules, usually elongate-oval, 2 to 3mm. long; with greater development distending the flat branchial lamellae. On closer examination of the freshest possible branchiz, the cysts are seen to be neither extra-, nor intra-, but sub-epithelial, the blood vessels of the mucosa running over their surfaces. Their seat is thus the submucous connective tissue layer which immediately surrounds the supporting central cartilaginous rod of the lamella, and which underlies each and separates both of the layers of iucous membrane, which latter form the opposite faces of the lamella and in which run, super- ficially, the afferent and efferent blood vessels and the capillaries of the mucosa. One can easily convince himself of this situation of the ‘myxosporidium by external observation. One then remarks that the transverse-running capillaries superficially girdle the myxosporidium. A transverse section through the mass thus shows the supporting cen- tral cartilaginous rod girdled by the myxosporidium, and the latter in its turn surrounded by the vascular layer of the mucosa. If the myx- osporidium attain a greater growth, it naturally distends the lamelle more and more, and, since the transverse capillaries girdle the myxo- sporidium ring-wise and oppose an obstacle to its expansion, the latter structure bulges out, sac-like, in the intervals between them, its whole outline being thus multilobate. From some further observations on very large myxosporidia, biitschli believes that finally, through the continued growth of the myxosporidium, the restraining capillaries become ruptured, which explains the blood extravasations observed by him in the superficial portions of large myxosporidia, the girdling capillaries in these cases being absent. Membrane: By careful manipulation the myxosporidium can some- times be removed intact from its seat in the branchiz. In both of the two successful instances, Biitschli observed a distinct membrane which possessed special interest in differing from the type usual among the unicellular organisms and particularly from that found in the Gregarines. Itis of a plasmatic nature, being composed of clear, very finely granular protoplasm, in which numerous small nuclei are imbedded. Neither acetic acid nor staining reactions show any evidence of cell outlines. The finely granular nuclei possess a distinct dark membrane, show a somewhat irregular outline, and stain intensely with alum carmine. It is difficult to determine with certainty whether this membrane is a production of the myxosporidium or of the tissues of the host. As opposing the former view (a view which, however, Biitschli considers as in no wise excluded) is the fact that the nuclei of the membrane are somewhat larger than those found in the endoplasm. ‘ 1'The description is Biitschli’s. He calls it the myxosporidium, but it appears from his description to be the cyst (which, however, is probably only a later stage of growth of the imbedded myxosporidium). Pfeiffer erroneously states that these observations were made upon Perca fluviatilis (Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 2 ed., 1891, p. 130). 218 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Mycosporidium.—Myxosporidium usually showing no clear differen- tiation of ectoplasm and endoplasm except in thin sections, where certain portions exhibit very plainly a tolerably thick, granule-free exterior zone, possessing a great interest on account of its very distinct fine radiate striation. Hndoplasm thickly studded with very small but distinet nuclei which in thin sections are, even in the fresh state, rather plainly visible as faint roundish corpuscles, in which dilute acetic acid differentiates a dark somewhat granulated membrane, a small dark nucleolus, and, sometimes quite clearly, fine nuclear threads radiating from the nucleolus to the membrane. This structure, together with their intense affinity for stains, permits no doubt as to their nuclear nature. Spore formation.i—This species never shows a paired spore-develop- ment, or a development within a pansporoblast (?; see below), the spores being directly imbedded in the endoplasm. These spores, how- ever, Show indications of a similarity in their development to the other Myxosporidia in their origin from a trisegmented (‘‘trinucleate”) plasma- globule, 2 of whose segments develop the capsules and the third the sporoplasm. Development of spore’—In the myxosporidium, inclosed in a delicate membrane, a number of mature spores are seen, many things pointing to their origin from the protoplasm. They always contain 35 pale, almost spherical, but somewhat angular bodies. The membrane fre- quently shows an excavation and an opening at one end. At this end the 2 protocysts are situated, the protosporoplasm being remote there- from. Further observation shows the protosporoplasm to develop into the sporoplasm of the mature spore and the two protocysts to give origin to the capsules. The latter structures develop within the proto- cysts, the filament appearing first in the extruded condition, apparently forming a prolongation of the capsular wall. : Subsequently, in the light of his observations on the development of Myxidium lieberkiihnit, Biitschli inclined to interpret thus: That the 3 spheres (viz, the 2 protocysts and the protosporoplagm) represent not plasma-spheres but nuclei, the latter being, on this supposition, imbedded in a plasma mass which he had failed to see, probably on account of strong swelling and great transparency. The observations of Balbiani and of Thélohan, however, render it almost certain that Biitschli’s observations were accurate and that his subsequent interpretation was erroneous (see also pp. 82, 223). Upon this view the present species would seem to develop pansporoblasts, each with a single spore. Spore.—Lenticular-oval, anterior end sharpened, showing quite plainly a Shallow funnel-shaped depression; posterior end rounded oft; dimen- sions 10 to12 w by 9 to 11 yw. =On vertical view, contour rather variable, 1 Biitschli, 1882, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1, p. 597. 2The description is Biitschli’s (Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1881, XXXv, pp. 646-8). THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 249 often almost circular, anterior end only slightly attenuated, border of suture exhibiting folds or crimpings varying in number from 7 to 9. Shell: Substance dark and somewhat glittering, possessing a marked resistance to chemical reagents; warmed with concentrated sulphurie acid the valves fall apart; stronger heating effects their complete destruction. Valves 2, superior and inferior, with a tolerably thick ridge or welt along the border (line of junction), visible very plainly as a ridge on transverse view. Japsule: Wall tolerably thick, glittering, inclosing a cavity occupied by the coiled filament which appears paler than the wall; showing, with the normal extrusion of the filaments, a very noticeable diminu- tion of volume, whence the conclusion that (as with the thread-cells proper) such extrusion is the result of the pressure of the stretched elastic capsular walls. The capsules are destroyed by gently warming with concentrated sulphuric acid. Filaments extruded «under the influence of potassium hydrate solution, glycerin, and especially con- centrated sulphuric acid; also by mechanical pressure. The extrusion produced by the last means is frequently abnormal and very irregular, the filament being ejected ina more or less spiral form, or only incom- pletely, or sometimes through arupture in the capsular wall, either into the shell cavity, or through the shell, or, in the last case, more probably between the (by the pressure) partially loosened valves. Biitschliaddsa few interesting remarks to the effect that the capsules, so constant in the Myxosporidia, doubtiess have some important and yet to be discov- ered function. Sporoplasm: Mostly very delicate, cloudy, granulated, nearly filling the posterior portion of the shell cavity, projecting forward in the median line and on the outer side of the capsules; this projection could not be traced all the way around the capsules. Containing a variable number of granules. Vacuole,' frequently quite plainly visible even in the fresh state as a circular or oval clear spot. It becomes more prominent, however, after the addition of dilute acetie acid or iodine solution and then shows a dark, somewhat granulated membrane and a number of rather pale granules strewn through the contents, resisting all stains,’ according to Biitschli sometimes invisible, a result that he attributes to great condensation of the protoplasm. Some spores appeared to possess 2 vacuoles, but upon this point Biitschli was not certain. 'This is Biitschli’s deseription of his ‘‘ nucleus.” 2A circumstance explained (but erroneously) by Biitschli as being due toa failure of the stain to permeate the shell. He says the nonstaining can not be taken as a contraindication of the nuclear nature of the structure in question, as the protoplasm also resists the stain. From my own experience I should say that would depend on the kind of stain.used, plasmatic stains generally being, nuclear stains generally not being, retained, 920 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. “Granules.”—Biitschli summarizes his results thus: There are very constantly found in the protoplasm 2, or sometimes more, strongly refractile glittering granules of a roundish form. They are usually, though by no means always, situated tolerably symmetrically, just at the posterior ends of the polar capsules. No decided regularity obtains either as regards the number or position of the granules, as they are sometimes placed farther forward between the capsules, and sometimes are strewn entirely irregularly through the plasma. I have also observed, with longer preservation of the spore in water, an appearance which was not clearly intelligible, but which I will briefly describe. In spores so preserved one sees after some time nothing more of the 2 dark granules usually present, but on the other hand one sees on each polar capsule posteriorly a dark punctule which occupies nearly the same position as the above-mentioned granule. It gives the impression as though the dark granule had fused with the capsular mem- brane and had developed into the punctule. I must, however, regard the interpreta- tion mentioned as a mere conjecture. Effects.—Invades the connective tissue and ovules of Phoxinus phoxi- nus (Thélohan, 1892). Habitat—Branchie of various eyprinoids, particularly Leuciscus (Squalius) cephalus L.; Barbus barbus L. (barbel), both jide Biitschli. Fins of LZ. cephalus; kidney and ovary of Phoxinus phoxinus L., and on Crenilabrus melops at Roscoft (Thélohan). 47. Myxobolus? sp. incert. Psorosperm (second species) of Platystoma fasciatum Miiller, 1841, Miiller’s Archiv., p. 489. Cyst and myxosporidium unknown. Spore.—Oval, untailed; size equals that of M. sp. 61. Habitat.—On branchial arches (especially at their angles where the mucous membrane is soft) of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum. 48. Myxobolus bicostatus Gurley, 1893. PI. 19, fig. 1. (Myxosporidian spore of Tinea vulgaris, Lieberkiihn in Biitschli, 1882, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1, pl. 38, fig. 19.) Mysxobolus bicostatus, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 414; ib. Braun, 1894, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, xv, p. 87. No description. Habitat.—Branchie of Tinea tinca L. (=vulgaris), tench. This species is distinguished from M. ellipsoides by its larger capsular index (0-50 as against 0°33 in M., ellipsoides) and by the 2 oblique ribs on the shell. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. rey ail 49. Myxobolus ellipsoides, Thélohan, 1892. Pl. 13, figs. 3, 4!; pls. 18, 20; pl. 19, figs. 2-8; pl. 21, figs. 1, 3d, 5, (? 2, 3a—c,e; 2245 ? pl. 22, figs. 1-3). Tench Pike, ““nsoro- | [Error] ikin sperms” | ‘‘ psoro- eoide 3. | Date. Authority; reference. of, spores) sperms” ; of, ete. of. ON Me eos. foal sess | 1863 | Balbiani, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, LVL, p.160. SG Ps her |For Fe ie 1864 | Bebiani, Gaz. Méd., Paris, XIX, p. 146. ata Ie OS Re ls74 | Moreau, Compt. Rend. Assoc. frane. Avane. Sci., 2° | (Lyons) Sess., p. 814. eS Ses Pensa 1883 Balbiani, Journ. de Microgr., VII, pp. 199, 201-2, | 272-4, 276-9, figs. 40, 61-8, 65a (see p. 211). oR SES pocoe ISaoacsessc 18st | Balbiani, Lécons sur les Sporozoaires, pp. 127-8, 130, 137-40, 142-6, 148, figs. 36,42-44, 46a; plJ.3, fig. 9; pl. 4, figs. 1-3 (pars; see p. 211). SE lel ese leer ie Re nee 1886 | Railliet, Hlém. Zool. Méd. et Agric. Paris, pp. 167-8, | fig. 72. > a eae jenseseeoe 1887 | Pfeiffer, Ztschr. f. Hygiene, ITI, p. 475, fig. 2 e, f, g. Xx x Pocdtatsss 1588 | Pfeiffer, Ztschr.f. Hygiene, IV, pp. 409, 417-20, fig. 15 a-c. j x Ise Sone one Wie Ona ne ee, 1889 | Henneguy, Dict. Encyclop. d. Sci. Méd., p. 775, figs. | | 2a-h. x Speers te ee ee ae | 4889 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, CLX, pp. 920-1. ob Des aera isetoer pee | 1890 | Thélohan, Annal.de Microgr., II, pp. 198, 200-4, 207, 209, 210, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, 12-16. So el RE Seep eee ees 1890 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, CXI, p. 699. Spe Mey | ee Se | eee a A | 1890 | Pfeiffer, Arch. f. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol., CX XII, | pp. 558-9, 563. ite arte ame heileccesens es | 1890 | Pfeiffer, Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1 ed., pp. 44, 47, 48, figs. 14, 16 (part; all ?). ieee (Ce erate = = Sock chen s | 1891 | Pfeitter, Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 2 ed., pp. 1380, 1383-4, figs. 54, 56 (part; all ?). ike oceans Myxob- | 1892 | Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, IV, p.177. olus. SeaAbascue ---do....| 1893 | Gurley, Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1891, XI, p. 414. ee Ss 1s Be X ---do....| 1893 | Braun, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XV, p. 739. Deeta axa S ---do....) 1894 | Braun, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XVI, ‘p. 87. Synonymy.—The number of known forms habitant on Tinca tinea is _ large and their relations inter se are dubious. By the separation of WM. pirijormis, Thélohan has made a decided advance in the direction of clearness. By its lanceolate shape, single capsule, and large capsular index it is distinguished clearly from M. ellipsoides and from M. brachy- cystis. It is probable that some of Pfeiffer’s degenerated forms should receive a Somewhat similar interpretation. His figures are, however, such that in the absence of more definite statements they can hardly be placed. One of them (pl. 21, fig. 3d) would seem to belong to this species. The others are entirely indeterminate. Cyst.—Thélohan (1890, p. 203) saw cysts enlarge, become submucous, distending the mucous membrane, which subsequently ruptured, per- mitting the cyst to shell out and fall into the water, where it burst exactly as with the subcutaneous eysts of Gasterosteus aculeatus. Cysts are found in the comparatively exposed parts, e. g., the subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissue and in the subepithelial tissue of the branchiw, being absent in the internal organs (air-bladder, ete.). Myzxosporidium.2—(a) In the air bladder: Two forms occur in the air-bladder of the tench; the first very similar to that found in the 1See p. 211, footnote 1, and the explanations of the plates. *Thélohan, Annal. de Microgr., 1890, u, pp. 201-2. 222 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. urinary bladder of Lucius lucius, consisting of small free masses lining the internal surface of the organ, the second consisting of drawn-out, chain-like masses in the midst of the tissues of the organ. The second he believes to be merely a more advanced stage of the first. When the parasite is only slightly developed its presence is recognizable only by small opaque streaks in the otherwise transparent bladder, on opening which the myxosporidium is found upon its internal surface. In other cases Small white prominences are found, presenting a transition between the large mammillated masses deseribed by Balbiani, and which can attain 10 mm.in thickness. Sections show the myxosporidium intimately united to the epithelium. The latter soon becomes broken up and the plasmic chains insinuate themselves between the fibers of the connec- tive tissue. By serial sections one can follow progressively the march of the para- site into the tissues. These last allow of separation and stretching of the fasciz, such change being progressive and slow. Soon, however, under the continuous pressure produced by the growth of the invading mass, the fibers arrive at the limit of extensibility and finally rupture. Thus are formed irregular spaces, in the middle of which one finds the débris of the tissue of the organ, surrounded by the myxosporidia. During this time spores are formed. They finally almost entirely replace the protoplasm. In other parts of the same mass earlier and intermediate stages can be seen. In the air bladder, as in the kidney, the distinction between the ectoplasm and endoplasm is little evident and, beyond the fact of the absence of nuclei from the ectoplasm, it is difficult to find characters to separate these layers. (b) Of the external surface, Balbiani! gives, as the results of his investigations, the following account of the development: Of all freshwater fishes the tench is most frequently affected with Myxosporidia and at all seasons. This, together with the transparency of the fins of the young, renders it especially favorable for investigation. Balbiani frequently observed upon the fins, mingied with developed psorosperms, small ainceboid bodies of very variable size. These move like the most agile amcebee (e. g., A. diffluens), 9 changes of form occurring in less than 15 minutes; temperature had great influence, heat accelerating, cold retarding. The pseudopodia were large and obtuse, the mass appearing lobed, as in 4. diffluens. Unless obscured by fat globules (numerous in the later stages), the nucleus is plainly visible, particularly at the time of the exit of the mass from the spore. It is the nucleus of which Biitschli has proven the existence in the interior of the psorosperm (cf. p. 208). There is no contractile vacuole, and from this point of view these bodies difter from the ordinary amcbe. While thus wandering over the fins, the small amceboid bodies absorb nutriment, grow, show more or fewer fatty globules, tend to take a rounded oval, or sometimes irregular form with expansions and lobes, and to surround themselves with a thin envelope easily visible in water. As the water penetrates the fin tissue, the amceboid movements become more and more slow and finally cease. Independently of its thin proper membrane, the small mass is encysted in the same manner as other foreign bodies, by the connective tissue of the host. 1Journ, de Microgr., 1883, VII, pp. 272-4, THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 220 Spore formation.—With the growth the number of nuclei increases by successive divisions! (many of which were seen to occur). Subsequently each nucleus con- denses around it some of the myxoplasm, thus forming the pansporoblasts. ‘These grow, become elliptic, and the rudiments of the capsules appear in them, at first as very pale, then as brilliant bodies. The mode of their development was not entirely satisfactorily ascertained. They usually develop 2 in each pansporoblast, some of these sporoblasts cont:fning 3 granular globules, 2 small and 1 large, which prob- ably develop respectively into the capsulesand the sporoplasm. Also incompletely developed spores were seen inclosing elements believed to be capsules in process of development. These were: (1) Two spherical vesicles containing each a small cen- tral globule placed in the substance of the spore remote from the poles. (2) Two small similar vesicles placed one beside the other at one pole. (3) Two pyriform vesicles with a smail central globule, sometimes remote from each other, sometimes approximated to each other and situated at one extremity of the spore. These vesi- cles were no doubt the small organs with spiral filaments. Their origin could not be clearly determined. Spore.—Flattened-ellipsoid, rather elongate, the two ends similar; length 12 to 15 «; breadth 9 to 11 4; length of capsules 4 4; nuclei of capsulogenous meinbrane persisting to maturity of spore; vacuole present; nuclei originating by continued division from a primitive one, not more than 4; when of this number, 2 are situated before and 2 behind the vacuole (Thélohan, pp. 209-210). Degenerate forms jof this species ?| from the gall bladder may have 3 capsules or none, and the bivalve character of the shell may be absent (Pfeifter). Ribbons: Balbiani? has made some curious but dubious observations, arriving at conclusions which by no means accord with the general consensus of opinion. He describes an elastic, ribbon-like process (the ribbon) as existing along the border of each valve of the shell, stating that at the time of maturity of the spore (the only period at which such ribbons are visible, as at other periods they are closely appressed to the valves) they become unrolled and recurved, such action resulting in the splitting apart of the valves and the consequent release of the ameboid sporoplasm. The ribbons divide at their distal extremity into 2 or 3 ribbonettes. These elastic structures he regards as comparable to the cruciform elastic filaments (elaters) of the Hquise- tum spore, remarking that in the Myxosporidia they serve a different function, their action here being valve-separation and not spore-disper- sal. He further says that these elastic ribbons have another function, viz, to maintain contact of 2 spores during what he regards as a state of 1From Balbiani’s language it is plain that he did not recognize the vacuolic nature of Biitschli’s ‘‘nucleus.” Still he must have seen nuclei (and not vacuoles) in the later myxosporidium stages, as he states that he repeatedly observed them to divide. Probably Thélohan’s observation of karyokinetic division (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1890, cx1, p. 693) was upon M. ellipsoides, though it isnot distinctly so stated. Among other figures he saw a spindle with an absolutely typical equa- torial plate. ? Journ, de Microgr., 1883, vu, pp. 276-7: Légons sur les Sporozoaires, 1884, pp, 994 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. conjugation. And still further, in some individuals the filaments instead of lying along the borders ofthe valves, extend themselves in the direction of the axis of the body, and, reuniting themselves for a variable distance, constitute the simple or double caudal prolongation that Miiller and other observers describe as a specific character of certain psorosperms. (See also p. 207.) Concerning these, Biitschli! states that he could find no evidence whatever of the existence of such ribbons, either in the whole spore or in the separated valves. He seems to think that such ribbons are an illusion due to an abnormal extrusion of the capsular filaments. Thélohan’s observations seem to throw some light upon this disecrep- ancy. This observer? says that he has never seen them except in the present species. They are frequently absent, yet the spores split open perfectly. Having found all possible transitions between the ribboned spores and spores evidently monstrous and abnormal, he regards the ribbons as structures, accidental rather than fundamental and neces- sary to the development of the spore. Habitat.—Thélohan gives this as the branchi, air bladder, liver, intestine, and spleen (last fide letter to author, 1893) of Tinca tinea L. (tench). Balbiani says the Myrosporidia are always confined to the short anterior portion of the air bladder. Speaking collectively of a poorly delineated and very probably multi. specific group of forms, Pfeiffer says that perfectly developed forms occur on the branchie and in the air bladder, this stage of development being possibly connected with an abundance of oxygen. In the gall bladder incompletely developed forms occur, with 3, 1, or no capsules; also entirely undeveloped forms, destitute of a bivalve shell, compara- ble to the Microsporidia or to the pseudo-navicelle found in Lumbricus. Transition forms to the Coccidia also occur. Possibly (from Pfeiffer’s figure) M. ellipsoides may also occur in the air bladder or gall bladder. Effects —The Myxosporidia do not confine themselves to existing cavities. Thus, in the kidney of Tinca tinca, Thélohan (1890, p. 200) has seen the tissue of the organ invaded while the tubes remained free (see also the above description of changes produced in the structure of the air bladder by the myxosporidium found in that organ). 50. Myxobolus? sp.incert. Pl. 22, fig. 4. Psorosperms of Cyprinus leuciscus, Miiller, 1841, Miiller’s Archiy., p.486; ib., Dujardin, 1845, Hist. Nat. des Helminthes, p. 644; ib., Leuckart, 1852, Archiv. f. physiol. Heilkde, x1, p. 436, fig. 21c, d; ib., Robin, 1853, Hist. Nat. des Végét. Parasites, p. 299. Synonymy.—tThis is little more than a collection of references to spores found on ‘Cyprinus leuciscus.” Robin’s mention is, however, certainly the same as Miiller’s. Cyst and myxosporidium unknown. 1Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1881, xxxv, p. 633; Bronn’s Thier—Reich, 1882, 1, p. 598. 2Compt Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1889, c1x, pp. 920-1. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 225 Spore.—Resembling Chloromyxum dujardini; 11 ya (0-0051/”) long and 7 yx (0:0034/”’) broad. Habitat.—On Leuciscus (Squalius) grislagine L. (= Cyprinus leuciscus). Tumors less common than on Leuciseus rutilus. It seems strange that Miiller should approximate this form to the “Sharp corpuscles of OQ. rutilus,”! as Leuckart’s figure resembles much more closely the elliptic form figured by Miiller (Miiller’s figs. f, g; ‘pl. 28, figs. 5f, g). 51. Myxobolus sp.incert. Pl. 22, fies. 5, 6; pls. 23-25. Barbel | “Nsorosperms,”; mulleri.* Date. Authority; reference. ete., of— Dt aoemtie vac cciel=e 1885 | Mégnin, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, X, pp. 351-2 (fig.) ; Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, Il, pp. 446-7. SOM.) lscetetess.scke 1886 | Railliet, Bull. et Mém. Soe. Centrale Méd. Veter. Paris, IV, pp. 134-7. eeeeee----------| Myxobolust} 1889 | Ludwig, Jahresber. rhein. Fisch.-Ver. Bonn, 1888, (pars). pp. 27-36. I en eens e ee sce oe 1890 | Railliet, Bull. Soc. Central. d’Aquicult. Paris, I, pp. 117-20. Esser Gpsaece 1890 | Pfeiffer, Virchow’s Archiv. f. patho]. Anat. u.Physiol., CXXII, pp. 552, 557-8, pl. 12, figs. A2, C1-8. x< BS6dccereapese 1890 | Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1 ed., pp. 28-9, 55, 67, fig. 10, plate, figs. 1V, V. > a Ae 1891 | Pfeiffer, Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 2 ed., pp. 100, 105-10, 130, figs. 430, 45, 57. De Pope odee acegce 1892 | Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, IV, pp. 168, 178. Gn ee eae = sees 1892 | Henneguy and Thélohan, Annal. de Microgr.,IV, p. 619. Mt |b -secce eee sae 1893 | Thélohan, Compt. Rend. hebdom. Soc. Biol. Paris, V, pp. 267-70. SMa i, ilecesccs) coat 2. 1893 | Pfeiffer, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkde, XIV, pp. | 118-130, plate, figs. 13-15, 16 (pars). Mite iy ailocsscestece ase 1893 | Sticker, Archiv f. Animal. Nahrungsmittelkde Wien, VIII, p. 124. Myxobolus. |.--.-......... 1893 | Railliet, Traité de Zool. Méd. et Agric., pp. 158-159. * Non Biitschli. +Ludwig’s figures seem as though they might be generalized composites based upon several of Biitschli's. They may thus perhaps be not independent figures of the spore habitant in the skin of B. barbus, but have been considered to represent that form in view of its supposed identity with . miilleri, Synonymy.—Both Mégnin and Ludwig, the former with doubt, the latter apparently without hesitation, regard this form as identical with M. miilleri. While admitting their superior advantages (of direct observation of material) I still feel considerable doubt as to the iden- tity of these 2 forms, and have therefore provisionally classed them separately, as, while I do not consider that there is sufficient ground for a positive assertion of the distinctness of the two forms, there is certainly sufficient to justify a hesitation as to their fusion. Mégnin says the present species is probably the same as that described by Robin and Balbiani as infesting the tench and carp. Now as to this: (1) I am not aware that Robin ever observed such a form, and (2) the spore habitant’on the tench (M. ellipsoides) is, as shown by Thélohan,? unquestionably distinct from that habitant on the carp (1. oviformis). 1“ Bei C. leuciscus glichen sie ganz den spitzen Kéorperchen des C, rutilus,” 2 Annal. de Microgr., 1890, U1, p. 210. F 0o——15 226 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Further, Mégnin’s figures would not by themselves induce me to fuse the two forms. Besides, after considerable study of Ludwig’s description, I am unable to decide how much of it represents his own observations and how much is copy of Biitschli’s description of M. miillert. It seems to be part original and part copy, but how much of each it is impossible to determine. It would seem as though Ludwig first determined in his own mind the specific identity of the present form (WM. sp. 51) with M. miillert and then applied to the former (M. sp.51) BiitSchli’s description of M. miilleri, at the same time incorporating therewith certain observations, e. g., the dimensions of the spore which must be his own (made upon JM. sp. 51) inasmuch as they are not, tomy knowledge, to be found in any previous description of M. miilleri. My reason for this view of the subject is Ludwig’s statement that— I ean only confirm Biitschli’s results upon the finer structure of Myzxobolus. Further, his figures bear some indication of being semidiagrammatic generalized composites of several of Biitschli’s figures of M. miilleri. And still further his description (except the few additions) is Biitschli’s. This course has rendered it impossible for me to distinguish how much of the composite description represents Ludwig’s actual observations on M.sp.51 and how much of it merely pertains to M. miilleri generally, and is regarded as applying to AL. sp. 51, by virtue of its supposed identity with M. miilleri. Under these circumstances I have credited to M. sp. 51 only the minimum (viz, the residual after subtracting from the composite, Biitschli’s description of M. miilleri); as, though this residual may be incomplete for MW. sp. 51,it is all that can be positively asserted to belong to that species. Pfeiffer’s figures (pl. 25, figs. 5,6) approximate the present form much more closely to WM. ellipsoides than to M. miilleri. Finally, Thélohan says that the present species— Presents a great resemblance to M. miilleri; perhaps it should, however, be con- sidered as specitically distinct. Cyst—Membrane thin, probably formed by host. Contents clear living protoplasm, in which are imbedded very fine dark granules, very small nuclei corresponding to those of true cells, and spores (Ludwig). Composed of an irregularly concentric-fibered layer inclosing a second double-contoured layer, which latter surrounds the cyst cavity filled with spores. The large white, stout-walled, walnut-sized, or smaller muscle cysts are situated near the skin or pleura; 30, 40, or more myxosporidia occur near together, surrounded by a loose web formed by the host. Each myxosporidium is to be regarded as an individual, and the multicamerate tubes result from the common encap- suling by the host of many such individuals of nearly equal age, which individuals subsequently, he thinks (froin sarcosporidian analogy, etc.) fuse, the process recalling the so-called conjugation of the large free- living intestinal Gregarines (Pfeiffer). : THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 227 Myxosporidium.'—Pfeiffer has seen the exit of the sporoplasm. He did not have the opportunity to cultivate the spores via the over- hanging drop, but says such cultivation would be easy and would show the stage at which infection occurs. He did not actually see the myxosporidium penetrate the muscle cell, but he has found within that cell all growth-stages of the myxosporidium. The elongate myxo- sporidia often show, in their center, pansporoblasts containing well- developed s cre while at the ends these structures are smaller and contain only 1, 2, 4, or more nuclei. This proves that, as in the Sarco- sporidia (also with the tubes of Sygnathus and, fide Thélohan, with those of Cottus scorpio), growth takes place at the ends of the tubes. Have these younger developmental stages originated from germs from the interior of the large tube, do they proceed from residual germs of the first multiple infection, or do they develop from newly immigrated germs? The form habitant here I have referred to Chloromyxum mucronatum (see that species, and the paragraph above in this one). THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 267 89. Chloromyxum (Sphzrospora) ohlmacheri Gurley, 1895. PI. 40, fig. 8; pl. 41, figs. 1-3. (Myzxosporidia of Bufo lentiginosus Shaw, Ohlmacher, 1893, Journ, Amer. Med. Assoc., XX, pp. 561-7, plate, tigs. 1-4.) Chloromyxum ohimacheri, in Whinery, N. Y. Med. Journ., Lvut, pp. 660-662, figure. Cyst unknown. Myxosporidium.—No myxosporidium could be detected. From this Ohlmacher concludes that: It is probable that, in this case, the parasite did not reach its adult condition in its batrachian host, but here only passed one stage of its existence, that is, the spore stage. Spore.—Transversely elliptic, about 6 4 long and 8 uw broad. Shell bivalve, valve-junction plane perpendicular to the longer axis of the spore; staining with gentian violet (Cavam’s method); exhibiting a well-defined undulate-parallel longitudinal striation, the optical expression of the spiral-coil structure of the shell. Ridge present, marking the line of junction of the valves. No loosened band (appar- ently springing, like a loosened barrel hoop, from the uniting edges of the spore-valves), such as Lutz describes, could be demonstrated. Relative to the arrangement of the spore contents, Ohlmacher says: On the side of the pole corpuscles opposite the plasmatic body the vacuole occurred. This space was unstained in specimens in which the excess of stain had been washed out; but in overstained spores the vactiole retained the dye, though not so strongly as the pole corpuscles and the plasmatic body. Interpreted in connection with the orientation of the spore, this may be construed to mean that the contents of the shell cavity consist (from before backward), first, of a clear, nonstaining space (part of the peri- cystic space, and of course not to be confounded with the vacuole, which is intra-sporoplasinic); next, the capsules, and last (and most poste- rior), the sporoplasm.! Capsules: Lying side by side, 2, occasionally only 1, a condition explicable, at least in part, Ohlinacher thinks, as spore mutilation in the technique; length, 3 to 5-5 uv; staining bright red, but showing no evi- dence of structure with Pfitzner’s alcoholic safranin. Relative to their position, Ohlmacher remarks that— The situation of these polar corpuscles on the side of the spore is peculiar, and in this respect our myxosporidia differ from those thus far described. As shown below, this view is due to a nonorientation of the spore. In safranin preparations the bright red capsules were frequently observed outside of the spores in the tissue of the kidney. Whether these extra-sporal capsules had migrated during life or had been dis- placed by the technique, it is, OhImacher says, impossible to assert positively. He continues: I am of the opinion, however, that the migration of the pole corpuscles is a natural phenomenon in these organisms, and that it has as much or more weight in the life 'Subsequent examination of the spore confirmed this orientation. 268 REPORT OF 'THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. history than the migration of the plasmatic niass usually described. The presence of many empty capsules! in the sections would lend weight to this view of the expulsion of the contents of the spore, anil in fig. 4a I have represented a capsule! with a single pole corpuscle, which appeared to be in the act of escaping through a rent in the capsule. Filaments best seen in sections, stained with Babes’s anilin-water safranin where they stain prominently yellow; length varying consid- erably, many occurring curled up at the end as though only partly unwound, measuring when fully projected 6 to 8 times the spore-breadth, extending far into the surrounding tissues; sometimes dimly visible through capsular wall; extruded parallel to the shorter (antero-poste- rior) diameter of the spore. Sporoplasm varying considerably in size and shape, and sometimes filling all the extra-capsular portion of the shell cavity; in this con- dition presenting no evidence of segmeitation. In other cases less extensive, being sometimes very small and shruuken,? the sporoplasm then frequently showing a well-defined segmentation, the line of division extending through its middle [1 e., coinciding with the vertical plane}. Bach sporoplasm-half envelops, in the form of a well-defined crescent, the corresponding capsule. Nonvacuolate (letter to author, 1893). The sporoplasm stains with Pfitzner’s alcoholic safranin a light pink- ish hue, appearing under a Leitz ,4 in anilin-stained sections, delicately granular; no other structure discernible. Nucleus and evidence of nuclear contents invariably absent. Ohlmacher adds: I could not even demonstrate the micrococci-like particles in the plasmatie body, as have been described by Lutz, or the safranophile particles of Biitschli. Micro-chemistry: Ohlmacher finds the sporoplasm constantly cyan- ophilous, the capsules constantly erythrophilous. This occurs with earbolic fuchsin and carbolic iodine green (Russell’s method); the capsules staining a brilliant red, the sporoplasm light green. The tint of the sporoplasm (consequently also the degree of dichromophilism) varies from violet to a well-defined green. This difference depends in large part on the developmental stage of the sporoplasm. Where large and unsegmented and occupying a large part of the shell cavity the green Stain was less clearly defined; where more condensed and divided into the 2 crescents closely applied to the capsules, the green was well marked. A striking differentiation is produced by Pfitzner’s alcoholic safranin, followed by aqueous methyl blue, rapid washing in alcohol, and clearing in xylol. The Biondi-Heidenhain triple stain and Wat- asé’s cyanin-chromatrop failed, a result attributed to nonpenetration of the shell by the stain. On the other hand, the success of fuchsin- iodine-green and safranin-methyl-blue seems, Ohlmacher says, to be due solely to their more powerful staining properties, which permit them to penetrate the somewhat resistant shell. This dichromophilism of the capsule and sporoplasm Ohlmacher com- 1 By this term he means the spore-sbell. 2Due, I think, to absolute alcohol fixation. THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 269 pares with the observations of Auerbach and others,’ but without affirming Auerbach’s interpretation of dichromophilisi as indicative of nuclear bisexuality. Habitat.—Host: Bufo lentiginosus Shaw (a toad). The single speci- men was a large female, sent with a lot of frogs (which latter showed no unusual mortality) from the country to the laboratory early in September. s 1892. | Thélohan, Bull. Soc. philomat. Paris, IV, pp. | 166, 169, 175. [Miy-xidinm :|2522c- describes and figures a red blood corpuscle as included within the endoplasm. This he regards as the source of the hema- toidin erystals. He asserts that they are constantly present and that they occur free or within the fat-globules. He adds that if the myxo- sporidium has ameeboidly surrounded these blood corpuscles and now consumes them, then in spite of the structure of the spores the Myzo- sporidia can no longer be regarded as Gregarines. Pseudopodia of 2 kinds: (1) Blunt, obtusely rounded, usually formed of ectoplasm alone, endoplasm taking part in formation only where the body as a whole forks. (2) Fine, hair-like or bristle-like, usually rigid, frequently branched, comparable to similar processes of many amcebe, frequently covering whole surface, not rarely, however, limited toa certain region of same (e. g., the end, asin certain ame@b:e) ; 1 Biitschli, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1882, 1, p. 594. 2Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1890, 1 ed., p. 44. 3 Miiller’s Archiy., 1854, p. 350; see also next footnote. 4 Ztschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1881, xxxv, p. 642; Bronn’s Thier-Reich, 1882, 1, p. 594, Biitschli credits their discovery to Lieberkiihn and Meissner. I infer from Lieber- kiihn’s statement, that Meissner’s results were communicated to him orally but were not published. 6 Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1890, 1 ed., p. 46; ib., 1892, 2ed., pp.17, 182. 286 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. both varieties may be retracted and again extruded; some of these processes are, however, optical illusions, being views in optical section of transverse ectoplasmic folds (Biitschli; Pfeiffer). Ameceboid movements!: Slow, well seen when examined in the urine of the fish; absent (from rapid death of myxosporidium) in water and many “indifferent” fluids, e. g., egg-albumen solution. Best seen in pike’s urine at 24° C.; the ectoplasm executes very extensive amceboid movements, wrinklings, and foldings (Pfeiffer). Spore formation2—Not confined to adult forms, but found in myxo- sporidia of all sizes. Thus few-spored large, and many-spored small myxosporidia are often seen (Gabriel). This occurrence at different times is explained by successive ripenings of the different individual myxosporidia composing the plasmode. Small round myxosporidia not yet entirely freed from the epithelial cell-remnauts often contain 2 or more spores (Pfeiffer). Pansporoblast formation: This, the first step toward spore for- mation, takes place by the differentiation within the myxoplasm of a number of small, clear, transparent plasma-spheres ( pansporoblasts), each consisting of one of the many nuclei of the myxosporidium, together “with a portion of the surrounding myxoplasm which it has attracted to it. Sometimes early, and in all cases later, each pansporoblast is surrounded by a thin dark membrane,’ and is found to contain a number of nuclei, usually 6. Pansporoblast-segmentation: Subsequently, instead of the pansporo- blast consisting, as originally, of the pansporoblast membrane contain- ing a single (usually sexanucleate) plasma-sphere, it comes to consist of the same membrane containing two‘ (usually trinucleate) plasma- ‘Gabriel (loc. cit.) gives a very detailed description of these movements, concluding that they are so complex and peculiar as to find no parallel with the Gregarines, and none appears admissible with the psendopodial movements of the Protozoa. Special emphasis is placed on the presence in the myxoplasm of a ‘“‘thread-drawing” (I’aden- ziehenden) substance, capable of emitting pseudopodioid processes, but incapable of retracting them. 'This, Gabriel asserts, finds a parallel only inmyxomycete plasmodes, of which it is an exclusive feature. Biitschli (1881, p. 640) has, however, observed the retraction of these processes, 2 Description Biitschli’s, unless otherwise stated. 8 Pfeiffer confirms. Upon examining a myxosporidium in a dilute solution of eosin, or other stain, the spores stain only after rupture (by pressure on cover-glass) of this membrane. Gabriel dissents, regarding the pansporoblast as a “ wall-less vacuole, which first takes on the vesicular appearance described by Leydig at a later stage.” According to Gabriel the pansporoblast does not always persist to maturity, so that in the later stages it may be vainly sought. Gabriel was unable to trace a genetic relation between the ‘‘ granules” (? nuclei) of the myxosporidium and the spores, whence he concluded that the latter originate by a process, not of myxoplasmic integration but by one of secretion, the morphologic substratum of the sporigenous vacuoles being regarded as polysporogenetic centers strongly contrasted with the monosporogenetic centers of the Gregarines. ‘Spores in this species always developed in pairs (Biitschli). Spores not always, though usually, developed in pairs; such paired development may be absent among both developing and free spores (Gabriel), THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 287 hemispheres (sporoblasts, sens. strict.) which ultimately develop into 2 spores still contained within the pansporoblast membrane. Development of sporoblast to spore: The fate of the 3 nucleus-like bodies remains in doubt. The centralone Biitschli observed to develop into the spore-“ nucleus.” The other two do not! (as would naturally be supposed) develop into the capsules; on the contrary, the 2 nuclei disappear, while the capsules appear in the protoplasm independently of them, Gabriel sometimes observed the sporoblasts (i. e., spores still within the pansporoblast membrane) to undergo a slow progressive con- traction to a globular shape, showing their membrane (presumably the future spore-shell) to be not yet rigid. A similar contraction was seen by the same observer in spores with partially disorganized shells. Spore.—Transversely and unequally biconvex-lenticular; length, 5 yu (zo0/", Lieberkiihn; 4 to 6 «4, Thélohan); breadth, 20 , or less (Biits- chli; 15 to 20 uw, Thélohan). Shell plainly visible, sharp contoured, rather thick, frequently showing a delicate antero-posterior striation : bivalve structure unknown, sulphuric acid producing no effect. Cap- sules 1 in each wing’; filaments 2 to 3 times the breadth of the spore, Sporoplasm almost completely filling the shell-cavity, extending even to the wings, there surrounding, as a thin layer, the capsules. Nuclei, 2 (fide Thélohan, letter 1893). Concerning them and the vacuole-like structure shown in Biitschli’s figures, M. Thélohan writes: The spore of Myxidium lieberkiihnii does not contain a vacuole. This is a fact of which I have assured myself many times. The dark streak shown in Biitschli’s figures belongs, without doubt, to the 2 nuclei of the plasmic mass which are often ay proximated, and, after the action of slightly elective stains, appear blended into a single mass. Exit of sporoplasm (Pfeiffer)—Easily observable by examination of bladder-mucus in urine of pike at 24°C. After 4 to 12 hours a scat- tered mass of burst shells are seen; also many spores not yet burst, showing the contents much more plainly separated than in fresh speci- mens. In someindividuals the sporoplasm is seen to flow amoeboidly out ‘* between the shells” (which are peculiarly unraveled) aud wander away. Gabriel states that during the whole year that he studied this species he never saw the shell split to give exit to the sporoplasm. On the contrary, he describes the process substantially as follows: Shell undergoing a rather easily observable fluidification or resorption, its contour (heretefore, though thin and delicate, plainly perceptible), after a variable period, entirely disappearing. Sometimes during the resorption stage, always by time of ‘On the contrary, Pfeiffer (Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1890, 1 ed., p. 98; 1891, 2 ed., p. 152), however, states that the capsules are formed from these 2 nuclei. *Sometimes only 1 capsule at 1 “end,” very rarely 2 capsules together in the center (Lieberkiihn). Rarely ventricose monstrosities are seen with 2 capsules situated together at 1 “end” (BiitschW). Balbiani figures, beside the usual forms, others with 2 capsules in each wing, 288 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. disappearance of shell-contour, significant changes occur, involving capsules as well as sporoplasm, the capsules behaving throughout as integral parts of the ‘ proto- plasmic contents.” The sporopiasm, previously very transparent, bluish, rather strongly refringent and destitute of granules, becomes paler, sharply contoured granules rapidly appear in spots, and these very delicately contoured, round- elongate or irregular [formerly sporoplasmic, now become nyxoplasmic] masses grow slowly or rapidly to small, strongly granulated plasmodes which already show some yellowish or reddish-yellow pigmented spots. Gabriel has also the following strange statement as to the subsequent course of development: Now it appears very peculiar that these 3 constantly present, morphologically individualized, delimited, constituent parts [sporoplasm and 2 capsules] should, in their further development, be restricted to a double course, viz, either fusing to a single protoplasmic mass or remaining in the original state of separation; in the latter case, falling apart by a rapidly progressing division, each into 2 (rarely more), approximately equal, parts. Growth of myxosporidium (Pfeifier)—The young myxosporidium [heretofore termed the sporoplasm|, immediately after its exit from the spore, penetrates into the interior of the red blood corpuscles and of the cells of the bladder epithelium. The infection of the former may be followed under the microscope. After 8 to 12 hours they show a noteworthy alteration, having become pale and, instead of 1 nucleus, containing 2, 3, or more nuclei. One of- these nuclei is jagged, or wrinkled; the other (or others) is somewhat smaller, smooth, round, shining, and occupies (with reference to the jagged nucleus) a variable position. Hematoxylin stains the jagged nucleus dark, the smooth one bright. With the increasing growth of the smooth nucleus the jagged one rapidly falls to pieces, and its remnants become pressed against the cell wall. Methylen blue and phloxin red stain the disrupted jagged nucleus black-blue, the other a uniform red. From these observations and the analogy of Lacerta and Testudo blood, the jagged nucleus is to be regarded as the cell nucleus, and the smooth nuclei as intruded myxosporidian germs. Here, too, the multiple infection (Mehrlingsin- fektion) is repeated. Microscopic technique—Removed from their normal habitat, the myxosporidia rarely remain intact more than 24 hours, and then only in “indifferent” liquids, preferably (besides iodized serum) a 1:5 per cent sodium carbonate solution or a 0:5 per cent sodium chloride solution (Gabriel). Phloxin red and methylen blue stain the ectoplasm a sharply defined red, the entoplasm inclusions blue. This striking result causes the myxosporidium to resemble a true rhizopod (Pfeiffer). Habitat and frequency.—Urinary bladder of Lucius lucius (pike). Most frequent and most highly developed in late summer and autumn; rare in winter; thence increasing in frequency. Size and age of host exert no influence (Gabriel). Free-floating in urine or attached (by pronged end). Biitschli observed young examples with one end partly surrounding an epithelial cell which had been torn away, thus present- ing a Gregarine-like mode of attachment. Observed by Lieberkiihn THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 289 attached firmly to Distoma folium (frequently found in the pike’s blad- der); also attached to other myxosporidia. Observed by Biitschli in December. All individuals of Zucius from the Rhine and Saar have myxospo- ridia in the bladder, while those from the E]be and Weser territory only exceptionally show them (Pfeiffer, 1891, p. 110). Perrier erroneously cites the habitat as the air bladder. Pathology (Pfeiffer)—The coarser anatomical details can be seen (under 300 or 400 diameters) by carefully stretching a bladder tightly over a cork, placing a cover glass underneath, brief fixation, and hard- ening by alcohol and staining. Control experiments may be made by maceration in diluted acetic acid. The infection of the bladder was also followed by capillary cultures. Mucous membrane, when slightly affected, showing individual clusters of 4, 5, 100 or more epithelial cells infected with myxosporidia; thence all grades of hypertrophy (up to 10 to 30 times the normal size) can be traced. Hypertrophy of epithelial cells: When slight, the cells are swollen, shining, apparently lobed. Pfeiffer failed to differentiate the nucleus and the intruder, probably owing to early succumbing of the nucleus. With greater hypertrophy the cells are filled with and overdistended by the parasites; subsequently, continued growth of the my xosporidium ruptures the cell membrane; the myxosporidium flows amceboidly out in grotesque shapes, and immediately differentiates its hyaline ectoplasm ; rupture of cell membrane visible under the microscope. Hematoxylin or phloxinred-methylenblue stains a narrow-bordered, dark globule in the interior of the swollen epithelial cells; nucleus of latter invisible; largest cells indicating, by ragged coloring of contour, the degeneration of the epithelial remains. Effects (of this species??).—Of late years dead pike and perch have frequently floated down the Mosel and the Rhine. It is doubtful whether the disease here is the same as the muscle infection of the barbel. According to a statement [unpublished, I infer] by Dr. T. W. Miiller in Greifswald, the spore found in the flesh of the pike is not the same as that of the barbel, but is formed upon the type of M. lieber- kithnii (Pfeiffer). Whether the pike and perch in the Mosel die from myxosporidiosis is unknown. With the perch, fungous disease concurs (Ludwig).? 101. Myxidium ? ? incurvatum Thélohan, 1892. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, cxv, pp. 1093-1094. Cyst, probably none. Myxosporidium.—Small, feebly motile. Ectoplasm (in sections) very clearly striate. Pseudopodia lobed, sometimes f»rming a bristly, shaggy coat, as in Myxidium lieberkiihnii. $e ey ‘Die Protozoen als Krankheitserreger, 1892, 2 ed., p. 105. * Jahresber. d. rhein, Fisch.-Vereins Bonn, 1888, pp. 27, 28. F o—19 290 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Spore.—Possessing only one plane of symmetry, viz, the valve- junction plane, differing in this respect from most other myxosporidian spores, which have another such plane perpendicular to valve-junction plane. Form very remarkable, comparable to a pod whose acuminate extremities are oppositely directed; length (?),4 to5y; breadth (7), 8 to 9u. Capsules, 1 at each end (or wing?), their long axes oblique and oppositely directed with reference to the long (transverse?) diameter of the spore. Filament extrusion very difficult of production; produced by nitric acid; length of filament, 12;.; sporoplasm nonvacuolate. Habitat.—Gall bladders of Onus tricirratus (=Motella tricirrata), Syngnathus (=Entelurus) equoreus (pipefish), and Blennius pholis, all from Roscoft; in B. pholis from Concarneau; in Siphostoma (= Syngna- thus) acus (pipefish) and Callionymus lyra. The description of this species is not sufficient, in the absence of figures, to warrant a positive opinion as toits generic affinities. Ihave attempted to construct from Thélohan’s description a diagram of the spore, but without success. The prevalent very loose use of such terms as “ends,” “extremities,” “length,” ‘ breadth,” etc., renders them invalid for taxonomy, and the only course open seems to be to retain this provisionally in Myxidium, noting that in its bivalve structure it differs markedly from M. lieberkiihnii, the type -species. 102. Myxidium? sp.incert. PI. 47, fig. 6. Psorosperms of Raja batis, Leydig, 1851, Miiller’s Archiv., pp. 226, 234, pl. 8, fig. 4g; ib., Leuckart, 1852, Archiv. f. physiolog. Heilkde., x1, p. 436, fig. 210. Myzidium? sp. Gurley, 1893, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1891, x1, p. 420. No description. The distinctness of this form from Chloromyxum incisum was recognized by Leydig (p. 234). Habitat.—F ree in bile duets of Raja batis L. (skate). THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 291 EXPLANATION OF PLATES, All figures copied are either of the same size as, or 14 times the size of, the figures from which they were copied; that is, in copying only 2 ratios were used, 1:1 and $:1. The relative sizes of the copied and the original figures are in every case indicated by the figures within the parentheses. All figures outside the parentheses indicate the total amplification from the specimens. For the derivation of any figure, see table, pp. 151-134. PrArE iT: Figs. 14. Psorospermia sciena-umbre (after Robin. x 3). la. The convoluted string (cordon enroulé). xX 14. 1b. Section of fig. la. - x 14. 2. Cells of variety 1. x 600. 3. Cells of variety 2. x 600. 4. Operculate cells of variety 3. x 600. IPAM a. Figs. 1-2. Lithocystas schneideri (after Cuénot. x $). 1. Gregarine stage, with voluminous nucleus and clinorhombie crystals. 2a. Spore at the extremity of the tube, showing the truncated distal ars. rounded proximal extremities, and the sporozoites in course of formation. 2b. Fully developed spore containing 8 sporozoites. Fig. 3. Genus incert. sp. 3 (atter Miiller & Retzius. Xx 2). Spores from the diseased air bladder of Gadus morrhua. PLATE. 3. Figs. 1-5. Balbiania rileyi (after Stiles. x 1). 1. A portion of the pectoral muscles of Anas boschas in the condition known as “measly duck.” . Longitudinal section of parasite (greatly enlarged). . Transverse section (greatly enlarged): ct, connective tissue cyst with nunier- ous nuclei; cu, cuticle of the parasite; m, sections of muscle. . Microtome section of meshes containing falciform bodies greatly enlarged. . Falciform bodies: a, stained, showing nucleus and vacuole; b, unstained. oF who PLATE 4, Fig. la-m. Genus incert sp. 4 (after Valentin. x 3). la. The original globular form. 1b-d. Different stages of the unrolling of the tail. le. A globule in which the separate dark granules appear to be inclosed in ~ a- rate peduncles. 1f. Pedunele ideally enlarged. 1g-m. Various forms of the developed animal. Figs. 2-8. Genus incert. sp. 6 (after Schewiakoff. x 1). 2. Ameebiform stage. x 1500. 3-5. Eneystment. x 1500. 6. Cyst with 6 spores. x 1500. 7. Cyst thickly filled with spores. > 1500. 8, Plasmode proceeding from the fusion of 3 amebe. x 1500, 292 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. PLATE 5. Figs. 1-11. Genus incert. sp. 6 (after Schewiakoff. x 1). 1-3. Developmental stages of the plasmode. x 1500. 4, Enecystment. x 1500. 5. Cyst-tube with spores. x 1500. 6. A ruptured cyst with emerging spores. X 1500. 7. Spores sessile on the muscles. x 1500. 8. Individual spore. X 2600. 9. Small plasmatie corpuscles proceeding from the spores. x 2600. 10a-l. Transverse division of the spore; the nucleus dividing karyokinetically. x 2600. 1la-b. Conjectural conjugation stages of the spores. X 2600. PLATE 6. Fig. 1. Genus incert. sp. 9 (after Lieberkiihn in Biitschli. xX 3). Xx about 195. Myxosporidium from the gall bladder of Lota lota. Fig. 2. Genus incert. sp. 10 (after Lieberkiihn in Biitschli. Xx #%). x about 195. Myxosporidium from branchiz of Lota lota with avery thick ectoplasm. Figs. 3-8. Genus incert. (“ Myxosporidium ”) congri (after Perugia. xX 1). 3-4. Two forms with “ vacuoles.” 6. An individual attached to a vegetable filament, PLATE 7. Figs. 1-3. Genus incert. sp. 12 (after Linton. X 1). 1. Notropis megalops with dermal cysts caused by “‘psorosperms.” X 1}. 2. Spores from cysts, highly magnified. Bo Vertical view of spores in caustic potash. . Same, more highly magnified. OD, “Transverse view of spore. 2b’. Same, more highly magnified. 2c. Spore ‘treated with sulphuric acid, 3. Portion of thin section of cyst: a, pigment spot; 6, granular protoplasm; c, spores; d, wall of cyst and dermis. x about 150. Fig. 4. Genus incert. sp. 13 (after Lieberkiihn. X #). 4a. Spores from a subcutaneous cyst of Gasterosteus aculeatus. X 870. 4b-e. The same in different stages of development; 6, spore with plain ‘‘nucleus” of usual size; c, d, with smaller “nneleus; 7 e, “nucleus” scarcely per- ceptible, the previously plain membrane no longer visible, animal mature. Fig. 5. Sarcosporidian spore of sheep with a “capsule” (atter Pfeiffer. x 1). PLATS: Figs. 1-4. Genus incert. ( ‘‘ Myxosporidium” ) bryozoides (after Korotneff. > 1). 1. Finicle of Alcyonella fungosa, with the spermatozooids and the parasite on them. X 350. 2. A parasite inclosed in an Alcyonella zooid. X 350. 3,4. Creeping adults with nuclei and spores. xX 750. PLATE 9. Yigs. 1-4. Genus incert. (“ Myxosporidium”) bryozoides (after Korotneff. xX 1). la. Group of spermatoblasts, 2 of them containing very young stages of the parasite. > 900. 1b-d. Different fees in the conversion of a spermatoblast into a plasmode; cell nuclei and ‘parasite nucleishown. X 900. le. Plasmode in which 1 daughter, and 2 eranddaughter cell nuclei are visible. Nuclei of parasite numerous. xX 900. 2. A plasmode in which the cell nuclei are atrophying and possess a jagged con- tour. x 900. 3. Spores in which vacuoles and urticant organs are to be distinguished. xX 900. > 4. Nuelei of the parasite of plate 8, fig. 3. YHE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 293 PLATE 10. Figs. 1-3. Glugea anomala. la-h. (After Gluge. x 1.) la, . Showing Gasterosteus aculeatus with tumors on sides of body and on tail. ale le-e. Spores variously magnified. X 255-840. 1f, g. The same ‘ coagulated.” 1h. Cyst membrane. ais 3a Section showing, from above downward, subcutaneous connective tissue, cyst membrane, protoplasmic contents of cyst, and spores (after Thélohan. xX 1). -i. Group of spores: a, b, fresh; c-i, safranin stained; c, d, spores with 1 nucleus; e, f, with 2 nuclei; g, with 3; h, i, with 4 (after Thélohan. xX 1). Figs. 4-5. Thelohania contejeani (after Henneguy and Thélohan), 4, da 5b Fig. 6. Longitudinal section of diseased crayfish muscle (x 1). . Spores in sporophorous vesicle, and free (x 2). . Individual spore, more highly magnified (x #). Thelohania octospora (after Henneguy. X 1). 6a. Sporophorous vesicle with spores. 6b 6e. . Individual spores. Longitudinal section of diseased muscle of Palamon rectirostris, showing sporophorous vesicles between the separated fibrilli. 6d. Portion of ¢ more highly magnified. PEATE) 11: Figs. 1-5. Thelohania octospora (after Henneguy and Thélohan. X 1 except fig. 5). ile 2. 3. 4. Transverse section of entire abdomen of a badly diseased Palemon rectirostris, showing, opposite the letters, the following: m,m, atfected muscles; dt, diges- tive tube; n, nerve cord; cl, sections of the claws. Longitudinal section of muscle showing the dissociation of the fibrillz. Transverse section of diseased muscle. A part of fig. 2, more highly magnified, showing fibrille with very clear stria- tion, and the sporophorous vesicles. 5a-d. Showing the spores: 6, in the fresh state showing the vacuole; a, ¢, d, after action of ether; a, with the filament partially, ¢ and d with it com- pletely, extruded (x $). PLATE 12: Figs. 1-2. Thelohania giardi (after Henneguy and Thélohan). ic Spore formation (x #). . Young pansporoblast. . Pansporoblast whose nucleus has lost its membrane and presents itself under the form of an equatorial plate. . Pansporoblast whose nucleus has segmented into 2. 1d. Pansporoblast the protoplasm of which has segmented into 2 uninucleate plasma hemispheres. . Pansporoblast in the Iv stage; fresh state. 1f. Pansporoblast in the lv stage, the augumentation of size of nuclei and change li in disposition of chromatin preliminary to division. . Pansporoblast in the tv stage; nucleus in repose. ,%. Pansporoblast in the vi stage; different dispositions of the sporoblasts (the 8th in 7 is not represented, being hidden by the others). . Sporophorous vesicle inclosing 8 ripe spores. 1l. Pansporoblast inclosing 4 normal spores, and 2 bodies each formed by the soldering together of 2 spores by their large ends: a, thickening of the pan- sporoblast membrane; 6b, spores soldered; 8, normal spores. Im, n. 2 sporoblasts with crescentic nucleus. In the concavity of the latter, a lo clear vacuole. Atm asmall protoplasmic button projects into the vacuole. . Spores in fresh state showing at the large end a clear vacuole and at the small, a brilliant point corresponding to the capsule. 1p. Spores showing the vacuole and the longitudinal shell-stria. 1g, r. Spores after action of sulphuric acid: gq, filament incompletely unrolled; r, filament completely unrolled, 294 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. PLaTE 12—Continued. Fig. 2. Pathological anatomy (x 1). Longitudinal section of diseased muscle of Crangon vulgaris, showing fibrille with normal aspect preserved, and pan- ; sporoblasts in different stages of development, and spores. Fig. 3. Thelohania macrocystis (after Garbini. 1); 3a-c. Sporophorous vesicle and spores. 3d. Spores. 3e. A section of the diseased tissue. Piatr 15 Fig. 1. Myxobolus unicapsulatus (after Miiller. x 1). la, b. Vertical view of spores, showing the single capsule and the sporoplasm. le. Vertical view of spore, showing sporoplasm (and vacuole ?), 1d. Transverse view of spores. Fig, 2: Myxobolus inequalis (after Miiller. x 1). 2a. Vertical view, showing the unequal capsules and the sporoplasm. 2b, Transverse view. Fig. 3. Myxobolus piriformis and M. ellipsoides. Spores highly magnified from Malpighian corpuscles of spleen of Tinca tinca (after Balbiani. x 1). 3A. Nos. 1, 2,6, Myxobolus piriformis? (see p. 211, footnote 1), showing the elon- gate pyriform outline and the single capsule. Nos. 3, 4,5, 7, Myxobolus ellipsoides? (See p. 211, footnote 1). 533 bs Os Myxobolus pirifor mis or M. ellipsoides (which?). Fig. 4. ‘‘Degenerated forms” from the spleen, liver, and kidney of Tinca tinca (after Balbiani. x 3). 4a. Myxobolus ellipsoides? (see p. 211). 4b, c. Myxobolus piriformis (see p. 211). 4d-f. Myxobolus piriformis or M. ellipsoides (which?). PratTr: 14. Figs. 1-3. Myxobolus brachycystis (after Remak),. 1. Pigment follicle from spleen of Tinca tinca, containing 3 ‘ vesicles” [pansporo- blasts], each with a pyriform spore. To the right some of the pigment-con- taining vesicles which fill the cyst. (All fide Remak. xX 1.) x 200. 2. Three oval vesicles with pyriform spores from the kidney of T, tinca (x 3). X 375. 2a. Showing spores and numerous pigment cells. 2b. Showing 2 smaller vesicles, each with a pyriform spore. 2c. A vesicle showing conspicuous thickenings of its wall. 3. Vertical view of 2 pyriform spores with 2 capsules from tubiform cysts of the spleen of 7. tinca. Similar spores are also found onthe branchia and in the kidneys. (All fide Remak. x 3.) x 675. Fig. 4a-g. Myxobolus? sp. 38 (after Lieberkiihn. x $). X 675. 4a. Vertical view of spore. 4b-d. Spore in act of giving exit to sporopiasm, 4e-g. Free sporoplasmata of spores. Figs. 5,6. Myxobolus? mugilis (after Perugia. x 1). 5. Branchial lamella of Mugil auratus with cysts. 6. Vertical view of spore. Fig. 7. Myxobolus sp. 40 (after Lieberkiihn in Biitschli. x 3). xX about 1050. Ta. Vertical view. 7b. Transverse view. Figs. 8a-d. Myxobolus oviformis, From eyst of fins of Gobio gobio; safranin and gen- tian violet (after Thélohan. x 1). 8b. Vertical view of spore showing 1 nucleus. 8c. Same, with 2 nuclei. . 8d. Same, with 3 nuclei. ‘THE MYXOSPORIDIA, OR PSOROSPERMS OF FISHES. 295 PLATE 15. 1-6. Myzxobolus? sp. 41 (after Lieberkiihn; except 1). Two spores inclosed in the pansporoblast membrane (after Biitschli. x 3). Ss about 1050. Cyst from branchie of Gasterosteus aculeatus (X 1). Free spores from cyst of fig. 2. (X #.) X 675. Another cyst in which spore formation has taken place (x1). x 330. . Another cyst (Xx 1). X 220. 6a-c. * Different forms [? developmental stages] of spores” of this species (X 3.) Fig. Ta-c. Myxobolus sp. 44. 7a. Transverse view of spore (after Lieberkiihn in Biitschli. x 3). x 1850. 7b. Spore with valves separating, giving exit to sporoplasm (after Lieberkiihn. >< 3)-; x 1350: Je. Sporoplasm undergoing ame@boid movements (after Lieberkiihn. X {). x 1850. st coe eo a hs PLATE 16. Figs. 1-6. Myxobolus miilleri (after Biitschli. x 1, except fig. 1). 1. Two branchial lamelle of a cyprinoid, one containing a conspicuous myxo- sporidium. ec. The cartilaginous rod supporting the lamella (x 4). 2. A portion of the membrane of fig. 4, more strongly magnified, showing ‘‘nu- clei.” 3a. Transverse view of spore. 3b. Transverse view of 2 separited valves. 4. An isolated small myxosporidium with its membrane, 5. Nuclei of the myxosporidiun. 6. A series showing the developmental stages of the spore. 6a. Sporoblast which has segmented into the 2 protocysts and the protosporo- plasm. b-c. The segments have oriented themselves; the protocysts show beginning eapsule formation, d,e. Later stazes of capsule formation. In e orientation of the capsules has taken place. PLATE 17. Figs. 1-7. Myxobolus miilleri (after Biitschli. x 1). la. Vertical view; showing capsules, sporoplasm, vacuole and pericornual nuclei. 1b. Vertical view; showing capsules, ‘‘globules,” sporoplasm, and vacuole. le. Vertical view, showing a common focus-appearance (?focus-illusion), the pericornual nuclei apparently attached to the posterior extremity of the capsules. Biitschlisays the sporoplasm is “ contracted ” and hence the yac- uole is invisible. 2. Transverse view of spore after action of concentrated sulphuric acid; the filaments are extruded and the valves are beginning to gape apart. 3. Vertical view of spore with extruded filaments, sporoplasm, and ‘‘ globules.” 4a-d. ‘‘Abnormal” tailed spores; ¢c, spore with 3 capsules. 5. A separated valve, viewed transversely. 6. Spore with filaments extruded by pressure. 7a. Capsule not yet completely developed, with the filament extruded. 7b. A fully-developed capsule with extruded filament. PLATE 18. Figs. 1, 2. Myrobolus piriformis and M. ellipsoides (after Balbiani. X 1). 1. Section of splenic artery of Tinea tinca, showing on the branches Malpighian corpuscles, most of them containing Myxrosporidia. 2. The same, more highly magnified, showing well-developed bicapsulate forms (M- ellipsoides) and pyriform unicapsulate or noncapsulate and degenerate forms (M. piriformis). 296 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. PLATE 19. Fig. 1. Myxobolus bicostatus (after Lieberkiihn in Biitschli. x $). Vertical view of spore showing the 2 oblique ridges on the shell, the capsules, and the sporoplasm. Figs. 2-8. Myxobolus ellipsoides. 2,3. Pfeiffer’s copies of figs. la, 1b of plate 20 (x 1). 4. Mesenteric artery of Tinca tinca with sessile or pedunculate cysts developed at the expense of the connective tissue coat of the vessel. Cyst contents myxosporidia, alone or with imbedded brown (hematoidin-colored) gran- ular matter (after Balbiani. 1). 5. Section of diseased air bladder of 7. tinca, showing spores and, at the left-hand margin, the internal epithelial surface of the air bladder. ’ Borax carmine, gentian violet (after Thélohan. 1). 6. Section of cyst of branchiz of T. tinca; showing in order, from above down- ward, the branchial epithelium, cyst membrane, myxoplasm, spores, and the nuclei of the last. Picro-carmine and gentian violet (after Thélohan. x 1). 7. Transverse section of air bladder; carmine, celloidin (after Pfeiffer. x 1). x 100. 8. Portion of fig.7 (after Pfeiffer. »% 1). x 400. On the wall of the cyst the younger, still uninuclear, parasites; to the right trinucleate sporoblasts. PLATE 20. Figs. 1-4. Myxobolus ellipsoides. la-c. Myxosporidium and cyst from fins of Tinca tinca, with spores in course of development (after Balbiani. x 1). la. Small myxosporidium containing only nuclei. 1b. More advanced stage. le. Large encysted myxosporidium containing numerous spores, mostly mature. 2a-c. Three stages in spore formation, showing paired development of spores in amass of homogeneous plasma, and the spores contained at maturity in a vesicle (after Balbiani. x 3). 3a-c. Spores from air bladder of T. tincashowing ribbons (after Balbiani. X $). 3a, b. Spores united by the ribbons, the sporoplasm rolled into a ball, and the ‘“Caccessory” capsules. 3c. Isolated spore with extended ribbons; capsules empty; sporoplasm in a ball. 4a-e. Spores from the air bladder of 7. tinca, showing different stages of devel- opment of the nuclei; carmine, gentian violet (after Thélohan. x 1). 4a. Spore with 1 nucleus. 4b. Spore with 2 nuclei. 4c. Spore with 3 nuclei. dd, e. Spores with 4 nuclei. PAD) Qe Figs. 1,2. Myxobolus ellipsoides. la-h. (After Balbiani. x 3.) la. Vertical view of spore, showing pericornual nuclei and anteriorly a “‘olobule.” 1b. Transverse view, showing the equal convexity of the valves and the equality of the two ends of the spore. 1e. Vertical view of spore, showing capsules with filaments extruded, pericornual nuclei, anteriorly a ‘‘globule,” and posteriorly the sporoplasm (? contracted under the action of reagents). 1d. Spore in vertical view, showing ribbons, and sporoplasm in act of exit. le. Capsule with filament. coiled. 1f-h. Different degrees of extrusion of filament. 2Qa-e. Sporoplasm after exit, showing changes of form (after Balbiani. xX #). n, “nucleus” [ ? vacuole]. Fig. 3. “Degenerate processes of the spores of Tinca tinca with 3, with 2 approxi- mated, with 1 capsule, with caudiform drawing out of one pole, with approximation to the sarcosporidian germs. The same are found in the gall bladder of the tench and in aneurisms on the splenic artery ” (after Pfeiffer. -.cosaeesne 106 Alburnus lucidus; see Alburnus alburnus. Anas boschas, parasite of .......-..-....--- 175 Angel fish; see Squatina squatina. angelus, Squatina; see Squatina squatina. Angler; see Lophius piscatorius. BNnoMale, GlU SCR. occ ccass sense ceoedce sed 17, 192 PA INUORIOM secs on seats snes ces eeeewtadee dd ate 120 FApHTOCORerUs|(CLLOL) «2.22 Se50sSsaaccssee a5 249 aquila, Myliobatis; see Cephaleutherus aquila. Arloing & Tripier, parasite described by.. 136 PATNI ANH OLURD Rg = Sa eta Sada bas eecnsae 136 Ascaris obtuso-candata. .............<.-00- 174 Astacus fluviatilis, parasite of............. 135 Bacteriologisches Centralblatt (error) ..... 126 AIDIAMIG TUG Ie ain't ares cs ewetcckccaccne cn 175 balbianii, Spheromyxa .........2...2.0<--- 282 Barbel; see Barbus barbus. bicostatus, Myxobolus........2c.c-cerccene 220 IBISVDOFOPENCSIA) ois H's sans cane awaidey @ 80, 243, 274 blochii, Pimelodus ; see Pimelodus clarias.. 212 Bohuslin, disease of Gadus morrhua at.... 173 DOmpy ois; WosemMals.-225- ccstesessanderace's 192 oscndawATi dae 2 ts sch decceteae caeage de 175 brachycystis, Myxobolus ........-.....-- 211, 212 brama, Cyprinus; see Abramis brama. Bream, European; see Abramis brama. Previs, MyxOhOls is scscuse on os nedheuecee 247 bryozoides, ‘‘ Myxosporidium” ............ 187 Bulletin Société centrale d’Agriculture.... 127 Bullhead; see Ameiurus melas-.......... oe callarias, Gadus; see Gadus morrhua, Page. canicula, Seyllium; see Scylliorhinus ca- HiOUl B= 22 sn) Sasha 5 esc enkewe see 264 canis, Galeus; see Galeorhinus galeus. Capsules a es 1. beet eer 74, 82, 120 developmentio£isa.eacace heeoee ee 82, 202 asserted existence in Sarcosporidia. 88 homology and function of...-...-.. 85 MOrpholo py Ob 2-2 ae cewoviadateeteae 83 Capsules, ‘‘accessory,” development of.... 82 position and grouping, taxonomic walue:of=.5-<..c5e sceeeeseees 115, 259 regarded as germs.....-..----.< 87, 241 Capsule wall, nature of substance of ...... 84 Carp; see Cyprinus carpio. Catostomus tuberculatus; see Erimyzon sucetta oblongus. Coratomyxare- ots .- scons deaeeeee 115, 116, 274 cernua, Gymnocephalus; see Acerina cer- nua, Characters, generic, comparison of......... 115 BHCCING=5~ cemaapee seems cisiee cate 117 Chicken; parasite: ofsc.s-5)-ccascase access 136 Chiloromyxeni (CLLOL) sens eens cee samcecacee 258 Chloromy 6g) cee scces pc cckaeamseeaoe 115, 116, 258 Giiloromiymd p17... sssamatae vaceoae cea 116, 258 Chioromyy sunien sso. eh sien ea sienceeuee 115, 259 spore formation as a generic Character Of 5. . osaacdesccu 80 PF Congnimwc tote ceec acs an ae 182 chrysitis, Tinca; see Tinca tinca.......... 212 Chub sucker; see Erimyzon sucetta oblon- gus. Ch imIC NG 2a asenne usar aoc Saw seat eeenee 170 clarias, Silurus; see Pimelodus clarias. Classifications, comparison of the different. 116 CO) ED EIGN LEE pe EE pee ili Be a 5 gif 2 176 clypeata; ‘Spatula <<. se... cceeccueecuseeue 175 Cobitis fossilis; see Misgurnus fossilis. CUR CLONA ha - male nictientrn aeaiereteies auntie ebited sare 99 Cod; seo Gadus morrhua .................. 172 Coorclons, Diaptomus: sesenuccuudueuwsaacuen 176 II WOLMA (ELTON) prema stetiasee aoc ae nm aaceee scse his aa ateran hae dace 115, 258, 283 I prat DOE Ren aoe eee an een toogt no 116, 283 MV XI GUUM Osis oc aetna ted bed slpioe ee eamae 115, 116, 283 lieberkiihnii regarded as a Gre- GATING! 5. vacaciones vee 96 spore formation as a generic char- ACTER Olas to ceniechs ae eet ee 80 Myxobolea: (error)? -2.o=- cs cauccecleme ees 206 Wy xObOlGes ze sods. + sass aa6 06 sos see 205 Mivaconolidcae a atisiestels on tie’ wemistoctaerietetars 116, 206 MWivaQ)ity beso essen esureragceadeda: alias 115, 206 spore formation as a generic cbar- RCTOR OL ee aesee cas see eee 80 Myxobolus ellipsoides, ‘taecessory”’ cap- Sul santews fh. es pees seme 82 malleri@s- 3 22500. ee eas 214, 216, 225 perlatus; see Chloromyxum perlatum. IW ss GVA GETS SAB oe ee ieee ct eoad Bead Sace 5 120 Wives Roa eae pega soce ese es 115, 116, 265 spore formation in........-...... 80 My xoOSpora (rion) Me ia.< soe we see ae 71 Miyxosporide (GrvOn) acsse.- ace eee ees 7L Miy-xOSporidiait Sa5ct Souaewene as sete aoe mee see ALB dispersal, necessity of, and means fOr. .see esses $0 distribution of, geographical ........--. 110 onganalinc.S (22a 105, 108 seasonal - ss -<-- 55. se eee 110 4 ZOOLOGICAL S22. Jo ss Ieee sa 100 effects of, on host ... 118, 194, 197, 200, 204, 231, 248, 270, 289 epidemics produced by... 197, 231 fusion of; see Plasmodes. Myxosporidies ..... PS ONISU GSR bebe orice oe 206 My XOSPOLIGIUIN « s2 2s erare~ 5 dois cle joeiaaee 120 description of .....-....-.. 73,75 taxonomic value of..-....-. 112 COMIvS OR pOTIGLONAL Ae 6 chicane tet ae 182, 187, 206 DULYOZOIdCS) 6355 see ae 187 CON PU a. - eae atti 110, 182 merlucii; see Myxobolus merlucii. mugilis; see Myxobolus PUTS fa inn ose eee 213 plagiostomi; see Myxo- bolus leydigii. ONS PU CUUCO oceans So Reka ow oe seleate oe 192 narce, ‘Vorpedo; see ‘Torpedo torpedo. narke, Torpedo; see ‘Lorpedo torpedo. Nematocysts, homology of, with capsules. 89, 90 Nosema anomala; see Glugea anomala..... 192 Domb yoisics coe ewe cen eames 192 Nuclei, capsulogenous; see Nuclei, pericor- nual. GIVisiOMn. Of. cu -ccascuiseuwess o LEO TOTemUL IV REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Page NuclaIemne Ny ONONIS pacmce ces =a misi-sicin a'a% 208 of myxosporidium ........--..----- 76 ONNDOLG Eee eer ae sarscticsenccioni-k wie 92 MOULCOLNGM Ae acme ia alsin neice 82, 209 as aspecifie character 117, 210 ODESUS EMiyXODOIUS jc cc ac cee -tiecp sea === 239 oblongus, Myxobolus........---.--.------- 234 octospora, Thelohania.-............-.---- 177, 197 ohlmacheri, Chloromyxum.--..------------ 267 Spore, orientation of, in Cystodiscide ..... 278 OvarrviSpecies LouUnd IN... 225 --s— scone n pi 107 ovitormis, Myxobolus..-.....-----..-..---- 214 ANS POLO DLAShs sect t= ea ce nen ee 80, 81, 120, 121 Heattin OO my ere eenee sane scene ae 117, 197, 222, 228 Parco fluviatilis (OrroLr)’.22-=--5 26 eoecanme 217 Perch, yellow; see Perea fluviatilis. MENIGVStICISPACO..--'-. hose ind hey i ye iy Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 4. Fig. 8. "5 “OLEL,° 4 Fig. 2. Report U. S. F.C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 5. SO Ituirg uur DA va Groep, cle AIL TNT \ ot, ae a je , * hae Wh, ; Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 6. So gree Og OF re 3 PLATE 7. Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Fig. « SS Ree SEL od SSeS 80 : Oo ge, £ a ND) Bigs? os af Ps KPa DOs ns tS Fig. Report U.S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 8. ©} Qs % Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 9, Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. LO+x oo 8 — Dit ee es So L O 5 ) 0.2200 _ 9. 0a ON OU Ait, : PROXG 00 9) 5000 doo 3 020 O ( i) 9900 9000 3 0000 0 O 1) 3588 oO ( ©0900 i if 2 e (a) fad Fig. 1. Myla Oat 0000 16 0% b6 by 0° % (fe £% Fig. 4. Vig. 6, ts . ' DJOXCIAGAAAARES POE EES ALGELO s 3 Ne Re GR aT PLATE 11. Myxosporidia. Report U.S F.C. 1892. PLATE 12. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. ae on eee eA PLATE 13. Report U.S F.C. 1892. Myxosporidia, Report U. S.F.C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 14. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. ass PLATE 15. Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C, 1892. Big: oi a WN Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. PLATE 16. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. 2. = a = 22> Kt, oe Fig. 3. PLATE 17. Myxosporidia, 1892. Report U.S. F.C. Fig. 2 Sd : See SS y Po 4. Fig. Fig Fig. 1. \ sot 5 oleae spi ed Pe > . & = ase ~ . Ie at we Fig. 7 PLATE 18. Myxosporidia. Report U.S. F.C. 1892. ely eh ea y < 4 4, Sark Sarr PLIVIn (AUST e eee : ey: poy ERIS Aa me Pa ee Fy — = —— = = SS... ‘, Chun htt teres: Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 19. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 20. PLATE 21. Report U.S F.C. 1892. Myxosporidia Fig. 1. Fig. 4. PLATE 22. Myxosporidia nmoUS SEC. 1892) Repo LLL Z z Z Z iv . mag cee 5 In 6 Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 28. A’c u,v Se Oe. 68, ESR) C60, SI) DE on % ie = en ae C: AO Se OL ORATION » ° ee OS ° o@ Tn he eee Set o,ee? ° 3 e908 % 6 SS O, ¥ PLATE 24. Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Fig. 2. Report U S F.C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 25. j id at i Lea} uae ie Se ai penn shel om : : rr , ee ogee ie WAS Ahlan pUnK LAN ns Bio’ i ac a aa a ‘ ee Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 26. Mca O00 | a ie o() wo “Fig. 3. VI Fig. 6. oe MG a a i; sb 4 Up Report U. S. F.C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 27. a ae? ‘ FP ii: Ma} ¥ a a4 q \ Real. ‘| f i A ‘ ME oe RA ap i 7 | \ hie! i : ees ao ved A py : i ‘ Ds 7 fe ae ae oo US SAR 1 ie as j d i a i a ry i i fi ' < an | z q i * es ) e i J ‘ o a : ¥ f 4 A : : Sf 1 — 4 i i / ‘ Al rae Rea PLATE 28, sporidia, Report U.S. F. C. 1892. Myxo Mot % ¥ i a i aay % tie Poi dy 1 ry ” A i) be PLATE 29. Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C. 1892 Fig. 3. Fig. 1. Fig. 7. Fig. 6. Fig. 4. Fig. 8. PLATE 30. U S. F.C. 1892. Myxosporidia. Report Dek ' ie : ; a) LN, as A?) A [i Ai Wee taarie ye! PLATE 31. Myxosporidia, Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Vig. 2. PLATE 32. Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. °° Co bp io Fig. 1. LSS Fig. 3. Fig. 5. Report U. S. F. C. 1892, Myxosporidia. PLATE 33. Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. 1. . Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7, PLATE 34. Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. zoom OU ON TDRDDDRAD DAN SS TT =H DDD) ett a als Za nm OTT TEL Fig. 3. Piate 35. Report U.S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. = SS = =| — SS Report U.S, F, C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 36 re e Fig. 2. Fig. 4. ra Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 37. PLATE 38. Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C. 1892, 3:2 OFY- Op Oe Fig. 2. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 39 Fig. 6. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLate 40. a a Le a ld ‘ ‘ we a dy i iy AR.) wnt rub et i : Ms } Pe’ Heal * A) AD: a] ” fy + nt on 7 ae Report U. S. F, C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 41, * ae ra i Gs fa a Po ; A 4 aby = : r E i - ae nes J ' % =: ek der A a - ' be ie be r, - 5 F * j . NE h ' : i = - Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 42. ee AT ENT tis ‘Aa OS, @ Ay LL ‘ 7 ; ‘emai Fig. 6. sek @) BS 2c 0% uP Fig. 11. ea # ee ah er a ap it 9 y Wi, mi r : 7 i) a . ; Ti “ey i ; i mau Abs nt cs . 5 1 PLATE 43. e 2.2 999 Myxosporidia. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. een ee pee » Oe rig. Report U. S. F.C 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 44. Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Fig. 4. aff Aviad arte) tt) ee a> Cer Report U. S. F. C. 1892. Myxosporidia. PLATE 45. Fig. 1. Report U. S. F. C. 1892. of dew 20S e eo8 a0, eh or 2 7 eo oA ow ik f PE SD BO SE2e < ¢ i-y y QOD SD prikd = 20. = eR ee os WS Oe 2 Steet on & F. & “25 Myxosporidia. ecto hee, 3 ~. PLATE 46. ea ae wat : i att ei a af ay o . va a aes, i ‘ : ilies — fie G3 Pete acc ; ! Pecks SRR at will, eM eee er, Mor é. _ aay 5 42 f 4 5 Fi ; : oi ? Go ee ; Pre ae " 4h) rg i s i Bi Ss " ; : Pine i #)| a ss Wii 7! Mag fe — 5 f a! : : We al ri 7 1 Wy a ; i. . fl e, wr j f Fic de. is mi 3 co he td | ; 7 i i b ae dh ape S a hie es 7 1 if 5 - i J : “was « , 7D ihe : ol f ; } : a i : A © i ‘ i 1 i mt te we ! 2 a Pe _ ‘= . A < B40 Ns | + Ih * 1 f > r 4 7 | e Al - - a a 7 : 7 A j i. - cee j ' it: iy oi ' 1 x he : = 7 + _ ils ds 7 ‘aay 7 aN fj » a ' : ea i] ; iad of spat during the preceding seasons. 1865 c—Buckland, Frank. Oyster enémies. satesas se ce cadee veces 1884v See OL HAC dinate aincc - cicincaas oad meee tees 1886b Bouchon-Brandely, G . - . .1877a, 1883d, 1883e, 1883/, 1883aw, 1888aa, 1884), 18877 BOUrNe GAllbertiCe-. ona \stewacnsaeeeesesans 1890a Boyd, Thomas J ....... poostboctbosecaeice 1890b Brady enOMaAs Nw. c.--22 scene 1870a, 18700, 1881la SR ROCOIN sabe see soi ne eieins coats 1882a, 1884¢, 1884d STOOKS. Wi. Kee Sceceecs 1877b, 1879a, 1879b, 1879e, 1880b, 1880c, 1880d, 1880¢, 1880, 1884e, 1884/, 1885f, 18877, 1891b 1891c, 1891d, 1893a, 1894¢ JSTOR Ou tyt Un ef i < Wa eee le a 18940 Browne, Orris-A..-...2..-.2.-2- 1872b, 1877¢, 1894¢ SHON: sete Soc coc ccs tan es doris ceigeczis 1886e Buckland, Frank ...... 1864a, 1865b, 1865¢ 1865d, 1865¢, 1865k, 1866a, 1866e, 18674, 1869a, 1875, 18771, 1879d, 1880g, 1880h BSN GOOTLS onc onan cede conse reat eee 1855a Card edanes:onccnsc-=sccrt se 1865/7, 1866b, 1868¢ CHIGG? Up] Se Se ee ee eee eer ee er 1868d Miarpenterne Dili’. a.acasann 5 'socecsasece 1857@ Chambers; Robert:..---....255.. ace ysisease nee 1877d dillis? Jolin sect, onsen eters ae eee 1735 EsdaillewWavidi assess eee eee 1864¢ DD 09 1d BK Oe ey ee a 1856, 18570, 1857¢, 1858b yO Ue Pon eA hn i RT 1890¢ Raber Gallszectcceso tte sass p eee cee 1883ay WEMOWSAES W te es2 cece cus. faanee aee 1867d, 1867e ‘KeltonsHranklin sens. o2ssoee bese seers 1891g Her ousOn ls Bicone ancien com - ee eeeee 1881e Folsom, Montgomery M...-.............-- 1889d Horbes Ma ward. oc. =- soacce Geese sect 1849, 1853 HOV Pires = eae alee = cee oe 18684 HOC HO Wand ut acces och see cene Sesto 1894b HowleriGoblerbertcsscesnec: -- cee Seercias 1890d MraiChe Heli. in tek pte macinweas~+ setae 1883) HrANCIS; HTanibeccceeees sco ces 1870a, 1876d, 1876e Bryer) Charies Bess. ga5 25-5 - neces eee 18889 Eilantony dipoles secscatececse 1890e, 1891z, 189laa Ganong Wa Dieses. eee 18S7j, 1889e, 1889F Garman) Samuel. .csc-c-- <= oa 4 in cieSaa ee 1885h GarneriRopertnicces- sac cane te ecaecce 1837a, 184la Gilberts @harlesihses..-cncqst ee eee eee 1891h GoodeiGs Browns os-.00.2n2000- 18807, 884g, 1884h Gold ACPAS Serena wae aa) s'o me esere sane 1841b, 1870d Gray Runs cam aainis' 1851 Henslowidciosssseeaeeac-as siemens -cssees'e 1855¢ Hicks-Beach, Michael.-.........--------- 18927 Hodson, Thomas S. 1886+, 1885e, 1885/, 1891e, 18914 Hoel Bs Gye... 18832, 18837, 1883ba, 18847, 1885% fone Miverard’<.-s-.= ----0s-=-- 1814, 1827, 1828 Hopkims;)enmy Dy... 2 -a--<0---2 o--- =| 18917 Hopson, W.B......- 1879/, 1880), 1880%, 18802, 18357 TRIG Te iad aCe ee aoe ore eee nae es seers 1880m Dusters ee a seco seeteose = 1882, 1883, 1886y Hotchkiss, Samuel Mi --.2.0.-2.-6------- 18909 ler OyatELOLace) Cee Re cas 1883p Hudson, Wm. M ..1882d, 1883w, 18841, 18847, 18850, 1885p, 1886k, 18861, 1827m, 1838k, 1891k, 1893¢ Ehret, AiGhakeh ed ey eoesooe saeeooCOUER SAN gSseeS 1885k Jenson PIN AI Se an aoeao ceoiso sss qon2555 18799 Huxley, Thomas H. .1865f, 1865), 1868c, 18839, 18837 Pelvis Pp Alp HOIIS |e mrelereimy=iel ole) =niaielol-) i= iain 18900 TSE IIS Oe Goce one aor eEEes sos oussese5 18807 ln ersollelimn eStes- a= eerie ae mae 188le, 1887k JacRR ins 12640. oan geass sekocoasses5 ceEooe 18890 Jeftreys, John Gwyn..---------------- 18635, 18695 Jighm Minas, (618) Sean eee Sa eeeee oeoecoen cae 1893) RVOMES PANG Wate nicl nisi erin a= 1, 251, 990 44,973 167, 006 7,413 1, 930, 050 61, O17 VGIPIN Gyre somes. se minan = =/-)-\ === <= 37, 200,850 | 395,171] 1,850,140 48, 202 53, 660, 921 717, 061 PErcnisseeceee ccc ceseceeree ssca 3, 830, 039 45, 383 85, 496 1, 621 8, 759, 039 113, 272 Pike and pickerel-.----....-..-.- 14, 583, 471 284, 201 184, 254 10, 959 18, 103, 147 389, 476 DStULLeON === - 2. - ee = enn nm 1, 244, 607 47, 045 200, 927 10, 925 2, 798, 725 105, 935 DHORCIS one r cnc cect ee emoe celeeecni 1, 072, 495 10, 609 74, 344 890 4, 022, 198 33, 400 ALI ee cease ssdandodo tacednaodse 66, 703 3, 714 6, 500 511 11, 201, 681 452, 504 PWihttGHSh as scl sclecaelacesemticices 3, 323, 772 167, 172 23, 383 1, 476 15, 326, 488 691, 563 OMOrssa scsecesscss peter cee 134, 448 3, 5387 64, 902 1, 751 265, 361 9, 329 Totallcc aver ae weve onesies ' 63, 563, 332 |1, 033,758 | 2, 691, 946 85, 431 | 117, 085, 568 | 2, 615, 784 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 367 Attention may be directed to the permanent value of the detailed Statistics presented in the following pages, showing the extent of the fishing industry in each county bordering on the lakes. Such data afford an invaluable guide for determining the changes in the condi- tion of the fisheries, and furnish the most satisfactory basis for noting comparisons from time to time. In the increased attention now being bestowed on the lake fisheries, and in the consideration of questions of legislation and propagation which are continually arising, detailed comparative statistics will necessarily have great utility. II—THE FISHERIES CONSIDERED BY LAKES. GENERAL STATISTICS. As an introduction to a detailed presentation of the statistics of the fisheries in each lake, the following series of general tables is given, showing, by lakes, the number of persons engaged in the industry, the apparatus, boats, ete., employed, and the quantity and value of the catch. The fisheries of Lake Erie, as is well known, are much more exten- sive than those of any other lake. In all the essential items which enter into a statistical consideration—persons, capital, and products— this lake takes precedence. In the canvass conducted by this office, 4,482 persons were found to be directly connected with the fisheries, $2,816,302 was ascertained to be invested, and 64,850,873 pounds of fishery products were taken,. having a value to the fishermen of $1,000,905. Lake Michigan ranks next to Lake Erie. Here 2,877 persons found employment in the fishing industry, $1,437,224 was invested, 26,434,266 pounds of fish were caught, and the income of the fishermen was $830,465. Third in general importance is Lake Huron, although in the items of fishing population and investment it is surpassed to a comparatively slight extent by Lake Superior, and the value of the catch is so little in excess of that of Lake Superior that the relative positions of the two lakes might be changed from time to time without the superven- tion of any specially marked changes in the condition of the fisheries in either. The fisheries of Lake Huron gave employment to 726 per- sons and $408,858 invested capital, and yielded 10,056,381 pounds of fish, which were sold for $221,067. Lake Superior had 653 personsengaged in the industry, had $366,682 invested therein, and was credited with a catch of 6,115,992 pounds, valued at $220,968. Next to Lake Superior in the quantity and value of the catch is Lake Ontario, which is, however, surpassed by Lake St. Clair in the number of fishermen and the amount of invested capital. It had 389 fishery employés, fishing property to the value of $123,553, and a catch of 3,446,448 pounds, worth $124,786, s 368 -REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Last in point of importance is Lake St. Clair and the two rivers con- nected therewith. $210,145 was invested, and 2 which $73,577 was received The fisheries gave employment to 611 persons, 994,571 pounds of fish were secured, for Table showing by lakes the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1890. How employed. Superior. | Michigan. Huron.) St. Clair.| Erie. | Ontario. | Total. Onpvessels tis WY se cs \ assem = = 45 284 13 28 218 5 598 On vessels transporting. --..- anisiere 13 9 8 Becaaeeare 97 6 133 IMESHOLE HISNOKICS) eo oe -- ee mmc 517 2,215 590 517 | 3,198 356 7, 393 On shore, in fish houses, etc.-.-.-. 78 369 110 | 66 | 969 = op 1, 614 STH eKI AT Les ae ee a aera 653 2, 877 726 | 611 | 4,482 389} 9, 738 | Table showing by lakes the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1890. Superior. Michigan. Huron. Ttems. — = = No Value. No. Value. No. | Value. Vessels fishing .-.....--. 7 $22, 700 48 $151, 850 3 | $9, 700 ounAge Se. 7-2 sae G1 O8nse cea sae CTL Tel eemcen ot ne oe BY Als): ee Oes amo Gera Geers ae le a as GxGO0uleoe eee TONT OSH eect 1, 960 Vessels transporting ---. 1 25, 000 2 21,500 4 2, 800 fRommagess---- 222.2. NCEP GPE Ee ooceesesen: LA AO BM Perioialrel tence 41 SU lab cepetse peer Oimitithy Sse- soe ce= Sos scl (Soe cmiewiceas 000% ecm aster 1S GBS rem cerapners | 130 BOabSheeses ce ni= 2 oe seis = 320 23, 975 1, 052 71, 663 410 | 22,308 Apparatus of capture, vessel fisheries: Gillsmetss- ss s2s° 2a. 1, 318 | 18, 488 18, 810 106, 854 324 3, 933 Apparatus ot capture, | shore fisheries: Pound nets and trap i GUS) Sosoe = so0eDesoS 140 34, 435 | 844 244, 880 551 88,515 Gallmets=-5-2.- 2 aose6 | 4, 656° 45, 038 22, 086 109, 060 1, 882 17, 732 BV KeOMoLS oc ccewcc cae 9 415 731 11, 316 221 6, 885 Selnesiee cs ossseseoas 19 955 | 29 3, 480 6 690 Lines, spears, dip NAGiT CHO Ss He ceeas = eee a eeu es QAGLS, eee einmieeinie FAAS | eala teste 770 SHOLEPLODEL Uap acs cia eu eae se MOON STS! seeccine a5 ABA OOM eon eee 208, 625 Casiveapital sees sc eeace oot setae = GS O00 En seen one 28400 esemer aes 45, 400 Motaleeee eet ee ee 366; 082i eae TR By OOPS Nid as Berea 408, 858 | St. Clair. Erie Ontario. Total. Items. | — | No. | Value. No. Value. | No. | Value. No. Value. Vessels fishing --.-....-. | 4} $21,000 34 | $115, 400 1 $2, 800 97 $323, 450 *RONNAPO= eee cw nce Ae BOAO > 26 ees BIA AD [oo cess. ane TSAO9S | Ee emcee 15 9726" ees sees (Cah ee eae (aN 3 A 00M sees ee 1S A158elseaceee 500s eens 50, 321 Vessels transporting --..!.--.-..|..--2...-- 22 | 154, 700 2 5, 280 209, 280 Tonnage RU? seodnere se BPE Gea seog= OF A022: 216 eee eee (OTIS E SAAR Ae Mere teers VAANO25: Neos cree LAQ0D. Basco a 23, 775 Bonterra ce. = eon 162 | 4,375 1,393 | 217,750 | 373 | 21,577 | 3,710 361, 648 Apparatus of capture, vessel fisheries : GUMets= 2 ss -2see2< 814 9, 418 19, 046 67, 944 50 200 |42, 607 206, 787 Apparatus of capture, shore fisheries: Pound nets and trap MOtS ates Ss eae 34 9, 450 1,893 | 548,100 288 24,577 | 3,750 949, 957 Gullitetsseea-eeeeeeen eesti alesse cite 30,274 | 101,569 | 2,295 17, 910 |61, 193 291, 309 Hyke nets .......---. 148 | 4, 480 1,175 64, 450 684 9, 822 | 2, 968 96, 868 Seinese= WOOK ee cece csreoae sect eee nin Ma gemnce bac ccs ase aes checeteeee UGB yore aie raisielcie= ay Ps) TiN 2 See CEs aie ste a ae ee ee eae Eee yD DEON oetensi stains Se 1, 655 StaGOnisp eee see eet e tc ae ates Sarena cb cna wee acme acewen's 52, 2 20, 300 109, $98 TP ah A EO I A aa eR 52, 20, 300 | 113, 382 Wisconsin: | BEI Sos rayere oe Som ae ose eae Me ate See Se ween cleeales it F800 Soe cme nee 12, 148 ESUVALOIOED S52 S52 oy ere OO Sa oo ee acina sae aveinia cscs ol eecme 15, 955 14, G00 59, 725 DOT RS as See Sea ioe, rol lacus wee cect ents Sas ans Sia cele | Saosccdses: 1, 540 Sinha at asa ee ete ac sees cic A aeciceae Sockinnt 17, 445 | 14, 600 73, 413 CASTE TUN ied hh Sr ae ea a | 109,878. 69, 960 | 366, 682 Table showing by States, counties, and species the yield of the vessel fisheries of Lake Superior in 1890. Trout, fresh. Trout, salted. States and counties. = ae Pounds. Pounds. | Value. NVR SANs NOS age ot ys esas « Davesels astee ccs sails si imissiceecies SUTOMOW tee oot wc u ec cc cc oe etme cern cis Cacear a aoeece re 202,750 | $7,603 |.......... Boe nc aac EACLE a a ioe ae aE 2 beet cs Meee oe SPE | 331, 650 2,300 | $92 TI Se an as ec a ~ 534, 400 2,300| 92 SM PIMOR OMG Samoceas Boek ot ou or scin aoe wc asiclenioneGedeccoe anot en | STROLL Se ese ee ae eee. Se Sees eee alee | S3rbaP |) — AS A08t Sets ees eee =- -| —— SCOTS fone iocales Ses Sais eon ee Crsletta= oe eee ose teens | Se VEE sata ota eee see wooo em ice wae iaee on tose Bencittne 38, 505 1, 924 39 Cer BOLA EY ms Nr ate NEE Cy (A Cine <5 yar | 606, 447 4,224 131 = == | Whitefish, fresh. Whitefish, salted. Total. | States and counties. ————— | Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Pounds. | Value. LOT eats cian aan tia sisioleae, = ds Since a CHIDPOWA: -- sean sar se assess ccc eseas LOL STO. | payee: |seannme— Marnie these test nae oa tac ns cee ncn tal 244,308 | 10,995 | 3, 300 | Tihs tly CER ee) lin 345, 083 | 14,797 | 3,300 MSTIN OR ete ens sete 2 aes soca eer ee Nipihene | ai fgien oh St. Louis 30, 734 | ee WUIRCHIDININT ete n'a feiss cuca aclu ut cnet oe an cloee | INAWNOLM ss crc ccticawacestucs Seca. 77, O11 2,695 | 920 304,125 | $11,405 581,558 | 23,387 885, 683 34, 792 64, 276 2,76 Grand totals ..60! eeu 453, 428 | 18,851 | 4,220 } 118, 360 | 3, 527 1, 068, 319 | 380 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing by counties and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Superior in 1890. c ° Sturgeon, eee ey ealeiteen fresh and Trout, fresh. | Trout, salted. States and counties. : : salted. Pounds'Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds! Value Michigan: Plena aoc sna lads: | neve ace |acteee eon oman ate 66, 000 |$2,348 | 1,000] $40 Baraga ......-.....-| 4,000 | $120 1, 000 $50 3, 000 $90 76, 800 | 3,840 | 14, 290 715 SLL DON Ss eee PCr a bame 6,000 | 180 | 29,000 | 907] 303,927 |10,791 |........|....--- iHouweshton’.--2 <2 2 -- 60. 000 |1, 800 280 10 1, 000 30 317, 030 | 9,680 | 77,000 2,310 Isle Royale......... 10, 590 204 470 ee OS Ae eee 460, 058 |15, 021 (239, 547 4,816 UG (GG 78 shee a aees lessee ecole Gallasted ood tosecc|socta sou |oSeecallsosochbee leddacers 103, 800 | 4,152 Marquette.--.--..--. 24000) PASO M Baar pn s| penetra emer a= 388, 422 |14, 216 | 12,300 517 Ontonagon and Go- 1, 100 15 230 9} 6,824) 136 37, 857 | 1,512 | 20,729 749 gebic. Motalvemcaneeeicce 99, 690 |2, 619 7, 980 268 | 39, 824 l1, 163 (1, 650, 094 |57, 408 |468, 666 | 13,289 ~ Minnesota: oe al is Cookei2.ces. tees cs 4,700 CONE Se sdacllaasscallsacopond lonaode 25, 800 719 | 4,195 113 EG eee Se An Soe a Sea ace San Geo soad dcaesd bse oe do lsciuccc 51,013 | 1,687 | 21, 392 484 St onisvies sclsess. 629 1S enodss joeoee| PERS a asec 365088 (oL, (516) | 22 se See hotalecscseccses 5,329 OP be tesoBnalpooaSol bacdc ond GScha5 112, 901 | 3,922 | 25,587 579 Wisconsin: Ge Hy; i is PAtahiand se cecceoc= cc 35, 000 710 | 18, 200 860 7, 658 238 78,368 | 2,755 1, 204 49 BAY AOl Oa sine /tee saaeoe esos 64 7a eopbeiece lasobas 2, 602 94} 1,519 23 otal eee 94,102 /1,895 | 18,382 | 966 | 7,658 | 238| 302,035 [11,100 | 54,095| 1,875 Grand total..... 199, 121 |4, 616 | 26,362 /1,134 | 47,482 |1, 401 |2, 065, 030 |72, 430 |548, 348 | 15, 71 Whitefish, fresh. |Whitefish, salted. | Other fish, fresh Total. f and salted. States and counties. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Michigan: PAI BT ee ale lterainininta|ala1 142, 640 | $5, 260 12, 590 EV Bas Soo ben bandanas 222, 140 $8, 223 Bara ace acs selaas oes! 47, 000 2, 350 53, 164 2 CIB eee a ce sara, |[oerewareuee 199, 254 9, 823 Chippewaicesscce IGS Shou Pasa lepleetae cece = cares eels 12, 000 $480 | 1,119, 302 40,770 Houghton\.--.tssi-\2 290, 250 9, 286 88, 750 2, 763 2, 000 60 836, 310 25, 934 Isle Royale..-....... 71, 229 2, 781 12, 415 BOTs ewac esl sesoeces 794. 309 23, 192 KCGWCETIA WE «carers sete low star acateyereseis|omieclae late 142, 520 AL Gh ret toniete ote | esmreieiete 246, 120 11, 268 Marquette....-.--.. 275, 886 | 12, 393 3, 300 P4908 |S wtsres eee ore ce 703, 908 27, 755 Outonagon and Go- (23) Olepaeeesoae.44p 81, 739 8, 255 74,758 | 2,947 1, 875 75 225, 112 8, 698 Motalisuccescis cis 1, 677, 119 | 63, 757 387, 207 | 16, 559 15, 875 615 | 4, 346, 455 iso 668 Minnesota: : ee ae (C00) EAS Sonera Oe 2, 780 80 5, 841 1683 Ese esse Sete 43, 316 1,170 DAC Oc ace tea intents cite ae cierto = satan hleiae Steen Gees wie oon sam te tanlancen emaee | pe wenees 72,405 2 pl SipWouiSes sa. ccs 30, 984 TS BO9s Mos Aemtecrciel a cece sale eeisine Rate see ciemes 67, 701 2, 897 Batali: she meces 33,764 | 1,449 | 5,841 Ge eee _...2-..| 183,422! 6, 238 Wisconsin: Cie, c Ae ands. sic cence 266,913 | 10,568 204, 677 TBE i eats ciaverae | mreclewisiee 612, 020 22, 964 Way held ee ase. 25e 2 421,016 | 17, 722 | 189, 788 5, 913 598 14 943, 059 34, 892 Douglas ...-........ 24, 259 i, 036 2, 552 1 a eRe an ceed eae 31, 036 1, 206 Motal F25.0025s'<. 712, 228 | 29, 326 397, 017 | 13, 748 598 14 | 1, 586, 115 59, 062 Grand total..... 2, 423, 111 | 94,512 | 790,065 | 30,475 | 16,473 629 | 6,115,992 | 220, 968 ee iin é FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 381 Fable showing by States, counties, and apparatus of capture the yield of the shore Jisheries States, apparatus, and counties. MWiehigan. Pound nets: Marquette Ontonagon and Go- | GebiGsecs-ssc..5-- Chippewa -.-.2255.. Mioughton <-2222222! Isle Royale......... Keweenaw .--.--..- Marquette.......... Ontonagon and Go- Gebiowesa. esse 5. Seines: SBAEAGA) ccc cat sccee Marquette Lines: Bango aise. os ao2 ese Houghton Isle Royale Marquette.......... i Total for State... Minnesota. Pound nets: ( Of) 0) eer ee 2 otal) .essc% So. Total for State. . Wisconsin. Pound nets: SAS SRA sever stoet cnet a Bayheldiecs sees. DONT ARS esecet.s. Gill nets: JV ENT G ane ae ae Dayileldy es. accesso. | 5 Douglas ies os sek Sturgeon, fresh and Salted. of Lake Superior in 1890. eS ea A 2 ne eel al ‘Herring, fresh Pike, fresh Value Pounds|Value Pounds| Value Pounds Saas SSS SSS ee Trout, fresh. | Trout, salted. Value |Pounds}| Value 1,000] $40 10,000 | 500 16,759 | 382 5,133} 205 84) Si8 ec eee 699 | 9,210! 317 “5, 874 | 42,102 | 1,444 1,913 ux. 2s2 eee 1,000 | -4,990°| "375 18004) 4s | eae 7,210 | 77,000 | “27370 10,535 [171/511 | 3/398 ome 98.667 | 3,947 1,781 | 10,000 | *’495 813] 11,519! 439 25, 052 |372, 987 | 10, 727 Pee 6,728 | 51,277 | 1,036 2,619 | 7,980 1,163 1,115, 694 |37, 654 /466, 366 | 13, 207 16,589 es ees a 96 500 10 421 | 5,348 121 ST [LO Se ae 548] 5,848] 131 2, 514] 25,587 | 597 480 | 1,204 49 415} 1,000 40 14} 1,232 18 909 | 3,436 107 1, 900°} os) cas cl oe 5, 259 | 46,623 | 1, 600 80 287 5 7,239 | 46,910 | 1,665 ———— 382 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing by States, counties, and apparatus of capture the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Superior—Continued. H State, apparatus, and counties. and salted. Pounds ‘Value erring, fresh Wisconsin—Continued. Fyke nets: Ashland Seines: wee ee nee nee ee Spears: Bayfield faa salted: fresh and Trout, fresh. | Trout, salted. Pounds Value Pounds|Value| Pounds | Value Pounds i Value RASS 2008) SOG an steeee nese 3) D008 S17oeleeeos ss eee Fai a eek fii lleeians eee 93| 1,825 | $64 Bd oacera||Heosos SABE olla 10, 920 5460 2 oases lees Lines: Ashland Bayfield Motaleacss vse scclctesnase Isnictind Saas eaba||haosc 4, 500 | 135 27; 360" \-l, B68 a) 2. sees ese ee Total for State..| 94,102 ($1, 895| 18,382 | 866 | 7,658 | 238 | 263,530 (10,330 | 52,171 | 1,836 Total pound-net catch..| 3,310 55) 12,628 | 453 | 42, 982 1,266 | 184,188 | 6,796 | 48,118 a 1, 628 Total gill-net catch....- 169, 811 | 4, 021 64 Py Nsectteal Mo Sase 1, 015, 250 |34, 244 [437,056 | 12, 781 Total fykenet catch .-.-|.-.--=-.|=:2--- 13, 200 dO Betaccalleasees 3, 500 UTD a\eeemecee meme Total seine catch ....--- 26, 090 bY EEA ea sare cee ra Maser 2, 657 93 | 1,825 64 Total dip-net catch ...-.|..-....- esents||acscooad eaoubel lbdepcads|loteacsll>oneeseusallsosoeeu|isesooson|seopec< Total spear catch...-...|..-..-.. \(Peaceellbeuscssielsbons|osueeascl sseos2 10, 920 0464 Ce cecc ee eee Moralvlineicabehy ses a|easscccn |eeese 470 19} 4,500} 185 | 242,068 | 8,644 | 57,125 1, 167 Grand total..---.- 199, 121 | 4, 616} 26, 362 |1, 134 | 47, 482 |1, 401 li, 458,583 |50,498 |544, 124 a 640 = = a —_—_—— —_ — ———— “a W hitefish, fresh. | Whitefish, salted. Cte ash teen Total. States, apparatus, and | < i . counties. Vr ee ar l Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value., Pounds. Valuc.| Pounds. | Value. Michigan. / Pound nets: PA peri eatin cee cecciscstnne 98, 000 | $3, 505 12, 500 Cite saaeouRoeulloeenonoe 126,000 | $4, 555 cana Sia eres ss etece eet 37, 000 1, 850 51, 000 PS Deh ey oe [Semeeiaee 133, 800 6, 680 Chippewa ...-----.---- 4087000 | 14,875 |o--- 2 2--|5--- =: |e erin lbetonSoc 484.177 | 17,350 Hod ehtonessacns ce aoe er 46,500 |. 1, 860 10, 000 AQ OM Serres Ipenacsee 65, 580 2,610 Isle Royale ABPACRSaROOE 42, 751 1, 724 1, 631 CLIN ees treet oe eee 104, 068 3, 513 RPE WIECON DWaenee Sa cet leaa ins. cose eroeminels ASHOO O25 4 BONS aeleraista rari | eterelereiner= 53, 743 2, 635 Miarquette=222-- 22-2212 1, 600 1) :|eaecaene secre sence Gece etree 4, 000 156 Ontonagon and Goge- PeDich-cseects-o-2.<=si02 24,683 | 1,386 BANDS a2 NOON ahr eter leetectersy 121, 789 4,614 Motalewatccicocen see 668, 534 | 25,272 | 175,946 | 8,046 |.......-..|..--.--. 1,093,147 | 42, 063 Gill nets: ; Monette hese dee 4A GAO) de R551 Sects sale [stocnsaceleeancas 96,140 | 3, 668 SEAM SY tatelm mtsieiele a iniet=\e lolol 10, 000 500 2, 164 OSB casas sale aiss es 88, 454 1, 883 Chippewa..-------.---. 602000818000 | Ss eee Sn Seed eee sel cee ee 120, 000 3, 600 ifouohtom << cS. =.=.) 2435180) V7 426s mst O0 he ds Ope eeieei ere t= plete 696, 730 | 21,109 Isle Royale ago Sao Shae sa 28, 478 1, 057 10, 784 Fal Pela oe elie Stare ta 542,375 | 15, 506 TEGO CTSNET SE Te ae tn IPR an 93. 700s rede Goines eee muleee nes 192,387 | 8, 633 Marquette--:-2.---5--- 29,978) | A; 826 |e nee eee fer se = ool ne einen ela == sins = 89, 350 3, 032 Ontonagon and Goge- DLGue eee ote. | 38,550 | 1,529 18, 543 1639 se Soaeere saasose 88, 942 3, 509 Mota see ais <2 455, 896 | 15, 393 20396) ine, 2045 | Boerne Pocoasae l1, 864,378 | 61, 440 Fyke nets: i OPO bOMe eee see cama alae lelels ecre= a| oem scien aseteem eer escent 2, 000 $60 2, 000 60 Ontonagon and Goge- DIG ee rene er oie ta etal itece cea oe| o aamee os ese eemicciia| Heer seis 1, 875 75 1, 875 75 4 BO TE ae Se See NH [ace TR [ton egy et Sarah ete a Sey 3, 875 135 8, 875 135 Seines: E 5 TIES) moceoaeipmooaccicc|poopodser laesaeces Pees Seen eee neon bee ee nee 2, 000 60 Chippewar-l-. <-- | i i aoe ~ FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 383 , Table showing by States, counties, and apparatus of capture the yield of the shore fisheries 4 of Lake Superior—Continued. a ee a eee ' Other fish, fresh Whitefish, fresh. | Whitefish, salted. ; ; Total. States, apparatus, and | 2 | | and salted. LOUmLaes | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.) Value. } 1 | Michigan—Continued. Lip nets: Shippewas-.ss22t- ass 189/.00:)-$7,, 560uieo oe Shad. betes 12,000 | $480 | 201,000) $8,040 Lines: | ante erie ir ee (iveT IG. or Baraga 25, 000 1, 250 Houghton 72, 000 2, 160 Isle Royale 147, 866 4,172 Marquette 5, 000 200 UGE etc eee a RAV ie eee Lees, ELSI SOES i pee Nea ia 249,866 | 7, 783 Total for State......1,331, 436 | 48,940 | 383,907 $16,410 | 15,875 | 615 3, 460,772 | 120,876 Minnesota. | at | Pound nets: | Cookies toe: Sadi Bektinge 900 30 | 4,940 TAS) oso teens |e Serer ae 10, 520 298 Gill nets: ne ; k COOKE oaeccboas cagesoe |= -1, 880 |s 50 | 901 OF caer amen ei as So 29, 096 766 ILPND Bie ee eee Ee DESO RGre tl Sem cice cic ty eRe eeaS ele Oe seater Sere CARY SG ice 54, 304 1, 629 NUM MOMS: «22% =c:5 couse | 250 OS Stace mee Berrien. --. 6 ROUR osanee toon sb nics cunt tm mccetinshehhde sk cig tnaticies sents al nite bioaociels caelsad> selec awn ter 26 Wisconsin: PUNT ONCO Kenic specter sae seman asm ei scissile -ceainniaiw oat em memes WOON oss seca eee sic ciate 1 SLES GOLDS Bette dials mediates os eialoar cua Sct as ee nee iain FAO e oeeh ee oae eee sssees 1 PUSPOEGLY OLS} sits Sein ote ms siciel ara selaie so sive oe stata etwas ae eeraee [POMS WOO anaes Seth oltammen sate 2 VEG Ss EE Eo ee eee ee eee | OR Ps os oe ee WMOnOshat we ss dst ~ ce seeaaes 1 IIRC GO heer cen os Snta ncaa ie nov cle waives Sui eam ate eae seaiers Mil wanlk6Gise.-< -s-sssec cee 8 PNOUUN Palate sents toe soe ne Corgan old ete Sea See ae oe, eR pheboygans.. t2toa.cme~ ure 5 TNOGHIITO 3 8nc Sop uaee ASC ReEOGE eee Race Paar rock cone amen ome Rao s toe: cece sees 1 Guan e eases opal ain mia Se COS ae ee yeaa a alc ek Sac eden widlelasiedwndeosabemie 19 Hilinois: CONICAL Ginaeamcitect os ‘tm scciswsnae cut cae eae coe ie a nets a ae Cook 2 253k st qnt owed 2 Indiana: NEEL CAS SALI OAL eaters o¥s att a.c'e «cnc o:0:0,6 a semiemiveraie mentacatek sd au ven sis EBDOLUG Snes Ate seas ak eoae 1 CEG LUC) UL ie en ee elie ees eee Se a ree Paces, © eetinrag. Pele i FREE hang 8 48 388 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The gill nets carried by the vessels are of various lengths, varying from 200 to 720 feet, the average being about 300 feet. The depth is 6 feet, the usual mesh 44 inches. The number of nets used by each vessel varies from 300 to 600, and the quantity of netting operated by each is 10 to 50 miles in length. Fishing continues during the season of open water, and may be carried on, with slight intermissions, from January 1 to December 31. Usually, however, the season does not begin till March or April. The vessel catch consists of trout, common whitefish, blackfins, long- jaws, herring, and a few minor fishes, blackfins, longjaws, and trout predominating. In 1890 the amount of stock of vessels which fished regularly was from $6,000 to $13,000 each. Pound nets to the number of 844 were operated in Lake Michigan in 1890; they had a value of $244,880. They were distributed among the four States bordering on the lake as follows: Michigan, 552; Wiscon- sin, 250; Indiana, 32, and Ilinois, 10. Thecounties having the largest numbers of such nets were Delta, Mackinac, Manitou, and Schoolcraft in Michigan, and Door and Oconto in Wisconsin. Mackinac and Oconto counties, which lead in the item of pound nets in their respec- tive States, each had 111 nets, although the catch of these counties was less valuable than in Delta County in Michigan or in Door County in Wisconsin. The preéminent fish in the pound-net fishery of this lake are white- fish, which constitute nearly one-third the quantity and more than one-third the value of the pound-net catch. Lake herring rank next in point of quantity, but trout as regards value. Sturgeon are of con- siderable importance, as are also perch, suckers, and pike perch. The total pound-net catch was about 8,785,000 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $270,000. Fyke nets are employed in considerable numbers in three counties in Wisconsin, but are unimportant in other parts of this lake. Of the 731 used in 1890, 524 were owned in Brown County, 96 in Door County, and 95 in Oconto County, Wis. The species taken in fyke nets are chiefly lake herring, perch, suckers, and pike. The whole catch consisted of about 1,511,000 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $25,560. Seines are sparingly used, principally in the capture of perch, suckers, and pike. They are found in seven counties bordering on the lake, but are most numerous in Delta County, Mich., and Brown County, Wis., where more. than half of the total number employed are owned. Set lines or hand lines are fished in most of the counties on this lake. Much of the fishing is done in the winter, but there are also con- siderable quantities of set lines and troll lines used during the season of open weather. The principal part of the catch consists of sturgeon, perch, trout, and bass. The most important fisheries thus carried on are in the more northern parts of the lake. The counties having noticeably important line fishing are Brown, Keewaunee, and Oconto counties, FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 389 in Wisconsin, where trout is the principal fish taken. Cook County, in Illinois, also has an important line fishery for perch, more of which are here caught than elsewhere in the lake. Statistics by counties.—The following series of tables shows for each county bordering on Lake Michigan (1) the persons engaged in various capacities in the fisheries, (2) the vessels, boats, apparatus, and capital engaged in the industry, (3) the quantity and value of the principal fishes taken, and (4) the catch by each of the prominent kinds of apparatus used. Table showing by States and counties the number of persons employed in the fisherics of Lake Michigan in 1890. | On vessels | | States and counties. Se ae seen sport: eA Shores: Total. > | Michigan: Allegan ---.--.------------------+--------- 23 AGN naan eect Sean ae SRE eoas dhoac dg PebocopuObol meccmes ooac 16 BENNO a she hs 5 ale ores one teecascs Minas 24 IBDETIOU AS! cc os cw = le 138 Charlevoix .-. | 36 Delta 166 OMNI GS 2 oe rae li7 Grand Traverse ..-- . ae 36 Gabi pane : : 93 SSO OEY een ae eee 162 MUANISLCO meine coe tence cece ec me eo cere eee ae 17 PU SBS SHOU een com NO eects cee nen yee alee be Mowe eints rae 3 113 WAS ONS 56 op cic anc elccs've os acest cleweme tele 16 IIGNOMINGGseot -. oe comes sma ariaaet oajaincane sO Sugens eeetns beers etre as 60 | 6) 66 IESE EON Ease 2 Sebo Bee ope coor on anc ooewod BEEEEeo eee al Rencoccennos MO esa 104 (OSE T Ee Eo SE CE AE, SRS Soe Ss eer eee eal eee ee ee a 10sec 10 WUGUR Wb = = oe aces dose es Se aerenis Bejteaws 6 ; Ba el (he ae ty 17 30 77 NehoGleratts-: ont. 22 5. fas See ee eee ese 15 6 48 18 87 AVCITG SS 1G) 1 eee a ne ened [ee eee ete 3 ae es Seen oe 17 Rta leGee Chee Ameee Seek ines SR et 2 2) 149 9 1, 040 180: | “1,378 Indiana: JUPALRG) SARS Bie BOSS BEREAN SOE OTERO SE een react Rep or erie 24.-|.22 cece 24 HRATOUGO Irs tee ence sans sae ee os By eon noes AG) Noe esantioe! 51 LEG Pie he Sl RE Ee ed Seo ae ere eer erecta [scinareemneee TO}s).2 22 32, wee 19 01 ede a ea erst lea CAME iy eee CU eee 94 Lllinois CoGktetadece sca AS See TER AA ed A eee 302 63 377 LUT Tes Ee SRR i Ct Siete ie aeiee re eee ey Rte ta ae teem 7 2 PEOUAL occ ah cceac ca'cnc o deaanaenae ade us | 12) | Sane eee 309 65 386 |-_— ns — Wisconsin: | SL WOMee aes ae cata ota woe Sater nae a coh Yaeintelministaints fn oie ele ataam te = 13% 31 164 DOOM = see Sota tow fata ooo sees sede seas Ut eects ieee 232 i7 261 ISON OB Gim os oes os Gee ec Sears SOR Oe G@ Pe cceaenaes. 6 2 14 NGO WAIN GG) vacancies aire lars a ealotine tte, viel aime Sots soe free nce eee 118 3 121 MEANING WOCS 122502 - te eee ar tae tenes PW eerienore 38 8 58 WERT ING ihe sane aa a tree Anes aca oaalasmectw eee ete een rss 45 7 52 IMalwankeGs ss - sel 2cieccdk ode l cao sete: yh aN ee ek ae 2 31 84 WO COTLOe « rosa cate cac not acute Soeametewan a Se ae | |e eee oe 178 12 190 ORT CON vag ow tieisten baee cane wie cola ee Chios eee ae ae | Neen aan ye eee 4 RANE o Se nce ete Pee os 1a eS aera ite Teles aomeciecsea 5 2 14 BUGHOV PAI <2 onc = Hee ro. no ee cateteseasee Eg) Beseeeaeeme 16 11 57 OMe owatea cass aes aa'esscdeeeutcc cates ULES Ie Se oak ooh 777 124 1,019 Grand total ............ soias Cae eae ee 284 9 2, 215 . 869 2, 877 390 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing by States and counties the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of Lake Michigan in 1890. Vessels fishing. Vessels transporting. Boats. States and counties. Value | — Value No. |}Tonnage.| Value.| of No. |Tonnage.! Value.| of No. | Value. outfit outfit Michigan: JAN Gren Se eaaSsooe i TASES ROCO NS 8S240) eee ceeeesee epee sa el ae 17 | $1,154 AMTITEN Sooo oodscncllovats lsasheessedipoous bod] Soa Seeq|osoudSoasoGesco||sohcda4dioasscoas 13 455 IBENZ1Co esac seas 2 19. 01 3; 5004) 6 O10 lEosccloseaneeeee Cees oee eee eee 7 840 IBOrniOnie a eeceeece 6 8006219 000i 350933 heas ees Seana eae eer | Seen eere 16 | 1,800 @harlevoux =-5--=-- r2 PONT 2 OOO N irgWa8o 0m |e ye eteemtnlatere cee iepabeeel | rereterssetete 12] 1,040 IDYAUE SS uN Som Aa Bene eo asta Rees Sha ede Perso mrnal a SaaeH Sa Men aaarid 73 | 6,205 MmmMetieee css = 4 1G6:/951| 16° 500. |Prsle 20), ea eee [ee cee crore ote, epee | ee 30 | 1,715 Grand stra verse wcis|seses| seal clas aero eee mee ee tes | ere ell etesenere ee tered rere eet 34] 1,310 Beolanawie--o-s =. oe 5. 50 SOO a SOs eee ae Se ae Ses | ree erence 72 | 1,740 WENGER tEXOS GAS aa aoa loads bpoasboosa| ls cosdndn| psisndoad|aqaud bacqnorocdlesssescotacasoce 79 | 7,800 INET isemqeeeead Saned BoeeenoTne lasaseead |sonesactl bscn4 Soqchecaca sobosseeooateoct 16 835 WEN) Ea aaboadenod paso pogssocges| ase t sh hooduontl bone ponadaSsse|Soerosna |socundec 74 | 5,075 Masoneeeecnsere cat 2 24;:033| 23,0004). kabul ee ee ae cease |e eeecree 8 540 WIG IG ee Sand ame Saceeccccal Saaasscs| Sc Souc5b |Sasnq| Uaosenteac oases tamondot 35 | 3,130 Muskegon ......:.. 33 | 1,134 Oceanaice- esse 13 || 1,150 Ottawa ....-..-.--- 6 : 25, 66 756 13 | 1,030 Schoolcraft ----...- 2 33. 82 7, 000 1, 035 1 112. 49 |$19, 500 | $1, 200 58 6, 650 Fi bg) le eeser cg Goaee tconocaccen Sdessusc Hescosac 1 9.59 | 2,000 415 2 280 Totalsasccss === 26 382.85 | 78,950 | 10, 643 2} 122.08 | 21,500 | 1,615 | 605 | 43, 883 Indiana: ILA KE OE aSsSasscode BaEee BoOStectne Gear baad Meare ed |sagec bap Sedosed teaconae bsaceoce 15 $50 WAPOLtOs -\-\cnse~ ci 1 5. 51 1, 200 BOMB arctats Eerste crore | eetocmataa| cree reetaree 24 | 1,620 IRI ee ee Gba ab bae go Gae Bopp SsSe as) Rese ats Iteamrmet| an ee aa Se oe ODP teeta ers mis 13 800 Total secceseece! 1 5.51 1, 200 420 esa] Scie dere) asx seteiore | Sateterererers 52 3, 370 Tinois: Cook esas 6 fone eee 2 40.11 | 7,000 EY Gees SSooeesedal RerSeersa Sasceec 26 955 IDEN Gy See em eoeadiesonc baanoosses Reena ISmescions lacmec | GeemenaS ss) Geosason seescae. 7 325 TRotalixczecsssr- 2 40.11 7, 000 ASO). ee Ok Sean Fe are emcee vere 33 1, 280 Wisconsin: BOWS < se ctwkewet tees slos egies cee sec teAatlsasieciecsye sl Orne cenae Se across sacmoose 85 | 3,275 aD OOnSe secre eeeraene 2 26.62 | 7,600 (Nel Beer SAPnOsesec Moameseclser osciep 116 | 8,100 Kenosha. eee 1 14, 02 3, 500 (eas RSS oq) Pconpooddel lceseecallposopons 5 75 IKGWARMI CO)... ceeciae cl ce.nca|Waecoscmcn Sec te cedlececemelese cal beoceaescn|teece cer lsaeneees 17} 1,405 Manitowoc .-..:.-- 2 18.81 | 6,300 T2D A ee oa aeieleein aisle Sista sete | eee eee 30 | 2,335 Main Ube Lace sort eee eee oecrcleccmous dnc steondbabecleoeceonesclsneemens| heemneee 33 | 2,150 Milwaukee ......-- 8 TG EGY Bs OA ETON bees 7 Ue Ree le oocesoa| beacon aciaaimooe 2 170 Ocontozseccs2hs ice sos esas Sece sn) tess cele cece clsee ce Seabee eeal eee en aesleee seme 60 | 4,255 OzZaWKe Ge seas sem ee | Sq ntrel eidiamiaie Sea aareltese alleen acu Sines| ae eise e's ciel sis eees oll nstemesins 2 230 RACING tse ae sense es i 11.42 | 3,000 655.5) S0o Ss ee jee eeetean eames 3 350 Sheboygan......... 5 BLAGO 1618008 LV SB01I| eee | Sentence 9 785 Lotal-je22<2/5- 19 P4381 OW NG4 7008) 8155 il feel leeveeince oe lee etiosse|saeseeee | 362 | 23, 130 Grand total....| 48 671.57 |151, 850 | 19, 703 2 122.08 | 21, 500 1,615 |1, 052 | 71, 663 | FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 391 Table showing by States and counties the apparatus and capital employed in the Tiaterees of Lake Michigan in 1890—Continued. Apparatus of capture, vessel Apparatus of capture, shore fisheries. fisheries. States and Tes counties. Gill nets. Pound nets. Gill nets. Fyke nets Seines a dip : nets. No Value. | No. | Value | No. | Value. | No. | Value. | No. |Value.| Value. Michigan: | | Allegan ...--- 359 | $2,300 | 12 | $2,400 Re) RA ACB ES cee bono er oocsecerene $129 ye Re ee Ie ee 13 | 2,600 2 15as oe \e,sSaue | oe le 5 oe (ban ene ee Benzie --..--- 900 | 5,600 5 1, 100 760 BA eaae Emnaccnd cane ocecree| ocecoce.s Berrien ....-- 3, 780 | 16,125 16 5, 600 84 BOM egal BASeSriCg been GecercS 186 Charlevoix -...} 1,040 8, 050 1 200 ia KPA ae: Pe oe Sel Sap eeed bormeel epee cicccpetcecs JO Se ss asen Bopecee Gl Gemcaeee 90 | 28, 675 Nea by ey ie |Reaaee Seacoes 7 \31, 050 66 Emmet ....--- 1, 296 | 12, 960 27 | 7,150 477 PAOT See ecctenl oeeiesaa eee cae iaeier 20 Grand Trav- GUBG ose che eee eee ecins <= 25 | 5,000 159 7 Re | aes be eae ee 12 Leelanaw .... 100 | 1,200} 43) 7,975 S2Tule 2, 468) |e nn | enone. 1 30 22 IMGCKINAG =. -|sccscoseluwess cer 111 | 35, 805 S20n 4a 508 Seat es ee |e ees oesemere 126 Ms NISLAG s 20/5 =| <<< <\stors<|setcnnis o's 7 950 765 | 3,870 2 $225 1 35! |tScace cee MINICOM. Aas] rs sonia] eels a Gade e25SR00) ec lael 7s Ta GoD: [Saces emcees [meee s|neeene =| sees sees Mason ...-.-.- 80 1, 200 5 1, 000 225 UN eee oe i cesoee Sapce hacaeee| sacocs- =. MLEnOmMines: ..|--<\22%:52|< <<; 2's 31 | 10, 385 150 U (ii) eee De Betsc eed lame cere 60 Miniskeron! <<-|5--55-|--45-- 20 | 2,200 410 | 1,670 6 60ni Sees |Seeecce 178 Oeeanae os---|=---2---|:4-2s5-< 10 | 1.800 14 AO! ls corc\sensesce|> aces |ssaesadlesseeemaee Ottawa......- 2,232 | 14, 684 5 xi 697 We Olas ecm hal Sesew sess Se etsloc ones a—aeie oes Schooleraft- -- 825 | 4,185 CONS 9602. S00 132930) | Sateen cea eae bee ris ea cate 18 Witt tjmiGi tas Sehr Beenooac la AO0) |eaecamae scone ccs | siaisct|oceisie ce jnveec[teeeee- 36 Total....-. 10, 612 | 66,304 552 1161, 850 | 11,928 | 58, 302 8 285 9 | 1,115 853 Indiana: | IGOR Ss ecccee tact case ws ociecs 16! 5,600 45 OOF | Wane eer Se ayc oe olan ceae 66 Laporte .....- 363 | 1,640 | 12] 4,900 SOD, ened AOE a ce ete lO Saccrsn)= |eeieee| Seeniame 168 POVLOD N= se as0 s\eece coe nlscwac se. oc eee ees ace 591, 842; 17,877) 243,900 10. 441]......... ees 3 865, 742) 29, 068 Deltas. >. =...5 204, 520) 3,163) 331,197) 13,642) 654,150 26.031 30,820) 564) 1,871, 209) 60, 099 Emmet ....... 500 10| 797,620) 23, 957 Zoo 007 LagUGGls.ct oso tleese se 1, 097, 757) 36, 486 Grand Tray- Canteen eee) Hee qapes ae nae 57,700) 2,528 GEE 720 Be 200| Sa ce one classe 132, 420} 5,977 Leelanaw..... 20, 800: 260! 326.700 9.761 ZO MTROMS, 82 GAT 2-5. ceec8 toe o'er 638. 575) 19, 914 Mackinac..... 82, 200) 1,446) 305,160 12,272) 754.489 29,933) 101,960 2 008) 1,460. 776 49, 674 Mamniatemincs c-lscteree.|scacns 153.400 6,539 46.500 1,650 2, 000 72; 223,300 8,927 Minivans ste pesos Noon ee -| 293,100 10,125 504,800 21.856] 10,000; 150) 807.900 32, 131 MasONir cess: cul aoe ct 5-2) sac 48,000) 2,270 So; LOOT D764 5502... je aee 88.400 4,011 Menominee - -- 85, 293) 1,304) 52,245) 2,390 95,000 3,720 14, 462 274) 703,402 15, 418 Muskegon .... 2, 000 40; 29.200) 1,688 23,800 1,382) 2,150 78} 217,455) 8, 517 Ocentiat= 2252 Rese: SS eee 13, 300 665, 5, 900 205) 5S 2be.- 0% eee 58.508 2,356 Ottawa ...-..2 2. 300) 23) 121,420) 5,087 210,410) 5, O4TIS-u; .2 oS Rae ee | 1,127. 963 30, 700 Schoolcraft 48, 500 852) 590,030, 24, 987 576, 370, 22, 968 59, 000) 1,175) 1, 367,380 51.945 St eee See 18, 000) 900| 5,2001 364] 4, , 500) 135, 98,737) 4,180 Rotal as.< 480, 863) 7, 726 4, 673, 726, 175, 625 4, 281, 92) 173, 315 291,71 p ARLE) Baker ), 422 /13, 062, 182/444, 813 394 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing by States and counties the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan in 1890— Continued. States and Suckers. Trout. Whitefish. ae Others. Total. counties. Pounds. |}Value.| Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value | Pounds.|Value.| Pounds. | Value. Indiana: WaKkOyccces ees 21,569) $430 10,565} $525 8,480} $425 6,460) $129) 107, 730; $3, 228 Laporte ..-.-- 19, 669 388) 127,458) 6,373 54,651) 2,352 16, 140 403 451, 706' 15, 583 iPorters.---- 9, 220 180 16, 710 832 3,770 193 2, 220 42 80,057; 2, 882 Total -.- 22 50,458) 998 154, 733) 7,730 66,901} 2,951 24, 820 574 639, 493) 21, 693 Illinois: ie Cookis<.----=- 19, 890 361 67,080] 3,250 17, 520 880 73, 920) 1,918 771, 674| 22, 226 Wake ~= 5255. 10, 060 196 4, 580 229) 10, 315 520 3, 165 65 50,720) 1,610 Total. - os: 29, 950 557, 71, 660) 3,479 27, 835} 1, 400 qi; 085| 1, 983 822, 394) 23, 836 Wisconsin ant | re Fees BYOWD=- 5-5. - 489, 068) 6, 500 40,995! 1,909 11, 247 493; 302, 603) 6, 242) 2,177, 897) 43, 739 MOOTses noes 112, 113) 1, 565) 995, 469) 43, 067 364, 332) 15, 740 84, 540) 1,772) 2, 740, 779) 82, 907 Kren0shains=o=5| aces ceicerloccaee 80,500) 4, 025 50, 935) 1, 768 10, 500 210 179, 435) 6, 907 Kewaunee-.--.| 280,500) 4,110) 234,700) 10, 742 28,090) 1, 236 31,490, 646 930, 453) 22, 817 Manito w.0occe| sea sche |eeee oe 450, 982) 22, 276 59,479) 2,203) 40,440 750; 828, 055) 30, 359 Marinette --.--. 82, 360) 1, 281 66, 3873] 3, 025 25; 000) 1, 100 16, 080 303 452,018) 10, 668 Mil WiaWkKeO) osc ct tc me cleaces 843,100) 42, 155 69,510) 2,122 68,500) 1,370) 1, 388, 410) 53, 751 Ocontoe-e...-2 275, 471| 4,369) 132,814) 6, 362 39, 584! 1,733 84, 520! 1, 771) 1, 711, 722) 37, 063 Ozankee 222522 |s5s2002--c|-eceee 5, 700 285 480 23 1, 275 27 22, 565) 605 IRAGINO@sece coo |oscecens ace 97,100! 4, 855 11, 476 468 18, 983 382! 245,889) 8, 168 Hheboy anys -.-|scce elo] eee 516, 315) 23, 658 418, 289} 14, 507 79, 642| 1,576) 1, 232, 974| 43, 639 — a eee! hoo - Sey otal. 5. h, 239, 512| 17, 825.3, 464, 048. 162, 359) “1, 078, 422 078, 422 2) 41,393) 738, 523/15, 049 11, 910, 197/340, 623 —= } =| | ————— Grand total. .- is 800, 783 27, 106)8, 364, slice! 193 *5, 455, lea ee 132, lee 028 26, 434, 266 830, 465 | *Includes 1,398,238 pounds of blackfin or bluefin whitefish, longjaw whitefish, and Menominee or round whitefish, valued at $42,339. Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan. Michigan. Apparatus and 5 ; 7 ; species. Allegan. Antrim. | Benzie. Berrien. Charlevoix. ) | Ta I aa baa | Pounds. Value. Pounds.|Value. |Pounds./Value.| Pounds. | Value. Pounds.| Value. Pound nets: IsiGnimit? Sas 54565c Sacakeod lecesmod hoocused bococes| Edopeccd |eeaddae 95,300) 1$1)\906) 1s --celaeeeees JeQIG No aa ese poooOs CU tras Bosesosa boccicos codsebod |seecose 17, 580 520. Soc oseeelocaeeee Sturgeon ..-....- 32 SOOM Le Ola | ercectre | eemerces 3,500 | $125 67; 320 42) 460) oa ee Suckers) -ceecese- 4, 000 AQH 2 acisos | aee mise lseiesisecl eee meee 17, 800 8402. aces |eeeeeee PERO Uti once age if 200 60 | 23,300 $890 | 13, 000 520 41,022 | 1,855 | 3,000 $120 Whitefish ....... 2, 700 135 | 46, 700 | 2,335 | 32;000 | 1, 280 22,550 | 1,015 4, 500 225 Otherssic-- sence 20, 000 MOO |2 sia Sees ooo aie seie senda ex sees 11, 875 231.) Sensct|eeeoeee Total asacnaos 61,185 | 1,498 | 70, 000 3, 225 | 48,500 | 1,925 2738, 447 | 8,327 | 7,500 345 Gill nets: z 7 | Herring... -2-- 20, 000 BU Bessscsd Gccpera Goseeeod sesocss 317, 125 | 6,337 | 30,000 TH Perchersscseese. RMT al le Mel eg eese) gaa | BE Ase ae es 59,.390.| 1, /7590.t= 0-5, eee Sturgeon ........ 5, 875 7A fel ReCanOse bBcocec COboor bal paooacu pao esodod bosecas bocacdes|Ssoro2- Suckers .... .-.. A000 1s, 310; | saecceee | eee NES Se ee 11,850: 238. |. eee eee Lroubo-e <2 2252 SL 0008) 2° 850s) Scecesseleeenree /285, 480 |12,502 | 480,610 !21, 300 588, 842 | 17, 757 Whitefish ....... 26, 200 785 9, 000 360 |174, 000 | 7, 458 201, 635 | 9,729 1239, 400 | 10, 216 OE Gr See see ae ee elie. as | Ses aes | 2c eke esiepees ee | eas 34.9501 9 G85u|o=s asl see Totalees ee 20,475 | 7,344 | 9, 000 | 360 |459, 480 |19, 960 |1, 105, 490 |39, 998 858, 242 | 28, 723 Lines, spears, and a rears : ap nets: BS Beer seme s cama see cee [a= see ioe ecwe aleacnan sree cee pasaeee 6, 300 BUS i eon san eetteteee PerOhinascose costes 1,000 BD 4) ze cece ac |= Seren asl Seee emer |b eeecee 6, 906 240 || cn ctcecleeeeeee Sturgeon .....-..- 5 925 DON =to.0se62-|sSSscedlee et camels souls cle 15, 650 586 |. .c.anctseeenes LYOUG: = sm sa<2dsoa|saee ese | eaee ced co cesaca|oceie ct clscleeocepeeseeer 19, 200 960 55222 Snel eset Totaliosce ane 6, 925 PP leetodeses Gedeetic GAD eoncd toodce 48056: |:2, 10) |52.-ecaclaeseene Grand total.. pes. 585 | 9,114 | 79,000 | 3,585 |507, 980 |21, 885 |1, 426, 993 |50, 426 |865, 742 | 29, 068 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 395 Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan—Cont’d. | Michigan. Apparatus and Grand Trav- , ; species. Delta. Emmet. areal Leelanaw. Mackinac. Pounds. | Value.) Pounds.) Value.|Pounds.| Value. Pounds.| Value. Pounds. | Value. Pound nets: ASh serene eens 5,300 | $265 100 G5t [eo caseies lsetactae sl root ayo -| mo aae ci aeas was cl meee HLELTING. eunace 100 2 TRIO NES SAB ASA BSB osne. Gedases Geseoeesal SSaSsaa bcsseserslsseademelltarsscesllsssetec 800 24 Pike and pike EHO eeeeyalssasstad| le oncoes) esadeoors Secoubod socdecaod Keosors skostorodeccasee 100 4 BROT ee ee oe te | eras | evs oe oe ois | Sree emoreil ote Stasis sieve] S/emce cine eratclonererel erate meee 1,000 40 ANA a5) Ngee Se anata Shee BE Soesues Soe Seees ISeraSs oss bsssoes issacaeee ecdnoms 3, VOU 120 OGHETS ee ecte tte ee tera eects all inten ee sale sistent me cite ose | Eee Saige [cis eee se eee 4.000 142 Rotalinied 12.| Seana) 3| sess. Crocuai ny oes Lees: at, PONS 10,500 | 392 Seines: LEGIT oqaeciel yaeacn ed Passer Sasaaa re lacsesiseq|icocosccscl soascogleocctbs-oeson5S 3, 670 40 JETS) ) SS ARE a Gt ees Bo ORS AeH Renee Had Bric Ce cbr ae Lope SooceeelseEocded Scacdsas 60, 360 706 Pike and pike ; perehi.2.=--- 41,140 | 1,220 Suckers ...... 35, 280 366 Whitefish .... 6, 875 280 ‘Others=-i226 ==. 2, 800 34 Totals 33535. 150, 065 2, 646 Lines, spears, and dip nets: Bass Sa el oe | (oS a AY Rae RE Fe el 1, 050 53 39,750 | 1,313 TRB RG NE SSSA qs 58 SSRSUE SE locuaode bisaoeteatheseeaoad GenesaasallScgasae 3, 437 UB? 11, 343 412 SIMDeLayo Nps oee Baars oSascout|lkasasesse Berosee boactascdlSeececellanosecsdleSoccr = | 25,775 | 1,033 RT OUP eeetrare oa | eee ea See eee bee eeenloseee cee 4,113 206 | 3,200 160 | 162,901 | 8,305 sWihitetish en. 6. |2 cee aan eee oa |S memetes cose as clace seme Peceore boctee oes ecieae 4, 400 132 Others. |e | Size Os Wh epee AR A okte (PICRLREE P a Fey | ge 150 8 Rotale x. '4\s eee Sere ERT Tes Ta wads [4113 | 206| 7,687| 350| 244,319 | 11,203 Grand total.| 58, 508 | 2,356 1,127,963 | 30, 700 {1,367,380 51,945 | 98,737 | 4,130 |13,062,182 |444, 313 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 397 Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan—Cont’d, Indiana. Apparatus and species. Lake. Laporte. Porter. Total. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.) Pounds.}| Value. Pound nets: VCrEINg =< ose e- === = 14, 300 $286 26, 565 $531 7, 240 $145 48,105 $962 Peroheses wes a eae 82, 300 940 22,110 680 8, 370 254 62, 780 1, 874 9,913 390 16, 463 624 7,430 266 33, 806 1, 280 16, 850 335 10, 940 218 4,120 80 31, 910 633 9, 200 465 | 18,200 910 5, 050 32, 550 | : 8, 000 400 14, 300 715 3, 250 5, 890 Unly/ 8, 750 185 1, 410 PR OUAIO = 2 conyno te acc 96, 513 2,933 | 117,328 3, 863 36, 870 | Gill nets: mil > > eg ola mae oh: IGT eae epicooboceeae 2,143 43 108, 344 2,166 1, 816 35 112, 303 2, 244 Perches sete os oeo es 2. 000 60 30, 600 850 2, 430 70 35, 030 980 SUWCKOrSs) cose eee lies 4,719 95 8, 729 170 5, 100 100 18, 548 365 MVOU tases tee Soe ~ =a) 1, 265 60 95, 420 4,771 1, 720 85 98, 405 4,916 Webilefish: 226s er.<-s=i152 450 20 40, 351 1,618 520 28 | 41, 351 1, 671 Ginerset- cs scetcc co sase 610 12 7, 390 218 810 15 8, 810 245 Mota. so. s228eeeee 11, 217 295 290, 834 9, 793 12, 396 333 314, 447 10, 421 Lines, spears, and dip nets: Tieee4 ae pers SOS ee so arclt Ne sled e ere oes ale esl alsa siete 3, 287 164 2,106 106 5,393 270 12th fio ee Ses coe saeco rcad Sdooroon 5,779 231 2,475 99 8, 254 830 SUUPPEON .s os2 552s 5 -': Hersterse ste eave [ne as averare 20, 640 &40 16, 270 660 36, 910 1, 500 POW acticice Seine cian = SS Sailoeles Seis ec lls saheenie 13, 838 692 9, 940 457 | 23, 778 1,189 {eee Sa —— aA nee a Peas ener eS —. NOTA Soe ea aseesclecmiac me ceniteceeses 43. 544 | 1,927 30, 791 1, 362 | 74, 385 3, 289 Grand total.......- 107,730 | 3,228 | 451,706 | 15,583 | 80,057 | 2,882 | 639,493 efi, 693 a eit | | SBEa ee q aes Mlinois. Apparatus and species. Cook. | Lake. Total. Pounds. , Value.| Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. | | Pound nets: | Bea pe? Sedo Sosae bo sSdcsdencosoccesnseod Resecceasc Beeprose 3, 500 $70 3, 500 $70 PROT GHIR ee ee tee oe oe acd ore op ecienis snisine eee ace| sans sae ects < 10, 300 305 10, 300 305 VEGGIE RS SR Ee Te a OR 9, 260 180 9, 260 | 180 SUES i Deen SS Oe ree aE ease ere ead [Ser ears oie ne ec 4, 580 229 4,580 | 229 MINS ete Soc ccieects otinccameme betas oelsccecaeticelal . ssees 10,315 520 10, 315 | 520 RUMOR See ne oan ns one asses ee oe once eileen « seen 3, 165 65 | 3, 165 65 TEAS eR Se 2 ete eee Be Se eeeeaet 41,120} 1,369| 41,120) 1,369 Gill nets: me ae Lee ieee LeQengu ives Ne Bas pcoo qpSSc een see soc coDe sor 75, O75 | #1, 508 3, 300 60 78, 375 1, 568 BORG een esas. soe casas ote alan aoeoee 39, 860 { 1,196 5, 500 165 45, 360 1, 361 DUCKENSS- oo ot pone ieee = ace eee aces ee ocee 10, 760 | 175 800 16 11, 560 191 BRETT Uy Si ee al ga een onto otek ra Oe icins ain locaimeiaravas a ence 67, 080 BS ZOO aamereeine eal amare ate 67, 680 3, 250 Whitefish 17, 520 S80) (ees secre eae esc ck.. 17, 520 880 COTES anaes e Oc BP OA TOT SEAR ARES se 750 + Sp rete eas teea tia. 3 hic 750 18 pa oa oe el ee Fe) aoe Totals Se eo een ce ee To 211,045 | 7,027 9, 600 241 | 220,645 | 7,268 Seines: are 5 Serine ol “a Tila Yop, ener eo rt eeeeon cross epee Be 6, 500 PEON See apres er| staat scores 6, 500 130 PET Oli soa dec cclssee ceswveacs yo c ee ceceeee 17, 065 OLY asec acecsloscccee. 17, 065 510 DUCKOUS= > /cesenec cecemense dewusuemcactaws 9,430 no ee ere ee 9, 130 186 OGHOTPS Ss Foc ccd cce cee = cocisceimste dalclsecaeae 1, 670 BON arte cetectoa|iac seme. 1, 670 30 ee OC PCE EECCA Cob 34, 865 856 es Peer 34, 365 856 Lines, spears, and dip nets: : a erin cetseccedenccontcedeslddusedcrereeen BGS O54 EE S80" |'o.00 wes ccnie| aca ses we 438, 284 11, 833 ULL PROM et acare case sa aon ensn se cadwemaae 16, 480 GaOR Ree cece cca uae 16, 480 640 (ON Ney: AR er ee Br OR DE eae re rine r 71, 500 TIGL (0 ee a Poet aee 71, 500 1, 870 Ueki a tet Ss PaO Vc ee Se 526,264 | 14,343 a a — — Giranditotall oss oo. 5 cscscvccete sucess 771,674 | 22,226} 50,720) 1,610 822, 394 23, 886 398 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan—Cont’d. Wisconsin. Apparatus and = Z 1Y species. Brown. Door. Kenosha. Kewaunee. Manito woe. Pounds. | Value.) Pounds. | Value. Pounds.| Value.'/Pounds.| Value./Pounds./ Value. Pound nets: OLEH Py sees 50.900) | «$762 | 478; 67511961462) |B Oe Selo ee seeeeee eles sases 36, 445 $510 iPerchtesss+ 2. 97, 600 | 1,952 35, 900 (RS Ss coee |ascocns| Sacadced| saSesee 53,600 | 1,112 Pike and pike percehes- =.) 26,000 | 1, 040 30;\000)|(51;:200)| ase cee |s-me eas | cetacean ccm 17, 475 715 Sturgeon ...-.-.- 27, 920 896 CORT G2 a ee pe sed betooncacsoaad laseebos 10, 570 370 Suckers: 22---.o- 72,000 | 1, 240 52, 220 145 |b ose cake ceeeal Soe aee eae aecies betaaee eee Erouteescs cee Real 60 SOW MST2SSOH 62394" |Get |= ates = 2 eevee laa stor 139, 380 | 6, 697 Whitefish.-..-.-- SOOM ee S60h eal 289008 OO 72 3| aes ee | eee oe eee eee seer eee 11, 410 555 Others sss s- 42, 900 858 39, 380 (ST \Wescccans|Seeeee e|ceeceeneleesenee 26, 700 480 Totals+--- 3267580) | 79158) |1, 1805565) 83752392 o-. see ean = se oe cee el eeee ere 295, 580 | 10, 489 Gill nets iBasGeesesen eens 1, 156 58 1, 337 67 Eee etl soe 8) 075)| $403 eee aaa eee Herring ..---.-| 272,592 | 8,688 | 456,000 | 7,122 | 22, 1u0 | $442 295, 553 | 3,994 |146,929 | 2,158 Perchos-cc sees 56,840 | 1,475 | 34,500] 690 | 15,400] 462 | 29,410] 598}........|....... Pike and pike Perchics oss 37, 400 | 1,496 9, 150 Beh Ge memeag|loodsasc 4, 080 1600\..2 222 |b oes Sturgeon ..--.- 2, 750 HOON Samer 5S BaaSeeel eases lacosoe | paaeascdl seosags Eocodetel|ssonvnc Suckers. ....... 57, 500 920 32, 143 450 Sesgucd||Saocedd 280)500|24 V0 heel eecemee (PrOWuseriece- = <6 10, 570 465 | 581,841 |24,627 | 80,500 | 4,025 |165. 545 | 7,284 |811, 602 | 15,579 Whitefish...... 2, 387 95. | 284, 232 10, 008 | 50,935 ; 1,768 | 28,090 | 1, 236 | 47,684 ! 1, 633 Others. asec-5- 28, 943 539 38, 610 821 | 10,500 210 | 31,490 646 | 12, 200 244 = a \e——eoes | ————— Motallans ca. 470,138 | 8, 836 |1, 387, 813 44; 147 |179, 435 | 6, 907 842, 743 \18, 431 |518, 415 | 19, 614 Fyke nets: IBaSSse sea 8,100 Herring ...-...| 183, 750 Percheeee ses ss 357, 500 Pike and pike Perche- sco 93, 560 Suckers.+----- 270, 425 eDrOntseoms comer 5, 925 Whitefish... 760 Others... .--.-: 29, 320 otaleoscs: 949, 340 Seines: Herring 2-5... 11, 531 Perchisses seo oe- 66, 335 Pike and pike percehe ste. : 35, 985 Suckers........ 89, 143 Whitefish. --2< |--2----2-- Others\es-s <<. 20, 800 otal one. 223, 794 Lines, spears, and dip nets: Basel a se. oe 4,065.|-. 901") Sas siayiaes oon ae cee 18,555 |.. 028 |. seenl eee Trout...--.-.-. 23,340 | 1,157 | 40,388 | 2,020 |........|......- 69,155 103,458. Saceeee eee Othera/2-. <2. 2. 180640. |, (3,487 ines. -c- 5c [noe ee Sees 3 alee ol ees PeBavad beceesoalececosc Total ...... 208,045 | 4,845 | 52,901 | 2,645 |........|......- 87,710 | 4,386 |....-...|------- Grand total |2, 177, 897 |43, 739 [2,740,779 |82, 907 |179,435 | 6,907 930, 453 |22, 817 |828, 055 | 30, 359 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 399 Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan—Cont’d. Wisconsin. Apparatus and A ; : species. Marinette. Milwaukee. Oconto. Ozaukee. i ‘Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. Pound nets: Baspeee- ss. ssn 8, 400 AQ! res Soa. sl oe eee eal wae eee naa e lan ods os [esac catees cleces seme Herring -.-...-- 160,500 | 2, 258 8,000 | $124 AF TATOON SO S17 9 | eee | eon ‘Péerch=-sac--—- 18, 000 Ow |= iets ate wate an al Oma eee 31, 120 G22) 22-2 lsc. .soc.'. o< 3, 000 BOVIS See oe hal ae oe 28, 600 A490 ssi Cc ote eee meees Pike and pike Meche. -s2 1,700 0) | hete eee oS aoe 28, 050 Ti041. | scr Seccew. lioepesee Suckers ....... 2, 860 OO Vecwadoeastkl Gaeccee 34. 375 3905. cheno besser teae eee WProuticccacacca 605 3, 800 WEF joan icratars = caters eee eee Whitefish...... 200 125 UN svecsads ena tee Othersie 4. <2 55- 480 4, 400 m1 Kt ol Pe elke eo 8 ae Total .....- ReVUOK fom dO [oes Se lene SSE NFCSIS rin |arese)| See Seines: eer * 5 ee ais ae LGinths Ss5ch5-| Sbsethcces de] | pscsese ec ease secese |aseecaoe 12, 850 18055 == amma ns Nereis Ted fe so Saga econ SaOOEO OE DA BEe Oa Seen aaep mea | ee ee 32, 357 ela Seo oneesereveescs ac: Pike and pike PON se Sse0e| SbSseo pseede peop sucd +c caesecpoad eeausace 13, 026 ACPA | ee so BBO OE! beso coe SVOREOTR Gtsoq| Bsc hceeecde |e e cereal (coarseness leneigeonc 6, 250 2200 aoe eee eee SUCKeriuitac a cacytetece noel sae elt ao emeeeene Wee octee 38, 571 640). case cee a see WITCH SIs ool tocee eee a2 oo ess |e a See lobenawas OnneNaatacen 7 a| coesos toc ce aloe ceneielo oo asec oc a,c ceatece TUNE SR Diet AO Se ep [eee ee a Fates G7 ETT) beens ae Se Rae Lines, spears, and va = Ey lier dip nets: BARR! on cows con a 1, 456 Moultrie seises Acted ae ene c 7,118 S5B ite Saleen corel acre tanta ePrOutieonees 226 17,112 BOG: |S eee crcers|'s ane acta 93, 044 4650: sic ooo osama aaa erate Total ...... Teibent|” gaat nse ee Ieee HatoTD (PE COU | eee Grandtotal.| 452, 018 | 10, 608 | 1, 388, 410 | 53,751 | 1,711,722 | 37,063 22,565 | 605 ——————$—$————————————— eee ° 400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing by apparatus and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Michigan—Cont’d. Apparatus and species. Pound nets: Bass eee eet perch turgeon Suckers Tront Gill nets: ISAS GaagaosGuae Herring Perch Pike and pike perch Sturgeon Suckers Trout Whitefish Others Total Fyke nets: Bass Herring Perch Pike and pike perch Suckers Perch Pike and pike perch Sturgeon Suckers Whitefish Others Total eeee i Lines. spears, and | dip nets: UB eO i aanoosee: Grand total. Wisconsin. Total for lake. Racine. Sheboygan. Total. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.} Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Value. nt tae a eee re Reena naa Sas 8, 400 $420 14, 800 $755 Ue yah rk ake ee 81,428 | $1,138 | 1,270,648 | 17,433 | 2,103,733 | 30,321 ee pA ae nae 51,300 | 1,040 287, 520 5,819 453,680 | 10,098 ps tae (Ls eae Penner a | an a 185, 875 7,451 247,905 | 9,939 pe a nie Bal ee a fe Re reer |e ee oe 117. 990 4.221 844,887 | 30, 224 Lee re SNe Ae ¢ | scat cece Aus (ale ter 232, 320 3, 747 620,033 | 10, 266 Boi Laren oT eae 92,115 | 4,145 649,610 | 29,246] 1,513,229] 63, 761 LT See VS 17, 422 784 195, 912 8,697 | 2,560. 456 | 106. 792 LN Ue aes Bee 36, 842 720 204, 202 4, 013 foo, 614] 8,120 Pier ae ee ERs 2 279,107 | 7,827 | 3,152, 47 81,047 | 8,785, 337 | 270, 276 Pa epee De Ie Sata os aI A ae 17, 779 886 20,179 | 1, 006 118, 330 | $2, 463 86,000 | 1,720 | 2,074,359] 33,380 | 3,608,968 | 67, 434 PINON WME SSE EN SBP scyarcn ore Peyeererehce 193, 965 4, 668 427,575 | 12, 020 85, 110 8, 462 85,110 | 3,462 2, 750 100 45, 595 636 544, 068 8, 408 673,216 | 10,613 97, 100 855 2,560,369 | 120,537 | 6,469,190 | 263, 322 11, 476 468 | 875,946 | 32,396 | 2,873,784 | 111,435 18, 983 382 | 281, 491 5, 606 372,581 | 7, 394 245,889 | 8,168) 953,867 | 35,812 | 6, 635, 837 | 209.438 | 14, 487, 198 | 477,322 is op a eg ed ea aces aa Vases ks 17, 810 890 19, 310 950 B iene saree | ee lene yaa cee 332, 550 4, 434 332,650 | 4,436 SORE eee ease [Gee eee coma lecmeoe 418, 900 8; 838 419, 700 8, 862 BS See I VB a SEL ei eo ne te 141, 860 5, 553 141,960 | 5,557 Bie ives (aa at led otra $5 ee Peas 335, 410 3, 887 335,410 | 3, 887 Eee eae (oe eae [ee Oe nS Rar 32 eae eee 10, 980 430 11, 980 470 BSS Sea ee Se eae eats Bee aay 2, 285 115 5, 285 235 Gra nesies eth ro hase | i viet an hay ell sean 40, 750 1, 019 44,750 | 1,161 a eae a ee Neaeree ae eee al epeed Recor ant eg 1,300,545 | 25,166 | 1,311,045 | 25,558 Bs = re ete et Nel rc veya ape nl ere tA 26, 561 360 36, 731 530 AE ty Oe yg ee LS RS (YE 107, 752 1, 870 185,117 | 3,086 ee Semel bee eae. 8 | Sanecorse caine lis tecereles 49, 906 1, 809 91,046 | 3,029 Sk Hagan SA ONE an Rea ea 6, 250 220 6, 250 220 Is A NTR EE AN yh en ed | 3h Rr 127, 714 1, 788 172,124 | 2,340 EN ee eRe een eal a eae eae [Geman 4,279 185 11, 154 465 Ine Spaturera | eee al ebesestee cel panes ee 31, 440 924 35, 910 988 Pate RO: TA ae) v.......| 353,902] 7,156] 538,332 | 10, 658 2 ae aoe al ee eee ew bell Pe ee ee 43, 707 2, 183 88,850 | 3,766 SOR lid ats 2-5 |e ac eenens ll eases [be Lau aoa | am a aed te © 457, S81 eau bas EA sa NE US: 3/2 ah i eal ca tea me ae So ate IR aed Ee 79,165 | 3,178 BRR Sell he! weit s: Bie | Se Ine aN ati Le a 243,089 | 12,146 429,768 | 21, 640 emGsE ie SG Biel aye Raila arma lll Bs CPReAR ey ey tanegegaes oe 4, 400 132 ee LUE It ve aoa een meee | ee poe 180, 640 3, 487 252,290 | 5,365 Fe See Came ra se eae < | 467,436 | 17,816 | 1,312,354 | 46,651 245,889 | 8,168 | 1,232,974 | 43 639 | 11,910,197 | 340, 623 | 26, 434, 266 | 830, 465 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 401 LAKE HURON. Importance of the fisheries.—In proportion to the size of this lake and the natural advantages which it affords, the fisheries are but imper- fectly developed, and in the year covered by the investigation pre- sented a decrease as compared with 1885. Both whitefish and trout have undergone a diminution in abundance, as shown by the smaller catch, while the output of herring, sturgeon, pike, and pike perch is larger than in 1885. These changes have been coincident with a slight decrease in the fishing population, and an augmented amount of invest- ment made up chiefly of shore property. In some counties or sections a noticeable improvement has taken place in the fisheries, mostly due to the development of the resources, but in the important fisheries prosecuted from Alpena and in Saginaw Bay the decline has been enough to overbalance the increase in other regions. Notes on the abundance and distribution of the principal fishes.—The fishes of this lake which deserve special mention are trout, whitefish, pike perch, herring, sturgeon, black bass, yellow perch, catfish, pike, and suckers. The most important fish in Lake Huron is the lake trout. Itis gen- erally distributed in the deeper parts of the lake, and is taken chiefly with gill nets and pound nets, and in small quantities with seines and lines. About a fourth of the total catch is obtained by steamers from Alpena and Huron counties using gill nets between 5 and 50 miles off shore. In the boat gill-net fishing, the largest quantity is secured in Alpena, Chippewa, and Presque Isle counties. This fish is most prom- inent in the pound-net fisheries of Alpena County, Saginaw Bay, and losco County. The average weight of the trout is about 4 pounds. Whitefish is the second important fish in Lake Huron. It is espe- cially prominent in the pound-net fishery of that part of the lake north of Saginaw Bay and in the gill-net fishery from Alpena. Theaverage weight of the whitefish is about 2 pounds. Everywhere in this lake the effects of whitefish propagation are manifested and appreciated by the fishermen and fish-dealers. While the output in the year covered by this inquiry was somewhat less than in 1885, the increase in the past few years has been marked. A prom- inent feature of the fishery for this fish was the unprecedentedly large run in many places of small fish of a size that had not been observed in abundance for many years. The lake herring is an important fish in the pound-net fishery of this lake. It is most abundant and taken in largest numbers in Saginaw Bay, although it is also caught in relatively large quantities in Alpena, Huron, and St. Clair counties. While pike and pike perch are taken in greater or less numbers in all the shore waters of the lake, they are economically valuable only in the pound-net and fyke-net fisheries of the Saginaw Bay region. F C 92——26 402 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Sturgeon are generally distributed in this lake, but are nowhere abundant. They are taken only in pound nets in the inshore waters, and much more than half the yield is obtained in Saginaw Bay. The aggregate catch in the year covered by the inquiry was greater than in 1885; the north shore, however, showed a markedly decreased catch, while in Saginaw Bay there was an increased production. Black bass, perch, catfish, and suckers are noteworthy elements in the fisheries of this lake only in Saginaw Bay and River, where they are caught with pound nets and fyke nets. The most important of these are perch and suckers. On the north shore of this lake, including the counties of Chippewa and Mackinac, whitefish and trout are the most abundant commercial fishes; sturgeon, lake herring, pike, and pike perch are also taken, but in relatively small quantities. In the fisheries centering at Detour prosecuted between the north shore of Drummond Island and Albany Island, and 7 miles west of Detour Light, at the entrance of Detour Passage, whitefish were found to be much more abundant than in the preceding few years, while trout and pike perch were yearly growing scarcer. Mr. Benjamin Butterfield, who has fished in this locality for the past thirty-six years, stated to an agent of the Commission that at times in 1890 and 1891 he took as many as 6,000 pounds of whitefish from one small pound at one night’s fishing, this being a great many more fish than he and other fishermen were ever able previously to catch in the same time and with the same apparatus during his long experience. Mr. Butterfield attributes the growing increase in white- fish almost entirely to artificial propagation, and remarks that previous to the planting in this locality of whitefish fry from the Alpena station whitefish were becoming very scarce and small fish were seldom caught. In 1890, however, a large part of the yield consisted of fish averaging a little more than 1 pound in weight, and the following year their aver- age weight was 14 pounds. Mr. Thomas Sims, another experienced fisherman of Detour, agreed with Mr. Butterfield in the foregoing statements, and said that, if the mesh in the pound nets were as small aS in former years, on a number of occasions his boat, which has a capacity of 4 or 5 tons, would not have carried the whitefish caught in one small pound net in the course of one night. Along the shore between St. Ignace and Detour, an increase in the abundance of whitefish as compared with a number of preceding years was reported, the increase being especially marked in Les Cheneaux and Prentice Bay. Trout and some other fish appear to be diminishing in number. One reason assigned by Mr. Isaac Goudreau, Mr. Charles Gronden, and other prominent fishermen for the increase of whitefish in the inshore waters and among the islands is that the fish have been driven from their regular resorts in the lake by the large accumulation on the favorite grounds of sawdust and other refuse from a mill at St. Ignace. The bottom, for a mile from the shore at St. Ignace, was said FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKKS. 403 to be completely covered with sawdust and slabs, which also extended along the shore for 5 or 6 miles below that place. An agent of the Commission, Mr. E. A. Tulian, found the sawdust in large heaps along the shore for 5 miles below St. Ignace, where it had rolled up in such quantities that the farmers in the vicinity were carting it away to be used in leveling roads; the mill at the time of the agent’s visit had not been running for six months. Other causes assigned by the fishermen for the recent increased abundance of this species are artificial propagation and enlargement of the mesh in the bow! of the pound nets. The principal fishermen of this section think there will be no diffi- culty in keeping up the supply of whitefish if liberal consignments of fry are planted annually and the size of the mesh in the cribs of the pound nets is regulated so as to permit the escape of immature fish. In the vicinity of St. Ignace the fishermen want also a law to prohibit the pollution of the lake either by sawdust or other refuse, and some favor a close season on all kinds of fishing after November 1 for a period of years in order to give trout and other fish whose abundance has decreased a better opportunity to multiply. In the fisheries of the southern side of the Strait of Mackinae and the adjacent western shore of Lake Huron, whitefish constitute fully nine-tenths of the catch, the remaining species consisting of trout, pike perch, herring, and sturgeon. During the last two years the number of whitefish in the fisheries tributary to Mackinac City have been steadily increasing. The only dealer at Mackinac City who has bought and handled fish caught in that vicinity during the past six years says that it has been no uncommon thing in the last two years to take 2,500 pounds of white- fish from one small pound net in one night’s fishing, while in previous years if half that quantity was taken under similar circumstances it was considered a big catch; he is satisfied that the fish now being caught were planted in that vicinity by the United States and Michigan fish commissions. In the vicinity of Cheboygan, while a great many trout are caught, whitefish is the principal species. Every fisherman in this region has commented on the very large increase in the number of whitefish caught during the past two years. Mr. Maynard Corbett, of the fishing firm of Corbett & Duffy, stated that he had fished in that vicinity for twenty- five years, and up to two or three years ago the whitefish were becom- ing scarcer each season, but during the past three years they have undergone a marked increase in abundance. He is positive it is the result of artificial propagation. He bases this opinion partly on the circumstance that up to the last few years he never saw many small whitefish around the grounds. In the spring of 1891, on the day when his pound net on the east side of Bois Blane Island was first hauled, the whitefish completely filled the bowl and the net contained at least 404 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 10 tons of fish, but when they drew it to get out the fish all but 9 fish were so small that they made their escape through the meshes. Mr. Charles Corbett stated that he had seen just such a condition in his nets at Hammond Bay. He and others think there is no doubt that the fish they are now catching in Hammond Bay are fish that were artificially hatched. The results of propagation are here so marked and so thoroughly appreciated by the fishermen that they earnestly desire a continuance of fish-cultural work, and the principal fishermen are anxious to see the beneficial effects of fish-culture sup- plemented by an enlargement of the mesh in the pots of the pound nets, So as to permit the escape of small fish. In the gill-net fisheries of Presque Isle County, centering at Rogers City, most of the catch consists of trout, although a few whitefish are also taken. Trout at this place are gradually decreasing, but white- fish appear to be holding their own. Trout is the most abundant and important fish in the extensive fish- eries carried on from Alpena and other places in Alpena County. Whitefish rank next inimportance. Four-fifths of the catch in the gill nets operated from small boats consists of trout and the rest of white- fish. A few thousand pounds of Menominee whitefish are also thus taken. In the gill-net fisheries carried on with steamers the relative proportions of trout and whitefish are the same. The lake herring is the prominent fish taken in pound nets; after which come trout, stur- geon, whitefish, pike, and pike perch. During the year covered by the inquiries of the Fish Commission no special increase in the abundance of whitefish in this county was noted. In the fall of the previous year, however, the fish came to the shoals north of Thunder Bay Island in very large numbers, and a better catch was made than at any time for many years previous. In the fall of 1890 the advent of another large body of fish appeared to be imminent, when a protracted spell of stormy weather caused the fish to leave the shoals. Indications at the time pointed to alarger run of fish than had been observed in that region ' for ten years. The fishermen are quite enthusiastic over the prospects of good fishing, which they attribute almost entirely to artificial propa- gation. They think, however, that the results would be more marked if it were not for the damage done by the large amount of refuse from sawmills thrown into the water along this shore, causing the fish to seek other parts of the lake. The increase of whitefish in Georgian Bay in recent years has been pronounced. In the report on the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1885 the following statements were made regarding the causes of the decrease of fish in the Alpena fisheries: At first whitefish and trout were both abundant, and fishermen found no difficulty in catching with a few small gill nets as many fish as they could sell. But since 1881 or 1882 they have been comparatively scarce. Various causes are given for this decrease. The gill-net fishermen lay the blame.on the small-meshed pound nets. The pound-net fishermen, on the other hand, throw the responsibility upon the FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 405 sawmills and the gill-net men. The sawmills, they say, pollute the waters with sawdust and vegetable refuse, and the gill-net men lose a great many nets, which, with the fish in them, soon decay and become a putrid mass, which contaminates the fishing-grounds and causes the fish to leave for other places. Mr.S. P. Wires reports: *“ On two questions they all agree. First, twenty years and less ago the waters on the shores of Alpena County swarmed with whitefish and trout. Second, to-day ’ these fish are not abundant. Im 1883 the trap-net grounds of Thunder Bay failed for the first time, and the fishing in 1884 was equally as bad.” The same authority says that in his own opinion (as one interested in the fisheries, but not actively concerned either with gill nets or trap nets) the decrease is owing mainly to excessive and unwise fishing, especially during the spawning season. When whitefish were abundant their favorite spawning-ground was a shoal about 5 miles from the shore, which they visited in countless numbers during the month of November. On this ground it was not an uncommon thing to catch in one net 200 pounds of whitefish during a single night, and boats often returned to their fish- houses with from 20 to 30 barrels, taken at a single lift from a gang of twenty or more gill nets. During a season hundreds and thousands of barrels of whitefish were thus caught, the females being full of spawn, which was left to rot in the offal pile. The water on the spawning-ground is 5 or 6 fathoms in depth, and being fully exposed to the seawthat roll on Lake Huron in November is stirred to the bottom whenever a gale is raging from the northeast or southwest. Atsuch times hundreds of gill nets loaded with fish were swept away and never recovered by the fishermen, but remained on the bottom polluting the waters. Mr. Wires further states: ““Weeks before the spawning season commenced the gill nets and trap nets had been at work catching fish full of unripe spawn. Is it, therefore, any wonder that whitefish have decreased in numbers, and that once valuable fisheries have become almost barren and worthless?” He says the fishermen look to artificial propagation to restore the abundance of fish in this locality. Tn the fisheries of Alcona County whitefish, herring, and Menominee whitefish are the only species taken. The decrease in the abundance of fish at this place is doubtless attributable to the fact that the best grounds formerly frequented by whitefish are literally covered with refuse from the sawmill, consisting of bark and sawdust. Mr. Edward Miller, of Alcona, and Capt. J. KE. Henderson, of Sturgeon Point, in this county, stated that they had recently seen a great many small whitefish and thought they were fish that had been put into the lake by the fish commissions, as no fish of similar size had been observed for a great many years before. Along the shores of Losco County there is so much refuse from saw- mills thrown into the water that most of the fish are kept at some distance from the shore, and pound nets can not be fished to advantage. Even when the gill nets are set 6 or 8 miles from the shore, they are often found full of bark, logs, etc., after a storm. Mr. James McCoy, one of the oldest fishermen of Au Sable, states that he has had nets completely ruined in two or three days by getting rolled up on the bottom with a slime from decayed bark, ete., causing them to rot very rapidly.and become absolutely worthless. In the fisheries of Oscoda, Au Sable, and vicinity trout are the most abundant fish taken with gill nets and hooks, while whitefish and herring are the principal fish caught in pound nets. A few sturgeon, pike perch, and other fish are also taken in pound nets in the spring fishery. The average weight of the 406 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. whitefish taken in gill nets is 4 to 6 pounds, though many fish weighing from 20 to 22 pounds (dressed) are catight. In the pound nets the aver- age weight of whitefish is 25 to 3 pounds. During the past two or three years a great many small fish have been secured in pound nets. In the fisheries of East Tawas and Tawas City, in this county, there have, according to Mr. William Brashan and Mr. Joseph Trudell, been ° unmistakable signs of good results from whitefish propagation. Not- withstanding the deleterious influence of large quantities of sawdust and other mill refuse thrown on the fishing-grounds from mills at Oscoda, Au Sable, Hast Tawas, and Tawas City, a larger run of small whitefish has been observed than in many years. The principal fish taken in the important fisheries of Sauahers Bay are herring, perch, catfish, pike, pike perch, suckers, trout, and white- fish, of which the pike and pike perch combined are the most impor- tant. Allof the principal fishermen in this region are ardent advocates oi artificial propagation as a means of keeping up and increasing the supply of fish. Many of the fishermen in this locality are desirous of having the supply of “pickerel” (pike perch) increased by fish-eulture. Messrs. ©. Porter, Jaines McCoy, I. 8. Osborn, of Au Sable; Joseph Lixey, of Oscoda, and other prominent fishermen of Iosco County, have seen unmistakably good results from artificial propagation in their section, but think that whitefish will never be very abundant again until the throwing of mill refuse into the lake is prevented and the taking of small, immature fish is prohibited. In the fisheries of Huron County, which borders partly on Saginaw Bay and partly on the lake, herring and pike perch are the most promi- nent fish, although whitefish and other species are also taken, and in the offshore gill-net fishery from Port Hope and in the set-line fishery trout are obtained. The herring and whitefish resort to the shores in October and November, when most of the catch is taken. The pike perch are found in greatest abundance in spring, but there is also a good run in fall. While trout are uncommon, the fish are large, aver- aging 10 or 12 pounds in weight. The weights of the other fish are as follows: Whitefish, 4 to 5 pounds; herring, one-half or three-fifths of a pound; pike ear 3 to9 pounds. A great many smaller pike perch are also taken and sold as second-quality fish. Along the shores of this lake south of Saginaw Bay the most abun- dant fish is the herring. It is most numerous during the months of October, November, and December, and is taken in pound nets; its average weight is three-fifths of a pound. It appears to be much more abundant than in 1885, judging by the quantity taken and sold. Next in value are sturgeon, pike perch, trout, and whitefish, although the fishery for none of these is important ascompared with that in the upper part of the lake. The sturgeon have an average weight of 40 pounds, when dressed; the We perch weigh 2 pounds, the trout 5 pounds, and the whitefish 4 or 5 pounds, FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 407 Apparatus and methods.——The pound net is the principal kind of apparatus employed in the fisheriés of this lake. It is used in every county, except one, bordering on the lake, and takes larger quantities of fish than all other means combined. The nets are coustructed and operated similarly to those in other lakes, and the fishery presents no peculiarities which merit special mention. Among the fishing interests of the lake there is a general agitation of the question of the size of mesh in the pound nets. The principal fish- ermen think the mesh should be made large enough to let small fish pass through. While insome places, in the past few years, an advance has taken place in this matter—the mesh being changed from 24 to 34 inches—it is held that after the shrinking, which ensues when the twine has been in use for some time, a 34-inch mesh becomes reduced in size to a 24-inch mesh; and it is urged by the most thoughtful fishermen that the mesh should be large enough originally to remain at least 34 inches after shrinking, some even recommending a 4-inch mesh. Many of the fishermen of Saginaw Bay advocate a law which will prohibit the bringing ashore and offering for sale, by fishermen or dealers, of whitefish and pike perch under a certain size, and whieh will prevent the fishermen from using small-mesh nets; they would also like to see if made it obligatory on the fishermen to scoop out of their nets and liberate all small whitefish and pike perch which they catch. Gill nets are generally used in the American waters of the lake, and are especially prominent as a means of capturein Alpena and Presque Isle counties, where the larger quantity of the fish is thus taken, and in Chippewa, Huron, and Tosco counties, where the gill-net catch is a conspicuous part of the yield of the fisheries. The length of the nets raries from 200 to 800 feet, averaging about 500 feet; the depth is usually 5 to 6 feet; and the mesh in the whitefish and trout nets is about 44 inches. The average cost of the nets is $10. In proportion to the extent of its fisheries, fewer fishing steamers are owned in Lake Huron than in any other lake, and the gill-net fishery carried on with steamers is now rather less extensive than in 1885. In that year 7 tugs were employed in operating gill nets in addition to 1 other engaged in collecting fish. At the time of the last inquiry, how- ever, only 3 fishing steamers belonging in the lake were found, while 4 vessels were ascertained to be in the coliecting trade. In addition to these, 2 tugs from Detroit fished in this lake a part of the season, mak- ing their headquarters at Alpena. It has been considered advisable to credit these to Detroit, where owned, especially in view of the fact that they were also operated in another lake during part of the year; their catch in Lake Huron amounted to about 274,000 pounds of trout and whitefish, valued at $13,700. In the vessel gill-net fishery only trout and whitefish are caught; of these, trout are much more valuable. Statistics show that in the year covered by the inquiry, 335,775 pounds of trout were caught, while only 71,300 pounds of whitefish were takeu; these were worth, respectively, 408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. $11,899 and $2,502. The larger catch of troutis attributable to the facts that trout is the fish principally sought, and that the fishing is carried on mostly in the deeper water, where that fish is naturally more abundant. Set lines in this lake are used in commercial fishing only in the coun- ties of Huron, Iosco, and Sanilac. Trout is the only fish taken. Her- ring, caught mostly in seines, are used for bait. The most important set-line fishery is in Iosco County, where set lines are fished mostly in April and May, and again between September 15 and November 15. A few are also used in winter, when the weather and ice will permit. In Huron County, while gill-net fisheries are ordinarily the most important, during cold winters, when the ice forms along the shore and remains stationary, a considerable amount of set-line fishing is done, especially when herring bait is plentiful. The fishing depends to a great extent upon the weather and the supply of bait, and is done whenever the men can venture upon the ice and bait is obtainable. In Sanilae County most of the hook fishing is done from Port Sanilac by men who at other times are also engaged in the pound-net fishery. Fyke nets are employed only in Saginaw Bay and River and on the shores of Huron County. They are most numerous and take the largest quantities of fish in Saginaw Bay and River. The principal fishing in Saginaw River is done with fyke nets, here called “‘ gobblers,” or “ hoop nets,” which are also set in small numbers in the bay at or near the mouths of the smaller rivers which empty into it. The fyke nets are made after the model of a pound net, with the exception of the pot, which is similar to the pot of a Lake Erie fyke net. Seine fishing in this lake is unimportant. Seines are used only in Chippewa and Iosco counties, and are there employed only to a limited extent. The single seine operated in Chippewa County took only small quantities of pike and pike perch; in Iosco County, 5 seines were hauled for whitefish, trout, perch, pike perch, and pike. Fishing-grounds.—The principal gill-net grounds in that part of the lake adjacent to Detour are about 2 miles south of Drummond Island. The pound nets are set at Hay Point on Drummond Island, among the smaller islands off the north shore of that island, and at Albany Island. The best gill-net grounds frequented by the fishermen of St. Ignace and Mackinac Island are south of St. Ignace Point and in the vicinity of Mackinac and Round Islands. The best pound-net grounds are in Les Cheneaux and Prentice Bay. The gill-net tishermen of the northern part of Cheboygan County frequent the same grounds as those from St. Ignace. An important gill-net ground is Spectacle Reef, where trout resort to spawn, and are caught with gill nets between October 1 and December 1. The principal trout grounds frequented by the steam tugs of Alpena are from 40 to 50 miles from shore. Big Reef, 40 miles off Alpena, is an important feeding and spawning ground for trout, which are here found in largest numbers in October and November. The sailboats go out from 10 to 15 miles from shore. Prior to May 1, tugs fish on grounds FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 409 from 10 to 20 miles from shore; after that date they move the nets to the outside grounds, where they remain until the last of October or the first of November, when they again move their nets to the inside grounds, some vessels going to the trout grounds and some to the whitefish grounds about 8 miles northeast of Thunder Bay Island. The principal grounds resorted to by the sailboats using gill nets for trout are outside of Thunder Bay and Middle islands, while during the latter part of the season fishing is carried on for whitefish in the imme- diate vicinity of the islands. ‘The gill-net fishing carried on from row- boats is prosecuted within a few rods of the shores of Middle, Sugar, and Thunder Bay islands, trout being there found in the early part of the season and whitefish during the month of November. The gill-net grounds in losco County are from 6 to 15 miles off shore, the great amount of mill refuse preventing the satisfactory use of gill nets nearer to the shore. The same condition is unfavorable to the use of pound nets, which can be used to advantage only where narrow ridges running out into the lake are kept comparatively clean by the action of the water sweeping up and down the shore. A few small pound nets are fished in Saginaw River, but the principal fishing-ground for pound nets is the bay. The grounds on which the bay pound nets are set extend all along the east and west shores of that body of water. Pound nets are also fished around the Big and Little Charity islands lying off the mouth of the bay. It is in the latter region that the greater part of the trout are caught. In former years, before lumbering was extensively carried on. this region contained exceljlent grounds, where whitefish resorted and were caught in large numbers. The present whitefish catch, however, is small in proportion to the large number of nets. The grounds off the shore of Huron County were formerly among the best whitefish grounds in Lake Huron and, while a great deal of bark from rafts is now scattered along the bottom, these grounds are in good condition as compared with a few years ago, when lumbering was car- ried on more extensively all along the shore and many sawmills were throwing sawdust, bark, and slabs into the lake. The fishermen think thatif large plants of whitefish were now made here the results would be more satisfactory. Off the shore of Sanilac County the gill-net grounds are in the track of the regular steamers plying up and down the lake, and often after a gale the fishermen will find their nets fall of coal clinkers, which have been thrown overboard from steamers and which, when the nets are spread out on the bottom by the force of the current, become entangled in the meshes; the clinkers also cut and destroy the nets. Great injury to the fishing-grounds has naturally been the result of this condition. The grounds off this shore have in past years been very productive; they were, however, destroyed by refuse from sawmills. At the pres- ent time the absence of sawmills along this part of the lake makes the fishermen desirous of restoring the productiveness of the grounds, and 410 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. they are very anxious that fish-culture shall come to their aid. Mr. Tulian, who has had extensive fish-cultural experience, thinks that if small plants of whitefish were made along the shoreof this county each spring much better results would be attained than can be expected in the vicinity of Alpena, Oscoda, and East Tawas, for the reason that there appears to be an entire absence of mill refuse along this shore. Fishing season.—On the north shore, where the principal fishing is done with pound nets, most of the whitefish pounds are operated from about May 1 to November 25, but if the fishing is not satisfactory some of the nets are taken out about July 1 and put in again about September 1. During May and June some of the smaller pound nets are fished for pike and pike perch among islands north of Drummond Island. The larger gill nets, which take mostly trout and occasionally small quantities of whitefish, are fished from May 1 to November 20; the smaller gill nets, which take only trout, are used during October. The trout gill-net season of Cheboygan County covers parts of the months of October and November; @ few trout are also caught in pound nets during the entire open season. Whitefish, which are principally taken in pound nets, are caught from May 15 to November 20, but the best season is between June 15 and August 15. In the gill-net fisheries centering at Cheboygan, trout are caught from May 1 to July 1 in deep water and from October 1 to December 1 on the spawning- grounds. Herring are taken along the shores early in spring and late in fall. Pound nets are operated mostly from the opening of navigation until August 1, although a few are also fished in fall. In the gill-net fishery of Presque Isle County, the fishing begins about May 1 and extends to July1; it is resumed September 15 and continues until November 15. When fish are particularly plentiful, some fishing is also done in July and August. Upto November 1 only trout are taken; after that time a few whitefish are caught. The sailboats fishing gill nets for trout begin operations about May 1 and continue until November 5; during the balance of the season they take whitefish. Gill nets fished from rowboats are set from Sep- tember 1 to November 1 for trout and from November 1 to November 20 for whitefish. Pound nets along the shore of this county are put in between May 15 and July 1, and remain down continuously until about November 25. Steam tugs, used in the gill-net fisheries of Alpena County, are employed from early in the spring until the latter part of October. The tugs begin fishing as soon as the ice weakens sufficiently to allow them to force their way through to the open water. Sometimes they go out as early as March 1, but it is often the 1st of April before the season is opened. In Alcona County pound nets are fished only in October and No- vember for whitefish and herring, and gill nets from the opening of navigation to about June 1 for Menominee whitefish and herring, both kinds of nets being fished by the same persons. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. All At Tawas and East Tawas, in Iosco County, pound nets are set as soon as possible after the opening of navigation, and are fished contin- uously until about July 15, when they are taken out; they are again put in operation inthe latter part of August and used till the last of Novem- ber. At Oscoda and Au Sable, however, most of the nets are fished only in October and November, when the herring and whitefish come on the shores; afew pounds are also fished during the eariy part of the open season, for sturgeon, pike, ete. Gill nets and fyke nets are used from the opening to the closing of navigation. Herring are found in the inshore waters only in fall, and it is only then that they are caught; some whitefish and trout are taken in spring, but the greater part of the catch is in fall; the run of pike perch and sturgeon is almost confined to the spring months. In the pound-net fisheries of this region whitefish and herring are caught mostly in fall, while numbers of pike perch are taken in spring. The other fish occurring are obtained in greater or less quantities throughout the entire spring and fail fishing season, although larger quantities are taken in spring, for the reason that the bay pound nets are fished only during that time. Statistics —In the following tables the extent of the fisheries of each county bordering on this lake is shown. Separate tables are given for the persons engaged; the number and value of vessels, boats, apparatus, etc., employed; the quantity and value of the catch of each important species, and the quantity and value of the products taken with each kind of apparatus. Three vessels belonging at Detroit, Mich., fished during a part of the year in Lake Huron. They, with the crews and catch, have been included in the statistics for that city. Their combined tonnage was 29.93, and their value, with outfit, was $18,800; their fishing gear con- sisted of 639 gill nets, 447,300 feet in length, valued at $7,668. Twenty- one men constituted their crews. The quantity of fish taken by them while in Lake Huron was 244,847 pounds of trout worth $12,242, and 29,064 pounds of whitefish valued at $1,453. Table showing by counties the number of men employed in the fisheries of Lake Huron. How engaged. Counties. a. | Ontrans- On shore, in Ca iaeng porting pi shore fish-houses, Total. pak vessels. = ete. PAN COT gee ek serene eae teat ee net Sees Gea hotn| seccee bas ac | Saneaceeecs| Bile eect Ae 5 CAD OU ie aatsne te manne dia fan os cores aa 8 2 44 18 72 Arenac, Bay, Saginaw, and Tuscola..........|..........-- 4 273 64 341 GHebvy Palla ensaeeaecten seaaee nsec cmiacer malls ooecn cake cel eceeaccuctes 21 6 27 (GO Wales eee ieee ee ae Ee ae en aa 49 6 55 ULOM, 32 ese e a catete as Nscccecsesa ; 10 | 2 48 6 66 TOSCO c5'4cccxc = oe BESS Oe i ae ar ee ed ee OS eR 52 4 56 INT AGHATIRG tras acgot ce tania ntS a oie lnatot he nacre [essai dra Se ars ar =e 47 4 | 51 BROMUS, L1G Sovau reece anu coe bee e eee nana ein nc Vase ce e 9 2 | 11 PMLA ote an. cob eee Seee oe nos eb ees wis see eee a - aad Pere eee 23))| = 1; 226, 446.) 12.563" | 22542 -s\ceeeeee Pike and pike perch, fresh. --.|..-.---.|.------ 20, 600 500 |1, 104, 807 | 35,112 | 1,346 48 Simeon eines Drea) Semple ee | eee ate ee 50,000 | 1,000 | 179,060 | 38,580} 1,170 39 TPG sersmieres lattes ae oid Slee Serine e neteel leis steel Setar rare elolinateniatar 742, 622 8,821 esas lee eee Trout, fresh. ..--- LaednoDbooOCdle asec accaces 16,000 | , 240 AU Oo Shs) Neos scoters eco aacs|laacososd|oo sca G89H O00 21 Ob0N Poe oe ne ieee 14, 000 420 Whitefish, fresh ....--.-.-.-.. 800 56 TA} COO) Gh GU eee scodlisocsesss 3, 500 135 Total scsasccecicisecwecess = 2, 000 CO Paelle tkets UUs PAs Beenepacsalleokecson 33, 500 795 Fyke nets: S| | : Black bass, fresh .......-.----|-.---+--]. ------|----------|------- 7, 650 (ib eilsoomaceAlecos: -¢ (Opaisbsaceepooossdeseogecd Ecorse ae sessone| Haesoo0occencooed 5, 100 153 ||. 32055,-2 | eee Bete Nyragss| Nese soop seas wasesalleecooess lee aseoslsapeacoccdlsesacus 519; 446 |) 07, 090 cee) eee iPikevand spike perch, tres eri = =e sere reise ae els ac (eerie 102°000 |) (6) 1208)-- eases eeeeee Suckersetres ite. secer oer e ences eee seen a metae meer Jobeses 2 347,555) | 6.951012 sae ee Se eee Miscellaneous fish: treshcse eer. Hosea | penser pan eine @|; 223% 40, 800 816 |-2 cree ee eee |Seaibek ce s|lodcaace 1, 400 V12" | eer S| eee Tt eas eae Se 141,716 | 4,282 | 54,425 | 2,165 | 106,000 | 4,019 | 45,343 | 1, 280 Fyke nets: “es SRAL Ge > S _ > Taira, TRI NS ogooppsaadec od lesdoss opel seccace 1, 000 AOR EeReesaee Beacses| Msacocoons|ooooc cic Perch aires ites en-srtsess=- 24] se eeeceee se seeee 397000) S23 0Rl Beem cee soca cee ee eee sree Pikeland pike perch; fresh ~-|) sc. -|secee =< 6, 000 PO Aessoa ses poscace losecccocsollecocd a2 Suckersireshyao-eh ce eseee seer eeme lesen ere 20, 000 Ng Seeeeess sesersa sacebecsen\Ineccos- Whitefish, fresh .............- lshoqasosslcnddso= 200 LO |. -c et oe see et lee oe ee ees eee TET Sa ee Saeed es re ees ee ee eee Seines: fi A 4 Isami, SoA SeddasoboOp Abed Beassoodn| poddece| Gocsdocau| Seances 6, 000 20 Perches Dyes e ree alt= seer (ets eee | aera ieee ae 2, 000 20 Pike and pike perch, fresh..-..| 10,000 ZOD Aer relesectors etea= ete 2, 000 80 Troutwreshi cece seers co cease c eee cee|Sssnese | sseeeecce neato 1, 000 40 NLS TERE) No Bo onc Saonde 55 booonceas panboae|sacesqasclloasneos 1, 000 50 otal ¢ovc32s- te eeeieee 10,1000; |7-00|2. eee 12,000 | 210 |: -. ce ee Lines: F ROW G eS Wise serieiaseiiee einem eter _ 24,000 | 1,440) |... 2c c ae Grand total 420, 250 |14,374 | 206,462 | 6, 652 nner nen rat FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 415 Table showing by counties and apparatus the yield of the fisheries of Lake Haron in 1890—Continued, | Presque Isle. St. Clair. Sanilac. Total. Apparatus and species. = |Pounds. | Value./ Pounds. | Value. Pounds.| Value.) Pounds. | Value. | | Pound nets: | Black) bass; tres =--4220'-=---|- +500 [tree cesses eee eee losdcee 5S Seeooces) peSeere 21.701 | $1, 402 CUPS TRG GGI TS ooue EES SSS 6 Sel BESS SSS BASS! Mee es aa Sa ee ee ee 167,071 | 5,275 Herring, fresh.....-.--- 2 2| ReGaaB oe Ae seeac 130, 000 $2, 250 78,900 | $952 |2, 358, 301 | 25, 065 isGynnines Galyieul a= Ascent ga Petpconae Shab eon sanseeccs |osoces Geeareeoe Besse) e100) A008 aon eG LESTE NaS ge aan OBOE CE OD IE | COD OBOE Sa Re an es Saat [oes = Seu ie tea ee [ee oe 1, 257. 182 | 12, 751 Pike and pike perch, fresh -..|.-.-.--.. Se Sea 43, 322 | 1,870 2, 000 74 |1,363, 072 | 44, 224 Sturgeon, fresh..-.---....---. Pee eteiersce |------- 54, G53 | 2, 419 8, 400 204 365,718 | 8, 924 Brokers tresh!s . 220 c50 2-2-5 [eee roe \Oee eisers sets iia | Soe Be eee (eee 742,622 | 8,321 Mrouis APeSbe ots. se. ce oss ces SG BSerAH CapSoee 9, 755 390 9, 300 445 | 329, 292 | 12, 167 Wilnteishwtresh ss socssas looses ce. a|eccces.- 5,940 | 297] 14,200] 733 | 776,937 | 29, 636 Miscellaneous fish, fresh -.... [eeemimctnise|sinieeis= |e eee ol |SeSccec] Heoackend bss6sh— 13, 200 | 264 Re tiltcenseee noo assk oes eet ae pas 243, 670 | 7,226 | 112, 800 | 2, 408 |7, 525, 796 |150, 825 Gill nets: a ae ’ a OPTS ay va PEATE eR LLOM Dnata eta harris eerste fee Pal eial| aac ace anpoaae et oll chine bites eeonakel 18, 550 290 rout trestles She sec win oe LOMOOOR (SS 0800 |S oetee esl sees = 4,700 | 188 |1,122,477 | 35, 972 Morus tegen ee et at eee cieclleme ae atlonarltecl eee coéaes Lm ea ai| ee kts sete as ee 5, 000 309 Whitefish, fresh ...<--..-.-.- 15, 000 ASU a) eee Sale srs 300 12 224,557 | 7,439 We LUCa Sal Gee asso Les List ee mee ce coal eee She 7, 650 765 GRihah mesh ss2ts.ssseG tht eles fotk on |tecsecalecc cceoce eee See | Sewperen’ 1 jee aee A, 100 153 SET eam Pew OS er ste si oie sein oeic las stort ol Sisiererera| o otercs ores cl] ctarsrate coe eee rae alsa nee 1, 000 10 IRBKOMIheOS Ne Faaece sates ca (5 eels eRe (ck a RB all in| | 558,446 | 8,021 Pl Kerun dani Osp Oren fresher bisms ain slant olsen cecil cceeeel|botacoecclessseee| 108,000 ! 6,330 MCLEE TrOR sanne soe. she oe olan osle alee es Sef ilee g eee Se a 3 faced se jer aE ee { 367,555 | 7,051 Whitefish, fresh.....--....... DEE OC on > A BBCSO ls Geoetes MOOSE nr ao neee eoreaens 200 10 Miscellaneous fish, fresh .....|.....-... ee SCRE OER Se OL SONS th eee eee cee 40, 800 816 CoO AL 2 cgeeaees Se te Lae Sa a ees yaensene 3 Caren ceme pee) toe _. 1, 088, 751 | 28,158 Seines: i = is pas a ermine, fresno... cect ecceuic 6, 000 20 Perch, roshhes hetero ae 2, 000 20 Pike and pike perch, fresh --. 12, 000 280 PON OU LILES 3e 5 cieicis ae sas ci 1, 000 40 WWibihefish. tres h oa cncs%26 2-6 1, 000 50 AE Cee ee ee en ee Ol a ieee 1 Re eee ae “| 22,000 | 410 Lines: se i isers rer cit Sligta | : SEP OTT PALO Nis co 's'a:c io votes coe Sate Striss ol oe cme Mu cen Bree Were ceed 8, 500 500 47,850 | 2,563 Grand totalte..-2<--ss:- 116,000 | 3,480 | 243, 670 | 7, aera) 3, 108 |10,056,381 aa LAKE ST. CLAIR AND THE ST, CLAIR AND DETROIT RIVERS. General sketch of the fisheries—While not one of the Great Lakes, Lake St. Clair has fisheries of sufficient importance to entitle it to separate mention, and the lake and its two tributary rivers have a geographical position that is distinct enough to warrant their consider- ation under one head. In proportion to the quantity and value of the catch a relatively large number of persons are employed in the fisheries of this section and a comparatively large capital is invested. The disparity is due, on the one hand, to the existence of many semi-professional fishermen, and on the other, to the presence of large wholesale fish-houses, which depend for their receipts on the fisheries of various other sections. Pound nets are the most prominent apparatus used, and seines rank next; fyke nets, lines, and spears complete the list of fishing appliances. The most valuable fish here found is the whitefish, which exists through- 416 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. out the lake and the two rivers, but is taken in largest quantities in thelake. Perch, sturgeon, pickerel, and herring are the other principal species. The fishing in the St. Clair River is of slight extent. Important pound-net fishing, maintained at Port Huron, is carried on in Lake Huron, and has been credited to that lake. The principal fishing cen- ters in the river itself are Roberts Landing, Marine City, St. Clair, and Algonac. A few haul seines are fished for wall-eyed pike, but the largest quantities of fish are taken with hand and troll lines. Yellow perch are caught with hand lines and wall-eyed pike and pike by troll- ing. The line fishery is semi-professional, and is carried on during the months of May, June, July, and August, but chiefly from the middle of June to the middle of July. The principal fishing in Lake St. Clair is carried on in Anchor Bay and on the shore immediately north of Detroit, the chief apparatus used being pound nets, fyke nets, and haul seines. In Anchor Bay the fishing centers are Fair Haven, Anchorville, and New Baltimore. The fishes of commercial importance found in the lake are yellow perch, suckers, catfish, sturgeon, black bass, wall-eyed pike, pike, herring, and muskellunge. In Anchor Bay there is some winter fishing through the ice with lines and spears, chiefly for perch. The pound-net fishery is much more important than any of the others and yields somewhat more than half the catch of this entire region. The specially prominent fish thus obtained are whitefish, sturgeon, pike, pike perch, and herring, whitefish and herring being most abundant in the lower part of the lake along the shore adjacent to the entrance to the Detroit River. The fisheries of the Detroit River are at the present time of little value. The only commercial fishing on the American side is carried on with seines from the early part of October to the last of November, the catch being relatively small and consisting chiefly of whitefish, herring, and pike. The fisheries have greatly declined since 1885, when the industry was at alow ebb. In earlier years there was a great abundance of whitefish in this river, and the annual yield was very large. Mr. James Craig, of Detroit, who has for many years engaged in the fish business of that city, informs us that near Fort Wayne, now within the city limits of Detroit, the average catch of whitefish in hau] seines was from 18,000 to 21,000 fish, weighing, on an average, from 24 to 27 pounds. On November 12, 1871, at one haul of a seine, 3,100 whitefish were caught. With the growth of the city and the increase in the amount of sewage entering the river, the fisheries have declined to their present condition. The number of whitefish taken in the vicinity of Fort Wayne in 1890 was only 3,000, and the output of the entire river was only 35,500 pounds. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 417 Statistics of the fisheries.—In the following tables the fisheries of this region are shown, the extent of the industry in each county being exhibited. Included in the statistics are the vessel fisheries prosecuted from Detroit in lakes Huron and Erie. The vessels are owned in Detroit, to which place the catch is sent. The fact that the vessels fished in more than one lake has made it desirable to treat them as indicated, the quantity of fish taken in each lake being shown in a foot- note to the general products tables. Table showing by counties the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Lake St. Clair and St. Clair and Detroit rivers in 1890. | . Counties. | ae a nore On shore. | Total. WIE CRT EAS eS ocCOS SCE See Boe OSO DOCU ONE ARES aA aE soneaen SOUR eee 350 Sun, (CUTS a SASS 3 OE eS eS OOt Ae AN CON ess hae Ase mS ae ar 98 13 111 eee ee MNS oe I8 2. oid teheet eset ou 28 69 53 150 Total foo asssecoessan peice a etases thee ceckieng ssa | 28 517 66 611 Table showing by counties the yield of the fisheries of Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair and Detroit rivers in 1890. Vereel ieiiaricg: Shore fisheries. Sadi Wayne. M ‘Jai oe pecies. acomb. St. Clair. Wayne. Total. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. , Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value.) Pounds. | Value. - | | Blaoks basesse|.4/2=52--2| 2-0. 25. 8,900 | $534. PRG" BIOS ase Ni sane 9,086 | . $544 Gatinnyseesces) 2 cect mes [uses lom=te 14,125 | 365 2,150 51 10,000 | $200 26, 275 616 Herring ...... 297, 934 | $2,979 36, 000 540 60, 000 750 96, 409 | 1,528 192, 400 2,818 PErelts2-- ss a5. 29, 243 877 | 636,000 | 7,790 49, 350 753 48. 500 740 733, 850 9, 283 Pike and pike | perch---.-.. 46, 276 1, 851 116, 750 | 3,860 | 230,143 | 7,762 | 131,500 | 4, 060 478, 393 | 15, 682 Sine ay oee ool BR peer eral bogs see 93,800 | 2,355 | 19,203 539 | 196,000 | 4,900 309, 003 7, 794 Grout, 2-2-. ==. 244,847 | 12,242 |.........- feeee. be Bi ceca ae peseira ee eee: leer 13). ane ee Whitefish ....| 29,064 | 1,453 BAO MM ar200 | sasane = = lease 155, 500 |10,040 | 209,700 | 13,300 DUNGINSH | Soc] Foscch cmc s lon ccee ee 225, 500 | 1,533 Soares eens | 163,000 | 2, 605 388, 500 4,138 Total .. .| * 647, 364 | 19,402 |1, 185,275 20, 287 | 361,032 | 9,865 | 800,900 |24, 073 |2, 347, 207 54,175 | | | Grand total. Species. oe = a ee Pounds. Value. BEE AEE CT ie he SER OSES ISO COD OC SORA AIDSS DESC CI Se a SES har ys SRA Ee 9, 086 $544 (yn Ce ARE oR Op BE OSS IC DE RCHIGe ne | GUNS ab oc ero acco ean eRe Saar ne ane ae 26, 275 616 PEGETAN 2) a sein satan esa caalm a =\nje'n ale mnie ois \aims sa elaiaa.am a18/e wile a\n'aieicieialsininaiv-alejsie > =islainica a 490, 384 5, 797 TELE, aN ee ae SE i i Ue TSS ee cre ek Che a. "ck Sees Pete 763, 093 10, 160 STOP AMG DEON DOL C Mise attentnina= a= ames nininiom ote lea pein ogee 2 a eats oe] ete ples ase 524, 669 17, 533 POGUE OOM co on nee oviek bic ammo aple= oso ene Mo amine wleicie gS cw sinc casmmms vnisinw cream aee.5s 309, 0038 7,794 HID oe oie Sp eS ER SE oe craps 6 ot Res oo Sat b -oneeoe 244, 847 12, 242 Whitefish -- 238, 764 14, 753 MIRHOL a ieees san ase as ds keb cea ptec ees couse eb ie ce cee o cow Seas se emeeee ness v5 5 388, 500 4, 138 2, 994, 571 73, 577 * Of these fish, 273,911 pounds (244,847 trout and 29,064 whitefish) were taken in Lake Huron and 373,453 pounds (297,934 herring, 46,276 pike perch, and 29,243 perch) in Lake Erie, by vessels owned in Detroit, Mich. F 6 92——27 418 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES Table showing by counties the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of Lake St. Clair and St. Clair and Detroit rivers in 1890. Macomb. St. Clair. Wayne. Total. Designation. aa yas Se No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. ViCRBE IAs N iin eke ct oe | )- <22s < elite oc ee eee ee eee 4 | $21,000 4| $21,000 LNs oo5Ss one déo4 Sol Be supeee Sosecaacas Pooseseu|lessooSss6e ates tel eee eee 38:00) =) eee UGH Eo eres |S cele ee | meee ae Oe eres | Se een Ae nS 364008 Heeeee 3, 400 I HUEeGcd su poebessosoceae 49 $1, 750 77 $1, 060 36 1, 565 162 4,375 Apparatus of capture, ves- sel fisheries: (Galle sens OS ec eee alsecccos ecallscnppomel|lescscuacoe 814 9, 418 * 814 9,418 Apparatus of capture, shore fisheries: Round netsi-ceess--- os 9 2, 700 5 750 20 6, 000 34 9, 450 WyK@ NOUS |S... cto 2.5356 54, 000 De dO Mists e setoeiarere|lia. rele 120, 000 7, 200 174. 000 10, 440 Miscellaneous fish-.---. 90, 000 4504 ee Saree eee 151,500 | 2,260) . 241,500 2,710 Potaleos sees ee coe 826,700 | 8,145 12, 825 313 | 726, 000 | 20,100 1, 065,525 | 28, 558 Fyke nets: ; iBlack=DaSS5--2see-~- == 1, 500 90 83 Aes Sece tase sence 1, 583 94 (Catfishiee--e seco sees 6, 375 194 1, 625 Sone oe cece aeeace 8, 000 229 IPerchreceres secrets 224, 250 2, 646 39, 600 By hl See SOS| ericcicrc 2638, 850 3, 245 Pike and pike perch...| 46,450 | 1,640 4,190 APA S28 escaes| seeceniee 50, 640 1, 814 Stureceon fe-sae = 3, 200 88 )5 |e eacares ers | Sarees |eetowiete eters eeeremaree 3, 200 88 Wihitefish .ee--s---- oe 200 PAU eal tee ee Ss eA omen Ss oescic 200 20 Miscellaneous fish..... 87, 875 | WiSilEmehaconas|locoasued baccosocodseocaaes 87, 875 578 Motahee assess —-eeRr 369,850 | 5, 256 45, 498 SL DG eens aloes eRe ee 415, 348 ! 6, 068 2 pers : aes eee ee es || Seines: IBlackibass2s-cs---ss sic 7,400 Fee Oe aera 6 ees fo HORSE Arce as tae 7, 400 444 @aihishieees se s- si 2/1 3, 250 AA | See eelecateral levi weeste st seeeeceleeccknes 3, 250 8h WET OT TIN eee mesa re ellls ata iaiela ieee [eee 60, 000 750 16, 400 328 76, 400 1, 078 IP Ore he merenwes senate 136, 750 DV SEO) | Soe eeie aa leslc sites | seater Nesescsertey cars 136, 750 1, 819 Pike and pike perch... 16, 300 600 1438, 503 4,274 11, 500 460 | 171,303 5, 38384 Stureeontecss 3-6-1 2, 400 62 18, 536 DLO | PSone Sacee eee 20, 936 58h AWA ton ahora: nee WS. Sessa ese ee eee an es 35,500 | 2,840] 35,500] 2,840 Miscellaneous fish... .. 47, 625 Et hil oesee tant nec ccras 11, 500 845 59, 125 850: Rotalieese acceler cose 213,725 | 3,511 222,039 | 5,543 F 74,900 | 3,973 510, 664 | 13,027 Lines: i Taba Perchiscssnececicrmnecnicc 220,000 | 2,700 1, 500 BON eetemieetetclaote | eieeieiainns 221, 500 2, 730 Pikejand! pike Perches sasecia- -\|a--oe 5 <= TOS ATOM ed) lal cece teal neice 79, 170 3, 167 Total:s-cteceeiecece 220, 000 2, 700 80, 670 B19 fa| So etew ealeae eeere 300, 670 5, 897 Spears: a ie es he | Perch. oh. seese eee 55, 000 625) | Bice Sere! | ee ere Re eee peers 55, 000 625 Grand total........ 1, 185, 275 | 20,237 | 361,032 | 9,265 | 800,900 | 24,073 |2,347,207 | 54,175 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 419 Canadian fisheries in which Americans are interested.—The fisheries on the Canadian side of Lake St. Clair and St. Clair River, carried on with property owned in part by citizens of the United States residing at Detroit and Port Huron, are more extensive than those on the American side of the lake. Fishing is done with pound nets, gill nets, and seines, and vessels are employed to collect and transport the fish; one vessel is also used in gill-net fishing. The fish taken are catfish, herring, pike, sturgeon, trout, and whitefish, the last-named being the most important. Vessels, boats, apparatus, etc., employed in the fisheries of the Canadian side of Lake St. Clair, in which citizens of the United States are interested, Designation. Value WTR Bio sneha cece toca cead son Soo gso ease shat Beene ae eee Sees Se SSeS — aaoaocbcsincose 6 $25, 500 REA ee ete eee oon ae ae nae ne saaiseesieeennen ofa remetecinmesuGzewatencbeleseuue 4, 500 Sis oc tcc srbatae nee done os onde cone oGAaS Seen COSC SROUORD Soe Go OScenE SpAScSErprcseeoae 71 5, 145 1 SUI Gite epee oe Soodt S seater toed oactin Some Soosecoe sities ase coeds casa Seoocecae 3 90 Apparatus of capture: IEG PPG! Meet Jone Se Sle oS coseo ace 1S PORE EEO HOsooe PSU BO OURS SSr TBS EE HOUSEeHDe HOpSeSar 62 14, 300 (UTES sceees econo ce: ssa as SU eS acce sono Sse See Sat oto cebbee cabo gensacere.dees 420 8, 400 STG] <2 > sb cope c Sopen dese coos Coec Shc gonad ces S8eSs sae oo IOs epee SoC nase SEasne ARS 15 2,425 Shore property ------ 2202 == 2 oo oo ween ee ee ene ene otto een eens eleeenne 1, 350 Titi) 2 feo Shee sce eer OSB NEE nce eet Ana ae Co PAE Aa el 61, 710 Products of the fisheries of the Canadian side of Lake St. Clair in which citizens of the United States are interested. Species. Pounds. | Value. Satan Ss Hert diesem eratate ein cist eteiei nnn Slot kara teln\ainiw a) miele oeeinyn aie ymi oTaite ale Nioinjaetoveelarare sieve 14, 520 $436 [ul - oceeschoce ste ore fboccseds seedesecce dodge ee sd oeee th bcp o ee Seere abcones 20, 314 204 ST apes ea sie a alin a ala nile oe iain a ain aal ple ainaicisin's manje eciisnis ws wlele s)o's 483, 868 15, 855 RULES Se ge B ed 6 pec BSS OS SORES ne SSS Ecebor sane soohoop ea lcoeeEeTot bea. 355, 793 10, 299 IUD ho- on + Geeta soe pode] SEennio® Sone PROD eS SS DD7 DADO CSGR Se Son Ou SO SSE Sec seee Bee 365, 260 18, 112 UMW tee eceioees seen cos ote aritoss Mack caine ter erlete aa Aatataee eis scmctida dere | 1, 068, 153 53, 307 MARCO ENEOUS HO ster 32 Sala co ciewien ccd sewte cee asa ninc cial aa eceeiee oceaeasese 2,759 83 Ghia aes eae ree Se seas eee ee ee NAR ree a ae 2, 310, 667 98, 296 LAKE ERIE. Importance and condition of the fisheries.—Although ranking fourth in area, this lake maintains a fishing industry of vast extent and of much greater importance than that of all the other lakes combined, omitting Michigan, which it surpasses by 36 per cent in fishing popu- lation, 49 per cent in invested capital, 60 per cent in the quantity of fish taken, and 17 per cent in the value of the catch. The fisheries of Lake Erie are thought to be more important than those of any other body of fresh water in the world, and there are few, if any, lakes which have afforded such a history of prolifieness of fish life in proportion to their size. ‘To illustrate the relative productiveness of the American waters of this lake, it may be noted that the average value of the catch per square mile of lake surface is over $200, while in no other lake of this system is the average more than $50, and in three of them is much less, 420 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The fishing population of Lake Erie numbers about 4,500; the amount of capital invested in the fishing industry is $2,816,300; the quantity of fish caught in 1890 was 64,850,000 pounds, having a first value of over $1,000,000. The prominent aspects of the fisheries of this lake are the large fleet of steam vessels engaged in the gill-net fishery, and the large number of steamers employed in collecting fish from the pound net and other fisheries—phases of the industry which are here more important than elsewhere in the lake system; the enormous amount of gill nets used in the vessel and boat fisheries, the great development of the pound- net fisheries, and the great distances to which connected lines of pound nets extend; the completeness with which the waters of the lake are scoured with fixed and movable appliances of capture; the taking of greater quantities of certain fishes than are obtained in all the other lakes combined; and the extensive trade in lake fish carried on in the cities bordering on the lake. Of scarcely less importance than the actual extent of the fisheries of the lake, is the serious decline which has recently been observed in some of the most valuable food-fishes. The discussion of the exhaustion of the fish supply of the lake, of the means to check a further diminution, and of the necessity of taking energetic measures for the increase of the fish life has been one of the most noticeable public questions per- taining to the lake fisheries in recent times, and the great interests here at stake have fully warranted the attention already given and deserve much further consideration. The inquiries conducted by this Commission show that the aggre- gate yield of the fisheries of the lake in 1890 was probably larger than at any previous time and was considerably larger than in any earlier year for which data were available. The money value of the products was but little less than in 1885 and much greater than in 1880. An examination of the statistics, however, at once: discloses the fact that the catch has been maintained and increased only by the use of larger quantities of apparatus and by the capture and utilization of the cheaper species of fish, while even a very marked increase in the quan- tity of fishing apparatus has not been able to keep up the supply of the’ whitefish, sturgeon, and pike perches. Notes on the principal fishes of the lake.—The natural conditions in this lake appear to be unusually favorable to the existence and production of enormous quantities of desirable food-fishes, whose fecundity and physical surroundings have made possible the extensive fishing which this lake has for many years supported. The general shoalness of the lake, while permitting the prosecution of the fisheries under conditions that are the least conducive to the continuance of an unimpaired supply, furnishes a large spawning area and appears to favor the development of a rich and varied fauna and flora having an important bearing on the food supply of the economic fishes. Several fishes exist in greater numbers in Lake Erie than in any FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 421 other member of the lake chain; severai here of great value scarcely figurein the fisheries of some of the other lakes, while the mostimportant fish, considering the entire lake region as a unit, the lake trout, is less abundant than in any other part of the lake system except Lake Ontario. The most abundant and important fish now taken in Lake Erie is the lake herring. _ It is found in all parts of the lake, but is least numerous in the eastern end. It is caught in pound nets, gill nets, and, to a slight extent, in other forms of apparatus; nearly half the yield of the lake is obtained in the pound nets set in the waters of Ohio, and almost the same quantity in the gill nets operated in various parts of the lake, about the same eatch resulting from the shore and the vessel gill-net fishery. The total catch was 38,868,283 pounds, having a value of $399,452, these amounts representing respectively considerably more than half the quantity and two-fifths the value of the fisheries of this lake. Compared with 1880 and 1885, a noticeable augmentation in the eatch of this fish has taken place. The yield in every part of the lake presents an increase. This has resulted from (1) the use of large quantities of apparatus and (2) an increased demand necessitating the utilization of other fish to replace the diminished yield of common whitefish and other fishes. Only the taking of more than double the quantity of lake herring obtained in 1855 prevented the general fisheries of Lake Erie from showing a serious decline, as every other important species underwent a reduction. The following table, based on data furnished by Mr. A. J. Stoll, of Sandusky, Ohio, shows the catch of lake herring in the years 1887 to 1890, inclusive, in a large number of pound nets controlled by him and set around the Bass Islands, and indicates the seasonal and yearly changes in abundance of the species. The numbers of nets mentioned in the table refer to those operated by different crews of fishermen, and the catch of the different sets of nets is given separately in order to permit a more detailed comparison of the fluctuations in the production than would be possible with only the aggregate figures at hand. Table showing the number of pounds of lake herring taken in the fall fishing season (dur- ing the ten days preceding the dates given) by certain sets of pound nets located around the Bass Islands, Lake Erie, in 1887-1890. September 20— | September 30— Sets of nets. aes 5 == oe 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. | 1887. | 1888. | 1889. | 1890. é | array) aie > ; I. Eleven nets each year...... 3,180 | 6,015 | 7,330 305 |. 8,430 | 9,620 | 30,685 615 11. Eleven nets in 1887-1889, 16 bel £1 ee ee ee ae RS 250 LO are see tl ato e pan a 1,155 5, 625 70 III. Sixteen nets each year ..... 4, 290 6,400 | 4,090 505 | 13,140 8, 925 20; 255¢),/ 1 2016 IV. Thirteen nets each year .--. Re ee mba lena pitts | aegstlas iar } 3,175 | 1,730 1, 595 345 V. Five nets each year..-...... | 6,020 | 2,340 | 1,665 | 330 | 9,125] 3,815 16, 805 1, 585 VI. Seven nets each year.......|........ | 8,235 215 | 2,015 | 14,480 | 5,130 | 15, 890 3, 830 VII. Eight nets im 1888-1890......|......-. P Oda! esses ,. We G0GeE se. 25 8,290 | 22,025.} 1,685 VIII. Five nets in 1887-1889, 6 in MOD Un eae se aR gale oes 7,370 6, 860 155 150 | 11, 765 8, 905 5, 290 470 TX ive nets in. 1888-1890... 00.22... ce. 2,120 1a ee Be ec 3,700 | 5,850 180 X. Four nets each year ........ eee’ |-------- teeta pee ot BLD | eas a | | itole' ats © 9, 000 185 9, 000 185 vessseseee|eeesees-| 162,000 | 6, 600 | 162,000 | 6, 600 Mieiaeleteniettae | iain Sal alars 5, 500 288 5, 500 288 ewewaeunine|=en casas 7, 000 350 7, 000 350 eee Seenees 28, 000 439 28, 000 439 Lh Irs 288,375 | 9,995 | 288,375 | 9,995 Pennsylvania. Erie. Pounds. | Value. 19,990 | $1,032 390, 500 9, 000 121, 450 3, 3801 227, 300 2,940 58, 690 780 19, 650 310 105, 750 3, 265 59, 190 2, 430 76, 229 8, 775 136, 100 1,175 1,214,849 | 28, 008 } 434 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Table showing by counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore jisheries of Lake “rie—Continued, New York. Pennsylvania. Apparatus and species. Erie. Chautauqua. Total. Erie. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.; Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. Gill nets: BlaGhkybass.: sica-cce-c oe 300 $10 5, 430 $254 5, 730 $264 | oo Sen So ecte| eee eee isa hei DH eSB nba! 11, 666 55! 98, 404 2, 609 110, 070 3, 160 |1, 383, 083 | $29, 506 @athsh mee ocsecete coos 500 Bi ee ot [Ar 500 LO"); sec co el eee SHIETTAN P7— Sam eee oe cine 10, 000 115 |1, 317, 864 | 18,049 |1, 327, 864 | 18, 164 |3, 801, 503 37, 845 Perch eseecerereelscce sc 5, 850 105 11, 676 258 17, 526 363 58, 005 1, 522 SPE ES eoroe Sond bese pteecees se kosbeeee| ease Ssb | bos5etys (Seensesecolsbaobosc 6, 314 59 Sturceontes- eecee as - 1,175, 610 | 41, 429 113, 180 477.0: 15 2285790) | 4621998 2a. eee Sees POU bees cee ne mace eaiotel iis el etelerei=i=rats 26, 065 1, 310 26, 065 1,310 40, 000 1, 605 Walleyed pike.....-... 3, 556 184 32 802 $70 36, 358 1, 054 273.132 15555 Wihitetishy seed. 2 cette a] Soe cen Becue cee 116,525 | 5,508} 116,525 | 5,508] 280,615 | 10,2384 Othertish==-22-c--.- 300 9 6, 290 95 6, 590 104.) Secs eee eee Bota. gece oe oases 1, 207, 782 | 42,413 |1, 728, 236 | 33,723 (2, $36, 018 | 76,136 |5, 546, 652 82, 326 Seines: ; ; : IBTaCk DASsssceccioesies safes oaec ee be eeseee 1, 700 85 1, 700 85) |= Se cen = onl eaeeteee Cathish Sosee-ecscto ee = see essen [cee se 3, 875 155 3, 875 155 || Sense ace eee 1 dO ea eset erecta See aresess| meme sees 1, 400 35 1, 400 35 ie oe ee eee Wall -evedspike sto.2 satan ee eelcee ener 2O1D 103 2,575 103: |. Ss.conceels |e Ophorchshes ese soe eae: Saleh. ee 24, 870 746 24, 870 TAGS. coecda se | Sees otal eens seaceey | mesc eee: cal ieee ee 34.490) 1240 2340420 1 al ee ge |e Lines, spears,and grapnels : ; a, ey. plac kapass eee tenet al he ee nee see aeeier 4, 700 201 4,700 2714): Ses e a eee BiMe*pik@aqssc5.ccs-e5 97,432 | 6,160 1, 000 60 98, 432 6, 220 14, 800 804 Cathe et ot ce ocee sce 188, 200 4, 264 59, 400 1, 393 247, 600 5. G57 il!saee cb ace Se ees HHOTTING voces asec 14, 500 8905 |b aes eee |Seeeeeee 14, 500 UNE Aes me msl aczocs: IPGL CH= Samece see oo eee as 11. 500 650 3, 420 163 14, 920 813 27, 500 1, 443 SUAS ASS Seeseenbee 197,500 | 5,925 9, 374 3157 |) 206; 8745) 76, 3005 ba eee ea eeeeeee eECOU bare ac oe cine < cisee oc einn cote wall sw ccs 700 35 700 35) |-c.0ecw ce |beeeeee Wall-eyed pike -....--.! 12, 260 O50u|beeseeeeealaecerer 12, 260 9508/2 coe ncpeeclaaeeeees AWalhitefish: s-s-e tose 1, 500 COT)" |; SRE See Sclisapcscac 1, 500 902 es on cele eee Othervish -23-202s452- 3, 500 iM AlssSencencd lbocEsace 3, 500 105 12, 700 503 Motalteo.ce set ose 526, 392 | 19, 034 78, 594 2, 297 604, 986 21, 331 55, 000 2, 750 Grand total.....--. 1, 734,174 | 61,447 |2, 129, 625 | 47,139 3,863,799 |108, 586 |G, 816, 501 | 113, 084 Ohio. Apparatus and species. Ashtabula. Lake. Cuyahoga. Lorain. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. Pound nets and trap nets: iBlaclsibassy-sssse << -- 5, 600 shoe? 4,500 $270 1, 020 $60 960 $50 ‘Bluespiuke@=a a= ejci in 110, 100 2, 650 242,000 | 3,990 334, 230 4,788 310, 050 4, 073 Gattis hte ore ecs c= 28, 800 710 | 31,500 875 | 11,000} 220 7, 200 144 SHORE PY. coeseeeeecie -e 71, 500 775 | 514, 500 5, 280 |1, 036, 800 | 12,500 |1, 658, 240 16, 650 Berchy =. sae sle ct aicisicyee 14, 300 185 26, 000 285 33, 000 330 71, 000 570 SAUCCISi sees ore cee elec cess |e emcee 23, 500 205 147, 500 1, 150 161, 120 1, 450 Sites comes s-seecss ee 8, 100 270 IV GBH 465 8, 400 280 20, 700 690 Wall-eyed pike -.....--. 2, 000 90 4, 800 192 17, 220 812 66, 030 2, 902 Mahitetish: 2.22254 22. 12, 800 545 45, 500 2, 085 72, 250 3, 600 51, 620 2,490 Otherhish eos. =ciaesa-e 24, 500 290 | 42,500 300 62, 000 620 55, 410 510 Moialeaeettee se 277,700 | 5,820 | 952,335 | 13,902 |1. 723, 240 | 24, 360 |2, 402, 330 | 29, 529 Gill nets: IBlnepiKOcc. seer ne.- 119. 500 4,175 152, 750 2, 681 304, 091 4,979 71, 000 980 Herrin gyeeeet acess a 584, 000 5, 705 922, 187 9, 100 963, sb 11, 108 267, 000 2,710 (Percha: tse cnscee meas | 11,090 221 35, 685 534 98, 072 1225 69, 000 660 SAUPEESc ees oe aeeeee sees | Jeetigscena| Boaeaond ses eoneso |ososaSéc a 546 46 13, 500 130 Walley edipik@sss cee nosse asc e |e ene s ce 4, 062 162 16, 818 803 3, 000 120 Wihttetishiacseceee sens 20, 250 900 b, 460 317 31, 728 1,589 ||:-<- 2222s Roeneeee Other fish;>s-22-ose2-e- | 2,410 49 Talo 108 99, 200 1, 128 5, 550 85 otal 5, acdsee 817, 250 | 11,050 |1, 128, 359 | 12,902 |1,518,091 | 20,874 | 429,000 | 4, 685 | ——e = ——— re ee Lines, spears, and grap- nels: Catfish: t2sscc8.caeree ae 137,500 | 2, 450_ 73, 000 1, 870 |.-----.---|--------|-----2-22-|e------- = | = | _—__—_____. Grand total......-. |1, 212, 450 | 19, 320° 2, 153, 694 28, 674 |3, 241,511 | 45, 234 |2, 831,330 | 34,214 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 435 Table showing by counties, apparatus, and species the yield of the shore fisheries of Lake Erie—Continued. Ohio. Apparatus and species. Erie. Ottawa. Lucas. Total. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. |Value.| Pounds. | Value. Pound netsand trap nets: Wipckolass) see --4--se0 44,758 | $2, 247 20, 000 | $1, 000 4,500 | $270 81,338 | $4, 202 Blue pike. .-.-------.- 529,128 EEE RES eR Renee emecnocd ce seb era pote e as 1, 525, 508 | 21,983 (OIL ee Rae acne 85,882 | 2, 237 70, 000 1, 750 60, 000 | 1,500 294, 382 7,436 Herring .....-.-------| 13, 960, 643 |135,955 | 580, 000 4,350 | 990,000 | 7,425 |18, 811, 683 | 182, 935 Vy ey ee es 758, 710 4,128 95, 000 550 135, 000 675 | 1,133,010 6, 723 Hausers ----.-.----=-- 1, 644, 792 | 15, 010 410, 000 4,100 540, 000 | 5,400 | 2,926,912 | 27,315 Sturgeon .--..-------- 139, 758 6, 436 24, 000 480 12, 000 240 230, 493 8, 861 Wall-eyed pike.--...-.- 575, 106 | 23, 787 150, 000 6, 000 270, 000 |10, 800 | 1,085,156 | 44, 583 MWPILOHSN S-.----c5- ¢ 461, 664 | 23, 253 34, 000 1,475 40,000 | 2,000 717, 834 35, 398 Other fish ------------| 275,319 | 2,276 | 140, 000 700 | 176,000 | 1,010 775, 729 5, 706 i= _—— — SS SS eS ES Se | = Mots aes Seon. 18, 475, 760 |221, 806 |1, 528, 000 | 20,405 |2, 227,500 |29, 320 |27, 582, 045 | 345, 142 Gill nets: PTE eccane al Diyos ee ge seste eas |esagsbscs4| BAe deer pespeeosed borsosed Popsesdscd bchoord Saasecscaos)| bsss-'-c Blne pikeseae-s- esses 4, 000 56, 670 970, 671 | 18,365 CBE teed ecdh coded boneticos: Jihsabescs! SAAS pee ses Bact Ac) PROS SanSS Pee ees Booce Seo etaGacicc Hern == 2c === - =~ 9, 755 663, 300 4,314,443 | 45, 301 ONC been nc os = . -sa2--/--- 42,085 | 2,104 40, 000 82, O85 4, 504 Gabe. co. ~~~ eK 236, 250 4, 620 90, 000 346, 250 6, 920 IPGLO DE peepee asc ss n.nn 238. 670 1, 790 20, 0L0 283, 670 2, 240 SHG W) Sepp oaccee ses 338, 655 3, 150 12, 200 360, 855 3, 816 Wall-eyed pike-.....- 291, 860 | 14, 220 17, 800 315, 160 16, 229 (Opie i) eee eee 926,925 | 6,550 | 40, 000 1, 006, 925 7,150 Pintaliseeccss see ee eee renee eer 8, 400 425 49, 960 3, 185 RIN ROLIS heme teats «2c cic, Leper eee tee Oe tte | ne ease al Rh See 1, 500 90 OMthertishysssecte nace oe sos oa clek see tee = cee etee ee eons Ue penne | sectencemias 16, 200 608 GUT EL oA SU Saas Sige Boo cen en ee areeee Bones eae 103, 400 3,200 | 1,578, 186 48, 901 Miscellaneous: ERT PLES FAN GyERO PS eter erm etaso re lelm rnin ole wlio ltalelateiavate ate ante ieee eine 1,000 |..-.---.---- 4, 074 Grand totaleneeaee tetas ences o. ccouene cee eee | 2,412,400] 39,380 | 50,771,592 | 779, 616 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 437 Canadian fisheries of Lake Erie controlled by Sandusky dealers—The growing demand for fishery products, and the failure of the American fisheries to supply all the fish required for the trade of the Sandusky dealers, has, during the past ten years, led to an extension of the opera- tions of the Sandusky fishermen into Canadian waters. Several firms now control important pound-net fisheries on the northern shore of Lake Erie. Over 100 pound nets are there employed, and 3 steamers are engaged in transporting the catch to Sandusky. Herring constitutes more than two-thirds of the weight and over one-half the value of the yield. The following tables relate to these fisheries: Persons employed. Number. How engaged. SS 1890. | 1891. Ln HSIN (OG DE eh so he Soc OREO OSH IOE DE Se BE DBO BTIRE COS AAS e ESR ESSE SESeCEE coe CeOSS 130 132 Rmeg Wectincavessels) aaa eer a aeee eases aaan eae as sae ann nan aN oe een saean seeeee eee 26 26 SUTAL capScn6Scencise sacbtocnodce So sococn pe HS SHS Hie cb Cosa BeaEUEtD EHS Se Hanne cates 156 158 Vessels, boats, apparatus, etc., employed. 1890. 1891. Items. _——— ee Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. MLCRINOLA teem clon c Sac aa emoma ase leeeee es oes Secu kecoetianc ste 3 $56, 000 3 $36, 000 IS OAUR eee seiee so nes clean ae = aa cee ens amce Cun eaulesaaslda cena. 68 9, 030 70 9, 300 i ecmuersierrra cts sa! 2 Sato oe amos, nucle alaam cmc amelie aicete 28 5, 035 29 5, 210 OMI Lesa te esto oe) a Shoes a ene oh asia ws Mae becat eleScke s 109 34, 960 111 35, 650 HONS PLOHOLD Vaeera nn esac cmos scab nisls,ccine ein sisoecsaionsalloaccaestue 1 PAU eadecacacs 1, 200 EOUalnesn se ctincnescmatasece nas sccncnaeat saae assess ssucwalaseecameec 8G) 2208 | fans se 87, 360 Products in 1890. Species. Pounds. Value. Wi Leti sh eeeece cet ee otc sot eee te tints Mle cdcwecctooset diese 117, 010 $5, 850 Herri ing aed Ne Ne eae NN ee errata a eer ren alataatad inion a nlaieteuin arate w atetate 2, 492, 667 21,659 SPEC Ries tere me Pe setae = eae ce noe eI a ae eden eRe 142, 185 5, 686 MaDSOLUMAIN Wrist neta cata yar eo laws admit wane babae canes -2eeceoostueet 106, 330 1, 020 ESTO iene ee eee Sere te eae fede eke Le aint ae hye ak eee 142, 040 722 TELE G Fe) fee ee Rae en pe ee ge Sie et A cee oe el ee Se eee ee ae 55, 215 8, 540 £0 ETB eects evel Pete ere ree oe on See es erate bea bein enw aed acian Solo aeteBS 19, 420 485 UML Pe Olkaas a aa sore te co ose hs atade ethics bceae cate bebeoccsuccecwecscbeeds 23, 400 1, 560 aL Oly eaten ac de caeaa eae Samo ae ea een on cis acne acenacuseonsensetee 3, 098, 267 40, 522 The yield of these fisheries during the ten years ending in 1890 is Shown in the following table. It appears that during1887, 1888, and 1889 the output was larger than in any other years. The figures are from the official eustoms-house records, and show separately the fish brought in free and those subject to a duty. ~ 438 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Fish imported at Sandusky, Ohio, from 1881 to 1890, iaken in fisheries on the Canadian side of Lake Erie controlled by Sandusky dealers. Tree of duty. Dutiable. Total. Years. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1,113,647 | $16, 4938 18, 486 $535 1, 127, 133 $17, 028 1, 288, 831 20, 201 194, 981 5, 721 1, 483, 812 25, 922 1, 024, 100 20, 446 859, 536 11,763 | 1,883 ; , 636 32, 209 1, 010, 289 18, 637 722, 504 6, 517 i 732, 793 25, 154 1, 962,521 | 19, 088 60, 547 8,191 | 2,023, 068 27, 279 927,027 | 12, 948 346, 779 2,267 | 1,278, 806 15, 215 3,024,984 | 37,211 | 1,109,441] 12,094] 4,134,425 49, 305 4,609,155 | 54,539 912,186 | 13,577 | 5,521,341 68, 116 5,135,152 | 46,428 796. 456 9,463 | 5,931,608 55, 891 2,204, 463 | 27, 698 893,804 | 12,824 | 3,098, 267 40, 522 Tovalimeer sce eace m= a= = 22,300,169 | 273,689 | 5,909, 720 82,952 | 28, 209, 889 356, 641 Notes on the fish trade of Ohio.—At Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, Port Clinton, and other places in Ohio important wholesale trade in fish is carried on. The business is larger than in any other State bordering on the lakes. While most of the supply comes from Lake Erie, important consignments are also, received from the other lakes. The following table is a detailed exhibition of the extent of the wholesale fish trade of Ohio in 1890. The number of persons engaged in connection with the receipt, preparation, and sale of the fish was over 800; the capital devoted to the industry amounted to over $830,000 exclusive of collecting vessels and other property properly included under the statistics for the fishery; the quantity of fish handled was over 46,000,000 pounds, having a value of more than $1,490,000. Table showing by counties the wholesale fish trade of Ohio in 1890. Itoms. ag Erie. | Lake. | Lorain.| Lucas. | Ottawa.| Total. oa. Number of establishments. ----- 12 23 3 2 7 4 2 Bil Number of persons employed. -. $9 301 10 9 208 186 813 Value of property ..-..-....-.-. $104, 500) $265,900) $9,850) $9, 000). $74, 000) $68,500, $531, 750 Gashecapitaleere- ose. eeres eee $70, v0) $199, 000} $10,000) $6,000, $9,000 $8,000) $302, 000 Fish handled in wholesale trade: | Mreshiseee-t feces sas cee Ibs- .|8, 722, 2 701 14, 034, 145]1, 512,550; 850, 823)2, 234, 000/1, 612, 000} 23, 965, 788 WoliGschanonecesosecessenees $125. 470} sae 27,050} $40,487) $21, 289) $92,710) $74, 560! $781, 566 PNOZ EN Se wiss Seiecelesieses lbs. -/1, 647, 000] 7, 986, 643)......... 13 Sclerosis )2, 031, 000) 887, 000} 12, 551, 643 Waluene atc cischovosee eros $56, 005} “9 FLO WABGI ER Se een Sees eee $76, 630| $34,030] $437, 151 Saltedeeeecmocceacceesce sis Ibs. -|2, 641, 000! 3, 734, 218) 603, 000 740,000! 400,000} 894,000) 8, 512, 218 WANS coe Bee R Oe Seaman $67,590] $100, 109] $19,875} $23, 950] $10,000, $10,830] $232, 824 SMOme dec sce cic Seeciniceicer Ibs.-.| 128, 000 272, 800 EU Gemoeassc 52, 500|.-.------ 462, 800 Via TOME REe eee cosnacee $10, 800} $20,860}. $1, 140|......--. $2.200|- se aeee ne $35, 000 Total quantity handicd, | | POUNDS ete pees saeceeeees 8, 138, 276/26, 027, 85€}2, 125, 650:1, 590, 823)4, 717, 500)2, 393, 000) 45, 492, 449 AV ENIIG= 3 SaaS nBEepOnOSaae $259, 865} $818,505! $61,502! $45, 239] $181, 540] $119, 420) $1, 486, 071 Fish utilized in canning---.-lbs-..|.--.--.-- 5208000) naeeece ae cee mecee eee eR irae Cor 520, 000 Vial erp side cee. ee este = bil| n= ciemcieals $5) 850/525. c28s|beeteemes ee es ee aceorc $5, 850 One-pound cans prepared...---|.--..---- DAD O00 Preece eee teers | erento ealeteeietetsioete 140, 000 WalG St face een teach scsae-|' omit aye $8..200|b So cece tl eon pec ciinsse aS 222 Sasee este $8, 200 Two-pound cans prepared.....|---.----- 368000|32 =.= 2 52 |aoo ema oes ost eel one menos 36, G00 Vialite: Sete steerer eee sts als -clecticce SE) Me ee Berns ane Ss onceme beccopeod $3, 240 Secondary products prepared: | Caviar ne e2sb esos sere ee Ibs. 1, 700} 56, 100 B00 Eee erasce 31, 000 1, 100 96, 600 Wialtlecccnes. coescceceemee ss. $375| $11,260 $64 Saas s $10,850) . $330 $23, 989 Sin Classes o-cecisiesce so Ibs esl eee sce 5- 1, 500 GOW. 2 eekes 600 20 2, 180 Vial 6 fice eee ee [eee oe $2, 250 GOI Ames eee $900 $30 $3, 270 OFS oscesidacsocoodcccas NGS |S sea eeod bSpbond=os| sSncesann|baaoasc0t 400 50 450 Wb tea Gagoed Geom oO oah6 scl aacocdoba|loaneadanad |seaoonssdhooocdacc $100 $13 — $113 Nore.—In Ashtabula County, 3,600 pounds of caviar, valued at $520, were prepared. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 439 Sandusky has the distinction of maintaining the largest trade in fresh-water fish of any city in the country. Most of the trade shown for Erie County in the preceding table represents the fish business of that city. The following special statistics relating to the salt-fish and frozen-fish trade of that place are more detailed than those contained in the previous table for the entire State of Ohio: Statistics of the salt fish handled in the wholesale trade of Sandusky, Ohio, in 1890. Trade names. Pounds. Value. -Stci aae | Aaa Se? oh tL ORE | ORE oe CPC eRe | 1,336,756 | $33, 297 MOTT J STR Rae FS) RE a a ie ae ASS OR Epes 5 Pe ee et ae Se bree ee 6, 130 398 MCISCOPN-a(nerrns Split belly)! 2222 < sac so ewcrs- gobs ste one sercawese set eccies 314, 352 7,504 *“Hamily whitefish” or ‘‘ No. 2 whitefish” (large herring)............--.---.... 316, 650 12, 786 PCIE CK ONGI gs ecto ne S55. ob cin looca cen sides Joe ae eat Sane yore en decilgete carats 16, 105 235 Be NOwe DIGKErelirn (SRUSCTSNOUC.) 22s =. 9 Sac gcencan cose as oe sesame necs teense s 220, 035 5, 107 Be BEIT DICKONGl vs (D LAGI PIKG) 2. case ss- cleo ls% «oc seeieie ls sb cete ose e eee scene apes 45, 540 1, 456 ~CRSE ELS SSHRC) Fer SSB) ea ee 75, 764 1, 490 MIRANITIGUAC OLIN ate Seek einoeia Sete terete = os a a.ta septa Seo ale ele Saacteap awe meb ee 570 40 OGM gation ora tlas ees amare a ht aa setins sat Shoe ant Maccenesbicse sects 2, 331, 902 62, 313 Statistics of the fish frozen by Sandusky wholesale dealers in 1890. Species. | Pounds. Value. Whitefish. 162, 487 $12, 832 Herring. . 5, 194, 487 155, 306 Blue pike - : A 56, 005 2, 785 RSTO RN cee ee air ca aCe eine ctow Salas Sete mee wine Ses Sate Ane Ree alee os eee ae 151, 366 4, 539 WIRE RES ie cas oe ania oa saw ee Seana Sa cet ae cee eee se aoc ann Seba ete s 6, 742 270 PRED ee tee a eas canis conc aanes sass Jasenins sate Sees ae Rehr! Or oc 62, 994 1, 549 LSERSYTL, Gia e icy (2 Dis eae SS ee SP Oe ee ee to oa ee FS ne meee ee rae 12, 583 316 MRO ME NICOUN ea NAO teIS Disa ac caine hcciec ahs) ote aioe: aoe eos eae alaleee Saw ceteaiae 13, 726 1, 094 TUE a Seco eae I RO Fis Ered rs WR A RR eh be mr 5, 660, 390 178, 691 440 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LAKE ONTARIO.* General importance of the fisheries —The present relative unimport- ance of the fisheries of this lake, as compared with the extent of the industry in other lakes, is coexistent with a decrease since 1880 in two of the most important fishes that has been unparalleled in the history of the jake fisheries. The scarcity of fishes that were formerly abun- dant and the possibility of further reduction in the fish supply have drawn to the fisheries of Lake Ontario more attention than has been accorded to the industry in any other lake except Lake Erie, and have resulted in a very extensive movement on the part of legislators, sportsmen, fish-culturists, and the general public, having for its object the preservation and increase of the valuable fishery resources of the lake. While a few persons express the opinion that there has been no actual diminution in the abundance of fish life, and that the small yield is due to natural causes, there seems little ground for doubt that the lake has been overfished, that some of the best fishes have not had proper protection during the spawning period, and that artificial propa- gation has not been resorted to on a sufficiently large scale to offset or overcome the depletion caused by man. The previous abundance of fish in the lake shows that the waters are capable of sustaining much more important fishing than-has been carried on for 4 number of years. While it is possible that the vast quantities of alewives now found in the lake may affect in some indirect way the growth of young fish and the increase in the numbers of mar- ketable fish, it is extremely improbable that the natural conditions have undergone any marked changes that militate against the renewal of fisheries of as great extent as have ever existed. The U.S. Com- missioner of Fish and Fisheries has stated that “it is not only possi- ble, it is entirely practicable, to restore and maintain these fisheries by adequate resort to means and agencies entirely within our control”— the ‘‘means and agencies” consisting of the application of well-known fish-cultural principles, which, under similar conditions in other waters, have been satisfactorily applied. The principal fishing centers in this lake are Cape Vincent, Sacketts Harbor, Oswego, and Wilson. Much the largest fishing interests are located in Jefferson County, which oceupies the eastern part of the lake and inciudes most of the important fishing-grounds. Oswego County, which joins Jefferson on the west, and Niagara County, at the extreme western limit of the State, also have relatively valuable fish- eries. In the remaining counties of Caynga, Wayne, Monroe, and Orleans, however, the fisheries are of slight extent. *A report on the fisheries of this lake, prepared by the present writer, has already appeared in the Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1890. It contains some information that it is not necessary to incorporate in this article, and may be consulted by those especially interested in the fisheries of this lake. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 441 Notes on the commercial fishes—The fish now of greatest economic value in Lake Ontario does not occupy a corresponding rank in any other lake, although of great prominence in other parts of the Great Lakes basin; this is the wall-eyed pike, locally known also as the pick- erel and yellow pike. Its relative as well as its actual importance has greatly increased of late years, owing to the scarcity of whitefish and trout, which requires the fishermen to take other fish in order to make their business remunerative. The fish is always in demand, at higher prices than are commanded by any other fishes, and throughout the eastern end of the lake its abundance determines the financial success of the fishermen. Fishermen who formerly sought only whitefish and trout, now confine their attention to the wall-eyed pike, and it is of the utmost consequence to the fishing interests that the supply of this fish be maintained. Fortunately the spawning season is such as to insure the almost uninterrupted completion of the reproductive function before the opening of the fishing operations. The fish spends the winter in the deeper parts of the lake. In April it appears in the inshore waters and then and there undergoes the spawning process. In early summer it frequents the shoals in the lake, where the principal part of the catch is taken; and on the approach of cold weather it again retires to the deep water. The fish subsist in large part on the alewive (Clupea pseudoharengus) and are reported to have increased in size as the result of the abundant food furnished by the presence of that exotic species. The fish is taken chiefly in the trap nets set in the eastern part of the lake. In Jefferson County, where most of the traps are owned, it con- stitutes one-third the total quantity of the catch, and yields three-fifths the income of the fishermen. Small numbers are taken with gill nets, seines, and lines. The average weight of the fish is 4 pounds and the maximum about 14 pounds. The subspecies of the wall-eyed pike, generally known as the blue pike, which is a prominent fishin Lake Erie, is not very common in this lake. In 1891, however, it was found im very large numbers in the vicinity of Oswego, attaining greater abundance than at any pre- vious time in many years. The other species of pike perch, the sauger, which is also a conspicuous factor in the fisheries of the adjoining lake, does not occur in commercial abundance in Lake Ontario. The sturgeon, which occupies the second position in this lake, is like- wise far from having the same relative importance in other parts of the lake region. While the fish is manifestly scarcer than formerly, the present supply is about the same as in 1880, owing to the increased efforts made by the fishermen to keep up the output as a result of steady demand and good prices. It is taken chiefly with gill nets and set lines, and is most abundant in the eastern end of the lake, although considerable quantities are also taken on set lines in Niagara and Orleans counties, which occupy the western shore line. Three species of whitefishes have commercial importance in this lake, The common whitelish has been of late years so scarce that it has had 442 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. little economie value, although less than ten years ago it was the principal fish taken. The decrease in the catch in a single decade was over 86 per cent, a change that is without precedent in any other lake. The fish is now taken almost wholly in Jefferson County. The grounds chiefly resorted to are Charity Shoal and the vicinity of the Duck Islands. These islands are in Canada, and support the most extensive whitefish fishery now carried on in the lake. The scarcity of whitefish on the American side of the lake is not without precedent, although the length of the period of scarcity is greater than ever before recorded. The lake herring or cisco is abundant in this lake, although it is much less plentiful than formerly. The largest quanti- ties are now taken in Jefferson County in gill nets. In fall and winter the fish resort to the shore for the purpose of spawning, and if is then that the principal fishing is done. Since the longjaw or bloater whitefish became prominent in the fisheries of this lake, the cisco has occupied a gradually diminishing importance, and in some places where it was formerly the principal fish it is now taken in only one-tenth the quantity that the longjaw is. The latter, known also by the names bloater, ciscoette, silver whitefish, etc., is now the most abundant whitefish inhabiting the lake. It frequents the deepest water and is taken only in gill nets. The lake trout deserves mention not because of its present impor- tance, but because of its former abundance and marked decrease. In 1880 it was, next to the whitefish, the most prominent fish of this lake; now it has less value than any fish of sufficient importance to be separately designated in the accompanying statistical tables. The decrease since 1880 has been even more pronounced than in the case of the whitefish, amounting to nearly 93 per cent. In many places in which trout were formerly taken in large quantities they are now rarely observed. The decline of the trout, coincident with that of the whitefish, and the apparent supplanting of these fish by others respec- tively similar in habits—the wall-eyed pike and the long-jaw whitefish— constitute the most prominent features of this lake and demand careful consideration. While some fishermen think the decrease in the abun- dance of these fish has been only apparent, as shown by thelarge catches made on the Canadian side of the lake, the most plausible explana- tion seems to be that the fish have not had any protection immediately prior to and during the spawning season, and that the fish-cultural operations undertaken have not been sufficiently extensive to overcome the destruction of eggs and breeding fish. Among other fishes of the lake of some commercial value, but not worthy of separate discussion, are, in order of importance, catfish, eels, pike, yellow perch, suckers, and black bass. Notes on apparatus and methods.—The fishing apparatus in this lake which represents the largest investment is the trap net, which is prac- tically restricted to Jefferson County at the eastern end of the lake. The trap net here used is similar in construction to the one in common FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 443 use in the southern New England States. It is smaller than the ordi- nary lake pound net, is held in position by means of weights and buoys instead of poles, and the escape of the fish from the bowl is prevented by a top of netting. The use of trap nets is more extensive in this lake than in any other member of the lake system. The explanation is that the stony char- acter of the bottom in the most favorable fishing regions prevents or makes difficult the driving of pound-net poles, and that legal enact- ments have prohibited the setting of such apparatus in the inshore waters in most places. The important advantages which the trap net has over the pound net are that it may be readily moved from place to place to correspond with the movements of the fish, and that an entire net may be taken ashore from time to time, repaired, cleaned, and dried. It is comparatively inexpensive, and individual fishermen can afford to operate as many as 8 or 10 at one time. It is set on the bottom in water from 10 to 25 feet deep, and is drawn daily or less frequently, according to the abun- dance of fish, the condition of the weather, state of the market, ete. It is well adapted to the capture of whitefish, lake trout, sturgeon, perch, suckers, and wall-eyed pike. More trout and wall-eyed pike are thus taken than with all other appliances combined. A form of trap with a finer mesh, known as an eel trap, is used in some numbers for eels, which are thus caught in larger quantities than with any other apparatus except fyke nets. A few pound nets are operated by fishermen of Three-Mile Bay, Black River Bay, and Sacketts Harbor, about a dozen nets being used annually in recent years. They are of small size, and are set close inshore, catching herring and other fish that resort to the shores. Gill nets rank next to trapsin value and surpass them in the quantity and value of the catch. They are generally used throughout the lake, but are most extensively employed in Jefferson and Niagara counties. Whitefish and trout gill nets have a 3-inch mesh; 20 or 22 rods of rigged netting represent 1 pound of twine. The usual complement of a boat in the eastern part of the lake, where most of the whitefish and trout are caught, is 100 to 600 rods. Herring and long-jaw gill nets have 13-inch mesh; when ready for fishing 1 pound makes 14 to 20 rods of netting. The price of a fully rigged net ranges from $4 to $6 per pound, depending on various circumstances. In the important long-jaw fisheries of Niagara County each gill-net boat employs about 50 pounds of netting in a season, about 12 pounds being in the water at one time. These nets, fitted for deep-water fishing, cost $6 per pound when fully rigged. In the eastern end of the lake the quantity of netting used by a boat varies from 100 to 600 rods, the average being about 300 rods. The gill nets fished for sturgeon have a 6-inch mesh, bar measure; 1 pound of the twine makes a net about 120 feet long. In some places only 9 to 12 pounds are fished by a single boat, but in the eastern end of the lake the sturgeon nets are very long, single boat crews operating several hundred rods of netting. 444 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. The principal fish taken in gill nets are lake herring, long-jaw white- fish, and sturgeon, all of which are thus caught in larger quantities than with any other kind of apparatus. The gill-net catch of black bass and whitefish is also larger than by other means. Fyke nets are the most important of the remaining forms of apparatus employed in this lake. In the eastern part of the lake they are, to a great extent, operated by trap-net fishermen, and in other sections of the lake very few nets are used by men not engaged in other fisheries. Fykes are mostly set for catfish, which constitute nearly half the catch, the other fish of importance being pike, pike perch, eels, and suckers. Trawl lines are sparingly used at a number of places, but are not an important means of capture. They take chiefly sturgeon. Seines and dip nets, which complete the list of apparatus, are unimportant and capture mostly suckers. Fishing-grounds,—The grounds resorted to by the gill-net fishermen of this lake extend 10 miles offshore. Whitefish and trout are taken mostly in deeper water, but lake herring, sturgeon, and pike are caught chiefly in the inshore waters. The fishery for the long-jaw whitefish, which is most extensive in the western counties of the lake, is carried on in deep water at a distance of 5 to 10 miles from shore. Trap nets are operated only in the eastern part of the lake, being set principally in the vicinity of Charity Shoal and around the islands which are favorite resorts for the whitefish, trout, and pike perch. Fyke nets are fished in the numerous bays, ponds, and creeks along the shores of the lake where catfish, eels, perch, pike, and suckers, to the capture of which the fyke net is especially adapted, naturally resort. The principal fyke-net grounds are in Jefferson and Oswego counties. The set-line fishing-grounds for sturgeon are chiefly in Jefferson and Oswego counties, in the eastern part of the lake, and in Monroe, Orleans, and Niagara counties, in the western part. In addition to the suckers taken incidentally in trap and fyke nets, there is a special fishery for them with dipnets and small seines in creeks in Niagara County, to which the fish resort in the early spring for the purpose of spawning. Statistics of the jisheries.—The following series of tables illustrates the extent of the various phases of the fishing industry in Lake Ontario. The tables relate to persons employed, apparatus, boats, and vessels used, and quantity and value of the catch, the figures being by counties. Table showing by counties the number of persons employed in the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1890. : In vessel | In shore On Counties. fisheries. | fisheries. shore. Total. Jefferson 4 152 16 172 Oswego 5 53 4 62 Cayuga 2 11 15 ANAENA1CP aopm cue SE At COIS a RSE EH Om acs OAaT SCO COM MeO E OEE SEHis! Barn sscroe Cae’ ‘Wogencodas 41 BNTIOTIT OC Wee cece oe ea Ne lee oe em cle seine ckctee see Ade coerce cies 28) te Ale eelec osc 28 Orlearis asa SE ice ce alae eee ee coat cia atnbiee es wekell Nea aemecteee 14 2 tere cite 17 INASP ANA Sessa nce wince n see cae eamete ses esee ae testcase |tce eee GE lboopascude 54 Total 11 356 22 389 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 445 Table showing by counties the vessels, boats, apparaius, and capital employed in the fish- eries of Lake Ontario in 1890. Jefferson. Oswego. Cayuga. Wayne. Designation. No. Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value. Vessels, with outfits.......-.--- $5, 880 1 | $3, 300 1 $405 "| 5.220 421 BS eee eats Meee sane kee FESS 202 | 15, 700 48 | 1,390 13 595 54| $2,245 Apparatus of capture: GallmGis=—S- ss esac = eet 696,425 | 10,911 | 57,180 792 | 18,315 296 | 66,591 935 Pound nets and traps. ---.--. Ps ih ||MO BY, eee wel we Ae LS eee 2 122 Wyike NES) — sane se ~ 458 | 6,850 140 | 2,100 26 315 39 365 SGHAGI SERS Aa Ge pane meceoereee 3 60 | 4 PROM feecatetatatata| ejeniatotatatete 2 60 HOwlNesesaee a eee ales feet: . 17, 182 35 | 37, 200 UD \icsoobecellbsooce ss 1, 210 4 Miscellaneous apparatus .-.-.|...---.--- | 45 || Peeiaeere Ag ecm ee Stes | are ree Shore pLoneluy case ies som cance eile enete se oS SSe2) Weenasons BS980N eS eh -.- - 260; |S sete 1, 525 (CRYsIn Migs Ses eee seececnes||poetocmcce | IPB CEN poseesee Gee soe seca sos) oedatindlisrasscd= DUN IE eee Sep ecseboodoese = sel leasehocedsc | 95;208)|2--s 3-2 DONO eae meta Ney Ml So oade 5, 256 Monroe. Orleans. Niagara. Total. Designation. a No. Value.| No. Value.| No Value No. Value. DWOSSe Isaiah! OUGNLS=-secceacen elec ci -+|-- -- =e Janeeec--|----222- 3 | $9,585 imine See aeeebasossce BOnCEE Cree 20 $472 11 $305 373 | 21,577 Apparatus of capture: Gillinetse: --.--ce.e 28 feet..| 42, 240 434 | 76,395 | 1,775 1,103,945} 18, 110 omne nets ANCutraps) sas — i oe lee = ome nein se alent ese |= elm rein =i 288 | 24,577 LE 2 ELS eee eee seas eeeecenee 21 USPA | o5osSaco|pasecess 684 9, 822 SINES) Cee ccdeossetesaasccsede 4 AS eters Serna eat 27 656 Setilines 22-22-22. Ihe) ee ee See SE eee 59, 200 296 139, 632 490 Miscellaneous apparatus... .|.--..---|.<--==--|-----<-2|--2--5--]-----2-06|- 2 eee -|--cceenae 49 SUN Se) DRO SE Seon sco nodes bocore! pooseooe ee Sees ose io beocese see) ESA coe 25, 777 (ChAT GET Sas nae Secon SBonoseas beeaceco potecoce|socbenen seceecad) vaetnnerde: Gee ecocisl Ipod mo hc 12, 890 Ht rill Lake poséoSsocssopcseesesanes TTB? ococedhc PU Wes ee sorel|) vik ee sesec 123, 533 Table showing by counties and species the yield of the fisheries of Lake Ontario in 1890. Jefferson. | Oswego. Cayuga. Wayne. Species. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. IBla@KIDASS: t= -- 2-2 -ri- 20 5 = 11, 855 | $1, 058 6, 201 $340 2, 676 $148 3, 993 $231 O@aitinnreee set oa. ete ecto 315, 711 8, 360 108, 650 2, 173 15, 100 302 16, 030 757 LOGI Ryeccesh== SaaS pee seo See| 247, 490 8, 396 3, 600 188 910 44 2, 890 173 Herring 369, 334 | 14,199 24, 525 981 1, 600 48 26, 210 776 PETE Nee ae seta eae en = eisi's 241, 520 2, 383 79, 600 1, 765 3, 960 109 83, 985 715 Ontos sea mo oe nas 39, 950 1, 595 61, 795 38, 361 10, 370 463 15, 060 753 IPik@penCiees soc oe a= 296, 832 | 26, 955 24, 673 1, 245 8, 454 172 1, 900 76 Siti Oa 0 Sena enoeeneeseen | 374, 235 | 14,949 22, 532 Ts. 083) |arstectarore ates | trtereatete 2, 33 70 SIGANG OS SORA ES se aoe ae | 168, 820 1, 900 51, 115 935 4, 865 72 5, 410 113 A rat) 0 ee A ieeeak Se | 40,400 | 2,048 500 301 |i ciGoecuodls, ae ea tea Sacer. ele ee SWAIDOUS ES cee nce oes cee 143,771 6, 517 3, 550 711339) en es Ee, 720 72 Other she sess n eee 2 166, 540 1, 782 67, 880 1, 697 4,498 12 9, 480 124 PRO GH e ame emia 12,416,458 | 90,142 | 445, 621 | 14,011 47, 433 1, 430 118, 008 3, 860 ———_—_—- = — en ———<——— —_— — —————— ee Monroe. Orleans. Niagara. Total. Species. Paties i Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. |} Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. —| as aa iS (Pe c BIRO DREB ane esem as sms om acs 2, 800 $224 3, 000 $210 2, 567 $153 33,092 | $2,364 GRifielitee se. ose ee oo 11, 564 653 1,500 30 3, 400 169 471, 955 12, 444 BIB ete teen cenia ws terete ea eae 2, 300 LE cart ttnte dele che oe nto oaicinwinm owe ad dee 257, 190 8,913 Hert ing Pelee mates salt atcha a asa] 10, 960 438 6, 000 120 160, 349 4, 374 598, 978 20, 936 Perthivesestase cerita csecu~< 45 5 35 3, 617 116 358, 947 5, 3868 Ae I ee aoe Se en ae 315 12 129, 490 6, 284 PikeMerclives. sc. seecr- <== 4,143 281 331, 002 28, 729 MEULPCOM sews seen eas = 51,980 | 2,359] 641,752) 22,291 Suckers....... 40,630 | 1,219 | 279,170 4,578 JUV GRE SBS eee Spe a eae 110 11 41, 010 2, 089 WWaNiten Siena Soo s st eae coll couao cies oa aeaanan nekwansa NO Somer ae a cae * 598 133 7, 393 | 1,614 | 9,738 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 449 Table showing by States the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes. New York. | Pennsylvania. Ohio. Michigan. Indiana. Designation. ——_—__—____——_ No. | Value.} No. | Value.| No Value. No. | Value. | No. | Value. | Vessels fishing ------ 5 |$15, 300 14 $41, 800 16 | $61,100 | 38 | $126, 850 1} $1,206 Tonnage......--- (gE Re 97510) |S aacnee 2 189.62) |-2 52... - sy) EK bal | ee ee it il esses Onttitees- on=s5 == aman ee FASS) | afaa~ o's We a20ees aoe 8.7150 |e eos =< eee S05 a\peaa ee 420 Vessels transporting 2} 5,280 1} 2,000 19} 144, 200 8 32,500) | nooo | merece Tonnage....-.-.-. Bey: cia eee BE AGLTO: so saes oon 988080 |a-2-s-— =< 1199: OT loses desc nl cow elena Gitthtene-ssces=>-)ees—s we O0On sete 400 ete ee wD (21 ee O45. |. aaacleoacemrers Litre Bok eee See 536 | 36, 677 94 | 32,920 | 1,016 | 159,980 | 1,481 96, 076 52 3, 370 Apparatus of cap- ture, vessel fish- . eries: Gill nets...-...-.-- 1,172 | 8,790 |10,177 | 338, 532 | 7, 747 25, 842 |12, 796 95,229 | 363 1,640 Apparatus of cap- ture, shore fisher- ies: Pound nets and trap nets -...-..- 325 | 29, 427 200 | 29,270 | 1,423 | 464,180 | 1,460 | 333,950" 32 | 11,800 Gill nets..-.....- 5,755 | 44,142 |12,193 | 39, 056 |14, 621 36, 281 |16, 547 102, 443 390 2, 165 Fyke nets -....-.- 684 PREP IN DEES oe ee oa 1,110 63, 650 446 120380 |. 220) qeemeeeee SSMS. oasc-- > 32 (he eo Asc Al Barsse32 33 4, 680 58 9°.020) |..c.< 2 cloceeeeee Lines, spears, dip mete, ete. -=.---|sse<-- Qe Be ee ow oe AGO, | set Steer Ste Paes 4, 982.) cee 309 Shore property ------|------ IPAS APY (RSE 46, 700 |...-.-- 58a So Neate ses 455, 591 |..-... 645 Cash. capital .........|--:=-- 413, 890M es 5-52 50"000) |S -teees 302,000) |ss-0-—- 169) 600). Sc} scenes Motalps--s =~ 65 800 148 4, 480 221 6, 385 Seines .....222----------.--.0------ 2-0 --- 6 550 28 6, 240 6 600 Lines, spears, and dip nets....--.....----.|..------ ODM eeemisa T1000) essence 770 SHO) TONNE? Goo one Bo neUe SUSU E SSDS Sce Seaseo Poesecre IPED | eS escoc 1063082) oe see ae 208, 625 Cash capital ....-- 22.206 e202 2 een cere eee nln w noe nes enee ec aelenecceee 44,600 |........ 45, 400 AND cosinseossanccecnSbancospdosnsoodsSoasen- 83, 850 |.......- 2105 N45) Pe aecnats 408, 858 Lake Michigan. | Lake Superior. Total. Designation. No. Value No Value No Value VWGSRGIG) HAI Boca aenonenee bocacasondsesoose 26 | $78, 950 5 | $17,200 38 | $126, 850 WIRES) oa SnshshoSocancodonebsconposeaoee 382.80) |o-o- ne - = GIT6GNFeeee esses PAT Ae Ss (OWT Ro oaneaascet pasos sSS0ogeeronoscoDgegd SeEsosa5 105 6437 | Saan~ oe BHU Bee aons 19, 703 Vessels transporting. --.-.-..--.--..----.-.---- 2 PARRY |eoAcased osossoa5 ae 8 32, 800 TOTO osagosodocodsGsos 7Sgubsendossesse DPE |loassanssisy| beogoo sd lesobedsadd IEE PA | oSososese OTT nit eae boo SSS RRO nOSUUR ORE SO HE SS onsEEey | CAnacerS I G1Sh|ketosac-|sec-ceeee tees 2, 645 LED oss oconceUSbee sb goo capaeuaay seeeernEsos 605 43, 883 188 15,760 | 1,481 96, 076 Apparatus of capture, vessel fisheries: (Sr Gta eyes hoa eee score c dog S0Eno5> 10, 612 66,304 | 1, 046 15, 574 | 12, 796 95, 229 Apparatus of capture, shore fisheries: IP GUNGRN GUS ae eaeae aataldaiata(e) aieiaiseta cicisie' ale 552 | 161, 850 90 24,335 | 1,460 333, 950 Gillin ota Nee ee SO, Sa as 11,928 | 58,302] 2,737 | 26,409 | 16,547 | 102, 443 LAE) MIGHE) oom ead opcoddbososnnopor sebasdebe aS 285 4 80 446 12, 030 SENS coco aqpobs Sona deceogct GSH OOr BEOTDE 10 1,115 8 505 58 9, 010 Lines, spears, and dip nets .......--......|-----.-- Sbsil|Saaeee ee 1559) ee eeee ae 4, 982 SHARAD AN, Sones neseocupSsocochorobeastoelsscocase 88,269) |eececece SOP T65) |S ossceae 455, 591 WaAsiicaptigieeaseamcceeeco aches ce ceiae se cccasicees coos 44" 600)|-2e ese 358000) [aeons oe 169, 600 SE Spee a | Bigi16g let cases 179, 887 |.....--- 1, 460, 909 * Includes St. Clair and Detroit rivers. Table showing by lakes and species the yield of the fisheries of Michigan. Lake Erie. Lake St. Clair.* Lake Huron. Species. so . | Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. IB SSR eaeesiean ace Sone nises ein eens 9, 500 $570 9, 086 $544 29, 351 $2, 167 re ynyhi ye) Aree eee Sor 1, 160, 000 8, 700 490, 334 5, 797 2,514, 551 28, 181 IPOVOCMN So ees te ane bese s vckcte sis 130, 000 ub tes, 763, 093 10, 160 1, 817, 628 20, 792 Pike and pike perch 570, 900 14, 33 524, 669 17, 533 1, 483, 072 50, 834 Stim eOMieeraweeis societies i-6 ceciocie 33, 000 900 309, 003 7,794 365, 718 8, 924 TER OU tee eee ee ee saan ese b ce telss dl esceteidees 244,847 | 12,242 | 1,505,619 51, 042 WIILODBN on crests mame ace a Uae occas 136, 000 6, 800 238, 764 14, 753 1, 004, 094 37, 247 GH GR Sle ea com toe ace cites waite a 373, 000 6, 905 414,775 4,754 1, 336, 348 21, 880 obaltcrs se se ecu a ese 2,412,400 | 39,380 | 2,994,571 | 73,577 | 10,056,381 | 221, 067 Lake Michigan. Lake Superior. Total. Species. — Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. ARB ibe onic teeta 2 vic ocls e's ce ars 50, 050 SIS E28 |Pagec wees. wel oeecwe ce 97, 987 $5, 109 PRI oe etstemietttaate antes as almislaia ams 2, 129, 181 42,140 99, 690 $2, 619 6, 393, 756 87, 437 Perch ..... B78 sO Be ee 318, 743 | US Se Se [a | 3,029, 464 40, 380 Pike and pike perch...-........... 108, 270 3, 712 7, 980 268 | 2,689, 891 86, 677 Sine C00) soonest asec eens es ee es 732, 711 26, 292 39, 824 1, 163 1, 480, 256 45, 073 POUT esnce as dss sca cved sostae wens 4, 673, 726 175, 625 2,118, 760 70, 707 8, 542, 952 309, 616 SWIDICCLB I. Sao suet soeescenncteeawe 4, 281, 921 178, 315 2, 064, 326 80, 296 7,725, 105 $312,411 (ENGI TS. osceceu sa dowe ace deve ene 772, 580 18, 148 15, 875 615 2, 912, 578 47, 302 otal. sc0 SCO OOCCR ----| 18,062,182 | 444,313 | 4,346,455 | 155, 668 | 32, 871, 989 934, 005 *Includes St. Clair and Detroit rivers, 452 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Wisconsin.—This State has a frontage on lakes Superior and Michi- gan. those of the former. The fisheries in the latter lake are much more important than Table showing by lakes the persons employed in the fisheries of Wisconsin. How employed. On fishing vessels Inshore fisheries In fish-houses, etc Lake Lake Michigan.| Superior. Total. 118 8 126 Ti7 179 956 124 19 143 1, 019 | 206 1, 225 Table showing by lakes the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of “Wisconsin. Lake Michigan. Lake Superior. Total, Designation. No. | Value. No. | Value. No. | Value. Vessels fishing.........-.-------------------- 19 | $64,700 1 $3, 500 20 $68, 200 TN TEKH Rae Saas donecnaestgnesue cobacomaer Pt Sha Secpepesec ASSO wees genes: 261295 eee (Omni Sass bqecccobuanooo cos aobbSnoscceSu asl beeagest he ye neaee e 200 0R|Saeserses 10, 155 TED ase pon sed pau OcuoobbSo He eowe conacoIAcoS 362 23,130 | 116 7, 380 | 478 30, 510 Apparatus of capture, vessel fisheries: | Guiltietaseseenesssssee eee ea-eeeeeee ee 7, 285 36, 260 72 864 | 7,357 37, 124 Apparatus of capture, shore fisheries: | 2a UI 565 sesoseeeoees cosee eoueHpDoS 250 67, 480 | 49 9, 900 299 77, 380 Gaillmetse ses. seeecceels siecle acini i= 9, 673 48,118 | 1, 696 16, 399 | 11, 369 64, 517 IRS ONELS) cioreie sal a arate ew me wee a ce)olw ele fmicie ni 723 1, 031 5 335 728 11, 366 Sit) 5458 dee ees aoasg saroceessreerecec 17 1, 985 11 450 28 2, 435 ines and spears: 22. 2-2 eee - ama «eon =a GO Ta leereie inter HAO M Premera 1, 207 Shorenpropenbyies-maelieccen eee eee eee ea le ersinleeiele OT G30" ecm 7, AAD | oar eal erete 115, v80 Cash Capital (2 -<- cacicios «<=, -terere= =<; = == == =\~!=\\1/='min'= == ~ 48, 800 |.---.-.. T4600 eect 63, 400 AI ha Seo econ SOG Une peo SCeSER IA aeeonos |acorogse 40% 961 oeoave cere (3; 438 ersieeree 481, 374 Table showing by lakes and species the yield of the fisheries of Wisconsin. Lake Michigan. Lake Superior. Total. Species. == = Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Value. BIG) sets acereoebosedd sboaneDsUnSpe 87, 696 py BSD) lkadSastades! bescioagsce 87, 696 $4, 379 Herring .-.--..-----------------=- 3, 704, 118 55, 607 94, 102 $1,895 | 3, 798, 220 57, 502 JRGKO Nee apes eS eee soe soBeSocnaaS 1, 008, 137 Pal ANS} Gees cegacas=|lsoaosesese 1, 008, 137 21, 195 Pikeland pickerels. -<~2-52 sm =< 462, 751 18, 275 18, 382 866 481, 133 19, 141 Sturgeon -.----.-------+---------- 126, 990 4, 541 7, 658 238 134, 648 4,779 TBR saoconosceagone sa ouuEeboasHe 3,464, 048 | 162,359 356, 130 12,975 | 3, 820, 178 175, 334 VWAIe LS entail aemiemise geese 1, 078, 422 41,393 | 1, 109, 245 43,074 | 2, 187, 667 84, 467 Oper Mishiee cers teicise woes ccinieees 1, 978, 0385 32, 874 598 14 | 1, 978, 633 32, 888 RO heel pee ielamcomele eicisielsieicisiar 11,910,197 | 340,623 | 1,586, 115 59, 062 | 13, 496, 312 399, 685 -—_—-- FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 453 New York.—New York maintains fisheries in lakes Erie and Ontario. The fishing population and the invested capital are much greater in Lake Erie, but the value of the catch is about the same in both. The most prominent fish in waters of Lake Erie under the jurisdiction of the State is the sturgeon, while in Lake Ontario the wall-eyed pike takes precedence. Table showing by lakes the number of persons employed in the fisheries of New York. How employed. OTST eA GERG Bile =e eo nponcon aoo6r CAR OOS Bonde Sa SebuSocesenemEacoene On transporting vessels. --.-.-- Tn shore fisheries ....---.--..... Lake To EE NOUSGS OUClaaataia= vs ate = sceeinicie cieialetaisie sie ean alee aalaincalsiiesanme = Ontario. Erie Total. 5 21 26 Gs PERE 6 356 990 1, 346 22 98 120 389 1, 109 | 1, 498 | | Table showing by lakes the apparatus and capital employed in the fisheries of New York. Lake Ontario. Lake Erie. Total. Designation. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. WGHEGINEHS DIN a2 sata am comin = ee nine sie = = al 1 $2, 800 4 | $12,500 5 $15, 300 TUTE MOR SEE Gage Ge pose ne CESeE SESE ene TBRG9F| eee eae BT5Oi | zac eeiccis se TL. SOF | cieeeeerse Ointhites se essen a sect se nen sa secese sneer FN) | paoectac Wi088e) 2 see ee 2, 488 WICSRGIS) tral S POCONO aja) 2 acme Se lao saseainia 2 DOU | eielatetetetta | niniato(oeiataiste 2 5, 280 JUS I EG) Boece cee ene paces S een =SeEe2enoee BDC TT mess eea he \55S5b6 S0|eoesensoen BYA SNE Ee oee nec COAT lec ota er a Se a eco TIGA Uist || Sea ee REA eres 1, 005 TET ee Sp mC ee 373 | 21,577 167 | 15,100] °* 540 36, 677 Apparatus of capture, vessel fisheries: Goillitiets’ <2 sees see ate eae Seat sies 50 200 | 1,122 8,590 | 1,172 8, 790 Apparatus of capture, shore fisheries: Gailllnetgee angen yee cae els eee niaisieisys crs} 2, 295 17,910; 3,460 26,232 | 5,755 44,142 Pound nets and trap nets..-....---------- ‘ f d 325 29, 427 Fyke nets j 9, 822 Selmes ---.----- 781 Lines, spears, and grapnels E 2, 069 Giller apparatuses: onense soos clans asa = 49 Ne) Sn eee 2 eR RACE Se Se SSRocaGccncase 128, 127 (CRELN Gy oe SBE Roe er ac Speting Ser teboonnd) ec soerar 413, 890 MG bal een Seca GAB ct esses Se 697, 847 Table showing by lakes and species the yield of the fisheries of New York. Lake Ontario. Lake Erie. Total. Species. == Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value, I TaOie DABS, meemsiecaane ese see ce mino 33, 092 $2, 364 15, 705 $823 48, 797 $3, 187 Catheiesece see eaeecss tae sasinne so 471, 955 12, 444 276, 975 6, 467 748, 930 18, 911 SOG pata terete ein ae bee = micatelo ot isin 257, 190 CG el Sas Soe ae ine ae Sang 257, 190 8, 913 FRGRUEN eee eaain anal openers swam ne 598, 978 20, 936 1, 807, 120 28, 431 2, 406, 098 49, 367 IEG ey noe BRS ro Une Oemer 358, 947 5, 368 48, 620 1,515 407, 567 6, 883 1 Cpe ba Ane Soke hor Pe eee pone 129, 490 5 OS dls | rtstctole toterato| 255.55 5,205.5 129, 490 6. 284 ga en Se ee SAC Oe 331, 002 28, 729 359, 027 14, 710 690, 029 43, 439 SUP COrepeees ae 5 a acer cece anna 541, 752 22, 291 1, 709, 664 60, 677 2, 251, 416 82, 968 TONG ee es eee Sek ow Peek 41, 010 2, 089 39, 420 1, 903 80, 430 3,992 Wien ace meta ocr ee ep seen eas 148, 771 6, 875 317, 850 15, 735 466, 621 22, 610 QGnGr fipitesasnae ca pce eae. eae 534, 261 8, 493 67, 140 1, 459 601, 401 9, 952 MO UO geen as fae ae ae nico mie 3, 446,448 | 124,786 | 4,641,521 | 131,720] 8, 087, 969 256, 506 454 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. IV.—COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. Perhaps the most useful purpose which the statistics now available serve is the opportunity afforded for making comparisons with 1880 and 1885. The following tables give a detailed contrast, by lakes, of the principal phases of the fishing industry in the three years named, and are self-explanatory. In view of the attention now being devoted to the fisheries of this region, such comparisons will doubtless furnish suggestive information. Comparative table showing the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1880, 1885, and 1890. Lakes 1880. | 1885. 1890 Sippel? saghodospopoesdocensusboogdaadosenesose Seat raeratetay aie aia reyatorsirstat 414 914 653 WOKS EAM SeasaeaeecousHa sya dobH Snoop aaoas Les ee ssapsoce cade coSDaconse 1,578 3, 379 2,877 LEST N55 So B eoo Soe E Oe BSOBOS Gosh ASAE DOS Red eon Sas oRoHoOobanobooueende ne 470 892 726 Sie: CIE 2A a S5 ao cecemcEaadelcer sap asa eBeBEEc asad naanunacodelodconoGodees 356 272 611 IAG Se eee ee eciae seh icine slsvet aasieiecccae om aitinicins cide cciciee nes comin cte 1, 620 4, 298 4, 482 Oni ® Soscsdisuaasa tus pEanoouTedoDeoprcdeosabsoodauedeuSTdubabnonsasead 612 600 389 WU Saad SH ecadeecca coe To DagCOnCHBDEb enor aocsacadsedsc dcadceee 5, 050 10, 355 9, 738 Comparative table showing the vessels, boats, apparatus, and other property employed in the fisheries in the Great Lakes in 1880, 1885, and 1890. Other vessels Pound nets and Steamers. and boats. trap nets. Lakes and years. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. Superior: 4 $9, 400 157 | $16, 840 43 $14, 950 15 68, 100 504 32, 635 230 67, 520 8 61, 300 320 23,975 140 34, 435 30 63, 400 806 69, 975 476 185, 425 82 | 267,600 | 1,320] 100, 726 715 253, 840 50 | 194,668 — 1,052 71, 663 844 244, 880 3 7, 000 108 13, 905 189 49, 425 10 41, 300 551 31, 646 586 113, 350 3 11, 660 414 25, 238 551 88, 515 2 3, 000 50 5,'0007 |... cc ne tleoecem ener 2 1, 150 213 6, 307 57 12, 550 4| 24,400 162 4,375 34 9, 450 9 38, 400 593 45, 480 758 233, 600 OBOE e ee ewe tinasis cee Souls dene doe cee ee met 53 178, 200 1,483 | 120, 557 1, 028 259, 785 SOO Seen aeeeee bc ceisiss sem cisacia soeeeeeesicec 56 302, 283 1, 393 217, 750 1, 893 548, 100 Ontario: SSO Re ee meee tte be is at sitios ciacleeicteibisciesice 1 3, 600 166 9, 500 34 14, 000 SBD eee tate ont ate oie caret eefete atetein/s a clalepcalereteeiwiars 2 4, 800 465 15, 648 350 19, 445 SOO Fee So Sem ene ae he tate aatcce hate s See ule tietwal 2 9,180 374 21, 982 288 24, 577 All lakes: SSO Sees cen epieser ene tana tecc ess cecsere 49 124, 800 1, 880 160, 700 1, 500 497, 400 | NE8Oaosce as cone weseeseee ee emcesciecerece ee 164 561, 160 4, 536 307, 519 2, 966 726, 490 BOO Nae ooeo sec aee Soe alee tele ane cise eee 123 603, 491 3,715 364, 983 3, 750 949, 957 | | FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. A55 Comparative table showing the vessels, boats, apparatus, and other property employed in the fisheries in the Great Lakes in 1880, 1885, and 1890—Continued. Value of | Shore prop- Gill nets. Seines. A all other} erty and | Total in- Lakes and years. ———_————; appa- | cash cap- | vestment. No. Value. | No. | Value.| ratus. ital. Superior: NSS0e cceec= agacerieGacagase 4,630 | $25, 280 32 | $2,010 $200 $12, 700 $81, 380 7, 557 78, 082 43 2, 920 1, 155 177, 521 427, 933 5, 974 63, 476 19 955 2, 763 179, 778 366, 682 24,599 | 124,740 19 | 2,040 1, 455 104, 100 551, 135 58, 516 326, 902 87 6, 950 13, 457 788, 356 1, 757, 831 40,896 | 215, 914 30 3, 400 18, 460 693, 159 1, 487, 224 3, 860 20, 600 28 5, 600 3, 500 3, 700 103, 730 3, 444 Bs Dae) lntatiata | as ees arate 23, 100 140, 620 385, 349 2, 206 21, 665 6 600 7, 155 254, 025 408, 858 180 1, 080 42 6, 000 1, 500 24, 000 40, 580 23 160 34 8, 825 3, 819 218, 270 251, 081 814 9, 418 28 6, 240 5, 580 150, 682 210, 145 5,775 22, 500 18} 2,800 8, 645 163, 675 515, 100 22, 644 75, 507 71} 8,320 72, 205 847, 564 1, 562, 138 49, 32 169, 513 44] 5,305 70,601 | 1, 502, 750 2, 816, 302 1,9 3,1 6, 000 20, 000 9 RU ome peeosor 5, 000 54, 050 4,722 23, 952 69 77 12, 627 56, 100 135, 749 2,345 18, 110 27 656 10, 361 38, 667 | 123, 533 44,544 | 214,200 | 148 | 20, 400 15, 3800 313, 175 1, 345, 975 96,906 | 539,936 | 304 | 30,192 | 126,363 | 2,228, 431 4, 520, 081 103, 800 | 498,096 | 154 | 17,236 | 109,920] 2,819, 061 5,362, 774 Comparative table showing the primary products of the fisheries of the Great Lakes in 1886, 1885 and 1890. Whitefish. Trout. Herring. | Sturgeon. | All others. Total.* Lakes and years. - Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. | Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Value. Superior: 2,257,000 | 1, 464, 750 S40 000) | Sense eer eee 60,875 | 3,816,625 | $118,370 4, 571, 947 3, 488, 177 324,680 182, 760 258, 416 8, 825, 980 291, 523 3, 213, 176 2, 613, 3878 199, 121 47, 482 42, 885 6, 115, 992 220, 968 12, 030, 400 2, 659, 450 3, 050, 400 | 3, 839, 600 1, 562, 025 23, 141, 875 668, 400 8, 682, 986 6, 481, 298 8, 312, 493 | 1, 406, 678 3, 684, 693 23, 518, 148 878, 788 5, 455, 079 8, 364, 167 6, 082, 082 946, 897 5, 586, 041 26, 434, 266 830, 465 2,700,778 | 2, 084, 500 246,800 | 204,000 | 1,969,195 | 7,205,273 | 195,277 1, 425,380 | 2,539,780 | 1,265,650] 215,500 | 6,010,860 | 11,457,170 | 276,397 1, 004,094 | 1,505,619 | 2.514.551 | 365,718 | 4,666,399 | 10,056,381 | 221, 067 ATAQID} Ices eeise. oe 250,700 | 998, £00 523,805 | 1, 850, 927 36, 273 Pat DG omen Dente ree 1,208,150} 227,780 708,740} 2,185, 795 40, 193 238, 764 244, 847 490,334 | 309,003 | 1,711,623] 2,994,571 73, 577 38, 333, 800 26,200 | 11,774,400 | 1,970,000 | 11,982,900 | 29, 087, 300 474, 880 8, 531, 855 106, 900 | 19, 354, $00 | 4,727,950 | 23,784,912 | 51,456,517 | 1,109, 096 2, 341, 451 121, 420 | 38, 868, 283 | 2,078,907 | 21,440,812 | 64, 850, 873 | 1, 000, 905 1, 064, 000 569, 700 611, 217 545, 283 849, 800 3, 640, 000 159, 700 90, 711 20, 510 403,585 | 886,974 | 1,496,686) 2, 398, 466 95, 869 148, 771 41, 010 598,978 | 641,752 | 2,115,937] 3,446,448 | 124,786 Tt dee ea 21, 463,900 | 6,804,600 | 15, 967,517 | 7,557,383 | 16,948,600 | 68, 742, 000 | 1, 652, 900 TBSD ees cows 18, 344, 004 | 12, 586, 665 | 25, 869,458 | 7,147, 642 | 35,844,307 | 99, 842, 076 | 2, 691, 866 T8090 a22. 2355 12, 401, 385 | 12, 890, 441 | 48, 753, 349 | 4,289, 759 | 35,563, 647 | 113,898,531 | 2, 471, 76B * Does not include oil, caviar, isinglass, and other secondary products. 456 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. V.—FISH PROPAGATION IN THE GREAT LAKES. Since the inception of practical fish-culture in behalf of the commer- cial fisheries of the United States, the Great Lakes have been a favorite and favorable field for the practice of artificial methods for the pres- ervation and increase of the supply, and more extensive operations have here been carried on than in any other part of the country. The fishes to which the most attention has been devoted are those caught in largest quantities and having the greatest food value, viz, the common whitefish, the lake trout or salmon trout, and the wall- eyed pike. Besides these there are others of growing importance, the artificial increase of which should be considered, chief of which is the sturgeon. The propagation of other fish besides those now cultivated is desired by fishermen and dealers of the several lakes. The increase of fishes not hitherto extensively propagated will not only be for the immediate benefit of the industry, but will indirectly inure to its advantage by diverting some attention from fishes whose abundance has been depleted and afford them an opportunity to reproduce with less molestation. In Lake Ontario the fish now most important to the fishing interests is the wall-eyed pike; the decline in the fisheries for whitefish and trout have brought this fish into great prominence, the supply is inadequate for the demand, and the increase of the fish by artificial means is earnestly sought. The growing demand for sturgeon, for both its flesh and eggs, has in several of the lakes resulted in a noticeable diminution in the abun- dance of the fish within a comparatively short time, and there seems no reason to believe that the supply will, under natural conditions and present methods, be much longer maintained in lakes Erie, St. Clair, Michigan, and, doubtiess, all the other lakes. In the foregoing pages some references have been made to the results of propagation in the different lakes. It now remains to illustrate the extent of the efforts made to replenish the lake fisheries, and to record some general observations on fish-culture in the Great Lakes. The following table represents the fish-cultural work in the Great Lakes accomplished by the U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries.to and including the year 1890-91. It shows for each lake the number of fry of each species deposited in the lake waters. FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 457 Tabl: showing the number of whitefish, lake trout, and pike-perch fry deposited in the waters of the Great Lakes by the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries from 1876 to 1891, inclusive. : 3 Lake Lake Lake Lake. Lake r Species and years. Superior. |Michigan.*| Huron. Erie.t Ontario. Total. Whitefish: Tan G adams a: ese aeese le eae Se 130/000) |to-ne-eeceen AMOUOSO00N | eeesen scenes 1, 130, 000 ASSIS Reh ee Saeco sae 5,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 2,250,000 |...-----..-- 9, 250, 000 PRD ema Sy oe Re te ty oa et 5 7,500,000 | 2,000,000} 4,750,000 | 3,500,000 | 17,750, 000 Tif a Se Rea 4, 000, 000 | 11,000, 000 | 16,000,000 | 7,000,000 | 9,000,000 | 47, 000, 000 TRG EERE eh NS aa 6, 000, 000 | 20, 000, 000 | 27,500,000 | 12,000,000 | 6,000,000 | 71, 500, 000 TT oe ee OE 4, 000, 000 | 25,000, 000 | 34,000, 000 | 25,000, 000 |.----------- 88, 000, 000 TARGUS Sake Sos ieee sco 6, 000, 000 | 29, 000, 000 | 30, 000, 000 | 15,000,000 | 12,000,000 | 92, 000, 00e TG) s eects Sai [tesco 17, 000, 000 | 30,000, 000 | 12,000,000 | 3,000,000 | 62, 000, 000 TIEORR Beem eeeeeuaa eed Pee meee ee 1, 000, 000 | 15, 000, 000 |......------ 2,912,000 | 18,912, 000 He RO Meee atest 8,000,060 | 3, 090, 000 | 20,320, 000 | 40,700,000 | 4,595,000 | 76,615, 000 TS eee a eee ee ee 24/850, 000 | 6, 000, 000 | 24, 400, 000 | 31,028,000 | 3,800,000 | 90,078, 000 TSO ees ee ess Sos Pee 13, 830,000 | 7,000,000 | 14,560,000 | 10,000,000 | 3,312,000 | 48, 702, 000 Mntaletecse chess ep siice 66, 680, 000 |131, 630, 000 |215, 780, 000 |160, 728, 000 | 48, 119, 000 | 622, 937, 000 Lake trout: es an j TQQ0kR ence ne steate RTO eee Et el Ae eg tte ee he eek 98 Fem eR ee 935, 000 BSSHO0OL esas sees a esto ance IG PAN Posteo ccsen: 730, 000 IRATST OOO: nese egonacee lees sae Lees kare: Guimal.e ee eecae se 1, 665, 000 SAOOOTOOOH Cae ee ee a eect nerosk eed lek Ss AIS Bete 3, 000, 000 TOSS OUNOOON ee: eee le 5 barawe 1 aera ee ae 12, 580, 000 TOOK OGO Meee neces eae Saas coen DF SO0HO00N Beene ne eenee 2,900, 060 158680) 000) sees enon ee | sapetdl ee S¥ecos 000! Meena 18, 480, 000 Grand total ......-.... 83, 833, 000 131, 630, 000 |215, 780, 000 163, 720,000 | 48, 119, 000 | 643, 032, 000 *Includes Mackinac Strait. tincludes Detroit River. The U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries has also made large plants of fish fry in the waters of the Great Lakes through the various State commissions, to which eggs were donated and by which the eggs were hatched and the fry deposited. While considerable numbers of the fry thus obtained by the State commissions were not deposited in the Great Lakes but in the interior waters, if is not possible to separate the plants, and in the following table the aggregate donations are shown: Table showing the number of whitefish and pike-perch eggs donated by the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries to the fish commissions of the Slates bordering on the Great Lakes. Minnesota | Wisconsin Ohio Ns New York Species and years. fish com- | fish com- | fishcom- | * cain 181 | fish com- Total. mission. mission. mission. coms: mission. sion. Whitefish: ASR0 a seeks chcmiw in ae bie Q5OROG06 | Beceem: | ceaaae sceeee (satan ees tl | Sawai cima 250, 000 NSS ee conden acsccecestrem = ='s 52000) 0007|c sc enncese.n 2, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 BBS. cescaccoes ovat ece sai DeOUO OOUs Sscratmeraieisis a) fees smears em eimiatatate stale 1. 000, 000 6, 000, 000 Tt Se ae ZONCQOK OOO: |B oecaceecinan| ences cemec ss oaai- ees ate 1, 000, 000 21, 000, 000 ASBHE2. ec... LUROOO ONDE oo se oma o ee --| 16, 500, 000 1, 000, 000 82, 500, 000 IIE NS eee Seped LORCOO O00) || Sccececess<- -| 10, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 21. 000, 000 Ly Fg Ee ea ee Oe AONOUOAOOO) Cece tale ae: 15, 000,000 | 1,000,000 | 26, 000, 000 TSRREoes ee ees 5, 000, 000 DAWANOV OOO ee ee se ceeeee 29, 400, 000 TE: eet ee ee 6, 000, 600 10,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 17, 000, 000 DESO ei tC SR 10, 000, 000 | 47,500, 000 | 14,000,000 ; 4, 000, 000 | 75, 500, 000 Total 21, 000,000 | 47, 500, 000 | 91, 900, 000 | 11, 000, 000 236, 650, 000 “4 = —<—<—————— — — ——|- ———— ellen Pike perch: TSO Ure ae ert es se oe | Se ce et eee So ee ee a. 18, 000,000 | 1,000,000 | 19, 000, 000 ROT cae coteatdcis dat. own facae nbeasteboee | teint e-dclp aac |--eeeeceeee- #.585000).000) |eoateaa ata 58, 000, 000 TOE a ieee «vn visi wsul sates ee aellumeeate~ ie wate | ete Hee 76, 000,000 | 1,000,000 | 77, 000, 000 Grand total. ........ 65, 250, 000 | 21, 000, 000 | 47, 500, 000 |167, 900, 000 | 12, 000, 000 | 318, 650, 000 a ———— 458 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIE, Reference should also be made to the efforts of the State fish commis- sions to replenish the fish supply of this region. Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio have done excellent propagation work and hundreds of millions of fry of food and game fishes have been deposited in the lake waters. The fisheries department of Canada has also engaged extensively in the culture of the native fish of the lake region. The importance of the efforts made to maintain and increase the abundance of food-fishes is very generally recognized among the fishing interests of the lakes, and the fish-cultural operations meet with the hearty indorsement of fishermen, fish-dealers, and the public. Reliance on the efficacy of artificial methods in preserving the fishery resources of the lakes is almost universal in the important fishing districts, and there are few well-informed persons practically interested in the lake fisheries who are not willing to accord praise to fish-culture for the results achieved in arresting a diminution in the supply or in maintain- ing a profitable industry in the face of an enormous annual catch, a great increase in the amount of apparatus used, and the prosecution of fishing under circumstances that are extremely unfavorable for the natural increase of the fishes taken. In the extreme western end of Lake Erie, to which region the white- fish naturally resorts for the purpose of spawning, the supply is almost wholly cut off by the multiplication of nets in other parts of the lake. Here the fishermen are beginning to depend on other fishes for their catch, and are desirous of having the supply of species with more localized habits increased. Writing in 1891 on the Maumee Bay and Monroe sections, Mr. Seymour Bower said: As to the intrinsic merits of artificial propagation as a factor in multiplying water life, the fishermen of this section, almost without exception, believe in it; but, so far as whitefish are concerned, the opinion is quite prevalent that, under the circum- stances, the interests of this section are practically debarred from participating in the benefits. Naturally, therefore, there is some indifference regarding the propa- gation of whitefish, but a growing interest in behalf of any means to increase the supply of sturgeon, catfish, and pike perch. The foregoing comparative statistics of the products of the fisheries show that in nearly every lake the catch of whitefish—the species hav- ing the greatest interest to fish-culturists—has decreased since 1885. No well-informed person, however, will argue from this that fish-culture in the Great Lakes is a failure. The repeated successes which have attended the culture of the lake fishes in some smaller bodies of water, where the natural conditions were certainly not superior to those of the Great Lakes, demonstrate the feasibility of the propagation of the lake fishes and afford a suggestive example. The absence of more con- spicuous results in the Great Lakes may be regarded in the light of the following considerations: 1. Owing to the large size of these lakes, it is possible that the fish- cultural operations have not been sufficiently extensive to overcome the destruction by man of fish and undeposited spawn. The planting of a FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. 459 billion fry annually in a body of water as large as Lake Michigan would be equivalent to only one fish to every 600 square feet of lake surface, and when the great natural destruction of fry, by natural enemies and unfavorable physical conditions, is taken into account, the disparity of this proportion is vastly increased. . 2. Assuming that the plants of fry are sufficiently large to compen- sate for the capture of fish now going on, the fish-cultural work may not do more than maintain an already diminished supply and may be inadequate, owing to previous depletion and present methods, to pro- duce a substantial increase in the abundance of a given fish. 3. Artificial propagation may be extensive enough to counteract the influence of previous overfishing and permit the continuance of fisheries of great magnitude under proper conditions, but the methods followed may be so destructive to the adult fish prior to and during the Spawning season and so deleterious to the growth of young fish that the natural tendency to multiply may be made abortive and even enor- mous fish-cultural operations be rendered nugatory. INDEX TO REPORT ON FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES. Page. PAdbamyalsland Michie; sceitqisasdesleneeciae 402, 408 PAU CON ENEIC Noise. eater eee oi aisle leis siecinere 405 Alewife in Lake Ontario-.-..-.......-.------ 441 Algonac, Mich. -.....-..5..:.- Be asivelioee = nie 416 WA penaseMiGhe segs terse 401, 402, 404, 407, 410 PAN CHOL Bay Miche njpneca. emis se mece oes eel 416 FAMGHOBVI le; Miu Ghissscseece cas cc coe ese ees ae 416 PAmostletslands iWiSscee sees sae eccciseen- 370 Apparatus in Great Lakes fisheries .. 365, 366, 368 Lake Erie fisheries-.-..-.. 429, 430, 431 Huronfisheries.... 407, 408, 412 Michigan fisheries. 386-389, 391 Ontario fisheries... 442-444, 445 St. Clair fisheries........ 418 Superior fisheries.. 372-376, 378 ISarnpan WOT WA eee Seb oS hor sedodcapasouseanec 369 Bass catch in Great Lakes...........-..... 366 IM aK Os UrONeeweee en scecreceeseeee 401, 402 IME CHI g aM esos een mee = see siae 386 Ontarioteceke ecccce coe eee eee 442 StaClainee eee se sear seen ce 416 ‘Bassulslands: Ohi02- 2.002 ccaescnccscees 421, 424 ASANTE] Os AW LS om salsieoe ais eaeciesieie science 369, 374 Big Bay de Noquet, Mich.-........-..-.--- 384 Big Charity Island, Mich ............----.. 409 DISA Or MACK = wesccc sce neces nee cee secee es 408 Blackback, name for whitefish..........-.-. 386 Black bass in Lake Huron ..-......-...-.- 401, 402 Ontarione-c-ceo-eeesoee 442 StiClair erat secacaee aes 416 iplacktinawhitensh' =... .c jase oes dee aces 376 Ontonagony, Mochi eese-ceeseecess ace eeeeeee 369 Osborn; TcStiecsec cases soonest 406 Oscoda Mich i. 2 cccc